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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 91.

B T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau.

'^\RIETIES OF TOBACCO SEED DISTRIBUTED

IN 1905-6, WITH CULTURAL

DIRECTIONS.

BY

A. D. SHAMEL and W. W. COBEY,

In Chargk of Tobacco Breedin(j Experiments, Lakoratoky

OF Plant BREET)iN(i.

SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

Issued February 21, 1906.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1906.

BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

The Bureau of Plant Industry, which was organized July 1, 1901, includes Vege-
table Pathological and Physiological Investigations, Botanical Investigations, Farm
Management (including Grass and Forage Plant Investigations), Pomological Investi-
gations, and Experimental Gardens and Grounds, all of which were formerly separate
Divisions; and also Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution; the Arlington
Experimental Farm; Investigations in the Agricultural Economy of Tropical and
Subtropical Plants; Drug artd Poisonous Plant Investigations; Tea Culture Investiga-
tions; the Seed Laboratory; and Dry Land Agriculture and Western Agricultural
Extension.

Beginning with the date of organization of the Bureau, the several series of Bulle-
tins of the various Divisions were discontinued, and all are now published as one
series of the Bureau. A list of the Bulletins issued in the present series follows.

Attention is directed to the fact that "the serial, scientific, and technical publica-
tions of the United States Department of Agriculfure are not for general distribution.
All copies not required for official use are by law turned over to the Superintendent
of Documents, who is empowered^ to sell them at cost." All applications for such
publications should, therefore, be made to the Superintendent of Documents, Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

No. 1. Thti Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price, 10 cents.

2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Price, 1(T cents.

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 9. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

7. The Algerian Durum Wheats. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

8. A Collection of Fungi Prepared for Distribution. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

10. Records of Seed Distribution, etc. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

13. Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. , Price, 10 cents.

14. The Deoay of Timber and Methods of Preventing It. 1902. Price, 55 cents.

15. Forage Conditions on the Border of the Great Basin. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

16. A Preliminary Study of the Germination of the Spores of Agaricus Campei

tris and Other Basidiomycetous Fungi. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

17. Some Disea.ses of the Oovvpea. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

18. Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

19. Kentucky Bluegra.ss Seed. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

20. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

21. List of American Varieties of Vegetables. 1903. Price, 35 cents.

22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

23. Berseem. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

24. Unfermented Grape Must. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

25. Miscellaneous Papers: I. The Seeds of Rescue Grass and Chess. 11. Saragolla

Wheat. III. Plant Introduction Notes from South Africa. IV. Congres-
sional Seed and Plant Distribution Circulars. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

26. Spanish Almonds. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

27. Letters on Agriculture in the West Indies, Spain, etc., 1902. Price, 15 cents.

28. The Mango in Porto Rico. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

29. The Effect of Black Rot on Turnips. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

30. Budding the Pecan. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

31. Cultivated Forage Crops of the Northwestern States. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

32. A Disease of the White Ash. 1903. Pfice, 10 cents.

33. North American Species of Leptochloa. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

34. Silkworm Food Plants. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

35. Recent Foreign Explorations. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

36. The " Bluing"of the Western Yellow Pine, etc. 1903. Price, 30 cents.

37. Formation of the Spores in the Sporangia of Rhizopus Nigricans and of

Phycomyces Niteng. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

[Continued on page 3 of cover.J

Bui. 91 , Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate I.

Fig. 1.— Connecticut Cuban Tobacco, First Year from Cuba.

Fig. 2.— The Same Field Shown in Figure 1, After Saving Seed Under Bag and
the Selection of the Best Plants for Two Years.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY- BULLETIN NO. 91.

K. T. IJALLOVVAY, Chief of Bureau.

VARIETIES OF TOBACCO SEED DISTRIBUTED

IN 1905-(i, WITH CULTURAL

DIRECTIONS.

BY

A. D. SHAMEL and W. W. COBEY,

In Charge of Tobacco Breeding Experiments, Laboratory

OF Plant Breeding.

SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

Issued February 21 , 1906.

NEW YORK

BOTANICAL

GARDCiN

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OPFICK.

1906.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

B. T. GALLOWAY,

Pathologist and PhysinlogUt, and Cliicf of Burcaii.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
Albert F. Woods, Pathologist and Physiologist in Charge, Acting Chief of Bureau in Absence of Chief .

BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge.

FARM MANAGEMENT.

W. J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge.

POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
G. B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge.

SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.
A. J. PiETERS, Botanist in Charge.

ARLINGTON EXPERIMENTAL FARM.
L. C. CoRBETT, Horticulturist in Charge.

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL

PLANTS.

O. F. Cook, Bionomistin, Charge.

DRUG AND POISONOUS PLANT INVESTIGATIONS, AND TEA CULTURE INVESTIGATIONS.

Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge.

DRY LAND AGRICULTURE AND WESTERN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION.
Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge.

EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS.

E. M. Byrnes, Superintendent.

SEED LABORATORY.

Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge.

J. E. Rockwell, Editor.
James E. Jones, Chief Clerk.

SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.
SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

A. J. PiETERS. Botanist in Charge.

David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer, in Charge (f Foreign E.rplorations.

W. W. Tracy, Sr., Superintendent of Testing Gardens.

John E. W. Tracy, Assistant Superintendent of Testing Gardens, in Charge of Congressional Seed

Distribution.
O. W. Barrett, Assistant.
George W. Oliver, Expert.

C. V. Piper, Agrostologist, in Charge of Forage- Crop Inrestigations. ,
J. M. Westgate, Assistant Agrostologist, in Charge of Alfalfa and Clover Introduction.
W. W. Tracy, Jr., Assistant Botanist.
Frank N. Meyer, Agricultural Explorer.
Charles F. Wheeler, E.rpert.
A. B. Connor, Special Agent.

John H.Tull, Special Agent , in Vliarge of Malting-Eusli. Investigations.
Harold T. Nielsen, Scientific Assistant in Agronomy.

2

]Mrm< or TRAXsMirrAL.

U. S. Dei'aktment of Agricultukk,

Bureau of Plant Industry,

Office of the Chief,
Washington, D. C, Decemher 11, 190^.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper entitled ''Vari-
eties of Tobacco Seed Distributed in 1905-6, with Cultural Direc-
-tions," and respectfully recommend that it be published as Bulletin
No. 91 of the series of this Bureau.

This paper was prepared by Messrs. A. D. Shamel and W. W. Cobey,
in charge of tol)acco breeding experiments. Laboratory of Plant
Breeding, and it has been submitted by the Botanist in Charge of Seed
and Plant Introduction and Distribution with a view to publication.

The illustrations which accompany this paper are considered essen-
tial to a full understanding of the text.

Respectfully,

B. I . Ctalloway,

chief of Bureau.
Hon. James Wilsox.

Secretary of Agi'lcalture.

1' R 1- !• A (■ 1-:

Following- tho established poliey of this office of iiiii)ro\ iiig the
methods of distrihuting seed wherever possible, a departure has this
year been made in the handling of the tol>acco-seed distribution, the
work of selecting the types which it is desired to distril)ute being-
undertaken })y the tobacco experts of the Laboratory of Plant Breeding
of the Bureau of Plant Industry. This, it is believed, will result in
placing in the hands of really interested persons the ver}' best seed
of the various types of tobacco. Some of these types will be entirely
new. the results of selection and breeding l)y Messrs. Shaniel and Cobey
during the past two or three years. Other types will be such as are
alread}' established, but the seed distributed this year has all been care-
fully selected with reference to securing the best possible strain of each
type.

. Special attention has been paid in the present bulletin to a discussion
of the methods of growing and handling certain varieties, especially
those that are more highly specialized. This course was considered
necessar}', because even if good tobacco is grown it is easily spoiled by
improper handling. It is hoped that those who read these pages will
paj" special attention also to the discussion of the selection of seed,
because the permanent improvement of tobacco tvpes must necessarily
be left in the hands of intelligent cultivators, and if careful selection
is not practiced by them the work which the Department of Agricul-
ture is doing will fail to attain the full measure of success which would
otherwise be possible.

A. J. PlETERS,

Botanht in Charge.
Office of Seed and Plant

Introduction and Distribution,

Washington^ D. C. , December 11, 1905,

5

COXTHNTS

Page.

Introduction 9

Description of varieties 11

Cigar- wrapper tobaccos:

Sumatra 12

Connecticut Havana 12

Connecticut Broadleaf - 12

Cigar-filler tobaccos:

Cuban ; IS

Zinuner Spanish 13

Little Dutch 14

Pipe tobaccos:

North Carolina Bright Yellow 14

Maryland Smoking 14

Plug tobaccos:

White Burley 14

Orinoco and Yellow IManiiiiuth 15

Virginia types (Blue Pryor, Sun-Cured, and White Stem) 15

Directions for culture:

Sumatra tobacco 15

Connecticut Havana tobatco 20

Connecticut Broadleaf tobacco 27

Cuban tobacco '. 29

Zimmer Spanish and Little Dutch tobaccos 30

Maryland Smoking tobacco 31

North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia tobaccos 32

White Burley tobacco 33

Insect enemies 34

Directions for saving seed 34

How to secure good seed 37

Description of plates •- 40

/ -

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.
Plate I. Fig. 1. — Connecticut Cuban tobacco, first year from Cuba. Fig. 2. —
The same field shown in figure 1, after saving seed under bag and

the selection of the best plants for two years Frontispiece.

II. Fig. 1. — Tobacco seed bed in Florida. Fig. 2. —Tobacco seed beds

in Connecticut — tent, hotbed, and cold frame 40

III. Fig. 1. — Transplanting tobacco seedlings with machine. Fig. 2. —

Sterilizing soil for tobacco seed beds 40

IV. Fig. 1. — Tobacco seed separator. Fig. 2. — Seedlings from heavy,

medium, and light tobacco seed 40

V. Fig. 1. — Method of "spearing" tobacco plants during harvest.

Fig. 2. — Wagon rack for transporting plants to curing shed 40

VI. Fig. 1. — Capped plants saved for seed. Fig. 2. — Curing shed in the

Connecticut Valley 40

VII. Fig. 1. — Seed plant ready for bag. Fig. 2. — Proper arrangement of

bag on seed plant 40

VIII. Fig. 1. — Arrangement and structure of tobacco flowers. Fig. 2. —
Two strains of Connecticut Broadleaf tobacco, the row on the left
from an early parent and the row on the right from a late parent. 40
IX. Fig. 1. — Uniformity in time of maturity and other characters of two
types of Connecticut Sumatra tobacco raised from seed saved under
bag. Fig. 2. — Lack of uniformity in time of maturity and other
characters in ordinary Connecticut Broadleaf tobacco 40

8

H. 1'. I— 193. S. P. I. I) — '>2.

\ARIETIES OF TOR.VCCO SEED DISTRIBlTEl) IN
igo5-(), WITH CliLTUKAE DIKHCTIONS.

INTRODUCTION.

Ill the distribution of tobacco seed l)y the Department of Ag-riculture
small samples of seed of improved native and standard foreign-grown
varieties are furnished for experimental purposes. The object of this
distribution in regions where tobacco is not grown at present is to
enable farmers to make a reliable test of the adaptability of their
conditions of soil and climate to tol)acco culture. In the established
tobacco-growing sections the growers may secure improved varieties
by testing the seed, sent out in this distribution, adapted to the condi-
tions of culture and purposes of manufacture for which the tobacco is
grown. The Havana seed tobacco of the Connecticut Valley and the
Florida Sumatra type of the southern (xcorgia and western Florida
districts are sti'iking illustrations of the beneficial results of the intro-
duction of new varieties or the importation of standard foreign-grown
tobaccos.

Many illustrations might be cited of the importance of testing dif-
ferent varieties of tobacco in the established to))acco-growing sections,
and it is the object of this distribution to furnish tobacco growers care-
fully selected seed of improved strains of standard varieties of tobacco,
in order that they may obtain the best types of tobacco adapted to
their conditions of soil and climate.

In all cases where foreign-grown or improved native varieties have
been successfully established in any region, small crops have been
grown until the strains have become adapted to local conditions of
climate and soil and a uniform type has been secured by continued
and systematic selection of seed.

In the distribution of tobacco seed this season, unless a particular
variety of tobacco is requested b}^ the growers an attempt will be
made to send the variety of tobacco w^hich experience has shown to be
most nearl3' adapted to the conditions under which the tobacco is to be
grown. It has been found by experience that an attempt to produce
a tobacco on a soil not suited to the type planted will in most cases

15304— No. 91—06 2 9

lU VAKIETIKS OF TOBACCO SEED DISTRIBUTED IN lOOS-fi.

result in failure, from the fact that the tobacco produced is untit for
the same grade as the parent plants and will not meet the requirements
of an established class of tobacco, but nuist sell as a nondescript. In
some cases, however, new tA'pes of tol)acco have ))een established in
this way which have proved of sufficient importance to create a market
on their own merit, and wherever it seems possible that such results
may be secured the seed of highly bred new varieties will be sent to
the particular section adapted to the growth of these types.

The tobacco plant readilv adapts itself to a great varietv of condi-
tions, but is easily affected by the chemical and mechanical conditions
of the soil. In fact, it has been found that the relation of the physical
conditions of the soil to the texture and quality of the leaf has become
so well established that it is possible to determine in a general way by
a study of the soil and climate the adaptability of the different sections
to a particular type and class of tobacco. The climatic conditions
largely influence the quality and aroma in the same way that the soil
influences the texture of the tobacco leaf. In a warm climate the tend-
ency is to produce a leaf with a large amount of gum and an aromatic
tobacco; in northern hcctions the leaf becomes larger and finer, but is
lacking in aroma. However, these tendencies may be modifled in dif-
ferent sections by excessive rainfall, which usually causes a thin leaf
and lack of aroma.

As a rule, tobacco which is grown near the sea has poor comlnisti-
bility, which is supposed to be due to the action of the chlorin in the
salt of the sea air. As a general rule, tropical climates produce the best
tobaccos for cigar fillers, and temperate climates produce tobaccos
which are best adapted for cigar wrappers. In the warmer sections
of temperate climates the best smoking and chewing tobaccos are
produced.

It has been definitely determined by experiments conducted by the
Bureau of Plant Industry that the different types of tobacco can be
greatly improved by seed selection and breeding. Inasmuch as the
tobacco plant produces a large quantity of seed, it is possible by sav-
ing comparatively few plants to furnish enough highly bred seed for
the planting of a large area. It is important that where new strains
or varieties of tobacco are tested by the growers a small number of
plants be grown the first year, in order to test the adaptability of
these tobaccos to the local conditions. If the variety proves to be
of value the grower can select the best of the individual plants in this
small field for the seed of his entire crop the succeeding year.

The importance of growing a small crop from imported or newdy
introduced seed is illustrated in Plate I. In figure 1 is shown a field
in the Connecticut Valley- in the season of 1903, grown from freshlj
imported Cuban seed. It can be seen that in this field there are a
large number of "freak," branching, narrow-leaved, and other unde-

DESCKIPTIUN OF VARIETIES. 11

sirahle types of tobuoco for cigar-wrapper purposes. The miniber of
freak plants in this field amounted to one-third the total number of
plants and caused the o-rower a great loss. Specially good plants, free
from suckering, were selected for seed in this tield, and the seed saved
under bag. The crop tlie following season raised from this seed was
comparatively free from freaks and undesirable plants. In 11H)5 the
crop shown in figure 2 from seed saved from the preceding year's
selected seed plants of this same variety on the same field was remark-
ably uniform in type, every plant being like every other plant in the
field. A casual inspection of the two figures will show that tvvo years'
systematic seed selection, saving the seed under bag. has served to
weed out all of the freak and undesirable types and has enal)led the
grower to produce a uniform tield of a highly desirable type of tol)acco.

There is no general farm crop which responds so readily to seed
.selection and l)reeding as tobacco. The transmitting power of the
individual parent plants is exceedingly strong, and the progeny of the
individual seed plants show great uniformity when seed is saved under
bag according to the plan outlined in the following pages.

It is exceedingly important that strains of tobacco be secured in
different sections resistant to the "root knot," "root wilt," and other
fungous diseases which attack the tobacco crop. In the experiments
conducted l)y the Bureau of Plant Industry it has been found that l)y
saving the seed of resistant plants under bag it is possible to produce
uniform strains which are immune to the attack of most root diseases.
Wherever possil)le the Department will undertake to make selections of
resistant types and furnish small quantities of this seed for distribution.

It is advisable for tobacco growers to secure and test new varieties
in different sections, and especially to secure hybrids of the native
with the imported varieties. In order to safely introduce these hybrids
it is essential to grow a few plants of the desired imported variety in
order to procure pollen for crossing. In no instance should a large
area of plants be grown from the first year's cross or from the imported
seed. One hundred plants of each type or variety will give a fair
indication of the nature and value of the cross or importation, and will
furnish sufficient plants for seed selection for the next year's crop.
After the grower secures a uniform crop of the desired kind sufficient
seed may be saved for future crops in accordance with the directions
given in this bulletin.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

It is impossible to recommend the best variety of tobacco for grow-
ing in a new region, that being a matter which can only be determined
by careful experiments. If the soil and climatic conditions are known,
a study of the description of the varieties sent out in this distribution
will enable the grower to select a variety which will be adapted most

12 VARIETIES OF TOBACCO SEED DISTRIBUTED IN 1905-6.

nearly to the new conditions. In the following list the best varieties
for testing by the growers are grouped with reference to their uses
and the character of soil which produces the best yield of each variety,
as determined by past experience.

CIGAR-WRAPPER TOBACCOS.

Sumatra. — Used wholly for the production of high-grade cigar
wrappers and not considered of any value for tillers. In the United
States this variety is grown under slat or cloth shade. Adapted to
sandy loam soil. In western Florida, where it is grown extensively,
the surface soil is underlaid by a red clay subsoil. The leaves are very
thin, of fine texture, with small veins, and vary from 12 to 20 inches
in length and 8 to IB inches in width. The plants bear from 16 to
30 leaves, with comparatively long internodes. The leaves have an
erect habit of growth. Under favorable conditions for growth the
plants reach a height of from 7 to 9 feet. This variety produces the
best grade of domestic cigar wrappers.

Grown in western Florida, in southern Georgia, and in the Con-
necticut Valley.

Connecticut Havana. — Used for cigar wrappers and binders, and the
top leaves are frequently used for fillers in the inferior grades of
domestic cigars. Adapted to light alluvial, sandy soils, containing a
small percentage of clay, and as a rule the less the clay the higher the
yield of fine cigar wrappers. Where this variety is grown for fillers
a rich clay yielding a heavy crop of leaf is probably the most desirable
type of soil. The leaves are thin, of fine texture and delicate flavor,
set very close together on the stalk, with very short internodes, and
have a very erect habit of growth. The plants bear from 10 to 15
leaves, varying in average length from 20 to 32 inches and in aver-
age width of from 10 to 15 inches. This variety was secured by con-
tinued seed selection from crops grown from seed imported from
Cuba, and is probably a cross between these Cuban plants and the
native Broadleaf of the Connecticut Valley.

Grown in the Connecticut Valley, Wisconsin (mainly for binders),
Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. One of the best general-purpose
tobaccos.

Connecticut Broadleaf. — Formerly known and generally recognized
in the trade as Seedleaf . Used for cigar wrappers and binders, and
the lower grades, to a limited extent, for blending with other tobaccos
for cigar fillers. Adapted to sandy loam soil. This variety makes an
exceedingly rapid growth. The leaves are very broad, sweet tasting,
thin, elastic, silky, and with small veins. The leaves are set very close
together on the plant, having a very characteristic drooping habit of
growth, and vary in length from 24 to 36 inches and in width from
12 to 22 inches. The size of leaf varies greatly in ditiereut sections

nOAR-FILLEK TOBACCOS. 13

and with the ditterent strains which have been developed by individual
growers. The seed of this variety has been sent to many sections of
the United States and a hirge number of important varieties have been
secured from this source, as in the case of the Ohio Seedleaf. which
can l)e traced directly to Connecticut Broadh^af seed.

Grown in the Connecticut VaUcy, Xew' Hampshire, Vermont, New
York, l*cnnsylvania. Ohio, Wisconsin Minnesota, and to a slight
extent in Indianji and Illinois.

CIGAR-FTLLEK TOBACCOS.

Cuban. — Used for high-grade cigar wrappers when grown under
shade, but is generally grown outside for cigar tillers. Adapted to
alluvial or sandy soil i-esting on red clay subsoil. This variety has a
small leaf of tine texture. The leaves are short and round, with
small veins, medium to heavy body, varying from 10 to IS inches in
length, and 6 to 1-t inches in width. When this variety is taken north
the influence of the climate and soil conditions tends to promote the
development of a large leaf at the expense of fineness of texture and
quality. When grown from freshly imported seed in southern tobacco
districts the tobacco seems to retain the valuable cpialities of flavor,
aroma, smooth taste, and other characters of the imported Cuban
tobacco. Whether these qualities can be retained by contimied selec-
tion of seed from desira))le plants is a subject for experimentation, but
the evidence obtained up to this time indicates that it is probable that in
certain districts in the United States uniform crops of Cuban tobacco
having a highl}" desirable flavor and aroma can be produced bv the aid
of systematic seed selection.

In the Connecticut Valley this variety is grown under shade for cigar
wrappers, the top leaves being used to a limited extent for cigar fillers,
and it is grown for cigar fillers in Florida, Texas, Ohio, and Georgia.
In Florida and Texas it produces one of the best grades of domestic
fillers.

Zimmer Spanish. — Largely used for cigar fillers, and is the most
popular and extensively grown domestic filler. It is frequently used
for blending with other tobaccos in cigar fillers. It is commonly
believed to be a hybrid of the native Seedleaf and the Cuban variety.
Adapted to light loam soil, and in the Miami Valley, Ohio, where this
variety is most extensively grown, the surface soil is underlaid by a
red-brown clay loam. The leaves are medium in size, have good body
and elasticity, with small veins, and they resemble the Cuban variety.
The leaves are set close together on the stalk, from 14 to 20 leaves to
the plant, the plants reaching an averse height of about 4 feet. This
variety produces an average yield of about 600 pounds to the acre and
brings an average price of about 7 cents a pound.

Grown in Ohio and Wisconsin.

14 VAEIETIES OF TOBACCO SEED L^ISTRIBUTED IN 1905-6.

Little Dutch. — Used for cigar fillers, making a cigar with an aroma
resembling the Yara tobacco grown in eastern Cuba. Adapted to
clay loam soils. The seed was introduced in this countrj- from Ger-
many. The leaves are small and narrow and the plants have a short
habit of growth, producing a light yield. This tobacco requires care-
ful curing- and fermentation.

Grown in Ohio and to a limited extent in Pennsylvania.

PIPE TOBACCOS.

North Carolina Bright Yellow.— Used for manufacturing plug and
smoking tobaccos, cigarettes, and for export purposes. This variety
is adapted to sandy soils, underlaid by a red or yellow clay subsoil.
The deeper the sand the brighter the tobacco produced, and the nearer
the surface the subsoil comes the more inclined the tobaccojs to darken
in color. The leaves are light and spongy, of rather thick texture, set
close together on the stem, with an .erect habit of growth, but droop-
ing at the ends, the tops often touching the ground. This variety is a
modified type of the native Mar viand and Virginia tobaccos.

Grown ill North Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina.

Maryland Smoking. — Used for manufacturing and export purposes.
Adapted to clay loam and sandy soil. The leaves are thick and coarse
in texture, but are light and chaffy when cured. They have a semi-
erect habit of growth, drooping at the tips, varying in length from
20 to 36 inches and in width from 10 to 26 inches. The plants bear
from 10 to 18 leaves and reach an average height of about 4 feet. This
variety was discovered in Maryland when the first settlers explored
that region. It is mostly exported to France, Germany, and Holland.

Grown in Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania. From the Mary-
land tobacco many of the important native varieties have been devel-
oped b}^ growing in different tobacco-growing sections and by con-
tinued selection of seed for a particular type of tobacco.

PLUG TOBACCOS. •

White Burley.^Used for plug fillers and wrappers for smoking and
for the manufacture of cigarettes. Adapted to well-drained, deep-red
clay-loam soil. In Kentucky such soils are fairh^ rich in lime and
produce good croi)S of corn, wheat, hemp, and grass, but they detei'i-
orate rapidly unless the fertilit}^ is maintained b}^ the use of fertilizers
and proper methods of cultivation. The leaves are long and broad
and have a white appearance in the field. They have a horizontal
habit of growth, the tips hanging down and often touching the
ground. They vary in length from 28 to 36 inches and in width from
16 to 2-1 inches. The plants bear from 10 to 18 leaves and reach an

DIKKCTIONS FOK C'ULTUKK. 15

averaire height of about 4 feet in the Held. This variety is a .selection
from the oii<;inal Rurley, the peculiar white, translucent appearance
of the original ])arent plant having attracted the attention of the g-row-
er.s. Seed saved from this plant produced a large lunnber of plants
the following season, and in time a large and important industry was
developed from this beginning.

The Ked Hurley antl dark tolxiccos of southern and western Ken-
tucky and Tennessee are heavy tobaccos, nearly related to the White
Burley, but on account of their peculiar characteristics are largel}^
exported.

Grown in Kentucky, southern Ohio, Tennessee, and to a limited
extent in North Carolina and Virginia.

Orinoco and Yellow Mammoth.- — Used for plug wrappers and tillers
and are stemmed for export trade. Adapted to rich, well-drained soils,
doing especialh' well on alluvial soils underlaid with red clay sub-
soil. The Orinoco variety has short, broad leaves, while the Yellow
Mammoth has large leaves, both varieties having a rapid rate of
growth. The Little Orinoco type has a long, narrow, tapering leaf,
and is the sweetest variety grown. The Yellow Mammoth is largely
exported for Swiss trade, and its culture is mainly confined to
Tennessee.

The Orinoco type is grown in Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee,
West Virginia, and Missouri.

Virginia types (Blue Pryor, Sun-Cured, and White Stem). — Adapted to
sandy soil, underlaid with red or yellow clay subsoils. These types
have very broad, large, tine leaves, of tine, silky texture, with rather
tough fibers and usually have bright, fine colors. Some of the best
grades are used for cigar wrappers and others for smoking purposes.

Grown in Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri,
and Indiana.

DIRECTIONS FOR CULTURE.

SUMATRA TOBACCO.

The location selected for the seed bed should have a slightly southern
exposure in order to get the full benefit of the warm rays of the sun
in the early spring. The slope should be sufficient to insure perfect
drainap-e at all times. It is desirable that the seed bed be surrounded
by board walls and covered with regular tobacco tenting cloth, an
illustration of which is shown in Plate II, tigure 1. The cover will
protect the tender plants from the cold north winds and produce more
uniform and favorable conditions, insuring early, rapid growth. The
location should be permanent, abundantly fertilized every spring, and
kept free from weeds and grass at all times. The soil becomes better
adapted to plant-bed purposes each succeeding year if this method is

16 VAEIETIES OF TOBACCO SEED DISTRIBUTED IN 1905-6.

followed. The most desirable soil seems to be a rich, friable sandy
loam. Deep plowing or spading should be avoided in the preparation
of the soil, the usual depth being 4 or 5 inches. The ground should
be harrowed and stirred with hand rakes until thoroughly pulverized,
and all roots, tufts, and clods of earth should be carefully removed.

After this preparation a liberal application of fertilizer rich in
nitrogen and potash should be evenly distributed over the bed. A
fertilizer containing 10 per cent of ammonia, 8 per cent of available
phosphoric acid, and 12 per cent of soluble potash is highly recom-
mended. Chlorin in any form must be avoided. After applying this
fertilizer the bed should be thoroughly stirred again and left very
smooth, in which condition it is ready for the seed. It is customary
to sow the seed at the rate of about 1 tablespoonf ul to 100 square yards
of seed bed. It is impracticable to sow this seed alone and it should
be thoroughly mixed with wood ashes, corn meal, land plaster, or
commercial fertilizer. In order to obtain a uniform stand of plants it
is advisable to sow half of the seed lengthwise of the bed and the
remainder crosswise.

The proper time for sowing the seed is from February 1 to March 1.
Wherever practicable it is best to prepare the land and apply the fer-
tilizer from one to two weeks before sowing the seed. After sowing,
a light roller should be run over the bed, or some other means used to
get the soil in a firm, compact condition, in which state it will retain
its moisture, thus giving more favorable conditions for the germina-
tion of seed and the growth of the young plants. The necessity of
properly caring for the seed bed can not be too strongly emphasized,
since nothing is of more importance in obtaining a vigorous growth
in the field than strong, health}' seedlings. They should be made to
grow steadily and vigorously without being checked until ready for
transplanting. In order to obtain this condition, strict and constant
attention must be given to watering the bed, keeping down all weeds
and grass, and preventing the ravages of insect pests. In some cases
it is necessary to use an additional application of fertilizer in the way
of a top-dressing. The necessit}^ for this is often indicated by the
plants turning j^ellow. The fertilizer should be essentially of the same
composition as that previously used, and often gives best results when
applied in a liquid form. This method of application makes it neces-
sary to wash the fertilizer thoroughh^ into the soil by means of an
abundant spray and thus avoid injur}' to the tender plants.

Whenever it is found that the plants are too thick in the bed it is
advisable to thin them out by drawing an ordinary rake across the bed,
allowing it to sink to a depth of from one-half to three-fourths inch.
This can be done without seriously injuring the remaining plants and
is, in fact, of positive benefit to them. In all cases some system should
be provided for watering the plant beds during spells of dry weather.

DIRECTIONS FOR ( CLTrRK.

17

Water sliouUl l)c appliod in the form of a lio-ht spray. Dnrinj^- the tiivst
two weeks of phiiit orowth it is essential that the surface soil be kept
comparatively moist at all times, for at tiiis staire a few hours of hot
sun, after the soil lias become dry. will be sutiirient to kill most of the
plants. Where irrigation is used in growing- th(^ j>eneral crop a sys-
tem of overhead spray nozzles has been found to give excellent results.
.As has been previously mentioned, great care must be taken to
remove all weeds and grass that may appear among the young plants.
In every case. l)efore undertaking the process of weeding the bed, it
is most important to water thoroughly. This will prevent any serious
injury being done to the roots of the tobacco plants.

One of the most injurious insects to ])e guarded against in the culti-
vation of the seed bed is a flea-beetle. The injury to the plants by
this insect may be prevented by the use of a light spray of Paris green.
The mixture should be made at the rate of 1 pound of Paris green and
an ecpial quantity of quicklime to 100 gallons of water, which should be
kept constantly stirred when in use. The same remedy can be applied
in the case of the hornworm. when^ tln> seed bed is not inclosed or
covered.

A very satisfactory fertilizer consists of 1,000 pounds of cotton seed,
1,000 pounds of cotton-seed meal, 300 pounds of carl)onate of potash,
700 pounds of tine-ground ])one, and 800 pounds of lime to the acre.
The cotton seed should be put on the field after it has been plowed
and three weeks or one month before it is finally prepared for trans-
planting. Wherever it can be obtained cow-pen manure should be
used broadcast at the rate of 20 to 25 loads per acre. Cow-pen manure
promotes very rapid growth and often becomes the means of securing
a good crop of tobacco on land badly infested with nematodes. This
kind of plant food enables the plant to throw out new roots faster than
the nematodes can destroy the old ones. '

When produced for wrapper purposes the Sumatra variety of tobacco
is usually grown under shade. The purpose of the shade is to protect
the crop from insects and other dangers and by reason of reducing
the light to secure a thin leaf. The effect of the shade is also shown in
influencing the humidity of the atmosphere and the temperature. The
plants under shade show a much more rapid growth than the outside
tobacco, and the leaves are tiner, very thin and elastic, and with very
small veins. Such characteristics as these in wrapper tobacco are
desired by manufacturers.

Wliere no cover crop is grown during the winter the land should be
plowed frequently and kept thoroughly stirred. This destroys many
of the nematodes, and in that way greatly reduces the damage due to
these insects the following year. This constant cultivation also pre-
vents, to some extent, the depredations of the thrips; it prevents the
growth of grass and weeds, which serve as host plants for this insect,

15304— No. 91—06 3

18 VARIETIES OF TOBACCO SEED DISTRIBUTED IN 1905-6.

The preparation of the soil for Sumatra tobacco must be thorough
and complete. The soil should be thoroughly pulverized by succes-
sive plowing and harrowing, and reduced to a fine condition before
transplanting. Deep plowing and subsoiling causes a retention of
moisture in the soil if the season is too dry, and at the same time
affords the best opportunity for proper drainage if there is an excess
of rainfall during the growing season. The disk plow and disk har-
row have been used very successfully in the preparation of tobacco
soils, particularly where the content of clay is comparatively small.

When transplanting the young plants from the seed bed to the field,
it is desirable to make a selection of the best and most vigorous plants
in the seed bed. At this early stage of growth the most vigorous
plants, having the largest and best-shaped leaves, can be very easily
distinguished by the grower and selected for the field.

The ordinary distance for Sumatra under cloth is 3 feet 3 inches
apart for rows and 12 inches apart in the row. Under slat shades the
distance between the plants in the row is usually increased to about
14 inches.

Before removing the young plants from the seed bed, the bed should
be thoroughly watered and the plants taken out with all possible care.
In setting the plants in the field care should be taken to avoid bending
and doubling the roots, and the necessary application of water should
not be overlooked. It is often found beneficial, just before transplant-
ing, to water the soil where the plant is to be set, and to water again
shortly after transplanting.

The cultivation of the crop should include the removal of all weeds
from the field, particularly during the early stages of growth, and a
thorough cultivation of the soil at frequent intervals in order to keep
a loose mulch on the surface of the soil. It is usually the custom to
hoe the young plants twice and to use some form of cultivator at least
once a week during the remainder of the season until the plants have
become too large for cultivation. In many instances it has been found
desirable and practicable to cultivate the tobacco , until shortly before
the top leaves are taken off. In dry seasons this serves to retain the
soil moisture by preventing excess evaporation due, to soil capillarity.
When the plants begin to bud, all except the individual plants saved
for seed purposes should be topped. No very definite rule can be given
for this process, but it is the usual custom to break off the top of the
plant just below the first seed sucker. The height of topping must be
largely governed by the local soil and climatic conditions.

It is necessary to remove the suckers before they reach sufficient
size to seriously injure or dwarf the plant or interfere in the develop-
ment of the leaves. In most cases it will be found necessary to remove
the suckers two or three times, and more frequently if the season is
one which promotes rapid growth. If seed is to be saved on any of

DIRECTIONS FOR CULTURE. 19

the plants, the flower cluster should be covered with ji light and strong
paper bag before any of the flowers blossom out. in order to prevent
c-ross-fertilization. The bags should be kept in good condition and
not allowed to injure the top of the plant in any way. They should
remain over the flowers until a sutiicient mwnber has been fertili/.ed to
produce a good supply of seed.

The time for harvesting will depend to a considerable extent upon
the season, l)ut the ripeness of the leaves can be distinguished t)y the
development of irregular, light yellowish colored patches over the
surface and a thickening and crumpling of the bod}' of the leaves.
The leaves should be harvested before they become overripe, and it
is the usual practice to pick them at three or four diflerent periods,
the lower leaves maturing tirst, the middle leaves next, and the top
leaves last, generally allowing from six to eight days between each
picking. After picking, the leaves are carried to the curing shed in
i)askets made for this purpose and are strung on 4-foot laths specially
arranoed for them at the rate of 30 to 40 leaves to the lath. The
leaves are arranged back to back and face to face, and are regularly
strung on the cord attached to the lath. The laths are then hung in
the curing shed, where the leaves are allowed to thoroughly cure out.

When the tobacco is primed from the stalk it should not take more
than three weeks to cure; when it is hung on the stalks from four
to six weeks are necessary. The manipulation of the curing barn is
governed entirelv In' the condition of the w^eather and the nature of
the tobacco, so no flxed rules can be given. However, in a general
way it can be said that the barn should be opened during the day and
kept closed at night. If there are frequent showers and but little
sunshine, the liarn should be kept closed and small flres started, dis-
tributed throuirhout the building. These tires should be continued as
lons" as it is necessarv to drv out the entire barn of tobacco. AVhere
charcoal is not available, wood Avhich has as little odor and as little
smoke as possible should be used. It is very important to dry out
the barn without giving the tobacco any foreign tKlors. To obtain
the best results the tobacco should become moist and be fair!}" dried
out once in every twenty-four hours.

When the midribs are thoroughlj^ cured the leaves are ready to be
taken to the packing house. To get the tobacco in condition to han-
dle, all the ventilators should be left open for one night, opening them
about 6 o'clock in the evening. Unless the night is a dry one. the
tol)acco will soften before morning and be in condition or "good
order;"* that is, it will have taken up suflicient moisture to make it
soft and pliable. The barn should then be tightly closed, in order to
retain the moisture, and the leaves taken from the laths and tied
into hands of convenient size. The bottom, middle, and top leaves
should be kept separate in the barn. After the tobacco has been

20 VARIETIES OF TOBACCO SEED DISTRIBUTED IN 1905-6.

taken down and packed it shoukl l)e taken at once to the warehouse
for fermentation.

The fermentation of the tobacco is to be done in bulk, and this
sweating- process must be watched with unusual care in order to pre-
vent disaster to the crop. It is necessary to turn the bulk several
times during the process of fermentation in order to keep the tempera-
ture at the desired point. The object of turning the bulk is to reverse
its construction, thereby bringing the top, bottom, and outside layers
into the middle of the new bulk. This plan will permit a uniform
fermentation of all the tobacco in the bulk. A convenient and prac-
tical size of l)ulk contains from 2,000 to 3,000 pounds. The tempera-
ture of the center of the bulk should in no case be allowed to rise
above 120° F., and after the temperature falls from 8 to 10 degrees
the bulk should be turned. The desirable maximum temperature is
115° F. It takes usually from six to eight weeks to complete the
process of fermentation. After fermentation the tobacco must be
sized, sorted according to the different market grades, tied up in
hands, and packed.

CONNECTICUT HAVANA TOBACCO.

There is a xt'vy limited amount of plant food in tobacco seed on
account of the small size of .the individual seed, so that the reserve
material for the nourishment of the young plants is soon exhausted;
consequently the tobacco seedlings are forced to prepare their own
food much sooner than is the case with most other crops. For this
reason it is absolutely necessary for tobacco growers to get the soil
and plant food in the seed beds in the best possible condition for use
by the 3'oung plants in order to aid the slow-growing young plants
during the critical period of the first stages of growth. The seed beds
should be located so that they will get all the benefit possible from
the warm ravs of the sun during the early spring da3^s, as well as pro-
tection from the cold north and northw^est winds prevalent at that time
of the year. A southern slope where good drainage can be secured
is preferable, and a good, rich, and friable soil is desirable for the
tobacco seed beds.

As a rule 200 square feet of seed-bed space should be provided to
furnish sufficient seedlings for an acre of tobacco, although if the
tobacco is to be transferred at different periods a less area will be found
to be sufficient. The seed beds are generally 8 feet wide and as long-
as is necessary to furnish sufficient seedlings for the field. They are
usuall}" laid out from east to west.

The framework of the seed bed is usually made of 2 by 12 inch
boards, set in the ground from 3 to 4 inches, one side being sunk 2
inches lower than the other in order that the sash may lie over the

CONNKCTICUT HAVANA TOHACCO. 21

top of it ill :i ^liintino- position. ><) ihut tlu" plants will rocoivf all of
the sunlight possihlo.

The host method of covering the l)e(i is by nieiins of glass in sasii
ahout 3 feet wide by S feet long. These sash are laid over the top of
the framework and of course can be removed at any time when it is
necessary. In some cases heavy eheese cloth or tobacco cloth is sub-
stituted for the glass covering, but the temperature of the beds can
not l)e regulated so well as with the glass cover, and the cloth should
not be used where very early i)lants are desired. It is claimed by old
tobacco growers, however, that the plants raised under cloth are more
hardy than those raised under glass, and it is a frequent practice to
grow the early plants under g-las> and the later seedlings under cloth.
In Plate II, figure 2, are shown the cloth tent seed bed, the cloth-
covered cold-frame seed bed, and the glass-covered seed bed. which
are most practicable and successful for the raising of seedlings.

When it is necessary to water the seed bed the sash are removed
temporarily and the water is ai)plied in the form of a tine spray. As
soon as the watering is completed the sash are replaced in their origi-
nal positions. If it becomes neces.sary to air or cool the beds one or
more sash can be raised until the desired o})ject is accomplished.

The soil for the seed bed should be a light sandy loam, as free from
weed seed, fiuigous diseases, and insect pests as possible. It has been
found that by sterilizing the soil used in the seed bed the expense of
weedino- the beds can be done awav with. The sterilization of the
seed-bed soil results in the production of better plants than are grown
in soil which has not ))een sterilized and also destroys the fungous
spores which frequently interfere with the successful raising of young
plants. In Plate III, figure '2. is sho^n a simple and practicable
method of sterilizing the soil with steam. The upper (3 inches of
the soil in the seed beds is removed and placed in an ordinary wagon
box, in the bottom of which three perforated pipes are laid and
attached to a steam l)oiler. The sterilization process requires about
40 minutes for each wagon box of soil, the time being determined by
placing a potato in the soil and supplying steam until the potato is
baked. A large quantity of surface soil in the seed beds can be steril-
ized in this manner in a comparati\t'ly short time with little expense.

A successful method of heating seed beds is by the use of fresh
horse manure. In this case the beds should be dug out 2 feet deep
about a week before the time for sowing the seed. The fresh manure
should be packed in this space to a depth of li feet and covered w ith
6 inches of the sterilized soil. Another successful method of heating
the seed bed is by the use of hot- water or steam pipes, laid around the
sides of the bed or under the surface of the soil. General experience
has proved, however, that the manure beds are equal in value, if not
superior, to the artificially heated ones, mainly from the fact that the

22 VARIETIES OF TOBACCO SEED DISTRIBUTED IN 1905-G.

heat is distributed evenly through the soil in the seed bed, while in
the case of hot-water or steam pipes the surface of the bed or the air
space is likely to be hot while the soil may remain cold and in poor
condition for the growth of the young plants.

The soil for the seed beds should be fertilized with a highly nitroge-
nous fertilizer, the one most commonh^ used being cotton-seed meal
in combination with a complete fertilizer containing phosphoric acid
and soluble potash. This fertilizer should be thoroughly worked into
the soil.

In preparing the soil for the sowing of the seed, it should be most
carefully handled, so that at the time of sowing it is in a fine, loose, and
friable condition, with an even surface. As the tobacco seed is very
small, it is necessar}" to have the soil in the finest possible tilth in
order to present a uniform condition for the seed. During the growth
of the young plants it is well to sprinkle over the l)eds a light di'ess-
ing of nitrate of soda, dissolved in water, after which it should be
washed into the soil with a light and line spray of water. It is some-
times found desirable to add a light application of phosphorus, in the
form of ground bone and carbonate of potash, if the soil is found to
be deficient in these elements of plant food. It is the usual practice
in the North to sprout half of the quantity of seed used for sowing
in moist but not too wet apple-tree punk or rotted cocoanut fiber
about one week before the time for sowing the bed. For this pur-
pose the seed is thoroughly mixed with the punk and placed in a glass
jar, which should be kept in a warm room. The seed will sprout
quickly in this medium, and it is probable that earlier plants can be
secured from such sprouted seed than from sowing the dry seed alone.
The sprouted seed should be sown about the time the sprouts are one-
eighth to one-fourth inch in length. Many growers sow the sprouted
seed as soon as the seed coats burst and the sprouts appear. If the
sprouts become too large they will be injured during the process of
sowing. An equal quantity of dry seed should be mixed with the
sprouted seed when the beds are ready for sowing.

It has been found by comparative tests made by the Bureau of Plant
Industry that in most cases the dry seed produces plants about as
early as the sprouted seed, and the plants from the dry seed are more
uniform in size and apparent^ more hardy than those raised from the
sprouted and drj^ seed combined. In order to get an even distribution
of seed over the seed bed in sowing, it is a good plan to mix the dry
seed and the sprouted seed with several times its bulk of land plaster
or g3"psum, or, if this is not obtainable, corn meal or ashes, so the
seed can be sown more evenh' over the bed. One to two tablespoon-
fuls of seed should be used for every 100 square 3'ards of seed-bed
surface.

CONNKCTICUT HAVANA TOIiAC'CO. 28

After sowintif the seed it is desirable to puck the surfju-e of the bed
oarefullv with a roUer or lioiivv i)laiik. in order to press the soil closely
about the seed. Another jjood plan is to cover the seed by liohtly
rakiiiji' the surface with an ordinary i>ar(hMi rake, and this method is
preferred by many experienced orowers. It has been found in the
experiiuents of the Bureau of Plant Industry that the lioht seed is
undesirable and in every case should be separated from the heavy seed
and discarded. In order to make a thoiouoh and comidete separation,
it is necessary to use some form of a wind-l)last machine which will
blow out the liiiht seed without throwing out the heavv seed at the
same time. In Plate IV, tioure 1, is shown a satisfactory seed separa-
tor, by the use of which the liolit seed can ])es(^parated from the heavy
.seed and discarded, and the heavy seed used for sowing the seed l)eds.
The heavy seed produces the most vii^'orous and uniform youncr plants
in the seed l)eds, as shown in Plate IV, tigure '2, and these plants are
most desirable for use in the case of all varieties of to))acco.

The Havana seed variety of tobacco is usually sown in the seed bed
from the middle of March to the middle of April, and the i)lants are
read}^ for setting- out from these beds from May 1(> to June 1(».

One of the most important points in the raisino- of a successful crop
of tobacco is the care of the seed bed in the production of the seedlings.
It is necessary to water the seed bed freipiently. usually once or twice
every day during- the early stages of growth. If the beds are arti-
ficially heated, warm water should ho used for this watering process,
as cold water cools the )>eds and checks the growth of the 3'oung plants.
The surface of the seed bed should not be allowed to become dry, as a
few hours of dry surface will kill all of the 3'oung plants. The water
should be supplied in the form of a light spray, in order not to disturl)
the seed or the young plants in the bed or to pack the soil so that in
drying it will cake and injure the plants.

The temperature of the hotbeds should be carefully regulated, and
in no case allowed to rise above 100-' F. during the day or fall l>elow
70'-' F. during the night. If. it is possible to maintain an even tem-
perature the plants will make the most rapid growth, but it is a ques-
tion whether they wall be as hardy as when subjected to the fluctuating
temperatures corresponding to the natural changes between night and
day. The beds can be cooled when necessarv by raising the sash if
the temperature rises, or the temperature can be raised at night by
using lanterns set 5 or 6 feet apart in the seed bed and b}' covering the
sash with heavy cloth, such as ordinary blankets, in order to retain
the heat. After the young plants reach the proper size for setting
out, usually from 5 to 6 weeks after sowing in the seed bed, the sash
can be taken off most of the time during the day and the beds watered
only when the plants begin to wilt. If the plants come up too thick

24 ARIETIES OF TOBACCO SEED DISTRIBUTED IX 190.j-(3.

in anv portion of the seed bod. the}' should be thinned out by using
an ordinaiy g-urden rake and pulling- it through the thickly set plants.
Sufficient plants will be removed in this way, and those which remain
will not be injured by the thinning process, but will be benetited by
the stirring- of the surface soil. It is also necessary to keep out all
weeds, carefully pulling them as soon as thej' appear among the tobacco
plants. Before pulling the weeds, the beds should be thoroughly
watered. If flea-beetles or other biting- insects attack the young-
plants in the seed bed, the plants should be sprayed with a Paris, green
mixture at the rate of 1 pound of Paris green and an ecpial quantity of
quicklime to 100 gallons of water. If fungous diseases begin to grow
in any portion of the seed bed, it should be thoroughly aired by rais-
ing the sash during the day, and if this method does not check the
growth of the fungus the beds should be sprayed with a solution of
formalin — 1 part of formalin to 2,000 parts of water. An application
of lime dusted over the beds will also assist in preventing the spread of
fungous diseases.

The preparation of the lield for the plants should be begun in the
autumn, if possible, b}' plowing the land 2 or 3 inches deep and sowing
a cover crop, such as vetch or some other legume. These leguminous
cover crops not onh* prevent washing and loss of fertility during the
heavy rains of the fall and winter, but increase the fertility of the soil
through the addition of the nitrogen in the tubercles of these plants
and by reason of their extensive root development, which tends to
break up and put the soil in the best possible tilth for the young plants.
In the spring the land should be replowed, care being used to see that
the cover crop is thoroughly plowed under, with an application of
well-rotted stable manure at the rate of 12 to 15 tons to the acre.

In addition to the use of stable manure, it has been found that the
following- or a similar fertilizer should be used in order to secure the
l>est results: One ton of cotton-seed meal, 200 pounds of carbonate of
potash, 500 pounds of starter, and 1 barrel of lime to the acre. This
commercial fertilizer should be sowed on the land after plowing and
worked into the soil with a disk or by some other means of thorough
stirring- before the young plants are transplanted into the field. "When
the young plants are pulled from the seed beds the bed should be
thoroughly wet down before pulling, in order that as little injury to
the plants as possible may be inflicted during the process of pulling.
The plants are usually set out with a tobacco setter, such as is shown
in Plate III, tigure 1. If possible, it is desirable to transplant after a
shower or during a moist spell of weather, as the hot sun on the 3'oung
plants in the flelds is likely to cause considerable injury. Immediately
after transplanting, the young plants should be dusted with a bran
mash and Paris green mixture made by mixing thoroughly 1 pound of
Paris green with 100 pounds of Vjran. This mixture can be applied to^

roNNKCTiri'T HAVANA 'l'( >HA('C(). 25

tlic phints by diistinj»- throiiji^h a porfonitctl tin Wox, or in sonic cases a
small fertilizer sower is used for this purpose.

In trunspjanting the young- plants from the seed bed it is desirable
to make a selection of the best and most vigorous plants. At this
early stage of growth the ditierences in shape of leaf can be detected
by an inspection of the seedlings. For the Havana Seed variet}' the
plants should be set in rows 3 feet 3 inches apart, and the plants should
be set 18 inches apart in the row. If the plants are set by hand great
care should be used not to bend or otherwise injure the roots of the
young plants, as such injury ma}^ result in a diseased condition of the
plant, making it almost worthless for wrapper purposes.

In cultivating the Held a shallow or surface cultivator should be
used and the soil kept stirred frequently in order to conserve soil
moisture, as well as to remove all weeds. It is usually found neces-
sary to hoe the field once or twice during the early stages of growth
in order to remove all of the weeds and to loosen the soil around the
young plants and keep it in the best possible condition for their most
favorable growth.

When the plants begin to bud all except the individual plants saved
for seed purposes should be topped. No very definite rule can be
given for this process, but it is the custom to break the tops off the
plants just below^ the iirst seed sucker. As a rule the height of top-
ping must, be governed b}^ local conditions, such as the soil fertility
and the season. In most cases two or three of the top leaves are
removed in topping. It is necessary to remove the suckers before
they reach sufficient size to seriously injure or dwarf the plant or inter-
fere with the development of the leaves. It will usually be found
necessary to remove the suckers two or three times during the season
in order to keep the plants free from these injurious branches.

It has been found in the tobacco-breeding investigations that by
selecting seed from plants having few suckers, sucker-resistant tvpes of
tobacco can be secured, and it is recommended that in the case of all of
the wrapper varieties of tobacco, particularly the Havana Seed tobacco,
such a plan of seed selection be followed. In saving seed from care-
fully selected plants the flower clusters should be covered wuth a light
and strong paper bag before any of the blossoms open, in order to
prevent accidental cross-fertilization. These bags should be of light
but strong paper, and should be kept in good condition and moved up
the stalks occasionally so as not to allow the bags to injure the tops of
the plants in any way. These bags should remain over the seed head
until all of the flowers that are to be used for seed-saving purposes
have been fertilized, after which the bags can be removed and the seed
allowed to mature in the open.

The time for harvesting this variety of tobacco varies with the sea-
son, but the ripeness of the leaves can be distinguished by the devel-

26 VARIETIES OF TOBACCO SEED DISTRIBUTED IN 1905-6.

opment of irregular, light yellowish colored patches over the surface
and a thickening of the body of the leaves. By crumpling the leaf,
if the surface breaks in straight lines, or "cracks,'' as the old growers
are accustomed to call it, the leaf is said to be in proper shape for
cutting.

The plants are usuall}" cut with a regular tobacco hatchet or knife
and are strung on laths, as shown in Plate V, figure 1. Five or six plants
are usuall}" strung on each lath, after which they are hauled to the
sheds in wagons speciall}' prepared for this purpose. A wagon with
special rack arranged for transporting the plants from the field to the
curing shed is shown in Plate V, figure 2. These laths are usually 4
feet in length, and are so hung in the curing shed that a space is left
between each plant in order to get a circulation of air. A common
type of curing shed filled with tobacco is shown in Plate VI, figure 2.

The curing process requires as a rule from 4 to 6 weeks. The
manipulation of the barn or curing shed during this period is entirely
governed by the conditions of weather and the nature of the tobacco,
so that no fixed rules can be given. However, in a general way it can
be said that if the barn is filled with green tobacco and the weather is
hot and dry the ventilators should be open most of the time for
about 8 da3^s, by which time the tobacco should begin to yellow. The
ventilators should onlj^ be closed to prevent too rapid curing during
this period. The barn should then be opened at night and kept closed
during the day. This is done to prevent too rapid curing, which
destroys the life of the leaf and produces uneven colors in the tobacco.
If there are frequent showers and but little sunshine the barn should
be kept closed, and if there are indications of pole-burn or pole-sweat,
small fires, at least two in every bent in the shed, should be started.
In order to dry out the tobacco in as short a time as possible, these
fires should be distributed throughout the shed and the tobacco above
the fires protected by hoods. The best material for making these
fires is proljably charcoal or coke, but if these two materials can not
be used soft pine wood maj^ be found to l)e satisfactory. In no case
should hard wood be used, as certain odors are given off which it is
impossible to get out of the tobacco, and these injure the quality and
the sale of the crop. To get the best results, the tobacco during the
curing process should be kept fairl}" moist and fairly dried out once in
every 24 hours.

After the curing process has been finished the tobacco is usually
sorted according to grade and color as laid down by the tobacco trade.
The tobacco is then arranged in hands and packed in cases, where it is
allowed to go through natural fermentation, or it is placed in a room
which can be heated and is there put through a forced sweat. If the
natural fermentation takes place it usually does not begin until the
warm weather of the succeeding summer. Great care must be used

OONNKCTICCT HRoADLKAF T<H{Ar('<). '27

ill tlu' feniicntino- processes that the tobacco is not damaged Ity tlie
spread ot" fungous diseases, mold, or other causes of injury to tobacco
in cases. Th(> cases are usually arranges! to hold about 850 pounds of
tobacco.

CONNECTICUT BROADLEAF TOBACCO.

The methods of sowing the seed, preparation of the seed beds, and
treatment of the beds are practically the same for the Connecticut
Broadleaf as in the case of the Connecticut Havana variety. Many
of the growers in the Connecticut Valley prefer the tent cover for the
seed beds for this variety, two forms of which are shown in Plate II,
figure 2. The advantage in the cheese-cloth or light-nmslin cover for
the seed bed lies in the fact that plants grown under such conditions
are as a rule more hardy than plants raised under glass. As the
Uroadleaf plants make a very rapid growth in the seed bed and field,
hotbeds for the production of early seedlings are not as essential as
with other slower growing varieties. To sow the seed mix one table-
spoonful for every hundred square yards of seed bed with 2 quarts of
ashes or meal in order to get an even sowing, and lightl}' rake the
surface of the bed so as to ])arely cover the seed. If the seed is cov-
ered too deep, it will not germinate.

The seed bed should be kept moist, l)ut not too wet, as too much
water not only injures the seed, but favors the development of fungous
diseases, in about two weeks after sowing, the young plants will
appear, but at this time they make a very slow growth, as the plant
food in the seed has been exhausted and the plants must meet new
conditions. At this stage, if the surface of the bed dries out, the
young plants will be killed, so that it is absolutely necessary to use
the greatest possible care in watering the beds. After the 3'oung
plants have developed root systems and become established for inde-
pendent growth they make a very rapid growth, and it is usually
desirable to apply liquid manure. If the seedlings begin to turn
yellow, it is a sign that more plant food is necessary, and this can be
applied in liquid form. The young plants should be set out when the
leaves are about five inches long. Large plants are not desirable,
as they grow spindling, while very small plants are likely to die after
transplanting if an}" unfavorable conditions develop. In transplanting,
the beds should be thoroughly watered before pulling the plants in
order to avoid disturbing or injuring the roots. After pulling the
plants they should be placed in a basket, roots downward, and set in a
shaded, cool place until set out in the field.

The preparation of the land for planting should Vje thorough, and
the soil should be in as good tilth as possible. Cover crops, such as
vetch, are desirable for plowing under. A disk cultivator is a good
implement to fine the surface soil, after which the land should be fitted

28 VARIETIES OF TOBACCO SEED DISTRIBUTED IN 1905-6.

with drag and harrow, in order to get the surface as level and fine as
possible. The land is usually fertilized with well- rotted barnyard
manure, at the rate of from 8 to 12 tons per acre, plowing it under in
the spring. Frequently tobacco stems, at the rate of from 5(>0 to 600
pounds per acre, are used as a fertilizer in the Broadleaf sections.
Most crops of Broadleaf tobacco are grown on these fertilizers alone,
but in recent years the growers have begun to apply about 1 ton of
cotton-seed meal, 200 pounds of carbonate of potash, and from 1 to 2
barrels of lime per acre in addition to the usual tobacco starter.

The seedlings of the Broadleaf varietj^ are usually set in rows 4 feet
apart and the plants from 22 to 24 inches apart in the rows. In all
cases water should be used in transplanting, even if the ground be
moist. If the plants are set by hand, one person distributes the plants
at the proper distance along the rows, followed by a man or boy who,
with a round stick, makes a hole for the plants. A third person sets
the plants in the holes and presses the soil firmly about the roots,
leaving the surface of the soil as loose as possible. As the plants are
set in the holes, a cupful of water should be poured into the holes,
and some growers prefer to add water to the plants directlj^ after they
are set, although this practice leaves the soil about the plants in such
condition as to bake, especially during a hot, dry day.

The object of the cultivation of the field is to keep the soil in as
good condition as possible and to prevent the growth of -weeds and the
loss of soil moisture. In most cases a loose mulch should be main-
tained by frequent, shallow , level cultivation. As the plants grow, the
soil should be stirred with a hoe around the plants. One of the best
cultivators is called the Prout hoe, which is adjustable to the width of
the rows, the small shovels leaving the surf ace with a fine even texture.

The topping process is necessary in order to direct the strength of
the plant into the development of the leaves. After topping, the sur-
face of the leaves ver^^ rapidly increases, the leaves thicken, and the
ripening processes are hastened. The Broadleaf plants are usually
topped below the first large sucker. If it is found desirable to hasten
the ripening process, the plants are topped low, while if necessary to
prevent the development of too thick leaves the plants should be
topped high. Usually the topping process is delayed until most of
the flower buds appear, so that the topping can all be done in one
operation, hut many growers prefer to remove the buds as soon as
they appear, going over the field later and topping to the desired
height. As soon as the suckers appear they should be broken ofi', and
in order to do this effectively it is necessary to go over the field once
a week after the plants have been topped.

The time to harvest the crop can only be determined by experience
with the strain which is grown. As a rule, a ripe leaf has a rough
feeling to the touch, and there is a change in the color of the leaf from

CUBAN TOBACCO. 2i)

a dark to a lighter green; also, by folding the leaf between the fingers
a ripe leaf will l)reak easily. In the Broadleaf variety the i)lants are
usually cut. and as all the leaves on a plant are not ripe at one time,
it is necessary to harvest the crop when the majority of the leaves are
in the proper condition or about the time that the middle leaves are
ripe. Overripe leaves lose their elasticity and strength, and are not
suitable for cigar wrappers. The plants are speared on 4-foot laths,
using a detaehal)le iron spearhead fitted in the end of the lath, as shown
in Plate V, figure 1, placing from 4 to ♦> plants on each lath.

The Broadleaf tobacco is air cured, the process taking about six
weeks. After harvesting, the plants are immediately hung in the barn,
and the temperature and humidity of these sheds nuist be closely
watched and controlled by means of the ventilators. If the leaf cures
too rapidly the ventilators should be opened on njoist days and nights
and closed on dry days. If the curing process proceeds too slowlj' or
the tobacco is liable to injury from pole-bui-n or other fungous dis-
eases, the ventilators should be opened on dry days and closed on moist
days and at night. In long-continued damp spells of weather, when
the tobacco can not be dried out by opening the ventilators during the
day, small tires of soft i)ine or charcoal should ])e used to drive off the
excess of moisture and raise the temperature in the barns.

The Broadleaf tobacco is usually fermented in cases holding about
three hundred pounds, the hands of tobacco being laid in these cases
with the butts of the hands on the outside and the tips in the center.
The tobacco is then pressed down under moderate pressure, the tops
of the boxes screwed on, and the cases kept in a room having an even
temperature.

CUBAN TOBACCO.

Cuban tobacco is grown without shade when used as a filler for
domestic cigars. The percentage of wrappers in this outdoor crop
is not large, but when the leaves are primed the percentage of wrappers
is considerably increased. The preparation and care of the seed beds
and methods of cultivation are about the same as in the case of the
Sumatra variety. The rows in the field are arranged about 3 feet 4
inches apart and the plants set about 14 inches apart in the row. A
greater distance results in thick, heav}^ leaves. If the plants are set too
close the leaves are too thin and lacking in body for filler purposes.

No definite rule can be laid down as to the proper number of leaves
to be left on the stalk when the plants are topped. This number varies
with the height of the plant and the climatic conditions during the
season. From 14 to 16 leaves, however, are considered desirable dur-
ing the ordinary season. The suckers begin to appear very soon
after topping and should be removed every 8 or 10 days or once a
week when rains are frequent.

30 VARIETIES OF TOBACCO SEED DISTRIBUTED IN 1905-6.

Worms are usually very troublesome on this variet}^ of tobacco
and must be picked off and destroyed as soon as they appear, or the}^
can be poisoned with a very light spray of Paris green mixture. The
•'powder gun" has come into general use and is rapidly replacing the
spray pump for poisoning the hornworm and budworni. The growers
who still emploj^ the spray pump use 1 pound of Paris green and an
equal quantity of quicklime to 100 gallons of water, this being suffi-
cientl}^ strong to kill the hornworms without injuring the leaves. If
a stronger solution is used there is danger of burning the leaves, so
that patches of green will appear after curing. A mixture of 1 pound
of Paris green to 30 pounds of lime or land plaster is recommended
for use in the powder gun.

The manner of harvesting the southern Cuban tobacco is essentiall}'^
the same as that practiced with the Connecticut Havana Seed tobacco.
The number of plants to the lath, however, may be increased to 8 or 10,
where the growth is comparatively small.

Some growers prefei- to prime the Cuban tobacco. This process is
more expensive, but a thinner leaf is obtained, which makes it possi-
ble to use a certain percentage of leaves for wrapper purposes. There
are no advantages in this system over the present method of cutting
the plants so far as the production of a filler leaf is concerned.

Where the soil has been abundantly fertilized and the season is
favorable, a profitable second crop of filler can be grown, which is
commonly called a "sucker crop." A week after cutting, all the suck-
ers should be broken off the old stump with the exception of one,
which is to be allowed to remain and mature. It should be handled in
exactly the same way as the original crop. The sucker crop ordi-
narily produces about one-half the yield of the main crop. Insects
are alwa3^s ver}- much worse late in the season and become very
troublesome in the sucker crop.

ZIMMER SPANISH AND LITTLE DUTCH TOBACCOS.

The preparation and care of the seed bed for Zimmer Spanish and
Little Dutch varieties should be the same as given for Connecticut
Havana tobacco. The preparation of the soil and the methods of trans-
planting and cultivating are the same as those given for Connecticut
HaA'ana. The plants should be set in rows 3 feet apart and the seed-
lings set from 15 to 20 inches apart in the rows. The plants should
be topped so as to leave about 16 leaves for each plant. The average
yield of the Zimmer Spanish variety is about 600 pounds to the acre,
while the yield of the Little Dutch variety is considerably less. The
methods of harvesting, curing, and fermenting are essentiallv the
same as those for the Connecticut Havana variety.

MAKVLAND SMDKlNcJ TOUACCO. 31

MARYLAND SMOKINC TOHACt'O.

The seed bed should l)e located on a dai'k, friable, loamy soil with
a southern exposure. The plants may b(^ easily watered if the seed
bed l)e located near a l)rook. The old method of buniino- the seed
bed has ))een laro-ely abandoned, but, if used, care should be taken to
l)urn only small timl)er and brush. A lari*-!^ ([uantityof ashes is detri-
mental to the growth of the young plants. All trees within 3o or 35
feet should l)e cut down and piled on the north and west sides of the
seed bed for a partial protection against the cold winds.

The proper time for preparing and sowing the seed bed is from
February 1 to March H(». The bed should be spaded to a depth of 4
or 5 inches, and all roots and tufts carefully removed. The soil
must be thoroughly pulverized with garden hoes, hand rakes, or other
suitable implements. Before the last stirring an application of a highly
iiitrooenous fertilizer should be evenly distrilnited oyer the bed and
thoroughly incorporated into the soil. A mixture of 50 pounds of
nitrate of soda, 40 pounds of line-ground bone, and 10 i)ounds of car-
bonate of potash, applied at the rate of SO pounds per square rod, is
highl}^ reconmiended.

Sow the seed at the rate of two tablespoonfuls to the scjuare rod.
It can best be uniformly distri})uted over the bed l)y mixing with
wood ashes or land })laster, dividing it into two equal parts, and sow-
ing half of it oyer the bed crosswise and the other half lengthwise.
The sides of the bed should be from 8 to 10 inches high, and wires
3 feet apart should be stretched across it. The beds can be covered
with light cheese cloth or tobacco-bed cloth, after the seed has been
sowed. The covering serves as a protection against the ravages of the
flea-beetles and other insects, provided there are no open spaces around
the bed. All weeds and grass should be removed. It is seldom
necessary to water the plant beds, except in the case of unusually dry
weather. Water at this time is very essential. It should be applied
as in the northern seed beds, but less frequentl}', it being seldom
necessary to water the beds more than twice a week.

In most cases it is advisable to replenish the plant food with a top-
dressing or fertilizer of the same composition as that of the first appli-
cation. This should be applied in liquid form, wherever it is possible'
to wash it in thoroughly; otherwise it is most important to top-dress
the beds only during hot, dry days. The top-dressing should be used
when the plants are from 2 to 3 inches high. Where cloth is not used
for a covering, the beds must be closely guarded against the attacks of
the flea-beetle. When this insect first makes its appearance the plants
should be treated with Paris green at the rate of 1 pound to 30 pounds
of land plaster. The cloth covering should be removed from the beds

32 VARIETIES OF TOBACCO SEED DISTRIBUTED IN 1905-6.

at least a week before transplanting to prevent the injurious effect of
the radical change from the seed bed to the open tield.

Maryland tobacco is transplanted from May 15 to June 15, Care
must be used to wet the seed bed down thoroughly before drawing
the plants, thus protecting the roots from injury. The mottled or
mosaic tobacco, so common in Maryland tobacco tields, is frequently
due to the practice of drawing the plants when the soil is not thor-
oughly moistened. This variety should be set in the Held in rows 3i
feet apart and the plants 20 to 35 inches apart in the row.

Tobacco should be preceded by a leguminous crop of some kind,
hair}^ vetch being highly recommended for this purpose. In addition
to the nitrogen from the leguminous crop a fertilizer rich in potash
and containing a moderate amount of phosphoric acid should be added
before transplanting. The best stand is ol)tained in the lield where
the land has been plowed deeply and harrowed several times, thus
leaving a thoroughly pulverized soil for the reception of the plants.
The methods of cultivation, topping, suckering, and harvesting are
essentially the same as in the case of the Connecticut Havana variety.

NORTH CAROLINA, TENNESSEE, AND VIRGINIA TOBACCOS.

The methods of sowing the seed and of preparing and caring for the
seed bed are the same in the case of North Carolina, Tennessee, and
Virginia tobaccos as those used by the Maryland growers. The seed,
however, may be sown at least a month earlier than in Maryland.

Two systems of harvesting are in general use, both of which have
certain advantages. One of these systems is to prime the leaves as
fast as they ripen and string them on laths, allowing 30 to 32 leaves to
a lath. The other and more common system is to cut the entire stalk
and cui-e the leaves on it, as is done with the Connecticut Havana
variety.

The North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia tobaccos are usuallv
flue cured or fire cured, for which purpose a special type of barn is
used. The essential points of this barn are that it be practically air-
tight and provided with one or two furnaces having flues leading up
through the center of the barn, giving a large heating surface. There
should be at least two small ventilators on or near the top of the barn.

As soon as the barn is filled with tobacco, fires should be started and
the temperature raised to 90'-^ F., where it should remain from 24 to
30 hours, during which time the tobacco becomes a uniformly bright
yellow. The next step in curing is to raise the temperature from 90"
to 120° F. for 15 to 20 hours. This process is commonly known as
"fixing the color." Then the temperature may be increased gradu-
ally to 125° F., at which point it should be maintained for about 48
hours. By this time the leaves should be almost, if not entirely, 3^el-

WHITE bitrlp:y TOBAOro. 33

low, but tho stalk will still be green. In order to cure out the stalk,
the temperature can be raised to 175- F., at the rate of 5 degrees an
hour, where it should remain until the stalks are thoroughl}^ dried.
Great care must be taken during the entire process of curing not to
allow the temperature to fall, for a lowering of the temperature dur-
ing the process of curing invariably produces discolorations in some
parts of the leaf.

WHITE BURLEY TOBACCO.

The seed bed should have a slightl}^ southern exposure in order to
get the })enetit of the warm rays of the sun in the earl}'^ spring, and
the beds should ))e protected from cold winds. The best soil for the
White Burley tobacco is a rich, friable, virgin loam or sandy soil.
The best plan is to burn and prepare the seed bed on old sod lands.
Many farmers select a spot in a vegetable garden and cover it with
virgin mold taken from the woods, and sow it, after thoroughly burn-
ing the land until it has a reddish or brick-like appearance, when it
should be spaded up and thoroughly chopped over with hoes until it is
tine and even. The ashes should not be raked otf, but should l)e thor-
oughl}^ mixed in with the soil. As soon as the ground can be worked
in the spring, it should be lightly spaded and thoroughl}^ loosened to a
depth of 2 or 3 inches witli harrows or hand rakes. When in good
condition, it should be marked oti' in beds about 4 or 5 feet wide and
seeded. It is the usual custom with this variety to use a heaping table-
spoonful of seed for every 100 square yards of seed bed. After sow-
ing, the best plan is to run a heavj^ hand roller over the bed or press it
with a board or with the feet. As a rule, the bed is tramped over with
the feet until the surface is packed. The seed bed is usually protected
b}' a canvas covering to prevent the ravages of flea-beetles and to keep
the bed moist and warm.

The preparation of the land is generally begun in the month of
March, the usual plan being to turn under the soil with a 2-horse
plow to a depth of about 8 inches. About the middle of April a
revolving disk or harrow is run over the land in order to cut the sod
to pieces, after which the field is smoothed over with a slab drag. It
is very rare for fertilizers or manure of any kind to be used in the
White Burley districts. Tobacco stalks and trash from the barnyard
are preferred to any other fertilizer for this tobacco. Owing to the
fact that the crop is grown for two years and the field is then pi»t in
rotation with other crops, the fertility of the soil is maintained.

The tobacco plants are usually set after a shower, or when there is
no rain they are set out in the afternoon. The land is cultivated with
a bull-tongue cultivator during the first week or so, and then culti-
vated every week with a double-shovel cultivator as long as it is possible
to do so without injury to the plants. As soon as the cultivation is

34 VARIETIES OF TOBACCO SEED DISTRIBUTED IN 1905-6.

finished the plants are topped, leaving from 16 to 20 leaves on each
plant. From four to five weeks after topping, the tobacco is usually
fuU}^ ripe and the plants are cut with a tobacco cutter or butcher
knife. The stalks are split down the middle and strung on sticks 4^
feet in length, after which they are taken to the tobacco barn and hung
12 inches apart on the tier poles. When fully cured, the tobacco is
sorted, usually into six grades, and the different grades are tied into
bundles of from 10 to 20 leav^es and packed for the market.

INSECT ENEMIES.

The general subjects of the insect enemies of tobacco and the use of
insecticides are considered in Farmers' Bulletin No. 120, entitled "The
Principal Insects Affecting the Tobacco Plant," which may be had with-
out cost upon application to the Secretary of Agriculture. In case
the, seed beds are inclosed or covered, the tobacco is largely exempt
from injury by such pests as flea-beetles and hornworms. The tobacco
stalk weevil and tobacco thrips are comparativeh^ new as pests. Two
accounts of the former have been published and a detailed account of
the latter is about to be issued by the Bureau of Entomology, to which
office tobacco growers are referred for specific information in regard
to methods of controlling insect pests. In the case of arsenicals it is
always desirable to use at least an equal quantity of quicklime to pre-
vent injury by free arsenic.

DIRECTIONS FOB SAVING SEED.

In all cases where new seed is taken into a locality it should be
thoroughly tested before growing on a large scale. This is especially
true of all seed imported from Cuba, Sumatra, Turke}^, or other for-
eign countries. The past few years have witnessed a striking illus-
tration of the effect of using seed direct from tropical regions, such as
Cuba and Sumatra, when grown in the northern tobacco districts.
The plants grown from this freshly imported seed broke up into man}^
different types, some of which may prove valuable, but most of the
types are irregular and undesirable. Therefore it has been a com-
mon experience for growers to suffer great losses by reason of the
presence of these undesirable types during every season in which the
seed was used. This 'breaking up of type is due to the effect of
the change of soil and climatic conditions, resulting in striking varia-
tion in the plants grown from the imported seed. The variation is
particularly marked where southern seed is taken to northern tobacco
districts.

Our experiments have shown that if the seeds from typical and
desirable plants in these crops are saved under bag, and thus protected
from cross-fertilization, the plants produced from such seed will be
uniformly like the parent plants. The uniformity of plants from seed

DIRECTIONS FOR SAVING SEED. -^5

saved uuder hug is illustruted in Plate IX, tiguie 1. The two rows
shown in this ilhistiation are from the seed of two phmts of different
types and all of the progeny are like the parents. The second season
it is a good plan to increase the area of plants grown from seed saved
under bag, and from the most desirable plants in this crop selections
of seed can be made for future general crops. If the crop during the
second season shows uniformity of a desirable type, it is advisable to
save a large quantity of seed under bag— if possible, sufficient to plant
several succeeding crops — in order to provide for a possible failure of
seed production in future seasons. Inasnmch as tobacco seed when
properly cared for will retain its vitality for from 10 to 20 years, this
seed can be safely used, if necessary, for 5 years. The best practice,
however, is to save the seed for the following year's crop every sea-
son unless some accident should greatly injure the crop.

The grower of all new varieties of seed should test them on a small
area before using them for his entire crop. In some cases new seed,
when grown under conditions ditterent from those under which the
seed was produced, develops plants which are subject to fungous dis-
eases or insect enemies in the new conditions. Therefore it is a wise
plan to grow a small area of tobacco the first season and observe the
plants carefully in respect to the presence of fungous or other diseases
before using them in large fields. In other cases certain fungous dis-
eases are present in the soil, which attack and destroy the varieties
imported from other regions. In most cases resistant plants can be
found in fields affected by these diseases. The structure or habit of
growth of these resistant plants is such as to make them immune to
these attacks. The seed of resistant plants should be saved under bag
and used for the next year's planting. In this way resistant strains of
tobacco which will prove to be immune to the attacks of the various
diseases may be secured.

In selecting seed plants several important facts should be taken into
consideration. All the plants in the field should be carefully studied
and observations made on the shape of the leaf of the different plants,
on the variations in size and color of leaves, and on the time of matu-
rity of individual plants in the field.

Plate VIII, figure 2, shows two strains of Connecticut Broadleaf,
the larger one from an early parent and the other from a late parent.
The number of leaves and the number of suckers should be counted
on many plants in the field from which seed is to be saved, in order
that an accurate idea may be gained of the extent of variation in the
variety as regards these points. As a rule, there is a great variation
in all of the important characters which go to make up the type of
plants, and individual plants will be found which have desirable shape,
size, and color of leaf, which mature early and have an extra large

3(i VARIETIES OF TOBACCO SEED DISTRIBUTED IN 1905-6.

number of leaves and few suckers. The grower should decide in his
own mind on the t3^pe of plant which he desires to grow for his crop
and should carefully select those plants in the field which most nearly
fulfill this ideal.

The flower head on the selected seed plants should be inclosed with
a light but strong paper bag just before the flowers begin to open.
The proper time to apply the bag is shown in Plate VII, figure 1, and
the arrangement of bags is shown in Plate VII, figure 2. It is usu-
ally a good plan to remove two or three of the top leaves and suckers
just below the flower head. The bag should be tied around the stem
in such a way as not to interfere with the growth. It will be found
that at this period of growth the plant increases in height very rapidly,
and it will be necessary to raise the bag occasionally in order to pre-
vent the flower head from pushing out through the bottom of the bag.
For most varieties a 12-pound bag is the most desirable size. This
bag should be of strong but light material. The ordinary paper bag
found at any grocery store may be satisfactory for this purpose.

When the seed pods have turned brown, indicating maturity, the
entire top of the plant should be cut off. The bag should be opened
and all of the small and late pods picked off and only the large, heavy,
plump, and well-developed seed pods allowed to remain. The bag
should then be replaced and the seed head hung up in a dry place
where there is a free circulation of air, such as the attic of a house,
until the seed pods are thoroughly dried. After this the pods should
be picked off' from the stem and the seed shelled out. After the seed
has been secured, all of the light seed, hulls, and chaff should be
removed by the use of a seed separator, as shown in Plate IV, figure 1,
or by some form of air-blast machine adapted for this purpose, and
onh' the heavy seed should be retained for planting. The heavy seed
should then be placed in dry glass jars and set in a safe place. In
this condition the seed will retain its vitality unimpaired for a long
period.

In many cases it may be desired to cross an imported with a native
variety. The object of such crosses is to secure the improved quality
of the imported strains, combined with the hardiness and yielding power
of the native varieties. In the case of tobacco such crosses are easily
made by the grower. The tobacco plant has a perfectly self -fertile
and complete flower, but is easily cross-fertilized. In order to prepare
the flower for cross-fertilization, the anthers should be removed from
the selected flowers shortly before they open and discharge their pol-
len. The arrangement of the parts of the tobacco flower at different
stages of maturity is shown in Plate VIII, figure 1. The opened flower
in the lower right-hand corner shows the proper stage for the removal
of the anthers. After an examination of a number of flowers in the
field the grower can easily observe the proper time to remove the

now T(,> SECURE Ooon SEED. 37

iiiithers so that none of the pollen shall have escaped and fertilized
the flower. One easy means of noting this time is to observe the con-
dition of the corolla. The anthers should be removed just before the
corolla opens. As soon as the anthers have been removed, a small
paper bag- should be tied over the flower and allowed to remain ft)r at
least one day or until the stigma becomes receptive for pollen. This
receptive condition of the stigma is easil}- noted bN' the presence of a
sticky, viscid substance over the surface. At the proper time for
pollination, anthers from the desired imported strain which are just
read}' to discharge their pollen should be secured. These anthers
should be broken open and the pollen carefully rubbed over the sur-
face of the stigma of the flower to be fertilized. As soon as this pol-
lination has been completed, the small l)ag should be replaced over the
flower and allowed to remain there until the end of the season. A
small tag should be attached to the flower, giving the name of both
parents, as Havana X Sumatra (the lirst nj^me referring to the female
■ and the second to the male parent), with any other data which would
assist the grower in keeping a record of the parentage of the cross.

The best plan which can be followed in the case of crosses is to grow
100 plants of each cross and carefully note the characteristics of the
hybrid plants. It will be found that there will be considerable varia-
tion in the plants the flrst season. Seed should be saved from those
plants which are most desirable and which show the greatest improve-
ment over the native varieties. The next season a larger area can be
planted from this seed; and if the crop is uniformly of the type desired,
enough seed can then be selected the second season to plant the entire
crop the third year.

HOW TO SECURE GOOD SEED.

1. Save the best plants in the field for seed plants. An early Broad-
leaf plant of desirable type is shown in Plate VIII, figure 2, in com-
parison with the ordinary plants, and was selected for seed production
on account of earliness. During the cultivation of the crop and the
suckering and topping processes a constant search for good plants
should be made by growers.

2. When good plants are observed, they should be plainly marked
by a tag or rag tied to the plant, so that they may be easily found and
to prevent them from being accidentally topped.

3. Place a light, 12-pound size, manila paper bag over the flower
heads of the selected seed plants before the first flowers open. Inspect
the bags every few days for the first two weeks and raise them up
farther on the growing stems, arranging them so as to prevent any
injury from crowding in the bag during this period of growth. The
extent to which this method of saving seed is now being followed is
shown in Plate VI, figure 1.

38 VARIETIES UF TOBACCO SEED DISTRIBUTED IN 1905-6.

4. At the end of the season, when the seed pods are ripe, cut off the
plants near the ground without removing the bags and hang them up
in a dry place. The bags serve to catch the seed which ma}^ fall out
of the capsules on drying.

5. After the seed has thoroughly dried, shell it out of the capsules
and separate the heavy seed for use by the means described in this
paper.

6. It would be well for ever}^ grower using this method of seed
selection to save some seed in the ordinary way and plant it for com-
parison.

IVLATES

oy

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate I. (Frontispiece.) Fig. 1. — Connecticut Cuban tobacco, first year from Cuba.
Plants in foreground are freaks and undesirable. They have reached maturity
prematurely, and have very few salable leaves. The suckers and flower branches
are numerous and large. Fig. 2. — The same field shown in figure 1, after sav-
ing seed under bag and the selection of the best plants for two years. These
plants have a large number of well developed, desirable leaves, with very few
suckers or seed branches, as the result of careful seed selection.

Plate II. Fig. 1. — Tobacco seed bed in Florida. This illustration shows plants just
before transplanting. Note the uniformity of those grown from heavy seed.
The bed, covering 2 acres, furnished enough plants for more than 100 acres of
tobacco. Fig. 2. — Tobacco seed beds in Connecticut — tent, hotbed, and cold
frame. The three best methods used for protecting tobacco seedlings in the
North are shown. The beds in the center of the picture are covered with hot-
bed sash; the one on the right with cheese cloth raised about 12 inches above
the surface of the bed; the one on the left is also covered with cheese cloth,
arranged in the shape of a roof or tent and elevated sufficiently to allow work-
men to walk about the bed without removing the cover. The glass covering
seems to give the best results in most cases, and is conducive to the most rapid
growth.

Plate III. Fig. 1. — Transplanting tobacco seedlings with machine. The most satis-
factory and practical transplanter is shown. By using this form of machine the
seedlings may be set in the field whenever they are of the proper size, and easily
watered. Fig. 2. — Sterilizing soil for tobacco seed beds. This method is cheap
and effective, and serves to kill all weed seeds, fungi, and insects that may be in
the soil.

Plate IV. Fig. 1. — Tobacco seed separator. This form of separator is an improve-
ment over the one originally devised in the Laboratory of Plant Breeding of the
Bureau of Plant Industry, and described in the Yearbook of the Department of
Agriculture for 1904. Fig. 2. — Seedlings from heavy, medium, and light tobacco
seed. The seed from which the seedlings shown were grown was taken from the
same lot and planted at exactly the same time. Note the increased growth and
vigor in plants grown from heavy seed.

Plate V. Fig. 1. — Method of "spearing" tobacco plants during harvest. This shows
the most practical and economical means of spearing plants with the least possi-
ble injury to the leaves. The plants are allowed to wilt very slightly before
spearing. Fig. 2. — Wagon rack for transporting plants to curing shed. The
group of seed plants in the background shows lack of selection under the old
practice.

Plate VI. Fig. 1. — Capped plants saved for seed. The ordinary manila paper bag
of the 12-pound size was used in capping these plants. The bag should be made
of a thin grade of paper. Fig. 2. — Curing shed in the Connecticut Valley. The
superior value of this form of curing shed is largely due to the large number of
ventilators which may be opened to admit air when needed in properly curing
tobacco.

Plate VII. Fig. 1. — Seed plant ready for bag. In preparing the seed plant for
bagging, as shown, the small leaves and suckers just below the seed head have
been removed to make room for the bag. Fig. 2. — Proper arrangement of bag
on seed plant. When the bag is placed on the flower head of the seed jjlant, as
shown, it should be tied rather loosely around the stalk, to allow for its proper
development.

Plate VIII. Fig. 1. — Arrangement and structure of tobacco flowers. The structure
of the flowers, as shown, gives evidence of the fact that tobacco flowers are
naturally self-fertile. Fig. 2. — Two strains of Connecticut Broadleaf tobacco, the
row on the left from an early parent and the row on the right from a late parent.
The plant on the right of the center of the picture, from a late parent, is repre-
sentative of the entire plat.

Plate IX. Fig. 1. — Uniformity in time of maturity and other characters of two
types of Connecticut Sumatra tobacco raised from seed saved under bag. This
striking imiformity is due to three years of careful seed selection and protecting
the flowers from cross-pollination. Each row represents a different strain of the
tobacco. Fig. 2. — Lack of uniformity in time of maturity and other characters
in ordinary Connecticut Broadleaf tobacco, where seed was not saved under bag.

40

o

Bui 91 Bureau of Plant Indusfy, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate II.

Fig. 1 .—Tobacco Seed Bed in Florida.

Fig. 2.— Tobacco Seed Beds in Connecticut— Tent, Hotbed, and Cold Frame.

Bui. 91, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate III.

Fig. 1.— Transplanting Tobacco Seedlings with Machine.

Fig. 2.— Sterilizing Soil for Tobacco Seed Beds.

Bui. 91, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate IV.

Fig. 1.— Tobacco Seed Separator.

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32-5-

Ide^

it.

-.. 3.^ //>*^'»-

Fig. 2.— Seedlings from Heavy (32-3), Medium (32-2), and Light (32-1)

Tobacco Seed.

Bui. 91. Bureau of Plant Indust'y, U. S. Oept. of Agriculture

Plate V.

Fig. 1.— Method of '"Spearing" Tobacco Plants During Harvest.

FiQ. 2.— Wagon Rack for Transporting Plants to Curing Shed.

Bui. 91, Buieau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VI.

Fig. 1.— Capped Plants Saved for Seed.

I \ I i f 1 [ ! ! iTTNTnTTTmll 1 1 . fTTTi i , .

!{jim!il!!i1!!yii|!liiliiUiHL

Fig. 2.— Curing Shed in the Connecticut Valley.

Bui 91. Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VII.

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Bui. 91, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VIM.

Fig. 1.— Arrangement and Structure of Tobacco Flowers.

Fig. 2.— Two Strains of Connecticut Broadleaf Tobacco; the Row on the Left
FROM an Early Parent, and the Row on the Right from a Late Parent.

Bui. 91, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept of Agriculture.

Plate. IX.

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lO>iuinue<! from pnge 2 of cover.)

No. 38. Forag(! L^ondit'ons in Easton> Wa.>^hin>,'ton, etc. 1908. Pru-e, 1"> cents.

39. Tlie l'roi)agatioii of the Kaster Lily fnmi .^eed. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

40. Cold Storage, with Reference to the Pear ami Peach. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

41. The Commercial (Jraiiing of Corn. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

42. Three New Plant IntroihntioniJ from Japan. 190:). Price, 10 cents.

43. .Japanese Bamboos. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

44. Tlie Bitter Rot of Anpleb-. 190.3. Price, 1.^ cents.

45. Phy.siological Role of^Iineral Xutrient.^j in Plant.s. 1903. Prici% 5 cents.

40. Propagation of Tropical Frnit Trees and Other Plants. 1903. Price, 10cent.«.

47. The Description of Wheat Varieties. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

48. The Ai)i>le in Cold Storage. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

49. The Cnlture of the Central American Rnhher Tree. 1903. Price, 25 cents.

50. Wild Rice: Its I'ses and Propagation. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

51. Mi.scellaneous Papers: I. The Wilt Di.sease of Tobacco and Its Control.

II. The Work of the Community Demonstration Farm at Terrell, Tex.

III. Fruit Trees Frozen in 1904. IV. The Cultivation of the Australian
Wattle. V. Legal and Customary Weights per Bushel of Seeds.
VI. Golden Seal. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

52. AVither-Tip and Other Disesises of Citrous Trees and Fruits Caused by

Colletotrichum (ikeosporioides. 1904. Price," 15 tents.

53. The Date Palm. 1904. Price, 20 cents.

54. Persian Gulf Dates. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

55. The Dry Rot of Potatoes. 1904. Priee, 10 cents.
5t). Nonjendature of the Apple. 1905. Price, 30 cents.

57. MetliodsU.sed for Controlling Sand Dunes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

58. The Vitality and Germination of See<ls. 1904. I'rice, 10 cents.

59. Pasture, Meadow, and Forage Crops in Nebraska. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

00. A Soft Rot of the Calla Lily. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

01. The Avocado in Florida. 1904. Price, 5 c'ent«.

02. Notes on Egyptian Agricultuu!. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

03. Investigations of Rusts. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

64. A Method of Destroying or Preventing the (irowth of Algaj and Certain

Pathogenic Bacteria in Water Supplie.«. 1904. Price, 5 ceiits.

65. Reclamation of Cape Cod San<l Dunes. 1904. I'rice, 10 cents.

66. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 10. 1905. Price, 20 cents.

67. Range Investigations in Arizona. 1904. Price, 15 cents.

68. North American Sijecies of Agrostis. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

69. American Varieties of Lettuce. 1904. Price, 15 cents.

70. The Commercial Status of Durum Wheat. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

71. Soil Inoculation for Legumes. 1905. Price, 15 cents.

72. Miscellaneous Papers: I. Cultivation of Wheat in Permanent Alfalfa Fields.

II. The Salt Water Limits of Wild Rice. III. Extermination of Johnson
Grass. IV. Inoculation of Soil with Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria. 1905.
Price, 5 cents.

73. The Development of Single-Germ Beet Seed. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

74. The Prickly Pear and Other Cacti as Food for Stock. 1905. Price, 5 cent".

75. Range Management in the State of Washington. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

76. Copper as an Algicide and Disinfectant in Water Supplies. 1905. Price, 5

cents.

77. The Avocado, a Salad Fruit from the Tropics. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

78. Improving the Quality of Wheat. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

79. The Variability of Wheat Varieties in Resistance to Toxic Salts. 1&05.

Price, 5 cents.

80. Agricultural Explorations in Algeria. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

81. Evolution of Cellular Structures. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

82. Grass Lands of the South Alaska Coast. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

83. The Vitality of Buried Seeds. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

84. The Seeds of the Bluegrasses. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

85. The Principles of Mushroom Growing. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

86. Agriculture without Irrigation in the Sahara Desert. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

87. Disease Resistance of Potatoes. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

88. Weevil-Resisting Adaptations of the Cotton Plant. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

89. Wild Medicinal Plants of the United States. 1906. Price,, 5 cents. ^

90. Miscellaneous Papers. Part I. The Storage and Germination of Wild Rice

Seed. 1905. Price, 5 cents. Part II. The Crown-Gall and Hairy-Root
Diseases of the Apple Tree. 1905. Price, 5 cents. Part III. Peppermint.

1905. Price, 5 cents. Part IV. The Poisonous Action of Johnson Grass.

1906. Price, 5 cents.

U. S. DEPARTMENT Ob' A(,RICUL lURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY BULLETIN NO. 92.

B. T: GALLOWAY, Chief of Uureaii.

DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE

IN TUNIS.

BY

THOMAS H. KEARNEY,
Physiologist, Plant Brkedincj Investigations.

Issued September 6, 1906.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1906.

BUIiLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

The work of the Bureau of Plant Industry, which was organized July 1,
1901, is classified under the general subjects of Pathological Investigations,
Physiological Investigations, Taxonoiuic lyvestigations. Agronomic Investiga-
tions, Horticultural Investigations, and Seed and Plant Introduction Investiga-
tions. All the scientific and technical publications of the Bureau ai'e issued in
a single series of bulletins, a list of which follows.

Attention is directed to the fact that the publications in this series are not for
general distribution. The Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing
Office, Washington, t>. C, is authorized by law to sell them at cos5t, and to him
all applications for these bulletins should be made, accompanied by a postal
money order for the required amount or by cash. Postage stamps and per-
sonal checks will not be accepted in payment for publications.
No. 1. Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1001. Price. 10 cents,

2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory Xo. 9. 1902. Price. 10 cents.

6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

7. The Algerian Durum Wheats. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

8; A Collection of Fungi Prepared for Distribution. 1902. Price, 10 cents.
9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

10. Records of Seed Distribution, etc. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California. 1902. Price, 1.5 cents.

13. Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. Price. 10 cents.

14. Decay of Timber and ^Methods of Preventing It. 1902. Price, 55 cents.

15. Forage Conditions on the Border of the Great Basin. 1902. Price, 15

cents.
10. Germination of the Spores of xVgaricus Campestris. etc. 1902. Price, 10
cents.

17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902. Price. 10 cents.

18. Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

19. Kentucky Bluegrass Seed. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

20. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

21. List of American .Varieties of Vegetables. 1903. Price, 35 cents.

22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

23. Berseem. 1902. 'Price, 10 cents.

24. Unfermented Grape ]Must. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

25. Miscellaneous Papers: I. The Seeds of Rescue Grass and Chess. II.

Saragolla Wheaiit. III. Plant Introduction Notes from South Africa.

IV. Congressionpl Seed and Plant Distriljution Circulars. 1903.

Price. 15 cents. [
20. Spanish Almonds. \ 1902. Price, 15 cents.
27. Letters on Agriculture in the West Indies, Spain, etc. 1902. Price, 15

cents.
2S. The Mango in Porto Rico. 1903. Price. 15 cents.

29. The Effect of Black Rot on Turnips. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

30. Budding the Pecan. 1902. Price, 10 cents. ^

31. Cultivjited Forage Crops of the Northwestern States. 1902. I'rice, 10 cents.

32. A Disease of the AVhite Ash. 1903. Price. 10 cents.

33. North American Species of Leptochloa. 1903. Price. 15 cents.

34. Silkworm Food I'lants. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

35. Recent Foreign Explorations. 1903. Pric^e, 15 cents.

30. The "Bluing" of the Western Yellow Pine. etc. 190.3. Price, 30 cents.

37. Formation of the Spores in the Sporangia of Rhizopus Nigricans andof

Phycomyces Nitens. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

38. Forage Conditions in Eastern Washington, etc. 1903. Price. 15 cents.

39. The Propagation of the Easter Lily from Seed. 1903. I'rice, 10 cents.

40. Cold Storage, with Reference to the Pear and Peach. 1903. Price. 15

cents.

41. The Commercial Grading of Corn. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

42. Three New Plant Introductions from Japan. 190.3. Price, 10 cents.

[Continued on page 3 of cover.]

Bui. 92, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate

Harvesting Deglet Noor Dates at Tozer.
(From a photograph by F. Soler, Tunis.)

U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY BULLETIN NO. 92.

B. T. (iAI.LoWAV, Chiffof Bureau.

DATE VARIETIES AM) DATE (T'LTIRE

IN TUNIS.

BY

Llt>«AfcJY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL

GARDEN

THOMAS 11. KKxVRNP:Y.

PHYSioLOfiisT, Plant Bueedinu Inve.stkjations.

Issued Sei'tembkk G, I'JUO.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,

1906.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway.
Pathologist and Physiologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods.

PATHOLOGICAL IXVESTIGATIOXS.

Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge.
Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge.

PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

Plant Breeding, Herbert J. Webber, Physiologist in Charge.

Plant Life History. Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge.

Soil Bacteriology and Mater Purifieation, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge.

Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in

Charge.
Brug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney H. True,

Physiologist in Charge.
Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge.

TAXONO.MIC INVESTIGATIONS.

Economic Collections, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge.

AGRONOMIC INVESTIGATIONS.

Farm Management, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge.
Grain Investigations, Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge.
Arlington Experimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge.
Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles O. Townsend, I'athologist in Charge.
Western Agricultural Extension, Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge.
Dry Land Agriculture, E. Channing Chilcott, Expert in Charge.

HORTICULTURAL INVESTIGATIONS.

Pomologiciil Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge.

Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologlsts

In Charge.
Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent.

SEED .\ND PLANT INTRODUCTION INVESTIGATIONS.

Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, Adrian .7. Pieters and David Fairchild,

in Charge.
Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge.

SPECIAL LABORATORIES, GARDENS, AND FARMS.

Mississippi Valley Laboratory, St. Louis, Mo.. Hermann von Schrenk, Expert in Charge.
Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, I'athologist in Charge.
Plant Introduction Gardens, Chico, Cal.. Palemon II. Dorsett, Pathologist in Charge.
Cotton Culture Farms, Seaman A. Knapp, Lake Charles, La., Special Agent in Charge.

Editor, J. E. Rockwell.
Chief Clerk, James E. Jones.

SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.
SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

A. J. Pieters, Botanist in Charge.

David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer, in Charge of Foreign Explorations.
W. W. Tracy, sr.. Superintendent of Testing Gardens.

John E. W. Tracy, Assistant Superintendent of Testing Gardens, in Charge of Congres-
sional Seed Distribution.
O. W. Barrett, Assistant.
George W. Oliver, Expert.

C. V. Piper, Agrostologist, in Charge of Forage-Crop Investigations.
J. M. Westgate, Assistant Agrostologist, in Charge of Alfalfa and Clover Introduction.
W. W. Tracy, jr.. Assistant Botanist.
Frauk N. Meyer, Agricultural Explorer.
Charles F. Wheeler, Expert.
A. B. Connor, Special Agent.
Nickolas Schmitz, Special Agent.

John II. Tull, Special Agent, in Charge of Matting-Rush Investigations.
Harold T. Nielsen, Scientific Assistant in Agronomy.

92

2

LErrRR OF TRANSMITFAL.

U. S. Department of AtiiucuLTURE,

Bureau of Plant Indistry,

Office of the Chief,

Wa.shhir/fon, I). ('., March 1, 1000.

Sir: I have tlie lionor to transniit herewith, and to recoiiiineiKl
for i)iil)lication as Bulletin No. 02 of the series of this Bureau, the
accompanying manuscript, entitled " Date Varieties and Date Cul-
ture in Tunis," by Thomas H, Kearne}-, Physioh)gist, Plant Breed-
ing Investigations.

The importance of this bulletin lies in the fact that it presents a
key to the jirincipal varieties of date palms — the first available to
Americans interested in this fruit. It gives, further, an accurate
picture of the conditions under which profital)le date culture is car-
ried on in the northern edge of the Sahara, and can not fail to be of
value to all prospective date growers.

Acknowledgment is made of the courteous cooperati(m uniforndy
extended to Mr. Kearney by the authorities during his stay in Tunis.
The valuable assistance rendered him by M. Hugon, director of
agriculture and commerce, and by MM. Chervin, Minangoin, and
Tellier, of the direction of agi'iculture, as well as by the controleiirs
civils at Tozer, Gafsa, Sfax, and Gabes, and by the caids of Tozer
and Kebili, should be especially mentioned. The hosj^itality ex-
tended by Captain Donau, commandant superieur at Kebili, and the
great service rendered by him to the Department of Agriculture in
having collected, prepared, and forwarded to Tozer 175 offshoots
of the best varieties found in the Nefzaoua, merit especial acknowl-
edgment. Prof. Milton Whitney, Chief of the Bureau of Soils, and
Drs. F. K. Cameron and L. J. Briggs, of that Bureau, obligingly
cooperated in furnishing mechanical analyses of the soil samples
collected and chemical analyses of the soil and water samples.

This paper has been submitted by the Botanist in Charge of Seed
and Plant Introduction and Distribution, and Avas prepared as a
result of Mr. Kearney's expedition to the oases of Tunis in search
of new varieties of dates.

The illustrations which accompany this paper are considered essen-
tial to a full understanding of the text.

Respectfully, B. T. Galloway,

Hon, James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

92

Chief of Bureau.

3

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction 9

Characteristics of the region - 11

Geography ..._. 11

The Jerid _ 11

The Nef zaoua -- - 17

Gabes_ : --. - --- 19

Gafsa. - -.-- - 20

Climate - — 21

Temperature .-- - 21

Atmospheric humidity - 26

Precipitation - 27

Irrigation and drainage - - 28

Water supply — --- 28

Irrigation system 31

Drainage system - -. - 33

Soils of the Jerid region --- 33

Textiire - -- 33

Fertility - 35

Alkali - --. 36

Culture of the date palm. .... - - - - 41

Size and value of the gardens 41

Labor and tenantry system - - - 43

Propagation -- 43

Preparing the land - — - - - 45

Planting 46

Irrigating . 47

Manuring .-- 49

Other cultural methods — - - - - - 50

Pollination and male palms 50

Ripening . - 51

Harvesting - - 52

Preserving 54

Varieties of the date palm in Tunis 55

Descriptions of the varieties 60

Varieties of primary imjiortance _ 60

Soft dates 60

Dry dates 71

Varieties of secondary importance 74

Dry dates 74

Soft dates 76

Varieties of minor importance 82

Dry dates 82

Soft dates 84

Varieties imported but not included in the key 90

Varieties included in the key but not imported 92

Descriptive key to the characters of the fruits — 94

Synopsis of the groups 96

Key to the varieties ^7

Index -- 107

Description of plates : ^^^

5

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES.

Page.

Platk I. Harvesting Deglet Noor dates at Tozer. .Frontispiece.

II. Fig. 1.— Alkali land in the midst of Tozer oasis. Fig. 2.— Work-
ing the soil (if a date garden with the '"messah," or short-
handled hoe . . 113

III. Date palm showing "' straddling " of fruit cluster to prevent the

breaking of the stalk 112

IV. Fig. 1. — Tronja palm showing characteristic drooping, curved

leaves. Fig. 2. — A typical male date palm showing numerous

leaves - 112

V. Fig.-'l. — Menakher palm with numerous small suckers. Fig. 2. —

Old Menakher palm with two large fruiting suckers 112

VI. Fig. 1.— Deglet Noor palm. Fig. 2.— Lagoo palm. Fig. 3.— The

town of Nefta. with date gai'den in left foreground 112

VII. Fig. 1. — Fteemy palms, El Oudiane. Fig. 2. — Plantation of 6-
year-old date palms at Nefta. A Fteemy palm in the fore-

^. ground- : 112

VIII. Dates, natural size: 1, Deglet Noor variety; 2, Menakher variety. 112

IX. Dates, natural size: 1, Tronja variety: 2, Boo Affar variety 112

X. Dates, natui-al size: 1, Horra variety; 2, Kenta variety; 3, Fteemy

variety; 4, Mokh Begry variety 112

TEXT FIGURES.

Fig. 1. Map showing the location of the Tunis oases with respect to other

localities in Algeria and Timis ... 12

2. Irrigation canal and diversion dam, Tozer oasis 31

3. Laborer holding a ' ' messah , ' ' or short handled hoe 44

4. Date-picker holding a " mengel," or straight-bladed sickle, iised for

cutting off the bunches of dates . 44

5. Camel carrying date offshoots wrapped in palm fiber (leef) for

transportation . 45

6. Outlines of Menakher seed and fruit. (Natural size) 61

7. Outlines of Deglet Noor seed and fruit. (Natural size) 63

8. Outlines of Boo Affar seed and fruit. (Natural size) 66

9. Outlines of Tronja seed and fruit. (Natural size) - - . 67

10. Outlines of Boo Fagoos seed and fruit. ( Natural size) 67

11. Tafazween seeds and fruits. (Natural size) 68

12. Outlines of Fteemy seed and fruit. (Natural size) 69

■ 13. Outlines of Areshty seed and fruit. Natural size) 71

14. Outlines of Horra seed and fruit. ( Natural size) 72

92

7

8 ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.

Fig. 15. Oiitlines of Kenta seed and fruit. (Natural size) 73

16. Outlines of Angoo seed and fruit. (Natural .size) 74

17. Outlines of Thaby seed and fruit. (Natural size) - - 75

18. Outlines of Lemsy seed and fruit. (Natural size) - - - 75

19. Outlines of Halooa Bayda seed and f riiit. (Natural size) 76

20. Outlines of Mokli Begry seed and fruit. (Natural size) 76

21. Outlines of Baydh Hammam seed and fruit. (Natural size) 77

22. Outlines of Kseba seed and fruit. ( Natural size) 77

23. Outlines of Doonga seed and fruit. (Natural size) 78

24. Outlines of Besser Haloo seed and fruit. (Natural size) 78

25. Outlines of Oklit Fteemy seed and fruit. (Natural size) 79

26. Outlines of Rhars seed and fruit. (Natural size) 79

27. Outlines of Lagoo seed and fruit. (Natural size) 80

28. Outlines of Zekry seed and fruit. (Natural size) 81

29. Outlines of Klialt Mooasliem seed and fruit. (Natural size) 81

30. Outlines of Khalt Deglaowia seed and fruit. (Natural size) 82

31. Outlines of Khalt Horraowia seed and friiit. (Natural size) 82

32; Outlines of Bayjoo seed and fruit. (Natural size) 83

33. Outlines of Remta seed and fruit. (Natural size) 83

34. Outlines of Hamra seed and fruit. (Natural size) 84

35. Outlines of Kenteeshy seed and fruit. (Natural size) 84

36. Outlines of Tantaboosht seed and fruit. (Natural size) 85

37. Outlines of Tozer Zaid Saf ra seed and fruit. (Natural size) 85

38. Outlines of Tozer Zaid Khala seed and fruit. (Natural size). .._.. 85

39. Outlines of Sayba Boo Dra seed and fruit. (Natural size) . . 86

40. Outlines of Kharooby seed and fruit. (Natural size) - 86

41. Outlines of Gasby seed and fruit. (Natural size) 87

42. Outlines of Bent Segny seed and fruit. (Natiiral size) 87

43. Outlines of Animary seed and fruit. (Natural size) 88

44. Outlines of Goondy seed and fruit. (Natural size) 88

45. Outlines of Karooy seed and fruit. (Natural size) 89

46. Outlines of Iteema seed and fruit. (Natural size) _ 89

47. Outlines of Khalt Hameed seed and fruit. (Natural size) 89

48. Outlines of Chedakh seed and fruit. (Natural size) 92

49. Outlines of Deglet Hamidatoo seed and frtiit. (Natural size) 92

50. Outlines of Deglet Hassen seed and fruit. ( Natural size) 92

51. Outlines of Khalt Menakhry seed and fruit. (Natural size) 93

52. Selatny seed and fruits. (Natural size) 93

92

B. P. I.— 202.

DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN

TUNIS.

INTRODUCTION.

During the autumn and winter of lOO-t-o, while traveling as agri-
cultural explorer for the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction and
Distribution, the writer, at the suggestion of Mr. W. T. Swingle,
made two trips to the oases of southern Tunis in order to study the
varieties of the date palm grown there and to secure offshoots of the
more promising sorts for introduction into the United States. The
first visit was made in October and November, the period when the
fruits of most of the varieties are ripening and when the harvest is
in full progress. On that occasion six weeks were spent in the more
important oases, and a careful study of the chief varieties was made.
This was considered an essential preliminary to selecting varieties
for importation, as ver}^ little has been done by Europeans in study-
ing the characters of the almost innumerable varieties of the date
palm and in ascertaining the relative merits of the different kinds.

Nowhere, perhaps, does a greater number of promising varieties
occur within a restricted area than in these Tunis oases, and the
opportunity for comparison of widely differing types was an excep-
tionally good one. In the course of the investigations a collection
of 97 samples, representing 93 distinct varieties, was obtained. De-
scriptions of 105 varieties were drawn up on the sj)ot from freshly
gathered fruits, and in many cases the characters of the palms
themselves were noted. The fruits of 85 varieties were photo-
graphed in natural size, and photographs of the trees of 34 varieties
were made.

Much information was obtained regarding the fruits of the dif-
ferent varieties, their size, appearance, sweetness, flavor, time of
ripening, productiveness, and keeping qualities. The season chosen
for the visit allowed tlie interesting process of harvesting the dates
to be observed. Attention was also paid to the subjects of irriga-
tion, cultural methods, and of saline or " alkali " soils in relation to
the date palm.

92

9

10 DATE VAEIETIES AND DATE CULTUEE IN TUNIS.

As a result of the first visit to the oases, it was possible for the
writer to decide iij)on the varieties that seemed most desirable for
introduction into the southwestern United States. To procure these
varieties a second trip to the region was made for the Office of Seed
and Plant Introduction and Distribution in February, 1905, and three
weeks were spent in collecting and packing the offshoots. In all
about 700 offshoots, representing 56 varieties, were obtained, and it
required a caravan of 90 camels to transport them to the railway.

The importation of so large a number of varieties was thought
desirable, because it was recognized that date culture in the United
States is still in the experimental stage, and it is impossible to fore-
see as yet what varieties will prove most satisfactory. It is quite
possible that some of those which thrive best and are most esteemed
in their native countries will not succeed with us. On the other hand,
varieties that are less esteemed at home may develop valuable quali-
ties when transplanted to this continent. Furthermore, in view of
the great diversity of climate and soil existing in the parts of the
United States where date culture is possible, it seems altogether
probable that different kinds will be found adapted to different sec-
tions. In that case the existence at some few central points in the
Southwest of large collections of varieties will prove to be of cardinal
imj)ortance in the development of this promising industry.

For these reasons, an effort was made to secure a few suckers of
every well-marked variety of any value, while, of course, especial
endeavor was directed to securing a larger number of each of the
finest and most highly esteemed sorts. In a few cases the latter aim
was not realized, owning to the rarity of the palms and the reluctance
of the natives to part with the suckers. Of the superb Menakher
date, for example, one of the principal objects of the expedition,
only nine offshoots could be obtained, and most of these were smaller
than could be wished. Yet at least a few offshoots were imported
of all but one variety of primary value, and only two or three of the
varieties that were regarded as of secondary value are wanting in
the collection. It might be added that at the time of writing (Oc-
tober 1, 1905) from 75 to 95 per cent of the palms imported from
Tunis six months previously are showing signs of growth in the
different plantations in Arizona and California.

The chief object of the present report is to furnish descriptions
of the Tunisian varieties imported into the United States, so that
they can be identified hereafter. It is recognized that owing to the
large number of varieties that have been introduced during the past
five years much confusion in regard to the identity of the different
sorts is likely to arise unless some attempt is made to place their
characters upon record. To this end a descriptive key has been

92

GEOGRAPHY OF THE JEEID. 11

worked out, which it is believed will be found useful in identifying
the Tunisian varieties. As nothing of the kind has heretofore been
attempted so far as the date palm is concerned, it is hoped that, be-
sides fulfilling its immediate object, this key will afford suggestions
as to the characters that are most serviceable in distinguishing the
varieties and will serve as a basis for future studies.

To supplement the descriptions contained in the key, each of the
varieties imported is discussed under the headings " Varieties of
primary importance," " Varieties of secondary importance," " Va-
rieties of minor importance," and " Varieties imported but not in-
cluded in the key," Avith respect to the quality of the fruit, time of
ripening, productiveness, trunk and foliage characters, resistance to
alkali, etc.

As an introduction to the study of the varieties, the important
geographical and climatic features of the region are treated, together
with the character of the water supply and the cultural methods
in use.

CHARACTEEISTICS OF THE REGION.
GEOGRAPHY.

The principal oases of southern Tunis, in which the date palm
is the chief culture, form four distinct groups, the Jerid, the Nef-
zaoua, Gabes, and Gafsa, each group being separated from the others
by wide expanses of desert. (See fig. 1.) Eacli group differs in
many important features from the others, having its special peculiar-
ities of climate, soil, and water supply, as well as its characteristic
varieties of dates.

The Jerid is for us by far the most important group of oases, for
there are found in perfection some of the finest varieties of the date
palm in the world. It is the only part of Tunis in which the choice
Deglet Noor dates are produced in large quantity for European mar-
kets, exporting annually from one and one-half to two and one-half
million pounds of them. This report, therefore, deals chiefly with
the Jerid oases. A brief account of each of the other groups is given
in the present chapter, but the discussions of climate, water supply,
soils, and culture of the date palm apply almost solely to the Jerid.
Allien reference is made to some other region, it is especially des-
ignated.

THE JERID.

The name "Jerid" (French spelling, Djerid) is an abbreviation
of " Beled-el-Jerid " — the " cities of date palms." The group con-
sists of four oases — Nefta, Tozer, El Oudiane, and El Hamma — sep-

92

12

DATE VAEIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

arated one from another by several miles of barren, sandy, or stony
desert. They lie at the northern edge of the Sahara Desert, nestling
at the foot of a line of cliffs that forms the north bank of the Shott
Jerid. The Shott, which is about 68 miles long from west to east, is
in winter a large, shallow salt lake, and in summer a mud flat, covered
toward its center with a shining white crust of salt, much resembling,
therefore, the Salton Sink in southeastern California. Its mean ele-
vation is about TO feet above sea level. Toward the northwest it
opens into the Shott Gharsa. continued still farther westward as the

Fig. 1.— Map showing the location of the Tunis oases with respect to other localities in Algeria

and Tunis.

Shott Melrhirh, which borders the Oued Rirh oases of Algeria."
Beyond the easternmost of the Jerid oases the Shott Jerid contracts
into a strait, which connects it with the much narrower Shott-el-
Fejej. The latter extends eastward to within a few miles of the sea,
near Gabes.

Near its western end the Shott Jerid is bordered on the north by a
barren, rocky line of bluffs of the pliocene formation, which farther

a See Bui. 80, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1905,
p. 18.
92

GEOGRAPHY OF THE JERID. 13

east rises into the Jebel Sherb range of mountains. This osrarpmont,
known as the Draa-el-Jerid, runs nearly east and west. West of
Nefta it ends in a promontory extending between the Shott Jerid and
the Shott (iharsa. It is virtually the southern edge of an arid, gen-
erally stony plain, almost devoid of vegetation, which extends north-
ward to (iafsa and beyond, rising gradually into the elevated plateau
of central Tunis. This plain is intersected by desolate ranges of
hills and by deep ravines that contain water only at long, irregular

intervals.

At the southern base of the Draa-el-Jerid bluffs, and sloping toward
the Shott Jerid, lie the three oases of Nefta, Tozer, and VA Oudiane,
the first being the westernmost. Tozer is 15 miles east of Nefta and
El Oudiane about (> miles east of Tozer. These three oases are well
sheltered from the north wind by the terrace behind them, but lie
open to the south. On the other hand. El Hannna, 5^ miles north
of Tozer, lies on the northwestern side of the Draa-el-Jerid, having
the Shott Gharsa to the west, and while protected on the south and
east sides it is much exposed toward the north and west.

In general aspect all four oases are much alike. They consist of
almost unbroken forests of date palms, divided up into many gar-
dens that are separated by mud walls and intersected by innumerable
irrigation and drainage ditches. The total numl)er of date palms in
the region is variously estimated at from (')00,000 to 1,000,000. It
has been estimated « that the average annual production of dates in
the Jerid is about 34,700,000 pounds, of which somewhat more than
5 per cent are of the Deglet Noor variety. (See p. 63.) Of the
total product of other varieties, about one-third is consumed on the
spot, the rest being exported to various parts of northern Africa.

In the shade of the palms (Pis. I; V, fig. 2, and VI) are grown
many other kinds of fruit trees— oranges, olives, figs, apricots,
peaches, pomegranates, and jujubes — interlaced with large grape-
vines that often hang in festoons from the palm trunks. Beneath
the trees are small plots of garden vegetables, barley, and alfalfa.
Neither date palms nor other trees are planted with any regularity,
and the growth is often so dense that the garden resembles a tropical
jungle.

Very beautiful are these gardens in the spring, when the apricot
and peach trees are in blossom here and there among the palms and
the figs and vines are putting forth their leaves. In autumn, when
the dates are ripening, the color effects, especially when the tops of
the palms' are lit up by the last rays of the setting sun, are some-

o By Dollin du Fresnel, Le Djerid Tunisian. Bui. de la Soc. de Geogr. Comm.
22: 38 (1900).
92

14 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

thing that once seen can never l)e forgotten. The great clusters of
fruit, disphiying every tint from bright yellow, through orange,
vermilion, and maroon, to plum purple and chestnut brown, with
Iheir brilliant yellow or rich orange ivory-like stalks, contrast su-
perbly with the dull bluish or gray green of the feathery crowns of
foliage. It is small wonder that a whole folklore of poetic legends
and proverbs has grown up around the date palm in the regions
where it flourishes."

The oases, especially Nefta, were formerly much exposed to the
encroachment of the wind-bloAvn sand of the desert, but since the
French occupation the forestry service has taken effective measures
to protect them from this danger. Around each oasis, at a distance
from the edge of the gardens generally of 1,000 feet, although vary-
ing according to circumstances, a nnid wall, surmounted by a fence
of palm leaves, has been erected. The sand drifts against this, form-
ing an artificial dune sloping outward. As fast as this dune increases
in height, the palisade is built higher. The slopes of the dune
itself are planted with tamarisks, retam, and other desert shrubs
suitable for binding the sand. The zone between the palisade and the
gardens is strictly forbidden to the domestic animals that were
formerly pastured there, as they kept the soil in a loose condition
and prevented the growth of the natural vegetation that helps to hold
it in place. At the most exposed points a series of outer palisades,
erected at regular intervals, arrests a good part of the sand before it
can reach the barrier which is nearest the gardens.

a A number of these legends and beliefs are related by Cbarlet (Les Palniiers
du Mzab, Bui. Soc. Geogr. d'Alger, 1905. Mohammed enjoined the care
of the date palm as an almost religious duty, saying, " The palm is your
aunt — the sister of your father Adam." He also spoke of the date as " the
only fruit which has in heaven the same flavor as upon earth," and described
in these glowing terms the palms that grow hi paradise : " Trunks of gold,
spathes of gold, branches of gold, leaves of gold, stalks of gold, petals of gold,
fruits as large as buckets, softer than butter, sweeter than honey." Another
Arab poet imagined thus the dates of paradise: "They will be whiter than
milk, more transparent than honey, softer than butter; they will have no
stones." The origin of the date palm is often the theme of Mohammedan
writers. " When God had shaped Adam's body with his hands, a little of the
earth which He had used to fashion in his image our first father stuck to his
fingers. He rolled it between his hands, making from it the trunk of the
palm." The Arabs profess to see many points of resemblance between the date
palm and man, its friend and ally. " Like man, it holds up its head ; like man,
it has a companion of a different sex. Its heart (terminal bud), immaculately
white, is as tender and delicate as the brain of a man, the least hfirt causing
its death. Like man, it fears cold. If one of its branches be cut off, it does
not grow out again, and thus is like a man's limb. If one cuts off its head, it
dies. The fiber (leef) that surrounds its head resembles human hair." The
little circle, about 1.5 millimeters in diameter, that is found on the back of the
stone is believed to be the impress of the seal of Solomon.

92

GEOGKAPIIV OV THE JEHID. 15

The Jcrid ivjrioii was evidently occiipiod by the Komans, and frag-
ments of structures l)eh)nirini!: to their epoch are frecpiently met with.
Both Nefta (Xei)te) and Tozer (Thusuros) are situated on or near
the site of ancient Roman towns. Ahhough frecinently harried and
jnUaged hy the nomadic Arabs and by other wihl tribes of the desert,
the oases of the Jcrid liave been, so far as we know, in a continuous
state of cuUivation throuiihout the Christian era. An Arab author
of the eleventh century celebrated in glowing terms their fertility
of soil anil the beauty of their dense forests of date i)alms. " No other
])lace in Africa," he wrote, " produces so many ilates."

Until the completion of the railway from Sfax, on the east coast
of Tunis, to the rich jjhosphate mines a few miles to the west of
(iafsa (see map, tig. 1), the main artery of comnnniication of the
Jcrid with the coast was the road, or rather trail, across the Shott
Jerid, through the oases of the Nefzaoua, and then along the southern
bank of the Shott-el-Fejej to Gabes, the total distance from Tozer
to Gabes being about I'JO miles. All the dates at that time exported
from the Jerid to Europe had to be carried over this road by caravan.
Now, however, Tozer is only about 85 miles from the end of the rail-
way, and communication with the outside world is comparatively
easy.

The total population of the Jcrid oases is about :50,000, Tozer and
Nefta each counting about i),000 inhabitants. Practically this entire
])opulation is supported by date culture, as the other agricultural
products of the oases are of so little importance as to be almost
neo-lio-ible and onlv a verv small fraction of the population sup-
jiorts itself by manufacturing various fabrics.

Nefta, the most western oasis of the Jerid, is said to occnpy over
6,000 acres. The number of date palms it contains is varionsly esti-
mated at from 180,000 to 385,000, of which only 14,000 are said to be
of the Deglet Xoor variety." The oasis consists of two distinct parts;
on the north a deep basin, called by the French the " Corbeille "
(basket), in which arise the springs that water the gardens, and on
the south the fan-shaped larger portion, extending to the low salt
flats that fringe the Shott Jerid. The town of Nefta (PL VI, fig. 3) ,
the holy city of southern Tunis, lies between the two segments of the
oasis and is itself separated into two parts by a deep ravine (shown in
the foreground of PI. VI, fig. 3). Through this ravine runs the
stream that carries the waters of the springs from the '' basket "
to the lower part of the oasis. The palms that occupy the " basket "
are of unusual beauty. It is said that a few years ago an English

«- But by the same authority the total number of all kinds is given as only
180,000.
92

16 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTUEE IN TUNIS,

company made an unsuccessful attempt to purchase this part of the
oasis."

Better sheltered as it is than Tozer, especially on the north, and
said to possess a more fertile soil, Nefta is ^A•ell situated for date
growing, and its palms yield fruit of high quality. Its gardens are
celebrated for their beauty, containing many orange, apricot, fig. and
other fruit trees, in addition to the date palms, Avhich are largely of
choice varieties. More vegetables, gi'ain, and alfalfa (PI. VII,
fig. 2) are grown here than in the other oases of the Jerid. On the
side toward the Shott new palm gardens are being established (PI.
VII, fig. 2) and are planted as far as possible to the Deglet Noor
variety.

Tozer oasis lies about 15 miles east of Nefta. The oasis proper
extends eastward and southward from the town of Tozer, which,
like all the towns of the Jerid, occupies high, open ground outside
the gardens. It is the political capital of the Jerid region. The
elevation of the town above sea level is about 153 feet, but the oasis
is several feet lower. The area of this oasis is variously given as
2,650, 5,400, and 7,400 acres, l)ut it is probably larger than that of
Nefta. Different authorities state the number of i)alms contained
in this oasis at from 250,000 to -117,000, of which only about 14,000
are of the Deglet Noor variety. The gardens of Tozer differ from
those of Nefta in the smaller development of subsidiary cultures.
The chief fruit trees^ other than date palms, are figs and pome-
granates.

The oasis of El Oudiane begins about 5 miles east of the town of
Tozer and extends for about 5 miles along the northern border of
Shott Jerid, in a band that is from one-half mile to 2 miles wide.
It lies so near the Shott that in winter the salt water sometimes
rises nearly to the gardens. It is generally described as a group of
five oases, but these are practically continuous, although each has its
own village. The westernmost, known as El Degache, contains the
finest gardens. The terrace, at the base of which the oases lie, is
here much higher and closer to the gardens than at Tozer and Nefta.
and El Oudiane is the best protected from the north wind of all the
Jerid oases. Hence its dates, especially those of the Deglet Noor
variety, are admitted on all sides to be the finest produced in the
region.

There are estimated to be from 120,000 to 212,000 date i^alms in
the El Oudiane oases. As 8,000 of these are said to be Deglet Noors,
the percentage of that variety is considerably higher than in the
other oases. Besides the magnificent date palms, there are about

a The " basket " of Nefta reminds one of the sunken gardens of the Oued
Souf (Bui. 86, Bureau of Plant Industry), but is much larger than any of them
92

GEOGRAPHY OF THE NEFZAOUA. 17

25,000 olive trees in the P^l Oiidiane fi:i'f>'U). most of these being at
DoiTiU-lie, where much oil is made for local use. There is also an
abundance of other fruit trees, oranires, H<xs, pomegranates, apri-
cots, gi-apevines, and even a few l)ananas. In fact, the gardens of
El Oudiane are among the best kept and the most attractive in the
Sahara. The i)()})ulation is more actiNc and laborious than that of
the other oases of the Jerid.

El Hannna, situated about oi miles north of Tozer, lies on the
northwest i)oint of the Draa-el-Jerid terrace, on the south declivity
of which the other oases are placed. The oasis slojies westward to
the Shott (iharsa, instead of toward Shott Jerid. It is practically
unsheltered from the north wind, which is probably the chief reason
Avliy its dates are the poorest of the region. It contains only ()0,000
or 70,000 palms, of which but 800 are Deglet Xoors. With a few ex-
ceptions, the gardens of this oasis are neglected and have grown up in
weeds and grass. Many of the palms receive no attention whatever,
and many seedlings of inferior (piality have been allowed to spring
up. The population is sj^arse and seems to be thoroughly disheart-
ened. Dates are said to mature less perfectly here than in the other
oases.

THE NEFZAOUA.

The region known as the Xefzaoua occupies a narrow peninsula
that is bounded on the south by the eastern end of the Shott Jerid
and on the north by the Shott-el-Fejej. The latter, Avhich is merely
a prolongation of the former, extends eastward to within 14 miles
of the coast, near (labes. From Fetnassa, the nortluvesternmost
oasis of the Xefzaoua group, toKriz (El Oudiane), the nearest point
in the Jerid, the distance is about 30 miles, the road leading diag-
onally across the salt-crusted mud flats of the Shott Jerid. From
Kebili, the capital of the Xefzaoua (see map, fig. 1), to Gabes, on the
coast, the distance is about (51 miles as the crow flies, the direction
being a little north of east. By the road usually traveled, which
follows the south shore of the Shott-el-Fejej, the distance is some-
what greater. Before the railway from Sfax to the phosphate mines
west of Gafsa was built this road formed the principal outlet to
the coast for the Jerid as well as the Xefzaoua oases. Along this
route there are a few small oases, but no important ones are en-
countered until one nears Gabes.

The Xefzaoua comprises a large number of oases — more than 1,000,
according to the estimates of reliable authorities. ]Most of these,
however, are mere small groves of palms, only forty of them attain-
ing any considerable size. They are situated both on the north and
the south slope of the stony ridge that forms the backbone of the
30618— No. 92—06 2

18 DATE VAEIETIES AND DATE CULTUEE IN TUNIS.

peninsula. This ridge is the western extension of the desert moun-
tain range known as the Jebel Tebaga, which forms the southern
border of the Shott-el-Fejej. The oases that are on the south side
of this ridfi-e are naturally more sheltered from the north wind and
better situated for the lipening of dates than those on the north
side.

The population of the Nefzaoua is stated to be 25,000, distributed
in 45 villages. The total number of date palms in the region is
estimated by one authority to be 280,000, by another over 1,000,000.
The first estimate is probably more nearly correct. It is a pecu-
liarity of the Nefzaoua, which places it in strong contrast with the
Jerid, that the oases are mostly situated upon the higlier lands.
The reason is that nearly all the springs are found craterwise at the
summits of small volcano-like hillocks, and the gardens of date
palms have grown up around them. The water supply is abundant,
and owing to the situation of the springs with relation to the gar-
dens irrigation is generally easy. In the oasis of Menchia, however,
the gardens are generally some distance away from the springs, and
water is conducted to them by means of tunnels that have been bored,
into the sides of the hills in which the springs rise. Some of these
tunnels are said to have been constructed in the times of ancient
Kome, this region also having been occupied by the Ilomans. In the
Nefzaoua, as in the Jerid, the water sheet is located in cretaceous
strata.

Menchia is the most important of the oases on the north side of the
ridge. Its soil is sandy and contains much gypsum, but not an
excessive amount of the more readily soluble salts. On the south
slope the oasis which pertains to the two villages of Tlemine and
Mansourah is the largest, and its gardens are the best kept of the
region. It is said to contain 20,000 palms, Avhile the next largest
oasis, Kebili, contains 20,000. In these two oases the soils are gen-
erally excellent, although frequently a trifle salty.

The culture of the date palm is generally given less care in the
Nefzaoua than in the Jerid. Many of the gardens have been allowed
to grow up in seedlings of poor quality and are almost choked with
weeds. The Deglet Noor variety has not heretofore been grown in
the Nefzaoua, although the conditions would appear to be perfectly
suitable for it. Recently the forestry service has taken some steps
toward establishing its culture in some of the oases. The growing
of other fruit trees and of crops of vegetables, cereals, and forage
plants among the palms receives much less attention than in the Jerid.
A srreat deal of trouble has resulted from the incursion of wind-blown
sand, and here, as in the Jerid, the forestry service has had to under-
take the protection of the oases by constructing palisades and by
prohibiting the pasturing of animals on the outskirts of the gardens.

&2

GEOGRAPHY OF GABES. 19

South of Ki'l)ili Ihore is a iv<j:i()n of sand diinos, and licrc (he j^alnis,
accordin«2: to M. AiiMaii<>:oiii, insjx'otor of ni:ricidtiiri'. arc j^row ii in
Miidvcn «;ardc'ns, similar to tlioso of tlu' Oiu'd Soiif n'<iioii," but on a
smaller st-alc. In tlu- oasis of Donz, about 1<) niilos south of Kchili,
this form of (hite culture roachos its hi<»;host dovelopmont in Tunis.
There basins anion^ the dunes are excavated to a depth of about 13
feet and often 100 to 130 feet s(juare (the sand beiuii' carrii'd out in
baskets) in order to j)lant a (Io/ami or so i)alms and a few other fruit
trees. The palms <;r()wn with such an enormous expenditure of labor
almost always l)elon<i' to inferior varieties. I)urin<; several months
of each year most of the population of this oasis mi<;rates in search
of pastura<i:e for its tlocks. I'pon the return of the inhal)itants
they must innnediately set to work to clear out the sand that has
invaded their gardens, a task that requires nearly as nmch labor as
the original excavation,

GABES.

In extreme southern Tiniis the Sahai'a Desert practically reaches
the seashore, forming the region known as the ""Aarad." One of the
largest and most flourishing groups of oases in the country is that
which has for its center the seaport tow'n of (irabes. These oases are
well supplied with water, those nearest Gabes chiefly by means of a
series of little dams in the Oued (labes (Gabes River) and its branches,
the more distant ones from springs and wells. The large oasis of
El Hanuna — of the same name as one in the Jerid region — is famous
for its hot springs. This oasis has an area of about 4,000 acres, and
the combined area of those nearer Gabes is said to be about the same.

About 400,000 date palms are estimated to exist in the oases of
Gabes and El Hamma together. At Gabes the humidity, due to
the proximity of the sea, prevents the successful growing of the finer
varieties, notably the Deglet Noor. While the date palm itself
thrives admirably in the Gabes region, and a great number of varie-
ties exist there, the fruit produced Is far inferior in flavor and sweet-
ness to that of the Jerid and the Nefzaoua. Moreover, it is said not
to keep well and easily to become moldy. The same criticism applies
to the dates grown on the neighboring island of Jerba, where also
there are about 400,000 palms.^ But at El Hamma, although only
15^ miles inland, the quality of the dates is appreciably better.

o See Bui. SO, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1905.

6 It is interesting to know that some kinds of dates can be ripened on the
seacoast, even considerably farther north than Gabes. M. Minangoin, inspector
of agriculture at Tunis, in a letter to the writer, describes a small oasis of 4,000
to 5,000 palms, situated on a sand spit near Susa (Sousse), about 120 miles
north of Gabes. Two kinds of dates are grown, of one of which the fruits must
be eaten the day they are gathered, while the other kind can be kept for only
92

20. DATE VAKIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

In respect to other cultures, however, Gabes is easily first among
the Tunis oases. Garden vegetables grow to perfection* beneath
the palms and mature so early that Avere there better facilities for
transportation there would be a large profit in shipping them to
European markets. Alfalfa grows beautifully and gives a rapid
succession of cuttings throughout most of the year. Large yields
of barley are obtained. Fruit trees of various kinds, but especially
figs and pomegranates, are abundant and produce fruit that is highly
esteemed throughout Tunis. Gabes is celebrated for the production
of a small, deliciously flavored banana that is exported in some
quantity to Europe. The grapevine grows to enormous size, and
individual vines that produce 330 pounds of fruit are said to be not
uncommon. Notwithstanding the scanty rainfall, plantations of oil
olives in land that is not irrigated, similar to those of Sfax, are being
established on the outskirts of some of the oases.

GAFSA.

The toAvn of Gafsa is situated about 50 miles northeast of Tozer,

the capital of the Jerid, and is connected with Sfax, on the east coast
of Tunis, by a railway about 125 miles long. The elevation of Gafsa
above sea level is about 1,150 feet. Tributary to the oasis of Gafsa
itself are one or two other oases of small importance. Gafsa oasis
contains from 50,000 to 65,000 date palms. These belong mostly to
inferior varieties, and the dates produced are of mediocre qualit3\
Because of its much greater elevation this locality is entirely unsuited
to choice varieties, such as the Deglet Xoor. The water supply is
more than ample for the present extent of the oasis. The date is
here hardh^ a more important crop than the olive, of which there are
many thousands of trees. Oil varieties predominate. At the begin-
ning of the Christian era Gafsa (then known as Capsa) was included
in the great olive zone that extended from the east coast of Tunis
across into Algeria, and of which only scattered fragments remain.

four or five days. These must be picked from the bunches as fast as they
ripen, which necessitates climbing each palm every day until all of its product
is harvested. These dates are sold in the markets of Susa at a rather high
price, as they ripen at a time when other fresh fruit is not obtainable. They
are eaten only by the natives. Europeans holding them in small esteem. The
high value set upon them by the natives is shown by the fact that the off-
shoots are sold at a price of .$2 apiece. While the two varieties grown at this
locality are doubtless of little intrinsic value, it is remarkable that dates of any
sort will mature under these climatic conditions ; for at Sfax. where the sum-
mers are slightly hotter than at Susa, the normal sum total of mean daily
temperatures from :May 1 to October 31 is only 1.908° F., and the normal sum
of mean daily maxima during the same period is only 3,375° F.
92

TEMPERATURE. 21

At the present time the culture of the olive as carried on at Gafsa
leaves much to be desired, and the jj^ardens are <j^enerall\' not well
cared for. The pomegranates of Gafsa are considered the best grown
in Tunis.

CLIMATE.

The climate of southern Tunis is essentiality that of a desert, al-
though modified by the nearness of the sea. This modification is, of
course, most marked at (iabes, on the coast, which has a more humid
atmosphere and lower summer temperatures than the other oasis
groups, and is consecpiently not Avell adapted to the culture of the
finest varieties of dates. At Gafsa the air is drier than at Gabes,
but the high altitude (1,000 feet) lowers the temperatures and shortens
the summer to a degree that renders this oasis unsuitable for the late-
ripening varieties. Only in the Jerid and the Xefzaoua oases do we
find the climatic conditions that are necessary for the perfect ripening
of the finest sorts of dates.

TEMPERATI RE.

In the following tables data are given for five localities in Tunis
where the date palm is the principal culture, viz, Tozer and Nefta
(Jerid), Kebili (Nefzaoua), Gabes, and Gafsa. The normals for the
different localities and for different months have been compiled from
records of observations covering periods of unequal length, being
from nine to thirteen years at Tozer. The monthly normals for Gabes
and Gafsa have been corrected so as to agree with the normals of
fifteen years for each seai-on (winter, spring, summer, and autumn)."
All temperatures are given in degrees Fahrenheit.

a As given by G. Ginestous (Etude snr le Climat de la Tiinisie, Bui. Dir. Agr.
ft Com., Tunis, 1902, pp. (54, 210, 3:^>4, 413; 1903. p. 103). The discrepancy be-
tween the seasonal normals given by this author and the monthly normals
compiled from various sources is usually only a fraction of 1 degree Fahren-
heit for each month, although sometimes amounting to 3 or 4 degrees. The
monthly normals have been compiled from the records published in the Annales
du Bureau Central Meteorologique de France and in the quarterly Bulletin
de la Direction de I'Agriculture et du Commerce de Tunis. Those for Nefta
and Kebili, localities for which seasonal normals are not given by Ginestous,
are based upon short periods of observation, in no case exceeding six years,
and in some cases of only three years, although generally four or five years.
92

22

DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

Table 1. — Nornnil mean tcnrpcratures of localities in the desert regions of

Tunis, Algeria, and the United States.

Tunis.

Algeria.

United States.

Month.

4J

a

<

<

CO

M

_g
'S
p. .

^■^
§^

as

IS

03

0

^

a

a
8

a

0

a

!>

<&

C«

o

a

Ji

0

o

ir<

'A

M

O

d3

«

EH

O

P^

>^

>

January

51.3

50.5

49.6

51.8

49.2

50. 5

47.3

46.8

4S.8

54.1

55.9

February

55.9

56.3

56.5

55.6

53.7

.53.2

49.8

51.8

54.3

58.6

60.5

March

62.1

61.1

61.7

59.7

58.1

58.3

54.9

59.9

58. 9

63.9

68.4

April

68.7

69.2

71.9

64.2

64.2

63.1

64.0

66.4

67.0

69.9

79. T

May

76.1

74.5

74.8

69.2

71.4

71.8

74.8

73.6

74.4

76.9

87.5

June

86.2
92.0
92.0

84.3
89.1

88.8

84.1
89.4
87.0

76.3
81.3
81.0

80.4
85.6

85.4

80.6
87.1

85.8

86.0
,92.1

82.4
90.7
86.0

83.9
90.2

88.2

84.4
91.2
90.4

96.6

July

101.3

August

99.7

September.

83.1

83.8

82.5

80.0

81.7

78.8

K17

78.1

81.4

84.3

89.5

October--

73.0

72.9

72.5

72.8

71.3

67.6

68.4

63.5

69.3

72.4

78.4

November

61.7
52.3

61.4
53.0

59.8
52.0

63.9
54.3

59. 8
48.6

57. 2
51.3

58.5
48.9

52.9
45.0

58.5
52.3

62.3
55.9

67.0

Dece-mber

57.4

Year

71.2

70.4

70.1

67.4

67.4

67.1

67.8

66.4

68.6

72.0

78.5

Comparing the Tunis localities among themselves, we notice that
during most of the year the Jerid oases (Tozer and Nefta) are the
warmest, and that next to them is the Nefzaoua (Kebili). In Novem-
ber, December, and January, however, the highest means are reached
at Gabes, on the seacoast. The normal yearly means are higher in
the Jerid and the Nefzaoua than in any of the Algerian oases. The
diflference is particularly noticeable during the winter months, when
the means are decidedly low^er in the Algerian oases than in those of
the Jerid and the Nefzaoua. The normal means of most months are
higher in the Jerid and Nefzaoua oases than at Phoenix, Ariz., but
lower than at Yuma, Ariz. They are much lower in every month
than at Volcano Springs, Cal.

lABLE 2. — Normal mean maximum, and m,inimiim temperatures of loealities in

tJie desert region of Tunis.

Mean maxima.

Mean minima.

Month.

Tozer.

Nefta.

Kebili.

Gabes.

Gafsa.

Tozer.

Nefta.

Kebili.

Gabes.

Gafsa.

January

February

March

59.4
65.5
72.5
81.3
89.1
99.7
107.1
104. 6
93.7
83.2
70.5
60.3

&3.7
70.0
76.1
86.5
8!). 0
99.2
104.9
103. 8
98.3
86.1
76.1
71.0

.57.9
6.5.8
72.5
84.4
88.3
96.9
103. 8
101.3
95.1
82.6
70.6
61.1

62.7
67.6
71.3
76.0
78.9
85.3
90.8
91.4
91.9
83.6
73.3
65.6

59.5
66.2
70.4

80.7
85.2
96.5
102.8
101.2
96.3
84.0
75.0
60.2

42.8
46.5
52.3
56.8
&5.3
74.1
77.6
79.5
72.5
63.1
53.2
44.7

37.7
41.3
47.3
54.1
60.2
69.2
73.2
74.4
69.5
58. 1
50.5
40.1

39.3
41.9
48.2
56. 8
60.3
68.3
73.4
72.2
69.8
60.6
48.2
43.4

40.7
43.6
48.6
53.5
.58.0
67.2
71.0
71.3
71.0
61.5
50.5
44.2

39.5
39.3
44.6

April -

May

49.9
.56.3

June

July

63.9
69.7

August

September

October

November -

December

69.1
66.0
57.3
47.2
37.7

Year

82.2

85.4

81.7

78.2

81.5

60.7

56.3

56.8

56.8

53.4

92

TEMPERATURE. 23

As is shoAvii by the f()ro<2;oino- tahlo, tli(> normal yearly maxima aro
lii4»lu'st in the Jerid oasos (Tozer and Nefta) and are lowest at (nibes,
on the coast. In winter the maxima arc hi<'lu'r at Nefta," but lower
at Tozer than at (iabes. At Tozer the minima are higher for nearly
every month than at any other locality in Tunis, while at Nefta
those for June, July, and August are higher than at any other
locality excepting Tozer. Comparing (iafsa. which has an elevation
above sea level of 1,000 feet, with (iabes, on the coast, we find the
maxima higher at the former jjoint in all seasons except winter.
The minima are lower at Gafsa than at Gabes in every month of the
year.

A climatic factor upon which the success of (hitc culture largely
depends is the sum total of heat received during the ripening period,
which can be taken as comprising the six months from May 1 to
October 31. As it is still a question whether the sum total of the
daily means or those of the daily maxima give the best expression
of this factor, both sums have been computed for the Tunis locali-
ties, and are given in the following table. Following the sugges-
tion made by Mr. AV. T. Swingle,^ the sums of the daily means are
based upon the excess of the normal monthly means o\er 04.4° F.,
while in computing the sums of the daily maxima above (54.4° deduc-
tion has been nuide for normal monthly minima that fall below that
temperature.

a As pointed out on p. 21. however, the results for Xefta aiul for Kebili are
based upon ti»o short i)oriods of observations.
& Bui. 53, Bureau of Plant Industrj', pp. 05-G8.
92

24

DATE VAKIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

Table 3. — Sums of daily mean and daily maximum temperatures al)Ove 644° ^'•
from May 1 to Oetohcr 31, at localities in the desert regions of Tunis. Algeria,
and the United l^tates."

Locality.

Sum of
daily
mean
tempera-
tures.

Sum of
daily
maxi-
mum
tempera-
tures.

Period covered by
observations.

Remarks.

Tozer Tunis

3,555.5

3,277.7
3,183.1

2,272.7

2,738.1
3,304.0

3,488.0

3,019.0
4,823.0

5,818.5

5,710.4
5,357.6

3,936.5

4,943.9
5,489.0

5,932.0

5,523.0
7,306.0

9 to 13 years

All varieties, including Deglet

Nefta Tunis

3 to 6 years

Noor, ripen perfectly.
Do.

Kebili Tunis

4 to 5 years

Several first-class varieties ripen

Gabes, Tunis

15 years

perfectly. Deglet Noor not yet
grown.
Finest varieties do not ripen well;

Gafsa, Tunis

do

even second and third class dates
do not always ripen perfectly.
Too cold to mature the finest vari-

Biskra, Algeria. . .

Ayata, Algeria . . ,

Phoenix, Ariz

Salton, Cal

10 years (means), 12i
years (maxima).

3 years (means), 4
years (maxima).

Many years ( means) ,
4 years (maxima).

12 years (means I, 2
average years
(maxima).

eties.

Many varieties ripen perfectly, but
the Deglet Noor is generally un-
satisfactory.

Deglet Noor ripens well in hot sum-
mers, imperfectly in cool sum-
mers.

Many varieties ripen well, but not
the Deglet Noor.

Dates not grown.

It would ajDpear that for purposes of comparison of clifTerent
localities as to their suitability for the culture of fine varieties of
dates the sums of the daily maximum temperatures are more satis-
factory than those of the daily means. For at Biskra, Algeria,
where the Deglet Noor seldom ripens properly, the normal sum of the
daily means is higher than that given above for Nefta, and only 250
degrees lower than at Tozer, yet at both of these Tunis localities the
Deglet Noor rarely fails to mature, while the normal sums of the
daily maxima both at Tozer and at Nefta are considerably higher
than at Biskra. Furthermore, at Ayata, Algeria, in 1891, when
Deglet Noor dates ripened " very slowly and imperfectly," the sum
of the dailj^ means was 3,431, or only 124 degrees lower than the
normal for Tozer as given in the table. But in favor of the sum
of the means rather than of the maxima is the fact that at Ayata,
where the Deglet Noor does not ripen well every season, the normal
sum of the maxima is nearly 100 degrees higher, while that of
the means is about 70 degrees lower than at Tozer. At Phoenix,
Ariz,, where the Deglet Noor will probably not mature, the sums
of daily mean and daily maximum temperatures are several hun-
dred degrees lower than at Tozer. At Salton, Cal., however, both

a The sums for Biskra and Ayata. Algeria, and for Phoenix and Salton, in the
United States, are those given hy Swingle, Bui. .53, Bureau of Plant Industry,
pp. 6G and G8. As explained by Mr. Swingle, the method of observing tempera-
tures formerly used at Salton has probably made the sum for that point appear
to be higher than is actually the case.
92

TEMPERATURE.

25

sums are so very much higher than at Tozer that, even when we make
a considerable allowance for the probable overestimate, due to the
way the observations have been taken at Salton (see p. 24), we can
not doubt that the Salton Basin is hot enou<^h for the perfect ripen-
ing of all the Tunis varieties of dates. At Gabes, on the coast of
Tunis, only second or third rate varieties are grown, and even these
often fail to nuiture well, as would be expected from the low sums of
temperature (much lower than at Tucson, Ariz.). At Gafsa, also,
where the sums of the daily mean and daily maximum temperatures
are, respectively, nearly 300 and nearly 500 degrees lower than at
Phoenix, none of the first-class varieties can be successfully grown.

A comparison of the weather of several successive years at Tozer
during the six months that are most decisive in the ripening of dates,
with statements of the character of the succeeding crops, is presented
in the following table:

Table 4. — Climatic conditions and character of date crop at Tozer, 1901 to 1905.

Year.

Sum of Sum of

means, ' maxima.

May to May to

October. October.

Rainfall, May to
October.

Character of crop.

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

3,459

3,899

3,309

3,719

3,565

5,3a5

5,922

5,793 :

5,622

5,643

May 0.87

June

July

August -

September. 1.07
October 84

2.78

May

June

July

August

September. 0.64
October.... 1.78

2.42

May

June

July

August

September. 0.9H
October

.TO

May

June

July.

Aiigust 0.08

September. .13
October 13

.34

May 0.17

June 75

July .11

August

September

October 40

Yield not stated.

Quality lowered by September rains, especially
inferior sorts, wnich contained many worms.

Crop very large, but quality somewhat injured
by autumn rains.

Crop much smaller than in 1904.

Crop very large and of excellent quality.

1.43

Harvest retarded until October 23-26. Dates
ripened imperfectly.

Judging by the data for 1904, the period of the writer's visit,
when the crop was admitted on all sides to be an unusually fine
one, both as to the quality and quantity of the fruit, it would seem

92

26

DATE VAKIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

as if the sum of the daily means, which in 1904 was more than 150
degrees higher than the normal, were a more satisfactory basis for
comparing one season with another at the same locality than the
sum of the daily maxima, which was about 200 degrees lower than
the normal. Furthermore, in 1905, when the rijDcning of the dates
was late and imperfect, the sum of the daily means was nearly nor-
mal, while that of the daily maxima was again nearly 200 degrees
lower than the normal. In 1903, when the crop was much smaller
than in 1904, the sum of the daily maxima was only 25 degrees lower
than the' normal, while the sum of the daily means was nearly 250
degrees below the normal. Still more conclusive are the data for
1902, a year when the crop was unusually large. The sum of the
daily maxima of that season Avas only 100 degrees higher, while that
of the daily means was 350 degrees higher than the normal.

Table 5. — Mean maximum and minimum temperatures at Tozer during the
months of May to October, 1904 and 1905.

Year.

May.

June.

July.

August.

September.

October.

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

1904

1905..

90.3
89.4

65.3

m.5

89.2
98.2

75. 7
72.7

104.7
105. 0

85.4
80.0

108. 7
104.3

84.4
79.7

96.2
97.3

73.7
75.9

83.1
78.6

61.3
6a. 8

Comparing further the good year 1904 with the poor year 1905 at
Tozer, we find that while the mean maximum was much higher in
June and slightly higher in July in the latter year, the August and
October maxima were considerably higher in 1904, while those for
May and September differed little in the two years. The mean
minima during the first four months of the season were considerably
higher in 1904 than in 1905.

ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY.

The amount of moisture in the air is an important factor in date
culture. At Gabes, in Tunis, one of the few localities in the world
where the date palm is extensively grown on the seacoast, the qual-
ity of the fruit is often seriously impaired by this cause (see p. 19).
In the following table the mean relative humiditv for each of the
four seasons and for the year is given for several localities in North
Africa, where date culture exists, and for localities in the south-
western United States, where it can probably be successfully intro-
duced.

92

PKECIPITATION.

27

Table 6. — Mean relative hum id Hi/ at locaUtiefi in the denert regioiLs of Tunis,

Algeria, and the United States.

Season .«

Tunis.

Algeria.

United
States.

Tozer.

Gabes.

Gafsa.

Biskra.

Ouargla.

Per cent.
48.5
46.4
30.1
47 6

Yuma.

Winter

Per cent.
70.6
63.0
52.0
59.6

Per cent.
70.1
65.0
64.1
67.6

Per cent.
64.0
57.6
47.0
59.6

Per cent.
59.8
47.7
34.9
51.3

Per cent.
46.9

Spring -

38.3

Summer

41.7

Autumn .. .

44 7

Year

61.3

66.7

57.(1

48.4 4:^1

42.9

" Winter comprises December, .January, and February ; spring, March, April, and May ;
summer, June, July, and August ; and autumn, September, Octolwr, and November.

As shown by the above table, the Tunis oases have at all seasons a
decidedly more humid atmosphere than those of Algeria. At Yuma
the air is drier than at any of the North African localities, except in
summer, when Yuma is more humid than Biskra and Ouargla.
Comparing the three Tunis localities one with another, we find that
at most seasons the humidity is greatest at Gabes, as would be
expected from its situation on the coast, and least at Gafsa, which
lies in the midst of extremely arid elevated plains and is cut off from
the sea by ranges of desert mountains. Tozer in winter is slightly
more and in spring little less humid than Gabes, but in summer and
autumn it is decidedly drier. All things considered, the humidity at
Tozer is surprisingly higher for a locality where the finest kinds of
dates are produced.

PRECIPITATION."

Table 7. — Normal precipitation, in inchct, at localities in the desert regions of

Tunis, Algeria, and the United States.

Tunis.

Algeria.

United States.

Season.

Tozer.

Nefta.

Gabes.

Gafsa.

Biskra.

Tou-
gourt.

Ouar-
gla.

Phoe-
nix,
Ariz.

Yuma,
Ariz.

Volcano

Springs,

Cal.

Winter

1.7
2.4
0.1
0.7

1.4
2.1
0.2
0.7

2.8
1.9
0.1

2.7

2.4
3.4
0.6
1.9

2.1

2.2
0.6

1.8

2.0
1.6
0.1
1.3

1.4
1.4
0.1
0.7

2.3
LO
2.0
1.5

1.3
0.4
0.5
0.6

1.1

Spring

0.1

Summer

Autumn

■ 0.2
0.2

Year

4.9

4.4

7.5

8.3

6.7

5.0

3.6

6.9

3.8

1.6

The total annual rainfall of the Jerid oases (Tozer and Nefta) is
very much less than that of Gabes, on the coast of Tunis, and of
Gafsa, which has an elevation of 1,000 feet above .sea level. Tozer

oTbe relation of the rainfall of the Tunis oases to date production is dis-
cussed under the heading " Ripening," on pp. 51 and 52 of this bulletin.
92

28 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

has about the same total precipitation as Tougourt, in Algeria, con-
siderably more than Ouargla, Algeria, and considerably less than
Biskra, Algeria, and Phoenix, Ariz., the last two localities having
nearly the same total. The Colorado Kiver Valley and the Salton
Basin in the United States receive considerably less rain than any of
these North African localities. Regarding the distribution by sea-
sons, we find that nearly one-half of the total precipitation falls in
spring in the Jerid oases, a larger proportion than at any of the other
localities given in the table. The autumnal precipitation is relatively
smaller at Tozer and at Nefta than at any of the other localities
excepting Volcano Springs, Cal. At Phoenix and Yuma, Ariz., the
rainfall in summer forms a much higher proportion of the total for
the year than at any of the other points included in the table.

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE.

As the water supply and irrigation conditions of the oases of the
Nefzaoua, Gabes, and Gafsa have been briefly discussed under the
heading " Geography," only the Jerid region will be treated in this
place.

WATER SUPPLY.

The oases of the Jerid, unlike those of the Oued Rirh, in Algeria,*
are watered by means of springs instead of wells. This is explained
by the fact that the Jerid oases are situated at the very base of the
terrace that marks the northern frontier of the desert, while the Oued
Rirh group lies well into the Sahara. Attempts to obtain artesian
water in the Jerid region have so far been unsuccessful.

The springs of the Jerid are all situated at about the same eleva-
tion— 135 to 150 feet above sea level. They originate in strata of
cretaceous formation at the base of the line of bluffs. As the springs
are very numerous and in many cases very large, maintaining a prac-
tically constant flow throughout the year, it seems unlikely that the
scanty rainfall of the region itself can account for the abundance of
the water supply.^ The general temperature of the water as it issues
from the ground is about 86° F., and varies little from season to
season.

a See Bui. 53, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, pp. 44-46,
where the irrigation of the date palm in the Algerian Sahara is described ; also,
Bui. 80, Bureau of Plant Industry, pp. 36-38, where this subject is discussed.

6 Rollaud, Hydrologie du Sahara Algerien, pp. 182, 183, holds that the water
which feeds the springs of the Jerid must constitute an artesian sheet, derived
largely from the eastern spurs of the Aures Mountains and flowing deep under
the elevated plain which abuts on the shotts of southern Tunis. On the other
hand, Doumet-Adanson ( Sur le regime des eaux qui alimentent les oasis du Sud
92

WATER SUPPLY. 29

The oasis of Nofta is supplied with water by a large number of
springs that arise in the '' Corbeille," or "basket" (p. 15). Their
combined i\o\\\ amounting to about 202 gallons (1,100 liters) per sec-
ond, gives rise to the stream which waters the southern part of the
oasis. This quantity of water is estimated by Kolland to be suflicient
for irrigating the entire oasis at the rate of about 2 acre-feet per acre
annually.

Taking as the number of date palms existing at Nefta the mean of
the two estimates given on page 15, we should have 282,500 trees. If
the total supply furnished by the springs were divided equally among
them, each would receive about 0.24 (puirt i)er minute," or about 8G
gallons per day. As it has been calculated by Kolland that to give
the best results each date palm should be aUotted at the source of sup-
ply 0.53 quart (0,5 liter) per minute (hence about li)0 gallons per
day)^ it is evident that the supply available is not sufficient for the
perfect irrigation of more than one-half of the date palms of the
oasis.

The 140 springs that supply the oasis of Tozer with irrigating
water give rise to a stream that delivers about 278 gallons (1,050
liters) per second; hence about 3,200,000 cubic feet daily. This
quantity is estimated to suffice for irrigating the oasis at the rate of
about 1.5 acre-feet per acre annually. Assuming that there are
385,500 palms (the mean of the two estimates given on page IG) in
this oasis, and making the calculation upon the same basis as for
Nefta, the share of water at the source of supply available for each
tree would be only 0.17 quart per minute, or 62.4 gallons per day,
which is less than one-third the amount (0.53 quart per minute) esti-
mated by Rolland as the optimum.*" It should be noted, however, that
the distribution of water among the different parts of the oasis is very

de la Tunisia, Assoc. Frang. Avancem. Sciences, 1884, p. 72) regards the infil-
tration water drained through the sands of the adjacent region as sufficient to
supply these springs. He does not consider the water sheet to be of artesian
character.

o Rolland, assuming that there were 201,100 palms at Nefta, calculated that
there should be available for each, at the source of supply, 0.33 liter (0.35 quart)
per minute. In his, as in the writer's calculation, no deduction is made for
the amount of water lost to the palms through seepage and evaporation from the
ditches, growing of other crops, and use by the inhabitants and their domestic
animals.

6 See Bui. 53, Bureau of Plant Industry, p. 45.

c A much lower estimate has been made by M. Minangoin, inspector of agri-
culture at Tunis, of the amount of water theoretically available for each date
palm in the oasis of Tozer. He states that the combined flow of the 140 springs
is only 1,700,000 (instead of 3,200,000) cubic feet daily: and assuming that there
are 300,000 trees in the oasis, he arrives at the figure of 42 gallons (160 liters)
as representing the amount available at the source of supply for each palm daily.
92

30

DATE VAEIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

unequal, the palms in some gardens being amply and even super-
abundanth' irrigated, while thousands of trees receive no irrigation
whatever, except by seepage."

There is some indication that the flow of the springs at Tozer is
diminishing in volume. It would appear also that there has been a
gradual lowering of their level, due to the progressive cutting down
of the beds of the streams derived from them, and that in consequence
the irrigable area of the oasis is diminishing.''

In the oasis, or oasis group, of El Oudiane CO springs furnish the
water with which the gardens are irrigated. They are generally'
smaller than those of Xefta and Tozer, and their flow is said to be
perceptiblv diminishing. Their Avaters are not united to form a large
stream which is subsequently divided and subdivided by dams, as in
the oases just described, but are for the most part conducted directly
to the gardens. These, owing to the small width of the oasis and
its situation at the very foot of the terrace, are nowhere far removed
from the sources of supply.

At El Hamma there are 15 springs of considerable size, one of them
having a temperature of 107.5° F. (42° C). To this spring, which
is much frequented by the natives for the sake of the hot baths it
affords, the oasis owes its name, which means " the bath."

A sample of irrigating water Avas collected l)v the writer in the
main stream of Tozer, above the first dam which divides it. This
water, tested both at the moment of collection and two months later,
when the analysis was made, gave neither an alkaline nor an acid
reaction. Its electrical resistance at the time when the sample was
taken was 117.3 ohms at 60° F. The chemical analysis, made in the
laboratory of the Bureau of Soils, showed 209.2 parts of soluble
matter per 100,000 of water. The composition of the soluble con-
tents was as follows, in percentages of the total :

Table 8. — Chemical composition of irri<jatio)i icatcr, Tozer oasis.

Components (ions).

Calcium 8.50

Magnesium -- - 4.54

Sodium 9.13

Potassium 12.34

Sulphions - ! 34.23

Chlorions-
Carbonic acid .

24.33
6.33

100.00

Conventional combinations.

Calcium sulphate 28.87

Magnesium .sulphate-
Potassium chlorid

Magnesium chlorid . .

Sodium chlorid

Sodium bicarbonate .

17.36
23.47

4.11
16.68

9.51

100.00

o At Biskra, in Algeria, 0.12 quart per palm per minute is found to give satis-
factory results, the water being retained at the bases of the trees in holes that
are dug for the purpose. (See Bui. 53, Bureau nf Plant Industry, p. 47.)

6 Doumet-Adanson (ibid.) noticed old date palms at Tozer that could no longer
be irrigated, being no less than 40 feet above the present level of the springs.
92

IRRIGATION SYSTEM.

31

It is evident from this analysis that the -water afforded by the
sprin<j:s of Tozer is pure en()u<j:,h to he used with })erfect safety in
irri<i:atin<j: any crop <2^rown there. As the sprin^js of the other oases
of the Jerid have a simihir ori<i:in to those of Tozer, it is probable
that the composition of their waters differs little from the foregoing.

IRRIGATIOX SYSTEM.

Irrigation at Tozer has been brought to a higher stage of develoiD-
ment than elsewhere in the Jerid, and a description of the sj^stem in
use at Tozer will serve for the other oases as well." It is said to have
been elaborated long ago by an Arab named Ben Chal)et, and to have
been religiously maintained, unchanged as he planned it. to this day.

Fig. 2.— Irrigation canal and diversion dam, Tozer oasis.

The details of its management are transmitted from father to son in
a certain family. Having perfected the system at Tozer, Ben Chabet
offered to do the same service for the inhabitants of Nefta, wdio were
constantly in dispute over their water rights, but their jealousy of
Tozer prevented their accepting his offer. French students of the
Tozer sj'stem praise very highl}^ the ingenuity and thoroughness with
which it has been worked out.

The main stream which collects the waters of all the springs of
Tozer is divided and subdivided by a series of dams made of palm
logs (fig. 2) until the water reaches the ultimate divisions or seguias
(ditches) wdiich supply each individual garden. The log which

« For a detailed account of tliis system, see F. Masselot, " Les Dattiers des
Oasis du Djerid," Bui. Dir. Agr. et Com. Tunis, 1901, pp. 137-142.
92

32 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

is laid across the canal to form the dam is divided into a series of
long, shallow notches, separated by narrow ridges. The number of
notches in each dam corresponds to the number of parts into which the
stream is to be divided at that point. Thus, if three-fifths of the water
is to be diverted into one of two branches and two-fifths into the
other, five notches are cut, the water passing over three of them
going to the first branch and the rest to the second. The notches
being all of the same length and depth, the division is quite accurate.
Divisions of the main stream down to the twenty-first part of the
total flow are not transferable, belonging for all time to the same
district of the oasis. Smaller fractions of the water, however, can
be alienated, and there is much bartering of water rights among the
different proprietors of gardens.

At all the principal diversion dams, guards are stationed day and
night to prevent any tampering with the water, there being three
guards at the first diversion and two at each of the other important
ones. These guards are paid with a bunch of Fteemy dates from each
garden that receives water passing over the dam they tend, those at
the first diversion being entitled to a bunch from every garden in the
oasis. The '' amin," " or exj^ert, who supervises the entire system has
also the right to select a bunch of Fteemy dates from every garden,
his being the first choice after the '' khammes," or tenant, of the
garden.

The principal canals are kept up by assessment upon all the owners
of gardens supplied by them. Smaller ditches (seguias) must be
kept in order by the tenants of the gardens served by them, and it ds
also the duty of the khammes (tenant) to be on hand at the small
dam which diverts water into his ditch when it is the turn of his
garden to receive water, for there is a fixed hour for the irrigation
of each garden.

The method of measuring time in connection with this irrigation
system is an interesting one. A metal cup-like receptacle, called a
"■ gadous,"' is filled with water and hung up in a convenient place by
the dam. The bottom of the receptacle is perforated, and the hole
is always of the exact size necessary to let all the water run out in just
five minutes. The water that runs over a notch in the dam during
the time required for the gadous to empty eleven times (hence, in
fifty-five minutes) is sufficient to irrigate thoroughly a garden of
2.4 acres (1 hectare), the length of the notch being fixed and its
depth corresponding to the velocity of the current.

"The " amins " (pronounced " ameens ") are selected from among the older in-
habitants of the community for their l^nowledge of agricultural matters.
Their function is to act as arbiters in disputes concerning water rights, the rela-
tions between proprietors and tenants, the sale of agricultural products, etc.

92

TEXTUKE OF SOILS. 38

Tho oranlons are divided into small plots hy moans of banks of
earth, to facilitate ini«j:atioii, as in the basin method used in tlu!
(Tnited States. The water from the ditch (sejruia) is turned into
the nearest plot throujrh a breach made in its bank, the ditch being
clannned at that point with a few spadefuls of earth. "When the soil
is sufficiently saturated, the farther bank is cut, allowing the water
to pass on into the i)l()t beyond; and so on, until the whole garden has
been irrigated. In this way not only the date palms, but the other
fruit trees and the small crops among them that occupy a portion
of every garden, are irrigated simultaneously.

DRAINAGE SYSTEM.

Ownng to the situation of the oases on the edge of the Shott Jerid
and the great amount of water used in irrigation, its soils would be
completely water-logged were it not for the excellent provision that
has been made for drainage. Each garden is provided with open
drainage ditches, or '' khandaks," these being generally about ICC.
feet apart and about .'") feet deeji. They are constructed at the ex-
pense of the i)r()prietor of the garden, the work of keeping them
open devolving upon his tenant. Several of these smaller drains
unite to form a large ditch, which is kept up by an association of ihe
proprietors whose gardens are served l)y it, each contril>uting in
projiortion to the size of his water right. Finally, at Tozer, all
the drainage ditches empty into a main one called the " Khandak-el-
Kebir." which runs along the southern side of the oasis and carries
its drainage water to the Shott Jerid. In former times, w^ien Tozer
was frequently raided by the savage nomadic tribes of the desert,
this large drainage ditch also served the inhabitants as a moat for
the defense of the oasis. Not only is this excellent drainage system
useful for ridding the oasis of surplus water, but it renders inesti-
mable service in preventing the harmful accumulation of salts or
"alkali." (Seep. 30.)

SOILS OF THE JERID REGION.
TEXTURE.

As the soils of the Jerid region only were investigated, the discus-
sion which follows relates only to that group of oases. All samples
for analysis were collected at Tozer, but the composition of the soils
of the other three oases is probably similar, except that those of
Nefta apparently contain a higher percentage of sand. The date
palm is said to grow most rapidly and vigorously in the soils that are
richest in clay, although yielding a better quality of fruit in the
sandier soils.

30618— No. 92—06 3

34

DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

The following table gives the results of mechanical analyses of the
samples taken, as furnished by the Bureau of Soils. Descriptions of
the localities where each sample was obtained will be found in Table
11, on page 37, under corresponding numbers.

Table 9. — Mechanical analyses of soils of Tozer oasis.

Num-
ber of

Depth
of

Character of soil.

a

a

r-t

s

IN

a

a

o
o

s

a

a>

□Q

o
o

d

a
a

O

1

B

o

1'i

a
a

d

a
a

o

2

pie

sample.

>

be

i3
a

•6

o

g

d

d

0

■■B

S

s

5

Per

Per

Per

Per

Per

Per

Per

Inches.

cent.

cent.

cent.

cent.

cent.

cent.

cent.

1

0to36

Fine sandy clay, water at 36 inches

depth.
Heavy, fine sandv loam, changes to

0.3

4.0

4.0

17.6

23.1

13.0

38.6

2

Oto36

.9

6.3

6.5

22.1

36.1

7.8

20.5

blue clay near bottom ( t boring.

water at 'M inches depth.

3

0to24

Fine sandy clay, water at 12 inches

depth.
Fine sandy clay, water at 36 inches

.3

4.7

4.6

25.2

26.2

8.6

30.6

4

0to36

.3

3.2

3.7

19.4

25.8

11.2

36.4

depth.

5

0to36

Light, fine sandy clav

.5

4.5

5.3

19.7

34.3

6.9

28.7

6

36 to 72

Subs )il of No. •"), sandy clay, water
at 60 inches depth.

1.4

5.2

5.4

21.1

3rJ.5

5.3

26.9

It will be seen from the above anal3^ses that the typical soil of
Tozer oasis is a mixture of fine sand and clay, chiefly remarkable for
its small percentage of silt. Soils of this type occur also in the
Oued Rirh oases of Algeria. According to Dr. L. J. Briggs, they
are seldom found (as soils) in the United States, although subsoils
of similar composition are sometimes met with in the Atlantic
Coastal Plain. In the field these soils do not impress one as being
particularly heavj^, notwithstanding the large amounts of clay they
contain. The discrepancy is probably to be explained by the fact
that they contain great quantities of lime in the form of calcium
carbonate and of gypsum, calcium sulphate. (See Tables 11 and 12.)
These salts have a tendency to cement the fine particles of clay into
masses that imitate gi^ains of sand and make the soil appear of
coarser texture than it is found to be when examined in the labora-
tory. In the process of mechanical analysis much of the lime is
dissolved and the fine clay particles fall apart. Furthermore, most
of the relatively insoluble lime is probably classified as " clay " in
computing the results of the mechanical analysis. A similar dis-
crepancy between field observations and laboratory analysis was
noted by Mr. Thomas H. Means and accounted for in this way in
the case of soils from the Oued Rirh oases in Algeria.*

a See Bui. 80, Bureau of Plant Industry, pp. 41, 42 (1005). Many of the
samples described in the table on i)age 42 of that bulletin show a mechanical
composition yery similar to the samples from Tozer.
92

FEKTILITY OF SOILS. 35

In well-cultivated gardens the upper few inches of the soil contain
a considerable amount of humus and are (juite hhu-k in color, as
would l)e expected from the fact that not only date palms and other
fruit trees, but garden wgctablcs, forage crops, and cereals have
been grown in the oases, probably without intermission, for many
hundreds of yeai*s.

FERTILITY.

As lo the composition of the soils of this oasis, so far as the impor-
tant .'lements of phmt food are concerned, the following table of a
chemical analysis by acid digestion will furnish an indication:

Table l(t. — I'lant food constituents of -soils of Tozer oasis.

Per cent.
Nitrogen (total) 0. 03

Lime (CaO) 13.08

Potash (KoO) 1.10

PLosphoric acid (P.Or,) .14

The sample (No. 2 of Tables 9 and 11) was taken to a depth of
3G inches in a well-cultivated garden of young Deglet Noor palms,
amid a thin, newly pbuited stand of alfalfa, and contained only a
moderate amount of readily soluble '' alkali " salts, as will be seen
by reference to column 4 of Table 11.

If it be permissible to generalize upon the scanty data given above,
it can be said that the soils of Tozer are decidedly low in nitrogen.
AMien we consider that these soils are continually and lavishly irri-
gated with water that contains very little organic matter, that
manure is scarce, and that leguminous crops occupy at no time more
than a small fraction of the total area of the oasis, the poverty of the
soil in nitrogen is not remarkable. If the analysis had been based
only upon the surface 6 inches, a much better showing in this respect
would doubtless have been made. Lime is present in much larger
quantity than is usually considered necessar}^ in the average cul-
tivated soil. Potash, likewise, is present in far more than the usual
proportions. Finally, the phosphoric-acid content is such as would
generally be considered satisfactory.

According to the conventional standards the soils of Tozer would
therefore be in all respects first-class, so far as plant-food constitu-
ents are concerned, were it not for their low nitrogen content. It
would seem that to remedy this deficiency the growing of berseem
^Egyptian clover) should be undertaken, as this crop ought to thrive
in the Jerid region, with its mild w^inter climate and abundance of
irrigating water.

92

36 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

ALKALI.

^Aliere the gardens are well cared for and receive frequent irriga-
tions, the soils contain very little readily soluble salts, and no trace of
saline efflorescence is to be seen. But in neglected parts of the oasis,
and especially in the low-lying lands situated near the Shott Jerid, the
ground is often covered with a glistening white crust of salt, often to a
depth of half an inch or more. Throughout the oasis one sees pieces of
land that have been left for several years without irrigation, although
surrounded on all sides by well-cared-for gardens. While the soil of
the gardens only a few rods distant does not contain a large amount
of readily soluble salts, the surface of the abandoned tract is usually
covered with a white efflorescence, and bears a scattered vegetation of
fleshy-stemmed *' pickle weeds " or other salt-loving plants and an
occasional small, stunted date palm. (PL II, fig. 1.)

Obviously all that is needed to rid the soil of such tracts of its
excess of salts and to render it in all respects suitable for cultivation
is the construction of drains, coupled with abundant irrigation. The
soils are light enough and their slope is sufficient to render it an easy
matter to wash out the salt in a short time. This the natives thor-
oughly apiDreciate. The writer saw several long-neglected gardens
at Tozer that were in process of reclamation. In commencijig opera-
tions the ground is worked over to a depth of 3 feet (PL II, fig. 2),
and in case a heavy crust of salt has accumulated this is frequently
scraped off and carted away. The latter operation is unnecessary,
although doubtless helping to shorten the period of reclamation.
Xowhere in the Jerid does there appear to be the least difficulty in
reclaiming salt land if this method of flooding is followed. At
Nefta, especially in the part of the oasis nearest the shott, new gar-
dens of date palms are being established in land that is white with salt
(PL VII, fig. 2). The natives agi'ee that this can be removed very
rapidly and completely if proper methods are used.

In the following table are presented the results of chemical analy-
ses of soil samples taken in different parts of the oasis of Tozer,
the first six numbers being identical with those in the table of mechan-
ical analyses on page 34.

92

ALKALI IN SOILS. 37

Tabi-K 11. — ChcniicaJ r<niiit<isUioii of soils of Tozrr oasis.

No. of
sam-
ple.

Description of l(K-ality whei-i^ sample was
taken.

Open t,'ronnfl, surroundfd by date sa-i"-
di'us, murh wliit(* salini^ chlort'scenco
on surfaco; growth of salt-l<iving weeds

Ingai-den adjoining No. I, among young,
tnrifty Degk't Nooi- palms planted the
year liofore in a thin stand of alfalfa

In land, refently broken up for reclama-
tion, of a neglected garden where
palms had suffered from lack of irri-
gation -

In land still uncleared and covered with
a dense growth of weeds and gra.ss, in
same garden as No. 3

In unirrigated land lying higher than
surrounding gardens; heavy efflore.s-
cence; scattered, stunted palms; growth
of salt-loving weinls

Same boring as No. .5, lower depth

In garden among young Deglet Noor
palms and a good stand of alfalfa;
wattn- at 36 inches

In unirrigated land outside garden in
which No. 7 was taken, amid a growth
of salt-loving grass and rushes; water
at 24 inches

Saline crust from neighborhood of main
drainage ditch; very little vegetation .

Percentages of
water-soluble com-
ponents based on
di-y weight of soil.

Depth of p„i„,,i„ tprt By chem-

sample. ^Sn^^,^> ^"^1 f-jy

tricalre- «i?"f.«ol"-

si^nce ^-J^ - ^'"

e" 81'"- part soil.

Inches.

0 to !«}

0 to 36

0 to 24

0 to 36

0to36
36 to 72

oto;«

0 to 36

Oto I

.90
..54

20
.30

.58
.96

.97

6. .58
5.3:3

4.82
5.37

3.99

5.78

54.1

Percent-
afje of cjil-
cium car-
bonate
based on

dry
weiglit of

soil by
acid diges-
tion.

14.2!t
12.84

10.24
16. :32

13. 73
11.95

5.3!

The following table gives the composition of the totals of water-
soluble salts, of which the percentages, based on dry weight of soil,
are given in column 5 of the preceding table :

T^JJLE 12. — Coiiii)ositioii of iratcr-soJiililr salts in soils of Tozrr oa.<ii.<t.

Number

Constituents, by analysis.

of sample.

Ca.

Mg.

Na.

K.

SO4.

CI.

HCO3.

PO4.

1

18.49
25. 19
21.19
21.. 34
24.71
24.78
3.39

3.31
1.50
.83
1.12
2.10
1..55
4.70

6.53

.34

4.81

3.76

1.00

.62

21.36

2.22

2.84
3. 86
4.81
1.65
3.18
2.41

54.ft5
&5.97
67. .56
65.61
63. 23
64.83
50. 63

13.23

2.m

Tr.
1.57

4.90

3.38

17.17

1.27
1.80
1.75
1.79
2.41
1.66
.34

Tr

2

Tr

3

Tr

4

Tr

5 .

Tr

6

Tr

9

Tr

Number

Conventional combinations, calculated.

of sample.

CaS04.

MgSOi.

MgClo.

KCl.

K0SO4.

KHCO:i.

NaHCCs.

NaCl.

NaoS04.

1

62. S2
8.5.57
71 . 99
72.51
83.92
84.20
11.52

13.29
7.05
4.11
5. 32
5.0:
6.81

23.27

2.49
.30

4.22
4.46

1.73
1.31
2.37
2.46
3.31
2.28
.47

15.45

2

1..31

3..

8.. 59
10.71

12.94

4

2.56
.30

6.44

5

4.31
.66

3.15
6.05
4.59

6

9

24.73

35.42

92

38 DATE VAEIETIES AND DATE CULTUEE TN TUNIS.

Upon examination of the data given in Table 11, a striking dis-
crepancy is seen to exist between the percentages of water-sohible
components to dry weight of soil, as stated in columns 4 and 5, re-
spectively. By reference to Table 12, hoAvever, the explanation is
found to be simple. In taking the electrical resistance of the sample,
the soil was mixed with just a sufficient quantity of distilled water
to bring it to the point of saturation, which in soils of this texture
was found to be about 80 per cent of the dry weight of the soil; and
the reading is taken as soon as the soil and water are thoroughly
mixed. In making the chemical analyses, on the other hand, one
part of soil is digested in 20 parts of water, and the mixture is
allowed to stand twenty-four hours to bring it to an equilibrium
before it is filtered." By the second method the soil is in contact
with from 00 to 100 times as much water as by the first method, and
for nearly 288 times as long. Consequently a great amount of cal-
cium sulphate goes into solution when the soil is prepared for chem-
ical analysis that remains in the solid state and is hence unaccounted
for in the samples as made up for a test of electrical resistance. By
reference to column 2 of Tal)le 12 it is seen that (except in sample
9) calcium sulphate amounts to from 60 to 85 per cent of the total
water-soluble matter, of which only an insignificant fraction can be
dissolved in the amount of water and with the limited time allowed
for taking the electrical resistance.

It should be said in this connection that experiments have shown
a saturated, pure solution of calcium sulphate to be harmless and even
beneficial to plants, and that an excess of calcium sulphate in the pres-
ence of magnesium and sodium salts has an extraordinary influence
in modifying the toxic action of the latter.'' The calculations of
water-soluble contents of the soil based u])on the electrical resist-
ance, although confessedly only rough approximations, are of some
value as indicating the amount of the readily soluble and actually
harmful saline contents of the soil. On the other hand, they do
not include the gypsum or calcium sulphate that is present, and
thus do not tell the whole story. If the latter were merely neutral,
it could simply be deducted from the total salts as ascertained by
chemical analysis; but as it plays an important part in counter-
acting the eifect of the sodium and magnesium salts, its presence can
not be ignored.

a For a description of the methods used, see Cameron in Bnl. 18, Bureau of
Soils, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, pp. <>() and 07. For a discussion at some length
of the significance of the high gyiisuni content of these soils, see W. T.
Swingle, Bui. 58, Bureau of Plant Industry. ])p. 73 and 74.

6 Compare Kearney and Cameron in Report No. 71, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
p. 39.
92

ALKALI IN SOILS. 39

Turning to Table lt2, let us compaiv the difForont samples as to their
chemical composition. AVe notice at once thai sulphuric acitl is the
acid and calcium the base which lar<;ely predominate in all of (hem,
excepting sample No. i'. The latter, consisting of the etllorescence
that is brought out on the surface of the soil by the combined action
of capillarity and evaporation, is necessarily deficient in the slightly
solnble calcium salts." In the crust, as well as in the soils, however,
sulphuric acid is by far the most important constituent. We may
therefore regard the "• alkali "^ of Tozer oasis as of the suli)hate type.''

Free carbonates were not detected by the phenolphthalein test, either
in the field or in the laboratory, excej)! in the ciMist (sample No. *.)),
in which a very faint alkaline reaction was observed npon testing
the freshly collected sample. In all other cases the reaction was
neutral, not only at the time the sanii)les were collected, but four
months afterwards when examined in the laboratory. " Black al-
kali," therefore, apparently does not exist in Tozer oasis. The high
percentages of calcium carbonate obtained by acid digestion of the
soils (see column (> of Table 11) would suggest the possibility of its
formation under certain conditions were it not for the relatively
small amount of sodium and the great <iuantity of calcium and
sulphnric acid present.

The percentages of i)otassinm and of carbonic acid differ compara-
tively little in the different samples, while those of sodium and of
hydrochloric acid show very considerable variation. The relatively
small part played by hydrochloric acid is surprising, when We con-
sider that in the adjacent Shott Jerid mines of table salt exist. The
smooth cru.st of salt that covers the bottom of the shott has the
appearance of containing a higher i)ercentage of sodium chlorid than
do the efflorescences upon the soils of the oases, the latter being of the
fluffy, powdery aspect which the presence of a large amount of sul-
phates generally produces.

It is interesting to note the difference in composition between the
efflorescence (sample No. 9) and the soil solutions (samples Nos. 1
to 6). In addition to the very small percentage of calcium in the
crust, as compared with the soil samples, we remark in the crust a
considerably higher percentage of magnesium, a very much higher
percentage of sodium and of hydrochloric acid, and a much lower

a In discussing " allcali " soils of Utali, Gardner and Jensen (Field Operations
of the Division of Soils for 1900, p. 231) remark: "Lime is always present in
the soil alkali in appreciable amounts, whereas in the crusts it is usually
absent."

6 In the soils of the Oued Rirh oases, in Algeria, also, sulphates generally pre-
dominate over chlorids, although the converse is frequently trae. (See Bui. 53,
Bureau of Plant Industry, p. 96; and Bui. 80, Bureau of Plant Industry, p. 46.)
92

40

DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

percentage of carbonic acid. In respect to potash and sulphuric acid
the difference is not noteworthy.

It remains to consider the composition of the drainage Avater. A
sample was taken from the "" Khandak-el-Kebir,"''' the main drainage
ditch of the oasis of Tozer (see p. 33), at a point some distance beyond
the last garden toward the shott. This sample, like that of the irri-
gation water described on page 30, after having been kept for two
months in a rubber-stoppered bottle, remained perfectly sweet and
good. Tested with phenolphthalein as soon as it was collected, the
water showed a very faint pinkish opalescence, indicating a slight
trace of free carbonates. An analysis of this sample in the labora-
tories of the Bureau of Soils showed the presence of 530.4 parts of
salts per 100,000 of Avater, which is a little more than two and one-half
times the amount found in the irrigating water (see p. 30). Water
of this concentration could be safely used in irrigating many crops,"
and considering the fact that the drains penetrate everywhere, and
that the sample was collected at a season (February 5) Avhen com])ara-
tively little irrigation is going on, its relatively small salt content
indicates that the soils of the oasis generally are not highl}^ saline.

Table 13.^ — Chemical composition of drainage water, Tozer oasifi.

Percentages of different constituents.

Calcium

Magnesium ...

Sodium

Potassium

Sulpliions

Chlorions

Carbonic acid .

9.97
5.30
8.67
8.77
37. 11
22.64
7.54

100.00

Conventional combinations.

Calcium sulphate

Magnesium sulphate
Potassium chlorid. ..
Magnesium chlorid..

Sodium chlorid

Sodium bicarbonate .

33.88
16.54
16. 70
7.69
14.80
10.39

100.00

Comparing the percentage composition of the saline matters in
the drainage Avater Avith that of the irrigation water, Ave find a
remarkably close agreement. As compared Avith the soil samples
(Nos. 1 to G in Table 12), the drainage water contains relatively
much more magnesium, sodium, and potassium and A^ery much less
calcium. In respect to acid constituents there is relatively much less
sulphuric acid and much more hydrochloric and carbonic acids. In
comparison Avith the salt crust, of AA'hich a sample Avas taken near the
spot where the Avater sample Avas collected (sample 9 in Table 12),
the drainage Avater contains relatively much more calcium, potassium,
and carbonic acid and C(msiderably more hydrochloric acid. On the
other hand, it is much poorer in sodium and is considerably i^oorer in
sulphuric acid than is the crust.

o See T. n. Meaus, Circ. 10, Bureau of Soils ; and Bui. 80, Bureau of Plant
Industry, p. 38.
02

STZE AND VALUE OF DATE GARDENS. 41

AVlion WO consider the ^roat predoininaiico of calcium sul})hatc
and the absence of easily soluble carbonates ('' black alkali ") in the
soils of Tozer oasis, it is apparent tliat the type of '* alkali "' occur-
ring there is a relatively hannless one. In view of the relatively
small percentages of readily soluble salts, as indicated by the elec-
trical resistances of the soils of well-kept gardens, and taking into
account the thorough drainage system of the oasis, the " alkali "
problem can not be regarded as a very serious one in this region.

CULTURE OF THE DATE PALM.

As the gardens of the Jerid only were investigated in any detail,
the following notes relate principally to that region, although most
of the observations are doubtless ecjually applicable to the other oases
of southern Tunis. Cultural methods could not be given the thor-
ough investigation the subject warrants, the writer's time having been
mainly taken up in studying the characters of the ditl'erent varieties
and in getting together the collection of offshoots for shijiment to
the United States. Yet it is thought that some of the infornuition
obtained will otler useful suggestions to future date growers in this
country. The following discussion is based partly upon notes obli-
gingly furnished by M. Minangoin, inspector of agriculture at
Tunis, and upon the i)ublished paper of M. Masselot," and partly
upon data obtained by observation and by (piestioning the inhabit-
ants. , In regard to the latter source of information, it should be
said that wdiile the cultural methods used by the Arabs appear to have
generally a common-sense foundation, the reasons which they give
for their practices are often extremely childish. As a rule, they fol-
low slavishly the precepts that have been handed down to them by
wiser ancestors, without concerning themselves about why they do
this or that. Yet, occasionally one meets an intelligent native .who
can give a rational explanation of most of his proceedings.

SIZE AND VALUE OF THE GARDENS.

The size of the date gardens varies greatl3^ The largest in the
Jerid is said to be that of Dobech, at Nefta, in which there are 2,800
palms. The wa-iter was told that the annual revenue from this garden
is from $4,500 to $5,000. At Tozer the largest garden, that known
as " Mahaleb," is said to yield the owner $3,400 a year. The garden
of Tishta, at Nefta, is remarkable for the large number of varieties
it contains. It was formerly the property of a caid, whose hobby
it was to collect as many ditl'erent sorts as possible. Practically all

a Les Dattiers des Oasis du Djerid. Bui. Dir. Agr. et Com.. Tunis, 1901, pp.
114-161.
92

42 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

of the gardens in the Jerid belong to natives. French capital has not
been engaged here, as in the Oiied liirh oases of Algeria, in estab-
lishing plantations of date palms.

According to official estimates there should be about !)(> trees to the
acre in the gardens of Tozer, but in reality they are much more
densely crowded, only taxable palms, i. e., those in full bearing, being
enumerated by the census takers. As many proprietors estimate the
value of their gardens at the rate of $10 per tree in full bearing, an
acre containing 96 date palms in good condition would be worth
$1,824. But since the value of a palm depends largely upon the
variety to which it belongs, and as most of the gardens contain many
trees of inferior varieties mixed Avith the better sorts, it is probable
that the figure mentioned is too high as an average for the whole
region. On the other hand, an acre of Deglet Noor palms in full
bearing would doubtless be worth even more; but there are very few
gardens in the Tunis oases in which the Deglet Noor variety consti-
tutes even one-half of the total number of trees. At Nefta, according
to official estimates, the average number of trees per acre is 125, while
in the neglected oasis of El Hamma it is only from 62 to 75.

Each garden is surrounded by a '' tabia,'' or wall of nnid, sur-
mounted by a palisade of palm leaves, the whole being generally
5 or 6 feet high.

LABOR AND TENANTRY SYSTEM.

Labor is abundant and very cheap in that part of the world. The
inhabitants of the oases, having devoted themselves for many cen-
turies to the culture of the date palm, are thoroughly familiar with
every detail of it, although the great majority of them carry on the
necessary operations instinctively rather than intelligently. For the
ordinary work of the gardens an abundance of labor is available; but
for operations demanding especial skill, such as detaching suckers
for planting, pollinating the flower clusters, and gathering the fruits
of the best varieties, experts are required, and these are much less
numerous.

At Nefta and at El Oudiane many of the owners manage their own
gardens, Avhile others employ a tenant, or " khannnes."" At Tozer
the latter system is all but universal, and in consequence the gardens
are often less well kept. The khammes is so-called from the fact
that he is supposed to receive one-fifth of the product of the gardens,
khammes being the Arabic word for '' fifth." As a matter of fact,
this manner of payment no longer obtains in the Jerid. Nowadays
the khammes is entitled to one-eighth of the yield of trees of all
varieties, except the Deglet Noor, and to one bunch of fruit from each
ten trees of the latter kind. In addition, he is permitted to raise

92

PROPAGATION OF DATE PALMS. 43

vefjetablos, foraiio ci-ojis. and lii-aiii in ihc ujardoiis (PI. VTT. fiji-. C)
and lu' is allowed as luiicli as he wishes of those products for his owij
use, besides one -fourth of the proceeds of what is sold.

In return, the Uhauunes is ex[)ected not only to carry on all the
work of the <rarden — irritjatioii. cultivation. nianurin<i-. pollinatinii"
the female flower clusters, etc. — and (o keej) in re])aii' the ditches
for irri<!:ati()n (seauias) and those for drainaa-e (khandaks), as well
as the walls (labias), but, when he has any spare time, to do domestic
service for the proprietor. During the season when the fruit is
ripening" and needs to be auarded night and day to prevent its being
stolen the khammes and his sons often camp in tlie garden, inhabiting
a small tent or even sleeping in the oi)en. At other times the garden-
ers and their families live in the towns, going each morning afoot
or on donkey back to their work. There are no permanent habita-
tions among the gardens, as the towns, being situated on higher, dry
land (PL VI, fig. 8), are considered healthier. Even under these
circumstances, however, the ])oi)ulation of the .lerid is ravaged in
sunnner and early autunui by malaria. The population, as a whole,
is anemic, feeble, and subject to various diseases, notwithstanding the
fine winter climate.

PROPAGATION.

In Tunis, as elsewhere in the Sahara, the date palm is intention-
ally propagated only by means of the offshoots that spring from the
base of the trunk (PI. V), Avhich. in well-cared-for gardens, are
taken only from trees belonging to good varieties and known for
the quality of their fruit. But in neglected gardens and in waste
ground many seedlings ("'el hachana "") spring \\\) fortuitously,
and in this way doubtless the many varieties have arisen. Seedling
palms are, of course, rarely true to type, although the writer was
gravely assured by an intelligent Arab that to make them come true
it is only necessary to transplant them two or three times, and that
this method is sometimes resorted to when suckers are not procurable,
in order to perpetuate very rare varieties !

Manurino- and watering freelv are said to stimulate suckering, and
the construction of a " dokana," or circular mound of earth and
clay" (PL V, fig. '2), around the base of the palm is a good way to
obtain strong, well-rooted offshoots. If an offshoot starts from the
trunk some distance above the surface of the soil it can be made to
take root by cutting away the outer leaves and fastening a basket
filled with earth around its base. Offshoots produced by palms
growing in open places, unshaded by other trees, are considered to

a Illustrated also in Bui. 8G, Bureau of Plaut ludustry, PI. V, fig. 1.
92

44

DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

give the best results." Some of the inhabitants of the Jericl are of
the opinion that offshoots developed in unirrigated and salty land
make more vigorous palms than those grown in well-tended, fre-
quently irrigated gardens. It is possible, at least, that such off-
shoots are hardier at the start and are less likely to perish in the
early stages of growth.

The offshoots are generally of sufficient size to transplant when
two or three years old, but they must not be taken up until they are
well rooted. The natives say they are of the best size for planting

when about as large as a camel's head at the base,
but while still without a well-formed trunk above
ground. One offshoot is generally left attached
to each palm when the others are removed, in order
to replace it when it dies or be-
comes unproductive. Allien this
in turn produces offshoots, one
of these is retained, and so on.
Hence it is not unusual to see
trunks belonging to several gener-
ations all still attached to the same
parent stock. (PI. V, fig. 2.) It
must be remembered that a date
palm generally ceases to sucker
after it is 10 to 15 years old.
The price paid for offshoots in
the Jerid depends upon the variety, Deglet Noor
offshoots selling for from 57 to 75 cents apiece,
while those of most other varieties cost onh^ from
19 to 57 cents.

Considerable skill is required in detaching the
offshoots from the parent stem. First, all l)ut the
innermost leaves are cut off near the base, and those
that are left are often fastened together with a
shred of palm leaf, to prevent their being broken
during the operations. Next, a hole of some size is dug around the
offshoot with a pick or with the " messah," a short-handled hoe.
This tool (fig. 3 and PI. II, fig. 2) is quite unlike the Egyptian
" fass," ^ having a much larger, shovel-like blade, with the handle
so attached as to be nearly parallel with the blade instead of at right
angles to it. At the same time all the roots that can be reached are
cut off close to the base by means of a " mengel,'' a tool with the

Fig. 3. — Laborei- hold-
ing a "messah," or
short-handled hoe.

Fig. 4.— Date picker
holding a "men-
gel," or straight-
bladed sickle, used
for cutting off the
bunches of dates.

a The belief among the natives is that an offslioot must receive plenty of
moonlight in order to become a sti'ong i)alm 1

6 Illustrated in Bui. 130, Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Dept. of Agri-
culture. 1903, p. 39.
92

PREl'AKINc; THK LAND FOR DATE PALMS.

45

slumk ami hladr iiiiulc in one pioi-e of w ronirht iron and litted with
a wooden handle. It soniew hal resembles a sickli'. hut has a strai<rht.
hea\ V, saw-ed^ed blade nearly at liirht an<:les to the shanU (H<;. 4).
One man then jjrasps the otl'shoot and pulls down on it. while an-
other, armed with a chisel or a pick, pries it loose at its point of
junction with the i)arent tree. The nMnaininir roots are now cut
ott', and the sucker is ready to be planted. The cost of thus i-emov-
in^ a sucker is generally (> cents.

If the oilshoot is to be transported a considerable distance before
it is ])laiited, it must be i)r{)tectod from dryin<^ by a wra[)pin<r of the
coarse fiber (leef ) that invests the bases of the leaf stalks of the date
palm (fig. 5) or of some similar material.

Fk;

PREPARING THE LAND.

The methods used in i)reparing the soil, especially if it contains
" alkali," are essentially the same whether the plantation is to be
made in new land or in an
old garden that has been
neglected. First, the irri-
i^ation and drainajxe ditches
are dug or are cleaned out.
Next, the soil is worked
thoroughly to a depth of
?) to (■) feet with the sliort-
handled hoe, or niessah,
this operation being accom-
plished by digging a trench
of the required depth at
one side of the garden and
then working across. All

.-itones, masses of gypsum, etc., encountered are carefully removed.
The whole garden is then flooded to wash out wdiatever salt has ac-
cumulated near the surface of the soil. When that is accomplished,
in order to facilitate irrigation the garden is divided up into " lands "
that vary greatly in size, but rarely exceed 1"20 square yards (,1 are).
A donkey load of manure, carefully freed from straw, is frequently
worked into the soil of each '' land.'' Often, during the next two or
three years, only vegetables, especially turnips, cabbage, and carrots,
are grown before date pahns are planted. It costs 14:^ cents to dig
15 feet of drainage ditch of the ordinary depth (5 feet), and from
4f to 13 cents annnally to keep the same length in repair. Breaking
up the ground with a messah costs from 28^ to $1.25 per 20 square
feet, according to the depth of the hoeing and the character of the
hmd.

92

5.— Camel carryiD;< date offshoots wrapped in
palm fiber (leef) for transportation.

46 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

PLANTING.

Planting is done in the Jerid during- the months of March to June.
It is said that in well-drained soils it can l)e begun with safety as
early as March 1, but in very wet land must be postponed until a
month later. At (labes the amins say that if offshoots are detached
in March, after the sap has begun to flow freely in the palm, the
chances of their growing are better than if taken earlier, although
they can be removed with little risk as early as February 15.

In the newer gardens of the Jerid the palms are generally set in
Avith some attempt at alignment (PI. VII, fig. 2) at intervals of 15
to 30 feet each way, 30 feet being recognized as quite sufficient for
obtaining the maximum yields." In the older gardens, as pointed
out above, the trees stand at very irregular intervals and are often
much crowded (Pis. I. and IV, fig. 2). The holes made to receive the
offshoots are usually 3^ feet in diameter and about l-l feet deep in new
land, while in replacing an old or diseased palm the hole is made
3 to G feet deep, probably in order that as nuich as possible of the
old soil may be removed. The hole is then filled with well-washed
sand, which is trodden down firmly around the base of the offshoot
as soon as it is set in and again after the first irrigation.

A practice that is highly recommended, j^articularly in gardens
Avhere the water table is high, is that of placing stones in the bottom
of the hole so as to support the base of the offshoot, thus insuring
good drainage. This custom has fallen into disuse in the Jerid, but
when old trees are dug up there it is said that stones are frequently
found among their roots. The practice still prevails in the Mzab
oases of Algeria.''

It frequently happens that the offshoot is more or less curved. To
make it develop into a straight palm, it is recommended to plant it
with the concave side facing southeast, " like a man saying his
prayers," as the Arabs express it. The young palm, th;is receiving
jnore of the sun's ravs on its concave than on its couA^ex side, sTadu-
ally becomes straight.'^

« There is a proverb current among the Inhabitants of the Mzab oases in
Algeria (quoted by Charlet. Les I'alniiers du Mzab, Bui. Soc. Geogr. d'Alger,
1905) to the effect that "If one plants at 30 cubits, one has dates without
trouble; if one plants at 20 cubits, one has them only by taking great paius ;
but if one plants at 10 cubits, *it is labor wasted."

^ Charlet, Les Palmiers du Mzab, Bui. Soc. Geogr. d'Alger, 1905.

(• The same practice occurs in the Mzab oases, according to Chariot ( Bui. Soc.
Geogr. d'Alger, 1905). This autlior malces the interesting statement that suclcers
sometimes finally grow that have shown no sign of life for one and one-half to
two years after being planted. The natives say that growth can sometimes
be started in such a case by transplanting to another i)art of the garden. They
believe that the offshoot had willfully refused to grow in its first station on
account of the dislike it had taken to some neighboring palm.
92

lUHHiA'llON OF DATIO I'ALMS. 47

The cost of planting a palm i> ahoiil '2\ cents, but in already cstah-
lislu'd gardens the work of replacinii; old or diseased palms is [)art of
the re<>:ular duties of the khauinies, or tenant, for which he receives
no extra compensation.

The youn<>: palm is usually sheltered hy a tentlike covei'ino^ of date
palm leaves (PI. II, li*;. i^). until it is strong enouah to face without
protection the sunnner sun and the cold winds of winter. The shelter
is generally left in place for a year, i. e.. until the spring after the
planting. Where palms are planted on the edge of an oasis, and
hence beyond the shelter of older trees, " tabias," or palisades, to
break the force of the sand-bearing winds (see p. 14), are often
erected at intervals of 30 to 50 feet in thr young plantation. It is
estimated in the Jerid that from 10 to 1.") per cent of the suckers
planted fail to grow,

IRRIGATING.

As soon as the oti'shoot is [)lanted a shallow basin is made around
its base, in order to hold the irrigating water. Care is taken to con-
struct this so that the water can not come in contact with the terminal
bud, or " heart," of the young palm. During the first forty days
after planting, many of the natives consider it preferable to water
palms by hand from a water jar, at the rate of 4 gallons for each
palm daily, rather than by Hooding. It costs about -20 cents to water
30 palms daily in this way. After forty days two Avaterings a week
are generally sufficient. At Nefta the growers told the writer that
the practice is to water palms, until they are one year old, every day
in .summer, every four days in spring, and every eight days in autumn.
If irrigated by flooding, two irrigations a week are generally suffi-
cient, at least after the first few^ weeks, and two a month in rainy
seasons, e. g., in autumn.

For older palms irrigation by flooding snuill basins, each containing
several palms, is the only method practiced. One irrigation a
week is generally sufficient, although a marked increase in yield
is said to be obtained by irrigating twice a week. But many
proprietors of gardens at Tozer, having disposed of part of their
Avater right, get water only once or twice a month. According to an
estimate made by M. Minangoin, water is ordinarily put on the land
to a depth of about 2i inches, of Avhich nearly 1 inch is ahnost imme-
diately absorbed by the soil. M. Masselot, however, states that the
'' lands " are flooded to a depth of about 4 inches at each irrigation.
The amount of water theoretically available for each pahn in the
oasis of Tozer is variously estimated at from 42 to G2i gallons daily.
(Compare p. 29.)

Irrigation is most urgently required during the hot, dry months of
June, July, and August, when the fruit is developing, and again in

92

48 DATE VAKIETIES AND DATE CULTUEE IN TUNIS.

November and December, after the harvest, the trees l)eiiig at that
time particidarly weak and in need of stimuhition. Irrio^ation
thronghont the winter is regarded as an excellent practice, as it stores
the soil with water and makes it i)ossible to get along with a smaller
amonnt when the hot weather first begins. Land that is left en-
tirely without water during the winter is said to become so dry that
the first irrigations in summer can only wet the soil to a slight depth
and the trees suffer from lack of water at the very time they need it
most. In winter, however, irrigations are given much less frequently
than at other seasons. It is said to be customary in winter to flood
the whole garden at once, rather than to turn the water into small
basins one at a time. Xor is so large a quantity of water necessary at
each application, as it is not thought well to let the water stand on
the land for any considerable length of time in Avinter. and the evapo-
ration is naturally much less than in summer. Judging by the height
of the ground water in the gardens of Tozer in midwinter (February
5), it would appear that the soils of the oasis are always in a very
wet condition. Compare column 8 in Table 0, page 34.

No water should be applied for two or three wrecks after the polli-
nation of the female flower clusters in spring, as irrigation at that •
season causes the newly set fruit to drop off. Nor is it advisable to
irrigate in the autmiin for three or four weeks preceding the harvest,
as otherwise the ripening fruit falls or else becomes so juicy that it
molds easily and can not be preserved. Many gardeners withhold
Avater from their palms from about the 1st of October until the dates
are gathered."

It has been pointed out in discussing the character of the drainage
water (see p. 40) that this is not too saline for irrigation purposes.
As a matter of fact, some of the gardens at Tozer lying nearest the
Shott Jerid, and hence in the loAvest part of the oasis, are irrigated
solely with water from the drains. It is true that the palms are less
thrifty and the yields obtained are smaller than elsewhere, but this is
at least partly attributable to the poorer quality of the soils in that
Quarter and to the fact that in sunmier, Avhen water is most needed,
the drains are frequently empty.

oChaiiet (Bui. Soc. Geogr. d'Alger, lOor.) mentions that the same rule
in regard to spring and fall irrigation olitains in the Mzab oases, where the
application of water ceases about September 15, to be resumed after the harvest
is completed.
9a

MANUltlNG DATE PALMS. 49

MANURING."

Tlio continual irri<i:ati()n of the oases and tho small extent to which
le<;uniinous crops are grown anion*); the palms are probably respon-
sible for the low nitrojren content of the soil, as shown by the analysis
on pajre 85. As far as possible tlu' natives seek to remedy this de-
ficiency by mannrin<r. Unfortunately, owin<; to the small number of
domestic animals kept, the sujiply of stable manure is very limited
and the use of chemical fertilizers is as yet unknown.

No manure is given to the young palms when first set out, although
where garden vegetables are grown in new land that is being pre-
pared for a date orchard, as shown on |)age 4."). the suckers doubtless
receive some benefit from the manure tiiat had been applied to the
vegetables during the two or three preceding years. When the palm
is 3 years old and is beginning to sucker it is manured directly for
the first time. A circular trench is dug around the tree, at least
3 feet from its base. This is filled with one i)art of numure to two
parts of earth, thoroughly mixed together. Frequently only one-
half of the trench is dug and filled the first year, the circle being
completed the year following. Subsecpiently the })alm is usually
manured only every four years, although some gardeners prefer to
give a smaller application every year.

In the case of older palms the manure is spread on the surface
and then worked into the ground, being applied at the rate of one
donkey load to each tract of 7 s(iuare yards. Strong soils, containing
a high percentage of clay or of organic matter and gypsum, are
manured less heavily than the light sandy soils. Where garden
vegetables are grown among the palms and manured everj^ year the
palms themselves receive no separate application. The best time to
manure date palms is considered in the Jerid to be from October to

January'.''

Only thoroughly rotted manure that is at least one year old can
safely be used. The natives recognize it as one of the advantages
of old manure that it contains fewer viable Aveed seeds. Grass and
straw are carefully removed before the manure is applied. The in-
habitants difl'er as to what kind of manure gives the most satisfac-

oFor the practices in this regard in the Oued Souf, see Bui. 86, Bureau of
Plant Industry, pp. 22-24.

6 According to Charlet (Bui. Soc. Geogr. d'Alger, 1905), many of the inhabi-
tants of the :\Iazb manure their palms every year, sometimes at the be-
ginning of winter and sometimes in February when the sap begins to run.
This author estimates 4-1 pounds of m:unire as the quantity needed annually
by each palm. In the Oued Souf (Bui. 8(J, Bureau of Plant Industry, p. 23)
October and March are considered the best mouths for applying manure.

30618— No. 92—06 4

50 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

lory results with the date pahii, some advocating that of camels,
others that of donkeys." But the total supply is too limited to allow
of much choice in this respect, and every source is drawn upon,
even to the scrapings of chicken yards and the refuse from human
habitations.

OTHER. CUIiTTJIlAL METHODS.

When the palm has reached the age of 2 years, the old leaves and
leaf stalks are trimmed off for the first time, but not too close to the
ground, as in that case no suckers will develop. On the other hand,
if left on the trunk these parts decay and sometimes cause the central
bud to rot. It is considered important to work the soil around the
palms to a moderate depth in the second and again in the third year
after planting. Thereafter the ground should be worked over as
often as possible. All cultivation is laboriously done with the mes-
sah, or short-handled hoe (see PI. II, fig. 2, and text fig. 3, p. 4-t).

It is considered advisable not to permit the development of the
earliest fruit clusters (which sometimes appear when the tree is only
4 years old) , as too early production diminishes the vigor of the palm.
In regard to the choice of other fruit trees to be planted among the
date palms, figs and olives, being relatively shallow rooting, are
recommended in preference to apricots, the latter being deep-rooted
trees that compete with the palms themselves.

POLLINATION AND MALE PALMS.

The operation of pollination, which was not witnessed by the
writer, has been described from personal observation by Mr. W. T.
Swingle.'' It is said to take place in the Jerid usually from March
15 to April 1.5. Male palms are not distinguished there according
to variety, but according to their time of flowering, whether early,
intermediate, or late,^ and also, it is said, according to whether they
originate from seed or from suckers. As a rule, the male palms re-
semble each other much more closely than do the female palms belong-
ing to different varieties. They are distinguished from female palms
in general by more numerous leaves and leaflets (PI. IV, fig. 2) and
often by a stouter trunk. According to M. Minangoin, the leaf
stalks of male palms are very stout and the foliage is fine and soft
looking.

« One owner of a garden assured the writer that camel manure is " too
strong" to be used in irrigated laud, although it can be applied with perfect
safety under the conditions prevailing in the Oued Souf.

^ Bui. 53, Bureau of Plant Industry, pp. 2(3-29.

'■ Five suckers of each tyi)e of male palm, 15 in all, were imported into the
United Stater; from the Jerid.
02

RIPENING DATES. 61

In the Jorid oases, males constitute a very small proportion of the
total number of palms. One uiale is said to furuish sufficient pollen
for fecundatin": 500 to ()()0 females. In the most extensive irarden
of Tozer oasis the writer was shown an unusually large and fine male
which lie was told served not only for all of the fruiting palms in
this ffarden>, considerablv more than 1,000, but for neiirhboriuir irar-
dens as well. The flowers of male palms are said to be free to all
Avho wish to use them, without comi)ensation to the owner. The males
are reputed to live longer than the females, but finally become so
tall that it is difficult to gather the flower clusters. They then share
the fate of female j^alms that have ceased to bear, the tei-minal bud
being girdled in order to extract lagmi, or i)alm wine, an operation
that sooner or later results in the death of the tree.

The writer saw, in February, a palm (illustrated in PI. IV, fig. 2)
which had all the characters of a male, as the tenant of the garden in
which it grew declared it to l)e. Nevertheless, it bore clusters of
small, seedless green dates, similar to the " sichi " ( unfecundated)
fruits of the Fteemy variety (see p. TO). Although the only case ob-
served by him, this is apparently a ratlicr well-known phenomenon."

RIPENING.

The bunches of dates often become too heav}'' for the stalks that
bear them. To prevent the breaking of the fruit stalks the clusters
are therefore frequently " straddled "* upon the nearest leafstalk, as
shown in Plate III. This is an operation that requires considerable
skill, and, in the case of choice varieties, is usually intrusted to an
expert.

Much rain during the first few weeks after pollination is as in-
jurious as irrigation at that season, causing the newly set fruit to
drop. On the rare occasions when rain falls during the months of
May, June, and Jidy — that is to say, after the fruit has set and be-
fore it begins to ripen — it does no harm. During the early autumn,
Avhen the dates are maturing, hot, dry Avinds from the south and west
are favorable, as they hasten the ripening process and prevent the
fruit from becoming wormy. On the other hand, a heavy rain at'this
season is disastrous. If it falls in August or September it Avill cause
the. fruit to drop before maturity; if a little later, the fruit tends to
rot or to become mold3\ When the dates have become perfectly ripe
a light rain is rather beneficial than otherwise, as it softens them and
washes off the dust that has gathered on them. But a heavy rain

a J. W. Tourney (Bui. 29, Ariz. Exp. Sta., 1898) notes the fruiting of male
date palms at riioenix. Ariz., and at La I'az, Mexico. Chavlct (Bui. Soc.
Geogr. d" Alger, 1905), mentions the existence of two fruiting male palms in the
Mzab oases.
92

52 DATE VAKIETIES AND DATE CULTUKE IN TUNIS.

causes the ripe fruit to sweat and, while not injurin£^ its flavor, lessens
its exportability. The relation between the late sunnner and autumn
rainfall and the quality of the dates is brought out in Table 4, on
page 25.

To illustrate the opinion of the inhabitants of the Jerid concerning
the effect of rain in early autumn upon their principal crop, the
following anecdote, current among them, is related by Masselot : "

Once upon a time, after several years of drought and at length of famine,
the bey had ordered that publir prayers for rain be said throughout the
regency. The peoi)le of the Jerid. alone among his subjects, refused to obey
the order of their sovereign. The latter, in anger, ordered the chief notables
among the refractory inhabitants -to come to Tunis to receive punishment, had
them appear before him, and said to them : " How happens it that when I com-
mand iiublic prayers in order to attract God's attention to us and bring us the
blessed rain that will give wealth to our unliappy country, you alone should
dare to disobey this order, given in the general interest?" "You have acted
rightly," replied the chief men of the Jerid, " but so far as our country is con-
cerned, rain would have been its ruin. Behold this soft and fragrant ball of
honey. Add a little water to it and what does it become? A coarse, tasteless
liquid. Such are our dates, which in order to produi-e their honey require many
rays of the sun, but not a drop of rain." The bey was convinced, it is said, and
permitted them to return to their homes.

It is said that Deglet Noor dates should not be gathered nnich
before the end of October, as, no matter how perfect their condition
seems to be, if harvested earlier they will discolor and become wormy
within a few weeks. It was suggested by a date buyer at Tozer that
by cutting about one-third way through the main stalk of the fruit
cluster when the dates begin to mature, and thus shutting off part of
the water that passes through the stalk, the fruits can be made to
ripen earlier without injury to their keeping quality. The experi-
ment is at least worth trying. It is said that Deglet Xoor dates can
also be ripened faster by removing the bunches when the dates begin
to soften and hanging them up in dry rooms.

HARVESTING.

Different varieties of dates mature at different periods, the earliest
in the Jerid commencing to ripen in August, or even toward the end
of July, while the latest are not all ripe before December. Conse-
quently the harvest goes on in this region during about five months.
The gathering of the Deglet Xoor dates is done with especial care, as
they are the only kind that is exported in any quantity to Europe.
The harvest of this variety begins in earnest toward the end of
October (about October 25 in 190-t) and often continues into the
first days of January. Of course, all the fruit that will ripen has
matured lone; before the latter date, but the skilled laborers re-

a Bul. Dir. Agr. et Com., Tunis, 1901, pp. 122, 123.
92

HARVESTING DATES. 53

quired are not sufficiently numerous to gather all the fruit as soon
as it is ready to harvest. Fortunately, this is one of the varieties the
dates of which can he left on the |)ahns without injury for several
weeks after uiaturin<j:'. })rovided the autunni is a dry one.

The Deglet Xoor crop is generally j)urchased on the trees and the
harvest is supervised by the buyer or his agiMit. Bunches borne
on small trees Avhich can be reached from the ground are said to be
preferred 1)V the more wealthy natives for their own consumption,
being less liable to injury in the harvesting. Palms in full bearing,
however, are generally too tall to allow their fruit to be gathered thus
easily. The harvest from such trees is a rather c()mi)licated matter,
giving employment to a large numl)er of men. (PI. I, frontispiece.)

First there is the "" getaa." whose work recjuires the most skill.
Armed with a " mengel " (see fig. 4, p. 44) he climbs to the top of
the palm, cuts away with a few deft strokes such of the dead leaves
as hang in his way, and then proceeds to sever the stalks of the fruit
bunches. Along the trunk below him a sort of human ladder has
meanwhile been formed, the number of men and boys that compose
it depending of course upon the height of the tree. The writer saw
eight men l^esides the getaa clinging to one tall Deglet Xoor palm.
Supporting themselves with one arm around the trunk and grasping
the scaly bark with their bare feet, they hand down the bunches from
one to another as they are received from the getaa until the entire
product of the tree is safely on the ground. The tree is thus stripped
with wonderful celerity, to the accompaniment of a shower of the
ripe fruits that become detached from the bunches.

The getaa receives from 38 to 57 cents per day for gathering Deglet
Noor dates, while the " meddada," who pass the bunches down the
trunk, are each paid 19 to 24 cents per day. Even after the dates
reach the ground they are handled by a little army of men and boys,
each of whom has some small duty in connection with the harvest."
Thus the " lagata " are occupied solely in picking up the detached
dates that fall while the bunches are being cut and passed to the
ground. Each of them is paid 12 to 15 cents a day. The " adal,"
Avhose duty it is to carry the bunches to the central point where the
product of the whole garden is collected, are entitled to from 19 to 24
cents each. The " batah," or men who guard the heap of dates and
the belongings of the workmen, receive the same wages. The
" jerrara '' transport the dates from the garden to the storehouse,
and receive for each donkey load about 11 pounds of dates that have
dropped oS the bunches. Then there is the " alleg," who loads the

a It is said tliat tlie owners of gardens are lield to be acquitted of tlieir obli-
gation as .wod ^Nlohannnodans to devote a tithe of their iiifcmes to charity if
they give employment during the date harvest to a sufficient number of the poor
of the oasis.

54 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

animals for the " jerrara," and the " khartaf," who attaches cords
to the bunches and brings them to the '' aUeg " and who also arranges
the bunches upon beams in the storehouse where they are dried.

It is said that one getaa can keep employed seven meddada, twelve
lagata, two adal, six jerrara, one alleg, and one khartaf. In one day
a skilled getaa can harvest the dates from GO to <)0 palms, according
to the height of the trees. With the above-mentioned number of
assistants of all classes, he can harvest on an average 5,500 pounds of
dates daily.

Deglet Noor dates that are to be exported to Europe are often
packed for shipment in the gardens where they are grown. A large
part of the crop is put up in wooden boxes holding 22 pounds each,
which is the maximum weight that can be sent by parcels post in a
single package. (See PL I, Frontispiece.) They are then trans-
ported by caravan to the railway terminus, which is about 35 miles
from Tozer.

The fruits of a few of the best varieties other than the Deglet Noor
are harvested with the same degree of care. In the case of certain
rare and highly esteemed sorts, especially of the earlier ripening vari-
eties, the fruits are even picked one by one from the bunches as they
mature. These are dates that are reserved for the tables of the
wealthiest class of natives. But in harvesting by far the greatest
number of varieties, including the popular Fteemy date, which con-
stitutes probably more than one-half the total crop of the Jerid, the
bunches, as they are cut by the getaa, are merely dropped upon mats
spread on the ground underneath the palm, instead of being passed
from hand to hand by the " meddada." In harvesting Fteemy dates
the men are paid in kind. For each day's work the getaa is entitled
to a bunch, which he selects among the finest, to two bunches of
medium value, and to 11 pounds of detached fruit.« The other
laborers are paid with a proportionate share of dates. For harvest-
ing " khalt," or dry dates, the daily wage of the getaa is eight meas-
ures of fruit, amounting to about 88 pounds.

PRESERVING.

The fruits of the different varieties diifer greatly in their keeping
quality. Some nnist be eaten fresh, remaining edible at most only a
few weeks after ripening. Certain kinds, including some that keep
very well when ripe, are nevertheless preferred by the natives when
in the " besser " stage ; that is, before they are perfectly soft and ripe.
These have the peculiarity of losing their astringency before they be-

oAccoi-dlng to Masselot (ibid., p. 124), the total value of this quantity of
fruit would be about OH cents (5 francs). If this be true, the getaa receives
about t\vi<'0 as much for harvesting Fteemy as for harvesting Deglet Noor dates,
which seems improbable.
02

VARIETIES OF THE DATE PALM IN TUNIS. 55

conic vorv soft. Soiiic kinds, both of soft and of dry dates, can be
j)rcscrvcd several yeai'-^ without sj)oibnu', althouiih dry dates ai'c apt
to become excessively hard when kei)t for a k)ng time. Soft, sirupy
dates of «>()od keepinji" (iiiality. sncli as the Khars and the Lagoo, are
preserved in earthenware jars or in skin l)a<2;s. The finer sorts, such
as the Deglet Xoor. are ofttMi huiiii- \\\) in bunches in the houses of
the natives, and are picked oif or else served on the branch as wanted.
It is said that the frnits of some varieties can be preserved only by
leaving them on the bun.ch until they are completely dry, when they
can be detached. Others which are esjiecially liable to become
wormy should be dried in the sun. aflei' first splitting them open and
removing the seeds.

VARIETIES OF THE DATE PALM IN TUNIS.

While it is impossible to state exactly the number of well-defined
varieties of the date palm occurring in Tunis, it is probably not far
from 150. The .Iciid oases are partic-ularly rich in varieties, con-
taining considerably more than 100 distinct kinds." Some of these
are extremely local. At Nefta several varieties were seen that a])par-
cntly do not occur at Tozer, while in the Nefzaoua there are many
kinds that are verv rare or entirelv wanting in the Jerid, and vice
versa. Yet certain varieties (the Kenta and Areshty, for example)
are widely distributed, being found not only in all the Tunis oases,
but also in those of eastern Algeria. Each group of oases in Tunis
has its characteristic varieties. Thus, in the Jerid the Fteemy is
by far the most abundant sort, while in the Nefzaoua, Gabes, and
Gafsa groups it is rare or absent. Varieties such as Doonga and
Zekry, which are important and highly esteemed in the Xefzaona,
are hardly known in the Jerid, although the nearest oases of the two
groups are only about 30 miles distant. The Boo Hath'm variety,
one of the most abundant at Gabes and at Gafsa, is apparently want-
ing in the two other groups.

Nearly all the gardens contain a large number of varieties, mixed
together in the greatest confusion. Only in the newer gardens of the
Jerid do we find plantations of the Deglet Xoor occupying areas of
some size, to the exclusion of other kinds. One large garden at
Tozer is remarkable for containing almost solely the Deglet X^oor and
Fteemy varieties, but this is a rare exception. The present tendency
is to plant Deglet Xoor offshoots as fast as they can be obtained, and

"Du I'nty de Clam published (Bui. de Geogr. Hist, et Descr., No. 3, 189.3) a
list of 7-1 varieties found in the .Terid. INIasselot (P.ul. Dir. Agr. et Com. Tunis,
pp. 14r>-l()l, 1901) enumerates 94 named varieties. The writer was able to
obtain fruit of all but 2.3 of these, and examined fruits of 21 named varieties
not included in Masselot's catalogue.
92

56 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

very young plantations on the edges of the oases of Tozer and Xefta
(PL VII. fig. 2) often contain only Deglet Xoor and Fteemy palms.

In this bulletin only varieties that exist in the Jerid and Nef-
zaoua oases are treated. However, most of the important Tunisian
varieties are thus included, there being few at Gafsa and at Gabes
which do not also occur in one or both of the other groups. Descrip-
tions are given of all the varieties that are at all abundant in the
Jerid and the Nefzaoua, as well as of all that could be found that are
noteworthy for their quality. Yet there are probably three times as
manv named and well-defined varieties in the region as are described
in this paper; and the writer examined, photographed, and obtained
samples of the fruits of nearly twice as many. Many of these, how-
ever, are extremely rare, in some cases being probabh^ confined to a
single garden.

Suckers of all the varieties described, with the exception of the
Chedakh. Deglet Hamidatoo, Deglet Hassen, Khalt Menakhry. and
Selatn3% were brought to the United States." Eleven varieties, of
which suckers were imported, could not be included in the " Key to-
the varieties," at the end of this bulletin, as either the fruits were not
seen or else samples and photographs were not obtained. Their
characters, so far as known, are described under the heading " Va-
rieties imported but not included in the key," page 90.

The Arabic names of the varieties alone are in use. In all matters
of nomenclature and orthography ]Mr. W. T. Swingle, Avho has given
much consideration to this subject, was freely consulted. In the
main the names as given by the writer are identical with those given
by Masselot,'' although the spelling has been altered to the extent
necessary to render it phonetic for English-speaking readers. The
names of the varieties described in this paper which do not occur in
Masselot's list are sjielled i^honeticallj' as pronounced for the writer
by the natives. In some cases, where the name of a variety differs in
difl'erent oasis groups, the pronunciation current in the Jerid oases
is followed as the standard.

At the end of this report, in the descriptive key (p. 97), the fruit
characters that appear to be most useful for the identification of the
varieties are described in detail. In the present chapter, brief de-
scriptions of the fruits as to size, shape, flavor, and keeping quality,
and in many cases of the characters of the palms themselves, are
given. Geographical distribution, abundance or rarity, productive-
ness, earliness of ripening, commercial importance, vigor, rapidity of
growth, and alkali resistance are also discussed.

a These five varieties are nevertheless described, the first l)ecause of its
abundaiK^e. and the others because of their fine qiiality : and thus practically
all the important varieties of the .Torid are treated in this paper.

6 Bui. Dir. Agr. et Com. Tunis. ])p. ]4r.-l(;i (llX)l).

'.12

VARIETIES OF THE DATE PALM IN TUNIS. 57

In olassiiis: the varieties as of Hrst, second, or minor importance,
such points as the size, flavor, earliness of ripenin*;, and keeping
quality of the fi nit. the thickness of the flesh, and the proportionate
si/A' of the scL'd, as well as the rapidity of irrowth, hardiness, and ])ro-
diictiveness of the trees ha\'e all heen considered. Thus the Fteemv
variety (PI. X, fig. 8), although not ranking with the Deglet Notu-
(PI. \'III, fig. 1) in respect to flavor and cleanness of skin, is yet a
very attractive date and is remarkable for the ease with which it is
propagated, its rapid growtii, vigor, and productivity. Hence it has
seemed advisable to place it in the first class, and the Kenta variety
(PI. X. Wii. '2) has been inserted there for similar reasons. On the
other hand, the Mokh Begry (PI. X, fig. 4), although of delicious
flavor and highly esteemed by the Arabs, is not as attractive as other
kinds in the shaj)e and size of its fruit, besides being a rather light
bearer. Consequently it is ranked as of secondary importance.

It should be remembered that, in judging such characters as flavor,
personal bias enters very largely into the eciuation. In regard to the
fruits of several varieties, the writer's opinion did not at all agree
with that of the inhabitants of the oases, nor has it always coincided
with that of colleagues in the Department of Agriculture with whom
he has compared notes in testing dates.

Another j^oint that should be emj)hasized is the great likelihood
that the varieties imi)orted will undergo more or less change in their
new environment, some improving and others deteriorating. It is
by no means impossible that varieties which in Tunis appear to be
second-rate or even of minor importance will take rank among the
best when grown in the United States, and that some of the kinds
that are classed in this paper as of first importance will not prove to
be the best adapted to our conditions. At all events it will be ex-
tremely interesting to watch the behavior of the Tunisian varieties
that have been introduced into the United States.

Among Tunis dates the Menakher variety (see also p. 60) must be
given first rank, so far as the quality of the fruits is concerned. (See
Pis. Y and VIII, fig. 2.) These are fully equal to the Deglet Xoor
in flavor, cleanness of skin, and keeping quality, and are usually 1^ to
If times as large as the latter. The fruits appear to ripen earlier,
and the trees are said to give considerably heavier yields tlian the
Deglet Xoor variety. Unfortunately Menakher palms are so ex-
tremely rare that only nine offshoots of this variety could be obtained
for importation into the United States. Even rarer is the Selatny
date (see fig. 52, p. 93), the fruits of which resemble and perhaps
equal the Deglet Xoor in flavor, and are as large as those of the
Menakher. These two varieties are in fact nearly extinct. At the or-
dinary rate of propagation it would require a great many years to

92

58 DATE VARIETIES AND t)ATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

obtain offshoots in sufficient numbers for commercial plantations.
Yet the excellent quality and the large size of these dates would
undoubtedly make them marketable at high prices if they could be
had. So far as Selatny is concerned, there seems to be little chance
of obtaining oifshoots, but the Menakher variety has been introduced
in sufficient number to give a fair opportunity for establishing it in
this country. It remains to devise some means of speedy propagation
by means of smaller offshoots than are generally taken for planting.
Perhaps the offshoots can be removed before they have formed roots
and then can be nursed in greenhouses until well rooted. The variety
is so promising that no pains should be spared in multiplying it as
rapidly as possible.

As regards actual conunercial importance, the Deglet Noor variety
is easily first. (Pis. VI, fig. 1, and VIII, fig. 1.) No other kind that is
at all common equals it in quality. Its exquisite flavor, handsome
appearance, cleanness of skin, and admirable keeping quality give it
a deserved preeminence among the dates that are extensively grown
in North Africa, and have made it the only Algerian or Tunisian date
that is largely exported to Europe and America. Yet it has some
serious disadvantages, else it would be hardly worth while to experi-
ment in this country with any other variety. The greatest of these
is its late ripening, or, in other words, its very high requirement as to
total heat, a requirement that can probably be met in but very few
localities in the United States. Another drawback is the relatively
small average yield of the palms. In both these regards the Mei\ak-
her variety appears to surpass the Deglet Noor, while equaling the
latter in the quality and greatly exceeding it in the size of the fruits.

The Boo Affar (PI. IX, fig. 2) is hardly inferior to the Menakher
in many of the qualities of a first-class date. Its large fruits have a
very fine flavor and very thick flesh, abounding in sugar. It is one
of the handsomest of dates, being especially noticeable for its splendid
coloring. The large size and unusual, almost perfectly globular shape
of the f ronja date (Pis. IV, fig. 1, and IX, fig. 1) will at once attract
attention. These peculiarities are associated with great thickness of
flesh and a very rich flavor. Unfortunately, not much is known as to
the productiveness of the variety. The Boo Fagoos (fig. 10, p. 67) is
also remarkable for the form of its fruit, which is somewhat fiddle-
shaped and of fairly large size. It has a very rich, attractive flavor,
and, like the Tronja, is held in high esteem by the natives of the
region where it grows. All three of these varieties offer great possi-
bilities as a fancy dessert fruit, commanding a high price in the

market.

The Tafazween (fig. 11, p. 68) is the best of the rather long, slender
dates examined by the writer. It is decidedly attractive, with its

92

VARIETIES OF THE DATE PALM IN TUNIS. 511

hriirlit l):iv color ;iii<l transparent flosh, nor does its flavor bolio its
apjx'arancc. It m'cius to !»' an cai'licr lipcnini:- kind tlian (he I)('<il('t
Noor, aiul niiiilit he cxpoctcd to take its placv in regions Avhere the
snni total of teniperatnres is not (jnite snIHcient to ripen the hitter.

Ahhonjrli (U'cidetUy inferior in flavor and probably in keepinj^
qnality to the De^let Xoor, the Fteeniy (IMs. VII and X, fi<>-. ;^) is a
fine variety. It is by far the most abnnchmt kind p:r<nvn in the Jerid
oases and is snrpassed l)y none in prodnctiveness, rapidity of ojrowth,
viffor, and hardiness. The frnit is handsome and highly eolored,
the flesh soft and sirupy, and the flavor so rich and sweet that Fteemy
dates can not be eaten in large qtnintity at any one time. Tn the
writer'^ judgment this is a finer fruit than the Khars, that is so ex-
tensively grown in Algeria, although it shares with the latter the
disadvantage of being sticky when fresh and consequently dillicult
to handle as a dessert fruit. It is a late-ripening sort, little if at all
earlier than the Deglet Xoor, and hence should not be planted except
in the warmest localities of the Southwestern States. It has, how-
ever, a decided advantage over the Deglet Xooi- variety in point of
rapidity and vigor of growth and in productiveness, being said to
yield heavily every year.

Areshty (fig. 13, p. Tl) is a variety considerately resemliling the
Boo Affar in si/.e and shape, but is less richly flavored and less
brightly colored. Tn its rather firm flesh and wholesome, moderately
sAveet flavor it resembles dates of the dry class. Were it not for the
irreat size of its fruits it would be somewhat doubtful whether this
should be classed as a variety of primary importance, as the flavor,
although attractive, is not to l)e compared with that of the Deglet
Xoor and hardly equals that of the Fteemy variety.

The Horra variety (PL X, fig. 1) is very highly spoken of by
French settlers in the oases, and is exported in small qtumtity to
Europe. "^AHiile from a botanical point of view it belongs to the " dry
date'' class, in reality its flesh is thick and never becomes very dry or
hard. It is easily the finest of its type. The flavor is delicious, yet
not so rich as to fatigue the palate. When we consider, furthermore,
the good size of the handsome fruit, its early ripening, and the hardi-
ness of the palms, there seems ample justification for giving the
Horra a very high rank among Tunisian varieties.

Ranking next after the Horra among the dates of the dry type is
the Kenta variety (PL X, 'fig- 2). This has a medium-sized fruit,
smaller than the Horra. Its flesh is thicker and more tender than in
most of its class. It ripens early, preserves well, and is one of the
most productive of all varieties. The flavor is very .agreeable and
wholesome, while not so rich as to be easily cloying. Kenta palms
appear to be unusually hardy and resistant to alkali in the soil.

■92

60 . DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE VARIETIES.

In the descriptions that follow, the page number placed after the
name of each variety refers to the descriptive key at the end of
the bulletin (pp. 97-106), where a more detailed account of the
characters of the fruits will be found. It should be noted that with
few exceptions all the varieties can readily be referred to one or the
other of two principal types — the " dry dates " and the " soft dates."
(See }). DC).) The first are characterized by having the skin of
the ripe fruit mostly roughened with numerous hard, narrow, trans-
verse, as well as longitudinal, wrinkles, while the flesh is usually thin
and generally becomes quite hard and dry in fruit that is long pre-
served. Plate X, figure 1, illustrates a typical date of this class.
The soft dates, on the other hand, have the skin of the ripe fruit
loosened over a great part of the surface into a few large, soft blisters,
and tlie flesh is usually thick and remains soft, or at least tender.
Typical soft dates are illustrated in Plates VIII and IX, figure 2.
Dates of the first type are only moderately sweet, and as they can be
eaten in quantity without inconvenience they form a large part of
the food of the Arabs. Some of them, like Horra and Kenta, have a
delicious flavor, while others are insij^id. The soft dates, on the
other hand, are generally so rich and sweet as to be rather a dessert
fruit than a staple article of food. To this category belong the
highly prized Deglet Noor, the choice Menakher, the rich, sirupy
Fteemy — in short, most of the finest varieties. AVhile many of these
can be kept for a long time in good condition, others are not pre-
servable, but must be eaten fresh or, at most, a few weeks after they
are gathered.

Under the first heading following — " Varieties of primar^^ im-
portance " — these are arranged as nearly as possible in the order of
their value, as determined by the considerations mentioned above.
Under the headings " Varieties of secondary importance '' and " Va-
rieties of minor importance " the varieties follow the order in which
they are placed in the key. The " Varieties imported but not in-
cluded in the key " and " Varieties included in the key but not
imported '■ are arranged alphabetically.

VARIETIES or PRIMARY IMPORTANCE.
SOFT DATES. •

Menakher (p. 100).— Fruit of the soft-date type (PI. VIII, fig. 2),
2 to 2^ inches long, about one-half as wide, oblong, broad and rounded
at both ends, keeping its shape well when preserved; brownish
maroon when ripe; the flesh 2 to 2^ lines thick; the seed broad at both
ends, about one-half as long as the fruit, one-lialf as wide as long,
very rough. (Fig. 6.)

92

VARIETIES OF rRIMAltV 1MP()I1TAN<'E.

(H

The leaves (PI. \) are l()n<i- and hroad and rather stiff and heavy,
crowded with xcrv nnnu'r(tiis lono; loaHets, and their stalks are armed
almost throniiiiiiiit their length with Ion":, stout spines. The fruit
clusters are short and dense, their stalks bright yellow (not at all
oranae), rather shoi-t. stout, and only moderately curved, so that
the bundles do not liana" down below tiie leaA'es. as in the Decflet Noor,
but are ahnost hidden l)y the l"olia<:-e.

This sui)erb variety i)roduces fruit that is thoualil by many of the
natives, and even by some of the few EurojK'ans who have tasted it, to
surpass the T)e<i:let Noor. In the writer's judiiiiient and that of several
of his collea<]^ues who have given much attention to the subject of
dates, as well as in the oi)inion of the exi)erts attached to two of the
lar<rest American firms that import fruits, it is at least ecinal in quality
to the Deglet Noor, which it considerably reseml)les in flavor. Insizr
Menakher dates are one and one-half to nearlv two times as larm> as
the Deolet Noor." In color thev are generallv (hirker. The seed,
though thick, is short in proportion
to the length of the fruit, and it
is very ditl'erenl in appearance from
that of the Deglet Noor. The thick,
translucent flesh, although soft and
sirupy at the moment of ripening
becomes firm when preserved, just
as does that of the Deglet Noor.
At the same time, it does not be-
come dry and hard after a few
months, as in most of the dry dates.
If preserved Avith any care, Mena-
kher dates keej) their shape admirably. Those that were examined
and tasted by the writer after having been kept for three or four
months in the houses of natives showed themselves to be in all respects
equal to the Deglet Noor in keeping quality. As in that variety, the

"Samples of Menakher and of Deglet Noor dates have recently (December 5,
1905) been received by the writer, through the kindness of Mr. Louis Grech, of
Neftn, In southern Tnnis. A comparison of the two shows that in volume (de-
termined by the disi)laeement of water) the former average 15 c. c. and the lat-
ter 9 c. c, the Menakher dates being, therefore, one and two-thirds times as large
as those of the Deglet Noor variety. They are also about one and two-thirds
times as heavy, Menakher fruits averaging 1(5.70 grams in weight, while Deg-
let Noor fruits average 10.44 grams. The percentage weight of the seed to that
of the whole fruit (i. e., with the seed) is 10.4 in the case of the Menakher
and 9.S in the case of Deglet Noor. The importance of this character in dis-
tinguishing date varieties was tirst pointed out by Prof. J. W. Touniey. An
exceptionally large Menakher fruit weighed 18.7 grams and the seed 1.7 grams,
or only 9.1 per cent of the weight of the whole fruit.
92

Fig. 6.— Outlines of Menakher seed and
fruit. ( Natural size. )

62 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTUEE IN TUNIS.

skin does not become sticky, but remains dry and clean, which is a
very desirable proj^erty in a dessert fruit.

An objectionable feature in Menakher dates is the strong develop-
ment of the white, string-y core, or " rag,'' to borrow a term from the
orange growers. This diminishes perceptibly, however, in thoroughly
ripe fruit. The consensus of opinion among those who examined the
two samples from Nefta mentioned in the footnote on page 61 is that
in point of appearance, cleanness of skin, kee])ing qiuility, and deli-
cacy of flavor the Menakher dates surpassed the Degiet Noor, while
the latter are superior in the crisper texture of the flesh and the
smaller development of stringy core. Menakher dates are generally
reserved for the tables of the wealthier natives and for gifts to their
friends. On the rare occasions when they are sold they are said to
bring about one-third more than Ueglet Noors.

The Menakher variety ripens its fruits in the latter part of October.
It is said to yield little during the first few years after the ofl'shoots are
planted, but afterwards surpasses the Degiet Noor in yield, one palm
producing sometimes :220 pounds of dates. Single clusters are said
to be sometimes too heavy for a strong man to carry.

Menakher palms occur in the oases of Nefta, Tozer, and El Oudiane
of the Jerid group, and are said also to occur in the Nefzaoua region,
although the writer could not confirm the latter statement. Thev
are everywhere, however, extremely rare, being found usually only
in the largest and finest gardens, with rarely more than one individual
in each garden. In the oasis of El Oudiane, where palms of this
variety are said to be most frequent and to produce the finest fruit,
there are probably not more than 12 or 15 trees, and most of these
are old ones, no longer producing offshoots.

The natives give a curious account of the great rarity of this va-
rietv, which they hold in high esteem, and almost veneration. It
appears that in former times the bey and other great dignitaries of
the country were excessively fond of Menakher dates, and were in
the habit of sending their agents to the Jerid at the time they ripen
in order to procure them. As their fondness for these dates increased
they began to appropriate the entire crop, leaving none for the un-
fortunate owners of the trees, and often forgetting to pay for what
■they took. Consequently the proprietors, in disgust, stopped plant-
ing offshoots of this varietv and sometimes even went to the length
of cutting down old palms." Nowadays so few offshoots are left that
there is some danger of the complete extinction of the variety. Even
if every effort were made to reestablish it, it would re(iuire many
years before Menakher dates could be produced in large quantity, .

a The natives give the same explanation of tlie extreme raiMty of the prized
Selatny (see p. 03), the only Tunisian variety which might be considered first
class of which the writer failed to procure offshoots.
92

VAUIETIES OF rUlMAKV IMrOKTANCE. ()H

Although the Arabs invariably relate the history <>;iv.'ii above in
atteniptin<i- to account for the passing of this choice variety, it is pos-
sible that there are other reasons for its rarity. Some of the garden-
ers who are familiar with it say that very careful nursing is required
to make Menaklu'r ott'shoots live and grow. On the other hand. Si
Brahim IWm Ouedi, of Xefta, the owner of a fine young palm of this
variety, says that while great care must be taken in detaching and
planting ]\ienakher oli'shoots, they are afterwards as easy to grow as
those of other varieties.

After an exhaustive search of all the Jerid oases for Menakher oflf-
shoots only nine could be obtained for importation into the United
States, of which six were so small that little hope was entertained of
their living. Fortunately, they have been given every care in the
cooperative date gardens of the Department of Agriculture and the
Arizona and California experiment sta-
tions at Tempe, Ariz., and INIecca, Cal.,
and when seen by the writer in Septem-
ber, 1905, all of them seemed likely to
£TOW. So even if this valuable date be-
comes extinct in the countr}^ of its origin.
there is a fair prospect of its being con-
tinued in the United States. It should
be stated that one of the finest of the „^ , .^t

Fiu.T.— OuUmesof DegletNoorseed

offshoots was a gift to the Department and fruit. (Natural size.)

of Agriculture on the part of Si Brahim

Ben buedi, of Nefta, from the tree mentioned above and represented
in Plate V, figure 1.

Deglet Noor (p. 104). «— A soft date (Pis. I and VIII, fig. 1) i;", to
a little over 2 inches long, and about one-half as wide, ovate oblong
in shape, generally Avidest at or near the middle, and blunt- pointed at
the apex, often narrowed also at the base, maroon colored when ripe,
the flesh 2 to 3 lines thick, translucent, the seed a little more than one-
half as long as the fruit, conspicuously pointed, and dark chestnut-
brown in color. (Fig. 7.) The stalks and branches of the fruit clus-
ters are bright yellow (not orange), the stalks long and slender,
sharply curved near the base, so that the bunches hang down far
below the crown- of foliage. (PI. VI, fig. 1.) The trunk is com-
paratively slender. The foliage is light and delicate looking, and
the narrow leaves and leaflets are rather yellowish green. The spines
are slender and weak.

- This well-known variety is largely exported to Europe from Al-
geria and Tunis, and is practically the only North African date
that is known in the United States. There can be no doubt that the

a Described in Bui. 53, Bureau of Plant Industry, pp. 33-36.
92

64 PATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

Deglct Noor presents a combination of characters — fine flavor, sweet-
ness, attractive appearance, cleanliness, good keeping quality — that
can be rivaled b}^ no other variety that is widely grown in Algeria
and Tunis. Only among very rare sorts, such as the ]Menakher (see
p. GO), is there anj' j^ossibility of its meeting a competitor. Even in
the oases themselves it is the only kind that is found on the tables of
Europeans or that is served by the more wealthy natives to their Eu-
ropean guests. The general recognition of the superior quality and the
commercial importance of the Deglet Xoor is shown bj^ the fact that
the " kanoon " tax levied by the Tunisian government upon date
palms in full bearing amounts to 1.^ francs (25^ cents) for each
Deglet Xoor tree, and only two-thirds of a franc per tree for all
other varieties.

The Deglet Xoor ripens its fruit to perfection in the oases of the
Jerid, and the government is attempting to establish it in the X'^ef-
zaoua region. Elsewhere in Tunis the climatic conditions are un-
favorable to this variety, which is one of the latest sorts to rij^en and
requires a high sum total of mean temperatures above 64.4° F.° to
bring it to perfect maturity. The maritime climate of Gabes is
particularly ill adapted to the Deglet Xoor, and the trials that have
been made of it there have been unsuccessful.

First introduced into Tunis from the Oued Rirh, in Algeria,
some 200 or 250 years ago, there are said to be noAv some 50,000 trees
of this variety in the Jerid oases, in which case it constitutes 7 to 8
l^er cent of the total number of jDalms of all varieties.^ The devel-
opment of a very respectable export trade in Deglet Xoor dates dur-
ing the past ten or fifteen years «■ has stimulated the natives to plant
trees of this variety, and the proportion of Deglet Xoor to other
palms will doubtless steadily increase from this time forward. As
sufficient offshoots of this variety are not produced in their own gar-
dens, the inhabitants of the Jerid have secured a modification of the
Tunisian law against the importation of living plants,** thus allowing
them to bring offshoots from the Oued Eirh oases in Algeria.

a Estimated by W. T. Swingle (Bui. 53. Bureau of Plaut Industry, p. GT) to
aggi-ogate 3.tJ0O° F.

6 The total number of productive date palms in the .Terid in generally placed
at from 600,000 to 700,000. although some authorities estimate as high as
1,000.000 trees.

c Estimated in 1893 to amount to 660,000 pounds, while in 1904 more than
four times that quantity (2.860,0<X) pounds) is said to have been purchased for
export — 550,000 pounds by a single French firm. The annual exports of
Deglet Xoor dates from the ports of Tunis are said to have averaged in recent
years 1,175,000 to 2,200,000 pounds, all of this quantity having been grown in
the .Terid oases.

d Designed to prevent the Introduction of phylloxera.
92

VARIETIES OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE. 65

As to the (luality ot" tlio Di'^lct Noor dates {jroduced in Ihc ,Ierid
oases, the buyer for a well-known French iniportinir house, who had
operated (hiring several previous years in tiie Oued Kirh hut who
last season (15)04) made his purchases in the Tunis oases, was of the
opinion that the latter reijion surpasses the Oued Rirli oases in the
quality of its I)e<2:let Xoor dates. As compared with the fruits of
this variety grown in the Oued Souf," those of the Jerid are larger,
softer, and of finer appearance, while the Deglets of the Souf are
said to be superior in keeping quality.

The natives consider a sandy soil as decidedly more favorable to
the quality of the Deglet Noor fruit than one containing much silt
or clay.

Deglet Xoor dates begin to ripi'u in (juantity in the Jerid toward
the end of October: Masselot gives October 25 as the usual date.
The harvest of 1JH)4 commenced al)out that date and continued
throughout November, December, and the Hrst days of Jamiary, 11)05.
The crop is generally purchased on the trees for al)out two-thirds of
the price which the dates bring at wholesale at Marseille, and the
buyer undertakes the gathering'' and packing of the fruit. In 1904,
when the crop was an unusually abundant one both in the Jerid and
the Oued Rirh and the price correspondingly low, these dates sold on
the trees for about $2.59 \)vv 100 pounds, and brought at Marseille
from $3.54 to $3.88. In liK)3. when the crop was much smaller,
Deglet Noor dates from the Jerid sold at Marseille for from $4.75 to
$4.80 per 100 pounds. The season of 1904 was unusually favorable
to the ({uality as well as the yield, less than 0.3 inch of rain having
fallen at Tozer during the months of September and October together,
and only 0.2 inch during November.

The Deglet Noor is slower in coming into full bearing than most
other varieties, the palms generally not giving a good crop until they
are ten years old, wdiile the Fteemy variety begins to yield largely
when only four or five years old. The fruit of very young trees is
said to be usualW inferior in quality. AVhile some varieties bear well
every year, a Deglet Noor palm produces largely only every second
or third year, and the average crop is smaller than that of many less
esteemed kinds. The average yield in the Jerid of Deglet Noor palms
in full bearing is stated by one authority to be 132 pounds,'' while

a See Bui. 86, Bureau of Plant Industry, p. 24.

& See p. 52 for an account of the niethods of harvesting. .

c In Algeria the average product of this variety is variously estimated to be
from 88 to 132 pounds. (See Bui. r>3, Bureau of Plant Industry, p. 85.) On
account of its relatively low productiveness and its delicacy of constitution, the
inhabitants of the Mzab oases are somewhat prejudiced against this variet.v,
notwithstanding the undeniable excellence of its fruit. But, being largely

30618— No. 92—06 5

6(3

DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

for the Fteemy and Kenta varieties 200 and 300 pounds, respectively,
ure not considered extraordinary yields.

Opinions differ in the Jerid as to the degree of resistance of this
variety to large amounts of salts in the soil. The proprietor of one
garden at Tozer, in a part of the oasis where there is much saline
efflorescence, regarded the Deglet Noor as the most susceptible of all
varieties to the effect of " alkali," while at El Hamma experts in date
culture told the writer that, if freely irrigated, this variety shows a
high degree of resistance.

Boo Affar (p. 101).— A soft date (PI. IX, fig. 2), about 2 inches
long and from a little more than one-half to three-fifths as wide,
conspicuously wider above than below the middle but narrowed to
the blunt apex, bright purplish maroon when ripe, the flesh 3 to 3^
lines thiclv, tender yet firm, the seed a little more than one-half as
long as the fruit, cinnamon brown. (Fig. 8.) The stalks and

branches of the fruit clusters are deep
orange. The foliage is said to be heavy
and the leaves wide and very green.

This variety occurs in the gardens
of El Hamma oasis (Jerid) and in
the Nefzaoua, but is nowhere common.
The fruit is remarkable not only for
its large size, thick flesh, and delicious
flavor, but for its beautiful coloring,
its tints rivaling those of scarlet oak
leaves in the autumn. The fruit ripens
rather late (in November, according
to Masselot). It resembles that of the
Areshty variety (see p. 70), but is mucli more highly colored. It is
said to be better flavored than the Areshty when thoroughly ripe, and
in the writer's opinion this is true. On the other hand, the natives
prefer the fruit of Areshty to those of Boo Afl'ar when only partly
ripe. The flesh is tender, yet rather firm, and is very sweet and full
of sugar. The skin, even of the ripe fruit, is fairly clean and dry.
Of this variety 8 offshoots were imported.

Tronja (p. 99).— (Also spelled Troundja.) A soft date (PI. IX,
fig. 1), perfectly round, or nearly so, 1^ to nearly 2 inches in greatest
diameter, maroon to prune purple when ripe, the flesh 4 to 5 lines
thick, very sugary, yet firm ; the seed very thick, six-tenths to seven-
tenths as long as the fruit and about three-fifths as long as wide,

engaged in other business, they are not so dependent for a livelihood upon the
product of their date pahns as are tlie natives of other Saliaran oases, else they
would probably tittach greater importance to the connnercial superiority of the
Deglet Noor, (See Charlet, in Bui. Soc. Geogr. d' Alger, 1005.)
92

FiG.8.-

-Outlines of Boo Affar seed and
fruit. (Natural size.)

VARIETIES OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE.

67

Fio. 9.— Outlines of Tronja seed
and fruit. (Natural size.)

iniK'h furrowed. Tho foliage (IM. IV, fip;. 1 ) is dense, the leaves wide,
crowded Willi leaflets, and droopin<2: gracefully at the ends.

This is a rare variety, apparently confined to Tunis, occurring spar-
inirlv in the Jerid and the Nefzaoua. The fruit, which rii)ens in
October, is remarkable for its large size, the thickness of its flesh, and
its globular shape. The short, very thick
seed is also characteristic. (Fig. 9.)

This date is highly esteemed by the
natives. The flesh is very firm and even
somewhat tough, extremely sweet, and very
rich flavored, the flavor suggesting that
of the Fteeniy. Tronja dates can not be
oaten in large quantity, as their richness
soon cloys, but as a dessert fruit they are
ver}' promising. They ripen in October.
Of this variety 8 offshoots were imported.
Boo Facoos (p. 101). — The name (in
French orthography. Bou Fagous, or Feg-
gouss) signifies " father of the cucum-
ber." A soft date. If to 1^ inches long,
considerably more than one-half as wide,
constricted near the middle and widest toward the apex, maroon to
prune purple when ripe, the flesh 2^ lines thick, the seed from a little
more than one-half to five-eighths as long as the fruit, rather slender.
(Fig. 10.) The orange-colored stalks of the fruit clusters are
sharply curved and so short that the rather small bunches hardly
extend beyond the leafstalks. The foliage of this, as of several
other of the finest varieties, is of a light and delicate aspect, due in

this case to the relatively few leaves
and the narrowness of the leaflets. The
leaves themselves are large and wide.
As in the Deglet Noor, they curve down-
w^ard very noticeably. In color they
are an unusually rich green. The spines
of the leafstalks are few and Weak.
The ofi'shoots remain small while at-
tached to the parent tree, and the Arabs
Fig. lo.-outiines of Boo Fagoos seed advise that greater carc be taken to keep
and fruit. (Natural size.) j-j-^^j^^ moist after removal and before

planting than is necessary wnth most other varieties.

The variety is rather common, but nowhere abundant, in the oases
of the Jerid, to wdiich it appears to be confined in Tunis, although
said to occur also in the Mzab oases of Algeria. It is in high repute
among the natives, being exported to all parts of Tunis and Al-

92

68

DATE VAEIETIES AND DATE CULTUKE IN" TUNIS.

geria. The large fruit is remarkable for its unusual shape, some-
what like that of some varieties of gherkins, to which it doubtless
owes its Arabic name. The flesh is thick and rather firm, yet tender.
It is very sweet and has a very distinctive and highl}' attractive
flavor. It ripens late in October. Of Boo Fagoos offshoots 16 were
imported.

Tafazweex (p. 101). — {Name spelled by French writers " Tafa-
zaouine.") A soft date, 2 to 2|^ inches long, about two-fifths as
wide, oblong, tapering slightly from base to apex, bright bay col-
ored when ripe, the
skin conspicuously
marked with short
linear scars, the flesh
1| to 2 lines thick, the
s 1 e n d e r seed about
three-fifths as long as
the fruit. (Fig. 11.)
This variety is com-
mon in the Oued Souf ,
in Algeria, where it is
considered one of the
best dates of the re-
gion." It is also found
in the Mzab and Oued
Ivirh oases of Algeria.
In the Jerid, where the
name is pronounced
'' Tafazweent," it is
extremelj^ rare. The
handsome fruit is easily recognized by its long, narrow shape, bright
bay color, and curiously marked skin. It is said to ripen in October.
The flesh is soft and translucent, like that of the Deglet Noor. It is
very sweet and of excellent flavor, in this respect somewhat resem-
Ijling Lagoo, l)ut superior. Twenty-one offshoots of this promising
variety were imported, of Avhicli onl}^ one Avas obtained in Tunis.

Fteemy {p. 100). — (Xame spelled by French authorities'"' Ftimi.")
A soft date (PI. X, fig. 3), If to 2 inches long, about one-half as
wide, oblong, slightly narrowed at both ends, dark purplish maroon
when ripe, the surface shining, the flesh soft and sirupy, about 2
lines thick, the seed a little more than one-half as long as the fruit,
slender. (Fig. 12.)

o See Bui. SO, Bureau of Plant Industry, I). 20.

Fig. 11.— Tafazween seeds and fruits. (Natural size.)

92

VARTETTES OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE.

69

The foliairc of this variety (PI. XW) is luxuriant and tho luinior-
ous leaves ai'c lona'. wide, and crowded with l()n<>:, broad leallets. In
eoloi- thev are decidedly l)luish, owinir to the presence of a heavy
white bloom. AVhen this is rubbed otl'. a rich, deep irrass-ffreen color
appears. The spines are stout and <rr(H'n. The deep oran£>-e-coloi'ed
stalks of the fruit clusters are shorter, much stouter, and much less
bent than in the Dejjlet Noor, so that tlie bunches do not hanii: <lown
belovv- t!ie crown of foliaoje, as in that variety. The clusters them-
selves are shorter and more crowded with I'ruit.

This is by far the most abinulant variety in the .Terid oases, com-
prisin<i- i)robably at least one-third of all the date palms in that
region. The best fruit of this varivty is said to I)e ]iro(luced in the
oasis of Kriz (El Oudiane). In the Nefzaoua it is not abundant,
and in the oases near the coast it is of relatively snudl importance.
In the oases of eastern Al^reria, althou<ih o(.,)<)Tai)hically so near
the Jerid and in such close communication with the latt(M' region,

this variety seems to be little known.

althouah at Ourlana, in the Oued I\irh,

it is said to occur undi'i- the name of

" Bou Aroussa " (father of the bride).

After the Dejrlct Noor, Fteemy is the

variety most (jenerally esteemed amouii'

the natives of the Jerid. Its groat im-

jDortance is shown by the fact that it is

apparently the only variety of which

the fruits are differently designated,

according to Avhether thev are in the

bunch (halig) or detached (mantoor).

other parts of Tunis and Algeria and even, it is said, to Europe

(probably to Italy). It is one of the kinds that is most sought after

by the nomadic Arabs who barter the grain they raise in the plateau

region for the dates of the Jerid.

Although inferior in flavor to the Deglet Noor, the Fteemy is

unquestionably an excellent variety, greatly excelling the Deglet

Noor in vigor, rapid growth," early productiveness, and large yields.

The oblong fruit when ripe is of a fine reddish-purple color, which

contrasts strikingly with the deep orange branches of the clusters.

It is very rich in flavor, extremely sweet, and so soft and sirupy as

to melt in the mouth wdien fresh. It can not be eaten in great

oMr. Bernard G. Johnson, who is stationed at the cooperative date garden
of the Bin-eau of Plant Industry and the California experiment station at
Mecca. Cal., reported in Octoher, 1905, that amon.ij; the offshoots from Tunis
planted there in May of the same year, those of the Fteemy variety were show-
ing signs of growth in larger proportion than those of any other kind.

92

Fk;. 12.— Outlines of Fteemy seed
and fruit. (Natural size.)

It is largely exported to

70 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

quantity, however, without cloying. A further disadvantage is that
owing to the excess of sirup it contains, it becomes verj^. sticky, and
is therefore less satisfactory as a dessert fruit than the Deglet Noor.
It is said to be easily preserved, and the Fteemy was enumerated at
Kebili among the seven best-keeping sorts. Fteemy dates sold at
Tozer in 1904 for about $1 per hundred pounds on the tree, which
was about two-fifths of the price then being paid for Deglet Xoor
dates. The ofl^^shoots are cheaper than those of the Deglet Noor,
48 cents being the average price of a good offshoot.

The offshoots of this variety are frequently allowed to gi'ow up
around the parent stem, so that at length it is often hard to distin-
guish the original trunk. This is never permitted in the case of the
Deoflet Xoor, the offshoots of that varietv being alwavs removed for
planting while still quite small.

The habit of blossoming a second time, generally in July, is more
characteristic of this than of any other Tunisian variety. The sec-
end-crop dates, being unpollinated, are seedless and remain small and
green. In the autumn it is not uncommon to see large clusters of
<hem overtopping the bunches of highly colored ripe dates. They
remain upon the trees throughout the winter, and are said to become
soft and edible in May.

The Fteemy variety is considered one of the most productive, giv-
ing a good crop every year. Trees bearing 15 to 20 well-filled
clusters are frequently seen, and 200 pounds is by no means an un-
usual vield. The trees begin to bear a considerable amount of fruit
when only five years old. so that this variety comes into bearing about
twice as rapidly as the Deglet Xoor.

Fteemy is a late-ripening variety, its fruit beginning to mature
in quantity at the same time as the Deglet Xoor (about October 20).
As the dates can be left on the trees a long time after they are ripe
without deterioration, unless much rain falls, the harvest of this
variety is generall}^ postponed until after that of the Deglet Xoor.
Fteemy dates are generally the last to be gathered, often remaining
on the palms until the end of January.

In respect to ability to withstand "* alkali "* in the soil, the pro-
prietor of a garden in the saline part of the oasis of Tozer told the
writer that he considers this the most resistant variety, more so even
than Kenteeshy. xVt Xefta the amins and other agricultural experts
ranked it among the four most alkali-resistant varieties of the oasis.
At El Hamma also it is regarded as one of the three or four most
resistant kinds, provided it is abundantly irrigated. Of this variety
25 offshoots were imported.

Areshty (p. 101). — (Xame spelled Arichti by French writers.) A
soft date. If to 2^ inches long, one-half to two-thirds as wide, slightly

92

VAKIKTIES OF PRT^rARV T^r POISTANCE.

71

larjror nhovo tluiii 1)o1<)\y tho middle. l)r():id and rounded at the apex,
liirht l):iv or hazel hrown when line, tlu' flesh '2i to 8 lines thick, firm
hut tender, the seed about one-half as lonij as the fruit, rather thick,
irre<rularly i-ouirhened. (Fig. 13.) The stalks and branches of the
fruit clusters are pale orange. The foliage of this variety is i-ather
liirlit. and the leaves drooj) somewhat as in Deglet Xoor palms. The
Arabs say that the foliage of the Areshty is greener than that of the
Deglet Xoor. The leaflets are long, narrow, and rather sparse. The
si)ines on the leafstalks are c<)mi)aratively few, slender, and weak.
The trunk is stout.

Frequent in the oases of the Jerid. the Nefzaoua. and Gabes. but
nowhere abundant in Tunis. At (iabes the fruits are smaller and
duller colored than in the Jerid. and are said not to preserve Avell.
It occurs also in Algeria, at Biskra, and in the Oued Rirh. This is
one of the largest dates grown in Tunis. The fruit is generally egg-
shaped. It rii)ens about the middle
of ()ctol)er, but is considered by the
natives to be at its best before it is
perfectly mature, although to an
American palate it would doubtless
be preferable when ripe. The flavor
of the thoroughly ripe fruit is agree-
able, although not very remarkable.
AVhile not as rich and sweet as the
Boo Affar (see p. 6G), it is whole-
some, nut-like, and not easily cloying.
The flesh becomes quite firm and the
ripe fruit keeps its shape well when preserved. Thirteen Areshty
oifshoots were imported.

Fig. 13.— Outlines uf Areshty seed and
fruit. (Natural size.)

DRY DATES.

HoRRA (p. 08).— The name is also spelled Hourra, Harra. and
Herra. and means "pure" or "noble.'" A dry date (PL X, fig.
1), about 2 inches long, about one-half as wide, ovate, narrowed from
the base to the rounded apex, rather dull purplish maroon when ripe,
the flesh 2 to ^ lines thick, with its white central zone much thicker
than the dark outer portion, the seed usually about one-half as long
as the fruit. (Fig. 14.) The stalks and branches of the fruit clus-
ters are orange yellow. The leaves are large, with very numerous
slender leaflets.

This variety, which also occurs in Algeria — at Biskra and in the
Oued Bvirh— is frequent in the Jerid and abundant in the Xefzaoua,
where, the Deglet Xoor not being grown, it is generally esteemed as
the finest variety. At Gabes there are a few- trees, but the variety

92

72 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

does not thrive well so near the sea. The fruit is the largest and
finest i:)rodiiced by any variety of the dry date class. This, indeed,
can be regarded as a connecting link between the dry dates and some
of the firni-fleshed type of soft dates (Khalt Horraowia, Khalt Mooa-
shem, etc.). Horra dates ripen in September and October. The
flesh becomes quite solid in the ripe fruit, but is never extremely
hard and dry. It has the characteristic nutty flavor of the dry dates,
but is much riclier than most of them. It is at its best only when
perfectly mature. Europeans who are acquainted with this date
praise it highly. Du Paty de Clam " pronounces it a " rival of the
Deglet [Noor]." The commandant of the French garrison at Kebili
likes it better than the Deglet Noor, and gives it the preference over
all other varieties for planting in his garden. Not only is it highly
esteemed by the natives, but it is said to be exported to Europe and

even to France. The caid of Kebili
ranks it among the seven best-keep-
ing varieties of the Nefzaoua. It is
a medium early sort, ripening in the
latter part of October. The palms
have not a very vigorous look, yet
they appear to be resistant to alkali
in the soil and to thrive with less
irrigation than such varieties as
Deglet Noor and Fteemy. Forty-
FiG. i4.-outiiDes of Horra seed and ^,j i ^ offshoots of this Variety wcrc

fruit. (Natural size.) '^ "^

imported. Nearly all of these were
obtained in the Nefzaoua, as in the Jerid offshoots are scarce and the
natives are reluctant to part with them.

Kenta (p. 97).— A date of the dry type (PL X, fig. 2), 1^ to 1%
inches long, about one-half as wide, narrowed from the middle or
above it to the broad apex, dull bay colored when ripe, much of the
skin loosened in large blisters in the ripe fruit, the flesh 1^ to 2 lines
thick, the seed somewhat more than one-half as long as the fruit,
rounded at both ends, light brown. (Fig. 15.) The leaves of this
variety are rather broad, with numerous long, narrow leaflets. The
long leafstalks are spiny only near the base. The light orange stalks
of the fruit clusters are stout and horizontal or ascending, and so
short that with the bunches they do not equal the leafstalks. The
clusters themselves are short, thick, and densely crowded with fruit.

This is one of the most highly esteemed and most widely grown of
the dry dates found in Tunis, and is said also to occur in Algeria.
While abundant in the Jerid, it is relatively much more important

n Etude sur lo D.ierid. Bui. Googr. Hist, et Descr., No. 3 (-1893). Separate,
issued in 1894, p. 12. , . I'Mf!. .

02

VARIETIES OF PIUMAKV IMPORTANCE. 73

in the Nefzaoiui. One-fourth of the pahns in the oasis of Kebili are
said to be of this variety, and the French e<)innian(hint there has
selected it, toii:ether with Horra (see p. 71), for phuiting in his garden.
It is also very iini)oi"tant at (labes, where it is ranked among the six
best kinds of tlu' region. The fruit is of medium size and, as indi-
cated in the key (j). DT). is remarkable among the dry dates for the
manner in which the skin becomes loosened into large blisters, which
is usually a peculiarity of the soft dates rather than of the (h-y dates.
The flesh is rather thin and becomes quite firm, although not very dry,
in the perfectly ripe fruit. The surface is clean and dry, even when
the fruit is quite ripe. It is not sirupy, althougli pleasantly sweet,
and can be eaten in (piantity without cloying. The flavor is very
agreeable, wlu)les()me, and of the nutty quaHty characteristic of most
dry dates. Dates of this type, if extensively grown in this country,
might become an important element in the diet of those who prefer
vegetable to animal food." Fruit of this variety is said to sell on the
trees at $1.12 to $1.20 per hundred pounds,
a little less than on;>-half the selling price
of Deglet Noor dates.

The Kenta date is one of the best in keeping
quality of the dry dates, retaining its shajw
perfectly and never becoming extremely
hard, as do most of that class. At Gabes
it is preserved in earthenware jars, and is
said by the amins (agricultural experts) to

•^ ,1 • /•! Fig. lo.-Outlines of Kfiita seed

be one of the two best keeping sorts oi the and fruit. (Natural size.)
region. One of the amins, wishing to em-
phasize its importance as a staple article of food, likened it to
wheat or barley and the soft dates to confectionery. The caid of
Kebili cited it among the seven best-keeping varieties. It is an im-
portant article of connnerce between the inhabitants of the oases and
the natives of other parts of Tunis and Algeria, and is said even to be
exported from the Nefzaoua to Europe (probably to Italy).

Kenta is a comparatively early ripening variety, maturing in the
Jerid about the middle of October and perhaps earlier. Its fruits,
like those of others of its type (e. g., Angoo and Remta), are said to
be less liable than the soft dates to be spoiled if rain falls upon them
when in the ripening stage. At Gabes it is regarded as one of the
two most productive varieties. It is said to give an abundant crop
every year. In the Jerid many trees are pointed out as yielding 330
pounds of fruit. M. Minangoin mentions a tree at El Oudiane that
is said to produce 770 pounds, and also trees at Kebili at least 200
years old that still yield 2G5 pounds of fruit annually.

aAs suggested by Mr. O. F. Cook. See Bui. 53, Bureau of Plaut Industry, p. 31.
92

74 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

In the Jorid, Kenta is said to be the most salt-resistant variety in
hii>h-lyino-, well-drained huid. At Gabes, on the other hand, it is
cited as the only variety that is not salt resistant; but this may be
because most of the saline land of the oases is low and badly drained.

P'orty-three offshoots of this variety were imported, the great major-
ity of which were obtained in the Nefzaoua oases.

VARIETIES OF SECONDARY IMPORTANCE.

PRY DATES.

Angoo (p. 97). — Fruit barely 1 inch long, about seven-tenths as
wide, sometimes broadest below, sometimes above the middle, bright
bay colored when ripe, much of the skin becoming loosened in large
blisters, the flesh a little more than 1 line thick, becoming firm and
dry, the wdiite central portion thicker than the dark-colored outer
zone, the seed about tw-o-thirds as long as the fruit, about one-half
as wide as long, light (drab) brown. (Fig. IG.)
The stalks of the fruit clusters are lemon yellow
(not orange). The branches of the clusters are
very densely crowded with the small fruits, which
liang on persistently after ripening instead of be-
coming easily detached.

This, the smallest fruited of the Tunisian vari-
eties, is found apparently only in the Jerid, and is
Fig. i6.-outiines of |^p^^ kuown as El Hamma. It appears to be no-

Angoo seed and ...... , .

fruit.- (Natural where common. Despite its diminutive size and thin
^^^^•^ flesh, this little date is one of the most attractive of

the dry type. Because of its moderately sweet, nutty, wholesome
flavor it can be eaten in large quantity without cloying, and should
be a healthful food. Like Kenta (see p. 72), it is exceptional among
the dry dates, because its skin becomes loosened into blisters over
much of the surface of the fruit. The fruits are said to be little in-
jured by autumn rains. They ripen in midautumn, keep w^ell, and
are much sought by the nomads of other parts of Tunis and Algeria.
Of this variety ten offshoots were imported.

Thaby (p. 1)8). — The name, which means " golden," is also written
" Dzhabi," and is sometimes pronounced as if spelled Derby." Fruit
1| inches or slightly longer, about one-half as wide, oblong, often
slightly constricted a little above the base, somewdiat pointed at
apex, bright reddish brown when ripe; the flesh 1 to 1^ lines thick,
rather tough, the dark-colored outer zone apparently much thicker

<'A variety called El Darbla. described as having a "green, dry fruit of
medium size," occurs in Algeria.
92

VARTETTES OF SKPONDAin' TMPORTANOE.

75

FlO. IT.- Outlim-sul Thaby soed
and fruit. (Natural size.)

than tho white inner poi-lion: swA altout ihrec-fit'ths as lon<>; as ihv
fi'uit. lathci- sl(Mi(l('r. ( I''i^'. IT.) The stalks and branches of the
fi nit chisters are rich orange (•()h)red.

This variety aj)i)ears to be confined to the Jerid. and to be by no
means common there. It is one of the liandsoinest of the (h'v dates,
and one of the most attractive when preserved, keeping perfectly its
shaj)e and its b(<autifnl warm, reddish brown coh)r. UnHke most of
thi' (by (hites, in this variety the comparatively soft and dark part
of the Hesh is thicker than the hrm, white
core. It has an agi'eeable, wholesome
flavor, and can be eaten in qnantity with-
out cloyini; It iiiatiii-es in Octobei'. Of
the Thaby variety, hfteen offshoots wen-
imported.

Lemsv (p. 00). Fniit U to 1§ inches
lonfj, about one-half as wide, elliptical in
outline, not conspicuously narrowed to the
ape.x, often sli<;htly curved, dull purplish
maroon when ripe; the flesh 1 to 2 lines thick, becoming very firm
and dry ; the seed about two-thirds as long as the fruit, generally one-
third as wide as long. (P'ig. 18.) The branches of the fruit clusters
are orange colored.

This variety is said to be known in the Nefzaoua as Halooa Hamra.
It is common at Gabes and in the Xefzaoua, but is apparently want-
ing in the Jerid. It is a small, thin-fleshed, dry date, sometimes pre-
served, but usually eaten fresh and even
before it is perfectly ripe, as the flesh soon
becomes dry and hard. It is deliciously
sweet and has a fine flavor, tasting some-
what like a chestnut. At Gabes, where it
is regarded as a great delicacy, it is said to
mature at the end of August, at the same
time as Ammary (see p. 87). Of Lemsy

Fig. 18.-Outlinos ot Lemsy .seed ^^^q offshootS Were imported.

and fruit. (Natural size.) ^^ „ , „„> »i ^ n i

Halooa Bayda (p. 99).— Also spelled
" Halouaia," which designates the palm, " Halooa " referring to the
fruit itself. The name means " white sweetmeat." Fruit U to U
inches long, about one-half wide, elliptical in outline, not con-
spicuously narrowed at the apex, widest near the middle, dull pur-
plish bay when ripe ; the flesh 1 to 1^ lines thick, becoming very firm
and dry; the seed about seven-tenths as long as the fruit and one-
third to two-fifths as wide as long. (Fig. 19.) The branches of the
fruit clusters are pale orange.

92

76

DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTUKE IN TUNIS,

This variety. AA-hich is not common in the Jerid, abounds in the

Xefzaona. The Halooa of the Alo-erian oases
appears to be distinct (see p. 99). It is much
like the Lemsy (see p. To), but the fruit is even
smaller. It ripens rather early (October 10,
accordino; to ]\Iasselot), and is generally eaten
fresh, l^ecoming hard and dry when preserved.
Because of their simple, wholesome flavor and
not excessive sweetness, the writer found it
Fig. 19.— outune^f Halooa possible to eat dates such as Lemsy and Halooa

Bayda seed and fruit. ,.,t . ciji ji'-i-

(Natural size.) Jiayda much more freely than the rich, sirupy

kinds. Otfshoots of this variety to the number
of ."21, mostly obtained in the Nefzaoua, were imported.

SOFT DATES.

MoKii Begry (p. 100). — French orthography, Moukh Begri. The
name signifies ''the lu'ain of an ox." Fruit (PI. X, fig. 4) 1^ to 1^
inches long, about three-fourths as wide, broadest at the base and
narrowed thence to the broad rounded apex, flattened on the sides,
1 >right bay colored when ripe ; the flesh very soft, about 1^ lines thick,
rather dark colored, translucent; the seed light brown, one-half to
two-thirds as long as the fruit, about twice as
long as wide, rounded at both ends. (Fig. 20.)
The stalks and branches of the fruit clusters
are light orange.

This is an extremeh" rare and much esteemed
variety, apparently occuring only in the Jerid
oases. The trees are said not to l)ear heavily.
The dates are rather small and liave an unusual
shape. The translucent flesh is very soft, but
the fruit is said to preserve well. It is very
sweet and of delicious flavor, resembling and
perhaps equaling the Deglet Noor. The fruits
ripen in the latter part of October. After a thorough search only
two offshoots could be procured for importation.

Baydh Hamma^i. (p, JOO). — The name means " pigeon egg." Fruit
If to If inches long, three-eights to five-eighths as wide, egg-shaped,
broadest near the middle, rather conspicuoush^ blunt pointed at apex,
not keeping its shape well, dark chestnut brown with a tinge of
maroon when ripe; the flesh very soft and dark colored, about 2
lines thick ; the seed one-half to five-eighths as long as the fruit, one-
third to two-fifths as wide as long, dark brown. (Fig. 21.) The
stalks and branches of the fruit clusters are orange colored. The

92

Fig. :i().— Outlines of Mokh
Befjry seed and fruit,
t Natural size.)

VARIETIES OF SECONDARY IMPORTANCE.

77

Fio. :il. Outliufs of Baydh Ham-
luaiii seud aud fruit. (Natural
size.)

f<)lia<ji' is of a rather dclicato aspect and (he leaves numerous, the
h'alU'ts h)n<r, narrow , and rather sparse.

This is a handsome ihirk-hrown (h>te, with very soft dark-colored
flesh. It is ahvays eaten fresh, not being conservable. It is exceed-
ingly sweet. The flavor ol" the perfectly ri[)e fruit is agreeable and
very characteristic, resembling that of Tozer Zaid Safni (see p. 85).
To the wi-iter's taste, howex'er. it is far less attractive than that of
the Deglet Noor type or even of the dry
dates, and it very soon cloys. The natives
esteem it highly, as is shown by the fact
that in harvesting the Baydh Ilannnam
the clusters are carefully passed from
hand to hand down the trunk, instead of
being dropped to the ground by the man
Avho cuts them. The Baydh Ilammam is
connnon in the Jerid. and is said to occur
also in the Xefzaoua, as well as in Al-
geria (Biskra and Oued Kirh). It rip-
ens rather late, hardly before November.
Of this variety 20 oft'shoots were imported, all from the Jerid.
KsEBA (p. 100). — (Kessebi is probably another spelling of the same
name.) Fruit about U inches long, two-thirds as wide, ovate or oblong
ovate, widest below the middle, purplish maroon or bay when ripe ; the
flesh 2 to 2^ lines thick, firm yet tender; the seed very nearly two-
thirds as long as the fruit, two-fifths as wide as long, russet brown.
(Fig. 22.) The branches of the fruit clusters are deep orange. The

foliage is characterized by having few spines,
and these are slender and weak.

This variety is rare in the Jerid, but in
the Nefzaoua, at Gabes, and at (lafsa it is
one of the most important sorts. A date of
the same name, described as a soft date, and
possibly identical, occurs in the Oued Kirh
oases of Algeria. The fruit, which pre-
serves well, is very sweet and well flavored,
Fig. 22.— Outlines of Kseba seed j,^ ^jjy latter rcspcct being intermediate be-

and fruit. (Natural size.) , ^^ -, ^ , /— . i orv\

tween Horra and Lagoo (see pp. (1 and SO).
The Kseba variety, which ripens easily at Gafsa (see p. 20), may be
found valuable for regions where the temperatures are not sufficiently
hiijh to mature the Deglet Noor and other choice sorts. Its fruits
ripen in October. Offshoots to the number of 15 were imported.

DooNGA (p. 101). — Sometimes spelled " Denanga."" Fruit a little
more than 1^ inches lonsr, six-tenths to seven-tenths as wdde, egg-

oThe " Uengiii " varifty found at Gabes is a differeut date.

92

78

DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

shaped, broadest near the base, dull dark purplish maroon when ripe ;
the flesh 1^ to 2 lines thick, the firm white central portion nearly as
. thick as the soft, dark outer zone : seed small and thick, only about
one-half as long as the fruit and about one-half as wide as long,
narrowed at both ends. (Fig. 23.) The stalks and branches of the
fruit clusters are light orange.

This variety, which is one of the most highly esteemed and fre-
quently planted in the Nefzaoua, does not appear to be found in the
Jerid. It is a dark-colored, rather small date, with moderately soft,
dark-colored flesh, and with a clean, dry skin. It is very SM'eet and
of a fine flavor, suggesting that of the Deglet Xoor. The number of
Doonga offshoots imported was 10, all from the Xefzaoua.

Besser Haloo (p. 101).— Also spelled " Bisra Haloua." The name
means a sweetmeat (haloo) that is eaten just before it is thoroughly
ripe (besser). Fruit 1^ to 1^ inches long, about tAvo-thirds as wide,
broadest at or above the middle, rounded at the apex, keeping its
shape well when ripe, bright bay colored ; the flesh 2 lines thick, com-
paratively dry when the fruit is ripe, light brown ; the seed two-thirds

to three-fourths as
the fruit
two-fifths
as wide as long,
with more or less

long

as

generally

conspicuous
like ridges on
sides. (Fig

w 1 n g

&•

Flu. 2:^.— Outlines of Doonga
seed and fruit. ^Natural
size.)

Fig. 24.— Outlines of Besser
Haloo seed and fruit. (Nat-
ural size. )

The leaves are short

and rather stiff, with

comparatively short

stalks and wide leaf-
lets. The spreading or ascending stalks of the fruit clusters are so
short that the small bunches are nearly hidden by the foliage.

This is a common and highly esteemed variety in the Jerid, and is
said to be found also in the Xefzaoua, as well as at Biskra and in the
Oued Rirh, in Algeria. It is one of the kinds that is most sought by
the nomads of the interior, who come to the oases in the autumn to
exchange their grain for dates. It is a small, light-colored date, with
thick, comparatively firm flesh. It is very sweet and has an agree-
able flavor, somewhat intermediate between that of Lagoo (p. 80) and
that of Horra (p. 71). The natives seem to prefer it when not per-
fectly ripe. It matures early in October. According to information
obtained by M. Minangoin, it yields a good crop every year and is
one of the six most productive varieties of the Jerid. At Nefta the
amins (see p. 32) rank it among the four most salt-resistant varieties

92

VAUIETIKS OF SECH)^•DAUV IMrOKTANCE.

79

Tho stalks aiul hranches of

Fi(i. 25.— Outlines of Okht Ftcemy seed and
fruit. (Natural size.)

of the oasis. ( )f lliis variety 18 oli'shoots were iiiiixd-tcd. all iVoiii llif

rh'i'itl.

Okiit Ftkkimy (p. lO'J), — Tho Froiich ortho<rrai)hy is Oukht Ftiiui.
The naiiu' iiu'ans " sister of Fteeniy," this vari(>ty irreatly re-
.<euil)iin<' Fteeiiiv in its trunk and foliap' characters, as well as in its
fruits. Fruit '1 to 'l}- inches lonjr. about two-lifths as wide, oblonj^,
strai<,dit, somewhat pointed at the ape.x, deep purplish maroon ^vhen
ripe, the surface shininjr: the llesh '1\ to '^ lines thick, soft; the seed
slender, about one-half as lon^' as the fruit, less than one-third as
wide as lonj^. dark bi-own. (Fiji. •!').)
the tVuit clusters are rich oran«re.
The nuniei'()U> leaves ai'e lon<r and
broad, crowded with lon^jf li'aflets.
The many fi'uit clusters are short-
stalked and almost hidden by the
f()lia<jfe.

This variety appears to be con-
fined to the Jerid, beinj; especially
abundant at Xefta, where it is i)re-
f erred to Fteemy. while at Tozer
the latter is better liked. The very handsome fruit is Ioniser and
more slender than that of Fteemy {\). (IS), and is often brijxhter col-
ored, but is otherwise very similar. In regard to flavor, the writer

could detect no diU'erence. Al-
thou<rh very soft and sirupy, the
fruits preserve well, Okht Fteemy
beinjj: enmnerated by one authority
amoiij; the seven best-keepini*" sorts.
The fruits are said to be the kind
most in demand by the nomads
from other parts of North Africa
who obtain their supply of dates
in the Jerid, and who exchange
-1 measures (about 2i pecks) of
Avheat for D measures (about 5^ pecks) of dates of this variety. ■

Okht Fteemy palms give a good crop every year and are very pro-
ductive, this being among the six best-yielding varieties in the Jerid,
according to M. Minangoin. A tree at Xefta, l)y no means excep-
tionally productive, which had 15 well-furnished clusters of fruit,
was estimated by the tenant of the garden in which it gixnv to bear
at least 220 pounds of fruit. These dates are not generally ripe be-
fore November. The amins of Nefta place this among the four most
alkali-resistant varieties of the oasis. Offshoots to the number of 21
were imported.

92

Fig. ;it).— Outline . of Rliars sei-il and fruit.
( Natural size. )

80 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

Eii-iRS (p. 102).— Also known as Ehars (or Ghars or Gheress)
Mettigui. Fruit 1| to over 2 inches long, two-fifths to nearly one-
half as Avide, oblong or inversely egg-shaped, bay colored wdien ripe,
the surface somewhat shining: the flesh 2 to -i lines thick, very soft;
the slender seed about three-fifths as long as the fruit, not more than
one-third as wide as long, broad and rounded at both ends. (Fig.
20.) The ripe fruit does not keep its shape well when preserved.
The stalks and branches of the fruit clusters are bright orange. The
trunk is stout and the foliage luxuriant, the numerous long leaves
being crowded with long, broad leaflets.

This variety, so abundant and so important in the oases of eastern
Algeria, is rare in Tunis, its place being taken by varieties such as
Fteemy and Okht Fteemy. (See pp. 08 and 79.) While the latter,
however, are among the latest ripening kinds, Rhars is one of the
earliest. It is said by Masselot to begin to ripen in the Jerid as
early as the end of July. The fruit is large, bay colored when ripe,
with copious, soft, sirupy, translucent flesh, very sweet and rich

flavored. Although not one of the
best -keeping sorts, it is preserved by
natives in skins for use during the
winter. No offshoots of this variety
were imported from Tunis, as the
Department of Agriculture had pre-
viously introduced large numbers from
Algeria.
riu. :ir.-outuuai ot Lagou seed and Lagoo (p. 102). — Fruit nearly 2

fruit. (Natm-alsize.) .^^^^^^^ j^^^^^^^ j^^^ ^^^.^^^ one-half aS widc,

oblong, tapering slightly to the apex, more or less curved, bay to
light maroon colored when ripe, the surface somewhat shining; the
flesh about 2 lines thick, rather tough, dark colored; the seed slen-
der, three-fifths to two-thirds as long as the fruit, not more than
one-third as wide as long, russet brown, its surface roughened with
fine wrinkles. (Fig. 27.) The stalks and branches of the fruit
clusters are orange colored. The crown of foliage is rather small,
the leaves short and rather stiff", Avith long, rather wide leaflets. The
short, denselv croAvded fruit clusters do not equal the leafstalks.
(PI. VI, fig. 2.)

This variet}' is apparently confined to the Jerid oases, where it is
fairly connnon and is highly esteemed by the nati^^es. It is one of
the earliest kinds, being said to ripen by the middle of September,
and even (according to Masselot) in August. The fruit is of
medium length, narrow, and is dark colored when ripe. The flesh
is rather thin, l)ut soft, very sAveet, and of an agreeable, character-
istic flavor, somcAvhat resembling the Khars variety. It keeps aa^cII
92

VAIUETIES OF SECUJSDAiiV IMPOllTANCE.

81

Fig. 28.— Outlines of Zekry seed
and fruit. (Natural size.)

and i-; exported tliroufjhoiit Tunis and Algeria. Of this variety
23 oti'shoots were imported.

Zekky (p. 103).— Also spelled " Zechri." Fruit U to nearly If
inches long, about one-half as wide, inversely egg-shaped, keeping
its shape fairly well when preserved, bay to maroon when ripe; the
flesh about U lines thick, moderately soft ; the seed betw^een one-half
and two-thirds as long as the fruit, about two-fifths as wide as long.
(Fig. 28.) The stalks and branches of the
fruit clusters are orange colored.

This variety, infrecpient in the -Jerid, is
common in the Xefzaoua, where it is in
high repute. When [)erfectlv ripe the
flesh, although nither thin, is soft and very
sweet. The fiavoi- is characteristic, sug-
gesting both chestnuts and persimmons.
The palms are said to yield heavily. Of
this interesting variety 11 offshoots were
imported, all from the Nefzaoua.

KiiALT MooAsiiEM (p. 104 ) .—The name means "tattooed Khalt.""
Fruit 1| to nearly 2 inches long: alH)ut one-half as wide, egg-shaped,
narrowed from about the middle to the rounded apex, keeping its
shape perfectly when preserved, dark prune purple when ripe, the skin
mostly adhering very closely to the flesh, conspicuously marked with
transverse and longitudinal scars (hence the name) ; the flesh about

2 lines thick, Arm 3x4 tender; the seed
about one-half as long as the fruit,
nearly one-half as wide as long, broad-
est near the middle, light brown, rough.
(Fig. 20.) The branches of the fruit
clusters are bright orange.

A rare variety of the Jerid. The
excellent fruit is characterized by its
dark prune color, curiously scarred
skin, copious flesh, and very sweet,
highly attractive flavor. It apparently
keeps perfectly. Thirteen offshoots
were imported.
Khalt Deglaoavia (p. 104).— The name signifies " Khalt resem-
bling a Deglet (Noor)." Fruit If to If inches long, about one-half
as wide, egg-shaped, narrowed from about the middle to the rounded
apex, keeping its shape well when preserved, dark maroon purple
when ripe, much of the skin loosened into soft blisters, the flesh

o Although the word "khalt" is generally defined as meaning a dry date,
most of the " khalts " of the Jerid oases which have received special names are
60ft dates and often of excellent quality.
30618— No 92—06 6

Fig. 29.— Outlines of Khalt Mooashem
seed and fruit. (Natural size.)

82 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

about 2 lines thick, firm yet tender ; the seed al)Oiit two-fifths as long
as the fruit, about one-third as wide as long, cinnamon brown. (Fig.
30.) The stalks and branches of the fruit clusters are light yellow
(not orange).

This variety occurs apparently only at Nefta, and is not common
there. The fruit is rather small, with fairly thick, firm flesh. The
fine flavor suggests that of the Deglet Noor, which it resembles also
in the shape of the fruit and the maize-yellow color of the branches of
the clusters. Of this rare variety only two offshoots could be pro-
cured.

KiiALT HoRRAOwiA (p. 105).— The name means '' Khalt resembling
Horra." Fruit 1^ to over 2 inches long, narrowed from near the
base to the somewhat pointed apex, keeping its shape well when
preserved, dark maroon purple when ripe ; the flesh 2 to 3 lines thick,
firm yet tender, very sugary; the seed about one-half as long as the
fruit,' about one-third as wide as long. (Fig. 31.) The branches

Fig. ;30.— Outlines of Khalt Degla-
owia seed and fruit. (Natural Fig. 31.-Outlincs of Khalt Horraowia

yj2(5 ) seed and fruit. (Natural size. )

of the fruit clusters are orange colored. The crown of foliage is
Avell developed, the leaves large and the leaflets long and numerous.

A fine variety of the Jerid, by no means common. The large, hand-
some fruit somewhat resembles that of Horra (see p. 71), both in
appearance and flavor. The flesh is copious, firm yet tender, and-
contains a great deal of sugar. Six offshoots were obtained.

VARIETIES or MINOR IMPORTANCE.

DRY DATES.

Bayjoo (p. 97).— French orthography, Radjou. Fruit 1;\ inches
long, about two-thirds as wide, egg-shaped, purplish maroon or bay
colored when ripe ; the flesh 1| lines thick ; the seed nearly two-thirds
as long as the fruit, one-half as wide as long, light brown. (Fig. 32.)
The stalks and branches of the fruit clusters are pale orange colored,
The leaves are numerous, short but with long stalks and rather stiff,
the leaflets long and broad but rather sparse. The small, dense
bunches of fruit hang down on long curved stalks,
P3

VARIETIES OF MINOR IMPORTANCE.

83

Abundant in the Jorid, and occurs also in tlio Nofzaoua. It is one
of the varieties most widely exported to other parts of Tunis and
Algeria. Flavor nutty, a<rreeal)le, but not very characteristic, typ-
ical of the dry date class. Matures in October (the 20th, according
to Masselot). Number of olfshoots imported, 7, all from the Jerid.

Remta (p. 98). — Also spelled liemtsa (probably a misprint).
Fruit li to If inches long, about one-half as wide, oblong, somewhat
pointed ( blunt h') at the apex, generally distinctly constricted a lit-
tle above the base, dark maroon colored when
I'ipe; the flesh about 1 line thick, rather
tough; the seed one-half to two-thirds as
long as the fruit, a little less than one-half
as wide as long. (Fig. ;i;i) The stalks and
branches of the fruit clusters are briaht

Fig. ;ii.— Outlines of Bayjoo
seed and fruit. (Natural
size.)

orange.

Occurs in the Jerid, especially at El Ham-
ma, but appears to be uncommon. Is readily

distinguished from other dry dates by being

generally distinctly constricted a little above

the base; hence resembling Boo Fagoos (see p. 07) in shapp. Flesh

firm, moderately sweet, with an agreeable flavor reseml)liiig that of

Thaby (see p. 75), to which this variety appears to be closely related.

Said to ripen early (in ()ctol)er) and not to be injured by autumn

rains. Number of offshoots imported, 10.

Hamra (p. 98). — The name means "red." Sometimes called

Hamraia (referring to the tree rather than the fruit) .» Fruit

14 to 2 inches long, about one-half as
wide, egg-shaped, tapering from near the
base to the rounded apex, bright pur-
plish maroon when ripe, the colors very
handsome ; the flesh 1 to 3 lines thick, be-
coming quite firm, the dark-colored outer
zone thicker than the white central por-
tion; the seed two-thirds to four-fifths
as long as the fruit, generally about two-
fifths as wide as long, sometimes with
strongly developed wing-like ridges on

the sides. (Fig. 34.) The stalks' and branches of the fruit clusters

are orange colored.

Fairly common in the Jerid and the Nefzaoua, occurring also in

Algeria. Is one of the largest and most showy of the dry dates.

Much resembles Horra (see p. 71) and surpasses it in brightness of

o Hamra Bischry (or Becbry) is said by some of tbe natives of tbe Jerid
to be identical witb Hamra, altbougb described in Algeria as a soft date. Tb^
" Hamraya " Qt tbe Mzab oases is also descTibetJ ^s a soft date,
93

Fig. S3.— Outline.s of Remta seed
and fruit. (Natural size.)

84 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

color, but is decidedly inferior to it in flavor. Ripens in the latter
part of October and the beginning of November. Is not much
esteemed by the natives. Said to keep veil, having been enumerated
at Kebili among the seven best preserving sorts. Number of off-
shoots imported, 4, all from the Jerid.

Kenteeshy (p. 99). — Also spelled Kentichi. Is known in Al-
geria as M'Kentichi Degla. Fruit about 1^ inches long, slightly
more than one-half as wide, oblong or slightly inversely egg-shaped,
dull bay Avhen ripe, the skin remaining j'ellow ; the flesh, 1 to 2|
lines thick, becoming hard and dry; the seed about two-thirds as
long as the fruit, one-third to two-fifths as wide as long, broad and
rounded at both ends. (Fig. 35.) The stalks and branches of the
fruit clusters are dull orange. The palm is strong and vigorous,
with coarse, heavy foliage, long leaves and numerous but rather

distant long and broad leaflets. The
stalks of the fruit clusters are curved,

Fit;. iW.— Uutliues uf Hainra seed and FlG. 35.— Outlines of Keuteeshy

fruit. (Natural size.) seedandfruit. i Natural size.)

forming nearly a semicircle, but do not hang down below the foliage.
Fairly common in the Jerid and much esteemed by the natives, who
are reluctant to part with offshoots, notwithstanding the fact that the
fruit is -small, thin of flesh, and becomes hard and dry almost before it
has lost its astringency. It ripens toward the end of October and
bemnninc: of November. It is moderatelv sweet and rather tasteless.
It yields heavily, being one of the most productive varieties found in
Tunis, and is said to give a good crop every 3'ear. It is reputed to be
very alkali resistant, but to require plenty of water. Kenteeshy is
said to thrive in poor soils where other varieties will not grow and to
be often planted as a wind-break. Number of offshoots imported,
11, all from the Jerid.

SOFT DATES.

Tantaboosht (p. 99). — French orthography, Tantaboucht. Fruit
nearly spherical, usually somewhat wider than long, 1 to H inches in
greatest diameter, usually widest above the middle, slightly depressed

Varieties of minor Importance.

85

nt apox, not koppino: its shape woll whow prosorvcd, vory dark brown

piirplo (almost hlack) wlion ripe; the flesh H to 5 lines thick, very soft

and dark colored; the lar<>:e seed two-thirds to four-fifths as long as

the fruit, one-half to two-thirds as wide as

long, smooth. (Fig. •i<>-) The stalks and

branches of the fruit clusters are deep orange

colored.

Rare in the Jerid. common in Algeria. A
date remarkable for its round shape and very
soft, almost black flesh. Flavor peculiar and
characteristic, even perfectly ripe fruit re-
taining a certain amount of astringency.
Nund)er of ofl'shoots imported (from the
Jerid), 5.

TozER Zatd Safra " (p. 100) .—Fruit U to U
inches long, one-half to two-thirds as wide a^
long, oblong or oblong egg-shaped, widest near

Pto. 3<>.(>utliui's of Tanta-
boosht seed and iruit.
(Natural size.)

Fig. 37.— Outlin -s of Tozer Zaid
Safra seed and fruit. (Natural
size.)

the middle, broad, and rounded nt npex.
not kcM^piiig its shajM' well when preserved;
the flesji U lines thick, extremely soft and
sirupy, nearly black; the relatively large
seed about one-half as long as the fruit,
two-fifths to one-half as Avide as long,
light brown. (Fig. 87.) The leaves are
long and very numerous, with short stalks,
almost concealing the fruit clusters.

Common in the Jerid. Flavor charac-
teristic, resembling that of Baydh Ham-
mam (p. 7(')), not attractive to the writer,

but much appreciated by the natives.
Generally eaten fresh, but sometimes
preserved for a short time in skins.
Yields heavily. Fruit ripens in the
latter part of October. Said at Nefta
to be one of the four most salt-resistant
varieties. Number of oifshoots im-
ported, 9.

TozER Zaid Khala '' (p. 100). — Fruit
1^ to If inches long, three-fifths to
two-thirds as wide, inversely egg-
shaped or ol)long, broad and rounded
at apex, not keeping its shape well

oThe very similar name " Taser Self is applied to a variety occurring in the
Mzab oasis.

6 Said to be known as Abdul Aziz (or Abd-el-Azaz) in the Oued Souf. A
variety of the latter name occurs in the Oued Rirh.
92

Fig. 8«. -Outlines or Tozer Zaid Khala
seed and fruit. (Natural size.)

86

DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

Fig. 39.-

-Outlines of Sayba Boo Dra seed and frnit.
(Natural size.)

Avlien preserved; black when ripe; the flesh about 2 lines thick, very
soft and sirupy, nearly black; the seed about two-fifths as long as the
fruit, about two-fifths as wide as long, dark brown. (Fig. 38.)

Less common than the Tozer Zaid Safra variety, which it very
closely resembles in appearance and flavor. Number of offshoots
imported, 7.

Sayba Boo Dra (p. 102). — Fruit from 2 to more than 2i inches
long, less than one-half as wide, oblong, somewhat pointed at the
apex, usually curved, ]H-une purple when ripe, the surface rather dull;

the flesh 3 to 3^ lines thick,
rather firm ; the slender seed
about one-half as long as
the fruit and not more than
one-third as wide as long.
(Fig. 39.) The stalks and
branches of the fruit clus-
ters are bright orange col-
ored.

In Tunis apparently con-
fined to the Jerid oases,
where it is rare. Occurs
also in the Oued Rirh in
The name signifies that, turned over endwise seven times,
the fruit measures a cubit (20 inches), and is expressive of the great
length of this huge date, the largest of the Tunisian varieties. Flesh
thick, rather tough. Flavor agreeable, suggesting Boo Fagoos (see
p. 67). It ripens about the end of
October. Number of offshoots im-
ported, 10.

Kharooby (p. 102). — French or-
thography, Kharroubi. Fruit about
2 inches long, less than two-fifths as
wide, often wider near the apex than
elsewhere, usually curved, between
I^ay and maroon colored when ripe,
the surface shiny ; the skin conspic-
uously loosened and remaining light

3^ellow ; the flesh 1 to 2 lines thick, rather soft and dark colored ; the
seed nearly three-fifths as long as the fruit, one-third as wide as long,
generally somewhat curved. (Fig. 40.) The stalks and branches of
the fruit clusters are orange colored. The leaves are very long,
crowded with long, broad leaflets.

Frequent, but not abundant, in the Jerid. Flesli of the ripe fruit
of the consistency of thick jelly, moderately sweet, agTceable in
flavor, resembling Lagoo (seep. 80). Said to preserve well. Ripens

92

Algeria

Fio. 4(1.— Outlines of Khai'ooby seed and
fruit. (Natural size.)

VARIETIES OF MINOR IMPORTANCE.

87

Fm;. 41.— Outlines of CTasby sfoil and fruit.
(Natural ;uzo.)

in Ortobor. The offshoots reniiiin small while atlachod to the parent
tree. Number of oH'shoots imported, 2.

0.\snY ( ]). lO'i). — Fruit about -2 iuches long, about two-fifths as Avide,
f)bl()nii-, often conspicuously curved, very dark prune purple with a
conspicuous bloom when ripe, the surface dull, the skin touiih, russet
brown where looscntMl from the (lesh; the flesh 1 line thick, dark
colored, reniainina- soft; the slen-
der seed not more than three-iifths
as long as the fruit, not more than
one-third as wide as hmg, russet
brown, often curved. (Fig. 4-1.)
The stalks and branches of the fruit
clusters are deej) orange colored.
The crown of foliage is rather
small and delicate, the leaves short,
relatively long stalked, the leaflets
long. The offshoots remain small while attached lo the parent tree.
Common in the Jerid. Kipens very early, next after Ammary (see
Ixdow), it is said: at the end of July, according to Masselot. A
handsome, long, slender, dark-colored, generally curved date.
Highly esteemed by some of the natives, while others say it is used
mostly for making i)uddings and confectionery. The Avriter found
its flavor, which is of the Lagoo type (see p. 80), rather attractive,
suo:gesting that of raisins. It is said to keep very well. Number of
offshoots imported, ID.

Bent Segny (p. 103).— Fruit 1^ to 1^ inches long, abont one-half
as wide, inversely egg-shaped, square at base, rounded at the apex,

keeping its shape poorly when pre-
served, very dark (almost black) pur-
plish brown wdien ripe; the flesh 1^
lines thick, very dark colored and very
soft; the seed about one-half as long as
the fruit, two-fifths to one-half as wide
as long, rounded at both ends. (Fig.
42.) The stalks and branches of the
fruit clusters are deep orange colored.

Rather rare in the Jerid. A very
soft, sirupy date, with a pleasant but
not remarkable flavor. Ripens about the end of October. Number
of offshoots imported, 3.

Ammary (p. 103).— Fruit Ij to a little over U inches long, about
one-half as wide, generally inversely egg-shaped, square at the base,
rounded at the apex, keeping its shape fairly well when preserved;
dark brown purple when ripe; the flesh 1 to 1^ lines thick, very soft

012

Fi(i. i'^. -Outlines of Bent Sogny seed
and fruit. (Natural size.)

88

DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CtTLTURE IN TUNIS.

Fig. 43. — Outline.s of Ammary
seed and fruit. (Natural size. )

and dark colored ; the seed about two-thirds as long as the fruit
about two-fifths as wide as long, blunt at both ends. (Fig. 48.)
The stalks and branches of the fruit clusters are orange colored.
Foliage coarse and heavy, leaves very numerous, rather short stalked,
with long, wide leaflets.

Common in the Jerid, the Nefzaoua, at Gabes, and in Algeria. Is
the earliest maturing variety in Tunis, ripening in the Jerid in
August (or even the middle of July, according to Masselot), and

from September 1 to September 15 at Gabes.
Said to give a good crop every year, and to
be very productive. Fruit of rather medi-
ocre quality. Number of offshoots im-
ported, 12, all from the Jerid.

GooNDY (p. 103). — Fruit about If inches
long, about one-half as wide, inversely egg-
shaped, oblong (broadest above the mid-
dle), keeping its shape fairly well Avhen
preserved, bay to maroon colored when
ripe; the flesh about 1] lines thick, dark
colored, remaining rather soft; the seed more than one-half as long
as the fruit, about one-third as wide as long. (Fig. 44.) The stalks
and l)ranches of the fruit clusters are bright orange colored. Foliage
rather coarse, the leaves very numerous, short, and rather short
stalked, the leaflets long and broad.

Rather common in the Jerid, and said to occur also in the Nefzaoua
and at Biskra, in Algeria. Sweet and of agreeable ])ut not pro-
nounced flavor, of the Lagoo type. (See
p. 80.) Ripens in the Jerid on October
20, according to Masselot, although the
writer was told that it ripens sometimes
as early as September 15. The fruit is
preserved in skin bags for home use, but
is not an article of commerce. Number
of offshoots imported, 9, all from the
Jerid.

Karooy (p. 104). — Fruit If inches long,
about one-half as wide, egg-shaped, nar-
rowed from near the base to the rounded apex, keeping its shape
fairly well when preserved, bay colored when ripe; skin, where loose,
olive-broAvn; the flesh about U lines thick, rather tough; the seed
more than one-half as long as the fruit, about one-third as wide as
long. (P^ig. 45.) The branches and stalks of the fruit clusters are
orange colored,

A variety found in the Jerid, but not common. The name is not
given in any published list of the varieties. Flesh rather tough,

92

CZI>

Fig. 44.— Outlines of Goondy seed
and fruit. (Natural size.)

VARIETIES OF MINOR IMPORTANCE.

89

Fiii. 45.— Outlines of Karooy seed
and fruit. (Natural size.)

niodoratoly swoot. flavor n<j:roonl)lo. similar to that of llic drv dates,
Nuiiilu'r of offslioots iiii|)ort('d. .'».

Tkxaseex (p. lO.')). — French ortho£rraphy. Tanossin or Tonassine.)
Fruit 1§ to IJ inolu's Ion*;, about oncdialf as wide, ohlono-, not kccp-
in<r its sha])o well when preserved, black
when ri|)e; the flesh xcrv soft, nearly
black: the seed al)out t hi'ee-fifths as lonir
as the frnit. about one-third as wide as
lon<:\ rather dai'k bi'own.

Kai-e in the Jerid, coniinon in the Oned
Sonf and Oued Rirh in Al<;eria. The
flavor of the very sweet, soft, dark-col-
ored flesh su^ofests Tozer Zaid Safra (see
p. 85), but is more a<rreeable. Is said to
ripen in October. Crown of folia«je hor-
izontal, umbrella-like. One oH'.shoot imi)orted from the Jerid.

rrp:EMA {p. IOC)). — (French ortho<r-
raj)hy, Ytima.) The name means
"an orplian uirl." Fruit sli<;htly
more than 2 inches loni:-. about one-
half as wide, Avidest at or near the
middle, rounded at base, somewhat
l)ointed and conspicuously not sym-
metrical at apex, not keepinof its
shape well when preserved, chestnut
brown, with a siio-ht purple tinge
when ripe, the surface shiny; the
flesh over 2 lines thick, extremely
soft; the seed nearly one-half as long as the fruit, about two-fifths as
wide as long, chestnut colored. (Fig. -IG.)
Rare in the Jerid, connnon in the Al-
gerian oases. A very handsome date, with
sirupy, translucent flesh, extremely sweet,
rather insipid in flavor. An early ripen-
ing sort, maturing in the Jerid at the end
of September (according to Masselot).
Eaten fresh. Number of offshoots im-
ported, 15 (2 only from Tunis, the rest
from Algeria).

KiiALT Hameed (p. lOG). — Fruit Ij
inches long, about one-half as wide, elliptical in form, generally
slightly narrowed at both ends, keeping its shape well when preserved,
bright maroon when ripe ; the flesh H lines thick, rather firm, not very
sugary; the seed smooth, more than one-half as long as the fruit,
about two-fifths as w^ide as long, widest above the middle. (Fig. 47.)

92

Fig. 41).— Outlino.s of Iteema seed and
fruit. (Natural size.)

FiG.47.— Outlines of Khalt Hameed
seed and fruit. (Natural size.)

90 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

Occurs in the Jerid, but is not common. Said to he much liked by
the natives when not perfectly ripe, l)ut to the writer the flavor
seemed inferior. Ripens at the end of October. Does not keep.
Number of offshoots imported, 6.

VARIETIES IMPORTED BUT NOT INCLI'DED IN THE KEY.

Deglet Barca. — Occurs in the Jerid. l)ut is not common. Fruit
not seen by the writer, but said to be round, of the same color as
Tozer Zaid Safra (p. 85) (very dark l)rown, almost black). l>ut
different in flavor. It is described as a R'tob (soft date) that pre-
serves very well. Xumber of offshoots imported, 7.

Deglet Caid. — Rare in the Jerid, and said to occur also in the Oued
Rirh. Fruit not seen by the writer, but said to be coral red before
maturity and black when ripe, and to be conservable only for a short
time. Reported to be a fine variety, and to ripen early in September.
Number of offshoots imported, 2.

Deglet Sennayga. — Occurs in the Jerid ; not common. A soft
date. Fruit about 1^ inches Ions:, nearly one-half as wide, oblong,
somewhat pointed at the apex, bright chestnut brown when ripe, sur-
face shiny: skin much loosened and folded; flesh soft, dark colored;
seed large, dark brown. Said to ripen early in October. Veiy sweet,
flavor distinctive (suggesting burnt sugar) and rather agreeable, but
not very pronounced. It is said to keep well. The offshoots remain
small as long as they are attached to the parent tree. Number of
offshoots imported, 9.

Gasb Haloo. — (Name spelled phoneticalh', as pronounced by the
natives.) Occurs at Xefta. Is probably the same as the " Gsub (or
Ksob) Halou " found in the Ziban and Oued Rirh oases of Algeria.
Fruit not seen by the writer. Said to resemble Kenteeshy (p. 84)
in color; described as sweeter and better flavored than Gasb}' (p. 87).
Number of offshoots imported, 3.

Guern-el-Rhezal. — (Gazelle's Horn.) One of the principal vari-
eties in the Gabes region and on the island of Jerba, occurring also
at Biskra and in the Oued Rirh. Algeria, liut rare in the Jerid.
Fruit not seen by the writer. It is described by M. Minangoin as
long, slender, and curved. The amins at Gabes say it is not a very
good date, the stone being large and the flesh thin. " It has more
bones than flesh," as they express it. This is said, however, to be
one of the three A'arieties chiefly preserved at ]\Iettoui, near Gabes,
requiring first to be dried. Number of offshoots imported, 4,

Khadraya. — Name signifies " green." Occurs in the Jerid, but
apparently is not common. A variety of the same name, but perhaps
not identical, is found in Algeria. Belongs to the dry date class.

92

VARIETIES IMPORTED BUT NOT INCLUDED TN TITE KEY. 91

Fruit about li inches lon^, about one-half as wide; oblonir, narrowed
at the a])ex, brij^ht oran^fc Ix-fore maturity, (hUl li<rht l)rown when
ripe; seed hirge, li<>:ht brown; branches of fruit clusters bright orannre.
Very sweet and with a pleasant flavor, su<r,iresting TTalooa Hayda
(see J). 75). Kipciis in October. Xinnbei- of otl'shoots imported, 5.

KiiAi/r Hoo Faooos. — A rare variety of the Jcrid. Fruit of the
soft type, very similar to that of Hoo Faufoos (see p. (iT), about 1^
inches lono-. 1 inch wide. <>-enei-ally more or less obovate, maroon
colored when riiu', skin nnich blistered; flesh very fii-m; seed lar<;e;
branches of fruit clusters liirht oranure. Moderately sweet, Avith a
fine flavor of the Horra type (see p. 71). Number of offshoots im-
ported, 4,

Khalt Gama. — Occurs at Nefta. PVuit not seen by the writer.
" Gama " means Avheat, and the name is said to refer to the color of
the fruit. Number of otl'shoots imported, 2.

KiiAi/r Kkhkku. — A variety of the Jerid, apparently not connnon.
A fine, large, reddish brown, soft date, Avith small seed, preserving
admirably. Flavor excellent, considered by the mitives to resemble
that of Boo Fagoos (see p. 07). Is a promising variety. Number
of oif shoots imported, 11.

Khalt Kentaowia. — Occurs in the Jerid: apparently not uncom-
mon at Tozer. Fruit not seen by the writer. The foliaire is well
developed and handsome, the leaves very mnnerous, crowded with
long leaflets. The mime imj)lies a resemblance to the Kenta variety
(p. 72). Number ()f offshoots imported, 4.

Okht Ammary. — A variety of the Jerid, prol)ably not common.
Fruit not seen by the writer. Said to resemble xVmmary (see p. 87),
but to be larger. Reported to ripen at the end of September, and not
to keep well. One offshoot was imported.

Sba Aroossa. — Name means ''bride's fingers." Occurs in the Jerid,
and also reported to occur in the Ziban oases, in Algeria. Is said to
be rare and of fairly good quality. Fruit not seen by the writer.
Reported to be a long, slender date, ripening in October and not keep-
ing well. Number of offshoots imported, G.

Towadant. — Occurs at Nefta, and is probably rare. Fruit not
seen by the writer; said to be very large and long, yellow, and of
good flavor, ripening at the same time as Fteemy, and keeping well.
Number of ofi^shoots imported, 4.

Zrai. — Name spelled phonetically as pronounced by the natives, not
having been found in any published list. Occurs at Nefta. Fruit
not seen by the writer; said to resemble Deglet Noor (p. G3) in color.
Number of offshoots imported, 7.

92

92

DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

Fig. 48.— Outlines of Chedakli seed
and fruit. (Natural size.)

VARIETIES INCLUDED IN THE KEY BI^T NOT IMrORTED.

Chedakii (p. lOG). — Is of the soft type. Fruit nearly 2 inches
long, about one-half as wide, oblong, narrowed slightly at both ends,
keeping its shape fairly well when preserved, purplish maroon when

ripe; the flesh only 1 line thick, all of
it soft and dark colored ; the seed about
three-fifths as long as the fruit and
about one-third as wide as long. (Fig.
48.) The leaves are rather short, and
the fruit clusters loose and open, with
rather short, erect or ascending stalks.
Common in the Jerid, and said also
to occur in the Nefzaoua. Is a " R'tob,"
the fruit being eaten fresh and not pre-
served. It is not highly esteemed by the natives, and the flavor is
uninteresting. Ripens toward the end of October.

Deglet Hamidatoo ( p. 105 ) . — Fruit
of the soft type, about 2 inches long,
about one-half as wide, somewhat
blunt pointed at the apex, elliptical,
not keeping its shape well when i)re-
served, light hazel brown when ripe;
the flesh 2^ lines thick, very soft and
sirupy, translucent; the seed about
one-half as long as the fruit, about
one-third as wide as long, russet to
chestnut colored. (Fig. 49.) The
foliage is very well developed, the
leaves numerous and long, crowded with long leaflets, the bunches of
fruit rather loose and open, with ascending or spreading stalks.

A very rare variety of the Jerid,
said to be represented at Tozer by only
two trees. Reported to occur also in
the oasis of Xegrine, Algeria. It is
said to be eaten only when fresh and
not to be conservable. The fruit is of
splendid appearance, beautifully col-
ored, and extremely soft and sirupy
when ripe. Although very sweet and
rich, the flavor is rather insipid and
soon cloys, like the Iteema (p. 81)). Ripens in the latter part of
October.

Deglet Hassen (p. 10^)). — Fruit of the soft type. If to If inches
long, one-half as wide, inversely egg-shaped, tapering slightly at both
extremities, not keeping its shape well when preserved, bright bay

92

Fro. 49.— Outlines of Deglet Hamidatoo
seed and fruit. (Natural size.)

Fig. 50.— Outlines of Deglet Hassen seed
and fruit. (Natural size.)

VARIETIES INCLUDED IN THE KEY BUT NOT IMPORTED.

93

Fig. 51. OutliuoH of Khalt Mouakhry
seed and fruit. (.Natural size.)

colored ^vhon ripe; the skin, Avhoiv loose, yellow; the Ilesh about 1^
lines thick, extremely soft, lijrht colored, transhicent ; the slender seed
about three-fifths as long as the fruit, not more than one-third as
wide as long. (Fig. 50.) The trunk
is slender, the leaves numerous, short,
and comparatively long-stalked.

Said to be widely distributed in the
Jerid, although the writer failed to se-
cure otl'shoots. The offshoots are said
to be worth 75 cents to $1.15 apiece, a
price that would indicate this to be a
highly esteemed variety. The fruit,
said to be eaten only when fresh, is ex-
tremely soft and very sweet and rich,
but soon cloys. Ripens in October.

Khalt Menakiiry (p. 105).— The name signifies a " Khalt re-
sembling Menakher."" Fruit of the soft type, from nearly to more
than -2 inches long, about one-half as wide, egg-shaped, narrowed

from about the middle to
the broad, rounded apex,
keeping its shape well
when preserved, dark pur-
|)lish maroon when ripe;
I he flesh 2 to '^ lines thick,
lirni, yet very sugary ; the
seed about one-half as
lona- as the fruit, al)out
Iwo-fifths as wide as long,
blunt at both ends. (Fig.
51.) The stalks and
branches of the fruit clus-
ters are light orange col-
ored.

Occurs at Nefta, in the
Jerid, but is evidently
very rare. The fine fruit
very closely resembles
Khalt Horraowia (p. 82)
in appearance and flavor.
Ripens in the latter part
of October.

Selatny (p. 104).— Fruit of the soft type, over 2 inches long, about
one-half as wide, tapering from near the base to the somewhat pointed
apex, keeping its shape well when preserved, bright bay colored when

Pig. 5:i.— Selatny seed and fruits. (Natural size. )

92

a See fgotuote, p. 81.

94 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

ripe, the surface shining; the flesh 1^ lines thick, rather soft, trans-
kicent; the seed about one-half as long as the fruit, about two-fifths
as wide as long, blunt at both ends, roughened with deep furrows
near the base. (Fig. 52.) The stalks and branches of the fruit
clusters are orange colored.

A rare variety of the Jerid; said also to occur in the Xefzaoua,
and to be less rare there, although the writer saw no trees in the latter
region. It is very highly esteemed by the natives and, although a
special etfort was made to obtain otlshoots of this variety in the
Jerid, none could be had. It is possible that an exhaustive search in
the Xefzaoua region might result in obtaining ofl'shoots. The fruit
is of fine appearance and is said to be generally eaten fresh, although
it can be preserved. The flavor somewhat resembles that of the
Deglet Noor and is hardly inferior, while in size this variety com-
pares favorably with the Menakher. It ripens in October (or even
m September, according to Masselot). The palm has a stout trunk.
The leaves are rather short and broad, with few spines. The stalks
of the short fruit clusters are nearly horizontal and so short that
together with the clusters they are hardly as long as the leafstalks.
For the rarity of this variety the same explanation was given the
writer as for that of Menakher (see p. 62).

DESCRIPTIVE KEY TO THE CHARACTERS OF THE FRUITS.

The characters given in the key of date varieties which follows
were either noted on the spot from freshly gathered fruit or were
subsequently worked out from samples and from natural-size photo-
graphs made in the field. In a few instances samples of fruit obtained
in the autumn of 1005 at the cooperative date garden at Tempe, Ariz.,
from palms imported several years ago from Algeria, have also been
used in making up the descriptions, such cases being always specific-
ally mentioned. Owing to the scantiness of the material available
in many cases, it is probable that the descriptions will have to be
modified as we gain a better knowledge of the varieties.

In regard to measurements, width refers in every case to the great-
est width of the fruit and the seed, thickness of flesh to the maxinnun
thickness, and length of the stone is taken to exclude the apical point,
or mucro, and the fibrous stipe. Color of the fruit, unless otherwise
specified, refers to the parts Avhere the skin adheres closely to the flesh.
AMiere the skin has become loose in places, as in most of the soft
dates when quite ripe, it has a lighter color, which is also generally
described. The " germ pore " is a circular depression, 1 to 2 mm.
in diameter, occurring on the back of the seed. When its position is
not mentioned in the description it is understood that it occurs at or
near the middle of the seed. The embryo is situated at this point
and the shoot appears here at germination,
92

DESCRIITIVE KVA TO THE CHARACTERS OB' FRUITS. 95

Much ii^e has been iikuIc ot" llu' cluir^clors uffbrdcd by the colors
of the fruit, seed, etc., the iiiunes of colors used being those given by
Kidgway (Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists, Boston, 188G).
In order to facilitate comparison, each name of a color that occurs in
the key is followed by a reference to the corresponding plate and
figure in the work cited, thus: Maroon (IV. 2). The giant cells, to
which the writer's attention was first called by Mr. AV. T. Swingle,
occur in a more or less shar])ly defined zone in the softer part of the
flesh, close to the skin. It is really the hard, bright-colored, highly
refractive masses of cell contents (probably consisting chiefiy ()f tan-
nins) that are here described, 'i'licir characters are taken only from
thoroughly ripe fruit in wjiich the cell contents have assumed their
final shape, size, and color.

A word is necessary in regard to the form of the key. The varie-
ties are divided, in the " Synopsis of the groups," first into two prin-
cipal classes, the dry dates and the soft dates. Each group is then
subdivided into a number of smaller groups. The designations
selected for the two main groups should not be understood as imjjly-
ing that all the dry dates are necessarily hard and thin of flesh or that
all the soft dates are rich and sirupy. While the extremes of the two
types are very distinct, intermediate forms occur, which make it
impossible to draw a hard and fast line l)etween them. P^xceptions
occur in both categories, and some of the varieties of which the affini-
ties are evidently with the first group have thicker and softer flesh
than some of the varieties of the second group. In deciding to which
of the two classes a given variety belongs, all of its characters nuist
be taken into consideration. It should be explained that the classifi-
cation, at least beyond the two main groups, is largely artificial, and
is desiffued merelv to aid in identifying the varieties. While in many
cases it happens that several varieties that are undoubtedly closely
related botanically are brought into juxtaposition in the key, this is
by no means always the case.

The key to the varieties is not of the dichotomous form usually
employed by systematic biologists, but is modeled upon that which
was introduced by Mr. O. F. Cook in his studies of Myriapoda." It
has the advantage of eliminating one species (or variety) at every
step. It will be noted that the whole key is arranged in pairs of
paragraphs. Of each pair, the first paragraph describes a variety,
and the second gives the characters which distinguish all of the same
group which follow from the one that has just been separated out.
Those characters in the first paragraph that are especially to be con-

alii a paper published in the Annals of the New York Academy of Science,
9. p. 8 (189.5). a key of this style was first used by Mr. Cook. See also Proe,
U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 82 (1895).
92

96 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

trusted with the second paragraph are printed in italics, as is the
second 2)aragraph itself. The italicized portion, therefore, consti-
tutes the key proper. Frequently an alternative set of characters,
introduced b}^ the words " or if," will be found in the second para-
graph of the pair (as on p. 101). These alternative characters gener-
ally refer to the variety described in the first paragraph that imme-
diateh^ follows.

It is believed that by including in the key the complete description
of each variety, the identification can be made with more confidence
than if onlv the characters necessarv for "' keving out '' the varieties
were given. "While the construction of a key of this type presents
difficulties that are not encountered in making the ordinary dichoto-
mous key, it is believedthat the user, after a little practice, will find it
more serviceable. He will have the satisfaction, as it Avere, of touch-
ing ground at each step he takes.

After the name of each variety, at the" end of the paragraph describ-
ing it, is given a reference to the page of the text on which will be
found outlines of the seed and fruit.

1. Synopsis of the Groups,

* Flesh becoiiiiny (luite dry and often linrd, the white e-outral portion thicker

than tiie darJcer colored, softer outer portion (often twice as
thick) :« the fil>rons lininjjc of the central cavity clean and
dry. hri.i;ht wiiite: ,i,'iant cells in a more or less sharply
defined zone lyinu between the white and the dark flesh,
very small, generally not much longer than wide.

Dry dates.
** Skin heconiin.i; loose over uiudi of the surface of the fruit, forming
larui'. smooth, soft, mostly loni:itudinal blisters.

Smooth-skinned dry dates, p. 07.
** Skin closely adhering to most of the surface of the fruit, forming a
network of narrow, hard, transverse as well as longitudinal
\vrinkl(>s, with few or no large, soft blisters.

Wrinkled dry dates.' pp. 07 to 09.

* Flesh not becoming dry and hard, the white central portion thinner than the

dark colored, softer outer i)ortion ; the fibrous lining of the
central cavity usually more or less soaked and darkened
with sirupy .iuice ; zone of giant cells not usually sharply de-
fined (or at least not easily distinguishable in color) from
the zone outside it, the cells usually variable in size and
shape: skin becoming loosened over much of the surface
of the fruit when ripe.^ forming large, soft, generally longi-
tudinal blisters, but otherwise smooth ; or, if forming also
a netw(jrk of narrow transverse wrinkles, these few and

soft Soft dates.

** Fruit spherical or nearly so, at least three-fourths as wide as long.

Round soft dates, p. 99.

a Exceptions are the varieties Bayjoo (p. 97). Thaby (p. 08) and Hamra
(p. 08) in which tlie darker colored outer zone is much thicker than the white
inner zone, at least in fruits that have been kept for some time. In other
resi>ects these are typical dry dates, having the clean, bright white lining of
the central cavity and tl^ 'skin covered with a network of hard, narrow
wi'inkles.

6 The Khalt Moopshem vai-jety (see p. 104) is an exception in having the skin
closely adhering,

92

KEY TO THE VARIETIES. 97

♦♦ Fruit not si»lu'ri(iil or nearly so.

*** Fruit at k-ast :> nun. short«>r tlinu twice the width.

I'.road soft dates.
**** Flesh (lark rolmril. very soft and sii'upy. date not keeping
its shape well when ripi'.

Sirupy hroad soft dati's. pp. DD-KU).
**** Flesh rather lirni. not sirupy. date keei)iiig its shape well

wlien ripe Fii'ui broad soft dales, pji. p)()-1()1,

*** Fruit at least ;*> nini. longer than twice thi> width.

Narrow soft dates, pp. lol-loj.

*** Fruit about twice as long as wide Intermediate soft dates.

**** Decidedly wider near the apex than at base.

(Ibovate intermediate soft dates, p. 103.
**** Decidedly wider at the base than near the apex. tai»ering
from near or below the nudille to the ajiex.

Ovate intermediate soft dates, pp. UK] to 105.
**** As wide or nearly as wide at the apex as at the base, either
widest at or near the middle or else of about the same
width throughout .

Oblong intermediate soft dates, pp. Kt.j-KH).

2. Key to the Varieties.

Dry Dates,
smooth-skinned dry d.\tes.

Fruit only 2-'i nnii. Joiiii (smallest of the Tunisian varieties), about 11.5 mm. tvide,
ovate or obovate. bright bay (IV. o) when ripe, the skin <»chraceous (V,
7) to cinnamon rufous {l\. KI) ; flcsJi .L'> )iiiii. thick, becoming hard and
dry, n)ore than one-half of it consisting of th(> white central p.irtion;
seed IS mm. long, about 9 nun. wide, smooth, drab brown (III. 18), the
ventral channel narrow, open, the germ pore generally considerably
above the middle: giant cells in a shari)ly defined zone forming alnjut
one-half the thickness of the dark outer part of the tiesh. very small,
nearly all rounded, rarely more than lA tim(>s .-is long as wide, mostly
spherical but some ellii)tical and jtear-shaped, orange colored; hriiiicJies
of the fruit clufitcr.s hrif/ht {lemon) yelloir Anyoo (p. 74).

Fruit 3.7 to -'id nun. loini. alioitt onr-lialf «.s- tridc. often slightly wider just above
the middle than elsewhere, then narrowed to the truncate or blunt-
pointed apex, dull bay (IV. .")) colored when rii>e. the skin rufous (IV. 7)
to hazel (IV. V2) colored: flrsJi .j to -) nun. thick, not becoming very dry;
seed 21 to 25 mm. long, one-third to two-fifths as wide, rounded at both
ends, Isabella brown (III, 23) in color, the ventral channel narrow, open,
the germ pore above the middle ; giant cells very uniform in size and
shape, sjilierical or nearly so, rufous (IV, 7) colored; In-nncJiCH of the
fruit clusters liijlit oranye Kenta (p. 73).

WRINKLED DRY DATES.

Fruit olHivt 32.0 mm. long, three-fifths to tiro-thirds as vide, ovate in outline,
dull orange yellow before maturity, puriilish maroon (IV. 2) or bay
(IV. 5) colored when ripe: tiesh 3 mm. thick, the white central i)ortion
mucli thicker than the dark outer zone ; " seed averaging 20 mm. long
and 10 }»?». 7r/fZc. Isabella brown (III. 23), the ventral channel wide, open,
the fierm pore near the ape.r of tlie seed, conspicuous; (liiuit ceils very
small, all rounded, nearh/ iili spiierieai, orange rufous (IV, 13) in color;
branches of the fruit clusters pale orange Bai/joo (p. 83).

Fruit onlij aliout tirice us ioiui us iride.

a Although in fruits cut open several weeks after gathering tlie converse ap-
pears to be true, owing to the suffusion of the white zone with sirup from the
dark portion.

30618— No. 92—06 7

98 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

Fruit viostlij distinrtJij constricted a little above the Imse, 35 to 40 mm. long,
oblong in outline, somewhat narrowed at the apex, dark maroon (IV, 2)
when ripe; fiesh 2 to 2.5 mm. thick, rsither tough, the tvhite care much
thicker than the dark-colored outer fieah ; seed averaging 22 mm. long, a
little less than one-half as wide, widest near the apex, the ventral chan-
nel open, the germ pore below the middle; giant cells in a vei-y shar])ly
defined narrow zone, very small, rounded, mostly spherical or short
elliptical, some pear-shaped, at least two-thirds as wide as long, cadmium
orange (VI, 2) in color; liranches of the fruit clusters bright orange.

Re nit a (p. S3).

Fruit not constricted, or. if constricted, then the dark outer zone of flesh thicker
than the white inner portion and about one-half of the giant cells angular.

Fruit sometimes indistinctlg constricted a little aborc the base, 40 to 42.5 mm.
long, oblong, somewhat narrowed at the apex, bright madder brown (IV,
3) to orange rufous (IV, 13) u:hen ripe; flesh 2.5 to 3 mm. thick, rather
tough, the dark-colored outer portion api)earing to be much thicker than
the (thin) white core;" seed averaging 24.5 nnu. long and about 9 mm.
Avide, the ventral chaiuiel wide. open, the germ pore above the middle,
giant cell zone indistinct, tlie cells very small, about one-half angular and
one-half rounded, generally one-half to two-thirds as wide as long, ellip-
tical or rectangular in outline, saffron (VI, 4) in color; branches of the
fruit clusters rich orange Thabg (p. 75).

Fruit not constricted, of some darker or duller color (bay (IV, 5) to purplish
maroo7i (IV, 2)), giant cells all rounded, or, if a considerable number
angular, then the fruit distinctly ovate in outline and purplish maroon
in color.

Dark-colored (outer) zone of the flesh thicker than the vhite inner portion;
giant cells frequently angled but the majority rounded, as often elliptical
as spherical, often twice (but generally 1 to 1^ times) as loni/ as wide;
ocher yellow (V, 9) to ochraceous rufous (V. 5) in color; fruit ovate,
tapering from or near the base to the rounded apex. 35 to 47.5 mm. long,
-rufous (IV, 7) or orange rufous (IV, 13) before maturity, bright purplish
maroon (IV, 2) when ripe, the colors very handsome; flesh 2 to 0 nnn.
thick ; seed two-thirds to fdur-flftlis as long as the fruit, generally abmit
two-fifths as wide as long, often with strongly developed, wing-like lateral
ridges, the ventral channel generally open, the germ jiore generally near
the middle Init sometimes almost at the base; branches of the fruit clus-
ters cadmium orange (VI. 2) Hnmra (]). 84). &

Dark-colored (outer) zone of the flexh much thinner than the white inner por-
tion; giant cells all rounded and generally spherical, rarely more than li
times as long as wide.

Fruit ovale, tapering from the base to the rounded apex. 45 to 47i mm. long,
rather dull maroon purple when ripe, with a pronounced bloom ; flesh .'/ to
5 mm. thick, firm and becoming rather dry; seed very irregular in size
but averaging 24 mm. long and 9.5 mm. wide, the ventral channel closed,
the germ pore above the middle, sometimes near the apex ; giant cells
very small, ochraceous rufous (V, 5) in color; branches of the fruit clus-
ters cadmium yellow (VI, 0) " Horra (]). 72).

Fruit not ovate, not tapering to the ape.r from below the middle, elliptical in out-
line, somewhat narrowed at both ends; flesh not exceeding 3.5 mm. thick.

Skin, where loose, between deep chrome (VI, 9) and saffron (VI. 4) ; gia)it cells
ferruginous (IV, 10) in color, forming a very sharply defined zone sepa-
rated from the skin by a thicker layer of soft, dull-colored ficsh ; fruit
35 to 38 nnn. long, sometimes slightly obovate. but generally widest at or
below the middle, dull orange just before maturity, dull bay (IV, 5)

0 In this respect Thaby appears to be exceptional among the dry dates, but
owing to the fact that, in fruits that have been kept for some time, sirup from
the dark, soft outer zone suffuses the white, firm inner portion of the flesh (as
noted in the footnotes on pp. 9(i and 97), this character should not be given too
much importance.

& Description supplemented by material from palms in the Tempe, Ariz., date
garden which were obtained at Biskra, Algeria.

92

KEY TO THE V.\EIETIES. 99

when ripe; flesli 2.r» to .") imii. thick, becoming hard and dry; seed about
two-thirds as lonf? as the fruit, one-third to two-fifths as wide as long,
broad and rounded at both ends, between russet (III. l(i) and wood
brown (III, l'.»). the ventral channel oi)en ; Itranches of the fruit clusters

oranj^e buff (VI, -2) Kciitc<'.s}i u " (p. 84).

i<Liii, nlicrc /oo.sc, ni.sxct (III, 1(5) ; giatit-ceU zone less xluiiiiln defined, ivitft
(/roups of these cells cxtend'Diy thromjh the outer lai/er of flesh nearly to
the slchi.

lilpe fruit dull })urplisli niuroon (IV, 1'), with considerable bloom, 33 to .'fO mm.
loiHi. often somewhat curved ; flesh 2.5 to 4 mm. thick ; seed about two-
thirds as lonj; as the fruit, j^enerally one-third as wide as lonir. the ventral
channel open; (jidiit cells ira.r i/elloir (VI, 7) ; branches of the fruit
clusters oranjie colored Lenisy (p. 75).

Ivi/ie fruit dull buy (IV, 5) (dull Indian purple (VIII, (i) towanl l)a.se), with
considerable bloom, 32.3 to 3") nim. louy : flesh 2 to '.\ nnn. thick ; seed about
seven-tenths as lonj; as the fruit, one-third to two-fifths as wide as Ions?,
the ventral cbanne! open ; yiuut cells titiniy (V, 1 ) Itroioi ; l)ranches of the
fruit clusters pale orange llulooa Buydu <* (p. 7(>).

Soft Dates.

bound soft dates.

Fruit J.j to .'/J vi))i. ill f/icfiiest diuuieter, mostly loiujer Ihtiii iride, sjiherical or
nearly so. keeyiiiy its slniye irell iilieii preferred, color before maturity
dull oraiiye Itroini. betircen maroon (IV. 2) and prune purple (VIII, 1)
irhen ripe : skin, where loose, tawny (V, 1 ) ; fiesli firm. S to 10 nun.
thick ; seed very thick, six-tenths to seven-tenths as loni,' .ns the fruit,
aliout three-fifths as wide as \o\v^. eoiispiciioiisli/ loiKiheiieil iritli lonyi-
iiidinal and transrerse fiirroirs. the ventral chainiel closed, the germ
pore not distinguishable; giant cells mostly spherical or quadrangular
with rounded angles, rarely more than one and one-half times as long as
wide, ferruginous (IV, 10) in color Tronja (]). G7).

fruit 2') to S") mm. in yreatest diameter, usually somewhat wider than long,
usually widest above the ndddle, often slightly depressed at the apex.
not heeyiny its shape well irhen preferred, deep chrome yellow (VI, 8)
before maturity, reiy dark broirii purple (almost black) irhcn ripe; flesh
rerii Koft. <! to 10 nun. thick, very dark colored; seed two-thirds to four-
fifths as long as the fruit, one-half to two-thirds as wide as long, mummy
brown (III, 10) to russet (III, 16) color, smooth, the ventral channel
nearly closed except near the ai)ex ; giant cells very variable in sixe and
shape, spherical, elliptical or irregularly triangular or quadrangular with
rounded angles, mostly one to one and one-half (rarely more than 2)
times as long as wide, burnt umber (III, 8) colored; l)ranclies of the
fruit clusters deep orange Tantaboosht a (p. 85).

BROAD SOFT DATES.

Sirupy Broad Soft Dates. ^

Fruit 32.5 to 35 mm. long, about three-fourths as wide, rery broad orate, widest
at the baseband )iarrowed thence to the broad rounded apex, bright bay
(IV, 5) colored with a pronounced bloom whe)i ripe; flesh A'ery soft, about
.") nun. thick, translucent; seed wood brown (III. 19), one-half to two-
thirds as long as the fruit, about one-half as wide as long, rounded at

o Description supplemented by fruit from the garden at Tempe, Ariz., from a
palm originally from Biskra, Algeria.

&The fruits of young palms labeled Halooa in the Tempe garden, originally
from Biskra, Algeria, differ from the above description in several particulars
and probably belong to another variety. It should be noted that in Tunis the
word Halooa (sweetmeat) occurs as a prefix in the names of several very
different varieties of dates. Thus, Halooa Ch'eb, Halooa Teboolboo, etc.

c Description supplemented from the fruit of 3 palms iu the Tempe, Ariz.,
date garden.

92

100 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

both ends, the ventral ohaniiel open throughout its length, the germ pore
a little above the middle; giant cells mostly spheriral, some short ellip-
tical, a few angular, orange rufous (IV, i;:5) in color; bi'anches of the

fruit clusters light orange Molh Bcgry (p. TG).

Fruit, wider (it or above the middle than at the base, very dark brotvn or black
lohen ripe.

Fruit ovate, rather ahruptUj uarroired near the soiiieicJiat pointed apex, 40 to
42.."> mm. long, from a little le.ss to a little more than one-half as wide;
bright orange lietore maturity, dark- ehestiiut (IV, 9) with a tliKje of
maroon (IV. 2) irlien ripe; tlesh about 4 nun. thick; seed 20 to 2."t nun.
long, one-third to two-tifths as wide, burnt umber color (III. S). the
ventral channel open, the germ pore above the middle ; giant cells nearly
all rounded, either spherical or short elliptical, one and one-half to two
times as long as wide, tawny (V, 1) colored: branches of the fruit clus-
ters orange liai/dli llaninian (p. 77).

Fruit oblonn or somewhat ohovate, rounded at the broad apex, black or nearly
so irhen ripe.

Fruit oblonn or obloiKj orate. >!."» to 40 mm. long, generally more than one-half to
two-thirds as wide, brifiht orange before maturity, very dark browti
(almost black) wJien ripe, skin where loose raw umber (III, 14) colored;
flesh H nun. thick ; seed about one-half as long as the fruit, two-fifths to
one-half as wide as long, llylit hroirii {beticeeii Isabella (III, 2:^) and
fairn (111,22) color), the ventral channel open ncarlyor quite throughout
its length, the germ pore considerably above the middle, very distinct;
giant cells mostly angular (quadrangvilar) but many spherical, ferru-
ginous (IV, 10) in color Tozer Zald Hafra (p. 8.">).

Fruit genernlly oblong obovate, 37..1 to 42. .j mm. long, three-tifths to two-thirds
as wide, dark maroon (IV. 2) before maturity, black when ripe; flesh
about 4 mm. thick ; seed about two-fifths as long as the fruit, two-fifths
as wide as long, burnt umber color (III, 8) the ventral channel almost
completely closed, the dorsal circle at the middle, not very distinct;
giant cells nearly all rounded, mostly spherical, ferruginous (IV, 10) in
color Tozer Zald KJiula (p. 85).

Firm Broad Seift Dates. "

Flesh thin (not c.reeedlng .L") mm. hi tJiickness). beeonilng very firm and dry,
more than half of It consisting of a white fibrous core, fruit .11 vim. long.

Angoo.O'

Flesh thick (at least ) mm. In thickest part), nrjt becoming very dry, the white
fibrous core formi)ig much less tJian half of Its thickness, fruit at least
32.5 mm. long.

Skin loosening in a network e>f narrow irrinkles as well as large .^oft blisters,
orange rufous (IV, 13) where loo.se ; fruit 35 to 37.5 nnn. long, ovate or
oblong ovate in outline, widest at or beloir the middle, puridish. maroon
(IV, 2) or bay colored (IV, 5) when ripe; flesh 4 to 5 mm. thick, firm
yet tender; seed averaging 22 mm. long and 9 mm. wide, russet (III, IG)
colored, the ventral channel open ; giant cells in a well-defined zone,
very small, irregularly quadrangular with rounded angles, to nearly
elliptical or spberi<-al in outline, wax yellow (VI. 7) to -'range (VI, 3)
in color; branches of the fruit clusters deep orange Kseba (p. 77).

tSkin loosening in large soft blisters but not developing a network of narrow
wrinkles.

Fruit about 37.') mm. long. 22 to 2(i mm. wide, ovate (iridest near the base), the
surface dull, orange colored before maturity, between maroon (IV, 2) and
prune p\irple (VIII. 1) when ripe; skin where loose ochraceous (V. 7) to
russet (III, 10) ; flesh 3 to 4 nnn. thick, the central white fibrous core
forming nearly one-half the total thickness; seed 18 or 19 mm. long,
9 or 10 mm. wide, narrowed at both ends, the ventral channel frequently

"This is i>roperly a dry date and is described on j). 97; but on account of its
smooth, blistered "rather" than wrinkled skin it might be sought in this part
of the key.

92

KEY TO THE VARIETIES. 101

closod. tho Konn ]»n-o a littlo :il»ovo the niiddh*: ijiant colls mostly ahout
jis with' as loii.i; and aiij^idai- ( ii-n'.t;ularly (luadiMiiiiular, iK'Uta.uoiial. c>ti-.,
with n)uiuU'd :ui;;k's), oraiij^e rufous (IV. i:>) in color; branches of the

fruit clusters lijjlit oranjie Itooiu/u (p. 7S).

Frit'tt obonitc or ohonitr ohltm;/ (iri<h:<<1 at or ahore the tniddic). it.s .siirfacc
shiiiiiifi. (It Irast .'lii nun. toiif/ or. if xliortcr. tltr .seed irith mure or Ics.s
coiispiciioiis iciii;i-lihc Idleral ridi/cs.

I'rult .i.L'> to .n.'> nun. loini. aliout two-thirds as wide, liri.i^ht hay (IV, o) col-
ored, the skin wlu'i-e loose tawny ochraceous (V. 4) ; tlesh 4 nun. thick,
lijiht brown ; seed irilfi more or Ics.s vonsiiu-iiouK lateral irimj-lih-e r'nttiex,
two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the fruit, generally two-tifths as
wide as long. bro;ul at iK)th ends, the venlr.-il chniniel freijuently closed;
giant cells mostly spherical or very short elliptical, saffron yi'Uow
(VI, 4) 1 liexscr Ihiloo (p. IS).

Fruit .'/() mm. or loiitjer. the -seed irithoiit irinfi-like ridyes (althoiiyh sometimes
roiiyhened).

Fruit someirliat /iddle-sliapetl, widest above the middle but often somewhat nar-
rowed at tlie extreme apex, eoiistrieted near the middle. 40 to 4.j nun. long,
22.r> to 25 nun. wide, greenish yellow before maturity, between maroon
(IV, 2) and i»rune ])uri)le (VIII, 1) when rijie; skin where loose ochra-
ceous (V. 7) : tlesh ."• mm. thick, firm but tender: seed aliout three-tifths
as liaig as (h(> fruit, .niiout oiu'-third as with' as long, the ventral channel
(»pen, germ i)ore sm;ill and inconspicuous; yidnt cells all rounded, de-
eidedhj lont/er than iridc. fcrnitiinoiis (IV, 10) in color; branches of the
fruit clusters orange Boo Fai/oos (]i. <">7).

Fruit not fiddle-shaped nor constricted near the middle, yiant cells ain/iilar,
about as iride as Ion;/, saffron ijcllon- (\'I. 4) to hylit oranf/e (VI, ."})
in color.

Fruit 4,") to oO nun. long, slightly more than one-half to three-fifths as wide,
conspiciioiisli/ irider ahore Hum beloir ttie midille. then inirroired to the
blunt ape.i, brif/ht oranyc before maturiti/.hrii/Jit purplisli maroon (IV. 2)
vhen ripe: skin loose over nuich of the surface, ochniceous (V, 7) to
ochr.Mceous rufous (V. .".) ; Hcsh 0 to 7 mm. thick: seed 24 to 27 nun.
long, about two-fifths as wide, cinnamon brown (III. 20). the ventral
chann(4 open : branches of the fruit clusters deep oi-an<ie.

lioo Affar (p. (>(i).

Fruit 40 to GO mm. long, one-half to two-thirds as wide, onlii sliyhtlp wider aborc
thtni heloir the middle, broad and rounded at apex, dull orantie before
maturilij. lipht bail (IV. ")) or liazel {IV. 12) colored irlten ripe, the skin
in large part loose and conspicuously blistered in the ripe fruit, orange
(VI, ;i) to ochraceous (V, 7) in color; ttesh 5 to O mm. thick; seed about
one-half as long as the fruit, less than one-half as wide as long, cinna-
mon rufons (IV. Ki) in color, its surface roughened here and there with
irregul.-ir ridges and furrows, the ventral channel freipiently closed,
the germ pore .above the nuddle ; giant cells very diverse in shai)e
and size, irregularly quadrangular, pear or cigar shaped, saffron (VI, 4)
to orange (VI, 3) in colon; hrunchcH of the fruit clusters light orange.

Areshty (p. 71).

NARR0\V SOFT DATES.

i^kin conspicuously marlxcd with short, linear scars, fruit 47.5 to 52.5 mm. long,
17.5 to 20 mm. wide, oblong, tapering slightly from base to apex, not
curved or very slightly so. brii/lit bay (IV. 5) n'hen ripe, the skin where
loose ochraceous (V. 7) colored; tlesli ;> to 4 mm. thick, soft, translucent;
seed oO nnn. long, about one-third as wide,, the ventral channel sometimes
closed, the germ pore considerably above the middle, very distinct ; giant
cells mostly 2 to :? times as long as wide, mostly angular or pointed. I'nw
sienna (V, 2) coloi'ed , Tafazu'een (p. OS).

Skin not marked n'ith linear scars, giant cells rounded, or. if angular, lite fruit
prune purple (^'III. 1) ivhen ripe.

Fruit 50 to 62.5 ))im. long. 22.5 to 27.5 mm. wide, oblong, somewhat pointed at
apex, usually curved, greenish yellow before maturity, prune purple
(VIII, 1) with considerable bloom when ripe; skin where loose russet

92

102 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

(III. IT)), surface dnl! ; fiesJi 6 to 7 nun. tliick. rather tough; seed 25 to
30 mm. lon,ii:. about oue-third as wide, the ventral channel very open;
f/iant cells rariahlr in xltopr. nmny uu<iuJ(ir or shurj) polntal. others
spherical or elliptif-al. 1 to 3 times (the fireat majority 1 to 1*. times) as
long as wide, ferruginous (IV, 10) in color; branches of the fruit clus-
ters bright orange Sai/ha Boo Dm (p. 80).

Fruit not cxccctliitfj o2.o >ni)i. loin/, fjiant cells icith rounded outlines, none or
very few angular.

Fruit not curred. 50 to .52.5 mm. long, about 20 mm. wide, oblong, somewhat
pointed, yellowish to reddish orange I)efore maturity, deep maroon
(IV. 2) to prune purple (VIII, I) vhen ripe, the skin i-usset (III. lO)
where loose, shiny ; flesh 5 to G nmi. thick, soft ; seed slender, 23 to 20
nun. long, less than one-third as wide, between russet (III, 10) and I»urnt
umber (III, 8) colored, the ventral channt>l narrow, open; giant cells
mostly elliptical, many spherical, a few rod-shaped (more than twice as
long as wide) none angular, deep ferruginous (IV, 10) in color; branches
of the fi-uit clusters orange Okht Ftecnnj (p. 70).

Fruit more or less curved or, if straif/ht, hay (IV, 5) to light maroon (IV, 2) in
color.

Fruit straight or nearly so, 40 to 50 mm. long, two-fifths to nearly one-half as
wide, oblong or somewhat obovate in outline, not l-eeping its shape irell
when ripe, conspicuously mucronate. orange before maturity, hay (IV. 5)
colored when ripe, skin where loose russet (III. 10). shiny; flesh -'/ to .*?
mm. thick, very soft and sirupy; seed 25 to 28 mm. long, two-sevenths to
one-third as wide, broad and rounded at both ends, ventral channel closed
near the middle or open throughout ; giant cells usually spherical but
often short elliptical, never angular, rarely more than one and one-half
times as long as wide, orange (VI. 3) to russet (III. 10) colored;
branches of the fruit clusters l>right orange Rltars" (]>. TO).

Fruit more or less curred, keeping its shape well when ripe, flesh not more than
'i mm. thick, rather firm.

Skin mostly loose, light yellow (between saffron (VI. -l) and maize (VI, 21) ).
hlistering conspicuouxly in ripe fruit; fruit about 50 mm. long, less than
two-fifths as wide, oblong, often somewhat larger near the apex than
elsewhere, between bay (IV. 5) and maroon (IV, 2) when ripe, its sur-
face shiny ; fiesh 2.5 to 3.5 nun. tliick. rather soft ; seed 27 to 2S mm.
long, about one-third as wide, generally somewhat curved, between fawn
(III. 22) and cinnamon (III. 20) colored, the ventral channel open, the
germ pore consideraldy above the middle, conspicuous; giant cells s])her-
ical to short elliptical (the great majority less than twice as long as
wide), none angular, deep ferruginous (IV, 10) in color; branches of
the fruit clusters orange Kharoohy (p. 80).

Skin not conspicuously hlistered, russet (III. 10) or hazel (IV. 12) colored.

Fruit 45 nun. long. 20 mm. wide, oblong, tapering slightly to the ai)ex. J)ay
(IV, 5) to light maroon (IV, 2) in color ivhen ripe, rather shiny; flesh
3.5 to .'i mm. thick, rather tough; seed 27 to 30 mm. long, about one-thiixl
as wide, russet (111. 10). its surface roughened with fine wrinkles, the
ventral channel o]ien. the germ ])ore below the middle; giant cellf^
spherical to lod -shaped, inanji of them 3 times as long as iride, )\onc
angular, rair sienna (V. 2) in color; branches of the fruit clusters
orange Lagoo (p. 80).

Fruit 45 to 50 mm. long, about two-fifths as wide, oblong, often strongly curved,
rerg dark prune purple (VIII. 1) with a consi)icuous liloom when ripe;
skin rather tough, not shiny; flesh 2 mm. thick; seed 25 to 30 mm. long,
about one-third as wide, russet (III, 10), often curved, the ventral chan-
nel narrow, open; giant cells sometimes angular or pointed, the majority
spherical, feir more than one and one-half tinies as long as wide, orange
ochraceous (V. 3) in color; branches of the fruit clusters deep orange.

Gashy (p. 87).

a Descriptiou suiiplemented from fruit from Tempe, Ariz., garden, borne by 2
palms originally from Biskra. Algeria.

92

KEY TO THE VARIETIES. 103

INTKRMEniATE SOFT DATES.

Ohoratc Inlcniirilidtc Soft Dates.

f'niit 42f> to 4') mm. long:, square at base, rounded at apex, l>rifi:ht orange before
maturity. hrrf)iiiiii(f rrrii ilark (almost blach) broini purple irhen ripe;
tlosh .iliout .". nun. thick, very dark colored and very soft, fruit keepiui^c
its sliapc iiiiorly wiicii iMpc: seed 'Jo to 24 nun. ioiii;. two-liftlis to one-half
as wide, rounded at iidtli ends, tlie vontriil cliainiol r:ither wide, open;
f/iaiit eeUs extreiiieln variable in shape ami size, niostli/ shar/) atiijied and
even pointed, trianfiular or (/iiadranfnilar ir. outline, oranire rufous (IV,
1.3) in color; branches of the fruit clusters deej) oranjje.

liciit Scnni (p. 87).

Fruit maroon (IV, 2| or bail (I\'. ."i i irhcn ripr; i/iinit cells fairli/ uniform in
shape ami size, nol poinlcd or I ri<tn<iular.

Fruit 'I'l to 'i^.'i mm. loan, taiicrini,' sli;,'litly at bntli ends. e\treinely soft, not
Keeping its sliape irhen preserred. bri^:ht i>ay (1\'. ."> ) wIumi ripe, skin
where loose saffron colored (VI, i) ; tlesb aI)out :} nun. thick, translucent,
lijiht colored: seed 24 to 2t> nun. lon^. about oiie-thir<l ;is wide, the ventral
.'•hannel oiien; f/ianl cells all roumled. mostly spherical Imt a few ellip-
tical, none more tlian twice as JMn,!:: as wiile. mostly niiicli smaller than
in Kent iSej^ny. oran^^e rufous (IV. KH) in color Dei/let llassen {\^. 92).

Fruit not exceeding J/O )nni. long, nioderalelg soft, teeping its sliape fairlg irell
irhen preserved : giani cells man a of them angular.

Fruit rerg dart,- colored { bet irecn prune purple (VIII. 1) and broirn) irhen
ripe. 80 to ."^S nun. Ions, senerally obovate or obovate oblong, square at
base, rounded at apex: skin where loose burnt und)er (HI, S) color;
flesh 2 to ;! nnn. thick, very soft and dark colored ; tiltrous lining of the
central cavity well develoiied : seed alimt two-thirds as long as tiie fruit,
ai)out two-lifths as wide as long, blunt at ]>ntli ends, mars in-own (111. lo)
in color, the ventral clianiiel ojien. the germ pore very indistinct: giant
cells ehiefig sptierical or sJiort elliptical but many quadrangular with
rounded angles, few 'if them more tlian one and one-half times as long
as aide, tawny (V. 1) in color; branches of the fruit clusters orange
(VI, .3) ' ^_Ammarg " (]). SS).

Fruit tnnj (IV, 5) or maroon (IV, 2) n'hen ripe: giant cells all or nearly all
(NH/ular. mostlji not longer Ihan vide, almost nerer more than one and-
one-half times us Imig as wide.

Fruit about JjO mm. long: seed areraginf/ .i-7 mm. long, about one-third as wide,
the rentral channel a-ide. open, tlie germ pore near the base; flesh about
.3 nnn. thick : giant cells most hi angular but mang spherical, the great
majority not longer than wide ( ^ to A as lai'ge as in Deglet Ilassen),
orange ochraceous (V, .S) in color; branches of the fruit clusters bright
orange Goondy (p. 88).

Fruit ,?.> to 37.-5 mm. long; flesh about H mm. thick : seed arcraging 20 mm. long,
about two-fifths as wide, tlic rentral channel, narroir but open: giant cells
all more or less angular, (about twice as large as in Goondy), ochraceous
(V, 7) in color; branches of the fruit clusters orange Zckry (p, 81).

Orate Intermediate Soft Dates.

Firm irliitc central portion of the ftesli at least twice as thick as the soft, dark-
colored outer portion Kcnta.^

Firm }rhite central portion of the flesh not nearlg so thick as the soft, dark-
colored outer porti<>n.

White fibrous lining of the central caritg little dereloped : fruit .3.5 to .50 mm.
long, narrowed from about the middle to the rounded apex and often

"Description drawn up from material from Tempe, Ariz., garden, from a palm
originally from Ourlana, Algeria.

^ This variety (as well as the Angoo, p. 97) Ijelongs evidently to the dry
date class, and is described on p. 97; but, on account of its smooth, very loose
skin (narrow transverse wrinkles few or none), it is likely to be sought in this
part of the key.

92

104 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

also to the base, orange rufous (IV, IM) before maturity, maroon (IV, 2)
when ripe, its skin ocbraceous (V. 7) colored where loose, shiny; flesh
soft, 4 to 6 mm. thick; seed a little more than half as long as the fruit,
f/eueraUy cousiiicuoiish) pointnl at the ape.r aiitl often narrowed to the
. base, very smooth, ehextiuit (IV. 0) colored: the ventral channel more or
less closed; giant cells mostly rounded (a few with rounded angles),
either spherical or short elliptical (1 to 2 times as long as wide), rufous
(IV. 7) colored, branches of the fruit clusters maize (VI, 21) yellow.

Denlet \oor (p. 03).
WJiite fihrous tinhifi strorighj devrlopcd throin/hout the leufith of the cenfral
cavity; seed (jencralln roinidcd at hotli ciidx. roiiyh, tlyht colored {cin-
namon (III, 20) to Isabella (III, 2.3) hroirn).

Ripe fruit dark prune purple, its sk'm adhering closely to the flesh, {very little
hlixitcrcd or icrinkled). conspicuously marked trith traiisrrrse and longi-
tudinal linear scars; fruit 40 to 45 mm. long, narrowed from about the
middle to the roiuided apex, keeping its shape pei'fectly when ripe;
flesh al)out 4 mm. thick, firm Imt tender; seed 22 to 23 mm. long, nearly
one-half as wide, widest near the middle, rounded at the ends, the ventral
channel closed; giant cells very small, the majority angular (generally
somewhat regularly quadrangular), but many spherical or pear-shaped,
rarely more than one and <me-half times as long ;is wide, orange rufous
(IV, 13) colored; branches of the fruit clusters bright orange.

Khtilt Mooasheni (p. 81).

Ripe fruit not darkv/- in color than purplish niuroon (IV, 2), much of the skin
blistered, not scarred.

Branches of the fruit clusters maize yellow (^'I, 21) ; fruit J/O to .'i2..5 mm.
long, narrowed from about the middle to the rounded apex, between
maroon (IV, 2) and prune purple (VIII, 1) tchen ripe, with considerable
bloom; skin where loose tawny ocbraceous (V, 4). somewhat shiny;
flesh about 4 mm. thick ; seed about two-fifths as long as the fruit,
about one-third as wide as long, cinnamon brown (III, 20). the ventral
channel open, the germ pore aljove the middle ; i/iant cells very uniform
in shape and size, nearly all rounded and spherical, ferruginous (IV, 10)
in color Khalt Deglaowia (p. 82).

Branches of the fruit clusters orange (VI. 3), fruit .'/J to .jO mm. long or. If
■shorter, the ripe fruit bay colored (IV, 5) and the giant cells mostly
sharp-angled.

Fruit .'/O )nm. long, narrowed from near the base to the rounded apex, dull
orange before maturity, hay colored (IV. 5) iclien ripe, skin where
loose tawny olive (III, 17), somewhat shiny; flesh about S mm. thick,
rather tough ; seed 23 to 25 mm. long, about one-third as wide, the ven-
tral channel open ; giant cells very diverse in sha])e and size, the great
majority sharp-ungled (very few spherical), and irregularly triangular
or quadrangular in outline, sometimes irregularly club-shaped or cigar-
shaped, often sharp-pointed or even aristate. more than half of them 2 to
3 times as long as wide, orange (VI, 3) to orange rufous (IV, 13) in
color Karooy (p. 80).

Fruit .'i') to ■'>() mm. long; giant cells all rounded or. if slidrp-angled. the color of
the fruit dark {between maroon (IV. 2) and prune purple (VIII. 1)
and the flesh .'/ to 6 mm. thick.

Flesh only 3 mm. thick, translucent, soft, sugar not crystallizing on the cut
surface; fruit 50 nnn. long, tapering from at or near the base to the
somev.-hat pointed ajiex. light orange before maturity, bright bay (IV,
5) irhen ripe; skin where loose ocbraceous (V, 7), shiny; seed about
one-half as long as the fruit, about two-fifths as wide as long, deeply
furrowed at base, the ventral channel open ; giant cells all rounded (or
a few very indistinctly angled), the majority elliptical (li to 2 times as
long as wide), a few si)herical. orange rufous (IV. 13), of nearly the
same size and color as in the Deglet Noor (see above) ^elatny (p. 93).

Flesh -'i to G )nm. thick, sugar crystallizing conspicuously on the cut surface;
fruit .'i') to .')(l nun. long, dull orange red before maturity, dark maroon
(IV, 2) to prune purple (VIII, 1) when ripe.

Fruit narroired from at or near the base to the somewhat pointed ape.r. skin
where loose tawny (V, 1) ; seed 25 to 20 mm. long, about one-third as
wide, more or less truncate at apex, the ventral channel open or partly

92

KEY TO THE VARIETIES. 105

dosed; (jiinit cells rrru .sniiill ( rost'iiil)liuf; those of Dejjlet Noor and
St'l.itny). tiiiHr iiiiiforiii in sizr and sliiiix-, all nmiulnl. si)lu'rical or short
elliptical, rimlii innrc than one ami one-half ihncx as lonn us n'idc,

nifoiis (IV, 7) //( color ^ Khali Ilorraoiria (p. 82).

Fruit not consiiiciioiisli/ narrointl until from about the niiilillc. hroatl at ajier,
shin nliere loose ochraccotis ( \', 7). seed 12-^ to "J.l iiini. Ions;, about two-
fifths as wide, rounded at apex, the ventral channel open or partly
closed : (jiant oils .i to ) tivics as lanji' as in llic iircccdin;/, e.rtrcinclii
dircrsc in size and shaix-. all amjlcd (uenci-ally sharply so), irr<'j;ularly
Iriaiiiiular or (luadran.icular or angular rod, clui>. or pear shaju'd, often
tliree to four tintis as lontj as aide, beticecn saffron (VI. 4) and orani/e
(VI, .3) //( color Khalt Mcnahhri/c (p. 93).

Obion;, Intermediate Soft Itales.

Fruit nearlii black alien riiie. very soft, not keeivini; its sli.-iiic well. 3.") to 40
nun. Ion.:.': (/iaiit cells inosll// ani/ular Tozer Zaid Safra i* (p. 8.")).

Fruit not ilurlcr tinin elieslnut (IV. !>) or maroon (IV. 2) n'hen ripe, or, if
blaci:. the ijiaut cells all rounded, none arifnilur.

Fruit blaek nln n rijie. very soft, not keci)iii.^' its sliajie well. 4<i to 4."> mm.
lonji : seed aliout thrce-tifths as lon.u as the fruit, almut one-third as wide
as lonj:, lietween mummy brown (III, 1(») and russet (III, Id) in color,
the ventral channel open or ])artly closed, the yerm jiore aiiove the mid-
dle; iiiant cells all rounded, sjiherical or short elliptical, not more than
one and one-half times as loii!; .-is wide, or.-mue ( \'I. ."! i colored.

Tenaseen f.

Fruit bron-n. baij [\\. ."»). or maroon {\\. 1' i alien ripe.

Fruit eons/iicuoiisl!/ n-ider near the middle than elseirJiere and rapidlii diminish-
in;/ ill width from that point to the narroir base and ape.r; seed (jeiierally
taperini/ from in iir the ape.r to a ratlier sharp point Dcfilct Xoor.d

Fruit oitlii moderatelji iriiler near Ihr middle than elseirlicre and (jradualUj
diminisliini/ from that point to the base and ape.r, or else of about the
same n-idfh Ihroin/liout almost its entire lenijlh : seed more or less rounded
and abriipllii tipped { mucronate) at ape.r. not taper pointed.

Fruit when ripe liiiht hazel ( H'. 12) e-olored irithout anii tini/e of purple, the
sl<in whei'e loose saffron-yellow ( \'I. 4i. shiny. 47.."') to .">(( mm. lonj;,
somewhat blunt pointed at the apex, not kee/iin;/ its shape irell ; flesh about
.5 nnn. thick, rery soft and sirupij, with almost no white fibrous lining
to the central cavity; seed 23 to 2."> nnn. lonjr. a little more than one-third
as wide, russet (III. Ki) to chestnut (IV. 0) colored, the ventral channel
open, the i;erin \)ovv Ik'Iow the middle: i/iant cells (juite uniform in size,
mostlij rounded (siiherical, short elliptical, or pear-shaped), some <iuad-
rangular with rounded angles, none more than one and one-lialf times as
long as wide, orange rufous (IV, 13) to ferruginous (IV. KM in color.

Dcf/lef /lamidutoo (j). 02).

Fruit irlieii ripe darker colored, bail (IV, 5), maroon (IV, 2), or chestnut
(IV, 0), u-ith a purple tiiifje or, if hazel (IV, 12) colored and irifhout
purple tiiif/e, then of rather firni consistency, keepinii its shape irell irlieii
prescrrcd and irith the (jiant cells mostly annular (.l/c.s7(f//).

o These four " Khalts " ( Mooashem. I>eglaowia. Ilorraowia. and Menakhry)
have the skin more or le.ss conspicuously transversely wrinkled as well as blis-
tered, and the flesh, although tender, of (luite firm consistency, characters be-
longing i-ather to the dry than the soft dates (see ]>. 0(t), and they a])pear to
be somewhat related to the Horra variety (see p. 08) ; but on account of their
thick sugary flesh and rich flavor, it seems proper to class them among the
soft dates.

6 The fruit of this variety is usually considerably le.ss than twice as long as
wide ( see ]). 1(J(J).

'^' This variety is connuon in tlie oasBS of eastern Algeria. A young iialm in
the garden at Tempe, Ariz., originally from Ourlana, Algeria, has much shorter,
obovate fruit and although labeled " Teii.aseen " it is certainly not identical
with the above-described fruit, which was obtained in the Oued Sonf. The latter
is in 'all probability the true Tenaseen.

(2 This variety has the fruit generally decidedly larger near tlie base than near
the ai)ex and is therefore classed with the ovate intermediate soft dates. The
form described on this page is the exception, that en i)age 104 is the rule.

92

106 DATE VARIETIES AND DATE CULTURE IN TUNIS.

Fniit irlien ripe chcfitntit colored (IV. 9) u-ith a rery aUyht purple tinpe, the
skin where loose tawny olive (III, IT) or ochraceous (V, 7), shiny, the
fruit liri^iht orange before maturity, nearly 50 mm. long, somewhat
pointed and coiispiciioii.slii oiie-sidrd at apcr. not Iceeping its shape well
when ripe; flesh about 4.5 mm. thick, extremely soft and Hirnpy; seed
23 to 24 mm. long. aUout two-fifths as wide, chestnut (IV, 9) colored;
the ventral channel more or less closed, giant cells very diverse in size
and shajip. all angled (often sharply so), generally considerably longer
than wide, triangular, quadrangular, or somewhat pear-shaped, the out-
lines often very irregular, ferruginous (IV, 10) in color__/^ec/»o (p. 89).

Fruit irheii ripehay (IV, 5) or maroon (IV. 2) to prune purple (VIII, 1) {varying
to hazel (IV. 12) in Areshty). not or not conspicuously one sided at apex.

White fibrous lining to the central cavity almost none, flesh only ahout 2 mm.
thick, all soft and dark colored when ripe; fruit 45 nnu. long, oblong,
narrowed slightly at both ends, keeping its shape only fairly well when
ripe, bright orange yellow before maturity, maroon (IV, 2) with slight
purple tinge when ripe. .s7.-/;( icliere loose saffron (VI. 4) to orange {\l.S),
shiny ; seed about three-fifths as long as the fruit and about one-third as
wide as long, the ventral channel open or closed; giant cells never moi-e
and usu.-illy less than twice as long as wide, quite varialtle in form, nearly
all angular, in outline trianguLir. quadrangular, or somewhat pear-shaped;
-color orange rufous (IV, lo) to ferruginous (IV, 10)__ Chedakh (p. 92).

White fibrous lining to the central cavity well developed, flesh at least 3 mm.
thick, skin where loose ochraceous (V, 7) to russet (III, 16), rarely
orange (VI. 3).

Flesh soft and sirupy. !, mm. thick: fruit keeping its shape only fairly well
when ripe, .'i2.o to 47.5 m)n. long, slightly narrowed at both ends, reddish
orange before maturity, between dark maroon (IV. 2) and prune purple
(VIII, 1) with a conspicuous ])lo()m when ripe, its surface shiny; seed
between one-half and three-fifths as long as the fruit, usually slightly
less than one-third as wide as long, widest below the middle or about
equally wide throughout, the ventral channel oiien : giant cells nearly all
lingular, similar to those of the preceding (Chedakh) ; branches of the
fruit clusters deep orange Fteemy (p. 09).

Flesh of firm consistency, fruit keeping its shape well when ripe, broad at base
or. if somewhat narroived at base, the fruit only JiO mm. long, then the
flesh only 3 mm. thick and the giant cells all rounded or nearly so.

Fruit JfO mm. long, generally slightly narrowed at both ends, bright maroon
when ripe, with consideral)ie bloom; flesh 3 mm. thick, not very sugary:
seed smooth. 25 mm. long, about two-fifths as wide, widest above the
middle, the ventral channel open, the germ pore above the middle; giant
cells very uniform in size and shape, all rounded, spherical or nearly so,
orange ("vi, 3) in color Khalt Hameed (p. 89).

Fridt JfO to 60 mm. long, broad at hase, flesh 4 to 6 mm. thick, very sugary; seed
•rough.

Fruit .',7.5 to ■>') mm. long, oblong or oblong ovate, broad and rounded at base
and ai»ex. keeping its shape well when ripe, dull orange yellow l)efore
maturity, between maroon (IV. 2) and chestnut (IV, 9) or between
chestnut and hazel (IV. 12) colored with a purplish l)loom when ripe;
flesh 4 to 6 mm. thick, the white fibrous lining to the central cavity well-
developed : seed 23 to 25 mm. long, two-fifths to one-half as wide, russet
(IIl.lC. ) to chestnut (IV. 9) colored, its surface uniformly roughened
with small pits and fine wrinkles, the ventral channel fresiuently closed,
the germ pore usually distinct, always above the middle of the .seed;
giant cells quite uniform in size and shape, all rounded, mostly spherical
but some short-elliptical (14 or nearly 2 times as long as wide), rufous
(IV. 7) colored: branches of the fruit clusters lemon yellow.

Menakher (p. 01).

Fruit dull orange before maturity, light bay (IV, 5) or light hazel (IV, 12)
colored when ripe: seed roughened here and there with irregular ridges
and furrows: giant cells very diverse in shape and size, nearly all angu-
lar, saffron (VI. 4) to orange (VI, 3) in color; branches of the fruit
clusters light orange Areshty o (p. 71).

"The fruit of this variety is generally at least 4 mm. less than twice as long
as wide, and it is therefore de.scriijed more fully under Broad Soft Dates. (See
p. 101.)
92

i\ni-x..

rage.

Alwriiin (uisos, climate coinpnroil witli Tunis oases 22,23,24.27,28

Alkali soils ^ :i<;-41

composition o*f the alkali 37

ret-lamation 30

ivsistant varieties of date palm (>(», 7(», 72. 74, 78, 70. 84. S5

Amniary variety 87. 103

Ant^'oo variety 74. 97

Aresbty variety 70^101

Arizona localities, eliniate compared with Tunis oases 22. 2:!. 24. 27. 28

Atmospheric humidity -t>

Baydh Ilamnuim variety 7(5,100

Bayjoi) v;iriety S-- ^7

Bent Sejiuy variety 87,103

Besser Ilalof) variety 78.101

Boo Affar variety.-! 58. (iU, 101

Boo Fairoos variety r»8, (!7, 101

("alciiun sulphate in soils 34.38

(iiedakh variety 92.10(2

Classification of varieties hy hotanical characters 9.">-97

l)y commercial value ">7

Climate of Tunisian oases 21-28

humidity - 2(j-27

precipitation 2."». 27-28

temperature 21-2G.

Climate of different years as affecting date crop 2.5.2(5.51,52

Colors, terms used in descril)ing ^ 95

Cost of .-i.iiricultural operations 45.47.5.3-54

Cultivation of soil 4.5

Culture of date palm 41-55

Date crop as aftected l)y climate of different years 25.20.51.52

DegletBarca variety 90

Caid variety 90

Ilamidatoo variety 92, 105

Hassen varietv 92, 103

Noor variety 58, 03, 104

alkali resistance C6

hotanical characters 03,1(34

climatic conditions necessary 04

connnercial importance 58,03

geographical distrihulion and abundance 04

harvesting '^~~'^f

productiveness ^5.5

quality in Tunis as compared with Algeria (J5

quality of fruit from commercial standpoint .58,03

slow development of pahns 05

time of ripening 65

Sennayga variety 90

Djerid. Hcc Jerid.

Doonga variety 77,101

Douz oasis

Drainage, chemical composition of drainage water

description of system 33

importance in reclaiming alkali soils 36

92 107

19
40

iUo INDEX.

Page.

Dry dates, characteristics ()(», 9i>

value as vegetarian food T.i

El llaiiima oasis (Gabes) 19

(Jerid) 1 17

El Oudiane oasis 10

Fertility of soils 35

Folklore of date palm 14,40

Fruit clusters, removal from very young trees 50

straddling to prevent breaking of stalks 51

Fteemy variety 57,50,08. loii

alkali I'esistance 7o

botanical characters 08-00, 100

commercial importance : (59. 70

geographical distribution and abuud^mce (JO

keeping (luality 70

productiveness 70

ra])id development of iialms 09,70

time of ripening 70

Ftimi. See Fteemy.

Gabes oasis 19-20

Gafsa oasis ^ 20-21

Gardens, characteristics 13, 55

protection from sand 14

size and value 41-42

sunken [ 10, 19

Gasb rialoo variety 90

Gasby variety 87. 102

Geography " 11-21

Germ pore of date seed ^ 94

Giant cells of date 95

Gooiidy variety 88, 103

Groups of vai'ieties. synopsis 90-97

Guern-el-Khezal variety 9<>

G.vpsum content of soils 34,38

Halooa Bayda variety 75,99

Hamra variety ' S3, 98

Harvesting dates .52-54

Heat, total in Tunisian oases 24-2<i

Horra variety 59, 71, 98

Humidity, atmosiiheric 20-27

effect on ripening of dates 19

Ini] dements. ,Sce Tools.

Impoi-tation of offshoots 10,56

Irrigation 28-33, 47-48

amount of water used , 29,47

chemical comjiosition of water 30-31

freciuency at different seasons 47-48

methods : 33. 47

newly planted jialms 47

relation to ripening of dates 48

saline or alkaline water used 40.48

system of canals and dams 31-33

Iteema variety 89. 100

Jerid oasis 11-17

Karooy variety : 88, 104

Kenta variety 59.72,97

Kejiteeshy variety 84, 99

Key to the varieties 97-100

Khadraya variety 90

Khalt Boo Fagoos variety 91

Deglaowia variety 81, 104

(Jama variety 91

Ilameed variety 89,106

Horraowia variety 82, 105

Kebeer variety 91

Kentaowia variety 91

92

INDEX. 109

Klialt .Monakliry vnrioty 'Xl. lo.")

Mooaslioiii variety 81. I(i4

Kharooby variety , 8(i. 10-

Kseba variety '-- 77.100

Labor -1:^-4:5

La.uoo variety 80. lO'J

LeKemls concern! ii;: tlic date p.ilin 14, 4G

Lenisy variety 75, 91)

Male palms 50-51

Manni-inj; 40-.")0

:MeMsni«'nients given in descriptions !I4

MenaUber variety 57, <;(>. Kk;

botanical characters (i(i-<;i. IOC

connnercial i)ossibilities 57.01.02

.<;eot;r:ipI)i(al distribntion and rarity 57.02

introdnction into I'nited States 57, 58. <>;'.

l^cepinu (|nality *>1

multiplication, rapid, i)ossibility 58

productiveness 02

lirop.itjation. difficult 03

(piality of irnit 01,02

ripeiiinir. time (>2

Moldi Begry v;iriety 57. 70, 10(>

Names of varieties 50

Nefta oasis 15-1(;

Nefzaoua oases 17-19

Nomenclature of varieties 50

Oases, area covered and number of date palms 15-20

description 13

protection from sand 14, 18

Offshoots, importation, number 1^

packing for transi)ortation 45

prices paid 44

production, how stimulated 43

removal from parent tree 44-45

size for transplanting 44

Okht Ammary variety 91

Fteemy variety '<'9. 102

Packing dates for shipment •^•4

Planting : 40-47

Pollination ^0

relation of irrigation 48

Population ot oases 15,42.43

Precipitation 25, 27-28, 51-52

Preparing land for planting date palms 45

Preserving date-^ 54—55

Propagation 4.3-45

Rainfall. <S'ef Precipitation.
Reclamation. Sec Alkali.

Remta variety 83. 98

Rliars variety 80. 102

Ril»ening of dates 51-52

climatic factors affecting 23-20

hastening, suggestions 52

relation of irrigation 48

Saline soils. Sec Alkali.
Salt. See WkiiU.

Salton Basin. Cal.. climate compared with Tunis oases 22. 24. 25. 27-28

Sand, protection of oases 14, 18

Sayi)a Boo Dra variety 80, 102

Sba Aroossa variety pi

Seacoast, date culture near 19,20

Seedling date palms 43

Selatny variety ^57, 9.3. 104

Shelter for young palms 47

Shipment of dates, factors affecting 15,54

92

110 INDEX.

Pa?e.

Soft dates, characteristics , 60.96

Soils of Tunisian oases 33-41

alkali content 3()— 41

fertility 35

texture 33-35

Suckers. See Offshoots.

Sunken gardens 10, 19

Tafazaouine. »S'cc Tafazween.

Tafazween variety 58,08. 101

Tantaboosht variety 84, 99

Temperature 21-26

Tenantry system 42—13

Tenaseen variety 89. 105

Thaby variety ^ 74. 98

Tools used by natives 11 15

Topography. Sec Geograi)hy.

Towadant variety 91

Tozer oasis 10

Zaid Khala variety 85, 100

Safra variety 85, 100

Trimming off old leaves 50

Tronja variety 58, 06. 99

Truundja. See Tronja.

Varieties of the date palm 55-106

classification by botanical characters 96-106

geographical distribution 55

grading as to (luality of fruit, etc 57

groups, synopsis 96-97

importation, considei-ations governing 10

key_. 97-106

nomenclature followed 56

number in Tunis 55-56

Watering. See Irrigation.

Water supply 18.19.28-31

Winds, dry, hot. effect upon fruit 51

north, shelter from ' 16,17

.sand-bearing, protection against 14,18

Zekry variety 81,103

Zrai variety 91

92

PLATES.

92

111

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate I. Frontispiece. Harvesting Deglet Noor dates from tall trees at Tozer.

Plate II. Fig. 1. — An unirrigated tract of alkali land in the midst of Tozer
oasis, with a growth of salt-loving samphire, or " pickle weed." Only water
is needed to transform this spot into Inxuriant date gardens, like those sur-
rounding it. Fig. 2. — Working the soil of a date garden with the " messah." or
short-handled hoe. i)reparatory to planting onions. Illustrates the frequent cul-
tivation given well-cared-for date gardens; also (background), recently planted
palms sheltered by tent-like coverings of date leaves.

Plate III. Date palm (Khalt Aly Meskeen variety) showing the "straddling"
of a heavy hunch of fruit to prevent the breaking of the stalks. This is a com-
mon practice in the Tunis oases and saves much fruit that would otherwise
be lost.

Plate IV. Fig. 1. — A Tronja palm with numerous offshoots (one as large as
the main trunk) in unirrigated alkali land, showing the characteristic curving
of the leave.s. Fig. 2. — A typical male date palm, showing the characteristic
heavy crown of foliage.

Plate V. Fig. 1. — Menakher palm at Nefta, said to be 20 years old. One of
the offshoots shown was imported into the T'nited States. Fig. 2. — Older
Menakher palm at El Oudiane. with two large fruiting offshoots.

Plate VI. Fig. 1. — Deglet Noor palm, oasis of El Oudiane. showing the char-
acteristic drooping of the long-stalked fruit clusters. Fig. 2. — Lagoo palm,
showing horizontal or erect short-stalked fruit clusters. Fig. 3. — The town of
Nefta, a community supported almost entirely by date culture.

Plate VII. Fig. 1. — Full-grown Fteemy palms in a hollow, oasis of El Oudiane.
Fig. 2. — A plantation of G-year-old date palms at the edge of Nefta oasis, in
land that was formerly covered with an efflorescence of salts. The varieties
represented are Fteemy, Okht Fteemy. and Deglet Noor (a Fteemy palm near
the center in the foreground). The arrangement of the "lands" for irrigation
and a young crop of alfalfa among the palms are shown'.

Plate VIII. Dates, natural size. (1) Deglet Noor variety; (2) Menakher
variety.

Plate IX. Dates, natural size. (1) Tronja variety; (2) Boo Affar variety.

Plate X. Dates, natural size. (1) Horra variety; (2) Kenta variety; (3)
Fteemy variety; (4) Mokh Begry variety.

92

113

o

Bill. 92, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate II

Fig. 1. Alkali Land in the Midst of Tozer Oasis.

Fig. 2.— Working the Soil of a Date Garden with the "Messah", or Short-
handled Hoe.

Bui. 92, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate III.

Date Palm, Showing '■ Straddling" of Fruit Cluster to Prevent the Breaking

OF THE Stalk.

Bui. 92, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate IV.

Bui. 92. Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate V.

31

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33

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33

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Bui. 92, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VI.

Fig. 1.— Deglet Noor Palm.

Fig. 2.— Lagoo Palm.

Fig. 3.— The Town of Nefta, with Date Garden in Left Foreground.

Bui. 92, Bureau of Plant Industry, U '^ n.>n» of Agriculture.

Plate VII.

Fig. 1.— Fteemy Palms, El Oudiane.

Fig. 2.— Plantation of Six-year-old Date Palms at Nefta.
A Fteemy palm in the loregrouiid.

Bui. 92, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agiiculture

Dates, Natural Size.

1. — I>esU't Xoor varictv. 2. — Meiiaklier varietv.

Bui. 92, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate IX.

Dates, Natural Size.
1.— Tronja variety. 2.— Boo Affar variety.

Bui 92, Bureau of Plant Inuustry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate X.

1. — Horra variety.

Dates, Natural Size.

2. — Kenta variety. 3. — Fteemy variety.

4. — Mokh Besrv variety.

[Continued from page 2 of cover.]
No. 4;!. Japanese Bamboos. IDOo. Price, 10 cents.

44. Tlie liittor Hot of Apples. 1903. Price, 1.5 cents.

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91. Varieties of Tobacco. Seed Distributed, etc. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 93.

B. T. GALLOWAY. (7iie/o/JJ«/-«?a«.

THE

CONTROL OF APPLE BITTER-POT,

BY

W. :M. SCOTT. Pathologlst.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL. AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS.

IssDEP Makch 14, 1906.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1 9 0 6 .

BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

The Bureau of Plant Industry, which was organized Julj' 1, 1901, includes Vege-
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4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

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11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents. ••

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39. The Propagation of the Ea.ster Lily from Seed. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

[Continued on page 3 of cover.]

Bui. 93, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate 1.

Apples Badly Affected with Bitter-rot on the Same Twig with Mummies of

THE Preceding Year's Crop.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY- BULLETIN NO. 93.

K. T. 'i\lAAA\A\, Chief n/JUirmu.

Tin:

CONTUOL OF APIM.E IJITTEll-ROT.

BY

W. M. SCOTT. Patholo(;ist.

BOT.ANiCA;

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS.

Issued March 14, 1906.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1906.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

B. T. GALLOWAY,
PcUlwlogigt and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
Albert F. Woods, Pathologist and Plujsiologisl in Charge, Acting Chief of Bureau in Absence of Chief.

BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge.

FARM MANAGEMENT.
W. J. SPILLMAN, Agriculturist in Charge.

POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

G. B. Brackett. Pomologist in Charge.

SEED AND PLANT INTRODLXTION AND DISTRIBUTION.
A. J. PiETERS, Botanist in Charge.

ARLINGTON EXPERIMENTAL FARM.
L. C. CORBETT, Horticulturist in Charge.

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY' OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL

PLANTS.
O. F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge.

DRUG AND POISONOUS PLANT INVESTIGATIONS, AND TEA CULTURE INVESTIGATIONS.

RoDKEY H. True, Physiologist in Charge.

DRY LAND AGRICULTURE AND WESTERN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION.

Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge.

EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUTS'DS.

E. M. Byrnes, ^Superintendent.

SEED LABORATORY.

Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge.

J. E. Rockwell, Editor.
JAME.S E. Jones, Chief Clerk.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHY'SIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

Albert F. Woods, Pathologist and Physiologist in Charge.

Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Pathology.

Herbert J. Webber, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Breeding.

Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Life History.

Newton B. Pierce, Pathologist in Charge of Pacific Coast Laboratory.

M. B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge of Lnres'tigatidns of Diseases of Orchard Fruits.

Mark Alfred Carleton. Cercalist in Charge of Grain Lnvestigations.

Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Physiology.

Hermann von Schrenk, //; Charge of Mississippi Valley Laboratory.

Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge of Subtropical Laboratory.

C. O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge of Sugar Beet Investigations.

T. H. Kearney, A. D. Shamel, Physiologists, Plant Breeding.

P. H. DoRSETT, Cornelius L. Shear, William A. Orton, W. M. Scott, E. M. Freeman, Pathologists.

E. C. Chilcott, Expert in Cultirafion Methods, Grain Investigations.

C. R. Ball, Assistant Agroyfologist, Grain Investigations.

Joseph S. Chamberlain, « J. Arthur Le Clerc, 6 Physiological Chemists, Grain. Inrestigations.

Flora W^ Patterson, Mycologist.

Charles P. Hartley, Charles J. Brand, Assistant Physiologists.

Deane B. Swingle, George G. Hedgcock, Perley Spailding, P. J. O'Gara, Florence Hedges,
George F. Miles, W. W. Gilbert, John R. Johnston, Alice C. Haskins, Scientific Assistants,
Plant Pathology.

T. Ralph Robinson. T. D. Beckwith, Scientific Assistants, Plant Physiology.

Jesse B. Norton, Ernest B. Brown, Leonard L. Harter, Wightman W. Garner. Scientific Assist-
ants, Plant Breeding.

Henry A. Miller, Leslie A. Fitz, A. H. Leidigh, H. F. Blanchard, Victor L. Cokey, Scientific
As.sLstants, Grain Investigations.

W. W. COBEY. Tobacco Expert.

John O. Merwin, Scientific Assistant.

a Detailed to Bureau of Chemistry. .
6 Detailed from Bureau of Chemistry.

LETTl-R OF TRANSMriTAL

U. S. Department of Agriciti.ture,

Bureau of Plant Industry,

Office of the Chief,
Washington, I). C, DecemlerM, 1905.

Sir: I have tho honor to tninsniit herewith the nianuseript for a
biinetin entitled "The Control of Apple Bitter-Kot,"' bv :Mr. W. M.
Scott. This paper was suhniitted l)y Mr. A. F. Woods, Pathologist
and Ph^'sioloo-ist of the Bureau, with a view to publication.

This Bureau has for a number of 5'ears been investigatino- this serious
disease, which nearly evc^-y year causes great loss to apple growers.
The loss some years has been estimated to be more than $10,000,000.
Although many attempts have been made to control the disease by the
ordinary spraying methods, the results have been unsuccessful. Mr.
Scott has discovered the reason for these failures, and the results of
his investio-ations during the present season (which has been exceed-
ingly favorable for the development of bitter-rot) indicate that the
disease can be successfully controlled at a nominal cost. It now remains,
through demonstration experiments to be conducted in the various
apple districts, to bring the method into general use.

I respectfully recommend that this paper l)e published as Bulletin
No. 93 of the series of this Bureau.

The accompanying illustrations are essential to a clear understanding

of the text.

Respectfully, B. T. Gallow^ay,

Ch lef of Bureau.

Hon. James Wilson,

Secretarij of Agriculture,

cox TH NTS.

i-ngo.

Introduction ~

Tlie disease and its (;aiise ^

The diseaseil spots on the apple f^

The l)itter-rot fungus 9

The mycelium 9

Summer spores I^^

Ascospores 1*^

Germination of the spores 10

Bitter-rot i-ankers on the l)ranches H

Source of infection and spread of the disrast' 11

Intiuencing conditions 12

Weather 12

Moisture 1'^

Temperature l-^

SusceptibiHty of different Aarieties 14

Remedial measures 15

The Virginia experiments 1"

The experimental trees 18

The plan of the experiment - - 1^

Object 19

Spraying scheme 19

Weather conditions attending the experiment 20

Results - 21

Beneficial effei-ts of spraying 25

Effect of the treatment on other diseases 26

Scab 26

Leaf-spot 27

Sooty-blotch 27

Injurious effects of the treatment 27

Russeting ~<

Coating of Bordeaux mixture ■ 28

Commercial ojjerations 28

Results in several orchards 28

Preparation of Bordeaux mixture 31

Method of applying Bordeaux mixture 32

Conclusions and recommendations 32

Description of plates - 36

5

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES.

Page.
Platk I. Apples badly affected with bitter-rot on the same twig with mum-
mies of the preceding year's crop Frontispiece.

II. The microscopic characters of the bitter-rot fungus in various stages. 36

III. Fig. 1. — Crop of apples from one tree of Plot 3, sprayed seven times.

Fig. 2.— Crop from an unsprayed tree ( Check A ) 36

IV. Fig. 1. — Apples harvested from one tree of Plot 6, sprayed ten times.

Fig. 2. — Crop from an unsprayed tree ( Check D ) 36

Y. Fig. 1. — Apples harvested from one tree of Plot 1, sprayed three

times; applications made too early. Fig. 2. — Crop of apples from

one tree of Plot 12, sprayed four times; applications made too late. . 36

VI. Fig. 1.— A Yellow Newtown apple badly affected with bitter-rot, and

another recently mummified by the fungus. Fig. 2. — The crop

from one tree of Plot 16, sprayed four times at the right period 36

YII. An untreated apple tree (Check A), with the bulk of its crop on the

ground at jjicking time 36

VIII. Fig. 1.— Platform and equipment for making Bordeaux mixture.

Fig. 2.— The spraying outfit in operation 36

TEXT FKiURE.

Fig. 1. Plat of the block of trees used in the experiment 18

6

B. P. I.— 198. V. P. 1'. I.— 149.

TH1-: CONTROL OF .II'PLI'^ BITTER-ROT.

INTRODUCTION.

Accounts of severe losses of the {i])ple crop of the United States
caused by l)itter-rot {Glomerelhi I'lifomaeuldiis (Berk.) Sptuddino- &
von Schrenk) date back to 1870, and since that time destructive out-
breaks of this disease have occurred at frequent intervals with appar-
ently increasing severit}' until a loss of several million dollars in a
single season is not uncommon. An epidemic occurred in 1900, when
it was estimated that the damage to the apple crop of the United States
was $10,000,000/' and in 1902 the attacks of the fungus were again
exceedinolv severe.

Although the fungus c-ausing this disease occurs in nearly every
apple-growing State in the eastern part of the United States, severe
losses from it have been confined to the southern half of the apple belt,
Missouri, Illinois, Arkansas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky
suffering especially in recent years.

This disease has had the attention of the Department of Agriculture
for a number of 3'^ears. In the Report of the Chief of the Section of
Vegetable Pathology for 1887'' appeared the first economic discussion
of the disease by an American writer, followed in 1891 '' hy sl more
extensive account of the fung-us bv Miss E. A. Southworth. In 1903
Messrs. von Schrenk and Spaulding,'' of the Mississippi Valle}' Labora-
tory of the Bureau, published a general account of the bitter-rot dis-
ease with a description and life histor}^ of the fungus causing it.

In 1903 the attention of the Bureau of Plant Industry was called to
an outbreak in Virginia and West Virginia, and the writer was detailed
to investigate the trouble and ' arrange for remedial experiments.
During the months of August and September (1903) a number of
orchards in each of these States were visited, and it was found that,
although several other good varieties were affected, the highly prized
Yellow Newtown (also known as Albemarle Pippin) was, as usual, the
greatest sufferer. In some cases the destruction was complete, and to

« Woods, A. F. Annual Reports, Department of Agriculture, 1901, p. 47.

& Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1887, pp. 348-350, PI. III.

c Journal of Mycology, VI, pp. 164-173, PL XVI.

ci Bui. 44, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1903.

7

8 THE CONTROL OF APPLE BITTER-ROT.

find as much as 50 per cent of the fruit of this variety harvested in
good condition was exceptional. The Yellow Newtown growlers of this
section had had a similar experience with the crops of I'JOl and 1899
(two and four years previous), and some were on the point of abandon-
ing their orchards in despair, one man going so far as to cut down his
trees. It seemed, therefore, especially desirable for the Bureau to
determine the best methods for combating this disease and to obtain
data upon which definite recommendations could be based. Accord-
ingly a series of experiments was planned, which were carried out in
the orchards of Mr. W. H. (loodwin. at Avon, Va., to whom the
Department is nnich indebted for valuable sei'vices in facilitating the
work. The work was outlined and some spraying done in the spring
of 1904, but this being the "off year" it soon developed that there
would be no crop of apples in that section, and the actual work reported
upon in this paper was not commenced until the spring of 1905.

THE DISEASE AND ITS CAUSE.

A detailed account of the disease and the fungus causing it having
appeared in a previous bulletin of this Bureau," many details will be
omitted in the following discussion, the attempt being made to include
only those facts with special bearing on the sul)iect of this paper.

THE DISEASED SPOTS ON THE APPLE.

The diseased spots are usually" a ([uarter to a half inch in diameter
before the fruit grower ordinaril}' notices them, but the}' first appear
as ver}^ small, yellowish-brown, sometimes water}' specks, frequently
bordered with a ring of purple-red. The purplish mai'gin is especially
prominent on spots that are retarded l>y cool weather, and many late
infections appear oidy as red or ])urplish specks, never developing
farther on account of adverse conditions. On the other hand, the
purplish coloration is likely to be entirely absent from a spot that is
developing rapidly under favorable conditions. As the spot enlarges
and grows older it becomes dark-brown in the center, shading off into
a light watery margin. It is circular in outline, with a well-defined
margin, and soon becomes sunken. (See PI. I, and PI. VI, fig. 1.)

When the spots are about one-half inch in diameter, fruiting pus-
tules begin to appear in the form of small black dots slightly raised
and usually arranged in concentric rings (PI. VI, fig. 1). These pus-
tules soon break through the skin (PI. II, G), discharging pink, sticky
spore masses, which are readily washed off' by dews and rains. As
the disease progresses, other rings of pustules appear and give forth
spores in great alnindance. When the pink spore masses are washed
away the pustules appear as black ragged openings through the skin of

« Von Schrenk and Spaulding, 1. c.

THE BITTKR-ROT FUNGU8. 9

the iipplo. An applo mux have only one diseased spot, but in a serious
outbreak there are usually several, and it is not uncommon to see a
fruit literally pep])ered with points of infection. Durinjr the past
season the writer coiuited 1,20(1 on a sinolr apple and i\stiniated 1,000
on each of several others. "When so numerous, these spots are at first
raised, appearing- as small brown blisters on the skin of the apple, and
are fre(iuently so arranged as to suggest that the points of infection
had followed drops of water trickling down the sides of the apple, the
specks being distributed evenly over tlu> upper or stem end, from which
the specked areas extend in strips toward the calyx end.

When a number of spots ap))ear on a single apple, they soon coalesce,
and three or four, gaining the asc(>ndency, envelop the others and
retain their circular shape, each producing its rings of fruiting pustules.
Finally the entire fruit is convei-ted into a dark-brown, shriveled, and
wrinkled mummy, which may hang on the tree a year or more. (PI. I,
and PI. VI, tig. 1.) However, the majority of the atfected fruits fall
to the ground before they are half rotten, and their decomposition is
hastened by scavenger insects and deca}- fungi.

THE BITTKK-HOT FUNGUS.

The })itter-rot disease is due to a fungus which has received the
botanical name (Tloinert'lla ruf()m(t<-al(iit.'< (Berk.) Spaulding & von
Schrenk," but which has T)eeii known until recently as (rJoifn^poriiim
frnctl(/<')i Kill Berk.''

This microscopic plant, developing fron\ a spore that has found its
way to the apple, penetrates the skin in the form of a minute tube,
which immediately begins to ])ranch and grow rapidly in every direc-
tion. This mycelium absorl)s its nourishment from the cells of the
apple, killing them and thus producing the brown sunken spots known
as bittei'-rot.

The iiiycelium. — The diseased tissue is tilled in the intercellular
spaces with pale, delicate, much-branched threads of mycelium, which
are septate, slightly granular, and chietlj' -i to <> /< in diameter. (PI.
II, ^, <i.) Under favorable conditions the mycelium grows ver}^
rapidly, killing the fruit cells almost as fast as it enters the healthy
tissue. It gi'ows toward the center of the apple at a rate about equal
to its lateral progress. After a time these threads become congre-
gated just beneath the surface at certain points almost equidistant from
the point of infection, forming stromata, which give rise to upright
bundles of interwoven branches. These are the spore-bearing hyphas,

« Von Schrenk and Spaulding. The Bitter-Rot of Apples, Bui. 44, Bureau of Plant
Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, p. 29. Saccardo (Annales Mycologici, 2, p. 19.S)
thinks the name should be Glomerella fruciigeua (Clinton) Sacc.

^Berkeley, M. J. Oloeosporiuvi frudigenam, n. s.. Gardeners' Chronicle, 1H56,
p. 245.

10 THE CONTROL OF APPLE BITTER-ROT.

which rupture the skin and give forth pink masses of conidia, or sum-
mer spores. (See PI. II, 6.)

Summer spores. — It is thought to be chiefly by means of summer
spores that this fungus is propagated and disseminated, and countless
millions of them may be produced from one rotton spot. They are
produced one after another by abstriction from the ends of the fruiting
branches of the fungus, and, as previoush' explained, exude through
the ruptured skin of the apple in pink, stick}" masses easily visible to
the naked eye. They are readily washed off b}" the action of dew and
rain, but upon drying become hard and glued to the skin of the apple.

A microscopic examination shows these spores to be oblong, almost
cylindrical, one-celled bodies with a delicate pale-green color and gran-
ular contents. The}' vary in size, as also in shape, but normally
measure 4-5x10-15 yw. (PI. II, 4^, a.)

Ascospores. — In addition to the conidia, or summer spores, which
are produced so rapidly and in such great numbers, another type of
spore is produced on the old rotten apples in the autumn and probably
also the following spring. These ascospores, measuring about 5 X 20 >w
(PI. II, ^), are scarcely distinguishable from the summer spores,
but are usually slightly curved and are borne in little sacs containing
8 spores each. These sacs, or asci (PI. II, i), are produced inside
of little brownish spore cases (perithecia) embedded in black nodules
of mycelium on the surface of the rotten apple or mummy. This con-
stitutes the mature stage of the bitter-rot fungus as first discovered by
Clinton," and is probably a means of carrying the fungus over winter
and starting infection the following spring. Von Schrenk and Spauld-
ing * found it on limb cankers as well as in artiticial cultures. The
writer secured this stage of the fungus on a number of artificially
infected apples in the laboratory about three weeks after inoculation,
and it developed on a few rotten apples brought in from the orchard
and placed in a moist cham])er. It also developed abundantly in arti-
ficial cultures on sterilized potato and nutrient agar within six weeks
after inoculation.

Germination of the sj>orex. — Placed in a drop of water under a
microscope, both conidia and ascospores may be seen to germinate
within three or four hours, each spore throwing out one or two, some-
times three, germ tubes. (PI. II, -i and 5.) During germination a
cross septum usually develops in the center of the spore, which soon
becomes emptied of its contents. These germ tulles grow very rapidly,
reaching several times the length of the spore within an hour after
germination, and then begin liranching.

There is some question as to how the threads from the germinating

"Clinton, G. P. Apple Rots in Illinoip, Bnl. 69, 111. Aorr. Exp. Sta., 1902, pp.
20&-211, PI. J.

^ Bui. 44, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1903.

SOURCE OF INFECTION. 11

spore find their way thi'outih the t;kin of the apple. The most coninion
belief expressed by writers upon this siil)iect is that the fundus enters
through insect punctures or some other al)rasion of the skin, and it has
also been suj^crested that the f unj^nis couJd prol)ably enter through the
unbroken skin. The writers obser\ations would indicate that a wound
is not at all necessary for successful infection and that ti)e fungus most
connnonly penetrates the skin. Several hundred points of infection
were examined without finding any indication of a previous puncture.
A large percentage of the apph^s on the untreated trees used as checks
in the spraying experiment had from one hundred to a thousand points
of infection, and in many cases the spots were so thick that when only
one-sixteenth of an incli in diameter they overlapped. In the labora-
tory, infections were easily made by dropping water containing spores
on the unbroken skin of an apple in a moist chamber.

BITTEK-HOT CANKKRS ON THE BRANCHES.

In 1902 it was discovered by Mr. R. II. Simpson, of Illinois, that
iiml) cankers were associated with outbreaks of bitter-rot. Messrs.
Burrill and Blair", of the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, and
Messrs. von Schrenk and Spaidding'', of the Mississippi Valley Labora-
tory of the Bureau of Plant Industry, working independently, soon
established the relationship of these cankers to the disease on the fruit
and proved by inoculation tests that these cankers were caused by the
same fungus that attacks the fruit.

In describing this form, von Schrenk and Spaulding' state that
''The cankers found on apple trees in Illinois appear as blackened
depressions on apple limbs of various sizes, from last year's fruit
spurs to limbs 3 to 4 inches in diameter. Thus far the cankers have
not been found on the main trunk. On these limbs rounded or oblong
sooty-black sunken spots occur from one to several inches long, which
have more or less ragged edges." Limb cankers occur abundantly in
the Virginia orchards, but the writer has so far been unable to find
the bitter-rot fungus associated with any of them. However, limbs
of young apple trees on the grounds of the United States Department
of Agriculture inoculated with bitter-rot spores rapidly develqped
these cankers.

SOURCE OF INFECTION AND SPREAD OF THE DISEASE.

The question as to the chief source of the first infection each year
has not been satisfactorily settled, nor is it definitely known how the

"Circ. 58, 111. Agr. Exp. Sta., July, 1902, and Bui. 77, 111. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1902, pp.

355-357.

'> Bui. 44, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1903, pp. 29-36.

cL. c, p. 31.

12 THE CONTROL OF APPLE BITTER-ROT.

funo'us i.s spread from tree to tree and from orchard to orchard. It
seems, however, that the mummied fruit and the limli cankers are both
instrumental in carry ino' the fungus over wintei' and starting the
annual infection, and that insects pla^^ an important role in the spread
of the spores.

During the season of 1908 and again in 1905 the writer visited a
number of infected orchards in Virginia and West Virginia, making-
special observations upon this problem. The results lead to the con-
clusion that the overwintering numimies hanging on the trees consti-
tute the chief source of infection, at least in this particular region. In
the majority of cases examined a mummy could be found in the upper
portion of the infected area, but in no case was there found associated
with such outbreaks an}' cankers that could be identified as bitter-rot
cankers. However, from observations made in the Middle West, Bur-
rill and Blair ^' and von Schrenk and Spaulding '' conclude that the
canker is the chief source of early infection, the fungus being held over
winter in the diseased limbs and producing spores for the infection of
the new crop of apples. Hasselbring'' demonstrated that the fungus
of bitter-rot remains alive over winter in the mummied apples. It
seems possible that the mature spore form of the fungus discovered
by Clinton may develop the following spring in the mummied fruits,
starting the infection on the new crop.

After one apple on a tree becomes diseased and begins to produce
spores, further infections may readily take place through the medium
of raindrops which splash the spores to adjacent fruits, and heavy
dews may wash the spores to the apples below. Insects are also
undoubtedly instrumental in disseminating the disease,'' and they are
possibly the chief carriers of the spores from tree to tree. On the
other hand the rapidit}' with which the disease frequently spreads over
an orchard, practically destroying the entire crop within a few da3"s,
suggests the idea that, the spores are carried on the wind, and indeed
they seem to be onuj'present in the bitter-rot districts, only awaiting
suitable weather conditions. But the spore masses being sticky when
wet and glued to the skin of the apple when dry, there seems to be
little or no chance for the wind to carry the spores.

INFLUENCIN(i CONDITIONS.

WEATHER.

The predominating conditions that influence the development of
bitter-rot are temperature and humidit3\ A few da^s of hot shower}'^

n Bui. 77, 111. Agr. Exp. Rta., p. 356. 1902.

''Bnl. 44, Bureau of Plant Industry, I'. S. Department of Agriculture, 1903, pp.
36-38.

cBurrill and Blair, 1. c, p. 354.

f« Clinton, G. C, Bui. 69, 111. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 197.

INFLUENCINC} CONDITIONS. 18

woatluM' may start an opidiMnic tliat will destroy the entiri' crop of
certain varieties, provided the fungus is present.

MoUfKve. — Moisture is not onlj" necessary for the germination of
the spores, but it favors the growth of the fungus and hastens spore
production. In a moist atmosphere the spores are produced much
njore rapidly than when the air is dry. Moreover, rain is an active
agent in the spread of the disease, splashing the spores from an
atiected apple to adjacent healthy fruits. Heavy dews followed l)y
hot cloudy days with a humid atmosphere appear to make ideal con-
ditions for the rapid develoiHuent of this disease.

Temperature. — The fungus causing this disease is decidedly a hot-
weather fungus and rarely is a serious pest north of latitude 40^ N.
»Iuly, August, and September are the three bitter-rot months, and a
maxinunn temperature near W^ F. for several days in succession,
coupled with suitable moisture conditions, is necessar}' to start a
serious outbreak. Infection of some fruits may take place as early
as the middle of June," but the fungus grows slowly and fruits s]);ii--
ingly until the warmer weather of July increases its rate of develop-
ment. In Virginia, on Julv !<•, itM».>, the writer observed bitter-rot
spt)ts covering a (piarter to half of the apple. One specimen was
somewhat more than half invohed in rot, and the numerous rings of
spore masses indicated that the fungus had been fruiting abundantly
lor days, and the infection had doubtless taken place a couple of weeks
earlier. The variety was Yellow Newtown, and the fruit was scarcely
more than half grown. The proper combination oF heat, moisture,
and an abundance of spores may not occur until August or Septem})er,
or in some seasons not at all.

The fungus is so Intiuenced l)y the heat of the sun, and perhaps by
the light also, that the fruit on the south side of a tree ma}' become
badl}^ affected before the disease is noticeal)le on the opposite side.
Stin^on * observed this fact, and in the Virginia orchards the writer
found that almost invariably the fruit on the sunny side was destroyed
first, and oftentimes a portion of the crop on the north side would
escape when the destruction was complete on the south side. This
held true not only in the particular orchard under experimentation,
but in many orchards visited during the outbreak of 1903, and during
the past season as well. Moreover, it was observed that fruit on the
inside lower branches well protected from the sun was less attacked
and often escaped when that on exposed portions of the same tree was
destroyed. Owing perhaps to exposure to the sun there was a con-
siderably higher percentage of rotten fruit on trees partly defoliated
with leaf-spot fungi than in the case of trees with full foliage. Not
onlv is the fruit on the sunny side of the tree worse affected, but the

«See Burrill and Blair, Bui. 77, 111. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 332.
&Bul. 1, Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station, p. 6.

14 THE CONTROL OF APPLE BITTER-ROT.

points of infection are more commonl}^ located on the sunn}^ side of
the apple. Although infections were frequently found on the shaded
side of the apple, in the majorit}" of cases, according to the writer's
observations during the past season, the rotten spots developed on the
side exposed to the sun.

Cold is decidedly unfavorable to the fungus and it rarely does any
damage during a cool season. An outbreak may be almost completeh"
checked b}' a few days of cool weather, especially when the mean tem-
perature remains below 70° F. Late infections that take place with
the approach of cool fall weather usually remain as a brown speck
encircled with a red or purplish ring. However, the fungus grows
somewhat in the average fall weather, and if the temperature runs up
to summer heat the picked fruit may rot considerably in piles or in
barrels in the orchard. This emphasizes the desirability of rushing the
fruit to cold storage or to market as soon as picked. In storage at a
temperature of 35^ F. the fungus does not grow, and spots previousl}'
started by inoculation develop no further after being stored at this
temperature.

SUSCEPTIBILITY OP' DIFFERENT VARIETIES.

There is a wide range of variation in the susceptibility of the dif-
ferent varieties of apples to injury from bitter-rot. In Virginia the
Yellow Newtown (or Albemarle Pippin) is preeminently the most sus-
ceptible commercial variety. On the other hand, the Winesap is
equal]}" conspicuous for its resistance to the disease. When in close
proximity to a badly rotting variety the Winesap ma}" become infected,
but the points of infection usuall}" remain as mere specks, rarely grow-
ing to any size. The fungus does not seem to thrive on this varietj'^
and the production of spores is scant. The Ben Davis, although one
of the most susceptible varieties in the Middle West, shows a com-
paratively slight tendency to rot in Virginia, rarely losing more than
25 per cent of its crop. York Imperial, the variety most extensivelj^
grown in the Valley of Virginia, is less susceptible than Ben Davis,
being rarely attacked to a serious extent. The Grimes also rots very
little.

From rather extensive observations made during 1903 and 1905 in
Virginia and West Virginia the writer has prepared the accompan3ung
list of varieties in the order of their susceptibility to bitter-rot. This
list includes onh" such varieties as the writer examined in orchards
where bitter-rot was found, and the data are not sufficiently extensive
to be entirely reliable. Those varieties almost equalh' susceptible are
grouped together, the first group representing those that frequently
lose their entire crop, the second group those that in a bad season may
be expected to lose 50 to 75 per cent of their crop, the third group
those that rarely suflfer more than 25 per cent loss, and the fourth

REMEDIAL MEA8URP:S. 15

group those on which the writer has never found the disease. These
trroups are as follows:

1. Yellow Newtown (or AHxMuarle Pi]ipin). Shacklefoi'd. Bentley,
Ciibb.>, and Missouri.

2. Arkansas Beauty. Linil)ertwi«^. Rhode Island, York Strijje,
Huntsman. Pilot, Peck, Northern Sp}, Jonathan. Northwestern
(rreenino-. Fall Cheese, Stark, Green Sweet, and Nero.

3. Grimes, Hen Davis, York Imperial, (iano, Arkansas, Ivanhoe,
and Winesa]).

■i. Coti'elt, Bismarck. Pewaukee, Stuart Golden. Pryor, Salome,
Scarlet Cranl)errv. Oliver. Koxhurv. Lankford. Lov, Ralls, Craw-
ford, Carloui;h. and Akin.

Mr. F. ^^^ Faurot, of the Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station,
a collal)orator of the Department of A^frieulture, has kindly furnished
the followino- information relative to the susceptibility of the different
varieties of apples in the State of Missouri. He has arranged the
varieties in their approximat(> order, with the most susceptible varie-
ties first, in four classes, which do not necessarily coincide with the
four classes given al)ove. They are as follows:

1. Willow and Huntsman.

2. Ben Davis, Gano. Ingram. Smith. Home. Yoi'k. Im])erial, Clay-
ton, Nickajack. and Nixonite.

3. Lowell, Porter, and Maiden Blush.

-t. Arkansas, Arkansas Black, Jonathan, Grimes, Winesap, and
Gilpin.

Mr. Faurot writes concerning this list as follows:

In some seasonn, however, this third ^roup comes next to Willow and Huntsman,
for when they l)itter-rot at all the whole crop usually goes, especially Lowell and
Porter. The reason I put them third is because some seasons they are out of the
way before bitter-rot attacks them or begins to develop with any degree of severity.

The varieties given constitute al^out all of those that are grown commercially in
south Missouri. Aside from these, however, I have observed bitter-rot on very
nearly every variety of apple that I have seen growing in the State, including such
varieties as the ordinary Russets, Lawver, Northern Spy, Stevenson Pippin, Baldwin,
and many others that are grown only a few trees in a place. I hav^e never seen it,
however, on White Pearmain, Yellow Transparent, or Red Astrachan. Thjs is
merely my personal observation, however, and I have no« doubt that it occurs on
these varieties the same as on others, although I have not seen it.

REMEDIAL MEASURES.

Although bitter-rot has been known in this country as a serious
apple disease for at least thirty-five years, it seems that no attempt
was made to find a remedy for it until about 1888. During that year
Galloway" planned some experiments for the control of this disgase,

« Galloway, B. T. Sulphuret of Potassium for Bitter- Rot of the Apple. Journal of

Mycology, vol. V, 1889, pp. .37-38.

16581— No. 93—06 2

16 THE CONTROL OF APPLE BITTER-KOT.

which were carried out by Mr. J. W. Beach, of Batavia, Ark. Sul-
phuret of potassium was the fungicide used, and the results reported
were somewhat encouraging. In 1889 Gallowa}^ also directed a series
of experiments on the treatment of this disease in Virginia. Potas-
sium sulphid and ammoniacal copper carbonate were used, and Mr.
George G. Curtis,^ who did the spraying, reported good results from
both.

The investigations thus begun were soon followed with remedial
experiments by several experiment stations workers, notably Alwood,^
Garman,'' Stinson,'^ and Whitten,' all of whom reported favorable
though not entirely satisfactory results from spraying with copper
compounds.

Since the severe outbreak of 1900, efforts to control this disease
have been continued with renewed interest, and several papers report-
ing results of remedial experiments have been published. In 1901
Quaintance,-^" in writing of experiments conducted in Georgia the pre-
ceding year, stated that '" the results are much in favor of four appli-
cations of Bordeaux, not only in quantity of fruit but in size and
appearance, and, as developed later, in keeping quality." Some of
the best results that have come to the writer's attention are those
reported by Stinson in 1901. '^ One plot sprayed five times gave "59
per cent of the fruit free from bitter-rot,'' another sprayed four times
gave "78 per cent of the fruit free from bitter-rot," while one check
plot had only "l.«>per cent of the fruit free from bitter-rot" and
another "14 per cent of the fruit free from bitter-rot." In 1902'' the
same writer published the results of another series of experiments
showing beneficial results from spraying.

As a result of their investigation in 1902, Burrill and Blair' recom-
mended a systematic search for and removal of the diseased fruits and
infecting cankers or munmiies, stating that "the canker and infested
fruit should be removed, taking care not to distribute the infection in

"Curtis, George G. Treatment of Bitter-Rot of the Apple. Bui. 11, Section of
Vegetable Pathology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1890, pp. 38-41.

SAlwood, William B. Bitter-Rot. Bui. 17, Va. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1892, pp. 61-62
and 64-65. Also Ripe-Rot, or Bitter-Rot of Apple. Bui. 40, Va. Agr. E.\p. Sta.,
1894, pp. 59-82.

c Garman, H. Bui. 44, Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1893, pp. 3-24.

^Stinson, John T. Bitter-Rot. Bui. 26, Ark. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1894, pp. 33-34.

("Whitten, J. C. The Bitter-Rut. Bui. 31, Mo. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1895, pp. 3-4

and 7-15.

./■ Quaintance, A. L. Bitter-Rot of Apples. Thirteenth Annual Report, Ga. Exp.
Sta., pp. 360-361 and PI. IX.

f/ Stinson, John T. Preliminary Report on Bitter- Rot or Ripe- Rot of Apples. Bui.
1, Mo. State Fruit Exp. Sta., pp 3-21.

/iStinson, John T. Notes on Spraying for Bitter-Rot. Bui. 2, M:o. State Fruit
Exp. Sta., pp. 3-20.

«Bul. 77, 111. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 366.

THE VIRGINIA EXPERIMENTS. 17

the process. This is of the utinost importance if the contagion is to be
stopped.'' They also state that "the disease can be kept in check
duiiiio- the sununer l)V I'epeated api)!ications of Bordeaux mixture." In
a pajx'r read lieforea meeting- of the Illinois State Horticultural Society,
IJurrill" reports experiments conducted in three counties of southern
Illinois, showing- that the disease 3'ielded to applications of Bordeaux
mixture. The results of these experiments indicate especially the
importance of early spraying-.

Reporting- upon two years' ex])eriuients, von Schrenk and Spaul-
ding* state that "to a certain extent, varying from 10 to 7;") per cent,
Bordeaux mixture surely does prevent the ravages of the hitter-rot."
Thev also stronglv reconunend the removal of diseased fruits, nuun-
mies, and limb cankers.

THE VIRGINIA EXPERIMENTS.

The orchard of Mr. \\'. II. (ioodw^in, in which the experiments were
conducted, is situated on a spur of the Blue Ridge Mountains, in Nelson
County, about 5 miles south of Afton. This and the adjacent county
of Albemarle have long been famous for their production of the
Yellow Newtown (or Albemarle Pippin) apples, some trees of which
are 100 years old and still thriving. This variety is not subject to
serious injur}' from apple si-ab, nor does it sutler materially from the
leaf-spot diseases, and until the advent of bitter-rot magniticent crops
were secured in this section without spraying.

Mr. Goodwin's orchard has a northern exposure, with an elevation
of from 1,000 feet on the lower side to about 1,250 feet at the upper
side. The land is ver}- steep, having an incline of almost forty-five
degrees in some places, and an extra man with a lever is re<(uired in
spraying to prevent the wagon from upsetting. The soil is dark
brown, almost black, deep, and fertile, such as is known throughout
that section as "pippin" soil. The stones that almost completel}'
covered the ground have been piled up in windrows, and a deep furrow
has been plowed between the tree rows in which to run the upper
wheels of the spray-wagon, to avoid turning over. Above the middle
of the orchard is a spring with a flow of five to eight gallons a minute,
which affords an ample supply of water for spraying- purposes.

The bearing orchard is composed of about 800 trees of Yellow New-
town 18 to 28 years old, 500 Winesaps 8 to 23 years old, and 200 York
Imperials 8 ^ears old. There are also a number of young trees not
yet in bearing. Mr. Goodwin states that the original forest was
removed and the trees planted the second year after clearing, and
that, as a rule, crops of corn or tobacco were grown between the rows

"Burrill, T. J. Experiments in Spraying for Bitter-Rot. Trans. 111. State Hort.
Soc, 1902, 54-66.

^ Bui. 44, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1903, pp. 38-45.

18

THE CONTROL OF APPLE BITTER-ROT.

until the trees came into bearing, or about twelve to fifteen years.
Then the land was usually left uncultivated. A portion of it, includ-
ing the experimental block, is now in sod, having been seeded to
orchard grass in 1902.

According to Mr. Goodwin, bitter-rot first appeared in this orchard
to a noticeable extent in 1899, and in 1901 it did considerable damage.
In 1903 the trees received three earlv applications of Bordeaux mix-
ture, and on September 13 of that year the writer visited the orchard
and roughh' estimated the loss from })itter-rot at 40 per cent. When
the crop was harvested, a few days later, Mr. Goodwin estimated the
loss at about 60 per cent. Since 90 per cent of the crop was lost in

some unsprayed or-
chards in the same
neighborhood, it
appeared that the
treatment had some
effect. In 1904 there
was no crop."

THE EXPERIMENTAL
TREES.

Only the Yellow
Newtown variety
was used in this ex-
periment, the Wine-
sap and York Im-
perial not being
subject to serious
loss from rot in this
section. As ma}"
be seen from the ac-
companying plat
(fig. 1), 35 trees
were included in the experiment. They are 19 years old and about 26
feet high, with a spread of about 25 feet. These trees have been
pruned by thinning out the conflicting branches, and have developed
into the broad, low, somewhat pyramidal type naturally assumed by
this variety. The block is situated below the middle of the orchard,
with 23-_year-old trees of the same variet}- on the east and a young-
orchard not 3'et in l)earing on the west. Below (north side) is a block
of young bearing trees of the same variety, the crop of which, not
being properly sprayed, rotted badl3\ On the upper side is a block
of voung trees not 3'et in bearing.

Plat of the block of trees used in the experiment.

«As a rule, apple trees in this section, especially the Yellow Newtown, bear only
every other year.

PLAN OF EXPERIMENT. 19

THE PLAN OK THE EXPERIMENT.

Ohjeci. — This expetiiiKMit Wiis (U'siuiuhI to dctcruiiiio (1) to wliat
extent bitter-rot could be controlled by .sprayin«>- with Bordeaux mix-
ture, (2) the tuuiibcr of applications required, and (3) the proper time
to make these applications. Owing to the inHuence of weather condi-
tions upon this disease it w^as not expected that answers to all these
questions could be obtained in a single season; but the season of 1905
was so favoral)le to bitter-rot, the disease appearing so early and con-
tinnino- with such force throuohout the season, that the results obtained
are believed to be a safe guide for almost any season,

Sjyi'ai/ing scheme. — In order to solve the questions just enumerated
it was necessary to cover the entire season with a var3ang number of
applications, using a process of elimination in the plan as shown in
Table II (p. 23). As may be seen by reference to this table, the dates
of the successive applications were as follows: April 8, May 1, May 9,
June 12, June 27, July 1»>. July 25, August 7, August 22, and September
4. The first date was just after the cluster buds had opened, exposing
the blossom buds, ])ut before the latter had opened: the second just
after the petals had fallen, and the third apj^lication eight days later.
The fourth date was about six weeks after the petals had fallen, the
sul)sequent dates being at intervals of about two weeks. The object
of the first three applications was to combine the treatment of apple
scab with that of bitter-rot and to determine their etiect upon the latter.
As shown in Ta])le II, one group of plots (Nos. 1 to 5) receiving three
to nine applications had one or more of the late sprayings omitted.
From another group (Plots 9 to 12) the early applications for scab Avere
omitted. Plots 15, Iti, 17, and 12, receiving four ap\)lications each, were
designed to determine the period at which spraying gives the best
results. Plots 7 and S combine early and late spraying, leaving an early
midseason interval that proved in this case to be too long. Plot 6 was
sprayed just before the trees bloomed, as soon as the blossoms were
shed, and eight days later (the usual apple-scab treatment), and ever}'
two weeks from June 12 to September 4, receiving ten applications in
all. It was intended that Plot 9 should be sprayed at intervals qf two
weeks, beginning June 12, making the treatment for this plot the same
as No. 6, with the three early applications omitted; but the writer inad-
vertently overlooked the tirst date. Therefore, in order to avoid dupli-
cating No. 10, two more applications were dropped out of No. 9 later
in the season. The original scheme included Plots 13 and 14, which
were to have received the last three and the last two applications,
respectively; but when the time arrived for their treatment to begin
the crop on them was already destroyed by the rot and they were
therefore dropped.

Each plot consisted of but two trees. There were, then, in the
experimental block fifteen treated plots of two trees each and tive

20 THE CONTROL OF APPLE BTTTER-ROT.

untreated trees used as checks. By referring to the plat of the
block (%. 1) it will be seen that the checks (A, B, C, D, and E)
were well scattered among the sprayed trees. Plot 1, at the lower
left-hand corner, practically amounted to a check, as it received onl}'
the three earl^- applications, and 62 percent of the crop rotted. Check
A is near the lower right-hand corner and B just below the center,
while C and D are near the upper left-hand corner and E at the
upper right-hand corner. Other trees were originalh' set aside as
checks, but when it was found that bitter-rot was developing abun-
dantly on all of them some Avere sprayed in order to reduce the loss to
the owner. Two trees to the plot might seem at first thought insuflS-
cient for determining the best results from the spraying, but the trees
are quite large, yielding about 20 to 35 bushels each. Moreover, the
plots are almost in duplicate, there being a difference usually of onl}^
one application in adjacent plots.

W^EATHER CONDITIONS ATTENDING THE EXPERIMENT.

Better conditions for a severe test of sprajing could scarcely be
desired. As will be seen from the following weather table ", there
was an abundance of rain throughout the season and considerable high
temperature. Beginning June 1() it rained ever}" day except one until
June 25, and during that period tlie temperature ranged high, reach-
ing 89 - F. on the 18th, 94- F. on the 19th, 90'=' F. on the 20th, 89° F.
on the 21st, and 92° 'F. on the 22d. This combination of moisture
and heat made an ideal infection period. The conditions during July
were also favorable to bitter-rot. It rained every daj" during the first
week and continued at intervals throughout the month. The tempera-
ture reached 91° F. on July 18, and was 92^ F. on the preceding and
the following day. The orchard was frequently enveloped in fog and
the dews were usually very heavy. As a consequence all unsprayed
trees showed bitter-rot early in the month, and by the end of the
month the disease was well under way. This ideal bitter-rot weather
continued through August, and before the end of that month the
crop on all unsprayed trees was practically destroyed. The crops in
the unspra3''ed orchards in the neighborhood were also badly affected,
showing that the outbreak of bitter-rot was general in that region.

«No exact meteorological data being available for the immediate vicinity in which
the experiments were conducted, data are given for Charlottesville, Va., the nearest
point where permanent records are kept, a distance of about 25 miles from the site
of the orchard used for the experiment. The weather conditions appeared to be
similar in the two sections, and the table may be considered fairly representative of
the conditions that prevailed in the orchard. The data are from the monthly
reports of the Virginia Section of the Climate and Crop Service of the Weather
Bureau.

RESULTS.

21

Table T. — Tkiihi )na.ri)nii77i and uiiniminn li'tniunilnresand prrripifntion at CharlntteRviUe,

]'a., for Jinic, Jn/i/, a)i<l Aiignst, 190').

June.

Tempe

July.

August.

Day of month.

Temperature.

Precip-

ratiire.

Precip-

Temperature.

Precip-

Maxi-

Mini-

itation.

Maxi-

Mini-

itation.

Maxi-

Mini-

itation.

mum.

mum.
°F.

mum.

mum.

Inches.

mum.

mum.

°F.

Inches.

°F.

"F.

° F.

° F.

Inches.

1

68
79
75
81
89
92
HO
71
77

.52
.52
.54
65
67
71
60
60
.53

0.03
.04

72

87
87
89
82
85
85
87
87

64
63
65
66
66
67
64
70
66

0.48
.30
.05

2.70
.12
.33
.62

80
84
84
83
85
91
90
76
84

61
62
64

"63""'
67
64
66
67

2

3

4

6.62

5

6

7

.75

8

.02

9

1.67

10

81

54

87

68

85

69

.53

11

83

63

Trace.

85

69

.19

87

68

.11

12

.%

69

84

67

.82

88

71

.07

13

s7

65

/ (

(i8

.16

89

67

.01

14

86

65

87

65

.63

82

66

.14

15

85

69

89

65

87

69

1.06

16

a5

69

.18

87

68

85

69

17

8(>

69

.01

92

72

70 i 59

18

89

70

.05

94

74

76 ' 5H

19

94

67

.62

92

73

75 58

20

90

67

•) •>•>

89

69

.70

82 .59

21

89

66

.70

85

70

.27

87 6.T

92

69

1 1

64

2.1)4

89 66

23

83

69

.82

.01

88 66

70

65

1.60

86

62

88 63

• .86

25

84
87

62
68

.04

80
81

(3
62

77 64

.36

77

63

.07

27

74

88

61
57

81
74

61
64

"".'69'

74
77

59
50

29

80

58

85

64

.03

87

56

82

62

S4

61

89

70

31 . .

i /

65

83 1 71

Tritnl

8.00

10.14

5.67

K^.O

62.9

.S4. o

66. 2

83.2 64.2

HK.su r.TS.

The results, as indicated below, are due entirely to spraying-, no effort
havino- been made to cheek the rot bv any other measure. No mum-
mies or cankers were removed, and the apples that became infected
were allowed to remain on the trees until the crop was picked or until
they dropped. Those that fell to the ground were left under the trees
until picking time. The hands that worked in the orchard were spe-
cially instructed not to remove any of the diseased apples from the
experimental block. The object was to test the value of Bordeaux mix-
ture under the most adverse conditions, and all possible sources of
infection were left undisturbed.

On July 10, specimens of bitter-rot apples, some of which are shown
in Plate I, could be found here and there in the orchard, especially on
unsprayed trees, and two weeks later (July 21) each tree was exam-
ined by walking around it and looking for infected fruits. The dis-
eased fruits were counted, and a general idea of the condition on that
date may be conveyed by the following summary of the notes made at
that time:

On each of the checks (A to E) 100 to 250 affected fruits were

22 THE CONTROL OF APPLE BITTER-ROT.

counted without climbing the trees, which probably means an infec-
tion of 10 to 15 per cent of the crop, since there must have been many
diseased fruits unseen.

Plot 1 showed about 21 diseased fruits on each tree.

Plot 2 showed 5 diseased fruits on one tree and 6 on the other.

Plots 3, 4, and 5 showed 1 to 3 diseased fruits on each tree.

Plot 6 showed no rot.

Plots 7 and 8 showed 9 to 30 diseased fruits on each tree.

Plots 9 and 10 showed 7 to 18 diseased fruits on each tree.

Plot 11 showed 22 diseased fruits on one and 36 on the other tree.

Plot 12, which had not been sprayed, showed 112 diseased fruits on
one and 150 on the other tree.

Plot. 15 showed 25 affected fruits on one tree and 35 on the other.

Plot 16 showed 6 affected fruits on one tree and 10 on the other.

Plot 17 was apparently still free from bitter-rot.

The above is sufficient to indicate that in practically every tree there
was an abundant supply of spores for a serious outbreak of the disease,
and that wherever Bordeaux mixture was lacking the fungus became
rampant.

It was almost impossible with the equipment used to spray the tops
of most of the trees thoroughly, and later examinations showed that
some bitter-rot occurred in the top of every tree. Every rain must
have washed down an abundance of spores from diseased apples in the
tops to fruits below.

In Table II the results from the two trees in each plot are combined,
and the windfalls, both rotten and sound, are included. As a rule,
half to three-fourths of the rotten fruit was on the ground at picking
time. This was true of sprayed as well as unsprayed trees.

The crop of the experimental block was picked and sorted on Sep-
tember 19 to 23, inclusive, and the result from each tree kept separate.
The fruit on the ground was picked up and classified into sound and
rotten, and the fruit picked from the tree was likewise classified.
Sound fruit constituted every apple free from bitter-rot, regardless of
codling moth or scab. All fruits that were unmistakably affected with
other rots, such as Sphaeropsis, Penicillium, and Monilia, were dis-
carded and not included in either class. As a rule, this did not exceed
3 per cent of the crop. Wherever there was any doubt, however, the
trouble was charged to bitter- rot.

The final results of these experiments are shown in Table II, and it
will be seen from this table that in every treated plot Bordeaux mixture
had a beneficial effect regardless of the time of application, and that
where the trees were properly sprayed the loss was less than 5 per cent
of the crop, while the untreated trees suffered a total loss. It is rare
that such results are obtained in the treatment of a plant disease.
With the exception of leaf -curl of the peach, leaf -blight of the pear,

RESULTS.

23

and possil)ly uppU^ scab, these results would indicate that hitter-rot
yields more completely to treatment than any other disease known to
the writer. The infection period of bitter-rot bein^- nmch longer, a
greater number of a])plications are required to secure protection
throughout the season, but it would seem that an apple coated with
Bordeaux mixture would not be attacked l)y bitter-rot even under
conditions otherwise most favorable to the fungus.

Tablk II. — Scheme nf xpraying lit Aron, ]'<(., ilnriiKj thr siii.tun dj lii(i.'>, mid /7.s rcKuUs.

Plot numbers (2 trees to
each plot).

1..
2..
3..
4..
5..
6..
A.
7..
8..
9..
B.
10.
11.
12.
C.
D.
15.
16.
17.
K.

Treatment with Bordeaux mixture (5-5-60
formula).

o>

c-1

S

6

1

>.

>>

3

a

3

>.

>.

d

V4

s

■3

S

*5

-5

•-a

"^

->

' I " I "

Check — one untreated tree.

Picked Sept. 19 to 23.

Sound
fruit.

Check— one untreated tree.

' I " I "
Check — one untreated tree.
Check — one untreated tree.

Check— one untreated tree.

Bughcls.

18. .TO
47. .'lO
.')(j. 00
H. 00
32. 7.'.
68. .TO

.00

56.50

7.00

28. .tO

.00
59. 00
42. 25
28.50

.00

.00
.52. 25
52.50
40.00

.25

' Percent-
Rotten I age of

fruit.

' .sound
i fruit.

Bunkels.

30. 25

22.60

2.00

1.75

1.15

.70

10.00

14.00

6.50

6.00

17.00

6. .50

6. 50

24. 75

13.00

20.76

5.25

3.75

5.00

16. 25

37.9
67.8
96.5
96.8
96.6
98.9

f'00.0
80.1
51.8
82.6

" 00. 0
90.0
86.6
53.5
00.0

«00. 0

90.8

93.3

88.8

1.5

a Of the check trees, A had 1 sound apple. B 6, and D 2, but the percentages were too .small to show
in the table.

In the first column on the left of this table the numl)ersof the sprayed
plots are given in figures and the unspra^^ed trees are indicated by let-
ters. The dates of the applications are given at the heads of succeeding
columns, and the ditto marks jifter each plot number refer to these
dates. For example, the marks after Plot No. 1 indicate that this plot
was sprayed April 8, j\lay 1, and May 9; while Plot No. 12 wasspraA'ed
July 25, August 7 and 22, and September 4. The three columns on the
right show the results in bushels of sound fruit, bushels of rotten
fruit, and percentage of sound fruit for each plot, as determined when
the crop was picked, September 19 to 23. The check plots are placed
in the table about as the}' occurred in the orchard, Plot A being-
located near the lower side, while Plot E is at the upper side.

Plot 1, as will be seen from the table, received but three applica-
tions (those usuall}^ given in the treatment of apple scab), on April 8,
May 1, and May 9, with the result that only 37.9 per cent of the fruit
was saved from bitter-rot, showing that the treatment was stopped too
early. (PI. V, fig. 1.)

24 THE CONTROL OF APPLE BITTER-ROT.

Plot 2 received, in addition to these three treatments, one on June
12, after an interval of 33 da3'S, and a tifth application on June 27,
with the result that 67.8 per cent of the crop was saved.

Plot 3 received, in addition to the foregoing- treatments, one appli-
cation on July 10 and another on July 25, making seven in all, with
the result that 96.5 per cent of the crop was saved. (See PI. Ill, fig. 1.)

Plot 1 received eight treatments, the dates being the same as in
Plot 3, with an additional application on August 7. The percentage
of sound fruit was 96.8.

Plot 5 received an additional treatment August 22, making nine
applications in all, with the saving of 96.6 per cent of the crop.

Plot 6 was sprayed as in Plot 5, with an additional treatment on
September 1, thus receiving an application on every spraying date, or
a total of ten, the largest number given any plot in the experiment.
The .result was a saving of 98.9 per cent of the crop. (PI. IV, tig. 1.)

Check A, which consisted of one untreated tree, yielded only one
sound fruit and 10 bushels of rotten fruit. (PI. Ill, iig. 2, and
PI. VII.)

Plot 7 received the first three applications, namely, on April 8, May
1, and May 9; and the last four, namely, on July 25, August 7, August
22, and September 4, leaving an interval of about two months and a
half during which the trees were not sprayed. This interval was too
long, as indicated by the yield of only 80.1 per cent of sound fruit.

Plot 8 was sprayed on the same dates as Plot 7, with the omission of
the application on July 25, so that the interval during which the trees
were not sprayed was alwut three months, resulting in a saving of only
51.7 per cent of the crop.

Plot 9 received applications 5, 6, 7, and 9, namely, on June 27, July
10, July 25, and August 22, 82.6 per cent of the crop being saved.

Check B, consisting of one untreated tree, yielded 17 bushels of rot-
ten fruit and only six sound apples.

Plot 10 received applications 5 to 10, namely, on June 27, July 10,
July 25, August 7, August 22, and September 4, 90 per cent of the
fruit being saved.

Plot 11 diflered from Plot lo in that the treatment of June 27 was
omitted. As a result of these five applications, 86.6 per cent of the
crop was saved.

Plot 12 received one application less than Plot 11, the first treatment
occurring July 25. Only 53.5 per cent of the crop was saved. (PI. V,

fig. 2.)

Check C, which consisted of one unsprayed tree, had 13 bushels of
rotten fruit and no sound fruit, the entire crop having been destroyed.

Check D, one untreated tree, yielded 20f bushels of rotten fruit
and only two sound apples. (PI. IV, fig. 2.)

BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF SPRAYING. 25

Plot 15 was .sprayed on rluly 10, July 25, Aiioust 7, and August 22,
and yielded 90.8 per cent of sound fruit.

Plot 16 received the same iuunl)er of treatuieiits as Plot 15, but the
spravino- was ])eo-un and cudcd two weeks earlier, the lirst application
being" made on June 27 and the last August 7. As a result U3.3 per
cent of sound fruit was obtained. (PI. VI, tig. 2.)

Plot 17 also received four applications at intervals of two weeks,
but the treatment was begun two weeks earlier than in Plot 16, the
spraA'ing dates being rlune 12, June 27, July 10, and July 25. The
yield of sound fruit was 88.8 per cent.

Check E, one untreated tree, yielded one-fourth bushel of sound fruit
and l<i| l)ushels of rotten fruit, the ])(>i-centage of sound finiit IxMug 1.5,

HENEFICIAL EFFKCTS OF SPRAYIN(;.

In analvzing the results as shown in Table 11 it is not difficult to
conclude that in Plots 1 and 2 spraying was stopped too early, that in
Plot 12 spraying was begun too late, and that in Plots 7 and 8 the
interval between the early and late api)lications was too long. From
Plots 3 to 6, as compared with Plots 1, 2, 7. 8, and 12, and the checks,
it is also plainly evident that l)itter-n)t can ])e completely controlled
by coating the fruit with Bordeaux mixture before infection takes
place and keeping it thoroughly coated throughout the season. More-
over, Plots 10, 11, 15, 16, and 17 seem to indicate that, so far as bitter-
rot is concerned, spraying before the trees bloom and within a uionth
after the blooming period is not absolutely necessary. It is clearly
seen by comparison, however, that the three early applications (April
8, May 1. and :\Iay 9) had a decidedly beneficial eti'ect in all the plots
that received them. Compare Plot 1, which received only these three
applications and yielded 37.9 per cent of sound fruit, with the unsprayed
trees, A to E, which yielded practically no sound fruit. Plot 12,
which received four late applications {July 25, August 7, August 22,
and September 4), gave only 53.5 per cent of sound fruit, while Plot
7, which had the same treatment and in addition the three early appli-
cations, gave 80.1 per cent of sound fruit. The three early applica-
tions thoroughly coated the branches and leaves, as well as the very
young fruit, and it is probable that protection from infection was pro-
longed by the action of the rains in washing the copper from the leaves
to the fruits. Of the several plots receiving only four applications
each. No. 16, which received its first application on June 27, gave the
best results, yielding 93.3 per cent of sound fruit. However, Plot
17, which had its first application two weeks earlier and yielded 88.8
per cent of sound fruit, would perhaps have shown up as well as No.
16 but for the fact that the upper side of one of the trees could not be
properly reached with the spray. It appears, therefore, from this

2G THE CONTROL OF APPLE BITTER-KOT.

group of plots that the ideal treatment would have been live applica-.
cations at intervals of two weeks, beginning June 12. Comparing
Nos. 12 and 15, it is further noted that a dela}- of two weeks— from
July 10, the date the first application was given No. 15, to July 25,
the date treatment began on No. 12— made a difference of 37.3 per
cent in favor of the earlier applications, representing the difference
between success and failure.

Considering the series of Plots 2 to 8, which combine the three early
applications for scab and the later applications for bitter- rot, No. 3 is
the most satisfactory. This plot was sprayed seven times, namely, on
April 8, May 1, and May 9 for scab, and on June 12, June 27, July
10, and July 25 for bitter-rot, and the result was 56 bushels of sound
fruit and only 2 bushels of rotten fruit from the two trees, or 96.5
per cent of sound fruit. Plots 4, 5, and 6 each had a slightly larger
percentage of sound fruit, but scarcely enough to pay for the addi-
tional spraying which they received. However, the bitter-rot fungus
is so influenced by weather conditions that it is scarcely safe to follow
No. 3 and stop spraying as early as July 25. The treatment (eight
applications) given Plot 4= would doubtless be necessary in some seasons
to prevent both scab and bitter-rot. The results obtained in Plots 15,
16, and 17 seem to indicate that four applications at intervals of two
weeks, beo-inning June 12, June 27, or even as late as July 10, would
be the most satisfactory treatment, when the cost of spraying is con-
sidered, but as a rule it pays to give three or four treatments earlier
in the season for apple scab, leaf-spot, and codling moth, and, there-
fore, these early spring applications, combined with the early summer
applications, undoul)tedly give the most satisfactory results.

The lesson to be learned from Plots 7 and S, as compared with Plot
6, is that the omission of the June and July applications is almost
fatal to the crop. Comparing Plots 7 and 8, it is seen that the one
extra application given to the former on July 25 resulted in a saving
of 28.4 per cent over the latter. Again, comparing Plots 11 and 12,
it is seen that one extra application given to the former on July 10
resulted in a saving of 33.1 percent over the latter. These results
emphasize the importance of spraying at the right time, and in order
to be sure of covering the proper tiiue the applications must be spread
out over a long period.

EFFECT OF THE TREATMENT ON OTHER DISEASES.

Seah.— It is already well known that apple scab is easily controlled
bj^ spraying with Bordeaux mixture. This disease was completely
prevented on the trees in the experimental plots receiving the three
early api^lications, namely, first, just before the trees bloomed; second,
as soon as the blossoms were shed, and third, eight days later. Some
scab appeared on the trees not so treated, but this variety of apple

INJURIOUS EFFECTS (»F THE TREATMENT. 27

(Yellow Newtown) does not usnally .suffer from seal) so nuich as some
other varieties. The same treatment was given a block of Winesaps,
with the result that the fruit at pieking time showed practically no scab,
while the three unsprayed trees left as checks had SO percent of the
crop ati'ected.

Leaf--'<j>(>t. — The disease known as leaf-spot, which also yields read-
ily to treatment, is very connnon in Virginia, causing considerable
damage by defoliating the trees, and certain varieties of apples require
treatment for this disease alone. Trees sprayed as early as June 12
held their foliage in line condition initil after the crop was harvested.
The three early applications did not entirely prevent th(> leaf-spot
disease, and the >)est results were obtained Avhen the treatment was
continued until July 25 or later. Winesaps that were sprayed as soon
as the blossoms were shed. May 1, and at intervals of two weeks until
three applications had been made, lost practically no foliage from leaf-
spot. Also two trees sprayed on May 18, about three weeks after the
blooming period, and on June 12 kept their foliage in perfect condition
throughout the season. On the othei- hand three unsi)rayed Winesaps
in the same orchard lost 50 to 75 per cent of their leaves by August 7,
and most of those remaining on the trees at that date were affected.
The unsprayed Yellow Newtowns, however, did not suffer half so
much. The trees thus defoliated were not able to properly mature
the fruit, which at picking time was perceptibly smaller than that of
sprayed trees. In some cases the sprayed fruit was as much as one-
fourth larger than that on the unsprayed trees.

Sooty-hlotch.—^ooty-Hotch. also yielded very readily to treatment,
the fruit on all the sprayed trees being clean, while a portion of the
untreated fruit was more or less ''clouded.'- The three early appli-
cations for scab appeared to be sufficient to control this fungus, though
in severe cases two applications in July would no doubt be necessary
to prevent the disease.

INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF THE TREATMENT.

Russetiny.—Th% fruit on all of the trees that received the three
early applications in the bitter-rot experiment on the Yellow Newtown
apples developed russet spots or blotches due to the action of the cop-
per. These blotches sometimes covered half of the apple, dwarting
the affected side. Usually, however, the spots were small and very
irregular in shape, detracting little from the appearance of the apple.
Fruits that did not receive these early sprayings were not affected,
and the trouble seems to have resulted entirely from the two applica-
tions made to the young fruit on May 1 and 9. About 50 per cent of
the fruit sprayed on these dates showed some russet spots, but the
disfiguration was apparently not sufficient to affect its market value
materially. When russeting is feared it might be advisable to use
less bluestone and a greater quantity of lime in the preparation of

28 THE CONTROL OF APPLE BITTER-ROT.

Bordeaux mixture for application to the very young fruit. The mix-
ture used in spra3dng stone fruits (3 pounds of bluestone and 9 pounds
of lime to 50 gallons of water) is suggested.

Coating of Bordeaux mixture. — The fruit from Plot 3, which
received its last application on Jul}" 25, was practically free from Bor-
deavix mixture at picking time, September 19 to 23, the coating having
weathered awa}'. (PL III, tig. 1.)

The fruit from Plot 4, which received its last application on August
7, showed considerable Bordeaux mixture at picking time, but not
sufficient to attract special notice.

The fruit from Plots 5 and 6, and, in fact, from all of the plots
sprayed after August 7, was thoroughh' coated with Bordeaux mix-
ture at picking time. (See PI. IV, fig.^ 1; PL V, tig. 2, and PL VI,
fig. 2.)

The presence of Bordeaux mixture on the fruit when packed is cer-
tainly objectionable, but it was found that in picking, grading, and bar-
reling the apples most of it was rubbed off. The crop from the spraj^ed
trees, both in the experimental block and in Mr. Goodwin's main
orchard, was sold at the highest price paid for Yellow Newtown apples
in that section the past season, and the purchaser raised no objection
to the coating of Bordeaux mixture and did not require the fruit to be

wiped.

COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS.

The Bureau of Plant Industr}' furnished a number of its corre-
spondents with suggestions for the treatment of bitter-rot, and during
the past season the writer visited a few of the orchards that were
sprayed in accordance with these suggestions, as well as others that
had not been properly treated. In every case where Bordeaux mix-
ture was applied at the proper time good results were secured. Even
poor spi'aying had a decidedly beneficial effect. Owing to the steep-
ness of the land or to some other obstacle, there were always some
trees left untreated or but partially sprayed, thus affording ample
checks with which to compare the treated trees. In most cases the
results were very striking, showing almost a perfect crop on the
sprayed trees and a loss of 75 to 100 per cent of the crop on the
unsprayed trees. More striking still is the fact that where only
one side of a tree was spra3'ed the crop on that side matured in
perfect condition, while the crop on the opposite side was destro3'ed
by bitter-rot. The writer observed this in a number of instances
where a fence or a steep hillside admitted of the treatment of only one
side of the trees.

RESISTS IX SEVi:KAL ORCHARDS.

Aside from the trees used in the experiment, ]Mr. W. H. Goodwin,
of Avon, Va., sprayed the larger j)ortion of his orchard under the

RESULTS IN SEVERAL ORCHARDS. 29

directions of the Rureaii of Phuit Industry, and the writer was able to
see the work in progress from time to time and to note the results.

The treatment consisted of eii^ht applications of Bordeaux mixture,
correspond i no- very closely to Plot 5 of the experiment, with the
omission of the fourth application (June \'2). and the results ai)i)eared
to be eipially as oood as those obtainetl in that plot (9t).6 per cent of
sound fruit). The conuuercial spraying was done with the same outfit
and the same men employed in the experimental work and usually
beuan the dav after that work was completed.

The results of this treatment are set forth \cry clearly in a letter
from Mr. (Joodwin to the writer under date of November a, 1H05,
as follows:

Replying to your favor of November 1, I have to say that in aci-nrdanre with your
directions 1 sprayed the major ]iortion of my orchardof AllH'marU- I'ippins eight times,
l>eginning the appHaitions on tiie following dates: April 9, I\Iay 2, May 10, .lune 28,
July 11, .Inly 2(i, August 10, and August 2(5. The portion of the orchard thus
sprayed had practically no l)itter-rot — perhaps not more than 2 per cent. On the
other hand, the fruit on some 2.10 trees which could not be sprayed owing to steepness
(if land and lack of water wa-s almost entirely lost from the bitter-rot. The crop on
this portion of the orchard was estimated at about 800 barrels; but at picking time
there were no No. I's, and only \'U barrels of No. 2's (nearly all of which w»'re more
or less specked) were gathered.

I am fully convinced that the bitter-rot may be almost entirely prevented l)y
proper spraying with Bordeaux mi.xture, and in my oiiinion the establishment of
this fact has reclaimed the jiijipin industry in Virginia. The last two crops were
entirely lost from bitter-rot, whereas the cro[) the present year was saved by^^^ray-
ing. My trees are from 12 to 2.3 years old, and averaged about 8 barrels per tree.
The trees were very thoroughly sprayed, costing for the eight applications about 30
cents per tree.

The orchard referred to was examined from time to time during the
season, and on July 10 a few apples affected with bitter-rot were found,
perhaps an average of less than one to each tree in the sprayed portion,
and slightly more on unsprayed trees. By August 21, T5 per cent of
the crop on u]ost of the unsprayed trees was destroyed, and the fruit
out of reach of the spray on the topmost branches of some of the tallest
trees in the sprayed portion was ])adly affected, while all trees properly
treated showed practically no rot. On a certain steep hillside the .end
tree in each row could be sprayed only on one side, resulting in a full
crop of sound fruit on the sprayed half of the tree, while practically
all of the fruit rotted on the other half.

Mr. William B. MacGregor, of Avon, Va., whose orchard is adjacent
to the Goodwin orchard, sprayed his trees very thoroughly and per-
sistently throughout the season, and was rewarded with a magniticent
crop of almost perfect fruit. The writer had opportunities to visit
this orchard while the spraying work was being done, and also at
picking time. The course of treatment and sunnnary of results are

30 THE CONTROL OF APPLE BlTTER-ROT.

given in a letter from Mr. MacGregor, dated November !(», 1905, as
follows:

In reply to yours of October 31, I do not know the exact dates of spraying. In
the part where the most spraying was done the first ai>plicati<jn was made about
April 15, followed by others on May 7, June 1, and at .intervals of from 13 to 17 days
thereafter until September 1, making nine applications in all. Practically no rot
appeared on this part. On trees not sprayed till June 1 the rot might be 3 per cent,
but not more. On -three trees not sprayed August 1, but which received all the
other applications, no difference was noted. Applications must l^e thorough. Some
of our trees had only a few apples, and to save time we tried to spray them only in
July and August. Result, 2.5 per cent bitter-rot at least.

The orchard of Messrs. J. W. Kodes and Sons is located in the Rock-
tish Valley, about eighteen miles from Afton, Va. Mr. Rodes corre-
sponded with the Bureau of Plant Industry concerning the treatment
of the bitter-rot disease, and on July ^^ the writer visited the orchard.
The appearance of the trees indicated that they had been thoroughly
sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, and on that date Mr. Rodes was
spraying the tops of his tallest trees with an extra long extension rod,
made by joining two rods of his outfit into one. He realized the
importance of reaching every fruit with the mixture. With the
exception of an occasional diseased fruit the sprayed portion of the
crop throughout the orchard was free from bitter-rot. However, on
one side of the orchard a fence interfered with the spraying, and
about one-third of the crop on each of several trees could not be easily
reached. In every such case the unsprayed section of the tree showed
a senous outbreak of bitter-rot. A letter from Mr. S. T. Rodes,
dated at Bryant, Va., November 3, 1905, and giving a statement of the
treatment and the results obtained follows:

Yours of October 31 to hand and contents noted. In reply will say we sprayed
our orchard of 27-5 Albemarle Pippins six times for bitter-rot, starting on the dates
given below and finishing as soon as possible. [Mr. Rodes then names the dates of
commencing six successive sprayings, as follows: June 15, July 3, 15, and 31, August
17 and 30.]

Where we could get at the trees and made the six applications there was no bitter-
rot worth mentioning — scarcely any at all. Some trees that we could not spray on
both sides on account of the fence showed quite a difference, the side sprayed hav-
ing nice, clean apples, clear from cloud and rot, the fruit on the other side, unsprayed,
being clouded and nearly all infested with the bitter-rot.

Two years ago I believe the trees bore as many apples as they did this year. We
did not spray them, however, and gathered only 56 barrels. From the same trees
this year, but well sprayed inside and out, we gathered 1,142 barrels of No. 1
Pippins.

In unsprayed and poorly sprayed orchards in the Rockfish Valley
bitter-rot was exceedingly bad, and there can be no doubt that the
freedom from the disease in the sprayed orchards was due entirely to
the treatment.

PREPARATION OF BORDEAUX MIXTURE. 31

PREPARATION OF BORDEAUX MIXTURE.

The Bordeaux mixture used in the experiments was prepared accord-
ing to the following fornuda:

5 pounds of copper sulphate (bluestone).
5 pounds of fresh stone lime.
50 gallons of water.

For small lots dissolve tiic l)luestone in 25 gallons of water, and in a
separate vessel slake the lime l)y sprinkling it v»ith water until a thick
paste is formed, and then dilute it to 25 gallons. Then pour the two
solutions together through a strainer into the spray tank or other
receptacle, a bucketful of each at the same time. When thoroughly
stirred, the mixture is ready for application.

For extensive spraying, stock solutions should be prepared. Weigh
out 50 pounds of bluestone into a coarse ])ag and suspend it in a
50-gallon barrel of water near the top. The bluestone thus suspended
will usually dissolve within twenty-four hours, and the barrel should
then l)e tilled to the 50-gallon mark. Each gallon of this solution con-
tains 1 pound of bluestone. Likewise 5(> pounds of lime is i)laccd in
a barrel and slaked by slowly pouring water over it. While slaking
keep it thoroughly stirred with 'a shovel, and contiiuic to add water
enough to keep it from burning, but the mass should not be sub-
merged. When thoroughly slaked, dilute to 50 gallons. Each gallon
will then contain the equivalent of 1 pound of lime, provided it is
thoroughly agitated. Therefore, in order to make up 50 gallons of
the mixture take 5 gallons of the bluestone solution and 5 gallons
of the lime water. To prepare 200 gallons of the mixture for a spray
tank of that capacity 20 gallons of each constituent would be required,
but it should be remembered that these concentrated solutions should
be diluted before pouring them together.

In order to save so much dipping, the mixing should be done on an
elevated platform, such as shown in Plate YIII, figure 1. The plat-
form shown in this illustration was constructed at the writer's sug-
gestion by Mr. W. H. Goodwin for use in the bitter-rot experiments,
as well as for his commercial work, and is al)Out 2 feet higher than
the top of the spray tank on the wagon. The stock solutions are
kept in 50-gallon barrels on the rear of the platform, and the two
dilution tanks, holding 100 gallons each, are placed at the front edge
of the i)latform. The bluestone solution is placed in one of these tanks
and the lime water in the other. Then each is filled with water up to
the 50, 75, or 100 gallon mark, as desired. A molasses gate (or faucet)
is fixed in a hole bored near the bottom of each tank, and this connects
with an open trough leading to the strainer in the spray tank. Each
of these gates is opened at the same time, and thus the two solutions
are allowed to run together into the spray tank. In this case the
16581— No. 93—06 3

32 THE CONTROL OF APPLE BITTER-ROT.

water came from a spring- about 100 yards above the platform, and was
conducted into the barrels and tanks on the platform through open
troughs. Where the convenience of an elevated spring- is lacking, the
water may be pumped up by hand, windmill, or engine.

METHOD OF APPLYING BORDEAUX MIXTURE.

The following account of the method of applying the Bordeaux
mixture in the experiments of the Bureau of Plant Industry may per-
haps serve as a guide to fruit growers in treating their orchards.
One can not emphasize too stronglj^ the necessity of reaching every
part of the tree with the spra}" and coating the fruits on all sides.

The spraying was done with a specially constructed pump and a
tank of 200 gallons capacity. The pump is fitted with two sections of
i-inch hose, each 25 feet long, with a 14-foot bamboo extension rod
attached and double Vermorel nozzles. This outlit is seen in opera-
tion in Plate VIII, figure 2. When convenient two trees were sprayed
at the same time, and the operators were thus kept out of each other's
way. In spraying the tall trees the operator had to stand on the spra}'
tank or climb the tree. Where the conditions will admit, an elevated
platform built on top of the spray tank should be used for this purpose,
but in the case here mentioned the land was too steep.

In making the first application great care was taken to coat the bark
thoroughh" from the ground to the tips of the twigs, but later appli-
cations were aimed at the fruit and foliage onlv. Nozzles with small
apertures were used and the pressure was kept as high as one could
maintain it with a hand pump. This produced a fine mist, and the
attempt was made to spray the tree so thoroughly as to envelop every
apple in this mist. So far as practicable, the trees were spra^-ed from
ever}' direction so as to hit every apple all over. When it could be
avoided, the trees were not left dripping, the aim being to pepper the
fruit and leaves thoroughly without producing drops large enough to
run off. Good spraying does not consist in drenching the tree.

For extensive operations some form of power sprayer should be
used where' the conditions are suitable. Gasoline sprayers are per-
haps the most promising, but in some instances they have been disap-
pointing.

CONCI.USIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

Summarizing the results obtained, and considering the fact that the
experiments were made during a season unusually favorable to bitter-
rot, the followino- conclusions mav be drawn:

1. Bitter-rot can be completely controlled I)}' proper applications of
Bordeaux mixture, 93.3 to 08.9 per cent of sound fruit having been
saved by such treatment in these experiments, while the checks rotted
completel3\

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 33

2. Four applications, wIhmi made just at the ri^ht time, are suffi-
cient to control tlic disease satisfactorily, l)ut in order to ])e sure of
covering the infection periods one or two additional applications may
be necessary.

3. The applications should be made at intervals of two weeks,
beo-innino- about six weeks after the trees bloom.

4. It is necessary to spray the trees thoroughly, coating the fruit
on all sides with tine mistdike applications.

5. Other diseases, such as scab, leaf-spot, and sooty-blotch, may be
controlled in connection with the treatment of bitter-rot.

For the treatment of bitter-rot alone, spray the trees thoroughly
with Bordeaux mixture at intervals of two weeks until five applica-
tions have l)een made, beginning not later than fort}' days after the
petals have fallen (in Virginia usually about June 10 to 15).

For the combined treatment of apple scab and bitter-rot, spray the
trees with Bordeaux mixture (1) just before they bloom (but after the
cluster buds liave opened and exposed the flower Inids); (2) as soon as
the petals fall; (8) a week or ten days later; and (4) about forty to fifty
days after the shedding of the petals, and at intervals of two weeks
thereafter until, in all, seveu or eight applications have l)een made.

It is true, of course, that the luuuber of applications required and
the dates on which they should be made depend to a considerable extent
upon the season, but the treatment should always begin before the
infection period, which maj' occur as early as fort}' to fifty da3's after
the fruit has set (in Virginia, perhaps In' the middle of June in some
seasons).

In a dr}' or cool season the intervals between the later sprayings
ma}' be lengthened, thus reducing the number of applications required,
provided the frviit is first thoroughly coated, which will necessitate at
least two applications.

On the other hand, in a hot, humid season it will probably be neces-
sary to shorten the intervals and increase the total number of appli-
cations.

Should, for anv reason, the treatment be delaNcd until after it is
discovered that infection has taken place, the trees should be thor-
ough' sprayed twice in rapid succession with an interval of only a few
days, in order to coat the frui*: thoroughly as quickly as possible. With
one application alone it is difficult to coat the fruits sufficiently to pro-
tect against bitter-rot, and the second application, which adheres better
than the tirst on account of the presence of the previous coating and
also reaches parts of the fruit not touched before, is necessary for
thorough protection.

PLATIiS.

35

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate I. {Frontispiece.) Three apples affected with bitter-rot and three mummies
which presumably furnished the infection. The twigs with these fruits and
mummies attached were cut from one of the uni^prayed trees in the experimental
orchard on July 10, and the photograph was made two days later.

Plate II. The microscopic characters of the bitter-rot fungus ( Glomerella rufomacu-
lans (Berk.) Spaulding & von Schrenk): i.— Five asci, each containing eight
ascospores; also one probably immature ascus. X 900. ^. — A group of free
ascospores. X900. 3. — A group of ascospores germinating in a drop of water.
X 900. 4. —Spore-bearing hyphw springing from a mycelium growing in nutrient
agar: o, the mycelium giving rise to the fertile hypha?; b, a group of conidia,
or summer spores, newly born. X 600. 5.— A group of germinating conidia.
X 7-10. 6.— A section through a pustule showing the ruptured skin of the apple,
the spore-bearing hypha?, and the free conidia. X 200.

Plate III. Fig. 1.— The crop picked from one tree of Plot 3, showing 33i bushels of
sound fruit on the left and 1 J bushels of rotten fruit on the right. Fig. 2.— Fruit
from an untreated tree (Check A). The only sound apple from the tree is
shown on top of the basket.

Plate IV. Fig. 1.— Crop picked from one of the trees in Plot 6, showing 39 bushels
of sound fruit and less than a peck of rotten fruit in the half-bushel measure on
top of the pile. The fruit still shows a coating of Bordeaux mixture. Fig. 2.—
The crop from an unsprayed i,ree (Check D), showing only two sound apples,
Avhich are placed on a board on top of the heap of rotten fruit.

Plate Y. Fig. 1.— Fruit from one of the trees in Plot 1, showing 13i bushels of
bitter-rot apples on the right, and 10 bushels of sound apples on the left; treat-
ment too early for best results. Fig. 2.— The fruit from Plot 12, showing 12
bushels of sound apples on the right, and 12J bushels of rotten fruit on the left;
treatment too late to save the crop.

Plate VI. Fig. 1. — A yellow Newtown apple badly affected with bitter-rot, and
another recently mummified by the fungus. The specimen designated A shows
a typical case of bitter-rot on a Yellow Newtown ai)ple. The fruit was taken
from the tree in this condition. The apple marked B has been recently mum-
mified by bitter-rot, the entire fruit having become involved in decay. Fig. 2.—
Apples harvested from one tree in Plot 16, showing 28* bushels of sound fruit
above and to the left, and U bushels of rotten fruit in and near the baskets.
Plate YII. An unsprayed tree (Check A) with most of its crop on the ground at

picking time, illustrating the destructive work of the bitter-rot.
Plate YIII. Fig. 1.— The platform and equipment used in preparing Bordeaux mix-
ture; also showing the spray tank receiving a supply of Bordeaux mixture.
Fig. 2. — The spraying outfit in operation.
36

o

Bui. 93, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate II.

The Microscopic Characters of the Bitter-rot Fungus in Various Stages.

Bui. 93, Bureau of Plant Industry, U, S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate III.

Fig. 1.— Crop of Apples from One Tree of Plot 3, Sprayed Seven Times.

Fig. 2.— Crop from an Unsprayed Tree (Check A).

Bui. 93. Bureau of Plant industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate IV.

Fig. 1.— Apples Harvested from One Tree of Plot 6, Sprayed Ten Times.

■',.

■

" cJ^^^^^^^^^^V* ''~

^ , ~

- A '

.9

>E

fef*4#

•

- ;:-;^i^^'.*»j'

/,*

'•A

t» tn^^v'tv.^^av'^

:*%.'

-; -- " ".■

•>^

H^^^g

^-

-. \
V

--..'.-^ -■•- • .. ■1'.''. '^"VM 10\Vr

'I-

.__.^5I

Fig. 2.— Crop from an Unsprayed Tree (Check D).

Bui. 93, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agricultur

Plate V.

Fig. 1.— Apples Harvested from One Tree of Plot 1, Sprayed Three Times;

Applications Made too Early.

Fig. 2.— Crop of Apples from One Tree of Plot 12, Sprayed Four Times;

Applications Made too Late.

Bui. 93, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VI.

Fig. 1 .— a Yellow Newtown Apple (At Badly Affected with Bitter-rot, and
Another iB) Recently Mummified by the Fungus.

Fig. 2.— The Crop from One Tree of Plot 16, Sprayed Four Times at the

Right Period.

Bui. 93, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VII,

Bui. 93, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VIM.

Fig. 1.— Platform and Equipment for Making Bordeaux Mixture.

Fig. 2.— The Spraying Outfit in Operation.

[Cunmmori irmn [ikkc j <u covi.-r.]

No. 40. Cold Storage, with Kofeivnce to the IVar aii<l Peach, lito:!. I'rici-, 1;^ cenlH.

41. Tlie Cuinmercial (Jrudiiig uf Com. IWA. Triw, 10 <'«'nt.s.

42. Three New Plant Intrrxhu-tioiiH from Japan. UtO;{. Price, 10 cents.
4M. Japanese Banil)oo.s. UHKi. Price. 10 cents.

44. The Hitter-Hot of Apple.*-. 100:?. Price, 15 cents.

4o. Tiic Phvsiolo^'ical Role of Mineral Nntrients in Plantj<. I'.tO.S. Price, .)rciil>'.

4(). The Priipa},'ation of Troi»ical Fruit Trce.< and Other Plants. 1908. Price,
10 cent.s.

47. The Description of Wheat Varieties. lt)03. Price, 10 cent.s.

48. The Apple in Cold Storage. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

49. The Culture of the Central American Ruhher Tree. 1903. Price, 25 cents.

50. Wild Rice: Its Cses and Pn.imgation. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

51. Miscellaneous Papers: I. The Wilt Disease of Tobacco and Its Control.

II. The Work of the Community Demonstration Farm at Terrell, Te.x.

III. Fruit Trees Frozen in 1904. IV. The Cultivation of the Australian
Wattle. V. Legal and Customary Weights per Bushel of Seeds. \I.
Golden Seal. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

52. Wither-Tip and Other Diseases of Citrous Trees and Fruits Cau.-ed by Colie-

totrichum Cilteosporioides. 1904. i*rice, 15 cents.

53. The Date Palm. 1904. Price, 20 cents.

54. Persian (iidf Dates. H)03. Price, 10 cents.

55. The Drv Rot of Potatoes. 1904. Price, 10 centiJ.
5t). Nomenclature of the Apple. 1905. Price, 30 cenUs.

57. Methods Used for Controlling Sand Dunes. UW4. Price, 10 cents.
5,S. The Vitality and (iermination of Seeds. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

59. Pa.sture, Meadow, and Forage Crops in Nebraska. 19<M. Priee, 10 cents.

60. A Soft Rot of the Calla Lilv\ 1904. Price, 10 cent.'*,
til. The Avocado in Florida. 1904. Price, 5 cents.

t)2. Notes on Egyptian Agriculture. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

63. Investigations of Ru,-ts. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

64. A Metliod of Destroying or Preventing the Growth of Algie and Certam

Pathogenic Bacteria in Water Supplies. 1904. Price, 5 cents.

H5. Rec^lamation of Cape Cod Sand Dunes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

60. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 10. 1905. Price, 20 cents.

67. Range Investigations in Arizona. 1904. Price, 15 cent<.

6^^. North American Species of Agrostis. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

69. American Varieties of lettuce. 1904. Price, 15 cents.

70. The Commercial Status of Durum Wheat. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

71. Soil Inoculation for Legumes. 1905. Price, 15 cents.

72. Miscellaneous Papers: I. Cultivation of Wheat in Permanent Alfalfa Jbields.

II. The Salt Water Limits of Wild Rice. III. Extermination of Johnson
Grass. IV. Inoculation of Soil with Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria. 1905.
Price, 5 cents.
73 The Development of Single-Germ Beet Seed. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

74. The Prickly Pear and Other Cacti as Food for Stock. 1905. Price, 5 events.

75. Range Management in the State of Washington. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

76. Copper as an^ Algicide and Disinfectant in Water Supphes. 1905. Price, 5

cents. ' ^ . ^ i

77. The Avocado, a Salad Fruit from the Tropics. 190o. Price, 5 cents.

78. Improving the Quality of Wheat. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

79. The Variability of AVheat Varieties in Resistance to Toxic Salts. rJOo.

Price, 5 cents.

80. Agricultural Explorations in Algeria. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

81. Evolution of Cellular Structures. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

82. Grass Lands of the South Alaska Coast. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

83. The Vitality of Buried Seeds. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

84. The Seeds of the Bluegrasses. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

85. The Principles of Mushroom Growing. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

86. Agriculture without Irrigation in the Sahara Desert. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

87. Disease Resistance of Potatoes. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

88. Weevil-Resisting Adaptations of the Cotton Plant. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

89. Wild Medicinal Plants of the United States. 1906. Price 5 cents. .

90. Miscellaneous Papers: I. The Storage and Germination of \\ ild Rice Seed.

11. The Crown-Gall and Hairy-Root Diseases of the Apple Tree. 111.
Peppermint. IV. The Poisonous Action of Johnson Grass. 1906. Price,
5 cents. ^ .

91. Varieties of Tobacco Seed Distributed, etc. 1906. Price, — cents.

92. The Drug Knowni as Pinkroot. [In press.]

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BDREAD OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 94.

B. T. GALLOWAY. Chief of Bureau.

FARM PRACTICE WITH FORAGE CROPS

IN WESTERN OREGON AND

WESTERN WASHINGTON.

BY

BYRON HUNTER,
Assistant Agriculturist, Farm Managemknt Investigations.

Issued August 25, 1906.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1906.

BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

The work of the Bureau of Plant Industry, which was organized July 1, 1901, is
classified under the general subjects of Pathological Investigations, Physiological
Investigations, Taxonoinic Investigations, Agronomic Investigations, Horticultural
Investigations, and Seed and Plant Introduction Investigations. All_ the scientific
and technical publications of the Bureau are issued in a single series of Bulletins.

Attention is directed to the fact that the publications in this series are not for gen-
eraldistribution. The Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,
AVashington, D. C, is authorized l>y law to sell them at cost, and to him all applica-
tions for these bulletins should be iuade, accom})anied by a postal money order for
the required amount or by cash. Postage stamps and personal checks will not be
accepted in payment for publications.
No. 1. The Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price, 10 cents.

2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 9. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

6. A List of American Varieties of Pepi)ers. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

7. The Algerian Durum Wheats. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

8. A Collection of Fungi Prepared for Distribution. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

10. Records of Seed Distribution and Cooperative Experiments with Grasses and

Forage Plants. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

13. Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

14. The Decav of Timber and :\Iethods of Preventing It. 1902. Price, 55 cents.

15. Forage Conditions on the Border of the Great Basin. 1902. Price, 1 5 cents.

16. A Preliminary Study of the Germination of the Spores of Agaricus Campes-

tris and Other Basidiomycetous Fungi. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

18. Observations on tlie :\[usaic Disease of Tobacco. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

19. Kentuckv Bluegrass «eed. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

20. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

21. List of American A'arieties of Vegetables. 1903. Price, 35 cents.

22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

23. Berseem. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

24. Unfermented Grape Must. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

25. Miscellaneous Papers: I. The Seeds of Rescue Grass and Chess. II. Saragolla

Wheat. III. Plant Introduction Notes from South Africa. IV. Congres-
sional Seed and Plant Distribution Circulars. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

26. Spanish Almonds. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

27. Letters on Agriculture in the West Indies, etc. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

28. The Mango in Porto Rico. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

29. The Effect of Black Rot on Turnips. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

30. Budding the Pecan. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

31. Cultivated Forage Crops of the Northwestern States. 1902. Price, 10 cents

32. A Disease of the White Ash. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

33. North American Species of Leptochloa. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

34. Silkworm Food Plants. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

35. Recent Foreign Explorations. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

36. The "Bluing" and the "Red Rot" of the Pine. 1903. Price, 30 cents.

37. Formation of the Spores in the Sporangia of Rhizopus Nigricans and of Phy-

comyces Nitens. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

38. Forage Conditions in Eastern Washington, etc. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

39. The Propagation of the Easter Lily from Seed. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

40. Cold Storage, with Reference to the Pear and Peach. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

41. The Commercial Grading of Corn. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

42. Three New Plant Introductions from Japan. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

[Contiuued on page 3 ol covetj
94 '

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY -BULLETIN NO. 94.

B. X. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau.

LIBRA«Y
NEW YO«K
BOTANIC

GARDEi>

FARM PRACTICE WITH FORAGE CROPS

IN WESTERN OREGON AND

WESTERN WASHINGTON.

BY

BY RON HUNTER,
A.SSISTANT Agkicultuuist, Fakm Managemknt Investkiations.

Issued August 25, 1906.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

19 0 6.

lU IlKAl OF PLANT INDlSTIfY.

SCIKNTIKK" STAFF.

I'dtlioloi/ist and PhysioliD/ist, uiiil Cliiif of Bunait, Beverly T. (ialloway.
Patholoyist and Physiolo'yist, and Asaistunt Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods.

PATHOLOGIC.\L IN VESTIG.\TIONS.

Lnhnrnforn of Plant I'atlinlnini. Krwin F. Smith. Patliolofiist in (Miaruo.
DtHeusvi of Fniits. Mertoii I'.. Waito, I'atliolouist ia Charge.

PHYSIOLOGIC.\L INVESTIGATIONS.

Plant Rrredinf). Ilerltert .T. Webber, Physiologist in Charge.

Plant Life Uixtorii. Walter T. Swinglo. Physiologist in Charge.

.S'oi7 Ractrriiiliiiiji and W'altr I'nrification . Karl F. Kellerman. Physiologist in Charge.

Bioniiniic I niciiii(jations of Tioitk-ul and .Suhlrupical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Hionomist

in Charge.
Iirni; ami Poisonous Plant Inrcstiyations and Tea Culture Invcstiyationn, Uodney II.

Triio. Physiologist in Chaige.
Physical Laboratory, Lyuian .1. Briggs, Physicist In Charge.

TAXDNdMIC INVKSTICATIONS.

Economic Collections, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge.

AGRONO.Mir INVKSTIGATKJNS.

Farm Manapement, William .T. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge.
Grain Inrrfitiyatiou-s. Mark .\. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge.
Arlinyton F.riiirinnntal Farm. Lee C. Corbclt. 1 lorticulliiiist in Charge.
iS'H'/f/f Beit Inrrfttii/aliontt. Charles f). Townscnd. P.-itliologist in 'Charge.
^Vi■lit(rn Ayriciiltiiral Ertrnsion. Carl S. Scoticld. Agriculturist in Charge.
Dry Land Ayriculture, E. ("banning Cbilcott. Kxpert in Charge.

IIOKTICL'LTl'KAI, I N VKSTKiATIDN.S.

Pomolof/iral Collections. Oustavus B. Brackett. Pomologist in Charge.

Field I'nristiyations in Ponioloyy. William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists

in Charge."
Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent.

.SEED AND PLANT INTKODfCTIO.V INVESTIGATIONS.

Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, Adrian .T. Pieters and David Fairchild, in

Charge.
Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge.

SPECIAL LABORATORIES, GARDENS, AND FARMS.

Mississippi Valley Laboratory, St. Louis, Mo.. Hermann von Schrenk, Expert In Charge.
Subtropical Laboratory and Gardens, Miami. Fla.. Ernst A. Bessey. Pathologist in Charge.
Plant Introduction Gardens. Chico. Gal.. Palemon H. Dorsett, Pathologist in Charge.
Cotton Culture Farms, Seaman A. Knapp, Lake Charles, La., Special Agent in Charge.

Editor, .T. E. Rockwell.
Chief Clerk, .Tames B. Jones.

Farm Management I.nvestigations.

W. .T. Spillman, Ayriculturist in Charge.

Scientific Staff. — F. G. Allison, Harmon Benton, D. A. Brodie, L. E. Carrier, .T. S. Cates,
.T. S. Cotton. M. A. Crosby. L. G. Dodge, E. .L Glasson, David Griffiths, Byron Hunter,
C. K. McClelland, H. B. McClure, R. A. Oakley, W. A. Peck, C. E. Quinn, S. M. Tracf-,
C. W. Warburton, J. A. Warren, J. M. Westgate.

3

94

LETTER OE TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Bureau of Plant Industry,

Office of the Chief,

Washington, B.C.. May 19, 1006.

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, and to recommend for
publication as Bulletin No. 94 of the series of this Bureau, the accom-
panying manuscript, entitled " Farm Practice with Forage Crops in
"Western Oregon and Western Washington."

This paper was prepared by Mr. B^-ron Hunter, Assistant Agri-
culturist, under the direction of the Agriculturist in charge of Farm
Management Investigations and in cooperation with the State agri-
cultural experiment stations of Oregon and Washington. Provision
has been made for publication by these two experiment stations.
Respectfully,

B. T. Galloway,

Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

4

94

CONTENTS

Page.

Introduction - '?

Description of the region - 8

Haymaking — - 9

Conditions governing stage at which hay should be cut 9

Curing hay - - 10

Hay caps - 1 1

The silo 11

The nature of leguminous plants 13

Forage crops — I'l

Red clover 14

Methods of sowing - - 15

The seed crop - - - - - 17

Alsike clover - - - 1~

Common vetch 18

Methods of sowing - 18

Soiling 18

The hay crop 19

The seed crop ^0

Pearl vetch .- 22

Field peas - - - - - • 22

Alfalfa- 23

Methods of sowing. 23

Inoculation 24

Timothy 25

The rye-grasses

26

Orchard grass 27

Meadow fescue 27

Velvet grass 28

Indian corn 29

Rape 30

The seed crop 32

Thousand-headed kale 33

Methods of sowing ,- 34

Feeding 34

The seed crop 35

Root crops 35

Soiling (green feeding) crops- 38

Seeding timber burns and ])iu-nt slashings 39

5

94

ILLUSTRATIONS

TEXT FIC4URES.

Fig. 1 . A common method of cutting tangled vetch 20

2. A field of thousand-headed kale on Martins Island, near Kalama,

Wash 33

3. A •'scuffle" hoe devised and used by W. J. Langdon, Sumner.

Wash. . in thinning and weeding root crops 36

4. A " scuffle ■■ hoe similar in principle to that shown in figure 3,

devised by A. B. Leckenby, Seattle. Wash 37

6

94

B. V. T— '2ir>

FARM PRACTICE WITH FORAGE CROPS IN

WESTERN OREGON AND WESTERN

WASHINGTON.

INTRODUCTION.

Although the avoraofe methods in farm practice in any region are
nsually far below the highest possibilities, men are to be found here
and tliere who have worked out the problems of crop production and
utilization in a satisfactory manner and who stand out as the most
successful farmers in their respective communities. By studying the
methods of a large number of such men it is possible to acquire a
large amount of valuable information that would require years of
patient labor to glean from personal experience. During the three
years the Avriter has had charge of forage plant investigations in
the Pacific NorthAvest. considerable time has been spent in the Wil-
lamette Valley and the region of Puget Sound studying the methods
of the farmers most successful in growing and handling forage crops.
In addition to the information obtained in this detailed study, much
has been gleaned during thirty years' residence in the Pacific North-
west, including nine years' residence in the Willamette Valley. This
bulletin is a result of this study, and the material herein contained,
except as noted in the text, is based almost entirely upon the infor-
mation obtained in this manner.

For the benefit of the readers of this bulletin not familiar with the
condition under which the crops discussed are grown a brief descrip-
rion of the region is given. Although much has been published
regarding the superiority of legumes over other plants as soil reno-
vators and food for farm animals, there are many into whose hands
this bulletin is likely to fall who do not understand the importance
of this group of plants. For this reason a paragraph is given upon
the nature of these plants and the methods of their inoculation.
For similar reasons the principles underlying haymaking and the
use of hay caps are discussed.

94

8 FARM PRACTICE WITH FORAGE CROPS IN OREGON, ETC.

DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION.

^Yhi{t is said in these pages is applicable to all that region west
of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon and Washington as far south
as the upper portion of the Willamette Valley. With the exception
of some of the mountainous areas the winters are mild. The summer
months are comparatively dry, the nights are cool, and dews are
frequent and heavy. The annual rainfall varies from about 20 inches
in a small area where the Strait of San Juan de Fuca joins Puget
Sound to more than 100 inches at several points along the Pacific
coast. The main body of agricultural land about Puget Sound has
an annual rainfall of 30 to 60 inches ; that of the Willamette Valley
40 to 50 inches.

The average rainfall of this region for six years is shown in the
following table :

Average monthly and annual rainfall at points in the States of Oregon and

Washi)igto)i.

Oregon.

Washington.

Month.

McMinn-
ville.

Albany.

Salem.

Olym-
pia.

Seattle.

Belling-
ham.

January ............

Jnc7i.es.
7.04
6.38
5.71
3.25
2.04
1.15
.53
.81
1.97

3.:«

10. 13
4.47

Inches.
5.48
6.22
5.06
2.41
1.47

:JI

.82
1.85
2.29
7.44
6.17

Inches.
6. 15
4.17
4.61
4.07
3.42
1.47
.28
.65
1.94
3.62
8. IS
6.62

Inches.

8.25

7.08

5.17

4.32

3.06

2.09

.55

.68

2.91

4.24

10.98

7.92

Inches.
3.93
4.57
3.26
2.38
2.03
1.87
.82
.68
2.13
3.05
5.77
5.13

Inches.
3.34

February -

2.69

March

3.72

April - -

- 2.64

May

2.52

June - -.

2.02

July -

1.14

August - -

1.43

September

2.26

October . -.

2.51

November

4.93

December

3.85

Yearly

46.87

40.52

45.18

57.25

35.62

32.05

It will be seen that the rainfall is light during summer, heaviest
during Avinter, and quite well distributed throughout the remainder
of the year. With its mild winters and abundant rainfall the region
as a Avhole is exceedingly well adapted to forage plant production.
Grasses remain green during the entire year, while the clovers,
vetches, root crops, rape, and kale, with proper care, all yield abund-
antly.

In Oregon the Willamette Valley constitutes the major portion of
the agricultural land of the region studied. When first brought into
cultivation the valley soil was friable, easily tilled, and productive.
For years the cereals were practically the only crops grown, and
much of the land at the present time is still producing these crops
exclusively. The average yield of wheat on such land at the present
time is said to be as low as 10 or 12 bushels per acre. Formerly it
was much higher. The growing of cereal crops year after year has

94

HAYMAKING. ^

(loplotod the soil of iiiiich of its liunius and rendered it heavy, lifeless,
and diflicult to work. A])i)lic'ations of barnyard manure and the
growino- of leguminous crops bring the soil back to its proper texture
and fertility, and since dairying and live-stock i)ro(luction have be-
come such important industries in the valley nuich of the land is
being rapidly restored to its former productiveness.

Western AVashington is largely covered with a dense growth of
everirreen timber and underbrush. The prairie land is limited and
much of it is m-avellv and of little agricultural value. Most of the
agricultural land was formerly timbered, and it has shown itself
eminently adapted to the production of forage crops and various
kinds of fruit. Clover has been one of the leading crops for years,
and little of the land has been subjected to the exclusive production
of cereal crops. As might be expected, therefore, most of the farm
land of western AVashington is still in a very productive condition.

HAYMAKING.

To make hay of prime quality west of the Cascade Mountains is
often a difficult nuitter. Most of the hay crops, if allowed to mature
naturally, are ready to cut during the month of June, while the late
spring rains are usually not over until the 1st of July. Thus, hay-
makinir would naturallv occur at a time when good weather can not
always be relied upon. Even when the weather is fair the nights
are cool and dews are frequent and heavy. This difficulty is often
partially overcome by pasturing the meadows in the spring until
about the 1st of May to retard the development of the crop, so that
haymaking will occur after the late spring rains are over.

CONDITIONS GOVERNING STAGE AT AVHICH HAY SHOULD BE CUT.

There are several factors to be considered in determining the proper
stage at which a crop should be cut for hay. Chemists tell us that
hay made from young growing plants is more digestible and contains
more protein per pound than hay made from more mature plants.
If hay is cut early the percentage of protein is greater; if cut later,
the percentage of protein is less, but the yield of dry matter in pounds
is materially increased. As an illustration of this, see the table giv-
ing the amount of dry matter in corn at different stages of develop-
ment, page 29. The protein content of hay made from the true
grasses, such as timothy or orchard grass, is always low, and the gain
in protein' per pound from cutting such hay early is always more
than counterbalanced by the loss in dry matter. On the other hand,
hay made from some of the leguminous plants is said to be too rich
for certain classes of animals. Men Avho have had considerable
experience in feeding vetch and alfalfa hay generally agree in saying
.31097— No, 94—06 3

10 FARM PRACTICE WITH FORAGE CROPS IN OREGON, ETC.

that either is too strong a feed for horses, especially if cut very green.
For this reason hay made from leguminous crops is frequently cut
much riper if for horses than when intended for other animals.

Laxative feeding stuffs are undesirable for horses, but not for cows.
Green hay is laxative in character, while hay cut in a more mature
condition has an opposite tendency. The stage at which hay should
be cut, therefore, will depend upon the class of animals for which it
is intended.

The number of times a meadow is to be cut during a season is an-
other factor in the time for cutting hay that must not be overlooked.
If there is to be but one cutting, the greatest yield will be secured
by allowing the crop to become quite well matured before it is cut.
When two cuttings are to be made, farmers who have tried the experi-
ment find that the greatest yield is secured by cutting the first crop
while it is still green and growing and before the dry season has begun.
The ordinary hay plants are not inclined to continue their growth
after the first cutting if allowed to stand until their seed is pretty
well formed. A delay of only a few days in cutting the first crop
of the season often seriously aflects the growth of the second.

A statement of the time for cutting will be found under the special
discussion of each crop.

CURING HAY.

The best bay is made without rain and with the least possible amount of
sunshine. If it were possible to cure hay in the shade, the quality would be
much better. The curing of hay is a process of drying and of fermentation.
Hot sun tends to stop fermentations which produce hay of good quality."

From what is said above it is evident that hay should remain in
the sAvath only until dry enough to be raked evenly into windrows;
that most of the curing should take place in the cock rather than in
the swath or windrow ; and that, just as quickly as it is safe to do so,
it should be placed in the stack or mow. With fair weather and hot
sun, light crops may be raked soon after mowing, often in two. or
three hours. Heavier crops, especially when green, require more
time. When the growth is heavy the swath is often packed so closely
to the ground from its own weight and the pressure of the wheels of
the mower that the use of the tedder is necessary to dry it out evenly.

West of the Cascade Mountains hay is generally put up in per-
manent cocks, where it remains for a week or ten days. If it is to
remain in the field but a short time some farmers cure it quickly by
first putting it into small, flat cocks. In about twenty-four hours
these are turned over, allowed to air, and three or four of them are
then made into one permanent cock. At what stage hay should be
stacked is a question upon which there are many opinions. A com-

1 W. J. Spillman, in " Farm Grasses of the United States."

94

THE SILO. 1 1

moil nili' w illi iiiauy faniu'i's is to stack when juuv can not be twisted
out of a wisp of hay taken from the middle of the cock.

As stated, the common practice in this rejjion is to let hay remain
in the field for about a week; in fact, a very lar^e majority of farm-
ers think ii'ood hav can be made in no other wav under the climatic
conditions west of the Cascade Mountains. There are some success-
ful men, however, who put up hay by what has been termed the
'* rapid process." With <jood hayinj; weather the method is about as
follows: The grass is cut in the afternoon. Beinji^ unwilted, the first
nii>ht''s dew does not injure it. If the crop is heavy the tedder is
started the next mornin<2: as soon as the dew has dried oif, and the
hay is o'one over as many times as possible during' the day. Just
before evening it is raked and cocked. The hav then stands in the
field for two nights and a day and until the dew is oil' the second day.
The cocks are then scattered and aired, especially the bottom portions
of them, and the hay is hauled to the mow dui'ing the day. It thus
requires three daA's from cutting to hauling. The hay is scattered
eveidy in the mow so that it may all settle alike and exclude as much
air as possible, and is salted at the rate of 10 pounds per ton. At
night the barn is tightly closed to keep out damp air.

HAY CAPS.

When the price of hay is high, it is quite probable that hay caps
can be used profitably in making hay west of the Cascade Mountains.
The use of caps would prevent the outside of the cocks from becom-
ing too dry, and would thus add to the total weight of cured hay.
The quality of the hay would be greatly improved, for it would be
practically uniform throughout. The use of caps would also greatly
increase the certainty of saving the crop. A farmer in Georgia has
used hay caps for ten years. He thinks they materially increase both
the quality and the quantity of his hay. Unfortunately there are at
present no hay caps on the market. However, they may be made of
light canvas or any strong cotton cloth in sizes to suit. Caps 4^ to
5 feet square, with pegs or Aveights attached to hold them in place
when in use, ought to give satisfactory service. A coat of oil should
be applied to one side of the cloth. The caps should always be dried
after being used, for they will mold if piled up wet.

THE SILO.

That the silo should have a very general use in western Oregon
and western Washington, not only for the preservation of corn but
for many other crops as well, ought to be apparent from an under-
standing of the climatic conditions of the region. As previously
stated, most of the hay crops are ready to cut during the month of

94

12 FAEM PRACTICE WITH FORAGE CROPS IN OREGON, ETC.

June, while spring- rains frequently continue until about the 1st of
July. (See table giving the distribution of rainfall on page 8.) It
will thus be seen that haymaking ordinarily occurs at a time when
good weather can not always be relied upon. If meadows are pas
tured during the spring to retard the development of the crop, so
that haymaking will occur after the late spring rains are over, the
yield of the second crop is usually much lighter, since its growth is
confined entirely to the dry season. By the use of the silo, on the
other hand, the first crop may be cut for ensilage early in June, even
though the weather be unfavorable for haymaking. If cut at this
time, while the plants are still growing vigorously, a good second
crop will usually mature for hay early in August — the best haying
season of the j-ear. A light third crop can be used for pasture or cut
for ensilage late in the fall. It is evident, therefore, that the use of
the silo will practically insure the saving of the first crop, increase
the total yield per acre, and cause the second crop to mature at a
time when good haying weather can usually be relied upon.

That all kinds of ensilage should be finely cut may be desirable,
l)ut we must not get the idea that it is essential. For years ensilage
of the finest quality has been made in western Oregon and western
"Washington out of whole clover and grass (timothy, English rye-
grass, etc.). Iii making ensilage of this kind, however, there are two
essentials — an air-tight silo and great care in filling it.

Farmers Avho use the silo as indicated above agree that the first
crop of grass and clover should be cut for ensilage from the 1st to
the 15th of June, for the earlier the first crop is cut the greater will
be the yield of the second.

Difficulty is usually experienced in raking up freshly cut gi'een
grass with an ordinary hayrake. Some farmers avoid this difficulty
by cutting with a self-raking reaper or a mower with a buncher attach-
ment. These bunches are then thrown on a wagon by hand. Others
cut with an ordinary mower and load from the swath with a hay
loader. The heavy green grass often bends the teeth on the elevator
bars of the loader. The teeth may be reenforced by nailing blocks
of wood on the elevator bars just back of the teeth.

In filling the silo the material must be evenly spread and thoroughly
tramped, so that all of the air possible will be excluded. If this is
not done much of the ensilage will spoil. Two principal methods
were found in use by farmers in filling silos. In the first the freshly
cut grass is dropped directly into the silo with a hayfork. Two men
in the silo spread the material and tramp it thoroughly, especially
around the edges. The center of the silo where the loads from the
fork fall requires but little tramping. The second method is to drop
the material upon a platform at the top of the silo by means of hay

94

NATURE OF LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 13

sliii<rs or a hayfork. A man upon llio i)latfonii tlii-ows tho material
into th(> silo, plac-in^^ it as best he ean. Another man spreads it
evenly in the silo and tramps it thoron<rhly. This is i)erhaps the
safest method, for there is less ehanee to sliohi the ^vork. For a few
days after the silo has been filled, the settlinir of the material will
allow the addition of two or three k)ads eaeh day, each load being
thoron<rhlv traniDed when added. When the filling is comijleted the
top is covered abont 1 foot deep with marsh grass or other waste
material that will pack closely and exchide the air. This is wetted
thoroughly and trami)ed daily for several days, nsing abont 2 bar-
rels of water at each wetting. The writer has seen ensilage of excel-
lent (|iiality made from whole grass in this way. He has also seen
ensilage made by droi)ping the material into the silo without spread-
mg and tramping that was practically a total loss.

THE NATURE OF LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.

Plants that produce their seed in two-valved pods, such as peas,
beans, vetch, and alfalfa, are called legumes. The value of this
family of plants as soil renovators has long been recognized, but in
just wdiat way they are capable of restoring fertility to the soil has
not been understood until recent years. If the roots of a leguminous
plant be carefully removed fi'om the soil little lumps, called nodules
or tubercles, will usually be foinid upon them. These nodules vary
in size with ditferent legumes and may be found alone or in clusters.
On the roots of red clover they are about twice as large as the seed
of that plant. The nodules are caused by bacteria that are parasitic
in the roots.

By the aid of the bacteria living in the nodules, leguminous plants
are enabled to assimilate atmospheric nitrogen. Since nitrogen con-
stitutes approximately four-fifths of the atmosphere this family of
plants has an inexhaustible supply of this important plant-food ele-
ment. Other plants can not assimilate the nitrogen of the atmos-
phere; they can obtain it only from decaying organic matter and
from counnercial fertilizers containing nitrogen. Chemical analyses
show the tisues of leguminous plants to be very rich in nitrogen;
hence the value of these plants when plowed under as green manure.
The roots of a clover crop ordinarily contain more nitrogen than the
whole crop removes from the soil. As these roots decay, the plant
food in them becomes available for other plants. Nitrogen is usually
the first element of plant food that needs renewing; hence the great
value of leguminous plants as soil renovators.

Generally speaking, the nodules of each kind of legume are caused
by certain kinds of bacteria. Thus there is one kind for alfalfa,
another for red clover, another for common vetch, and so on. At

94

14 FARM PRACTICE WITH FORAGE CROPS IN OREGON, ETC.

ai\y rale the nodule-forming bacteria of red clover, for example,
have become so accustomed to that plant that they are of little or
no value in forming nodules on the roots of most other legumes. If
nodule-forming bacteria are not in the soil no nodules will be formed ;
the failure of leguminous crops is often due to this cause. These
bacteria may be artificially supplied in two ways, namely, by means
of pure cultures of the bacteria and by transferring soil from one
field to another. For further information regarding these two meth-
ods, see page 24. See also Farmers' Bulletin No. 240, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

FORAGE CROPS.

In the pages that follow, only those crops are discussed that have
an important place in the agriculture of the region. What is said
regarding methods of seeding, culture, and feeding these crops is
based almost entirely upon the farm practice of the region.

RED CLOVER,

Considering the region as a whole, red clover {Trifolium j>ratense)
is easily the leading forage plant west of the Cascade Mountains. It
thrives best on rich, well-drained upland soils. Many of the low
lands that are too wet and cold for red clover become adapted to it
when properly drained. If allowed to develop naturally, this crop
matures for hay early in June. Rains are not infrequent at this
season of the year, and it is a common practice to pasture red clover
in the spring until about the first of May to retard the development
of the crop, so that haymaking will occur during good weather.
Red clover begins to grow in the early spring and, unless the soil is
very poor and the summer very dry, remains green and furnishes
excellent pasture until early in December.

Generally speaking, red clover reaches its highest development on
the coast and the region about Puget Sound, where, under favorable
conditions, it may be cut three times during the year. To give three
crops it must be grown on rich lands and must not be pastured in
the early spring. The first crop should be cut for hay or ensilage
early in June, the second for hay in August, and the third for ensi-
lage late in the fall. In the Willamette Valley difficulty is often
experienced in getting red clover established, especially on land that
has produced cereal crops exclusively for years. This difficulty is
probably due to the methods of seeding, the dry summers, the poor
texture of the soil, the lack of available nitrogen, and possibly the
lack of nodule-forming bacteria. Red clover also frequently runs
out in a short time. It is believed by farmers that this is due to the
ravages of the clover root borer. In spite of these difficulties, how-

94

SOWING RED CLOVER. 15

ever, red clover is one of the lending forage plants of the Willamette
Vallev. It is not unreasonable to assume that these hindrances to the
growth of red clover are largely responsible tor the nnportant place
that connnon vetch occupies in the agriculture of western Oregon.

In the Willamette Valley it is a common practice to apply land
plaster to clover in the spring, during March and April. From 40
to 60 pounds per acre applied on the surface of the ground in the
early spring are said to double the yield of both hay and seed. Land
plaster has the same effect when applied to other leguminous crops
in this region, but it is essential that it be applied early enough to
receive an abundance of rain.

METHODS OF SOWING.

There are many methods in use for sowing red clover in Avestern
Oregon and western Washington, some of which are given below :

(1) Clover icith early-sown winter ivheat. — From 8 to 12 pounds
of clover seed per acre are sown in the early fall with winter wheat
on land that has been summer fallowed or fron- which an early culti-
vated crop has been removed. The seed is usually sown broadcast
and covered with a harrow. If the clover fails to catch it can be
sown again in the spring, about the 1st of March.

(2) Clooer with late-sown winter wheat.— Early in the spring,
about the 1st of March, when the ground is heaving slightly from
alternate thawing and freezing, from 8 to 10 pounds of clover seed
per acre are sown broadcast on late-sown winter wheat. If the
o-round is drv enough when the clover seed is sown it may be covered
with a harrow.

(3) Clover with spring oats or wheat.— With this method a good
seed bed is essential. The land should be plowed deep in the late
fall or winter, and as soon as in good working condition in the spring
it should be cultivated until it is in perfect tilth. If the soil is
inclined to run together it may be necessary to replow in the spring.
Instead of plowing in the fall or winter it may be done in the early
spring and the seed bed prepared immediately. After drilling in
a full crop of oats or wheat, from 10 to 12 pounds of clover se6d per
acre are sown and covered with a harrow. In western Washington
this is the usual method, with the exception that either timothy,
English rye-grass, or orchard grass is usually sown with the gram
and clover. On wet land alsike clover often forms a part of the

mixture.

(4) Clover alone.— When clover is sown alone in the spring the
land is plowed early and worked down fine. About the 1st of May
it is again thoroughly cultivated to kill weeds and prepare the seed
bed. From 10 to 12 pounds of clover seed per acre are then sown

94

16 FARM PRACTICE WITH FORAGE CROPS IN OREGON, ETC.

and covered by harrowing. The clover may be pastured during the
first season, but should not be croj^ped too closely during the driest
part of the summer. This is becoming quite a popular method in the
Willamette Valley and very satisfactory stands are secured, but the
use of the land is almost lost the first year.

Clover may be sown alone also in the late summer or early autumn.
Although this method is seldom used it is probably one of the most
satisfactory ways of sowing clover west of the Cascade Mountains.
If sown with grain in the fall, clover does not make a crop the next
year, but if sown alone in the late summer a full crop is secured the
next summer. It is essential, however, that the seeding be done
early, for if sown in the late fall it is liable to be winterkilled. Only
crops, then, that can be removed early should precede clover sown in
this way.

(5) Clover with rape. — Sowing clover with rape is a very success-
ful and popular method with many farmers who are engaged in
raising sheep and goats. With the land prepared as indicated for
sowing clover alone in the spring, from 10 to 12 pounds of clover
seed and from 2 to 4 pounds of rape seed per acre are sown broadcast
about the 1st of May and covered with a harrow. If the ground is
rough and cloddy, it should be finished with a roller. If this mix-
ture is sown on a thoroughly pulverized and compact seed bed, the
rape develops rapidly and furnishes excellent pasture for sheep,
goats, calves, or swine in from six to eight weeks. The tramping of
the animals while feeding during the summer, principally on the
rape, forms a dust mulch on the surface of the ground. In this w^ay
soil moisture is retained for the use of the clover during the dry sum-
mer season. If a hay crop is desired the second season, the rape is
killed hy pasturing it closely with sheep during the late fall or win-
ter. Sheep eat off the crowns of the plants close to the ground and
the rape then dies. If the rape is not killed it will go to seed the next
summer, and the stalks will give some trouble in the hay. If the
clover is not cropped too closely the first summer, this method gives,
an excellent stand.

Failures occur frequently, especially in the Willamette Valley,
when clover is sown by any one of the first three methods described.
With rich, moist soil of good texture and with frequent rains during
the summer these methods are usually successful. But with soils
that are inclined to puddle and dry out quickly— soils that have pro-
duced grain crops exclusively for a number of years — they often give
poor results. Under such conditions the grain shades the clover too
much, and robs it of the moisture necessary to carry it through the
first summer.

94

ALSIKE CLOVER. 17

THE SEED CROP.

Since the first crop of clover is seldom used for seed it is cut for
hay or ensilage about the 1st of June to enable the second crop to
make a good growth before the dr}' season begins. Instead of cutting
the first crop for hay or ensilage, clover is sometimes pastured until
late in May, and the first crop is then used for seed. By mowing the
first crop, however, the second one comes on more evenly than when
the first is pastured.

When the heads of the seed crop are pretty Avell dried and are dark-
brown in color the clover is cut with a self-raking reaper, or with a
mower with a buncher attachment. Bunches of the size of an ordi-
nary wheat bundle are dropped in rows. When the heads are dry
enough to powder when rubbed in the hands five or six bunches are
thrown together by hand or bunched with a hayrake in the morning
when damp with dew. The thrashing is done when possible with a
clover huller, and the clover is hauled to the machine in tight-
bottomed racks in order that the shattered seed may not be lost.

ALSIKE CLOVER.

Alsike clover {Trifolium hyhridum) has a much wider range of
adaptability in Avestern Oregon and western Washington than red
clover. It thrives not only on soil adapted to the latter — upland
clays and -\vell-drained soils — but also on lowland clays, alluvial
bottoms, and many soils too wet and cold to grow red clover. Its
stems are nuich finer and more recumbent than those of red clover,
and its leaves are not so numerous. The yield of the first crop is
very satisfactory, but it is disposed to make but little growth after
a crop has fully matured for hay. If cut early, however, it is said
to make a very satisfactory second growth. A delay of only a few
days in the time of cutting the first crop makes a very marked
difference in the grow^th of the second.

Alsike clover makes a very good quality of hay and is well suited
to sow Avith timothy, since these two crops mature at the same time.
It is a perennial, stands grazing well, and seems to be much less
susceptible to the attacks of the clover root borer than is red clover.
Since alsike clover is so nearly the equal of red clover in nearly every
way it should be given a thorough trial in all localities west of the
Cascade Mountains where red clover may have failed.

From what has been said it is evident that alsike clover is eminently
adapted for sowing on land that is too cold and wet for red clover,
in mixtures for permanent pastures, and on forest burns and burnt
slashings that are to be used for pasture for several years.

The seed of alsike clover is quite small and 5 or 6 pounds per acre
will be found sufficient when it is sown alone. With this exception,
31697— No. 94—06 3

18 FARM PRACTICE WITH FORAGE CROPS IN OREGON, ETC.

all that has been said regarding the seeding of red clover applies
equally well to alsike clover.

COMMON VETCH.

The common vetch {Vieia sativa) is perfectly adai:)ted to condi-
tions west of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon and Washington and
thrives even on very poor soil. It has been grown in the AVillamette
Valley for many years, and is rapidly replacing red clover in many
localities. It is an annual legume of great value as a nitrogen
gatherer, as a green manure, and as a soiling, hay, and pasture plant.
It is also a very valuable cover crop in orchards when sown in the
early fall. It makes excellent ensilage, and dairy cattle prefer the
ha}^ to that of red clover. The yield of cured hay is from 1| to 4
tons per acre. A seed crop yields from 15 to 30 bushels per acre, the
yield depending quite largely upon the efficiency with which the seed
is saved. A bushel of clean seed weighs a little more than GO pounds.

METHODS OF SOWING.

Common vetch stands the winters admirably in Avestern Oregon
and western Washington, and is sown in the autumn from the last
of August to the last of November. It is sown also in the early
spring, but fall seeding usually gives the largest yields. The stems
of this vetch are not strong, and heavy crops are inclined to flatten
out on the ground. When in this fallen condition it soon begins to
mold and is very difficult to harvest. To furnish support for it and
keep it up oif the ground a bushel of oats, wheat, or rye, and a bushel
of vetch i^er acre are usually sown together. Oat hay, especially for
dairy pur^wses, is usually preferred to that of wheat or rye, and for.
this reason oats are usually sown with vetch, winter oats being sown
in the fall and spring oats in the spring. It is a common practice
Avith vetch o-rowers to sow winter oats and vetch broadcast in the
early fall on land that has raised a spring crop and to cover the seed
Avith a disk harroAv. If the land is loose and easily Avorked, this
method gives good results, but like most other crops \'etch gives much
better yields if sown on a Avell-prepared seed bed. If the ground is
packed, or if the seeding is done in the spring, the land is usually
ploAved and a good seed bed prepared.

SOILING.

SoAvn Avith rye the last of August or early in September, common
vetch should be ready for soiling, i. e., feeding green, from April 15
to ]\Iay 1 ; soAvn Avith Avinter oats or Avheat October 1, it should be
ready about May 1; soAvn Avith Avinter oats or Avheat in the late fall,
it should be ready about June 1 ; soAvn Avith oats in February, it

94

VETCH HAY. IV)

should be ivady al)(»iil Jiiiit' IT). Whoii cut in the early spriiiijf for
soiling" a second croj) may Ix- cut or i)astured, or the land may 1)0
plowed and planted to some other crop.

iUK HAY CHOP.

Since fall-sown vetch matures for hay in June and rains are not
infrequent at this season of the year it is (juite a common practice
to pasture it in the early sprin«r — March and April — tg keep th'^
jjfrowth from becoming so heavy that it will fall before it is cut and
to retard its development so that haymaking will occur after the
rains are over. If the crop is heavy and falls during bad weather
it is best to make ensilage of it immediately.

AVhen the seeds are just appearing in the first pods is usually con-
sidered the best time to cut vetch for hay. Some cut it earlier than
this, while others allow the first seeds to become pretty well matured.
If the crop is not too heavy it may be handled in the ordinary way,
but it should be put into cocks before the leaves are dry enough to
be broken off during the handling. When very heavy it falls more
or less, and usually in some prevailing direction. When in this
fallen condition the rear of the sickle bar of the mower is usually
raised and the guards tilted down. Sometimes a man follows the
mower with a strong pitchfork and when the vetch clogs he sticks
the tines of the fork into the ground just behind the sickle bar and
pulls the vetch loose.

Others cut vetch in but one direction, the opposite way from that
in which it is leaning, di-iving the mower back idle each trip. Men
with forks throw each swath out as it is cut, so that the mower can
get through without the vetch clogging on the sickle bar. Another
way is to cut a swath and with forks roll it on the uncut vetch; cut
another swath and roll the two cut swaths on the uncut vetch; cut
again and roll out the three cut swaths. This process forms wind-
rows of three swaths each. (See fig. 1.)

With the vetch fallen in one prevailing direction, others cut one
way onh^, driving the mower in such manner that the fallen vetch
will point forAvard and away from the direction driven at an angle
of about 45°. A little experience will enable one to determine the
proper angle. When the cutting of a swath is finished the sickle
bar is raised and the mower thrown out of gear and driven back on
the swath just cut to mash it down and make a path for the shoe of
the sickle bar with the wheel of the mower. With the rear of the
sickle bar raised, the guards tilted down, the vetch lying in the
direction indicated, and the last cut swath lapping up on the uncut
vetch and mashed down by driving the empty mower back over it,
the inner wheel of the mower, as the next swath is being cut, runs

94

20 FARM PRACTICE WITH FORAGE CROPS IN OREGON, ETC.

upon the swath just cut and holds it so that the shoe of the sickle bar
slips over with little or no clogging. In this way the swath upon
which the wheels of the mower are running is cut in two again and
another clean swath is also cut at the same time. Cutting each swath
in two twice makes the handling of the hay much easier. After being
cut the hay may be cured and handled in the usual w^ay.

THE SEED CROP.

It is very difficult to separate the seeds of wheat or rye from vetch
seed, while those of oats and vetch can be separated reasonably well.
For a seed crop that is intended for market, therefore, oats and vetch

Fiu. l.-A common method of cuttmg tangled vetch. The first swath cut is rolled on the uncut
vetch; after the mower passes again, the double swath is rolled on the uncut vetch; when the
mower has cut under this, the triple swath is rolled outward.

are usually sown together in the early fall— about a bushel of each
per acre. In the spring they are usually pastured until x\pril to keep
the growth from becoming so rank that it will fall. The vetch then
matures in July. The seed matures very unevenly; the pods burst
open when overripe and exposed to the sun, and much of the seed
may be lost in this way. The best seed is always produced in the
lower pods and the seed crop is usually cut when these pods are
turning brown and before they have begun to drop their seed.

If the crop stands up well and is not too heavy it is cut with a
binder and shocked immediately. From 12 to 15 bundles are put
in the bottom of the shock and other bundles built on top of this

94 . ■

VETCH SEED. 21

again, letting the butts of the upper buiuUes come down to the l)ands
of the knver ones. Other bundles are built on top of this again,
covering all of the seed pods possible. This i)revents the shattering
of a great deal of seed, for the pods dry evenly and gradually when
not exposed to the sun.

If strictly pure seed is desired, vetch is sometimes sown alone at
the rate of 100 to 120 pounds per acre. When thick it stands up rea-
sonably well. If the seed crop is too heavy to bind, it is cut with a
mower. With pitchforks the first cut swath is rolled on the uncut
vetch; another swath is then cut and the two cut swaths rolled on
the uncut vetch. When the third swath is cut the three cut swaths
are rolled out. This forms windrows of three swaths each. It is
then placed in large cocks inunediately and allowed to dry with as
little exposure to the sun as is possible. Tliis method of cutting and
cocking largely prevents the loss of seed from shattering. If cut
and raked in the usual way the wheels of the mower, the wheels of
the rake, and the tramping of the horses burst many of the ripe pods.
As soon as the vetch is dry it should be thrashed without delay with
an ordinary thrashing machine, hauling it to the machine in racks
wdth tight bottoms or with canvas spread over the racks to catch the
shattered seed. In thrashing, the concaves are removed and blanks
having no teeth used instead. The motion of the cvlinder is sknved
down and plenty of wind turned on. The use of hay caps in curmg
vetch for seed would greatly increase the yield, especially when it is
cut with a mower. The pods on the surface of the cocks become dry
and burst before the centers of the cocks have time to cure. In this
way a great deal of seed is lost. The caps would protect the pods on
the surface of the cock from the direct rays of the sun and permit
the w^hole cock to dry more evenly. (See the discussion of hay caps
on p. 11.)

In growing a seed crop of vetch considerable seed is lost on the
ground by the bursting of the pods. If this fallen vetch seed is
plowed under, much of it will be covered too deeply to germinate.
The amount of oil in the seed is such that it may flien lie in the
ground for years without decaying, and w^ill grow wdien turned up
near the surface by subsequent plowing. In this way it may become
a pest in wheat that is grown for market. Land that has grown a
seed crop of vetch may be prepared for wheat as follows: Sow oats
and vetch broadcast in the fall, without plowmg, and cover the seed
with a disk harrow. Cut the oats and vetch for hay the next season
and pasture the second grow^th close enough to prevent any seed from
maturing. Grow a cultivated crop the next year. The land should
then be ready for winter wheat.

94

22 FARM PRACTICE WITH FORAGE CROPS IN OREGON, ETC.

PEARL VETCH.

Pearl vetch {Vicia sativa alba) has been grown in the Willamette
Valley for a number of years, but is comparatively unknown except in
the vicinity of New Era, Oreg. It is so much like the common vetch
{Vicia sativa) that the}?^ can not be distinguished except by the color
of the seed. The common vetch has a dark-colored, mottled seed,
while the seed of pearl vetch is a light salmon color, with a pearly
luster. The uses and values of these two plants seem to be identical,
with the exception that the seed of pearl vetch, it is claimed, is a good
table vegetable, being used particularly in making soup. Its seed
probably also makes better feed when chopped. What has been said
regarding the uses, culture, and handling of the common vetch applies
equally well to pearl vetch.

FIELD PEAS.

Field peas {Pisum arvense) are well adapted to the conditions of
western Oregon and western Washington. They do well on a large
variety of soils, but are especially adapted to clay soils and alluvial
bottoms. They are grown for grain, hay, ensilage, and soiling.
Peas are nutritious, and the hay and ensilage are eaten with relish by
most kinds of stock. When grown for hay about -2 bushels of peas
and 2 bushels of oats per acre are sown together as early in the
spring as the condition of the ground will permit. AVhen sown at
the same time the oats often choke out the peas. This may be largely
avoided by sowing the peas first, preferably with a drill, since the
seed is difficult to cover, and when they have sprouts on them about
2 inches long drill in the oats. This will give the peas the start
and they will hold their own much better. If sown broadcast they
should be well covered with a disk harrow. Peas should be cut for
hay Avhen the seeds in the first pods are just ready for table use.
Sown in the early spring they mature for hay from the 1st to the 15th
of July. The vield is from 1^ to 4 tons of hay per acre. When har-
vested for seed the yield is usually from 25 to 30 bushels per acre.
Peas are often sown alone and harvested when mature by swine
turned into the field.

The pea weevil often does considerable damage to the pea crop,
especially when grown for seed. When sown late, peas suffer much
more from the ravages of this pest than they do when sown early.
Since they stand considerable frost they should be sown as early in
the spring as the season will permit. Of late years peas fail m some
localities from other causes than the weevil. They assume a pale,
sickly appearance and the yield and quality of the hay are very unsat-
isfactory. In localities where this happens common vetch and pearl

94

ALFALFA. 28

vetch should be grown instead of peas, for they avg sure crops and
are ecjual or even superior to j)eas in practically every way as a forage
plant.

ALFALIA.

At the present time the growing of alfalfa {Medicago sativa) west
of the Cascade Mountains is only in tlie experimental stage. Small
areas are to be found in various })laces, some of which are doing
reasoiuibly well. Most of these have not been i)lanted long enough
and have not been studied sufficiently to justify definite conclusions as
to the future usefulness of alfalfa in this region. There are many
localities with well-drained soils, however, in which it will unques-
tional)ly succeed if given proper treatment. In regions in which the
rainfall is as great as it is at certain seasons west of the Cascade
Mountains, alfalfa requires a loose, permeable subsoil, and seems to
thrive best on the san<ly loams along the water courses. The best
alfalfa fields noticed were on the sandy alluvial soils on the Willamette
and Columbia rivers. The water table of land selected for alfalfa
should be at least 4 feet below the surface, and the land should not be
subject to overflow. Alfalfa will stand considerable flooding, jn-o-
vided the water is running, but it is usually destroyed if stationary
water covers it for a few days.

There are two important difficulties to be overcome in the successful
production of alfalfa in this region. In the first place bluegrass,
English rye-grass. Italian rye-grass, velvet grass, couch-grass, and
many other grasses and weeds have a strong tendency to crowd out the
alfalfa. This difficulty is largely overcome by eradicating these
plants, so far as possible, before the seeding is done. Thorough disking
and harrowing at a time when the alfalfa has made but little growth,
or just after cutting a crop of hay, tends to keep it vigorous and holds
the weeds and grasses in check. The disk harrow should be weighted
to make it cut deep and should be set about as straight as possible,
so as not to cut off the crowns of the alfalfa plants. Although these
grasses, when growing with alfalfa, actually decrease the total amount
of forage produced, they also decrease the danger of bloating when
the field is pastured by sheep, goats, or cattle. In fact, grasses^ are
frequently sown with alfalfa for this purpose. Secondly, the first and
last crops of alfalfa mature at seasons of the year when it is very diffi-
cult to make hay on account of the damp Aveather. This objection is
obviated by using the first and third cuttings for ensilage, soiling, or
pasture.

METHODS OF SOWING.

This must be governed largely by local conditions. Land that is naturally
well drained or that is tiled at least 3 feet deep should be selected for this crop.
If barnyard manure is available, put on from 15 to 20 tons per acre in the fall

94

24 FARM PRACTICE WITH FORAGE CROPS IN OREGON, ETC.

and plow it under 8 to 10 inches deep. In the spring, when the land is in good
working condition, cut it up thoroughly with a disk harrow and work it down
fine. Let it lie for a week or ten days ; then give a good harrowing so as to
destroy all weeds. Sow about 15 pounds of clean seed per acre and cover with
a harrow. If the soil is inclined to be dry, finish with a roller. About the time
the seed is sown, put on 75 to 100 pounds of land plaster to the acre."

INOCULATION.

The failure of alfalfa west of the Cascade Mountains is frequently
due to the lack of nodule-forming bacteria in the soil. If the land to
be sown has never grown alfalfa before, it is the safest plan to arti-
ficially introduce these organisms. This may be done in two ways :

(1) From 800 to 500 pounds of soil, the more the better, may be
hauled from a field that has recently produced alfalfa Avith nodules
on the roots, and scattered evenly over the surface of the new field.
This should be done just before the alfalfa seed is sown and the soil
should be thoroughly mixed with that of the new field b}^ harrowing
or disking. It is quite expensive to inoculate large fields in this way
and there is always a possibility of transferring plant diseases from
one field to another.

Of scarcely less importance is the danger of disseminating noxious weeds
and insect pests through this plan of inoculating by means of natural soils.
Even though weeds may not have been serious in the first field, the great number
of dormant seeds requiring but a slight change in surroundings to produce ger-
mination is always a menace. If soil is to be used, however, whether obtained
from near-by fields or shipped long distances, the evidence should be clear that
the soil is free from the objections mentioned above.^

(2) Pure cultures of the proper bacteria may be used. The Bureau
of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture
has isolated the different organisms for the different legumes, is
growing them in pure cultures, and furnishes them to farmers whose
soil conditions seem to indicate that inoculation is necessary.

Those desiring inoculating material should write to Soil Bacteri-
ology Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C,
for an application blank. To avoid delays, requests should be on
file several weeks before the material is to be used.

Should weeds tend to crowd out the alfalfa during the first year,
they should be mown often enough to hold them in check. The cutter
bar of the mower should be set about 5 inches high in order that the
young alfalfa plants may not be cut too closely. If the crop mowed
would be sufficient when dry to make a third of a ton or more of hay
(and dried weeds) to the acre, which it usually will be in spots, it
should be removed from the field; if less than this it may be per-
mitted to lie where it is cut.

a Dr. James Withycombe, in Bulletin 7(3, Oregon E.xperiment Station.
6 Farmers' Bulletin No. 240, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
94

TIMOTHY. 25

The leaves and stems of alfalfa sometimes turn yellow, and the
crop then assumes a very unthrifty ai)i)earanc'(,'. Whoii this condi-
tion lH'<:^ins to manifest itself the ticld should be cut immediately,
even though the growth be very small. This will tend to invigorate
the plants and keep them in a growing condition. If the growth is
sufficient the first season, it nuiy be used for either hay or pasture,
but under no circumstances should it be closely pastured the first year.

In the moist climate west of the Cascade Mountains it frequently
happens that alfalfa sends up young shoots from the crown of the
plants before the first growth begins to bloom. AVhen this occurs it
should be cut at once: otherwise the fii*st crop soon begins to deterio-
rate and the second growth will be seriously stunted. In this region it
is very essential, therefore, to watch alfalfa closely and cut it as soon
as these young shoots begin to api)ear.

Alfalfa is not a satisfactory pasture crop for cattle or sheep because
of its tendency to produce bloat in these animals when the}^ are
allowed to graze on it, but for horses and hogs, particularly hogs,
there is no better pasture.

TIMOTHY.

Timothy {Phleum pratense) is the standard grass in Oregon and
Washington west of the Cascade Mountains. It is shallow rooted
and naturally adapted to moist lands. But the abundant rainfall of
this region, distributed as it is through so many months of the year,
makes it possible for it to succeed on practically all classes of soils
except the sands and gravels. There are individual farmers who like
other grasses better, but timothy is the one grass that is universally
known and grown. It has been the standard nuirket hay so long and
has so many valuable characteristics that it will require years for any
other grass, even with superior qualities, to become as popular as tim-
othy in this region.

There are many reasons why timothy enjoys this popularity. It
has the best seed habits of any of our cultivated grasses. The seed is
usually cheap, has a very high percentage of germination when prop-
erly matured, is easily harvested, and retains its vitality remarkably
well. The hay is easily cured, stands handling well, and is relished
by all kinds of stock. Unlike many other grasses, a few days' delay
in the time of cutting makes but little difference in the quality of the
hay — a very important point in a region where show^ers are not infre-
quent during the haying season.

West of the Cascade Mountains timothy is most frequently grown
with red clover. It is sometimes sown in the fall Avith winter wheat
and the clover added in the spring, during February or March, when
the ground is thawing and freezing. Another method is to prepare
the ground in the spring and sow the timothy and clover with or

94

26 FARM PRACTICE WITH FORAGE CROPS IN OREGON, ETC.

without a nurse crop. Still another way is to sow the clover in the
spring with a nurse crop and in September, after the grain has been
harvested, sow the timothy on the stubble. When sown with a nurse
crop, timothy and clover are shaded too much, especially if the nurse
crop is allowed to mature for grain, and unsatisfactory stands are
often obtained in this way. Perhaps the most satisfactory wa}^ of
sowing both timotlw and clover is to sow them without a nurse crop
in the late summer or early fall on land that is as free as possible
from weeds. Good stands are secured in this way, and they give
excellent vields the first year. Timothy is two or three weeks later
than red clover, and when the}^ are grown together for hay either the
timothy must be cut a little immature or the clover allowed to become
too ripe. For this reason some other grasses are better suited than
timothy for sowing with red clover. AMien sown alone from A to
10 pounds of timothy seed per acre are sufficient. For a seed crop
timothy yields much better when the stand is comparatively tliin.
A much finer quality of hay is produced when it is thick. It is the
general rule to cut timothy for hay just at the end of the blooming
period. Cattle prefer the ha}- when cut at this stage, while horses
seem to relish it better if it is a little more mature.

THE RYE-GRASSES.

English rye-grass {Loliiim perenne) and Italian rye-grass {Lolium
itnlicum) are more popular on the Pacific coast west of the Cascade
Mountains than in any other part of the United States. The moist,
mild climate of this region is well adapted to their growth, and they
are very popular with the comparatively few farmers who grow them.
Stock seem to prefer them to all other grasses, and the herbage they
produce is certainly of a very fine quality. The rye-grasses form a
close sod and stand cropping and tramping well, but they do not
yield so well as some other masses. Thev mature early and are well
suited to sow with red clover. They are especially adapted to low,
moist soils, and when grown under favorable circumstances they may
be cut two or three times during a season. Italian rye-grass is prac-
tically an annual. The plants do not all die at the end of the first
year, but they amount to but little after the first season. Although
usually considered a perennial, English rye-grass is short-lived and
is very little better than Italian rye-grass in this respect. In Eng-
land, where these grasses occupy a similar position in agriculture to
that of timothy in the United States, it is a common practice to allow
seed to mature before they are cut for hay. In this way they reseed
themselves and last from year to year. It is claimed also that this is
a safe thing to do so far as the qualit}^ of the hay is concerned.

94

MEADOW FESCUE. 27

The seed of these grasses is usually of good quality and germinates
well. It weighs from 14 to 20 pounds per bushel. It may be sown
in the spring, but early fall seeding gives the best results in this
re'non. When sown alone from "25 to 40 pounds of seed per acre
sliould give satisfactory stands. The rye-grasses sown with clover
make excellent silage.

ORCHARD GRASS.

Orchard grass {Dactylis glomerata) thrives remarkably well on all
tillable soils west of the Cascade Mountains, except those that are
very wet. It is the earliest grass to start to grow in the spring: it
revives quickly after it is cropped by stock or cut for hay, especially
if the soil is moist : it remains green during the summer and fall,
and is relished fairly well by all kinds of stock; it stands grazing
and tramping much better than timothy, and lasts for a number of
years when given proper care. It is, therefore, eminently adapted
for pasture purposes and should form an important part of every
permanent pasture mixture.

Orchard grass makes an excellent quality of hay if cut before or
just after the blooming period. If the cutting is delayed but a few
days beyond this i)eri()d orchard grass has a strong tendency to
become woody, and the hay is then of poor quality. It ripens with
red clover, and under favorable circumstances it may be cut twice
during a season. It is, therefore, especially well fitted for sowing
with red clover when intended for hay. It grows in bunches and
does liot make a smooth sod; for this reason it is seldom sown alone.
Orchard grass is a little early, and is often ready to cut before good
haying weather has begun. This fact and its tendency to become
woody immediately after blooming are the chief drawbacks to its
culture west of the Cascade Mountains. Its earliness is an advan-
tage, however, when it is used for ensilage or soiliilg.

The seed habits of orchard grass are very satisfactory, and the
yield is from 15 to 18 bushels of seed per acre. The seed weighs
from 14 to 18 pounds per bushel. When sown alone 20 to 25 pounds
of seed per acre will be sufficient. It is sown either in the fall or
spring. If sown in the early fall, without a nurse crop, it should
make an excellent crop the next year.

MEADOW FESCUE.

Although meadow fescue {Festuca pratensis) is grown but little
west of the Cascade Mountains, it is highly prized by those who
know it. Like orchard grass, it is adapted to practically all of the
tillable soils of the region except those that are gravelly or very wet.
It is a perennial; lasts much better than timothy; is relished by all

94

28 FARM PEACTICE WITH FOEAGE CROPS IN OREGON, ETC.

kinds of stock ; makes a good quality of hay ; and, when once estab-
lished, stands tramping and grazing well. It does not begin to
grow so early in the spring as orchard grass, but remains green
during the summer and makes a good growth during the fall. It is
especially adapted to a place in meadow and pasture mixtures that
are to occui)y the land for a number of years. One of the leading
dairymen of the Willamette Valley sows the following mixture in
the spring : Meadow fescue, 10 pounds ; English rye-grass, 10 pounds ;
timothy, 4 pounds; red clover, 4 pounds, and alsike clover, 2 pounds.
This mixture is used for hay for two years, and then for pasture
three years. Of the grasses in this mixture, meadow fescue is his
favorite.

Meadow fescue may be sown in the early fall or spring. When
sown alone, from 15 to 20 pounds per acre of the best seed should be
used. If the quality of the seed is doubtful, sow more. Kansas
farmers who grow their own seed sow only 12 to 15 pounds per acre.

VELVET GRASS.

The only part of the United States in wliich velvet grass occurs to an extent
worthy of notice is on the Pacific coast west of the Cascade Mountains, from
northern California to the Canadian line. In that section it is indifferently
called velvet grass and niesquite. The latter name should never he applied to
this grass, as it is used for several other very different grasses in the Southwest.

It is generally regarded as a pest on the Pacific coast, particularly on lands
that are very wet in winter and very dry in summer. This is especially the
case with l)oth sandy and peaty soils on the coast. It is not utilized for feed
in many localities, but on the extensive areas of sandy land around the mouth
of the Columbia River and at one or two points inland it is the chief reliance,
both for hay and pasture. It yields ordinarily about half a ton of hay per acre.
The hay is remarkable for its lightness, a ton of it being much more bulky
than a like weight of other kinds of hay. Horses nearly starve before they
acquire a taste for velvet grass, but when the taste is once acquired they thrive
upon it remarkably well, showing that it is highly nutritious. The whole plant
is covered by a growth of wool-like hairs, from which fact the name is derived.
It is unworthy of attention except on the classes of soils above mentioned. On
these soils it drives out all other grasses.a

Velvet grass {Holcns lanatus) is frequently a pest in meadows.
The seed matures very early, is light, and shatters readily. When
clover, rye-grass, and timothy are ready to cut for hay the seed of
velvet grass is usually mature enough to germinate. The wind blows
the seed, and wherever the hay is hauled or handled the seed is scat-
tered. If a meadow that is infested with velvet grass is cut a little
early for either hay or ensilage, the seed can not be spread in this
way. Velvet grass gives no trouble in the second crop of clover.
Fence rows and waste places beside meadows should be mown early

0 W. J. Spillmau, in " Farm Grasses of the United States."
94

INDIAN CORN.

29

enouj^li to prevent seed from luathriug. If these precautions are
taken the grass can be prevented from becoming very troublesome.

To eradicate velvet grass cut it early, before the seed is ripo. generally from
the 10th to the 20th of June. About the 1st of .July give it a tliorough but shal-
low disking. I^'l'^^•lt tiie shallow dislcing every week until the 1st of -Vugust
and then spring-tooth and disk again. This shallow cultivation during the
driest season will kill the roots and leave the ground with a very line niuleh on
top and plenty of moisture in the subsoil. The land may then be reseeded to
clover or planted to any erop desii'ed."

INDIAN CORN.

The climatic conditions of western Oregon and western Washing-
ton are not ^vell adapted to the growing of corn {Zca mays). The
nights are too cool for its best development, and unless very early
varieties are grown dilliculty is often experienced in bringing it to
maturity. Nevertheless corn fills an important place in the crop-
ping systems of this region, particularly on dairy farms; i. e., for
ensilage and for feeding green during August, September, and Octo-
ber. AVhile it may be impracticable to grow corn for the grain, it
is possible by selecting very early varieties and using seed grown
near by to grow a good quality of ensilage corn. The aim should
be to grow^ those varieties that reach as near maturity and yield as
much grain as possible. The large southern varieties produce very
little grain here, and are so innnatiu'e when put into the silo at the
end of the season that too nuich acid develops.

The following table gives the quantity of water and dry matter
in corn at different stages of growth, as determined by the New York
(Geneva) Agricultural P^xperiment Station:

Water ami dry mutter in corn at different periods after taHHcUny.

Date of
cutting.

Jiily 30
Aug. y
Aug. 21
Sept. 7
Sept. 23

Stage of growth.

Fully tasseled

Fully silked.

Kernels watery to full milk

Kernels glazing

Ripe

Corn per

1
Water

acre.

per acre.

Tons.

Tons.

9.0

8.2

12.9

11.3

16.3

U.O

16.1

12. .5

14.2

10.2

Dry mat-
ter per
acre.

Tons.
0.8
1.5
2.3
3.6
4.0

This table is very interesting. The last column shows the dry
matter of corn at different stages of groAvth. Ripe corn yields five
times as much dry matter per acre as corn that is fully tasseled,
two and two-thirds times as much as corn fully silked, and nearly
one and three-fourths times as much as corn in the milk; hence,
the importance of growing corn for ensilage that will mature. TJie

a Letter from W. H. Kaufman, Bellingham, Wash.

94

30 FARM PRACTICE WITH FORAGE CROPS IN OREGON, ETC.

table also shows the great waste in feeding corn green instead of
letting it mature properly and making it into ensilage.

In order that ensihige may keep well, corn should be cut about the
time the kernels are well glazed and dented. If it is cut too green,
as stated, too much acid develops; if cut too ripe it does not settle
properly and the air is not sufficiently excluded to prevent spoiling.
The ripest corn should always be cut first and placed in the bottom
of the silo, because the great pressure near the bottom will tend to
exclude the air.

If planted on rich, mellow, well-drained land between the middle
of May and the first of June, corn should be ready for feeding green
from about the 1st to the 15th of August. As previously stated
early varieties should be planted, and seed grown west of the Cascade
Mountains succeeds better than eastern seed.

RAPE.

Rape {Brassica 7iapus) has been grown in the Willamette Valley
with excellent results for twenty years. It is a succulent, nutritious
forage plant, admirably adapted to the moist, mild climate of th(?
Pacific coast. It stands considerable freezing, and is seldom winter-
killed west of the Cascade Mountains. It does best on deep, warm,
well-manured loamy soils. It succeeds well also on peaty soils, but is
not adapted to very light sandy or heavy clay soils. It is a heavy
feeder, and must not be expected to succeed on poor, worn-out land.

Rape is an excellent crop for pasture or soiling, i. e., for cutting and
feeding green for hogs, sheep, goats, and poultry. Fed to dairy
cows it causes a large flow of milk, but to avoid tainting the milk
it should be fed immediately after milking, at the rate of 30 to 50
pounds i^er day, in two feeds. On account of danger of bloating,
sheep, goats, and cattle should never be turned on rape for the first
time when they are hungry, or when the rape is wet with dew or rain.
They should have plenty of something else to eat first, and plenty of
salt at all times. It is a good plan to give them access to hay or a
grass j^asture to j^revent overloading on rape. ^AHien sheep have
become accustomed to it they may be left on it continually with but
little danger.

Rape is grown and utilized west of the Cascade Mountains in sev-
eral different ways:

(1) "When grown for early summer use, the largest yields and the
best results are secured by making a succession of plantings at inter-
vals of two or three weeks, beginning in the early spring as soon as
the ground can be put into perfect tilth. The ground should be well
manured and the seed planted in drills 24 to 36 inches aj^art at the
rate of about 2 pounds per acre. A common garden drill may be used

94

RAPE. • 31

ill planting small areas, hut for lar<ror fields a <;raiii drill, with some
of the feed hoppers closed to make the rows the desired distance apart,
answers the purpose hest. As soon as the plants are sufficiently large
they should he cultivated often enough to control the weeds and keep
the soil in good tilth. The cultivati(m will retain the soil moisture
and tend to keep the plants growing vigorously. Unless cultivated
during the dry portion of summer, growth almost ceases until the
fall rains come. Kape grown in this way may be used either for
pasture or for soiling.

AVhen rape is used for soiling purposes it should Ih" cut at least 5
inches high, so that the plants will have a chance to grow again. Tn
from six to eight weeks after planting it should he large enough to
cut: by making a succession of plantings green, succulent feed should
be on hand throughout the summer. If rape is used for pasture, the
best results will be secured by having a number of small fields which
are pastured alternately. It may be fed in this way also by means of
movable fences. Rape should be from liJ to 14 inches high before it
is used for pasture, and hogs should be prevented from rooting while
in the field. AVhen rai)e is removed by cutting or pasturing closely,
the evaporation of soil moisture is rapid, and it should be cultivated
as soon as possible if a second growth is desired. If sown in drills,
^tock will walk between the rows while feeding, and much less will
be broken down and destroyed than if they were feeding upon rape
that was sown broadcast. A larger yield is also secured by planting
rape in rows and cultivating it.

(2) Another favorite AvaA^ of growing rape is to sow it broadcast at
intervals in the spring. The land is plowed and thoroughly Avorked
in the early spring, as soon as it is in good working condition, and
then allowed to lie until the seeding is done. Just before each piece
is sown the ground is cultivated thoroughly again and from 3 to 4
pounds of seed sown and covered with a harrow or cultivator. In-
stead of sowing the seed broadcast it is sometimes planted w^ith a
common grain drill. Rape sown the 1st of May should be ready for
pasture the 1st of July; if sown the 1st of June, it should be ready
for pasture by the 1st of August. Grown in this way rape makes
excellent pasture during the summer, fall, and early winter.

(3) Another method of raising rape that is popular with many
farmers, especially those who raise sheep or goats, is to grow it with
clover. The method of doing this has already been fully described
in the discussion of red clover (page 16).

(4) Rape is sometimes sown with oats in the spring on a thor-
oughly prepared seed bed. The oats are used for either hay or grain.
The rape grows but little until the early fall rains come, after which
it is soon ready for pasture. From 2 to 4 pounds of rape seed per
acre are sufficient when sowai in this way.

94

32 FAEM PRACTICE 'with FORAGE CROPS IN OREGON, ETC.

(5) From 3 to 4 pounds of rape seed per acre are also sown with
corn just before the last cultivation. The seed is then covered by
the cultivator and the rape comes on and makes good pasture as
soon as the corn is harvested. It may also be sown with potatoes,
but it does not succeed so well with them as with corn, for the digging
of the potatoes destroys much of the rape. Sown after early potatoes
are dug, it gives good pasture during the late fall and early winter.

THE SEED CROP.

Good rape seed is now produced in the Willamette Valley and the
region about Puget Sound, and there is no reason why farmers should
not produce their own seed. Rape is a biennial and does not produce
seed when sown in the spring until the second year. If sown in
September or October it matures seed the following June. Rape
may be cross-fertilized by kale, cauliflower, and other closely related
plants. It is believed to cross also Avith wild mustard and wild
turnips; hence none of these plants should be allowed to grow near
rape that is intended for seed.

For seed, rape should be sown alone, and it is very desirable to
haA'e in it drills in order to cultivate it and keep it free from the
plants mentioned. Rape that is planted in drills in the spring may
be used for soiling during the sunnner and fall, carried through the
winter, and used for a seed crop the second season. If sown entirely
for a seed crop, it may be planted in the fall — September or October^ —
after some early crop has been removed. To retard development of
the plants so that the seed will mature after the late spring rains are
over, it should be pastured or cut back about the last of April or the
first of ISIay. If ripe rape gets wet the seed shatters very readily, and
the retardation of the development of the crop is often very necessary
in order to liaA-e good Aveather for harvesting the seed.

Rape should be cut for seed when the first seeds are turning brown.
It may be cut with a binder or a self-raking reaper. It should be
shocked in such manner that it will dry out quickly. Birds destroy
considerable of the seed ; hence it should be thrashed as soon as dry.
If the crop is not too extensive a man with a team and sled may drive
from shock to shock and thrash it by hand. If a thrashing machine
is used, it should be hauled to the machine in tight-bottomed racks, or
canvas should be spread over the racks to catch the shattered seed.
It is said that a yield of 1,000 pounds of seed to the acre is not unusual
in the Willamette Valley.

Seed may be purchased of local seedsmen. When buying seed,
however, one should always call for Dwarf Essex rape. There are
a number of varieties of rape, some of which are annuals and are
grown only for bird seed. If these annuals are sown in the spring

94

THOUSAND-HEADED KALE.

33

they produce seed the same year and are liabU' to become serious
pests -when once introchiced. Comphiint has hccu made that Dwarf
Essex rape becomes a weed, but it is easily controHed. It does not
pro(hice seed until the second season, and if jjlowed under iluring the
fall, winter, or spring no seed can be produced.

THOUSAND-HEADED KAI,E.

Thousand-headed kale (lirnftsica oleracea) has been grown in the
"Willamette Valley for -11 years. It attracted little attention among
the dairymen until recent years, but is now rapidly becoming a very
popular fall and winter soiling crop. It stands the mild winters

r-

^^jI^k^bP^€^

*£^i^^ •/_wB

^^M'.^0%^^i ^ iBIB?''

^ ^*?^ ' ' "' ' '" ,•»

w«

^^^^t^m^v^*''

Fig. 2.— a field of thousand-headed kale on Martins Island, near Kalama, Wash. A valuable
winter soiling crop, available from October 1 to April 1.

west of the Cascade Mountains admirably and is hauled from the
field and fed as needed. It does not head up like cabbage, and the
name " thousand-headed " is given it on account of the numerous
branches the plants have when given plenty of room. It is very
much like rape, but the plants are much taller and the leaves are
longer and broader. A field of this crop is shown in figure 2. It is
claimed that kale will yield 30 to 40 tons of green feed per acre
when grow'n under favorable conditions.

Kale is used for table greens, but its chief use on the Pacific coast
is for feeding green to dairy cows from October to April, for which
it is highly prized. It would undoubtedly be an excellent winter

94

34 FAEM PRACTICE WITH FORAGE CROPS IN OKEGOlSr, ETC.

feed also for hogs and jDoiiltry. It does best on well-manured, deep,
rich loams and sandy soils. The only objection to the use of kale is
the difRciiltv of getting it out of the field when the gi'ound is wet and
muddy. For this reason well-drained land should be selected upon
which to plant this crop.

METHODS OF SOWIXG.

For fall and winter use, kale is usually sown in drills on well-
prepared and well-drained soil as soon after the loth of March as
the season will permit. This furnishes plants for transplanting in
June and July. The land used for transplanting is well manured
and plowed two or three times between the 1st of ]\Iarch and the 1st
of June. "With the land in j^erfect tilth it is plowed again with a
12-inch plow about the 1st of June and the young kale plants
clroj^iDed into eyery third furrow about 2^ to 3 feet apart. This
places about one plant on every square yard. The roots of the plants
are placed where the next furrow coyers them, leaving the tops
uncovered. The plants that are plowed in during the day in this
way are rolled in the evening of the same da}^ to pack the ground.
Two or three cultivations are all that can usually be given, for the
plants will soon touch in the roAy if they do well. Any plants that
fail to grow may be replaced by hand. Some growers prefer to
plant the seed in hills, and when the plants are large enough thin
them to one plant in a hill. Others put kale out just as cabbage is
usually transplanted, instead of plowing it in. The time of trans-
planting must be determined by the size of the plants and the condi-
tion of the land. If the land is wet and subject to overflow the
transplanting may be delayed until during July, If the land is well
drained and the plants are large enough it may l)e done l:»efore the
1st of June. In transi^lanting, enough plants may be left for a stand
on the land where th^ seedlings are grown.

FEEDING,

As previously stated, kale stands in the field during the winter
and is hauled in and fed green as needed from about the 1st of
October to the 1st of April. If the growth is forced in the early
spring it can be fed much earlier than the 1st of October. To avoid
tainting the milk, kale is fed just after milking, at the rate of 25 to
60 pounds per day, in two feeds. Some let it wilt before feeding.
Enough may be hauled in at a time to last four or five days. It
should not be thrown into heaps and allowed to heat, Xeither should
it be fed when frozen. On the approach of freezing weather a
supply sufficient to last several days may be placed in the barn.

To haul kale from the field during wet weather it is best to wear
a gum coat and gum boots. The plants can then be cut off at the sur-

94

ROOT CROPS. 35

face of the trround with an ax. thrown into piles, and loaded on a
wagon with a pitchfork without serious inconvenience to the worker.
Kale irrows a {jreat deal durinir the fall and winter, and nuich is
lost by feeding the whole i)lant in the early part of the feeding sea-
son. By using only the lower leaves it is possible to begin feeding
quite early without stopping the growth of the plants. AVith the
thunil) and fingers of the hand extended, one can break otf all of the
lower leaves of a large plant with three or four downwaid strokes
of the hand. This is not practicable, however, during damp weather,
for the leaves would be too wet to handle in this manner.

TIIK SKKI) CROP.

An exc<>llent quality of kale seed is produced in the Willamette
Valley. Like rape, it is a biennial and does not produce seed until
the second year. Kichard Scott, a dairynum of the Willamette
Valley, has grown kale for twenty-seven years. He produces seed
about as follows: There is considerable variation in the types of
individual plants. During the first year plants with many rather
narrow leaves that begin spreading from near the surface of the
ground are selected. This type of plant yields more and stands freez-
ing better than a plant the stem of which is bare for some distance
above the ground. These selected plants are transplanted in Febru-
ary in some isolated place to j)revent cross-fertili/ation by undesirable
kale plants, rape, cauliflower, and other closely related plants. It is
believed that kale crosses with wild mustard and wild turni}) ; hence
none of these plants should be allowed to grow^ near kale that is
intended for seed. The seed crop is cut when the first seeds are turn-
ing brown. If the crop is small, it is usually thrashed by hand. A
large crop may be handled the same as a seed crop of rape. Birds
are fond of the seed, and for this reason it should remain in the field
only until dry.

ROOT CROPS.

Since the soil requirements and the methods of culture of mangel-
wurzels {Beta vulgaris var. maerorhiza), carrots {Daucns carota)^
and rnta-bagas {Brassica campestris) are very similar, they will be
treated collectively. Like rape and thousand-headed kale, they suc-
ceed best where the;^veather is moist and cool. Hence their eminent
adaptation to western Oregon and Washington. In this region the
yield of these crops is enormous, the cu'dinary yield being from 20 to
35 tons per acre, while reports of 45 or 50 tons are not infrequent.

Koot crops usually succeed best on deep, moist, friable loam soils.
On clay land they grow too slowly, and the soil is also difficult to w^ork.
Ordinarily, land for roots is heavily manured in the fall and then
plowed considerably deeper than for other crops. If the soil runs

94

36 FARM PRACTICE WITH FORAGE CROPS IN OREGON, ETC.

together badly during the winter, it is replowed in the early spring.
Instead of the above procedure, the manure is sometimes spread dur-
ing the winter, the land plowed deep in the early spring, and a fine,
firm seed bed formed immediately by disking, harrowing, rolling,
planking, etc., as the conditions may require. Between the prepara-
tion of the seed bed in the early spring and planting the seed during
April or early in May the land is cultivated sufficiently to keep the
weeds subdued. Just before planting the seed a thorough cultiva-
tion is given, finishing with a planker or clod masher. This destroys
the weeds, thoroughly pulverizes the soil, and leaves the surface
smooth and in good condition for planting.

Maiigel-wurzels and ruta-bagas are usually grown in rows from 22
to 30 inches apart. When planted in continuous rows, enough seed

is used to insure a srood stand.

a

^Mion sown with a hill-drop-
ping planter, the hills are from
8 to 15 inches apart and 4 or 5
seeds are dropped in each hill.
The rows of carrots are usually
18 inches apart and the hills 8
inches.

As soon as the plants can bo
seen in the rows, the wheel hoe
is started. With the guards of
the hoe next to the row, the cul-
tivation is done as close to the
row as possible without cover-
ing or disturbing the plants too
much. Considerable hand weed-
ing and hoeing between the
hills and along the rows is usu-
ally necessary. "WHiien the plants
are 3 or 4 inches high, they are thinned, leaving the most vigorous
j)lant in each hill, ^^^len sown in continuous rows, the thinning
is largely done with a hoe, striking across the row. Subsequent
cultivation should at least be sufficient to keep the weeds under
control. As much of it as possible is usually done with a horse cul-
tivator. . • '

Instead of the common and wheel hoes for thinning and weeding,
some prefer to use a "scuffle" hoe. (See figs. 3 and 4.) ^Yhen in
use, the blade of such hoes is in a horizontal position and is pushed
and pulled just under the surface of the ground. The blade shown
in figure 3 is diamond shaped, about 2 inches wide in the middle and
one-half inch wide at each end, and about 8 inches long. About an

Pig. 3.— A "scuffle" hoe devised and used by
W. J. Langdon, Sumner, Wash., in thinning and
weeding ixxjt crops. A very effective imple-
ment.

94

ROOT CROPS.

37

inch ol" the tip (»f one cud is turned up at a ri<i:;ht anjilc' to form a
guard for working close to small plants. The blade of the hoe should
be sharp on both edges, so that it will cut each way when pushed and
pulled. In order to make it take hold properly, it may be necessary
to bend the edges of the blade down slightly. To give the handle the
proper angle, the shank should be curved. It should flatten out into
a narrow, thin plate about 2 inches long and fasten to the blade by
means of two rivets. This hoe is not on tlie market, but ma}' be made
bv an}' blacksmith. An old saw makes excellent blades. The shank
should be made of Norway iron,
so that it may be bent to give the
handle the proper angle.

Ruta-bagas are sometimes sown
in di-ills in the early spring and
transplanted like cabbage. The
plants may be transplanted like
kale, as the land is plowed. The
roots of the plants are placed
where the next furrow will cover
them and the tops are left stick-
ing out. For this method of
transplanting, see the discussion
of kale.

About the 1st of November th<'
roots are topped, pulled, and
placed in narrow bins in the
barn. Ui)on the approach of
cold weather they are covered
with hay or straw. The tops are
sometimes cut off w'ith a sharp
hoe and the roots then dug with
a potato fork. ^lore generally
they are dug first, the worker
pulling on the top of the root

with one hand as he bears down upon the handle of the j)otato fork
with the other. The roots of two or three rows are laid together with
the tops one way. The tops are then cut off with a long-handled
knife. Some tAvist the tops off, claiming that the roots do not bleed
and wither so much as they do when the tops are cut off. Roots are
grown mostly for winter use and are fed up to the 1st of April.
They are generally sliced before being fed to dairy cattle. 8ome
dairymen feed them whole, claiming that cows can handle large roots
nicely and that, unless the slicing is carefully done, they do not choke
so frequently when feeding on whole roots as they do on sliced roots.

94

Pig. 4.— a "scufflcv' hoe similar in principle
to that shown in figure 3, devised by A. B.
Leckenby, Seattle, Wash. The blade of
either of these hoes may be made from an
old saw blade.

38 FARM PRACTICE AVITH FORAGE CROPS IN OREGON, ETC.

The flat or fall turnip {Bra.svica rapa) is also grown in western
Oregon and Washington. Since it matures quickly, grows mostly
above ground, and has a flesh less firm than that of other roots it
does not keep well and is adapted only to fall and early winter use.
Its soft flesh and habit of growth above ground make it an admirable
root to be harvested by stock turned into the field. It is usually sown
broadcast on clean land about the 1st of July. It may be sown also
in corn. If intended for winter use it should be gathered and put
into bins before becoming water-soaked from fall rains.

SOILING (gREEX I-EEDIXG) CROPS.

The mild winter climate and a])undant rainfall of western Oregon
and Washington make it almost an ideal region for the production
of soiling crops. By the judicious selection and planting of crops
green succulent food may be provided for the dairy cow during prac-
tically the entire year. That a much greater amount of feed can be
obtained from the same area of land by this system as compared wdth
pasturing is a fact well recognized by progressive dairymen. Much
of the tillable land of this region is now very valuable. As values
advance beyond the limit where farm land may profitably be used
for pasture and it becomes necessary for the small farmer to keep the
maximum number of stock upon his few acres of tillable land, the
oTowing of soiling crops becomes of vital importance.

Below is given a list of the crops that are used for this purpose.
The .dates of planting and the approximate dates upon which these
crops may be used are also given. It must be understood, however,
that the variation in seasons prevents one from saying definitely when
a crop will be ready to use. For further information regarding these
crops the reader is referred to the discussion of each in the preceding
pages of this bulletin.

Dales for plant iuij and iisiirj soilinu crops in ircstrrn Orrr/on and nestern

Wasliiiiyton.

Crops.

Rye and vetch

W^inter oats and vetch. . _ -
Winter wheat and vetch.

Red clover

Alfalfa -

Oats and peas

Oats and vetch

Oats and peas

Rape

Oats and peas - - .

Rape

Corn —

When planted.

September 1 to 15

September and October .
do

When used.

Februaiy

do

April..

May 1

May. .-

June

Mav 10 to 20.

Turnips —

Thousand-headed kale

Mangel-wurzels, carrots, and ruta-bagas.

Julyl

March 15 and transplanted

Junel.
April

April 1 to May 15.
May 15 to July 1.

Do.

Do.
During June.

Do.
June 15 to July 15.
During July.

Do.
During August.

Do.
During August, Septem-
ber, and October.
Late fall and early winter.
October 15 to April 1.

October 15 to April 1 (fed
from bins, pits, or root
houses).

94

SEEDING timiu:h buhns and r.ruxr slasiiincs. 39

SEEDING TIMBER BURNS AND BURNT SLASHINGS.

As })ivvi()tisly stalt'tl, dciiM' foi-csts of cxTrirrct'ii tiiiilKT comt a
very lar<!:o portion of wostt'rn Orctroii and wi'stern ^^^lsllinii:ton. Diii-
in<j; tlu> dry season of the year forest tires overrun lar<i(' areas, lvillin<x
practically all vegetation, and leavin<>: a loose blanket of ashes on the
surface of the frround. These i)urnt areas if left unmolested for a
few years usually produce a dense growth of young trees and brush
and are practically worthless for grazing })urposes. In clearing land
it also frequently happens that the timber and bi-ush are slashed and
burnt several years before the stumps are removed. By ])ro])erly
seeding these l)urnt areas they may be made to ])roduce excellent pas-
ture. Since the stumps are in the ground and there is therefore no
chance to cover the seed, the seeding should always be done in the fall
before the ashes have settled. The first rain that comes will then
cover the seed sufKciently to insure good germination.

Since there is little chance to improve or renew the stand on account
of the stu.mps and timber remaining on the land, only seed of those
plants should be sown that last a long time, stand close cro])ping, and
3'et produce as much growth as possible. Tf the seed is sown in the
unsettled ashes as indicated, little difHcnlty will l)e expei-ienced in
irettinc: "ood stands of white clover, alsike cJoNcr. red ( loxcr. orchard
grass, meadow fescue, timothy, and English rye-grass. A mixture
of 1 pound of white clover, 3 pounds of alsike clover, 10 of orchard
grass, and 10 ponnds of meadow fescue ]x'r acre should give satis-
factory results Avhen sown in the unsettled ashes in the early fall.
Timothy will also do well for this purpose. Red clover and English
i-ye-grass are each short-lived and should form but a small portion of
the mixture, if sown at all. Timber burns that have been seeded
down in this way should be pastured pretty closely to keep down the
3''oung trees and brush, (xoats will help to do this better than any
other kind of animal. The success of seeding burnt areas in this way
has been thoroughly demonstrated in many parts of the region. It
is only a question of solving the proper seed at the proper time.

O

9-1

[Continued from page 2 of cover.]

No. 4;!. Japanoso Ramboo.s. 1903. Price. 10 cents.

44. Thr I'.itti'i-I^.t <»f AppleH. VMi. Prico. la . viit.-. „. ^

4r> Till' lMi\>iol<)^:iial K."»k> ni .Min.Tal Nutrients in I'lants. UXW. Price, 5cent.^.

4()! The Prupajrariun of Tropical Fruit Trees an.l Other Phintt*. n»o:5. Price,

10 cents.

47. The Description of Wiieat Varieties. in03. Price, 10 cents.

48 The .Vpi.le in Cold Stora^'c. 190.S. Price, 15 .-ents.

40. The Culture of the Central .Vinerican Rubber Tree. 1008. Price, 25 cents.

50 Wil.l Kice: Its I'ses an.l Propa-xation. 1003. Price, 10 cents.

51. Mi.>.'cellaneous Papers: I. The Wilt Di.-^case of Tobacco an.l Its (bntn.l.

11 The Work of the Coinrnunitv l)ein.)nstrati..n Farm at Terr»ll, 'lex.
III. Fruit Trees Frozen in 1904.' IV. The Cultivation of the Australian
Wattle. V. Lejjal an.l Customary Weij^hts per Bushel of Seeds. \'I.
Col.len Seal. 1005. Price, 5 cents. ,,,-,,,

52. With('r-Tii» an.l ( >ther Diseases of Citrous Trees ami Fruits Cause.l by Colle-

totrichum (ikeosporioi.les. 1004. Price, 15 centa.

53. The Date Palm. 1904. Price, 20 cents.

54. Persian Culf Dates. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

55. The Drv K.)t ..f I'otatoes. 1004. Price, 10 cents.
50. Nomeni-lature of the Apple. 1005. Price, 30 cents.

57. .Methods r.sed for C(jntr.>llinf,'San.l Dunes. 1004. Price, 10 cents.

5H The Vitality an.l (n-rmination of Seeds. 1004. Price, 10 cents.

50. Pasture, Mea.low, and Foraj;eCroi>s in Nebraska. 1904. Price, 10 a-nts.

(iO. A Soft K.>t of the Calla Lily. 1904. Price, 10 Cents.

61. The Avoca.l.) in Florida. 1004. Price, 5 cents.

62. Notes on Kjivptian Ajiricultnre. 1004. Price, 10 cent.s.

63. Investigations of Kusts. 1004. Price, 10 cents.

64 .V Method of Destroying or Preventing the (.Jrowth of Alg.e and Certain

Pathogenic Bacteria in Wat.^r Supplies. 1004. Price, 5 cents.

65. Reclamation of Cai)e Cod Sand Dunes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

GV). Seeds anil Plants Imptirted. Inventory No. 10. 1905. Price, 20 cents.

67. Ranire Investigations in Ari/.ma. 1904. Price, 15 cents.

6S. North American Species of Agrostis. 1005. Price, 10 cents.

69. American Varieties of Lettuce. 1004. Price, 15 cents.

70. The Commercial Status of Durum Wheat. 1004. Price, 10 i-ents.

71. Soil Inoculation for Legumes. 1005. Price, 15 eents.

7" Miscellaneous Pa|>ers: I. Cultivation ..f Wheat in Permanent Alfal la fields.
II. The Salt Water Limits of Wikl Rice. III. Kxterminatmn of .lohnson
(Jrass. IV. Inoculation of Soil with Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria. 1905.

Price, 5 cents.

73. The Development of Single-Germ Beet Seed. 1005. Price, 10 cents.

74. The Prickly Pear and Other Cacti as Food for Stock. 1005. Price, 5 cents.

75. Range Management, in the State of Washington. 1005. Price, 5 cents.

76. Copperas an Algicide and Disinfectant in Water Supplies. 1005. Price, 5

cents.

77. The Avocado, a Salad Fruit from the Tro])ics. 1905. Price, •> cents.

78. Improving the Qualitv ..f Wheat. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

79. The Variability of Wheat Varieties in Resistance to Toxic Salts. lOOu.

Price, 5 cents.

80. Agricultural Explorations in Algeria. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

81. involution of Cellular Structures. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

82. Grass Lands of the South Alaska Coast. 1905. Price, 10 cents.'

83. The Vitality of Buried Seeds. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

84. The Seeds of the Bluegrasses. 1005,' Price, 5 cents.

85. The Principles of Mushroom Growing. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

86. Agricultun^ without Irrigation in the Sahara Desert. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

87. Disease Resistance of Potatoes. 1005. Price, 5 cents.

88. Weevil-Resisting Adaptations of the Cotton Plant. 1906. I'rice, 10 cents.

89. Wild MedicinalPlants of the United States. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

90. Miscellaneous Papers: I. The Storage and ( iermination of Wild Rice Seed.

XL The Crown-Gall and Hairy-Root Diseases of the Apple Tree. 111.
Peppermint. IV. The Poisonous Action of .Johnson Grass. 1906. Price,
5 cents. ,

91. Varieties of Tobacco Seed Distributed. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

92. Date Varieties and Date Culture in Tunis. [In press.]

93. The Control of Apple Bitter-Rot. 1906. Price 10 cents.

94

U, S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY- BULLETIN NO. 95.

B. T. GALLOWAY, t7iw/o/B«rtaM.

A NEW TYPE OF RED CLOVER.

BY

CHARLES J. BRAND,

Assistant PnYstoLooiST, Ijaboratory of Plant
Life History.

Issued October 3, 1906.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,

1906.

BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

The work of the Bureau of Plant Industry, which was organized July 1, 1901, is classified
under the general subjects of Pathological Investigations, Physiological Investigations,
Taxonomic Investigations, Agronomic Investigations, Horticultural Investigations, and
Seed and Plant Introduction Investigations. All the scientific and technical publications
of the Bureau are issued in a single scries of bulletins, a list of which follows.

Attention is directed to the fact that the publications in this series are not (or general dis-
tribution. The Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington,
D. C, is authorized by law to sell them at cost, and to him all applications for these bulletins
should be made, accompanied by a postal money order for the required amount or by cash.
Postage stamps and personal checks will not be accepted in payment for publications.

No. 1. Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price, 10 cents.

2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Piice, 10 cents. ,

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 9. 1902. Price, 10 cents. ?

6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

7. The Algerian Durum Wheats.' 1902. Price, 1.5 cents.

8. A Collection of Fungi Prepared for Distribution. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

10. Records of Seed Distribution, etc. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

13. Range Improvement in Central Te.xas. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

1-1. Decay of Timber and Methods of Preventing It. 1902. Price, 55 cents.

15. Forage Conditions on the Border of the Great Basin. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

16. Germination of the Spores of Agaricus Campesti is, etc. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

18. Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

19. Kentucky Bluegrass Seed. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

20. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

21. List of American Varieties of Vegetables. 1903. Price, 35 cents.

22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

23. Berseem. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

24. Unfermented Grape Must. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

25. Miscellaneous Papers: I. The Seeds of Rescue Grass and Chess. II. Saragolla

Wheat. III. Plant Introduction Notes from South Africa. IV. Congressional
Seed and Plant Distribution Circulars. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

26. Spanish Almonds. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

27. Letters on Agriculture in the West Indies, Spain, etc. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

28. The Mango in Porto Rico. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

29. The Effect of Black Rot on Turnips. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

30. Budding the Pecan. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

31. Cultivated Forage Crops of the Northwestern States. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

32. A Disease of the White Ash. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

33. North American Species of Leptochloa. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

34. Silkworm Food Plants. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

35. Recent Foreign Explorations. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

36. The "Bluing" of the Western Yellow Pine, etc. 1903. Price, 30 cents.

37. Formation of the Spores of the Sporangia of Rhizopus Nigricans and of Phyco-

myces Nitens. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

38. Forage Conditions in Eastern Waslungton, etc. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

39. The Propagation of the Easter Lily from Seed. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

40. Cold Storage, with Reference to the Pear and Peach. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

41. The Commercial Grading of Corn. 1903. Puce, 10 cents.

42. Three New Plant Introductions from Japan. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

[Continued on page 3 of cover.]

Bui. 95, Bureau of Plant Industry U, S Dept of Aericultu'e.

Plate I.

i

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lU M «« &w« i — »^

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 95.

H. T. a ALLOW \\\ Chief of Bureau.

A NEW TYPE OF RED CLO\'ER.

BY

CHARLES J. PHAXD.

Assistant Physiologist, Laboratory or Plant
Life History,

LIBI^ARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL

GARDEN

Issued October S, 1906.

WASHINGTON:
government printing office,

1906.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway.
Pathologist and Physiologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods.

PATHOLOGICAL INVE.STIG ATION.S.

Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge.
Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge.

PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

Plant Breeding, Herbert J. Webber, Physiologist in Charge.

Plant Life History, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge.

Soil Ba-cteriology and Water Purification. Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge.

Bionomic Inrestigitions of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge.

Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney II. True, Physiologist

in Charge.
Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge.

TAXONOMIC INVESTIGATIONS.

Economic Collections, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge.

AGRONOMIC INVESTIGATIONS.

Farm Management, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge.
Grain Investigations. Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge.
Arlington Experimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge.
Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge.
Western Agricultural Extension, Carl S. Scofleld, Agriculturist in Charge.
Dry Land Agriculture, E. Channing Chilcott, Expert in Charge.

HORTICULTURAL INVESTIGATIONS.

Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge.

Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists in Charge.

Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent.

SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION INVESTIGATIONS

Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution. David Fairchild, in Charge.
Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge.

SPECIAL LABORATORIES, GARDENS, AND FARMS.

Mississippi Valley Laboratory. St. Louis, Mo., Hermann von Schrenk,' Expert in Charge.
Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge.
Plant Introduction Gardens, Chico, Cal.. Palemon H. Dorsett, Pathologist in Charge.
Cotton Culture Farms, Seaman A. Knapp Lake Charles, La., Special Agent in Charge.

Editor. .J. E. Rockwell.
Chief Clerk, .James E. Jones.

PLANT LIFE HISTORY INVESTIGATIONS
SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge
Charles J. Brand, Assistant Physiologist.
Silas C. Mason, Special Agent.

IHTHR OF TRAXSMlTT.vL.

U. S. Department of Aguicultuke,

Bi'HEAr OF Plant Tndustuy,

Office of the Chief, .
Washington, I). ('., July 20, 1906.

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled
"A New Type of Red Clover" and to recommend that it he puhhshed
as Bulletin Xo. 95 of the series of this Bureau. This hulletin was
prepared hv Mr. Charles J. Brand. Assistant l^hysiologist in Plant
Life History Investigations, and has heen suhmitted hy Mr. A- F.
Woods, Assistant Chief of Bureau, with a view to puhlication.

Considerino; the great extent of the area suited to its cultivati(m,
red clover is the most important forage plant and nuinurial force in
modern agriculture. Its high value as a feed, its power of renewing
and increasing the fertility of the soil hv the fixation of free nitrogen,
its fitness for nearly all rotations, and the fine physical condition
in which it leaves the soil on account of its root development all
contribute to make success in its cultivation ii matter of vital
importance to the profitableness of farming in a large part of the
United States.

In the course of his studies on life history, seed production, and
change of seed, Mr. Brand has encountered a European strain of
red clover hitherto not recognized in this country, the seed of which
was obtained from Orel in the "Black Earth" region of Russia,
which promises to prove of exceptional value })oth on account of
its yielding power and the fine quality of hay which it produces.

In the accompanying bulletin are described the performance and
characteristics of the plant itself, the sections where and the condi-
tions under which its culture may be expected to produce the best
results. The new type is not recommended to take the place of
our home-grown strains, but to supplement them. It is not believed
that it will be so well adapted to all parts of the clover region as to
the Northwest, but it is hoped that it may help to extend the bound-
aries of the present clover-growing area.

The work covered by this report has been carried on in cooperation
with the Seed Laboratory and with the assistance of the Office of
Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, through which all
seed used in the experiments was purchased.

The accompanying illustrations are necessary to a full understand-
ing of the text.

Respectfully, B. T. Galloway,

Chief of Bureau.

Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

95 3

CONTEXTS.

Page.

Introduction ^

Tlie importance of clover culture 10

Domestic versus foreign seed 1 1

Objections of European orrowers to American red clover 11

Hairy clover a cause of bloating 12

Some general objections to the growing of clover 12

Certain objections overcome by new type of clover 12

Disadvantage of lateness of maturing under some conditions 13

Heavy yield of first crop and accruing advantages 13

Other points of excellence of hairless clover 13

Effect of persisting basal leaves on quality of hay 14

Lateness of hairless clover with reference to insect ravages 15

Effect of lateness of maturing when seed production is desired 16

Sections particularly suited to the cultivation of the new type 16

Seed of new type indistinguishable from ordinary form 16

Plans of experiments, origin of seed, and methods of procedure 17

Sources of Russian clover seed except No. IG 18

Source from which Russian seed No. 16 was obtained 19

The soil and climate of Orel 19

Purity and germination of seed used in experiments 21

Detailed description of experiments 22

The experiment in Nebraska 22

Location 22

Soil 22

Drainage 23

Preparation of land and seeding 23

General weather conditions during 1904 ._ 23

Comparison of strains of clover on entering the winter of 1904 23

Comparison of early growth of certain strains of clover ■ 24

Weather during growing season of 1905 25

Earliness of varieties and order in which they matured 25

Yield of the Orel clover compared with other strains 27

The experiment in South Dakota 27

Location 27

Soil and drainage 28

Preparation of land, seeding, and subsequent treatment 28

Weather conditions during 1904 and 1905 29

Comparison of yields - 50

P5

0

() CONTENTS.

Detailed description of experiments — Continued. Page.

Tlie experiment in Minnesota. . - ^1

Location, soil, and drainage 31

Preparation of land, seeding, and subsequent treatment 32

Weather conditions during 1904 and 1905 32

Comparative condition of different strains of clover in the spring of 1905 . 32

Yields of green matter 33

Comparison of clover No. 16 with other strains 33

Yields of field-cured hay 34

Order in which the various strains matured 34

Comparison of yields of field-cured hay 35

The experiment in North Dakota 35

Location, soil, and drainage 35

Preparation of land, seeding, and subsequent treatment 37

Weather conditions during 1904 and 1905 37

Comparison of yields 3s

Other experiments in which clover No. 16 was included 39

Description of new tvpe and name proposed ?1

Later observations ^■^

Summary -

Description of plates •■ '^^

95

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATKS. •

Page.
Plate I. Fig. 1.— Plant of hairless Orel clover, almost matvirc. Fig. 2.— ^Mature

plant of American red clover Frontispiece.

II. Fig. 1.— Stems, stipules, and bases of petioles of American and of hair-
less Orel clover. Fig. 2. — Young plants of hairless Orel clover and

American red clover, showing smooth and hairy types 48

III. Fig. 1. — Large plats used in clover experiments, North Dakota Agricul-
tural College. Fig. 2.— Small plats used in experimental work, Ontario
Agricultural College and Experiment Station. Guelph, Canada 48

TEXT FIGURES.

Fig. 1. I^fap of the United States, showing locations of experiments, sources of seed,

and general boundaries of the clover region 9

2. Plant of Trifolium pratense v&r . foliosnm, showing persisting basal leaves... 14

95 „

B. P. I.— 216.

A NE^V TYPE OF RED CLOVER.

INTRODUCTION.

In the course of an investi<2;ation now in progjress on the hfe liistory,
seed production, and change of seed of medium red clover ( Trifolium
pratense), there has appeared a hairless Russian variety, new to the
United States, of such unusual promise as to make it seem desirable
to publish the observations thus far recorded concerning it.

At the present time clover culture is carried on in a large, though
quite well-defined area of the United States, often called the clover
region, shown on the accompanying map (fig. 1). Ohio, Indiana,

r — 7 \

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■ \

\

L °

\

1

"T Vr

c

61 ^
1 -^

\ *7V\

c

j -f

\

7

\

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r\

J

y

"x \ )

Fig. 1. — Map of the United States, showing locations of experiments (o), sources of seed ( + ), and

general boundaries of the clover region.

and Illinois are the most important clover-producing States of this
region, the boundaries of which may be defined about as follows : It
is limited on the north by the forty-fifth parallel of latitude ; on the
east by the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by the thirty-fifth parallel,
and on the west by the ninety-seventh meridian. These boundaries
do not, of course, mark the absolute limits of clover culture, and it is
almost unnecessary to say that there are large tracts within this
so-called clover region where attempts to grow red clover are not

9

5164— No. 95—06 2

10 A NEW TYPE OF EED CLOVER.

attended with success. Furthermore, excellent growth is obtained
in a few regions immediately adjoining this area, and there are also
several sections wholly separated from it where clover is grown with
notable success. Among the latter may be mentioned the Willamette
Valley of Oregon, the Palouse country in eastern AVashington, and
also the Gallatin Valley of Montana, where red- clover is being suc-
cessfully and profitably grown under irrigation.

A lack of definite information has for a long time existed as to the
exact life history requirements of red clover, the effect and impor-
tance of change of seed, and the relative seed and hay producing prop-
erties of the different varieties in use. It was to add to the sum of
our knowledge on these and other points connected with clover
culture that the present experiments were instituted.

THE IMPORTANCE OF CLOVER CULTURE.

The extraordinary importance of clover in renewing and maintain-
ing the fertility of the soil has been amply demonstrated by the
experience of thousands of American farmers and need not be dealt
with to any length in this connection. It is sufficient to say that the
thoroughly systematic and careful studies of recent j^ears have proved
conclusively that the beneficent effects of clover on the soil are due
to definite symbiotic relationships which exist between the plant
and certain bacteria inhabiting both the soil and the roots of the
plants. Nitrogen, at once the most important and costly of plant
and animal foods, is the element conserved in the soil or supplied
from the air as the consequence of this relationship.

The need for broader knowledge concerning a plant of such vital
importance to our present methods of agricultural practice is espe-
cially great just now when the status of clover culture in a large part of
the clover region is so unsatisfactory. In those sections where the
troubles attributed to "clover sickness" exist in an aggravated form,
they threaten to make necessary new methods of agricultural prac-
tice in order to maintain farming on its present paying basis. Under
the methods of farming now in vogue, red clover possesses the val-
uable manurial properties previously referred to in a higher degree
of availability than any other leguminous crop ])lant at present
capable of growth on a scale extensive enough to accomplish what is
demanded in this direction in the large area suited to its cultivation.

These conditions make it seem advisable to place immediately at
the disposal of the American farmer any facts likeh^ to contribute to
greater success in clover culture in its present well-defined area or to
aid in its extension into sections where hitherto its culture has not
been attempted or, if attempted, has been attended with only
qualified success.

95 ^

EUROPEAN OBJECTIONS TO AMERICAN SEED. 11

DOMESTIC VERSUS FOREIGN SEED.

The opinion has hitlierto ])revailed that the use of red clover seed
from European sources would prove unsatisfactory and ini]>rolital)le
in this country, both from a liay and seed producing standpoint.
This conchision no doubt apphcs correctly to the majority of Euro-
pean varieties of red clover, particidarly those from Italy, France,
and some parts of Gennany, which appear to be altogether imsuited
to the soil and climatic conditions of the clover-growing area of the
United States.

The term ''European clover seed" as used in the United States is a
very loose inclusive one applied indiscriminately to all seed imported
into this country from European ports. It inchules not only .seed
grown in Europe, but also seed from South America, Canada, and
the United States itself, the seed having been exported in years when
the crop was large and prices consecjuently low only to be shipped
back again to this country in years when the balance of supply and
demand had shifted in the o])posite direction. Inasnmch as red
clover is grown to a large extent in almost all the countries of Europe
and quite careful distinctions are nuide there between seed from a
number of sources, the general designation of "European clover
seed" hitherto used in this country appears altogether unwarranted
and misleading. The same erroneous classification of American red
clover seed is current in Europe, no distinction being nnide whether
from New York, Tennessee, or Oregon. The following are some of
the numerous regional varieties commercially well recognized in
Europe: Steiermark, English, Bohemian, Russian, Danish, Swedish,
and French. Some of these are again divided into early and late
varieties; for example, Early Russian and Late Russian.

OBJECTIONS OF EUROPEAN GROWERS TO AMERICAN RED

CLOVER.

One of the most frequent complaints made by European growers
against American clover seed is on account of the dustiness of the hay
produced from this seed. This dustiness is due almost wholly to the
hairiness of the plant. That there is a great difference in this respect
between the hairy domestic and smooth foreign tj^pes is strikingly
shown in Plate II, figs. 1 and 2. The hairy form of plant shown was
produced from American commercial seed, while the smooth one is a
promising Russian clover from the government of Orel, designated
as No. 16. This difference in hairiness is accompanied by other
distinctions, the most important of which from an economic stand-
point is the much greater succulence of the smooth plants and the
consequently finer quality of the hay, the loss due to coarse, woody,
uneatable stems being reduced to almost nothing.

95

12 A TfEW TYPE OF RED CLOVER.

HAIRY CLOVER A CAUSE OF BLOATING.

Cattle are less liable to tympanites, bloating, or hoven, if fed on
the hairless Orel clover, as there is considerable evidence to prove
that the hairs of the hairy varieties of clover become aggregated
into balls in the rumen, and these may reach and block the pylorus
or even the entrance to the stomach, becoming wedged between the
lips of the esophageal groove. Either would tend to bring on
bloating, which is always directly due to the fermentation of food
material and the resulting formation and accumulation of gas.

That cattle prefer the smooth form to the American strains is
undoubted. Mr. Jolm P. Young, in cooperation with whom the
experiments in N%braska were conducted, states in a recent report
that "the cattle fairly lick after every spear in one end of the rick
for that Russian strain (No. 16), while the other end remains full of
apparently just as good hay, put up at the same time and in the
same way." (See PI. I, figs. 1 and 2.)

SOME GENERAL OBJECTIONS TO THE GROWING OF CLOVER.

Two great objections have long been made against red clover
culture in the area where it can be grown. One is that the hay
crop matures at a time when the farmer's best interests demand
that he be either cultivating his corn or harvesting his small grains.
The other is involved in the fact that perhaps the most satisfac-
tory, or at least the most popular method of seeding clover for hay
or pasture is in mixtures containing either one or several of a number
of grasses, including timothy, bluegrass, rye-grass, orchard grass,
redtop, brome-grass, and others. Of these the most important by
far is the clover- timothy mixture, and against this it has ever been
argued that the clover matures so much in advance of the timothy
that the feeding value of either the one or the other is sacrificed on
account of the time of harvesting. This serious objection can be
overcome in either one of two ways — the discovery or breeding of
an earlier strain of timothy or of a later variety of clover.

Another objection to clover growing which is not infrequently
heard is that the crop matures at a time in June when seasons of
rainy weather are of frequent occurrence, making difficult or impos-
sible the proper harvesting and curing of the crop, while beginning
with the latter part of June rainy weather is much less common,
conducing to the successful putting up of hay at this time. A
cursory examination of the weather records of a num])er of States
seems to indicate that there may be some ground for this objection.

CERTAIN OBJECTIONS OVERCOME BY NEW TYPE OF CLOVER.

The hairless Orel clover overcomes in an effectual way all the
objections cited by maturing practically two weeks later than the
domestic strains of medium red clover. This factor is of special

9&

EXCELLENCES OF HAIRLESS CLOVER. 13

importance in sections where corn is the chief crop. At the time
when a farmer is compelled to put up his clover hay grown from the
ordinary strains of seed it is, as a rule, of the highest importance
that he be concentrating all of his energies on tlie cultivation of his
cornfields. The corn is rapidly approaching a stage when it becomes
difhcult or impracticable to cultivate longer. Ina])ility to give the
crop the necessary care at this time may mean liundreds of dollars
of loss in a single year.

DISADVANTAGE OF LATENESS OF MATURING UNDER SOME

CONDITIONS.

There is one drawl^ack in the lateness of maturing of the Orel
strain of clover, namely, that it militates against the production of
a heavy second crop. However, in southern Indiana, in a typical
part of the clover section, the Kief and Orel strains gave in the
order mentioned the best yields of seed after recleaning. This is a
point that will receive further investigation to determine as accu-
rately as possible by a study of their limiting conditions the regions
in which the new variety can be profitably grown.

HEAVY YIELD OF FIRST CROP AND ACCRUING ADVANTAGES.

The heavy yield of the first cutting of the hairless clover should
prove indirectly advantageous in wheat-growing sections, espe-
cially in the winter-wheat belt, when it is desired to hasten the
rotation back to wheat, as the increased product from this cutting
would, where feed production was not a paramount necessity, in a
measure justify the immediate or early plowing up of the field pre-
paratory to reseeding to wheat. On account of the dense shade
which this strain gives to the soil by virtue of its heavy growth, the
field is left in unusually fine physical condition for plowing up after
the removal of the first crop. A rotation practice of this kind might
also prove valuable by postponing for several years the clover sick-
ness from which all soils seem destined to suffer sooner or later. In
the Dakotas and some other parts of the Northwest where fall plow-
ing is necessary this method may be especially useful on account of
the fact that as freezing up occurs so soon after the maturing of the
second crop it is likely to be too late to prepare the land in the
autumn for spring seeding.

OTHER POINTS OF EXCELLENCE OF HAIRLESS CLOVER.

In addition to the advantage of the smooth clover already men-
tioned— its exceptionally large yielding power for the fh-st crop —
the fine quality and dustlessness of its hay also command attention.
In reference to its yielding qualities it will be seen later on that under
comparable conditions in a number of different States it has out-
yielded from a few hundred pounds to almost two tons all of the

95

14

A NEW TYPE OF EED CLOVER.

domestic strains that have been under test. This in itself is of
great importance, but the actual gain in value is not adequately
covered by this fact alone. On account of the succulence of the
plants of this promising variety, the general quality and texture of
the hay is so much finer that the percentage of waste, due to refusal
of animals to eat hard, woody portions, is reduced to a minimum.
Some observations on this point indicate that cattle waste from 5 to
10 per cent more of the coarse hay of other strains than of this hair-

FiG. 2.— Plant of Trifolium pratense var. foliosum, showing persisting basal leaves.

(One-sixth natural size.)

less clover. The American strains vary considerablv among them-
selves in this regard, but none of them compares favorably with
either the Orel or jSIogileff strains, particularly the former.

EFFECT OF PERSISTING BASAL LEAVES ON aUALITY OF HAY.

A point of considerable importance as regards the excellence of
the hay produced by the hairless Orel clover No. 16 rests in the fact
that it leafs much more profusely than the American forms. This
may be seen b^^ reference to the frontispiece (PL I, figs. 1 and 2).

95

POSSIBLE ADVANTAGE OF LATENESS. 15

Another feature in this connection, wliich is better ilhistrated than
described, is shown in figure 2. Many leaves borne on the long
stalks arising from short stems near the crown of the root persist in
a growing condition until the plant is quite mature, and are cut with
the hay. In the specimen from which the illustration was made
the main stems were cut off, leaving only the basal leaves. Much
of the leafiness observable in Plate I, figure 1, is due to the persist-
ence of these leaves. Compared with that froni American strains,
a large percentage of the hay is made up of this tender leafy mate-
rial, which improves its quality and increases its palatabilit3^ The
American strains also produce these leaves, but not in such profu-
sion, nor do they persist. (See PI. I, fig. 2.) As a rule they become
brown and dead, and if the weather be wet, decayed, and almost
all fall off before the hay is made.

It is hoped that the smooth Orel clover will prove of permanent
value especially in North Dakota and South Dakota, where clover
culture is but little practiced and where on account of the waning
productiveness of the soil, due to continuous cropping with wheat
and other cereals, this cTop is much needed for renewing and main-
taining soil fertility.

LATENESS OF HAIRLESS CLOVER WITH REFERENCE TO INSECT

RAVAGES.

A recent circular'^ prepared by the Bureau of Entomology calls
attention to certain insects which destroy' the clover seed crop and
suggests as a method of preventing their ravages the clipping of the
clover in May in order to cause blossoming to come on at a later
date, when the danger from injury by these insects has passed. It
is possible that the natural lateness of this new^ type of clover may
accomplish this same result, thus doing aw^ay with the necessity for
early clipping, which w^ould probably make impossible the securing
of more than one crop in any year.

A point of considerable interest and importance in reference to the
general question of the harm done by insects was noted on the
plants at Wapakoneta, Ohio. Grasshoppers were quite numerous
and destructive in that section during the summer of 1905. The
hairless Orel clover, known as No. 16, was not included in the ex-
periment, but another smooth type from Kief, Russia, was tested at
this place. It w^as found that the grasshoppers preferred the hairless
clover to such an extent that they destroyed almost every plant of
it, but did not molest the hairy American plants on the neighboring
plats.

a "Some Insects Affecting the Production of Red Clover Seed." By F. M. Webster.
Circular 69, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1906.

95

16 A NEW TYPE OF RED CLOVER.

t

f Despite the numerous advantages possessed by this variety, it is

not beheved that it will supplant our domestic form, but rather, on
account of its maturing between two cuttings of the latter, supple-
ment it, especially when continuous green feeding is necessary or
desirable.

EFFECT OF LATENESS OF MATURING WHEN SEED PRODUCTION

IS DESIRED.

In many sections the lateness of this hairless strain of clover prom-
ises to be a drawback when it comes to seed production, as in years
when it is desired to secure seed it may be possible to secure only
either a light crop of hay from an early cutting, a small aftermath,
or a considerable amount of pasturage.

SECTIONS PARTICULARLY SUITED TO THE CULTIVATION OF THE

NEW TYPE.

In such a region as the Willamette Valley of Oregon, or in any
other section where the best methods of management indicate that
only one crop, either of hay or seed, and a light aftermath, or some,
good pasturage can be advantageously expected from clover fields,
the extraordinarily heavy first crop, and the free seeding capacity of
the late hairless clover make it especially desirable; and under such
circumstances as these it can be recommended to take the place of
our domestic form.

SEED OF NEW TYPE INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM ORDINARY FORM.

Another difficult, though not insurmountable, obstacle to the gen-
eral use of this variety lies in the fact that the seed itself is indistin-
guishable from that in common use. However, as soon as there is a
supply of seed and a demand for it, trustworthy dealers will no doubt
furnish seed upon which dependence may be placed. The Depart-
ment of Agriculture has at the present time only sufficient seed of this
variety for experimental purposes and none for general distribution.
Farmers purchasing seed from foreign sources purporting to be of the
same kind are urged to take precautions against allowing an}' foreign
weed pests that may be readily imported with the seed to gain a foot-
hold in their fields. A number of the State experiment stations and
the Seed Laboratory of tliis Department make purity and germination
tests without charge; hence, a farmer before purchasing seed should
avail of these facilities for insuring himself against introducing into
his farm dangerous weeds or from bu3^ing seed of low germinating
power.

95

PLANS OF EXPERIMENTS. 17

In the following; paojes are given in detail the data concerninji^ each
of the strains experimented upon, special attention being given to the
hairless Orel clover.

PLANS OF EXPERIMENTS, ORIGIN OF SEED, AND METHODS OF

PROCEDUJIE.

For the present experiments about thirty regional varieties " of
red clover seed were secured from as many domestic and foreign
sources. Each station and individual cooperator has been furnished
with a series including from 16 to 21 of these strains, and these are
being grown side by side, in most cases on acre plats, under as nearly
uniform conditions as possible. The varieties came from sources
having a great diversity of climatic and soil conditions and methods
of cultivation, and are now being grown under a range of conditions
representing scarcely less diversity than those under which they
originated. Twenty States are represented in the whole experiment,
but of this number it is proposed to deal here only with those localities
where the promising Russian variety before mentioned is being
grown: ^linnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska,. Indiana,
Ohio, and Ontario.

The circles on the sketch map of the United States (fig. 1) show
the approximate location of each of the stations, while the crosses
indicate the general region of each State from which the strains of
known American origin were secured.

In the case of domestic varieties, every effort was made to secure
seed that had been grown in the region of origin for a period of years
and whose ancestry could as a consequence be followed to some extent.
In most instances the American strains used are directly traceable to
the identical field which produced them, and soil samples have been
secured for examination and comparison with the soils into which
they were transplanted. In the present bulletin only those varieties
grown in comparison with clover No. 16, the promising Russian
variety, will be discussed. All of the seed used in the work was
secured by the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribu-
tion, the foreign seed through Dr. E. A. Bessey and that of home-
grown varieties through the writer.

a The term "variety" is not used in its strict botanical significance, but is employed
to designate seed from more or less widely separated sources.

5164— No. 95—06 3

18

A NEW TYPE OF EED CLOVER.

The following table shows the region of origin of each strain grown
in the different localities :°

Table 1. Source of clover seed used in experiments and the localities in which it was tested.

Source of seed.

Where tested.

OS

+

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

Comniprcial seed (Western Bulked)

Western Ohio ! +

Northern Indiana ! +

Southern Indiana +

Illinois +

Missouri +

Iowa ' . +

Commercial seed (not inoculated) +

Commercial seed (inoculated ) +

Michigan +

Nebraska -• +

Eastern Ohio +

Kentucky +

Tennessee +

K'ef , Russia +

Orel, Russia +

Mogileff, Russia - +

Courland, Russia +

Wisconsin +

Oregon +

Pennsylvania | +

New York "~

ft

Xi

s
o

+
+
+
+
+

+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

.+

+

+
+

+
+
+
+
+
I +

I

4-
+
+
+
+
+

+
+

o
si

o

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

si

S

+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+

+

_o
O

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+

+
+
+
+
+

•a
a
o

a
O

+
+

+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

SOURCES OF RUSSIAN CLOVER SEED EXCEPT NO. 16.

Four Russian varieties were included in that part of the experiment
under discussion, but, as may be seen by reference to Table I, not all of
these were included in the series tested in each of the six States.
Russian seed No. 15 was purchased in the open market under the
trade name " Russian Rio." This seed was grown in the Province of
Kief, in southwestern Russia, and, in common with all other strains
used in this test, is of the crop of 1903. Seed from this same region,
but of a previous crop, made a particularly good showing in Wisconsin
in 1903, producing a plant that appeared to possess several excellent
qualities not common to our own domestic strains. On this account
a special effort was made to include a sample of this seed in these
comparative experiments. Its productiveness and quality in 1903
were fully equaled in 1905, and but for the superior performance of
No. 16, with which it has many points in common, it might well be
recommended for use in the Northwest and elsewhere to take the
place of our domestic strains. It has in all cases proved to be, like
No. 17, intermediate in lateness of maturity, being later than No. 18

a The minus sign indicates that the strain opposite whicli it occurs was omitted fi'om
the series grown in the State specified.
95

SOIL AND CLIMATE OF OREL. 19

and all the American strains, but earlier than No. 16, to which later
experiments may show it to ])e superior under certain clinuitic and
soil conditions.

Of the other three Russian varieties, Nos. 17 and IS were secured
from the following sources: No. 17 (S. P. I. No. I()oo3) was grown by
M. Legsdin, near Shlobin (52° 50' N., 30° E.) in the valley of the Dnie-
per, in the southern ])art of the Mogileff government, and was pur-
chased from Mr. Ileinrich Goegginger, of Riga. No. 18 (S. P. I. No.
10534) was obtained through Fr. Lassman, of Riga, and was pro-
duced near Neuhof (24° 35' E., 56°.53' N.), in the Baltic Provmce of
Courland, on the estate of M. Sellin.

SOURCE FROM WHICH RUSSIAN SEED NO. 16 WAS OBTAINED.

The seed of the ])romising hairless clover No. 16 (S. P. I. No. 10532),
to wliich it is desired to call special attention, was obtained by Dr.
E. A. Bessey through H. Goegginger, of Riga, and was produced on
the estate of a German grower near Yeletz, in the eastern part of the
Orel government. The grower made a practice of saving his own
seed, and hence this strain had been grown on the same estate for a
number of years.

According to Mr. Goegginger, the government of Orel furnishes the
best red clover seed obtainable in Russia. Its chief crops are winter
rye and oats, and it is in rotation with these that the clover is grown.
A small quantity of winter wheat is also grown.

THE SOIL AND CLIMATE OF OREL.

Yeletz is situated about longitude 38° E. and latitude 52° N., and
lies well within the famous "Black Earth" or Tchernozom region of
Russia. This region, comprising about 250,000,000 acres of the
most fertile soil in the world, resembles strikingly in many features
of both soil and climate our own Great Plains region. According to
Sibirtzew " the Tchernozom extends from the Austrian and Rou-
manian frontier m a general east by northeast direction, forming a
great band, varying in width from 250 to 650 miles, across the whole
empire. The climate of this wonderfidly fertile area is typically
continental. The average mean annual rainfall of this region varies
ordinarily between 16 and 22 inches and the temperature ranges from
30° F. or more below to more than 100° F. above zero.

According to Murchison, Verneuil, and Keyserling,'' the black soil
of the eastern part of the Orel government is especially rich in marl
and limestone. In the light of our knowledge on the general bene-
ficial effects of liming, it appears altogether probable that this factor

a Etude des Sols de la Russie. Compte Rendu Congres Geologique International, St.
Petersburg, 1899, pp. 7.3-125.

b The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains, London, 1846, Vol. II, pi. 6.

95

20 A NEW TYPE OF RED CLOVER.

may contribute to a considerable extent to tlie success of clover
growing in this area.

Orel occupies an elevated position in comparison with the govern-
ments which border it on the south; on this account its climate
resembles more strikingly that of the states that bound it on the north.
Its relatively high altitude, exposing it completely to the winds, is the
cause of the more or less sudden changes in temperature to which this
area is subject. These changes are induced by the warm winds which
come from the south, southeast, and east, and by the cold winds from
the north, northwest, and west. The mean annual temperature at
Orel, the nearest point to Yeletz for wliich complete meteorological
observations could be found, is 40.9° F. The seasonal means are as
follows: Spring, 38.48° F.; summer, 66.11° F; autumn, 43.08° F.;
winter, 15.08° F. The absolute maximum temperature thus far
observed is 97.5° F., while the absolute minimum is —29.2° F. An
average for a period of years show^s 107 clear days, 127 with rain or
snow, and 131 variable. The normal annual precipitation is 20.2
inches. The rivers of the Orel government are covered wdth ice on
an average for 119 days during the year — from the first part of
December until early in April. The climate will thus be seen to be a
relatively temperate, continental one, resembling that of central
Russia in general, but having somewhat more variable atmospheric
conditions which often prove unfavorable to agriculture. Devastating
storms are not infrequent in summer, while snowfalls accompanied or
followed by high wdnds are common in winter.

From this brief characterization of the climatic conditions of the
region from which Russian seed No. 16 was obtained, its likeness to
that of our own northwestern prairie country can be easily seen, and
added reasons for the promise of this strain of red clover in the North-
west are readily discernible. A beneficial change of seed has been
accomplished between two regions having typically similar climatic
conditions and soils that are singularly alike both in mechanical
structure and chemical composition. The presence in both of a
relatively large quantity of lime in a perfectly combined state is per-
haps one of the most important similarities between these two widely
separated soil areas.

The following table summarizes the more salient climatic features
of Orel and the regions of America where clover No. 16 has already
been grown and where, on the basis of the showing made in the grow-
ing season of 1905, the best results may be expected from its future
cultivation :

95

PURITY AND GERMINATION OF SEED USED.

21

Table il. — Temperature and rainfall of Orel, Russia, and certain localities in America.

Temperature.

Precipitation.

Locution.

Mean
annual
temper-
ature.

Normal
mean for
January.

Normal

mean for

July.

Mean

temper-

atun> of

growing.

season.

-VhsoUltc
mini-
mum.

Absolute
maxi-
mum.

Normal
annual
rainfall.

Normal
rainfall
of grow-
ing sea-
son

Orel

op

40.4
43.3
43
. 38. 7
49.2
42.05

°F.
1.3.4
10.6
13.1
5.4
22.7
10.9

°F.
66.8
71.5
70.5
68
75.3
68

°F.
61.59
65.02
65.1
62.5
68.7
60

°F.
-29.2
-41
-34

-48
-24

"F.
97.5
104
107
102
106

Inches.
20.2
26.99
20.73
20.83
31.98
28.48

Inchfs.
10. 62

St. I'liul.Minn.a...
Mill>aiik.S. Dak.b.

Fargo, N. Dak

Ti'kaniah.Nolir. ■■..
Guclph. Ontario...

17.39
13. 73

13. 66
22. 90
12.80

<i St. Anthony Park, where these experiments were conducted, lies about midway between St. Paul

and Minneapolis, Minn. .

b No meteorological data are available for Bigstone, S. Dak.; hence the observations for Milbank,
a point 11 miles distant, are here given. , „, ,

cNo meteorological data Iwing available in the case of Oakland, Nebr., the records of Tekamah,
a point 16 miles distant, are used.

PURITY AND GERMINATION OF SEED USED IN EXPERIMENTS.

In purchasing the different lots of seed used in the work, the greatest
care was exercised to secure samples as free as possible from trouble-
some and injurious w^eeds, particular care being used with reference
to dodder. All of the seed was of high average quality both as to
purity and germination. The average purity of all samples as
distributed for seeding was 9S.13 per cent. As may be seen by an
inspection of the following table, the seed showing the liighest per-
centage of purity was that from Oregon, containing 99.68 per cent of
pure seed, wliile the. seed grown in New York contained the highest
percentage of impurities, 7.46 per cent, or 92.54 per cent of pure seed.
Every sample was screened from two to six times, one even twelve
times, in order to remove as many of the impurities as possible.

The average germination of all samples was 87.07 per cent, the
lowest percentage being 58.2 per cent for the seed from Courland,
Russia; the liighest, 99.12 per cent for the seed from eastern Ohio.
Red clover seed germinating from 90 per cent to 95 per cent is gen-
erally considered as representing a satisfactory commercial product.

95

22

A NEW TYPE OF RED CLOVER.

Table HI. — Purity and germination of red clover seed distributed in the spring of 190^.

No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

. 8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

Source of seed.

Commercial seed (Western Bulked)

Western Ohio

Northern Indiana

Southern Indiana

Illinois

Missouri

Iowa

Commercial seed (not inoculated) . .

Commercial seed (inoculated)

Michigan

Nebraska

Eastern Ohio

Kentuclsy

Tennessee

Kief, Russia

Orel, Russia

Mogileff , Russia

Courland, Rus.sia

Wisconsin

Oregon

Pennsylvania

New York

Purity.

Per

cent.

99.58

98.42

97.7

98

99

96.8

98.4

99.28

99.28

99.58

96.66

99.56

99.48

97.98

98.4

95. 5

98. 34

97.62

98.6

99.68

97. 58

92. 54

Germina-
tion.

Per cent.
94.25
75.62
88.2
94

92.87
88. 27
82.75
95.25
95.1
94.62
85.37
99.12
73. 87
92.5
86.75
87.87
91

58.2
84.7
91.51
91
92.57

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTS.

As previously stated, all of the seed used in these experiments was
produced in the crop year 1903 and all of the experimental areas
under discussion were sown in the spring of 1904. The observations
made in each State w ill be discussed separately.

THE EXPERIMENT IN NEBRASKA.

LOCATION.

The work in Nebraska was carried on in cooperation with Mr. John
P. Young, on his farm near Oakland, Burt County. This place is
situated at about latitude 41° 50' N. and longitude 96° 26' W., in
the Elkhorn Valley, near the present western limit of successful clo-
ver culture.

SOIL.

With the exception of a streak of limited extent, where the sub-
soil crops out, the soil of the clover field is a silted sandy loam of
dark gray color and of such structure that w4th insufficient moisture
it becomes aggregated into a hard, almost impenetrable mass. After
rains it becomes very plastic and tenacious, very much resembling
clay in tliis respect. On account of tliis character a large part of
the soil of the Elkhorn Valley has become known under the name
"clayland." This soil is further distinguished by a comparatively
large percentage of well-distributed calcareous matter. This is a
factor of great importance to successful clover culture, and no doubt
helps to account for some of the heavy yields obtained in tliis soil.

95

THK EXPERIMENT IN NEBRASKA. 23

DRAINAGE.

On account of a moderate slope in two directions the drainage of
the experimental ])lats is excellent, none of them being so situated
as to be in danger of sulVering injury on account of standing water.
The field contains 21 acres and was divided into as many equal parts,
one being devoted to each of the regional varieties under test. In
1902 the field bore a crop of oats and in 1903 of corn.

PREPARATION OF LAND AND SEEDING.

In preparing the seed bed for the clover, the land was double disked
with a pulverizing machine and well leveled with a common harrow.

Oats were used as a nurse crop, one half of all plats l)eing sown to
the Early Champion variet}", the other half to the Kherson oats, a
variety of Russian origin that has proved exceedingly valuable in
Nebraska. The oat crop was harvested just after the middle of July,
the Kherson variety' yielding 35 and the Early Champion 25 bushels
to the acre.

The clover was sown at the same time as the oats. Seeding began
on April 15, but on account of unavoidable delays due to inclement
weather was not completed until Aj^ril 21. The seed was sown at
the rate of 10 pounds to the acre, and by April 25 seedling plants
had appeared on all the plats. After July 23, when the removal of
the oat crop was completed, the clover had the whole use of the
land. By the time for the cutting of the oats the clover had made
a sufficient growth to be slighth' clipped by the harvesting machine.
Except for a light pasture with calves in November no further treat-
ment was given the crop during the growing season of 1904

GENERAL WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING 1904.

The general condition of the weather throughout the season was
favorable to securing a good "catch" of clover. There was plenty
of rainfall during the season as a whole and no extended or injuri-
ous periods of drought occurred, although during September the dry-
ness was sufficient to cause the soil to become very hard, as is char-
acteristic of it when even moderately dry conditions prevail long
enough.

COMPARISON OF STRAINS OF CLOVER ON ENTERING THE WINTER OF 1904.

According to notes taken by Mr. Young about the middle of Novem-
ber, 1904, there was a great degree of diversity in the general thrifti-
ness of the various strains of clover when thev entered the winter.
In view of the data secured in 1905 the fact that the Iowa plat rep-
resented the normal or mean condition of all plats, the Nebraska
strain standing next below it, is significant. In the data for the crop
year 1905, given in Table VI, it will be noted that Nebraska seed

95

24

A NEW TYPE OF EED CLOVER.

gave the lowest yield and Iowa seed next to the lowest. Taking
Iowa as representing the average condition, the departure of each of
the strains from the average is shown by the f ollowmg table :

Table IV. — Comparison of stand obtained from seed from various localities on plats at

OaMand, Nehr., autumn of 1904.

Above normal.

Normal.

Below normal.

No.

Source of seed.

Rank.

No.

Source of seed.

No.

11
8

9

15

16
17
18

Source of seed.

Rank.

20

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

7

Iowa.

Nebraska

1

5

Illinois

Commercial seed (not
inoculated).

Commercial seed (inoc-
ulated).

Kief, Russia

2

2

Western Ohio

Eastern Ohio

3

IP

Wisconsin

10

4

21
3
4

14

Pennsylvania

Northern Indiana

Southern Indiana

Tennessee . - .

Orel, Russia

5

Mogilefl, Russia

Courland, Russia

6

7

6

Missouri

IS

Kentucky

This table shows that when winter set in in 1904 the plats sown
to Kentucky, Missouri, and Tennessee seed were the most promising,
in the order given. Two of those ranking below normal proved to
be the best when the hay was harvested m 1905. These were the
Orel clover No. 16 and the inoculated trade sample.

According to notes taken by Mr. Young, the plants produced by
seed No. 16 were at this time ''the weakest, most delicate, and
farthest below normal" of any of the varieties included in the exper-
iment. In view of the fact that in 1905 this clover outyielded the
best of all the others by more than 1,000 pounds, this note is of unusual
interest. Mr. Young further states that "it resembles somewhat the
common white clover, only the plants are larger; but the leaves have
that same appearance and are smaller than those on any of the other
plats."

The winter of 1904-5 was quite severe, with temperatures reach-
ing as low as 30° F. below zero. There were some days whose maxi-
mum only reached —20° F. However, as there was an abundance of
snow the clover plants on all plats were adequately protected, and
there was apparently no loss due to winterkilling. Without excep-
tion the plats were in excellent condition in the spring of 1905.

COMPARISON OF EARLY GROWTH OF CERTAIN STRAINS OF CLOVER.

By May 10 the different strains of clover had made average growths
varying from 1 to 5 inches. The plat sown with Missouri seed showed
the greatest average growth, while the Russian seed No. 18, from
the Baltic Province of Courland, grew the least. The former had an
average height of from 4 to 5 inches; the latter, from 1 to 2 inches.
Despite this great discrepancy in early growth, the Russian strain
was in bloom almost as soon as the Missouri strain and was ready
for harvest in advance of it. The hay crop of the former was cut

95

THE EXPERIMENT IN NEBRASKA. 25

on June 20; that of tlio latter, June 21. Unlike the Baltic strain,
the Orel clover was the latest of all in coming into bloom, as well as
the latest in coming to proper maturity for harvesting. It was har-
vested on July 11. It will be seen from this that a period of exactly
three weeks elapsed between the date of cutting of the earhest and
the latest strains. This fact is ol direct importance under some con-
ditions, as will be pointed out later.

WEATHER DURING GROWING SEASON OF 1905.

The weather during those months of the growing season preceding
the cutting of the hay croj) was in all respects favorable. The growth
of the clover began in March, which month had a mean temj)erature
of 44.8° F., more than 8.4 degrees below the normal. The mean
temperature for April was 48.4° F., which is 3.2 degrees below the
normal for that month. The precipitation aggregated more than 5
inches, 2 inches above normal. The temperature for May, 58.9° F.,
was 2.4 degrees cooler than the established normal for that month,
while the precipitation, 4.76 inches, was practically normal. The
June temperature of 70° F. was very near the normal, but the rain-
fall for that month, 2.75 inches, was more than 3 inches less than
normal. None of the plats seemed to have suffered any injury de-
spite the seeming dryness of the month. In July again the tempera-
ture w^as normal, while the rainfall was about 2 inches below normal.

E.UILINESS OF VARIETIES AND ORDER IN WHICH THEY MATURED.

On account of their reaching maturity at practically the same
time, the strains were harvested in the following groups. The varie-
ties in each group are arranged as nearly as possible in the order of
then- earliness. The groups themselves are given in the same order,
the earliest being first :

Group I. — Courland, Russia; Nebraska; Pennsylvania.

Group II. — Missouri; Iowa; Kentucky; Wisconsin.

Group III. — Eastern Ohio; Oregon.

Group IV. — Tennessee; Kief, Russia.

Group V. — Illinois; northern Indiana; Michigan; southern In-
diana; northwestern Ohio.

Group VI. — The commercial samples, Nos. 1, 8, and 9; Mogi-
leff, Russia; Orel, Russia.
Despite the fact that the earliest and latest maturing kinds are of
Russian origin, it will be noted that the American strains present
almost as great diversity in this regard. However, leaving out of
consideration the commercial samples whose region of origin is un-
known, the latest of the American strains of known origin is that
from northern Ohio, which was grown west of Toledo near the north-
ern boundary of the State. Tliis strain came into bloom only nine

95

26

A NEW TYPE OF KED CLOVER.

da3's later than the earliest of the American kinds,that from Nebraska.
It will be seen from this that the range of maturing time of the Amer-
ican strains that are traceable to their region of origin as compared
with the Russian varieties is very short indeed.

The table given below shows the date of full bloom of the ear-
liest and latest American and Russian varieties:

Table V. — DaU of full hloom of earliest and latest American and Russian strains of clox-^er.

Earliest Russian.

Earliest American.

Latest American.

Latest Russian.

Source.

Date.

Source.

Date.

Source.

Date.

Source.

Date.

Courlanci. .-. ..

June 20

Nebraska

June 20

1
Western Ohio.! June 29

Orel

July 11

Concerning the commercial samples used, it should be said that
they were of most unusual purity, as well as of high average germina-
tion. The seed itself was very large and of a deep purple color, while
the plants produced were coarse and hairy. This form seems to stand
intermediate between the medmm red, with which this experiment
deals, and the well-known "mammoth" form of Trifolium pratense,
which it resembles in some respects. Nothing is known as to the
origin of this seed further than that it is supposed to have been pro-
duced in the Middle West. It came into full bloom on July 6, seven
da^^s later than the latest of American strains of known origin, and
five days earlier than No. 16, the hairless form from Orel.

On account of the coarse, woody stems of the Western Bulked
clover, there is a large percentage of waste in feeding its hay, the
cattle refusing to clean it up as they do some of the other strains,
notably No. 16. On account of the excessive hairiness of both stems
and leaves the hay is very dusty, and hence not a pleasant and desir-
able feed.

The hay product of each of the different plats is shown by the
following table:

Table VI. — Comparison of yields ofhay of regional varieties of red clover at Oakland, Nebr.,

in 1905. a

No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Source of seed.

Commercial seed (Western Bulked)

Western Ohio

Northern Indiana

Southern Indiana

Illinois

Missouri

Iowa

Commercial seed (not inoculated).

Commercial seed (inoculated)

Mieinigan

Nebraska

Yield of
hay.

No.

Pounds.

5,700

12

4,980

13

4,780

14

5,020

15

4,990

16

5,010

17

3,950

18

5,750

19

6,040

20

5,570

21

3,590

Source of seed.

Yield of
hay.

Eastern Ohio

Kentucky

Tennessee

Kief, Russia

Orel, Russia

Mosileff, Russia. .
Courland. Russia.

Wisconsin

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Pounds.
5, 080
5, 540
4,670
5,840
7,100
5,750
4,750
4,950
4,930
4,460

a On account of a misunderstanding, the ,-;lats were not sown in s'^rial order as given, but as follows:
11, 7, 1, 9, 8, 20, 10, 5, 3, 4, 2, 12, 19, 6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21.

95

THE EXPERIMENT IN SOUTH DAKOTA. 27

Tlio first crop only was harvested for hay, the second bein«; left
to go to seed. The seed production of the various strains will be
made the subject of further study.

The product of the plats sown with Western Bulked, Illinois, Iowa,
Micliit>:;an, Nebraska, and Ore^jon seed was slio;htly reduced by a streak
of subsoil which cropped out in these plats and on which the stand
was not so perfect as on the other parts of the field. The resulting
dilference would amount to. but a small percentage and would not
modify materially the results as tabulated.

The Missouri plat was slightly injured in the spring by the work
of ground moles, but seemed to have fully recovered from the injury
before the cutting of the hay cro|).

The only plat upon which any dodder appeared was that sown
with the seed from Tcmiessee. It was promptly subdued and prac-
tically no harm resulted from it.

Although it would be unsafe to generalize from the results of one
year's observation, it is interesting to note the fact that the seed
produced in Nebraska and Iowa gave the lowest yields. This may
be partiallv explained by the inferiority of the stand caused by the
clay streak referred to above. However, it appears to the writer
that this explanation is inadequate in view of the fact that the com-
mercial samples which were grown on adjoining plats show no cor-
responding reductions in yield. As noted above, the Michigan,
Illinois, and Oregon plats were crossed by the same streak of clayey
subsoil.

YIELD OF THE OREL CLOVER COMPARED WITH OTHER STRAINS.

The total yield of all plats was 108,220 pounds, or about 54.1 tons.
The highest yield was that of the hairless Orel clover, 7,100 pounds
per acre; the lowest was from, the Nebraska seed, 3,590 pounds, while
the average for all plats was 5,153 pounds. It is interesting to note
that three of the four Russian strains yielded considerably above the
average for all plats.

The Orel clover No. 16 yielded 3,510 pounds of hay to the acre
more than the Nebraska clover, giving a product almost double
that of the latter. It produced more than 1,000 pounds more than
its nearest competitor, one of the commercial samples, and almost
a ton above the average for all plats.

THE EXPERIMENT IN SOUTH DAKOTA.

LOCATION.

The work for South Dakota is being carried on in cooperation with
Flam Brothers on their farm near Bigstone, Grant County. Bigstone,
which is situated 54° 10' north latitude, 96° 26' west longitude, is

95

28 A NEW TYPE OF RED CLOVER.

in the northwestern part of the State. This station represents fairly
well the conditions typical of eastern South Dakota and western
Minnesota.

As in the case of Nebraska, the experimental plats were each an
acre in extent, and the series of 22 varieties used was identical with
the one grown in Nebraska, except that seed from New York was
added.

SOIL AND DRAINAGE.

The field is a piece of bottom land bordering on a small creek.
The soil, which is derived from the washing down of the surrounding
prairie upland, is a black, sandy loam. The sand varies from me-
dium to fine. The soil is productive, yielding excellent crops of wheat,
oats, barley, corn, and millet. It is quite rich in calcareous matter.
No definite rotation of crops including a legume has been practiced,
and this is the first time the land has ever borne a crop of clover.
On account of the excellent natural drainage due to the permea-
bility of the soil and the elevation above the level of the creek it
has not been necessary to resort to artificial drainage on the tract.

PREPARATION OF LAND, SEEDING, AND SUBSEQUENT TREATMENT.

No chemical fertilizers have ever been used on the field. In the
spring of 1903 the tract was given a heavy dressing of barnyard
manure, which was thoroughly worked in b}^ the preparation given
the land and by the cultivating of a corn crop planted that j^ear.
In the preceding year, 1902, the tract had grown barlej^ and millet.

In preparation for the clover and the accompanying nurse crop
of barley the land was deeply plowed in the fall of 1903, and in the
spring of 1904 was harrowed until the seed bed was in suitable condi-
tion. The seeding of the barley, which was drilled in, took place
during the last days of April. It was harvested in Juh^, the field
jnelding an average of 50 bushels machine measure to the acre.

The clover was sown broadcast on May 5, and then lightly harrowed
in. Before the tenth of the month, the first sprouts had appeared on
each of the 22 plats.

After the removal of the nurse crop, no subsequent treatment was
given the field during the growing season of 1904. Despite the fact
that an unusual growth was made by the clover before wintering
in, it was neither clipped nor pastured, on account of the uncer-
tainty as to the effect this would have on the plats coming tlu-ough
the winter. The growth left on the field formed an excellent binder
for holding the snow. This gave the plants a good protection from
the cold during the winter, which in this latitude is ver^^ rigorous.

Observations made in October, about the time of the frost which
terminated growth for the season, showed, as in the case of Nebraska,

95

THE EXPERIMENT IN SOUTH DAKOTA.

29

considerable variation in the habit and development of the various
plats, but on none of the plats was there any evidence of any failure
to secure an excellent stand.

WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING 1904 AND 1905.

The state of the weather throughout the season was exceedingly
favorable, there being plenty of moisture at all times. This is
a factor of no small importance, especially at the critical period
following the removal of the nurse crop. The loss sustained by the
various strains on account of winterkilling during the winter of
1904-5 was comparatively small and probably did not reach more
than o per cent in any case. The Missouri and Tennessee clovers
were the worst sufferers in this respect among the American forms.
The loss b}' winterkilling had no perceptible effect on the yield so
far as could be observed; at least, the heaviest losers on this account
were b}^ no means those giving the lightest yields.

The weather for the months of April, ^lay, Juno, and July, during
which the growth of the hay crop took place, was decidedly abnormal
for this section. The mean temperature for each of these months
was below normal from 2.5 to 4.6 degrees. The precipitation, as is
generally the case in comparatively cool seasons, was far above
normal for each of these months, except April, when it fell below
normal.

The weather records at Milbank, 1 1 miles distant, give the following
data for these months in 1905:

Table VII. — Temperature and rainfall at Milbank, S. Dak., during the growing season of 1905.

Month.

April
Maj'.
June.
July.

Temperature.

I

Precipitation.

Mean tor i ^,^^^'1^ I Total for
month. f'^''™ "" I month.

F.
42.2
52.4
63 1
67.4

F.

-2.7

-4.0

-2.5

-3.1

Inches.
1.25
7.35
8.60
5.27

Departure
from nor-
mal.

Inches.
-0.96
+ 4.50
+4.82
+2.65

As in the case of Nebraska, there was great variation in the dates
of first and full bloom; but inasmuch as careful notes of the actual
dates were not kept, through inadvertence, it is impossible to report
in detail on these points.

The first sample to come to the proper maturity for harvesting
was that from Oregon, followed soon by the New York and Pennsyl-
vania plats. A period of very rainy weather which followed the
cutting and curing of these plats made it impossible for a time to
proceed with the harvest, and on the night of July 3 came a veritable

95

30

A NEW TYPE OF RED CLOVER.

cloudburst, more than 5 inches of rain faUing. The neighboring
creek overflowed its banks, inundating the whole bottom and sub-
merging the jlover plats with from 6 inches to several feet of water.

This misfortune threatened to make impossible the securing of
further data concerning the varieties. However, the excellent drain-
age of the field saved it from serious injury, and at the end of a week
it was possible to proceed with the harvest.

The following table shows the yield of cured hay produced by
each of the strains used in the experiment at this place:

Table VIII. — Comparative yield of hay of vanous strains of clover at Bigstone, S. Dale., in

1905.

No.

2
3

4
5
G
7
8
9
10
11

Source of seed.

Commercial s e ed (Western

Bulked)

Western Ohio

Northern Indiana

Southern Indiana

Illinois

Missouri

Iowa

Commercial seed (not inoculated) .

Commercial seed (inoculated)

Michigan

Nebraska

Yield
of hay.

Pounds.

4,400
3,500
2,510
2,710
3,990
4,450
4,130
3,998
4,312
4,400
4,500

No.

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Source of seed.

Eastern Ohio

Kentucky

Tennessee

Kief, Russia

Orel, Russia

Mogileff. Russia.
Courland, Russia

Wisconsin

Oregon

Pennsylvania

New York

Yield
of hay.

Pounds.
4,b40
3,420
3.970
4,080
5.610
4,030
3,280
2,970
4,560
1,800
2,400

COMPARISON OF YIELDS.

The low yields of the samples of clover from western Ohio and
northern Indiana are due to the injury they received from the
flooding previously mentioned. A ''run," or former creek bed,
which extended diagonalh^ across these two plats was transformed
into a torrent and did considerable damage to both of them. With
these exceptions the injur}^ by water was equal on all plats. The
comparatively low jneld of the New^ York and Pennsylvania strains
may be explained, in part at least, by the fact that the west side
of the field, along which these were sown, had not been under culti-
vation as long as the remainder of the field and hence was not so
well subdued.

The total yield of cured hay from the 22 acre plats was 87,982
pounds, an average of 3,998 pounds, or nearly 2 tons, to the acre.
Leaving out of consideration the plats that suffered from apparent
external injuries, the plat sowm with Wisconsin seed gave the lowest
yield of the domestic varieties, while that sown with seed from
eastern Ohio gave the highest yield. The yield of the former was
2,970 pounds, something more than 1,000 pounds below the average
for all plats, while that of the latter, 4,640 pounds, was about 650
pounds greater than the average.

As was the case in the experiments at Oakland, Nebr., the hairless
Orel clover No. 16 gave not only the heaviest yield among the

96

THE EXPERIMENT IN MINNESOTA. 31

Russian strains, but it outyielded every other variety used in the
experiment. It produced 5,610 pounds of cured hay to the acre,
whicli is more than three-fourths of a ton (1,612 pounds) better
than the average for all plats, almost 1,000 jiounds more than the
best American strain (that hoin eastern Ohio), and more than a
ton and a quarter (2,640 pounds) more than the lowest yield of the
domestic strains growing under like conditions (that from Wisconsin).
In addition to its great yielding power, the other excellent quahties
of this strain as observed in Nebraska were reproduced in South
Dakota. The marked absence of hairiness on both stems and leaves,
the erectness of habit, the profuseness of leafage, the comparative
lack of waste on account of hard, woody stems, and a number of
other desirable qualities were all strikingly apparent.

THE EXPERIMENT IN MINNESOTA.

LOCATIOX, SOir., AND DRAINAGE.

The experiments in Minnesota were carried on on the University
farm at St. Anthony Park, with the cooperation of the division of
agriculture of the Experiment Station and School of Agriculture.
The w'ork here was instituted under the direction of Prof. W. M. Hays,
and is now being carried forward with the assistance of Mr. A. D.
Wilson, of the station staff. St. Anthony Park is located midway
between Minneapolis and St. Paul at about latitude 44° 58' N. and
longitude 93° 90' W.

In this experiment tw^o series of plats were used on rather widely
separated fields. The plats of one series w^ere one-tw^entieth of an
acre in extent, and the product of these w^as used in determining by
weight the amount of green matter produced by each strain. The
plats of the other series had an area of one-fourth of an acre each,
and were devoted to securing data as to the production of cured hay.
According to Hays and Boss" both the soil and immediate subsoil
of the University farm are of medium texture, containing clay and
sand mixed in such proportions as to facilitate a rather free absorp-
tion of the rainfall which penetrates to a considerable depth and is
well conserved in seasons of moderate drought. At a depth of 5
or 6 feet, how^ever, the mixture of clay and sand gives way to gravel
and sand. This furnishes excellent underdrainage in years of
abundant or superabundant rainfall, but is a serious drawback in
years of drought, as it tends toward the dissipation of a part of the
w^ater supply of the crops through this deeper porous subsoil. The
surface drainage, as well as the underdrainage, of both areas used in
this experiment w^as excellent.

a Bulletin No. 62, Agricultural Experiment Station, Uniyersity of Minnesota, March, 1899.
95

32 A ^EW TYPE OF RED CLOVER.

PREPAKATION OF LAND, SEEDING, AND SUBSEQUENT TKEAT5IENT.

Field F, which was used in making the green-matter determina-
tions, was sown to Canada field peas in 1902, and in 1903 was used
in the variety testing of cereals. The field was fall-plowed in 1903
and in the spring was disked and harrowed preparatory to seeding
with clover. Spelt was used as a nurse crop. The clover seed and
the spelt were mixed and sown with a drill.

Field W, from which the data as to field-cured hay was secured^
bore a crop of fodder corn in 1902, and was manured and again sown
to fodder corn in 1903. In preparation for the clover it was thor-
oughly disked and harrowed. The clover seed was drilled in to a
depth of from H to 2 inches, having been first mixed with the Min-
nesota No. 169 wheat, which was used as a nurse crop.

No treatment such as pasturing or clipping was given the field
after the removal of the spelt and wheat.

WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING 1904 AND 1905.

The weather throughout the season of 1904, despite the fact that
the temperature in most months was a little below normal, was
quite favorable to securing a good ''catch" of clover. The last
killing frost in spring occurred on ^lay 15, and the first in autumn
on October 6. There was a plentiful supply of moisture at all times,
the precipitation of every month during the growing season exceed-
ing the normal.

According to notes taken shortly before the first killing frost of
autumn, there was a fair stand on all plats at that time. The weakest
strains were those from Tennessee, Orel, and Kief, while among the
most vigorous were those from Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Iowa.

The winter of 1904-5 was rather severe on the whole, the means
for both January and February being several degrees below normal.
The minimum temperature recorded was 26° F. below zero.

No marked loss due to winterkilling was noted on any of the
varieties under experiment, but on account of the coolness of April
practically no growth was made until the last week of the month.

COMPARATIVE CONDITION OF DIFFERENT STRAINS OF CLOVER IN THE SPRING OF 1905.

On May 13 observations were made on the comparative condition
of the stand on all the plats. According to these, of the seeds from
domestic sources the strains from eastern Ohio, northern Indiana,
and the commercial samples made the best showing at this time.
The poorest of the domestic strains at this time were those from
Tennessee, Missouri, Nebraska, Michigan, and Illinois. The best
of the Russian strains were Nos. 15 and 17, from the Kief and Mogileff
governments, respectively, while the poorest were Nos. 16 and 18,
from Orel and Courland.

95

THE EXPERIMENT IN MINNESOTA.

33

The best strain of known oricjin aocordinp; to the observations of
May 13 was that from oastorn Ohio, while the poorest was that
from CouHand.

YIELDS OF GREEN MATTER.

The followino; table shows the yield and other data with refer-
ence to the series of jilats used in determining^ the amount of green
matter produced to the acre:

Table IX. — Yields of clover on Field F used in making green-matter determinations,

St. Anthony Park, Minn., lUO.'j.

No.

1

2

3

4

5

{)

7sJ

8

9
10
11
12
13
14
1.5
10

17
18
19
20
21

Source.

Date of

first
bloom.

June 12 .
June 13.
June 11 .
J une 9 . .
June 10.
June 12 .
June 13.
....do...
June 12 .
June 11 .
June 10 .
June 11 .
June 12.
June II .
June 10.
June 15 .

June
June 15 .
June 12.
June 13.
Pennsvlvania [ June 12.

Commercial seed (Western Bulked)

Western Ohio

Northern Indiana

Southern Indiana

Illinois

Missouri

Iowa ,

Commercial seed (not inoculated) ..

Commercial seed (inoculated) |

Michigan |

Nebraska i

Eastern Ohio

Kentucky

Tennessee '

Kief, Russia

Orel, Russia

Date of full
bloom.

Date
cut.

June 28 June 28 .

June 27 do...

June 20 do ...

.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.

.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do..

Mogilefl, Russia.
Courland, Russia

Wisconsin

Oregon

J une 28 ; do...

do ' do...

June 27 do...

June 28 do...

June 27 do. . .

June 25 do...

June 27 ' do...

June 25 ' do...

(I'ractically no do...

blossoms.) .

June 30 do..

June 27 do..

June 28 do..

June 27 do..

do do..

Average

height

when

cut.

Inches.
30
31
30
30
30
28
28
27
28
28
30
30
20
30
29
30

31

28
28
27
26

Green
matter
to acre.

Pounds.

21,500
20,900
22.(100
20, 400
21, (WO
19, 400
21,200
20.100
lO.fKK)
18,900
21,300
21,700
21,400
18,000
21,000
24, 100

24.400
20,000
21,900
20,000
20,(J00

COMPARISON OF CLOVER NO. 16 WITH OTHER STRAINS.

An inspection of Table IX shows that clovers Nos. 16 and 17,
from Orel and Mogileff, respectively, were the heaviest producers
of green matter, the yield of the latter being the greater. In this
connection it should be noted that No. 17 was harvested after coming
almost into full bloom, while No. 16, according to notes taken on
the date of cutting, had practically^ no blossoms. From this it seems
probable that the Orel clover was harvested fully two weeks before
it had reached the same state of maturity that had been attained
by the other strains. Despite this fact it was outranked in yield
only by the strain from Mogileff, which lacked but two days of being
in full bloom. There can be no doubt that the Orel strain would
have given a yield of several thousand pounds more to the acre
had it been allowed to reach the stage of maturity at which it is
customary to cut clover for hay.

The Orel clover exhibited the same fineness of texture, absence
of hairiness, erect habit of growth, succulence, etc., that were ob-
served on the plats in Nebraska and South Dakota. These qualities

96

34

A NEW TYPE OF RED CLOVER.

are not by any means common to all of the Russian strains with
which experiments have been made. Another strain not used in
the States under discussion, obtained from Ufa, in the cold, almost
snowless steppe region of eastern Russia, resembles No. 16 very
strikingly. Nos. 15 and 17 resemble the foregoing in some of their
qualities, but like No. 18, which in these respects is practically
identical with the American strains, they are readily distinguishable
in the field.

The lowest yield was given by the seed from Tennessee. The
strains that produced less than 20,000 pounds of green matter are
the Tennessee, Michigan, Missouri, and commercial sample No. 9.
The largest yield produced by seed from domestic sources was
22,000 pounds in the case of No. 3 from northern Indiana.

YIELDS OF FIELD-CURED HAY.

Table X shows the yield to the acre and other data regarding
Field W, which was devoted to determining the comparative pro-
duction of field-cured hay.

Table X. — Yields of clover on Field W, used in determining the production of Jield-cured

hay, St. Anthony Park, Minn., 1905.

No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17
18
19
20
21

Source.

Commercial seed (Western Bulked) June 13 .

Western Ohio do...

Northern Indiana June 15 .

Southern Indiana June 14 .

Illinois June 11 .

Missouri do. . .

Iowa June 13 .

Commercial seed (not inoculated) June 11 .

Commercial seed (inoculated) June 12.

Date of

first
bloom.

Michigan.

Nebraska

Eastern Ohio.

Kentucky

Tennessee

Kief, Russia. .
Orel, Russia. .

Mogileff , Russia . .
Courland, Russia.

Wisconsin

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Total .

June 10 .
June 15 .
June 12 .
June 11 .
...do...
June 13.
June IG .

June 15 .
June 13 .
June 12 .
June 13 .
June 10 .

Date of full
bloom.

June 28

June 27

June 28

June 27

June 26

J une 25 ... .

June 26

June 28

June 29

June 27

do

June 26

June 27

June 25

June 28

(Few blos-
soms.)

June 30

June 27

June 26

do

do

Date
when cut.

Average I Field-
height I cured
when hay to
cut. acre.

June 30 .
June 29.
...do...
...do...
June 30.
...do...
June 29 .
June 30 .
....do...
June 29 .
....do...
....do...
....do...
....do...
June 30 .
....do...

....do...
....do...

June 29.

June 30 .

June 29 .

Inches.
30
31
30
30
30
28
28
■ 27
28
28
30
30
30
30
29
30

31
28

28
27
26

Pounds.
4,320
4,248
4,468
4,800
4,068
4,400
4, 120
4,420
4.394
4,109
4,308
4,800
4,120
3,640
4,020
5,320

5,000
3,780
3, 760
4,460
4,480

91,035

ORDER IN WHICH THE VARIOUS STRAINS MATURED.

A variability similar in some respects to that observed in Nebraska
may be noted with reference to the length of time required to mature
the different strains. On the University farm they reached the

95

THE EXPERIMENT IN NORTH DAKOTA. 35

|)roper stage for harvest in^j in the f^jroups criven below, those maturing
earhest being given first:

Groii}) I. — Missouri ; Tennessee.

Group II.— IlHnois; Iowa ; Wisconsin ; Oregon; Pennsylvania;

eastern Ohio.
Group III.— Kentucky; western Ohio; southern Indiana;

Courland; Nebraska; Micliigan.
Group IV. — Northern Indiana; commercial samples 1, 8, and

9; Kief.
Group V. — Mogileff .
Group VI.— Orel.

COMPARISON OK YIELDS OF FIELD-CITRED HAY.

The lowest yield of the domestic varieties was 3,640 pounds, pro-
duced by the Tennessee seed, while the highest was 4,,S00 pounds,
produced by the seed from eastern Ohio and southern Indiana. No.
18, from Courland, gave the lowest yield of the Russian sorts, 3,780
pounds, while No. 16, from Orel, gave the largest return of any variety
"in the test, 5,320 pounds. No. 16 was harvested on June 30, when it
w^as still very immature, having but few blossoms. Inasnuich as
increase in substance is progressing most rapidly in the period lead-
ing up to and just preceding full maturity, it is very probable that
the Orel clover would have given a considerably higher yield had it
been allowed to mature properly. Judging from the performance of
this variety at other stations it should have been cut fnmi ten to
twelve days later than was the case. This fact should be borne in
mind when noting that No. 16 yielded only 520 pounds more than its
nearest competitor, 1,176 pounds more than the average for all plats,
and 1,600 pounds more than the poorest strains.

THE EXPERIMENT IN NORTH DAKOTA.

LOCATION, SOIL, AND DRAINAGE.

The experiment in North Dakota was conducted on the Experiment
Station farm, near Fargo, in cooperation with Prof. J. H. Shepperd,
who has been assisted by Mr. O. O. Churchill.

On account of the fact that a larger area was not available, the test
was made on half-acre plats. With one or two exceptions the same
series of varieties was used as in Nebraska, South Dakota, and Min-
nesota.

The field used has a wonderfully uniform soil, consisting of jet
black clay loam several feet in depth. It is rich in organic matter
and in lime, both in the form of carbonate and sulphate. The sub-
soil is a silty clay of grayish-brown color, which extends to a depth of

95

36 A NEW TYPE OF RED CLOVER.

about 6 feet. The surface soil seems to have a sHght admixture of the
heavy, bLack, waxy, clay soil locally called "gumbo." The general
soil of the field is quite typical of the best soil in the Red River Valley.

Continuous cropping with wheat has seriously depleted most of
the soils of this valley, and they no longer produce the abundant
yields that characterized them from ten to twenty years ago. No
systematic rotation of crops containing a legume is in general use,
and to this may justly be attributed the gradual running down of
yields of the cereals which have hitherto been cultivated almost exclu-
sively. The gro^ving of clover is an undeveloped industry in North
Dakota. This is due in great part to the fact that wheat farming
has hitherto been so profitable, and to the further fact that until
recently a general impression has prevailed that clover growing could
not be carried on with success. The work of the State Experiment
Station during recent years has amply demonstrated that eastern
North Dakota, at least, may be considered as peculiarly adapted to
clover culture. The writer has never seen anywhere in the clover-
growing regions of the United States a finer field of clover than that
on which this experiment with regional varieties was conducted.
(PI. Ill, fig. 1.) .

The drainage of the experimental tract is, in common with most of
the soils of the Red River Valley, rather poor. This applies to both
surface drainage and underdrainage, and is due to the practically
"dead level" of the country, which gives the rivers draining the area
a very slight fall, and also to the impermeability of the soil to water.
In this connection a fact of some interest and possible importance
was noted during the summer of 1905, when on account of the wetness
of the season it was impossible to harvest a large percentage of the
wheat crop of the valley. The clover field, on account of the mag-
nitude of the transpiration of this crop, repeatedly became dry
enough to cut after a few days of sunshine, while the neighboring
fields of ripened wheat never dried out sufficiently to permit of their
being harvested. In regions having heavy soils, where the most rigid
conservation of moisture is not necessary, this fact may furnish an
added reason for every farmer's sowing clover seed at the rate of from
three to six pounds per acre with all of his small grains.

95

THE EXPERIMENT IN NORTH DAKOTA. 37

PREPARATION OF LAND, SEEDING, AND SUBSEQUENT TREATMENT.

In regard to the crops previously grown on the field, preparation
of the seed bed, nurse crop used, and notes concerning the growth of
the strains during the first year, the data below are given from Profes-
sor Shepperd's annual report for 1904.''

The land used for this trial produced a crop of corn in 1902, barley in 1903, and clover
trial plats were seeded witli wheat as a nurse crop in 1904. The field liad been fall-plowed
in 1903. It was disked on May 10 and harrowed twice with a peg-tootlied harrow on
May 11. The land was very wet in the spring and after the excess of water finally evap-
orated a period of very dry weather caused the soil to bake. The seed bed was far from
being in an ideal condition on May 12, the date upon which the wheat was seeded. The
wheat was sown at the rate of 5 pecks per acre with Fife seed. Four days later the clover
seed was sown by hand at a rate slightly less than 10 pounds per acre. The clover seed
was covered by harrowing with a peg-toothed harrow.

Notes recorded June 1.5 state that the wlieat was showing a good stand and that the
clover plants had appeared above the surface. On tlie above date it was observed that the
clover was showing especially well upon the higher places in the almost level field.

On the dates July 25 and 26, the wheat, which was just forming kernels, was cut for
hay and removed from the field. The sickle l)ar was set as high as the machine would allow
and left the stubble about 5 inches high. The best of the clover was .so high upon that date
that it was clipped off by the sickle.

On August 2 Missouri (No. 6), Eastern Ohio (No. 12), Russian (No. 15), and Wisconsin
(No. 19) made a much l)etter showing than the plats from other .sources of seed. Obser-
vations recorded on September 10 show especially favorable to Missouri (No. 6) and Wis-
consin (No. 19), while Illinois (No. 5) and Russian (No. 15) were also reported as showing
well.

WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING 1904 AND 1905.

On September 10, 1904, immediately after which date a kilKng
frost occurred, there seemed to be a sufficient growth of clover and
of wheat stubble to form a moderate winter protection for the clover
plats.

With the exception of August, w^hich had a total precipitation of
only 0.69 inch, there w^as an abundance of moisture throughout the
growing season. The mean temperature during June, July, and
August was from 2 to 5 degrees below normal.

The winter of 1904-5 was quite severe, but in spite of the long-
continued cold and low temperatures no loss due to winterkilling was
observed on any of the plats.

According to notes taken on May 1 the strains from Mogileff,
Courland, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee, in the order given,
showed the poorest stands. The best stand of all was on the Illinois
plat, which was closely seconded by those sown to seed from eastern
Ohio and Nebraska.

a Fifteenth Annual Report, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 96-97.
95

38

A NEW TYPE OF RED CLOVER.

The following table shows the comparative yield of each variety
under experiment, also date of first bloom, full bloom, and cutting,
and average height of plants when cut :

Table XL— FieM, time of first and full bloom, height, and date of cutting of clover at Fargo,

N. Dale., 1905.

No.

1

2

3

4

5

()

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Source.

Commercial seed (Western Bulked)

Western Ohio

Northern Indiana^

Southern Indiana

Illinois

Missouri

Iowa -■

Commercial seed (not inoculated) .

Commercial seed (Inoculated)

Michigan

Nebraska

Eastern Ohio

Kentucky

Tennessee

Kief, Russia

Orel, Russia

Mogileff, Russia

Courland, Russia

Wisconsin

Oregon

Date of first
bloom.

June 20.

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

do..

do.

do.

Date of full
bloom.

Julys.
July 7.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

Date when
cut.

Average

height

when cut.

(No blossoms when cut.)
(Few blossoms when cut.)

July 8...
■....do...

do...

do...

do...

do...

do...

do...

do...

do...

do...

do...

July 10...
....;do...

do...

do...

do...

June 20.
.do.
.do.

lulv 7 do.

.do.
.do.

.do.,
.do..

Inches.
30
27
29
29
28
29
29
30
30
32
28
32
27
30
28
34
28
30
28
28

Yield.

Pounds.
5,220
4,950
4,484
4,860
4.830
5,510
3, 960
4. 680
4.140
3.750
5.080
5,370
4, 610
5,090
4,200
4, 062
4, .350
4,470
4 380
4,300

COMPARISON OF YIELDS.

The heaviest yields of American strains of clover of known origin
were secured from the Missouri and eastern Ohio samples, followed
rather closely by those from Tennessee and Nebraska. The lightest
yields of the American strains were obtained from seed from Michigan,
Wisconsin, and Oregon.

The Russian strains were among those giving the lowest yields,
the Orel clover yielding next to Michigan seed, the lightest crop.
Clover No. 18, the earliest in maturing, produced the largest crop
of the Russian sorts.

The low yield of clover No. 16 is adequately accounted for by the
fact that in order to insure the securing of seed of this variety the
plat was cut two weeks before it had properly matured. Plate III,
figure 1, shows the Orel clover, immature and without blossoms, in the
foreground, the more mature Russian form from Kief in the near
background, and the fully matured Tennessee plat in the farther
background.

Here, again, the hairless form exhibited all of the desirable forage
qualities noted at the other stations, and but for being harvested
so exceedingly early would no doubt have shown the same yielding
qualities as elsewhere.

95

OTHER EXPERIMENTS.

39

The following table summarizes the yields of each of the varieties
grown in the experiments described above:

Table XII. — Comparison of yields of field-cured clover hay at all rwrthwestem stations, 1905.

No,

1

2

3

4

5

G

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

Source.

Commercial seed (Western Bulked) .

W('sl(>rii Ohio

NortluTii Indiana

Southern Indiana

Illinois

Missouri

Iowa .

Nebraska.

South
Dakota.

Minnesota.

Coniiiicreial seed (not inoculated).

CommiToinl seed (inoculated )

Michigan

Nebraska

Eastern Ohio

Kentucky

Tenness(H> '

Kief, Russia

Oxv[, Russia

MofjilefT, Russia

Courland, Russia

Wisconsin

Oregon.

Pennsylvania.
New York

Pounds.

5,700
4. (ISO

4, TSO
5,020
4.990
5,010
3, 7.50
5.9.")0
G, 040
5, 570

3. .590
5.0.SO

5. .540

4. f,70

5. X40
7,100
5, 7,50
4, 570
4,950
4, 9,TO
4,4C0

Pounds.
4,400
:f, MH)
2,510
2.710
3,990
4, 4.50
4,130
3,998
4,312
4.400
4.. 500
4,t>40
3,420
3, 970
4.080
,5,<ilO
4.0;iO
3, 280
2.970
4,560
1,800
2,400

Pounds.
4,. 320

4,218
4. 468
4,.S00
4,068
4,4(X)
4, IJO
4. 420
4.304

4, lOft
4,30.H
4..S(HI
4, 120
3, 640
4,020

5, ,320
5,000
3, 780
3,760
4,460
4,480

North
Dakota.

Pounds.
5.220
4,9.50
4,484
4,860
4,830
5,510
3,960
4,680
4,140
3, 7,50
5,080
5, .370
4,610
5,090
4,200
4,0<i2
4, 3.50
4,470
4,380
4,300

OTHER EXPERIMENTS IN WHICH CLOVER NO. 16 WAS INCLUDED.

In addition to the Northwestern States already mentioned, to
whose conditions the hairless clover seems best adapted and where
its performance has been described in some detail, this form was also
grown in the following sections:

(1) In Ohio, in cooperation with the Agricultural Experiment
Station, on the farm of Mr. E. D. Mclntyre, near Wooster. The
work here was under the direction of Prof. C. E. Thorne, director of
the station.

(2) In Canada, on the farm of the Ontario Agricultural College
and Experiment Station. The work here was done under the imme-
diate direction of Prof. C. A. Zavitz, experimentalist.

(3) In Indiana, in cooperation with Mr. Theo. H. Reed, on the
farm of Mr. L. B. Harris, near Rushville, Rush County. This county
is in the heart of the heaviest clover-seed-producing section in the
United States and, according to the census of 1900, produced more
clover seed than any county in the country.

At Wooster the Orel clover gave one of the highest yields, while
at Rushville it produced one of the poorest crops of all the varieties
tested, which was probably due to the fact that it was harvested
before maturing. Although its forage qualities and botanical char-
acters were identical with those exhibited at other stations, this
variety does not seem to be particularly adapted to the conditions
existing in Ohio and Indiana.

96

40

A NEW TYPE OF BED CLOVEE.

In Ontario, however, the Orel clover and a somewhat similar form
from Ufa gave the heaviest yields. The data for this station are so
complete that they are given in full in the following table. A num-
ber of varieties were here included that were not used in experiments
in the States previously described. The data for these are also
included. The experiment was made on small plats, from which the
acre yields have been computed. (See PI. Ill, fig. 2.).

Table XIII. — Yield and other data for clover grown at Gudph, Ontario, in 1905.

No.

Source of seed.

Date of
first bloom.

Date of
full bloom.

Date when
cut.

Average

height

when cut.

Yield
of green
matter
to acre.

Yield of

cured hay

to acre.

1

9

Commercial seed (Western

Bulked).
Western Ohio

June 15. . .

June 16...

June 15

June 13...

July 2

June 28...
June 27...
do

July 13

July .3

June 30...
June 29...
June 30...

July 3

do

Inches.
30

30
26
26
27
27
27
29i

28*
274-
27*
26
27^
29i
27J
26i
30
• 29
28i
29i
274
29i
30|
31
26
29-J

Pounds.

18,640

18, 120
19, 080
18,400
18,240
16,280
16,880
18,080

18,360
18,200
18,920
17,160
17, 120
17,680
15, 560
20,800
19, 320
23,280
17,240
16.880
19,000
19. 280
19,360
18,840
21,040
20.240

Pounds.
3,633

2,760

3

Northern Indiana

2,960

4

Southern Indiana

2,440

'i

do

do....

2,720

6

Missouri

.do ...

do

2,640

7

Iowa

J une 15...

do

2,320

8
9

Commercial seed (not inocu-
lated).
Commercial seed (inoculated) .
Michigan

do....

do....

June 13...
do

June 30...
June 29...

J uiy 7

do

3,520
3,520

10

June 26. . .
June 27...
do....

June 29...
June 30...
do....

2,240

11

Nebraska

2,720

19

do

2.320

13

Kentucky

June 14...
do

June 28...
June 29...
June 30. . .
July 14....

July 2

June 29...
June 27...
June 28...

July 5

....:do....

July 11....

July 16....

July 13....

Julys

July 6

do

2,840

14

Tennessee

2,800

15

Kief, R ussia

June 17

June 18. . .
June 17...
June 14...
June 13...
do

2,800

16

Orel, Russia

4, .360

17

MogilefF, Russia

4,080

18

Courland, Russia

2,880

19

Wisconsin

2, 960

90

Oregon

2. 680

91

Pennsylvania

do....

June 26...

June 29. . .

do....

do....

July 8

July 9

July2

July 7

July 6

July 12....
July 17....
July 11....

2.960

99

New York

June 16...

June 14...

, June 16. . .

June 18

June 16...

3, 640

94

Vitebsk, Russia

3.200

95

Perm, Russia

3, 680

98

Ufa, Russia

4,520

99

Kief, Russia

3,440

Here, again, as was the case in the Northwest, the hairless Orel
clover was the latest variety in maturing, and in yield it was surpassed
only by the strain from Ufa. The Michigan seed gave the lowest
jieid of all, 2,240 pounds, while the New York seed gave the highest
of the American strains of known origin, 3,640 pounds.

CloA^er No. 16 yielded 2,120 pounds more than the poorest and 720
pounds more than the best domestic strain, and it produced 1,600
pounds more than the average of all plats.

The same characters and qualities previously noted in this variety
were found constant in this experiment.

The record of mean temperatures and precipitation at Guelph for
the months of the growing season of 1905 up to and including the
time of harvesting the hay crop, in comparison with the normals for
the same months at Orel, follows:

95

DESCRIPTION AND NAME.

41

Table XIV. — Temperature and rainfall for certain months during 1905 at Guelph, Ontario,
compared vnth the normals for the same months at Orel, Russia.

Temperature.

Precipitation.

Month.

tJuelph.

Orel."

Guelph.

Orel.6

Mean.

Normal.

Total.

Normal.

^pril

°F.
41.15
52.84
62.58
67.67

'F.
38.08
56.10
63. 55
67. 76

Inches.
1.75
3.89
3.54
4.66

Inches.
1.57

M^v

1.87

1.97

July

2.80

a Wild, Die Ti'mpcnitiirvcrhiiltnissi' dos Uiissisehen Reichos, St. lVt('rsl>urg, 1881.
6 Wild, Die Regenvorhiiltnissi- dcs Russischen Reiches, St. l'i'ter.sl)nrg, 1887.

DESCRIPTION OF NEW TYPE AND NAME PROPOSED.

Although American red clovers from widely separated sources vary-
greatly among themselves, these variations do not appear to be con-
stant and are not of sufficient importance in any case to justify the
giving of varietal rank in the botanical sense to any of the regional
strains of domestic origin used in these experiments. On the other
hand, the distinctions between the hairless Orel clover and the Amer-
ican clovers are so numerous and well defined in the j)lant itself,
though not apparent in the seed, that it seems advisable, on account
of the probable economic importance of the former, to give it a dis-
tinct varietal name. Almost complete lack of hairiness is perhaps
the most striking distinguishing mark of this form in the field, but
the variability in amount of hairiness, differing as it does even in
American strains from more or less widely separated sources, makes
this an undesirable quality on which to base a name. On account of
the value both from an economic standpoint and as a botanical
character of the general leafiness of the plant and the persistence and
number of basal leaves produced, the writer proposes for this variety
the designation Trifolium pratense var. foliosum, based on these
characters. A type specimen has been deposited in the National
Herbarium.

In addition to lack of hairiness and the unusual leafing qualities
referred to above, the plants of this variety have a more upright
habit of growth and branch more freely than the American form.
Besides the foregoing, there are .other differences of a more purely
botanical character. The white spots on the leaflets which are so
prominent in the ordinary form are frequently absent from plants
of this variety and often when present can scarcely be seen. The
largest mature leaves of the smooth clover are about the same size
as the smallest of the American strains. The flower heads are also
smaller, less compact, and rather more elongate than those of the
latter. The bracts subtending the inflorescences are smaller in this
form; also more circular in outline, less prominently nerved, of finer

42 A NEW TYPE OF EED CLOVER.

texture, and g;labroiis throughout except at the apex, which is some-
times tipped with a few slender hairs. In the American form the
under side and margin of these bracts are covered with many fine
hairs.

The stipules also show some constant dissimilarities. On plants
of equal age the stipules of the American strains are larger, hairy on
the back, margins, and tip, and in the cured hay are harsh and woody;
in the Orel clover they are smaller, of finer texture, much less prom-
inently veined, and hairless except at the tip, where there is usually
a tuft of hairs. According to a comparison of a large number of
measurements of the stipules and petioles of the basal leaves of both
forms, although the stipules of Xo. 16 are shorter, the petioles are
longer. In the former the stipules constitute about 8 per cent of
the total length; in the latter, about 15 per cent. The average length
of the stipules in both No. 16 and the American forms was found to
be 22 mm. and 24 mm., respectively, and of the petioles 270 mm.
and 160 mm., respectively. The same proportion was not found to
hold true in regard to the leaves of flower-bearing stems. In these,
both the stipules and petioles, comparing similar parts of plants of
about equal development, are shorter in the hairless form. The
average lengths of stipules and petioles in the latter are 20 mm. and
104 mm., while in the domestic form they are 22 mm. and 114 mm.,
respectively. (See PL II, fig. 1.)

The calyx of the smooth clover is sparingly covered with short,
appressed hairs, while in the hairy American form it is densely cov-
ered with more erect hairs, which are in general from Ih to 2^ times
longer. The calyx in both forms is five-toothed, one tooth being
considerably longer than the other four. In the American form the
long tooth appears to be always more than twice as long as the four
short ones, which are of about ecpial length, while in the variety
foliosum the long tooth seems never to be as much as twice as long
as the others.

The few hairs that occur on the Orel clover, no matter upon what
portion of the plant they are found, are comparatively very short
and always appressed to the part bearing them, jwhile in the domestic
clover they are numerous, in young plants matted (see PI. II, fig. 2),
and extend at right angles from the organ on which they are borne.

LATER OBSERVATIONS.

Notes taken during May and June of 1906 on the plats in Nebraska
and North Dakota, now in their third year, tend to confirm the obser-
vations recorded for all stations during the growing season of 1905.
In only one case was the seed production of clover No. 16 satisfactory
under the method of taking two full crops. This was in southern
Indiana, where its yield was fully up to the average for other varieties.

95

LATER ORSKRVATIONS. 43

At Carlton, Oreg., on Mr. F. J. Canfiold's farm, another late Russian
strain, resembling No. 16 in many respects, gave a very satisfactory
yield of seed. In this case only one crop, the seed crop, was har-
vested, the field having previously been pastured quite closely with
hogs and sheep until early sunnner. Although cut at the same time
as the earlier strains, the late Russian form indicated such promising
yielding qualities as to insure a large crop of seed with proper handling.
The need for having all strains ready to hull at the same time made
necessar}' the too early cutting of this strain, which was obtained from
Ufa and has been previously referred to in connection with the experi-
ment in Ontario.

From the observations made on the seed production of clover No.
16, it is evident that the chief obstacle to the successful introduction
of the new variety into commercial culture rests on the fact that seed
true to type will be difficult to secure, and when it has been secured it
will require some time before a suflicient quantity will have been
propagated to sow any considerable area. For this reason it is sug-
gested that growers securing seed of this variety' from any source
whatever should devote the greater part of their field to seed produc-
tion. On account of its lateness it may not be possible, except in
southern parts of the clover region, where the seasons are long, to
secure both a hay and a seed crop in any one year. Therefore growers
in the North and Northwest are advised not to attempt to secure two
full crops, but rather to mow a light crop of hay late in May — say,
between May 20 and June 1 — and then allow the field to go to seed. In
sections where the practice of pasturing is permissible it may prove
more profitable to pasture the fields until about May 25 instead of
taking off an early cutting. The date of this cutting or of the pastur-
ing will of course vary in different sections.

On account of the persistence of the leaves and the general charac-
ter of plant, the straw that remains after hulling clover No. 16 should
furnish considerably more feed than that of the hairy type of clover.

The fact that the seedlings of the new clover are almost absolutely
free from hairiness may prove a help in determining the genuineness
of any sample. Where seed is purchased long enough in advance of
seeding to make it possible, the germination test could be prolonged in
pots for thirty days with a view to examining the seedlings. By this
time the ordinary clovers are very hairy, while No. 16 remains almost
perfectly smooth.

The Department of Agriculture is making an effort to secure a new
importation from the same source as the original seed used in these
experiments. This seed when obtained will be planted for the most
part in large fields in order to secure a supply for use in distribution
and for experimental work.

95

44 A NEW TYPE OF RED CLOVER.

A very interesting fact in connection with the 3-year-old plats
of the Orel clover, indicating either unusual cold-resisting qualities or
a tendency to become perennial, was noted both at Fargo, N. Dak., and
at Oakland, Nebr. In both of these cases the new type has the best
stand remaining of all the 20 or 21 strains used in the experiment; in
fact, at Oakland. No. 16 is the only plat on the field that has a full
stand.

In a report dated June 25, 1906, just received from Mr. Jolm P.
Young, he states that with the exception of Russian clover No. 16 all
of the plats have but a light sprinkling of plants from the old seed, and
he is of the opinion that the majority of these were produced from seed
matured in the autumn of the seeding year 1904. On a large portion
of the field not more than one or two plants appear on 10 square feet of
ground. Returning again to the Orel clover, Mr. Young refers to its
upright habit, abundant foliage, soft velvety texture, and the prefer-
ence that cattle show for it, and states that "it is the only strain on
the whole field that has a full stand from the first seeding."

This tendency to become perennial, the absence of hairiness, and the
other desirable qualities mentioned by Mr. Young continue to distin-
guish the new form from the ordinary type of red clover now in use.

SUMMARY.

Red clover, on account of its great value as a forage plant and
because of its power of renewing and maintaining the fertility of the
soil, is one of the most important crop plants of modern agriculture.

In the course of an extensive experiment with seed from different
sources there appeared a variety, hitherto not used in the United
States, possessing certain advantageous qualities which make it desir-
able to introduce it into American farming.

The seed of this variety was secured from the " Black Earth" region
in the eastern part of the Orel government of Russia. The soil and
climate of this section resemble strikingly those of our own north-
western prairie country, particularly Nebraska, Minnesota, and the
Dakotas.

This variety is distinguished by the dustlessness of its hay, due to
almost complete absence of hairiness from all parts of the plant, by its
heavy yields for the first crop, by its leafiness and the persistence of
the basal leaves, by the succulence of the stems, which improves
greatly the quality of the hay and reduces the waste due to woody,
uneatable portions, by greater palatability than hay from domestic
seed, and by the fact that it comes to proper maturity for harvesting
from ten days to two weeks later than the ordinary American red
clover.

95

SUMMARY. 45

Except in certain sections and for certain purposes this variety is
not recommended for siipplantinfi: domestic red clover, but rather for
supplementmo; the hitter.

Ahhoutdi the hairless Orel clover can be readilv distinguished from
the American form on the field, there is no a])j)arent difference in the
seed. The Department of Agriculture has at the i)resent time no seed
for general distribution, the supply on hand being sufficient only for
purposes of experimental propagation.

Before purchasing seed from foreign sources, purporting to be of
this variety, farmers are urged to take special precautions against the
mtroduction of dangerous weed pests and to assure themselves as far
as possible as to the genuineness of the seed.

95

PLATES.

95

47

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES,

Plate I. Frontispiece. Fig. 1. — Plant of liairless Orel clover, almost mature. Fig. 2.—
Mature plant of American red clover.

A portion of the pknt from which figure 1 was made has been deposited in the
United States Ni-tional Herbarium (No. 409983) as a type specimen of Trifolium
fratense Y&v. foliosum. Formalin material from the same plant is preseived in the
Laboratory of Plant Life History. ♦

Plate IL Fig. 1. — Stems, stipules, and bases of petioles of American and of hairless Orel
clover ill times natural size). Fig. 2. — Young plants of hairless Orel clover and
American red clover, showing smooth and hairy types (five-eighths natural size).

The photographs from which Plates I and H were made are of seventeen-months-
old plants of the second crop, grown on the farm of the Minnesota Experiment
Station, at St. Anthony Park.

Plate IH. Fig. 1. — Large plats used in clover experiments. North Dakota Agricultural
College, Agricultural College, N. Dak. (Negative by O. O. Churchill.) Fig. 2.— Small
plats used in experimental work, Ontario Agricultural College and Experiment Station,
Guelph, Ontario. (Photograph furnished by Prof. C. A. Zavitz.)

95
48

o

Bui 95, Bureau of Plant Industry, U S Dept of Agriculture

Plate II.

Bui. 95, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S Dept of Agriculture.

Plate III.

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[Continued from page 2 of cover.]
No. 43. Jiipanc.'so Baniboo.s. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

44. TIk! Bitter Hot of Apples. 1903. Trice, 15 cents.

45. Physiological R6le of Mineral Nutrients in Plants. 1903. Price, 5 cents.

46. Propajration of Tropical Fruit Trees, etc. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

47. The Description of Wheat Varieties. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

48. The Apple in Cold Storage. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

49. Culture of the Central American Kublx-r Tree. 1903. Price, 25 cents.

50. Wild Rice: Its Uses and Propa<;at ion. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

51. Miscellaneous Papers. I. The Wilt Disease of Tobacco and Its Control. II. The

Work of the Comniunitv Demon.stration Farm at Terrell, Tex., III. Fruit
._. Trees Frozen in 1904. "IV. The Cultivation of the Au.stralian Wattle. V.
Legal and Customary Weights per Bushel of S<'eds. VI. (Joldt ii Seal. 1905.
Piicc, 5 cents.

52. Wither-Tip and Other Disc^ases of Citrus Trees and Fruits Caused by CoUeto-

trichum Gteosporioides. 1904. Price, 15 cents.

53. The Date Palm. 1904. Price, 20 cents.

54. Persian Gulf Dates. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

55. The Dry Rot of Potatoes. 1904. Price, 10 cents. '

56. Nomenclature of the Apple. 1905. Price, .'30 cents.

57. Methods Used for Controlling Sand-Dunes. 1901. Price, 10 cents.

58. The Vitality and Germination of Seeds. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

59. Pasture, Meadow, and Forage Crops in Nebra.ska. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

60. A Soft Rot of the Calla Lily. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

61. The Avocado in P'lorida. 1904. Price, 5 cents.

62. Notes on Eg^'ptian Agriculture. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

63. Investigations of Rusts. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

64. A Method of Destroying or Preventing the Growth of Algte and Certain Pathogenic

Bacteria in Water Supplies. 1904. Price, 5 cents.

65. Reclamation of Cape Cod Sand Dunes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

66. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 10. 1905. Price, 20 cents.

67. Range Investigations in Arizona. 1904. Price, 15 cents.

68. North American Species of Agrostis. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

69. American Varieties of Lettuce. 1G04. Price, 15 cents.

70. The Commercial Status of Durum Wheat. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

71. Soil Inoculation for Legumes. 1905. Price, 15 cents.

72. Miscellaneous Papers: I. Cultivation of Wheat in Permanent, Alfalfa Fields.

II. The Salt Water Limits of Wild Rice. III. Extermination of Johnson
Grass. IV. Inoculation of Soil with Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria. 1905. Price,
5 cents.

73. The Development of Singlc-Geim Beet Seed. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

74. Prickly Pear and Other Cacti as Food for Stock. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

75. Range Management in the State of W^ashington. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

76. Copper as an Algicide and Disinfectant in Water Supplies. 1905. Price, 5 cents.
77- The Avocado, a Salad Fruit from the Tropics. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

78. Improving the Quality of Wheat. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

79. The Variability of Wheat Varieties in Resistance to Toxic Salts. 1905. Price,

5 cents.

80. Agricultural Explorations in Algeria. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

81. Evolutipn of Cellular Structures. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

82. Grass Lands of the South Alaska Coast. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

83. The Vitality of Buried Seeds. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

84. The Seeds of the Bluegrasses. 190.5. Price, 5 cents.

85. Tiie Principles of Mushroom Growing. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

86. Agriculture without Irrigation in the Sahara Desert. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

87. Disease Resistance of Potatoes. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

88. Weevil-Resisting Adaptations of the Cotton Plant. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

89. Wild Medicinal Plants of the United States. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

90. Miscellaneous Papers: I. The Storage and Germination of Wild Rice Seed. II.

The Crown-Gall and Hairy-Root Diseases of the Apple Tree. III. Peppermint.
IV. The Poisonous Action of Johnson Grass. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

91. Varieties of Tobacco Seed Distributed, etc. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

92. Date Varieties and Date Culture in Tunis. 1906. Price, 25 cents.

93. The Control of Apple Bitter Rot. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

94. Farm Practice with Forage Crops in Western Oregon, etc. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY- BULLETIN NO. 96.

B. T. (iALLOWAY, CAtc/o/^*reaM.

TOIIACCO BREEI)IN(i.

I!V

A. D. SHAMEL

AND

AV. W. COBEY.

In Charge of Tobacco Brekdincj Experiments,
Plant Hreedino Investtgattoxs.

Issued Mabch 12, 1907.

WASHINGTON:
government printing office.

19 0 7.

\

BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

All the scientific and technical i>ul)lic:itions of the Bureau of IMaut Inaustry.
which was or.u'aiiized July 1. 1001. are issued in a single series of bulletins, a
list of which follows.

Attention is directed to the fact that the publications in this series are not
for general distribution. The Superintendent of Documents. (loverniuent Print-
ing Ottice. Washington, D. C, is authorized by law to sell them at cost, and to
him all applit-ations for these bulletins should be made, accompanied l)y a pos-
tal money order for the reciuired amount or by cash.
No. 1. The Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price. 10 cents.

2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price. 20 cents.

3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price. 20 cents.

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 9. 1902. Priee; 10 cents.
G. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

7. The Algerian Durum Wheats. 1902. Price. IT) cents.

8. A Collection of Fungi prepared for Distribution. 1902. I'rice. 10 cents.

9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price. 10 cents.

10. Records of Seed Distrilnition and Cooperative Experiments with Grasses

and Forage Plants. 1902. Price. 10 cents.

11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price. 10 cents.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

13. Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. Price. 10 cents.

14. The Decay of Timber and Methods of Preventing It. 1902. Price. 55

cents.

15. Forage Conditions on the Border of the Great Basin. 1!)02. Pric-e. 15

cents.

16. A Preliminary Study of the Germination of the Spores of Agaricus Cam-

pestris and Other Basidiomycetous Fungi. 1902. Price. 10 cents.

17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

18. Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

19. Kentucky Bluegrass Seed. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

20. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

21. List of American Varieties of Vegetables. 1903. Price, 35 cents.

22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

23. Berseem. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

24. Unfermented Grape Must. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

25. Miscellaneous Papers : I. The Seeds of Rescue Grass and Chess. 11.

Saragolla Wheat. III. Plant Introduction Notes from South Africa.
IV. Congressional Seed and Plant Distribution Circulars. 1903. Price,
15 cents.

26. Spanish Almonds. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

27. Letters on Agriculture in the West Indies, etc. 1902. Price. 15 cents.

28. The iSIango in Porto Rico. 1903. Price. 15 cents.

29. The Effect of Black Rot on Turnips. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

30. Budding the Pecan. 1902. I'rice, 10 cents.

31. Cultivated Forage Crops of the Northwestern States. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

32. A Disease of the White Ash. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

33. North American Species of Leptochloa. 1903. Price. 15 cents.

34. Silkworm Food Plants. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

35. Recent Foreign Explorations. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

36. The •* Bluing " and the " Red Rot " of the Pine. 1903. Price. 30 cents.

37. Formation of the Siiores in the Sporangia of Rhizopus Nigricans and of

Phycomyces Nitens. 190:>. Price. 15 cents.

38. Forage Conditions in Eastern Washington, etc. 1903. Price. 15 cents.

39. The Propagation of the Easter Lily from Seed. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

40. Cold Storage with Reference to the Pear and Peach. 1003. Price, 15 cents.

41. The Commercial Grading of Corn. 1903. Price. 10 cents.

42. Three New Plant Introductions from Japan. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

43. Japanese Bamboos. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

44. The Bitter-^Rot of Apples. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

45. The Physiological Role of Mineral Nutrients in Plants. 1903. Price, 5

cents.

46. The Propagation of Tropical Fruit Trees and Other Plants. 1903.

Price, 10 cents.

47. The Description of Wheat Varieties. 1903. Price. 10 cents.

[Continued on page 3 of cover.]
96

Property cf the United States bovernmem.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY^ BULLETIN NO. 96.

]$. T. (i.VLLOWAY, Chief of Bureau.

TOBACCO BREEDING.

BY

A. D. SHAMEL

AND

W. \\'. COBEY,

In Charge of Tobacco Breeding Experiments,
Plant Breeding Investigations.

Issued March 12, 1907.

LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL

QARDEN

WASHINGTON:
government printing office.

1907.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway.

Pathologist and Physiologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods.

Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge.

inrestigations of Diseases of Fruits. Merton B. Waite. Pathologist in Charge.

Plant Brerdimi Investigations. Herbert .T. Webber, Thysiologist in Charge.

Plant Life History Investigations. Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge. ^ . , . .

Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist

in Olisi'^'c
Bionomic ^Investigations of Tropical and Suhtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist

in 0 ti 3, r **"€ .
Drug and'' Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney II.

True, I'hvsiologist in Charge.
Physical Laboratory. Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge.
Taxonomic Investigations. Frederick V. Coville. Botanist in Charge.
Farm Management Investitiations. William J. Spillman, Agriculturist m Charge.
Grain Investigations. Mark A. Carleton. Cerealist in Charge.
Arlington Experimental Farm. Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge.
^ugar- Beet Investigations, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge.
Western Agricultural Extension, Carl S. Scofield. Agriculturist in Charge.
Dri/ Land Agriculture, E. Channing Chilcott. Expert in Charge.

Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge. , . ^

Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists

in Charge. „ . ^ -, ^

Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes. Superintendent.
Seed and Plant Introduction Investigations, David Fairchild, in Charge.
Forage Crop Investifjations. Charles V. Piper. Agrostologist in Charge.
Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge.

Grain Standardization, John D. Shanahan. Expert in Charge. _

Mississippi Valley Laboratoru. St. Louis. Mo.. Hermann von Schrenk, Expert in Charge.
Subtropical Laboratory and Garden. Miami. Fla.. Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge.
Plant Introduction Garden. Chico, Cal.. Palemon H. r>orsett. Pathologist in Charge.
Cotton Culture Farms, Seaman A. Knapp, Lake Charles, La., Special Agent in Charge.

Editor, J. E. Rockwell.
Chief Clerk, James E. Jones.

Plant Breeding Investigations.

scientific staff.

Herbert J. Webber, Physiologist in Charge.

Alkali and Arid Plant Breeding: T. II. Kearney, Physiologist in Charge; L. L. Harter,

Scientific Assistant. „..,.. ^,_ t. t^ ^ c ■ ^-^

Corn Breeditig: C. P. Hartley, Assistant Physiologist in Charge ; E. B. Brown, Scientific
Assistant

Cotton Breeding: D. A. Saunders and D. X. Shoemaker, Special Agents in Charge of Cot-
ton Laboratories, Waco. Tex. ; R. L.- Bennett, in Charge of Cooperative Work. Texas
Ao-ricultural Experiment Station ; S. >I. Bain, in Charge of Cooperative Work, Tennes-
see Agricultural Experiment Station ; E. B. Boykin, Special Field Agent ; H. A. Allard,
Scientific Assistant. .

Oat and Potato Breeding: J. B. Norton, Assistant Physiologist in Charge.

Tobacco Breeding: A. D. Shamel, Physiologist in Charge: W. W. Cobey, Special Field
Agent ; W. W. Garner, Scientific Assistant ; W. H. Scherfflus, Tobacco Expert.

3
96

LEITI-R OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. Department of Agriculture,

BuREAi' OF Plant Industry,

Office of the Chief,
Washington^ D. 6'., September 25, 1900.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper on "Tobacco
Breeding,*' by Messrs. A. D. Shaniel and W. W. Cobey, of the Phmt
Breeding Investigations of this Bureau, and would recommend
its publication as Bulletin No. 9G of the Bureau series.

The tobacco-breeding work of the Bureau of Plant Industry has
now been under way for several years, and results have been obtained
which have attracted widespread attention and proved of very
great value to practical tobacco growers. This l)ulletin is intended
to summarize the results secured up to date and to place the
knowledge obtained before growers in such a form that they will
be able to understand it and apply it in the practical work of im-
proving their crops. The experiments have shoAvn that tobacco can
be improved in many important ways, and the methods by which
such improvements can be produced are here described in detail.
The illustrations form a very important part of the publication
and are necessary to enable the grower to understand clearly the
character and improvements discussed in the text of the bulletin.
Respectfully

^','

Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

B. T. Galloway,

Chief of Bureau.

96

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction '

The great variability of tobacco plants 9

The introiliution and accliinatizatinn i>f varieties 12

The structure and arrangement of Howers 17

The necessity for inljreeding 22

The improvement of the shape of leaves 26

The modification of the size of leaves 29

The control of the number of leaves on individual plants 33

The production of nonsuckering types 35

The production of early varieties 37

The improvement of the burning quality 39

The selection of seed plants 't'^

Records of breeding work made in the field -t"

Permanent records of breeding work 52

Methods of saving seed 54

Seed separation 57

Disease resistance 60

A new variety produced by seed selection:

Uncle Sam Sumatra 62

New varieties produced by hybridization and seed selection :

The Cooley hybrid 64

The Brewer hyl^rid 66

Description of plates 70

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES.

Plate I. Fig. 1.— Connecticut Cuban tobacco plants raised in 1903 from unse-
lected freshly imported seed, showing generally undesirable types.
Fig. 2. — Crop of Connecticut Cuban tobacco plants raised in 1905
from seed saved from best plants selected from the field shown in

figure 1 , showing uniformly a desirable type 72

II. Fig. 1. — Type of Connecticut Cuban tobacco plants saved for seed
production. Fig. 2. — The progeny of a single parent plant of
Connecticut Cuban tobacco raised from seed saved under bag 72

III. Two types of Connecticut Cuban tobacco which have been inbred

for three years, showing the value of the practise of inbreeding in
tobacco 72

IV. Two rows of Connecticut Sumatra tobacco showing variation in type.

Row on right, Greenleaf type; row on left, Sumatra type 72

5

96

6 ILLUSTRATIONS.

fsLge.
Plate V. Two tobacco plants of same age showing variability in the produc-
tion of suckers 72

VI. Fig. 1. — Four tobacco plants of the same age showing variation in
time of maturity. Fig. 2. — Two rows of Connecticut Broadleaf
tobacco showing the possibility of the production of early strains.
Row on right raised from the seed of an early plant, and row on

left from seed of a jilant maturing at the usual time 72

VII. Two rows of Connecticut Sumatra tobacco grown under uniform
conditions. Row on right, poor burning type; row on left, per-
fect burning tyjie 72

VIII. Two rows of Connecticut Sumatra tobacco showing variability in

type. Row on right, Belgian type; row on left. Crumple type... 72
IX. Fig. 1. — Two rows of tobacco plants showing the results of the use
of heavy and light tobacco seed. Row on left, raised from heavy
seed; row on right, from light seed. Fig. 2. — A row of Connecticut
Sumatra plants affected with wilt in comparison with a row of

plants of the same variety grown from resistant seed 72

•X. Two rows of Cooley Hybrid tobacco grown under shade 72

TEXT FIGURES.

Fig. 1. Belgian type of Connecticut Sumatra tobacco plant 15

2. Typical leaf of Belgian type of tobacco 16

3. Diagrammatic sketch of tobacco flower 18

■1. Three tobacco flowers at proper stage for emasculation, and the

scissors and forceps used in emasculating flowers 20

5. Diagrams showing the superiority of broad over narrow leaves for

cigar- wrapper purposes 27

6. Tobacco seed plant at proper stage of maturity for the application of

a paper bag 55

7. Tobacco seed plant showing arrangement of a paper bag for the pro-

tection of the flowers from cross-fertilization 56

8. Tobacco seed separator 58

9. Typical plant of Uncle Sam Sumatra tobacco 62

10. Typical leaf of Uncle Sam Sumatra tobacco 63

11. Typical plant of the Cooley Hybrid tobacco 64

12. Typical leaf of the Cooley Hybrid tobacco 65

13. Typical plant of the Brewer Hybrid tobacco 66

14. Typical leaf of the Brewer Hybrid tobacco 67

96

B. r. I. — 234.

TOBACCO BRl-EDIXG

INTRODUCTION.

The ojrowing importance of the tobacco iiuhistrv may be realized
from a brief summary of the estimates of the vahie of the crop in the
United States in the season of IDOCi. About 700,099 acres of tobacco
were grown, producing an average yiekl of 857.2 pounds to the acre,
or a total of 682,428,530 pounds. The average value of the crop was
10.0 cents a pound, or a total of about $08,232,047. AVhile it is
almost impossible to comprehend the magnitude of the value of the
manufactured products of tobacco, a glance at the total figures may
convey some idea of the development of this great and distinctively
American industry. In 1900 the total value of the manufactured
products of tobacco was $283,070,540. These products may be divided
into three general classes, of which the values were as follows : Cigars
and cigarettes, $100,223,152; chewing, smoking, and snuff products
$103,754,302; stemmed and rehandled tobacco, $19,099,032. In the
manufacture of these products 142,277 people were employed, who
earned a total wage of $49,852,484. In addition to the tobacco grown
in the United States there was imported into the United States in the
year ended June 30, 1900, $4,143,192 worth of tobacco in a manufac-
tured condition and $22,447,514 worth of unmanufactured prod-
ucts, making the total value of the importations during this period
$20,590,700. During the same time the exports of manufactured
tobacco were valued at $5,410,480, and of unmanufactured tobacco
at $28,808,307. In 1891 the tobacco industry furnished almost
$50,000,000 revenue to the Federal Government, and the revenue from
this source now amounts to about one-eighth of the Government's
total net receipts.

The United States now grows by far the largest quantity of tobacco
produced by any country in the world. AATiile tobacco Avas grown by
the first settlers in the colonies and was one of their principal cash
crops, the extensive development of this industry has been a matter of
comparatively recent years. The introduction of tobacco into the
different sections of the United States, with their widely varying

7

96

b TOBACCO BREEDING.

conditions of soil and climate, has resulted in the production of types
adapted to the soils and conditions of these sections, as well as supply-
ing a product for the varied manufactures now demanded by the
consumers of tobacco. Improvements in methods of culture, curing,
and fermentation have resulted in the production of tobacco having
an increased value, but the most important factor in the development
of more valuable tobaccos has been the production of improved
varieties by seed selection and breeding. The jDroduction of these
improved varieties adapted to local soil and climatic conditions has
made possible the rapid development of the industry and enabled the
United States in a comparatively short time to rank as the foremost
tobacco-producing country in the world.

The prosperity of the tobacco industry as a whole and of the
growers in particular depends on the development of improved
varieties of tobacco adapted to the demands of manufacturers and
consumers. There is no crop which responds so readily to breeding as
tobacco, as has been proved by the experiments of the writers, and it
is further true that without careful selection and breeding there is
no crop which so quickly deteriorates in yield and quality. The
extent of the areas in the United States in which the conditions of
soil and climate are suitable to tobacco culture is almost unlimited,
so that it seems possible that by giving attention to the production of
varieties adapted to those conditions this country can continue to
produce an increasingly large yield of valuable tobaccos.

The experiments of the writers have shown that it is possible to
increase the yield and improve the quality of the crop by seed selec-
tion and breeding. The methods of breeding worked out in the
course of these experiments are simple and practical and can be
carried out by every growler with little or no extra cost in the pro-
duction of the crop. The fact that tobacco is perfectly self-fertile
and that self-fertilized seed produces more uniform and better
developed plants than seed resulting from cross-fertilization within
the variety makes it possible by the adoption of proper methods of
saving seed to make rapid progress in the improvement of the crop.
Improvement in the shape, size, and quality of leaves or increase
in the number of leaves borne by the individual plants, all of
which can be attained by breeding, means increased profits to the
growers and manufacturers, and therefore is of vital interest to all
who are interested in the production, manufacture, and consump-
tion of this crop.

The production of new varieties of tobacco by hybridization and
selection is a most important phase of tobacco breeding. The new
hybrids of native Xew England varieties with standard- foreign-
gi'own varieties, combining certain valuable characters of both par-

96

GREAT VARIABILITY OF TOBACCO PLANTS. 9

ents, described in this bulletin, nre good illustrations of the use of
breeding in the improvement of the tobacco crop. The making
and testing of hybrids are matters of experiment and recjuire con-
siderable time and expense, but experience has shown that the
results justify the necessar}' expenditure.

The production of improved breeds of live stock and varieties of
fruits and cereals, in fact, of all crops, might be cited to prove the
importance of applying the principles of breeding to the tobacco
crop. It is only recently that systematic breeding experiments have
been imdertaken. It is hoped that the results of the experiments
cited in this bulletin will serve as a means of creating general inter-
ost in this subject and of inducing investigators, breeders, and grow-
ers to turn their attention to the further improvement of their crops.

Tobacco growers in the sections where these experiments have
been carried on have generally adopted the improved methods of
bagging carefully selected seed plants and of separating the seed,
and they are using the improved varieties of tobacco produced in
the course of these investigations. In most of these districts cer-
tain men have become interested in the careful and systematic breed-
ing of tobacco.

THE GREAT VARIABILITY OF TOBACCO PLANTS.

Under the intensive system of cultivation necessary for the pro-
duction of profitable crops of tobacco, the condition of the soil,
the fertilization, and the cultivation are fairly uniform so far as
individual fields are concerned. In those tobacco-growing sections
where the best grades are produced it is a common practise to grow
tobacco year after year on the same field without rotation, instances
being known where more than fifty consecutive crops have been pro-
duced on the same field. This system of cropping enables the grow-
ers to become thoroly familiar with the character of the soil in all
sections of the fields, so that an}^ inequality in fertility can be reme-
died by the judicious application of manures or commercial fertili-
zers, or by methods of cultivation. Xotwithstanding these favorable
circumstances for the production of uniform plants, a careful study
of the plants in these fields reveals a great lack of uniformity as
regards all characters. This lack of uniformity is particularly
noticeable with respect to the variation in number, size, venation,
shape, and habit of grow^th of the leaves borne by individual plants,
the time of ripening of the leaves on the same plant and on different
plants, the number and size of the suckers, and the structure and
arrangement of the flowers and flower heads. From the jDractical
standpoint, there is no more important problem in tobacco culture
than the production of uniform crops. A lack of uniformity in the

96

10 TOBACCO BREEDING.

crop not only results in a lov\^ yield, as a whole, and more especially
of the best and most profitable grades of the cured and fermented
product, but also increases the cost of sorting out the different
types of leaves into their respective grades for market, the expense
of which must be borne directly or indirectly by the grower.

The principal cause of the lack of uniformity in tobacco is cross-
fertilization. In tobacco, as in all other crops, seed resulting from
cross-fertilization produces many plants unlike either parent. There-
fore such seed is undesirable for the general planting of a crop
where uniformity is so important a factor, "^^liere the tobacco seed
plants are grown without protection from cross-fertilization some
of the flowers are cross-fertilized by insects or other agencies. De-
sirable plants may thus be crossed with undesirable plants in the
same field or in adjoining fields, and the plants grown from the seed
thus produced are usually extremely variable, some of them resem-
blino- the desirable plants from which the seed was harvested, others
resembling the inferior plants from which the pollen was carried
for crossing, while the remainder are of an intermediate type, un-
suited to the purpose for which the crop is grown, and therefore
causing a loss to the grower. The writers have observed number-
less cases in different tobacco-growing sections where several dis-
tinct and worthless new types appeared m the fields, the plants of
which were grown from carefully selected seed. These undesirable
types could only be accounted for by the accidental crossing of the
seed plants the year preceding or at some previous time. The cross-
ing of individual plants of the same strain, even if both are desirable
plants, results in undesirable variations, many of which are appar-
ently reversions to earlier and unimproved types of tobacco.

In those varieties of tobacco in which the buds are removed long
before the flowers open on all of the plants except those saved for
seed production, or where early topping is practised, the opportunity
for the crossing of the flowers borne by the seed plants with other
plants in the same field is almost wholly limited to the seed plants.
However, it frequently occurs that late or diseased plants, or pos-
sibly sucker branches that have been overlookt, develop flowers
which open at just the right time to allow insects to cany the pollen
from these flowers to the seed plants and thus effect cross-fertiliza-
tion. There is little doubt that many of the plants of irregular and
unusual types are produced as a result of this kind of cross-fertiliza-
tion.

An important cause of variation in tobacco plants is the use of
immature seed. Many growers cut off or harvest the seed heads
before all of the seed pods have turned brown; hence, before ma-
turity. The writers have observed hundreds of instances where the

96

GREAT VARIABILlTi OF TOBACCO PLANTS. 11

seed plants have been cut off while many of the flowers were still in
bloom. On such seed heads seed pods in all stages of maturity can
be found. Some of the pods are fully ripe and contain mature seed,
while others have not fully developed. Much of the seed is imma-
ture and contains little food for the nourishment of the plantlet.
These seed heads are frequently thrashed out with a flail or the pods
are crushed by the hands in order to shell out the seed. In this way
the immature seed is mixt with the ripe seed sown in the seed
beds. In the seed beds the immature seed frequently sprouts earlier
than the mature seed, and the early seedlings grown from such seed
are naturally used for transplanting in the field. Such plants have
a great tendency to vary, in some cases being very early, and as a
rule having leaves that are small, coarse, and wholly undesirable for
any purpose. These weak, innnature tobacco seeds, according to
careful and extensive observations by the writers, j)roduce plants
which are more subject to certain diseases, particularly the mosaic
disease, than are plants grown from mature seed.

The excess of plant food in the soil where heavy applications of
barnyard manure and commercial fertilizers are used is usually
thought to produce variations in the plants. This variation is usually
shown by an increase in the size of the leaves, which is generally
correlated with changes in color, flavor, and other characters. In
these cases there is usually a tendency for the type of plant to break
up, so that the imiformity of the crop is disturbed. Where it is
necessary to use large quantities of fertilizers in the growing of a
profitable crop, the inclination to variation induced by this intensive
system of cultivation must be controlled by the most rigid selection
of seed from the type of plants best adapted for the purpose for
which the tobacco is grown.

The change of soil and climatic conditions, particularly the taking
of tobacco seed from southern or tropical conditions to the north,
is a fertile source of variations in tobacco. The fixation of a uniform
type in this case requires several years of acclimatization, supple-
mented by selection of seed from the desirable plants.

In the production of improved varieties of tobacco by breeding, va-
riation in type can be secured by crossing, and by continued saving of
self-fertilized seeds from plants most nearly reaching the growers'
ideal of perfect plants uniform types can be fixt. Growers will fre-
quently find plants that are markedly better than the rest of the plants
in the field, so that by selecting these desirable variations a steady im-
provement in the yield and quality of the crop can be effected. Vari-
ation, therefore, is a basis for selection in an experimental way, but
in practise every effort must be put forth in order to secure uni-

96

12 TOBACCO BREEDING.

formity of the plants in the field and thus produce the most profit-
able crops.

The variations in tobacco plants may be divided into two general
classes — variation in type and individual variability within the type.
The causes of the variations in type, or striking variations, include
crossing and change of soil and climatic conditions, particularly the
change of seed from the Tropics to temperate regions. The causes
of individual variations within the type include the fortuitous va-
riations or inherent tendency to variability, methods of soil fertili-
zation and cultivation, maturity of seed, and various local conditions.
AYith an understanding of these conditions the grower can to a great
extent control the degree of variability by methods of saving seed,
systems of cultivation, and other practical methods of culture.

THE INTRODUCTION AND ACCLIMATIZATION OF VARIETIES.

The introduction of the seed of standard foreign-grown varieties
of tobacco has been the source of increased wealth and prosperity
in certain tobacco districts of the United States. In other regions
such importations have resulted in great financial loss to the grow-
ers, which in most cases has been due to a lack of knowledge of the
effect of the change of soil and climatic conditions on the particular
type of tobacco grown. The writers have had an unusual opportu-
nitv in the course of their work to observe the behavior of crops
grown in different tobacco-gi^owing sections from imported seed, and
have conducted extensive experiments in taking seed from one dis-
trict to another, with a view to securing definite information on
this subject for the benefit of the growers. The results of these
observations are presented here for the guidance of tobacco growers
who desire to use foreign-grown seed or who wish to change their
seed.

The western Florida and southern Georgia Sumatra tobacco in-
dustry is an illustration of the successful introduction of a foreign-
grown variety of tobacco. Tobacco growers in this region secured
small samples of the seed of the Sumatra variety of tobacco from
the island of Sumatra. At first small experimental crops were
grown and seed saved from the best plants in these crops. In the
course of this exj^erimental cultivation it was noticed that the
plants grown under the partial shade of trees in freshly cleared
fields produced finer and more desirable leaves for cigar wrappers
than the plants grown in the open. This fact led to the erection of
an artificial shade over the fields, made of slats laid on a suitable
framework. This method of growing tobacco was introduced about
1896 by ]Mr. D. A. Shaw, of Quincy, Fla. Later, other groATers

96

INTRODUCTION AND ACCLIMATIZATION OF VARIETIES. 13

usod a coarse cheese cloth as a substitute for the shits. The shade
method of growing tobacco in this region has developed rapidly,
and at the present time several thousands of acres of tobacco are
irrown under either slat or cloth shade, and the industry has become
established on a i)n)fitable and successfid basis. During this time
considerable attention has been paid to the production of a uniform
type of tobacco adapted to the climatic and soil conditions of this
section by the saving of seed from carefully selected plants of the
Sumatra variety.

\\'hen Sunuitra seed was first introduced into Florida the variety
broke up into a number of ditferent types, some of which wau-e de-
sirable, while others were undesirable. By reason of the small crops
grown from such seed, the loss to the growers from the production
of undesirable types of plants was not very great. The growers
naturally saved for seed those plants which produced the most de-
sirable types of tobacco, and as a result of continued selection of
this kind a fairly uniform type of tobacco which was adajited to
the local conditions in this section was secured. As the demand for
this Florida-grown Sumatra tobacco developed, resulting in in-
creased acreages, seed was at hand which was thoroly acclimatized
for planting the larger area devoted to this crop. From time to
time the tobacco planters in this region have obtained small quanti-
ties of seed from Sumatra, but in such cases this seed has been
o-rown in a verv limited wav in verv small fields until it has been
acclimatized and uniform types have been secured by seed selection.

About the time of the Cuban revolution it became apparent that
the supply of Cuban-grown tobacco for the use of cigar manufac-
turers in the United States might become limite(Lby reason of the
unfavorable conditions for tobacco growing then prevailing in Cuba.
Under these circumstances it was thought to be a propitious time
to introduce the growing of Cuban tobacco into southern Florida,
where the conditions of climate and soil were believed to be similar
to those of Cuba. Considerable public interest was aroused in this
project, and as a result large quantities of Cuban-grown seed were
secured and planted in certain sections of Florida. The crops raised
from this seed proved to be a disappointment to the growers: The
change of soil and climatic conditions resulted in the breaking up
of the type of the Cuban variety into a large number of sorts, some
of which were desirable, while others were undesirable. Many of
the plants developed a branching habit of growth, bearing very
small, undesirable leaves of poor quality, resulting in a very low
yield of an inferior tobacco. One of the main causes of failure
was the lack of understanding on the part of the growers of the
effect of the change of conditions on the type of tobacco and their

96

14 TOBACCO BKEEDING.

neglect to appreciate the necessity of securing strains of plants by
seed selection of the desirable types adapted to the particular con-
ditions of soil and climate in southern Florida. If the acclimatiza-
tion of these strains had been accomplished by seed selection in
small fields, with little loss to the growers, the strains could have
been grown on a more extensive scale with better chances of success.

In order to illustrate the necessity for the acclimatization of a
variety of tobacco before it is grown on an extensive scale, the
successful experiments of the Bureau of Soils in the introduction of
Cuban tobacco in Texas may be cited. After a previous unsuccess-
ful attempt by farmers in Texas to grow Cuban tobacco from
freshly imported Cuban seed the Bureau of Soils began systematic
experiments in growing small fields of tobacco and saving the
seed of the most desirable plants according to the method described
in this bulletin. In these crops certain plants were -found which
produced leaves possessing the flavor and aroma desired in a high-
grade filler tobacco. The seeds from these plants were saved under
bag, and their product has been found to possess the desirable char-
acters of the parent plants. This tobacco has been sold at profitable
prices, and the area devoted to the growing of this crop is being
gradually extended in order to meet the demands of the manufac-
turers for this grade of filler tobacco. In northern Florida the
tobacco growers, as a result of their experience with the imported
Sumatra seed, experimented in growing, in the open, small fields of a
cigar filler tobacco of a variety the seed of which was originally
introduced from Cuba. This variety of Florida filler tobacco is
now being grown extensively and profitably in that section.

The best illustration of the effect of a change of climatic and
soil conditions upon the character of a variety of tobacco is found
in the experience of tobacco groAvers in the Connecticut Valley in
the planting of Florida-grown Sumatra seed and seed of the
Sumatra variet}^ imported from the island of Sumatra. As dis-
cust in an article upon the improvement of tobacco by breeding
and seed selection in the Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture
for 1904," tobacco growers in the Connecticut Valley in the seasons
of 1901 and 1902 grew extensive crops from seed introduced from
Florida and Sumatra. In a careful examination of these fields it
was found that the change in conditions had resulted in the breaking
up of the type of the variety, so that several distinct types of tobacco
were found growing in the same fields. Some of these types of
plants produced well-rounded leaves, with fine venation and the
elasticity, strength, gloss, grain, and other characters necessary in

0 Shamel, A. D. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1904, pp. 435-452.
96

INTKODUCTION AND ACCLIMATIZATION OF VARIETIES.

15

a lii«rh-«;iacle ci^rar wiiii)in'r tobacco. However, many of tlie types
of plants j)roilucc(l l()n<r. narrow, coarse, pointed leaves, wholly
unsuiti'cl for ci<i:ar wrapper manufacture. In the case of another
inferior type it was found that the leaves would not burn, altho
the reniainin<; characters were those of a desirable grade of tobacco.
It was impossible to sort out this type, even by the most careful
inspection of the crop, and, as a result, when the manufacturers
wrapt cigars with leaves of this type and found that the wrapper
would not burn, the (piality of the entire crop was condennied.
Certain other types of plants protluced leaves of such thin texture
or light body that when wrapt on cigars and allowed to dry out the
wrapper frequently broke, or when
the consumer carried the cigars in
his pocket the wrappers were easily
injureil.

One of the most striking types of
plants produced in the crops grown
from this imported seed was the
Belgian tyj^e, an illustration of
which is shown in figure 1. In this
case the plants bore leaves measur-
ing from 30 to 40 inches long and
onh' from 5 to 10 inches wide.
These leaves, as shown in fiirure 2,
were very pointed in shape, with
coarse, angular veins, and as the
cured tobacco lacked the appearance
necessary for a cigar-Avrapper to-
bacco its production was a total
loss to the growers. The variation
in type was accompanied by ditfer-
ences in time of maturity, so that
the cost of the growing and har-
vesting of these crops was greater than in the case of uniform
crops. The mixture of types was accompanied by great variation as
regards the individual plants of each type. In many cases plants
bearing 25 leaves were found growing by the side of plants pro-
ducing 10 leaves. Marked variations in size and shape of leaves
and in the number of suckers borne by the individual plants w^ere
observed, and as a result it Avas found that the comparatively small
number of desirable types could not make up for the loss in the pro-
duction of undesirable and worthless grades of tobacco. As a nat-
ural consequence of this condition the extensive culture of this vari-
ety of tobacco from imported seed has been abandoned, and the grow-

96

Fig. 1. — Belgiiin type of Connecticut Suma-
tra tobacco plant. These long, narrow
leaves with oblique veins, coarse te.xture,
burn very poorly, and after curing light
green color are almost absolutely worth-
less for cigar- wrapper purposes. This type
appeared lu crops grown in the Connecti-
cut Valley from Florida-grown Sumatra
seed.

16

TOBACCO BREEDING.

ers now have small fields and are selecting those plants producmg
the most desirable grade of cigar-wrapper tobacco with a view to
securing strains Avhich are adapted to the conditions of the Connecti-
cut Valley. In the experimental fields of the Bureau of Plant Indus-
try, covered with cloth shade, where seed of de-
sirable plants has been saved under bag for three
seasons, uniform strains, which are absolutely
free from the unusual or distinct types observed
in the fields from which the original selections
of seed were made, have been produced.

A few of the growers of the Sumatra varietv
in the Connecticut Valley introduced Cuban-
grown seed and used it for planting their general
crops. In these fields the breaking up in type
was not so noticeable as in the case of the Suma-
tra variety, but the effect of change of conditions
in the variety was shown in the production -of
so - called freak plants. These plants had a
branching, or suckering, habit of growth, bearing
very small, sharply pointed, coarse leaves that
were worthless for cigar-wrapper purposes. In
a careful study of the plants in these fields it was
found that at least one-third of the entire crop
consisted of these freak plants.

In one of these fields the writers made selec-
tions of seed plants of the most desired type,
bearing the size, shape, and general character of
leaves adapted for cigar wrappers. This seed
was saved under bag, and a similar plan has
been followed up to the present time.

In Plate I, figure 1, the original crop raised
from freshly imported seed from which the seed
selections were made is shown. In Plate I,
figure 2, is shown a crop grown on the same field
after two generations during which the seed was
saved under bag. As can be seen from the
illustrations, this method of seed selection and
bagging has produced a uniform type of to-
bacco without the freaks and other undesir-
able types of the original crop. It is fortunate that on this farm
the planter saved seed in the open for his own use from the same
field. The crop grown from such seed was visited during the season
of 1905 by the writers, in company with Dr. H. J. Webber and several
tobacco growers, and was found to contain a large proportion of
freaks; in fact, about the same proportion as the crop grown from

96

Fig. 2.— Typical leaf of
Belgian type of tobacco,
showing the character-
istic shape, venation,
and other characters of
this variety which are
wholly unsuited for ci-
gar-wrapper manufac-
ture. The presence of
such types of leaves re-
duces the value of the
crop and is detrimental
to the reputation of the
variety of tobacco in
which they are pro-
duced.

STRUCTURE AND ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS. 17

freshly imported seed. In other words, the seed saved under hag pro-
duced uniform strains adapted to soil and climatic conditions in this
section, while seed saved in the open and subject to cross-fei-tilization
with freaks and other undesirable types produced about the same pro-
portion of freak plants as the crops grown from the freshly imported

seed.

The writers during the past season planted in Florida Connecticut-
grown seed of the Sumatra variety. It was found that while there
was a noticeable change in the shape of leaf and in some minor char-
acters in the Florida-grown tobacco, there was no violent breaking
up of type or indication of unusual variability. This experiment
and other observations have led the writers to believe that the effect
of chaniriuff seed from the north to the south is not accompanied by
such marked changes as when seed is taken from tropical conditions
to northern latitudes.

In summing up the observations on this subject it can safely be
said that it is a dangerous policy to plant large crops of tobacco
with imported seed or with seed from a very different section. In
most cases it has resulted in failure and caused considerable loss to
the growers. The general crops should be planted from seed pro-
duced under the same conditions as the crop which is to be grown. If
it is necessary to change the seed or desirable to test imported vari-
eties, it should be done on a small scale, followed by a most careful
selection of seed plants, and the seed should be saved under bag, safe
from cross-fertilization.

THE STRUCTURE AND ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS.

A careful study of the tobacco flower is one of the most essential
factors in the beginning of tobacco breeding. Successful results,
particularly in the production of new varieties, can seldom be ob-
tained until one becomes familiar with the structure of the parts of
the flower and the manner in which these parts perform their sev-
eral functions. A full realization of the ease with which crossing
takes place can only be obtained in this way, and, as has been pre-
viously stated, the prevention of promiscuous cross-pollination is
of first importance in the production of a desirable and uniform type
of tobacco.

The tobacco flowers are arranged upon a branching determinate
flower head, which appears when the middle leaves are about half
grown and continues to develop and produce new flowers during the
rest of the life of the plant. Figure 3 is a diagrammatic sketch of
a tobacco flower, showing the parts of the flower and the general way
in which pollination takes place. The calyx (a) is the outer, green,
five-parted, floral envelop at the base of the flower which serves to
15507— No. 96—07 m 2

18

TOBACCO BEEEDING.

protect the flower in the bud. The corolla (6) is the delicately
colored floral envelop inclosing the reproductive organs of the flower.
Its color tends to attract insects, which are the principal agents ir.
cross-pollination. Next inside the corolla are the five stamens, which
are the male reproductive organs of the flower. Each stamen consists
of the filament (^), supporting the anther (j) in which the pollen
grains (A) are produced. The central organ is the pistil, or female
part of the flower. The terminal enlarged portion (g) is the stigma.

The pollen grains (k) adhere to the
^ surface of the stigma (g) and germi-

nate, sending an extremely minute tube
(/) down thru the central conductive
tissue (h) of the style (/). This tube
extends into the cavity of the ovary (d)
and finds its way into the ovule (71)
thru a small duct or micropyle (m),
where fertilization takes place. Other
ovules (e) are fertilized by other pollen
tubes. These ovules develop into seeds
after fertilization. The ovary is two-
celled, with a fleshy central placenta
( c ) on which the ovules are borne. The
early capsules mature always before
flowering ceases. The shape of the deli-
cately colored corolla is somewhat tubu-
lar, or, perhaps, more nearly like an
elongated funnel. It is comparatively
small from the basal end to a point
about two-thirds the distance to the ter-
minal end of the flower. At this point
it enlarg'es suddenlv to more than twice
the size of the basal part of the tube
(fig. 3). It is composed of 5 petals,
which coalesce to form the corolla tube,
and separate only at the extreme end.
The tobacco flower is symmetrical. The number of sepals and
* stamens is always the same as the number of petals, but these floral
circles do not remain constant, varying rather indefinitely in different
strains and even among individuals of the same strain. Trimerous
flowers, or flowers with three parts in each flower circle, have been
found growing on the same plants with pentamerous flowers, or
those having five floral parts. This is the exception, however, and
not the rule.

The tobacco flower is naturally self-fertile, and plants grown from

Fig. 3.— Diagrammatic sketch of tobacco
flower.

96

STRUCTURE AND ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS. 19

self-fertilized seed are ahvays stronger and more vigorous than those
from cross-pollinated seed when the crossing is within the variety.
In SprengeFs discourse on the cross and self pollination of plants
the statement is found that '* nature seems to have wished that no
flower should be fertilized by its own pollen." Later. Darwin stated
that " nature abhors perpetual self-fertilization," but, unlike Spren-
gel, recorded a number of exceptions to this rule, and tobacco was
among them. The experiments of the writers conclusively substan-
tiate the findings of Darwin in this connection. They have found
self-pollination in the case of tobacco to be most desirable in all cases.

A very interesting phenomenon of growth takes place in the fila-
ments of the stamens immediately after the opening of the flowers,
which can be taken* as an evidence of the natural self-fertilizing
habits of the plants. An examination of the flower just previous to
the time of opening will reveal the fact that the pistil is longer and
extends up beyond the stamens, but when the anthers open and the
stigma becomes receptive a very rapid growth of the filaments takes
place, which causes the open pollen sacks to be pushed up past the
stisma, and in almost all cases thev come in direct contact with the
stigma in passing upward. This gives an opportunity for at least
a portion of the pollen grains to adhere to the viscous surface of the
stigma and for self-fertilization to take place, as shown in figure 3.
It is just before this process occurs or while it is in progress that
there is danger of, or opportunity for, cross-pollination. The open
flower contains a small drop of nectar at the base of the corolla tube,
which is sought by honeybees, bumblebees, and humming birds, as
well as by many species of minute insects, all of which carry pollen
from flower to flower and from plant to plant in their constant search
for the honey-like substance secreted in the corolla tube. In passing
in and out of the flowers the bodies of the bees and other insects and
the beaks of the humming birds become dusted with pollen, which is
transported by them to the pistils of the next flower visited. The
ovules are as readily fertilized by pollen from the surrounding-
plants as by the pollen from the flower in which they are produced.
This continuous crossing necessarily results in the introduction and
intermixture of poor and undesirable varieties in our best strains of
tobacco.

The observations of the writers plainly show the absolute necessity
for protecting the flowers of the seed plants from cross-pollination.
Careful experiments have demonstrated that in many instances the
stigma of the tobacco flower remains in a receptive condition for
three or four days. This condition results in a twofold disadvantage
when no protection is used against cross-pollination. In the first
place, it affords abundant time and opportunity for complicated

96

20

TOBACCO BREEDING.

crossing, for each flower is visited many times a day by various in-
sects and often by humming birds ; and, secondly, it brings about con-
ditions favorable for the production of seed of weak vitality. Pre-
vious experimenters have pointed out the fact that the best seed is not
produced as a result of premature or late pollination, either of which
is likely to occur in the case of tobacco flowers under natural con-
ditions. When fertilized only by pollen of the same flower, the
pollination takes place at exactly the right time, or when the stamens
push past the receptive stigma, which results in the production of a
superior grade of seed.

The readiness with which tobacco flowers can be cross-fertilized
greatly facilitates the opportunity for producing new and valuable

varieties by artificial cross-
ing. In the course of the
experiments here recorded
it has been found per-
fectly possible to combine
certain desirable qualities
found in different strains
and at the same time to
eliminate some of the un-
desirable characters by pro-
ducing hj'brids between
strains of tobacco.

The method of cross-pol-
lination used in the experi-
ments of the writers is to
remove all capsules, open
flowers, and flower buds
from the flower head ex-
cept those which are in the
proper stage of develop-
ment to open within the following twelve or fifteen hours. In
preparing these remaining flowers they must be carefully opened
and emasculated by the use of a scalpel, small scissors, and a fine pair
of forceps, as illustrated in figure 4. Great care must be taken in re-
moving the anthers before they have dehisced, in order to avoid
injury to the stigma. The emasculation should be done in the after-
noon, after which all of the flowers must be carefully covered with a
thin paper bag as a protection against insects or other agencies
whereby pollen might be transferred to them. In the forenoon of
the following day the emasculated flowers should be ready for polli-
nation, but the exact time for applying the pollen must be determined
in the case of each individual flower by the appearance of the viscid,
stickv fluid on the surface of the stigma. The pollen from the male

Fig. 4._Three tobacco flowers at proper stage for emascu-
lation, and the scissors and forceps used in emasculat-
ing flowers. The corolla of the central flower has been
opened in order that the anthers may be conveniently
removed. The flower on the left has been emasculated
preparatory to cross-pollination.

96

STRUCTURE AND AHHANGEMENT OF FLOWERS. 21

parent plant can be best applied to the stigma of the female with the
point of a scal])el or other sharp instrument. When applied with a
brush there is danger of some of the pollen grains adhering to the
hairs of the brush after each o[)eration, resulting in considerable
mixture of pollen, but where the scalpel is used there is no difliculty
in removing all the pollen after each operation. The paper bag
must be replaced over the flowers as soon as they have been pol-
linated, and must be allowed to remain until the seeds have set and
all danger of crossing has past.

In crossing it is not essential that both of the parent varieties be
grown in the same conmiunity. Pollen from tobacco flowers when
thoroly dry will keep for several weeks or longer without deteriora-
tion. The writers have sent pollen thru the mails a distance of more
than a thousand miles with perfectly satisfactory results. When
not intended for innnediate use, it should be harvested when perfectly
dry and carefully taken otf the anthers after they have dehisced
and become dried out. These dry anthers may be put in small
vials, and the pollen kept long enough for all practical purposes,
provided the vials are carefidly corked and kept dry.

The large number of seed produced in a single pod and on a single
plant makes it possible to obtain definite results from selection or
hybridization in tobacco much more quickly than in the case of most
other i)lants. Careful counts show that from 4.000 to 8.000 seeds are
produced in a single pod of nornuil size, and an estimate of the aver-
age number of pods on each plant shows that the ordinary tobacco
plant produces from 500,000 to 1,000,000 seeds. In many cases the
writers have secured from 1 to 1| ounces of seed from a single plant
when the seed has been saved under bag according to the method out-
lined in this bulletin. This large number of seeds gives an excellent
opportunity for testing each selection or cross on a large scale. The
quantity of seed produced varies inversely with the number and size
of leaves on the plant. The production of a large number of good-
sized leaves is almost invariably accompanied by the production of a
small quantity of seed.

On account of the large quantity of seed produced l^y a single
plant under normal conditions and the fact that the various charac-
ters of a tobacco plant are inherited so strikingly and uniformly by
its progeny the following year when the seed is saved under bag, pro-
tected from cross-fertilization, it is possible for the tobacco grower
to secure uniformity with a considerable degree of improvement in
type, quality, and yield by one year's selection. One plant often fur-
nishes enough seed for an entire crop, and the plants raised from this
seed always produce a very uniform lot of tobacco when cross-fertili-
zation is not allowed to take place.

96

22 TOBACCO BREEDING.

THE NECESSITY FOR INBREEDING.

In the season of 1903 the writers, in company with Dr. H. J. "Web-
ber, visited the tobacco fiekls of the Connecticut Valley in response to
a request of the growers for assistance in the production of uniform
strains of tobacco by breeding and seed selection. During the survey
of this region with a view to gaining an idea of the variability of the
varieties of tobacco, it was determined to inaugurate a series of ex-
periments in a practical way for the investigation of the methods of
saving seed.

In view of the results of the investigations of Darwin and others
on the comparative vigor of growth, seed production, and other char-
acters of tobacco plants raised from seed obtained by cross and by self
fertilization " the seed of select plants of the different tvpes of tobacco
was protected from cross-fertilization by inclosing the flower heads
with a light but strong form of paper bag. Other seed plants were
saved without such protection, as is ordinarily done by the tobacco
growers. The seed harvested from these seed plants was saved sepa-
rately, stored in small glass vials adapted to this purpose, and labeled
according to the system now in use by the breeders in the plant breed-
ing investigations of the United States Department of Agriculture.
The record of the number of leaves, size, thickness, shape, and color of
leaves, number of suckers, height of plant, habit of growth of leaves
and plants, time of maturity of leaves and seed, and other characters
was kept according to the system used by Doctor Webber, modified
by the writers for use in keeping a pedigree of tobacco varieties.

The seed of the plants finally selected for experimental purposes
was sown in ordinary seed beds, separated into many small sections
by thin board partitions, each of which was capable of holding 500
seedlings. The seedlings from these separate seed-bed plats were
transplanted to separate rows or plats in the experimental field, each
row or plat being carefully labeled so that the plants could be traced
directly back to the original seed plants. The manuring, or fertili-
zation, and preparation of the soil in the experimental field and the
transplanting, cultivation, and harvesting of the plants were all
conducted with the greatest possible care to give all of the rows or
plats equal opportunity for growth. For instance, the seed of all of
the plants of a variety was sown the same day, and at the proper
time the seedlings of this variety were all transplanted the same day.
At the time of harvest the leaves of the individual rows or plats were
primed or the plants cut on the same day, and the leaves or plants
were hung in the curing shed, so as to get as nearly uniform condi-

1 Darwin, Charles. Cross and Self Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom,
pp. 203-215.
96

NECESSITY FOR IXRREEDING. 23

tions for curing as ^vol•o consistent with the practical liandling of the
crop. The leaves of i)lants selected for scimI were harvested sepa-
rately and labeled so that the i)roduct. of each plant could be intelli-
gently used in comparative tests of the cured aud fermented crop.
This labeling process involved considerable extra work and attention
in the field, curing sheds, and warehouses, but was absolutely neces-
sary for a definite selection of seed plants for the next season's use,
based on the character of the fermentetl tobacco.

The rows or plats of plants grown from seed of individual i)lants
saved under bag, i. e., self -fertilized seed, showed remarkable uni-
formity in type, size, shai)e, and appearance of leaves, habit of
growth, and all other characters, and conformed closely to the type
of the parent plants from which the seed was saved.

Plate II, figure 1, shows a type of parent plant and Plate II,
figure 2, the progeny of this plant, raised from self-fertilized seed.
From this illustration it can be seen that the transmitting power of
tobacco is most strongly marked and the i)rogeny of plants raised
from inbred seed remarkably uniform in all characters, every plant
closely resembling the parents. In the hundreds of tests of this char-
acter Avhich have been carried on by the writers during the past three
seasons, not only in the Connecticut Valley but in Maryland and
Florida, the benefits to be derived from using inbred tobacco seed
have been confirmed and emphasized. It is true that some plants
have the power of transmitting their characters to their jirogeny
more strongly than others, but on the whole every case under obser-
vation has offered additional evidence of the value of the practise of
saving tobacco seed under bag, free from possible cross-fertilization.

The continued saving of self-fertilized seed for three seasons
has furnished no evidence of a decrease in the rate of growth or
constitutional vigor of tobacco plants as a result of this practise.
On the other hand, by reason of the selection of the best plants in
the different varieties every season there has been a marked increase
in the productiveness and the general vigor of constitution of the
varieties under consideration. This conclusion is emphasized by the
vigorous and productive strains of Connecticut tobacco shown in

Plate III.

Self-fertilization is the closest possible degree of inbreeding, and
it is the general impression that this practise is usually associated
with a loss of vigor of growth, with a predisposition to disease, and
other undesirable results. In tobacco, so far as our experience goes,
this does not happen, and the exact opposite of this condition obtains,
viz, that inbreeding is beneficial to the general development of the
variety.

It is unfortunate that it is impossible to present tabular data at

■ 96

24 TOBACCO BREEDING.

the present time showing the behavior of plants raised from arti-
ficially cross-fertilized seed within the variety in comparison with
plants raised from self-fertilized seed. The principal object of this
work has been the achievement of practical results, so that the
opportunity for scientific observations and experiments has been
necessarily limited. However, the writers have had the privilege
of making careful observations on the results of saving seed from
plants grown under large field tents and comparing the plants raised
from such seed with the plants raised from self-fertilized seed.
Under these tents there is little opportunity for cross-fertilization
with other varieties, except thru the small doors opening into these
tents, which are kept closed all of the time when persons or teams
are not actually passing thru them, so that there is little likelihood
of bees or other insects passing in and out. The probability is that
the cross-fertilization that takes place is wholly between the plants
saved for seed in these tents or with other plants under these shades
that are in bloom at the proper time for cross-pollination.

The comparison of the plants raised from seed saved under these
field tents and exposed to cross-fertilization with the surrounding
plants and of j^lants of the same variety raised from seed protected
from cross-fertilization by paper bags shows that self-fertilized
seed produces more uniform, vigorous, and productive plants than
the open- fertilized seed, which is to a greater or less extent cross-fer-
tilized between plants of the same variety.

It appears that the cross-fertilization of tobacco seed, even tho it
occurs between good individuals, has a tendency to seriously break
up the type. Along with the variability of type induced by cross-
fertilization, it frequently happens that many freak plants resembling
the wild species appear; these can only be explained with our present
knowledge of the subject as reversions. Such freak plants are not
usable for profitable manufacture, and consequently are a source of
loss to the growers.

The size and weight of seed from the inbred plants are equal to
and in most cases greater than the seed saved from open-fertilized
plants. In a series of comparative tests of the two kinds of seed
in the case of four varieties grown in the Connecticut Valley it was
found that the inbred seed was heavier and larger than the cross-
fertilized seed. The total quantity of seed harvested from the
open-fertilized plants usually exceeded that of the inbred plants.
This was due to the fact that in the case of the inbred plants more
of the seed-bearing branches were removed than where the plants
were allowed to set seed under natural conditions, in order to adapt
the seed head for the best possible development under the paper
bags. Where an equal number of seed pods was examined for

96

NECESSITY FOR INBREEDING. 25

•

yield of seed the inbred seed equaled or exceeded in quantity the
cross-fertilized seed in the \ ariety. In the case of hybrid^^ or in
the crossing of two distinct strains or varieties the yield of seed,
as well as rate of growth of the hybrid plants, was greater than that
of the inbred seed and plants. It is true that some of the improved
inbred strains produce but little seed compared with unimproxed
types of the ^;ame variety. Inbred strains have been selected tor
increased yield and number of leaves, which seem to be correlated
with lessened seed production. The same correlation holds true
where open-fertilized strains have been selected for increased num-
ber and total yield of leaves.

The rate of germination of the inbred in comparison with the
cross-fertilized seed was thought to be slower in some of the experi-
ments carried on in the season of 1904. However, further compari-
sons have failed to bear out this conclusion, and it is the belief of
the writers, based on careful observations on this subject, that the
inbred seed sprouts as rapidly as the cross-fertilized seed. It seems
probable that in the cases observed by growers in lOO-t a ditf'erenco
in moisture content of the rotted apple-tree fiber, the medium used
for sprouting, was the cause of the apparent differences in time of
sprouting. So far as the writers' observations go, the inbred seed
produces more rapidly growing plants than the open-fertilized seed,
and consequently earlier plants for transplanting. There is no doubt,
further, that the inbred seed produces a larger proportion of seed-
lings for transplanting at one time than the open-fertilized seed,
which is an important matter to the tobacco grower, who is fre-
quently forced to wait for seedlings on account of the lack of uni-
formity of plants in beds sown with open-fertilized seed.

Darwin's conclusions on the comparison of tobacco plants raised
from inbred and cross-fertilized seed for three years are as follows: "

Taking the plants of the three generations altogether, the crossed show no
superiority over the self-fertilized, and I can account for this fact only by sup-
posing that with this siiecies, which is perfectly self-fertile without insect aid,
most of the individuals are in the same condition as those of the same variety
of the common pea and of a few other exotic plants which have been self-fer-
tilized for many generations. In such cases a cross between tv\'o individuals
does no good ; nor does it in any case, unless the individuals differ in general
constitution, either from so-called spontaneous variation or from their pro-
genitors having been subjected to different conditions. I believe that this is
the true explanation in the present instance, because, as we shall immediately
see. the offspring of plants which did not profit at all by being crossed with a
plant of the same stock profited to an extraordinary degree by a cross with a
slightly different subvariety.

a Darwin, Charles. Cross and Self Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom,
p. 210.
96

26 TOBACCO BEEEDING.

These conclusions of Darwin were based upon greenhouse and gar-
den tests, ^A•here, of course, it was not possible to study and compare
the characters of quality or the value of the tobacco from the inbred
and cross-fertilized seed. The observations of the writers upon to-
bacco grown in the field under normal conditions in the different
tobacco-growing sections bear out the conclusions of Darwin on this
subject, and show, further, that the inbred seed produces more profit-
able crops of tobacco than the seed resulting from open or cross fer-
tilization within the variety.

THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE SHAPE OF LEAVES.

The shape of the leaves is a very important factor in determining
the value of all classes of tobacco, and is of first and particular im-
portance in cigar-wrapper varieties. Many varieties which possess
some of the most desirable characteristics of high-grade wrappers are
totally A^alueless for this purpose on account of the narrowness of the
leaves. From such leaves it is impossible to cut cigar wrappers eco-
nomically. The manufacturer of cigars demands a leaf which is wide
and well rounded at both ends. This shape admits of the best op-
jDortunity for cutting into wrappers of the desired shape and size
with the least possible waste, while the long, pointed leaf will yield
very few wrappers, and a very considerable proportion of it must be
consigned to the waste pile.

The long, pointed leaf is not only undesirable because of its shape,
but the texture toward the basal end is jDoorly adapted for cigar
wrappers and the grain is usually unevenly distributed. In such
cases a large part of each leaf can be utilized only for binders or
low-grade fillers. A striking example of leaves of this character
may be found in the case of many strains of Connecticut and of
Pennsvlvania Broadleaf varieties. AMien working these varieties
the manufacturer expects to cut wrappers from the middle portion
and tips of the leaves only, while the remainder of the leaves, often
half or more, must be used as binders or for filler purposes. A
wider leaf and one which is more nearly round would yield many
more wrappers to the pound and would be proportionately more
valuable.

In addition to being wide, with well-rounded tips, the best wrap-
per leaves must have small, fine veins which are widely separated
and which form an obtuse or right angle with the midrib. The
veins in narrow leaves extend along down the leaf toward the tip,
are coarse, and present a very unattractive appearance when wrapt
on cigars, while in the case of wide leaves the veins usually extend
out toward the edge of the leaf and are almost perpendicular to the
midrib, smaller in size, and wider apart. In some of the strains of

IMPROVEMENT OF SHAPE OF LEAVES.

27

Broadloaf tobacco which have been improved by careful seed selec-
tion and breeding the veins are sufficiently wide apart to allow
wrappers for cigars of standard size to be cut between the veins.
Such wrappers have a very smooth, attractive appearance on cigars,
and where they can be cut in this way the waste material from
each leaf is exceedingly small. Figure 5 illustrates the superior
value of the wide over the narrow form of leaf for cutting wrapjK'rs
economicallv. Attention is also called to the character of venation

Fig. 5.— Diagrams showing the superiority of broad over narrow leaves for cigar-wrapper purposes: A,
broad leaf; wrapper cuts numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. B, narrow leaf; wrapper cuts numbered
la, 2a, 3a, and 4a. Waste indicated by hatching. Not only do the broad, round leaves yield more
cigar wrappers, but on account of the venation and other characters they produce wrappers of

superior quality.

in the two leaves shown. It will be observed that the veins extend
out almost directly toward the edge of the leaf from the midrib in
the case of the w^ide leaf (A), while in the case of the narrow^ leaf
(B) the veins run upward, and, consequently, wdien used as wrap-
pers injuriously affect the appearance of cigars.

The variability of the plants in the field in respect to shape of
leaf is found upon close observation to be more striking than the
variability in many other characters. The variability of strains of

96

28 TOBACCO BREEDING.

tobacco grown from the seed of the same variety and under similar
conditions as respects shape of leaves is shown in Plate IV. It is
ver}' important that this variability be reduced to the minimum,
and the writers have found that it is possible to greatl}^ reduce the
variability by systematic seed selection. Plants producing leaves
which are very long and narrow are frequenth" found growing be-
side others with well-rounded leaves of a desirable length. Plants
bearing leaves of the ideal cigar-wrapper shape and those that were
totally worthless on account of their shape, as well as many grada-
tions between these extremes, have been found growing side by side.
In the case of a field of Florida tobacco grown from freshly im-
ported Sumatra seed a similar variability was observed in the sum-
mer of 1905. The production of leaves of undesirable shape results
in a direct loss to the grower and manufacturer alike. The cost of
production to the grower is no greater where the leaves are all of
uniform size and shape, and the cost of grading is greatly reduced.

In nearly all varieties of cigar-wraj^per tobacco, most of the leaves
are small and narrow near the basal end and this portion of the
leaf is seldom wide enough for wrapper purposes. Figure 5, A,
shows a leaf wide at both ends, from which wrajDpers may be cut
down to the extreme basal end, thus avoiding the waste which can
not be avoided in the form of leaf shown in figure 5, B. It is im-
l^ortant to produce the form of leaf shown in figure 5, A, not only
because it will yield more wrappers to the pound and necessitate
very much less waste in cutting, but because more wrappers to the
acre may be obtained.

The variability in the shape of leaves on the same plant is often
very marked, and may be as readil}' corrected by proper methods
of seed selection as the variation among the individual plants in
the field. The size and shape of the individual leaves on almost
all plants varj more or less, but on some much more than others.
An occasional plant will be found on which the leaves are compara-
tively the same size and shape from the top to the bottom of the
plant, Avhile in other cases there are marked differences in this
respect. AMiere this uniformity is found the top leaves are seldom
as thick or heavy as where there is a lack of such uniformity, and
therefore a larger percentage of the leaves is adapted for cigar-
wrapper purposes.

By selecting for seed the j^lants possessing leaves of the most
desirable shape from top to bottom and protecting them from cross-
fertilization, it is possible to produce a crop which Avill be uniformly
like the parent plant. It can be plainly seen that this will result
in a larger vield to the acre of much more valuable tobacco because
of the uniformly well-shaped leaves, best adapted to cigar-wrajjper

96

MODIFICATION OF SIZE OF LEAVES. 29

I^urposos, and this inny he aoconiplishcd \vi(h no additional expense
to the grower.

Tlie shape of the leaf in certain types of smoking tobacco largely
determines its adaptability to both soil and market conditions. In
Maryland it has been found cenerallv true that a broad leaf gives
best results on very light sandy soil, and is best adapted to the
demands of the (lerman market, while a somewhat narrower or
longer leaf is more desirable on heavy clay soil; from this latter
t3^pe the highest grades of red tobacco are produced to meet the
requirements of the markets of France. In the case of Maryland
tobaccos the shape of leaf is usually correlated with the number of
leaves, there being more leaves to the plant where they are narrow
than in cases where they are broad. The writers have observed many
exceptions to this rule and have found that by keeping this point in
mind when selecting seed jilants it is possible to find round-leaved
plants producing a large number of leaves, and to procure varieties
from these plants which will produce a large number of uniform
leaves and at the same time a grade of tobacco w'hich will be adapted
to the demands of the market for which it is grown.

It is within the power of the tobacco grower to produce the shape
of leaf best adapted to the purposes for which his tobacco is grown,
and to continually improve the shape and gradually bring it up to
the ideal of a perfectly shaped leaf, by carefully selecting seed
plants year after year which ]:>roduce leaves most nearly approach-
ing this ideal. In all cases if uniform tyi)es are to be produced
cross-pollination must be prevented, in order that the progeny the
following vear mav inherit onlv the characters of the desirable
parent plants.

THE MODIFICATION OF THE SIZE OF LEAVES.

The modification and control of the size of tobacco leaves is of
almost equal importance to the improvement of their shape, and
the size is so intimately associated with the shape that both features
can be dealt with along the same lines in the improvement of
tobacco by breeding and seed selection.

The purpose for which the crop is groAvn must always determine
the most desirable shape and size of the leaf, and the individual
grower must decide for himself what size and shape will be best
adapted to the local market demands. The importance of producing
a comparatively definite and uniform size of leaf is well recognized
by the manufacturers of all classes of tobacco. In the case of the
Maryland Smoking tobacco grown for export purposes it is difficult
to procure a leaf which is too large for the highest market demands,
especially when it is grown for the French market. In most cases

96

30 TOBACCO BREEDING.

the leaves are too small. This defect may be remedied to a con-
siderable extent by selecting for seed those plants which have the
largest leaves, and at the same time this will result in a material
increase in the yield of the crop. When grown for plug wrappers,
the size of the leaf is as important and worthy of as careful con-
sideration on the part of the grower as when grown for cigar wrap-
pers. In the manufacture of certain brands of plug tobacco the
entire side of the leaf is used for one wrapper, which method is
often preferable to using large leaves which have to be cut into two
or more wrappers. Where this system is followed, leaves are de-
manded which are comparatively narrow and of sufficient length to
cover the standard size of plug with the least possible waste.

A careful study of the size of wrapper desired by the manufac-
turer will give the grower a very definite idea of the most desirable
size of leaf to produce, and by selecting plants having this style of
leaf for seed the grower is enabled to produce uniformly the type of
tobacco which will be best adapted to his market conditions.

In cigar-wrapper varieties of tobacco the size is of as much impor-
tance as the shape of the leaf. A short, wide leaf is always the kind
most in demand, and has the advantage of being much less suscepti-
ble to injury in the curing barn. The manufacturers of certain
brands of cigars prefer to cut only two wrappers from each leaf,
and for this reason demand a very small, round leaf. Most man-
ufacturers prefer a leaf sufficiently large for cutting two or more
wrappers from each side, for the reason that nearly all classes of
cigar-wrapper tobacco may be used more economically in this way.
The size of Sumatra leaf most "desired at present is about 16 inches
long and sufficiently wide to admit of the most economical cutting.
When leaves become very much larger than this there is danger of
coarse venation, altho this can be very largely controlled by select-
ing for seed only those plants which produce leaves that have small,

fine veins.

The question of venation is very intimately associated with both size
and shape of leaf, and a certain correlation seems to exist between
these characters. The writers have been able to produce types hav-
ing leaves of desirable shape and size in which the venation is fine
and in every way desirable. The experiments that have been con-
ducted with this end in view prove beyond a doubt that these im-
portant characters may be successfully correlated and largely con-
trolled by methods of selection and saving seed.

In curing tobacco in the barn the size of the leaf has been found to
be an important factor. This has been clearly shown in the breeding
experiments in the Connecticut Valley during damp curing seasons.
One of the objects sought in Connecticut has been to secure a shorter

96

MODIFICATION OF SIZE OF LEAVES. 31

and rounder leaf than is now being produced in the Havana Seed and
Broadleaf varieties. Numerous crosses have been made and hybrids
produced with this end in view, and considerable progress has been
made in securing a rounder leaf in the native varieties by careful
seed selection. It has been invariably observed that these round-
leaved varieties and strains have suifered much less injury from
pole-sweat than the old standard varieties. This difference is attrib-
uted to the fact that in the case of the old long-leaf varieties the
leaves after wilting hang down close around the stalk and adhere
to one another, thus preventing the proper circulation of air when
it is most needed for successful curing; while in the shorter, round-
leaf types, the leaves stand out from the stalk, do not atlhere closely
together, and admit air freely to all the leaves on the i)lant, thus
preventing in a large measure the injurious etfects of pole-sweat or
liouse-burn. The importance of the size of leaf from this standpoint
can not be too strongly emphasized. The loss in the Connecticut
Valley, as well as in many other sections of the country, due to pole-
sweat often takes away the profit of the crop and is keenly felt by
tobacco growers. The best crops are occasionally totally ruined by
pole-sweat after they have been grown successfully and put into the
barn in good shape. Therefore it can be plainly seen that the pro-
duction of shorter, rounder leaved varieties in sections of the country
where pole-sweat is disastrous will result in great profit to the tobacco
growers and packers. Crops which have been badly injured in the
barn are a source of endless trouble, and are very expensive to sort
and pack successfully.

For cigar-filler purposes a comparatively small, short, and thick
leaf is demanded. The small leaves are usually thicker and have
better body and a very much better aroma and flavor than large, thin
leaves. It has been definitely demonstrated from observations made
by experimenters on the island of Cuba and from the observations of
the writers made in certain filler districts of the United States that
the best and most aromatic fillers are always obtained from plants
producing comparatively small leaves. Plants which in a way seem
to represent dwarf types or strains almost invariably produce leaves
which have a much higher aromatic flavor than can be obtained from
I)lants of the same variety producing larger and finer leaves.

In an attempt to improve the aroma of some of our domestic filler
types thru breeding and selection the Department of Agriculture is
endeavoring to produce new types of Cuban tobacco with very small
leaves, with the belief that such types will have a superior aroma and
will excel the filler grades which are now being grown in this coun-
try. These experiments have not advanced far enough to admit of
any very definite conclusions, but they have indicated very clearly

96

32 TOBACCO BREEDING.

that it is possible to produce better fillers by originating and per-
petuating small-leaved varieties of tobacco. The yield from such
types has been comparatively small, but by setting the plants closer
together it is believed that there will be very little decrease in the
yield to the acre in the production of small leaves uniformly thruout
the crop.

The great variation in the size of leaf which is found in nearly all
tobacco fields makes it possible to breed up and fix varieties which
will produce uniformly the size of leaf most desired to meet special
market demands. Plants producing small leaves are found growing
along with those producing large leaves when all are, as far as we
know, of exactly the same variety and grow under equal and uniform
conditions. This variation is undoubtedly due to promiscuous acci-
dental cross-pollination which has taken place in preceding genera-
tions. This variation in size as in shape of leaf also occurs much
more strikingly on some individual plants than on others. Plants
may be found in all tobacco fields with leaves of comparatively the
same size and shape from the top to the bottom of the stalk, while in
the majority of instances they are much smaller near the base and
top than the middle of the stalk. By selecting seed plants that pro-
duce leaves which are uniformly of the desired size and shape from
top to base of plant and by covering the flower heads with light
paper bags, leaves very uniform in this respect may be grown the
following year from seed saved in this manner.

Any tobacco grower will recognize immediately the advantages to
be gained by producing types of tobacco in which the leaves on all
of the plants are uniform in size and shape and where the leaves on
the individual plants are likewise uniform in this respect from the
top to the bottom of the plant. The yield of the crop will be mate-
rially increased, as will the value of the tobacco, while the cured
product from such fields will be much more uniform in the packing
house and the cost of handling proportionately reduced. The writers
have already secured striking uniformity in some of the best strains
of cigar and smoking tobaccos grown from seed which they have se-
lected carefully and systematically for three years, and have found a
considerable increase in the yield and value of the crop grown from
such varieties.

A recognition of the importance of producing this uniformity is
emphasized by the great number of demands made upon the writers
for seed of these improved strains. It is easily within the power of
tobacco growers to improve their present strains of tobacco in the
shape and size of leaf, as well as in other characters, by selecting
for seed the plants which are most nearly perfect in these respects
and by saving the seed under bag according to the methods outlined

96

CONTROL OF NUMBER OF LEAVES. 33

in this hnllotin, in this way provontinf; intorniixtim' with undesirable
strains by accidontal cross-pollination.

THE CONTROL OF THE NUMBER OF LEAVES ON INDIVIDUAL -

PLANTS.

The variation in the inunbor of leaves borne by individual i)lants
is just as marked as the variation in size and shape, but the size and
shape are not always correlated with the number of leaves. In a <!:en-
eral way it has been the observation of the writers that in ci<2:ar-
wrapjx'r tobaccos the plants which produce the best-shajied leaves
usually i)roduce more than the average nunil)er of leaves. The varia-
tion in the number of leaves on individual i)lants irrown in the same
field may be almost invariably attributed to the lack of systematic
seed selection, to crossin<j:, and to the use of a large proportion of
light, weak seed in planting. The variation may be correlated with
the height of (he plants or the length of the internodes, or both.
Dill'erent strains of the same variety are extremely variable in respect
to the number of leaves produced, and until pure strains are devel-
oi)ed no A'ery great degree of uniformity in the number of leaves
borne by individual plants in the crojis may be expected. The pro-
duction of strains true to type and uniform in the number of leaves,
as well as other characters, is made possible by the careful selection
of seed.

The control of the number of leaves is directly associated with the
yield of the crop, and bears a very important relation to success in the
handling and curing processes. The possibility of procuring a larger
number of desirable leaves on each plant thru careful selection of
seed is no longer doubtful, as is clearly borne out by experiments in
tobacco breeding. An increase in the production of leaves borne by
individual plants has been effected without any increase in the height
of the plants and with no detriment to the quality of the tobacco.
The reduction in the height of the plants is especially important in
Sumatra tobacco grown under shade. It is difficult to prime or pick
the top leaves from plants over 7 or 8 feet high, and it would not be
advisable for the grower to produce plants which must be topt
above that height. The most convenient height for a tobacco shade is
about 9 feet. A tent higher than this would be difficult to build, and
would be more liable to damage from severe windstorms; hence the
necessity for keeping plants below this height by growing more
leaves on each plant or by producing plants bearing shorter inter-
nodes. The Sumatra and Cuban varieties have a tall habit of
growth, with long internodes, but respond readily to methods of
breeding in the production of shorter stalks and shorter distances
between the leaves. \

15507— No. 90—07 M 3

34 TOBACCO BKEEDING.

In all the varieties of tobacco which the ^Yrite^s have improved by
seed selection and breeding the internodes are short and the number
of leaves proportionally greater in the improved strains. In a care-
ful count of the number of leaves to the plant in a good field of
Sumatra tobacco the average Avas found to be between 19 and 20,
while the records made in the breeding plats of strains of tobacco
originally grown from the same seed as the general field where these
leaves were counted show that the number of leaves was increased by
two years' selection to an average of between 23 and 24. The breed-
ing plats and the general field were grown under exactly the same
conditions in order to eliminate any influences outside of the results
of careful seed selection for the production of a greater number of
leaves. The leaves produced on the plants giving an increased num-
ber were equal in size and more desirable in shape than those from
stalks producing a smaller number.

The increase in yield due to the production of a greater number of
leaves on individual plants and to shortening the internodes may be
secured by systematic seed selection with no additional cost to the
grower. Aside from the increase in yield, the quality of the leaf when
there is a large number of leaves borne by the stalks is usually better
than when the stalks produce but few leaves. This is particularly
true in cigar and high-grade smoking tobaccos. None of the im-
proved types of Sumatra tobacco have leaves sufficiently close together
to cause any deterioration in the quality or texture of the leaf during
the curing process. In the case of certain types of export and plug
tobaccos and in some of the northern-grown cigar-tobacco varieties
an increase in number of leaves is not desirable, for the reason that it
is conducive to pole-sweat when the crop is being cured. It is further
true in the case of these varieties that if the number of leaves. is in-
creased without shortening the internode. the plants will become too
tall for expeditious handling. Therefore, it is necessary in certain
varieties of tobacco to keep the leaves down to a certain definite num-
ber, with a desirable length of internode.

It is entirely possible for the grower to control largely the number
of leaves by careful seed selection and in this way produce uniformly
the plants which give the number desired. Care must always be taken
in selecting for a large number of leaves not to increase the number
at the expense of leaf uniformity. Only plants having leaves uni-
form in size and shape should be selected for seed purposes, and this
selection must be kept up with unremittent persistency from year to
year in order to hold constant the characters of improved strains of
tobacco after they have been produced.

A large number of leaves to the plant is almost invariably closely
correlated with a much lessened tendency to sucker and with de-

96

PRODUCTION OF NONSUCKERING TYPES. 35

creased seed jjrodiic-tion. The i)laiit footl in such cases g^oes to the
leaves, wliere it is most needed, and not into the production of suckers
and of seed, which wouhl he a loss to the grower. A large growth of
leaf greatly retards the growth of suckers, and in some instances types
have been produced which were comparatively suckerless — i. e., types
which i)roduced only very few and small suckers. These types are
de^iral)le not only from the standpoint of an increased leaf produc-
tion, but the expense of suckering is in a large measure eliminated.

'I'he habit of growth of the leaves, whether erect, or at right angles
to the stalk, or drooping, greatly influences the number of '* sand " or
ground leaves obtained from the crop. When the leaves are drooping
or pendent on the stalk the tips of a number of the lower ones come in
contact Avith the ground and are often covered with sand or beaten
and bruised by heavy rains, and are therefore partially or totally
damaged. This loss of the lower leaves of the stalk can be very
largely overcome by carefully selecting for seed those plants on which
the leaves have an u])right or erect habit of growth. This very
important point in the habit of growth of the plant is often over-
lookt, but can be easily controlled by systematic selection. In view
of the fact that the sand leaves are not nearly so valuable as those
Avhich have not been injured in this way, it is highly desirable that
this habit of growth of the plant be kept constantly in mind when
selecting plants for seed purposes.

The number of leaves on plants of a drooping habit of growth is
sometimes greater than where the leaves grow erect or in an upright
position, but where a large number of the lower leaves are badly
damaged a larger number of the best grade of wrappers may be ob-
tained from plants producing a somewhat smaller number of leaves,
but all erect. Individual plants producing a large number of the
desirable erect leaves may be found, however, and such plants should
be saved for seed under bag in order to propagate the strain the fol-
lowing year.

THE PRODUCTION OF NONSUCKERING TYPES.

The number and size of suckers borne by individual tobacco plants
are subject to considerable variation. In making selections of seed
plants in many tobacco fields the writers have found plants bearing
from 8 to 12 large suckers, and in the same fields other plants pro-
ducing only one or two small suckers. In Plate V are showm two
plants growing side by side in the field, at about the same stage of
maturity, one of which bore five large suckers, while the neighbor-
ing plant bore only one small sucker. Instances of this kind are
common in most tobacco fields. As can be seen in the illustration the
nonsuckering plant has a larger number of more rounded leaves

96

-86 TOBACCO BREEDING.

than the suckering plant, which condition is usually true in all such
cases. ,

The production of many large suckers is usually correlated with
the development of few, heavy, dark, and usually narrow, pointed
leaves. This condition is explained on the ground that the large
sucker branches take from the plants the elements of plant food
which otherwise would be utilized in the development of many
broad, round leaves. The jDossibility of securing nonsuckering types
of tobacco was suggested in the course of a series of experiments in
the improvement of cigar-wrapper tobaccos. In the selection of seed
plants great care was exercised to pick out those bearing the largest
number of rounded leaves with fine veins. In the course of the
stud}^ of the progeny of these plants it was observed that few suckers
were produced by the most desirable types of jDlants. The continued
observations on this subject have confirmed the conclusions that
there is a correlation between the number, shape, and character of
the leaves borne by individual plants and the number and size of
suckers produced by these plants.

The number and size of the suckers produced by the plants in all
tobaccos is an important practical problem from several standpoints.
Owing to the dwarfing and otherwise injurious effect of the suckers
it is necessary to remove them by breaking them off, or to *' sucker "
the plants, as the process is commonly called. There is great danger
of breaking, tearing, or injuring the leaves during the suckering
process, and this causes much loss in cigar-wrapper varieties, as the
injured cigar-wrapper leaf is rendered practically worthless. A care-
less laborer frequently causes great loss to the grower during "the
process of suckering the plants. Owing to the fact that the suckers
do not develop on all of the plants at the same time and consequently
can not all be removed at once, it is necessary to go over the field
several times during the season in order to remove all of them.

The cost of suckering is one of the important items of expense in
the cultivation of tobacco. Therefore the production of nonsuckering
types is an economic problem of great importance, not only by
reason of the reduction in the cost of growing the crop, but from the
fact that the nonsuckering types usually produce a larger yield of a
more desirable quality of tobacco than the suckering types.

It has been found possible to produce uniform strains of different
varieties of tobacco having but few and small suckers by saving the
seed from nonsuckering plants under bag. As an illustration of the
possibility of the growers producing such types the experience of one
of the writers in the improvement of the Connecticut Broadleaf
tobacco may be cited. In these expernnents desirable plants were
selected for seed in 1903, producing round leaves of fine, silky texture

96

PRODUCTION OF EARLY VARIETIES. 37

and few suckers. The crops raised from this seed were found to
produce but few suckers, the progeny of the ditt'erent phints varying
somewhat in this respect. From the strains procUicing the best type
of leaves and bearing the least number and smallest size of suckers
nonsuckering plants were again selected and the seed saved under
bag in 1!)04. In the season of IDOo it was found that the progeny of
these selections were almost free from large suckers. In one strain
in particular only a few very small suckers, none of which grew more
than 4 inches in length, were produced. The plants raised from
ordinary seed of the same variety in the same field produced many
hirge suckers, and as usual it was necessary to sucker the crop several
times during the season. The remarkable difference in the suckor-
ing and nonsuckering habit has become so well fixt in this particular
strain that a limited distribution of the seed was made for testing
during the season of 100(5.

It has been suggested that by saving seed from sucker branches
strains of tobacco are developed which produce an increasingly large
proportion .of suckers; in other words, that sucker seed tends to
produce suckering types of tobacco. In experiments with plants
raised from seed saved from the central flower cluster the writers
have observed little or no difference. As a rule, however, it has been
found that the seed pods in the central flower cluster contain more
large and heavy seed than the pods borne by the sucker branches, so
that where seed is not carefully sejiarated in order to secure only
heav}' seed for planting it is probably the best practise to save seed
from pods borne by the central flower cluster of the seed head.

THE PRODUCTION OF EARLY VARIETIES.

Early maturing varieties of tobacco are of particular importance
to northern tobacco-growing districts. Owing to the fact that
frost kills the plants it is necessary for northern farmers to grow
varieties which will mature between the time of the last frost in
the spring and the first frost in the autumn. ^A^fter the tobacco
crops have been harvested and hung in the barns the curing processes
are carried on most favorably during warm weather. The length
of time required for the completion of the curing varies with the
variety grown, the purpose for which the tobacco is to be used, and
the weather. Under normal conditions, however, the natural curing
period extends from four to eight weeks. It can readily be seen,
therefore, that early-maturing varieties are likel}^ to have more
favorable conditions for curing than late varieties, as has proved
to be the case in the experience of the tobacco growers in northern
districts.

96 ■

38 TOBACCO BEEEDING.

Another fact of importance in this regard is the likelihood of
late-maturing varieties being injured in the field by autumnal storms.
The earlier the crops can be harvested, the less is the probability
of injury by severe rain, wind, or hail storms. In one district of
the Connecticut Valley in the season of 1905 a severe hailstorm at
about the usual time of harvest completely destroyed all except the
early-maturing tobacco, which had been harvested and hung in the
curing sheds. This experience is common to other northern tobacco
regions and emphasizes the value of early-maturing varieties.

The uniformity in time of maturing of the individual plants in
the fields is an important practical matter. In those districts where
the tobacco crop is harvested by cutting off the plants near the
ground all of the plants in a given section of the field must be cut
off at one time. The immature plants can not be left to ripen and
the early-maturing plants can not be harvested before the rest of
the plants in the field. Overripe or underripe tobacco is likely to
be of poor quality. In cigar-wrapper varieties the overripe leaves
lack elasticity, gloss, and strength. The underripe leaves are likely
to have uneven color and are susceptible to injury by various fun-
gous and bacterial diseases. It is very important, therefore, that the
individual plants in the field ripen uniformly, so that they can be
harvested at one time without loss or injury.

The lack of uniformity in the maturity of leaves borne at the base,
middle, and top of the plants is a cause of loss in value of the crop to
the growers. As a rule the bottom or so-called " sand " leaves ripen
first, the middle leaves next, and the top leaves last. In the varieties
of cigar-wrapper or smoking tobaccos, especially where the entire
plant is harvested at one time, the overripe sand leaves and the im-
mature top leaves on such variable plants are inferior in value to the
middle leaves. As stated, the color of these sand and top leaves is
usually poor and undesirable, and there is also generally a corre-
sponding inferiority in the texture and quality of these leaves. A
careful study of the plants in tobacco fields at the time of the harvest
has shown that inflividual plants bearing leaves that ripen uniformly
from the bottom to the top of the plants can be found. In the experi-
ments with the production of improved types of Connecticut Sumatra
and Connecticut Cuban tobacco it was found that by selecting these
uniformly ripening plants and saving the seed under bag uniform
strains of these varieties could be produced.

The common practise of harvesting these varieties is to prime or
pick off the lower ripe leaves first ; then a few days later prime the
middle leaves, and finally harvest the top leaves. In the case of the
improved strains selected with the ol)ject of obtaining uniformly
maturing plants practically all of the leaves can be primed at one

96

IMPROVEMENT OF BURNING QUALITY. 39

time. This improvenuMit not only reduces the cost of harvest, but
results in a more uniform crop of tobacco.

The differences in rate of growth of the individual plants in to-
bacco fields, resulting in varying times of ripening of the plants, is
illustrated in Plate VI. figure 1. This degree of variability could be
found in nil the tobacco fields visited by the writers. In Plate VI,
figure 2, are shown two rows of jilants of the same variety treated
exactly alike from the time of sowing the seed to harvest, one grown
from the seed of the late and the other from the seed of the early
plant shown in Plate VI, figure 1. The difference in time of ripening
in this case was seven days; in other words, the early strain was
ready for harvest one week before the late strain.

The experiments which have been conducted for the purpose of
improving the different varieties of cigar wrapper and filler varieties
and of smoking varieties of tobacco have demonstrated that it is
possible for tobacco gi'owers to improve the earliness of maturity of
their varieties wherever such imi)rovements are desirable. This
improvement can bo practically carried out by a careful study of the
habits of growth of the plants in the field and the selection of the
earliest and best plants for seed, saving the seed of these plants with
precautions to prevent cross-fertilization. The production of earlier
varieties requires several years of systematic selection and must be
accompanied by a careful study of the quality and character of the
product of the early strains. The j^ractical limitation of earliness
or the process of shortening the period of nuiturity depends on the
effect of such change on the quality and yield of the early varieties.

Other things being e(iual, early-maturing varieties of tobacco are
desirable, especially in northern sections, and can be produced by
the growers thru the systematic selection of early seed plants. Uni-
formly maturing plants in a field and uniformly maturing leaves on
the same plant are of great importance and can be produced by
similar practical methods of seed selection.

THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE BURNING QUALITY.

The nature of the " burn " presents to the grower of cigar, ciga-
rette, or pipe tobacco a most vital question, and, in the case of poor-
burning tobaccos, an obstacle which is very difficult to overcome. All
previous researches looking toward the solution of this problem have
been confined to studies of the conditions of soil, fertility, cultiva-
tion, and fermentation, and their relation to the character of the
burn of the tobacco, and thru the efforts of those who have care-
fully investigated these subjects improvements have been made in
the burn of most of the varieties of tobacco. A thoro understanding
of these phases of this question, however, does not wholly solve the

96

40 TOBACCO BREEDING.

problem, nor does the improvement in methods of culture exhaust
the possibilities in the production of uniformly good-burning tobacco.
There are no cases on record of previous efforts having been made
to improve by breeding and seed selection the combustibility of the
varieties of tobacco. Believing it possible to produce better burn-
ing varieties in this way, the writers have endeavored in the course
of their experiments during the past three years to produce strains
of cigar-wrapper varieties which will burn more freely and uni-
formly than those which are grown at present.

Sufficient progress has been made to show very clearly that the
variability in burn of tobacco produced bv different plants is not
altogether due to favorable or unfavorable conditions of soil, vari-
ations in kind or quantity of fertilizers, or to methods of fermen-
tation, but that the individual plants themselves possess some innate
character which bears a marked relation to the nature of the burn
of the leaves. It is not definitely known whether this is due to the
capacity of different plants to take up and assimilate the chemical
constituents of plant food in different jDroportions or whether it is
due to the difference in the physiological constitution of the leaves.
To the practical tobacco grower it is of little interest to know the
exact reason for this variabilit3\ but it is of most vital interest to
him to know that it does occur, and that the good or poor burning
quality of the plant is uniformly transmitted to its progeny, so that
the nature of the burn can be largely controlled by seed selection.
A difference in the soil or fertilizer, or in the treatment of the crop,
always has a greater or less influence on the burn of tobacco, and
must be taken into consideration ; but in ordinary crops of tobacco,
where all conditions are as nearly equal as possible, this marked vari-
ation in the burning quality of the individual plants still occurs.

The Avriters have found plants belonging to the same variety
growing side by side under uniform field conditions Avhich showed
the widest variation in the nature of the burn. The product of one
type of plant would burn freely and evenly, while that of another
tj'pe had a very poor combustibility. This variation in burn can
not be explained on the ground of any difference in soil or cultural
treatment, but can only be understood bv assuming that there are
innate differences in the individual i^lants in this respect. The
writers have proved beyond a doubt that this innate character does
exist and is hereditary. Experimental plots of tobacco grown from
the seed of the good and poor burning plants have shown that this
character is extremely uniform in the progeny, provided other con-
ditions are equal. Plate VII shows two rows of tobacco growing
side by side, one of which produced a tobacco that burned very sat-
isfactorily, while the product of the other was ver}^ deficient in com-

96

IMPROVEMENT OF lU'RNTNG QUALITY. 41

hiistion under ordinary conditions. Takino; this variability as a
I)asis, it has been possiule to produce by careful seed selection strains
of tobacco possessing: greatly improved burn without any change in
the soil or in the method of handling the soil or the crop.

In the case of one varietv of Sumatra tobacco to which the jrreat-
est objection was its poor burn, strains have l>een produced in the
course of these experiments which burn in a perfectly satisfactory
way without coaling or ilaking. Even the top leaves in these par-
ticular strains have a free, even burn and good capacity for holding
fire.

The production of improved burning strains requires more de-
tailed experimental work than the improvement of shape, size, or
number of leaves. Xo field character of the plant has been closely
enough associated or xjorrelated with the nature of the combustion
of the cured leaves to make possil)le the selection of the best burning
plants in the field. Consequently they can only be determined by
actual burning tests of the tobacco after it has past thru the proc-
esses of curing and fermentation. For this reason the leaves of each
seed plant must be carefully harvested separately and labeled in a
manner to correspond with the label designating the seed saved from
the same plant. It is always desirable that each priming of leaves be
numbered or marked so that it may be identified after curing
and fermentation. This enables the exi)erimenter to make a test of
the uniformity of the burn of the top. middle, and bottom leaves of
each individual seed plant. There is considerable variability in the
degree of uniformity of the burn of leaves borne on diiferent parts
of the plant, and therefore it is desirable to secure seed from plants
which show a good burn in all the leaves, m order to produce a strain
with uniformly good combustion. The leaves of all the seed plants
should be cured and fermented under conditions as nearly normal as
can be obtained in order to admit of a fair competitive test and to
eliminate the possible influence of irregular conditions.

Where large numbers of samples are to be tested specially con-
structed apparatus is necessary to secure accurate results. A simple
form of apparatus has been devised by Dr. W. W. Garner, of this
office, for making these comparatiA'e tests. It consists of a series of
glass tubes so arranged that each tube will smoke a cigar in very
much the same manner as it is smoked by an individual, but with
more regularity and uniformity. This apparatus is operated by
means of an intermittent flow of water which subjects all the cigars
to exactly uniform conditions. A carefully adjusted asf)irator draws
the proper intermittent current of air thru the cigars, and is so con-
nected with the tubes that exactly the same strength of current is
drawn thru each cigar. A paper has been prepared bj'^ Doctor Gar-

96

42 TOBACCO BREEDING.

ner ° which describes this apparatus and method of Laboratory tests
of the burn of tobacco in detail. By smoking several cigars at the
same time by the use of this device it is possible to make very close
and accurate observations on the rate and evenness of burn, color of
ash, and other characteristics of the tobacco from different plants.

Cigars are prepared for this test from all the samples to be tested
from the different plants and are alloAved to dry out under natural
but uniform conditions. The method employed by the writers in
determining the comparative combustibility of the leaves from each
seed plant is as follows :

One cigar is made wholly from the leaves of each plant, using the
top leaves for filler, those next to the top for binder, and one side of a
middle leaf for the wrapper. The other half of the wrapper leaf
is reserved for a supplementary test, which will be described later.
The object in making the entire cigar from the same plant, whether
it is a filler or a wrapper type, is to eliminate the possible influence
of any other tobacco upon that which is being tested. After the
cigars have dried sufficiently, they are placed in the apparatus for
smoking and all drafts excluded from the room to secure absolute
uniformity of conditions. A\Tiile the cigars are burning they are
scored on the several points which go to make up a good or poor burn.
The differences in character of burn of tobacco from the different
plants when smoked under these uniform conditions is very surpriz-
ing, and shows clearly the variability of the quality of burn in
tobacco produced by different plants grown under uniform conditions.

The rate of burn is carefully determined, and the degree of uni-
formity or evenness noted. Some cigars will burn down on one side
and go entirely out on the other, while otliers burn completely and
evenly. Some will burn much more rapidly than others and with
greater evenness. In many cases the wrapper puckers or swells just
ahead of the fire, and often a shiny, metallic, black ring will appear
just back of the burning tobacco. Sometimes both of these phe-
nomena are present, and in this case the black ring, which indicates
what is known as a metallic burn, appears between the fire on the
cigar and the ring caused by the puckering or swelling of the leaf.
These rings indicate a poor burn and are invariably associated with
poor-burning tobacco and very frequently with an undesirable or

bitter taste.

The comparative degree of coaling, i. e., a swelling of the wrapper
at the burning point leaving a black ash, can be readily determined
and noted in these tests. The character of the ash is also considered
very important, and in case it flakes badly or is of a very dark, dull

o Bulletin No. 100, Part IV, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of
Agriculture.
96

IMPROVEMENT OF BURNING QUALITY. 43

color the seed from i)l:mts j)roilucing such tobacco is discarded.
The seed from only those phmts which pro(hice tobacco that burns
evenly, closely, and holds firo well, with no coaliuir and with a white,
close, compact ash, is selected for further plantin«^ in the production
of good burning types.

In the case of cigar-wrap})er tobacco an additional test is made in
which some standard filler and binder tobaccos are used and only the
wrappers are taken from the plants to be tested. This gives an
opportunity to observe the effects of other tobaccos on the burn of the
wrapper and gives a test which may be compared to the testing of
the wrai)per in the ordinary way on cigars. A good, uniform grade
of filler and binder is used in these tests. The wraj^pers from the
best burning plants burn a little ahead of the filler, but hold fire well
and burn evenly around the cigar.

These tests are further suijplemented by another and more delicate
one for bringing out the fine points of difference in the wrapper
leaves from the individual seed plants without the possible influ-
ence of any other filler or binder, or of poor workmanship. Wrap-
pers taken from the half leaf left in nuiking the cigar test are placed
on prepared forms, the shape and size of an average cigar, just as
they would be placed on a cigar, and are allowed to dry on these
forms. The forms are removed after the wrapj^ers are thoroly
dried, leaving the wrapper in the shape of a tube, just as it would
be if it could be removed from the cigar in a dry condition. One
end of this wrapper tube is placed over the end of a glass tube,
ujDon which it fits closely. A current of air is then drawn thru the
glass tube, entering at the end on which the wrapper was placed and
of sufficient strength to give the best conditions for burning. The
end of the wrajjper is then lighted with a spreading flame, and accu-
rate notes are taken on the length of time the tobacco holds fire
and the character of the burn. The wrappers from the best burning
leaves will burn up evenly, but where the combustion is at all
deficient it is clearly brought out in this test. In many cases instead
of burning evenly the fire will run in streaks about the leaf or will
go out when it reaches a vein. Some of the leaves will scarcely
burn at all under these conditions, while others wnll burn in a very
satisfactory way. This final, delicate test is used more especially
for cigar w^rappers than for any other class of tobacco. In all cases
a final test is made by smoking a cigar made from the tobacco under
test.

"N^^iether the grower uses the methods which w^e have described
in testing the burn of his tobacco or not, it is comparatively easy for
him to make a definite test of the combustibility of the leaves from
all the plants which he selects for seed, and in this way gradually

96

44 TOBACCO BREEDING.

breed up good burning types of tobacco in which the burn will be
liniform thruout. This uniformity in type can only be secured by
saving the seed of the plants producing the good-burning type of
tobacco, these having been protected from cross-pollination accord-
mg to the method described in this bulletin.

THE SELECTION OF SEED PLANTS.

The successful improvement of tobacco varieties by selection de-
pends on the characters of the plants saved for seed production. Too
much emphasis can not be given to the necessity for great care in the
selection of seed plants. The history of the production of the valu-
able varieties of tobacco by seed selection is sufficient evidence of the
importance of this subject. The running out or deterioration of the
established varieties where careful seed selection has not been fol-
lowed and the consequent deplorable financial condition of the
groAvers of these inferior tobaccos is additional argument for the
adoption of the most improved methods of saving seed by all growers.
Inasmuch as any improvement in the yield or quality of tobacco
means that much additional profit to the growers and manufacturers,
attention to seed selection is a matter of direct financial importance
as well as scientific interest.

The development of highly specialized means for manufacture and
the increasing demand by the consumers for a variety of manu-
factured tobacco products are important reasons for the most careful
study of seed selection as a means for producing tobacco adapted for
the manufacture of special grades. In fact, a survey of the con-
ditions of the tobacco growers in different sections shows that in
those regions where a systematic attempt is made to produce a type
of tobacco adapted to the specialized market requirements the pros-
perity of the tobacco growers is much greater than where no such
attention is given to the improvement of the crop. It can be safely
stated that the tobacco grower of the present day and of the future
must either keep pace with the demands of the market or be forced
out of business. Owing to the increased general prosperity and
wealth of the United States, tobacco consumers are constantly de-
manding a higher grade of tobacco, a demand which, if taken advan-
tage of by the producer, means greater profit and better prices for the
specialized crops.

The common practise in selecting tobacco seed plants in many
tobacco-growing regions is to save a group of a dozen plants, more
or less, depending on the acreage of tobacco grown, in some con-
venient corner or section of the field where they will interfere least
with the harvesting of the crop. A visit to any tobacco-growing re-
gion in the United States shortly after the crop is harvested will
show these clumps of plants which have been left for seed. It is

96

SELECTION OF SEED PLANTS. 45

usually the practise of the best gro\YerH to save portions of one or
more rows producing the best j^lants, but frequently even this care is
not given to this most important factor of tobacco growing. On the
large tobacco plantations the writers have frequently observed a sec-
tion of the field set apart for seed ])roducti()n. In some cases the
poorest plants in such sections have been topt, while in others this
practise has not been followed. This method of selecting seed plants
is not as desirable as that emi:)loyed in saving seed in most farm crops.
It means that the growers do not take advantage of the variability of
the individual tobacco plants in the field, and consequently lose the
benefits to be derived from using the best plants as the parents for
the next year's crop. After carefully studying the ])lants in hundreds
of tobacco fields, the writers have found that the best plants do not
grow in groups, but in different parts of the field, and can only be
found by diligent search and careful observation of the crop, plant
by plant, from the time the plants are set out in the field until they are
topt. As soon as the benefits to be derived from seed selection and
breeding have been demonstrated in tobacco-growing communities
the growers are usually quick to take advantage of the improved
methods of saving seed.

It has been frequently urged that change of seed is beneficial. In
the light of recent investigations and observations on this subject
this contention is believed to be incorrect in the case of tobacco. In
other words, seed should be saved on the farm or field where the crop
is to be grown. A change of seed is always experimental, and, as
pointed out in the discussion of the introduction and acclimatization
of new varieties, such change when necessary should be made only
after carefully testing the seed for several years and securing by
selection a strain which is adapted to the local soil and climatic
conditions. In some tobacco-growing sections growers frequently
buy their seed or obtain it from some other source than their own
crop. While it may be true that this practise may be advisable in
some cases — for example, A^hen the seed is procured from tobacco-seed
breeders having the same general soil and climatic conditions as the
growers — this plan is not a good one to follow as a regular source of
seed and is not practised by the most successful tobacco growers. , The
experience of the best growers and of scientific investigators of
tobacco, as in the case of other farm crops, such as corn and cotton,
goes to prove that the best policy is for every grower to save his own
seed from the best plants in his crop. Instead of the varieties of
tobacco running out by reason of having been grown under the same
conditions continuously, it has been demonstrated that they are
improved by the adoption of simple and practical methods for the
selection of seed plants and the saving of seed.
96 •

46 TOBACCO BREEDING.

In order that the grower or breeder may select seed plants intelli-
gently it is necessary for him to form an ideal of the type of plant
which it is desirable to grow. Without a clear conception of the type
of plant desired any improvement by seed selection will be accidental,
and as a rule the efforts in this direction will be unsuccessful. It is
also necessary in forming the ideal to keep in mind the purpose for
which the tobacco is produced in order to develop a type which will
meet the demands of the market. For instance, in the growing of
cigar-wrapper tobaccos a broad, round leaf, adapted for the cutting of
the largest possible percentage of wrappers, is most desirable, so far
as the shape of the leaf is concerned. The production of a high-
yielding type must be governed in all cases by the effect of such
change in the size and number of leaves upon the quality of the
tobacco. The information necessary for the intelligent selection of
desirable plants for seed can onh^ be gained by a careful study of the
plants, the cured and fermented product, and the market demands.

The plan of selection of seed plants followed by the writers is to
examine with greater or less care, several days before topping, ever}'
plant in the field from which selections are to be made. As indi-
cated before, it is always advisable to study the plants from the time
they are set out, whenever this plan is practicable, with a view to
picking out the best plants for seed. Such plants, when found, can
be marked with a tag, string, or heavy rag, so that they can be
readih' identified when the final selection is made. Some characters,
such as time of maturity, are more easily observed in the young
plants than later; hence the importance of marking the plants show-
ing the characters desired whenever they are found.

The size of at least three leaves in apparently desirable plants
should be measured — one at the bottom, one near the middle, and
another at the top of the plants. These measurements can easily be
made with an ordinary yardstick, taking the length from the point
of attachment of the leaf to the stalk to the tip and the width at the
broadest point. The development of the top leaves b}?^ reason of
further growth can be taken into consideration, tho in most tobaccos
well-developed top leaves are correlated with early-maturing plants
and always with uniformity of leaves on the same plant. The
shape, size of veins, color, texture, and other characters of the leaves
should be taken into consideration.

The number of leaves should be coimted, also the number of suck-
ers, and observations made, and, if possible, recorded of the uni-
formity of the shape, size, and other characters of the leaves in dif-
ferent jjortions of the plants, the presence of rust or other fungous or
bacterial diseases, the height of the plants, and the space between the
leaves, or length of internodes. The transmission of these charac-

96

FIELD RECORDS OF BREEDING WORK, 47

ters from parent plants to progeny is shown in Plate VIII. A de-
tailed estimate of the plants in the field in respect to these charac-
ters is valnable only as a gnide to the selection of the best type of
plants for a particnlar or a pedigree record, bnt ninst always be of
secondary importance to the jndgment of the grower as regards the
general type of the plants and their adaptability for successful and
profitable })roduction.

In cigar-filler, smoking, and other varieties an intelligent selection
can only be made by the study of the cured and fermented leaves.
In this case it is necessary to save of plants that show in the field the
general physical characteristics desired several times the number that
Avill be necessary for seed. The leaves of these plants must be
primed and kept separate, properly labeled, hung in the curing shed
with the remainder of the crop so as to get normal curing conditions,
and carried thru the processes of fermentation with the bulk of the
crop. After the fermentation or sweating process has been com-
pleted, the samples from the individual plants can be tested, the seed
from the poor plants discarded, and the seed from the best plants
saved for planting. A description of the apparatus which has been
devised in the Office of Plant Breeding Investigations for testing the
burn or combustibility of. cigar w^rappers and for assisting in the
comparison of the quality of cigar-filler and smoking tobaccos has
been published, as previously stated. In the study of the samples
from the individual seed plants it is absolutely necessary that they
all be brought under uniform conditions of moisture, heat, and
other conditions affecting the character of the leaves before the tests
are made. Final tests must alw^ays be confirmed by the use of the
tobacco in cigars, pipes, or by other means of consumption for which
the tobacco is adapted.

RECORDS OF BREEDING WORK MADE IN THE FIELD.

The form of record blank used in the breeding work of the writers,
together Avith the directions for note taking and definition of terms, is
ffiven here for the benefit of those wdio may wish to carrv on svstem-
atic breeding work and keep a pedigi^ee record of the parent plants
and their progeny. This plan of record keeping is being constantly
revised as the knowledge on the subject increases, but up to the pres-
ent time the plan described has been found to be very useful and
valuable, covering the most important characters and points neces-
sary for an adequate record. The plants finally selected for seed are
usuall}^ given a number for identification, this number being written
on a small, strong tag attached to the top of the plant below the paper
bag with a short piece of flexible wire.

96

48 • TOBACCO BEEEDING.

The following form for note taking in the field is printed on a
large shipping tag :

Tobacco 1 ,,

I No

U. S. P. B. J

Date

Type

Leaves :

Number Length

Width Thickuess

Shape Color

Uniformity Rust

Spots (ium

Maturity Position

Venation

Stem:

Height Circumference

Length of iuternodes

Suckers :

Number Size

Position

Seed :

Number of pods

Date of picking

Harvest :
1st 2d 3d

The directions for note taking for use in making field notes
adojjted by the Office of Plant Breeding Investigations of the United
States Department of Agriculture are as follows:

In order to secure uniformity in nomenclature and note taking and promote
uniform methods of classification in the tobacco-breeding experiments the
following system has been adopted and should be closely adhered to by those
conducting these experiments and applied to all records made in the course
of these investigations :

Nomenclature. — The word variety should be used to designate distinct, well-
recognized, and established kinds of tobacco ; as, for example, Sumatra, Con-
necticut Havana, White Burley, and Zimmer Spanish.

The word strain should be used to designate a slight local modification of
a variety in which some intrinsic quality has been bred, such as tendency
to produce a heavier yield, improved shape of leaf, or better adaptability to
local conditions, as, for example, Cooley's Connecticut Havana, Connecticut
Sumatra, or Jones's Zimmer Spanish.

The word tyijc should be applied to new varieties which are selected for
experimental purposes and have not come into commercial use.

Type numbers. — In the fields where selections are made several distinct
types may be found, and a number of seed plants should l)e selected for ex-
perimental i>urposes in each type. A number should also be given each type,
and in .ill records of experiments with this type it should be referred to
under this number. When a new type is found the list of existing type
numbers should l)e consulted, so that no two types may be given the s;mie
number. For example: Variety. Sumatra; strain. Connecticut Sumatra;
type. 1 (Crumple). Wherever it may be desirable the type may be further

96

FIELD RECORDS OF BREEDING WORK. 49

iclentifiea by a distinctive name, as for example, in the case of the Connecticut
Sumatra strain, type. 2 ((Jreen leaf) ; iype, .'/ (Broad leaf).

Selection m'mbers. — The individual plants selected for propa^Mtion should be
given numbers which will serve to identify them, as well as the type and the
genei-ation to which they belong. Each plant is represented by a combination
of nmnbcrs. the first one representing the series and usually corresponding to
the type in which the plant belongs. Each succeeding number represents the
individual parent plants in that generation, tiie last lK>iiig tlie number of the
individual selection in the last generation. For example, in the experiments
with tlie improvement of Connecticut Sumatra tobacco in the second generation
of selections the following lunnbers have been used: 1-5-G. The lirst inuuber
(1) refers to the series, and. in this case, to type 1 in the Connecticut Sumatra
.strain; the second inimber (.")) refers to the number of the seed plant selected
and used for i)lanting the second generation; the last number (6) refers to the
seed plant saved for planting the third generation selected from the crop raised
from plant Xo. 1-5; while 2-.')-S refer to a selection of the green leaf Coimecticut
Sumatra type, plant No. :'> of the first generation, and plant No. 8 of the second
generation selected from crop raised from No. 2-.*?.

IlYBRii) NUMiiEKs. — The general jdan of assigning numbers to tobacco hybrids
is similar to the system followed in the selections except in the case of the type
number, which consists of a figure and a letter. The letter is added to the
figure in order to distinguish tlu' hybrids from the selections and may be used
to identify the individual hybrids (if simil.-ir parentage. A different type
number should be given to each series of hybrids, and a different letter to each
hybrid within the serie.s, as, for example, 41a, 41b, and 41c refer to individual
hyl)rids between Connecticut Havana and Connecticut Siujiatra ; 42a to hybrids
between Connecticut Havana and Connecticut Cuban, and 4.">;i to hybrids between
Connectic-ut Broadleaf and Connecticut Cuban, resi)ectlvely. The hybrid numbers
should not be duplicates of the selection numbex's.

AssiGXME.NT OF NC-MBEHS. — lu Order to prevent confusion arising from using
the same numbers in different sections, it is proposed t;) assign certain numbers
to each natural center of breeding exi)eriments. These numbers should be
consulted before new numlters are given to types or hybrids. The numbers
from 1 to 100. inclusive, are assigned to the Connt'cticut Valley experiments ;
101 to 200, inclusive, to the Florida experiments, and 201 to 300. inclusive,
to the Maryland experiments.

The names of the established varieties of cigar-wrapper tobaccos grown in
the Connecticut Valley are (1) Connecticut Havana; (2) Connecticut Broad-
leaf ; and the varieties introduced in an experimental way which are grown
to a limited extent under cloth shade are (1) Sumatra and (2) Cuban. A
number of distinct strains of Sumatra and Cuban varieties grown from im-
ported seed have been produced and are recognized as modified types of the
Sumatra and Cuban tobaccos, so that in order to distinguish these types from
the imported varieties they should be known as Connecticut Sumatra and
Connecticut Cuban tobaccos. The types which have been selected for experi-
mental purposes are as follows : Connecticut Simiatra type : 1. Crumple ; 2.
Greenleaf ; 3, Sumatra ; 4, Broadleaf ; 5, Belgian ; G, Abnormal ; 7, Smoothleaf ;
8, Freak ; 9, Mosaic ; 10. Mongrel ; 2.5. Holcomb Hollow ; 27, Resistant ; 28,
Diseased. Connecticut Cuban type : 11. Cuban ; 12. Dark Green ; 13, Havana ;
14, Freak. Cuban : 20, Imported Cuban. Connecticut Havana : 36, Cooley.
Connecticut Broadleaf: .50, Brewer; 55, Favorite.

15507— No. 90—07 m 4

50 TOBACCO BREEDING.

The principal variety of tobacco grown in Florida for cigar-wrapper purposes
hiis been developed from imported Sumatra seed and is commonly known as
Florida Sumatra tobacco. The Florida Sumatra types which have been se-
lected for experimental purposes are: 101. Lott ; 102. Attapulgus; 103. Oval-
leaf; 104, Greenleaf; 105, Shortstem ; 100, Prolific; 107, Spiralbud ; 108,
Corry; 109. Fain; 110. Bell: 111, Gregory.

The variety of tobacco grown in Maryland for smoking purposes is commonly
known as Maryland Smoking. The types which have been selected for experi-
mental purposes in this variety are: 201, Sasser ; 202. Satin; 203. Thickset;
204, Narrowleaf ; 205. Red Clay ; 206, Hill ; 207, Holland ; 208, Drury ; 209,
Long Red; 210, Wilson.

Measurements of stems. — The height of the stem of seed plants should be
measured from the surface of the ground near the base of the plant to the last
12-inch leaf at the top which would be left after topping. The height of stem-
topt plants should be measured to the leaf that will lie highest after topping,
so that in all cases the length of internodes may be determined by dividing the
height of the stem by the number of leaves borne by that plant. The measure-
ments should be made at the time of the first priming or just before cutting.

The circumference of the stem should be measured half way between the
point of attachment of the middle leaf and the one next below, just before
harvest.

Measurements of leaves. — The third leaf from the bottom (1). the middle
leaf (2), and the third leaf (3) from the top should be used for determining
the size of leaves. The length should be measured from the point of attach-
ment to the tip of the leaf. The width should be measured at about the
middle of the leaf at its widest point.

The number of leaves counted for i-ecord should include all except those top
leaves under 12 inches in length which would be cut off in topping.

Descriptions of lea\-es. — Definitions of the terms used in the description of
leases are given below :

Shape:

Linear. Narrow ; several times longer than broad.

Lanceolate. Tapering; several times longer than wide.

Ohloiiff. Nearly twice as long as broad.

Elliptical. Oblong, with flowing lines.

Oval. Broadly elliptical.

Ovate. Like section of a hen's egg.

Cordate. Heart-shaped.

Ohovate. Larger at tip than at base.
Vniformity:

Very good. All leaves alike from top to bottom of plant.

Good. The midddle leaves alike.

Medium. Irregularity not marked.

Poor. Irregularity marked.

Very poor. Very undesirable irregularity.
Position: ^ "

Erect. Makes sharp angles with stem.

Partly erect. Between erect and horizontal.

Horizontal. At right angles with stem.

Drooping. Tops of leaves drooping.

Pendent. Hanging downward.

96

FIELD RECORDS OF BREEDING WORK. 51

Venation:

Coarse. Lartre iniilrib aiul veins; veins spreading over entire leaf into

niar^rins.
Mcdlnm. Larire veins in central portion ol" leaf.

Fine. Small midrib and veins; veins not prominent in the imu-gin of
the leaf.
Rust:

None. Absence of rust.
Sliylit. A few spots on few leaves.
Injured. Parts of the leaves destroyed.
Destroyed. Most of the leaves rusted.
Leaf spots:

yone. No spots present.

Incomplete. Part of tlie leaves evenly spotted.
Complete. All of the leaves evenly spotted.
Irreimlar. I'art of the leaves irregularly simtted.
Amount of yum:

Slight. Very little Ruin present.
Medium. Deficient.
Normal. The desirable (luantity.
Excessive. More than desirable.
Maturity:

Very early. About two weeks earli<>r than medium.
Early. About one week earlier tiian medium.
Medium. Usual time of maturity.
Late. About one week later than medium.
Very late. About two weeks later than medium.
Thickness:

Thick. Very coarse and heavy.
Medium.. Usual thickness.
Thin. Light and thin.
Very thin. Very thin texture.
Color in field:

Very liyht. Pale yellowish green.
Lif/ht. Pale green.
Medium. Green.
Deep. Concentrated green.
Dark. Dark green.
Very dark. Very dark green.
Yellou-. Yellow green.
Very yellow. Deep yellow green.
Color in warehouse :

Very liyht. Very light brown.
Liyht. Light brown.
Medium. Most desirable brown.
Dark. Dark brown.
Very dark. Very dark brown.
Elasticity:

Strong. Leaf stretches without tearing.
Medium. Between strong and weak.
Weak. Does not stretch and tears easily.

96

52 TOBACCO BREEDING.

Date of germination, etc. — In making notes on the date of germination and
date of coming up tlie following outline may be used:

Date of germination :

Very early. Most vigorous and early.

Early. Vigorous and large percentage sprouted.

Medium. Medium early.

Late. Few sprouted.

Very late. Very few sprouted.
Date of coming up:

Very late.

Late.

Early.

Very early.
Date when cubed, etc. — ^The date in column headed Cured (in the record
form for field notes) is the time of taking down the leaves in the sheds. The
date in column headed Bulked is the time the tobacco is put in bulk andfer-
mendation begun. The date in the column headed Fermented indicates the
time that the tobacco has finished fermentation in bulk and is ready for. sizing
and assorting. Yield is the weight of each grade as assorted for trade con-
ditions.

PERMANENT RECORDS OF BREEDING WORK.

A convenient way for making a permanent record of the individ-
ual notes on the parent phints and their progeny is shown in the
following form, which is printed for the Office of Plant Breefling
Investigations on sheets kept in a " loose ledger " cover adapted
for this purpose:

96

PERMANENT RECORDS OF BREEDING WORK.

53

B

n

a

P.

Individual notes: —

>

1^

a

>

tion.

Total
score.

-

>

<

►J

OS

W

ticity.

Si

Elas-
tic-
ity.

Yield.

^

o

6

^

Yield.

»

«1

« as ^

P^

1
"o

^

M

US 30 -

N

f^.

5>.

«

a-oi

■«! bo

H

'« f M

t

03

Spots.

Fer-
ment-
ed.

Pi3

-d
- iS

o> (3

a

0

Rust.

Bulked

ceo Selection 1

U. S. P. B. No.
Date

Uni-
form-
ity.

i

"3
P5

Posi-
tion.

Cured.

01

o.

03

Uni-
form-
ity.

Harvest.

M

■6

3

Ve-
na-
tion.

93

Shape.

91

.£

Harvest.

SO

0

: H

■ 2

: i£

Thick-
ness.

Thick-
ness.

th

-

(M

rM «i e

FN

.a
■a

bo

s

3

^ ei c

•c

bo

a

a

T-l n 9

9

1

a^

— T

Num-
ber.

Seed
pick-
ings.

-

d

w

Date
trans-
plant-
ed.

a

CO

1

Date
trans-
planted.

Uniform-
ity of
young
plants.

Uniform-
ity of
young
plants.

1

33

Date of

coming

up.

TO

Size.

Date of

coming

up.

CO

a^

12; -^

Date

sown

in seed

bed.

o

p

02

a^;

Date

sown

in seed

bed.

E-

co

Length
of inter-
node.

Per
cent of
germi-
nation.

1 1

Stems.

Length

ofint^r-

node.

nt varle
litv ....

Date of
germi-
nation.

Cir-
cumfer-
ence.

O

s

Date of
germi-
nation.

Cir-
cumfer-
ence.

1

I 5

Date
sown.

1

_bO

"S

1

Date
sown.

Si

_bp

'S

w

i

CO .

1

"3

id

a

c

&^
m

96

54 TOBACCO BREEDING.

In the breeding work conducted by the writers a portion of the
seed from the plants saved for seed is sown in small sections in the
seed beds and the plants are subsequently transplanted to separate
rows in the field. From the rows of plants producing the best type
and quality of tobacco further selections of seed plants are made.
In this way the productive capacity of the individual seed plants
can be tested and a record of their performance made by the breeder.
Usually 100 plants are grown from the seed of each seed plant in
the individual rows in the test plats.

The sections of the seed beds necessary for producing this number
of plants at one time for transplanting are usually ?> b}^ 3 feet in
size, boards one-half inch in thickness and 6 inches in width being
used for making the partitions. These boards are usually sunk in
the beds about 2 inches to prevent mixture of seed between the dif-
ferent sections. Necessarily the quantity of seed required to sow
these sections is very small, about 1 gram being used for this pur-
pose, which should be taken from the general seed product of the
individual plant. The seedlings from these sections can be trans-
planted by hand, care being taken not to injure the roots, and suffi-
cient water supplied to start the plants under favorable conditions.
This plan of testing the individual seed plants may not be practi-
cable for the grower of a small crop, but can be used to advantage
by tobacco breeders.

After the seed plants have been selected in the field the flowers
should be protected from cross- fertilization and the seed saved in
accordance with the directions given under the head of methods of
saving seed.

METHODS OF SAVING SEED.

The absolute necessity of saving seed free from cross-fertilization
was recognized by the writers in the beginning of the tobacco-breeding
experiments. The readiness with which tobacco flowers are cross-
pollinated has been shown in a previous section, giving a description
of the flower, and has been emphasized all thru this bulletin. The
securing of pure, unmixt seed is necessarily of the first importance in
developing improved strains of tobacco which are sufficiently uniform
to meet the requirements of the manufacturers. After trying various
methods of keeping the seed pure by covering the flower head of the
plant it was found that the most practicable and efficient way to
protect the flowers from cross-pollination was by the use of a light,
strong manila paper bag, which serves to keep out all agents wherebj'
pollen may be transferred from plant to plant and from flower to
flower, and at the same time does not interfere ^^'ith the proper
development of the flower head and the seed. This method impresses

96

METHODS OF SAVING SEED.

55

all growers at first as being impracticable, but it has been found by
the- writers and by many growers who have adopted it to be thoroly
practicable and in every way effective. Nearly all the growers in the
Connecticut Valley, where the work was first begun, arc saving their
seed in accordance with this method, which is sufficient evidence of
its adaptability to practical farming conditions. The form of bag used
must not be thick or heavy enough to alfect the natural transpiration
and growth of the plants. The kind which has been ado]ited for gen-
eral use is the lightest grade of maniln
bag that can be procured at the grocery
or country stores. There is greater lia-
bility of the seed being injured under
southern or tropical conditions by
using a bag which is too heavy than
there is in the North. In order to pre-
vent any possibility of injury from
this cause, the writers have adopted
the method of puncturing the bag with
a large number of verv fine holes,
which Avill admit air and at the same
time are not large enough to allow in-
sects to pass through and carry the
jwllen from plant to plant.

The bags may be punctured by using
a sewing machine and arranging the
bags as in sewing ordinary cloth. The
sewing-machine needle of course must
not be threaded for this purpose. For
the average tobacco plant the paper bag
of 12-pound size has been found to be
the most satisfactory. When the plants
to be bagged are of a small variety,
the 10-i)ound bag may be large enough,
but it will not allow sufficient room
for the proper development of the seed
head on a tobacco plant of average size.

The proper time for bagging is just before the first flowers open
and are ready for pollination. At this time the stem of the flower
head is sufficiently strong to support the weight of an ordinary paper
bag without injuring the plant in any way. When the bags are ap-
plied earlier than this, the operation is more difficult and the tender
top of the pla;it is liable to be broken off or bent by the weight of the
bag. When the growing plant has reached the proper stage for bag-
ging, all branches just below those which form the main flower head

96

Fig. C— Tobacco set-d plant at proper
stage of maturity for the application
of a paper bag. The bag should be
placed over the seed head just before
the first flowers open. The top leaves
and sucker branches should be re-
moved before arranging the bag, in
order that nothing may interfere with
the development of the secc] head.

56

TOBACCO BREEDING.

and all small leaves should be carefully removed. The accompanying
illustration, figure 6, shows the earliest flowers just ready to open,
which indicates the right stage of development for bagging. After
the flower head has been carefully prepared, as indicated, the bag
should be inverted, placed over the flower head, the mouth gathered
closely around the stem just below the flower branches and tied
loosely enough to allow sufficient room for further growth, as shown
in fio-ure 7. At this stage of the plant's development the flowers
bloom rapidly, and a corresponding rapidity of growth takes place
in the flower head. This condition makes it necessary to visit the

bagged plants in the course of five
or six days in order to take the
bags off and remove all superfluous
growth in the nature of small
leaves, so as to give as much room
as possible for the development of
the flowers. The bag must be re-
placed immediately, before insects
have an opportunity to visit the
flowers and transfer pollen. This
process should be repeated two or
three times during the season and
the bag elevated each time in order
to allow for the rapid growth of
the stem.

After a sufficient number of pods
have set seed to produce the normal
quantity of seed, the bag may be re-
moved to prevent any possibility of
mold during continued periods of
rainy weather. When this is done
all late buds and flowers must be
broken off, leaving only the pods
which have been fertilized to pro-
duce seed. It is also desirable to
remove all seed pods which are poorly developed, in order to eliminate
some of the seed which is likely to be light and undesirable.

When all the pods are mature the plants are cut in the ordinary
way and hung to dry in a barn or other place having a free circula-
tion of air. In order to catch the seed of pods which open during
the process of drying, it is customary to put new bags over the seed
heads at the time the plants are cut. Thoroly dry seed may be
shelled and stored in glass vials or bottles with perfect safety, and
can be kept almost indefinitely in this way. The fully matured

96

Fig. 7.— Tobacco seed plant showing arrange-
ment of a paper bag for the protection of
the flowers from cross-fertilization. At this
stage of development a tobacco plant in-
creases in length very rapidly; conse-
quently, the bag should be tied loosely so
that it can be easily pushed up the stalk.

SEED SEPARATION. 57

and dry tobacco seed will retain its vitality when kept dry for ten
years, or, as has been observed in several cases, a nnich lon^jer time.

The seeds saved in accordance with the methods here outlined are
larger, heavier, and of hiijher vitality than those saved in the ordi-
nary way. Self-fertilized seeds are free from the introduction of
hereditary tendencies from surround in<>: plants, and the characters
of a single plant are transmitted to the progeny with almost as
great uniformity as in the case of vegetative reproduction or propa-
gation from cuttings.

This method of saving seed requires very little more time than
the old method, and at the same time gives the growler an opportunity
to study the types of tobacco in the field by coming in closer contact
with the seed plants themselves. He will of necessity make closer
observations as to the points of perfection or imperfection in indi-
vidual plants, and by protecting the flowers from cross-pollination it
is entirely possible for him to produce a pure and uniform strain of
tobacco after selection for two or three years, to improve his tobacco
in every way, and to weed out the undesirable and unprofitable
types which occur so frequently in the general tobacco field.

SEED SEPARATION.

The special value of large, heavy seed in the production of general
farm crops has long been established. Careful farmers and seed
growers have used various methods for selecting this grade of seed
for planting. Experiments with light and heavy seed in this and
other countries have demonstrated clearly and conclusively that larger
yields are obtained from heavy, plump grains than from small, light
seed. Live-stock breeders do not breed from weak or poorly devel-
oped parents, and it is just as important that plants be bred from
heavy seed with strong parentage as to use the best animals in the
production of improved breeds of live stock.

The writers have found this principle to be strikingly emphasized
in the production of tobacco from different grades of seed. The
plants from large, heavy seed not only grow more vigorously, but
have greater resistance to certain bacterial and fungous diseases
and show greater uniformity in the field and warehouse than plants
produced from inferior seed. Thus it can be seen that the specific
gravity of individual seeds has a very important bearing on some of
the main factors in the production of profitable crops of tobacco.
The reason for this is very evident when we consider the fact that the
heavy seeds contain a larger supply of food for the development of
young plants than the light seeds. It is not always true that the
heavy seeds germinate first, or that the plantlets from such seeds make
the most rapid growth in early stages of development, but they always

96

58

TOBACCO BEEEDING.

make a healthier, more strudy, and stronger growth, and produce
much better phmts in the end. The comparative size, production,
earliness, and other characters of plants raised from light and heavy
seed are shown in Plate IX, figure 1. It frequently happens that the
light seed are the first to germinate, and in some cases the young
plants from the light seed are first to reach the proper stage for
transplanting. However, after they are about half grown they show
freaky tendencies and are very susceptible to various diseases, are un-
stable, and of little value to the tobacco grower. They sometimes

bloom earlier and mature before the
average well-developed tobacco plants
in the field, but are deficient in yield
and other important qualities. Such
plants are. of course, undesirable from
every standpoint and should be elimi-
nated before being transplanted to the
field, so as to give place to vigorous
plants grown from heavy seed.

It is almost impossible to select and
discard in the seed bed the weak
plants produced, from light seed, so
that it must be done, if at all, before
the seed is sown. Doctor Trabut, in
his experiments with tobacco, sought
to make a separation of tobacco seed
according to different degrees of spe-
cific gravity by throwing the seed
upon water and discarding those that
continued to float after a certain length
of time. This process effects a par-
tial separation, but it is incomplete.
The extremely small size of tobacco
seed makes this method rather im-
practicable, for the reason that minute
air bubbles will adhere to the seed for a considerable time and hold
many of the heavy seed on the surface, while some of the lighter
ones will lose the air bul)l)les first and sink to the bottom with the
heav}^ seed. Xotwithstanding the incompleteness of this method.
Doctor Trabut found a great difference in the growth and productive-
ness of the seed which sank to the bottom of the vessel first, and he
brought to light new and vital facts regarding the importance of
using heavy seed.

In order to secure a more complete separation of the light from the
heavy grade of seed, the writers have devised a simple and practical

96

Fig. «.— ToVjacco seed separator. This ap-
paratus separates the light, immature,
and poor seed from the heavy seed, and
can be so regulated as to furnish any
degree of fineness of separation desired.
It is now being used extensively by to-
bacco growers.

SEED SEPARATION. 59

wind-blast apparatus, shown in fifjnre 8, for separating tobacco seed
into heavy and light grades. This a})i)aratiis has already come into
general use by tobacco growers in the United States and other conn-
tries. It was described by Mr. A. I). Shaniel in the Yearbook of the
Department of Agriculture for 11)04. The seed separator here illus-
trated is a slight improvement over the original apparatus as de-
scribed by Mr. Sliamel.

The improved apparatus consists of a foot bellows («), connected
with a globe valve (c) by means of a rubber tube (h). The valve
(e) is connected directly with the seed receptacle (e). The seed
receptacle consists of a 1-inch glass tube (e) about 14 inches in length,
cemented in the reducer (d) with ])later of Paris. At the extreme
bottom of the glass tube c and just above the toj) of the valve (r)
a fine wire gauze is fastened. The object of this gauze is to prevent
the seed from falling into the valve from the receptacle, and there-
fore it is necessary to use a wire gauze with very small mesh. An
ordinary gas pipe coupling (/), about 3 inches in length and slightly
larger than the tube e, is firmly cemented to the toj) of the tube to
serve as a support for the tube </. The tube g is of glass the size
of tube e and about 0 feet in length. The apparatus can be sup-
ported b}^ a convenient frame, Avhich may be fastened to the wall or
set up Avherever desired.

The bellows and tubing for this apparatus may be procured from
any chemical supjily house, and the remaining parts from hardware
stores. They can be easily put together and the apparatus set up
in the proper manner by anyone who wishes to use it. A complete
device of this nature shoidd not cost more than $5, a very small
sum compared Avith the benefits to be derived from getting rid
of the light and undesirable seed. In the successful operation of
this apparatus the following method should be employed : Pour
about 1 ounce of the tobacco seed to be separated into the seed
receptacle, and by means of the foot bellows pass a current of air
of sufficient strength thru the entire apparatus. The strength of
the current of air may be regulated by the globe valve so as to blow
out the desired proportion of the light seed. The light seed is blown
out thru the top of the tube and the heavier seed falls back into the
seed receptacle. The degree of separation may be controlled accu-
rately by means of the valve, the length of the tube, and the work
ing of the foot bellows. A much more complete separation may be
made by the use of a long tube than where a short one is used.

This simple apparatus serves to completely eliminate the evil re-
sults associated with the use of light and inferior seed. It is thoroly
practical in every way, and delicata enough in its operation to sepa-
rate the smallest kinds of seeds according to their individual speci-

96

go TOBACCO BREEDING.

fic oravit3\ One apparatus is sufficient to separate seed for an en-
tire commnnity, a plan which is being followed in some cases. A
pound of seed may be separated in less than half an hour. Thus it
is seen that the apparatus and cost of operating are very small and
not sufficient to prevent any tobacco grower from eliminating all
light and poorly developed seed, in this way not only increasing
the yield, but also improving the uniformity and quality of his crop.

DISEASE RESISTANCE.

In practically all fields producing diseased tobacco plants where the
writers have made observations some degree of innnunity has been
noticed in individual plants which have been found growing among
badly diseased plants on infected soil. These cases of immunity could
not he explained on the ground of any differences in treatment, but
their resistance to disease was evidently inherent in the individual
plants. The same conditions have been found by other investigators
and workers in other farm crops, and from these resistant individuals
many innnune strains have been developed. Among the most notable
are the variety of wilt-resistant cotton, improved by Mr. W. A.
Orton and Mr. Rivers, and the Iron cowpea, which is resistant to
root-knot caused by nematodes, improved by Dr. H. J. Webber and
Mr. W. A. Orton. The transmission of this immunity found in indi-
vidual plants has made it possible to develop immune strains, and in
that way to produce thoroly healthy crops on disease-infected soils.

In most cases where immune plants occur, if seed is saved from a
large number of such plants some of them Avill be found to transmit
their resistance to the progeny uniformly and thus give rise to the
easiest known method for the control of certain plant diseases.

In the case of tobacco, the seed of the immune plants must be saved,
with precautions to avoid cross-pollination, to insure the best results.
In the season of 1903 the w^riters made selections of plants' in several
tobacco fields in the Connecticut Valley which showed immunity to
the tobacco wilt. These plants stood out very plainly and strikingly
in the diseased sections of the field, making a normal growth, and
were apparently not affected by the wilt in any way, while plants
o-rowing all around them were so badly diseased that they produced
no tobacco, and many of them died before maturing seed. Seed was
also saved from some of the diseased plants that reached maturity.
Two rows were planted the following year on the infected soil, one
from seed of a resistant plant and the other from seed of an immune
plant, with the results shown in Plate IX, figure 2. In this instance,
by reason of the foregoing and other observations, it was found that
complete resistance to the wilt was obtained by one year's selection.

96

DISEASE RESISTANCE. 61

A ^vilt in tobacco occurs in North Carolina which is evidently a
parallel case with the one found in Connecticut, and in all probability
could be controlled in the same way.

One of the most serious diseases affecting tobacco at present is the
root-knot caused by nematode worms. Tobacco seems to be particu-
larly susceptible to the attacks of nematodes, and many crops are
more or less seriously affected by this enemy. There is no known
remedy for this pest that is applicable in a practical Avay to field con-
ditions. Soil-sterilization methods are used successfully in plant
beds or in greenhouses, but such treatment is rather too expensive
to be used on large fields. The most practicable method for the con-
trol of this disease seems to be in the way of securing immune strains
of tobacco by seed selection and breeding. The writers have se-
lected a large number of individual plants that showed immunity in
the field, and the seed of these selections Avill serve as a basis for ex-
periments in the production of nematode-resistant types. The com-
plete success of other workers in obtaining resistance to nematodes
in varieties of sugar beets and cowpeas is good evidence that similar
results may be obtained in their efforts to obtain resistance to this
enemy in tobacco. The Iron cowpea shows strong resistance to the
nematode when planted on badly infected tobacco fields, and for this
reason can be highly reconnnended to tobacco growers for use in
this connection.

The mosaic disease causes very serious injury in tobacco fields in
many parts of this country. The writers believe, from indications
observed during the past two years, that it will be possible to develop
strong, vigorous strains of tobacco which will be largely resistant
to this disease. In the case of some Maryland selections, resistance
to the mosaic disease seems to have been transmitted in a large
degree to the progeny of certain vigorous strains. In two plats
grown side by side under uniform conditions, one from seed of a
parent plant affected with mosaic disease, the other from a perfectly
healthy one, the following results were obtained: Plat 1, grown from
the seed of the mosaic plant, showed 80 per cent of diseased plants
in the field ; plat 2, grown from the seed of a perfectly healthy plant,
showed less than 20 per cent of diseased plants. It may be impos-
sible to entirely eradicate this disease by the production of immune
varieties, owing to the peculiar nature of the malady, but these fig-
ures, which have been duplicated many times, show very conclusively
that by the development of stronger and hardier types of tobacco,
especially where heavy seed is used for sowing, it will be possible to
gradually reduce the percentage of mosaic plants in ordinary to-
bacco fields.

96

62

TOBACCO BREEDING.

There are numerous tobacco diseases which the writers believe may
be largely eradicated by producing immune strains. It is the inten-
tion of the Office of Plant Breeding Investigations to take up work
with as many of these diseases as seems practicable and endeavor
by selection to produce resistant types wherever it is possible to do so.

A NEW VARIETY PRODUCED BY
SEED SELECTION.

UNCLE SAM SUMATRA.

The original plants from which the
variety of tobacco known as Uncle
Sam Sumatra has been i^roduced by
seed selection were grown under shade
on the plantation of the Connecticut
Tobacco Corporation, near Tariffville,
Conn. The first selections were made
in the season of 1903 on this planta-
tion in a field the plants of which were
grown from seed originally brought
from Florida. The Florida seed was
produced by plants which were grown
from seed originall}^ imported from
the island of Sumatra. In a careful
study of the Connecticut-grown Su-
matra crops in 1003 a number of dis-
tinct types were discovered, some of
which were evidently very undesira-
ble, while others were apparently
desirable. A striking illustration of
two of these types is shown in Plate
VIII. The seeds of typical plants
of these types were saved under bag
and tested in 1904 in an experimental
field' of 4 acres on the Indian Head
Plantations, at Granby, Conn. Fur-
ther tests of the Uncle Sam variety
in the season of 1905 in the Indian
Head Plantation experimental field and in other fields in the
Connecticut Valley and of plants of this variety grown in Florida
from Connecticut-grown seed have demonstrated the value of this
variety for growing under shade for the production of cigar wrap-
pers. The original plants of the Uncle Sam variety showed striking
variations from the generally accepted type of Sumatra tobacco, but
were believed to more nearly approach the ideal of a desirable cigar-

96

Fig. 9.— Typical plant of Uncle Sam Suma-
tra tobacco, originated by the Department
of Agriculture in the Connecticut Valley
from Florida-grown seed and now being
extensively grown for cigar-wrapper pro-
duction. The shape, size, venation,
stretch, color, gloss, and other characters
are specially well suited for cigar wrap-
per*;. This variety yields a large number
of the best grades of wrappers, and is
very uniform in all characters. It is a
vigorous-growing plant, of early maturity
and small seed production.

UNCLE SAM SUMATRA VARIETY,

63

Nvrappor variety than other types. In the experimental stages the
phmts belonging to this type were classed as type 3 and called Su-
matra to distinguish it from the other types. As soon as its connnor-
cial importance was established it was decided to call it the Uncle
Sam variety. This name was considered appropriate from the fact
that it is probably a striking variation produced by the effect of the
change of climatic conditions consecpient on the introduction of
Sumatra-grown seed into the United States, and while it was dis-
covered in the Connecticut
Valley it appears probable
that it can be successfully
produced under shade in
Florida.

The striking character-
istics of this variety are
extremely round leaves of
fine texture, small fine veins
growing at right angles
from the midrib, the large
number of leaves borne by
the individual plants, and
the wonderful uniformity
of size and shape of leaA^es
from the base to the top* of
the plants. In crops raised
from the seed of this va-
riety a large proportion of
light - colored wrap pe r
leaves are produced, which
when wrapt on cigars
have a smooth, glossy ap-
pearance. The leaves show
uniformly a good burn in
all practical and experi-
mental tests, and there is no
undesirable taste or flavor
present or noticeable when the wrappers are smoked on cigars. The
leaves have a peculiar and very characteristic habit of growth, stand-
ing out almost at right angles near the stem, and then drooping
slightly near the tips. The quantity of seed produced by plants of
this variety is very small, and very few and small suckers develop
at any time during the growing season. In figure 9 is shoAvn a typical
plant of this variety, while figure 10 shows a typical leaf of this
variety grown from self-fertilized seed.

96

Fig. 10.— Tyiiifal leaffif Uncle Sam Sumatra tobacco, show-
ing the ideal shayie for cigar-wrapper manufacture.
The veins are small and stand out almost at right angles
to the midrib, which is very important for the econom-
ical cutting of wrappers.

64

TOBACCO BREEDING.

The pedigree record of the original plants and their progeny shows
an average production of 21 leaves to the plant, having an average
length of 20^ inches and a width of lU inches. The average number
of suckers is three and the size small. The average height of plants
is 6 feet, and the average period from the date of setting out the plants
in the field to the time of harvest is ninety days. The length of inter-
node is 3| inches and the circumference of stem 3i inches. The plants
have been particularly free from the attacks of fungous diseases, and
the leaves have the necessary stretch, or elasticity, and strength to

cover the cigar well without in-
jury. The yield of wrappers in
the manufacturing process has
been exceeding'ly large and of the
best quality

^fe^.;

NEW VARIETIES PRODUCED BY
HYBRIDIZATION AND SEED
SELECTION.

THE COOLEY HYBRID.

The histor^^ of the origin of the
Cooley Hybrid is as follows: Se-
lect plants of the Havana Seed
variety grown by Mr. D. P. Cooley.
Granby, Conn., were used as
mother parents. Several flowers
on these plants were emascu-
lated at the proper time and polli-
nated with pollen produced by

Fig. 11.— Typical plant of the Cooley Hybrid
tobacco. Connecticut Havana Seed, female
parent; Sumatra, male parent. The hybrid
retains the habit of growth and adaptability to
Connecticut Valley conditions of the mother
parent, combined with the improved shape,
size, venation, and other characters of the
male parent.

plants grown from Connecticut
Sumatra seed in the season of
1003. From the plants grown
from this seed, selections of the
most desirable were made in 1904.
From this crop typical seed plants
were again selected, and the plants raised from this seed in 1905
showed as great uniformity as ordinary crops of the mother Havana
Seed variety, so that the hybrid can be said to be fixt, and seed in
small samples has been distributed to interested growers. An illus-
tration of the Cooley Hybrid plant is shown in figure 11, while a leaf
of this variety is shown in figure 12. Illustrations of the Cooley
Hybrid tobacco grown under shade are shown in Plate X.

96

COOLEY HYBRID VARIETY.

65

The Havana Seed variety has loii^, rather pointed leaves with
hw^o veins. Only the tips of these leaves are suited to cij^ar-wrapper
manufacture, the middle and basal portions laolvino; the necessary
(juality for good wrappers. This portion of the leaves is used for
hinders and in some cases for blending with cigar-filler tobacco. Inas-
much as the value of the tobacco dei^ends on its capacity for pro-
ducing cigar wrai)pers, it is highly desirable and important that as
nnich of the leaf be utilized for wrapper purposes as possible. liy
crossing this acclimated variety with the standard Sumatra variety
a hybrid was secured which produces short, broad, well-rounded
leaves with fine veins. In other
words, the hybvi<l combines the
hard}' and acclinuited charac-
ters of the Havana Seed with
.some of the important charac-
ters of the Sumatra variety.
From the variations in the
plants of this hybrid it has been
found possible to i)roduce about
the tvpe of plant that is best
suited to cigar-wrapper manu-
facture which can be grown
under the soil and climatic con-
ditions of the Connecticut Val-
ley.

The general characters of the
Coolev Hvbrid distinfruishinjr
it from the mother Havana Seed
variety are increased number of
leaves; shorter, broader leaves
with very small, fine veins; re-
duced seed production, and
more even texture of leaf from
tip to base. The average num-
ber of leaves is IG; length, 27
inches; breadth, lU inches; shape, very round; number of slickers,
2; size of suckers, small; height of plant, 29 inches; circumference
of stem, 2f inches; length of internode, 2 inches; time of maturity,
ninety- five days.

It is necessary that the seed of this hybrid be saved under bag
to avoid the possibility of cross-pollination. If the seed is crost
with other plants, particularly with plants belonging to other
varieties grown in a region, it is probable that there will be con-
siderable breaking up in type and consequent deterioration of the
15507— Xo. 9G— 07 m 5

Fig. 12.— Tyi)ical Itai of the Coolev Hybrid tobacco.
Connecticut Havana Seed, female parent; Suma-
tra, male parent.

66

TOBACCO BEEEDTNG.

value of the variety for cigar-Avrapper production. It is likely that
more or less variation Avill be developed in crops of this variety
for several years, but that this variability Avill not be very marked.
Small crops ought to be grown at first, even in the Connecticut Valley
where the variety was produced. P'rom these crops selections can
be made in accordance with the directions given in this bulletin
under the head of "' The selection of seed plants," whereb}'' acclimated
strains of this variety adaj)ted to local conditions, which will be an
improvement over the present variety, can be secured.

THE BREWER HYBRID.

The historv of the origin of the varietv known as the Brewer
Hybrid is as follows: Plants of the Connecticut Broadleaf variety

raised from seed of the
strain grown bv Mr. N. S.
Brewer, Hockanum, Conn.,
were crost in 1903 with
pollen secured from plants
grown in the Connecticut
Valley from imported Cu-
ban seed. ]\Iany crosses
Avere also made in 1904.
The plants raised from the
hybrid seed in 1904 showed
that a marked change had
been effected by hybridi-
zation. The hybrid plants
produced short, broad
leaves of fine, even tex-
ture with small fine veins,
an increased number of
leaves with little increase
in the height of the plants
and, in some cases, a much
improved tvpe of plant for
cigar-Avrapper production.
Selections from the crop of 1904 Avere groAAii in 1905, and one
strain in particular showed such fixit}" of iypo^ that it ma}' be con-
sidered ready for distribution to groAvers.

In the Connecticut Broadleaf tobacco the large size of the leaA^es
is correlated Avith large A'eins and rather coarse and inferior basal
portions of the leaA'es. These basal parts of the leiiA^es are only suit-
able in most cases for cigar binders and for blending with fillers. As

96

Fig. 13. — Typical iiiant cji the Brewer hybml tuliai-ro. Loa-
necticut Broadleaf, female parent; Cuban, male parent.

BREWER TIYBRTD VARIKTV.

67

in the case of the Havana seed variety grown in this valley, the tips of
the leaves produce the high-grade wrappers. It has long been recog-
nized that a most important prolilem was the production of a smaller
leaf with more uniform texture adapted for cigar-wrapper manu-
facture.

The Brewer Hybrid possesses many important characters that are
distinct improvements over the Broadleaf variety. The average num-
ber of leaves is 21; length of
leaves, 2Ti inches; width, 19^
inches; shape, very round;
height of plants, 42 inches;
circumference of stem, 2i
inches ; length of internode, 2
inches; number of suckers, 2,
of medium size. The time of
maturity is eighty-five days.
The suckering habit of the
hybrid is rather unsatisfac-
tory at the present time, for
it seems to inherit the sucker-
ing tendency of the Cuban
tobacco; but as some of the
plants in this variety have
ijeen found to be compara-
tively free from suckers there
is little doubt that nonsuck-
ering strains can be developed
by seed selection.

An illustration of the
Brewer Hybrid is shown in
figure 13. The typical shape
and size of leaf of the hybrid
are shown in figure 14.

In the case of both the
Cooley Hybrid and the Brewer Hybrid the tobacco can be sold by
the growers and utilized by the manufacturers as improved Havana
seed and Connecticut Broadleaf tobacco, respectively. In this way
their production will not disturb the established market standards,
but simply meet the demands of the market for improved wrapper
and binder tobaccos to the benefit of both the grower and the manu-
facturer.

l.-i(;. 14. — Typical kaf <if tlie Brewer Hybrid tobaeco.
Connecticut Broaflleaf, female parent; Cuban, male
parent. The broad, very round leaf, fine venation,
and other desirable characters of the Cuban tobacco
are evident. These characters are combined in the
hybrid with the burn, body, and taste of the Con-
necticut Broadleaf, the mother parent.

96

PLATES.

69

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate I. Fig.. 1. — A field of tobacco raised in Connecticut from imported
Cuban seed. The result of using unselected Cuban-grown seed in the
Connecticut Valley can be seen from a careful examination of this illus-
tration, which shows a typical instance of the breaking up in the type of
tobacco, due to the abrupt change of soil and climatic conditions. The
branching type of plants bearing small leaves, constituting about one-
third of the total number of plants in the field, was absolutely worthless
for cigar-wrapper production, and many of the other variations from the
.normal Cuban type were Of inferior quality, thus greatly i-educing the
yield and value of the crop. Fig. 2. — This uniform field of tobacco was
produced by carefully selecting for seed production the best plants in the
field shown in figure 1. and protecting the flowers from cross-pollination
by the use of paper bags for two seasons. The undesirable types of plants
were eliminated by this practise, and a uniform and desirable type secured,
adapted to the soil and climatic conditions in Connecticut.

Plate II. Fig. 1. — This type of plant found in Connecticut fields grown from
freshly imported Cuban tobacco seed was selected for propagation. Fig.
2. — The progeny of a single Connecticut Cuban seed plant, similar to
figure 1, showing the uniformity of type of plants gi-own from self-
fertilized seed, and the marked similarity of every plant to the type of
the parent seed plant.

Plate III. The two uniform types of tobacco shown in this illustration were
produced by sowing the seed of typical plants of these types growing in the
same field and under similar conditions, free from cross-fertilization.
These types of tobacco have been improved by careful selection of the
best individual plants from year to year adapted to the purpose for
which each type is produced. This experiment has demonstrated that
the size, shape, venation of leaves, and other characters of tobacco
plants can be propagated uniformly every year by judicious selection of
seed plants of the type desired and the saving of the seed under bag.

Plate IV. The introduction of Florida-grown Sumatra tobacco seed in the
Connecticut Valley was followed by a breaking up of the type of thistobacco.
Among these types, few of which were desirable, and many undesirable, the
two types shown in this illustration were found. The seeds of typical
plants of these types were saved under bags, from which uniform strains
were produced the following season. Both of these types of tobacco are
valuable for growing under shade, and the two rows, one of each type,
growing side by side, offer incontrovertible proof of the value of the methods
of seed selection described in this bulletin in the production of uniform
types of tobacco.

70

96

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 71

Plate V. The two plants shown in this ilhistration. one hearing few small
suckers, and the other many large suckers, represent the average variahility
of tobacco plants as regards the sucking habit. The plants are of the
same variety, grow side by side in the row, are of the ^anie age. and were
grown under similar conditions in every respect. The leaves of the plant
bearing lew suckers are uniformly wide and round, while the leaves of the
plant liearing large suckers are long and pointed, and have a tendeucy to
vary markedly in size from the top to the base of the plant. This char-
acter is hereditary and consequently the suckering tendency may be con-
trolled by tobacco growers by seed selection.

Platk VI.. Fig. 1. — The characteristic variability of tobacco plants as regards
time of maturity, as shown in this illustration, is a matter of conuuon
obscrvatit)n in tobacco Ileitis. The difference in the time of ripening of the
leaves in the individual plants is of special importance in the tobacco crop,
from the fact that in most cases all of the plants in the field are harvested
at one time, and overripe or underrii)e leaves are inferior in quality. For
this reason it is desirable that the plants mature uniforndy thruout the
field. Fig. 2. — The two rows of tobacco plants shown in this illustration
demonstrate the possibility of securing uniform early or late strains of
tobacco by seed selection. The two rows were grown under the same
conditions.

Plate VII. The character of the burn of leaves of individual tobacco plants
varies in a marked degree, even among plants of the same variety grown
under the same conditions and treated alike in the curing and fermenting
processes. The two rows of plants in this illustration were grown from the
bagged seed of two plants of the same field, growing side by side, one a
plant producing good and the other poor burning leaves. These two
progeny I'ows inherited uniformly the character of burn of the parent
plants, demonstrating that it is possible to improve the quality of burn in
a variety of tobacco by seed selection.

Plate Y II I. —The Connecticut-grown Sumatra tobacco produced a number of
types of tobacco very different in all characters. The two rows of plants
shown in this illustration are the progeny of two representative plants of
these types, grown under the same conditions and showing the striking
uniform inheritance of the characters of the parent plants.

Plate IX. Fig. 1.— The row of tobacco plants in the left in this illustration,
raised from heavy seed, shows the more vigorous growth, earlier maturity,
and greater uniformity of plants raised from heavy seed, compared with
the less vigorous plants raised from light seed shown in the row on the
right. Fig. 2.— The row of small plants shows the dwarfing effect of the
root-rot in Connecticut Sumatra tobacco, w'hile the row of vigorous plants
shows a resistant strain secured by seed selection.

Plate X.— The two rows of the Cooley Hybrid tobacco shown in this illustra-
tion were grown under shade in the Connecticut Valley. The uniformity
of plants and the shape, size, and character o fleaves shown in these
rows are characteristic of this variety of tobacco. There is no decided
breaking up in type following hybridization, as is the case in other plants.

90

o

Bui. 96, Bureau of Plant ir.uustry, U S. Dept. of Agticuiture

Plate I.

Fig. 1.— Connecticut Cuban Tobacco Plants Raised in 1903 from Unselected
Freshly Imported Seed, Showing Generally Undesirable Types.

Fig. 2.— Crop of Connecticut Cuban Tobacco Plants Raised in 1905 from Seed
Saved from Best Plants Selected from .the Field Shown in Figure 1, Show-
ing Uniformly a Desirable Type.

Bui. 96, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate II.

Bui. 96, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate III.

Two Types of Connecticut Cuban Tobacco which Have Been Inbred for Three
Years, Showing the Value of the Practice of Inbreeding in Tobacco.

Bui. 96, Bureau of Plant Industry. U. S- Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate IV.

Two Rows OF Connecticut Sumatra Tobacco Showing Variation in Type. Row on
Right, Greenleaf Type; Row on Left, Sumatra Type.

!

Bui. 96, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate V.

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Bui. 96, Bu'o.iu of Plant Industry, U, S. Dept, nf A^ncultute.

Plate VI

Fig. 1.— Four Tobacco Plants of the Same Age, Showing Variation in Time

OF Maturity.

Fig. 2.— Two Rows of Connecticut Broadleaf Tobacco, Showing the Possi-
bility OF the Production of Early Strains. Row on Right Raised from
the Seed of an Early Plant, and Row on Left from Seed of a Plant
Maturing at the Usual Time.

Bui. 96, Bureau of Piant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

/

Plate VII.

Two Rows OF Connecticut Sumatra Tobacco Grown under Uniform Conditions.
Row ON Right, Poor Burning Type; Row on Left, Perfect Burning Type.

Bui. 96, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VIII.

Two Rows OF Connecticut Sumatra Tobacco Showing Variability in Type. Row on
Right, Belgian Type; Row on Left, Crumple Type.

Bui. 96 Bureau ot P'art Industry, U S. Dept of Agriculture.

Plate I;

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Bui. 96, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate X.

Two Rows OF COOLEY HYBRID TOBACCO GROWN UNDER SHADE.

fi'outiiiiioU fidiri pane 2 of cover.]

No. 48. Tbt» Applo in 0»1(1 Sti>ni;<»'. IIMJ.!. I'lii-o, 15 ctMits.

40. Tlio Cultun' of tlu' Central Anioiican KnltbiT Trw. 1!)().'{. rrico, 25

rriits.
5(.». Wildliice: Its Uses <in(l Propasatioh. 1!M)?,. I'riee, 10 eent.s.

51. .Mi.><c('llaiUHnis I'aiKU's: I. The Wilt I>isoase of Tobacco and Its ('(tiitrol.

TI. Tlie Work of tlic ("oninmuity I )oiiionstration Farm at TorrcU. Tex.
III. Fruit 'I'rccs Frozen in I'.XM. IV. Tiie ("nltivntion of tlie .Vustra-
lian Wattle. V. I>e;.Ciil and Custoniarv Weij;lits i>er lUisbel of Seeds.
VI. Golden Seal. 11)0.".. Price, 5 cents.

52. Wither-Tip and Other Diseases of Citrus Trees and Fruits Caused by

Colletotricliinn (Jheosporioides. l(Mi4. Price, 15 cents.
.".;{. Tlie Date Palm. 1!)04. Price. 20 cents.

54. Persian Gulf Dates. 1!)0;{. Price, 10 cents.

55. The Dry Hot of Potat(jes. 11)04. Price, 10 cents.
5(i. Noniendature of the Apple. UK»5. Price, ."io cents.

57. Methods Used for Controllinj: Sand Dunes. 1004. Price, 10 cents.
5S. The Vitality and (Jermiiiation of Seeds. 1004. Price, lo cents.
50. Pasture, .Meadow, and Fora«e Crops in Xebr.-iska. IIMH. Price. 10 cents.
(M». A Soft Hot of the Call.-i Lily. i;X)4. Price, 10 cents.

01. The Avocado in Florida. 1004. Price. 5 cents.

02. Notes on Egyptian Agriculture. 1004. Price. 10 cents.
(\^. Investigations of Rusts. 1004. Price, lo <-ents.

(54. .V Method of Destroying or I'reventing the Growth of Algie and Certain

Pathogenic Pacteria in Water Supj)lies. 1004. Price. 5 cents.
(55. Reclamation of Cai.e Cod Sand Dune.s. 1!X)4. I'ri<'e. 10 «-ent.s.
0(5. Seeds and Plants Imiwrted. Inventoiy No. 10. 1005. Price, 20 cents.
(57. Range Investigations in Arizona. 10O4. Price, 15 cents.
()S. North American Species <if .Vgrostis. 1005. Price, 10 cents.
(50. American Varieties of Lettuce. 1004. Price, 15 cents.
10. The Commercial Status <if Durum Wheat. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

71. Soil Inoculation for Leginnes. 1905. Price, 15 cents.

72. Miscellaneous Papers: I. Cultivation of Wheat in Alfalfa Fields. II.

Salt Water Limits of Wild Rice. III. Extennination of .Johnson
Grass. IV. Inoculation of Soil with Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria. 1905.
Price, 5 cents.

73. The Development of Single-Germ Beet Seed. 1005. I'rice, 10 cents.

74. The Prickly Pear and Other Cacti as Food for Stock. 1905. Price. 5

cents.

75. Range Management in the State of Washington. 1005. Price, 5 cents.
7(5. Cojjper as an Algicide and Disinfectant in Water Supplies. 1905. Price,

5 cents.

77. The Avocado, a Salad Fruit from the 'I'ropics. 1!M)5. Price, 5 cent"'.

78. Improving the Quality of Wheat. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

70. The Variability of Wheat Varieties in Resistance to Toxic Salts. 1005.
Price, 5 cents.

80. Agricultural Explorations-in Algeria. 1005. Price, 10 cents.

81. Evolution of Cellular Structures. 1005. Price, 5 cents.

82. Grass Lands of the South Alaska Coast. 1905. Price, 10 cents.
8.S. The Vitality of Buried Seeds. 1905. Price. 5 cents.

84. The Seeds of the Bluegrasses. 1905. Price. 5 cents.

85. The Principles of Mushroom Growing. 1005. Price. V) cents.

86. Agriculture without Irrigation in the Sahara Desert. 1005. I'rice, 5

cents.

87. Disease Resistance of Potatoes. 1005. Price. 5 cents.

88. Weevil-Resisting Adaptations of the Cotton Plant. 190(5. Price, 10

cents.

89. Wild Medicinal I'lants of the United States. 190(5. Price, 5 cents.

90. Miscellaneous Papers : I. Storage and Germination of W^ild Rice Seed.

II. Crow'n-Gall and Ilaiiy-Root Diseases of the Apple Tree. III.
Peppermint. IV. Poisonous Action of Johnson Grass. 1906. Price,
5 cents.

91. Varieties of Tobacco Seed Distributed. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

92. Date Varieties and Date Cultui-e in Tunis. 1906. Price, 25 cents.
V 9.3. The Control of Apple Bitter-Rot. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

94. Farm Practice with Forage Crops in Western Oregon and Western

Washington. 1900. Price, 10 cents.

95. A New Type of Red Clover. 1006. Price, 10 dents.

96

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 97.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chi^ of Bureau.

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED

DURING THE PERIOD FROM DECEMBER, 11)03,
TO DECEMBER, 1905.

INVENTORY No. 11; Nos. 9897 to 16796.

Issued iMarch 15, 1907.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

190T.

BTJIiLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

The work of the Bureau of Plant Industry, which was organized July 1, 1901, is
classified under the general subjects of Pathological Investigations, Physiological
Investigations, Taxonoinic Investigations, Agronomic Investigations, Horticultural
Investigations, and Seed and Plant Introduction Investigations. All the scientific
and technical publications of the- Bureau are issued in a single aeries of bulletins, a
list of which follows.

Attention is directed to the fact that the publications in this series are not for gen-
eral distribution. The Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C, is authorized by law to sell them at cost, and to him all applica-
tions for these bulletins should be made, accompanied by a postal money order for
the required amount or bv cash. .
No. 1. Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price, 10 cents.

2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents,

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 9. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

6. A Xist of American Varieties of-iPeppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

7. The Algerian Durum Wheats. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

8. A Collection of Finigi Prepared for Distribution. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

10. Records of Seed Distribution, etc. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

13. Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

14. Decay of Timber and Methods of Preventing It. 1902. Price, 55 cents.

15. Forage Conditions on Border of ( ireat Basin. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

16. Germination of Sprtres of Agaricus Campestris, etc. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

18. Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco., 1902. Price, 15 cents.

19. Kentucky Bhiegras* Seed. 1902. Price, 10 cents. / .

20. Manufacture of Seniolina and ISIacaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

21. I/ist of American Viirieties of Vegetables. 1903. Price, 35 cents.

22. Injurious Effects of ^Premature Pollination. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

23. Berseem. 1902. rtice, 10 cents.

24. [Jnfermented Grap^ Must. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

25. Miscellaneous Pa peif: I. The Seeds of Rescue Grass and Chess. II. SaragoUa

Wheat. III. Piatt Introduction Notes from South Africa. IV. Congres-
sional Seed and Pfant Distribution Circulars. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

26. Spanish Almonds. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

27. Agriculture in the Tyest Indies, Spain, etc. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

28. The Mango in Porto'Rico. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

29. The Effect of Black Rot on Turnips. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

30. Budding the Pecan. 5 1902. Price, 10 cents.

31. Cultivated Forage C^ops of the Northwestern States. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

32. A Disease of the White Ash. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

33. North American Species of Leptochloa. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

34. Silkworm Food Plants. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

35. Recent Foreign Explorations. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

36. The "Bluing" of the Western Yellow Pine, etc. 1903. Price, 30 cents.

37. Formation of the Spores in the Sporangia of Rhizopus Nigricans and of Phy-

comyees Nitens. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

38. Forage Conditions in Eastern Washington, etc. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

39. The Propagation of the Easter Lilv from Seed. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

40. Cold Storage, w ith Reference to Pear and Peach. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

41. The Commercial Grading of Corn. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

42. Three New Plant Introductions from Japan. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

43. Japanese Bamboos. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

44. The Bitter Rot of Apples. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

45. Physiological Role of ^Mineral Nutrients in Plants. 1903. Price, 5 cents.

46. Propagation of Tropical-Fruit Trees, etc. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

[Continued on page 3 of cover.]

Property ot the United States Government.

U.S. I)p:PARtMKNr i)V AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY BULLETIN NO. 97.

B. T. liALI-OWA'i', chi/fii/ Hineau.

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOHTEl)

i)URL\(i THH IM'^RlOl) V\\i))\ DKClvMliEK, 11103,
TO DECEMBKK. VM):>.

IXVENTOKY No. 11; Nt)S. 9897 to 16796.

LIBRAE

NEW vo.,\
BOTA

Issued March 1,5, 1907.

WASHINCiTON:

GOVEKNMP^NT P HINTING OFFICE.

1 y 0 7 .

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Pathologist mid Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway.

Pathologist and Physiologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods.

Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge.

Investigations of Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge.

Plant Breeding Investigations, Herbert J. Webber, Physiologist in Charge.

Pla7it Life History Investigations, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge.

Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge.

Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge.

Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea-Culture Investigations, Rodney H. True, Physiologist

in Charge.
Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge.
Taxonomic Investigations, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge.
Farm Management Investigations, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge.
Grain Investigations, Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge.
Arlington Experimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge.
Sugar-Becl Investigations, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge.
Western Agricultural Extension, Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge.
Dry Land Agricxdture, E. Channing Chilcott, Agriculturist in Charge.
Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett. Pomologist in Charge.

Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists in Charge.
Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M Byrnes, Superintendent.
Seed and Plant Introduction, David Fairehild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge.
Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge.
Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge.
Grain Standard i:ation, John D. Shanahan, Expert in Charge.

Mississippi Valley Laboratory, St. Louis, Mo., Hermann von Schrenk, Expert in Charge.
Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami. Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge.
Plant Introduction Gardens, Chico, Cal., Palemon H. Dorsett, Pathologist in Charge.
Cotton Culture Farms, Seaman A. Knapp. Lake Charles, La., Special Agent in Charge.

Editor, 3. E. Rockwell.
Chief Clerk, James E. Jones.

SEED AXD PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.
SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

David Fairehild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge of Seed and Plant Introduction.

W' . W. Trao', sr., Superintendent of Testing Gardens.

John E. Vs. Tracy, Assistant Superintendent of Testing Gardens.

0. W'. Barrett, Assistant.

George \V. Oliver, Expert.

C. V. Piper, Agrostologist, in Charge of Forage Crop Investigations.

J. M. Westgate, Assistant Agrostologist, in Charge of Alfalfa and aover Introduction.

W. W. Tracy, jr., Assistant Botanist.

Frank N. Meyer, Agricultural Explorer.

Charles F. Wheeler, Expert.

A. B. Connor, Special Agent.

Nickolas Schmitz, Special Agent.

John H. Tull, Special Agent, in Charge of Matting-Rush Investigalinv^:

Harold T. Nielsen, Scientific Assistant in Agronomy.

Walter Fischer, Scientific Assistant.

2

97

LETTER OF TRAXSMITTAE.

U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Bureau of Plant Industry,

Office of thh Chief,
Washim/ton, D. 0.^ Auyunt i, 1906.
Sir: I have the honor to triuisinit herewith and to recommend for
publication as Bulletin No. 97 of the series of this Bureau the accom-
panying- manuscript entitled '' Seeds and Plants Imported during the
Period from December, r.to;5, to Decem])er, 1!M)5."*

This manuscript has been submitted by the Botanist in Charge
of Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution with a view to
publication.

Respectfully, B. T. Galloway,

Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

3

97

B. P. 1-231.

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOIiTED DURING THE PERIOD FROM
DECEMBER, mi TiJ DECEMBER, 1905.

INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT.

This is the eleventh inventoiy oi .seeds and plants that Imve been
srathered tojrether bv this Ottice, inainlv from toreio-n eountries, and
represents two years of work.

It is not pul)lished to inform experimenters of phmts that are on
hand for distribution, beeause in the great majority of cases tlie plants
and seeds listed have been imported for special problems upon which
the Department is at work and thev have been already a.ssigned to
their respective experimenters and are now, many of them, growing
in some part of the countr}'.

These inventories are historical records of the introduction of new
plants, some of which have already started new industries in this
country. In the past historians have as a rule disdained to consider
the advent of a new crop as worthy of careful record, notwithstanding
the fact that its arrival might exert a remarkable influence upon the
development of the country. It is believed that the publication by
the Government of such a record will avoid in the future for these
new industries the uncertainty which now exists as to the time of
arrival in America of some of our most important plant cultures,
which were probably first introduced by the Department of Agri-
culture. To the large number of agricultural experiment station
workers and others who are experimenting with the various introduc-
tions, these inventories will be almost indispensable.

As remarked in previous inventories no attempt is made to reform
the nomenclature of the plants imported, for in many cases the iden-
tification of imported seeds and plants is impossible until several years
after their introduction. They must first be grown and studied by
speciali.sts in the various plant groups, who are sure sooner or later to
include them in their monographs, in which places, and not in such an
inventory, botanists are accustomed to search for the most recent

nomenclature.

5

97

6 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

This inventory represents not merel}^ the names of and remarks
regarding new plant introductions, but embodies often the notes made
at the time of collection b}^ agricultural explorers who have been kept
at very considerable expense in the field. In the present case it
includes in part the collections made by Prof. H. L. Bolley, of North
Dakota, who was sent thru the flax-growing region of Europe in
search of the best varieties of flax, especially to find one that was
more resistant to the flax rust than those we already have. It covers
a portion of the seeds and plants collected by Mr. Ernst A. Bessey
during his travels thru a part of the Caucasus, the Crimea, and into
Russian Turkestan. It includes a list of valuable new seeds which
Hon. Robert P. Skinner very kindly secured in Abyssinia for the
Department when sent as commissioner to King Menelik in 1904.
The valuable collection of 100 European potato varieties, made by
Prof. L. R. Jones, of the University of Vermont, is also included.
This inventory includes also the results of Mr. Thomas H. Kearney's
explorations in southern Tunis, where he was sent by the Ofiice of
Seed and Plant Introduction Investigations to study the date varieties
of the Tunisian oases. The collection of date offshoots which Mr.
Kearney secured is unique in that it was made after a careful exam-
ination of the palms while in full bearing. This is the first time that
an agricultural explorer has been given the opportunity to spend the
fruiting season in foreign date gardens, and Mr. Kearney's descrip-
tions of the varieties collected in Tunis are from actual observation and
not from hearsay. Dry land olives, pomegranates, pistaches, spineless
opuntias, and drought-resistant fodder crops were also given attention
by Mr. Kearney while in this interesting desert region. The collec-
tions made by Mr. P. H. Rolfs during his explorations of the vanilla-
growing regions of Mexico are chronicled in this inventory, and the
vanilla cuttings secured at that time are contributing their share
toward the solution of the problem of vanilla culture in Florida.

A. J. PlETERS,

Botanist in Charge.
Office of Seed and Plant

Introduction and Distribution,

Washiiujtim, I>. C, Auymt i, 1906.

07

I N V B N T 0 R Y .

9897 to 10260.

From Russia. Kfceivcd thru Prof. H. L. Bolley, November 24, 19(W.
A miscellaueous assortmeut of seeds collected by Professor BoUey during the season
of PJOo, as follows:

LlNUM rSITATISSIMUM.

Secale cereale.
avena sativa.
Triticum VrUiARE.
IIORDEIIM VULGARE.

IIelianthi's ANNurs.

9897 to 10167.
10168 to 10182.
10183 to 10193.
10194 to 10218.
10219 to 10222.
10223 to 10225.

10226. P>K()-MIS INERMIS.

10227 to 10231.

10232 to 10235. Medicago sativa.
10236 and 10237. Ervum lens.
10238 to 10240. Pisum sativum.
10241 and 10242. Cannabis sativa
10243 and 10244. Brassica xapus.
10245 to 10247. Brassica sp.
■ 10248. CrcuMis melo.

10249. CiTRULLUS VULGARIS.

10250. Ribes grossularia (?).

10251. Gleditschia sp.

10252. Coronilla varia.

10253. Lotus corniculatus.

10254. Tkifolium sp.

10255. Lathyrus sylvestris.
10256 and 10257. Vicia sp.

10258. Vicia sp.

10259. Papaver sp.

10260. Prunus sp.

Flax.
Bye.
Oat.
Wheat.
Barley.
Sunflower.
Smooth brome-grass.
Wild grasses.
Alfalfa.
Lentil.
Pea.
Hemp.
Bape.
Mustard.
Muskmelon.
Watermelon.
Gooseberry.
Honey locust.
Cro"wn vetch.
Bird's-foot trefoil.
Wild clover.
Flat pea.
Wild vetch.
Wild yellow vetch.
Poppy.
Cherry.

10261 to 10263.

From Khojend, Russian Central Asia. Presented by Mr. E. Valneff to Mr.
E. A. Bessey. Received December 18, 1903.
10261. Pyeus malus. Apple.

Seed from wild trees in the mountains.

7

97

8 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

10261 to 10263 — Continued.

10262. Prinus divaricata. , Plum.
Black variety. Seed from wilil tret^s in tlie mountains.

10263. Prunus divaricata. Plum^.
Yellow variety. Seed from wild trees in the mountains.

10264. QuERGUS suBER. Cork oak.

From Mustapha, Algeria. Received thru Dr. L. Trabut, December 18, 1903.

10265 and 10266. Pistacia mutica. Turpentine tree.

From Smyrna, Turkev in Asia. Received thru ^Ir. ]'.. .T. AKadjanian, December
15, 190.S.
10265. Very dark brown. 10266. Very bright j^reen.

10267. Pistacia atlantica. Bitoom.

From Duperre, Algeria. Received thru Mr. Franck .July, Decemlier, 18, 1903.

10268. Pistacia terebinthus. Terebinth.

From Marseille, France. Received thru Mr. Claude Montel, nurseryman, by
Mr. W. T. Swingle, August, 1903.

10269. AvENA SATivA. Oat.

From Mustapha, Algeria. Received thru Dr. L. Trabut, government botanist,
by Mr. T. H. Kearney, December 18, 1903.

10270 to 10274.

From Abo, Finland. Presented by j\Ir. Alarik Rosenberg, seedsman. Received
September 25, 1903.

„ Seed from crop of 1903, grown on Hovirinha farm in St. Kerins county, state of
Abo and Bjorneljorg, Finland.

10270. HoRDEUM vuLGARE. Barley.

10271. AvENA SATIVA. Oat.

10272. Triticum vllgare. Wheat.

10273. Secale cereale. Rye.

10274. PisuM sativum. Pea.

10275 to 10283.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Secured by Mr. J. E. W. Tracy, thru the American
consul at Stockholm, from the Governor of Lulea, Sweden. Received Septem-
ber 25, 1903.

10275. HoRDEU.M VULGARE. Barley.

10276. HoRDEUM VULGARE. Barley.

10277. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

10278. Avena sativa. Oat.
White.

10279. Avena sativa. ' Oat.
Blark.

10280. Secale cereale. Rye.

10281. Cannabis sativa. Hemp.

10282. Phleum pratense. Timothy.

10283. YlCIA CRACCA.

97

DECEMBER. lOOn. To DFX'EMBER. l!)0;j. 9

10284. Phaseolus radiatus. Mung bean.

From Beaukiss, Tex. Received thru 'Sir. Jolin P.. Lesheen, December 11, HKi:].
(4r.)wii in 1903 from S. P. I. No. 64.30.

10285 to 10288.

From Paris, France. Receive«l tlini ^\r. W. T. Swindle fmiii tin- .Tardin dcs
Plantes, December 21, 1903.

Cuttiiifrs of four species of pistache, lus follows:

10285. PiSTACIA CmXENSIS.

10286. PiSTACIA TKREuiNTnus. Terebinth.

10287. PiSTACIA MiTicA. Turpentine tree.

10288. PiSTACIA ATLANTicA. Bitoom.

10289 to 10308. Vitis vinifkka. Grape.

From Erivan, Caucasus, Russia. Received thru .Mr. E. A. Bessey, December

21, 1903.

10289.

Black Yezandari.

10299.

k'l/eclniKiinasi.

10290.

Huse'mi.

10300.

Slilrazii.

10291.

White Saabl.

10301.

Ydliiic Yezandari.

10292.

MskhalL

10302.

(joi-chezandaei.

10293.

]yhUe Kifhinis}!.

10303.

Seiu - raz' - daet (seven-

10294.

A7(a///t (probably Yelloiv
Kltalili).

10304.

lold).
I'rza.

10295.

Shirshira.

10305.

Sailbi { i(jst--c()lored).

10296.

Kulami.

10306.

KItatcliabaK.

10297.

Ambari.

10307.

. 1 k uzyum (white grape) .

10298.

Gulyabi.

10308.

Red Kishmish.

10309 and 10310.

From Tanegashima, Japan. Presented liy :\Ir. R. Chester to Mr. R. P. Handy.
Received December 12, 1903.

Native Japanese seeds as follows:

10309. "RaisM."

A kind of gourd. "Sow when other squashes are sown, covering the seed lightly
with straw. Train on sticks."

10310. CucuRBiTA sp. ' ' Kabouclia. ' '
A kind of gourd. Culture same as No. 10309.

10311 to 10314.

From Honolulu, Hawaii. Received thru Mr. J. G. Smith, Si)ecial Agent in
Charge of the Hawaii Experiment Station, December 26, 1903.

Specimens of native yams, as follows:

10311. DiOSCOKEA DIVARICATA (?). " Hoi."

Tubers 4 inches in diameter.

10312. DiOSCOREA PIVARICATA (?). "Hol."

Axillary tubers.

10313. Tacca pinnatifida. " Pia."
Tuber 5 inches in diameter.

10314. Smilax sandwicexsis. "TJhi."
97

10

SEEDS AND PLANTS TMPOETED.

10315. LiNUM usiTATissiMu:s[. Flax.

From Russia. Collected by Pruf. H. L. Bolley in the season of 1903. Received
December 21, 1903.

(Ramm, No. 2760.) Sample of Dalgonetz fiax, crop of 1902, from Kharkof gov-
ernment.

10316. LiNUM usiTATissiMUM. Flax.

From Russia. Collected by Prof. H. L. Bolley in the season of 1903. Received
December 21, 1903.

Diriny Gorky flax (Sakowickz No. 1). (See No. 9989.)

10317. LiXUM USITATISSIMUM.

Flax!

From Russia. Collected by Prof. H. L. Bollev in the season of 1903. Received
December 21, 1903.

Diriny Gorky (Sakowickz No. 2). Seed said to l>e the same pedigree as " No. 1,"
S. P. I. No. 10316.

10318. Triticum vulgare.

Wheat.

From Kharkof, Russia. Collected by Prof. H. L. Bolley in the season of 1903.
Received December 21, 1903.

10319. Triticum vulgare.

"Wheat.

From Kharkof, Russia. Collected by Prof. H. L. Bolley in the season of 1903.
Received December 21, 1903.

10320. Secale cereale.

Rye.

From Russia. Collected b.y Prof. H. L. Bolley in the season of 1903. Received
December 21, 1903.

10321. AVENA SATIVA.

Oat.

From Russia. Collected ])y Prof. H. L. Bollev in the season of 1903. Received
December 21, 1903.

10322. PiSTACIA terebinthus.

Terebinth.

From Paris, France. Received thru Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., December 30,
1903.

10323. PiSTACIA VERA,

Pistache.

From Catania, Sicily.
1903.

Received thru Mr. Robert W. ?Ieingartner, December 30,

10324. SOLANUM COMMERSONI.

Aquatic potato.

From Marseille, France. Received thru Dr. E. Heckel, January 2, 1904.

"Tubers of the so-called 'aquatic potato' of Uruguay. This species from Uru-
guay is being experimented with by Doctor Heckel, of INIarseille, who is breeding it
with the ordinary potato and finds that it gives successive crops on the same soil
without the necessity of replanting. It also gives abundant foliage, which bethinks
may be used for green forage. He further points out that the bitter flavor of the skin
will protect the ]»otato against the depredations of subterranean enemies. Its keep-
ing qualities during the winter are good. Very little rot appears, and rats are not
fond of it. The special jwint, however, to be emphasized in connection with this
new species is that the diseases of the potato do not attack it. One difficulty in its
culture consists in the necessity of working over carefully the soil to an unusual
depth, because the tubers are deeply buried in the soil. It flowers abundantly,
beginning in June and ending in September, the flowers having a perfume similar to
that of jasmine. Their odor on a hot day is perceptible for several meters. Plant-

97

DECEMBER. 1903. TO DECEMBER, 1005. 11

ing takos place in ponthern France l)y means of whole or cut tnliers in April ami the
harvest is in Uctol)er. Doctor llecivel's experiments arereporte.l np(.n in the toliow-
int' publications: 8ur le Solanum commersoni Dnnal, on pomme <le terre a(|uati.|iie
de'l'Uruguay, in the Revue Horticole, No. oSl, December, UK)2, p.,200; Contribution
a r Etude liotaniciue de quehjues Solanum Tuberiferes, jiar IVI. EdoUard Heckel."
{Fairchild.)

10325. Hkdvsakum coronarium. ' Sulla.

Fnjm Malta. Received thru Dr. (i. Borg, December 27, 1908.

"Dried roots of sulla covered with the root tubercles caused l)y Bacillus radicicola.
These are imported in order to enable Doctor Moore to make cultures of the germ
and ultimatelv t > enable rational experiments to be carried out with this important
forage i)lant/especially adapted to the poor soils, rich in lime, in oiir Southern
States." {Fairehild.) '

10326. Panax ginsknc G-inseng.

From Korea. Received thru the North Pacific Trading Company, 56 Fifth
avenue, Chicago, 111., January 7, 1904.
Seed guaranteed by the North Pacific Trading Compan\ to l)c genuine imi)orted
seed.

10327. Andropogon sorghum. Sorghum.

From Durban, Natal. Received thru Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild from
Mr. Reuben \V. Beningfield, January 14, 1904.

Native name Maprld. " Seed of a variety of sorghum from the east coast of Africa.
This variety is that upon which the natives live, and according to Mr. Claude Fuller,
entomologist of the Natal airricultural department, it has proved more resistant to a
species of aphis which attacks the sorirhum in that region than others which were
growing side l)y side with it. This may prove of value in the sorghum regions of
this country. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

10328. PiSTACiA ATLANTiCA. Bitoom.

From Orleansville, Algeria. Received thru Yahia ben Kassem, January 14, 1904.
Collected in the Sahara.

10329. Phaseolus radiatus. Mung bean.

From Cairo, Ga. Received thru INIr. J. B. Wight, January 14, 1904.
Grown from S. P. 1. No. 6430.

10330. AVENA 8ATIVA. O^*-

From Agricultural College, N. Dak. Received November .30, 1903.
Sivedish Select. Grown hv the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station from
S. P. I. No. 9422.

10331 to 10339.

From Khojend, Russian Central Asia. Presented to Mr. E. A. Bessey by Mr.
E. Valneff. Received January 21, 1904.

10331 to 10334. ViTis vinifera. Grape.

Cuttings of the best varieties of grapes grown in Russian Central Asia, as
follows:

10331. Tcharus, or Charas. 10333. Black Kishmish.

10332. White Kishmish. 10334. Maizi.

12 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

10331 to 10339~Continued.

10335 to 10337. AMY(;DAi,rs pkhsra. Peach.

("uttintrs as follows:

10335. Riujani rjau {or (jaw). 10337. Shaf tali, white.

10336. ShafiaH-inzhir.

1Q338. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

Cuttings.
10339. .Tlgi.ans UKGIA. Persian walnut.

Nuts froiu trees growing at a considerable altitude, and should, therefore,
be rather late in blooming.

10340 to 10342. Vitis vinifera. Grape.

From Nikita, near Yalta, Crimea. Presented to Mr. E. A. Bessey by }lr.
Theophil Kalaida, head gardener of the Imperial Gardens at Nikita. Received
January 29, 1904.

Grape cuttings as follows:

1.0340. Shahash.

Most widely cultivated of the native sorts in Crimea, nine-tenths of the
exported Crimean grapes being of this sort ( in 1891 ) . A greenish grape, form-
ing medium-sized to large, firm l)unches of large roundish berries. Table sort.
(Marked Madame on label attached to cuttings.)

10341. Tchauch.

Greenish, large berries, often almost like plums. Bunches loose. Rather
capricious, being easily affected by rainy or windy weather. Not much
exported. Dessert sort.

10342. Asma.

Blue black, large, elongated berries in large bunches. Table .«ort. Not so
good as the preceding, but prized for the table because of the contrast between
its black bunches and the greenish ones of the other sorts.

10343 and 10344. Corylus avella-?sA. Filbert.

From Nikita, near Yalta, Crimea. Presented to Mr. E. A. Bessey by Mr.
Theophil Kalaida, head gardener of the Imperial Gardens at Nikita. Received
January 29, 1904.

10343. Badem.

Native near Yalta. F^longated, large nuts.

10344. Trehlzond.

Native near Trebizond, Asiatic Turkey. Nuts large and round; much grown
around Yalta.

10345 to 10348. Pyrus malls. Apple.

From Nikita, near Yalta, Crimea. Presented to ]Mr. E. A. Be.ssey l)y ilr. Theo-
phil Kalaida, head gardener of the Imperial Gardens at Nikita. Received
January 29, 1904.

10345. Sabla Shiap.

Distinguished for its beautiful appearance.

10346. Kandil Sinap.

Widelv grown in the Crimea. Fruit longer than No. 10o4S. For description
of both, "see Revue Hortuvlc, No. 17, 1890, p. 398.

10347. Konslantinopel.

10348. ■ SariSiriap.

The most widely grown and best of the Crimean apples. Very late keeper.
97

DECEMBER, VMi, TO DECEMBER, l!>Or).

la

10349 to 10351. SoRiiUs domestica. Service tree.

From Nikita, near Yalta, Crimea. Presente<l to Mr. K. A. Bessey hy Mr.
The( ii>liil Kalaida, head irardener of tlic Imperial ( lardens at Nikita. Receiv i'«l
* January 29, 1004.

10349. (irossfriichtUje.

A sort with pear-shaped fruits, 1', to U inclif!.! hy 1 to 1', iinlie.-.

10350. (iewohnliche.

A sort with apple-sliape.l fruits, alxnit 1 iucli in diameter. U<>th this and
No. 10;}4!t ripen rather hite.

10351.

Seedlings about 18 inches hi^h.

10352. Trikolum .iohnstom ( ?). Uganda clover.

From Uganda, East Africa. Received thru -Mr. D. (i. Fairchild from Mr. K. N.
Lyne, Director of Agriculture, Zanzibar, East Africa, January 80, 1904.

"The identification of this species has not been definitely made, l)ut according to
a letter of December 29 from Mr. Lyne this is the Uganda clover, which may be
of value for breeding experiments iii this country. The high plateau of Uganda,
upon which this clover grows, altho in the Tropics, has a comparatively mild cli-
mate. It is, of course, (|uite frosthss. Mr. Lyne reports nothing further regarding
the usefulness of this species, but remarks that Mr. Ainsworth, who secured the seed
for him, had great dilliculty in collecting it." {Fairchild.)

10353. Phaseolus vulgaris. Bean.

From (iarrettsville, Ohio, lieceived thru Mr. (ieorge J. Streator, February 1,
1904. (h-own from 8. P. L No. .•i3S2.

Mr. Streator reports that these beans are far superior to the ordinary white bean,
for the reason that they do not spot so badly in wet weather.

10354 to 10363.

From Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, England. Presented by T. and J
for testing at the experiment stations. Received February 1, 1904.

10354. AVEN.\ SATIV.\.

Yellou: (No. 1.)

10355. AvEX.\ s.vTivA.
Gray. (No. 2.)

10356. AVENA SATIVA.

Black: (No. 3. )

10357. AVEXA SATIV\.

Black. (No. 4.)

10358. AVENA SATIVA.

White. (No. 5.)

10359. AvENA SATIVA.

White. (No. 6.)

10360. HORDEUM HE.XASTICHUM.

(No. 7.)

10361. HoRDEUM HEXASTICHUM.

(No. 8.)

10362. HoRDEUM DISTICHUM.

(No. 9.)

10363. HORDEUM DISTICHUM.

(No. 10.) ■

97

. ( iarton
Oat.

Oat.

Oat.

Oat.

Oat.

Oat.

Six-row barley.

Six-row^ barley.

Two-rowr barley.

Two-row barley.

14 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

10364. Triticum durum. Wheat.
From Idalia, Colo. Received thru Mr. J. A. Riedesel, February 4, 1904. Grown

from S. P. I. No. 9478.
Kubanka macaroni wheat.

10365. Citrus limetta. Lime.

From Seharunpur, India. Presented by Mr. W. Gollan, superintendent of the
Government Botanical Gardens, at the request of Rev. N. L. Rockey. Received
February 5, 1904, thru Mr. G. N. ColUns.
"Fruits at Seharunpur and also at Mussoorie at an altitude of 5,800 feet. A good
lime and the hardiest of the Indian sorts." ( Gollan. )

10366. Secale cereale. Rye.

From San Giovanni a Teduccio (near Naples), Italy. Received thru Dammann
&Co., February 6, 1904.
Abruzzes.

10367. Secale cereale. Rye.
From North Water Gap, Pa. Received thru :\Ir. M. Luther Michael, February

8,- 1904.
Winter Tvanof. Grown in 1903 from S. P. I. No. 1342.

10368 to 10370. Punica granatum. Pomegranate.

From Chios, Turkey in Asia. Presented by Mr. N. J. Pantelides. Received
February 9, 1904.

10371. Elaeagnus angustifolia. Oleaster.

From Tiflis, Caucasus. Presented to INlr. E. A. Bessey by Mr. A. RoUuff, director
of the Tiflis Botanical Garden. Received February 10, 1904.

Unab-pschat ("date fruit"), a sort with large fruits.

10372. Elaeagnus angustifolia. Oleaster.
From Tiflis, Caucasus. Presented to Mr. E. A. Bessey by Mr. A. Rolloff, director

of the Tiflis Botanical Garden. Received February 10, 1904.

Matna-pschat ("finger fruit"), a large-fruited sort.

10373 and 10374. Trifolium alexandrinum. Berseem.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received thru :Mr. George P. Foaden, secretary of the
Khedivial Agricultural Society, February 10, 1904.

10373. Muscowi, or Misowi. 10374. <S'aiV/a, or Saidi.

10375. Lathyrus sativus. Bitter vetch.

From Cairo, Egypt. Presented by iMr. George P. Foaden, secretary of the
Khedivial Agricultural Society. Received February 10, 1904.

Known in Egypt as Gilban.

10376 and 10377. Pistacia spp.

From Aintab, Turkey in Asia. Received thru Rev. A. Fuller, February 12, 1904.

10376. Pistacia vera. Pistache.
Mixed varieties of the true pistache.

10377. Pistacia mutxca. Turpentine tree.
"Obtained from the eastern slope of the Amanus jNIountains 00 miles west

of Aintab, and 'can be relied on as good.' Trees there are largest and best in
the country and climate as dry as could be desired, not being subject to the
moisture which affects the western slope of the mountains, because of the near-
ness to the sea. This variety will take the grafts (buds) of P. vera." {Fuller. )

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 15

10378. LiNUM usiTATissiMUM. Flax.

From Salem, Oreg. Received thru Mr. Eujiene Bosse, January 28, 1904.
Grown in 1903 from 8. P. I. No. 9457.

10379 to 10381. LiNUM usitatissimum. Flax.

From Vologda, Russia. Procured by Prof. H. L. Bolley from Mr. Pierotraschkci,
government agronomist. Received January 25, 1904.

From the northern limit for the maturing of tiax seed, where the very finest type
of Russian liber is produced.

10382 to 10391. TuiTicuM spp. Wheat.

From t'aircj, Egypt. Presented by Mr. George P. Foaden, secretary of the
Khedivial Agiicultural Society. "Received February 19, 1904.

10392 to 10396. Capsicum annuum. Pepper.

From Santa Clara, Cal. Received thru C. C. Morse iSc Co., Jaiuiary, 1904.
Seed grown from stock furnished by the Department, as follows:

10392. Paprika pepper.
Grown from S. P. I. No. 9475.

10393. Red pepper.
Grown from S. P. I. No. 37.3:i

10394. Red pepper.
Grown from S. P. I. No. 7(>54.

10395. Red pepper.
(Trown from S. P. I. No. '.'MTT.

10396. Sweet pepper.
(irowu from S. P. I. No. :-5!»0o.

10397. Raphaxus sativus. Radish.
From Santa Clara, Cal. Received thru C. C. Morse & Co., January, 1904.

Erfurt Crimson Giant. Grown from S. P. I. No. 9487.

10398. Lotus tetragonolobus. Winged pea.

From Santa Clara, Cal. Received thru C. C. Morse & Co., January, 1904.
Grown from S. P. I. No. 7700.

10399. Raphanus sativus. Radish.

From Santa Clara, Cal. Received thru C. C. Morse &Co., January, 1904.
Everlasting. Grown from S. P. I. No. 4966.

10400 and 10401. Zea mays. Sugar corn.

From Auburn, N. Y. Received thru Mr. G. W. Boynton, February 25, 1904.

Malakhof. Two selections of Malakhof corn grown from S. P. I. No. 2799.

10400. First early. 10401. Better quality, but sec-

ond early.

10402. HoRDEUM DiSTicHUM NUTANS. Two-row barley.

From Kwassitz, Austria. Received thru Aktien-Zuckerfabrik, March 2, 1904,
Original Hanna pedigreed brewing barley.
97

16 SEKD8 AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

10403 to 10404. GossYPiUM auhokkum (?). Tree cotton.

From (iuadalajara, Mexico. Secured by INIr. Edward B. LiLjlit, United States
coiiHularaijeiit for Senor Hilario Cuevas, of San Luis Soyatlan, Jalisco, Mexico.
Received Feljruary 10, 1904.

10403. (Light's No. 1.)

"The common variety which grows wild in many parts of the state. It is
claimed that the tree resists the effects of the drought when other trees
perish. There are no known cultivated cotton trees, but there are native
trees w'hich have produced a harvest of 50 pounds of cotton. Neither the
light frosts we have, nor the boll weevil, nor any other insects injuriously
affect the trees. This is claimed by people who have known the tree for fifty
years." (Light.)

10404. (Light's Xo. 2.)

"The finest quality of cotton, and j'ields more prolifically. It seems that a
(juarter of a century or more ago the natives used this cotton for making
clotli, but none has been made of late years and the trees have never been
cultivated by the present generation with that end in view. This tree is
readily grown and is very hardy. The tree usually begins to bear when it is
from 4 to 5 years old." (Liglit.)

10405. ^[usA TEXTiLis. Manila hemp.

From ilanila, P. I. Presented by Mr. H. T. Edwards, of the Bureau of Agri-
culture, to Mr. L. H. Dewey. Received February 29, 1904.

Seed collected in Tayanas Px'ovince.

10406. ViciA FABA. Broad bean.

From London, England. Received thru James Veitch & Sons (Limited), 544
King's road, Chelsea, March 1, 1904.

Ve'drh'' s Improved Loiujpod. This variety should be sown in pots or Iwxes in a cold
frame in January and transplanted early in March, lifting with a good ball and
molding up the plants. This is l)etter for early supplies than sowing in the open in
autumn. For succession the seed should be sown every three weeks from Febru-
ary 1 until June, on a north border in heavy loam in rows 3 feet apart. To get early
pods, topping should take place when a good set of blooms is secured.

10407. Fhaseoll'S radiatus. Mung bean.

From Whittier, Cal. Received thru Mr. C. W. Leffingweil, jr., March 5, 1904.
Grown from S. P. I. No. 6430. ^

10408. (Undetermined.)

From Cochin China. Presented by Mr. J. B. de Taillac, Astoria, Long Island
City, N. Y., February 25, 1904.

According to Mr. de Taillac's letter this plant exhales an essence which is so dis-
agreeable to mosquitoes that when placed in windows the insects dp not enter the
room. This evidence of the efficaciousness of the plant Mr. de Taillac asserts on
the information of a friend in Cochin China, where the plant is indigenous.

Mr. de Taillac further remarks that this is also a fodder plant of some value, altho
it gives to the milk a slightly disagreeable taste, which can be remedied, however,
bv the addition to the ration of such a fodder as beets. ( See letter of February 3,
1904. )

10409. SwiETENiA MAHAGONi. Mahogany.

From Santa Clara, Cuba. Presented by Julio S. Montero & Brothers, March 4,
1904.

Caoha. Seeds of mahogany from the plantation of the father of Montero & Brothers,
situated in the province of Santa Clara. ^

10410. Aleurites cordata. Wood-oil tree.

From Hankow, China. Presented by Hon. L. S. Wilcox, consul-general.
Received :\iarch 3, 1904.

Seed of the wood-oil tree from the province of Hunan, China, fall crop of 1903.
According to Consul-General Wilcox's letter of January 12, 1904, "this tree grows

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

17

will! in the niountuins of !<zeohuaii anU is alsoniltivated in tlu' lowlands. Tin- trees,
reaching; lo to 20 feet in height, are grown from seed and produce nuts in five or six
years. The oil is prest from these seeds, and when they are roasted, before l)eing
prest, the oil is more easily extracted. . It is better and more is obtained by the latter
process. There are several varieties of oil. The yellow or straw-colored one is most
exported. The price in this market at present is So gold a picul (8:JJ pounds). One
variety is black and quite thick and is used entirely by the Chinese. It coats $9 to
$10 a picul.

"The name of the oil differs in various localities, as tung-iiu and pairyr. The value
of this oil is due to its astringent and dryinir qualities. It is used in paints, fine var-
nishes, and in the manufacture of tine soai)s. During the past two years orders from
the United States have been constantly increasing, fmm both the Atlantic and the
Pacific coasts. The export is in its infancy but rapidly increasing. The past year
54,475,900 i)ounds of wood oil were exi)orted from Hankow. This export is annually
increasing, the larger ]>ortiou going to Europe. Seeds can be obtained al)Out the first
of the year from orders filled in Hunan ami Szechnan. Some have already been
sent to'the San Joaquin Valley, in California, to a jjrivate individual, where they are
growing finely, and liave led to a request for about 5,000 more seeds from the same
party." See also No. 13104.

10411 to 10419. YlCIA P ABA.

Broad bean.

Received thru William I'ull it Sons, Chelsea, S. W.

10411.
10412.
10413.
10414.
10514.

10416.
10417.
10418.

10419.

Serll/r Loiujpod.
Windsor Iinproied.

]\'indsi)r (rreen Harling-
ton.

JohnKon\f Wonderful
Longpnd.

From London, England.
March 3, 1904.

7>'a//'.s' Ma»miot]i.

Beck's Dwarf Green Gem.

Earhf Longpod.

(IreenLongpodXonftareil.

Monarch Longpod.

"Broad beans are gross feeders and require a good rich soil and a liberal
supply of manure for successful growth. For successional and main crops sow-
in February, March, and April. The later kinds should be planted in drills
3 inches deep, 4 to 6 inches apart in the rows, the rows to be 2 feet apart.
A deep, strong, tenacious soil, liberally manured, is most suitable. Gather
for the table when the beans are no larger than full-grown peas, as they become
almost uneatable if left to mature, the tegument then being ojjjectionably tough
and leathery and the flavor strong. Pick evenly, not young and old together.
In England" broad beans are subject to black fly, which, if allowed to make
headway, will ruin the crop.

"In England the broad bean is one of the best-paying vegetaliles, and altho
it has been successfully grown in America its good qualities have not yet come
to be appreciated here. It is worthy of serious consideration." (Fairchild.)

10420 to 10435. Vicia faba.

From London, England. Received thru

10420.
10421.

Carter's New Market Gar-
den Windsor.

Carter's Improred Wind-
sor.

10427.

10428.
10429.

10422.
10423.
10424.

Carter's Senile Giant
Longj)od.

Carter's Mammoth Long-
pod.

Early Mazagan.

10430.
10431.
10432.
10433.

10425.

Early Longpod.

10434.

10426.

Royal Dwarf Fan.

10435.

Plant from November to .lanuary foi
main crop.

7217— No. 97—07 2

Broad bean.

James Carter & Co., March 3, 1904.

Aquadalce.

Minster Giant Longpod,

Carter's Harlington Green

Windsor.
Green Windsor.
Beck's Dicarf Green Gem.
Green Longpod.
Carter' s Masterpiece Green

Longpod.
Carter's Leviathan.
Carter's Green Leviathan.

earliest, and from February to May for

18 SEEDS AND PLAXTS IMPORTED.

10436 and 10437. Vicia faba. Broad bean.

From Boston, England. Received thru W. W. Johnson & Son (Limited), March
3, 1904.

10436. Johnsoiis Monster Wimhor.

10437. Johnson^ i^ Mammoth Green Longpod.

In England these beans are frequently sown in November, being perfectly
hardy there. It is customary to plant in double rows, viz, 9 inches apart;
that is to say, the two rows in a triangular manner. If when full grown in
July they are attacked by black fly, cut off the tops of the plants.

10438 to 10448. Vicia faba. Broad bean.

From Reading, England. Received from Sutton & Sons, March 3, 1904.

10438. Sutton's Improved Wind- 10440. BecF s Dioarf Green Gem.

_ 10441. Green Longpod.

10439. Sutton's Green Windsor. -ynAAc c> « » /-<• ^ mt- j

10442. Sutton s Giant Windsor.

Culture for 10438 to 10442. — Sow in February, March, April, and May.
Double rows are usual, allowing 9 inches between the two lines forming the
row, and from 2 to 3 feet between the rows. The best soil for beans is a deep,
strong loam, with plenty of manure.

10443.

Sutton's Green Giant.

10446.

Improred Minister Long-

10444.

Sutton's Exhibition Long-
pod.

10447.

pod.
Royal Dvarf Cluster.

10445.

Sutton's Mammoth Long-
pod.

10448.

Early Mazagan.

Culture for 1044-3 to 10448. — A sowing may be made in November on light,
dry soil, but not until January, February, or March on other soils. Double
rows are usual, allowing 9 inches between the two lines for all except Nos.
10447 and 10448, for which allow only 6 inches. The double rows in all cases
are from 2 to 3 feet apart. The best soil for beans when sown in the spring is
a deep loam, which should be well manured.

10449. Ilex crenata. Holly.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received thru the Yokohama Nursery Company,
January 23, 1904.

"Seed of a liardy evergreen, highly esteemed as a good hedge plant for cold
climates." {IL Suzuki.) •

10450. Yoaxdzeia subterranea. Woandzu, or African goober.

From Camden, Ala. Presented by Dr. L. E. Starr. Received Februarj^ 17, 1904.
Grown from S. P. I. No. 891.^, originally from (lerman East Africa.

10451 to 10453. Nicotiana tabacum. Tobacco.

From Cuba. Received thru ^Ir. A. D. Sliamel, of this Department, March 10,
1904.

10451.

From plantation of Senor (iovino Mencndez, near San Juan y ^lartinez, in the
Vuelta Abajo district. (Shamel's No. 1.)

10452. Cuban.

From plantation of Seiior Galixto Lopez, near .San Luis. (Shamel's No. 2.)

10453. Cuban.

From plantation of Senor Justinio Sanchez, in Vuelta Abaju district, near Pinar
del Rio. (Shamel's No. 3. )

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 19

10454. riiiTU-L M DURUM. Macaroni wheat.

iMoin Blarkfoot, Idaho. Received tliru Prof. II. T. French, (Urertor of the
Idaho Ajiricultural P>xperiraent Station, March 9, 1904.

Knhankn iiuicaroni wheat grown from 8. P. I. No. 9478.

10455. AvENA SATiVA. Oat.

From Blackfoot, Idalio. Received thru Prof. II. T. French, (hrector of the
Idaho Agricultural E.xperiment Station, March 9, 1904.

Swedish Select oat grown from S. P. I. No. 9422.

10456. Phleum pratense. Timothy.

From Copenhagen, Denmark. I'rcscnted by the Botanic (Janh-iis of Copen-
hagen, thru Prof. Dr. Warming. Received Marcii 8, 1904.

For l)reeding purposes.

10457. Amygdalus persica. Peach.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Presented liv Ilaji .\bdiilla d Ncjcm, of Bassorali.
Received Mardi 8, l!»U4.

Seeds of various varieties of peaches wliich are grown in the region of Abdul
Khasseb, the great date-growing center of .Vrabia. These peaches are subjected to
the extreme hot weather of this {)ortion of Arabia and are likely to l>e of interest
for breeding purposes in California and Arizona.

10458 to 10461. PiiuEUM puate.nse. Timothy.

From Austria-Hungary. Presenteil by Prof. Emanuel (jross, of the Agricultural
Academy, Tetschen-Liebwerd. Received March 9, 1904.

10462. CocHLEARiA ARMORACiA. Horse-radish.

From Grand Island, Nebr. Received thru Mr. E. Corbin, March 14, 1904.
Malm. Cirown from S. P. I. No. 5761.

10463. Calophyllum ixophyllum.

From Honolulu, Hawaii. Received thru Mr. J. (i. Smith, in charge of the
Agricultural Experiment Station, March 12, 1904.

Seed of this tropical tree, related to tlie mangosteen, for Mr. Oliver's experiments
in grafting.

10464. Psidium .sp. Guayabillo.

From Iguala, Guerrero, Mexico. Presented by Mr. Federico Chisolm, Arcelia.
Received January 11, 1904.

10465 to 10472.

From Arcelia, Guerrero, Mexico. Presented by Mr. Federico Chisolm.
Received March 12, 1904.

Native Mexican bulbs and seeds, for the most part unidentified.

10473. SoLANUM JAMESii. Potato.

From Moab, Utah. Received thru Mr. E. Corbin, of Grand Island, Nel)r.,
March 14, 1904.

Wild or Cave Dwellers' potatoes. "I obtained these potatoes last October, when
on a visit to southeastern I'tah, at ]\Ioab, a town about 40 miles south of the Denver
and Rio Grande Railway, leaving the railway at Thompson Springs. It is a small
town near the mouth of the Grand River where it joins the Green River. Some,
found where the ground was soft, were larger than others. It will be seen that there

97

20 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

are two kinds. They have run all over the ground where it is not cultivated. They
live in the ground frozen hard all winter. They have a top and leaf resembling
tomato." {Corbin.)

10474. Tkiticum monococcum. Einkorn.

From Erfurt, Germany. Received thru Haage & Schmidt, March 14, 1904.

10475 to 10521.

From Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Presented by INIr. J. H. Maiden,
superintendent of the Sydney Botanical Gardens. Received March 1, 1904.

A collection of small packets of seed of native plants, as follows:

10475. Acacia aneura.

"Mulga" or " Yarren." A tall shrubby plant or small tree, never attain-
ing a much greater height than 20 feet. Affords an unfailing supply of good
forage during long and severe droughts. Drought-enduring qualities are
remarkable. Wood is excessively hard and valuable for timber. Considered
worthy of cultivation. Western Australia thru mainland colonies to Queens-
land. Peculiar to the arid western plains bc^yond the Darling River. ( Ref-
erence: Foraye Flants of Australia, p. 33.)

10476. Acacia Montana.

A tall shrub, widely distributed in mountain and forest regions, rocky hills,
etc., in the southwestern part of New South Wales.

10477. Acacia neriikolia.

A tall shrulj. New South Wales, dividing range to table-lands from Clyde
River to Queensland; open forests on Balonne River.

10478. Alchornea ilicifolia.

A tall shrub. New South Wales, brush forests; Oueei: land.

10479. Alpinia caerulea.

An erect perennial herb, 3 to 5 feet, with a terminal inflorescence. New
South Wales; coast district in brush forests from Hunter River to Queensland.

10480. Barringtonia alba.

Molucca Islands. "The majestic habit of the tree, the splendor of the
foliage, the magnificence of the flowers, and, finally, the singular form of the
fruit, will attract the attention of the most indifferent." (Extract from Flore
des Sevres, vol. 7, genus description, j

10481. Blandfordia flammea.

Tender, bulbous plant with large, showy, red flowers in short racemes.
Eastern Austra.lia, in peat bogs and on shady Jiiountain sides.

10482. Blennodia lasiocahpa.

" Hairy podded cress." Annual, 1 to IJ feet high, covered with pubes-
cence; pod hairy. Peculiar to the Darling River, sandy plains near the Murray
River, and generally over the arid plains of Australia. Makes its growth dur-
ing the hottest part of the year; valuable f(jr forage. (Reference: Forage
Flants of Australia, p. 4. )

10483. Brunonia australis.

Herbaceous plant with capitate bluq flowers. New South Wales; in dry
pastures, chiefly in the west; also in other colonies.

10484. Cassinia theodorei.

A heath-like shrub; branches and under side of leaves woolly white. New
South Wales, head of Gwydir River.

10485. Capparis mitchellii.

"Native orange." A small tree. Fruit from 1 to 2 inches in diameter;
eaten by natives. Wood hard, whitish, close grained, suitable for carving,
engraving, and similar purposes. All colonies except Tasmania and Western
Australia,

07

DECEMBER, 1003, TO DECEMBER, lOOo. 21

10475 to 10521 L\)iitimu>(l.

10486. CASTAJfOSrORA ai.imiaxdi.

Largt' tree with piiinati- leave.s; flowers raoein()se-|)anu'ulate.

10487. C'EI.TIS I'ANUl'I.ATA.

Tree 25 to 35 feet high; wood soft, wiiite, pliable; used for hoops for casks.
New South Wales, Queensland, and northern Australia; not endemic' in
Australia.

10488. Chloris trunc.\ta.

"Windmill grass," or '' star orrass." An erect grass, perennial and showy.
Valuable as a forage plant; an excellent summer and autumn grass. In all
Australian colonies except Tasmania and Western Australia.

10489. ("OMHKETi;.\I LOEKLINCII.

Climbing or diffuse shrub. Tropical South America.

10490. ( 'kasi'hdia kk uka,

A rather large j>crennial. New South Wales, thrnout the colony in grass
land; also in N'ictoria, Tasmania, South .Vustralia, ami Western .Vustraiia.

10491. IManki.i.a tas.manra.

Perennial librous-rooted plant with grasslike leaves 2 to 4 feet long; large,
loose ])anicles of blue flowers on delicate pendent pedicels. Succeeds best in
open border of a (;uol greenhouse. Tasmania and Australia;' common in rich,
moist soil.

10492. DiLLwyxiA cinrrascexs.

Pretty yellow-flowered juniper-leaved shrub. New South Wales; also coast
district and dividing range from Hunter River to Victoria; Tasmania. Com-
mon in grassy places.

10493. DonoNAEA triquetra.

" Mop bush." A shrub. Victoria, New South Wales, (Queensland.

10494. DvsoxYLOx mieli.eri.

"Pencil cedar" or "turnip wood." Tree with compound leaves; timber
of a rich, red color; used for cabinetmaking and window work. Northern
New South Wales and Queensland.

10495. ElAEODEXDRON CrRTU'EXlJULlM.

Probably a tree or shrub. Norfolk Island.

10496. Eremophila browxii.

Very variable shrul), often tall. \'ictoria, Murray desert; New South Wales,
western plains; South Australia.

10497. Eremophila latifolia.

Small spreading shrub. New South Wales, southern interior; Western
and South Australia.

10498. Eremophila maculata.

Tall shrub with rigid branches. Western and South Australia; .western
plains of New South Wales and Queensland; Victoria.

10499. Eremophila mitchelli.

Shrub or small tree, on elevated stony lands. New South Wales, western
plains in the south.

10500. Eremophila oppositipolia.

"Emu bush." Ornamental shrub or small tree, sometimes attaining a
height of 20 feet; more or less hoary; leaves 1 to 2 inches in length; flowers
about 1 inch long. Grows in the most arid parts of the continent and is avail-
able for forage. "Will grow when not a blade of grass is seen for weeks
together." Worthy of cultivation. Plains between Lachlan and Darling
rivers in New South Wales; near Murray River in Victoria, and in the interior
of South Australia.

97

22 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

10475 to 10521— Continued.

10501. Eremophila bowmani.

Erect shrub. Western plains from Byrock to Queensland.

10502. Eriostemon dipformis.

Small l)ushy shrub. Interior of New South Wales.

10503. Eucalyptus behriana.

A small shrub or small tree. Near sources of Werribee River, on stony hill.- ;
in hill forest region of Wirrabara, near Crystal Brook and Mount. Remark-
able on deep, nearly clay soil.

10504. Eucalyptus di versicolor.

"Karri," "Blue gum." Colossal tree, exceptionally reaching a height of
400 feet. Furnishes good timber for building. Southwestern Australia, in
fertile, rather humid, valleys; on small elevations in swamps near rivers
beyond the reach of water.

10505. Eucalyptus coccifera.

Small tree with leaves under 3 inches long. Tasmania, o,000 to 4,000 feet
elevation. Possibly a subalpine form of E. amygdalind.

10506. Eucalyptus incrassata.

Shrul)by or arl)orescent, exceptionally rising to .'10 feet. From the Murray
and Darling rivers thru desert tracts to the Great Bight. Chiefly on sand
ridges, but also on Tertiary limestone, extending in some places to the brink of
the ocean.

10507. Eucalyptus tereticornis.

' ' Flooded gum tree." Tall tree when well developed, but seldom exceeding
100 feet. Timber is excellent. Never very far removed from littoral regions;
occupying generally humid flats or growing around swamps and lakes or along
water courses, never on saline ground or salt-water streams. ■

10508. Eucalyptus virgata.

A tall, straight-growing white gum. Valleys of the higher parts of the
Blue Mountains or at the foot of cliffs in fairly good soil.

10509. Hovea heterophylla.

A blue-flowered, evergreen shrub, prosti'ate or decumbent. New South
Wales, coast district to table-land in dry, stony localities.

10510. Melaleuca pustulata.

Small or tall shrul). New South Wales, southern interior; Victoria, Tas-
mania, South Australia.

10511. Myoporum deserti.

"Sweet-fruited myoporum." Erect shrub, 3 to 4 feet high, with linear
leaves 1 to 2 inches long. Said by some to be poisonous when in fruit; ethers
state that it is a capital forage plant. Found principally in the interior of all
the colonies of Australia. (See Forage Plants of Australia, p. 40. )

10512. Olearia pimeloides.

Bushy shrub. Victoria and western plains of New South Wales.

10513. PoDOLEPis acuminata.

Erect perennial shrub. New South Wales; Victoria, Hardinger range at
elevations of 5,000 feet; Tasmania, abundant in many parts of the colony,
ascending to 4,000 feet.

10514. Prostanthera striatifolia.

Rather small, rigiti shrub. New South Wales, barren hills of the interior
from Lachlen River to Queensland.

10515. Grevillea linearis.

, A tall, delicate shrub, with spreading branches and linear leaves. New South
Wales, coast district and dividing range from Clyde River to Port Jcckson.

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 28

10475 to 10521— CV)iitimuHl.

10516. Sl'DROBOLLS I.INDLKVI.

A tfk'iider-growing perennial grass. Grows on rich soil and is nuu h relished
by all kinds of stock. All Anstraiian colonies except Tasmania.

10517. SCLEROLAENA BICOKNMS.

"Cotton Imsh." Small, stout slinil), densely white, tomcntosc. New South
"WaU's, western plains.

10518. TiucHiNirM ai.oimx tuoidkim.

Rather slender, perennial herl). New South Wales, w*>stern iilains; also in
other Anstraiian colonies.

10519. TkR'HIXRM OHOVATl-M.

"Silver hush." An erect undcrsliruh ll to 4 U^'{. Flower si)ikesglohular.
Has reniarkahle tlrouirlit-enduriug (|ualities; will grow in the driest of soils
when once fairly estai)lishe<l. \^^lual)le as a forage plant. Arid interior of
all Australiai\ colonies.

10520. Tkicminum k.\.\i,t.\ti m.

Tender perennial, 2 to ;M\H't. Western plains of New South Wales; other
Australian colonies.

10521. TkKHINUM NOIill.K.

"Yellow-hairy spikes." Stout perennial herb. Not easily affected by
drought; affords a rich, succulent herhage even in very dry wi-ather, of which
stock are very fond. Interior of New South Wales and South Australia and
Victoria. (Reference: Forage Plants of Australia, p. 85.)

10522. Garcinia morella. Gamboge.

From Kingston, Jamaica. Presented by Dr. William Fawcett, director of the
Botanical CJarden. Ueceived March 17, 1904.

"A moderate-sized tree which produces the true gamboge of commerce, used in
Europe and America as a pigment; In the Orient this pigment is used for dyeing
silks and other fabrics. The oil in the seeds is used in Mysore as a sulistitute for
lamp oil. These seeds are imported for use as a stock for the maugosteen, upon
which the latter was grown successfuUv many years ago by INlr. Harris, superintend-
ent of Castleton Garden, Jamaica, and also later by Mr. Hart, of Trinidad. Fruit
the size of a cherrv, subglobose, slightly four-lobed, four-celled, and four-seeded.
In Singapore this species grows without anv particular attention, it is said, and
attainsli height of 35 to 50 feet. It is probable that this si)ecies has a much niore
vigorous root system than the mangosteen, and is therefore a promising possibility
as a stock for the mangosteen. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

10523. Phaseolus angularis. Bean.

From Kingston, R. I. Presented by Mr. G. E. Adams, of the Rhode Island
Agricultural Experiment Station. Received March 12, 1904.
A bean secured bv Professor Brooks, of the Massachusetts Agriculturai Experiment
Station, in Japan, under the name of " White- Podded Adzuki soy bean."

10524. MiSCANTHUS GONDENSATUS (?).

From Yokohama, Japan. Presented by Mr. H. Suzuki, of the Yokohama Nur-
sery Company. Received March 9, 1904.

IS

therefore r^^ ... ..^ --

sure itwiirsucceecrweil.'in the native region where these plants are growing its
leaves remain green all thru the year and cattle are fed upon it. It should be cut
while young, before its full growth, as the stem gets too hard if left too long. Young
stems can be cut gradually from time to time thruout nearly the whole year, but a
few stems on each clump 'should always be left without cutting, aa it sometimes dies

97

24 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

out if cut off too severely. I endeavored to get some seed of this plant, but the
stems being constantlv cut by the villagers make it very difficult to secure them. It
seldom flowers. The" roots, however, can be secured in any quantity. {t'^uzuki.)

10525. Pyrus malus. Apple.
From Amassia, Turkev. Presented by Mr. H. Caramanian. Pveceived March 16,

1904.

Misket A varietv of apple from this noted fruit region of Turkey. In letter of
April 25, Mr. Caramanian remarks "that the Misket apple is the best variety of apple
grown in this countrv. It has a crimson-red color when fully ripe. Its texture is
fine and its flavor deliciouslv sweet. It has a keen, musky smell peculiar to itself,
from which it takes its name, misk in Arabic meaning musk. In a room containing
only one apple one mav di.^^cover its presence by its smell. In exceptional cases
individual specimens weigh as much as a pound, but are generally smaller. In such
a town (Amassia), where a hundredweight of peaches costs from 20 to 2.5 cents, this
apple is sometimes sold as high as 15 cents a pound, first-class apples are exported
to Constantinople and the rest are used here."

10526. Pruxus domestica. Plum.
From Amassia, Turkev. Presented by Mr. H. Caramanian. Received March 16,

1904.
Uryany. A varietv of plum from this noted fruit region of Turkey. In a letterof
April 2.5", Mr. Caramanian savs: "The Uryany plum is one of the choicest varieties
of plums that I have ever see"n here or in America. It is of a greenish yello\y color
when fully ripe. It is verv fleshv and juicy, with an exceedingly thin skin. It
tastes sweet and the stone is" not very loose. As the orchardists do not know how to
take care of the fruit trees, we find only a few perfect specimens on the trees."

10527. Phaseolus radiatus. Mung bean.
From Patras, Greece. Received thru Mr. Socrates Xanthopoulo, March 17, 1904.

10528 to 10530. Alnus spp.

From Yokohama, Japan. Presented by Mr. H. Suzuki, of the Yokohama
Nursery Company. Received March 9, 1904.

10528. Alxis .iapoxka (?). 10530. Alxus ixcana.

10529. Alxus firma.

" Species of Alnus which are used by the Japanese as shade or shelter trees
in the plantations of the :\Iitsumata pa'per j.lants, especially on hillside planta-
tions. From the fact that the different species of Alnus produce root tubercles
it is hoped that cultures can be secured of the micro-organisms which form
them. It has been suggested bv Mr. Swingle that the value of this Alnus as a
shelter plant mav be due largely to the nitrogen-collecting power of these
tubercles. If thi's proves to be true, the cultivation of these species of Alnus
mav 1)6 of value for certain American cultures and especially in connection
with the cultivation of the paper plant." {Fairchild.)

10531. Beta cicla. Leaf l^eet.

From Vomero, near Naples, Italy. Presented by Dr. Carl Sprenger, March 18,
1904.
Seeds for experiments in breeding with the sugar beet, to be carried on by Dr.
C. O. Townsend and Mr. E. C. Rittue.

10532. Trifolium pratexse. Red clover.

From Riga, Russia. Secured by Mr. E. A . Bessey from Mr. Heinrich Goegginger.
Received March 21, 1904.

Orel.~The seed of the promising hairless clover No. 16, to which it is desired to
call special attention, was obtained by Mr. Bessey through Mr. Goegginger, of Riga,
and was produced on the estate of a German grower near Yeletz, in the eastern part

97

DECEMBER, lOO'?. To DKCEMRER. IW",. 25

of the Orel jrovernment. The ^ntwor iiuulc a inactive of savinj; liis own s(«'il. ami
heiu'e this strain liad liet-n •^mw ti on the same estate for a wnnilu-r of years.

Aeeonlinji to Mr. (ioej^LMnyer, tiiegoveriiineiit of Orel furnislics tlie best red clover
seed oijtainaitie in Kupsia. Its chief erops are winter rye and oats, and it is in rota-
tion with tlu'pe that the elover is g;ro\vn. A small (|nantity of winter wheat i.s also
grown.

This variety is distinguished by the dustlessness of its iiay, due to almost complete
absence of hairiness from all parts of the |)lant; by its heavy yields for the first crop;
by it.s lealine.^^s and the persisteme of the ba.sU leaves; by the succulence of the
stem-s, which improves greatly the (luality of the liay and reduces the waste due to
woody, uneatable portions; by greater palatability than hay from domestic seed, and
l)y tlie fact that it comes to "proi)er maturity for harvesting from ten days to two
weeks latf r than the ordinary .\merican reil cli.ver.

Except in certain sections and for ci-rtain purposes this variety is not n-com-
mended for supjilanting domestic red clover, but rather fi>r supplementing the lat-
ter. See Hulletin No. »o of the Bureau of Plant Indu.strv entitle<l "A New Type of
Red Clover." {Charles J. nniwL)

10533 and 10534. Tkifolittm i'katkxsk. Red clover.

From Riga, Russia. Secure<l bv ^Ir. K. \. I>cssev from Mr. Fr. Lassmann, Riga,
Ru.ssia. Received March 21," 1904.

10533.

From estate owned i>y Mr. Feu'sdin. Mohileff government, near Zhlobin.

10534. Courland.

From estate of Mr. .Sillin, Neuhof, Courland government. A high-growing

sort.

10535 to 10543. Victa faba. Broad bean.

From Paris, France. Received thru Vilmorin-Andricux t*i Co., March 21, 1904.

10535. Large, common field va- 10539. ]yindsor.

"^'*>'- 10540. (1 rem Windsor, or Genoa.

10536. Perfection. 10541. Small Green J alienne.

10537. .S'enV/a, long-podded. 10542. Duarf Earl,/.

10538. Aguadulce extra long- ^^g^g y.,,/,/, r/«»," green.

podded.

10544. Bean.

Originally from Spain. Received thru Mr. Rosendo Torras, of Brunsw ick, (xa.,
March 20, 1904.

Large white beans, slightly marked with red, varying in size. "Apparently
different from any raised in this country." ( Torra.^. )

10545. Phleum pkatense. Timothy.

From Vienna, Austria. Received thru Dr. Victor Lieb, (Jourt Gardener to
Palace of Miramar, near Trieste, Austria, March 24, 1904.

10546. Phleum pratense. Timothy.

From Lulea, Sweden. Received tliru Dr. Paul Hellstnnn, March 24, 1904.

Grown at Person Norrbattens Lau, Sweden, in 1901. Imported for the experi-
ments in the breeding of timothy at Ithaca, N. Y.

10547 to 10550. Phleum spp.

From Vienna, Austria. Received thru Doctor Weinzierl, Councilor, Seed Con-
trol Station in Vienna, March 24, 1904.

Four species of Phleum from the experiment station in the Austrian Alps, known
as the Sandling-Alp Station, which has won a wide reputation for its work on

97

26 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

forage crops and grasses in the Alp^. These seeds were imported for breeding pur-
])oses, especially at the Cornell Experiment Station at Itliaca, N. Y.

10547. Phleum medium. 10549. Phleum michellii.

10548. Phleum alpinum. 10550. Phleum pratexse.

10551. (Undetermined.)

From Arcelia, Guerrero, Mexico. Presented by Mr. Federico C'hisolm.
Received March 26, 1904.

Seeds of a " bliie-flowered perennial 12 to 18 inches high. Flower.-! l\ inches in
diameter with yellow center. Ought to be used for bedding." (Chisolm.)

10552. Tkitioum vulgare. Wheat.

From Sitka, Alaska. Grown at the Alaska Agricultural Experiment Station by
Prof. G. G. Georgeson, from S. P. I. No. 1341 (?). Presented to the Secretary
of Agriculture (pro))ably in 1900) by Professor Georgeson.

10553 to 10556. Cucumts melo. Muskmelon.

From Khojend, Russian Central Asia. Presented by ]Mr. E. Valneff to ^Nlr.
E.- A. Bcssey. Received March 28, 1904.

10553. Al: Kulriuk. 10555. Parsildak.

10554. BusrakU. 10556. Sarmizik.

10557. Blighia sapida. Akee.

From Hog Island, near Nassau, West Indies. Presented by Mrs. Ralph John-
son. Received March 25, 1904.

"The fruit of the akee, especially tlie arillus lying immediately below the seeds, is
reported to l)e a delicious vegetal)re and to resemble in taste l)its of sweetbread v.hen
cooked with meats or omelets. Worthy of attention in the Subtropical Gardens in
Florida and a possibility as a culture in Porto Rico." {Fairchild.)

10558 to 10562. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

Receive.1 thru Mr. J. W. Kerr, of Denton, Md., April 7, 1904

10558. Castillet.

Grown from S. P. I. No. 7133 (745).

10559. Fabrka.

Grown from S. P. I. No. 7135 (748).

10560. Jordan.

Grown from S. P. I. No. 7398 or No. 7401 (765 and 771).

10561. Mollnr.

Grown from S. P. I. No. 7061 (740).

10562. Planeta.

Grown from S. P. I. No. 7062 or No. 7134 (741 and 746).

10563. Trifolium pratense. ' Red clover.

From St. Petersburg, Russia. Secured by Mr. E. A. Bessey from Mr. G. Frick.
Received April 11, 1904.
"Seed from Rjeschiza, Vitebsk government, in northwestern Russia. Should
prove hardy." {Bessey.)

10564. Trifolium pratense. Red clover.

From St. Petersburg, Russia. Secured by Mr. E. A. Bessey from Mr. G. Frick.
Received April 11, 1904.
" Seed from Ekaterinburg, in Siberia. Climate very cold in winter." {Bessey.)

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 27

10565 to 10567. 'Prifolium spp. Clover.

From Uusi^ia. Presented bv Pruf. Charles E. Bessey, of the University of
Nebraska. Receive.l April" 9, 1904.

Samples of elover seed collected by Professor Bessey in the summer of 190.3, as
follows:

10565. Tkifolum Lri'iNASTER. Five-leaf clover.

10566. Tkifolum sp.

10567. Trifolium hybridum. Alsike.

" Last summer I picked up several seeds of odd clovers which interested me
very nnich, ami I am \voii(lerin<r w bcthcr you may not wisli to have them. One
of these seeds is the live-foliate clover, which Vvas given me by the professor
in the Agricultural Institute of Moscow. Another resembles the common red
clover, l)nt is evidentlv distinguislicd from that species. I collected these
seeds ill the heart of tlie Caucasus Mountains, at an altitude of prol)ably 0,000
feet. The exact locality is Kazbek. Another rcsemi)lcs tbe alsike clover and
was obtained from the same locality as the last." (Jhssci/. )

10568. CvPERUS PAPYRUS. Egyptian paper plant.

From Washington, 1>. C Presented by Mr. Peter Pisset, gardener of the ( iard-
ner Hubbard estate, "Twin Oaks," "Washington, D. C. Received March ;{0,
1904. ^

10569. Fa(;opyrum ksculentum. Buckwheat.

From Walhonding, Ohio. Presented liy the originator, Mr. Charles L. Lon-
singer, thru Hon. J. W. Cassingham, M. C. Received April 1, 1904.

- The variety is described by Mr. Lonsinger, in his letter of February 2.3, 1904, to
Mr. Cassingham, as follows:

" It is a varietv of mv own creation and it withstands liot weather better than any
other variety, to deterndne this, I have been sowing it to have it lilling during
heat of summer. In this I had an excellent test the summer of 1901, when it filled
while the thermometer registereil 9.5° to 102° F. in the shade day after day. My
motive was to get a heat-resisting variety, in which I am i)Ieased with my success.
"What I claim for it is that it will produce plump grains in hot weather, when other
varieties fail and the Japanese varieties shrivel beside it; that it will produce more
per acre than Silverhull or Japanese buckwheat, and will double the yield of either
in hot weather. It can be sown in spring and nudsummer, or in ordinary seasons
two crops can be grown. • , c -i

"It growls a stout plant and stands U]) better than Silverhull. In a test with Silver-
hull, 2 bushels each by weight, it produced one-half pound more flour than SilverhuU
and cakes were of a milder flavor than cakes from Silverhull. Six pounds in chaff (5
pounds, estimated, clean seed), selected in 1902, and sown in spring of 1903 on ordi-
nary ground and shaded on one side l)V timber, produced 454 pounds, or 9 bushels
4 pounds. In 1902 I sowed it July 5 aiid it was ripe September 10."

10570. SOLANUM TUBEROSUM. PotatO.

From New York, N. Y. Presented by J. M. Thorburn & Co., seedsmen.
Earliest of All, a new seedling variety.

10571 to 10575.

From Arcelia, Guerrero, Mexico. Presented by Mr. Federico Chisolm. Re-
ceived March 28, 1904.
A collection of bulbs and tubers, mostly unidentified.

10576. CocHLEARiA ARMORAGiA. Horse-radish.

From Edgewater Park, N. J. Presented by Mr. B. D. Shedaker. Received
April 13, 1904.
Maliner Kren. Roots grown from S. P. 1. No. 5761.
97

28 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

10577. Trifolium pkateksi:. Red clover.

From Riga, Russia. Secured ))>• Mr. K. A. Bessey from Mr. H. Goeggiriger.
Received April 15, 1904.

"Red clover from Ufa, a dry region and cold in winter but having little snow.
Seed rather jjoor, but for climatic regions ought to be valuable." {Besseij.)

10578. Phleum pratense. Timothy.

From Tokyo, Japan. Presented by Pr. Oscar Loew, of Komaha Agricultural
Experiment Station. Received April L'5, 1904.

"Sample of seed for Mr. Gilmore's experiments in the selection of better races of
timothy at the State Agricultural Fxperiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y. Furnished
Doctor Loew by the Tokyo Plant Seed Company. The origin of the seed is uncer-
tain. Presumably, however, it was gathered in Japan." (Fairchild.)

10579. EuTREMA hederaefolia. Dry-land -Nvasabi.

From Yokohama, Japan. Presented by Mr. H. Suzuki, of the Yokohama Nur-
sery Company. Received April 1<S, 1904.

"This wasabi is said to grow well in ordinary dry soil in shade, but it being a
native of the central part of Japan it might not resist your climate.

"It seems to be much easier of cultivation than the ordinary wasabi which we
sent you before, tho it will take some years before it grows to the size of ordinary
wasabi roots, l)ut, as the leaves have a ve»y good flavor, it is said to be eaten l)y the
natives as one of the best kinds of spi(;e. It is mostly growing wild and not in culti-
vation yet." (Suzuki.)

10580 to 10582. Prunus cerasus. Cherry.

From Moscow, Russia. Secured by Mr. E. A. Bessey, thru Mr. Emil Meyer,
head gardener of the Agricultural Institute. Received April 18, 1904.

10580. Vladimir. 10582. Vladimir.

10581. Roditelsky.

10583 to 10586. Barley.

From Svalof, Sweden. Received thru the Allmanna Svenska Utsiideaaktiebolaget
(General Swedish Seed-Breeding Company), April 18, 1904.

"A collection of pedigreed brewing barleys, each one 100 percent pure seed, which
have been produced by selection at the Swedish Seed-Breeding Institute in Svalof,
under the direction of Dr. N. H. Niisson. They are recommended for their remark-
able uniformity of growth, their heavy yielding character, and the low nitrogen
content of their kernels. Belonging to the two-rowed type of barley, they require
to be kept longer on the growing floor or in the growing drum of the malt house,
but in the opinion of European experts these pedigreed pure races of barley grow
more uniformly and make a better quality of beer than the ordinary types of barley
grown in America, which are all of mixed races. The different sorts represent
practically pure types of Doctor Nilsson's various barley races and translations of
his descriptions are given herewith." [Fairchild.)

10583. HORDEUM DISTICHUM NUTANS.

Frinsess. 0105. Head relatively thick and broad, with somewhat separated
kernels and spreading awns. Before ripening, yellowish. Kernel finely
built, medium in size, full, on both sides unusually finely wrinkled, yellow,
with a slightly whitish tint. Plant strong, of medium height, thickly leaved,
very well stooled, with strong, relatively stiff stems; leaves somewhat high on
the stem. Medium late, ripening a few days later than the CJievalier. Ex-
traordinarily productive, especially suited for mild, moderately strong, not
too heavy sods. As a brewing barley, especially high prized. Belonging to
Doctor Nilsson's Alpha group

10584. HoRDEUM DISTICHUM NUTANS.

Chevalier II. 0403. Head long, small, and loose, with kernels not diver-
gent; never reddish colored. Kernel medium sized, full, and especially finely

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, H)05, 29

10583 to 10586— Continued.

formeil, liiiely wrinkled, and strongly yellow colored. Plant medium strong;
leaves abundant, but placed low on the jilants. Not very abundantly stooled,
with somewhat weak culms. , On account of this latter lialiit a variety es|)e-
cially suited to warm, light, not very heavy soils. I'nxhictivity, medium.
Ripening time, not very early, but still a few days before the J'rinsess. As a
brewing sort, in suitable locations, much esteemed. Belonging to Doctor
Nilsson's Alpha group.

10585. HORDKI M DISTICHUM NUTANS.

Hannrhen. Head unusually thick for nodding barley; kernels not divergent
and therefore the head is more c()m|)act, narrower, small, standing horizon-
tally on the straight culm; light yellow in color before ripening. The awns
are often thrown off. Kernel small, especially fine in form and color: light
yellow, very tinely wrinkled. Plant of j)eiiiliar habit, late starting into
growth, but nevertheless very heavily stool! ng with several eiiualiy strong,
graceful, but hard ami very stiff culms which have few leaves, and these are
near the ground. Ripens very early, little later than the SmtiixDcck. Pro-
ductiveness very good. Especially a laptcd for light, warm soils, and alxive
all for high altitudes. Can stand well iieavy manuring. As a brewing barley
well qualitied. It belongs to Doctor Nilsson's Alpha group.

10586. HoRDKUM DISTICHUM KREtTl'M.

I'rhniis. 070(i. Head rather long and relatively small, somewhat loosely
built, with awns slightly spreading. Head U)rne on the culm, which is bent
above almost horizontally. Kernel good, medium large, especially finely
formed and full, tinely wrinkled, rich yellow. Plant strong, moderatefy
stooled, with upright very strong culms. Ripens early, scarcely perce|)tibly
later in maturing (a day or so) than the llmniclicn. Proihictiveness especially
good. Quite certainly, so far as (|uality is concerned, the highest grade yet
known among the "Iniperial " barleys. Especially suiti-d to heavy, cold loams
and clay soils, such as are to be found in middle Sweden. Bred in the region
where the sort aire dy — thanks to its strong culms and earliiiess — has opened
quite new regions for the culture of brewing barley.

10587. Jug LANS h^^b. Walnut.

From Santa Ana, Cal. Received thru Mr. P. H. Dorsett, of Chico, Cal., April IS,
1904.

"I am sending you a tree which, as near as can at this time be determined, is a
hybrid between the southern California black w Inut and the native live oak.
Native black-walnut .Meeds we e planted as stocks, and these trees appeared in the
rows. Walnut buds 'take' on these as readily as on the native stock, or even more
readily." {Durxett.)

10588. LoLTUM I'ERENNE. Rye-grass.

F.'om The Hague, Holland. Presented by Mr. Berendsen, hortulanus of the
Royal Zoological-Botanical Society. Received April 17, 1904.

Wester icoldi mm. "A variety of rye-grass originated in the north of Holland, which
has the rejiutation of being much superior in rapidity of growth and ([uantity of hay
cut to that grown from the Scotch variety, which is sometimes planted here."
{Berendsen. )

10589. Phleum pratense. Timothy.

From The Hague, Holland. Presented by Mr. Berendsen, hortulanus of the
Royal Zoological- Botanical Society. Received April 17, 1904.

"According to Mr. BerQnd.«en the timothy seed used in Holland is usually importe<l
from Scotland. This may be of Scotch origin. Imported for the timothy expeii-
ments conducted at the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Statioii, Ithaca,
N. Y." {Falrddld.)

97

30 SEEDS AXD PLANTS IMPORTED.

10590 to 10597. Dioscorea spp. and Xanthosoma spp.

Yam and yautia.

From San Juan, P. R. Presented by Miss Jenny H. Ericson. Received April
19, 1904.

A collection of Porto Rico yams and yautias not identified botanically. Yam
culture in the West Indies is one of the most profitable small-plant industries.
The botanical nomenclature of the various species is an important question.

10598 to 10614.

From Askhabad, Trans-Caspian territory, Turkestan. Secured by E. A. Bessey
from Mr. A. Bashmakoff. Received April 22, 1904.

A collection of seeds and cuttings as follows:

10598 to 10609. Vitis vinifera. Grape.

10598. Kara Kischmisch, Shiburgani, or Black Kishmish.

Berry elongated oval, violet black, seedless, small, very sweet, pro-
ducing a good red wine and also best Black Kishmish raisins; ripens in

August.

10599. Hussein Kara, or Black Huseini.

Differs from No. 10604 in its black color; ripens in July.

10600. Halili ak, or White Khalili.

Berry oval, conical, small, green covered with black dots, hard, of
average taste; one of the earliest Asiatic sorts; ripens about the middle
of June.

10601. Daria!

Berry spherical, or sometimes slightly elongated. Dark carmine with
yellowish spots, sweet; a very early sort; ripens at Bairam Ali about
the middle of June.

10602. ^agishiy.

Berry large, spherical, very sweet, golden when ripe. This sort is
good for table use and for jelly, etc.; is also a wine variety; ripens early
in September. f

10603. Taifi.

Berry elongated oval, obtuse at the apex, greenish color covered with
dark carmine streaks and bloom, sweet; flesh very compact; when hung
from the ceiling of a cool room it keeps the wliole winter; has no su-
perior for preserves and marmalade; ripens the middle of September.

10604. Ifusseini ak, or While Huseini.

Berry white, at the time of ripening wax-col-ored, long, very sweet
and juicy; the best table sort; ripens in June and July. (See No. 10290. )

10605. Sahlbl rosa, or Eosa Sakhabi. (See No. 10305.)

10606. Schokar ok, or White Shokar.

10607. Schiburchani, or Shiburkhani.

10608. Wassarga, or Vasarga.

Berry large, comprest, spherical, with one or two furrows at the
stalk, at maturity golden color, giving a good table wine; also good for
making raisins.

10609. Ifaska.

Berry white, spherical, sometimes elongated, very large, reaching the
size of a plum; used for the preparation of the best sorts of raisins; also
for preserves; one of the most showy of the Central Asiatic sorts; ripens
in July.

10610. Phaseolus KADiATUS. Mung bean.

Masch.
97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, I'JOo, 31

10598 to 10614— Continued.

10611. Tkiticl'm I'OLoxicixi (?). Wheat.
Red Winter; imirrigated.

10612. ANDKoi'iKiox soRcirrM (?). Sorg-hum.
I)jii(/<ira.

10613. CiiAETociiLi.A iTALUA. Millet.
Kunach, or Kumd:

10614. KOSTELETZKYA I'HXTACAHPA.

Kannf.

10615 to 10620. Peusea (iUATissiMA. Avocado.

From Honolulu, Hawaii. Presented by Mr. Donald Marlntyre, .Moanalua
Gardens, Honolulu. Received April 2J, 1H()4.

10615. Liirge Purple.

Flesh thick, of good, nut y flavor, yellow, and fiherle.-'H; seed coniiiaratiyely
small, about one-fourth of fruit; cro]> medium; pear-shaped; length and diam-
eter over standard (4 by 6 inches). (No. 1.)

10616. Small Green.

Flesh not thick and with no nutty flavcjr, but (|uite (ibcrU-Hs and rather
sweetish; fruit roundish, length in diameter about 4-1 nu-lie.<; late, iieavy liearer,
constant cropper. (No. 4.)

10617. Ldrije Green Round.

Flavor good but not nutty; length and diameter about o.l liy ■•> inches; crop
uncertain. (No. 3.)

10618. Large Green.

Best of all in flavor; flesh smooth, firm, and flberless; seed small; decidedly
bottle-necked; length 7 inches, diameter about 4 inches; late cropper, but crop
fairly constant; ripening about middle of June; seed small. ( No. G. )

10619. Small Green.

A very early variety, not of best flavor, with flberless fruit; see<l large; not
decidedly pear-shaped; good grower and constant crojiper; ripening about May
25; earliest variety in Honolulu. (No. 5.)

10620. Large Green.

Flavor decidedly nutty and good; flesh yellow, flberless; length and diam-
eter of fruit about' standard; crop light, ripening about the middle of June.
(No. 2.)

10621. Phleum pratense. Timothy.

From iSodermanland, Sweden. Presented by Prof. Jakob Eriksson, Experimen-
talfiiltet Albano, Stockholm. Received April 20, 1904.

"Sample of seed from crop of 1903 of Swedish timothy for the selection experiments
carried on by Mr. John W. Gilmore at the Cornell University Agricultural Experi-
ment Station. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

10622. Arachis hypogaea. Peanut.

From Japan. Presented by Prof. C. C. Georgeson, director of the Alaska Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, Sitka, Alaska. Received April 18, 1904.

10623. CoNVOLYULUS sp. Japanese morning-glory.

From Japan. Presented by Prof. C. C. Georgeson, director of the Alaska Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, Sitka, Alaska. Received April 18, 1904.
Seed of Japanese morning-glories, which are known as being the most beautiful
varieties in the world.

97

32 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

10624 to 10627.

From Moscow, Russia. Received from Immer & Sons, seedsmen, thru Mr. E. A.
Bessey, April 23, 1904.

S«eds, as follows:

10624. AVENA SATIVA. O^t.

Belijak. A race of oat bred from the Srithf oat and especially valuable in
regions of linuted rainfall, where it gives large crops when other sorts fail.

10625. Panicum .miliaceum. Broom-corn millet.

Orenburger. A low sort, especially bred for large yield in dry regions by the
owner of a large estate. Not on the market. Obtained by Immer & Sons from
the breeder as a personal fav(jr to them.

10626. Trifolium pratense. Red clover.

Red-clover seed from an estate at Kostroma, 150 miles north of Moscow, a
region of very cold winters, almost at the edge of clover-seed production.

10627. Tripoli LM pratense. Red. clover.

Red-clover seed from an estate in the northern part of Simbirsk government,
a region of cold winters with little snow.

10628. Beta vulgaris. Beet.

From Catania, Sicily. Received thru Mr. Alwin Berger, La Mortola, Venti-
miglia, Italy. Received April 21, 1904.

"Sample of beet seed from the director of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Catania
for the breeding experiments of Dr. C. O. Townsend and Mr. E. C. Rittue, of this
Department. ' ' {FaircliUd. )

10629 and 10630. Beta maritima.

From Sicilv. Received thru Dr. Carl Sprenger, Vomero, near Naples, Italy,
April 25,' 1904.

"Sample of seed from two different localities in Sicily for the breeding experiments
of Doctor Townsend and j\lr. Rittue, of this Department. No. 10629 was marked
'I' and No. 10630 was marked 'II.' No further information." [FairchiUl.)

10631. Caesalpinia brevifolia. Algarobillo.

From New York. Received thru A. Klipstein & Co., 122 Pearl street. New
York, N. Y., March 23, 1904.

Pods of the tannin shrub "algarobillo." This is a small tree found growing wild
on the foothills of the Andes in Chile. It is said to occur in the driest portions of
the arid coast and to produce large quantities of pods very rich in tannin. Accord-
ing to Dr. Louis E. Levi, of the Pfister & Vogel Leather" Company, of INIilwaukee,
Wis., "it is an excellent tanning material, but gives a very light yellow color to the
leather, whit'h is partially ol>jectionable, yet I'think in mixtures with quebracho,
or the like, it would answer the purpose of the tanner. The same contains about 50
per cent of tannin. The tannin material has as yet not been used very much in the
United States on account of its objectional)le color and easily fermentable properties
when in solution. I think this is not very objectionable, as an experienced tanner
would be able to get around this fault."

Mr. C. A. Spencer, importer and dealer in tanning materials, 183 Essex street,
Boston, Mass., says: "Regarding the value of this material as a tanning agent, we
mav say its use for the purpose is very limited. While it is very strong in tannin it
does not have the filling properties tliat make it a desirable material for the manu-
fai^ture of leather, altho there is a limited quantity used in Great Britain and Europe,
but from tlie l)est information we have been able to obtain, there are only about
1,000 tons yearly of this article available. As compareii with other tanning mate-
rials grown in the United States, and with (juebracho extract, ganil)ier, etc., the price
is somewhat higher, which no doulit accounts, to a certain extent, for its limited
consumption. We formerly imported this article regularly, but the deniand for it
has grown much less during the past two years, ami there are now practically but

97

DECEMBER, 1003, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 83

two wnsnmors in this country of any size who are ueing the artiele in the niiinnl'ac-
tnre of what tlu'v rail •jaiiibier extract."

Mr. William 11. Krujr, of A. Klipstein & Co., 122 Pearl street, New York, X. Y.,
says: "We are unable to give you a comparative statement a.s to the valn(M)f this
material as compared with the other tanning' materials you mention in your letter,
as it has l)ecn only very recentlv introduced in this country and has not received
more than a very limited application. We l)elieve with you that algarobillo can no
doubt be successfully grown in some regions of the Tnited States, and with the
growing scarcity of "domestic tanning materials, its introduction should i)rove of
considerable interest."

10632. Peuitxa ocymoides. Perilla.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received thru the Yokohama Nursery Company
April 25, nt04.
"Sent to replace the former quantity imported (see No. 9892), which failed to gernn-
nate." {Fairchild.)

10633. QuERCUs CORNEA. Oak.

From Hongkong, China. Tresented by Mr. S. T. Dunn, superintendent of the
Botanical and Afforestation Department. Received Ajtril 27, 1904.
"Acorns of an evergreen oak, said to be a very showy ornamental as grown on the
island of Hongkong, but interesting particularly as bearing acorns as hard shelled as
the nuts of the American hickory and which contain a kernel almost as sweet as the
sweetest Spanish chestnut. These acorns are sold in the markets of Canton and
Hongkong by the ton and are keenly relished not only by the Japanese but by
Europeans. Altho difficult to predict how hardy this species will be in America,
it is worthy of trial in all regions where citrus fruits can be grown." {Fairchild.)

10634. Stachys sieboldii. Chinese artichoke.

From London, ICngland. Presented by :Mrs. Theo. K. (iibbs, Bethshan, (iibbs
avenue, Newport, R. I. Received April 29, 1904.
"These tubers are considered a great delicacy in France, w^here they are served in
the best restaurants and command a good price. They are said to be more delicate
than potatoes and are certainly worthy of a permanent place among the new vegetables
of this country. They should be planted in rows a foot apart and 6 to 9 ini-hes in
the row as soon as all danger from frost is past. They mature their tubers in October,
when they may be dug and stored in sand or earth in a cool place. They should be
prepared bv boiling, steaming, or roasting, and may be served either dry or with
melted l)Utter. Fried with salad oil they are considered to be especially delicious.
Purchased by Mrs. Gibbs from Peter Barr, of London." {Fairchild. )

10635. Pentzia virgata. Karoobosch.

From Ward No. 3, Jansenville, South Africa. Received thru ^Messrs. Lathrop

and Fairchild by arrangement with Dr. Charles P. Lounsbury antl Mr. A. J.

Davison, of the Department of Agriculture, Cape Town, South Africa, May 2,

1904.

"This fodder composite is considered of such great value by the sheep and cattle

men of Cape Colonv that a separate circular regarding it is being prepared. It is a

low-growing, spreading bush which layers naturally when the tips of its branches

arch over and touch the ground. In the eastern provinces of Cape Colony, where

the rains occur in summer but where long, severe droughts are frequent, this Pentzia

is one of the most valuable of all the Karroo plants for fodder purposes. It is

especially good for sheep and goats, which eat it down almost to the ground. Tho

tested unsuccessfully in Australia, the plant is of such great value that it deserves a

thoro trial in the warmest parts of America and should be used in experiments on

resuscitation of the barren island ranges of Hawaii." {Fairchild.)

10636 to 10669. Mangifera indica. Mango.

From Seharunpur, India. Presented by Mr. W. Gollan, superintendent of the
Government Botanical Garden, to replace plants that died in transit last year.
Received April 26, 1904.

7217— No. 97—07 3

34 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

10636 to 10639— Continued.

Plants as follows (notes by Mr. Gollan):

10636. Arhuthnot.

Something like Bombay Yellov), but a smaller fruit.

10637. Brindabani.

Medium-sized, green-colored fruit. Quality only fair.

10638. Bombay Green.

Something like Bombay Yellow, but fruit green when ripe.

10639. Bombay Yellow.

The best mango here. Fruit of medium size and yellowish when ripe.

10640. Gopal Bhog.

Medium-sized fruit. Keeps well. Flavor good.

10641. Khaparlah.

A longish, hooked, pointed fruit. Color yellow, shaded red.

10642. Salibumla.

A large fruit. Subacid flavor. Color greenish yellow.

10643. Strawberry.

A longish, hooked, pointed fruit. Flavor good.

10644. CalcuUia Amin.

A l(ing fruit, hooked, pointed. Has a very thin stone. Flavor good.

10645. Fuizau.

A large, long fruit. Brownish green. Flavor good.

10646. Fijri Long.

A large, longish fruit. Ripens late. Dark green when ripe.

10647. Fijri Bound.

Similar to above but of roundish shape.

10648. Hathi Jhul.

A very large fruit. Flavor good.

10649. Kachmahua.

A small fruit, but of good flavor.

10650. Kakaria.

A large, long fruit. Dark green. Good flavor.

10651. Langra Hardoi.

A medium-sized fruit. Ripens late. Pale yellow ^esh. Very rich.

10652. Surkhn.

A stringy kind, but of very good flavor.

10653. Tamancha.

A large fruit. Greenish yellow. Flavor good.

10654. Bhadauna.

A small, dark-green fruit. Ripens in September-October.

10655. Punia.

A medium-sized, stringy kind. Flavor very good.

10656. Kistaphal.

A large fruit. Flesh highly colored and of good flavor.

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 35

10636 to 10639 — Contiiuied.

10657. .Vadras.

A small fruit. Strinpry but of fine flavor.

10658. Romani.

A medium-sized fruit. Subacid, of very fine iiavof.

10659. Xucka.

A long, hooked, pointed fruit. Slightly stringy, but flavor good.

10660. Vhlckna.

A medium-sized fruit. Light yellow, of good flavor.

10661. Daiu/'s FovofiU:

\ long, thin fruit. Yellow, shaded red.

10662. Gola.

A large, round, yellow fruit, of very good flavor.

10663. I'ljasee.

A medium-sized fruit, of subaiid flavor. Ciood.

10664. I,an<jra Iju-iji'.

Similar to Lnngra HardiA, but larger. Kipens late in August.

10665. Sunderi^hdli.

A long fruit. Stringy. Flavor peeuliar ami (jnly liked l)y sume people.

10666. Kala.

A longish-shaped fruit. Pale green. Free of stringiness. Good.

10667. Sandurialt.

A small, long-shaped fruit. Stringy, but of fine flavor.

10668. Xaji Ilahadi Amiu.

A medium-sized, dark-green fruit. Ripens late.

10669. Sharliati Black.

A large, round fruit. Dark green. ( )f very good flavor.

10670 to 10673. Nephelium litchi and Nepheijum lonoana.

Litchi and longan.

From Hing-hua, Fuhkien, China. Received thru Rev. W. N. Brewster, Methodist
Episcopal missionary, in the autumn of 1903.

^Ir. Brewster says: "They were grafted probably some time in the year 1902.
Tlie trees were nofmore than two years old, I think. With regard to the culture,
they are not propagated from the seed, but a ball of earth is tied around a joint of a
branch, and when it throws roots out into this ball the branch is cut off on the side
next to the trunk, and the little tree is planted. The trees are fertilized by night soil
about the time that they are blossoming and also later when the fruits begin to form.
When the leaves are too thick, as they generally are in the spring, there is severe
pruning done. After the buds are out^ these are also thinned ; after the blossoms
begin to form into fruit they are thinned again. This is very important in order to
make a perfect fruit. They must be kept entirely free from frost, and should be
planted in a deep soil, i. e.," the soil should be soft down many feet below the sur-
face. The litdd blossoms early and matures the latter part of July. It is shaped
like a strawberry and has the strawberry color and appearance, only the skin is
rough and thick and brittle. The seed of the grafted variety is sharp pointed and
small, and shriveled up so that the rxieat is much more abundant than in the
ungrafted variety. The meat is white andjuicy and a little tart. The longan (another
species of the same genus) ripens in September. It is round and smooth. It is
sweeter than the Vdchi, l)ut the meat has very much the same ai^pearance.

"The other fruit which I brought, the longan, is not a variety of the idchi, but. a

97

36

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

distinct fruit, different in color and taste, and matures several weeks later in the
season. Many people think it is equal to, and some think it far superior to, the litchi.
It is cultivated in the same way as the latter, so far as 1 have observed."

10674. HoRDEUM TETRASTiCHUM. Four-row barley.

From Chicago, 111. Received thru Wahl-Henius Institute of Fermentology,
May 3, 1904.
"Minnesota barley which, according to Dr. Robert Wahl's analysis, contains the
unusual percentage of 15 to 16 per cent of protein. Doctor Wahl believes that this
variety should be experimented with in connection with the testing of low-protein,
two-rowed barleys. It is also of interest in connection with the experiments of Mr.
H. M. Cottrell, Odebolt, Iowa, oh high nitrogen feeding barleys." {Fairchild.)

10675 to 10723.

From Teneriffe, Canary Islands. Received thru Hon. Solomon Berliner, United
States consul at Teneriffe, May 4, 1904. Transmitted thru the Secretary of
State.
A collection of small samples of seeds, many of them indigenous to the Canary
Islands, as follows:

10675. asphodelis ramosus.

10676. Artemisia arcjentea.

10677. BoSEA YERVAMORA.

10678. Bystropogon origani-

FOLIUS.

10679. Centaurea calcitrapa.

10680. Cineraria populifolia

argentea.

10681. Chrysanthemum prute-

scens.

10682. Convolvulus althae-

OIDES.

10683. c'onvolvulus floridus.

10684. Cytisus glabra tus.

10685. Cytisus palmensis.

10686. Delphinium staphisa-

GRIA.

10687. Digitalis canariensis.

10688. Dracaena draco.

10689. Dracunculus canarien-

sis.

10690. echium formosum.

10691. EcHiUM simplex.

10692. EcHiuM strictum.

10693. Euphorbia CANARIENSIS.

10694. Euphorbia regis-jubae.

10695. Ferula linkii.

10696. Galilea iuncea.

10697. Genista canariensis.

10698. Genista monosperma.

10699. Gladiolus segetum.

10700. gonospermum frutico-

sum.

10701. GoNOSPERMUM REVOLU-

TUM.

10702. Hypericum floribun-

DUM.

10703. Lavandula abrotanoi-

DES.

10704. Leucophae candidissi-

MA.

10705. Lotus canariensis flo-

RIBUNDA.

10706. Mesembryanthemum

crystallinum.

10707. Oenothera rosea.

10708. Parietaria arborea.
Periploca laevigata.
PiNus canariensis.
Plocama pendula.

10709.
10710.
10711.
10712.
10713.

10714.

Psoralea bituminosa.

Ranunculus canarien-
sis.
Rhamnus crenulata.

10715. RhODOCISTUS BERTHELOr

tianus.

10716.
10717.
10718.

10719.
10720.

Rubia fruticosa.

RUMEX lunaria.

Sempervivum tabulae-
forme.

Statice brassicaefolia.

Statice pectinata.

10721. Tamus edulis.

10722. Teucrium hyssopifoli-

UM.

10723. Verbena bonariensis.

97

DECEMBEB. Ift03, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

37

10724. \'l( lA FAUA.

Horse bean.

From Cairo, Kgyj)!. Uoreivi-il tlini Mr. < it'orirr \\ Foailcii, secretary of tlie
Kliedivial Afiricultnral Society.

" Koots of tliis forage plant ei)lleeted shortly before liarvet^t time, dried in the
shaile, and mailed in tin mailing cases. For Doctor Moore's experiments in the
isolation of the micro-organism which canses the tnbercles." {Faircliild.)

10725. Mei)ica(;o orbicularis.

From Algeria. Secureil by j\Ir. Thomas H. Kearney in 1902. Turned over to
this otHce by Mr. ('. S. Scofield on May 5, 1904, to be nund)ered and .sent to
the Plant Introduction tJarden at Chico, Cal., for ])ropagation.

10726. PiiLEUM pratense. Timothy.

From Ilelsingfors, Finland. Received thru Mr. C T. Ward, Finnish Horticul-
tural Society, May 6, 1904.

Sample of timothy seed grow-n in Finland.

10727 to 10750.

From Monte, Grand Canary. Presented by Mr. Alaricus Delmard. Re<^eived
May 6, 1904.

A collection of small samples of seeds of interesting plants growing in tlu^ C'anary
Islands, as follows:

10727. ADENOCARPrs franke-

XIOIDES.

10728. BosE.\ yervamora.

10729. Bystropogox ori(;.\xi-

KOLIUS.

10730. Cedronella canariex-

SIS.

10731. Chrvsaxthemim krute-

SCEXS.

10732. Clethra arborea.

10733. ISOLEPIS caxariensis.

10734. Cytisus palmensis.

10735. Delphinium staphisa-

GRIA.

10736. Digitalis canariensis.

10737. Galilea .iuncea.

10738. GONOSPERMUM revolu-

TUM.

10739. Lei-cophae candidissi-

MA.

10740. ^IeSEMHKV ANTHEMUM

(•KV.STALLlXrM.

10741. Oenothera rosea.

10742. Parietaria arborea.

10743. PERifLOCA laevigata.

10744. Rhodocistus berthelo-

TIANUS.

10745. Rubia kruticosa.

10746. Statue pectinata.

10747. Tamus edulis.

10748. Teucrium hyssopifoli-

UM.

10749. Trix.^go versicolor.

10750. Verbena bonariensis.

10751. Fragaria sp.

Stravrberry.

From (Tarrettsville, Ohio. Presented by the originator, Mr. George J. Streator,

Received May 9, 1904.

for testing, on condition that no distribution is made.

Cardinal.

10752. Ervum lens. Lentil.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received thru Mr. George P. Foaden, secretary of the
Khedivial Agricultural Society, May 6, 1904.

Saida. "A variety of an important crop grown extensively in Upper Egypt."
{Fulrchild.)

97

38 SEEDS AT^TD PLAISTTS IMPORTED.

10753. ViciA FABA. Horse bean.

From Valetta, Malta. Received thru Dr. J. Borg, San Antonio (iardens, May
12, 1904.

Roots of a horse bean from the island of ]\Ialta, which, according to Doctor Borg,
were from plants already in pod. Doctor Borg remarks that the nodules are not so
plump as thev were when the plant was just beginning to set fruit, and that the
roots came from the best bean-producing lands in Malta, lands entirely free from
orobanche, which is a bad weed in the bean fields and their worst enemy. "But
for its ravages the bean would be the most profitable crop for agriculture." {Borg. )

10754. HoRDEUM TETRASTiCHUM. Four-row barley.

Originally from the Agricultural Experiment Station at Madison, Wis. Received
thru the Wahl-Henius Institute of Fermentology, Chicago, 111., May 9, 1904.

Oderbrucker. "A variety of barley which, upon analysis, proves to contain 15 per
cent of protein matter. Dr. Robert Wahl considers it essential that this type of
barley with high nitrogen content be experimented with for beer-making purposes,
and Mr. H. M. Cottrell, of Odebolt, Iowa, is interested in it as a type especially
adapted for feeding purposes." {F((irrhild.)

10755 and 10756. CAPSicmi annuum. Paprika pepper.

From Budapest, Hungary. Received thru Hon. Frank D. Chester, United
States consul at Budapest, May 4, 1904.

Seeds of the two varieties of papribi which were requested by the Botanical Drug
Company, of Bridgeport, Ala.

10755. Szeged rose. 10756. Hungarian.

From Szeged, Hungary. From near Debreczen, Hungary.

"It is Avorthy of note that the best varieties of paprika are not imported

. into this country and that the highest priced, called 'Edelsiiss,' brings 6 crowns

a pound, while that generally imported into America is quoted at 1.65 crowns.

There would seem to be a chance for the paprika industry in America."

[Fairchild.)

10757 to 10958. Phoenix dactylifera. Date.

From Biskra, Algeria. Purchased from Monsieur Colombo by correspondence
conducted by Mr. W. T. Swingle. Plants paid for by Mr. E. A. Bessey, who
superintended the packing and shipping to the United States. Received ]\Iav
17, 1904.

10757 to 10832. Di^glet Noor. From Ourlana oasis.

Among these palms there maj' be as many as four palms that are not Deglet
Noors, since four lost their numbers and were confused with this lot of Beglet
.Voor.s. Nos. 10841, 1088.3, 10902, and 10904 are doubtful, and are probably
Deglet Noors. The varieties of these four misplaced suckers are as follows:
Tezerluirit, Abd en. noor, Sokria, and Iteema. These varieties are mostly quite
unlike the Deglet Noor and can probably be recognized when the offshoots get
of some size.

10833. Deglet Beidu. From Ourlana oasis.

10834. Deglet Beida. From Ourlana oasis.

10835. Deglet Beida. From Ourlana oasis.

10836. Tenaseen. From Ourlana oasis.

10837. Tenaseen. From Ourlana oasis.

10838. Tenaseen. From Ourlana oasis.

10839. TezerharU. From Ourlana oasis.

10840. TezerharU. From Ourlana oasis.

10841. (No label.)
97

DECEMBER, 1003, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

39

10757 to 10958— Continued.

10842. Ori'hio. From Ourlaiia oasis.

10843. Oreloo. From Ourlana oasis.

10844. Oreloo. From Ourlana oasis.

10845. Sayba Boo Dra. From ( )nrlana oasis.

10846. Sayha Boo Dra. From Ourlana oasis.

10847. Sayha Boo Dra. From Ourlana oasLs.
Sayba Boo Dra. From ( )nrlana oasis.
Tafnzveent. From Ourlana oasis.

10848.
10849.
10850.
10851.
10852.
10853.
10854.
10855.
10856.
10857.
10858.
10859.
10860.
10861-.
10862.
10863.
10864.
10865.
10866.
10867.
10868.
10869.
10870.
10871.
10872.
10873.
10874.
10875.
10876.
10877.
10878.
10879.
10880.
10881.
10882.
10883.
10884.
10885.

Tafaznecnt. From Ourlana oasis.
Ta/dzireent. From ( )urlana oasis.
Tnoorkhet. From Ourlana oasis.
Taoorkhet. From Ourlana oasis.
Taoorkhd. From Ourlana oasis.
Taty. From Ourlana oasis.
Taty. From < )urlana oasis.
Taty. From Ourlana oasis.
Timjoohert. From Ourlana oasis.
Timjoohert. From Ourlana oasis.
Timjoohert. From Ourlana oasis.
Temkhookh. From Ourlana oasis.
Temkhookh. From Ourlana oasis.
Temkhookh. From Ourlana oasis
Takadet. From Ourlana oasis.
Takadet. From Ourlana oasis.
Takadet. From Ourlana oasis.
Taremoont. From Ourlana oasis.
Taremoont. From Ourlana oasis.
Taremoont. From Ourlana oasis.
Xnklteht Mzian. From Ourlana oasis.

Xakhelet Mzian
Xakhelet Mzian
Adebet et Teen.
Adebet et Teen.
Adebet et Teen.
MakeJet el Leef.
Makelet el Leef.
Makelet el Leef.
Xuklielet Feraoon.
Xakhelet Feraoon.

From Ourlana oasis.

From Ourlana oasis.
From Ourlana oasis.
F>om Ourlana oasis.
From Ourlana oasis..
From Ourlana oasis.

From Ourlana oasis.

From Ourlana oasis.
From Ourlana oasis.
From Ourlana oasis.

Xakhelet Feraoon. From Ourlana oasis.
Abd en Xoor. From Ourlana oasis.
(No label. )

Ahd en Noor. From Ourlana oasis.
Horra. From Fougala oasis.

97

40

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

10757 to 10958— Continued.

10886. Horra. From Fougala oasis,

Horra.

Khazee. ,

Rhazee.

Rhazee.

Toory.

10887.

10888.

10889.

10890.

10891.

10892.

10893.

10894.

10895.

10896.

10897.

10898.

10899.

10900.

10901.

10902.

10903.

10904.

10905.

10906.

10907.

10908.

10909.

10910.

10911.

10912.

10913.

10914.

10915.

10916.

10917.

10918.

10919.

10920.

10921.

10922.

10923.

10924.

10925.

10926.

10927.

10928.

10929.
97

From Fougala (jasis.
From Fougala oasis.
From Fougala oasis.
From Fougala oasis.
From Fougala oasis.
Toory. From Fougala oasis.
Toory. From Fougala oasis.
Oogbales. From Fougala oasis.
Oogbales. From Fougala oasis.
Oogbales. From Fougala oasis.
Solrla. From Biskra oasis.
Boo Halas. From Biskra oasis.
Sokria. From Biskra oasis.
Sokrid. Fr(jm Biskra oasis.
Sokria. From Biskra oasis.
(No label.)
Ifeema. From Biskra oasis.

(No label.)

M'Kentishee Degla. From Biskra oasis.
W Kentish ee Degla. From Biskra oasis.
M' Kentishee Degla. From Biskra oasis.

Retbet Hafaia. From Biskra oasis.

Retbet Hafsia. From Biskra oasis.

Getara. From Biskra oasis.

Getara. From Biskra oasis.

Zoozia. From Biskra oasis.

Retbet Regaya. From Biskra oasis.

Rethet Regaya. From Biskra oasis.

Retbet Regaya. From Biskra oasis.

Mnooar (male). From Filiache oasis.

Retbet Haloo. From Filiache oasis.

Retbet Haloo. From Filiache oasis.

Retbet Haloo. From Filiache oasis.

Halooa. From Biskra oasis.

Halooa. From Biskra oasis.

Halooa. From Biskra oasis.

Zerza. From Biskra oasis.

Zerza. From Biskra oasis.

Zerza. From Biskra oasis.

Boo Halas. From Biskra oasis.

Boo Halas. From Biskra oasis.

Boo Halas. From Biskra oasis.

Khodry. From Biskra oasis.

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

41

10757 to 10958— Contimiocl.

10930. Khodi;/. From Bixkra oasis.
Khodnj
Lookzy.
Lookzif.
Rliazee.
Rlitizte.
Wtoz.r.

10931.

10932.

10933.

10934.

10935.

10936.

10937.

10938.

10939.

10940.

10941.

10942.

10943.

10944.

10945.

10946.

10947.

10948.

10949.

10950.

10951.

10952.

10953.

10954.

10955.

10956.

10957.

10958.

From Biskra oasis.
From Filiaohe oasis.
From Filiache oasis.
From Filiachi' oasis.
From Filiache oasis.
From Filiache oasis.
Mnooar (male). From Filiache oasis.
Mtiooar (male). From Filiache oasis.
Iteem Johe)'. From Filiache oasis.
Iletnn Joher. From Filiache oasis.
Iteein Jolwr. From Filiache oasis.
(iooudy. From Filiache oasis.
From Filiache oasis.
From Filiache oasis.
From Filiache oasis.

From Chetma oasis.
From Chetma oasis.
From Chetma oasis.
From Chetma oasis.
From Chetma oasis.
From Chetma oasis.
From Chetma oasis.
From Chetma oasis.
From Chetma oasis.
From Chetma oasis.
From Chetma oasis.
From Chetma oasis.

Goondy.

(ioondy.

Lookzy.

Akinar ^fsab.

Ahmar Msah.

Ahmar Mmh.

lietbet Abdala.

Relbet Abdala.

lietbet Abdala.

Sokria.

Sokria.

Sokria.

Xesheen.

Nesheen.

Nesheen.

(No label.)

10959. Seciiium edule. Chayote.

From New Orleans, La. Received thru the J. Steckler Seed Company ( Limited).
Received May 10, 1904.
"Fruits of the commercial variety common in New Orleans markets." ( Fairchild.)

10960. Mangifera indica. Mango.

From Tahiti. Received April 26, 1904.
"Seed of a fruit of a variety of mango brought by the captain of the steamer
Mariposa to San Francisco. The captain declares it to be a superior variety, very
free from fiber and very luscious. A fruit of this variety was eaten by Mr. George W.
Oliver and he declares it an excellent variety. The captain says there are many
trees of this variety in Tahiti. Owing to its large size and freedom from fiber it may
prove valuable. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

10961. (Undetermined.)

From Arcelia, Guerrero, Mexico. Presented by Mr. Federico Chisolm. Received
May 5, 1904.'
A small packet of flower seed. Flower described by Mr. Chisolm as follows: "Per-
ennial blue flower, yellow center. Twelve inches to 20 inches. Blooms June, July,
August, December, January, and February. Desirable for bedding."

97

42 SEEDS A]SrD PLANTS IMPORTED.

10962. ViciA FABA. Horse bean.

Fnjiu Tunis, Tunis. Received thru ^Ir. R. Gagev, Agricultural College, Tunis,
,AJay 17, 1904.

"Roots of horse bean, dried in the shade, for material from which to secure the
micro-organism which forms the nitrogen-collecting nodules." {Fairchild.)

10963. LiLiUM NEiLGHERREXSE. Neilgherry lily.

From Utakaniand, India. Presented by Mr. H. F. Macmillan, curator, Royal
Botanic Garden, Peradeniya, Ceylon, thru Mr. Faircliild, May 20, 1904. ■

10964. GossYPiUM TOMENTOSUM. Cotton.

From Honolulu, Hawaii. Presented by Mr. Jared G. Smith, special agent in
charge of tlie Agricultural Experiment Station, May 18, 1904.

10965. MusA SAPiENTUM. Banana.

From Grand Canary, Canary Islands. Received thru Mr. Alaricus Delmard,

May 20, 1904.

"Suckers of the so-called 'Chinese' banana, commonly grown in the Canary

Islands and shipped to England in large quantities. It is reported that this \ ariety

of banana brings a higher price on the London market than the Jamaican or Central

American varieties." {Faircliild.)

10966. LiLiuM PHiLippiNENSE. Lily.

From Manila, P. I. Received from Mr. Elmer D. Merrill, botanist of the
Bureau of Government laboratories, ^Manila, thru Capt. George P. Ahem, May
28, 1904.
"Benguet lily, introduced especially for experiments in hybridizing lilies." {Fair-
child. )

10967. FURCRAEA FOETIDA.

From Port Luis, Mauritius. Presented by Mr. John W. Holway, United States
vice-consul, to Mr. L. H. Dewey. Received May 10, 1904.

"My principal object in introducing them is to determine whether there is any
difference between Porto Rico 'maguey' and Mauritius 'alser vert.'" [Dewey.)

10968. Magnolia pumila. Magnolia.

From Canton, China. Presented by Mr. Thomas (irifhth. Received Mav 23,
1904.

"Plants of an ornamental known in Canton as ' Yei-hap.' Said by C'aptain Berna-
dou, of the United States Navy, to be a great favorite among the Chinese, the flowers,
which are fragrant, being used for boutonnieres. Occasionally cultivated in the
South." {Fnirchild.)

10969 to 10974.

Presented by Mr. Frederick Cramer, thru Dr. L. O. Howard. Received May
23, 1904.

10969. (Undetermined.) Cactus.

From the City of Mexico, ^Mexico.

" A low-growing species of cactus, the small berry-like cactus fruit of which
is said to be edible. Probably comes from Michoacan." {Fairchild.)

10970. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

From Atotonilco, State of Jalisco, near Guadalajara, IMexico.

Telon. Said to be the very best seedling orange raised in southern Mexico.
" Like a lemon but round like an apple. Sweet tasting." {Fairchild. )

10971.

From the City of Mexico, Mexico.
A collection of seeds secured by Mr. Cramer from all over Me.xiio, mostly
of ornamental flowers, shrubs, and trees.
97

DECEMBER, 1003, TO DECEMBER, 1005.

43

10969 to 10974— Continued.

10972. (Umletermiiiefl.)
From Guadalajara, Mexico.

Seeds of a medicinal plant.

10973. CiCER AKIETINl-M.

From Mexico.

10974. CiCER ARIKPINl-M.

From Jalisco.

Chick-pea.

Chick-pea.

" (irown on dry, arid lands in the hotter portions of Mexico without irriga-
tion. The weevil.s \\ liicli attack tlii.s chick-jiea are said to be injurious to other
cereals. These seed shoukl be carefully fumif^ated. Rai.«ed in >h'xico on
heavy, dry, black .«oil." {Fairchilil.)

.fames Maunder, thru Dr. L. O.

10975. Castilla sp. ( ?)•

From Chiapas, Mexico. Presented l)y .Mr.
Howard. Received May 2:^, 1004.

Mr. Maunder considei-s this a valuable variety.

10976 and 10977.

From Quito, iOcuador. Presented by Mr. I.uis Sodiro, S. J., a botanist and stu-
dent of Kt'uador agriculture. Received .^hly 2r>, UK)4.

10976. Festuc.\ p.MiULARis. 10977. Poa .mulalensis.

" Mr. Sodiro remarks that Nos 10976 and 10977 are some of the most remarkable
forage grasses of the mountain region of Ecuador. They are likely to prove of value
in certain jiortions of this country." (Faircftitd.)

10978. Persea gratissima.

From Guatemala. Presented by Hon. Alfred A. Winslow,
Guatemala, Central America. Received May 2.3, 1904.

Avocado.

consul-general,

10979 to 10999.

From Hsi-an, China. Presented l)y Mr. W. W.
of American vegetables sent him in Decendjer,

Seed as follows:

10979. Cannabis sativa.

10980.

A mixture, but labeled "Pai-sley."

10981. BrASSKA PE-T.SAI.

10982. Bra.ssica alba.

10983. Brassica alba.

10984. Brassica pe-tsai.

10985. hordeum vulgare.

10986. PisuM sp.

10987. PiSUM SATIVUM.

10988. Allium cepa.

10989. Beta vulcjaris.

10990. Raphanus sativus.

10991. ViCIA FABA.

10992. Triticum vulgare.
97

Simpson in exchange for seeds
1903. Received ,May 23, 1904.

Hemp.

Pe-tsai cabbag-e.

White mustard.

White m.ustard.

Pe-tsai cabbage.

Barley.

Pea.

Pea.

Onion.

Beet.

Spring radish.

Broad bean.

Winter wheat.

44 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

10979 to 10999 — Continued.

10993. Tki(;onella FOExrM-fjRAECUM. Fenugreek.

10994. Brassica pe-tsai. Pe-tsai cabbage.

10995. Apium graveolens. Celery.

10996. Lactuca sativa. Lettuce.

10997. Brassica pe-tsai. Pe-tsai cabbage.

10998. Lactuca sativa. Lettuce.

10999. Lactuca sativa. Lettuce.

11000. Phleum pratense. Timothy.

From Tokyo, Japan. Received from INIr. T. Watase, president of the Tokyo
Plant, Seed, and Implement Company, thru Dr. Oscar Loew, Imijerial Uni-
versity, Tokyo, May 31, 1904.

"Seed from Hakkaido, the northern island of Jajjan." {Fairchild.)

11001. NiCOTIANA TABACUM. TobaCCO.

From Sao Paulo, Brazil. Secured thru Dr. Horace M. Lane, president of tlie
Mackenzie College. Received May 23, 1904.

Criolo.

11002. Pancratium sp.

From Arcelia, Guerrero, Mexico. Presented by Mr. Federico Chisolm.
Received June 6, 1904.

11003. Phoenix dactylifera. Date.

From Biskra, Algeria. Received thru Monsieur Colombo by Mr. E. F.
Chumard, of Imperial, Cal., Mr. E. A. Bessey, of this Department, acting as
agent in the transaction, the previous coiTespondence having been conducted
by Mr. Walter T. Swingle.

Deglet Noor.

11004 to 11009.

From Arcelia, Guerrero, Mexico. Received thru Mr. Federico Chisolm, June
15, 1904.
A collection of native Mexican seeds and bulbs as follows:

11004. PsiDiuM molle. ' Guayabilla.
Strawberry-flavored guayabillas.

11005. PsiDiuM molle. Guayabilla.
From fruits having at least four distinct flavors.

11006. Spondias pcrpvrea. Ciruela.

11007. Spoxdias purpurea. Ciruela.

11008. LiLiUM sp. (?). Scarlet lily.

11009. (Unidentified.)

11010 to 11017.

From Sepacuite, Guatemala. Received thru Mr. O. F. Cook, June 6, 1904.

11010. Axax.\s sativus. Pineapple.
A spiny-leaved pineapple peculiar to this immediate neighborhood, where it

grows and ripens at a higher and cooler elevation than any other sort. The
leaves are very broad and drooping, giving a very characteristic appearance.
The flesh is yellow, and of moderately good (|uality, inferior to the best hot-
country sorts, but Ijetter than the latter when grown in these humid highlands.
It might be of use in the mountains of Porto Rico, Hawaii, or the Philijjpines.

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 45

11010 to 11017— Contimud.

11011. Ananas sativts. Pineapple.

A smooth variety, not native here. Perhaps tlie Smooth Cayenne.
11012 to 11017. t'HAMAEDORKA spp. Palm.

A collection of small palms \vhi«'li will be identified later.

11018. Trifolium tratense. Red clover.
From Toledo, Ohio. Received thru S. W. Flower & Co., June 10, 1904.

11019. Trifolium iivbridum. Alsike.
From Toledo, Ohio. Received thru S. W. Flower & Co., June 10, 19^4.

11020. Prunus sp. Plum.

From Moody, Ala. Received thru Mr. J). S. Jones, June 9, 1904.

Yannn: "Bud sticks of a variety of wild plum which, according t<i Mr. Jones,
ripens in Alabama about September 10. If house ripened the plum.s resemble in
taste the Wild dauxc, but arc meatier. When taken from the tree they are bitter,
but when mel]owe<l they arc excellent. This is a wild sort, probably of the family
of the Wild Gixisr, and ripening so late that they are considered valuable for culinary
purposes. Altiio possibly known to other nurserymen, Mr. Jones does not find them
cataloged by any nursery firm. The fruits are medium in size, deep red in color,
and they are peculiarly free from disease, seldom being attacked by the curculio."
{Faircldld.)

11021 to 11033.

From Buitenzorg, Java. Presented by Doctor Treub. Received June 15, 1904.
As follows:

11021. Caloimivlli-.m hasskarlii.

11022. Calophvllim kunstler[ loxgikolium.

11023. CALoenvLLCM spectabilk.

11024. Calopiiyllvm spectabile ceramicum.

11025. Calophyllum spectabile miquelli.

11026. Calophvllim venulosum.

11027. Garcinia dioica.

11028. Garcinia dulcis pyriformis.

11029. Garcinia dulcis sylvestris.

11030. Garcinia fusca.

11031. Garcinia loureiri.

11032. Garcinia santhochy'wus.

11033. Mesua ferrea.

11034. Prunus cerasus. Cherry.

From Moscow, Russia. Received thru Mr. E. A. Bessey, June 15, 1904.

Vladimir. Two-year-old trees (seedlings) of this resistant variety of cherry from
the trial gardens of Immer & Son, Moscow.

11035 to 11038. NicoTiANA tabacum. Tobacco.

From Sao Paulo, Brazil. Received thru Dr. Horace M. Lane, president of the
Mackenzie College, June 9, 1904.

97

46

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

11035 to 11038 — Continued.

Seed of four varieties of tobacco commouly grown in Brazil, as follows:

11035. Americano Jino.

Grown in the interior of Bahia. The original stock probably came from the
United States.

11036. Bahiano.

A native variety grown in Bahia, from which the celebrated Bahia leaf is
made.

11037. Santa Cruz.

A native tobacco grown in Rio Grande do Sul. This sort is highly esteemed.

11038. Turco.

Grown around Sao Paulo for many years. The variety is of Asiatic origin.

11039 to 11119.

From Abvssinia, Africa. Received thru Hon. Robert P. Skinner, commissioner
of the United States to Abyssinia, June 3, 1904.

"A collection of seeds made for Mr. Skinner, under his direction, by M. Eugene
Carette Bouvet, of the Dire-Daoua, Voie de Djibouti, Cote Fran^aise des Somalis.
This collection represents, in the main, crops cultivated by the Abyssinians." ( Fair-
child) .

11039.
11040.
11041.
11042.
11043.
11044.
11045.
11046.
11047.
11048.
11049.
11050.
11051.
11052.
11053.
11054.
11055.
11056.
11057.
11058.
11059.
11060.
11061.
11062.
11063.
11064.

11065.

11066.

Triticum durum.

HORDEUM Sp.
HORDEU.M sp.
HoRDEUM sp.
HoRDEUM sp.
HoRDEUM sp.
GOSSYPIUM sp.
GoSSYPIUiM sp.
GOSSYPIUM sp.
GOSSYPIUM sp.

Triticum sp.
Triticum sp.
Triticum sp.
Triticum sp.
Triticum sp.
Triticum sp.
Phaseolus vulgaris.
Phaseolus vulgaris.
Phaseolus vulgaris.

AXDROPOGON sorghum.
AnDROPOGON SORGHUM.

axdropogon sorghum.
Andropogon sorghum.
Andropogon sorghum.
Andropogon sorghum.
Andropogon sorghum.

Andropogon sorghum.

Andropogon sorghum.

11067. Andropogon sorghum.

11068. RiciNus sp.

11069. Ricixus sp.

11070. RiciNUS sp

11071. RiciNUS sp

11072. RiciNus sp

11073. RiciNus sp

11074. ViGXA SINENSIS.

11075. ViGXA SIXEXSIS.

11076. ViGNA SINENSIS.

11077. CORIANDRUM SATIVUM.

11078. COFFEA sp.

11079. lixum usitatissimum.

11080. Ervum lexs.

11081. Brassica oleracea.

11082. Axdropogon sorghum.

11083. Andropogon sorghum.

11084. Andropogon sorghum,

11085. Andropogon sorghum.

11086. (Unidentified.)

11087. Trigoxella foexum-

GRAECUM.

11088. Trigonella foenum-

cjraecum.

11089. (Unidentified.)

11090. VlGXA SIXEXSIS.

11091. ViGXA SIXENSIS.

11092. (Unidentified.)

11093. GUIZOTIA OLEIFERA.

97

DECEMBER, 1003, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

47

11039 to 11119— Continued.

11094. Tkitktm dicoccum.

11095. CiCEK ARIETINUM.

11096. Leimdiim sativum.

11097. I'iSCM SATIVr.M.

11098. PriASEOLrs kadiatus.

11099. Triticum dcium.

11100. Eleusixe coracana.

11101. CORIANDRIM SATIVUM.

11102. ViCIA FABA.

11103. Vkia faua.

11104. (Unidentified.)

11105. Ervum lens.

11106. ZeA MAYS.

11107. guizotia oleifera.

11108. Capsicum krutescens.

11109. CiCER ARIETINIM.

11110. CiCER AKIETINIM.
mil. PiSUM Sp.

11112. PisuM sp.

11113. LlXlM rSITATISSIMUM.

11114. Centaurea sp.

11115. CaRTHAMUS TINCTORIIS.

11116. IIORDEUM sp.

11117. P^RAGROSTIS ABVSSINICA.

11118. ErAGROSTIS ABVSSINICA.

11119. Andropogon sorghum.

11120 to 11127.

From Santa Barbara, Cal. lieceived thru Dr. F. Franceschi, June 20, 1904.

A collection of plants for experimental work carried on in cooperation with

Prof. Haven Metcalf, of the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station,
Clemson, S. C.

11120. Passiflora coerulea. 11124. Passiflora acerifolia.

11121. Passiflora edilis. 11125. Passifi.oka lkjii-aris.

11122. P.\ssiflora pfordii. 11126. Passiflora a lata.

11123. Passiflora manrata. 11127. Tacsonia exoniensis.

11128. Phoenix dactylifera. Date.

From Faynm, Egypt. Received thru Mr. H. A. Kaiikin, of the Egyptian Market
Company (Limited), June 21, 1904.

Wahi.

11129 to 11236.

Miscellaneous seed on hand July 1, 1904.
record of distribution.

11129. Agropyron texerum.
From Northrup, King & Co., Minneapolis, Minn

11130. Agrostis alba.

11131. Andropogon halepensis.
11132 to 11136. Andropogon sorghum.

11132. Colman.

11133. Amber.

11134. Folfjer.

Numbered to facilitate the keeping of
Slender wheat-grass.

11137.

White.

11138.

White.
11139.

Andropogon sorghum.

Andropogon sorghum.

Anthoxanthum odoratum.

Redtop.

Jolinson grass.

Sorg-hum^.

11135. Kansas Orange.

11136. Collier.

Kafir corn.

** Milo.

Sweet vernal grass.

97

48

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

11129 to 11236— Continued.

11140. Arachis hypogaea.
Spanish. Received March 2.5, 1904.

11141. Akrhenatherum elatius.

11142. Atriplex semibaccata.

Peanut.

Tall meadow oat-grass.
Saltbush.

Received from the California Experiment Station.

11143. Arrhenatherum elatius.
11144 to 11151. Avena sativa.

11144. Banner.

11145. Burt.

11146. California White.

11147. Dakota Gray.

11152 to 11163. Beta vulgaris.

11152. Kleimvanzleben.
From Utah Sugar Refining Companj^ Lehi, Utah

Tall meadow oat-grass.

Oat.

Green Mountain.
Hopetown.
Improved American.
Sunns White.

Sugar beet.

11148.
11149.
11150.
11151.

fSeed Lab. No.

(Seed Lab. No. 12848.)
(Seed Lab. No. 13007. )

12846.)
11153. Kleimvanzleben.

From H. C. & J. B. Agnew, Agnew, Cal.
11154.

From E. H. Morrison, Fairfield, Wash.
11155. Kleinwanzlehen Nachzucht.

From H. Bennecke & Son, Germany.
11156.

From the Alma Sugar Compan\-, Alma, Mich.

11157.

From France.

11158. Kleinwanzlehen.

11159. Mangel-wurzel.

11160. Kleinwanzlehen. ( Michigan grown. )
From Pennsylvania Sugar Refinery.

11161. Hoeming's Improved Kleinwanzlehen Special Elite.
11162.

From Utah Sugar Company, Lehi, Utah. Crop of 1901. (Seed Lab.
No. 12756.)

11163.

From H. C. & J. B. Agnew, Agnew, Cal. (Seed Lab. No. 12790.)

11164. Andropogon sorghum. Broom corn.
Tennessee Evergreen.

11165. Brassica napus. Rape.
Dwarf Essex.

11166. Bromus inermis. Smooth brome-grass.

11167. Bromus UNiOLOiDES. Rescue grass.
From J. M. Thorburn & Co. , 36 Cortlandt street, New York, N. Y.

11168. Chaetochloa italica. German millet.

11169. Capriola DACTYLON. Bermuda grass.

11170. CiCER .4RIETINUM. Chick-pea.

97

DECEMBER, 11)03, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

49

11129 to 11236 - Continued.

11171. DaCTYMS (iLOMEBATA.

11172. laXllLAKNA MEXICANA.

11173. Fagopyri'm esculentum.

11174. Festuca elatioh.

11175. FeSTI'CA HETEROPriYLI.A.

11176. Festuca ovina.

11177. FesTICA PKATEXSIS.

11178. Festuca kcbka.

11179. Glycine hispida.
Earhj Black.

11180. Glycine hisimda.

Orchard grass.

Teosinte.

Buckwheat.

Tall fescue.

Various-leafed fescue.

Sheep's fescue.

Meadow fescue.

Red fescue.

Soy bean.

Soy bean.
Egyptian cotton.

Cotton.

Rirerx.
I'phtnd.

Sunflow^er.

Ydloiv.
11181 to 11186. GossYPiUM bakbaoense.

11181. MitAfifi. (Plant Breeding No. 56.)

11182. Jannovitch. (Plant Breeding No. 63.)

11183. A>ihmunL (Plant Breeding No. 59.)

1 1 1 84. }fH Afifi. ( Plant Breeding No. 55. )

11185. A4imvni. ( Plant Breeding No. 62. )

11186. Axhmuni. (Plant Breeding No. 61.)

11187 to 11190. GossYPiuM sp.

11187. (No label.) 11189.

11188. King. 11190.

11191. Helianthus annuus.
Received from the Division of Chemistry in 1901.

11192. HoRDEUM VULGARE. Barley

Manchurian. From the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. (Minn
No. 105.)

11193. HoRDEiM VULGARE. Barley
Tennessee Winter. From the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station.

11194. Lathyrus stipularis.

11195. Lathyrus azureus.

11196. Lathyrus coccineus.

11197. Lathyrus sativds.

11198. Lathyrus sativus.
Received from C. C. Morse & Co

11199. Lathyrus sativus.
From Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, Cal.

Santa Clara, Cal.

Bitter vetch.
Bitter vetch.

Bitter vetch.

11200. Lathyrus tingitanus.

From C. C. Morse & Co., Santa Clara, Cal.

11201. Lespedeza striata.

11202. lolium italicum.

11203. LOLIUM PEltENNE.

11204. Lotus corniculatus.
7217— No. 97—07 4

Tangier scarlet pea.

Japan clover.

Italian rye-grass.

Perennial rye-grass.

Bird's-foot trefoil.

50 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

11129 to 11236— Continued.

11205. Lupixrs AKFixis. Blue lupine.

11206. LipiNis AXGUsTiFoLus. Blue lupine.

11207. LupiKi.s LiTKLS. Yellow lupine.

11208. MedicacK) dextktlata. Bur clover.

11209. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

11210. Medicago SATIVA. Alfalfa.

11211. Medicago SATIVA. Alfalfa.
Tiirkextan. From Henry Nungesser & Co., New York, X. Y.

11212. Melilotus ALBA. Sweet, Or Bokhara, clover.

11213. MucLXA utilis. Velvet bean.

11214. Pexnisetum TYPHoiDEU.M. Pearl millet.

11215. Piileum pratense. Timothy.

11216. PisiM akvexse. Canada field pea.

11217. PoA PKATEXsis. Kentucky hluegrass.

11218. Secale CEREALE. B<ye.

11219. Secale CEREALE. B,ye.
Winter.

11220. Chaetochloa ITALICA. Hungarian g-rass.

11221. Trifolium alexaxdrixum. Berseem.
From C. C. Morse & Co., Santa Clara, Cal.

11222. Trifolium hybridum. Alsike.

11223. Trifolium ixcARXATUM. Crimson clover.

11224. Trifolium PRATEXSE. Red clover.

11225. Trifolium REPENS. "White clover.
11226 to 11229. Triticum vulgare. "Wheat.

11226. Zimmerman. 11228. Pmstou (Spring).

11227. Budapest. 11229. Turkey.

From the Agricultural p]xperiment Station, Manhattan, Kans.

11230. ViCIA BITHYXICA.

11231. ViciA fulgexs. Scarlet vetch.

11232. ViciA xarboxnensis. Narbonne vetch.

11233. Vicia SATivA. Common vetch.

11234. ViciA villosa. Hairy vetch.

11235. ViciA villosa. Hairy vetch.
Inoculated April 16, 1904.

11236. A'^iGXA sixexsis. Cowpea.

]]'arreii. From Professor Newman, Agricultural Experiment Station,
Fayetteville, Ark.

11237 to 11251. Beta Vulgaris. Sugar beet.

Seed from 1903 crop remaining on hand July 1, 1904, after the distriliution made
by Mr. J. E. W. Tracy. Previous distribution recorded under these numbers.

11237. Kleinicanzleben.

From Klein Wanzleben Sugar Companv, Klein A\'anzlel)t'n. (xermanv.
(Tracy's No. 1285.3.)

11238. ScJtreiher' .'^ Specialitiit.

From G. Schreiber & Sons, Nordhausen, Germany. (Tracy's No. 12854.)
97

DECEMBER. 1003, TO DECEMBER, TJOfj. 51

11237 to 11251 Contiimod.

11239. From Lehi Sugar Company, Lehi, Utah. (Tracy's No. 12856.)

11240. J'Jlite Kleinwanzleben.

Fn.iii the Empire Sugar Company, Lyons, N. Y. Originally fmm Dippe
Brothers, Quedlinburg, Germany. {Tracy's No. 12857.)

11241. Kleinwanzleben.

From the Empire Sugar Company, Lyons, N. Y. Originally from Kuliii
ct Co., Naanlen, liolland. (Tracy's No. 12858.)

11242. Kleinwanzleben.

From the Emjiire Sugar Company, Lyons, X Y. Originally from F. Heine,
ilailnu'rsk'hen, (iermany. (Tracy's No. 12859.)

11243. Kleinwanzleben.

From the American Beet Sugar Company, Grand Island, Nebr. (Tracy's

No. 12860.)

11244. Kleinwanzleben.

From the Sanilac Sugar Retining Company, Croswell, Mich. Originally
from < )rro Hoerning, Eisleben, Germany. (Trai-y's No. 12862.)

11245. Kleimranzleben.

From the Sanilac Sugar Refining Company, Croswell, Mich. Originally
from Henry Mette, Quedlinburg, Germany. (Tracy's No. 12863.)

11246. Jaen.'ich Victrix.

From the Sanilac Sugar Refining Company, Croswell, Mich. Originally
from Gustay Jaensch, Aschersleben, (Jermany. (Tracy's No. 12864.)

11247. Kiiauer' .t Mangold.

From the Sanilac Sugar Refining Company, Croswell, Mich. Originally
from M. Knauer, Grobers, Germany. (Tracy's No. 12765.)

11248. Aderstailt.

From the Sanilac Sugar Refining Company, Croswell, Mich. Originally
from M. Knauer, Grobers, Germany. (Tracy's No. 12866.)

11249. Kleinmuizleben.

From the Menominee River Sugar Refining Company, Menominee, Mich.
Originally from the Klein Wanzleben Sugar Factory, Klein Wanzleben,
(iermany. (Tracy's No. 12867.)

11250. Elite Kleinwanzleben.

From the Menominee River Sugar Refining Company, :\Ienonainee, Mich.
Originally from Otto Bruenstedt, Schladenam-IIartz, ( iermany. (Tracy's
No. 12868.)

11251. Elite Kleinwanzleben.

From Menominee River Sugar Refining C^ompany, Menominee, Mich.
Originally from C. Braune, Biendorf, Germany. (Tracy's No. 12869.)

11252 to 11258.

Plants and seeds presented to or secured by 3Ir. P. H. Dorsett f<jr planting at the
Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal.

11252. JtlGLANS CALIFORNICA X QUERCUS (?).

Presented by Mr. S. M. Desher, Garden Grove, Cal.

"This is one of a number of trees from a planting made for grafting stock
about two years ago." {Dorsett. )

11253. JuGLANS NIGRA. Black walnut.
Nuts from Mr. Ewing D. Johnson's farm, near Rockbridge, southeast of

Columbia, Mo.

11254. HicoRiA sp. Hickory.
Small hickory nuts from Mr. Ewing D. Johnson's faini, near Rockbridge,

southeast of Columbia, Mo. Secured in February, 1904.

11255. Amygdalus hyb. Peach almond.
Seeds from G. W. H. fruit ranch. Received October 22, 1903.

97

52 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

11252 to 11258 — Continued.

11256. HicoRiA sp. Hickory.

Large hickory nutn from Wolfskill Kanch, Yolo County, Cal. Received
October 10, 1903.

11257. JuGLANs ciNEKEA. Buttemut.
Nuts from Wolfskill Ranch, Yolo County, Cal. Received October 25, 1903.

11258. Cedkus LiBANi. Cedar of Lebanon.

Seed from an avenue of trees near Pasadena, Cal. Presented by Mr. C. R.
Lukins. Pasadena, Cal.

11259 to 11262.

From Hacienda "La Trinidad," Arcelia, Guerrero, Mexico. Presented by
Mr. Federico Chisolm. Received June 24, 1904.

A collection of unidentified Mexican l)ulbs.

11263. GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM. CottOll.

From Valetta, Malta. Presented by Dr. Giovanni Borg. Received June 20, 1904.

Maltem. "Seed of the old Maltese cotton, which, according to Doctor Borg, has
been cultivated in Malta since the times of the Phoenicians, three thousand years
ago. This is an early-ripening sort, maturing its bolls in August or September. It
is a very hardy sort, of low habit, and flowers and sets with bolls when quite young.
Doctor Borg says it should be sown rather thick and that it is a very productive
sort. The fiber is rather short, alt ho very strong and elastic. Introduced as of
possible use in the experiments against the boll weevil because of its early-ripening
habit." {Fairchild.)

11264 to 11268.

From Geneva, Idaho. Received thru Mr. F. W. Boehme, June 23, 1904.

A collection of grains adapted to high altitudes, as follows:

11264. HoRDEUM vulgare. Barley.
Beardless.

11265. HoRDEUM vulgare. . Barley.
Beardless and hull-less.

11266. TRrncu.M vulgare. Wheat.
Spring wheat.

11267. LiNUM usiTATissiMUM. Flax.

11268. Secalk cereale. Rye.
Spring rye.

11269. Hyphaene crinita. Doum palm.

From Upper Egypt. Received thru Mr. T. H. Kearney, June 15, 1904.

' ' Botanically this is one of the most interesting palms in the world, as, unlike almost
all others, it has a branching stem. It is suited to a frostless and exceptionally dry
region and may succeed in the warmest and driest portions of this country. The
fruits, which are produced in large clusters, are used for food by the poorer classes,
the part eaten being the fibrous, mealy husk, which tastes something like gmger-
bread, and for this reason is called the "gingerbread tree" of Egypt. A drink
called "coca" is also made from this fibrous husk and the large, yellowish brown,
beautifully polished fruits of this palm." [Kearney. )

11270 to 11274.

From Jalapa, Mexico. Presented by Mr. Frank N. Meyer to Mr. G. W. Oliver.
Received June 23, 1904.
Seeds of five wild Mexican plants, mostly unidentified.
97

DECEMBER. 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

53

11275. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Chicago, 111. Received thru tlie All)crt Dickinson Company, .1 inic 28, 1904.
(Ordered l)y sample "Cabin.")

11276. TuiFOLiUM REi'ENS, White clover.
From Chicago, 111. Received thru the Albert Dickinson Company, June 28, 1904.

(Ordered by sample "Boil.")

11277 to 11341. Phoenix dactylifera. Date.

From Orleansville, Algeria. Received thru Yahia ben Kassem, July 5, 1904.
Sixty-five date palms, all from the Mzab oasis.

11277.

Deglet Noor.

11278.

Deglet Noor.

11279.

Deglet Noor.

11280.

lihars.

11281.

Khars.

11282.

R)iars.

11283.

llaniraya.

11284.

Ifumraija.

11285.

Hamrnya.

11286.

Tudahi.

11287.

Tadala.

11288.

Tddiila.

11289.

Tadala.

11290.

Tadala.

11291.

Tadala.

11292.

Tadala.

11293.

Tadala (?).

11294.

Bent Kehala.

11295.

Bent Kehala.

11296.

Bent Kehala.

11297.

Bent Kehala.

11298.

Berd Kehala.

11299.

Bent Kehala.

11300.

Bent Kehala.

11301.

Bent Kehala.

11302.

A' Ooshet.

11303.

A'Ooshet.

11304.

A' Ooshet.

11305.

Kseba.

11306.

Kseha.

11307.

Kseha.

11308.

Kerhoosh.

11309.

Kerhoosh.

}42. Nephelium litchi.

From Trinidad, British West Indies.

97

11310.

Kerhoosh.

11311.

Kerhoosh.

11312.

Tafazween.

11313.

Tafaztveen.

11314.

Tafazireen.

11315.

Timjoohert.

11316.

Timjooliert.

11317.

Timjooliert.

11318.

Timjooliert.

11319.

Timjoohert.

11320.

Timjooliert.

11321.

Timjooliert.

11322.

Timjoohert.

11323.

Timjooliert.

11324.

Timjoohert.

11325.

Timjoohert.

11326.

Tamzoohart.

11327.

Tamzoohart.

11328.

Taoorarhet.

11329.

Taoorarliet.

11330.

Taoorarhet.

11331.

Lazerza.

11332.

Tazeza' oot.

11333.

Tazeza'oot.

11334.

Tazeza'oot.

11335.

Toojaf.

11336.

Toojat.

11337.

Toojaf.

11338.

Sehaa Loosif.

11339.

Sehaa Loosif.

11340.

(No label.)

11341.

Tazaga'at.

Litchi.

Received July 2, 1904.

54 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOETED.

11343. GOSSYPIUM BARBADENSK. CottOn

From \'aletta, Malta. Presented by Dr. (iiovanni Borg. Received July 5, 3904.

"An Egyptian variety which Doctor Borg lian been trying to impn.ve (jn the
island of Malta. Introduced for the experiments in connection with tlie l)oll
weevil. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

11344. ViGNA SINENSIS. Cowpea.

From West Branch, Mich. Received thru Edw. E. Evans Seed Company, July
8, 1904.
Michigan Favorite. Said l)y :\Ir. Evans to be the earliest sort known; ripens seed
every year in ^Michigan.

11345 to 11353.

From Guerrero, Mexico. Received thru Mr. Federiro€hisolm, .July 9, 1904.
Native Mexican bulbs, not identified.

11354. CoFFEA sp. _ Coffee.

From Abyssinia, Africa. Presented by Hon. Robert P. Skinner, American
consul-general at Marseille, France. Received July 11, 1904.

Harrnr. Probably a wild variety from Abyssinia.

11355 to 11368. Beta ^ ulgaris. Sugar beet.

Seed from 190.3 crop remaining on hand July 1, 1904, after the distribution made
by Mr. J. E. W. Tracy. Previous distribution recorded under these numbers.

11355. Schreiber's Sj)eciali(iU.

From the Menominee Sugar Refining Company, Menominee, Mich. Orig-
inally from (i. Schreiber & Sons, Nordhausen, (Termany. (Tracy's No.
12870. )

11356. K leinwanzlehen.

From H. C. & J. B. Agnew, Agnew, Cal. (Tracy's No. 12871.)

11357. Kleimvanzleben.

From Metz & Co., Streglitz, near Berlin, Germany.

11358. From M. Knauer, Grobers, Germany. Marked 7300.

11359. From M. Knauer, Groliers, Germany. Marked 7301.

11360. Kleimranzlehen.
Fi( )m Carl Schobert & Co.

11361. Elite Kleinivanzlehen.

From G. Schreiber & Sons, Nordhausen, Germany.

11362. Kleimvanzleben.

From E. H. Morrison, Fairfield, Wash. Purchased in 1902 for the Congres-
sional seed distribution.

11363. Kleimvanzleben .

From E. H. Morrison, Fairfield, Wash. (Tracy's No. 12855.)

11364. Kleinwanzleben.

From C. C. Morse & Co., Santa Clara, Cal. (Tracy's No. 12861. )

11365. (Tracy's No. 12844.) 11367. (Tracy's No. 12849.)

11366. (Tracy's No. 12847.) 11368. (Tracy's No. 12850.)
97

DErEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 55

11369. Maxoifeka indica. Mango.

From the (Jovernincnt Botiinii- (ianlens, Selianmitnr, India. Pre^enti-d l)y Mr.
KobiTl Anderson, Lantidowne, Pa., for propagation. Received February '~r>,
1904.

Buds of tlie Langra mango.

11370 and 11371.

Seed on hand Jnly 1, 1904, nnmln'red for oonvenienoe of roconling distribntion.

11370. Vkjna SINEN.SI.S. Cowpea.
Iron. From Mr. T. S. Williams, Monetta, S. C.

11371. Andropogon sorghim. Sorghum.
Early Amhcr. From Mr. Seth Kenney, Morristown, Minn.

11372 to 11477. YiTis sp. G-rape.

From Thomerv. Franee. Received thru E. Salomon & Sons, and shipped direct to

Niles, Cal".

11372. RupedriH Martin.

11373. h'ipariii Grand Glabre X Aramnn-RupeMris 4110.

11374. P'lnot X Rupestris 1S05.

11375. Rupeslris de Semis 81-2. .

11376. Mourvedre X RupeMria JS02.

11377. Riparia France.

11378. Rupeatris y. Berlandieri 301-37-153.

11379. Muntidda X Riparia 18804 .

11380. Monticola X Riparia 18815.

11381. Chasselas X Berlandieri 41 B.

11382. Cabernet X Rupestrix Gamin 33 A.

11383. Boiirisquou X Rupestris 4300.

11384. Monticola X Riparia 18808.

11385. Rupestris X Berlandieri 301 A.

11386. Riparia X Rupestri.^-Aramon- Jaeger 201.

11387. Riparia X Berlandieri 161-49.

11388. Riparia X Rupestris 3306.

11389. Viala.

11390. Bourisquou X Rupestris 3907.

11391. Berlandieri X Riparia 4^0 A.

11392. Rupestris X Berlandieri 219 A.

11393. Bourisquou X Rupestris 109-4.

11394. Bourisquou X Rupestris 4308.

11395. Viala X Riparia.

11396. Berlandieri X Riparia 420 B.

11397. Rupestris X Riparia 1615.

11398. Riparia du Colorado.

11399. Riparia X Rupestris 101-14.

11400. Berlandieri X Riparia 33 E. M.

11401. Rupestris X Riparia 108-16. ♦

56 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

11372 to 11477 — Continued. ~

11402. Hirlandieri Ixifont No. 9.

11403. Alircmlc Bonsrhet X Riparid 141 A.

11404. Animon X Rupestrh Ganz'm 9.

11405. AcstivaUs-Calicola X Riparld-Hupesfris .554-5.

11406. Berlandieri No. 1.

11407. Berlandieri No. 2.

11408. Berlandieri X Riparia 157-11.

The following vines were received at Niles, April 11, 1904:

11409. Cordifolia X Riparia 127-1 {f).

11410. Rupestris X Cinerea.

11411. Rupe.strif! X Cordifolia 107-11.

11412. Rupesiris X Hybrid Azemar 2J5.

11413. York X Rupe.'ttris Ganzin 202.

11414. York X RupeKtri't Ganzin 212.

The following cuttings were received at Kiles, ^March 22, 1904:

11415. RInot X Rupestris 1305.

11416. Rupestris Othello.

11417. Riparia X Rupestris- Ararnon- Jaeger 201.

11418. Riparia X Berlandieri 161-49.

11419. Monticola X Riparia I88O4.

11420. Chasselas X Rupestris 901.

11421. Columbaud X Riparia 2502.

11422. Riparia Grand Glabre X Aramnn-Rupestris 411O.

11423. Rupestris X Riparia 1615.

11424. Pinot Bouschet X Riparia .3001.

11425. Rupestris X Petit Bouschet-Jaeger 504.

11426. Berlandieri X Riparia 34 E- -V.

11427. Mourvedre X Rupestris 1202.

11428. Berlandieri X Riparia 33 E. M.

11429. Berlandieri X Riparia 420 A.

11430. Bourisquou X Rupestris 603.

1 143 1 . Berlandieri X Riparia 420 B.

11432. Riparia X Cordifolia-Rnpestris 106-8.

11433. Tisserand.

11434. Riparia France.

11435. Monticola X Riparia 18815.

11436. Cabernet X Rupestris Ganzin ,33 A.

11437. Riparia X Rupestris 3306.

11438. Ripxina Martineau.

11439. Riparia X Rupestris Ramon.

11440. Rupestris Martin.

11441. Aramon X Riparia 14^3 A.

11442. Riparia X Rupestris 10 1-14-

11443. Rupestris X Berlandieri 301 A.
97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 57

11372 to 11477 -Continued.

11444. CnrignaneX Rnpestrits 504.

11445. Rupestris X Riparia lOS-16.

1 1446. Rupedris de Semi-x 81-2.

11447. Aestivftiis-Calicola X Riparia-Rnpestris 554-5.

11448. Monlicola X Riparia 18808.

11449. Aramon X Rupe.^tris Ganzin 9.

11450. Berlandieri No. 2.

11451. Berlandieri X Riparia 157-11.

11452. Berlandieri Lafont No. 9.

11453. Riparia X Rupestris 101.

11454. Carignaue X Rupestris 501.

11455. Rupestris X Berlandieri 30 1-S7-152.

11456. Riparia X Rupestris S.309.

11457. Riparia X Rupestris de Jaeger.

11458. Viula X Riparia.

11459. Riipe.stris Mission.

11460. (I'liidentitied. )

The following cuttings were received at Niles, April 11, 1904:

11461. Bourisquou X Rupestris 109-4.

11462. Bourisquou X Rupestris 60S .

11463. Carignane X Rupestris 504.

11464. Rupe.^tris X Cardifolia 107-11.

11465. Rupestris X Hybrid Azemar 215.

11466. Alicante Bouschet X Cordifolia 142 B.

11467. Aestiralis- Rupestris X Riparia 227.

11468. Cordifolia X Rupestris.

11469. Rupestris X Berlandieri 301 B.

11470. Bourisquou X Rupestris 4306.

11471. Bourisquou X Rupestris 4308.

11472. Carignane X Rupestris 501.

11473. Calicola X Aestivalis 13205.

11474. York X Rupestris Ganzin.

11475. (Unidentified.)

11476. Cinerea-Rupestri>t X Riparia 229.

11477. (Unidentified.)

11478. Garcinia morella. G-amboge.

From Castleton Garden.-?, .Jamaica. Received July 18, 1904.

11479. Lespedeza striata. ' Japan clover.

From Augusta, Ga. Received thru the N. L. Willet Drug Company. July 19, 1904.

11480. EucHLAENA MEXiCANA. Teosinte.

From Richmond, Va. Received thru T. W. Wood & Sons, July 20, 1904.
97

58 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

11481. LoLiuM PERENXE. English rye-grass.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru Henry Xuiigesser A Co., July L'O, 1!I04.

11482. Festuca pratensis. Meadow fescue.

From New York, X. Y. Received thru Henry Nungesser c*;: Co., July 20, iyu4.

11483 and 11484.

From Ghent, Belgium. Received thru Mr. Louis Van Houtte, pere, July 22,
1904.
11483. Garcinia j.ivisciSToxEi. 11484. Lansium svmatrana.

11485 to 11489. Phoenix dactylifera. Date.

From Fayum, Egypt. Received thru Mr. H. A. Rankin, July 26, 1904.

11485. Saydi/. 11488. FraLho:

11486. f'aggar. 11489. Sai/th/ (male)

11487. Sultany.

" These date offshoots were wrapt in palm fiber {Ilf) and held in place by
cords. They were rather dry. but in general in fairly good condition. Most of
the offshoots were small, some not weighing over 10 ])ounds and only some half
dozen weighing over 50 pounds. However, considering the inaccessibility of
the region, we ought to be glad to get almost any kind of an offshoot that will
grow. I noticed that the variety .V///(Z^^/( ha.s a large number of small offshoots
attached to the sides of those sent, altho, as I stated above, the offshoots
are only of medium size, averaging probably 30 to 40 pounds in weight. The
collection of FraaUiee consisted of one very large offshoot and three very small
ones. The very large offshoot showed a remarkable peculiarity in that the
palm fiber, or 7/f,' was still intact, forming a cardboard-like tissue, es])ecially
on the right-hand border. If this peculiarity of the interpetiolar sheets of
fiber appears constant, this variety will have a very clear distinguishing mark."
{Simngle.)

11490. ViTis RHCMBiFOLiA. G-rape.

Received from the United States Botanical Gardens, Washington, D. C, in 1901.
Plants originally came from the Botanic Garden in Glasgow.

11491. ViTis ooNGYLODES. Grrape.

From St. Louis, INIo. Presented by Dr. AYilliam Trelease, superintendent of the
Missouri Botanic Garden, to Dr. B. T. (Calloway, in 1902.

11492. ViTis sp. Grape.

From Mexico. Received thru Dr. J. N. Rose, of the United States National
Museum, in 1902. (Rose No. 286.)

11493. ViTis sp. Grrape.

From 3Iexico. Received thru Dr. J. N. Ro-e, of the United States National
Museum, in 1902. (Rose No. 749.)

11494. Phleum pratense. ' Timothy.

From Toledo, Ohio. Received thru W. D. Morehouse & Co., July 26, 1904.

11495. Panicum miliaceum. Broom-corn millet.

From Cincinnati, Ohio. Received thru J. ^I. McCullough■.>^• Sons, July 27, 1904.

DECEMBER, IDO:], TO nE(^EMRER, 1905. 59

11496. CiiAETOCHLOA ITALUA. Grerman millet.

From (lliiciiiio, III. Uecrivcd tlini the All.ort Pic.kiiis.)n('oiiii>:uiy, July -JT, 1!H)4.
"Pelh't" sain|)le.

11497. NuoTiANA TAHACUM. Tobacco.
Fruin ("avala, Turkey. Presented l.y Mr. N. J. Pantelides, of Chicw Island,

Turkey. Received July 5, 1904.
"Seed of the famous Cavala tobacco, which forms one of the most important
elements used in the blending of tiie cigarette tiller of the famous Egyptian cigar-
ettes. According to Mr. Pantelides's letter of June 18, 1904, this seed was sent hun
bv the governor of Cavala and is no doulit autlicntic and of first quality. Mr. Pan-
telides further remarks that the cultivation and iiarvesting of the Cavala tobacco
require great experience. From the same plant one can pick leaves of a value of
only 0.50 of a franc per kilogram and of a value of 15 to 20 francs a kilogram. The
lance-shaped leaves found at the summit of the plant have a very line aroma, and it
is for this fine aroma that such high prices are paid. If during the process of pick-
ing the terminal bud is injured, tlie tine aroma of the leaves is lost and the leaves
lose their value. The processes t)f drving and fermentation are those which give to
the leaves their fine color and excellent flavor. The Ottoman Regie pays from one
to two thousand francs monthly salary to good clarifiers (clariticatenrs) and 250 to
300 francs a month to good cultivators. In his country Mr. Pantelides says the seed
is sown in Januarv, transplanted during F\'l)ruary to a place protected from the cold,
and in :\Iarch transi)lante<l again to permanent locations. Each plant is set out a
meter each way from its neighbors. The l)est soil for the culture of this tobacco is
said to be a red one mixt with stones of iron i)y rites, and the best locations are
those on the eastern slopes of hills." {FaircJnld.)

11498. NicoTiANA TABACUM. Tobacco.

From Sao Paulo, Brazil. Received thru Dr. Horace :\I. I.ane, president of the
Mackenzie College, July 25, 1904.
Bahiano tobacco seed, the variety from which the celebrated Bahin leaf is made.

11499. Prunus viroiniana. Chokecherry.

"From Arden, near Dakota-Montana line. Presented by Prof. J. \V. Blankinshi]),

of the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozeman, :Mont. Received

August 1, 1904.

" Seeds of a free-flowering shrubby species of chokecherry which is perfectly hardy

when the thermometer drops to —80° F. in winter. From the description given by

Professor Blankinship this must be a very showy plant in spring. The black fruits

are used for jam or ' cherry butter' making." {Fuirchlld.)

"A beautiful flowering tree, about 25 feet high." {Bla7ikinship. )

11500. Prunus virginiana. Chokecherry.

From Bozeman, Mont. Presented by Prof. J. W. Blankinship. Received August
1, 1904.
" Seeds of a large, red-fruited variety, whose fruits are considered better, than the
black. Large quantities of cherry butter are made in Montana, and this variety has
possibilities for the breeder." {Fairchild.)

11501. Garcinia indica.

From Trinidad, West Indies. Received thru Mr. J. H. Hart, superintendent
of the Botanic Gardens, July 29, 1904.

11502. GossYPiUM sp. Cotton.

From San Luis Soyatlan, Jahsco, Mexico. Received thru Sefior Hilario Cuevas,
July 21, 1904.
Cotton harvested in June from trees planted in September preceding at an altitude
of 1,630 meters above the level of the sea. Sent at the request of Mr. L. H. Dewey.

97

60

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

11503. MucuNA UTiLis. Velvet bean.

From Clarcona, Fla. Received thru Mr. H. INIeislahn, August 8, 1904.

11504. CoFFEA sp. CofiFee.

From Abyssinia. Received thru Hon. Robert P. Skinner, United States consul-
general at Marseille, France, July 22, 1904.

Wild Harrar coffee.

11505 to 11531.

From London, England.

1904.
A collection of plants, as follows:

11505. RUBUS AUSTRALIS.

RUBUS BIFLORUS.

RuBUS ODORATUS.

RuBUS ROSAEFOLIUS.

RuBUS PHOENICOLASIUS.

RuBUS NIGROBACCUS.

Received thru James Veitch & Sons (Limited), April,

11506.
11507.
11508.
11509.

11510.

Snyder.

11511.
11512.
11513.
11514.

RuBUS SPECTABILIS.
RuBUS DELICIOSUS.

Rub US leucodermis.

RuBUS OCCIDENTALIS.

Newma )i' s Thornless.

11515. RuBUS NIGROBACCUS.

11516. RuBus hyb.
The Mahdi.

11517 and 11518. Rosa spp.

11517. Alice Grahame.
11519. Rosa humilis.
11520 to 11531. Rosa spp.

1 1 520. Edith D' Ombrain.
Pemher-

11521.

11522.

11523.

11524.
11525.

Florence

ton.

Lady Moyra Bean-
clerc.

Madame
Mari.

Antuine

Marianne Pfitzer.
Marie Lavalley.

Purple flowering- raspberry.

Strawberry raspberry.

Wineberry.

Blackberry.

Salmon berry.

Rocky Mountain flowering- raspberry.

Western black raspberry.

Black raspberry.

Blackberry.
Raspberry-blackberry hyb.

Rose.
11518. Bi'fisle Bro)rn.

Pasture rose.
Rose.

11526. Mildred Grant.

11527. Morning Glow.

11528. Mrs. Allen Chan-

dler.

11529. Mrs. Benjamin R.

Cant.

11530. Queen of Sweden

and Norway.

11531. Sahnonea.

11532. Arachis hypogaea.

Peanut.

From Sao Paulo, Brazil. Received thru Dr. Horace M. Lane, president of the
Mackenzie College, July 16, 1904.

Pods of a peanut, said to be native, but which Doctor Lane thinks may be of
African origin. The pods are of fair size and nearly all contain two seeds.

11533. PoLiANTHES LONGiFLORA. Tuberose.

From Mexico. Received thru Dr. J. N. Rose, of the United States National
Museum, August 5, 1904.

97

DECEMBER, 1003, TO DECEMBER, 1005.

61

11534. ACHUAS SAPOTA.

Sapodilla.

Plants propaj^ated from large tree in Department conservatory; numbered for
convenience in recording future dif^trihution, August 1, 1904.

11535. KiciiAKDiA AFKiGANA. Calla.

From Chicago, 111. Received thru Vaughau'ri seed store, August 10, 1904.
Trade name, Calla Aethiopica devoniensis.

11536 to 11538. KosA .sp. Rose.

From London, England. Received thru Harr & Sons, June, 190;}.

11536. Austrian Copper Brier. 11538. Persian Yellow Brier.

11537. IRirisoni Brier.

11539 to 11564.

From Felthani, Middlesex, England.
Hale Farm Nurseries, August, 1903.

Plants, as follows:

11539 to 11563.

11539.

Clematis spp.

Madame Edouard
Aiuhr.

11540. Grace Darling.

11541. Alexandra.

11542. Anderson Henri/i.

11543. A scant iensis.

11544. Beauty of Worces-

ter.

11545. Duchess of Kdin-

Imrgh.

1 1 546. Duke of Edinburgh.

11547. Enrl of Beacons-

Jield.

11548. Enchantress.

1 1549. Nellie Moser.

11550. Fairy Queen.

11551. Fair Rosamond.

11552. Clematis fortu-

NEI.

Received thru Mr. Thomas 8. Ware,

Clematis.

11553. Gem.

11554. Gipsey Queen.

11555. Gloire de tSt. Ju-

lien.

1 1556. Grand Duchess.

11557. Clematis reticu-

lata.

11558. Clematis jack-

.manni alba.

11559. Clematis ,iack-

.MANNI.

Snow IMiite.

11560. Clematis jack-

MANNI.

Superhu.

11561. John Gould.

11562. Lavjsoniana.

11563. Marcel Moser.

11564. Ampelopsis veitchii purpurea.

11565 to 11589. LiLiuM spp. Lily-

From Yokohama, Japan. Received thru Suzuki & lida, New York agents for
the Yokohama Nursery Company, December, 1903.

Bulbs as follows:

11565.
11566.
11567.
11568.
11569.

Lilium batmanxiae.

LiLIUM CONCOLOK.

Lilium concolor ohime.

Lilium concolor.

Lilium concolor oki-
hime.

11570. Lilium CORDIFOLIUM.

11571. Lilium elegans.

11572. Lilium elegans.

11573. Lilium elegans atro-

sanguineum.

11574. Lilium elegans semi-

pleno.

97

62

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

11583. LiLIlIM LONGIFLORUM EX-

IMIUM GIGANTEUM.

11584. LiLIUM MEDEOLOIDES.

11585.

LiLIUM SPECIOSUM RU-

BRUM.

11586.

LiLIUM SPECIOSUM ALBUM.

11587.

LiLIUM SPECIOSUM KRET-

ZERI.

11588.

IjILIUM SPICCIOSUM MEL-

POMENE.

11589.

LiLIUM UKEYURI.

11565 to 11589 — Continued.

11575. LiLIUM ELEGANS INCOM-

PARABLE.

11576. LiLIUM DAHURICUM. .

11577. LiLIUM HANSONI.

11578. LiLIUM JAPONICUM.

11579. LiLIUM RUBELLUM.

11580. LiLIUM BROWNII.

11581. LiLIUM LEICHTLINII.

11582. LiLIUM LONGIFLORUM.

11590 and 11591. Lilium longiflokum eximium gkmnteum. Lily.

Grown from S. P. I. No. 11583 in the Department greenhouse.
11590. Bulbs. 11591. Seeds.

11592 to 11602.

From' Guadalajara, Mexico. Received thru Mr. Federico Chisolm, July 11, 1904.

Small lots of seeds of Guerrero plants, as follows:

11592. Enterolobium CYCLOCARPUM. "Parota."

"One of the most admirable shade trees I have ever seen, a rapid grower,
and valuable for the easily worked but durable lumber it yields, as well as for
the seeds, which are largely eaten l)y the natives at this season and are greedily
eaten by hogs. The measurements of a specimen shading the assay office at
'La Trinidad' were about as follows: Trunk, from ground to branches, 12
feet; diameter, 4 feet; from ground to top of tree, 59 feet; extreme spread of
branches from tip to tip, measured thru trunk, 122 feet; the general outline
similar to that of an umbrella. To me it seems a tree well worth introducing."
{Chinolm.)

11593 to 11602.

A collection of unidentified plants, mostly bulbs.

11603 to 11623.

From Fort Hays, Kans. Received thru Mr. J. G. Haney, superintendent of the
Branch Agricultural Experiment Station, August 1, 1904.

11603 to 11617. Triticum YULGARE. Wheat.

11603. Kharkof. Grown from S. P. I. No. 7786.

11604. Beloglina. Grown from S. P. I. No. 7787.

11605. Ulta. Grown from S. P. L No. 5638.

11606. Crimean. Grown from S. P. I. No. 5636.

11607. Ghirka Winter. Grown from S. P. I. No. 5637.

11608. Padui. Grown from S. P. I. No. 7466.

11609. Kharkof. Grown from S. P. I. No. 5641.

11610. Turkei/. Grown from C. I. No. 1558.

11611. Crimean. Grown from S. P. I. No. 5635.

11612. Crimean. Grown from C. I. No. 1559.

11613. Banat. Grown from S. P. I. No. 5496.

11614. Bacska. Grown from S. P. I. No. 5498.

11615. Weissenhury. Grown from S. P. I. No. 5499.

11616. Pesterboden. Grown from S. P. I. No. 5500.

11617. Kharkof. Grown from S. P. I. No. 7467.
97

DEC'EMliKH, IIHKJ, TO DECEMliEU, i'JO-J. (>.H

11603 to 11623 -Continued.

11618 and 11619. Tki rici m dikim. Macaroni wheat.

11618. Kiilxwhi. Grown Iroin S. 1'. I. Nn. 9478.

11619. Velvet Dun. Grown from S. 1'. I. NO. V»47!t.

11620 to 11623. HoKDKiM spp. Barley.

11620. HouDiciM viiAiAKK. Barley.
Black, (hdwn from S. P. I. No. 7!i7().

11621. IIoKDEiTM viiLCiAKK. Barley.
White. Grown from S. P. I. No. 71U«».

11622. tIoHi)i:r.M disticuim nit.\ns. Two-row barley.
/laiiiKi. (irown from S. P. I. No. !»i:W.

11623. HoKOKi'M TKTKASTicm-M. Four-row barley.
Teteherit. Grown from S. I'. I. No. 771M).

11624. ('EKCiniriiYLLiiM .iapunulm.

From Philadelphia, Pa. Received thru Thoma-s Meehan <k Sons, 1908.
Plants pnrchased to test as stocks for the mango. The scions failed to iiiiite.

11625. Mancufeka inihca. Mango.

From Tahiti. Received thru Captain Rennie, of the steamship Muripum,
August 11, 1904.

11626 and 11627. (Undetermined.)

From Guadalajara, Mexico. Received thru Mr. Federico Chisolm, August 18,
1904.

11628. HicoRiA hyl). Pecan.
From Washington, D. C. Received thru Mr. P. li. Dorsett, February, 1904.

From pecans purchased in the open market. Has the appearance of a hybrid
between Hicoria peran and Iliroria aquatica. Planted in the Plant Introduction
Garden at Chico, Cal., May 31, 1904.

11629. AcTiNiDiA sp. "Yang-taw."

From the borders of Yunnan. Received thru Consul-General Wilcox, of Han-
kow, China, and Mr. Wilson, at the Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal.,
July 8, 1904.
Fruit said to be very fine, has flavor of gooseberry, fig, and citron. Sometimes
called " Yang-tao."

11630. AcTiNiDiA sp. "Yang-taw."

From the borders of Yunnan. Received thru Consul-General Wilcox, of Han-
kow, China, and Mr. Wilson, at the Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal.,
July 8, 1904.
Possibly distinct from No. 11629, tho as yet undetermined.

11631. Eriobotrya japonica. Loquat.

From Orange, Cal. Collected by Mr. M. Payan, of Olive, Cal., from the orchard
of Mr. C. P. Taft, Orange, Cal. Received at the Plant Introduction Garden,
Chico, Cal., July 18, 1904.

11632. Achras SAPOTA (?). Sapodilla.
From Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Received thru Mr. Frank N. Meyer at the

Plant Introduction Garden at Chico, Cal., June, 1904.

"A nice tasting fruit, in size and shape not unlike the eastern persimmon. The
pulp is brownish and of a sweet, pleasant taste." ( Meyer. )

97

64 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOETED.

11633. Prunus armeniaca. Apricot.

Froui Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Received thru Mr. Frank N. Meyer at the
Plant Introduction Garden at Chico, Cal., June, 1904.

"These apricots are small in size but have sometimes a nice flavor. They seem
to be all seedlings and vary, it is said, a great deal." {Meyer. )

11634. CiCER ARiETiNUiM. Chick-pea.

From Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Received thru ■Mr. Frank N. Meyer at the
Plant Introduction Garden at Chico, Cal., June, 1904.

"A vegetable which is eaten like green peas. On some markets they are sold
roasted in the shell, and they taste well. Grown on dry but rich lands." {Meyer.)

11635. Fraxinus sp. Ash.

From Mexico. Received thru Mr. Frank X. Meyer at the Plant Introduction
Garden at Chico, Cal., June, 1904.

"A very handsome shade tree, which grows to quite a size. These seeds are
from a very spreading variety which grew on dry, rocky places near Guadalajara."

( Meyer. )

11636. Prunus sp. Cherry.

From Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Received thru Mr. Frank N. Meyer at the
Plant Introduction Garden at Chico, Cal., June, 1904.

"This is a cherry inferior in size and flavor to the ordinary cherry. The tree is
evergreen and can be used as an ornamental shade tree. ' ' ( Meyer. )

11637. LuPiNUS sp. Lupine

From Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Received thru Mr. Frank N. Meyer at the
Plant Introduction Garden at Chico, Cal., June, 1904.

"A rather ornamental small lupine, with blue spikes, which vary in color from
whitish to indigo blue. ' ' ( Meyer. )

11638. RiciNUS sp. Castor-oil plant,

From Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Received thru Mr. Frank N. Meyer at the
Plant Introduction (irarden at Chico, Cal., June, 1904.

"A castor-oil bean with very showy red spikes. May prove to be an ornamental
plant. ' ' ( Meyer. )

11639. Capsicum annuum. Pepper.

From Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Received thru Mr. Frank N-. Meyer at the
Plant Introduction Garden at Chico, Cal., June, 1904.

Yellou) Chili. "A handsome pepper, much sold in the market at Jalapa, a bright
showy yellow, quite pungent in taste." {Meyer.)

11640. Agrostis alba. Redtop

From New York, N. Y. Received thru Henry Nungesser & Co., August 16, 1904.

11641 to 11644.

From Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, France. Receiv. d thru Dr. A. Robertson-
Proschowsky, August 1, 1904.

11641. Arundinaria simoni. Bamboo.

"A small bamboo, producing good, edible seeds. This small bamboo does
not, as some others, die altogether after producing its seeds, but some rhizomes
survive. Still perhai)s it is too early to judge of the survival of such. As you
will find, the large seeds are of very good taste, and evidently could be used

97

DECEMBEH, 1!»03, To DECEMBER, 1905. 65

11641 to 11644 -Continued.

as well as wheat, barley, an<l other irraiiis. Tliii^ bainbuu is very resistant to
drought. \Voul<l it eventually lie a jilant of any other than ornaniental use?
Perliaps some of your aetiveaiul enterprisinji correspondents in the Tnited
States would eare to try this plant." { Prosrl,(,ir:<kii. i

11642. J.\C.\KAND.\ OVALIKOl.lA.

" The well-known tree of most striking beauty of fol.age and liower. The
timber is very strong. Resists well in dry places." ( Prosrliowslcit.)

11643. Aloe dichotoma.

"Forms a picturesque tree of medicinal value." (Fnm-hnuskii. )

11644. I'mrosPOKU.M macroimivlli m.

"This is a tree of very regular growth and striking beauty. Its leaves are
nearly as large as those of Magnolia (jrainHtlnnt L. But its chief merit consists
in its" beautiful creamv-white ilowers, which exhale a perfume sur|)assing
that of anv other plant I know, even the orange and lemon. I should think
that the "extraction of this perfume would prove a paying undertaking."

i f^rusi-lioirxl.i/. )

11645 and 11646. Man<;ifeha .spp.

From Saigon, Cochin China. Received thru Mr. M. K. Haffiier, director of
agriculture, August 20, \\H)4.

Seeds as follows:

11645. Man(.iiki;a ( AMiJoDiA.NA. 11646. Manuikkka .mekongexsis.

11647. MusA sp. Banana.

From Monte, (^raiid Canarv. Keceive.l thru Mr. Alaricus Delmard, August 22,
1904.

11648. Ma.mmea A.MEKiCANA. Mamxnce apple.

From Mayaguez, P. R. Received thru Mr. ( >. W. liarrett. Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, August 22, 1904.

For use in mangosteen experiments.

11649. LiLiUM NEiLGHEKRENSE. Neilglierry lily.

From Utakamand, India. Received thru Mr. G. H. Cave, superintendent of
the Government Botanic Gardens, August 19, 1904.

11650. Tkiticum dicoccum. Emmer.
From Paris, France. Received thru \'ilmorin-.\ndrieux & Co., August 27, 1904.

Amidonnier nnlr.

11651 and 11652. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From City of Mexico, Mexico. Received thru :\Ir. Felix Foex, National School
of Agriculture, August 24, 1904.

11651. Atlixco, from State of 11652. Apatcc, from State of

Pueblo. Guanajuato.

11653. Calophyllum calaba.

From Honolulu, Hawaii. Received thru Mr. Gerrit P. Wilder, August 29, 1904.

For experiments in propagating the mangosteen.

11654. Landolphia sp. ( 0-

From Africa. Presented thru Mr. (i. X. Collins 1)y Mr. Gilbert Christy.
Received August 31, 1904.

7217— No. 97—07 5

(56 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

11655. AVENA SATIVA. Oat.

From Statesville, N. C. Received thru Dr. B. W. Kilgore, of the North Carolina
Agricultural Experiment Station, September 2, 1904.

11656. Theobroma cacao. Cacao.

From Nicova, Costa Rica. Received thru :Mr. H. X. Collins, .Tune, 190o.
(G. cfeG. No. 3979.)

11657. Castilloa mcoyensis. Central American rubber.

From Nicoya, Costa Rica. Received thru :\Ir. G. N. Collins, .Tune, 190.S.
(G. &G. No. 3980.)

11658. HoRDEUM vuLGARE. Barley.

From Blacksburg, Ya. Received thru Mr. John R. Fain, September 7, 1904.
Tennessee Winter barley, shipped from Jefferson City, Tenn.

11659. Thevetia ovata (0-

From Guadalajara, .Mexico. Received from Mr. Federico Chisoim, September 3,
1904.

11660. Helianthus sp. Sunflower.

From Bozeman, Mont. Received from the Montana Agricultural Experiment
Station, August 29, 1904.

11661 to 11673. Citrus decumana. Pomelo.

From Calcutta, India. Originally from Mr. David Prain, of the Royal Botanic
Garden. Presented to the Department by Mr. Henry Phipps, 6 East Eighty-
seventh street, New York, N. Y. Received September 8, 1904.

Plants as follows:

11661. "Large White-Fleshed," from Seharunpur. *

11662. "Large Red-Fleshed," from Seharunpur.

11663. "China," from Seharunpur.

11664. "Pure White Sweet," from Bangalore.

11665. "White Sweet," from Bangalore.

11666. "Red Sweet Yariety," from Bangalore.

11667. " White Sour, ' ' from Bangalore.

11668. "Large," from Lucknow.

11669. "Small," from Lucknow.

11670. "White," from the Agricultural-Horticultural Society, Alipore,

Calcutta, India.

11671. "A. H. Society's," from the Agricultural-Horticultural Society,

Alipore, Calcutta, India.

11672. "Pink," from the Agricultural-Horticultural Society, Alipore, Cal-

cutta, India.

11673. "Royal Botanic Garden" variety, from Calcutta.

11674. ViTis coiGNETiAE. Crimson glory vine.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru Messrs. Henry & Lee, 97 Water street,
September 9, 1904.

11675. Ananas sativus. Pineapple.

Received September 9, 1904. (Mailed from some point in Libeiia, but origin
unknown. )

97

DECEMBEK, VMi, TO DECEMBEK, lUOo. (>7

11676. Balsamokkiiiza sp. Balsam root.
From Bozeman, Mont. Received thru Mr. A. .1. I'iiters, Aiiirusi, linM.

11677. \uiASATiVA. Common vetch.

From New York, N. Y. lieieived tlini .1. M. Tliorhurii iV: Co., ;>ti ("urtlaiidt
.«treet, September, 1S>04.

11678. lh)Ki)KLM vLLi.AKK. Barley.

From St. Anthony I'ark, iNlhni. Receive'l tlirii I'roi. W. .M. Il:i\>, ol' the .\>rri-
eiiltural Experiment Station, September. 1!MI4.

11679. ViciA 8ATIVA. Common vetch.

I'niin Kichmonil, \'a. Keceiveil tlini T. W . \\<hmI iS: Son.-*, S»'|itember, \W-i.

11680. VuiA viLLOSA. Hairy vetch.

From KichmoiKl, \'a. l\e<eiveil thru T. W. Wo<"l i**: .Sms. .S'pleml)er, l!l()4.

11681. Bhucea sumathana. "Kosam."

I'rom Singapore, Straits Settlements, lieeeived Imm the l'>otanie < ianleu^i, tln-u
the (ierman coiisnhite, Septeml)er 12, 1904.

The fruit of this jilant is said to be an infallible n-medy I'm- dysentery.

11682. Lll'l'lA KEPENS.

From Santa Barbara, Cal. Keeeived thru Dr. F. Francesehi at the I'lant intro-
duction Garden, Chieo, Cal., Anjru.st 2«), 15t04.

"Thrives in any soil, no matter how i)Oor. Rapidly i-overs the <;round with a
very dense mattinir. Takes one-tenth as much water as any lawn; neeilsno mowin<!;;
will stand intense heat and several de<irees of cold. Can be established in sl<)pin<;
gromid." { Francesehi.) (See S. P. I. No. 4263.)

11683. Hlmulus lupulus. Hop.

From Wheatland, Cal. Received at the Plant Inlroduction < iarden. Cliico, Cal.,
August 15, 1904.

11684. Bka!^8Ka NAi'Ls. Rape.

From New York, X. \'. Received thru llenrv Xungesser <.^ Co., September 1.^,
1904.

Dwdrf Esse.r.

11685 to 11696.

From Guadalajara. ^Mexico. Received tliiii Mr. Federico Chisolm, Sejjtember
19, 1904.

Miscellaneous seeds and bull)s, mostly unidentifiefl.

11697. ViciA FABA. Horse bean.

From Ottawa, Canada. Received thru (iraham Brothers, September 21, 1904.
Tick.

11698 to 11713. Maxihot spp. Cassava.

From Sao Paulo, Brazil. Received tliru I'mf. AUirrto Li")f>:ren, iHrcctorof tlu-
Botanic Gardens, September 24, 1904.

97

e>s

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

11698 to 11713-^ Continued.
Cuttings, as follows:

11698. frloho.

11699. Vermelha do I'lnlial.

11700. Boacavd. Bnira. (Poi-

sonous. )

11701. Tain.

11702. Aipim Aiitarellii.

11703. Ymnelha.

11704. Branca.

11705. Mata Fume.

11706. Harm Bonlta.

11714. Tkiticim nulgake.

11707. Aipim Dace.

11708. Amarella.

11709. Camhalho Brava.

11710. Mata Fome II.

11711. Ro,^a.

11712. >Sao Talriiihu. (Very

poisonous. )

11713. Itapira Brara. (Poison-

ous. )

Wheat.

From Temj^e, Ariz. Receivetl thru Mr. John .Ttnigernian, St'j)tenil)(.'r I'li, Ut()4.
Frete.^.' Grown from S. P. T. N<>. 7-"iSL*.

11715. Tkiticum duku.m. Macaroni wheat.

From Tempe, Ariz. Received thru Mr. .Tolm Jungerniau, September 2(5, iy04.
Marouanl. Grown from S. P. I. No. 9824.

11716 and 11717. Hokdeum tetkastichu.m. Four-row barley.

From Tempe, Ariz. Received thru Mr. .Tohn Jungeiman, September 20, 1904.

11716. Bildi. Grown from S. P. I. No. TSIS:!.

11717. Tflll. Grown from S. P. I. No. 7584.

11718 and 11719. Liatkis scariO!SA.

Button snakeroot.

From Minneapolis, ;\linn. Presented bv Prof. K. ;\I. Freeman. Ke<-eived Sep
tember 22, 1904.

11718. Roots or ecjrms.

11719. Seed.

11720. Sicana odokifera.

F'rom Trinidad, British West Indies. Presented by Mr. .1. H. Hart, superin-
tendent of the Royal Botanic Gardens. Received "September 20, 1904.

11721. (jAROINIA CELEHICA.

From Buitenzorg, Java, Dutch Ea.st Indies. Presented l)y Doctor Treub, Sep-
tember 28, 1904.

11722. Ayena sativa. Oat.

F>om Yancey, Ga. Purchased from Mr. H. Yancev, jr. Received Sej^tember
28, 1904.

Appier Rustproof.

11723. Ipomoea pes-caprae.

From Durban, Natal. Presented by Mr. J. L. P^lmore, agent and importer of
American goods. Third avenue. Received September 30, 1904.

"These small seeds and pods grow here on the sand next to the seashore, and
greatly retard the sand from blowing inland. They grow on runners as much as 30
foet in length, every few feet throwing up stems with large green leaves a foot above
the sand, thus preventing the sand from shifting." [Elmore.)

DECEMBER, i'JOa, TO DECEMBER, IW-J. (')'.»

11724. rKKSKA CHATissiMA. Avocado.

From Purhaii, Natal. I'ri'soiited l)v Mr. J. I,. I'-liiKirc. Hi'c'eivi'd SeptciiiluT
:;0, HK)4, in same package with No. 1I7l':;.

"These pears have only hivii introduced into tiii.>^ country for a lew years, ami are
proving a ."^ouree of jrreat revenue. The trees are stron<r and healthy, and bear after
about tive jears' growth — grow as well from sei'ds as grafted oni's. When in season
prices range here for the fruit from 50 cents to $2 i)er dozen. The fruit never ripens
on the tree, but soon ripens after it is full grown and j^icked and laid aside for a ivw
days. This fruit can be transported any distance, as it is perfectly hard when p\dled
anil does not soften for some days. After being laid aside for a few days they
become soft and then are edible. The tlesh is about one-half inch in thii'kne.ss,
and when ripe of a liglit yellow shading to a pea green next to the skin, and if
eaten with a little sugar and milk is like rich cream. Some prefer salt and pepper
and a little vinegar; others nothing at all. 1 know of people here who eat no meat
when these pears are in season. The trees grow in a sandy soil to a good size, and 1
think they would grow in the Southern States and California." ( hlhnon.)

11725. Gakcinia mangostana. Mangosteen.

From iSaigon, Cochin China. Presented by Dr. M. E. ITaffner, director of the
Botanic Gardens. Received October o, 1904.

11726. PsiDiUM GUAJAVA. Gruava.

From Trinidad, British AVest Indies. Presented by Mr. J. H. Hart, sujieriii-
tendent of the Royal Botanic (Tarilens. Received Octolier 8, 15)04.

A large led guava. Fruit of this variety is reputed to weigh at the rate of three
to a pound. {Hart. )

11727. Pamcum decompositum. Australian millet.

From Sydney, New South AVales. Presented by Mr. J. II. Maiden, directoi- of
the Botanic Gardens. Received October 4, 1904.

" From the dry interior of southwestern Queensland. The seed was collected by
the blacks, who use it largely for food, while the grass itself is one of the best fodder
grasses of Australia." {Maiden.) (See ^Maiden's Cxeful Native I'la))tx nf Australia,
p. 97.)

11728 to 11730. LiiJUM longiflorum eximeum. Easter lily.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru Henry ife Lee, August 3, 1904.

11728. Bermuda-grown bulbs. 11730. Japan-grown Imlbs.

11729. Azores-grown bulbs.

11731. Triticum sp. Wheat.

From Germanv. Presented by Mr. A. Kirsche, PfiffelVtach, near Apolda, thru
Mr. J. E. Wl Tracy. Received September 30, 1904.

Original Winter Square Head.

11732. Ctarcinia mangostana. Mangosteen.

From Singapore, Straits Settlements. Presented by Mr. R. Derry, assistant
superintendent of the Botanic Gardens. Received November IS, 1904.

11733. Asparagus virgatus. Asparagus.

From Durban, Natal, South Africa. Presented by Mr. J. Medley Wood, curator
of the Botanic Gardens. Received November 18, 1904.

"A native Natal asparagus, which is said to produce edible shoots of good quality.
The plant does not require so much care as the cultivated asparagus, and may there-
fore prove of value for breeding purposes." ( Wood.)

97

7U SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

11734. C'AKi.ssA AKDuiNA. Amatungulu.

From Natal, Soutli Afriia. Pref-eiiti'il by Mr. J. ^ledley Wood, curator of the
Hotank- (iardens, Durban. Received Auiru^t y, 1904.

"A food plant of considerable importance in ^S^atal, where it is found in large
(|uantities on the market, and from which is made a very valuable jelly. The plant,
•rrow n in hedge form in and about the city of Durban, is a handsome thing; its large
white flowers and crimson fruits stand out in beautiful contrast with the background
iif dark-green foliage." ( Faircliihl. )

11735. Secale cereai.e. Rye.

From Steglitz, near P)erlin, < iermanv. Eeceived thru ]\Iet/. iV- (Vi., October <>,
1904.

( )riginal Professor Hemrirh.

11736. Eucalyptus cortxocalyx. Sugar gum tree.

From Pomona, Cal. Keceived tliru Mr. (i. W. Kuotluirdt. Noveudier 11, 1904.

11737. PoA PRATEXSis. Kentucky bluegrass.

From Xew York. X. Y. Received thru .T. M. Tliorburn iV Co.. October 10. 1904.

11738. ViciA SATH A. Common vetch.

From New York. X. Y. Received thru .1. M. Tli(.rl>urn i<: Co.. October 10. 1904.

11739. Thysaxolaena agrostis.

From Sibpiir, near Calcutta, India, l^i-esented by the Royal ]^>otanic (warden.
Received August 3, 1904.

See S. P. I. X'o. S445for a description of this extremely ornamental flowering cane.

11740. Pextzia vircata.

From Oatlands, South Africa. Received thru Messrs. Lathro]) and Fairchild
(No. 1138, March, 1903), August 1, 1904. (See No. 10635.)

11741 and 11742. Capsicum axnltjm. Paprika pepper.

From Bridgeport, Ala. Crown l)v the Botanic Drug Coinjianv. Received
August 29, 1904.

11741. Szeged Rose, grown from S. P. 1. Xo. 10755.

11742. Large, red, ]ong Hungarian, grown from S. I'. I. No. 10756.

11743 to 11757.

From ^Melbourne, Australia. Presented ])y ;\Ir. William Robert Guilfoyle,
director of the Botanic Gardens. Received July, 1904.

Sample packets of seed as follows:

11743. Acacia i,on(;ifolia. 11751. Panax elegans.

11744. Acacia prominexs. 11752. PiTTOspoRrM buchax-

' \NI

11745. CARPODETrs SERR.VTrS. ^'

11753. PlTTOSPORlM IXDILA-

11746. ElTELEA ARBORESCEXS. TUM.

11747. Eucalyptus BOTRVoiDES. 11754. Sterculia acerifoi.ia.

11748. Eucalyptus loxgifolia. 11755. Sterculia biver-sifoli a.

11749. Grevillea robusta. 11756. Syxcarpia laurifoliv.

11750. IIymexosporum FLAVUM. 11757. Tristania i.aurixa.

DECEMBEK, 1903, TO DECEJMliEH. IWo. 71

11758. Ulex elkopaeus. Gorse, whin, or furze.

From Dublin, Irelaml. Presente.l by llo^ ^' IJobertsou, sfedsim-n. liectnved
in June, liU)4.
"This plant is used extensively in northern France, England, and Ireland as a
fodder i.lant It is not cultivated there, however. Shre.Mers are used tor prepar-
ing; it for stock, and, accordin- to Mr. .1. B. Blaudy, <.f iMUuhal, ^hidcua who uses
it extensively, it is a most valuable plant for barren soils where other things will
not jirow. " ' ( Fiiirrliihl. )

11759. Vkia KAiiA. Horse bean.

Kroiii Montreal, Canada. Received thru Prof. AV. T. :Macouni, horticulturist,
Central Experiment Farm, Ottawa, Canada, irom W illiaiu Ewing ct Co., Octo-
lier 12, 1904.

11760. Secale C'EREale. ' Rye.
From AVaterloo, Kans. Received thru .Mr. J. Elza Dodtre, October 14, 1904.

(Trown from S. P. I. No. 1342.

11761 and 11762. AixiUM cepa. Onion.

From Teneriffe, Canary Islands. Presented liy United States Consul Solomon
Berliner. Received October 6, 1904.
11761. White. 11762. /.V-/.

11763. Vicia villosa. Hairy vetch.

From Augusta, Ga. Received thru the >.'. L. Willet Drug Company, October
15, 1904.

11764. Vic-iA sativa. Common vetch.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru J. M. Thorburn & Co., October 19, 1904.

11765. Persea carolinexsis. Red bay, or swamp bay.

From New Orleans, La. Presented by Mr. Edward Baker, superintendent of
Audubon Park. Received October 17, 1904.
"In regions wdiere the avocado (Persea gratmima) can be grown, but which are
subject at long intervals to heavv. killing frosts, this relative of the latter may prove
valuable as a stock on which to graft it. It may also be of use for breeding purposes.
( Fairchild. )

11766 to 11768.

From Honolulu, Hawaii. Presented by Mr. Gerrit P. Wilder. Received Octo-
ber 14, 1904.
Specimen fruits as follows:

11766. Mangifera indica. Mango.
" Very fine specimen, grown on the premises of Mr. W. C. Parke, of Hono-
lulu. Considered one of our best mangos here." ( Wilder. )

11767. (Unidentified.) 11768. (Unidentified.)

11769. Cedrela odorata.

From Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic. Presented by Mr. Carlos Thays,

director of the Jardin Botanico. Received October 22, 1904.

"This plant belongs to a group of trees which Dr. F. Franceschi, of Santa Barbara,

Cal., has been studying for some time. He remarks in a letter of September -^0 190^,

as follows: 'The Cedrela I consider among the most interesting of the trees which 1

have tried here, and remarkably so C. fissilis, which makes a wonderful growth and

97

72 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

apijears to he much hardier than its native habitat would warrant.' The use of the
timber of this species of Cedreia for cijjar boxes makes the plants of unusual interest
to southern California, where they will (jrow unusually well." {FairchlkL)

11770. Gaillardia sp. G-aillardia.

From Big Stone City, S. Dak. Collected by Mr. A. J. Pieters, August, 1904.

' ' Sample of seed of a Gaillardia with rose-purple rays. Low-growing perennial (?) .
Flowers borne on peduncle arising from the base of the plant, and usually from a
foot to 18 inches high. May be a good thing for crossing with other (Taillardias, but
not a sufficiently profuse bloomer by itself." [Pieters. )

11771. Chrysopsis hispida. G-olden aster.

From Dawson, X. Dak. Collected by -Mr. A. J. Pieters, August, 1904.

"Found blooming at Dawson, N. Dak., and thruout that country during late
August, 1904. Calyx scales glutinous, flowers yellow." (Pieters. )

11772. LiATRis sp. Button snakeroot.

From near Fargo, X. Dak. Collected by Mr. A. J. Pieters, August, 1904.

"Seed of a fine perennial for the herbaceous border. Grows 2 to 3 feet high and
bears a fine spike with purple flowers." {Pieters. )

11773. Helianthus sp. Sunflower.

From Dawson, N. Dak. Collected by Mr. A. J. Pieters, August, 1904.

" Practically the same type as that known in the trade as Stella. Varies in size
from 12 inches to 4 feet or more, depending on soil and moisture." {Pieters.)

11774. CucuMis sp. Melon.

From province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Presented by Mr. George D. Hedian.
Received September 20, 1904.

" Fruit grows to a size of 48 to 50 cm. in length; yellow when ripe, and pulp resem-
bles that of muskmelon. Has fragrant odor when ripening." {Hedian. )

11775. GossYPiUM .sp. Cotton.

From province of Esmeraldas, Ecua<lor. Presented by :Mr. George D. Hedian.
Received September 20, 1904.

11776. GossypiuM sp. Cotton.

From province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Presented by INIr. George D. Hedian.
Received September 20, 1904.

This cotton seed in bolls grows 8 feet high and buds in six months.

11777. Amygdalus persica. Nectarine.

From Kashgar, Kashmir, British India. Presented by Rev. P. J. P. Hendriks.
Received October 24, 1904.

"Collected in the latter part of July liy Mr. Hendriks at Kashgar and forwarded
by parcel post. Mr. Hendriks remarks in his letter of July 23 that 'they want a hot
but only a short summer, and as wahiuts are ripening in Washington I am confident
that they will come all right. You may call them Croslj>! nectarines. I am quite
sure they will make a fine acquisition to any orchard.'

" In compHance with the wish of the donor, if these nectarines prove in any way
remarkable they should be named in honor of Mr. O. T. Crosby, to whom we are
indebted for putting us in communication with Mr. Hendriks." {Fairchild.)

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBEK, l!)0o. TH

11778. PiSTACiA VERA. Pistachc.

From Kashgar, Ka-shniir. Britisli Iii.lia. Prosciitt'.l l.y Ucv. I'. .1. 1'. niii.lriks.
Receivc-a (Mobor L'4, 1904.
"The.«e seeds were collected In' Mr. Heiulriks from the liazaiir in Kashgar. He is
■ifraid tliev will have lost their germiiiativc power, l.iit as they come from the hot
valleys ofBadakhshaii, west of the ramiis, they may prove a different strain Irom
those introduced from the Levant and to be of unusual value. These were receive(l
by parcels post thru Latham <k Co., of Jioml)ay, India. Larger shipments must be
sent 1)V caravan from Kashgar to Ladak, thence by caravan to Kashmir, thence to
Rawlpnidi and ]>\ rail to Bombay. The costs of transit \yould be about 2 rupees per
kilogram and the time required ain.ut two months." (FaircliihI.)

11779. Man(;ifeka indk a. Mango.

From Beira, Ka.«t Africa. Presented by Hon. Arthur \V. ii.(deuny, United
States consular agent, Beira, Fast Africa.

Lathrop. See description of No. 9t)(»9.

11780. HoRDEir^i viTLGARE. Barley.

From McPherson, Kans. Received thru INIr. L. A. I'it/.. October 25, 1904.
TenneKsee Winter.

11781. SeSBAMA MACROCAIM'A.

From Tucson, Ariz. Received thru Prof. R. H. FV)rbes, director of the Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, October 25, 1904.
"I am convinced from its verv shallow root system that it will probably only
prove useful in a situation where it can be constantly and abundantly ungated,
altho it is possible that its rooting habits may be modified by new cultural condi-
tions." {Forbes.)

11782. Trifolium alexandrinum. Berseem.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received thru Mr. George P. Foaden, secretary of the
Khedivial Agricultural Society, October 2r., 1904.

Fachi.

11783. NuPHAR roLYSEPALUisi. Red-anthered yellow water lily.

From Bozeman, 3Iont. Presented by Dr. .1. W. Bhuikinshii.. Received
October 27, 1904.
"An unusual species of pond lily, with red anthers somewhat resembling large
petals As this has never, so far as we are aware, been brought under cultivation,
It is thought bv .Mr. Peter Bisset, of "Twin Oaks," Washington, D. C to be ol
possible value tor breeding purposes. Coming from the northern latitude ot Mon-
tana, it will prove perfectly hanly in any part of the United States.' {l'<urcbdd. )

11784. Garcinia xanthochymus.

F>om Peradeniva, Cevlon. Presented by Dr. John C. Willis, director of the
Royal Botanic (hardens. Received October 29, 1904.

11785 to 11790. (iAR( INIA .spp.

From Peradeniya, Cevlon. Received thru Dr. John C. Willis, director of the
Royal Botanic (iardens, October 31, 1904.

11785. G. CAMBOGiA=G. cowA. 11788. G. xanthochymus.

11786. G. MANGOSTANA. 11789. G. SPICATA.

11787. G. CAMBOGlA = (i. COWA. 11790. <T. MORELLA.

11791. ViciA SATiVA. Common vetch.

From Corvallis, Oreg. Received thru Mr. John Whitaker, October ?A, 1904.
97

74 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

11792. Caesalpinia bkevifolia. Algarobillo.

From .Santiago, Chile. Presented by Senor Salvadore Jzquierdo. Keceived
September 19, 1904.

The tanning material, which exists in the form of a resinous substance permeating
the seed pods of this plant, has recently attracted the serious attention of Euro-
pean tanners, and the imports of it into Germany have of recent years very consid-
erably increased. It is said to be very (juick in its action and to be used in the
tanning of delicate leathers. American tanners are not familiar with this tanning
substance as yet, but some of the i)rincipal importers in Now York are interested
in its introduction. The shrub which bears the pods should be of particular interest
to the extremely arid regions of the Southwestern States from the fact that it comes
from the high altitudes of the Andes of northern Chile, where the season's rainfall is
extremely light and where long periods of hot, dry weather f>ccur. The plant has a
long taproot, which will make it difficult to transplant, and it is recommended by
Seiior Izquierdo that the seeds be planted out where the i^lants are expected to remain.
According to Senor Izquierdo's estimate, 2,000 plants could be easily grown on an acre
of soil. Trees 6 to 8 years old are said to yield from 6 to 8 pounds of pods, which
sell at a price ranging from 4 to 6 cents a pound. It is said that the plant is injured
by heavv spring frosts, but is otherwise a robust, vigorous growing species. (See
S. P. I., '10681.)

11793. Andropogon sorghum. Sorghum.

From Durban, Natal, South Africa. Presented by Mr. R. W. Heningfield.
Received August 24, 1904.

Mr. Beningfield says that this sorghum was self-sown in his garden in Durban.

11794. LiLTUM LONGiFLORUM MULTiFLORUM. Japanese lily.

From New York, N. Y. Received Www Henry & Lee, Noveml)er 9, 1904.

11795. Sapium sebiferum. Tallow tree.

From China. Presented by Dr. C. L. ^Nlarlatt to Dr. R. T. Gall(.\va\-. Planted
in October, 1903.

Chinese name "Sa-men."

11796. CucuMis MELO. Muskmelon.

From California. Received in 1902. Exact source is not known.

Genuine Bichrell C'ambu muskmelon seed, turned over to this Office by Mr. W. W.
Tracy, sr.

11797. .Macadamia ternifolia. Australian nut.

From Sydney, New South Wales. Presented by Mr. .7. IL :\Iaiden, director of
the Botanic (Tardens. Received November 5, 1904.

11798. Papaver somniferum X bracteatum. Hybrid poppy.

From Santa Rosa, Cal. Presented bv :Mr. Luther Burbank. Received Novem-
ber 7, 1904.

11799. Thevetia cuneifolia. Trumpet flower.

From Guadalajara, Mexico. Presented by Mr. Federico Chisolm. Received
November 7, 1904.

11800. Panicum maximum. Guinea grass.

From Mayaguez, P. R. Received thru Mr. O. W. Barrett, of the Agricultural
Experiment Station, November 8, 1904.

"Tho it produces viable seeds, this famous grass is usually pi-opagated by division
of the root clumps." [Barrett. )
97

DECEMBER, l'J03, TO DECEMBEU. 1905. Tf)

11801 to 11996. PlIOEMX DACTYLIFEKA. Date.

From llolliul Kl-II;isa, Turkish Anil>iii. Kecfivi'd thru Kev. S. .M. /wciikt

and secured l)v Mr. J.Caln.tt < iaskiii, of the British Assistant roHtical A.j:ency,

Bahrein Islanil, Persian (Julf, November 7, 1904.

■Vccordin^' to Mr. (iaskin's letter, the following varieties were received: Khala.%

Iir^,-i- Slu'irU,;, Khir, Hatiin, Shrisln, Mchmi, Klmiehi, Tniajil, and Mejmt.:. These

names however, did not agree with those found on the labels accompanying the

l)lant<' which were placed there bv the Arabs and most of which were lost. In

order 'to avoid coufusi(jn each sucker was given a separate number in hopes that

they might lie correctly identified from descriptions of tiiese varieties when they

conie into bearing.

11997. Sequoia wfxlixctoma. Bigtree.

( )ri<riii inikiiown.

11998. \ioiA 1 ABA. Horse bean.
From Gembloux, Belgium, Received thru Dr. Ach. (iregoire. Institut Chimiquc

et Bacteriologique de I'Etat, March 10, 1905.

"Seed of the Holland varietv of horse bean grown extensively in Belgium ami
Holbind as a fodder cv'*\\ This bean in the cool summers of northern Europe
makes a "-rowth of several feet an.l produces a succulent fodder which is iiarvested
after the%eans have ripened, and run thru a cliopping machine which prepares it
for the stock. The analyses of Doctor Grcgoire have shown that there is a material
increase in the amount of nutritious substances in this bean late in the season, mak-
ing' it advisable to cut it onlv after the beans have fully matured. The small size ot
the bean of this Dutch variety makes it especially desirable for field experiments
where the item of seed trans|)ort is an important one.

"These should be tried extensively in Alaska and tlie Northwestern States as an
early summer crop. They are likelv also to be of value as a cover crop for orchards
in tiie Northern States. Kxi»eriments in Canada have proved this horse bean to be
the best cover crop vet tried in that region. It holds snow, i)revents drifting, and
a<lds a large amount of humus to the soil. In Belgium these beans are drilled
in about 6 or 8 inches apart and i>roduce a thick stand some .". or 4 teet in height.
[Fairchild.)

11999 and 12000. Nicotiaxa tabacum. Tobacco.

From Constantmople, Turkey. Received thru Mr. Charles M. Dickins. m, United
States consul-general, March 9, 190ri.
Seed from Nanthi district, as follows:

11999. Finest quality. 12000. Medium .luality.

12001 to 12018.

From Fort Hays, Kans. Received thru Mr. J. G. Haney, superintendent of the
Branch Experiment Station, November 7, 1904.

12001 to 12015. Triticim vuujakk. Wheat.

12001. Kharhof. (irown from S. P. I. No. 7786. C. I. No. 2193.

12002. BelogUtio. (Irown from S. P. I. No. 7787. C. I. No. 1667.

12003. Crimean, (irown from S. P. I. No. 5636. C. I. No. 1437.

12004. Theiss. Grown from S. P. I. No. 5497. C. I. No. 1561.

12005. Ulta. Grown from S. P. I. No. 5638. C. I. No. 14.39.

12006. Ghirka. Grown from S. P. I. No. 5637. C. I. No. 1438.

12007. Cnmean. Grown from S. P. I. No. 5635. C. I. No. 1436.

12008. Kharkof. Grown from S. P. I. No. 7467. C. I. No. 1583.

12009. Kharl-of. Grown from S. P. I. No. 5641. C. I. No. 1442.
97

76 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12001 to 12018 Contiiiiu)

12010. Cniiiriii,.

(irowii from seed originally imported in qnantity of over 14,000 bushels
from the Crimea in 1901 hv the millers of Kansas and Oklahoma. ('. I.
No. 1559.

12011. Banal. (Jrown from S. V. I. Xo. 549(i. ('. 1. No. 1560.

12012. Bacshii. Grown from S. J*. I. No. 54!l.s. ('. ]. No. 1582.

12013. Turlvii. (irown from ('. I. No. 155S.

The best grade of this variety was grown near Halstead, Kans., from
seed originally from the Crimea. A sample was planted in the experi-
ment plats atHalstead in the autumn of 1901 for future experiment.

12014. Wrissenherg. Grown from S. P. 1. No. 5499. ('. I. No. 1563.

12015. Pe.iferboden. Grown frf)m 8. V. I. No. .5.500. C. I. No. 1563.
12016 to 12018. P.\xicr.M Mii,iA( EUM. Broom-corn millet.

12016. lied Voronezh. Grown frum S. P. 1. No. 9424. Original seed

from Russia.

12017. Bktch Voronezh, (irowii from S. P. I. No. 9425. Original seed

from Russia.

12018. Red Orenburg. Gi'own from S. P. I. No. 942:!. Original seed

from Russia.

12019. Garcinia xanthochymus.

From Honolulu, Hawaii. Presented bv Mr. G. P. Wilder. Rereive<l October
31, 1904.

"Fruits from a tree growing in the Govennnent nursery of Honolulu. Sent for
identification. This species is promising as a stock upon which to graft the mango-
steen. Its fruits have an agreeable acid flavor." {Fairrliild.)

12020. Portulacaria afra. Spek-boom.

From Durban, Natal. Received thru Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1097,
February <S, 1903), November 9, 1904.

" A native South African shrub or small tree with succulent shoots which, accord-
ing to von Midler, has been tested for many years in Australia, and which Mr. John
M. Wood, of the Durban Botanic Garden, says has been sent to Algeria for experi-
mental purposes. The shoots are said to be keenly relished by live stock, and the
plant is reported to grow on dry, waste places without re(iuiring attention. The cut-
tings take root easily, and von Midler says that the plant may even be i)ropagated
from the leaves. Tlie range of this species is not known by the writer, but it will
probably thrive only in a frostless region. The plant grows on hot, rocky sloi)es,
preferalily of doleritic nature. Plant on stony ridges or in sandy, desert soil. This
species deserves to be given a wide distrilwtion in regions where it will grow wild,
and should be called to the attention of those interested in the cattle-range question
of Arizona and Hawaii. These cuttings were donated by Mr. Wood." (FairrhUd.)

12021. Garcinia cochinchinensis.

From Durban, Natal. Received thru Messrs. Lathron and Fairchild (No. 1102,
February 8, 1903), November 9, 1904.

"This tree is a more vigorous one and easier to adapt to cultivation than G. man-
goHtana, the true mangosteen. It is also a heavier bearer, and it is valuable in con-
nection with experiments on the cultivation of the mangosteen in Porto Rico and
Hawaii. The fruit is a golden-yellow color, one- seeded, with characteristic acid-
flavored pulp. Most people do not care for the taste of this fruit, but the writer found
the fruits most refreshing, and Mr. AVood, of the Botanic Gardens in Durban, who
kindly donated the seeds, says that a former governor of Natal was very fond of
them. Trees of this species should l)e raised in gardens in Florida, Porto Rico, and
Hawaii accessible for breeding and grafting experiments. It may jirove a good stock
for the mangosteen." {Fairchild. )

97

DECEMBER, l\m, TO DECEMliEK, I'JOo.

i i

12022. (tarcinia maxgoistana.

From Sinirapoiv. Straits ScttU'iin-nts.
i<ui)oniit(.'iiili'nt of the Botanic < ianlcii^

Mangosteen.

I'n'seiiti'il liv Mr. li. Derrv, afisistant
l{t'a'ivc<l November It, l!i()4.

12023. lIoKDKUM DisTiciiLM. T-wo-iow barley.

From Fre.sno, Cal. Reeeived thru .Mr. ( ieorge C. Koediug, Deeemlier 1':.', l!l()4.
White S/iii/nKi. (Irowii from S. 1'. I. No. 751(59.

12024 and 12025. Si,( hum kdilk.

Chayote.

From Saltilio, Mexico. Presented l)y Mr. .1. 1\. Sillimaii at the re(|uest of Dr.
Kdward Palmer. Reeeiveil Novi'mber 7, 1904.

"All unusually larj^e and line variety of the ehayote, representing two doubtful
subvarietie.-J, the one a darker green in color than the other aiui considered a sweeter
.«ort. This is consideretl one of tiie l)est, and is imleed one of the most commonly
firown vegetables in Mexico and Central America. The particularly large .size of
these varieties makes tliein promising for introduction into the warmer regions of
this country. Bulletin No. 28 of the Bureau of Plant Industry gives a full descrij)-
tion of the methods of planting, etc." {Fairdiikl.)

12026 and 12027. Zka mays.

Corn.

From Saltilln, Mexico. TVesentcd hv Mr. .1. K. Siliimaii. Received Noveml)er
7, 1904.

12026. (lenuine white Mijinm.
June.

12027. (ienuine re<l .Uexiain
June.

"I am sending you four ears of genuine Mexican Jane corn grown by myself. This
corn was planted in June and harvested alxiut the loth of October. The natives mix
their seed very much and are not at all careful with it, so a great deal of the so-called
Mexican June corn is not strictly sui-h. Of the white variety there are two cla.^^ses —
one with white col), the otiier with red cob. The grains are long and thin, the cob very
small. It is a great drought resister and very sweet, the Mexican children chewing
the stalks as they do sugar cane. Cattle are very fond of the green stalk and it
])roduces a fine flow of rich milk in cows. The stalk reaches a height of H to 12
feet and is very slender; therefore we jjlant it <iuite thick. The dark variety, or
Maiz pi)tto, is considered more hardy and better for resisting dry Aveather. It is
shorter and more stocky in its growth. It is not so sweet. It will give a cro]) when
all else fails. While not considered so fine for general use, it is equal to any for all
stock." {>SiUinian.)

12028 to 12103. Paeoma spp.

Peony.

From Langport, Somerset, England. Received thru ^lessrs. Kehvav A Sijii,
November IL', 1904.

Peonies imported for testing (>n the grounds of the Department of Agriculture at
Arlington, Va., 7(> varieties, as follows:

12028. Maria Kelnay.

12029. Agnes Manj Kelirai/.

12030. IauIii Cin-zou.

12031. I'rinces^ Beatrice.

12032. Mrs. Chamberlain.

12033. Mountebank.

12034. Festiva Maxima.

12035. Princesx Irene.

12036. Dnkc nf Clarence.

12037. L<nli/ Beresford.

12038. Linio.'<el.

12039. Padereuski.

12040. Mad Calot.

12041. Torqaemada.

12042. frlorij of Somerset.

12043. Prince of Wales.

12044. Leonard Kelivay.

12045. Itnrolh// Welsh.

12046. Alonzo.

12047. Crizzrl Mnlr.

12048. S,,lfilerrr.

12049. Lottie (oUins.

97

( 8

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOETED.

12028 to 12103— Continued.

12050.

Kdway's Queen.

12077.

Nominata.

12051.

HeleiKi.

12078.

Calliphon.

12052.

Joan Seatoit.

12079.

Duke of Devonshire.

12053.

Princess Ch risi iun.

12080.

Baroness Sch roeder.

12054.

Princess of Wales.

12081.

The Bride.

12055.

Lad;/ Gicendolen Cecil.

12082.

Ella Cltridiui Kelicay.

12056.

Mrs. Asquith.

12083.

Cyclops.

12057.

Stanley.

12084.

Sainfoin.

12058.

Prince George.

12085.

Venus.

12069.

Cognita.

12086.

Duchess of Sutherland.

12060.

Dvchesx of Ti'ck.

12087.

Mr. Mauuiuy.

12061.

Autumriiis.

12088.

(/ueen of the May.

12062.

Humei Wliitc.

12089.

Lady Cecilia Rose.

12063.

Summer Day.

12090.

Viscount Cro.'<s.

12064.

Moonbeam.

12091.

Lyde.

12065.

Heine des Franrais.

12092.

Water Lily.

12066.

]\'hitleyi Plemi.

12093.

Princess Dhuleep Singh

12067.

Pri)ice Prosper.

12094.

Cendrillon.

12068.

Lady Carrington.

12095.

Alton Loi-kr.

12069.

Sir T. .1. Lipton.

12096.

Argus.

12070-

Princess May.

12097.

Hesperus.

12071.

Queen Victoria.

12098.

Amiahlr.

12072.

Miss Saluxty.

12099.

Lady Bramuell.

12073.

Bunch of Perfume.

12100.

( 'avalleria RuMicuna.

12074.

Millais.

12101.

Emily.

12075.

Tinted Voms.

12102.

Clothos.

12076.

Miss Price.

12103.

Opiter.

12104. Freycinetia arborea.

From Honolulu, Hawaii. Received thru .AJv. .J. E. Higgins, horticulturist,
Agricultural Experiment Station, November 14, 1904.

12105 to 12107. NicoTiANA tabacum. Tobacco.

From Brazil. Presented by Mr. M. Caluron, secretary of Agriculture, Railways,
Industry, and Public Works of the State of Bahia. 'Received October 31, 1904.

12105. From Santa Anna. 12107. From S. Gongalo dos

12106. From Maragogipe. Campos.

12108. CUCUMIS MELO.

Muskmelon.

From Bairam Ali, Old Merv, Turkestan. Presented l)v Prof. K. W. Pumpelly.
Received November 12, 1904.

12109. OucuMis MELO. Muskmelon.

From Samarkand, Turkestan. Presented bv I'rof. II. W. Pumpellv. Received
November 12, 1904.

97

DECEMBER, IWS. I'O DECEMBER, lOOo. 79

12110. Calophylloi ixophyllum.

Krom Honolulu, Hawaii. Received thru Mr. (^errit I'. Wilder, N()v«>inher 15,
1904.

"Imported lor Uf<e as a posisible stock on whieh to graft the luangosteen, (kircinia
inangostana.'''' {FairchUd.)

12111 and 12112.

From ^'ice, Alpes-Maritiiues, France. Presented l>y l>r. A. Kohertsou-
Proschowsky. Received November 14, 1904.

12111. Ficis (;i.OMERAT.\. Cluster fipf.

12112. OiHTNTi.v KUTS iNDicA. Prickly pear.

12113. SoLANL.M ( o.MMEHsoM. Aquatic potato.

From Santa Rosa, Cal. Presented hv Mr. Luther Burhank. Received Novem-
ber 18, 1904.

"Tubers produced from jilants grown in Mr. Burbank's experimental grounds from
imported tubers, S. V. 1. No. 10824. First generation remove<l from importation."
( FairchUd. )

12114. JUGLAN8 KEGiA. Pcrsiaii walnut.

From Khojend. Russiaii Central Asia. Received thru Mr. K. Yalneff, Novem-
ber 15, 1904.

12115. Sechium edule. Chayote.

From ^[exico. Received tiiru Dr. Ivlwaid I'ahucr, .November 21, 1904.

12116 to 12119. HoKDEUM spp. Barley.

From ^Milwaukee, Wis. Presented by Mr. G. Li. Pabst, president of the Pabst
Brewing Company. Received November 9, 1904.

Four samples of barlev grown from seed furnished by this Department, originally
purchased in 8vair)f, Sweden, from the <4eneral Swedish Seed-Breeding Institute, as
follows :

12116. HOKOEUM niSTICHr.M xut.vns.

J'riim-ss. (irown from S. P. I. No. 10588 on the Sunuuer farm, Wauwatosa,
Wis. Yielded 13 bushels from 1 peck of seed.

12117. HoKDEUM DISTICHUM NUTANS.

Chevalier II. Grown from S. P. I. No. 10584 on the Wasson farm, Granville,
Wis. Yielded 5J bushels from 1 peck, approximately.

12118. HORDEUJI DISTICHUM NUTANS.

Hannchen. Grown from S. P. I. No. 10585 on the Wasson farm, Granville,
Wis. Yielded 7 bushels from 1 peck of seed.

12119. HOKUEUM DLSTICHUM ERECTUM.

Priniits. Grown from S. P. I. No. 1058G on the farm of Mr. John Schubert,
Granville, Wis. Yielded 4 bushels from 1 peck of seed.

12120 to 12129. HoKDEUM spp. Barley.

From ^Milwaukee, Wis. Presented by Mr. August Uihlein, secretary of the
Schlitz Brewing Company. Received November 21, 1904.

Barley samples, as follows: ,

12120. HoRDEUM TETRASTICHUM.

Alhacete. Grown from S. P. I. No. 7427, originally from Spain.
97

J^O SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12120 to 12129 — Continued.

12121. HORDEIM DISTICHIM.

Urown from S. P. I. No. 7992, originally from Munich, Bavaria.

12122. HORDKTM HKXASTICHIM.

(Trown from S. P. I. No. 8559, (originally from Chri^itiaiiia, Norway.

12123. HOKIJEIM VILG-IRE.

Maraout. Grown from S. P. I. N(j. 9877, originally fr.jm Cairo, Egypt.

12124. HoRDEiM sp.

Grown from California seed that wasi originally imported from Moravia.

12125. HoRDElM DISTICHUM NUTANS.

Hanna. Grown from S. P. I. No. 10402, originally from Austria.

12126. HoRDEVM DISTICHIM NTTAXS.

iVii»siw. Grown from S. P. I. No. 1058o, originally from Sweden.

12127. HORDKI M DISTRHUM MTAXS.

Chdalirr IT. Grown from S. P. I. No. 10584, originally from Sweden.

12128. HoRDELM DISTICHUM NUTANS.

Hanncheu. Grown from S. P. I. No. 10585, originally from Sweden.

12129. HORDEUM DISTICHUM ERECTUM.

Primus. Grown from S. P. I. No. 10586, originally from Sweden.

12130. Okyza sativa. Rice.

From Calcutta, India. Received thru 1. Henry Burkill, esq., M. C., officiating
reporter on economic products to the government of India, Indian Museum,
October 21, 1904.

Rekikesh paddy seed, said to be the most valuable rice in India; grown on the
Ganges where it emerges from the hills. A lowland variety of rice, said to be worth
twenty times the price of ordinary rice.

12131. Xanthoxylum piperitum. Japanese pepper.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received thru the Yokohama Nursery Company,
November 14, 1904.

12132 to 12134.

From Brighton, Utah. Received thru Mr. Ephraim Clawson, November 10, 1904.

12132. Trifolium alexandrinum. Berseem.

12133. Avena sativa. Oat.
Grown from S. P. I. No. 10269, originally from Algeria.

12134. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.
Chul-bidai. Grown from S. P. 1. No. 9131, originally from Russia.

12135. Vicia atropurpurea.

From Santa Clara, Cal. Received thru Mr. C. C. Morse in 1904.

12136 and 12137.

From London, England. Received thru Messrs. James Veitch ife Sons (Limited) ,
Clielsea, S. W., November 25, 1904.

12136. Eucommia ulmoides. Tu-cliung.

''Tu-chung is the name given by the Chinese to the tree which has been
described by Professor Oliver in Hooker's Icones Plantarum as Eucommia,

97

DECEMBER, VM\, lo UECEMBEK, 1905. 81

12136 and 12137— Continued.

ulmoide><. The bark is the onlv part used, and is mudi esteemed by the
Chinese as a drug, tonir and various other properties being assigned to it. It
is described in nearly all Chinese works on materia medica and botany, the
earliest mention of it being given in the Herbal of which the Emperor Sheii-
Nung is the reputed author, and which was committed to wntmg probably as
early as the first century of our era.

"The tree is cultivated in small plantations in the mountainous regions nt
Szechwan, Hupeh, and Shensi; an<l from these districts it is brought to Han-
kow the great mart for drugs that are produced \n the western pi-ovmces.
From this port alxjut 100 tons are annually exported by steamer to the other

treaty ports. -j., j.

"Euconuiiia ulmoides has been grown out ot doors at Kew without any pro-
tection for the last six years. It is a vigorous,- free-rooting plant, and bears
transplanting well. It will, I l)elieve, thrive in any soil of average quality,
but seems to j.refer a rich, light loam. In such a soil, at Kew, young trees
struck from cuttings five years ago are now (i feet high and make shoots 2 teet
to 2i feet long in one season. , • , x, .

"It can be propagated easily by means ot cuttings and with these two
methods may be adopted. The (piickest method is to take pieces of the current
season's growth, about 6 inches long, in late July or early August, insert thc'in
in ])ots of very sandy soil (the usual mixture for cuttings), and then place the
pots in a house or frame where slight bottom heat can be afforded. The cut-
tings should be made of shoots in what gardeners term a "half-woody" con-
ditfon. They will take root in a few weeks and can then, after a "hardening-
off " period, be planted in nursery beds. The second method is to makethe
cuttings of the It atiess wood in November and dibble them in sandy soil in a
cool frame or oik of doors under a cloche, or hand light. They w^ill take root
the following spring. This method is not so quick as the other, nor have we
found it so sure." {Kew BuUetin No. 1, 1904.)
12137. D.\vimA involucr.\ta. Davidia.

(See description of this beautiful tree under S. P. I. No. 16208.)

12138. Mangifeka indica. Mango.
From Miami, Fla. Received thru P. H. Rolfs, November 23, 1904.

Gordon. Grown from S. P. I. No. 3705.

12139. Nicotiana sandekae. Flowering tobacco.

From Philadelphia, Pa. Received thru Henry A. Dreer, Incorporated, Novem-
ber 25,' 1904.
Carmine tnberose-floirered. Seed of a new hybrid Nicotiana raised in England.
Described as forming bushy, much-branched plants 2 feet high, laden with flowers
from base to summit. Flowers are a carmine red and fragrant, a single plant pro-
ducing thousands. Resembles A', affinis in form, but has a short, stout tube and does
not close up in daytime. (See No. 12358 for history. )

12140 to 12230.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received thru the Yokohama Nursery Company at
the Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., October 31, 1904.

12140. Ar.\lia cordata. Moyashi udo.
Two-year-old roots.

12141. Citrus sp. Orange.
Natsudaidai.

12142. Edgeworthia GARDNER!. Mitsumata paper plant.
12143 to 12155. LiLiUM spp. Lily-

12143. LiLIUM ALEXAN- 12145. LiLIUM BATMAN-

DRAE. NIAE.

12144. LiLIUM AURATUM. 12146. LiLIUM BROWNII.

7217 -No. 97—07 fi

82

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12140 to 12230 — Continued.
12143 to 12155— Continued.

12147. LiLIUM CORDIFO-

LIUM.

12148. LiLIUM CONCOLOR.

12149. LiLIUM HANSONI.

12150. LiLIUM KRAMERI.

12151. LiLILTM LEICHT-

IJNI.

12156. MiSCANTHUS CONDENSATUS.

12157 to 12176. Nelumbium speciosum.

12152. LiLIUM LONGIFLO-
RUM.

12157.

Tenjiku ren.

12158.

Tenjiku madara.

12159.

Hichiyo ren.

12160.

Taihaku ren.

12161.

Toka ren.

12162.

Higo shibori.

12163.

Shokko ren.

12164.

Tama asagi.

12165.

Shiro manman.

12166.

Nikko ren.

12177. Phyllostachys henonis,

12178. Phyllostachys mitis.

12179. Phyllostachys nigra.

12180. Phyllostachys quilioi.

12181 to 12230. Prunus pseul

12181.

Koshioyama.

12182.

Yaye hizakura.

12183.

Oshokun.

. 12184.

Haru arashi.

12185.

Haria sau.

12186.

Kurama yania.

12187.

Higau shidare.

12188.

Oshihayama.

12189.

Beni garno.

12190.

Kongo mu.

12191.

Shiva taye.

12192.

Batan zakura.

12193.

Strogetsu.

12194.

Aki irosakura.

12195.

Ben den.

12196.

Asagi sakura.

12197.

Kumagai sakura.

12198.

Nara (?) sakura.

12199.

Kirigaya.

12153.

LiLIUM MEDEO-

loides.

12154.

LiLIUM SI'ECIOSUM

ALBUM.

12155.

LiLIUM TIGRINUM.

Lotus.

12167.

Giozan ren.

12168.

Kayo ren.

12169.

Haku botan.

12170.

Sakura ren.

12171.

Vsuyo ren.

12172.

Seihaku ren..

12173.

Shoi^ho ren.

12174.

Beni botan.

12175.

Kinshi ren.

12176.

Asahi ren.

Bamboo.

Bamboo.

Bamboo.

Bamboo.

Flowering- cherry.

12200.

Kafagcn.

12201.

Be)tHiigan.

12202.

Washi-no-0.

12203.

Kiuriuji.

12204.

Onaden.

12205.

Ichiyo.

12206.

Gigo.

12207.

Meigetsu.

12208.

Jouioi.

12209.

Hizakura ( single ) .

12210.

Mikuruma gai^ld.

12211.

Hosokawa nioi.

12212.

Ilorinji.

12213.

Hata sakura.

12214.

Ochochin.

12215.

yoki]ii.

12216.

Shiogama saktira.

12217.

Toyama sakura.

12218.

Kokishinuden.

97

i>K(i;iMiii;i{. i!M):!, lo decembeh, luo.">. 88

12140 to 12230— C'ontinued.
12181 to 12230— CoiitiiiMc<l.

12219. MLnruiiinki. 12225. S,„r,;ko.

12220. Ilakvkiznu. 12226. ToUuikimlmni.

12221. (,'ozaiioma iiloi. 12227. Amano f/(ni<i.

12222. Kiknslmkiw. 12228. Fiu/eiKn.

12223. Tiiki nioi. 12229. Onrhizitknxi.

12224. /Irli, inuru. 12230. h'lri'i.

12231. Medk Acio sATivA. Alfalfa.
From Vernon, Tt-.x. lieceiv('<l thru Mr. .1. A. White, Novcmlicr 28, 19U4.

Tnrkealnii. (irowii from S. 1\ I. Xi>. !t4.">().

12232. PisTACiA TKHKiiiNTiius. Terebinth.

From Paris, France. Kcccivoi tlini N'ilmnriii-AnWriciix i*>: Co., NovimiiImt ■_':;,
l<t04.

12233. Hyacinthus okikntams amu lis. Hyacinth.

From New York, X. Y. Recciveil llini .1. M. Tliorlnini \ Co., Nov«'iiil)tr I'li,
1904.

12234. PiiLKUM I'UATENSK. Timothy.

From Tunis, Tuni.-J. Presented hv J'rol. R. Gagev, of the Aj^ricnltural C'olleye.
Received NoYem>)er WO. 1004.

12235. Liliu:m imiilippixense. Benguet lily.

From ."Sianila, 1*. I. Fresente<I by ]\Ir. iOlmer D. Merrill. Received Novendier
\r>, 1904. Collected by ^Nlr. R. S. Williams, collector for the Xew York
Botanical Gardens in the province of Benjiuet, 1*. I.

12236 and 12237.

From Clearbrook, Whatcom County, Wash. Presented by Mr. ( ieorjjje <iiV)bs.
Received December 2, 1904.

12236. AcKR M.xcKOPHYLLiM. Oregou maple.
"Handsome, roundheadeil tree, remarkable for its large loliage. Not hardy

in the North. In western Washington these maples grow from 2 to 5 feet the
first year from seed. They are the finest of street shade trees, and stand any
amount of wind. They grow 60 feet high at Clearbrook and reach .3 to 6 feet
in diameter." {(libhx.)

12237. Tnui.v gigante.v. Giant arbor vitae.

12238. Lansiujnl domesticum. Doekoe.

From Buitenzorg, Java. Presented bv Doctor Treul). Received December 5,
1904.

"One of the most refreshing fruits of the Dutch East Indies, which deserves to
be well known in the Western Tropics, but which hitherto seems to have been (|uite
overlooked . " {Fa irch ild. )

"A low-growing tree of the P^ast Indies which is cultivated to some extent for its
fruit, which is known in Java and Malakka as ' I^anseh' fruit and is much esteemed
for its delicate aroma. The pulp is of somewhat firm consistence and contains a
cooling, refreshing juice." {Jackson in Trans. Linn. Soc, XI]', 1 {1823), 115.)

12239. Agapanthus umbellatus.

From Washington, D. C. Received thru the National Botanic (warden in 1902,

84 SKKDS AN]) PLANTS IMPORTED.

12240. Mangifeka indica. Mango.
From Manatee, Fla. Receiveil thru 'Sir. A. J. Pettijjrevv, DeeeinbiT 7, 1904.

J'ctrrs y<i. I. (Trown from S. P. I. No. ."uUt).

12241. Mangifeka indka. ' Mango.

From Mangonia, Fla. Pre,seiite<l by Rev. E. E. Gale. Received December 7,
1904.

Ptu-c 7/0(n'.s. ( Jrowii from S. P. 1. No. .■?7U7.

12242. Berbekis fuemontii.

From Tucson, Ariz. Received thru iVIr. D. G. Fairchild :it tlic Plant Intnuhic-
tion (larden, Chico, Cal., Septenil)er 10, 1904.

"Seedi^ from plants gnnving on the exi)eriment station grounds. A )>eautiful
desert form for breeding witli B. flmubcnjii." (Fairchild.)

12243. PiSTAOiA VEKA. Pistachc.

From northern .Syria. Received thru Mr. W. T. Swingle at the Plant Introduc-
tion Garden, Chico, Gal., October 6, 1904.

"These seeds were grown from trees grafted on /'. nnilicd and were obtained from
a INIr. Nazar, whose people graft the pistache on this species in the dry country near
the Euphrates Ri ver. ' ' ( Swingle. )

12244 to 12302.

A collection of l)ulbs secured for experimental work in the Department bulb
garden.

12244 to 12265.

From Hillegom, Haarlem, Holland. Received thru Vandcr Schoot &
Son, October, 190,3.

12266 to 12276.

From London, England. Received thru William Hull & Sons, Novemljer,
1903.

12277 to 12279.

From Clearbrook, Wash. Received thru Mr. (^eorge (Tib1)S, Noveud)er,
1904.

12280 to 12298.

FrcMu Guernsey, England. Received from Hubert ct Go., September,
1904. Purchased thru Mr. Nicholas Le Page, Mount N'enKjn, N. Y.

12299 to 12302.

From Ettrick, Va. Received thru Poat Brothers, October, 1904.

12303. Avena sativa. Oat.

From Brookings, S. Dak. Received thru Mr. H. 1. Stearns, Decembers, 1904.
Si.ihi-Day. Grown from S. P. I. No. 5938.

12304. Sechium edule. Chayote.

From New Orleans, La. Presented bv the J. Steckler Seed Company. Received
November 23, 1904.

12305. Mangifeka indica. Mango.

From AVest Palm Beach, Fla. Received thru Mr. .John B. Beach, December 9,
1904.

M ill (l< tint.

'.17

DECEMDEE, l'J03, TO DECEMBER, IOOj.

Sf)

12306. Tto-ssyi'IIM sp. Cotton.

I'loiu the Philippine Islaial.'^. riv.-ciiU-tl liy Dr. 11. D. Hal.sleil, A;i;ricultural
Experiiiu'iit Station, New lirunnwick, N. .1. Received December (5, 1})04.

Kaki. Tliese seeds were collected by Mr. A. ElHcott Brown, of the Marine ("nrps,
and sent to Hoctor llalsted.

12307 to 12357. Salix spp.

WiUow.

From Ottawa, Canada. I'resented ))y Dr. William Sannders, director of the
Central Experimental Farm. Received December 14, 1902.

A collection of species and varieties of willow growing in the arboretum of the
Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa. The nomenclature <jriven is that recognized
l)y the Experimental Farm.

12307. Salix caksia PKNnn.A

ZAHELI.

12308. Samx nickicans i'hini-

FOLIA.

12309. Sai.ix DAi'HxoinEs po.m-

krania kkmina.

12310. Sai.ix tkiandka (S. lac-

i'kana).

12311'. Salix itki'irka schar-

FKNBEI<(;i;XSIS.

12312. Salix casiandra lanci-

kolia.

12313. Salix fragilis basfokd-

lAXA.

12314. Salix rubra forbyana.

12315. Salix argentea atrita.

12316. Salix nigricans moab-

itica.

12317. Salix bataviae.

12318. Salix alba britzensis.

12319. Salix NKiUiCAXS cotini-

FOLI.\.

12320. Salix alba vitellina.

12321. Salix daiminoides fem-

ina.

12322. Salix petiolarls.

12323. Salix seringeana.

12324. Salix alba vitellina.

12325. Salix erdingeri.

12326. Salix nigricans anson-

lANA.

12327. Salix purpurea urab-

EXSIS.

12328. Salix undulata.

12329. Salix viminalis.

12330. Salix daphnoides mas-

CULA.

12331. Salix blanda (S. babv-

LONICA X fragilis).

SaLI.X lUful.oU I. ACRE-
ANA.

12332

12333. Salix decipiexs

12334.

12335.

12336.
12337.
12338.
12339.

Salix .vlba vitellina
aurantiaca.

Salix purpurea
bektiana.

LAM-

12340.
12341.
12342.

Salix cinerea tricolor.

Salix a.mbigia.

Salix voronesh.

Salix s.mithiana acu-
minata (S. OASYCLA-
DOS).

Salix pellita.

Sali.x repens argentea.
Salix longifolia.

12343. Salix laurina.

12344. Salix babvlonica.

12345. Salix cinerea repens.

12346. Salix fragilis ammax-

iana.

12347. Salix alba argentea.

12348. Salix nigricans mextii-

AEFOLIA.

12349. Salix rosmarinifolia.

12350. Salix nigricans.

12351. Salix mollissima.

12352. Salix viminalis super-

ba.

12353. Salix hippophaefolia

undulata.

12354. Salix spaethi.

12355. Salix cordata vestita.

12356. Salix alba vitellina

nova.

12357. Salix nigricans vibur-

NOIDES.

97

86 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOETED.

12358. NicoTiAXA sANDERAE. Flowering tobacco.

From New York, N. Y. Retviveil tlini ,1. M. Tlioilmrii ()c Co., iH-ffJuber J4,
Ul()4.

Cariinne-Jioiiu'red. "This variety i.s the result of crossing the dwarf purple-flowered
N. forgrtia'na, from Brazil, with A', (tffinis, tiie well-known, fragrant white-flowered
garden annual." {Scolder <(• Souk. )

12359. Latiiyri's oDOKATus. Sweet pea.

From (Movent (iarden, W. C, London, England. Received thru Watkins &
Simpson, 12 Tavistock street, December 9, 1904.

Gladys^ TJmrin.

12360. Afzelia quanzensts.

From Cape Town, Cape Colonj^, Africa. Received thru Dr. Peter MacOwan,
government botanist, November 28, 1904.

12361. Lathyrus sylvestris. Flat pea.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru J. M. Thorl)urn i*c Co., November 21,
1904.

12362 and 12363.

From Bangkok, Siam. Presented by His F^xcellency Phya Akharaj Varadhara,
the Siamese minister, to Dr. B. T. ( Jalloway. Received December 2, 1904.

Plants used extensively in Bangkok as a condiment.

12362. 12363.

Krawan. (No name given. )

12364. LiLIUM GIGANTEUM. Lily.
From New York, N. Y. Received thru Henry & Lee, December 13, 1904.

12365. Panicum maximum. G-uinea grass.

From Mayaguez, P. R. Received thru the Agricultural Experiment Station,
December 21, 1904.

12366. Sechium euule. Chayote.

From New Orleans, La. Received thru the .7. Steckler Seed Companv, Decem-
ber 16, 1904.

12367. Dahlia sp. Dahlia.

From "La Trinidad," Guerrero, Mexico. Received thru >Ir. Federico Chisolm,
December 13, 1904.

12368. Gladiolus gandavensis. G-ladiolus.

From Philadelphia, Pa. Received thrvi Henry A. Dreer, Incorporated, Decem-
ber 1(), 1904.

White Lady.

12369. Pachyrhizus sp.

From Santa Maria del Rio, Mexico. Received thru Dr. F^dward Palmer, Decem-
ber 21, 1904.

"There are two forms of this Pachyrhizus, one called Agua (water) and the other
Leche (milk ) . These two forms have "been long recognized, l)ut not as separate species.
At Santa Maria del Rio I saw several fields of this plant cultivated on ridges so that
the plants might be irrigated. I was informed that both forms were grown in the
same patch and could not be distinguished either by their foliage or flowers, and that

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

87

it was only by tasting the rooty thenisi'lves that the difference could be detected.
Both varieties are considered equally valuable. They are eaten raw, especially by
traveler.^* on long tours thru the drier portions of the country, as then- \yatery
character makes them valuable for quenching one's thirst. They are also considered
nutritious and are said to make good pickles. It is i)ossible that they niay also be
cooked as turnips are and could be cultivated in regions where the turnip will not
thrive." {rahner.)

12370. Iris sp

From Fairfield,

Iris.

Wash.

Collected bv Mr. A. J. Pieters, August 21, 1904.

12371 to 12393.

Abyssinian seeds.

From Abyssinia, Africa. Received thru Hon. Robert P. Skinner, commissioner
of the United States to Abyssinia, December 1.5, 1904.

A collection of seeds made for Mr. Skinner under his direction by Mr. Eugene
Carette Bouvet. This collection is supplementary to the i-ollection received June 3,
1904, Nos. 11039 to 11119, from the same source. The names given are transcribed
from' those written upon the original packages.

Sorghum.

Sorghum.

Sorghum.

12371. AnDROPOGON SORGHUM.

12372. Andropogon sorghum.

12373. Andropogon sorghum.

12374. Andropogon sorghum.

12375. HORDEU.M sp.

12376. HoRDEUM sp.

12377. Triticum sp.

12378. Eragro.stis ahyssinica.

12379. Triticum diococcum.

12380. CoFFEA sp.

12381. CoFFEA sp.

12382. CoFFEA sp.

12383. Zea mays.

12384. Zea mays.

12385. Ekageostis abyssinica.

12386. Eragrostis abyssinica.

12387. Sesamum indicum.

12388. Pimpinella anisum.

12389. GuizoTiA oleifera.

12390. Eleusine coracana.

12391. LiNUM sp.

12392. PisuM sativum.

12393. Cicer arietinum.

12394. Beta vulgaris.

Sorghum..

Barley.

Barley.

Wheat.

Teff.

Emmer.

Wild coffee.

Harrar coffee.

Cultivated coffee.

Corn.

Corn.

Teff.

Teff.

Sesame.

Anise.

Flax.
Pea.

Chick-pea.

Sugar beet.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru Mr. Albert Bohm, Wool Exchange
Building, West Broadway and Beach streets, December 21, 1904.

Said by Mr. Bohm to be more subject to outside influences than ordinary seed.

12395. Physalis sp. G-round cherry.

From Columbus, Ohio. Received thru the Livingston Seed Company, December
23, 1904.
Ordered for Mr. Burbant's experiments.
97

88 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12396. Physalis sp. Purple ground cherry.

From Columbus, Ohio. Received tliru the Livingston Seed Company, Decem-
ber 24, 1904.

12397. Zinnia elegans. Zinnia.

From Naples, Italy. Received thru Mr. Max Herb, successor to Herb & Wulle,
24-36 via Trivio, December 24, 1904.

Zinnia elegans, fl. pi. crispa, extra; described in volume 19 of M()ller's Deutsche
Gartner-Zeitung, p. 475.

12398. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Fort Collins, Colo. Received thru Mr. Peter Anderson, Deceuibcr 28,
1904.

12399 and 12400. Glycine hispida. Soy bean.

From Amherst, Mass. Received thru the Hatch Experiment Station, December
28, 1904.

12399. Grown from B. P. I. 12400. Grovi^n from S. P. 1.

No. 9407. No. 9408.

12401. Ipomoea sp.

From Miami, Fla. Received thru Prof. P. H. Rolfs, Subtropical Laboratory,
December 23, 1904.

A pink-flowered Ipomcea grown from seed secured by Professor Rolfs in Cuba or
Jamaica.

12402 and 12403. Opuntia ficus-indica gymnocarpa. Tuna.

From Nice, France. Received thru Dr. A. Robertson-Proschowsky, December
27, 1904.

" In a letter of December 12, Doctor Proschowsky remarks: ' The young joints of this
species have small spines, but these fall off in the second year. As regards the fruits,
it is three years that they have been produced in my garden, and theyhave always
been absolutely spineless without any of those almost microscopic spicules which
are the great objection to the fruits of Opuntia in general.' The present year only
three fruits were developed, and the seeds sent, No. 12403, are from one of those
fruits. As this small number of seeds represents the total number contained in the
fruit it is evident that the variety, in addition to bearing spineless fruits, bears fruits
with comparatively few seeds in them. Doctor Proschowsky further remarks that
this Opuntia is the largest, quickest growing, and most picturesciue of all of the
Opuntias which he has ever seen." {Fairchild. )

12404. Cereus validus.

From Nice, France. Received thru Dr. A. Robertson- Proschowsky, Decem-
ber 27, 1904.

"A tall, picturesque plant, which produces fruit the size of a goose egg and of a
beautiful magenta color. These fruits are absolutely without spicules and of very
good taste. Doctor Proschowsky remarks that he knows of no other fruit which is
so 'melting,' and it resembles much the 'snows' sold in Latin-American countries,
consisting of real snow mixed with some fruit juice or sugar." [Fairchild. )

12405 to 12407.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru J. ]\I. Thorburn & Co., December 28, 1904.
12405. HoLCUS LANATUS. Velvet grass.

A forage grass of poor quality, l)ut capable of growing well on dry soil.
97 ■ ■

HKCKMBEH. IIKKJ, TO DECEMBER, liJOo.

89

12405 to 12407— Continued.

12406. Si'KHGLI, \ AKVEN.SIS.

An ammul plant of especial value mi iliy, samly hunt.

12407. Okxithopi's .sativi's.

An annual legume for growing on <lrv, sandy land.

Spurry.
Serradella.

12408. Ulex eukopaeUkS. Gorse, whin, or furze.

From Dublin, Ireland. Received thru Hogg & Robert.son, December 29, 1904.

"The cultivation of this j)lant is suited only to waste lands which are unfit for
more profitable cultures. In portions of northern France, the Netherlands, Eng-
land, and Ireland the ]ilant is utilized successfully as fodder, being cut and passed
thru a special shredding machine, which reduces the spines to a harmless jMiIp.
In the Madeira Islands, J. B. Blandy informed me that it was very keenly relished
by cattle and furnished an excellent fodder for milk-])roduciiig purposes. The i)lant,
altho not a tender species, will jirobably not l)e hardy in the Northwest, but should
be tried in regions with a climate similar to that of England and Ireland, on rocky,
barren hillsides where other plants will not thrive." {Fairchikl.)

12409. MeDK AGO SATIVA.

Alfalfa.

From Ogden, Utah. Receive<l thru the ('. A. Smurthwaite Produce Company,
December 30, 1904.

This seed was grown on the ranch of Mr. E. M. Brimall, Diamond Fork, Spanish
Fork Canyon, Utah County, Utah, on land without irrigation, aiiove water line in
section 1, township 9 south, range 4 east. This land has grown alfalfa seed for
nineteen years in succession, and this seed is from the nineteenth crop.

12410 to 12448.

Drug and medicinal seeds and plants ordered for the cooperative work conducted
by Dr. R. H. True, of this Department.

12410 to 12422.

From Paris, France. Received thru \'ilmorin-Andrieux &. Co., 4 Quai
de la M4gi.sserie, December 29, 1904.

12410. ACONITIM NAPEI.-

I.T'S.

12411. AcoNlTl >r NAPEL-

i.rs.

12412. IIVOSCVAMIS NI-

(iER.

12413. Lavandula vera.

12414. CaRUM CARITI;

12415. Pyrethrim ro-

SEUM.

12416. Pyrethrim cine-

RARIAEFOLU'M.

12423. Salvia officinalis.

12417. Thymus v u l-

(iARIS.

12418. Rosmarinus offi-

cinalis.

12419. Satureja iiorten-

SIS.

12420. Delphinium sta-

ph isagri a.

12421. Ecballium ela-

terium. ■

12422. Origanum vul-

GARE.

Sage.

From Philadelphia, Pa. Received tlnu W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Novem-
ber 30, 1904.

Broad-leaved.

12424 and 12425. Echinac ka AXiiusTiuoLiA.

From Manhattan, Kans. Received thru I\Ir. IT. W. Baker, November L'S,
1904.

12424. Plants

12425. Seeds.

97

•><) SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12410 to 12448— Continued.

12426 to 12441.

From Erfurt, (ierinanv. Received thru Haa^e ik Sfhiuidt, De(em])er 24,
1904.

12426. P^CBALLiiM ELA- 12434. Pyrethkum ro-

TERIUM. SEUM.

12427. AcoxiTiM XAPEi.- 12435. Pyrethrum cine-

lA'S. HARIAEFOLIUM.

12428. AcoNiTiM XAPEi.- 12436. Colchicum ai-

lus. tumnale.

12429. Hyoscyami's m- 12437. Thymus vulgaris.

12438. Rosmarinus offi-

12430. Lavandula vera. cinalis.

12431. Carum A.TOWAX. 12439. Sature.ia hortex-

12432. Origaxum vul- ■'''•'^•

gare. 12440. Bryonia alba.

12433. Delphinium sta- 12441. Bryonia dioica.

phisagria.

12442. Cassia axgustifolia. Senna.

From Corpus Christi, Tex. Received thru Mr. H. H. Fisher, October 3L
1904.

12443 to 12446. Panax ginseng. Ginseng.

From Cuba. N. Y. Received thru Bates Ginseng Gardens, October 31,
1904.

12443. One-year-old 12445. Three-year-old

roots. roots. "

12444. Two-year-old 12446. (terminated seed.

roots.

12447. MoNARDA FisTULosA. Wild, bergamot.

From Rochester, Mich. Received thru Mr. Wilfred A. Brotherton, Novem-
ber 14, 1904.

12448. MoxARD.A puxcTATA. Horsemint.
From La Crosse, Wis. Received thru Dr. E. C. Swarthout, October 28, 1904.

12449 and 12450. Dahlia spp. Dahlia.

From Guadalajara, Mexico. Received thru Mr. Federico Chisolm, December
27, 1904.

Seeds collected near Ixtlahuacan del Rio, Jalisco, Mexico, northwest from
Guadalajara.

12449. White. 12450. Striped.

12451. EuTREMA WASABi. Japanese horse-radish.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received thru the Yokohama Nursery Companv,
December 29, 1904.

(Described in detail in Bulletin No. 42 of the Bureau of Plant Industry. )

12452. Aralia cordata. Kan udo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received thru the Yokohama Nursery Company,
December 29, 1904.

( For description, see Bulletin No. 42 of the Bureau of Plant Industry. )
97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1005.

91

12453 to 12547. Okvza sativa.

Rice.

"Samples t)t' rice received in answer to reci nests made of the various persons fur-
nishing same, for testing in connection with the efforts now being made for the pur-
j>ose of finding a variety resistant to the disease known as rotten-neck, threatening
the rice-growing industry in the Carolinas." (Fairchikl )

12453 to 12463. Rice.

From Paris, France. Presented l)y Vilmorin-Andrieux it Co. Received
.Tuly 29, 1904.
Samples of nnhuUed rice as follows:

12453. Plemontese rice, Novarese. One of the most valued for its yield
and its (luality. It is, however, grown in Lombardy on
soil only which has carried a rice crop the previous season,
as on fresh land it easily takes the disease called "brusone."

12454.
12455.
12456.

12457.

12458.

12459.
12460.

f'ii'ttioiilt'Ke rice, Bertonc. Usually grown on fresh land, is
resistant to the "brusone," and the hulled rice is inferior
to the Novarese.

I'innontese rice, Javanese. Thrives on all kinds of land. It is
pretty resistant to "brusone," but is very late, lacks quality
and sheds its seeds too easily when being cut.

Piemontese rice, nostrano. Takes too easily the disease "bru-
sone," and is consequently little grown in Lombardy. It
is somewhat used in the perpetual rice fields of the Po Val-
ley, where it seems to be more resistant.

PknwhU'se rice, leoncino. Very productive Japanese rice, of
good quality, with a golden spike. Recommended for wet,
compact, ric-h land.

Piemontese rice,
francone.

Egiiptian rice, Jino.

Egyptian rice, sul-
Uinie.

12461. Egyptian rice, ya-

iimni.

1 2462. J)ry Mountain rice.

12463. Dry rice from

Manchuria.

Rice.

12464 to 12478.

From Colombo, Ceylon. Presented by Dr. C. Drieberg, superintendent of
School Gardens. Received October 21 and 24, 1904.

12464. yv((ms/t!n( paddy. White grain in bh^ck husk. From Kegalle

district.

12465. Mnttusamba paddy. Superior variety for table use. From

Kegalle district.

12466. Kaiurusamha paddy. From Kegalle district.

12467. Amnamji paddy. From Bentota district.

12468. .SWmw paddy. From Bentota district.

12469. Yal-tatu-hel paddy. From high elevation, Uva Province.

12470. ^fudu-hin-hel paddy. From high elevation, Uva Province.

12471 . ( 'eylon Cawlina paddy. From Hauwella, 30 miles inland from

Colombo.

Ceylon Carolina paddy. From Mount Lavinia, 7 miles south
of Colombo.

12472
12473
12474
12475. Attnt-t'J paddy. From Madampe, Northwestern Province.

Kiusui (Japanese) paddy. Grown in the Government Stock

Garden.
Ingrese we. From Elakake, 4 miles inland from Bentatte,

about halfway from Colombo to Galle.

97

92 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12453 to 12547— Continued.
12464 to 12478— C'ontimu'd.

12476. Ji(il(i-ri paddy. From Madampe, North Central Province.

Somewhat mixed with native varieties.

12477. Puluk-hsmbaii paddy. From Kegalle district.

12478. lliit-liel paddy. Up-cniintry fzraiii, incline<l to be white, tho

husk is rather dark.

12479 to 12488. Rice.

From Singapore, Straits Settlements. Presented by Mr. R. Derry, assistant
superintendent of the Botanical Gardens. Keceived November 9, 1904.

12479. Arong paddy. Used for makmg flour, and when cooked is

hard and white. Always used by the natives.

Mr. Derry uses the term "paddy" to signify wet-land rice, and the
term "pnlot" to indicate dry-land rice.

12480. A'/v'//c/(o (or A>rfmc7/o) paddy. Used same as 12479; pricesame

also.

12481. < 'hciiKira-pvtri paddy. I'sed same as 12479; price same also.

12482. Seri-bumi paddy. First-class Hour for making cakes; pure

white when cooked.

12483. iSeroupe paddy. First-class flour for cakes and for the natives.

12484. Radin paddy. Used for rice by the natives.

12485. Biinga-melong pulot. Used for making cakes of any kind, but

when cooked is hard and white.

12486. Seong-ular pulot. Use and price same as 12485.

12487. MeraJi pulot (or paddy). Use and price same as 12485.

. 12488. Manek paddy. Used only for feeding turtledoves and ring-
doves.

12489 to 12512. Rice.

From Georgetown, Demerara, British Guiana. Presented by I\Ir. B.
Howell Jones. Received in August, 1904.

12489. Rice of the kind usually grown in British < iuiana.

12490 to 12511.

Samples experimentally grown at the Georgetown Botanical Gardens
from imported Ceylon rice. Thev are distinguished bv number only.
Nos. 12490 to 12503 are "Ordinary Vice." Nos. 12504 to 12511 are what
are known as " Hill rice."

12512. From the Berbice River district.

12513 to 12515. Rice.

From Bulkeley, Ramleh, Egypt. Presented liy Hon. Lionel Sandars.
Received during the summer of 1904.

12513. Yaban (or Yapani) paddy. Fnjiu Daira Draneht Pasha,

Kafr-el-Dawar.

12514. SonUani {or Sidi an i) paddy. Same source as 12513.

12515. Saba'mi (or Sabiiii) ]>addy. Same source as 12513.

12516 to 12518. ' Rice.

From Siam. Presented by the Arracan Companv, of Bangkok, thru Dr.
T. Hey wood Hays, of that place. Received October 21, 1904.

12516. Naichonchisee paddy. Usually considered tlie finest quality

in Bangkok.

12517. Sakah'iDig li&ddy. Good quality; long grain.

12518. PahiampJii) paddy. .Medium quality.
97

DECEMBKH, 1003. TO DECEMBEIJ^ 1'JOj. \)H

12453 to 12547 -( "ontiniuHl.

12519 to 12520. ,v Rice.

I'nmi Italy. I'li-.st'iiti'd by Mt's^sis. Dawiinaiin it Co., Saii (iiovainii a
TnluLTio, near Naples. Keoeived October ."!, H>04.

12519. llfi/inii. No special iiaiiit' •rivt'ii.

12520. lldlinii. Nil special iiaiiic ^'ivcii; prohablv the same kind as

12ol!t.

12521. Thrssuh/. Rice.

From Greece. Presented Ijy .Mr. S. Xantliopaido, Station .\<rricol(',
I'atras. Received in Anjrust, 1904.

12522. Rice.

From llrazil. J'resented ItvCoiisid l.,ouis II. .\vmc, I'ara. Kcceived in
Anjrust, 1904.

Kice paddy, like that <.^ro\vn in the (hstricts of (iuama ami Irituba, in the
State of Maranhac, Iha/.il, in a i>lack loam, either overlying or mixt with
sandy gravel and sandstone. The rice is called I'ciroliiKi.

12523 and 12524. Rice.

From German Fast .Vfrica. I'resented by ^Mr. IMo von Katti-. F'lantage
Kigome, Bezirk Tanga. Received Octol)er 5, 1904.

12523. \oiulru pad.ly. 12524. Klhnxhi paddy.

12525 to 12547. Rice.

From Java. Pre.'^ented by Mr. Charles A. Franc. Soerabaya, .Tava, Dntch
Fast Indies. Received November 17, 1904.

12525 to 12540. Ampenan 12544. .svVo -.I " paddy.

V^^}'^y- 12545. ,sv>/r, •'/,'" paddv.

12541. }ro;,el.m paddy. ^25^^ DjemberiMddy^

12542. Malon;,an paddy. ^254^ D/Vm/.er paddy.

12543. I'ebilonyan paddy.

12548. Crataegus sj). {()

From Citv of Mexico, ^lexico. Received from Mr. < I. Clark, llini ^Ir. ( \. Onder-
douk, of Nursery, Tex., Decend)er 31, 1904.

This species of ( 'ralnetpix is used in different parts of ^Mexico as a stock upon which
the Furopean and American type of j)ears are grafted. In a letter of May 30, 1904,
'Slv. Onderdonk describes the use of this stock as follows: " While there is to be
found an occasional young tijornte growing in a cultivated lot with intention of being
made a stock for pears by grafting where it stands, yet no nurseries of it exist. It
grows wild in the most forbidiling situations. The earliest fruits begin to ripen
about the last of July, while the largest number mature about Octol)eror November.
I saw many line old pear trees in different parts of JNIexico on (ijocate stock, and for
the European and American type of pears there can be no better stock than tijocate."

12549. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Buenos Aires, Argentina. Received thru ]Mr. Ronal<lo Tidlilom, August
12, 1905.

12550. PoA PRATENSis. Kentucky bluegrass.

From Winchester, Ky. Received thru Mr. D. S. (Tay, December 2, 1904.

12551. (Undeterniiiied.)

From Central Africa. Presented by Mrs. Anita N. McCee, 1G20 P street, Wash-
ington, I). C. Received thru Mr. David Fairchild, December Ml, 1904.

A single plant, said to be the first of its kind ever brought to America ami to
belong to the order Scitamineae. The i)lant was introduced by Mr. Vernon, who
brought the Pigmies to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. (Fairfhild.)

97

94 SKEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12552. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

From Niles, Cal. Received thru the CaUfynia Nursery Companv, Januar}' 4,
1905. '

Jordan. " These trees are from stock introduced by Mr. .John Rock, seed of which
was submitted to the United States consul in Malaga, and pronounced the true Jordan
type. They are not from trees of stocks introduced by this Department." {Fairchild.)

12553 to 12556. Tekminalia sp. Myrobalan.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru A. KHpstein <Sc Co., 122 Pearl street,
July 11 and August 1, 1904.

12553. Jubblepore, No. 1. 12555. Jnhblepore, No. 1.

12554. Bhimleys, No. 2. 12556. Bimley, No. 2.

"The fruits of the myrobalan contain one of tlie best tanning substances in
the world. Large quantities of myrobalans are exported from India to Eng-
land, and it is believed that the cultivation of these trees, of which there are
evidently several species, may be a lucrative one in pai'ts of California. The
tree is known to be a drought-resistant species and suited to extremely hot
climates. Some of the species are trees and, consequently, may withstand the
slight cold to which they will be subjected in California." ( FuirchihJ. )

12557 and 12558. Zea mays. Sweet corn.

Selected seed corn for use in a series of experiments to determine the effect of soil,
location, etc., on standard varieties of sweet corn, the idea being to distribute this
seed to reliable parties in different localities, and to secure from them samples of the
product for examination and further distribution.

12557. Received from Mr. A. N. Clark, Milford, Conn., March 25, 1904.
Stowell's Evergreen.

12558. Received from Mr. A. N. Clark, Milford, Conn., March 25, 1904.
Early Crosby.

12559 to 12561. Zea mays. Sweet corn.

From Falls Church, Va. Received thru .Mr. Upton Galligher, March 25, 1904.

12559. Malakof. Grown in 1908 from S. P. I. No. 9.357.

12560. Malakof. Selected ears.

12561. Malakof. Grown in 1903 from S. P. I. No. 9:!5ti

12562. Zea mays. Sweet corn.

From Auburn, N. Y. Received thru jNIr. G. W. Boyntou, May t>, 1904.

Malakof. Seed Irom selected amber ears, ])robably from same lot as S. P. 1. No.
10401.

12563. Zea mays. Sweet corn.

From Garrettsville, Ohio. Received thru Mr. George J. Streator, May •>, 1904.
Malakof. Seed from selected ears.

12564. Dahlia sp. Dahlia.

From Guadalajara, Mexico. Received thru Mr. Federico Chisolni, December
30, 1904.

12565. Lilium sp. Lily.

From Guadalajara, Mexico. Received thru ^Ir. Federico Chisolm, Jamiarv 4,
1905.

DECEMBER, iUd.J, TO UECEMBEK, VM't. 95

12566 to 12576.

From Tunis, North Africa. Secured l)y Mr. Thoma.s H. Kearney <luring his
exploration of Tunis. Received January 4, 1905.
A collection of economic plants as follows:

12566 to 12568. PiNU a gk.vxatum. Pomegranafp.

From the premises of M. Robert, Kalau Hrira, Susa.

12566. Red fruited. 12568. White-fruited va-

12567. CheljL White riety from

fruited. • (4abes.

"These jjomegranates are the best sorts grown in Tunis. The
first two seem to be peculiar to Susa." {Kearnei/. )

12569 to 12573. Olea europaea. ^ Olive.

From the premises of M. Robert, Kalaa Srira, Su-^a.

12569. Buroumi (fruit nmcronate).

12570. /iarofwii (fruit not mucronate).

"This is the largest olive in the country, and M. Robert's is about the
only place where it can V)e .secured." {Keanieif.)

12571. Z<irazi (?).

"This is a medium-sized olive and is the most-generaliy planted pre-
serving olive in the country, being common even to the oases of the
Jerid. It is prol)ablv a hardv sort, and one easily adapted to a variety
of conditions. As soon as I see M. Minangoin I shall find out definitely
if it is actually the Zarazi that I have olitained." (Kearne>j. )

12572. liidli Ilammam.

This is one of the largest olives of Tunis.

12573. Chemlali. From Sfax, Tunis.

"It is doubtful if this is a desirable sort, as the oil produced from it is
said to contain too much margarin." {Kearney.)

12574 to 12576. ME.sE.MBRVAXTnEMU.M spp.

From Sfax, Tunis.

12574. With vellow 12576. With rose-violet

flowers. flowers.

12575. With rose-colore<l

flowers.
"The first two kinds are used here as border plants, and also for hold-
ing lianks at roadsides, while the last is made use of in the Jardin Pub-
lique as a lawn plant. These grow well in this dry soil without atten-
tion after the first two weeks after planting." (Kearney.)

12577. PoTERiUM SANGUisoRBA. Bumett.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru J. M. Thorburn & Co., January 5, 1905.

12578 tp 12668. Solanum tuberosum. Potato.

From Europe. Secured by Prof. L. R. Jones, of the University of Vermont,
during a trip thru the potato-growing regions of Europe in 1904. Notes by
Professor Jones.

12578 to 12596.

From Berlin, Germany. Received thru the Potato Culture Station, Decem-
ber 14, 1904.

12578.

Geheimrat Theil. (L. R. Jones's No. 1.) Originated by Richter.
Skin white, flesh white. (See description in Berichte Deutsch. Kart.-
Kult.-Stat., 1903, p. 53.)

Recommended bv Professor Eckenbrecher and independently by his
foreman, Mr. Goese, as showing a high degree of disease resistance and
l)eing a good general-purpose potato.

07

96 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOETED.

12578 to 12668— Continued.
12578 to 12596— Continued.
12579.

Sophie. (L. R. Jones's No. 2. ) Originated by Cimbal. White skin,
vellowish-white tlesh. (See description in Berichte Deutsch. Kart.-
kult.-Stat., 1903, pp. 37 and 53.)

Recommended by Professor Eckenbrecher a.s one of the most pro-
ductive of table varieties. Fairly resistant to disease; suited to various
soils.

12580.

Daben^che. (L. R. Jones's No. 3. ) Originator unknown. Skin pale
reil, flesh white-vellowish. (For further notes, see anv of reports of
Deutsch. Kart.-Kult.-Stat., e. g., 1903, pp. 34 and 53.)

This was ordered because it is the standard table variety in the trials
of the German station. It is one of the most widely cultivated food
potatoes in Germany; an old variety. Professor Eckenbrecher reports
it as most liable to scab and liable to rot.

Sorauer says that it is suited to sandy soils. Foreman Goese says it is
Wi)X suitable for heavy soils. Doctor Appel finds it one of the most resist-
ant to "Schwarzbeinigkeit."

12581.

Ricldpr' li Imperator. (L. R. Jones's No. 4.) Originated by Richter.
Skin white, flesh white. ( For description, see any report of the Deutscli.
Karl. -Kult. -Stat., e. g., 1903, pp. 35 and 52.)

Chosen for two reasons: (1) It is oiie of the most uniformly resistant
to scab of the varieties reported upon by Professor Eckenbrecher for a
long series of years. (2) It is taken at this German station as the typical
heavy yielding factory potato. It is also a fair table variety. Not
especially resistant to disease except scab; suited to all except wetter
soils.

12582.

Matjiuim Boiiuni. (L. R. Jones's No. 5.) Originated by Sutton.
Skin white, flesh white; a medium late variety which is a standard
table potato of north central Europe. (See further description in
Berichte Deutsch. Kart.-Kult.-Stat., 1903, pp. 43 and 53.)

Prunet, Frank, Sorauer, and others report this to be the most resist-
ant to Phytophthora of any variety. Suited to all soils, according to
Foreman Goese.

12583.

Irene. (L. R. Jones's No. 6.) Originated by Paulsen. Skin red,
flesh white. (See further description in Berichte Deutsch. Kart.-Kult.-
Stat., 1903, pp. 39 and 43.)

A medium late variety which has been found in the trials of this
station second only to Mohort in resistance to diseases (rots, etc. ). It is
also very resistant to scab. According to Foreman Goese, suited to
good soils but not to light sands.

12584.

Professor Maerker. (L. R. Jones's No. 7.) Originated by Richter.
Flesh white. (See further description in Berichte Deutsch. Kart.-Kult.-
Stat., 1897, p. 29; 1903, pp. 42 and 52.) This is a medium late variety,
exceedingly productive, and a favorite sort in Germany for factory pur-
poses, as well as a good table variety. It has shown good scab resist-
ance, and was recommended by Foreman Goese and Professor Ecken-
brecher for general disease resistance. Foreman Goese says that it is
suited to all soils.

12585.

>yilesia. (L. R. Jones's No. 8. i Originated by Cimbal. Flesh and
skin white. (See further description in Berichte Deutsch. Kart.-Kult.-
Stat., 1899, p. .35; 1903, p. ^2. )

97

DECEMBER, IDOo, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 97

12578 to 12668— Continued.

12578 to 12596— Contimu-d.

A vt'iy late variety. Very heavy yielder and liijih i>orcentaire of starch,
theret'ore one of the hijrhest in total stareh product. ( )Mly lairly resistant
to disease, bnt inclnded upon reconiniendation of I'rofessor Ecken-
brecher. Foreman Uoese says that it is suited to ail soils.

12586.

M't.v Eylh. (L. K. Jones's No. 9.) Originated by Cind)al. This is
a late potato, of good (jualitv and starch content, described in the
Berichte Deutscli. Kart.-Kult.-Stat.

Ordered l)ecau.se Foreman (ioese stateil that he considered this the
most resistant variety toward Phytophthora, and ailded tiiat it is suited
to all 8(nls.

12587.

Molmrt. (L. K. Jones's No. 10. ) Originated by DolUowski. White
skin, white Hesh. (See further description in i'.erii'iitf Deut.'^ch. Kart.-
Kult.-Stat., imw, pp. \M and 42.)

Selected because reported (1908, etc.) as the most highly resistant to
diseases (rot, etc.) of any variety tested; also fairly resistant to scab.
Excellent table variety; high yielder; high starch content. Foreman
Goese says that it is suited to all soils.

12588.

(Mastoid. (L. R. Jones's No. 11.) Originateil by Dolkowski. White
skin, white fiesh, middle late. (See further description in Berichte
Deutsch. Kart.-Kult.-Stat., 1903, pp. 85 and 42.)

Selected because next to President Kriujer this appears to be the most
productive variety they have. Fair degree of general disease resistance.
Esteemed alike for table and factory. Foreman Goese says that it is
suited to all soils.

12589.

President Kruger. (L. R. Jones's No. 12.) Originated by Cimbal.
White skin, white flesh, late variety. (See further description in Berichte
Deutsch. Kart.-Kult.-Stat., 1908, pp. 85, 42, and 52.)

Selected l)ecause it has proved to be an enormous yielder, leading all
varieties in most trials. It is of rather low starch c(jntent and recom-
mended only for factory purposes. Foreman Goese says that it is suited
to all good soils.

12590.

Professor Wohltmann. (L. R. Jones's No. 13.) Originated by Cimbal.
Skin red, fiesh white. (See further description in Berichte Deutsch.
Kart.-Kult.-Stat., 1900, p. 35; 1903, pp. 43 and 52.) Late variety.

Selected because reported as highly resistant to scab. Large yielder
and high starch content. p]steemed both for factory and table i^urpose.s.
Foreman Goese says it needs a good, rich soil.

12591.

Topas. (L. R. Jones's No. 14.) Originated by Dolkowski. Skin
white, flesh white. (See further description in Berichte Deutsch. Kart.-
Kult.-Stat., 1900, p. 35; 1903, p. 42.) Medium early.

According to reports a good disease-resistant sort, good yielder, rich
in starch, suitable for table and factory use.

Selected because Doctor Appel observed in 1902 that this 'showed the
highest degree ( f resistance to Phytophthora of any variety in his fields.
(See his article, " Die diesjiihrige Phytophthora-JEpidemie," Deutsche
Landw. Presse, XXIX, 685.) Foreman Goese says that it is suited to
all soils.

12592.

Boncza. (L. R. Jones's No. 16.) Originated by Dolkowski. Skin
red, flesh white, medium late. (See further description in Berichtj
Deutsch. Kart.-Kult.-Stat., 1901, p. 36; 1903, p. 42.)

7217— No. 97—07 7

98 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12578 to 12668— Continued.
12578 to 12596— Continued.

Thin i8 not a very large yielder, but is very rirli in ^^tarch (excelled
all others in 1901); a. very good table variety.

According to 1901 reports it is most highly resistant to disease (rots,
etc. ) and also resistant to scab. Selected because of this. Mr. Goese
says that it is suited to all soils.

12593.

Leo. (L. K. Jones's No. 17.) Originated by Ptlug. Skin white,
rtesh white, medium late. (See further description in Berichte Deutsch.
Kart.-Kult.-Stat., 1902, p. 35; 1903, pp. 42 and 52.)

This is not especially disease resistant, but was included upon recom-
mendation of Professor Eckenbrecher, since it is one of the heaviest
yielding varieties of high starch content and therefore very high total
starch product on the average.

]Medium late. Especially a factory variety, but also a good table
potato. Mr. Goese says that it is similar to Richter's Im2)erat(ir, and
suited to all except moist soils.

12594.

Fuerd Bmtiarck. (L. R. Jones's No. 18.) Originated by Cimbal.
Skin red, Hesh white, late. (See further description in Berichte
Deutsch. Kart.-Kult.-Stat., 1901, p. 37; 1903, p. 43.)

Exceedingly rich in starch and fair yielder. Recommended both for
factory and table use. Professor Eckenbrecher has found this especially
free from rot (Berichte, 1899), and it is included upon his recommenda-
tion for disease resistance. Mr. Goese says that it is suited for all
good soils, but not for sand.

12595.

AlioUo. (L. R. Jones's No. 19. ) Originated by Paulsen. Skin white,
white-yellowish. (See further description in Berichte Deutsch. Kart.-
Kult.-Stat., 1901; also 1903, pp. 36 and 53.)

Highly productive for starch content; recommended first for factory
use, but also as a table variety. Here included upon the personal rec-
ommendation of Professor Eckenbrecher, who has found, during three
years' trials, that it is highly resistant^ to disease (rots, etc.) and fairly
resistant to scab. i\Ir. Goese says that it is suited to all soils.

12596.

(lelhflemhige Speisekartofel. (L. R. Jones's No. 20.) Originated by
Ciml)al. Sk'in white, flesh yellowish, rather late ripening. (See fur-
ther description in Berichte Deutsch. Kart.-Kult.-Stat., 1903, pp. 40
and 53.)

This is a medium yielder, not recommended at all for factory purposes
but as an excellent yellow-fleshed table potato. Included for this rea-
son. It is reputed "as rather susceptible to diseases. Mr. Goese says
that it is suited to all soils.

12597 to 12601.

From Groningen, Holland. Received thru Mr. U. J. Mansholt, rijks-
bauwleeraar, November 30, 1904.

12597.

Eigenheimer. (L. R. Jones's No. 31.) Recommended by Mr. Mans-
holt as an early yellow-tieshed variety, good for table use, and resistant
to Phytophthora.

12598.

Landskroon. (L. R. Jones's No. 32.) Recommended by Mr. Mans-
holt as a middle early white-fleshed potato, good for table use, and
resistant to Phytophthora.

12599.

Eureka. (L. R. Jones's No. 33.) Recommended l)y Mr. Maiisholt
as a middle early variety for factory rather than table use, and resistant
to Phytophthora.
97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

99

12578 to 12668— Continued.
12597 to 12601— Continued.
12600.

Mulador (L. R. Jones's No. 84.) Reconunen.led l>y Mr. Mansholt
as a late, yellow-fleshed, good table variety, and resistant to Phytoph-
thora.
12601. •

/>(,;.s//. (L. R. Jones's No. 35.) Reconiniended by Mr. Mansholt as
a late factory variety and resistant to Phytophthora.

12602 to 12607.

From Paris, France. Received thru Vilfnorin-Aixlrieux c<c Co., Septeni-
l)er 22, 1904.
12602.

IkUe de Fontena,/. (L. R. Jones's No. 36.) Recommended by Vil-
niorin-Andrieux & Co. as a verv early variety of high vigor and produc-
tiveness. Tubers oblong, skin and Hesh yellow. Ksteeined one ot the
be'^t early potatoes; the standard in the Pans market. Stands siiipment
well and' esteemed for "French fried" potatoes; prefers a fairly moist
soil in France; recommended esiiecially f(jr trial in the South.

12603.

Brandale. (L. R. Jones's No. 37.) Recommen.led by Vilmorin-
Andrieux & Co. as a very early variety with oblong tubers, yellow skin
and yellow flesh, and worthy of trial in Florida.

12604.

Early Rose. (L. R. Jones's No. 38. ) This is very exterisively grown
as an early potato in France, and is the only white-fleshed early potato
Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co. could recommend. They consider it of high
vigor and productiveness.

12605.

Chare (8haw). (L. R. Jones's No. 39.) This is a standard French
variety, round tubers, yellow liesh, and yellow skin. Recommenaed
by Viimorin-Andrieux & Co. as of high vigor and productiveness and
worthy of trial in our Southern States. . . . ^ ^. t:- i

Doctor Delacroix considers this the most resistant ot the French
varieties to Phytophthora and similar in this respect to Magnum Bonum
among the English varieties.

12606.

Belle de JuUlet. (L. R. Jones's No. 40.) Second early. Oblong
tubers, skin and flesh yellow. Recommended for trial, especially in the
South, by Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co. as an especially vigorous and pro-
ductive variety. "I found what I take to be the same variety to be
the favorite potato grown at Florence (Experiment Farm) for the
northern export and trade. It is also grown and highly esteemed m
Germany." {Jones.)

12607.

Quarantaine de la Halle. (L. R. Jones's No. 42. ) This was described
as a medium-early variety of high vigor and productiveness, recom-
mended for trial culture in Florida, etc. Oblong tubers, skin and flesh
yellow.

12608 to 12613.

From Reading, England. Received thru Sutton & Sons, December 31,
1904.
12608.

May Queen. (L. R. Jones's No. 51.) Sutton's origination. Very
early; kidney shape, shallow eyes, yellow skin, a very handsome potato,

97

100 • SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12578 to 12668— Continued.

12608 to 12613— Continued.

and reputed as of high quality and fair yield for so early a variety.
Recommended by Sutton and various others as worthy of trial in
Florida. Mr. Scarlett advises to plant whole tul>ers and rather close
together, as tops are small.

12609.

Nimtyfold. (L. R. Jones's No. 52.) Originated by Sutton. "First
early;" "white skin and flesh. Good kidney shape but not quite so
uniform and handsome as May Queen, and eyes somewhat deeper.
Rated a better cropper. A good authority states "one of heaviest
croppers among the first earliest; therefore profitable to grow, although
quality is not of best." Opinions differ as to disease resistance. Various
peri^oiis recommend this for trial in Florida, etc.

12610.

Epicure. (L. R. Jones's No. 53.) Originated by Sutton. A "second
early" variety; bronzy red skin; tiesh white; recommended highly by
Sutton, but this is not" indorsed by all others consulted. Secured espe-
cially for trials in South.

12611.

Supreme. (L. R. Jones's No. 54.) Originated by Sutton & Sons. A
"second early," but a little earlier than Epicure. White. This makes
a small top and is not altogether promising. It was, however, recom-
mended by the Suttons for trial, especially in the South. It seemed
comparatively free from "Schwarzbeinigkeit," as seen at Cambridge,
England.

12612.

Wiiuhor Castle. (L. R. Jones's No. 55.) A "second early" variety;
yellow skin, white flesh, roundish, recommended by the Suttons as
highest quality for table. It was also indorsed by others as worthy of
trial, especially in the South.

12613.

JJwcoreri/. (L. R. Jones's No. 56.) This is one of Sutton's latest
originations. It is medium late, yellow skin, white flesh, kidney shape,
excellent quality and strong yielder. Sutton's people rate it as their
greatest jiroduction, and the opinion of unbiased potato experts so far as
consulted is that this is the most promising disease-resistant potato in
England to-day.

12614 to 12619.

From Edinburgh, Scotland. Received thru Mr. T. A. Scarlett, Decem-
ber 31, 1904.

12614.

Sir Jolin Llen-ellyn. (L. R. Jones's No. 57.) This is recommended
most highly of all early potatoes in England.

Recently introduced by Harris, Wales; season is "first early;" white
skin, white flesh, flattish-oval kidney shape, fine appearance and
strong cropper, qualitv not of best; likes a good soil, and is a strong
feeder. Said to have a tendency to develop sports. This is noteworthy,
since it may prove more promising for selection of disease-resistant
plants.

12615.

K'mg Edward VII. (L. R. Jones's No. 58.) This is one of recently
originated varieties. Sent out by Butler. Late second early. Pink
skin, flesh white, said to yellow somewhat when cooked. Said to be
productive but not of highest quality. Ordered on recommendation of
W. P. Wright, secretary of the National Potato Society. Most other
opinions given were adverse to its value as a disease resister.

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

lUl

12578 to 12668 — Continued.

12614 to 12619— Continued.

12616.

Craniond BInsKom. (L. R. Jones's No. 59.) Of recent origin in the
Scotch village of Cramond. Season, "late second early." Oval.
Recommended for our trials as a disease-resistant variety by W. P.
Wright, secretary of the National Potato Society, but this opinion was
not concurred in by several others. Mr. Scarlett finds it liable to dis-
ease; so also do the Suttons and Middleton.

12617.

Charles Fidler. (L. K. Jones's No. 60.) Recent origin, sent out by
Fidler. This is a late potato, white, said by Mr. Lasham to be practi-
cally the same as the German variety Iinperator. if not identical with
that sort. Recommended as worth}' of trial for disease resistance both
by Mr. \V. P. Wright, secretary of the National Potato Society and by
men at the Cambridge University farm.

12618.

Factor. (L. R. Jones's No. 61.) This is one of the newer varieties
sent out by Dobbie. It is late; very well spoken of by all. Closely
resembles the popular standard Up-to-Date, but said to be of slightly
better quality. Recommended for our trial by W. P. Wright, secretary
of the National Potato Society; also by men at the Cambridge University
farm, etc.

12619.

Duke of York. (L. R. Jones's No. 62.) This is one of the highly
esteemed earlier varieties, recommended especially by the Cambridge
University farm authorities. Also well spoken of by Mr. Scarlett.

12620 to 12642.

In addition to Jones's Nos. 57 to 63, ordered from Mr. Scarlett, the latter was
authorized to include various others of tlie most ])romising Scotch potatoes
which he judged worthy of trial. In accordance therewith, he included the
following 23 varieties:

12620.

Langworthy.

12621.

Tyne Kidney.

12622.

Table Talk:

12623.

Dalmeny Kidney.

12624.

Crofter.

12625.

Scottish Queen.

12626.

Prem ier.

12627.

Northern Star. '

12628.

Pink Blossom.

12629.

Peacemaker.

12630.

Dalrney Red.

12631.

Dalmey Early.

12632.
12633.
12634.
12635.
12636.
12637.
12638.
12639.
12640.
12641.
12642.

Sharpe Express.
Midlothian Early.
Southern Queen.

Wytini Early.

White Blossom.

Red Kidney.

Moneymaker.

Sir Thomas Lipton.

Radium.

Acme.

Heather Blossom.

12643 to 12668.

From Cambridge, England. Received thru Mr. H. Henshaw, of Cam-
bridge University farm, December 14, 1904.

12643. Sutton's Discovery.

12644. Sutton's Supreme.

12645. Sutton's Ideal.

12646. Sutton's Flour

Ball.

12647. Sutton's Ninety-

fold.

12648. Findlay's Ever-

good.

12649. Findlay's Gcod-

fellow.

97

102

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12578 to 12668— Continued.
12643 to 12668— Continued.

12650.

12651.

12652.

12653.
12654.
12655.
12656.
12657.

12658.

Findlai/'s
Date".

Up-to-

Findlay's Northern
Star.

Findlay's British
Queen.

Fidler^s Seedling.

Charles Fidler.

Carter's Snoivball.

Carter's Monarch.

Kerr's Dumfries
Model.

Kerr's Duchess of
Cornwall.

12659. Dobhie's Factor.

12660. Dobhie's Improved

Kidney.

12661. Butler's King Ed-

ward VII.

12662. Sir John Llewel-

lyn.

12663. Cramond Blossom .

12664. Langivorthy.

12665. Duke of Rothesay.

12666. Royal Kidney.

12667. Duke of York.

12668. Empress Queen.

12669. CucDMis MELO. Muskmelon.

From Boston, Mass. Received thru R. & J. Farquhar & Co., January 6, 1905.
Montreal Nutmeg.

12670. Ulex europaeus.

Grorse. ■whin, or furze.

From Dublin, Ireland. Received thru Hogg & Robertson, January 6, 1905.

"Fresh roots covered with root tubercles, imported in cooperation with the
Laboratory of Plant Physiology for the purpose of getting cultures of the micro-
organism of these tubercles to be used in experiments in the introduction of the
plants, the seed of which was introduced under No. 12408." (Fairchild.)

12671. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Lawrence, Kans. Received thru F. Barteldes & Co., January 6, 1905.

12672 to 12677. Olea europaea.

Olive.

From Tunis, North Africa. Secured by Mr. Thomas H. Kearney. Received
January 6, 1905. A collection of olive cuttings from the premises of M. Robert,
Kalad Srira, Susa.

12672. Souaba el Aljia. An oil olive. Rather a small yielder, according to

Minangoin.

12673. f'haibi. An uncommon but heavy yielding variety of oil olive that

succeeds best in northern Tunis.

12674. Senini (butter). An olive which remains yellow green even when

ripe; gives oil of very light color but of finest quality.

12675. Khadraya (green). An oil olive.

12676. Kalb es Serdouk (cock's heart). A small oil olive like Ghemlali,

yielding very heavily, adapted to dry lands.

12677. Nebkri. Gives oil of finest quality.

12678. Panicum maximum.

G-uinea grass.

From Havana, Cuba. Received thru Jose Sagarminaga, seedsman, Obispo 66.
January 7, 1905.

DECEMBER, 190:3, TO DECEMBER, 1905, 103

12679. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received thru the Yokohama Nur.«ery Company,
January rt, 1905.

Sekai-ichi, meaning the "AVorld's No. 1," grown in lyo, Shikoku Province, wliich
received the tinst prize in the last Osaka exposition and is recommended as tlie best
and nearest quahty to the Otroiina Goklen by Mr. Kenzo Ikeda, the president of
the Agricultural Society of Japan. {Fairchild.)

12680. LiLIUM PARDALINUM. Lily.

Fnjui Ukiah, Cal. Received thru 'Sir. Carl Purdy, January 5, 1904.

This lily is native to the Coast Range of mountains in California and Oregon. It
is found at elevations varying from 1,000 to 5,000 feet. In its native state it is seen
at its best growing along the edges of marshy valleys and in moist soil bordering
springs and mountain streams. Under favorable conditions LUium pardalinitm
increases from year to year, producing several new bulbs annually. Well-grown
plants are quite as floriferous as the well-known St. Joseph's lily ( L. candidinii).

The flowers are arranged on long pedicels in an open raceme; the prevailing color
is red or crimson, with the lower parts of the segments orange colored, and spotted
with purple; the segments are nuich refiexed. There are, however, several varieties
found in a wild state, varying from each other principally in the color of the
flowers.

12681. Castanea vesca. " Chestnut.

From San Giovanni a Teduccio, near Naples, Italy. Received thru Damman &
Co., January 7, 1905.

12682. Ctladiolus hyl). G-ladiolus.

From Chicago, 111. Received thru Vaughan's Seed Store, January 7, 1905.
Princejix.

12683. NicoTiANA TABACUM. Tobacco.

From Wethersfield, Conn. Receiveil thru Comstock, Ferre it Co., Decern) ler 5,
1904.
Connecticut Seed Leaf.

12684 to 12692.

Fnjm Zaouia du Mornag, about 20 kilometers from Tunis, Tunis. Collected by
Mr. T. H. Kearney, December 24, 1904, in the garden of M. ( iiraud, presi-
dent of the Horticultural Society. Received January 9, 1905.

12684. Olk.\ Ei'Koi'AEA. Olive.

JUilh d llmaniavK "The second largest olive of Tunis, and, according to
Marzac, the best." [Kearney.)

12685. OlEA EtTROPAEA. OlivB.

;S(//«^*' Muglonb. "One of the best of the medium-sized olives. According
to Minangoin it is not a heavy yielder, but I did not get the imjiression that
it is inferior in this respect to the large table olives. Probably Minangoin
criticized it in this respect as an oil olive, but it is said to be excellent for the
table. ' ' ( Kearneij. )

12686. Citrus limonum. Lemon.

Quatre Sai.sons. According to M. Giraud the best and the most widely
grown lemon in Tunis; largely exported.

12687. Citrus aurantium. Orange.
Maltaise (No. 1). A smooth-skinned, deep-colored orange.

12688. Citrus aurantium. Orange.
Maltaise (No. 2). A smooth-skinned, large-leaved orange.

97

104 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12684 to 12692 — Continued.

12689. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

Multaise (No. 3). Seedling.

12690. Citrus aurantium. Orange.
Blood, native variety.

12691. Citrus bigaradia. - Bergamot orange.
K smooth-skinned bigarade (bergamot?), said to l)e the best variety for

making preserves.

12692. Citrus aurantium. Orange.
Trabelsi (TripoU). The most abundant orange of Tunis.

12693. Garcinia morella. G-amboge.

From Kingston, Jamaica. Received thru Prof. WilHam Fawcett, January 11,
1905.
"Seeds of the tree producing the true gamboge of commerce, which is procured
principally from Siam and is used as a pigment for dyeing silks and other fabrics.
The rind of the fruit is also used for tanning purposes. Introduced for the purpose
of testing as a stock upon which to graft the mangosteen {G. mangostana) . The
gamboge has a hardier root system and is a very vigorous growing tree, and for this
reason may prove of value as a stock. " {Fa ircMld. )

12694 to 12696. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Paris, France. Received thru Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., January 7, 1905.

12694. Grown in Provence. 12696. Grown in Italy.

12695. Grown in Poitou.

12697. Zea mays. Sweet corn.
From Philadelphia, Pa. Received thru Henry F. Michell Company, January 11,

1905.
Sugar Loaf.

12698. PisuM sativum. Pea.

From New York, X. Y. Received thru J. T^I. Thorburn & Co., January 12, 1905.
Thomas Laxton.

12699 to 12701.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru J. M. Thorburn & Co., January 13, 1905.
Drug and medicinal seeds ordered for the cooperative work conducted by the
Office of Drug Plant Investigations.

12699. Digitalis purpurea. 12701. Pimpinella anisum.

12700. foeniculum dulce.

12702. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Sherman, Tex. Received thru Mrs. R. E. Smith, January 13, 1905.

12703. Allium fistulosum. Welsh onion.

From Santa Clara, Cal. Received thru C. C. Morse & Co., January 14, 1905.
Forcing. GrowTi from S. P. I. No. 9301.

12704 to 12707.

A collection of vegetable seeds for special tests.
97

DECEMBER, 11)03, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 105

12708. MrsA textilis. Manila hemp.

From Manila, 1'. I. (irown from need received by Mr. (i. W. Oliver, from
Prof. W. S. Lyon, Insular Bureau of Agriculture, January 29, 1904.

12709. lIoKDEUM TETRASTicHUM. Four-row barley.

From IJozeman, Mont. Received thru Prof. F. B. Lintield, Agricultural
Experiment Station, January 12, 1905.

Hull-less.

12710. Cyperus papyrus. Papyrus.

From Paris, France. Received thru Vilmorin-Andrieux &. Co., January 14, liKla.

12711 to 12715. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Yokohama, Japan. Presente.l by the Yokohama Nursery Company.
Received January 12, 1905.

12711. liaii.'^hiu honha. Produce of lliogo Ken.

12712. Kairio. From 8hin-no-yen, Kasia Gun, llarima, 80 miles west of

Kobe.
This " Kairio" seed quality is reported to be very strong against any diseases
and endures injurious attacks. Produce of Hiogo Ken.

12713. Fntafushi wase. Produce of Kanagawa Ken.

12714. Makuno uchi. Produce of Kanagawa Ken.

12715. KokeJH. Produce of Kanagawa Ken.

All of the above-named rices require only the ordinary rice cultivation prac-
ticed in Japan. They must have plenty (^f water from time of sowing till the
ears are well formed.

12716. P.siDiUM MOLLE (0- auayabiUo.

From Guadalajara, Mexico. Received thru Mr. Federico Chisolm, January 14,
1905.
Packet of mixed seeds of strawberry and fig-flavored sorts collected at "La Trini-
dad," Guerrero, Mexico.

12717 to 12732.

A collection of vegetable seeds secured from various seedsmen for special testing

purposes.

12733. Begonia sp. Begonia.

From Mount Vernon, N. Y. Received thru Mr. H. E. Le Page (representing
Hubert & Co., Guernsey and Jersey, England), January 17, 1905.

Tuberous rooted.

12734. Rhamnus purshiana. Cascara sagrada.

From Olympia, Wash. Received thru Mr. A. W. McMurray, January 16, 1905.
Seedlings for cooperative work being conducted by the Office of Drug Plant
Investigations.

12735. Atriplex semibaccata (?). Saltbush.
From Tulare, Cal. Received thru Prof. A. V. Stubenrauch, January 17, 1905.

12736. Phaseolus vulgaris. Bean.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru Peter Henderson & Co., January 18, 1905.
Bush Bountiful (green-podded).
97

106 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12737. Sechium edule. Chayote.

From Dallas, Tex. Received thru Texas Seed and Floral Company, January 18,
1905.

12738. Dahlia merckii. Dahlia.

From Edinburgh, Scotland. Received thru Prof. Bayley Balfour, regius keeper.
Royal Botanic Garden, January 18, 1905.

This species is hardy at Edinburgh.

12739 to 12742. Saccharum officinarum. Sugar cane.

From Kingston, Jamaica. Received thru Mr. William Fawcett, director of
Hope Gardens, January 16, 1905.

12739. Bourbon. 12741. D. 99.

12740. B. 306. 12742. D. 115.

12743. Phaseolus vulgaris. Bean.
From Columbus, Ohio. Received thru the Livingston Seed Company, January

is; 1905.

Kenney's Rustless Golden Wax.

12744. Beta vulgaris. Sugar beet.

From Santa Clara, Cal. Received thru C. C. Morse & Co., January 19, 1905.

"Grown on C. C. Morse & Co.'s farm at Gilroy, Cal., for the general trade. Not
the product of chemically analyzed roots, but rather from roots selected according to
shape, size, etc., judged by their external appearance." (J. E. W. Tracy.)

12745. Beta vulgaris. Sugar beet.

From Fairfield, Wash. Received thru Mr. E. H. Morrison, January, 1905. Crop
of 1904.
"Grown on E. H. Morrison's farm at Fairfield, Wash., for the general trade, from
roots selected according to shape, size, etc., judged for their external appearance
only." (J. E. W. Tracy.)

12746. PiSTACiA VERA. Pistachc.

From Tashkend, Russian Central Asia. Received thru Mr. H. W. Diirrschmidt,
January 20, 1905.

12747. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Billings, Mont. Received thru Mr. I. D. O'Donnell, January 19, 1905.

12748. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Paris, France. Received thru Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., January 20, 1905.

Seed grown in the state of Hesse, Germany, and is known as Eifeler Luzerne in
the Rhine Province.

12749 and 12750. Cucurbita sp. Squash.

From Garrett Park, Md. Received thru Mr. D'. S. Bliss, January 21, 1905.
Grown from S. P. I. No. 9481 during the season of 1904.

12749. Large cylindrical sort. 12750. Crook-neck.

"The seeds of the large sort are from the first fruit that formed before any
blossoms showed on any other vines, and, so far as 1 know, there were no other
vines nearer than half a mile. The seeds of the smaller fruits are from a
dozen mixed." {Bliss.)
97

DECEMBER, 1!M)3, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 107

12751. (Undetermined.)

From Barl)erton, Africa. Received thru Hon. W. Stanley Ilollis, United States
con.snl at Lourenc.o Marquez, Africa, January 14, 1905.
"A verv fine, edible ' i)luni,' which grows in the mountains near Barberton (in trees
about 0 feet high. ' ' ( lloUis. )

12752. DoLicHos uniflorus. " Kulthi."

From Quard Hitlow Koppa, Mysore Province, India. Received tliru Mr.
W. Maxwell Maynard, January 20, 1905.

"According to Mr. Maynard this legume is grown extensively in India and fed to
horses and working bullocks and is also considered valuable for using in the coffee
estates. Sent by Mr. INIaynard to Dr. (.Jeorge T. Moore for tlie jiurpose of interest-
ing him in the cultivatiim of the micro-organism which forms the nodules on thi>i as
well as other leguminous plants." (Fairchlld.)

12753 and 12754. Olea europaea. Olive.

From Sousse, Tunis. Collected by Mr. T. II. Kearnev. Received .lanuarv lil,
1905.
12753. Baronni 12754. Yacouti.

12755. CORNUS KOUSA.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru Ilenrv 6i Lee, 97 Water street, January
28, 1905.

12756. Brassica nigra. Black mustard.

From Philadelphia, Pa. Received thrnVv. A. Burpee & Co., January 24, 1905.
Fordlujdk Fancy.

12757. Bambusa striata. Bamboo.

From Niles, Cal. Received thru the California Nurserv Company, January 25,
1905.

12758. Cyphomaxdra betacea. " Tree tomato.

From Kingston, Jamaica. Received thru Mr. G. N. Collins, January, 1905.

"This is a species of South American shrub from the mountainous regions of Brazil,
adjacent to Peru. Cultivated occasionally for the egg-shaped, reildish-brown, faintly
striped fruits. Fruits about 2 inches long on slender stalks, 2 celled, seedy, musky
acid and tomato-like in fiavor; agreeable to those who like tomatoes." {Bailet/.)

Bears the second or third year from seed under glass. This tomato has been
successfully introduced into Jamaica, Ceylon, and other mountainous regions of
the Tropics, and in many places is considered a valuable addition to the list of
garden vegetables. It would, in all probability, thrive in Porto Rico. (Cook and
Collins, Contr. Nal. Herb., VIII, p. 132.)

" Succeeds best with a mean annual temperature of 68° F. Can be propagated
readily from seed in warm countries." {Bailey'. "i Forcing Book.)

12759 and 12760. Oryza sati\ a. Rice.

From Buitenzorg, Java. Received thru Doctor Treub, of the Botanical Gardens,
December 5, 1904.
12579. Tjmnas. 12760. Carolina.

12761 to 12765. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Yokohama, Japan. Presented by the Yokohama Nursery Company.
Received December 12, 1904.
Unhulled rice as follows:

12761. Bankokuichi. 12764. Sekitori.

12762. Jugoya. 12765. Ko-zo.

12763. Makuno uchi.
97

108 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12766 to 12768.

From A\'on?an, Korea. Received thru Mr. C. F. S. Bilbrough, Chosen Holme,
January 21, 1905.

12766. Oryza sativa. Rice.
With a light husk.

12767. Oryza .s.\tiva. Rice.
With (lark-brown husk.

12768. Clerodexdrox sp.

.12769. Delphinium sp. Larkspur.

From Holland, Mich. Received thru Mrs. H. Kremers, January 25, 1905.

12770. CucuMis MELO. Muskmelon.
From Augusta, Ga. Received thru Alexander Seed Company, January 21, 1905.

Nixon.

12771. CiTRULLUs VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Philadelphia, Pa. Received thru Mr. William Henry Maule, January 21,
1905.

Harrises Earliest.

12772. Medicago sativa. ^' Alfalfa.
From Dell, Oreg. Received thru Mr. M. D. Kelley, January 26, 1905.

Grown from S. P. I. No. 9450.

12773. Castanea crenata. Japanese chestnut.

From New York City. Presented by Mr. F. W. Bruggerhof, president of the
J. M. Thorburn Company, 36 Cortlandt street. Received January 25, 1904.

12774. LiNUM usiTATissiMUM. Flax.

From Pskoff, Russia. Received thru Malcolm & Co., January 21, 1905.

12775. Phaseolus radiatus. Mung bean.

From Calhoun, S. C. Received thru Mr. C. C. Newman, January 27, 1905.
Neimnan.

12776. DoDECATHEON MEADIA. Shooting-star.

From Takoma Park, D. C. Received thru Mr. A. J. Pieters in the autumn of
1904.

12777 to 12779.

From Murtee Station, Wilcannia, New South Wales, Australia. Presented by
Mr. E. W. Davis. Received January 28, 1905.

Seeds of native plants.

12777. Atriplex nummularia. Old-man saltbush.

12778. Atriplex holocarpa. Annual saltbush.

12779. Tetragoxia expaxsa. New Zealand spinach.

12780 and 12781.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by Prof. J. Burtt Davy, government
agrostologist and botanist. Received January, 1905.

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 109

12780 and 12781— Continued.

12780. Frus sp.

" Fruiii southern Rhodesia. Well worth enltivatiiifi; very larpe tree; suit-
able for southern California, Florida, and Louigiana." {I>ari/.)

12781. Acacia sp.

"From southern Rhodesia. Well worth enltivation in southern California
and southern Florida." ( rkvi/. )

12782 and 12783. Pistacia vera. Pistache.

From Bronte, Sicily, t^ollected bv Mr. Thonia.s H. Kearney. Received January
m, 1!>05.

12782. Staniinatc cnttinss. 12783. Carpfllate cnUing.M.

12784. :Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Ogden, Utah. Received thru the C. A. Sninrthwaite Produce Company,
Jamiary .30 and March 9, 1905.

ThiH seed was raised in Emery County, I'tah, on land that is irrigated. The land
has been cropt for forage for fifteen yeaVs, and in 1904 it was croi)t for seed for the
first time. This seed was taken from second growth.

12785. Papaver rhoeas. Shirley poppy.
From Santa Clara, Cal. Received thru C. C. Morse & Co., January 30, 1905.

Santa Rosa, a new variety originated by C. C. Morse & Co.

12786 to 12789. Saccharum officinari m. Sugar cane.

From Trinidad, British We.«t Indies. Received thru .Mr. J. 11. Hart, superin-
tendent of the Botanical Gardens, January 29, 1905.

12786. T. 105. 12788. T. 223.

12787. T. J15. 12789. T. 230.

12790 to 12800.

From New South Wales, Australia. Received thru Mr. 11. W. Potts, principal
of the Hawkesbury Agricultural College, February 1, 1905.

A collection of seeds as follows:

12790. Acacia baileyana. Cootamundr a wattle.

12791. Ac.vcia ELONGATA. " Sally" Wattle.
Tall shrub or small tree.

12792. Acacia linearis. "Wattle.

12793. Acacia lunata. " Golden Glory" wattle.

A liandsome shrub with dense masses of golden-yellow flowers rising 4 to 5
feet.

12794. Acacia TRiNERVATA. ^ Mountain wattle.

12795. BOSSIAEA RHOMBIFOLIA.

A native, rigid, small shrub, the pods characteristically attacked by an
Aecidium.

12796. Casuarina suberosa.

A tree pinelike in appearance, with leafless, jointed branches.

12797. DODONAEA viscosa.

A shrub rising to from 4 to 6 feet.
97

110 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12790 to 12800— Continued

12798. Elaeocarpus cyaneus.
A small tree.

12799. Ekagrostis pilosa. Weeping love grass,

12800. Kenneoya rubicunda
A scarlet-flowered creeper.

12801. Medicago SATivA. Alfalfa.
From Mnlock, Tex. Received thru Mr. J. M. Simmons, February 1, 1905.

12802. Alnus maritima japonica. Alder.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru Suzuki & lida, February 2, 1905.

"A deciduous tree growing in wet places, attaining a height of 20 to 30 feet. In
spring it produces male and female flowers separately before it sprouts. The male
flowers hang down from the branches in the form of a catkin, and the female flowers
yield round fruits with scales. In the autumn when the fruits fully ripen, being
about 1 inch in length, they are collected and dried for dyeing." ( Useful Plants oj
Japan. )

"This plant is considered essential in the cultivation of the Japanese paper plant,
mitsumata. It is used as a 'shelter' plant and is invariably planted on the planta-
tion of the paper plant. It is doubtful if the effect accredited to this plant, viz,
shade and shelter, is the real reason for its culture.

" It has been suggested by Mr. W. T. Swingle that since the genus Alnus has a root
system bearing root nodules which store up nitrogen that this plant enriche.s the soil
in which the paper plants are grown. This plant should be carefully studied rela-
tive to this particular point." [Fairchild.)

12803. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Setif, Algeria. Received thru Mr. G. Ryf, Setif, February 2, 1905.

Gelula. "This variety of alfalfa is said by Mr. Ryf, who has devised a most
ingenious method of cultivating alfalfa and wheat on the same land at the same time,
to be more drought resistant than the ordinary French lucern, and it is believed
that this variety may prove of special value in experiments in the arid regions of our
Southwest." {Fairchild.)

12804. JuNCUS EFFUSUS (?). Matting rush.

From Chico, Cal. Received thru Mr. P. H. Dorsett, Plant Introduction Garden,
February 13 and 20, 1905.

"Plants of the California rush for experiments in the culture of the matting rush."

{Fairchild.)

12805. HuMULUs LUPULUS. Hop.

From Nuremberg, Germany. Received thru S. B. Bing Sons, hop merchants,
September 30, 1904.

Saaz City.

12806. HuMULUs LUPULUS. Hop.

Frou) Puyallup, Wash. Received thru Mr. W. H. Lawrence, assistant at the
Agricultural Experiment Station, November 14, 1904.

12807. HuMULUS LUPULUS. Hop.

From Germany. Received November, 1904.
97

DECEMBEH, VMi, To DEC'EMBEH, 1!K)5. Ill

12808. Okyza sativa. Rice.

From Coloinbd, Ceylon. Pre-^iented by Dr. C. Drieberg, superintendent of School
GanU'ns. Received January L'8, 1905.

(Jrown in the Hanibantote district.

12809. Anacardium occidentale. Cashew nut.

From Sali.sbury, Kluxlcsia, South Africa. Received thru Mr. (leorge -M. < »dlnrii,
Department of Agriculturt', February .S, 190.T.

From wild trees in Portuguese East Africa tiiat si-em to liear more freely than
those cultivated in the VV^est Indies an<l may jirove hardier.

12810 and 12811.

From Portuguese F>ast Africa. Presented by lion. Stanley IloUis, United States
consul, Lourenco Marque/, thru the Assistant Secretary of State. Received
January 2S, 1905.

12810. (Undetermined.) Matundulaku.

Fruits of a sour "plum" sent to Mr. Mollis l)y Mr. A. K. ( iraham-Lawrence,
of Barberton.

12811. Gahcixi.v MvixosToNKi. Pimbe.
A Louren(;o Marque/ wild "plum."

12812. (rndetorminod.)

From Hankow, China. Presented l)y Dr. L. S. Wilcox, United States consul-
general. Received January 81, 1905.

12813. Bkassica oleracka. Cabbage.

F>om Norton, N. C. Received thru Mr. B. Norton, February 2, 1905.
North Carolhid Bunromhe.

12814. Arachis hypogaea. / Peanut.

From Marseille, France. Received thru Hon. Robert P. Skinner, United States
consul-general, February 8, 1905.

"A sample of 'Arachides' from the province of Sine in Senegal. Tliese are the
very best nuts known in this market for the manufacture of oil." (Skinner.)

12815. Pistac'Ia vera. Pistache.

From near Caltanisetta, Sicily. Received thru Mr. T. H. Kearney, February 4,
1905.

Trahonella.

12816. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa,

From Chinook, Mont. Received thru the Thomas O'Hanlon Company, Febru-
ary 6, 1905.

Grown by Mr. F. T. Reser, 1 mile west of Chinook.

12817. Phaseolus vulgaris. Bean.

From Leroy, N. Y. Received thru Mr. A. N. Jones, February 25, 1905.
Golden Croum Wax.

12818. Phaseolus vulgaris. \ Bean.

From Chaumont, N. Y. Received thru Roger Brothers, February 25, 1905.
Golden Carmine- Podded Horticultural.
97

X12 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12819. LiPPIA REPENS.

From Santa Barbara, Cal. Received thru Dr. F. Franceschi, February 10, 1905.

12820. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Clearwater, Nebr. Received thru Mr. G. E. Miller, February 7, 190.5.

12821. PsiDiuM MOLLE. " GuayabiUo."

From Guadalajara, Mexico. Received thru Mr. Federico Chisohn, February
4, 1905.

12822 to 12831. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

From Girgenti, Sicily. Received thru IMr. T. H. Kearney, February 6, 1905.
Varieties of almond cuttings selected by Mr. Casd from his collection of 25 varieties.

12822. Sweet; big fruit. 12828. Tender, sweet; good for

, ., table.

12823. Sweet; long fruit.

, r -^ J ^ 1 12829. Pkrlv flowering, sweet,

12824. Sweet; fruit dark red. hard-shelled.

12825. Sweet; fruit double. 12830. Not frost resistant.

12826. Bitter. 12831. Late flowering; resistant

12827. Sweet, with "a point at to frost.

one side" (end).

12832 to 12842.

From Catania, Sicily. Received thru Mr. T. H. Kearney, February 8, 1905.
12832 to 12835.
Received from Salvatore Leanza, nurseryman, Catania, Sicily.

12832. Eriobotrya japonica. Loquat.

"A valuable and distinct, semiseedless grafted variety, which may be
especially recommended. Fruit especially large, pear-shaped, with a
fleshy, juicy, sugary pulp; with a few small seeds, which are in some
cases extremely small according to the modification produced by their
surroundings, whether in pots or in open ground with a ball of earth."
{Kearney.)
12833 and 12834. Cokylus avellana. Filbert.

Castiglione.

12835. Pistacia vera. Pistachc.
Bronte.

12836 to 12842. Oplxtia spp. " Prickly peer.

Presented by Doctor Cavara, of the Catania Botanical Gardens, Sicily.

12836. Opuxtia tomentosa.

A varietv of opuntia that holds its fruit all winter. (Doctor Cavara' s
No. 5.)

12837. Opuxtia ficis ixdica.

" Fructu albo, vulgo ' Zuccherina.' " (Doctor Cavara's No. 2.)

12838. OprxTiA ficis indica.

" Fructu albo, vulgo 'Sipala.' " (Doctor Cavara's No. 1. )

12839. Opuntia ficus indica.

"Fructu flavo, vulgo 'Figu d'India.' " (Doctor Cavara's No. 4.)

12840. Opuntia fkis indica.

" Fructu rubro, vulgo ' Sanguigua.' " (Doctor Cavara's No. 3.)
97

DECEMBEIl, rJ03, TO DECEMBEK, I'JOo. 113

12832 to 12842— Continued.
12836 to 12842— Continued.

12841. Opintia Kiel's ixdica.

" Fructu flavo-carne, conipacta, vulgo 'Brontese.' " (Doctor Ca-
vara's No. 7. )

12842. Opintia ficus indica.

' ' Fructu albo-venosa. ' ' ( Doctor Cavara's No. (5. )

12843 to 12845. Cucukbita sp. Squash.

From Yokohama, Japan. Keceived thru the Yokohama Nursery Company,
February 7, 1905.

12843. Kikugata (early). 12845. Kikuza (late).

12844. Chilimen (early).

12846 to 12848.

From Tunis. Received thru Mr. T. H. Kearney, December 28, 1904.

12846. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.
0(isii<. From Kebili.

12847. JIedicaco sativa. Alfalfa.
Tripoli. From Gabes.

12848. Pistacia veka. Pistache.
From Sfax. Nuts from the 1904 crop.

12849. Cannabis sativa. Hemp.
From Nicholasville, Ky. Received thru AV. L. Steel & Co., February, 1904.

12850. Feijoa sellowiana.

From Si o Paulo, Brazil. Presented by Mr. Alberto L()fgren, Botanic Gardens.
Receive.l March 11, 1905.

"A plant belonging to the guava family. Plants of this new fruit have been grown
by Mr. Taft and Doctor Franceschi in southern California, and small inimatare
fruits have been borne by single plants grown by these parties. The plant has been
successfully cultivated on the Riviera, where there are several specimens of con-
siderable size which have borne excellent fruit. Doctor Andre, Mho has paid special
attention to this fruit, pronounces it, in flavor, something exceptionally delicious.
The fruits are about the size of a large English walnut, green in color and covered
with blunt protuberances. Little is known at the ]3resent time in this country
regarding the actual flavor of the fruit. The fruit is of a character which enables it
to be plucked from the bush before ripening. It is believed that this plant can be
grown successfully in all the frostless regions of the Southwest. It is well worthy of
serious consideration by all those interested especially in subtropical fruit culture."
( Fairchild. )

12851. Pennisetuivi typhoideum. Pearl or cat-tail millet.

From Augusta, Ga. Received thru the N. L. Willet Drug Company, March 13,
1905.

12852. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Augusta, Ga. Received thru the N. L. Willet Drug Company, March 13,
1905.

12853. Triticum diooccum. Emmer.

From Lawrence, Kans. Received thru F. Barteldes & Co., February 22, 1905,
7217— No. 97—07 8

114

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12854. HoEDEUM YUT.GARE. Barley.
From Geneva, Idaho. Received thru Mr. F. W. Boehiue, March 15, 1905.

12855. Secale cereale. Rye.

From Geneva, Idaho. Received thru INIr. F. W. Boehme, ^larch 15, 1905.

12856 to 12861.

From Vomero, Naples. Presented by Dr. Carl Sprenger thru Mr. F. A. Bessey.
Received January, 1905.

12856. RiCINUS ZANZIBARIENSIS.

Package of mixed varieties.

12857. SeSBANIA TRIPETII.

"Gne of the finest flowering shrubs."

12858. RUAMXIS ALATEKXLS CALABRKA.

12859. MoRus ALBA. "White mulberry.

CJdna.

12860. SiDERITIS MASSOXIAXA. 12861. PiCRASMA AILANTHOIDES.

Castor-oil plant.
Red acacia.

12862 to 12864.

From Pari.';, France. Received thru Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., February 10,
1905.

12862. Cynara scolymus. Artichoke.
Lar<j;e fiat Brittany.

12863. CucuMis SATivus. Cucumber.

12864. Sanvitalia procumbens flore pleno.

12865 to 12871. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Calcutta, India. Presented by I. H. Burkill, esq., M. A., otiiciating
reporter on economic products to the government of India, Indian Mu.seum, 1
Sudder street. Received February 9, 1905.

12865. Masiua ghaiya. From Bengal Province.

12866. Bhndai ghaiya, red. From Bengal Province. *

12867. Tho.^ar Bhadai ghaiya, white. From Bengal Province.

12868. Pakhasali Bliadai. From Bengal Province.

12869. Aiigua Bhadai. From Bengal Province.

12870. Small red variety. From Bengal Province.

12871. Takmaroo ghaiya. From Bengal Province.
This paddy was grown by the Lepchas and Bhootias.

12872. Chrysanthemum anethifolium.

From Merrifield, N. Dak.
ruarv, 1905.

Chrysanthemum.

Presented bv Mrs. H. E. Bancroft. Received Feb-

]\Irs. Bancroft writes that this is a perennial there, but blossoms early the first year
from seed. The largest blossoms are the early ones, being three times as large as
those sent, which were gathered on November 13, 1904.

12873. Eschscholtzia californica. California poppy.

-^ From Merrifield, N. Dak. Presented by Mrs. H. E. Bancroft. Received Feb-
ruary, 1905.

^Irs. Bancroft writes that by constant selection she has developed a strain of Cali-
fornia poppy witli fiowers much larger than the ordinary, which continue in bloom
much later than the common kind.

97 -

DECEMBER, 1903; TO DECEMBER, 1905.

115

12874 to 12876. Ouyza sativa.

Liter-Chap:' (No. 3.)

Rice.

From Canton, C^iina. Presented by Mr. T. E. Griflith. Received January 28,
1905.
SanipU';^ of Chinese rice, as follows:

12874. ".S7uV-3/m." (No. 1.) 12876.

12875. "yl/-.l/u(." (No. 2.)

"As to the local manner of planting this rice, a seed bed some 30 yards square is
prepared aiimgt^ide of the lar^e rice fields about the month of Aiijxust. Tins seed
bed is composed of softish mud, and the grain is scattered over the surface, which is
kept wet enough to cause it to sprout. In about three weeks' time the mass of seed-
lings are about 10 inches in height, when they are taken up and planted out in the
rice fields in bunches of 20 or so seedlings together, at intervals of a foot between

bunches. . .^ • , .

"The soil of the fields is a l)luish alluvial nmd, and, after plantmg, it is kept con-
stantly inundated with water from the numerous creeks which hitersect the country.
In about one hundred davs from planting out the grain is ripe, and is then gathered
in." {(h-ifiili.)

12877 to 12895.

From New Zealand. Presented by the government of New Zealand thru Mr.
M. A. Carleton. Received February 11, 1905.
A collection of grains, etc., from the New Zealand exhibit at the Lousiana Pur-
chase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo., 1904.

12877 to 12882. Avena sativa.

12877. Danish. 12880.

12878. Dun. 12881.

12879. Sparrowbill. 12882.
12883 to 12886. Triticu.m vulgare.

12883. Pearl. 12885.

12884. (No label.) 12886.
12887 to 12889. Pisum sativum. Tea,.

12887. Brown. (Marked
"B.")

12888. Green . ( ]\Iarked

12890. Trifolium repens.

12891. Trifolium pratense.
Colonial.

12892. LOLIUM ITALICUM.

12893. LoLiUM perenxe.

12894. Phleum pratense.
Colonial.

12895. Dactylis glomerata.

12896. LiLIUM JsEILGHERRENSE.

Oat.

Canadian.
White Tartar.
Bhirk- Tartar.

Wheat.
Hunter' li.
Tuscan.

12889. Green.

White clover.
Red clover.

Italian rye-grass.

Perennial rye-grass.

Timothy.

Orchard grass.

Neilgherry lily.

From Utakamund, India. Received thru Mr. G. H. Cave, superintendent of
the Government Botanic Gardens, February 14, 1904.

12897 to 12899.

From Durban, Natal. Presented by Mr. J. Medley Wood, director of the
Botanic Gardens. Received February 14, 1905.

12897. CoFFEA zanguebariae (?). Coffee.

"According to a letter of Jaimarv 12, 1905, from Mr. Wood, this species of

Coffea, regarding the identification of which he is doubtful, is quite immune

97

IIC:, SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12897 to 12899— Continued.

to attacks of the Hemileia vci^atrlx. It is grown in the Botanic Gardens
■within a few feet of Coffea plants covered with this fungus, and Mr. Wood has
endeavored to inoculate the plant with it but has been unsuccessful. He fur-
ther€tates that it is a handsome shrulj, in addition to its value for hybridiznig
purposes for Cofea arabira or other S[)ecies. His idea is, further, that it might
be used as a stock upon which to graft the Arabian Coffea." {FaircMd. )

12898. Asparagus virgatus.

"According to:Mr. Wood this species is cultivated in Natal and is considered
to have a distinct flavor of its own and to be a desirable vegetal )le. This same
species has been in cultivation in America for some time as an ornamental."
{Fairchild.)

12899. Passiflora edulis.

'•In Xatal one of the commonest fruits on the market is this passion fruit.
Its cultivation requires verv little attention and it seems to be a verv produc-
tive vine. This could be cultivated to advantage in the frostless regions of
Califoi-nia and Florida, and attemi-ts should be made to cross it with the ]May-
pop, which is a conmion species of Passiflora growing in the Carolinas In
Xe.w Zealand and Australia the fruit has become a popular one on the market."
{Fairchild.)

12900 to 12908.

From Washington, D. C. Grown on the Potomac Flats under the direction of
Dr. R. H. True, Physiologist in Ctiarge of Drug and :\Iedicinal Plant Investi-
gations. Received February 5, 1905.
A collection of drug and medicinal plant seeds, as follows:

12900. Atropa belladoxna. Belladonna.

12901. Carum carvi. Caraway.

12902. Coxii-M M.\crLATUM. Poison hemlock.

12903. CoRiANDRiM SATIVUM. Coriander.

12904. Lobelia ixflat.\. Lobelia.

12905. Sature,j.\ hortexsis. Summer savory.

12906. Papaver so.mniferum. Poppy.
A white-seeded opium poppy.

12907. Papaver somxiferum. Poppy.
A blue-seeded opium poppy.

12908. Chexopodium axthelmixticum. American wormseed.

12909. Sechium edule. Chayote.

From New Orleans, La. Received thru the J. Stec-kler Seed Company, Feljruary
11, 1905.

12910. Olea europea. Olive.

From Tunis, North Africa. Received thru 3Ir. T. H. Kearney, February 13,
1905.
Chitoni. " This is the principal and best oil variety of northern Tunis, but is said
not to do so well in drier and hotter parts." (Kearne;i. )

12911 to 12917.

From Brookings, S. Dak. Received thru Prof. N. E. Hansen, Agricultural
P2xi>eriment Station, January 18, 1905.

A collection of ornamentals, as follows:

12911. (Undetermined.) " Siberian sand thorn."

97

DECEMBER, V.m, TO DECEMBER^ 1905.

117

12911 to 12917- (lonliniKHl.

12912. Cau.ujana micuoi'iivi.i.a.

12913. C'AKAliANA AKltOKESCKNS.

12914. Salix pj).

12915. Has A kugosa.

12916. Salix sp.

12917. Salix vimi.nalis kkg.xYis.

Siberian pea tree.

Niobe weeping willow.

Pasture rose.

Ural willow.

12918. Beta vulgaris. Sugar beet.

From Fort Collins, Colo. Received Ihru the Colorado Experiment Station,
February 14, 190.').

Kh'mwanzleheit .

12919. Raphaxus sativus. Radish.
From Fairfield, Wash. Received thru Mr. E. H. Morrison, February 18, 1905.

Crimson Giant Forcing. Grown from S. 1". 1. No. 9487.

12920. Nicotiana tabacum. Tobacco.

From Washin^tonboro, Lancaster County, Pa. Received thru IVIr. Frank C.
Wittmer, February 14, IWP).

12921 to 12926.

From Sfax, Tunis, North Africa.
17, 1905.

12921. Olea ecropaea.

Received thru Mr. T. H. Kearney, February

Olive.

'• The ChemkiU varietv, being probably the befet adapted of all olives to a
dry, hot climate, will be useful as a stock even if it does not succeed with us as
an oil variety. ' ' ( Kearney. )

12922. PisTACiA VERA. Pistache.
White-skinned variety.

12923. Pistacia vera.
j Red-skinned variety.

12924. Pistacia vera.

Pistache.

Pistache.

]\Iale.

"Through the kindness of Mr. Leonardi, British vice-consul, I was able to
visit a garden here (Sfax) belonging to two Italian Jews, where there are 16
pistache trees (one male). The gardeners told me there are three kinds of
pistaches here, all with green kernels, but one having a white, one a red, and
one a red-and-white streaked skin. The first is considered the best, and from
a tree of this kind, said to bear very heavily, was taken most of the graftmg
wood (12922). Grafting can be done successfully here up to the end of
February." {Kearney.)

12925. PUNICA GRANATIM.

Pomegranate.

"Pomegranate cuttings taken from a single bush, said to be a very fine,
large, red-fruited one. Here it is propagated by cutting off the vigorous root
shoots where they are about a half inch thick and sticking them into the
ground so that the main stem is horizontal and is covered with earth, waile
the stiff, divergent branches stick up vertically. In this way a good-sized
bush, l)earing well, is obtained in two years." {Kearney.)

12926. (Undetermined.)

97

118 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12927 to 12929. Trifolium sp. Clover.

From Corfu, (Jreece. Received thru Mr. C. S. Sfotield in lUOl. .'^eeds gathered
on the place of Mr. Antonio Col la.

12927. Trifoliim maritimum. 12929. Tkifolum procumbens.

12928. Trifoliim polystachyum.

12930 and 12931. Maxgifera ixdica. Mango.

From Honolulu, Hawaii. Presented by Mr. G. P. Wilder. Received February
20 and 21, 1905.

12930. Ihmet. 12931. ( Xot named. )

12932. Carum gairdneri (?).

From Winslow, Wash. Received thru Mr. John L. Hubbard, March 6, 1905.

"This plant grows thruout eastern Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, and is called
by the Indians on the Umatilla Reservation, in eastern Oregon, Soic-UL This plant
is similar in foliage to the carrot, is a hardy perennial with a root similar to the sweet
potato, and is very pleasant to the taste, either raw or cooked. When it is raw the
meat is about the consistency of a raw potato, of a sweet taste; when cooked it
becomes mealy, like a baked sweet potato. It was used extensively as a food staple
by the Indians thruout the Northwest before the advent of the white people, and is
used by them to some extent yet.

"That the plant is susceptible of material development is proven by its being
found to grow much larger in plowed fields or cultivated soil, where the roots have
not been destroyed by such cuhivation. I believe that if your Department would
give this matteryour attention a new and valuable vegetable would be added to the
food products of the country." {Letter dated January 30, 1905, from Mr. Hubbard.)

Mr. F. V. Coville, botanist, in a letter dated ]\Iarch 16, 1905, gives the following
information: "The plant is widely used for food among the northwestern Indians.
The late Major Bendire, of the United States Army, considered it one of the most
delicious vegetal)les he had ever tasted. I shall be very glad, indeed, to see ^Ir.
Oliver take up its culture with a view to its domestication. It would be a vegetable
somewhat of the type of the sweet potato. You will be interested to know that, by
reason of the summer drought prevalent in the regions where the plant grows, the
growing period of the species is short, a fact which will be very advantageous in
connection with its proposed domestication."

12933 to 12937. Persea gratissima. Avocado.

From Miami, Fla. Propagated by Prof. P. H. Rolfs, pathologist in charge of
Subtropical I^aboratory. Numbered February 21, 1905.

12933.

Baldirin. "Tree a vigorous grower, with strong central stem; liranches
rather rigid; light bloomer, but heavy cropper. Blooms in February and
IMarch. Fruit at best in August; drops in September. Ripens uniformly.
Shape of fruit approaching oblong, 4 by 5i inches, not regular; color green, with
a few yellowish streaks; rind smooth, thin; stem small; meat deep cream,
one-fourth green, firm; flavor excellent. Seeds are rather large, firm in cav-
ity. Buds (fo not take readily. Named for Mr. Baldwin, of Miami, Fla., w^ho
owns the original tree." {liolfs.)

12934.

Chappeloir. "Tree grows vigorously; branches diffuse, slender, inclined to
droop; bark of young branches shiny, greenish yellow. Good cropper and
abundant bloomer. Blooms in January and February; fruit ripens in June
and July.

" Shape of fruit, bottle-necked, 2i by 4j inches; color dull purple; skin thin,
leathery; meat greenish near rind, whitish toward seed; seed medium; firm
in cavity; edible qualities good, but different from other type. The buds take
readily and the tree stands more cold than other varieties planted. Most
useful for home consumption. Named for Mr. William Chappelow, Mon-
rovia, Cal. Buds secured thru Mr. William A. Taylor." {EoI/k.)

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, TJOo. 11*.)

12933 to 12937— CoMtimiod.

12935.

I\iiiiihj. "A stroni; growing tree of spreading habitn, being an abundant
bloomer and nioderati' erojjper. BloomH in late February and during .March.
Ril)enH fruit during July, Augu.^t, St'ptend)er, and into October.

"Shape of fruit varia))le. fmni j)ear->jliaped to long oblong, nearly banana-
shaped; size, variable from 6 by 3| to Si by li inches; color purple, with
scarlet streaks, very attractive; skin medium thick, smooth; stem large; meat
yellow, free from fil)er; flavor goo<l, seed small, loose in cavity.

" The i)rincipal merit of this variety lies in extending its period of ripening
over so long a time, being distinctly useful for family purposes, but should ncjt
be jilanted for commercial ]iurj)(ises, as the extended ripening period neces-
sitates several pickings. Buds take readily." [Itolfs.)

12936.

Pollock. "Tree moderate grower, heavy bearer, profuse bloom, limVjs rigid;
blooms in February an<l March; ripens in September and October. T'pright
grower with strong central stem.

"Fruit pear-shajied, being about 6.] by 4.1 inches; weight up to So jiounds;
color greenish; rinil medium; nu'at yellowish; flavor good; seed medium.
Buds take readily, and this variety is desirable on account of very large fruits.
Named for Mr. Pollock, of ^lianii, Fla., who owns the origiiial tree." {lloJ/s.)

12937.

Tmitp. "Tree upright grower with strong central stem; not a vigorous
grower. Produces abundant l)loom late in February and March. A heavy
cropper, maturing in October and November, some of the fruits remaining on
the trees until the Cliristmas holidays.

"Shape of fruit rather t)etween round and oblong, about 4^ by 3 J inches, reg-
ular; color greenish with yellowish streaks; thin rind; small stem; meat
rather deep yellow; seed variable, sometimes very large and tirni in cavity,
and atrain very small and loose in cavity.

" The special merit of this variety lies in the fact that the fruit remains on
the tree until late in the season. Named for Mrs. Trapp, Cocoanut Grove,
Fla., who owns the original tree." {Rolfs.)

12938. GossYriUM sp. Cotton.

From Peru, South America. Received thru W. R. Grace & Co., 1 and 2 Han-
over scjuare, New York, N. Y., February 13, 1905.

" Full rough" Catacaos seed. Represents the seed of the full rough Peruvian cot-
ton, which is grown in the Piura and the surrounding districts in the northern part
of Peru.

This "Full rough" cotton is exported to New York and Liverpool markets.
There are two crops every year: "San Juan" and "Navidad." The former is
largest and is gathered in August to September, while the latter is ready for ship-
ment from the end of January thru April. We would say that the average annual
crop was 18,000 bale.--' of 200 pounds.

Many experiments have been made to plant this seed and grow the same grade of
cotton in other localities but without success, because soil similar to that of the
Piura districts (where it seldom rains) is yet to be found. Every attemjit to trans-
plant this grade to any other place in Peru was either a complete failure or the cot-
ton degenerated into " Moderate rough."

-•&'

12939. Zea mays. Corn.

i>om Montgomery, Ala. Received thru Charles & Nelson, No. 8 Commerce
street, February 11, 1905.
Mexican Jime.

12940 to 12957. Vitis spp. Grape.

F'rom Thomerv, France. Received thru F^tienne Salomon & Sons, February 24,

1905.

12940. Alicante Bouschet X Ri- 12941. Berlamlieri X Riparia

paria Ul-A. 157-11.

97

120 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

12940 to 12957 — Continued.

12942. Berlandieri X Riparia 12950. Riparia X Cordifolia-

420-B. Rupestrh 106-8.

12943. Berlandieri Lafont No. 9. 12951. Riipeslris X Berlandieri

^. . T. • X . T> , ■ SOl-37-15'^.

12944. BourtsquoH X Rnpestrts

3907. 12952. Riparia Colorado.

12945. Carignane X Rupestris 12953. Solonis X Riparia 1615.

603.

12954. Vialla.

12946. Riparia X Rupestris-Ar- 12955. Aramon X Riparia

anion- Jaeger ^01. j ^3~A

12947. Riparia Ramon. 12956. Cinerea-Rupestris X Ri-

12948. Rupestris Mission. paria 239.

12949. Riparia Graml Glabre X 12957. Riparia X Rupestris 108-

Aramon-Rupestris4110. 103.

12958. Ipomoea sp.

From Cuba. Received thru Prof. P. H. Rolfs, Subtropical Laboratorj^ Miami,
Fla., February 23, 1905.

Seeds of a variety of Ipomciea that is found in Cuba. Said to have yellow flowers.

12959. (Undetermined.) Matundulaku.

From Eureka City, Transvaal. Presented by A. T. Metoalf, esq., thru Hon.
W. Stanley HolHs, United States consul, Louren^o Marquez, Portuguese East
Africa. Received February 23, 1905.

"Evidently a plum-like fruit with a very large stone and little meat." {Fairchild.)

12960. Garcinia livingstonei. Pimbe.

From Louren(,o Marquez, Portuguese East Africa. Presented by Hon. W. Stanley
Hollis, United States consul. Received February 23, 1905.

12961. Hydrangea scandens.

From Philadelphia, Pa. Received thru Thomas Meehan & Sons, February 23,
1905.

12962. (I'ndetermined.)

From Lourenc;o Marquez, Portuguese East Africa. Presented by Hon. W. Stanley
Hollis, United States consul. Received February 23, 1905.

A Lourengo Marquez fruit tree.

12963 to 12970.

From Philadelphia, Pa. Received thru W. A. Burpee & Co., February 17, 1905.

Flower seeds for stock purposes.

12971 to 12987.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru J. M. Thorburn & Co., February 17, 1905.
Flower seeds for stock purposes.

12988. Antirrhinum majus. Snapdragon.

From Fairfield, Wash. Received thru Mr. E. H. Morrison, January 3, 1905.

12989. Cosmos bipinnatus. Cosmos.

From Santa Clara, Cal. Received thru C. C. Morse & Co., January U), 1905.
97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 121

12990. KOCHIA SCOPARIA.

From IVtroit, Mii'h. Received thru Mr. William McRohbie, ^anlemT of the
ralimr I'ark (iardeiis, November 7, 1904.

12991. Mei)U'A(;o 8.\tiva. Alfalfa.
From Plxcelsior, Minn. Ileceived thru .Mr. A. B. Lyman, February 24, 1905.

Grimm. A varietv attraetiuK attention in the Northwest. (See Bulletin (press).
No. 20, l^niversity'Exp. Sta., St. Anthony Park, Minn., March, 1904, on Hardy
Alfalfa in Minnesota.)

12992. Medk Aco sativa. Alfalfa.
From Bassorah, Arabia. Secured thru H. P. Chalk, esq., American consular

agent. Received February 27, 1905.
"From preliminary tests of this alfalfa, made from a previous importation, under
S. P. I. No. 8800, it seems prol)able that this particular strain will make a more rapid
growth than the ordinary varieties cultivated in this country and may prove espe-
cially valuable for certain regions in southern California and Arizona. These pre-
liminary experiments have been carried on at the Pomona substation in California,
where this variety, together with tlie ordinary and the Turkestan varieties, i)lanted
side by side at the same time, exhibited most unusual rapidity of growth." {Fair-
child. )

12993. HoRDEUM DisTicnuM NUTANS. Two-row barley.

From ]\Iinneiska, Minn. Received thru Mr. H. L. Whitman, February 23, 1905.
Hanna.

12994. Anemone alpina sulphurea.

From Carsethorn, Dumfries, Scotland. Presented by Mr. Samuel Arnott.
Received February 25, 1905.

12995 and 12996. Pinguicula spp.

From ^Mexico. Presented by Dr. J. N. Rose. Received February 15, 1905.
12995. PiNGUicuL.v sp. 12996. Pinguicula cauduta.

12997. Sprekelia formosissima.

From Mexico. Presented by Dr. J. N. Rose. Received February 15, 1905.

"This is an old garden favorite, but is especially interesting, as it comes from the
high mountains of central INIexico. The home of this species is usually given as
South America or Guatemala. Only one species of Sprekelia is recognized by J. G.
Baker and other writers on this group, but there are certainly two, if not more, very
distinct species. This plant has flowered in Washington several times. The flowers
are large, nearly 4 inches long, and deep crimson, it differs only slightly from
descrii)tions. The bulb s«ales are black, not brown, as usually given. Bulbs were
collected in a shallow mountain swamp of central Mexico in 1903 (No. 813)."
( Rose. )

12998 and 12999. Punica granatUxM. Pomegranate.

From Degach (El Oudiaue), Tunis. Received thru Mr. T. H. Kearney, March

7, 1905.

12998. Gabsi.

A variety having large, pale-red fruit. "The Gabsi is very likely the same
'variety from Gabes,' of which I sent cuttings (S. P. I. No. 12566) in December

from Susa. ' ' ( Kearney. )

12999. Tanisi.

"A variety smaller than the preceding and having deep-red fruit. Both
varieties were obtained at Degach (El Oudiane), the oasis of the Jerid most
renowned for its pomegranates, oranges, and olives, while Tozer is celebrated
for its figs. These are the two most widely grown kinds here (Tozer). The
pomegranates of Gafsa are even more celebrated." {Kearney.)

D7

122 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13000. Brassica OI.ERACEA BOTRYTis. Cauliflowcr.

From Copenhagen, Denmark. Received thru Mr. A. Hansen, 8ee<lsiuan, Feb-
ruary 27, 1905.

Dwarf Krfiut.

13001. Lycopersigum esculentum. Tomato.

From Danville, Ky. Received fioni jNIrs. W. B. Thomas, thru Mr. H. Giovan-
noli, of the United States Treasury Department, March 1, 1905.

Sample of tomato seed grown from seed distributed by the Department of Agricul-
ture in 1891.

13002 to 13006. Citrus hyb.

From Glen St. Mary, Fla. Propagated l)y Mr. G. L. Taber, for distribution by
the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution. Received Decem-
ber 16, 1904.
Hybrid citrus fruits developed by Dr. H. J. Webber, in charge of the Department
Plant Breeding Lalioratory. Of these hybrids two are called hardy and two are
tender. None are true oranges except the two tangerines, Wef^haH and Trimble.
The hardy varieties constitute a new group designated by Doctor Weljber as citranges.
They are the ]\usk and the Wiliits.

The fifth of the lot is a repre.sentative of a new group called the "tangelo," being
a hybrid between the tangerine and the pomelo. The variety has been called the
Samp^o)).

Doctor Webber descriVx's the varieties as follows:

13002.

The Rusk citrange (P. B. No. 716) is a hybrid between the common sweet
orange (female parent) and the trifoliate orange (male parent). The tree
resembles that of the trifoliate orange in character, liaving trifoliate leaves
which are much larger than those of the ordinary trifoliate. It is very pro-
ductive and bears a small fruit alxnit 2 to 2h inches in diameter, which is
somewhat similar to the tangerine. The fruit is nearly seedless, having only
one seed to two fruits, and is very juicy, yielding a much larger quantity of
juice than the best lemons of the same size. It makes a very pleasant
citrangeade, and can be used for making pies, marmalades, jellies, and for
other culinary purposes. Eaten with sugar, it is a very desirable breakfast
fruit.

13003.

The WiJlits citrange (P. B. No. 777) is a hybrid between the trifoliate orange
(female parent) and the common sweet orange (male parent), lieing thus the
reciprocal hybrid of the Husk citrange. The tree, as in the case of the Rusk,
is similar to the trifoliate, but with nnieh larger leaves, and it is semi-evergreen.
The fruit is nearly seedless, having an average of only one seed to about four
fruits. The fruit is sliglitly larger than the Rusk, the largest being about 2i
inches in diameter. The pulp is of a different color from the Rusk, being a
lemon yellow. The flavor is also much more acid. The fruit is valuable for
making citrangeade, pies, marmalades, jellies, and for other culinary purposes.
It is too acid to be eaten out of hand.

13004.

This is one of our new hybrid citrus fruits, produced l)y crossing the tanger-
ine and pomelo. The fruit differs from either ])arent, l)ut combines the quali-
ties of both. Differing from any other type of citrus fruit, it has been referred
to a new group termed the "tangelo" group, and this jiarticular variety has
been designated the Sam) )sun. The "Sampson tangelo" (P. B. No. 1316)
forms a tree resembling in all essential characters the ordinary orange, and is
as easily injured by cold. The fruit is about the size of the navel orange but
of lighter color, being intermediate in size and color l)etween the tangerine
and pomelo. The flavor is sprightly aci<l, like the grapefruit, but with a slight
suggestion of the bitter of that fruit. A striking and highly desirable char-
acteristic is its easily removaljle rind, derived from the tangerine j)arent, so
that it miglit be called a "kid-glove" pomelo. It is a tender tree and adajited
to distribution in the present citrus-growing regions of Florida and California.

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 123

13002 to 13006 -Continued.

13005 and 13006. New tuDgeriue oranges.

No. i;!0()5 (I* 15. No. 028) has hern named the II ('s/(ar<, and No. i:WO() (P. W.
No. 627) Jias heen named tlic Trimhlc.

A large number of hybritls liave been made in the course of the investijra-
tions between the taiif^erine ami various varieties of the sweet orange, witli
the object of prochicing an orange having the quahty and character of the
sweet orange with the loose, easily removable rind of the tangerine. Among
the different hybrids which have thus far fruited, two have produced fruits
which in all respects resemble true tangerines but are two Aveeks earlier than
the earliest tangerines, and are larger, richer in color, and of rather superior
quality.

13007 to 13026.

From Philadelpliia, Pa. Received thru Henry A. Dreer (Incorporated), Feb-
ruary 2S, 1905.

A collection of flower seeds to be grown for stock. •

13027 to 13034. Solaxum tuberosum. Potato.

From Auehtermuchty, Scotland. Received thru Prof. L. R. Jones, of the Ver-
mont Exi)eriment Station, INIarch ."J, U>05.

A collection of European potatoes for breeding purposes, as follows:
13027.

BrUis^li Queen. (L. R. Jones's No. 43.) Originated by Findlay. Second
early; white skin and flesh; kidney; quality rejjuted excellent and yield good.
" Best second early in cultivation in England ti)-(lay," act'ording to one high
authority. ^Ir. Findlay elaims that it is highly diseasi' resisting, but others
do not so consider it. Especially commended for trial in Florida, etc.

13028.

Royal Kidney. (L. R. Jones's No. 44. ) Originated by Findlay, 1901. Late
second early; white; ijuality excellent; yield good. Mr. Findlay claims this
to be one of the hardiest disease-resisting varieties he has sent out. Com-
mended for trial both in the North and South, as well as in Colorado.

13029.

Empire Kidney. (L. R. Jones's No. 45.) One of Findlay 's recent varieties,
and especially recommended by him as disease resisting and worthy of trial.
Heavy yielder; good quality; said to be best on fertile loam. Selected espe-
cially for trial in the North and West, rather than in the South.

13030.

Ecergood. (L. R. Jones's No. 46.) Originated and sent out by Findlay,
about 1899. Medium late; white; oval; higli quality; heavy cropper. Char-
acterized by prolonged autumnal growth if the season favors. Commended
by Mr. Findlay and others as disease resisting. Selected especially for trial in
the North and West.

13031.

Goodfellow. (L. R. Jones's No. 47. ) Originated by Mr. Findlay. Medium
late; white skin and flesh; round; quality fine; yield good. Characterized by
Mr. Findlay and others as disease resisting. Selected esiiecially for trial in
the North and West.

13032.

Up-to-Daie. (L. R. Jones's No. 48. ) One of Findlay's varieties sent out
many years ago and now one of the standard main crop varieties of p]ngland.
Commended as still in a fair degree disease resisting, altho past its prime in
this respect. Medium late; white; excellent (juality; strong yielder. Com-
mended especially for trial in the North and West. .

97

124 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13027 to 13034 — Continued.
13033.

XoiiJicrn Star. (L. R. Jones's No. 49.) Medium late; white; round;
(juality and yield reputed excellent. One of Mr. Findlay's most promising
recent introductions (first sent out in 1902). He says "the most disease-
resisting potato I have ever known." Some others who have tried it are less
optimistic as to this. Commended especially for trial in the North and West.

13034.

Eldorado. (L. R. Jones's No. 50.) Findlay's introduction (1903), and the
most advertised potato in England to-day. Sold last year at rate of £200
sterling per pound weight. Medium late; white; elongated oval. Reputed
of high quality and yield. Connnended mo.st highly by Mr. Findlay as dis-
ease resisting, but some others who have watched it are less hopeful of any
remarkable characteristics in this direction.

13035 to 13076. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Formosa. Presented by the Agricultural Department of the Formosan
Government, thru i\Ir. Fred. Fisher, United States consul at Tamsui, Formosa.
Received March 2, 1905.

The first 20 numbers of this collection are "first crop" and the remainder are
"second-crop" samples.

13035. Chkng Yu.

From Kirai Sho, Kokansho Seichuri, Ako Prefecture. Clayish soil.

13036. Pel Cham.

From Shinsho Shisho, Daichikuri, Hozan Prefecture. Sandy clay soil.

13037. Chieng Yu.

From Saikosho, Koryngairi, Hozan Prefecture. Sandy clay soil.

13038. 0 Kaku.

From Ryosan jusho, Rankoho, Taichu Prefecture. Sandy soil.

13039. no ToaHoe.

From Sankaitsusho, Emmukaho, Shoka Prefecture. Sandy soil.

13040. 0 KaktL

Frmii Kibansho Kochokuho; Taihoku Prefecture. Clayish soil.

13041. Kuai Kan Otoira.

From Gynhosho, Chikuhoku Itsupo, Shinchiku Prefecture. Sandy soil.

13042. Pel Bei Fun.

From Dorawan Sho, Bioritsu Prefecture. Sandy soih

13043. Sam Sai.

From Shinsho, Hokutoho, Nan to Prefecture. Sandy soil.

13044. 0 Cham Ko.

From Tosei Kosho, Dabyo Nanho, Kagi Prefecture. Sandy soil.

13045. PaTeiDon.

From Chuhosho Kagi Toho, Kagi Prefecture. Clayish soil.

13046. Xnn Key.

From Chinshi, Manrikisho, Enzanho, Gilan Prefecture. Sandy soil.

13047. An Ka Tsu.

From Saikosho, Koryngairi, Hozan Prefecture. Sandy clay.

13048. PeiGyaNun.

From Ryo Sanjusho, Rankoho, Taichu Prefecture. Sandy soil.
97

DECEMBER, 1003, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 125

13035 to 13076 — Continued.

13049. Check Sheij.

From Kokaslio Shiran Sanipo, Taihoku Prefecture. Lavitic inixt with
clayish soil.

13050. Jijijxjn 7'sv/.

l'"n>in (iynlioshu, Chiknho, ItsuiM), Shiiicliikn Prefecture. Sandy soil.

13051. B(i)i IIoi:

From Lanrisho, Bioritsu Niho, Bioritsu Prefecture. Sandy soil.

13052. /v;.

From Ilorishagai, Ilorishaho, Nanto Prefecture. Clayish soil.

13053. I^'iH Ifoc Txii.

Prom Shanshi Kyakusho, Dabyo Nanho. Kagi Prefecture. Sand and loam.

13054. Ban Jloe.

From Iketsusho, Shiiho, Gilan Prefecture. Clayish soil.

13055. Tsii Plan.

From Kaihosho, Seichuri, Akoku, Ako Prefecture. Sandy soil.

13056. Pa Ckiam.

From Shintosen Sho, Seikari, Hozan Tsuku, Hozan Prefecture. Sandy soil.

13057. O Katit.

From Gokosho, Daichikuri, Hozan Prefecture. Sandy clay.

13058. Pel Kaku.

From Hyoshitoyo Daimokukori, Tainan Prefecture. Sandy soil.

13059. Go Ki Tma.

From Horishagai, Horishoho, Nanto Prefecture. Clayish soil.

13060. (> Kak'.i.

From Nantogai, Nantoho, Nanto Prefecture. Clayish soil.

13061. U Kyo.

From Nantogai, Nantoho, Nanto Prefecture. Clayish soil.

13062. Shun Tsui Ban.

From Sotosho, Hokutoho, Nanto Prefecture. Clayish soil.

13063. Slti Kill T.mi.

From Shikyotosho, Shushuho, Nanto Prefecture. Clayish soil.

13064. Chlno.

From Shikyotosho, Shushuho, Nanto Prefecture. Clayish soil.

13065. 0 Ka Hoe Rai.

From Dakusuisho, Sarenkaho, Nanto Prefecture. Clayish soil.

13066. Ban Na.

From Shinsho, Hokutoho, Nanto Prefecture. Clayish soil.

13067. Chien Yu.

From Shinkogai, Siiho, Kagi Prefecture. Clayish soil.

13068. 0 Kau.

From Chuhosho, Kagiho, Kagi Prefecture. Clayish soil.

13069. Toa Tsu.

From Boryo, Boryosho, Tokari, Ako Prefecture. Loamy soil.

13070. Toa Tm.

From Shinsho Shisho, Daichikuri, Hozan Prefecture. Sandy clay soil.

97

126 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13035 to 13076 — Continued.

13071. Pei Tsu.

From Gokosho, Daichikuri, Hozan Prefecture. Sandy clay soil.

13072. ChaAh Tsu.

From Sankai Tsusho, Emmukaho, Shoka Prefecture. Sandy soil.

13073. Tao Ro.

From Shojiboknko, Naisho Shisho, Gai Shinka Nanri, Tainan Prefecture.
Clayisli soil.

13074. Hon Hoe.

From Nairokusho, Nantoho, Nanto Prefecture. Clayish soil.

13075. Gija Loon.

From Nairokusho, Nantoho, Nanto Prefecture. Clayish soil.

13076. Fei Tsu.

From Kobo Suido, Dabyo Nanho, Kagi Prefecture. Sandy soil.

. Note.— In the above list, Nos. 13035 to 13046 and 13055 to 13068 were marked
" Ori/zd iaiUs.nma," while Nos. 13047 to 13054 and 13069 to 13076 were labeled
' ' Ori/zu glutinosa. "

13077. KOCHIA SCOPARIA.

From Takoma Park, D. C. Grown by Mr. A. J. Pieters during the season of 1904
for stock purposes.

13078. Agaricus sp. Mushroom.

From Tokyo, Japan. Received thru Mr. T. Watase, president of the Tokyo
Plant, Seed, and Implement Company, March 7, 1905.

''Shiitake." "Spawn of the ediblespecies of Japanesemushroom, which is cultivated
on an immense scale in the forests of Japan. It is a tree-inhabiting fungus and the
Japanese have developed a special svstem of culture by means of which they can
produce innnense quantities at little expense. This sjxiwn was introduced especially
for the experiments of Dr. B. M. Duggar, of the Agricultural Expernnent Station,
Columbia, Mo., and is well worth calling to the attention of the mushroom growers
of America, who should be given a chance to test this in comparison with the ordi-
nary .1. cdinpestn.'^, which is grown almost exclusively on beds of manure. This
variety of Agaricus is keenly relished, not only by Japanese but by Europeans living
in Japan." {Fairchild.)

13079. GossYPiuM sp. Cotton.

From Louren^o Marquez, East Africa. Presented by Hon. W. Stanley Hollis,
United States consul. Received March 3, 1905.
"From the slopes of the Lebombo Mountains, in the district of Louren^-o Marquez."

{HoIUs.)

13080 to 13083. Ipomoea hederacea. Japanese morning-glory.

From Yokohama. Japan. Received thru the Yokohama Nursery Company,
March 6, 1805.

13080. Common single. 13082. Giant.

13081. Double. 13083. Single fringed.

13084. Sechium edule. Chayote.

From iSIayaguez, P. R. Received thru Mr. O. W. P,arrett, of the Agricultural
Experiment Station, March 8, 1905.
Fruits secured from Mr. S. van L. Lippitt, of Mayaguez, P. R.
97

DECEMBER, IW.), TO DECEMBER, 1905. 127

13085. Xaxthosoma sagittifolium. Yautia.

From Mayaguez, P. K. Received thru Mr. (). W. Barrett, (.f the Agricultural
Experiment Station, Februai-y 27, 1905.

RolUza. Tultersof tlieiiative Porto Kii-aii Yautia "No. 1," from selectetl plant;^
showing no yign of any fungous disease and growing in new soil. (For deserii)tion,
see No. 15417.)

13086. CoLOCASiA sp. Taro.

From Mayaguez, P. \i. Received thru Mr. < ). W. P.arn'tt, of the Agricultural
Experiment Station, February 27, 1905.

Tu])ers of the Dashrcn Colocasia from Trinidad, Hritish West Indies. (For descrij)-
tion, see No. 15895. )

13087. Pyrus malus. Apple.

From Aniassia, Asia Elinor. Presented by Mr. II. Caramanian. Received
March 11, 1905.

MIskrt. " A\'e found it to be a sweet apple of very firm texture and of rather ordi-
nary quality. We do not consider it equal in (|uality to such varieties as Ladi/ .SVrrf,
Wliili'i- Pdradue, Victorlti, (ireen Suri't, or Tolni'iu. It may have value for warm
climates, however, and on this account I think it would be well to i)lace scions of it
for fruiting as quickly as possible ))y top-working on bearing trees at some represent-
ative southern points." (W.A.Taylor.)

13088. Allium (^epa. Onion,

From Santa Clara, Cal. Received thru C. C. Morse & Co., March 15, 1905.
(Jrown from S. P. I. No. 9318.

13089. Rheum officinale. Rhubarb.

From Paris, France. Received thru Vilmorin-Andrieux <k Co., March 15, 1905.

13090. AVENA SATIVA. Oat.

From Lincoln, Nebr. Received thru Prof. T. L. Lyon, Agricultural Experiment
Station, March 10, 1905.

Klierso)).

13091. AvENA SATIVA. Oat.

From Brandon, Wis. Received thru Mr. F. E. Jones, March 16, 1905.

Sicedish Select. Grown from S. P. I. No. 2788. In the spring of 1899 Mr. David
Jones, Brandon, Wis., planted an ounce of No. 2788. Thirty-two seeds grew, and
from this little plot he and his neighbors raised 200,000 bushels of oats in 1904.

13092. Agropyron tenerum. Slender wheat-grass.

From Brandon, Manitoba. Received thru A. E. McKenzie & Co., March 16,
1905.

13093. Rheum palmatum tanghuiticum. Rhubarb.

From Paris, France. Received thru Messrs. Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., March
17, 1905.

13094. GossYPiUM HiRSUTUM. Cotton.

From Guatemala. Received thru Mr. O. F. Cook, March 17, 1905.

Rabimd. "Cultivated by the Quiche Indians of Rabinal and other neighboring
places of the dry plateau region of central Guatemala. A variety of the Upland
type, grown as an annual crop, tho really a perennial. The stalks are cut back to

97

128 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

the ground every year. The new shoots set flowers and fruit with great promptness,
which, with the assistance of the native turkeys, enable a crop to be secured in spite
of the presence of the boll weevil.

"This varietv may be of interest in southern and southwestern Texas, either as a
perennial or aii annual. Even in the first year it is likely to be an early-maturing
sort." {Cook.) (No. 1.)

13095. GossYPiUM HiRSUTUM. Cotton.

From Guatemala. Received thru Mr. O. F. Cook, March 17, 1905.

Kekchi. "Grown by the Indians at »Secanquim, Cajabon district, Alta Vera Paz,
Guatemala, the original locality of the weevil-eating keleps. This variety is of dwarf
habit. It l^egins fruiting while still very young, and matures a crop in six months
even in a humid tropical climate Avhere other kinds of cotton would probably require
a much longer time. It is expected that in the United States this will prove to be
an extra-early variety, tho two or three years of acclimatization may be required.
Of the varieties now'in the United States'the Kekchi cotton most nearly resembles
the Kinr/, but it seems to posse.ss the desirable qualities of that variety to an even
greater degree and the lint is longer and of better quality." ( Vook. ) (No. 2. )

13096. GossYPiUM HIRSUTUM. Cotton.

From the market of Coban, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala. Received thru Mr. O. F.
Cook, March 17, 1905.

"Supposed to have been grown in the valley of the Polochic River. Probably
similar to the Kekchi cotton, tho the Indians "belong to another tribe." {Cook.)
(No. 3.)

13097. GossYPiUM HIRSUTUM. Cotton.

From Retalhuleu, Guatemala. Received thru Mr. W. R. Maxon, March 17,
1905.

Pachon. " The variety most extensively grown in the western part of Guatemala,
where a considerable cotton industry exists. ISIr. Maxon was informed that this
varietv was originally introduced into Guatemala from Peru, but an examination of
speciniens shows that it is an Upland form similar to the Kekchi cotton and with the
same weevil-resisting adaptations. It is said to mature a crop in five months."
{Cook.) (No. 4.)

13098. GossYPiUM HIRSUTUM. Cotton.

From Retalhuleu, Guatemala. Received thru 3Ir. W. R. Maxon, March 17,
1905.

Ixcacco. "A brown cotton of the Upland type, similar to the brown form of the
Kekchi cotton. The cotton brings the same price as the Pachon and is thought to
have a stronger lint." {Maxon.) (No. 5.)

13099. GossYPiUM HIRSUTUM. Cotton.

From Retalhuleu, Guatemala. Received thru ]\Ir. W. R. IMaxon, Marcli 17,
1905.

"Seeds of a supposed hybrid between Pachon and Ixcacco cotton. A single boll of
this type was found on a "plant the other bolls of which were white and apparently
pure Pac/ion." {Ma.ion.) (No. 6.)

13100. GossYPiUM HIRSUTUM. Cotton.

From Retalhuleu, Guatemala. Received thru 'Sir. W. R. Maxon, March 17,
1905.

"A smooth-seeded variation of Pac/ion cotton said to occur sporadically in the fields
of the hairv-seeded form. The fiber is said to be not quite so long as the regular
Pachon. This form is popularly believed to be that originally cultivated by the
Indians in this locality." {Ma.vo7i.) (No. 7.)

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

129

13101. (ioSSYPUM IlIHSUTUM. CottOn.

From Ciu-aiiliu, near Tucura, (Guatemala. KiTt-ivfil tliru Mr. (>. F. diok, Marcli
17, 1905.
"A cotton similar to Kekchi grown in the valley of Polochic Kiver." (Cook.)
(No. 8.)

13102. Mesembkyanthemum geminatum (?).

From Sfax, Tunis. Received thru :Mr. T. II. Kearney, ^lanli 17, 1905.

" C'uttin<is of a varietv of MesenibryantlieniUMi that ii^ u^-ed for niakin); lawns on
land that i.s so alkaline'that deposits of white alkali may he seen heneath the mat of
the plant. I Ijelieve this will be valuable as a cover for alkaline soils." ( FairchUd. )

13103. Cakica papaya. Papaw.

From Ksmeraldas, Ecuador. Presented by ^Nlr. (ieorge D. Iledian. Received
March 10, 1905.

13104. Aleukites cordata. Tung-shu or wood-oil tree.

From Hankow. China. IVesented by Consul-(;< m ral 1,. S. Wilcox ami ercix.-d
at Chico, Cal., March IS, 1905.

"The fruitof this tree is the source of "wood oil," which is being imported in large
quantities by this conntrv, where it is u.sed in the manufacture of jiaints, fine var-
nishes, and soaps. The trie itself is of stately appi arance, with gret n, smooth 1 ark
and spreading branches, making it one of the finest of ^ade trees. It has 1 ccn
styled, and worthilv so, "the national tree of ("hina." The Tung-shu llounshes
thVuout tlic Yaiiiit/e Vallev in latitudt 25° to 34° N. It is said not to l)ear when
'subjected lo temperatures as low as 2l.° F., altho it will stand any degree of heat.
The trees are raised from seed in a be<l and transplanted wlien al)out a foot high,
and seem to do well in almost any kind of soil. The Tung-shu is also proi>agated
by cuttings. It is a rapid grower" an<l v,ii! come into bearing in from three to six
years, much .lepeiiding upon the fertility of the soil. The yield of nuts from an
average tree mav l>e init at anywhere frou'i 20 to 50 pounds, while the percentage of
oil obtained from the nut is 4o" per cent. The Chinese lind a great manv other uses
for the oil of this tree; also f(jr its wt.od and the refu>e from the wood oil nut after
extraction of the oil. Persons growing the wood oil t;ee should be cautioned against
allowing the oil to come in contact with the skin, as it is extremely poisonous."
( Wilcox. )

13105. SoLANUM COMMERSONI. Aquatic potato.

From Burlington, Vt. Presented by Prof. William Stuart, Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, thru Mr. W. A. Orton. Received March 21, 1905.

13106. LiLiuM hyl). Lily.

Seedlings resulting from pollinating flowers of IJlimn lotujijlorvm eximhim rjigavteum
(S. P. I. No. 1158;})'with IJ/iiu,, han-i'<i'. Crossing done by -Mr. G. W. Oliver in
the Department greenhouse during 1904.

13107. Papaver somxiferum. I*oppy-

From Philadelphia, Pa. Received thru Powers, Weightman & Rosengarter,
Marcli 21, 1905.
Opium seed from Asia Minor.

13108 to 13115. Rosa h} b. Rose.

From Sawbridgewortli, Herts, England. Received thru Thomas Rivers & Son,
The Nurseries, March 2.3, 1905.

13108. Coimid F. Meyer.

13109. Fimbriata.

13110. Mrs. Anthovy Waterer.

13111. Hose Apples.

13112. Souv. de Christoplie Cochet.

13113. Blanche de Coubert.

13114. Thusuelda.

13115. Re pens Alba.

7217— No. 97-07-

-9

130 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13116 to 13129. Rosa hyb. Rose.

From Herts, England. Received from William Paul & Son, Waltham Cross,
March 23, 1905.

13116. Etoile de France. 13123. Belle Poitevine.

13117. Countess Cairns. 13124. Blanc Double de Coubert.

13118. Earl of Wa nncl: 13125. Caloca rpa .

13119. Irene. 13126. Chedane Gumoisseau.

13120. Mrs. A. Bi/nss. 13127. Mercedes.

13121. America. 13128. Neiv Century.

13122. Atropurpurea. 13129. Eugosn Regliana.

13130 and 13131. Castanea spp. Chestnut.

Received from :\Ir. T. E. Steele, Palmyra, X. Y., March 24, 1905.

13130. Castaxia CKENATA. Seedling Japanese chestnut.

13131. Castaxia SATiVA. Seedling Spanish chestnut.

13132. (Undetermined.) Matondo.

From Melsetter, Rhodesia, South Africa. Presented by Mr. W. M. Longden.
. Received :March 23, 1905.

A fruit by the name of "Matondo," described by Mr. Longden as follows: "The
tree is a large, evergreen one, casting a dense shade. It grows to a height of about
60 feet, has a si)rea<ling habit, and is a prolific bearer. Fruit oval in shape, with a
smooth skin and faint veins; color when ripe, yellow; dark green when unripe.
Size up to 3 inches by 2 inches in diameter. Peel tough and thick, not edible;
exudes milkv fluid, very bitter and distasteful. Flesh edible, jelly-like in appear-
ance, sweet and pleasant to taste. It grows in the Sabi Valley principally, at an
altitude of about 1,800 feet, where the climate is very warm and there is compara-
tively no frost."

"This fruit should be experimented with in Porto Rico, Hawaii, and southern Cali-
fornia. ' ' ( Fairckild. )

13133. ViTis sp. Grape.

From Algeria, North Africa. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut and forwarded by
.Mr. T. H. Kearney. Received March 27, 1905.
Boufurik (table). A desert- resistant grape.

13134. Agaricus sp. ( () Mushroom.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received thru Yokohama Nursery Company, ?tlarch
27, 1905.

13135. Garcinia MAXGOSTANA. Mangosteen.

From Buitenzorg, Java. Received thru Doctor Treub, March 24, 190^

13136 to 13142.

From :Melsetter, Rhodesia, South Africa. Presented by Mr. W. :\I. Longden.
Received March 27, 1905.

A collection of fruit trees, with descriptions by :Mr. Longden, as follows:

13136. (Undetermined.) Ivory nut.

"It (the. nut) grows on a palm tree, which sometimes reaches a height of
60 feet. Tlie natives eat the spongy substance between the skin and kernel.
The vegetable ivory is, I think, an "article of connnerce."

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, I'JOo. . 131

13136 to 13142— Continued.

13137. Anona sp. Custard-apple.

"Edible. Tree very imu-h rest>inblt'9 tho doinestic variety; fruit lias u
delightful Havor."

13138. Fici'ssp. Fig.

"Edible. Grows on the river banks. These have a sweet Havor. There
is also another variety larger, i)erhaps, than any domestic tig. They are com-
paratively flavorless. "

13139. (Undetermined.) "Wild plum."

"Edible. Tree very similar to your persimmon. Natives also eat the ker-
nel, which has a luitty flavor with a touch of almond, and contains a large
percentiige of oil, which the natives extract."

13140. EuPHORBi.v sp. (?). "Footah."

"Fruit is used by the natives for making a i)leasant drink by soaking the
ripe seeds in water, which turns milky when stirred. Seeils are also crusht
for oil, of which they contain a large quantity. Tree grows to a height of
about 50 feet; den.se, "sliiny, dark-green foliage giving immense sha<le."

13141. (Undetermined.) "Mutwzwa."

"Edible. Flavor somewhat similar to damson. Grows in stony ground;
bush about 7 feet in height."

13142. (Undetermined.) "Eecha."

"Species of nut. May be eaten raw, but is usually roasted by the natives.
It is only to supplement food supplies in lean years."

13143 to 13153. Zea may!s. Sweet corn.

First generation from R. P. I. Nos. 125ri7 and 1255S. Distributed during the
season of 1U05 for further trial to test the effects of soil, location, etc.

13143 to 13147. Sloirell's Evergreen. Grown from S. P. I. No. 12557.

13143. Received from Prof. J. C. Whitten, Columbia, Mo., February,

1905.

13144. Received from Mr. J. C. Robinson, Waterloo, Nebr., Febru-

ary, 1905.

13145. Received from Prof. R. A. Emerson, Lincoln, Nebr., February,

1905.

13146. Grown on the Arlington Farm during the summer of 1904.

13147. Received from A. Mitchelson & Son, Tariffville, Conn., Feb-

ruary, 1905.

13148 to 13153. Early Crosby. Grown from S. P. I. No. 12558.

13148. Received from Prof. C. P. Ball, Minneapolis, Minn., February,

1905.

13149. Received from Prof. R. A. Emerson, Lincoln, Nebr., .Febru-

ary, 1905.

13150. Received from A. Mitchelson & Son, Tariffville, Conn., Feb-'

ruary, 1905.

13151. Received from Mr. J. C. Robinson, Waterloo, Nebr., Febru-

ary, 1905.

13152. Received from Prof. J. C. Whitten, Columbia, Mo., February,

1905.

13153. Grown on the Arlington Farm during the summer of 1904.

13154. PiSTACiA .sp. Pistache.

From Aintab, Turkey. Presented by Rev. A. Fuller thru Mr. Walter T. Swingle.
Received March 27, 1905,

97

132

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13155. Rhus copallina.

Sumac.

From Austin, Tex. Presented by Mr. F. T. Ramsey. Received March 27, 1905.

I

13156 to 13158.

From Amassia, Turkev. Presented by Mr. H. Caramanian. Received March

29, 1905.

13156. Pyrus malus. Apple.

13157. Prunus domestica. Plum.
Urydny. (See S. P. I. No. 10526.)

13158. Cydonia sp. Q,uince.

Adjem.

13159 to 13236. Iridaceae.

From Yokohama, Japan
25, 1905.

13159 to 13226. Iris kaempferi

Received tliru Suzuki & lida, New York, N. Y., March

Iris.

13159.

Gi'kkd-rto-nam'i.

13160.

Sh isli l-odori.

13161.

Kumoma-no-sora.

13162.

Kumo-no-ohi.

13163.

Ho-o-jo.

13164.

Gei-sho-ui.

13165.

Sofu-no-koi.

13166.

Manadsuru.

13167.

Ilana-no-nishiki.

13168.

Yomo-uo-umi.

13169.

Meiran.

13170.

Kuma-funjin.

13171.

Taiheiraku.

13172.

Hana-aoi.

13173.

Uchiu.

13174.

Osho-kun.

13175.

Shippo.

13176.

Kumo-isho.

13177.

Kiji-no-megumi.

13178.

Kumo-no-uije.

13179.

Yezo-nishiki.

13180.

Sh isJt i-ikari.

13181.

OnUja-shima.

13182.

Sano-watashi .

13183.

Yedo-jiman.

13184.

Senjo-no-hora.

13185.

0-torigc.

13186.

Shiraiaki.

13187.

SIi'u/a-)io-uranami.

13188.

KagarUA.

13189.

Kusui-no-iro.

13190.

Koniochi-guma.

13191.

Kakujakuro.

13192.

Momiji-no-taki.

13193.

ShicJiiukira.

13194.

Yedo-kagami.

13195.

Uji-no-hotaru.

13196.

Shiinoyo-no-tcm ki.

13197.

Tsurugi-no-mai.

13198.

Iso-iio-nami.

13199.

Oi/odo.

13200.

Bandai-no-narni.

13201.

Wakamurasaki.

13202.

Kgodaisav.

13203.

Kigan-no-mlsao.

13204.

Koki-no-iro.

13205.

Samidore.

13206.

Tora odori.

13207.

Tsuru - 110- k egoro-

mo.

13208.

Datedogu.

13209.

Agase-gaiva.

13210.

ITo-dai.

13211.

N>shik,i-hitone.

13212.

mnbi.

13213.

lit'njo-no-tmna.

13214.

Yomo-zukura.

13215.

Sliii/e-no-yuki.

13216.

Am-k(igitra.

13217.

Sinnida-gawa.

97

DECEMBER, 1003, TO DECEMnER, 1905.

133

13159 to 13236— Continued.
13159 to 13226— C'unliiiued.
13218. Tsulm-izulm.
13219.
13220.
13221.
13222.
13227 to 13235
13227.

Jiinpo.

CMtose-dsiwu.
Risho-no-lama.
Kasu-gnno.
Iris spp.

luiS ALHO-I'l'RPU-
KEA.

13228. luis Ai.iio-i'iKi'i-
i{i: A.

li;iS ItAI'llloLKI'IS.

13229
13230

13236.

Iris raimhoi.kim.s
varikcata.

i;i;i,A.MCAM>A I'l NCTATA.

13223. Asa-gusumi.

13224. Fuki-ijose.

13225. Ooko-iio-axohl.

13226. VaiiKilo-ziikdsn.

Iris.

13231. Iris cracii.ii'Ks.

13232. Iris siiurha.

13233. Iris laicvkiata.

13234. Iris LAKVUiATA

SKMI'HRFLOUKNS.

13235. Iris lAKVHiATA

ALU A.

Alfalfa.

13237. Mhdicauo sativa.

From Chinook, Mont. Received tlini tlio Thomas O'Hanlon Company, Marcli
80, 1905. Grown by George Davidson, near Chinook, in Milk River Valley,
under irrifzation.

13238 to 13240.

From Lourenvo Marquez, Portuguese East Africa. I'ref^ented by Hon. W.
Stanley HoUis, United States consul. Received Marcli 27, 1905.

13238. GossYi'iLM sj). Cotton.
"Native East African cotton seed, which was got for me from the slopes of

the Lebombo Mountains by the Bishop of Lebombo." ( Ilollis.)

13239. Carissa arduina. Amatungulu.
"The ' :\Iartingula,' which is highly esteemed here for eating fresh, as well

as for making preserves." {Hollis. )

1 3240. ( Undetermined. )

" I have to report that William F. Upshur, esq., of Barrene, Inhambane, has
been good enough to furnish me with a small quantity of specimens of a new
tree oil seed that is being exploited in the Inhambane district. In Inham-
bane these oil seeds are called ' Maferera'; in Mozambique, where they grow
wild in great profusion, thev are called 'Umtizi'; and in Lourengo Marquez,
where they are eaten by the natives, they are called ' Umgushu.' " (Holhs.)

13241. Ulex europaeus. G-orse, whin, or furze.

From Du1)lin, Ireland. Received thru Hogg & Robertson, March 29, 1905.

13242. COTONEASTER ANGUSTIFOLIA.

From Orleans, France. Received thru M. Leon Chenault, Route d'Olivet, 79,
March 27, 1905.

13243 to 13255. Rosa sp. Rose.

From Worcester, England. Received thru Richard Smith & Co., March 30, 1905.
13243. Madam George Bruant. 13246. Madam Charles Worth.

13244. Rugosa Alba.

13245. Rugosa, ft. pi.

13247. Rugosa Compte D'Em-
presnel.

97

134 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13243 to 13255 — Continued.

13248. Rugosa Rosea. 13252. Harisom.

13249. Rugosa Rubra. 13253. Persian Yellou:

13250. Austrian Copper. 132541 Souv. de Pierre Notting.

13251. Austrian Yellow. 13255. Marechal Niel.

13256. Zea mays. Corn.

From North Pomfret, Yt. Receivtd thru Mr. 8. Hewitt, February, 1905.
Ifalakof. Grown from S. P. I. Nos. 12562 and 12563.

13257. Olea europaea. Olive.

From ^lustapha, Algeria, North Africa. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut. Received
March 30, 1905.

G'rosse Aherkan. Cuttings.

13258. Nephelium lappacedm. Rambutan.

From Buitenzorg, Java. Presented by Doctor Treub. Received INIarcli 31, 1905.

13259. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Milburn, Nebr. Received thru Mr. C. A. Snyder, April 1, 1905.

Seed grown in 1904 on Sec. 13, T. 20, R. 21, Custer County, Nebr., without irri-
gation, where it is 240 feet to water.

13260 to 13262. Zea mays. Rice popcorn.

From Sao Paulo, Brazil. Presented by Prof. A. Lofgren, Horto Botanico.
Received IMarch 25, 1905.

1326 0. White. 13262. Red.

13261. Amber.

13263 to 13265.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received thru Yokohama Nursery Company, April 3,
1905.

13263. Citrus sp. Orange.
Natsu daidai. (See S. P. I. No. 8903.)

13264. JuNCUs EFFUsus. Matting rush..

13265. SCIRPUS TRIQUETER.

13266 to 13285.

From Sultepec, Mexico. Presented bv Mr. Federico Chisolm, Hacienda
"Cabajal." Received March 28, 1905."

A collection of unidentified plants.

13286 to 13290.

From Philadelphia, Pa. Received thru Henry A. Dreer, Incorporated, April 3,
1905.

Flower seeds for growing seed.

13291. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Fayetteville, N. Y. Received thru Mr. F. E. Dawdey, April 1, 1905.
97

DECEMBER, VM\, To DECEMBER, 1005. l.'^f)

13292. Peksea cratissima. Avocado.

From Cohan, CJuatemala. Received thru Mr. ( 1. N. Collins and Mr. C. 15. DoyU',
March, 1905.

"This thick-skiniu'd tyjM' of avocado is very distinct from the varieties coinnioidy
found on the markets and from those ^towii in Florida, the Wi-st Indies, and Mexico.
It i.s helieved that they will stand shippin'r much better than the thiiuier-skinned
sorts, and as the (|uality is tine they should he a valuable ac(iuisitiun for I'urto liico
and Ihiwaii." (i'ollin.t. )

13293 to 13297. Caladium esculentum. Taro.

From .\hiKnolia, N. ('. Received thru the Newberrv liuli) ( 'ompany, March :U»,
l!t05.

13298. Punica (;ranatum. Pomegranate.

Received March 2il, 1!UI5. without advices, thru the Georgetown custom-house.
Arrived in New York \ ia stt^amship I'ltibria.

13299. Stuartia pentagyna.

From Morrisville, Pa. Received thru Mr. S. C. ]\hwn, Aj.ril 4, 1905.

13300 to 13303. Phalaris canariensis. Canary grass.

From Marseille, France. Received thru Hon. Robert P. Skinner, United States
consul-general, April 5, 1904.

13300. Cleaned seed from Rodosto, Turkey.

13301. Cleaned seed from Plata, Argentina.

13302. Ordinary seed from Rodosto, Turkey.

13303. Ordinary seed from Plata, Argentina.

"The exporters of canary seed {Plialaris ccnjorieims) of ^larseille handle only
the impcjrteil grades, the best of which reach this city from Rodosto (Turkey).
The Rodosto seed ia richest and has scarcely any grain. The Plata seed has
at times a better aspect than the Rodosto seed, but is much lighter, contains
straw in excessive quantities, and the kernels are generally decorticated."
{Skinner. )

13304 and 13305.

From Mustapha, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, government botanist.
Received April 7, 1905.

13304. Sapindus utilis. Soapberry.

13305. Narcissus pachybolbus. Narcissus.

A vigorous species from western Algeria and Morocco, having 40 or ,50 small
flowers in clusters. Doctor Trabut thinks this will be interesting to cross
with large-flowered varieties.

13306 to 13312. Lathyrus odoratus. Sweet pea.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Mr. Arkwright F. Telemly. Received
April 7, 1905.

Early-maturing sweet peas, as follows:

13306. Blue and red. 13310. Purple and bronze.

13307. Blue. 13311. Purple.

13308. Rose and white. 13312. Red.

13309. Lilac.
97

136

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13313 to 13315. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum hyb.

Shasta daisy.

From Santa Rosa, Cal. Received thru Mr. Luther Burbank, April 7, 1905.

13313. California. 13315. Alaska.

13314. We.'ifralia.

13316 to 13318.

From Law rent-e, Ivans. Received thru F. Barteldes & Co., April 7, 1905.

13316. Andkopocox sorghum. Sorghum.
Amber.

13317. AxDRoPtMiox soRGHiTM. Kafir corn.
White.

13318. AxDKOPoooN soRGFTUM. Kafir corn.

Bed.
13319. Asparagus duchesnii.

From Brussels, Belgium. Received thru Mr. H. Schuster, 66 Rue du Luxem-
bourg, A]iril S, 1905.

13320 to 13337. Kosa sp. Rose.

From Newtownards, County Down, Ireland. Received thru Alex. Dickson &
Sons (Limited), Royal Irish Nurseries, April 8, 1905.

13320.

Dean Hole.

13321.

Dr. J. Camjjbell.

13322.

Hugh Watson.

13323.

Ladij Ashtovn.

13324.

Mrs. Conirai/ Jones.

13325.

Tier. Darid Williamson.

13326.

Irich Engineer.

13327.

Irisli Harmony.

13328.

Perle des Jannes.

13329.

Baron Lade.

13330.

Annie Marie Soupert.

13331.

George Laine Paid.

13332.

Le Progri's.

13333.

Eugosa Delicata.

13334.

Souv. de Pierre Leper-
driei(.r.

13335.

Schnecldecid.

13336.

Andenl-ah Job Diering.

13337.

Mme. Jean Dupuy.

13338. Mangifera indica.

Mango.

From Lucknow, India. Received from the Royal Botanical (iardens, thru Mr.
Robert Anderson, Lansdowne, Pa., April 11, 1905.

Bombay.

13339. LoLiuM italicum

From New York, N. Y

Italian rye-grass.

Received thru J. JL Tliorburu & Co., April 8, 1905.

13340. Meconopsis integrifolia. Tibetan poppy.

From Chelsea, England. Received thru James Veitch & Sons ( Limited ), August
14, 1905.
"English saved seed. A hardv vellow-flowered poppy from Tibet; hardy, bien-
kiial. The plant thrives on the north si<le of a hedge or wall and grows and flowers
freely in open borders. The soil should l)e open and friable, with a large proportion
of peat and sand. Good drainage and ample moisture are required. The seed germi-
nates freely either in a cold frame or out of doors in a few weeks from the time of
sowing. Any attempt at any time to protect the plants is quite fatal." ( Veitch &

Sons.

97

DECEMBER, 1903", TO DECEMBER, 190"). ] 87

13341 to 13345. CrcuMis melo. Muskmelon.

From Detroit, .Alich. Received thru I). M. Ferry ik Co., April S, 1905.

13341. Os(t(;e. 13344. Baltimore.

13342. Definder. 13345. Emerald Gem.

13343. Bay View.

13346. IIoRDKUM DiSTicHUM NUTANS. Two-row barley.

From Jena, Gerinany. Keceived from Doctor Broili, Mini the Waiil-lleiiins
Institute of Fermentology, Chicago, 111., April 10, 190").

Fraiikish Brewing. Presumably a high-grade ])edigreed sort.

13347. Hkrrehis sp. Barberry.

From (iloucester, Mas^s. Received thru Mr. R. 1'. Ireland, April 1.'!, UM).').

13348. Mancifeka indica. Mango.

F>om Seharunpur, India. Received thru Mr. \V. (lollan, superintendent of the
(iovernmeiit Botanical (iardens, April IS, 1905.

Bombay Yellow. Plants.

13349. (takcixia xanthociiymus.

From Honolulu, Hawaii. Presented by Mr. Gerrit P. Wilder, April 13, 1905.

13350. Opuntia ficus-indica (?). Prickly pear.

F'roin Nice, France. Presented 1)V Dr. A. Robertson-Proschowsky. Received
April 10, 1905.

"Cuttings of a seedling cactus grown by Doctor Proschowsky from seeds received
probably from Mexico. This variety has never been fruited, but is so nearly spine-
less that it may be of interest as a forage plant." {Fuirchild.)

13351 to 13353. Barberry.

From Ottawa, Canada. Presented by Prof. William Saunders, director of the
Central Experimental Farm. Received April 10, 1905.

13351. Berberis AMURENSis. 13353. Berberis sieboldi.

13352. Berberis sinensis.

13354. Zea mays. Popcorn.

From Karaclii, India. Presented by Mr. I. L. F. Beaumont, of tlie Municipal
Gardens and Farm Committee. Received April 10, 1905.

13355. CucuMis 3IELO. Muskmelon.

From Lakin, Kans. Received thru Mr. William Logan, January 26, 1905.
Rocky Ford.

13356. ViciA sativa. Common vetch.

From New Era, Oreg. Received thru Mr. Henry Gilbrich, April, 1905.
White. Said to have been bred by selection from the common type.

13357. Zea mays. Sv^'eet corn.

From Winooski, Vt. Received thru Mr. M. E. Douglass, March 3, 1905.

Malakof. Grown from S. P. I. No. 9449. Second generation. "No other early
corn nearer than 1 mile either in 1903 or 1904." {D. S. Bliss. )

97

138 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13358. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Agricultural College, N. Dak. Received from the North Dakota Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, thru Mr. C. J. Brand, October 28, 1904.

Grimm.

13359 to 13566.

Seeds transferred April 15, 1905, from the Office of Grass and Forage Plant
Investigations to the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution.

13359. Anthoxanthum ODORATUM. Sweet vernal grass.

From Germany, 1904. (Agrost. 2384). From the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition, 1904.

13360. Cephai.akia tatarua.

Grown in U. S. D. A. grass garden, ie02. (Agrost. 307.)

13361. Cephalaria tatarica.

Grown in U. S. D. A. grass garden, July, 1904. (Agrost. 307.)
13362 to 13369. Cicer arietinum. Chick-pea.

13362. Grown at Arlington Farm, 1902. (Agrost. 970-1. )

13363. From Parma, Italy. (Agrost. 2456.)

13364. From Voghera, Italy. (Agrost. 2457.)

13365. From Voghera, Italy. (Agrost. 2458.)

13366. From Avellino, Italy. (Agrost. 2459.)

13367. From Italy. (Agrost. 2460.)

13368. From Italy. (Agrost. 2461.)

13369. From Italy. ( Agrost. 2462. )

13370. Bromus marginatus.

From Seattle, Wash. Received thru Mr. Henry N. Leckenby. (Agrost.
1886.)

13371 to 13376.

Received from Mr. S. W. MoUison, Inspector-General of Agriculture for
India.

13371. DOLICHOS BIFLORUS.

KuUhi. From United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, India. (Agrost.
1646. )

13372. DoLicHos biflorus.

Kulthi From Bombay Presidency, India. (Agrost. 1647.)

13373. DoLicHos lablab. Hyacinth bean.

Fopat. From Nagpur, Central Provinces, India, 1903. (Agrost.
1648. )

13374. DoLicHos lablab. Hyacinth bean.

Sevi. From United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, India, 1903.
(Agrost. 1649.)

13375. DoLicHos LABLAB. Hyacinth bean.
Val. From Bombay, India, 1903. (Agrost. 1650.)

13376. DoLiCHos LABLAB. Hyaclnth bean.
Val. From Bombay, India, 1903. (Agrost. 1651.)

13377. HoLcus lanatus. Velvet grass.

Received thru the C. II. Lilly Company, Seattle, Wash., 1904. (Agrost.
2094. )
97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

13V)

13359 to 13556— ConLinued.

13378. Latiivrus sativis.

From Catania, Italy, 1904.
Exposition. ( Agrost. 2389. )

Bitter vetch.
From Italian exhibit, Louisiana I'linliase

13379. Lathyrcs cicer.

Winter flat pea.

From Catania, Italy, 1904. From Italian ("xliil>it. Loui.-iana Purchase
Exposition. (Agrost. L'40(). )

13380. PnASEOLis calcar-vti-s. Bean.
From the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. (Agrost. 2126.)

13381. PnAsKoi-rs calcaratus. Bean.
(Jrown at Arlington Farm, 190.S, from S. 1'. I. No. ()5«)4. ( Agn.st. (Mil a 1 . )

13382. I'liAsKoM s cAi.cAKATrs. Bean.
A selection grown at Arlington Farm, 1903, from S. 1'. I. No. 6564. ( Agrost.

941-1 cl.)

13383. PiiASEOLiTs calcar.atus. Bean.
A selection grown at Arlington Farm, 1<)03, from S. V. 1. No. 6564. (Agrost.

941-1 d 1.)

13384. Phaseolus angularis. Bean.
Grown at Arlington Farm, 1903. (Agrost. 969J-lal.) Seeds yellow to

light orange.

Bean.

13385. Phaseou's angularis.
Grown at Arlington Farm, 1903.

13386. Phaseolis angularis.
Grown at Arlington Farm, 1903.

13387. Phaseolus angularis.
Gnjwn at Arlington Farm, 1903.

13388. Phaskoias angularis.
(irown at Arlington Farm, 1903.

13389. Phaseolus angularis.
Grown at Arlington Farm, 1903.

13390. Phaseolus angularis.
(Jrown at Arlington Farm, 1903.

(Agrost. 969i-l b 1.)
(Agrost. 969^-1 cl.)
(Agrost. 969 J-1 el.)
(Agrost. 969M f 1-)
(Agrost. 969^-1 g 1.)
(Agrost. 969^-1 hi.)

13391. Phaseolus am ularis.
Grown at Arlington Farm, 1903. (Agrost. 1190-1.)

13392. Phaseolus sp.
Grown at Arlington Farm, 1903. (Agrost. 1191.)

13393. Phaseolus sp.
Special selection with large seeds grown at Arlington Farm, 1903. (Agrost.

1191-1.)

Bean.
Bean.
Bean.
Bean.
Bean.
Bean.
Bean.
Bean.

13394. Phaseo.us radiatus.

Grown at Arlington Farm, 1903. (Agrost. 968.)

13395. Phaseolus radiatus.

From Clemson College, S. C, 1903. (Agrost. 1112.)
Newman.

Mung- bean.
Mung bean.

97

140 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13359 to 13556— Continued.
13396 and 13397.

Received from Mr. S. W. Mollison, Inspector-General of Agriculture in India.

13396. Phaseolus RADIATUS. Mung bean.

From United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, India, July 8, 1903.
(Agrost. 1639.)

13397. Phaseolus badiatus. Mung- bean.
From Nagpur, Central Provinces, India, 1903. (Agrost. 1640.)

13398. Phaseolus RADIATUS. Mung bean.

From Cedartown, Ga., November, 1904. (Agrost. 2130.)
13399 to 13403.

Received from Mr. S. W. Mollison, Inspector-General of Agriculture in India.

13399. Phaseolus RADIATUS. Mung bean.

Katlllia. From United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, India, 1C03.
(Agrost. 1641.)

13400. Phaseolus uxx. Mung bean.

Bhadela. From United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, India, 1903.
(Agrost. 1642.)

13401. Phaseolus MAX. Mung bean.

Jathia if), or Jeiiira. From United Provinces of Agra and Oudh,
India, 1903. (Agrost. 1643.)

13402. Phaseolus MAX. Mung bean.
IJdid. From Bombay Presidency, India, 1903. (Agrost. 1644. )

13403. Phaseolus MAX. Mung bean.

Vdid. From Nagpur, Central Provinces, India, July 8, 1903. (Agrost.
1645.)

13404. Phaseolus retusus. Metcalf bean.
From Silver City, N. Mex., April 28, 1903. (Agrost. 1176.)

13405. Phaseolus angulabls. Bean.
Grown at; Arlington Farm, 1903. (Agrost. 941 J.)

13406. ViciA sp. Vetch.
From Argentine exhibit, Louisiana Purchase Exposition. (Agrost. 2327.)

13407. ViciA sp. Vetch.
From German exhibit, Louisiana Purchase Exposition. (Agrost. 2455.)

13408. YiciAsp. Vetch.
Grown at Arlington Farm, 1902. (Agrost. 965; S. P. I. 6553.)

13409. ViciA sp. Vetch.
Grown at Arlington Farm, 1902. (Agrost. 942-1.)

13410. YiciA ERviLiA. Black bitter vetch.
From Italian exhibit, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904. (Agrost. 2403.)

13411. ViciA FABA. Horse bean.
From Naples, Italy, 1904. From Italian exhibit, Louisiana Purchase Expo-
sition. (Agrost. 2415.)

13412. ViciA SATivA. Common vetch.
From Argentine exhibit, Louisiana Purchase Exposition. (Agrost. 2314.)

13413 to 13431. ViciA SATIVA. Common vetch.

From Italian exhibit, Louisiana Purchase Exposition.

13413. From Italy. (Agrost. 2388.)
97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

141

13359 to 13556 -Continued.
13413 to 13431— Continued.

13414. From Reggie nell' Kniilia, Italy. (Agrost. 2390.)

13415. From Rome, Italy, 1904. (Agrost. 2391.)

13416. From Fabriano, Italy, 1904. (Agrost. 2392.)

13417. From Italy, 1904. (Agrost. 2394.)

13418. FromPiytoja, Italy, 1904. (Agrost. 2395.)

13419. From Milan, Italy, 1904. (Agrost. 2398.)

13420. From Italy, 1904. (Agrost. 2399.)
13421.* From Fabriano, Italy, 1904. (Agrost. 24U0.)

13422. From Fabriano, Italy, 1904,

13423. From Fotenza, Italy, 1904.

13424. From Macerata, Italy, 1904

13425. From Ancona, Italy, 1904.

13426. From Ancona, Italy, 1904,

13427. From Tursla, Italy, 1904.

13428. From Parma, Italy, 1904.

13429. From Perugia, Italy, 1904

13430. From Foggia, Italy, 1904. (Agrost. 2414.)

13431. From Italy, 1904. (Agrost. 2432. )

13432. VlClA V.NI.IUGA (?).

From Japan, March 18, 1903. (Agrost. 1140.)

13433. ViCIA VILLOSA.

From Argentine exhibit, Louisiana Purchase Exposition

13434. Themeda ciliata

(Agrost. 2402.)
(Agrost. 2404.)
(Agrost. 2405.)
(Agrost. 2408.)
(Agrost. 2409.)
(Agrost. 2410.)
(Agrost. 2411.)
(Agrost. 2413. )

Vetch.

Hairy vetch.
(Agrost. 2317.)

From Palghar, Thana, India. Received thru Latham & Co., Bombay, India,
January 20, 1904.

Bondani, a small kind of " Ful" grass. " One of the best sorts of gra-: e •,
for grazing." (Agrost. 1787.)

Alfalfa

13435. Medicago sativa.

Received from Henry Nungesser & Co., New York, N. Y., April 20, 1904.

Turkestan. (Agrost. 1957.)

Alfalfa

13436. Medicago sativa.

Received from Steele, Briggs Seed Co., Toronto, Canada, December S, 1904.

(Agrost. 2131. )

13437. Medicago sativa.

Received from F. Barteldes & Co., Lawrence, Kans., 1904.
Arizona grown. (Agrost. 2518.)

13438. Medicago sativa.

Received from F. Barteldes & Co., Lawrence, Kans., 1904.
Minnesota grown. (Agrost. 2531.)

13439. Medicago sativa.
Kansas grown. (Agrost. 2530.)

13440. Medicago sativa.
Kansas grown. (Agrost. 2531).

Alfalfa.

Alfalfa.

Alfalfa.

Alfalfa.

97

142

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13444.

Bromuscakinatushook-

ERIAXUS.

From Seattle, Wash. (Agrost.

1887.)

13445.

13359 to 13556 — Continued.

13441. Agropyron occidentale.
From Hays, Kans. (Agrost.

1942. )

13442. Agropyron OCCIDENTALE.
From Harlem, Mont. (Agrost.

1982. )

13443. Agropyron OCCIDENTALE.
(Agrost. 1001.)

13446. Bromus ixermis.
From Brandon, Mass. Received thru Brandon Seed House.

13447. Bromus marginatus.
From Union, Oreg. (Agrost. 2091.)

13448. Bromus polyanthus paniculatus. (Agrost. 1177. )

13449. Calamagrostis hyperborea. (Agrost. 841.)

13450. Elymus condensatus.
From Unipn, Oreg. (Agrost. 2092. )

13451. Elymvs triticoides. (Agrost. 2096.)

13452. Elymus virginicus .submuticus.
From Union, Oreg. (Agrost. 1800.)

13453. Festuca pratexsiss.
From T^nion, Oreg. (Agrost. 1799.)

13454 to 13477. Vigna sinensis.
13454.

Bromuscarin.\tus hook-
erianus.

From Union, Oreg. (Agrost.
2097. )

Smootli brome-grass.

Agrost. 1996.)

Giant rye-grass.
"Wild wheat.

Meado\ir fescue.
Cowpea.

Early Black' Grown on Arlington Farm, 1904. Third generation from
Agrost. 1233. From McCullough, March, 1902. (Agrost. 1233-3.)

13455.

Large BlacJceye. Grown on Arlington Farm, 1904. Third generation
from Agrost. 1224. From Alabama Experiment Station, March, 1902.
(Agrost. 1224-3.)

13456.

Extra Early Blackeye. Grown on Arlington Farm, 1904. Third gen-
eration from Agrost. 1232. From Arkansas Station, March, 1902. Grown
there for five years. (Agrost. 1232-3. )

13457.

California Blackeye. Grown on Arlington Farm, 1904. Third genera-
tion from Agrost. 1231. From Arkansas Station, March, 1904. (Agrost.
1231-3.)

13458.

Clay.
Agrost.
1255-3. )

13459.

Clay.

13460.

Grown on Arlington Farm, 1904. Third generation from
1255. From South Carolina Station, March, 1902. (Agrost.

From T. W. Wood & Sons, April 2, 1904. (Agrost. 1937.)

Iron (irown on Arlin<rton Farm, 1904. Third generation from
Agrost. 1247. From Mr. W. A. Orton, March, 1902. (Agrost. 1247-3.)

97

DECEMBER, 1003, TO DKCKMBER, 1!K)5. 143

13359 to 13556 Continued.
13454 to 13477— Contiiuietl.

13461.

Iron. Gn.wn bv r^Ir. J. V. Dnnlap, I)wig;ht, Nebr from seed of
Coiifiressional (Ustril)ution, i)resuinal)ly from Monctta, S. C . Keceiveu
from Mr. I)utilai>, October, 1004. (.\grost. 2109.)

13462.

Iron Received from Mr. S. M. Byrd, Cedartown, Ga., January 11,
1905. Grown in 1004 from seed of Congressional distribution, pre-
sumably from :Monetta, 8. C. (Agrost. 2130.)

13463. , ^

Iron. Received from Mr. W. J. Edwards, Willshire, Ohio, Mar-; » 6,
1905 and from INlr. J. A. Ritchie, Wapakoneta, Ohio, March 20, 005.
Grown from seed of Congressional distribution, presumal)ly trom
Monetta, S. C. (Agrost. 2217.)

13464.

Iron Received froiii four men in central Kentucky and southern
Illinois who grew it in 1004 from seed of Congressional distribution,
presumably from Monetta, S. C. (Agrost. 2260.)

13465.

Iron Received in :March, 1005, from :\lr. Ilan Abild, Wakonda,
Clay County, S. Dak., who grew it in 1004 from seed of Congressional
distribution, presumably from Monetta, 8. C. (Agrost. 2310.)

13466.

Inni. Received from Mr. Charles G. Diament, Bridgeton, N. J.,
March 8, 1005. Grown from seed of Congressional distril)ution, pre-
sumably'from Monetta, S. C. (Agrost. 2380.)

13467.

Iron. Received from G. C. Dulebohn, Kearney, Kans., > arch, 1905.
Grown from seed of Congressional .listribution, presumably trom
Monetta, S. C. (Agrost. 2387.)

13468.

Wonderful. Grown on Arlington Farm, 190-:. From Texas Seed and
Floral Company, Dallas, Tex., March, 1902. (Agrost. 12ol-3.)

13469.

]Vondn-ful. From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmon<l, Va., April 2, 1904.
(Agrost. 1938.)

13470.

Warren's Extra Earhi. Grown on Arlington Farm, 1904. Obtained
in March, 1902, from Arkansas station, where it was grown f(jr four
years, and changed materially in size, color, and shape from the origi-
nal seed procured from Maule, of Philadelphia. (Agrost. 1218-3. )

13471.

Warren's New Hybrid. Grown on Arlington Farm, 1904. From
Louisiana station, March, 1902. (Agrost. 1288-3.)

13472.

Michigan Favorite. From Mr. E. E. Evans, Westbranch, Mich., May

13, 1904. (Agrost. 1991.)

13473.

Michigan Favorite. Grown on Arlington Farm, 1904. From Mr. E. E.
Evans, Westbranch, Mich., May 13, 1904. (Agrost. 1991-1.)

13474.

Michigan Favorite. Received in March, 1905, from Mr. Han Abild,
W^akonda, Clay Countv, S. Dak. Grown from seed of Congressional
distribution, presumably from Monetta, S. C. (Agrost. 2309.)

97

144 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13359 to 13556— Continued.

13454 to 13477— Continued.

13475.

Whippoorwill. Grown on Arlington Farm, 1904. From T. W. Wood
& Sons, Richmond, Va., Marcii, 1902. (Agrost. 1269-2.)

13476.

Tni/lor. Grown on Arlington Farm, 1904. From Alabama Station.
Marcii, 1902. (Agrost. 1248-3.)

13477.

New Era. Grown on Arlington Farm, 1904. From T. W. Wood &
Sons, Richmond, Va., April 2, 1904. (Agrost. 1936-1.^

13478 to 13487. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

13478.

Received from F. Barteldes & Co., Lawrence, Kans., April 22, 1904.
(Agrost. 1968.)

13479.

Grown in Arizona. Received from HenrvNungesser&Co., New York,
N. Y., April 20, 1904. (Agrost. 1958.)

13480.

Grown in Meade County, Kans. Received from F. Barteldes & Co.,
Lawrence, Kans., April 22, 1904. (Agrost. 1970.)

13431.

Grown in Italy. Received from Henry Nungesser & Co., New York,
N. Y., April 20, 1906. (Agrost. 1956.)

13482.

Grown in France. Received from Henry Nungesser & Co., New York,
■ N. Y., April 20, 1904. (Agrost. 1955.)

13483.

Grown in Utah. Received from C. A. Smurthwaite Produce Com-
pany, Ogden, Utah, April 25, 1904. (Agrost. 1983.)

1S484.

Grown in Colorado. Received from F. Barteldes & Co., Lawrence,
Kans., Ai)ril20, 1904. (Agrost. 1967.)

13485.

Grown in Kansas. Received from F. Barteldes & Co., Lawrence,
Kans., April 20, 1904. (Agrost. 1969.)

13486.

Grown in Utah. (Agrost. 2532.)

13487.

Grown in Texas. ( Agrost. 2533. ) •

13488. Medicago media. • Sand lucern.
Grown in Wisconsin. (Agrost. 2534.)

13489. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

Grown in Wyoming. Received from the A. Dickinson Company, Chicago,
111., 1903. (Agrost. 1885.)

13490. Trifolium pratense. Red clover.

Received from T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., April IS, 1904. ( Agrost.
1952. )

97

DECEMBER, 1!)0:V, TO DECEMBER, 1!)05. 145

13359 to 13556 Continued.

13491. Tuii-oi.iUM iNCAKNATUM. Crimson clover.
Willie Bloomimj. Received from T. W. Wood & Son, Richmond, Va., April

18, 1904. (Agrost. 1958.)

13492. Trikolium incakxati'm. Crimson clover.
Grown in Moravia. Receiveil from Henry Nungesser ct Co., New York,

N. Y., April L'O, 1904. (Agrost. 19ti4. )

13493. Trifolum ixcarxatum. Crimson clover.
Grown in France. Received from Henry Nungesser A Co., New York,

N. Y., April 20, 1904. ( Agrost. 1961.)

13494.. Tkifolium ixcarxatum. Crimson clover.

Grown in Italy. Received from Henry Nungesser it Co., New York, X. Y.,
April 20, 1904. (Agrost. 1962.)

13495. Trifolium i-ratense. I^ed clover.
Received from F. Barteldes &. Co., Lawrence, Kans., April 22, 1904. (Agrost.

\m^. )

13496. Trifolu .M i-ratexse. Red clover.
Grown in Barry County, Mo. Received from F. Barteldes & Co., Lawrence,

Kans., April 22, 1904. (Agrost. 1966.)

13497. Trikolium ixcARXATiM. Crimson cio ver.
Grown in England. Received from Henry Nungesser tt Co., New York,

N. Y., April 20, 1908. (Agrost. 1963.)

13498. Tkifolium pkatense. I^ed clover.
Grown in Russia. Received from Henry Nmige8.ser &. Co., New \"ork,

N. Y., April 20, 190:;. (Agrost. 1960.)

13499. Trifolium pkatexse. Red clover.
Received from T. ^\^ Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., February 19, 1903.

(Agrost. 1113.)

13500. Trifolium alexaxdrixum. Berseem.
Grown in Egypt. Received from Henry Nungesser & Co , New York, N. Y.,

April 20, 1904. (Agrost. 19-59.)

13501. Trifolium iiybridum. Alsike.
(Agrost. 891.)

13502. Glycine nispiDA. Soybean.
Oyema. Received from Mr. Edward E. Evans, West Branch, Mich., May,

1904. (Agrost. 1992.)

13503. Glycixe hispida. Soybean.
Grown at Arhngton Farm, 1904. (Agrost. 912-3.)

13504. Agropyrox Occident ale.

Received from Thomas Everett, Harlem, Mont., April, 1905.

13505. Bro.mus margixatls.

Collected bv Mr. J. S. Cotton, in the Wenache Mountains, Washington, in
1904. (Agrost. 2098. )

13506. Trifolium pratense. Red clover.
Grown at Gap, French Alps, France. (Agrost. 2218.)

13507. Trifolium pratense. Red clover.
Grown at Mysoke, Myto, Bohemia. (Agrost. 2219.)

13508. Trifolium pratense. Red clover.
Grown at Neu Bydzow, Bohemia. (Agrost. 2220.)

7217— No. 97—07 10

146

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13359 to 13556— Continued.

13509. TkI FOLIUM PRATENSE.

Zelenac. Grown at Neu Bydzow, Bohemia. (Agrost. 2221.)

13510. Trifolium hybridum.

Grown at Neu Bydzow, Bohemia. (Agrost. 2222.)

13511. Trifolium repens.
Grown at Alt Bydzow, Bohemia. (Agrost. 222.3.)

13512. Trif<ilium repexs.
Grown at Podolia, Russia. (Agrost. 2224.)

13513. Trifolium praten>!E.
Grown at Goteborg, Sweden. (Agrof^t. 2225.)

13514. Trifolium hybridum.
Grown at Goteborg, Sweden. ( Agrost. 2226. )

13515. Trifolium pratense.
Grown in Chile. ( Agrost. 2227. )

13516. Trifolium pratexse.
Grown at Gelderland, Holland. (Agrost. 2228.)

13517. Trifolium pratexse.
Grown at Brabant, Holland. (Agrost. 2229.)

13518. Trifolium repens.
Grown near Arnheim, Holland. (Agrost. 2230.)

13519. Medicago sativa.
Grown at Saragossa, Spain. (Agrost. 2231.)

13520. Medicago sativa.
Grown at Pfalz, Palatinate, Germany. (Agrost. 2232.)

13521. Medicago sativa.
Grown in Gran Province, Algeria. (Agrost. 2233.)

13522. Trifolium pratexse.
Grown at Toulouse, Garonne, France. (Agrost. 2234. )

13523. Trifolium pratexse.

Red clover.

Alsike.

"White clover

White clover.

Red clover.

Alsike.

Red clover.

Red clover.

Red clover.

White clover.

Alfalfa.

Alfalfa.

Alfalfa.

Red clover.

Red clover.

Grown at Charente-Inferieure, Poitou, France. (Agrost. 2235.)

(Agrost. 2236.).

(Agrost. 2237.)

13524. Trifolium pratense.
Grown at Nantes, Anjou, France

13525. Trifolium pratense.
Grown at Troves, Champagne, France

13526. Trifolium pratexse.

Grown at St. Malo, P>retagne, France. (Agrost. 2238.)

13527. Trifolium pratexse.

Grown at Albeville, Picardy, France. (Agrost. 2239.)

13528. Trifolium alexandrinulm.

Grown at Alexandria, Egypt. (Agrost. 2240.)

13529. Trifolium repexs.

Grown at Milan, Lodi, Italy. (Agrost. 2241.)

13530. Trifolium repens.

Grown at Lorraine, France. (Agrost. 2242.)

Red clover.

Red clover.

Red clover.

Red clover.

Berseem.

White clover.

White clover.

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, I'JOo.

147

13359 to 13556— Continued.

13531. Tkikolum kicpens.

(i row 11 at Lorraine, France. (Agro8t. 2248.)

13532. Tkifolium fiijforme.

Grown at Poitiers', France. (Agrost. 2244.)

13533. Trifoliu.m fragiferum.
Grown at Paris, France. (Agrost. 2245.)

13534. Trifolivm hybridum.

Grown at Beauce, France. ( Agrost. 2246. )

13535. Trifolium hybridum.

Grown at Champagne, France. (Agrost. 2247.)

13536. Tkikolum p.vnnonicum.
(iniwn at Paris, France. (Agrost. 224S. )

13537. Trifolium incarnatu.m.

Grown at Poitou, France. (Agrost. 2249.)

13538. Trifolium incarnatum.

Grown at Beauce, France. (Agrost. 2250.)

13539. Trifolium incarnatCm.

Grown at Beauce, France. (Agrost. 2251.)

13540. Trifolium incarnatum.

Grown at Beauce, France. (Agrost. 2252.)

13541. Medicacio sativa.

Grown at Gard, France. (Agrost. 2253.)

13542. Medicago sativa.

Grown at Orange, Provence, France. (Agrost. 2254.)

13543. Medicago sativa.

Grown at Charente, Poitou, France. (Agrost. 2255.)

13544. Medicago sativa.

Grown at Anjou, Pays, France. (Agrost. 2256.)

13545. Medicago sativa.

Grown at Nord, France. (Agrost. 2257.)

13546. Medicago sativa. •
From Turkestan, Asia. (Agrost. 2258.)

13547. Medicago sativa.

Grown at Bologna, Italy. (Agrost. 2525.)

13548. Trifolium pratense.

Grown at Warwickshire, England. (Agrost. 2526.)

13549. Trifolium pratense.
Grown at Hampshire, England.

13550. Trifolium repens.
Grown at Norfolkshire, England

13551. Trifolium hybridum.
Grown at Cambridge, England.

13552. Medicago denticulata.

From T. W. Wood & Sons, Richmond, Va., March 16,
97

White clover.

(Agrost. 2527.)

(Agrost. 2528.)
(Agrost. 2529 )

Alsike.

Alsike.

Hungarian clover.

Crimson clover.

Crimson clover.

Crimson clover.

Crimson clover.

Alfalfa.

Alfalfa.

Alfalfa.

Alfalfa.

Alfalfa.

Alfalfa.

Alfalfa.

Red clover.

Red clover.

White clover.

Alsike.

Bur clover.

1903. (Agrost. 1129.)

148 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13359 to 13556— Continued.

13553. Atkiplex bracteosa.

From Phoenix, Ariz. Collected by Dr. D. Griffith:-, October Ki, 1903.
(Agrost. 182-1.)

13554. Atkiplex bracteosa.

From Tucson, Ariz. Collected by Dr. D. Griffiths, October 11, 1903.

(Agrost. 1825.)

. 13555. Atkiplex bracteosa.

From San Rita Mountains, Arizona. Collected by Dr. I). < Griffiths, October
10, 1903. (Agrost. 1826.)

13556. Atriplex confertifolia.

Collected bv Dr. D. Griffiths, 1903. From vallev <.f the Little Colorado,
Arizona. (Agrost. 1828.)

13557. Atriplex bracteosa.

From Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. Collected l)v Dr. D. Grithths, May
23, 1903. (Agrost. 1827.)

13558. Melilotus silcata.

From Algeria, October, 1903. (Agrost. 1161.)

13559. Melilotus speciosa.

From Shao-king, Chehkiang Province, China. Received Fel)ruary 12, 1904.
Presented by Mr. Cyril E. Bomfield.

"The Chinese mainly use its heavy, rank growth fiir fertilizing the soil pre-
vious to sowing rice." ( Agrost. 1866. )

13560. Trifolium loxgipes. Mountain clover.

From Wenache Mountains, Washington, at altitude of 5,000 feet. Collected
by Mr. J. S. Cotton, October, 1904. (Agrost. 2108.)

13561. Medicago s.\tiva. Alfalfa.

From A. LeCoq & Co., Darmstadt, Germany, 31arch 28, 1903.
TxirTceMan. (Agrost. 2208.)

13562. HORDEUM bulbosum.
Received June 28, 1904. (Agrost. 263.)

13563. Panicum ma.ximu.m. Guinea grass.
From Barbados, West Indies.

13564. ]\Iedic.vgo s.\tiva. Alfalfa.

From Mollendo, Peru. Collected bv Mr. Enrique Meier in 1903. (Agrost.

2168.)

13565. AxDROPOGOX sorgium. Milo maize.

Purchased from Mr. W. W. Hutchens, Chillicothe, Tex., in the autumn of
1904. (Agrost. 2090.)

13566. BouTELoiA curtipexdula. Side oats.

Keceived from Mr. James K. Metcalfe, Silver City, X. 3Iex., February 26,
1904. (Agrost. 1889.)

13567. Olea europaea. Olive.

From Tmiis, North Africa. Received from Mr. Louis Fi<lelle, thru ^Ir. T. H.
Kearney, April 20, 1905.

ChemlaU. "This is an olive with very small fruit, very rich in oil, and a heavy
yielder, adapted to the driest, hottest region known in which olive culture flourishes,
the rainfall at Sfax, in southern Tunis, where it is tlie only variety grown extensively,
averaging about 10 inches yearly, and sometimes falling to 5 or 6 inches as the aver-
age for several successive years. Notwithstanding this small rainfall, the orchards
are never irrigated at Sfax except during the first two or three summers after plant-

97

DECEMBER, 'l!)0:i, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 149

iiiir. In pome orcliards tlu' cuttinjis aiv irrigated only a sinuir tinu', ivcciyiiig alxmt
() [ralloiisi'arli. Kxtraoidinarv piccaiitioiis are taken to preserve the t*>)ii nioisline
ni^ir tile surface, the olive beinii a f^lialiuw-rootint; tree. Tlie trees are phxnted from
t)5 to 80 feetapartea(liwav,t lie wider |.lantinLr;rivin<,' seven trees per acre. Tlietrnuind
betwi-en is kept entirelv clean, not even grain croi.s beiriggrown after the tree bi-gnis
to bear. The surface "of the soil is always kept in a well-pulverized condition to
reduce evaporation. Three or four plowings a year are given, and as many cultiva-
tions as are nece.<sarv to keep out weeds. Manuring is jiractised only to a very lim-
ited extent. The orchards at Sfax are always created with pieces of wood from the
ba.«e of verv old trees, such as those sent you. The cuttings are generally set out in
the fall (l)ut sometimes in the spring) in the bottom of holes that are 2 feet deep
and 2 feet square. These are tilled up as the tree grows, until in about two years
they are entirelv tilled. It is often the practise to keep a shallow basin, 0 inches or
so (ieei>, around' tlie base of the tree during the rainy season (winter), the diameter
of the basin beiiii: about e([ual to that of the spread of the foliage. In sunnner the
ground is plowed up to the l)ast's of the trees. The soil aroun<l Sfax is a reddish sandy
loam to a depth of 2 or 3 feet or more, below which hard pan is often encountered.

"The trees are pruned during the harvest every other year, beginning when 3
years old. The average vields obtained at Sfax from trees respectively 10, 15, 20,
and 25 vears old appear to' be about 2, (>, 10, and V2\ quarts of oil per tree. In good
vears twice as much is obtained. The i)ercentage of oil in the fruit, as \vell as the
quantity of fruit produced, increases rapidly as the tree grows older." {Kearney. )

13568. MusA SAPiENTUM. Banana.

From Gabes, Tunis, North Africa. Received thru Mr. T. H. Kearney, April 20,
1905.

13569. PiSTACiA VERA. Pistaclie.

From Caltanisetta, Sicily. Received thru j\Ir. T. 11. Kearney, from Signor
Deleo, April 20, 1904.

TrdliondUi.

13570. Zea mays. Sweet corn.
From Riverside Farm, Nashua, N. 11. Receive<l April 17, 1905.

Crosby. Said to be the result of eighteen years' selection.

13571. Nephelium lappaceum. Rambutan.

From Buitenzorg, Java. Received thru Doctor Treub, April 22, 1905.

Native of south India and Malay Islands, and furnishes a fruit similar to the Litchi,
namely, tlie Rambutan or Ramboostan fruit. All species of Nephelium seem to
require rather a moist, mild, forest clime than great atmospheric heat.

The fruit is of a bright-red color, about 2 inches long, of an oval form, and slightly
flattened, and covered with long, soft, fleshy spines or thick hairs. Like the other
Nephehums it contains a pleasant acidulous pulp very grateful m tropical countries.

13572. (iARCixiA mangostana. Mangosteen.

From Buitenzorg, Java. Received thru Doctor Treub, April 17, 1905.

13573. JuGLANS regia. Persian walnut.

From Kashgar, eastern Turkestan, Asia. Presented by Rev. P. J. 1*. llendriks.
Receiveil April 11, 1905.

13574. Glycyrrhiza glabra. Licorice.

From London, England. Received thru Messrs. Barr & Sons, April 17, 1905.

13575. Althaea rosea. HoUyhock.
From New York, N. Y. Received from Henry & Lee, importers, March, 1905.

Japanese.
97

150 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13576 to 13582.

From Christiania, Norway. Prosented by INlr. C. Doxrud, thru IMiss Carrie Har-
rison, of this Department. Received April 13, 1905.

13576. AvEN.\ s.\TivA. Oat.
117/ (7c. Cuhivated in 1898 under the Arctic Circle.

13577. AvE.NA s.^TivA. Oat.
Bind-. Cultivated at northern latitude of 64°.

13578. HoRDEijM VCLGARE (?). Barley.
Cultivated in 1898 under the Arctic Circle.

13579. PisiM SATiviM. Pea.
Cultivated at northern latitude of 685°.

13580. Phleum pratense. Timothy.
Cultivated at northern latitude of 602°.

13581. Tkifolum pratexse. - Red clover.
Cultivated at northern latitude of 605°.

13582. ViciA sp. Vetch.

Cultivated at northern latitude of 63^°.

"Wearci informed that these seeds have been collected within the Arctic
Circk% and it is probal)le tliat they represent very short-seasoned types, which
are likely to be of unusual value in northern Alaska and possil)ly in portions
of our Northern States." {Fah-child.)

13583 to 13585. Gossypium sp. Cotton.

From Peru. Received thru W. R. Grace & Co.. New York, N. Y., April 19, 1905.

13583. Vitark'.

Smooth cotton seed from Vitarte; represents the seed of cotton grown in the
valleys of Peru. This cotton is similar to Esyptian and is known as '^ Egjipto"
cotton. It is used by the various cotton mills in this country in the manufac-
ture of "domestics." The surplus is shipped to Liverpool, where it finds a
market at a price a little over American cotton, say 0.40d. per pound. There
is one crop of this cotton every year, the same as with American cotton. The
seed is planted in September or October and the cotton is feathered in May or
August the following year. The annual crop is about 7,500,000 pounds.

13584. Palpa. 13585. Xazca.

Palpa, Xazca, and lea (No. 14801) represent seed of Peruvian cotton grown
in these different places, which are in the southern ))art of Peru. Here the
crop is twice a year, same seasons as the "Full rough," Crop varies from
6,000 bales (of 100 pounds) in a drv vear to 15,000 bales in a good year. The
cotton seed of the "Full rough" (No. 129.38) and "Moderate rough" {Palpa,
Nazal, and Ira) is exported to England, while the seed of the " Egjipto" is
prest liere and the cotton-seed cake, known as "Pasta," is shipped to Liver-
pool. The oil is sold here chiefly for use in mines, and portions of it as
Italian salad oil.

13586. Phalaris canariensis. Canary grass.

From Patras, Greece. Presented by Mr. S. Xanthopoulo, of the Station Agricole.
Received April 19, 1905.

In his letter of April 1, ]\Ir. Xanthopoulo stated that this seed was procured by
him from Turkey.

13587 to 13599.

From Chelsea, England. Received thru James A'eitch it Sons, JVIarch 28, 1905.
Flower seeds.
97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBEU, IKOJ. 151

13600 to 13620.

Knun lu-udin^', Kn^laml. U«'ceive<l thru Sutton cV Sons, about .Miin-li .'!, UtO').

FloWlT Sl'Cils.

13621 and 13622. Matting rush.

KroMi Tokvo, . Japan. I'resentt*<l liv Prof. J. Mat.'suiuura, liii|>crial I'liivcfsitv.
K.'.fivc.i April 24, liM)5.

13621. .IiNcu.4 Ki Kisi s i.Ki iir- 13622. .Iintis .«i-rr< ih'k.nsi.s ki-

EN.S. KI SOM)K.S.

13623 to 13636.

From London, llnt^laii'i. RccciviMl tliru Barr it Son.><, Covt'ut (ianlt-n, Munli
S, UH)5.

KlowiT seeds.

13637 to 13647.

From New York, X. Y. Reeeived thru J. M. Thorhurn ik Co., al)Out February
17, 1905.

Flowcrinji: perennials.

13648. Mkdk'ago cancellata.

From Kostoff on Don, Ru&sia. Receive*! from Mr. (ieorge li. Martin, thru the
.\iiieriean consular ajrency, September 21, 1905.

13649 to 13663.

From Kriurt, (ierniany. Receiveij thru Mr. Ernst Benary, March Iti, H)05.
Flower seeds.

13664 to 13693.

Fnjin Paris, France. Received thru Vilmorin-Andrieux &, Co., March '.i, 1905.
Flower seeds.

13694 and 13695.

From Marhlehead, Ma&s. Received thru James J. H. Gregory & Son, February
27, 1905.

Flower seeds.

13696 to 13698.

Frcjiu Philadelphia, Pa. Received thru Henry A. Dreer, Incorporated, in the
spring of 1905.

Flower seeds.

13699 to 13703.

From Naples, Italy. Received thru Mr. Max Herb, in the spring of 1905.
Flower seeds.

13704. RUDBECKIA SPECI08A BICOLOR.

From Philadelphia, Pa. Received thru W. A. Burpee & Co., February 17, 1905.

13705 to 13707.

From Boston, Mass. Received thru \V. W. Rawson it Co., 12 Faneuil Hall
Square, about February 15, 1905.
Flower seeds.
97

152 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13708 to 13711.

From Boston, Mass. Received thru K. & J. Farquhar it Co., in January, 1905.
Flower seeds.

13712 to 13714.

From Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Presented by Mr. J. B. Lewis, C. E., 126
Sparks street. Received February 21, 1905.

Flower seeds.

13715 to 13718.

From Erfurt, CTernianv. Received thru Mr. F. C. Heinemann, in the spring of
1905.

Flower seeds.

13719 to 13721.

From Erfurt, Germany. Received thru Haage & Schmidt, in the spring of 1905.
Flower seeds.

13722 and 13723. Aquilegia sp. Columbine.

From Wordsley, Stourbridge, England. Received tliru Webb tt Sons, in the
spring of 1905.

13724. Papaver orientale hyb. Poppy.

From Boston, England. Received thru W. W. Johnson & Co., March 7, 1905.

13725 to 13727.

(Origin and date of receipt uncertain.)
Flower seeds.

13728. Lansium domesticum. Doekoe.

From Buitenzorg, Java. Presented by Doctor Treub. Received April 29 and
May 4, 1905.

13729 to 13731. Persea gratissixMA. Avocado.

From Miami, Fla. Presented by Mr. George B. Cellon to the Subtropical Labo-
ratory thru Mr. S. B. Bliss. Received April 12, 1905.

13729. Baldwin. 13731. Rico.

13730. 'Haden.

13732. Moraea iridioides.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented l«y Prof. P. MacOwan, Department
of Agriculture. Received April 24, 1905.

A native South African plant, growing 2^ feet high; flowers iris-like.

13733 to 13794.

Seeds transferred from the Office of Grass and Forage Plant Inve.stigations to the
Office of Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, May 1, 1905.

13733 to 13771.

From the Louisiana Pun'hase Exposition.

13733. Br.\ssica napits. Rape.

From Milan, Italy. "(Agrost. 2476.)

97

DECEMBEK, 1003, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

153

u3733 to 13794 -ContimuHl.
13733 to 13771— Continued.

13734. Tkifoliu.m i'Katk.nsk.

From Voghera, Italy. (Agrost. 2477.)

13735. Trifolium i-ratensk.

From Padova, Italy. (Agrost. L'47S.)

13736. Tkifdi.h-m pratense.
From Asti, Italy. (Agrost. 2479.)

13737. Trifolium pratensk.
From Lodi, Italy. ( Agrost. 2480.)

13738. Medkago sati\ a.

From Milan, Italy. (Agrost. 24S1.)

13739. Medicago sativa.

I>,,ni Tadova, Italy. (Agrost. 24S2.)

13740. Tkifoi.h-m pratense.

From Lorino, Italy. (Agros\ 24S:].)

13741. Trifolitm pratense.

From Aguila, Italy. (Agrost. 2484.)

13742. Medicago lupui.ina.
From Como, Italy. (Agrost. 2485.)

13743. Medica(;o sativa.
FromTreviso, Italy. (Agrost. 2486.)

13744. ^Medicago sativa.

From T'arma, Italy. (Agrost. 2487.)

13745. ^lEIlK'A(iO SATIVA.

From Triora, Italy. (Agrost. 2488.)

13746. Trikolium praten'se.
From Triora, Italy. (Agrost. 2489.)

13747. Trifolu'M pratense.

From Verona, Italy. (Agrost. 2490.)

13748. Trifolium pratense.
From Pesaro, Italy. (Agrost. 2491.)

13749. Trifolium pratense.
From Pairo, Italy. (Agrost. 2492.)

13750. Lotus corniculatus.
From Genoa, Italy. (Agrost. 249.3.)

13751. Medicago lupulixa.

From Treviso, Italy. (Agrost. 2494.)

13752. Trifolium pratense.

From Ferrara, Italy. (Agrost. 2495.)

13753. Medicago sativa.

From Pisa, Italy. (Agrost. 2496.)
13754.. Medicago sativa.

From Triora, Italy. (Agrost. 2497.)
13755. Medicago sativa.

From Verona, Italy. (Agrost. 2498.)

97

Bed clover.
Red clover.
Red clover.
Red clover.
Alfalfa.
Alfalfa.
Red clover.
Red clover.
Yellow trefoil.
Alfalfa.
Alfalfa.
Alfalfa.
Red clover.
Red clover.
Red clover.
Red clover.
Bird's-foot trefoil.
Yellow trefoil.
Red clover.
Alfalfa.
Alfalfa.
Alfalfa.

154

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13733 to 13794 — Continued.
13733 to 13771— Continued.

13756. Trifolium pratense.

From Treviso, Italy. (Agrost. 2499.)

13757. Medicago sativa.

From Milan, Italy. (Agrost. 2500.)

13758. Medicago sativa.

From Voghera, Italy. (Agrost. 2501.)

13759. Medicago sativa.

From Ale.s Italy. (Agrost. 2502.)

13760. Trifolium pratense.
(No label. ) ( Agrost. 2503. )

13761. Trifolium pratense.
( No label. ) ( Agrost. 2504. )

13762. Medicago denticulata.
From Argentina. (Agrost. 2505.)

13763. Trifolium pratense.
From Argentina. (Agrost. 2506.)

13764. Trifolium ixcarnatum.
From Argentina. (Agrost. 2507.)

13765. Trifolium hybridum.
From Argentina. (Agrost. 2508.)

13766. Trifolium pratense.
From Argentina. (Agrost. 2509.)

13767. Medicago sativa.
From Argentina. (Agrost. 2510. )

13768. Medicago sativa.
From Argentina. (Agrost. 2511.)

13769. Medicago sativa.
From Argentina, (.\grost. 2512. )

13770. Trifolium pratense.

From Treviso, Italy. (Agrost. 2513.)

13771. Trifolium pratense.
From Italy. (Agrost. 2514.)

13772 to 13775.
From Reading, England. Received from Sutton & Pons,

13772. Trifolium pratense perexne.
(Agrost. 2156.)

13773. Trifolium repens perenne.
(Agrost. 2157.)

13774. Trifolium pratense.
(Agrost. 2158.)

13775. Trifolium hybridum.

Sutton's giant hybrid coio clover. (Agrost. 2159.)

13776. Tripoli u.M pratense.
From Reading, England, March 20, 1903. (Agrost. 2162.
97

Red clover.

Alfalfa.

Alfalfa.

Alfalfa.
B«d clover.
Red clover.
Bur clover.
Red clover.
Crimson clover.

Alsike.
Red clover.

Alfalfa.

Alfalfa.

Alfalfa.
Red clover.
Red clover.

March, 1903.

Red clover.

White clover.

Red clover.

Alsike.

Red clover.

)

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 155

13733 to 13794 -Continued.

13777. Tkii-oi.h'm hkpkns. Wild white clover.
Fioiu Dickson, Chester, Kngland, May 5, IHO.S. ( A^mst. I'lTlt. )

13778. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.
Krom Missouri Seed Company, 190:i. (Ajrrost. 2180.)

13779. V^iciA FABA. Broad bean.
Fr.mi Naples, Italy. Collected lor World's Fair. (Agrost. 2417.)

13780. ViciA KARA. Broad bean.
From Italy, 1904. (Agrost. 2418.)

13781. ViriA FABA. Broad bean.
From Caserta, Italy, 1904. Collected for World's Fair. (Agrost. 24i;i.)

13782. ViciA FABA. Broad bean.
From Caserta, Italy, 1904. Collected for World's Fair. (Agrost. 2420.)

13783. ViciA FABA. Broad bean.
From Italy, 1904. (Agrost. 2421.)

13784. ViciA FABA. Horse bean.
From Caserta, Italy, 1904. Collected for World's Fair. (Agrost. 2422.)

13785. ViciA FABA. Horse bean.
From Rome, Italy, 1904. Collected for World's Fair. (Agrost. 2423.)

13786. (Unidentified legume.) ( Agrost. 2464. )

13787 to 13793. Brassica nahi's. Rape.

From the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. I^iropi-an varieties.

13787. (Agrost. 2467.) 13791. (Agrost. 2471.)

13788. (Agrost. 2468.) 13792. (Agrost. 2472.)

13789. (Agrost. 2469.) 13793. (Agrost. 2473.)

13790. ( Agrost. 2470. )

13794. Onobrychis oxobrychis. Sainfoin.

From Argentina. (Agros. 2475.)

13795. Bromus inermis. Smooth brome-grass.

From Pueblo, Colo. Received thru Keen Bros., April, 1905.

This seed is from a good crop grown under conditions of unusual drought and high
temperature. It may therefore be valuable in extending the range of this plant
fartlier south.

13796. ViciA ANGU8TiFomA(?)- Vetch.

From Augusta, Ga. Received thru the N. L. Willet Drug Company, April, 1905.
Said to be the most valuable vetch grown in the vicinity of Augusta, Ga.

13797. LOLIUM BONAERENSIS.

From Argentina. Received from Argentine exhibit, Louisiana Purchase Expo-
sition, spring of 1905.

13798 to 13800.

From Buitenzorg, Java. Presented by Doctor Treub. Received May 4, 1905.

13798. Nephelium lappaceum. Rambutan.

13799. Nephelium mitabile. Kapoelasan.

13800. Garcinia mangostana. Mangosteen.
97

156 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOETED.

13801 and 13802.

From London, England. Received tlirn James Veiteh & Son, April 21, 1905.
13801. Acer myabei. 13802. Magnolia stellata

ROSEA.

13803. Agapanthus umbellatus.

From Berlin, Germany. Received thru L. Spath in 1902.

13804. (Undetermined.)

From Argentina. Received thru Dr. B. T. Galloway in 1902.
Seeds of a tree probably 1)elonging to the family ^lyrtaceae.

13805. Hesperaloe funifera.

From Cerritos, Mexico. Received August, 1903. Grown under G. & G. No.
3995 and numbered in May, 1905.

"While the plant is used to a considerable extent for the production of fiber in
Mexico, I think it is doubtful whether it could be used for this purpose profitably in
this country with our present facilities for cleaning fiber. It is a rather striking
ornamentaf i)lant, with its large open panicle of i)inkish or purplish flowers, followed
by pear-shaped, dark-purple seed pods. I would recommend it especially for plant-
ing in dry situations in parks and in the Southern States. In the northern part of
its range in Mexico it nmst endure winter temperatures down to zero, and if planted
in well-draineil soils and protected by a mulch in winter, it will doubtless survive out
of doors in the parks of the Southern States." {Dewey. )

13806. PsiDIUM OUAJAVA POMIFERUM. GrUava.

From Argentina. Received thru Dr. B. T. Galloway in 1902. Grown under
G. & G. No. 358 and numbered in May, 1905.

13807. HiPPEASTRUM hyb.

From Washington, D. C. Numbered May 7, 1905.
A seedling with double flowers, produced by Mr. G. W. Oliver by crossing.

13808. CiNNAMOMUM CAMPHORA. Camphor.

From Huntington, Fla. Collected by Mr. W. O. Richtmann, of Drug and
Medicinal Plant Investigations, from a tree on the grounds of Dr. George E.

Walker, April, 1905.

13809 to 13818.

From Laguna, Cal. Collected by Dr. B. T. Galloway, in the vicinity of Laguna,
and sent to 'Sir. G. W. CJliver for use in breeding. Received May 7, 1905.

13809. Medicago sp. 13811. Lespedeza japonica.

13810. Trifolium sp.

13812. AvENA sp. Oat.
"Thousands of acres of this wild oat are being harvested for hay. Good

thing for hybridizing. Grown on soil with 10 inches of rain. Cuts 4 to 5
tons per acre. ' ' ( Gallou-ay. )

13813. (Undetermined.) Grass.

13814. (Undetermined.) Grass.

13815. (Undetermined.) Grass.

13816. EcHiNocvsTis sp. 13818. Bloomeria aurea.

(No. 1.)

13817. EcHINOCV.STIS sp.

(No. 2.)
1)7

DECEMBKH. 1003, TO DECEMBER, lOOo.

157

13819 to 13851. DiospYKOS kaki.

Japanese persininioii.

A collection of plants of named varietie.s .secured for the use of Mr. (j. W. Oliver
in brei'(liii<r work. Keceived in January, ]90rt.

13819 to 13820.

Received thni the P. J. Berckmans Company, Augusta, Ga.

13820. Mhjetan.

TsKro ))ok'o.
Yemoii.

13819. Mam gala.
13821 to 13825.
Received thru the Fancher Creek Nurseries, Fresno, Cal

13821. Dai-da i niaru. 13824.

13822. Goshi gaki. 13825.

13823. Hachiija.
13826 to 13834.

Reieivo<l thru Mr. G. h. TaV)cr, (ilen St. Mary, Fla.
13826. Costata. 13831.

Okanie. 13832.

Taher's Xo. 23. 13833.

Taber's Xo. 129. 13834.

Tane mts}ii.
13835 to 13851.
Received thru the Yokohama Nursery Company, Yokohama, Japan

13827.
13828.
13829.
13830.

Trlaniph.
T.mru.
Yeddo ichi.
Zengi.

13835.

Dal-ddi maru.

13836.

Da'dsurumoko.

13837.

Giboshi.

13838.

Gosho.

13839.

Ilachiya.

13840.

Kozuru.

13841.

Knro kuma.

13842.

Mfimegaki.

13843.

Mh)oziirii.

13844.

MuhJi irazu.

13845.

Mizigaki.

13846.

Shakumi.

13847.

Shibuyemon.

13848.

Tane uashL

13849.

Zenji maru.

13850.

(Unnamed.)

13851.

( Fnnamed. )

13852. Cephalakia tatarica.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru J. M. Thorburn & Co., ]\Iay 5, 1905.

13853. Trifolium repens'. "White clover.

From Paris, France. Received thru Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., May 6, 1905.

White Lodino. "This is a giant form of white clover from the Po Valley, truly
perennial, hardy, tall (2 feet), recovering more quickly than other clovers after cut-
ting. Not adajited to light, sandy, or poor soil, but gives 3 to 4 cuttings; 4 to 5 tons
of hay on rich soil." ( Vihnorin-Andrieitx cfr Co.)

13854 to 13856. Triticum durum. Macaroni wheat.

From North Platte, Nebr. Received April 29, 1905.
^Macaroni wheats grown by the Nebraska Experiment Station from imported seed.

13854. Yellow Gharnoika. 13856. Velvet Don.

13855. Black Don.

13857 and 13858. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Paris, France. Received thru Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., May 8, 1905.

13857. From Simbirsk, Russia. 13858. From Kharkof, Russia.

97

158 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13859. Allium cepa. Onion.

From Paris, France. Presented bv Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co. Received IMay
6, 1905.

tSainte Marie. "This onion is remarkable for its great earliness. It is flat in shape,
with a very tine neck, and produces, as quickly as the White Queen onion, marketable
l)ul])s of a larger size than those of the latter. It seems to us that it might be a desir-
al)le variety for truck farmers in the Southern States." ( Vilmorin-Andrie^u: ct- Co.)

13860. Stipa tenacissima. Esparto grass.

From Office of Grass and Forage Plant Investigations. Received Mav 9, 1905.
Originally from J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York, N. Y. (Agrost. No. 2216.)

13861. Nephelium mutabile. Kapoelasan.

From Buitenzorg, Java. Presented by Doctor Treub. Received May 12, 1905.

13862. Clitoria ternatea ( i) Butterfly pea.

From Porto Rico. Grown from seed presented by the Governor. Plants num-
bered May 6, 1905.

13863. Clematis davidiana. Clematis.

From Philadelphia, Pa. Received thru Henry A. Dreer, Incorporated, May 6,
1905.

13864. Hydrastis canadensis. Golden-seal.

From Mantua, Ohio. Received thru Mr. A. W. Russel, at the request of ]\Ir.
W. W. Stockberger, May 15, 1905. Seed for use in connection with experi-
ments being carried on by Dr. R. H. True.

13865 to 13924.

From Pretoria, South Africa. Presented by INIr. G. Baylis, Division of Botany,
Transvaal Department of Agriculture, thru Prof. ^^'. J. Spillman. Received
May 1, 1905.

A collection of native grass seeds as follows (the numbers in parentheses are
Mr. Baylis's):

13875. Eraorostis sp.
(250/05.)

13876. Eragrostis sp.

(251/05.)

-13877. AcROSTissp. (252/05.)

13878. CaPRIOLA D ACTYLO N

(253/05.)

13879. ARiSTiDAsp. (2.54/05.)

13880. Andropogon sp.

(255/05.)

13881. Elionurus argentenus.

(256/05.)

13882. Andropogon sp.

(257/05.)

13883. Eragrostis plana.

(258/05.)

13884. Eragrostis lappula di-
va ricula. (259/05.)

13885. Eragrostis sp.
(260/05. )

13865.

(Natal red top.)
(239/05.)

13866.

(Native grass.)
(240/05. )

13867.

Eragrostis sp.
(241/05.)

13868.

Eragrostis s p .

(242/05.)

13869.

(Native grass.)

(243,'05.)

13870.

(Native grass.)
(244/05.)

13871.

Eragrostis chlorome-
LAs. (245/05.)

13872.

( Native grass . )
(247/05.)

13873.

Andropogon contortus.
(248/05.)

13874.

( Nati ve grass. )
(249/05.)

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1!K)5.

159

13865 to 13924- Coiitinuod.

13886. AuiNDINELUA ECKI.ONII.

(2til/0o.)

13887. CHAETOCHLOA SJ).

(262/05.)

13888. (Native grnss. )

(283/05.)

13889. AxDHOPOGox euco.mus.

(2(54/05.)

13890. (Native grass.)

(265/05.)

13891. (Native grass.)

(277/05.)

13892. AKisTiDAsp. (278/05.)

13893. Tkicholaena kosea.

(279/05.)

13894. Panictm colon im.

(281/05.)

13895. Chlokis virgata.

(282/05.)

13896. Eragrostis sp.

(285/05. )

13897. Era<;rostis sp.

(286/05.)

13898. (Native grass.)

(287/05.)

13899. Aristida sp. (288/05.)

E R A (i R O S T I S S p .

(289/05.)

C H L O R I S VIRGATA.

(290/05.)

(Native grass.)

(291/05.)

13900
13901
13902
13903

(Nati\-e grass.)
(292/05.)

13904. Eragrostis sp.

(293/05.)

13905. (Native grass.)

(294/05.)

13906. Eragrostis sp.

(295/05.)

13907. (Native grass.)

(296/05.)

13908. (Native grass.)

(297/05.)

13909. (Native grass.)

(298/05.)

13910. Chaetochloa aurea.

(299/05.)

13911. Chaetochloa sp.

(300/05.)

13912. Chaetochloa nigriros-

tre (?) (301/05.)

13913. Panici'm isachne.

(302/05.)

13914. Chaetochloa pennise-
tum (?) (303/05.)

13915. (Native grass.)

(305/05.)

13916. (Native grass.)

(306/05.)

13917. (Native grass.)

(307/05.)

13918. (Native grass.)

(308/05.)

13919. Chaetochloa sp.

(309/05. )

13920. (Native grass. ^

(310/0.5.)

13921. Eragrostis ma.ior me-

gastachya. (311/05.)

13922. Paniculum sulcatum.

(312/05.)

13923. (Native grass.)

(313/05.)

13924. (Native grass.)

(315/05.)

13925 to 13946. Clematis spp.

Clematis.

From Pliiladelphia, Pa. Received thru Henry A. Dreer, Incorporated, May 6,
1905.

13925. Clematis flammula {Rubra marginatu).

13926. Clematis indivisa.

13927. Clematis coccinea.
13928 to 13945. Clematis spp.

13928. Anderson Henryi.

13929. Bosloop Seedling.

13930. Fairy Queen.

13931. Duchess of Edin-

burgh.

13932.
13933.
13934.
13935.

Gipsy Queen.

Jackmani.

Jitchnani Superba.

Lilacina Flori-
bunda.

97

160

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13941.

The Gern.

13942.

'llie PresidenL

13943.

Countess ofOnslotv.

13944.

Duchess of Album/.

13945.

Duchess of Yoi-k.

13925 to 13946 — Continued.
13928 to 13945— Continued.

13936. .V. Kosla:

13937. M)ne. Baron VeU-

lurd.

13938. Mme. Van Houtte.

13939. Miss Buteman.

13940. Standishi.

13946. Clematis integrifolia dirandii.

13947 to 13949. Phalaris canariexsis.

From ^lonte. Grand Canary. Presented bv 'Sir. Alaricus Delmard, Hotel Santa
Brigada. Received April 24, 1905.

"Phalaris canariensw, as a matter of fact, is hardly grown in the islands and mostly
comes from the Province of Alicante, in Spain. But one person grows it here, and
I will forward you a packet of the seed. Again I regret that I can only discover one
variety as grown here. It may have been grown as a crop for the sale of seed in
former times in these islands, but certainly is so no longer. The seed I now have
comes from ilorocco and Buenos Aires, and also from Seville; that from the former
two places costs 62 pesetas for 100 kilos, and from Seville 65 pesetas." {Delmard.)

13947. Grown in Buenos Aires. 13949. Grown in Monte.

13948. Grown in Morocco.

Canary grass.

13950 and 13951. Phalaris spp.

From San Giovanni a Teduccio, Italy. Eeceived thru Dammann & Co., April

25, 1905.
13950.
13951.

Phalaris canariexsis.
Phalaris arundinacea.

Canary grass.
Reed canary grass.

13952 to 13966. Beta vulgaris. Sugar beet.

Sugar-beet seeds planted at Fairfield, Wash., in the spring of 1905, by Mr. Joseph
F. Reed, assistant in sugar-beet experiments, from selected roots.

13952. Kleinwanzleben; tested 23 per cent sugar.

Roots selected from Mr. E. H. ^Morrison's general stock in 1903. Seed raised
in 1904.

13953. Kleinwanzleben; tested 23 per cent sugar.

Roots selected from No. 12846 (Lehi seed) in 1903. Seed raised in 190*4.

13954. Kleimranzleben; tested 22 per cent.

Roots selected from Mr. E. H. Morrison's general stock in 1903.

13955. Kli'inu-anzleberi; tested 21 per cent.

Roots selected from Mr. E. H. Morrison's general stock in 1903.

13956. Kleimranzleben; tested 20 per cent.

Roots selected from Mr. E. H. Morrison's general stock in 1903.

13957. Kliimvanzleben; tested 19 per cent.

Roots selected from Mr. E. H. Morrison's general stock in 1903.

13958. Kleinwanzleben; tested 19 per cent.
Roots selected from No. 12846 (Lehi seed) in 1903.

13959. Kleimranzleben; tested 18 per cent.

Roots selected from Mr. E. H. Morrison's general stock in 1903.
97

DECEMBER, VMi, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 161

13952 to 13966 -Continued.

13960. Kleinwanzlehen; tested 18 per cent.

Roots selected from No. 12849 (Morrison seed), 1903.

13961. Kleinwanzlehen; tested 18 percent.
Roots selected from No. 12846 (Lehi seed) in 190.3.

13962. Kleinwttnzleben; tested 17 percent.

Roots selected from Mr. E. H. Morrison's general stock in 1903.

13963. Kleiniianzleheu; tested 1 6 per cent.

Roots selected from Mr. E. H. Morrison's general stock in 1903.

13964. Dlppe Elite Kleinwanzlehen; tested 16 \^er cent.
Roots selected from iJipjie Kleimvanzlehen, 1903.

13965. Kleinwanzlehen; tested 15 per cent.

Roots selected from Mr. I*'. II. Morrison's general stock in 1903.

13966. Kleinwanzlehen; tested 15 per cent.

Roots selected from Mr. E. M. Morri.-^on's general stock in 1903. The outside
seed stalks were cut out, allowing more nourishment to tlie stalks produced
from the inner or sugar rings of the beet.

13967. Carissa arduina. Amatungulu.

From Ca})e Town, South Africa. Presented by Prof. P. ]\Iac()wan, government
botanist, Department of Agriculture, Cape of Good Hope. Received April 24,
1905.

"A handsome apocynaceous shrub which may make an ornamental hedge plant
in your .Southern States. The glittering green of the foliage and tiie curious ri'ctan-
gufar mode of branching catch the eye, but, like some other African Sepiariae, it
requires the severest disi-ipline with the shears, and, 1 must say, sul)mits to it well.

"Even the Apple-of-tiie-Kei, now spread over the warmer world, is not more de.s-
tined to the steel than is this Carissa. The flowers are borne in small umbels, bril-
liantly wliite, scented, and succeeded by lots of scarlet ovoid fruits, the beloved
'num-nums' of natives and kids generally. I hope you will push it into notice
among amateurs. They can make cones or pyramids of it, if they like, in the antique
topiary fashion. ' ' ( MacOwan. )

13968 to 13975.

From Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa. Presented by Prof. J. Burtt Davy,
government agrostologist and botanist, Transvaal Department of Agriculture.
Received May''l5, 1905.

"Small samples of local varieties of wheat, oats, Nepaul barley, and maize. For
your guidance in their disiw.«al 1 may say that this is a region of hot days and cool
nights (trosty in winter), with summer rains, and a long, cool, rainless winter. The
rainfall runs from 20 to 30 inches, but is discounted by six or seven months of
practical drought. " {Dn vy. )

13968. A VENA sp. • Oat.
Boer. (283/05.)

13969. HoRDEUM sp. Barley.

Tibet. (217/05.) " .

13970. Zea mays. Corn.
Egyptian. (990/04.)

13971. Zea mays. Corn.
North Ameri ran. (992/04.)

7217— No. 97—07 11

162

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

13968 to 13975— Continued.

13972. Zea mays.

mt He Boiman MeaUe. ( 694/04. )

13973. Triticum vulgare.
Klein Koren. (284/05.)

13974. Triticum vulgare.
Tibet. (216/05.)

13975. Triticum vulgare.
WolKoorn. (498/04.)

13976 to 13985. Berberis sp.

Corn.

Wheat.
Wheat.
Wheat.

Barberry.

From St. Petersburg, Russia. Presented by Messrs. Regel and Kesselring, of the
Royal Botanical (hardens. Received May 11, 1905.

1397g.
13977.

13978.
13979.
13980.

13981.

Berberis sinensis.

Berberis thunbergii
maximowiczi.

Berberis thunbergii.

Berberis vulgaris.

Berberis vulgaris sul-
cata.

Berberis vulgaris
amurensis.

13982. Berberis vulgaris

emarginata.

13983. Berberis vulgaris ma-

crocarpa.

13984. Berberis vulgaris pur-

purea.

13985. Berberis vulgaris spa-

thulata.

13986 to 13988.

From Buitcnzorg, Java. Received thru Doctor Treub, May 20, 1905.

13986. Lansium uomesticum. Doekoe.

13987. Garcinia mangostana. Mangosteen.

13988. Nepiielium mutabile. Kapoelasan.

13989 to 13992.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru J. M. Thorburn & Co., May 12, 1905.

13989. Hedysarum coronarium. Sulla.

13990. Ornithopus sativls. Serradella.

13991. OxoHKVCHis oNOBRVCHis. Sainfoin.

13992. Pisum arvense. Canada field pea.

13993 to 13998.

From Westbury Station, Nassau County, N. Y. Received thru Isaac Hicks &
Son, May 25, 1905.

Ornamental plants as follows:

13993. Acer carpinifolium.

13994. CoRNUs macropiiylla.

13995. CoRNUS macrophylla.

13999. Medicago sativa.

13996.
13997.
13998.

Viburnum dilatatum.
quercus cuspidata.

StUARTIA PSEUDO-

CAMELLIA.

Alfalfa.

From Ogden, Utah. Received thru Mr. P. A. Nebeker, May 23, 1905.

Turkestan alfalfa, grown on unirrigated land from imported seed (probably S. P. I.
No. 991 ) furnished :\Ir. Nebeker in 1900.

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 11)05. 103

14000 to 14005. Gladiolus spp. Gladiolus.

From New York, N. Y. Heceived from Mr. W. Van Fleet, April o, 1905.

14000. Gladiolus cruentus. 14003. Gladiolis psittacinus.

14001. Gladiolis purpureo- 14004. Gladiolu-s .saundersii.

AiuATiTS. 14005. Gladiolis leichtlini.

14002. Gladiolus dkacoce-

phalus.

14006 to 14072. (Jladiolus spp. Gladiolus.

From Floral Park, N. Y. Received thru Mr. John Lewis Childs, April 8, 1905.
14006 to 14034. Gladiolus 14062 to 14072. Gladiolus

CIIILDSII. LEMOINEI.

14035 to 14061. Gladiolus

gandaven-

SIS.

14073 to 14087. Gladiolus spp. G-ladiolus.

From Berlin, N. Y. Received thru Mr. Arthur Cowee, Ai)ril \2, 1905.

14088 to 14155. Gladiolus spp. Gladiolus.

From Nancy, France. Received thru V. Leraoine & Son, May 4, 1905.

14156 to 14259. Gladiolus spp. Gladiolus.

From Paris, France. Received thru Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., May 10, 1905.

14260 to 14267. Gladiolus spp. Gladiolus.

From Erfurt, Germany. Received thru Haage & Schmidt, May 10, 1905.

14268 to 14412. (Gladiolus spp. Gladiolus.

From Somerset, P^ngland. Received thru Kelway & Sons, Langport, May 12,
1905.
(See the circular of the Bureau of Plant Industry entitled "A Variety Collection of
Gladiolus," 1905.)

14413 to 14418.

From Snltepec, Mexico. Presented by Mr. Federico Chisolm. Received May
12, 1905.
A small collection of unidentified plants.

14419. Tulipa sp. Tulip.

From Dedham, Mass. Received thru Mr. A. W. Cheever, August 25, 1905.

14420 and 14421. Nicotiana tabacum. Tobacco.

Frcjm Sao Paulo, Brazil. Presented by Dr. H. M. Lane, Mackenzie College.
Received May 25, 1905.

14420. Fumo Creolo. Seed from near Cotia, State (jf Sao Paulo, Brazil.

14421. Seed from Pirassununga, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil.

14422 to 14431.

From Honolulu, Hawaii. Presented by Mr. Ralph S. Hosmer, superintendent
of forestry, Hawaiian Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry. Received May 31,
1905.

14422. Rauwolfia sandwincensis.
Native name Hao. A small, milky tree.

97

164 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

14422 to 14'131— Continued.

14423. Cheirodendron gaudichaudii.

Native name Ohipa. A tree 30 to 50 feet high. The natives prepare a bkie
dye from the bark and leaves.

14424. Maha sandwicensis.

Native name Lama. Grows to a height of from 20 to 40 feet.

14425. Caesalpinia kauaiensis.

Native name Vhiuhi. A low shrub 3 to 4 fee

14426. Erythrina monosperma.

Nati\e name WUiwlli. An ornamental tree 20 to 25 feet high, with short,
thick tiunk and spreading crown. The tree loses its leaves in late summer,
and in the spring before the new leaves are out scarlet flowers appear. The
wood is soft and corklike.

14427. Dracaena aurea.

. Native name Halapepe. A glabrous tree 20 to 25 feet high, from the wood
of which the natives used to carve their idols,

14428. • Myrsine lassertiana.

Native name Kolea. A tree 20 to 50 feet high. The natives used to extract
a red dye from the Imrk.

14429. Alphitonia ponderosa.

Native name Kauwila. A tall tree, often attaining 50 to 83 feet. The wood
is remarkable for close grain, hardness, and heavy weight, on which account
the natives prefeired it for making spears, mallets for beating kapa, and other
tools; turns black with age.

14430. Do DON a ea viscosa.
Native name AaUi.

14431. Myoporum sandwicensis.

' ' Native name Naeo. English name ' bastard sandalwood. ' Tree 20 to 30 feet
high. The wood of this tree, most so the roots, becomes fragrant on dry-
ing, with an odor resembling that of sandalwood, whence its P^nglish name.
After the exhaustion of the true sandalwood it was exported for some time to
China as a substitute." {Hillebrand.)

14432. Gerbera jamesoni. Barberton daisy.

From Lourenc/o Marquez, East Africa. Presented ,by Mr. A. E. Graham-
Lawrence, thru Hon. W. Stanley HoUis, United States consul. Received July
14, 1905.

14433. (Undetermined.) "Lemoncito."

From Manila, P. I. Received thru Capt. George P. Ahern, chief of the Bureau
of Forestry, Manila Bureau of Agriculture, July 17, 1905.

"This is a small plant, the height of which does not exceed one and one-half of
that of a man, and is known only by the name of 'lemoncito.' It usually has about
live very leafy branches. Its trunk is nearly 20 centimeters in diameter, of a light-
yellow color, with blackish spots hardly perceptible, and of a tine fibrous texture.
It is not very well known by the common people. Its branches are slender and
produce leaves in groups of three, the middle one benig the largest; in the growth of
the leaves are found thorns somewhat pronounced; the groups of leaves are arranged
in alternating order on either side of the branch up to the end. Its trunk has no
odor, but its fruit has an agreeal^le odor somewhat like maraschino. They appear
between the groups of leaves at the time of opening of the calyx of a flower from
which they come, and are sometimes found in clusters and sometimes single. In the
month of May this plant produces fruit in abundance and they ripen in a few days.

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 165

They have an oval form with a pronounced fiery color, are aromatic and edible with
a somewhat acrid yet sweet taste.

"Commonly people who have lemoncito trees make sirup from the ripened fruit
and also preserve them." (Aliern. )

14434 to 14463.

From Mexico. Secured by Prof. P. H. Rolfs, in charge of the Subtropical Labo-
ratory, Miami, Fla., while travelin>: in IMfxico as a^'ricultural explorer of the
Office of StH'd and I'lant Introduction in Ai)ril, May, and June, 1905.

14434. Pruni's sp. "Ceruella."

"A form of native Prunus, resembling the peach in color, about the size of
a lamson plum. Secured at Jalapa, Mexico. This plum grows in that neigh-
borhood; consecpiently it is jjossible that seedlings from it will be able to main-
tain themselves in extreme southern Florida and Porto Rico. (Lab. No.
289.)" {Rolfs.)

14435. Pei{SE.\ gratissima. Avocado.

"A small quantity of bud wood secured from a tree that blooms in January
and ripens fruit in May. The special value of this particular trte lies in the
fact that it ripens in so short a tiuie after blooming. The fruit, altho delicious
and otherwise good, is too small to prove of value on the market. Its special
value, however, lies in the fact tliat when it comes into bearing it can be u.sed
for hybridizing with the early forms that do have marketable fruit, and con-
sequently the introduction is very desirable. (Lab. No. 295.)" {Rolfo.)

14436. CucuRBiTA sp. Squash.

"This is a peculiar native (?) scjuash that is grown to some extent for the
market, and it is possilde that it would he of use iu the Southern States for a
summer vegetable on account of its extremelv hard outer skin. (Lab. No.
296.)" {liolj's.)

14437. Caesalpixia sp.

"This is a flowering shrub found at Papantla, State of Vera Cruz. It resem-
bles to some extent a plant already grown in Florida and known as the dwarf
IVnirkuKi (Cae>^(ilpin(i jiulrherrltiia). It differs from this, however, in produ-
cing a much greater abundance of flowers and growing about twice the height.
It is a distinct species from that mentioned. (Lab. No. 297. ) " {Rolfs. )

14438. FiciTs sp.

"A number of ripe fruits of this tree were secured from the public garden at
Papantla. The fruits are aVjout the size of black walnuts, and are inediljle,
tho not of unpleasant flavor; but the tree is very decorative. In general char-
acter of the tree and look of the leaves, this species would classify near Plcus
carica. ( Lab. No. 298. ) " {Rolfs.)

14439. Hibiscus sp.

"An Hibiscus that appears to be a native, bearing a very dark maroon-
colored bloom. Quite showy and striking. (Lab. No. 299. ) " {Rolfs.)

14440. Vanilla sp. "Pon^pon."

"This species is a very strong-growing vanilla. Produces the largest pods
and in considerable quantity. Secured near Papantla, \'era Cruz. (Lab.
No. 308.)" {Rolfs.)

14441. Vanilla planifolia (?). Vanilla.

"This number appears to be the true T''. planifolia, ])ut could not be identi-
fied. It, however, is one of the vanilla-producing species. (Lab. No. 309.) "
{Rolfs.)

14442. Vanilla planifolia. Vanilla.

"This was secured from a vanillary some 10 or 12 miles from Papantla. It
is probably the true V. plan folia. It is from this species that most of the com-
mercial material is produced in this section. (Lab. No. 310.)" {Rolfs.)

97

1(36 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

14434 to 14463— Continued.

14443. Vanilla sp. Vanilla.

"The exact status of this number can not be learned until the flowers and
fruit shall have been studied. It is, however, not T'. planifoUa. (Lab. No.
311.)" (Rolfs.)

14444. Vaxilla sp. Vanilla.

"This is rather a weak-growing species of the vanilla genus, but I have been
told that it produces beans of unusual strength. Secured on the Isthmus of
Tehuan tepee. ( Lab. No. 312. ) " ( Rolfs. )

14445. Vanilla sp. Vanilla.

"This is a very narrow-leaved species. It is not a vigorous grower, but is
said to be of considerable value. Secured on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
(Lab. No. 313.)" (Rolfs.)

14446. Vanilla sp. Vanilla.

"Quite similar to 313 and may prove to be the same species, but in the field
it showed consideral)le difference, due to the place where it was growing.
Secured on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. (Lab. No. 314.)" [Rolfs.)

14447. Bambusa vulgaris (?). Bamboo.

"This gigantic-growing bamboo was seen all along the way from a few miles
below Teziutlan to Papantla. It has become rather tlioroly established, and
would ajtpear to be a native of this region. A small quantity of good seed
was obtained from fruiting specimens. (Lab. No. 316.)" (Rolfs.)

14448. Mangifera indica. Mango.

"Seed of what is commonly called Manila mango. This is probably the
same mango that is called the Rhilipphw mango in Cuba. Very little fiber.
Fruit very long, about 5 inches, sometimes longer than this, about 3 inches
broad at its broadest, about 1^ to 2 inches thick. Delicious flavor, free from
turpentine, and the best varieties can be eaten with a spoon, it being possible
to cut the fiber with an ordinary teaspoon. (Lab. No. 317. )" ( Rolfs.)

14449. Carica papaya. Papaw.

"A very handsome specimen of this fruit was purchased fur the seed.
(Lab. No. 318.)" (Rolfs.)

14450. Castilla elastica. Rubber.
(Lab. No. 319. )

14451. LvcoPERsicuM esculentum. Tomato.

"A small tomato, which is said to be a native of Mexico and one that
occurs very commonlv, especially on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. (Lab.

No. 320.)" (Rolfs.)

14452. Ananas sativus. Pineapple.

"Known as the Guatemala Spineless White. This variety has a number of
points that would commend it for our use— spineless, ripens early, is delicious,
and apparently a good shipper. (Lab. No. 323.)" [Rolfs.)

14453. CiCER ARiETiNUM. Chick-pea.

"This is a legume which in some respects resembles the English pea, and is
used very largely in preparing soups and di,shes of that kind. It is not gen-
erally used in this country, but if it should prove to do well the Spanish mar-
ket would use all that could be furnished for some time. (Lab. No. 327.)"
{Rolfs.)

14454. Casimiroa edulis. White sapota.
(Lab. No. 328.)

14455. ' "Haba."

"A legume to be found on most of the markets. (Lab. No. 329. )" (Rolfs. )
97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 167

14434 to 14463— Continued.

14456. Pkunis sp. "Ceruella."

"Tliis species is said to be a native of Mexii-o and to jrrow very luxuriantly
in the re<:it)ns where oranges are produced. If this could be grown in Florida
and Porfo Kico it would be a very desirable acquisition. (Lab. No. 331.)"

( Rolfi. )

14457. MUSA ENSETE.

"Seed secured in Mexico City. ( Lab. No. 332. ) " (Rolfs. )

14458. Bactris major. Palm.
"Very ornamental palm from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. (Lab. No.

33.3.)" ' {Rolfs.)

14459. Zea mays. Corn.

"Corn that grows along tiie l.^^thnms of Tehuantepec. It has some qualities
that mav adapt it for growth in the extreme southern part of the United
States. " ( Lab. N. >. 334. ) " ( Rolfi. )

14460. 'Haba."

"Seed of another species of legume, which occurs commonly on the various
markets in Cuba. ( Lab. No. 335. ) " ( Rolfs. )

14461. "Bayo."
"Seed of another legume. Secured in the Vera Cruz market. (Lab. No.

337.)" {Rolfs.)

14462. Ervi'.m lens. Lentil.
"Appears to be a lentil, as grown in Europe. Secured in the Vera Cruz

market. (Lab. No. 338.) " {Jiolfs.)

14463.

"Seed of the tree referred to under 'No. 295.' (Lab. No. 3.39.)" {Rolfs.)

14464. CiNNAMOMLM CAMTHouA. Camplior.

This number (14464) was assigned to camphor plants distributed by Mr. E. M.
Byrnes, superintendent of gardens and grounds, in order to keep a record of the
distribution.

The seeds from which the plants were grown came from various sources.

14465. Zea mays. Corn.

From Houston, Tex. Received thru Dr. S. A. Knapp, July 14, 1905.

Laguna. Secured by Doctor Knapp from Mexico. "This is a new variety. AVas
grown in Texas. In the latitude of north Texas this could be planted as late as the
first of August. ' ' ( Knapp. )

14466. Trifolium incarnatum. Crimson clover.

From Richmond, Va. Received thru T. W. AVood & Son, July 20, 1905. ■
Late.

14467. ViciA viLLOSA. Hairy vetch.

From Richmond, Va. Received thru T. W. Wood & Son, July 20, 1905.

14468. ViciA FABA. Horse bean.

From Montreal, Canada. Received thru William Ewing & Co., July 20, 1905.

14469. GossYPiuM sp. Cotton.

From Chicago, 111. Received thru Mr. I. L. Hauser (?), 225 Dearborn street,

July 17, 1905.
97

168 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

14470. Eragrostis abyssinica. Teflf.

From San Giovanni a Teduccio, near Naples, Italy. Received thru Dammann
&Co., July 21, 1905.

14471. Xanthosoma sagittifolium. Yautia.

From Mayaguez, P. R. Received from the Agricultural Experiment Station,
July 24, 190.5.
"This varietv is in many respects the best of all the yautias cultivated in tropical
America. It j'ields .3 to .tVj^i"^^ to the nill, and can be grown on a great variety of
soils. It requires about ten months to mature.

"This varietv is known as 'RoUiza ' in Porto Rico. It is also grown in Trmidad,
Venezuela, and Balize, British Honduras. The fresh roots contain 20 per cent to
28 per cent of starch, with very little fiber. 'No. 1,' of P. R. Exp. Station."
(Barrett.)

14472 and 14473.

From Manila, P. I. Received thru Capt. George P. Ahern, chief of the Bureau
of Forestry, July 24, 190-5.

14472. Orania philippixensis. Palm.
' "A palm indigenous to the Philippine Islands." [Ahem )

14473. Pandanus luzonexsis.

"A plant indigenous to the Philippine Islands, found at elevations up to 600
meters above sea level. Apparently closely related to Pandanus sylrestris Bory,
from the island of Reunion, differing in" its larger size, longer leaves, etc.
Described in Bulletin No. 17, Bureau of Government Laboratories, Manila,
P. 1., 'New or Noteworthv Philippine Plants, II,' by Botanist Elmer D. Mer-
rill." {Ahem.)

14474. ViGNA SINENSIS. Cowpca.
From Grovetown, Ga. Received thru Mr. W. W. Hamilton, July 26, 1905.

14475. SoLANUJi coMMERSONi. Aquatic potato.

From Montevideo, Uruguay. Received thru Dr. J. Clyde Macartney, July 25,

1905.

14476. Opuntia sp. Prickly pear.

This number (14476) was assigned to about 500 seedling cacti sent by Mr. Luther
Burbank, Santa Rosa, Cal., to Dr. S. A. Knapp, San Antonio, Tex., for planting on
the Government demonstration farm.

14477 to 14479.

From City of ^Mexico, ]\Iexico. Received thru Dr. J. N. Rose, of the United
States National Museum, July 28, 1905.

A collection of unidentified plants.

14480. Ipomoea BATATAS (?). ~ Dahomcy swect potato.

From Bordeaux, France. Received thru Hon. Albion W. Tourgee, United States
consul, July 31, 1905.

This plant "is a native of Dahomey and very prolific. The leaves of the plant can
be used as a suljstitute for.spinach, and the tubers, containing a higher percentage of
sugar than beets, are fine flavored and make exceptionally good food for live stock."
( Tourgee. ) • ~-

14481. LiLTUM LONGIFLORUM ExiMEUM. Easter lily.

From Washington, D. C. Received July 31, 1905. Selected bulbs grown in
the Department greenhouses.

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. KM)

14482. ,J UNCUS EFFUSUS. Matting rush.

From California. Collected under the direction of Prof. A. V. Stn'.M'uriuich.
Roots secured from California marshes for work on the matting-rush industry.

14483. Cypekus sp.

From Kobe, Japan. Received thru Mr. A. G. Boyer, at North Galveston, Tex.,
April, 1904.

14484 and 14485. ('apsicum annuum. Pepper.

From Malaga, Spain. Received thru Hon. I). R. Birch, United States consul,
July :^1, iW5.

14484. Chile. 14485. Large red sweet coin.

"This pei)per is the most common variety on sale here, and the fruits are usually
about 8 inches in length." (Birch.)

14486. ScHOENOCAULON OFFICINALE ( ?). " Cebadilla."

From San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Received thru Dr. Edward Palmer from
Dr. Gregorio Borroeta, July 31, 190.T.

An insecticide wash for cattle infected with ticks is said to be prepare<l from these
plants. Related to the fly-killer {Arniranthium miL^caetoxicum) and to the green
hellebore ( \'eratrwn). Imported for experiments in Cuba.

14487. Prunus sibirica. Siberian apricot.

From Jamaica Plain, Mass. Received thru the Arnold Arboretum, July 28,
1905.

This variety is said to be perfectly hardy in Massachusetts.

14488. BiDENS HETEROPHTLLA. " Malpe " tea.

From Guadalajara, Mexico. Received thru Mr. Federico Chisolm, August 1,
1905.

"A great part of the stuff sold as 'tea' in Mexico is the rolled leaves of this plant."

{Omoim. )

14489. (Undetermined.)

From Tacoma, Wash. Presented by Gen. William G. Le Due. Received July
27, 1905.

"Plant said to be used by the Indians as a cure for 'mountain fever;' fruits are
edible." {Le Due.)

14490. SOLANUM TUBEROSUM. PotatO.

From Edinburgh, Scotland. Secured by Prof. L. R. Jones, of the Vermont
Experiment Station, from T. A. Scarlett, and sent direct to Burlington, Vt.

El Dorado. "A potato that is of peculiar prominence for disease resistance. In
1904 speculation forced the price as high as $16 a pound." [Jones. ) (See No. 13034. )

14491. Narcissus poeticus alba fl. pi.

From Edinburgh, Scotland. Received thru the Royal Botanical Gardens,
August 7, 1905.

14492. Panicum maximum. G-uinea grass.

From Australia. Received thru J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York, N. Y.,
May 25, 1905.

97

170

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTEP.

14493 to 14497.

From Paris, France. Received thru Vihnorin-Aiidrieux & Co., May 26, 1905.
Clover and alfalfa seeds:

14493. Trifolium pratense. Red clover.
Trefle, violet de Ilunsie.

14494. Trifolium incarnatum. Crimson clover.
Trefle, incarnnt de Russie.

14495. Trifolium repens. White clover.
Trefle, blanc de Russie.

14496. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.
Luzerne de Pensa (Simbirsk).

14497. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.
Luzerne de Cliarkow.

Presented by Mr. Alaricus Delmard. Received

14498. Persea indica.

From Monte, Grand Canary.
June 1, 1905.

Seeds from Teneriffe. "Procured for the puri)OHe of growing stocks upon which
to graft seedling avocado {Persea gratissinia) for planting in localities which require
a more hardy stock than the latter." ( Fairchild. )

14499. ViGNA SINENSIS. Cowpea.

From Richmond, Va. Received thru T. W. Wood & Sons, June 1, 1905.
Wonderful.

145b0 to 14775. Andropogon sorghum. Sorghum.

From Bombay Presidency, India. Received by the Office of Grass and Forage
Plant Investigations, Ai)ril 27, 1903, from Hon. J. W. MoUison, Inspector-
General of Agriculture in India. Turned over to the Office of Seed and Plant
Introduction and numbered in the spring of 1905.

A collection of sorghums obtained from Surat Farm, Bombay Presidency.

14500.

Dhula (A).

14501.

Kar Juur.

14502.

Garia Yellow.

14503.

Ellichpuri.

14504.

Gare.

14505.

Akada.

14506.

Garia Yellow (A).

14507.

Yellaspuri.

14508.

Kalbondi.

14509.

Dhavla.

14510.

( Variety from

gaon. )

14511.

Akada (A).

14512.

Sadagar.

14513.

Kar Juar (A).

14514.

Patasi.

14515.

Nirmali.

Samp-

14516.

Gare Nasik.

14517.

Akada (B).

14518.

Akada (C).

14519.

Gangad.

14520.

Garia Dhavla.

14521.

Akada (D).

14522.

Gavathi.

14523.

Nilwa Khandesh.

14524.

Bile Juar.

14525.

Kondal.

14526.

Gari.

14527.

Gudhagi.

14528.

Dukri.

14529.

Jnari.

14530.

JJakshni.

14531.

Mergar (B).

14532.

A'« )• Juar ( B) .

97

DECEMBER. 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

171

14500 to 14775— Continued.

14533.

Akada.

14576.

Bani.

14534.

Mergnri.

14577.

Pawana Xadi.

14535.

Meldani.

14578.

Baidra (A).

14536.

lAdgar (A).

14579.

Lai Giinja.

14537.

Nadial.

14580.

Patasi Juar.

14538.

Joiralo.

14581.

MoticJinr.

14539.

Akada (E).

14582.

Sholapuri.

14540.

Adola.

14583.

Nadgal.

14541.

Bile Juar (A).

14584.

Juari.

14542.

Akada Khandculi.

14585.

White Dumraon.

14543.

Garia or Dhavla.

14586.

Gumeri.

14544.

Kondi.

14587.

Ihikri.

14545.

Rati.

14588.

Durga.

14546.

Grid-Gidgempii.

14589.

Bana of Jalaon.

14547.

Fulgar Karajgi.

14590.

Iiliamia of Jhansi.

14548.

Mumtnigal.

14591-

Lai.

14549.

(Sampgaon variety

14592.

Jharloo.

No. 2)

14593.

Doliija.

14550.

Pandharpuri liamker.

14594.

Bania.

14551.

Deola.

14595.

Laliya.

14552.

Saj)het.

14596.

Supela.

14553.

Lawhi.

14597.

Kombrai.

14554.

Ha'di.

14598.

Pyaria Iksari Banda.

14555.

Pirali Warn.

14599.

Iksari Banda.

14556.

Narli Wani.

14600.

Pi/aria.

14557.

Ush ira.

14601.

Safed J)u])ta Banda.

14558.

Kalbondi.

14602.

Alapuri.

14559.

Edna.

14603.

Didari.

14560.

Dudhaxvani.

14604.

Dugadia Zard.

14561.

Charoli Wani.

14605.

Ikdani.

14562.

Dukri or Talap.

14606.

I'urhi Magha.

14563.

Daner.

14607.

Country While.

14564.

Bansmati.

14608.

Gugadia Safed.

14565.

Lokhamdi.

14609.

Jogia.

14566.

Deolari.

14610.

Lornni.

14567.

Argar.

14611.

Chatka.

14568.

Bagle or Supte.

14612.

Bangra.

14569.

Ringna.

14613.

Lallu.

14570.

Moticliur.

14614.

Bedaer.

14571.

Badgonda.

14615.

Gugadia.

14572.

Baidna.

14616.

Gogla.

14573.

Deola (A).

14617.

Purbi Murahad.

14574.

Ganer.

14618.

Deshi.

14575.

Mohwani.

14619.

Ganga Jamni.

97

172

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

00 to 14775— Continued.

14620.

Jamnapvri.

14621.

Juar of Bijnore.

14622.

Bannia Dadri.

14623.

Pirbahi Lucknow.

14624.

Pirbahi Unao.

14625.

Dadri of Unao.

14626.

Red of Ajangarh.

14627.

Bannia.

14628.

yimlaria.

14629.

Paundia.

14630.

Dudhia.

14631.

Jhangaria.

14632.

Jhalria.

14633.

Bannia of Siiapur.

14634.

Palarhia.

14635.

White of Ray Barelly.

14636.

Natwa.

14637.

Lagwa.

14638.

Red.

14639.

White.

14640.

Mailki.

14641.

Ganga Jali.

14642.

Dudghiya.

14643.

Nerio Perio.

14644.

Bannia of Caivnpur.

14645.

Nandiyal.

14646.

Kahgar.

14647.

Lohor.

14648.

Yennigar.

14649.

Mamadpuri Gidd.

14650.

Vilayaii or Kempugidd.

14651.

Kalia Gondicha Vilayati.

14652.

Mud Shedgar.

14653.

Khabha Shedgar.

14654.

Vibhuli Gund.

14655.

Kola Gund.

14656.

Moti Jondhala.

14657.

Paramsali.

14658.

Udda Maldani.

14659.

Gidd Maldani.

14660.

Bilegar.

14661.

Gund.

14662.

Bile Nandiyal.

14663.

Amaldani.

97

14664.

Baswanpad.

14665.

Shedgar.

14666.

Shalu.

14667.

Makchandri.

14668.

Holgi.

14669.

Hundi.

14670.

Zamli.

14671.

Kagi Moti.

14672.

Mangar.

14673.

Kalbondi.

14674.

Duhar Maski.

14675.

Bendri.

14676.

Guldhavi.

14677.

Lakdi.

14678.

Shalu.

14679.

Nilwa.

14680.

Gola.

14681.

Nirwati.

14682.

Gari.

14683.

Ellichpuri.

14684.

Khondi Chandor,

14685.

Lakadia Juar.

14686.

Dukri.

14687.

Dadar.

14688.

Khonde Malegaon.

14689.

Shalu.

14690.

Lagwa (A). .

14691.

Dagdi.

14692.

Red ( erect-headed of No,
14638).

14693.

Juar Nandgaon.

14694.

Shalu.

14695.

Argad.

14696.

Dukri.

14697.

Hundi.

14698.

Gidd-Gapp.

14699.

Waradi Juar.

14700.

Hundi.

14701,

Jondhala.

14702.

Maldani.

14703.

Tambdi.

14704.

Gudadi.

14705.

Jagadi.

14706.

Dadia.

DECEMBER, l'J03, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

173

14500 to 14775— Coiitiniiod.

14707. Farfaria.

14708. Deshi Perio.

14709. Sholapuri.

14710. Chapti.

14711. Perio Halko.

14712. Nialo.

14713. Ratadia.

14714. Juar.

14715. Sundhia.

14716. Komasu Juar.

14717. Shalu Juar.

14718. Malvan.

14719. Utavli.

14720. Sakar Makar.

14721. Sundhia (B).

14722. Sorghum Amber.

14723. Sorghum Collier.

14724. Raj. Hansa.

14725. Imphee.

14726. Sakar Makar (A).

14727. Kend.

14728. Motichur.

14729. Perio.

14730. Sholapuri.

14731. Chapti.

14732. Nialo.

14733. Rati (A).

14734. Jogadi.

14735. Ellichpuri (A).

14736. Ellichpuri (B).

14737. Nilwa Poona (not ordi-

nary) .

14738. Kempu (C).

14739. Mevgar (A).

14740. GiddJuari.

14741. Wani Perio.

14742. Kempu Poona.

14743. Kanpu.

14744. Kempu (A).

14745. Kempu (B).

14746. Kachakachi.

14747. (IiukU Teni.

14748. Kempu Malkin.

14749. Holgi Gola.

14750. Dadha Mogra.

14751. Tambdi Sholapuri.

14752. l)Hkri{\).

14753. Dakri (B).

14754. Sargad.

14755. Gund Chikodi.

14756. Gund Chikodi (A).

14757. Gund (A).

14758. Purarnsali.

14759. JIassar Juar (Sauip-

gaon).

14760. //as.sv(/-.

14761. Jlolgi Jala.

14762. Chikrni.

14763. MaltUmi^A) (Poona).

14764. Keynpu (D).

14765. Vairagad Belsi.

14766. Kagi.

14767. Darker.

14768. Darker {A).

14769. Sundhia Juwar (Poona

Farm ) .

14770. Nilwa (Bombay Presi-

dency).

14771. Uavli.

14772. Kavli.

14773. Charodi (SuratFarm).

14774. Amerin Sundhia (Nadiad

Farm).

14775 Farfaria.

14776. Panicum maximum. G-uinea grass.

From Sydney, New South Wales. Presented by Anderson & Co., George street.
Received June 3, 1905.

14777. Opuntta ficus-indica. Prickly pear.

From Honolulu, Hawaii. Presente<l by Mr. C. C. Conradt. Received June 3,

1905.
97

174 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

14778. JuNCUs EFFUSUS coNGLOMERATUS. Matting rush.

From Cat Island, S. C. Collected by Mr. J. H. Tull, June 1, 1905.

14779 to 14785. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Nagpur, India. Presented by Hon. J. W. Mollison, Inspector-General of
Agriculture. Received June 5, 1905.

14779. Badshah Bhog.

"A fine-scented variety grown in Bengal Presidency. Grows best on clay
or sandy loam, and requires ample water till the varietv comes into ear."
(Mollison.)

14780. Welchl.

"A coarse variety grown in Bombay Presidency. Requires black soil and

ample water till ripening." {Mollison.) ^

14781. Kamod.

"A fine-scented variety grown in Bombay Presidency. Grows on black or
light soil, and requires ample water till ripening." {Mollison.)

14782. Basmati.

(See remarks on No. 14779.)

14783. Dad Khani.

(See No. 14779, with the exception that this is not a scented variety.)

14784. Ambe Main:

"A fine-scented variety grown in Bombay Presidency. Requires black soil
and ample water till ripening." {Mollison.)

14785. Katri Bhog.

(See remarks on No. 14783.)

14786. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.
From Tashkentl, Turkestan. Received thru Mr. H. W. Diirrschmidt, June 3, 1905.

14787. Opuntia sp. Prickly pear.

From San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Received from Dr. Edward Palmer, thru Dr.
J. N. Rose, of the United States National Museum, June 9, 1905.
Tuna Tapona de Castilla.

14788. Freesia sp.

From Burnett, Cal. Received thru Rees & Compere, June 12, 1905.

14789. Nerine sp.

From Raleigh, N. C. Received thru Prof. W. F. Massey, Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, June 12, 1905.

14790. Hyacinthus oriextalis. Roman hyacinth.

From Burnett, Cal. Received thru Rees & Compere, June 13, 1905.
Albulus. From S. P. I. No. 12233. Received from J. M. Thorburn & Co. in the
autumn of 1904.

14791 to 14798. Zea mats. Corn.

From Riihmond, Va. Received thru T. W. Wood & Sons, June 13, 1905.
Recommended to be the best varieties of corn for feeding green to stock; to be
tested on sandy land near AVashington, D. C.

14791.

Cocke's Prolific.

14795.

HolVs Strawberry.

14792.

White Columbia.

14796.

Eureka.

14793.

Hichorn King.

14797.

Virginia Ensilage.

14794.

Mammoth Shoe Peg.

14798.

Blounfs Prolific.

97

DECEMBEK, VMi, To DECEMBER, 1905. 175

14799. Freest A sp.

From (Ireat Neck, Lon^r Island, N. V. Received thru :\Ir. Rudolph Fischer,
June 13, 1905.

Pitriti/.

14800. SOLANUM TUBEROSUM. PotatO.

From Klmira, N. Y. Received thru Trof. L. R. Jones from Mr. ('. F. V;uuler-
hoff, Oak Grove fruit farm, May 18, 1905.

BlUjhtproof. "Recommended as remarkably resistant to disease (hlijrht) and
also excelling in yield, size, niiiformitv, anJ compactness of tuber development in
the hills." {.Tone's^.) (L. R. Jones's No. 64.)

14801. GossYPii M sp. Cotton.

From Lima, Peru. Receivc<l thru W. U. (irace & Co., New York, N. Y., June

7, 1905.

Seed of Peruvian cotton grown at lea, in the southern part of Peru.

14802 to 14805.

From Pliffelbach, near Apolda, Germany. Received thru .Mr. A. Kirsche, June

8, 1905.

14802. AvEN.\ s.vTi\ A. Oat.

14803. TuiTicuM vuixiARE. Wheat.
Spring.

14804. Beta \ ruiAius. Beet.
Ideal.

14805. Dalcls CAKOTA. Carrot.

14806 to 14810. OpuNTiA ficus indica. Prickly pear.

From Malta. Received thru Dr. G. Borg, of San Giovanni, June 12, 1905.

14806. Small, yellow-fruited, 14809. Reddish yellow fruited,

seedless. seedless.

14807. White-fruited. 14810. Yellow-fruited.

14808. Red-fruited.

14811. PoLiANTHES TUBEROSA. Tuberose.

From Austin, Tex. Presented by Mr. F. T. Ramsey. Received June 16, 1905.

14812. LiLiuM PHiLiPPiNENSE. Benguet lily.

From Boston, Mass. Received thru R. & J. Farquhar & Co., June 16, 1905.

14813 and 14814.

From Manila, P. I. Received thru Prof. William S. Lyon, horticulturist in
charge of seed and plant introduction. Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. L,
June 6, 1905.

14813. Eriodendrox anfractuosum.

"The lint with us is a better color than some of the kapok that comes from
Java, and commands a better price in this market. It is, I think, perhaps
due more to climatic or soil influences than to any varietal difference."
{Lyon.)

14814. Orania pniiJPPiNENSis.

"Pericarp rich in starch— 24 per cent. Very ornamental." {Lyon.)
97

176

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

14815. Nephelium mutabile.

Kapoelasan.

From Buitenzorg, Java. Presented by Doctor Treub, director of the Department
of Agriculture. Received June 19, 1905.

14816 to 14821. Opuntia ficus indica.

Prickly pear.

From Palermo, Sicily. Received thru Dr. A. Borzi, director of the Botanic
Gardens, June 10, 1905.

14820. Bianchi.

14821. (Miscellaneous; unla-
beled. )

14816.

Zuccarina.

14817.

Frutti Sanguinei.

14818.

Senza Chiupi.

14819.

Rossi.

14822 to 14839. Opuntia spp. Tuna.

From San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Received from Dr. Edward Palmer, thru
Doctor Rose, of the National ]\Iuseum, June 19, 1905.

14831. Cacalota Blanca.
(604/05.)

14832. ('amuesa or Ca m essa.

14822.
14823.

Blanca Cry stalina. (Doc-
tor Rose's No. 580/05. )

Redonda Colorado.

(581/05.)

14824. Pachona. (582/05.)

14825. Ctieja. (583/05.)

14826. Joconostle. (595/05.)

14827.

14828.
14829.

14830.

Durasnillo

(597/05.)-

Narancada.

Blanco .

Cueja A rantidea,
(600/05.)

Man s a Colorado.
(600/05.)

(606/05. )

14833. Tuna Blanca. (607/05.)

14834. Xoc one chtli Agre.

(608/05.)

14835. Joconostle Cambria.

(609/05.)

14836. ('ameosa Color de Rose.

(610/05.)

14837. A rn e r e a M ansa.
(612/05.)

14838. San Miguel Lania.

(617/05.)

14839. Nopalea. (661/05.)

"An opuntia found in the dense wood to the height of 20 or more feet.
Where found alone exposed it has a neat, rather compact top, with a naked
stem of 7 to 9 feet and from 6 to 8 inches in diameter, with bunches of thorns
up the stem. The fruits are small." {Palmer.)

14840 to 14869.

From Frescati, near Stockholm, Sweden. Presented Ijy Prof. Veit Wittrock,
June 21, 1905.

A collection of grass and forage crop seeds:

14840.

Agrostis asperula.

14850.

Triticum desertorum.

14841.

AVENA PLANICULMIS.

14851.

Triticum intermedium

14842.

Bromus andinus.

14852.

Triticum violaceum.

14843.

Dactylis aschersoni-

14853.

Medicago carstiensis.

ana.

14854.

Melilotus elegans.

14844.

ElYMUS CHUBUTENSIS.

14855.

Melilotus sulcata.

14845.

P]lymus sabulosus.

14846.

PhLEUM MICnELII.

14856.

Melilotus tommasixi.

14847.

POA ATTICA.

14857.

Trifolium alpestre.

14848.

Triticum cristatum.

14858.

TrI FOLIUM BADIUM.

14849.

Triticum dasyanthum.

14859.

Trifolium montanum.

97

DEL-EMBER, 1!K)3, TO DECEMBER, 1905. l77

14840 to 14869— Continued.

14860. Tkiioium cxiikolki- 14865. Vu i.\ disperma.

'^■^'- 14866. \l( lA DUMETOKIM.

14861. TkIFOLUM IUHENS. 14867. VuIA (iKANOIKl.oUA ki-

14862. ViCIA Al.TlSSlMA. TA115EI.1ANA.

14863. Vl( lA CAUAKATA. 14868. \'l( lA I'ISIKOUMIS.

14864. \l( lA DASYCAKI'A. 14869. \l( lA .SKI'IUM.

14870. CfOSsvi'iL.M s[). Cotton.

From Cartavir), IVru. Prusentetl l)y Mr. T. F. Sedgwick, of the Cartavio Sugar
Company. lieceived June 14, 1905.'

14871 to 14878. Xicotiaxa tabaci m. Tobacco.

From Sao I'aiilo, lirazil. Presenteil l)y Dr. II. M. l.aiie, Maekeii/.ie College.
Reeeive.l .hme I'O, 1905.

Brazilian tobacco seed:

14871. (learguinu. From Descalvado, State of Sao I'aiilo.

14872. From Pirassununga, State of Sao Paulo. Not named, hut highly

esteemed in the locality.

14873. IhiKimralxt. From near the lity of Sao Paulo, State of Sao Paulo.

14874. Vrioiilii. From Santa Rita, State of Sao Paulo.

14875. Fimio Bahw.

14876. George Grande. From the State of Kio de Janeiro.

14877. GoiidiKi. Yellow, from the State of (ioyaz.

14878. GoiiaiKi. White, from the State of (toyaz. Doctor l>ane says that
both the yellow and the white Goi/diin are famous thrnont the country.

14879. Zkphyranthes sp.

From San Lui.s Potosi, Mexico. Presented by Dr. Fdward Palmer, thru Dr.
J. N. Rose. Received June 19, 1905.

14880 and 14881. Vicia faba. Horse bean.

From Paris, France. Received thru N'ihuorin-Andrieux & Co., June 22, 1905.
14880. I'ritttciiips de Lurraine, 14881. D'lliver.

petite.

14882. ZizYPiiussp. (i).

From Bulsar, India. Presented by Rev. W. R. 31iller, -h)(i Jackson Ijoulevard,
Chicago, 111. Received June 23, 1905.

14883. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Logan, Mont. Received thru Mr. William Carpenter, June 24, 1905. .

14884. (.'ixNA.MOMLiM camfhoka. Camphor.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received thru L. Boehmer A Co., June 24, 1905.

14885 to 14887. Gossypium spp. Cotton.

From Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Receive.! t'.iru Mr. J. II. Maiden,
director of the Botanic (warden, July 7, 1905.
Cotton seed and samples of lint secured on request from Mr. David Thomatis,
Caravouica, Cairns, North Queensland, Australia, April 21, 1905.

14885. ('(trurouicu J. (Wool 14887. Caravonka II. (Silk

cotton.) .cotton.)

14886. I'enuian Kidney.
7217— No. 97—07 12

178 SEEDS AXD PLANTS IMPORTED.

14888. Nepheliu:m litchi. Litchi.

From Konolulu, Hawaii. Received from ]\Ir. G. P. Wilder, thru Mr. James
Mills, Arlington Heights Fruit Company, Riverside, Cal., July 10, 1905.

"The tree which bore these fruits is one of the two or three mature trees of this
species in Hawaii and is the property of ]Mrs. Afong. The price of these fruits is
aboxit 3 cents each on the retail market of Honolulu. Seeds from Mrs. Afong's
trees are being extensively planted in the islands; the demand is likely to be nmch
greater than the su])ply for many years. It is believed the variety comes fairly
true from seed, but in China, where about six distinct sorts are recognized, grafting
or inarching is relied upon for best results.

"The yellowish, sweet, pulpy arillus of this fruit is highly esteemed in China,
Cochin China, and the Philippines. It also fruits in East Australia, and it can
undoubtedly l)e grown with pmlit in Porto Rico, south Florida, and California.

" The fruit resembles a strawl)eiTy or large acorn in size and shape but has a shell-
like, rough skin; the pulp is white, very juicy, and of a peculiar sweet and sour
flavor, the taste for which does not have to be acquired." ( Wilder.)

1488S and 14890. Persea gratissima. Avocado.

From Cit V of IMexico, Mexico. Presented bvthe Americanambassador. Received
July l.'i, 1905.
• 14889. Smlless. '14890. Seedless Batter.

14891. SoLAXUM MURiCATUM (?). Pepino.

From Port of Spain, Trinidad. Received thru Mr. Eugene Andre, July 7, 1905.

14892. (Undetermined.)

From Kf)ngo Free State, Africa. Presented by the director of the Botanical
(Tarden at Eala, thru the Department of Finances, Brussels, Belgium. Received
July 17, 1905.
A wild ornamental recently discovered in the Kwango Oriental ilistrict of the
Lower Kongo, Kongo Free State.

14893 and 14895. Solanlm tuberosum. Potato.

From (^uito, Ecuador. Presented by jNIr. L. iMartines, chief of the Department
of Public Instruction, Section of Agriculture.

Seed potatoes.

14893. Chola.

From the " PU Obraje" estate, Sefior Luis F. Lopez Ortega, proprietor,
parish of Chillogallo, Province of Piclnncha, 2,900 meters above sea level.

(No. 1.)

14894. Uchu-rumi.

From the "Carrion" estate, Senor Carlos Mateus, proprietor, parish of
Lloa, Province of Pichincha, 2,900 meters above sea level. Grown in alluvial
soil. (No. 2.)

14895. Chola.

Grown on same estate as preceding, at the base of Pichincha volcano, 2,900
meters above sea level, in dark, heavy soil. (No. 3.)

14896 to 14906.

From Richmond, New South Wales. Presented by ^Ir. H. V>'. Potts, principal
of the Hawkesbury Agricultural College. Received June 26, 1905.

EhRHA]{TA STll'OIDES.
P.\NICl".M EFFrSL'M.
PaNICU.M SAXCaiXALE.

pasi'ai.r.m brevifolu'm.
14905. Chaetoculoa ulaica.
StII'A tuckeri.

14896.

AXDROPOGON AFFIXIS.

14901.

14897.

ErAGROSTIS BROWXII IX-

14902.

terrupta.

14903.

14898.

14899.
14900.

Eragrostis leptosta-

CHYA.

Eragrostis pilosa.
Sterculia diversifolia.

14904.
14905.
14906.

.97

DECEMBER, VMi, TO DEt'EMBEK, 1!)05.

179

14907. ('iTRUS DECUMAXA. Pomelo.
From Oiieoo, Fla.- Received thru Reasoner Hrotlierg, July .S, lS»Oo.

SticL-'s IVrscd Red.

14908. PiivsAEis EDULis. Cape gooseberry.

From (ape Town, South Africa. Presented l)y Prof. V. V. l.ounsbury, {govern-
ment ent<)mologi.'Jt, Cape of Good Mope Department of Agriculture. Ixcccived
June 2<), 1!U)5.

"Tlie mother i)Iantation is at Wynberg, liere in the Cape Peninsula. Tlie plant
with us is a perennial, but the frost will cut it down. In some districts it fruits well;
in other.--, scart'cly at all. It .«eem.s to do best on the border of woodlands. A species
of Tetranychus is its one great pest in South Africa. Mr. Malley tells me that his
])rotlier lias trieil it in Te.xas without success." {Loumbim/.)

14909 to 14921. Ze.\ may.^.

Popcorn.

From Santiago, Chile. I'resented by Sefior Salvador Iziiuierdo, SaiiUi Ines,
near Santiago. Received June 23, PJOo.
"Samples of popcorn u-ed in Chile for the manufacture of 'llalli.' Samples were
without names or specific data otlu-r than the above." {Fairchild. )

14922. rilVSANOLAKNA ACiROSTIS.

From CalCfttta, India. Presented by A. Gage, ofliciating superintendent, Royal
Botanic Garden, SiV)pur, near Calcutta. Received June 24, 1905.
See S. P. I. No. 8445, for a description of this unusually beautiful ornamental cane.

14923 to 14944. Oi^untia isp. Tuna.

From San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Received from Dr. K<lward Palmer tliru Dr.
J. X. Rose, of the United States National Museum, June, 1905.

14923. J'arhona.

14924. I'lt^fada Lisa.

14925. Narant'oir Lim. (spine-

less. )

14926. San Juanara Manzana,

blanca.

14927. Cumeosa Lisa.

14928. Tuna Blanca Seca.

14929. (No label.)

14930. Morada.

14931. (Spineless.)

14932. (No label.)

14933. (No label.)

14934. (Nolal)el.)

14935. (No label.)

14936. (No label.)

14937. (Doctor Rose's No.

Gi;i05.)

14938. (Doctor Rose's No.

614/05. )

14939. Ilanrhera (Doctor Rose's

No. (543 05).

14940. Cue'ia ( Doctor Rose's No.

644/05).

14941. (Doctor Rose's No.

646,05. )

14942. Camuesa Prisco (Doctor

Rose's No. 673/05).

14943. ^^ansa Color de ^osa

(Doctor Rose's No.
674/05).

14944. Cn/.st(dina lUanca (Doc-

tor Rose's No. 675/05 ) .

14945 and 14946. Gossypium sp. Cotton.

From Payta, Peru. Received thru Duncan, Fox & Co., July 3, 1905.
14945. Brown see<l. • 14946. White seed.

14947. CUCURBITA melanosperma.

From San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Presented l)y Dr. Edward Palmer. Received
June 22, 1905.
"One fruit called ' OVa etdlote' from a vine that is very productive. The fruit
keeps several months. Fine preserves are made from it — one from the Interior after

97

180

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

the seeds are removed, another in the ordinary way, the third a hard marmalade.
If the seeds are sent to some suitable experiment station with long seasons, they will
be as useful as in Mexico." iPuhner.)

14948. Lapageria rosea.

Chilean bellflo-wer.

From Coronel, Chile. Presented by Mr. Teodoro Finger, of La Compania de
Aranco (Limited). Received July 3, 1905.
" The plant is a creeper, evergreen and lasting, growing up the highest trees and
covering the same entirely with its foliage, and in winter the most beautiful scarlet-
red big bell-like blossoms make it the favorite Chilean flower for the sight and decora-
tion when no other flowers are blooming. It has given to the Chilean forests a
peculiarly attractive and beautiful ap])carance, being mentioned by almost every
traveler. ' It grows on any soil, preferring heavy red-clay soil. It requires fair water-
ing. It always climbs up a bushy shrub or on a tree. You can sow it in spring,
and it stands "a light frost without danger. It is entirely an ornamental plant. The
roots go down very deep and form a potato at the end, which/ causes the death of
the plant if it is cut off at transjtlanting. The plants have been taken to Furope,
and especially are they grown in hothouses and winter gardens in Fngland. It has
caused attention that the plants transplanted to Europe, giving once red blossoms,
will never give red blossoms again, but only white ones. It is very difficult to get
ripd seeds in the virgin forests, as the birds are very fond of them. The seeds are
covered with a small cucumber-like and a little sourish-tasting mass, which the
natives like to eat. I find no pleasant taste in them at all." [Finger.)

14949 to 14951.

Opuntta spp. Tuna.

From San Luis Potosi, INIexico. Received from Dr. Edward Palmer, thru Mr.
W. E. Safford, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, June, 1905.

14940. Tapona. Red, globular 14951. (An unnamed variety;

fruit. has thick, tnberculated

14950. Cardomi. Yellow fruit.

14952 to 14962.

From Shanghai, China. Presented by Mr. Edward S. Little. Received in Mav,
1905.

14952. Glycine hispida.
Blach.

14953. Glvcinio uispid.\.
Large yellow.

14954. Glycine hispid.v.
Small yellow.

14955. P.\MCUiM MILIACEUM.

Red.

14956. Panicum miliaceum.
}]lnte.

14957. Brassica chinensis.

14958. Sesamum indicum.
Black.

14959. Sesamum indicum.
White.

14960. PlIASEOLUS RADIAtUS.

14961. Arachis hypo(;aea.
Small.

14962. Akacuis hvpooaea.

Large.
07

Soy bean.

Soy bean.

Soy bean.

Broom-corn millet.

Broom-corn millet.

Chinese rape.
Sesame.

Sesame.

Mung bean.
Peanut.

Peanut.

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1005. 1^1

14963. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Kobe, Japan. Presfented liy M.-. K. Ojnni, tiistom-house, Kobe, Japan.
Received April 17, 1905.

14964 to 14971.

Frcni Ka^ihniir, India. Ueceivcd thni the Office of Farm jNIanagenient Investi-
gations, .Iniv 8, 1905. Seedy eollected bv Messry. Ellsworth Huntington and
K. L. Barrett.

14964. Hdrdeu.m vrui.\Ki:. Barley.

"Barley from Sonaniarg, in the Sind Valley, Ka,<lniiir. Altitude, S,.")00
feet; rainfall, probably 50 inches." {Huntington.)

14965. HounKUM vilg-are. Ba]jley.

Ilumix.". "From Dras, in the Indus Valley, India. Altitmle, 10, 100 feet;
rainfall, i)rol)al)ly about ;^0 inches, mostly as snow. Irrigation is practised.
Snow was 6 feet deep April 18, an«l Uists till well into May." {Huntington.)

14966. b.vTHYRrs sp.

From Dras, in the Indus Valley, India.

14967. Okvz.\ s.\tiv.\. Rice.

" From Kund, in the Sind Valley, Kashmir, India. Elevation, 6,800 feet.
Tlie climate of this region is so severe that on Ai>ril 7, 1905, after an unusually
hard winter, the ground was stdl well coverc<l with snow. The rainfall of
the region is perhaps 40 to 50 inches, well distributed thruout the year."
{JIuntington.)

14968. rANKTM .MiLiACEiM. Broom-com millet.

"From Kulan in the Sind Valley, Kashmir, India. Altitude, 7,200 feet.
Precipitation, about 40 inches. Snow lasts till April." {Huntington.)

14969. Facioi'yki .M tataricum. Buckwheat.

" Hindustani 'Irnmba,' from Kund, in the Sind Valley, Kashmir, India. Alti-
tude, 6,800 feet. The climate of tliis region is such that on April 7, 1905, after
an unusually severe winter, the ground was still well covered with snow.
This grain is said to make gofid bread, tho slightly bitter. The rainfall of
the region is perhaps 40 inches or more, well distributed thruout the year."
{Huntiyigton. )

14970. Tkituim vilgare. Wheat.

"From Tashgam, Indus Valley, India. Rainfall from 25 to 30 inches,
mostly as snow. Irrigation necessary. Snow lests till middle of April."

{Huntington.)

14971. Zea MAYS. Corn.

"From Kund, in the Sind Valley, Kashmir, India. Altitude, 0,800 feet.
The rainfall of the region is perhaps 40 to 50 inches, well distriliuted thruout
the year The climate of tins region is such that on April 7, 1905, after an
unusually severe winter, the ground was still covered with snow." {Hunt-
ington. )

14972 and 14973.

From Quito, Ecuador. Presented l)y L. ]\Iartines, chief of the Department of
Public Instruction, Section of Agriculture. Received July 13, 1905.

14972. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Guanando district, Province of Chimborazo, 2,400 meters above sea
level.

14973. Solanum tuberosum. Potato.

Chauca. White and black. Early variety from Hacienda Magdalena, Prov-
ince of Imbabura, 2,225 meters above sea level.

97

182 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

14974 and 14975.

From Sao Paulo, Brazil. Presented by Dr. H. 31. Lane, July 25, 1905.

14974. Phaseolus lunatus. Lima bean.

Grown in Batataes. Doctor Lane says that these are the most wonderfully
prolific pole beans he ever saw.

14975. NicoTiANA TABACUM. Tobacco.

Seed from Goyaz. Doctor Lane is afraid it is a mixt lot, as the friend who
sent it wrote: "It contains the best varieties grown in the State. Tlie Wliile,
Yellow, and Giant can easily be distinguished in the plants."

14976 to 14979. Nicotiana tabacum. Tobacco.

from Cachoeira, Bahia, Brazil. Received from Mr. W. A. Waddell, July 28,
1905. Sent at the request of Dr. H. M. Lane, of Sao Paulo.-

14976. Seed from Santa Estevao. 14978. Seeil from Cabe^as de

14977. Seed from Outeiro Red- Murityba.

endo. 14979. Seed from Cruz das

Almas.

14980 to 14983. Opuntia .spp. Prickly pear.

From Tunis, North Africa. Received thru the director of the Tunisian Depart-
ment of Agriculture and Commerce, July 28, 1905.

14980. Opuntia ficus-indica. 14982. Opixtia ficus - ixdica

14981. Opuntia tuna. inermis.

14983. Opuntia robusta.

14984 to 14989.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received thru the Smithsonian Institution,
from .Mr. H. J. Chalvin, superintendent of the Municipal Gardens, July 29, 1905.

14984. Asparagus crispus. 14987. Sparaxis purpurea.

14985. Freesia refracta alba. 14988. Synnotia bicolor.

14986. Sparaxis bulbifera. 14989. Tritonia fenestrata.

14990 and 14991.

From Paris, France. Received thru Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., August 10, 1905.

14990. ViciA viLLOSA. Hairy vetch.

14991. Hedysarum coronarium. Sulla.

14992. Zea mays. Popcorn.

From Amboina, Dutch East Indies. Presented by Mr. Roskott. Received
August 9, 1905.

14993. Citrus australasica. Finger lime.

From Queensland, Australia. Presented to Prof. W. M. Hays, St. Anthony Park,
Minn., bv Mr. James Pink, of Wellington Point, near Brisbane. Received
August 11, 1905,

"It is a fruit which I think capable of great improvement. Nothing has ever
been attempted with it here, and I send you a few dried fruits which, I have no doul)t,
contain good seeds. The plant is a large shrub, very limited in its distribution.

"The fruit when well grown is from 3 to 4 inches long, of a bright orange-crimson
color, and of excellent flavor." {Pink. )

14994. Trifolium incarnatum. Crimson clover.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru Henry Nungesser A Co., August 11, 1905.
97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 183

14995. Dahlia tmperialis. Dahlia.

From Quei-nstown, Cape Colony. Received thru ]Mr. F. lieswii-k, s^ecretary of
the (.iueenstown PubUc Gardens, August 14, 1905.

14996 to 14998.

From :\Iexico. Received thru Dr. ,1. X. Rose, of the United States National
Museum, August 14, 1905.

14996. ScHOENOCAUi.oN sp. 14998. riN<;riCLi..\ sp.

14997. JiGL.\NS+ip.

14999. EuPATORiuM i'ortoricp:nse. " G-uerrero."

From Mayaguez, P. R. Received thru Mi-. O. W. Barrett, from the Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, August 15, 1905.
"A shrub, 1 to 3 meters high, found in a semicultivated state in the western part
of Porto Rico. The dried leaves have a strong vanilla-like fragrance and are used in
scenting the better grade.i of Porto Rican tobacco. Tho a perennial, this plant will
probably fruit in the latitude of Connecticut; it is a very rapid grower." {Barrett.)

15000 to 15210. FiiOENix dactylifera. Date.

From Tuni.s, North Africa. Received thru Mr. Thomas H. Kearney, agricultural

explorer, who secured them during his explorations in the winter of 1904-5

in the oases of southern Tunis.

"The nomenclature is that secured by Mr. Kearney from the Arabs from whom he

bouglit the suckers, and the description's were made partly in Tunis and partly after

his return to this country. See his bulletin on the date i)alms of Tunis." {Fuir-

child. )

15000. Ammanj.

A third-class "soft" variety; fruit 1} to a little over \\ inches long, about
one-half as wide, generally obovoid, square at the base, rounded at the apex,
keeping its shape fairly well when i)reserved, dark-brown purple when ripe;
the flesh LI lines thick, very soft and dark colored; the seed about two-thirds
as long as the fruit, about t\Vo-tiftlis as wide as long, blunt at both ends. The
stalks and branches of the fruit clusters are orange colored.

The earliest maturing variety in Tunis, ripening in August and September.
Said to give a very good crop every year and to be very productive.

15001. Angoo.

A second-class "dry" variety; fruit barely 1 inch long, ab(jut seven-tenths as
wide, sometimes broadest below, sometimes above the middle; bright l)ay-
colored when rijie, much of the skin becoming loosened in large blisters, the
flesh a little over 1 line thick, becoming Arm and dry, the white central ])ortion
thicker than the dark-colored outer zone; the seed about two-thirds as long as
the fruit, about one-half as wide as long, light-drab brown. The stalks of the
fruit clusteis are lemon yellow. •

The smallest fruited of the Tunisian varieties. Despite its diminutive size
and tliin flesh, this little date is one of tlie most attractive of the " dry" tyjie.
Because of its moderately sweet, wholesome, nutty flavor it can be eateji in
large quantities without cloying, and should be a healthful food. Ripens in
midseason.

15002. Areshtij.

A first-class "soft" variety; fruit Iji to 21 inches long, one-half to two-thirds
as wide, slightly larger above than below the middle, broad and rounded at
the a])ex, light "bay or hazel brown when ripe; the flesh 2\ to 3 lines thick,
firm but tender; the seed about one-half as long as the fruit, rather thick,
irregularly roughened. The stalks and brandies of the fruit clusters are light
orange. The foliage of this varietv is rather liglit and the leaves drooi)ing.

One of the largest dates grown in Tunis. The fruit is generally egg-shaped,
ripening about the middle of October. The flavor of the thoroly ripe fruit is
agreealjle, altho not very remarkable, wholesome, nut-like, and not easily
cloying. The flesh becomes quite firm and the ripe fruit keeps its shape well
when preserved.

184 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

15000 to 15210— Continued.

15003. Baydh Hammam.

A second-class "soft" variety; fruit Ij to 1| inches long;, three-eighths to five-
eighths as wide, egg-shaped, broadest near the ndddle, rather conspicuously
blunt-pointed at apex, not keeping its shape well, dark chestnut brown with
a tinge of maroon when ripe; the flesh very soft and dark colored, about 2
lines thick; the seed one-half to five-eighths as long as the fruit, one-third to
two-fifths as wide as long; dark brown. The stalks and branches of the fruit
clusters are orange colored. The foliage is (if a rather delicate aspect and the
leaves numerous.

This is a handsome, dark-brown date with very soft, dark-colored flesh. It
is alwavs eaten fresh, not being conservable. It is exceedingly sweet. The
flavor of the perfectly ripe fruit is agreeable and very characteristic. It ripens
rather late, hardly before November.

15004. Bcnijoo, or Badjou.

A third-class "dry" date; fruit 1.^ inches long, about two-thirds as wide,
ovoid, purplish maroon or bay colored when ripe; the flesh H lines thick; the
seed nearly two-thirds as long as tlie fruit, one-half as wide as long; light
brown. The stalks and branches of the fruit clusters are pale orange colored.
The small, dense bunches of fruit hang down on long curved stalks.

Flavor nutty, agreeable but not very characteristic, typical of the "dry"
date class. Matures in October.

15005. Bent Segny.

A third-class "soft" variety; fruit 1| to Ij inches long, about one-half as
wide, obovoid, square at base, rounded at apex, keeping its shape poorly when
preserved, very dark purplish brown (almost black) when ripe; the flesh li lines
thick, very dark colored and very soft; the seed about one-half as long as the
fruit, two-fifths to one-half as wide as long, rounded at both ends. The stalks
and branches of the fruit clusters are deep orange colored.

A very soft, sirupy date, with a pleasant but not remarkable flavor. Ripens
about the end of October.

15006. Bef:ser Ilaloo, or Bhra Haloua.

A second-class "soft" variety; fruit \\ to Ih inches long, about two-thirds
as wide, broadest at or alcove the middle, rounded at the apex, keeping its
shape well when ripe, bright bay colored; the flesh 2 lines thick, compara-
tively dry when the fruit is ripe, light brown; the seed two-thirds to three-
fourths as long as the fruit, generally two-tifths as wide as long, with more or
less conspicuous winglike ridges on the sides. The spreading or ascending
stalks of the fruit clusters are so short that the small bunches are nearly hid-
den by the foliage. The leaves are short and rather stiff, with comparatively
short stalks and wide leaflets.

A small, light-colored date, with thick, comparatively firm flesh. It is very
sweet anil has an agreeable flavor, somewhat intermediate between that of
Lagoo and that of Horra. The natives seem to prefer it wlien not perfectly
ripe. It matures early in October. One of the six most productive varieties.
Among the four most salt-resistant varieties.

15007. Boo Affar.

A first-class "soft" date; fruit about 2 inches long and five-ninths to three-
fifths as wide, conspicuously wider above than below the middle, but narrowed
to the blunt apex, bright purplish maroon when ripe; the flesh 3 to oJ lines
thick, tender yet firm; the seeds a little more than one-half as long as the
fruit, cinnamon brown. The stalks and branches of the fruit clusters are deep
orange. The foliage is said to be heavy and the leaves wide and very green.

The fruit is remarkable not only for its large size, thick flesh, and delicious
flavor, but for its beautiful coloring; ripens rather late. The flesh is tender,
yet rather firm, and is very sweet and full of sugar. The skin, even of the ripe
fruit, is fairly clean and dry.

15008. Boo Fagoos; also spelled Bou Fagous, or Feggouss.

A first-class date of the " soft" type; fruit If to 1| inches long, considerably
more than one-half as wide, constricted near the middle and widest toward
the apex, maroon to prune purple when ripe; the flesh 2^ lines thick; the seed

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 185

15000 to 15210— C'ontiiuiod.

tivt'-iiinths to five-eighths as long as tlie fruit, rather slender. The orange-
colored stalks of the fruit clusters are sharply curved, and so short that the
ratiier small Ininrhts hardly extend beyond the leafstalks.

The fuliajze of this, as oi several other of the finest varieties, is of a light and
delicate aspect, due in this case to the relatively few leaves and the narrow-
nt'ss of the leafiets. The leaves tiieniselves are large an<l wide, curving down-
ward very noticeal)ly.

The large fruit is remarkable for its unusual shape, somewhat like that of a
fiddle or of some of the varietii's of gherkins, to which it doubtless owes its
Arabic name. The flesh is tiiick and rather firm, yetten<ler. It is very sweet
and has a very distinctive antl highly attractive flavor. It ripens late in
October.

15009. Deght liarca.

Fruit said to be "soft," round, and nearly black. It is described as a soft
date that preserves very well.

15010. Deglel Caul.

Fruit coral red before maturity, and black when ripe; said to be conserva-
ble only for r, short time. Reported to be a fine variety and to ripen early in
September.

15011 and 15012. Deglet Xoor.

A first-class "soft" date; fruit IJ to a little over 2 inches long and about
one-half as wide, ovoid ol)long in shape, generally widest at or near the middle
and blunt pointed at the ai)ex, often narrowed alsoattiie base, maroon col-
oreil when ripe; the flesh 2 to .S lines thick, translucent; the seed al)Out five-
ninths as long as the fruit, conspicuously pointeil, and tlark chestnut l)rown in
color. The stalks and branches of the fruit clusters are bright yellow (not
orange), with stalks long and slender, sharply curved near the base, so that
the i)unches hang down far below the crown of foliage.

The Deglet Noor ])resents a coud)ination of characteristics— fine flavor, sweet-
ness, attractive apnearance, cleanliness, good keejiing qualities— that can be
rivaled bv no other variety that is widely grown. It requires a high sum total
of temperature to bring it to perfect maturity; begins to ripen in (juantity
toward the end of October, slower in coming into full bearing than most varie-
ties, the palms generally not giving a good crop until they are 10 years old,
])roducing largely only every second or third year.

15013. Deglet Sennaga .

A "soft" date; fnnt 87.5 to 40 mm. long, 17.5 mm. wide, oblong, somewhat
pointed at the apex, bright chestnut brown when rij^e, surface shining, skin
much loosened and folded; flesh soft, dark colored; seed large, dark brown;
very sweet; flavor distinctive (suggesting Imrnt sugar) and rather agreeable,
but'not very pronounced. It is said to keep well.

15014. Ihkar. (Early, male. )

15015. Dohir. (Medium, male.)

15016. Dokar. (Late, male.)

15017. Doonga, or Denanga.

A second-class "soft" date; fruit a little over 1^ inches long, six-tenths to
seven-tenths as wide, egg-shaped, broadest near the base, dull dark purj^lish
maroon when ripe; theflesh l\ to 2 lines thick, firm white, central portion
nearly as thick as the dark outer zone; seeds small and thick (only about one-
half as long as the fruit and about onedialf as wide as long), narrowed at both
ends. The stalks and branches of the fruit clusters are light orange.

A dark-colored, rather small date, with moderately soft, dark-colored flesh
and with a clean, dry skin. It is very sweet and of a fine flavor, suggesting
that of Deglet Noor.

15018. Fteemy' or Fthui

A first-class "soft" date; fruit If to 2 inches long, about one-half as wide,
oblong, slightlv narrowed at both ends, dark purplish maroon when ripe, the
surface shining, the flesh soft and sirupy, al)Out 2 lines thick, the seed about

07

186 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

15000 to 15210— Continued.

five-ninths as long as the fruit, slender. The foliage is luxuriant, and the
numerous leaves are long, wide, and erowded with long, broad leaflets. In
color they are decidedly bluish, owing to the presence of a heavy, white bloom.
Altho inferior in flavor to the Deglet Noor this is unquestiona1)ly an excel-
lent variety, greatly excelling the Deglet Noor in vigor, rapid growth, early
productiveness, and large yields. The oblong fruit, when ripe, is of fine red-
dish purple color, very rich in flavor, extremely sweet, and so soft and sirupy
as to melt in the mouth when fresh. It can not he eaten in great quantity,
however, without cloying. It becomes very sticky and is therefore less satis-
factory as a dessert fruit than the Deglet Noor. This variety is considered
one of the most productive, giving a good crop every year. Is a late ripening
variety, its fruit beginning to mature in quantity at the same time as the
Deglet Noor, about November 1. It ranks among the four most alkali-resistant
varieties.

15019. Gasby.

A third-class "soft" variety; fruit 11 to a little over 2 inches long, about two-
fifths as wide, oblong, often consi)icuously curved, very dark prune purple,
with a conspicuous bloom wlien ripe, the surface dull, the skin rather tough,
russet brown where loosened from the flesh; the flesh 1 line thick, dark col-
ored, remaining rather soft; the slender seed five-ninths to three-fifths as long
as the fruit, two-sevenths to one-third as wide as long, russet brown, often
curved. The stalks and branches of the fruit clusters are deep orange colored.

Ripens very early. A handsome, long, dark-colored, generally curved date.
Flavor is of the Lagoo type, rather attractive, suggesting that of raisins. It is
said to keep very well.

15020. Gash Haloo.

Fruit said to resemble Kenteeshy in color; described as sweeter and better
flavored than Gasby.

15021. Guern-el-lihezal.

Said to be a long, slender, curved date, with a stone unusually large and a
thin flesh.

15022. Goondij.

A third-class "soft" variety; fruit about If inches long, about one-half as
wide, obovoid-oblong, keeping its shape fairly well when preserved, l)ay to
maroon colored when rii>e; the flesh about IJ lin«?s thick, dark colored,
remaining rather soft, the seed five-eighths as long as the fruit, about one-
third as wide as long. The stalks and branches of the fruit clusters are bright
orange colored. Said to ripen as early as Septendjer 15.

Sweet and agreeable, but not of pronounced flavor; of the Lagoo type.

15023. Holooa Bayda; also Halouaia.

A second-class "dry" date; fruit IJ to Ij inches long, about one-half as
wide, elli])tical in outline, not conspicut)us]y narrowed at the apex, widest near
the middle, dull purplish bay when ripe; the flesh 1 to Ij lines tliick, becoming
very firm and dry; the seed about seven-tenths as long as the fruit and one-
third to two-fifths as wide as long. The branches of the fruit clusters are pale
orange.

Much like the Lemsy, but the fruit is even smaller. It ripens rather early
and is generally eaten fresh, becoming hard and dry when preserved.

15024. Halouaia.

15025. Hamra, or TIamraia.

A third-cla'^s "dry" date; fruit 1} to 2 inches long, about one-half as wide,
ovoid, tapering from near the base to the rounded apex, bright ])urplish maroon
whenripe; theflesh 1 to3 lines thick, becomingquite firm, the dark-colored outer
zone thicker than the white central jiortion ; the seed two-thirds to four-fifths as
long as the fruit, generallv about two-fifths as wide as long, sometimes with
strongly develojied winglike ridges on the sides. The stalks and branches of
the fruit clusters are orange colored.

One of the largest and most showy of the " dry " dates. :\Iuch resembles Horra

97

DECEMBER, 11)03, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 187

15000 to 15210— Contimu'd.

and surpasses it in l)ri<;litiiess of color, but is tk-cidt-diy inferior to it in flavor.
KijuMis in the latter part of October and the beginning of November. Said to
keep well.

15026. 7/orro.

The name is also spelle.l "llourra," "Harra," and "Ilerra."
A first-class "dry" date; fruit about 2 inches long, about one-half as wide,
ovate, narrowed from the base to the rounded apex, rather dull purplish
maroon when ripe, the flesh 2 to L'A lines thick, with its white central zone
much thii-ker than the dark outer portion, the seed usually about one-half as
long as the fruit. The stalks and branches of the fruit I'lusters are orange
yellow. The leaves are large, with very numerous slender leaflets.

The fruit is the largest and finest produced by any variety of the "dry"
class. The flesh becomes ([uite solid in the ripe fruit, but is never extremely
hard and dry. It has the i-haracteristic nutty flavor of the dry dates, but is
much richer'than most of them. It is at its best only when perfectly mature
and is one of the best keeping varieties. A medium-early sort, ripening in
C)ctober.

15027. Iteeiiia, or Yllma.

A third-class "soft" variety; fruit sliglitly over 2 inches long, about one-
half as wide, widest at or near the middle, rounded at the basi', somewhat
pointed and conspicunuslv unsyminetrical at apex, not keeping its shape well
when i)reserved, chestnut brown, with a slight purple tinge when ripe, the
surface shining, the flesh over 2 lines thick, extremely soft, the seed nearly
one-half as long as the fruit, about two-lifths as wide as long, chestnut colored.

A verv handsome date, with sirupy, translucent flesh, extremely sweet,
rather insipid in flavor. Early ripening sort. Is eaten fresh.

15028. Karooy.

A third-class "soft" variety; fruit I5 inches long, about one-half as wide,
ovoid, narrowed from near ti'ie base to the rounded ajiex, keeping its shape
fairlv well when preserved, bav colored when ripe; skin, where loose, olive
brown; the flesh about U lines thick, rather tough ; the seed about five-eighths
as long as the fruit, about one-third as wide as long. The branches and stalks
of the fruit clusters are orange colored.

Flesh rather tough, moderately sweet, flavor agreeable, similar to that of
the "dry" dates.

15029. Kenta.

A first-class "drv" date, fruit 1^ to 1| inches long, about one-half as wide,
narrowed from the middle or above it to the broad apex, dull bay colored
when ripe, much of the skin loosened in large blisters in the ripe fruit, the
flesh U to 2 lines thick, the seed four-sevenths to five-eighths as long as the
fruit, rounded at Ixith ends, light brown.

The leaves of this variety are rather broad, with numerous long, narrow
leaflets. The light-orange stalks of the fruit clusters are stout and horizontal
or ascending, and so short that with the bunches they do not equal tlie leaf-
stalks. The clusters themselves are short, thick, and densely crowded with
fruit.

One of the most highly esteemed and widely grown of the dry dates found
in Tunis. The fruit is of medium size, the flesh rather thin, becoming quite
firm, altho not verv dry. The sui'face is clean and dry even when the
fruit is quite ripe. It is not sirupy, altho pleasantly sweet, and can l)e eaten in
quantity without cloving. The flavor is very agreeable, wholesome, and of
the nutty quahty characteristic of most dry dates. One of the best of the dry
dates in keeping quality. Is a comparatively early-ripening variety, maturing
about the middle of October and perhaps earlier. One of the two most pro-
ductive varieties, said to give an abundant crop every year. Said to be the
most salt-resistaut variety in high-lying, well-drained land.

15030. Kentee>fhy, or Kentklu.

A third-class "dry" variety; fruit about U inches long, slightly more than
one-half as wide, oblong or slightly obovoid; dull bay when ripe, the skin
remaining yellow; the flesh 1 to 2] lines thick, becoming hard and dry; the

97

188 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOKTED.

15000 to 15210— Continued.

geed about two-thirds as long as the fruit, one-third to two-fifths as wide as
long, broad and rounded at both ends. The stalks and branches of the fruit
clusters are dull orange. The stalks are curved, forming nearly a semicircle,
but do not hang down below the foliage.

Fiuit is small, thin of fiesh, and becomes hard and dry almost before it has
lost its astringency. It ripens toward the end of October and beginning of
November. Moderately sweet and rather tasteless. Yields heavily, being
one of the most productive varieties found in Tunis, and is said to give a good
crop every year. Reputed to be very alkali resistant.

15031. Khadraya.

A "dry" date; fruit 35 to 40 mm. long, 17.5 mm. wide, oblong, narrowed
at the apex, bright orange before maturity, dull light brown when ripe; seed
large, light brown. Branches of fruit clusters bright orange. Very sweet,
with a pleasant flavor. Ripens in October.

15032. Khalt (?).

15033. Khalt Boo Fagoos.

A "soft" date; very similar to Boo Fagoos, 42.5 mm. long, 25 mm. wide,
. generally more or less obovoid, maroon colored when ripe, skin much folded;
flesh very firm; seed large. Branches of fruit clusters light orange.
Moderately sweet, with a fine flavor of the Horra type.

15034. Khalt Deglaouia.

A second-class date of the "soft" type; fruit If to 1| inches long, about
one-half as wide, egg-shaped, narrowed from, about the middle to the rounded
apex, keeping its shape well when preserved, dark maroon purple when ripe,
much of the skin loosened into soft blisters; the flesh about 2 lines thick, firm
yet tender; the seed about two-fifths as long as the fruit, about one-third as
wide as long, cinnamon brown. The stalks and branches of the fruit clusters
are liijht vellow.

The fruit is rather small, with fairly thick, firm flesh. • The fine flavor sug-
gests that of Deglet Noor, whicli it resembles also in the shape of the fruit and
the maize-yellow color of the branches of the clusters.

15035. Khalt Gania.

" Gama" means wheat, and is said to refer to the color of the fruit.

15036. Khalt Ha meed.

A third-class "soft" variety; fruit If inches long, about one-half as wide,
ellipsoidal, generally slightly narrowed at both ends, keeping its shape well
when preserved, bright maroon when ripe; the flesh 1=] lines thick, rather firm,
not very sugary; the seed smooth, five-eighths as long as the fruit, about two-
fifths as wide as long, widest above the middle.

15037. Khalt Harraowia.

A second-class "soft" date; fruit 1|^ to over 2 inches long, narrowed from
near the base to the somewhat pointed apex, keeping its shape well when pre-
served, dark-maroon purple when ripe; the flesh 2 to 3 lines thick, firm yet
tender, very sugary; the seed one-half to five-ninths as long as the fruit, about
one-third as wide as long. The branches of the fruit clusters are orange col-
ored. The crown of foliage is well developed, the leaves large, and the leaflets
long and numerous.

The larse, handsome fruit somewhat resembles that of Horra, both in
api)earance and flavor. The flesh is copious, firm yet tender, and contains a
great deal of sugar.

15038. Khalt Kebeer.

A fine, large, reddish brown "soft" date, with small seed, preserving admir-
ably; flavor excellent.

15039. Klialt Kentaowia.

Occurs in the Jerid; apparently not uncommon at Tozer.
97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 189

15000 to 15210— Continued.

15040 K hall Moo'islu'iii.

A second-i-lass "soft" date; fniit Ij; to IJ inclirs lon<i:, about one-half as
\vi<le, efrfr-sliapcd, iiarroweil from about tlie iiiiddle to the rounded apex, keep-
ing; its sliajie perfectly wiien presi-rveil; dark iiriiue purple when ripe, t hi- skin
mostly ailherin<^ very elosely to the tlesli, I'onspicuously marked with trans-
verse and lonjiitudiiml scars; the fiesh about L' lines thick, firm yet tender;
the see<l about one-half as lonjrastlu' fruit, nearly one-half as wide as long,
broadest near the middle, Ii<rlit brown, roujjh. The braiu'hes of the fruit clus-
ters ai'e l)ri^ht oranj^e.

The excelk'Ut liuit is characterizeil by its dark prune color, curiously
searre<l skin, copious soft Hesh, and very sweet, highly attractive llavor.
Apparently keeps perfectly.

15041. Kliaroolii/, or Khurronhi.

A third-class "soft" variety; fruit about 2 inches long, le.ss than two-tilths as
wide, oblong, often somewhat wider near the apex than elsewhere, between
l)ay and maroon colored when ripe, the surface shining; the skin conspicu-
ously loosened and remaining light yellow; the Hesh 1 to 2 lines thiclc, rather
soft and dark colored; the seed nearly three-Cifths as long as tln' Iriiil, one-
tliird as wide a-< long, geni'ially somewhat curved. The stalks aM<l i)ran(hes
of the fruit clusters are orange colored.

Flesh of the ripe fruit of the consistency of jelly, moderately sweet, agree-
able in flavor, resembling Lagoo. Said to preserve well. Ripens in October.

15042. Ksrhn, or (?) Kessebi.

A second-class "dry" variety; fruit about lo inches long, two-thirds as
wide, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, widest below the middle, purplish maroon or
bay when ripe; the flesh 2 to 2i lines thick, lirm but tender; the seeil very
nearly two-thirds as long as the fruit, two-lifthsas .wide as long, russet brown.
The branches oi the fruit clusters are dee}) orange. Tlie foliage is character-
ized by having few sjiines and these are slender and weak.

Tiie fruit, Avhich ])reserves well, is very sweet and well flavored, in the lat-
ter respect being intermediate between Horra and Lagoo. Its fruits ripen in
October.

15043. Laijoo.

A second-class "soft" date; fruit nearly 2 inches long, four-ninths as wide,
oblong, tapering slightly to the apex, more or less curved, bay to light maroon
colored when ripe, the surface somewhat shining; the flesh about 2 lines
thick, rather tough, dark colored; the seeds slender, three-fitths to two-thirds
as long as the fruit, two-sevenths to one-third as wide as long, russet brown,
its surface roughened with fine wrinkles. The stalks and branches of the fruit
clusters are orange colored, the crown of foliage is rather small, the leaves
short and rather thick, with long, rather wide leaflets.

One of the earliest kinds; said to ripen by the middle of September. The
fruit IS of medium length, narrow, and dark colored when ripe. The flesh is
rather thin, but soft, very sweet, and of an agreeal)le, characteristic flavor,
somewhat resembling Rhars. It keeps well.

15044. Lcmsy.

A second-class "dry" date; fruit li to If inches long, about one-half as
wide, elliptical in outline, not conspicuously narrowed toward the apex, often
slightly curved, dull ])urplish maroon when ripe; the flesh 1 to 2 lines thick,
becoming very firm and dry; the seed about two-thirds as long as the fruit,
generally one-third as wide as long. The branches of the fruit clusters are
orange colored.

This is a small, thin-fleshed dry date, sometimes preserved, but usually eaten
fresh and even tiefore it is perfectly ri])e, as the flesh soon becomes dry and
hard. It is deliciously sweet and has a fine flavor, tasting somewhat like
chestnuts. Said to mature at the end of August.

15045. Menakher.

A first-class date of the "soft" type; fruit 2 to 2^ inches long, about one-
half as wide, oblong, broad, and rounded at both ends, keeping its shape well
when preserved; brownish maroon when ripe; the flesh 2 to 2i lines thick;

97

190 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

15000 to 15210 — Continued.

the seed broad at both ends, about one-half as long as the fruit, one-half as
wide as long, very rough.

The leaves are long and broad, and rather stiff and heavy, crowded with
very numerous long leaflets, and their stalks are armed almost thruout t^eir
length with long, stout spines. The fruit clusters are short and dense, their
stalks bright yellow, rather short, stout, and only moderately curved, so that
the bundles do not hang down Ix'low the leaves as in the Deglet Noor, but are
almost hidden bv the foliage.

This produces' fruit that is thought by many of the natives, and even by
some of the few lunopeans who- have tasted it, to surpass the Deglet Koor; is
at least equal in quality to the Deglet Noor, which it considerably resembles
in iiavor. In size JNIenakher dates are U to nearly 2 times as large as those
of the Deglet Noor variety; in color they are generally darker. The seed, tho
thick, is short in jiroportfon to the length of the fruit". It is very different in
appearance from that of the Deglet Noor. The thick, translucent flesh, altho
soft and sirupv, becomes firm when preserved, just as does that of the Deglet
Noor. If preserved with any care Menakher dates keep their shape admirably.
The skin does not become sticky but remains dry and clean, which is a very
desira])le property in a dessert fruit. An ol)jectionable feature is the strong
development of tiie white, stringy core. This diminishes perceptibly, however,
in thoroly ripe fruit. The consensus of opinion is that in point of appearance,
cleanness of skin, keeping quality, and delicacy of flavor the ^Menakher dates
surpass the Deglet Noor, while the latter are superior in the crisper texture of
the flesh and small development of the stringy core, or "rag."

This variety ripens its fruits in the latter part of October. It is said to yield
little during the first few years after the offshoots are planted, but afterwards
surpasses the Deglet Noor" in yield, one palm i:)roducing sometimes 220 pounds
of dates.

15046. Moklt Bi'i/r.i/, or Moukh Begri.

A second-class "soft" variety; fruit IJ to li inches long, about three-fourths
as wide, broadest at the base, and narrowed thence to the l>road, rounded
apex, flattened on the sides, bright bay colored when ripe; the flesh very
soft, about H lines thick, rather dark colored, translucent; the seed light
brown, one-half to two-thirds as long as the fiuit, about twice as long as wide,
rounded at both ends. The stalks and branches of the fruit clusters are light
orange.

The trees are said not to bear heavily. The dates are rather small and have
an unusual shape. The translucent flesh is very soft, but the fruit is said to
preserve well. It is very sweet and of delicious flavor, resembling and perhaps
equaling the Deglet Noor. Fruit ripens in the latter part of October.

15047. Okht Amrnari/.

8aid to resemble Anunary, but to be larger. Keported to ripen at the end
of September and not to keep well.

15048. Okht Fleetny. {French, Oiikht Ftimi.)

A second-class "soft" date; fruit 2 to 2 J inches long, about two-fifths as
wide, oblong, straight, somewhat pointed at the apex, deep purplish maroon
when ripe, the surface shining; the flesh 2^ to .S lines thick, soft; the seed
slender, about one-half as long as the fruit, only two-sevenths as wicle as long;
dark brown. The stalks and branches of the fruit clusters are rich orange.
The many fruit clusters are short-stalked and almost hidden by the foliage.

The very handsome fruit is longer and more slender than that of Fteemy,
and is often lirighter colored, but is otherwise very similar. In regard to
flavor, no difference could be detected. Altho very soft and sirupv, the fruits
preserve well. Okht Fteemy palms give a good crop every year and are very
productive. These dates are not generally ripe before November. Among
the most alkali-resistant varieties.

15049. Bemta. ^

A third-class "dry" date; fruit IJ to If inches long, about one-half as
wide, oblong, somewhat pointed at the apex, generally distinctly constricted
a little above the base, dark maroon colored when ripe; the flesh about 1
line thick, rather tough; the seed mie-half to two-thirds as long as the fruit,

97

DECEMBEK. 1!K)3. TO DECEMBER, VM'i. P.»l

15000 to 15210 -Continued.

a little k'srt than unt-half as wide as Imi-r. Tlu> stalks and braiu-hcs of the
fruit c-lusters are l>rii:lit orange.

Flesli linn, intMh-rately sweet, with an aj^reealile llavor resembling that of
Thahy. Said to ripen early.

15050. AV(((/-.s'. (Sometimes known as Rharx (or Gh<iri< or Cheress) Mettigui.)

A second-class tho well-known date of the "soft" type; fruit IS to over '1
inehes long, two-lifths to four-ninths as wide, oMong or inversely egg-shaped,
bay eolored when ripe, its surface .somewhat shining; the liesh 2 to 4 lines
thick, very soft; the slentler seed live-eighths to three-tifth.s as long as the
fruit, two-sevenths to one-third as wide as long, broad and rounded at both
ends. The ripe fruit does not keep its shape well when preserved. The stalks
anil liraufhes of the fruit clusters are bright orange. The trunk is stout and
the foliage luxuriant, numerous long leaves being crowded with long, broad

leaHets.

Oneof the earliest. Said to begin to ripen as early as the end oi July. 1 he
fruit is large, bav colored when ripe, with copious soft, sirupy, translucent
flesh, very sweet "and rich-llavored. Not one of the best-keeping sorts.

15051. SIki -Iroo.swi.

Said to be rare and of fairly good quality. Reported to b.- a lonj, slciid»'r
date, ripening in October and not keeping well.

15052. Saiiha Boo Dm .

A third-cla.ss "soft" variety; fruit 2 to over L'A inches long, about three-
sevenths as wide, oblong, soinewhat pointed at the apex, usually curved;
prune purple when rijie; the surface rather dull; the Hesh 8 and M lines thick,
rather lirm; the slender seed about one-half as lonizas the fruit and two-sevenths
to one-third as wide as long. The stalks and liranches of the fruit clu.sters
are bright orange color(>d.

The largest of the Tunisian varieties. Flesh thick, rather tough. Flavor
agreeable, suggesting Boo Fagoos. Ripens about the end of October.

15053. Tafazireen. {\ho Tajazaouim; or Taj'ezoween.)

A tirst-class "soft" date; fruit 2 to 2,\ inches long, about two-fifths as wide,
oblong, tapering slightly from ba.<e to apex, bright bay colored when ripe; the
skin conspicut)usly marked with short linear scars; the tlesh U to 2 lines thick;
the slender seed about three-fifths as long as the fruit.

The handsome fruit is easily recognized by its long, narrow shape, bright-
bay color, ami curiouslv marked skin, it is said to ripen in October. The
fiesh is soft and translucent, like that of the Deglet Noor. It is very sweet,
and of excellent flavor.

15054. Tantaboosht, or Tantabouchi.

A third-class "soft" date; fruit nearly spherical, usually somewdiat wider
than long, 1 to U inches in greatest diameter, usually widest above the
middle, slightly deprest at apex, not keeping its shape well when preserved,
very dark brown purple (almost black) when ripe; the flesh 3 to 5 lines thick,
very soft and dark colored; the large seed two-thirds to four-fifths as long as
the" fruit, one-half to two-thirds as wide as long; smooth. The stalks and
branches of the fruit clusters are deep orange colored.

A date remarkable for its round shape and v^ry soft, almost black flesh.
Flavor peculiar and characteristic, even perfectly ripe fruit retaining a certain
amount of astringency.

15055. Tenaseen. (French orthography, Tmiessin, or Tenassine.)

A third-class "soft" variety; fruit If to 1| inches long, about one-half as
wide, oblong, not keeping its shape well when preserved, black when ripe; the
flesh very soft, nearly black; the seed tive-ninths to five-eighths as long as the
fruit, about one-third as wide as long, rather dark brown.

The flavor of the very sweet, soft, dark-colored flesh suggests Tozer Zaid
Safra, but is more agreeable. Is said to ripen in October.

15056. Thahy, or Dzhabi.

A second-class "dry " variety; fruit 1 5 inches long or slightly longer, about
one-half as wide; oblong, often slightly constricted a little above the base, some-

97

192 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOKTED.

15000 to 15210 — Continued.

what pointed at apex; brijiht reddish brown when ripe; the flesh 1 to I5 lines
thick, rather tough, the dark-colored outer zone apparently much thicker than
the white inner portion. Seed about three-fifths as long as the fruit, rather
slender. The stalks and branches of the fruit clusters are rich orange colored.
It is one of tlie handsomest of the ' ' dry ' ' dates, and one of the most attractive
when preserved, keeping i)erfectly its shape and its beautiful, warm reddish
brown color. It has an agreeable, wholesome flavor, and can be eaten in
quantity without cloying. It matures in October.

15057. Towadant.

Fruit said to be very large and long, yellow, and of good flavor, ripening at
the same time as Fteemy and keeping well.

15058. Tozer Zaid Khala.

A third-class "soft" variety; fruit li to l^- inches long, three-fifths to two-
thirds as wide; obovoid or oblong, lirnad and rounded at apex, not keeping its
shape well when preserved; black when ripe; the flesh about 2 lines thick,
very soft and sirupy, nearly black; the setd about two-fifths as long as the
fruft, about two-fifths as wide as long; dark brown.

Less common than Tozer Zaid Safra, which it very closely resembles in
■ appearance and flavor.

15059. Tozer Zaid Safra .

A third-class ' ' soft ' ' date ; fruit 1 .} to 1 § inches long, generally four-sevenths to
two-thirds but sometimes onlv one-half as wide as long; oblong or oblong egg-
shaped, widest near the middle, broad and rounded at the apex, not keeping its
shape well when preserved; the flesh U lines thick, extremely soft and sirupy;
nearlv black; the relatively large seed about one-half as long as the fruit, two-
fifths"to one-half as wide as long, light brown.

Flavor characteristic, much appreciated by the natives. Generally eaten
fresh, but sometimes jireserved for a short time. Yields heavily. Fruit ripena
in the latter part of October. Said to be one of the four salt-resistant varieties.

15060. Tronja, or Troundja.

A first-class "soft" date; fruit perfectly round, or nearly so, li to nearly 2
inches in greatest diameter; maroon to prune purple when ripe; the flesh 4 to
5 lines thick, very sugaiv vet firm; the seed very thick, six-tenths to seven-
tenths as long as the fniit'and about three-fifths as long as wTde; much fur-
rowed. The foliage is dense, the leaves wide, crowded with leaflets, and droop-
ing gracefully at the ends.

The fruit, which ripens in October, is remarkable for its large size, the thick-
ness of its flesh, and its gloljular shape. The short, very thick seed is also
characteristic. The flesh' is very firm and even somewhat tough, extremely
sweet and verv rich flavored, "the flavor suggesting that of the Fteemy.
Tronja dates can not be eaten in large quantities, as their richness soon cloys,
but as a dessert fruit they are very promising.

15061. Zrai.

Fruit said to resemble Deglet Noor in color.

15062. Zcb'ii.

A second-class "soft" date; fruit IJ to near If inches long, about one-half
as wide, obovoid, keeping its shai)e fairly well when preserved, bay to maroon
when ripe; the flesh about li lines thick, moderately soft; the seed about
four-sevenths as long as the fruit, about two-filths as wide as long. The stalks
and branches of the fruit clusteis are orange colored.

When perfectly ripe the flesh, altho rather thin, is soft and very sweet.
The flavor is characteristic, suggesting both chestnuts and persnumons. Said
to yield heavily.

15063. .Venakher (?).

15064. }reuakher (?)

15065 to 15210.

One hundred and forty-six unidentified palms of Mr. Kearney's shipment,
whi(;h were planted in the Date Garden at Mecca, Cal.

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 193

15211. Phoenix dactylifeka. Date.

Fruiii Winters, Cal. Received thru Prof. A. V. S5tul)enrauch in the spring of
1V)04. A large male date palm.

15212. Phoenix dactylifeka. * Date.

From Pomona, Cal. Secured hy Prof. A. V. Stnhonranch, from the auhstati.m
at Pomona, Cal., and transplanted to the Date (iunlen at Mecca, Cal., in 1904
an<l 1905.

15213 to 15224. Phoenix dactylifeka. Date.

From Siwah Oasis, Egvpt. Received thru .Mr. 11. 1. Rankin, Faynin, Kgypt,
March 2.3, 1905, in New York.

A collection of date suckers secured by Mr. Rankin, who made a trij) to the oasis

of Siwah in February, 1905, to get them. The Arab names are those secured by :\Ir.
Rankin.

15213. Gazaley. 15217. Kmjhy.

15214. Vrahee. 15218. Azmnj, or W'idy.

15215. Saydy. 15219. Male palms.

15216. RaghmGazal. 15220. Saydy.

"Dried dates from the Oasis of Si\vah. According to Caillian<l they are the
third in quality of the Piwah dates. While fresh these are packed in baskets
to be exported' and sold in Egypt." {R(mkin.)

15221 to 15224. (Numbers assigned to four palms of this shipment whicli

arrived without labels. )

15225 to 15313. Phoenix dactylifeka. Date.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received thru Mr. H. P. Chalk, American consular
agent, Bassorah, June 7, 1905.

A collection of 209 date suckers purchased from the Arabs by Mr. Chalk in
Bassorah. The Arab names are those sent in by Mr. Chalk.

15225. Bery. 15228. Sayer.

15226. Helawy. . 15229. Cnuamy.

15227. Hevezy. 15230. Khedrwy.

15231 to 15313. (Numbers assigned to 83 palms which lost their labels in

transit.

15314. Phoenix dactylifeka. Date.

From Marseille, France. Received thru Champagne Brothers ( Limited ) , August
5, 1905.

Deglet Noor. Seed.

15315 to 15332.

From Tokvo, Japan. Received thru J. Ikeda & Co., seed growers, Waseda,
August 14, 1905.

15315 to 15320. Brassica rapa. Turnip.

15315. Shogoin. 15318. Xcuj<t-K(d,n.

15316. Tennoji. 15319. Hino.

15317. Omi-Kabu. 15320. Kokahu.
7217— No. 97—07 13

194

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

15315 to 15332— Continued.

15321 to 15332. Raphanus sp.

15321. Xeriina Marushiri.

15322. Nerim.it Shirihoso.

15323. Xo-lma (,'hiunaga

Marushiri.

15324. MIyaskige.

15325. Horyo.

15326. E.rtra Early Ku-

nkhi.

Radish.

15327. Tokkurl.

15328. Shogoii).

15329. Early SaJairaHhi-

ma.

15330. Morigurlii.

15331. Kurama.

15332. Late Sakurash'hna.

15333 to 15371.

From Pretoria, Transvaal. Presented by Prof. J. Burtt Davy, government
agrostologist and botanist, Transvaal Department of Agriculture. Received
August 14, 1905.

Forage grasses
15333.

The numbers in parentheses are those assigned by Professor Davy.

( Natal redtop. ) From
Natal. (291/05)

15334. Aristida sp. From Na-

tal. (288/05)

15335. (Native grass.) From

Natal. (305/05)

15336* (Natal redtop.) From
Natal. (239/05)

15337. Chloris viKGATA. From

Natal. (290/05)

15338. Era(4rostis sp. From

Natal. (289/05)

15339. (Native grass.) (292/05)

15340. Chloris virgata ele-

GANs(?). (233/05)

15341. .SETARiAsp. (300/05)

15342. Eragrostis sp. (295/05)

15343. (Native grass.) (386/05)

15344. Setaria aurea. From

Natal. (299/05)

15345. (Native grass.) (297/05)

15346. (Native grass.) (389/05)

15347. (Native grass.) (423/05)

15348. (Native grass.) (520/05)

15349. (Native grass.) (306/05)

15350. (Native grass.) (471/05)

15351. (Native grass.) (467/05)

15352. (Native grass.) (469/05)

15353. (Native grass.) (298/05)

15354. (Native grass.) (464/05)

15355. Chloris sp. (403/05)

15356. (Native grass. ) (472/05 )

15357. ( Native grass. ) (466/05 )

15358. Eragrostis sp. From

Natal. (289/05)

15359. P:ra(;rostis sp. ( 390/05 )

15360. (Native grass.) (429/05)

15361. (Native grass.) (396/05)

15362. Paspalum sp. (234/05)

15363. (Native grass.) (232/05)

1 5364. Eragrostis c u r v u l a

valida. (307/05)

15365. (Native grass.) (425/05)

15366. Setari.\ sulcata. From

Natal. (312/05)

15367. (Native grass.) (388/05)

15368. (Native grass.) (387/05)

15369. (Native grass.) From

Natal. (315/05)

15370. (Native grass.) (308/05)

15371. (Native grass.) (296/05)

' ' Several of the species of Setaria and Eragrostis are valuable forage grasses. Setaria
sulcata (S. P. I. No. 15366) is oneof our best forage grasses, but requires a-\varm climate.
It will stand some frost, however, as the roots have not been killed with a tempera-
ture of + 18° F. Setaria aurea (S. P. I. No. 15344) is a valuable hay grass. S. P. I.
No. 15340 and S. P. I. No. 15337, forms of Chloris virgata, tho annual, are of great
value here, making an excellent and sweet hay. This grass ought to be tried in Ari-
zona, New ^lexico, and southern California, and I am sending seed to the Arizona
and California stations. ' ' ( Davy. )

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 195

15372. COLOCASIA ANTIQUOKUM ESCULENTUM. TarO.

From ]\Iaya^'uez, P. R. Received thru Mr. H. C. Henrieksen, Agricultural

Experiuient Station, August 15, 1905.

"This is one of the 40(?) varieties of taro cultivated in Hawaii. Roots of this

variety, called Japauese, were sent from the Hawaiian Experiment Station to the

Porto Rico Experiment Station in 1903. It does not compare favorably in Porto

Rico with the Trinidad taro of the same type." {Barrett. )

15373. CoLOCASIA ANTIQUOKUM ESCULENTUM. TarO.

From Mayaguez, P. R. Received thru Mr. H. C. Henric-ksen, Agricultural
Experiment Station, August 15, 1905.

"This variety is known as the A'o//r(/ taro in Hawaii. It is one of the few true
taros having purplish roots. The Porto Rico Experiment Station received this
variety in 1903 from the Hawaiian Experiment Station, but it did not grow satisfac-
torily "in the testing plats at Mayaguez, P. R." {Barrett. )

15374. Ahkacacia esculenta. Apio.

From Ponce, P. R. Received thru Mr. .1. \V. van Leenh<iff, August 15, 1905.

" Tho this plant is not cultivated in Porto Uico so widely as in Venezuela, it always
sells for a good i)rice in the local market. It grows better in elevated districts, i)re-
ferring a cool, moist situation. Partial shade .seems to l)e beneficial at low elevations.
It should be treated like carrots." {Barrett.)

15375. Pyrus sp. Pear.
i'>oin Shanghai, China. Received thru Rev. J. M. W. Farnham, August 16, 1905.

15376. KuBUS sp. Raspberry.

From Shanghai, China. Received thru Rev. J. M. W. Farnham, August 16, 1905.

"A berry growing wild on the mountains about 150 miles southwest of Shanghai.
The fruit is a little larger than the red raspberry which grows in New England, and
has not quite so strong a raspberry flavor." [Farnhuni. )

15377 to 15422.

From Mayaguez, P. R. Received from Mr. H. C. Henrieksen, of the Porto Rico
p]xperiment Station, thru O. W. Barrett, August 15, 1905.

These varieties comprise a large part of the collection made by Mr. O. AV. Barrett
while botanist of that station.

15377. Xanthosom.\ sp. Yautia.
(iuaijamera Verdy. "A dwarf yautia with pink tubers of first (juality; not

widely cultivated. ' ' ( Barrett. )

15378. Caladiu.m sp.

Brava. "A weed in fields. Leaves have a coppery luster. The grated
yellow corm is used to kill maggots in sores on cattle." {Barrett.)

15379. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

Orqueta. "A small yautia with whitish petioles and pale leaves; the tuber
is hard, yellow, and of second quality; cultivated in but few districts in Porto
Rico." {Barrett.)

15380. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

"A yautia received from the Botanic Gardens, Aburi, Gold Coast, West
Africa; it is apparently identical with one of the Jamaican varieties and was
very probably introduced into Africa from the West Indies." {Barrett.)

15381. CoLocAsiAsp. Taro.

Malanc/a 2. "Presented to the Porto Rico Experiment Station by Mr. E.
Andre, of Trinidad." {Barrett.)

97

196 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOKTED.

15377 to 15422— Continued.

15382. CoLOCA.siA sp. Taro.

Mal<nu/a. ' ' Presented to the I'orto Rico Experiment Station 1 )v Mr. ¥.. A ndr6,
of Trinidad." {Barrett.)

15383. .\ANTiiosoMA 8p. Yautia.

"A yaiitia'received from Trinidad, where it is known as the Jamaica Tanier;
this variety, liowever, was ncjt received in the collection from Jamaica."
{Barrett.)

15384. Xanthoso.ma sp. Yautia.

"A semicultivated yantia sent from ( luateniala l)y Mr. O. F. Cook; it appears
distinct from any other known sort, hut of little value as a crop." {Barrett.)

15385. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

Marthiica. "A first-class yautia widely cultivated in Porto Kico, tiio not
ohserved in collections from other West India islands. It has the petioles
hlott-hed with rose, maroon, and cream, and the hlades are dark green; the
smallish tubers are oblong, yellow, and of a firm texture when cooked. Called
(lu'mlal and Huero in some localities." {Barrett. )

15386. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

A first-class yautia obtained in Caracas, Venezuela, in 1903 ]>y Mr. O. W.
Barrett. "It attains a height of 5 feet and the largest tubers weigh from 1 to 2
pounds. This is a form of No. 15417 of Porto Rico, Trinidad, Belize, and Cuba;
it may V)e considered the best of all known yautias." {Barrett.)

15387. Xanthosoma S15. Yautia.

Amarilla. "A common yautia in Porto Rico, prized for its drought- resisting
and keeping qualities and highly nutritious yellow tubers; it is a small variety
and very liable to fungous attacks. " [Barrett.)

15388. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

Genfjihrilla. "A second-class yautia from the Arecibo district of Porto Rico;
the long, slender, pinkish tubers are of fair quality; it is one of the varieties
of the peculiar flat-leaved Manola type." {Barrett.)

15389. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

Luqu'dlo. ".\ yautia probably identical with No. 15417; cultivated at Cidra,
P. R." {Barrett.)

15390. Xanthomosa up. Yautia.

Idena. "A second-class j'autia, not well known; it resembles No. 15888, but
has short tubers and a different stooling hal)it. No. 32 of the Porto Rico Sta-
tion's collection." {Barrett.)

15391. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

Malanga Amarilla. "A yautia received from the-Cuban Agricultural Experi-
ment Station; No. 5206 of said station's plant list." {Barrett.)

15392. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

]'iiio. "A dwarf yautia, widely cultivateil in Porto Rico; the pink or pur-
plish tubers are of excellent quality f<jr table use )jut are not i)roduced in suf-
ficient quantity to be found on the market." {Barrett.)

15393. Xanthosoma (?) sp. Yautia.

Cimarrona. "An apjiarently undesc'ribed species growing in ravines in Porto
Rico; it flowers, but probably does not produce seed. The grated corms are
used to kill maggots in sores on cattle or horses. (See No. 15378)." {Barrett. )

15394. Xanthomosa sp. Yautia.

Guayamera Colorada. "A common first-class yautia, apparently peculiar to
Porto Rico; the mauve or purplish petioles and leaf veins distinguish this sort
from all others except No. 15404. Tlie elongated pink tuliers are of good size
and excellent quality. The leaves attain 6 feet in good soil." {Barrett.)

!)7

DECEMBER, 11)03, TO DECEMBER, 1905, 197

15377 to 15422— Continued.

15395. CoLocASiAsp. Taro.

IhisJurii. A ppcH-ii'Sof Colocasia, proliably undescrihcd; l)rnn<:lit from Trini-
dad in ll»0.'> by -Mr. (). W. I^arrett. "This "provi-s a most i)romisinjr I'cononiic,
since the tubers are ripened in six to ninemontiis; itean1)efiro\vn on a variety
of soils; the yield in jrood soil is from 2 to 4 pounds to the hill. It resembles
Nos. 15S72 and lol^TSin producinj; true tul)ers like a yautia instead of a large
rliizome like a true taro." {Barrdt. )

15396. Xantitosoma sp. Yautia.
Wiite Kddoe. "Sent l)y Mr. K. Andre, Pert of Si)ain, Trinida<l." ( Ihivrelt.)

15397. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.
'An excellent yautia sent by the Jamaica Department of Agriculture. (No.

L', .lamaica.)" {Barrett.)

15398. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

Ainarilla. "A small Cuban yautia sent by the Kstacion Central A<,'ronumica,
Santiago <le las Vegas, Cuba. "Proljably iilentical with No. 15:587, but jn'rhaps
more resistant to fungous attacks." ( Barrett. )

15399. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

- (inaqnl. "A vautia sent by the Kstacion Central Agronomica, Santiago de
las Vagas, Cuba." {Barrett.)

15400. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

"A yautia identical [?] with No.l5894, but purcha.sed from Reasoner Brothers,
Oneco, Fla., as Alocasia bataviensis." ^ {Jiarretl.)

15401. Xa-ntuosoma sp. Yautia.

"A yautia purchased from Reasoner Brothers, Oneco, Fla., as Alocasia mar-
shalli. It yields a good-sized, edible tuber of the 'Rolliza' type." {Barrett.)

15402. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

Malanga Bhinco. "A yautia received from the K.stacion Central Agronomica,
Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba." [Barrett.)

15403. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

"A fine yautia received thru the Jamaica Department of Agriculture.
( No. 4, Jamaica. ) " ( Barrett. )

15404. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

I'rk'ta. "A first-class yautia resembling No. 15394 as regards leaf coloring,
but the tubers are orange yellow; a highly prized table variety, but not very
productive." {Barrett.)

15405. Xanthoso.ma sp. , Yautia.

Manoln, or Rolliza Ancha. "A fiat-leafed yautia not well known; the tuber
is firm and yellow, but rather small." {Barrett.)

15406. Xantho-soma sp. Yautia.

"An excellent variety received from the Jamaica Department of Agriculture.
(No. 5, Jamaica. )" {Barrett.)

15407. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.
Punzera. "Probably identical with No. 15392." {Barrett.)

15408. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

Dominica. "A very choice variety of the Amarilla type, grown on the
north side of Porto Rico; the tuber i.s in some respects the finest flavored and
richest of all yautias." {Barrett.)

15409. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

"A first-class yautia received from the Jamaica Department of Agriculture.
(No. 1, Jamaica.)" {Barrett.)

97

198 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

15337 to 15422 — Continued.

15410. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

Islena (le Ponce,. "A strong-growing yautia resembling No. 15392, but of two
to three times the size. The tuber is of good iiavor, pink, and is produced in fair
quantity. Overstooling seems to be the principal fault of this variety."
( Barrett. )

15411. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

Yslena. "Received from the Estacion Central Agronomica, Santiago de las
Vegas, Cuba. (No. 5207 of the Cuba station's list. )" {Barrett. )

15412. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

Bekmhe. "A wild or semicultivated yautia, probably A'a»//(oso?Ho ha.?tifo-
Ihim. The young leaves of this species are preferred by the natives of Porto
Rico for use (boiled) as a spinach. This plant flowers freely; it produces no
tubers; height, 18 feet 2 inches." {Barrett.)

15413. Alocasia macrorhiza.

"This is semicultivated in some districts as a pig food; the large rhizomes
are boiled to destroy the rhaphides." {Barrett.)

15414. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.

I'alma. "The largest of known Xanthosomas, tho of no great importance
horticulturally. Urban considers this A', violaceum, but that species is usually
considered as" comprized by the purple-leaved forms, like Nos. 15394 and
15404. The nearly tuberless rhizome attains a length of 1 to 3 feet and a
diameter of 3 to 6 inches. It is used for feeding pigs and poultry w^hen
boiled." {Barrett.)

15415. Xanthosoma sp. . Yautia.
"A fine yautia, received from the Jamaica Department of Agriculture. (No.

6, Jamaica. )" {Barrett.)

15416. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.
(Quintal. "Probably identical with No. 15385. Named from its believed

ability to produce lOO'pounds of tubers per plant when very heavily fertilized.
The rhizome is frequently eaten, tho not of so delicate a flavor and texture as
the tubers." {Barrett.)

15417. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.
RolUza. "This is the best variety native to Porto Rico. It may be grown

on a variety of soils. The yield is 2 to 4 pounds per hill. The tubers are of
large size, white, mealy, and smooth. The rhizome is also eaten. This is
undoubtedly Xanthosoma sar/ittifoliuiu Schott. It occurs in Belize, Trinidad,
and Cuba. X very similar form produces larger (?) tubers in Venezuela."
{Bai'relt.)

15418. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.
"A choice yautia, received from the Jamaica Department of Agriculture.

(No. 3, Jamaica.)" {Barrett.)

15419. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.
Blanca. "A second-class yautia, resembling No. 15417, but not so produc-
tive nor so early. The rhizome is poisonous, because of its content of calcium
oxalate rhaphides. The tubers are more slender and rougher than those of
the JioJliza, No. 15417." {Barrett.)

15420. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.
"A yautia from Belize, probably identical with No. 15417." {Barrett.)

15421. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.
"A yautia introduced into Porto Rico from Trinidad by the writer in 1903.

It is verv similar to No. 15417, but the tul^ers appear to vary slightly from
yellowisli white to pinkish white instead of being of the even white of
Boll ha." {Barrett.)

15422. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.
Red Eddoe. Presented by Mr. E. Andre, Port of Spain, Trinidad. {Barrett.)

97

DECEMBER, V.m, To ItKCEMBEU, l!»0;j. !*.>*.>

15423. Nakcissus rsEUDo-NAurissis. Daffodil.

Fn.ui Santa Cruz, Cal. Received tlini Mr. E. l.ivilluiiu, i.f ili.- Lftdliain I'.iilti
Cninpaiiy, Au<,Mist 1(5, 1905.

15424. AlANdlKEUA INDICA. Maiigo.
From l.uekiiow, India. Received tliru Mr. Robert Anderson, Lansdowne, I'a.,

Angu.'^tL'l, 1!H)5.

Bonthny (?).

15425 to 15427.

From Bellingham, Wash. Received thru Mr. II. K. Juenemann, of tliis Depart-
ment, Aiu^'U.st LM, ntO.^.

15425. Ro.s.v sp. 15427. Ri'bis si'kct.\hii,is.

15426. Rosa .«p.

15428 and 15429. Vicia faba. Horse bean.

Fmm Naple.<, Italy. Received thru Dammann k Co., Augu-^t 18, IIH)').
15428. Vescefeverole deit Champs. 15429. Vince feverole pei'de.

15430 to 15445.

From Ik'llingham, Wash. Received thru Mr. .1. W. M. Smitli, August 22, IOO-'k
15430 to 15434. Uvacinthus 15441 and 15442. Ckocis sp.

••"P 15443 to 15445. Ti lipa sp.

15435 to 15440. Narcissus spp.

15446 to 15458.

From C'learbrook, Wash. Received thru Mr. George Gibbs, August 21, 190-5.

15446to 15456. Narcissus spp. 15457 and 15458. Hv.vcinthus

sp.

15459. Narcissus tazetta alba.

From Alameda, Cal. Received thru Mr. George Rosmarin, Encinal Nursery,
August 22, 1905.

15460 to 15474. Mexican plants.

From City of Mexico, Mexico. Received from Dr. J. N. Rose, August 25, 1905.
The numbers in parentheses are those of Doctor Rose's notes, which give the
exact localities where the various plants were secured.

15460. (No. 1178/05.) ' 15468. (No. 1187/05.)

15461. (No. 1179/05.) 15469. (No. 1188/05.)
■ 15462. (No. 1180,05.) 15470. (No. 1189/05. )

15463. (No. 1182/05.) 15471. (No. 1190/05. )

15464. (No. 1183/05.) 15472. (No. 1194/05.)

15465. (No. 1184/05.) 15473. (No. 1202/05.)

15466. (No. 1185/05.) 15474. (No. 1205/05.)

15467. (No. 1186/05.)

15475 to 15477.

From Paris, France. Received thru Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., August 26, 1905.

15475. Caragana ARBOREscENS. Siberian pea tree.

15476 and 15477. Trifolium incarnatum. Crimson clover.

15476. Extra Early Red. 15477. Early White.

97

200 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

15478. LiLiUM LONGiFLORUM KxiMEUM. Easter lily.

Seed grown in the Department greenhouse by Mr. G. W. Oliver. Numbered Sep-
tember 2, 1905.

15479. LiLIUM LONGIFLORUM E3L1MEUM GIGANTEUM, Lily.

Seed grown in the Department greenhouse by Mr. G. W. Oliver. Numbered Sep-
tember 2, 1905.

15480 to 15583. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Tanga, German East Africa. Presented by Prof. Dr. A. Zimmermann, of
the Kaiserliche Biologische Landwirtschaftliche Institut, Amani, in the spring
of 1905.

A collection of native rice varieties. The notes are those given by Doctor Zim-
mermann. .

15480.

From Pangani, in the hills, 700 meters high.
15481.

Plant from January to March. Grown in Pangani, Mgera, northerly; 1,000
meters high; river valley of the Luhisgura (?).

15482.

From Pangani, Mohomorra, northward of Useguha Mountains; 400 meters
high.

15483.

From Pangani Buguru, west of Useguha; altitude 600 meters; river valley
of Msangazi.

15484.

From Pangani Bondei; altitude 300 meters. .

15485. Busunga mixt with Kwindimha.

Glumes of Busanga are brown yellow; of Kw'mdimba,gra.y white. Kernel
of Busanga is white; of Kwindimha, brown. From Lindi.

15486. Kwindimba.
From Lindi.

15487. Namaria.

From Lindi. Mixt with Kwindimha. Glumes brown; strong thick awn;
kernel wliite with a reddish tinge.

15488. Mkemzuri.

From Lindi. Slender awn, white kernel. Glumes yellow gold.

15489. M'pnngarra .

From Lindi. Glumes lighter than Namaria and Mkemzuri. Kernel white
and large. Nos. 15485 to 15489 can be distinguished in cooking by specific
odors. No one variety of soil is suitable for all conditions. In the valleys
they are planted on moist or on sandy soils. In the high altitudes they are
sown upon newly cleared land, but are uncertain and are dependent upon the
rainfall.

15490. Nondo.

From Tanga district. Likes water. ,

15491. Sifala.

P'roni Tanga district. Requires much water.

15492. NzKrinwendo.

From Tanga district. Requires much water,

15493. Sona.

From Tanga district. Requires much w'ater.
97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 201

15480 to 15583— Continued.

15494. Jiiurl.

From Tanga district. Reqllire^^ much water.

15495. Mnr]nja.

Fioin Taiiga di.strict. l^ike.s water.

15496. (lundlmha.
From Mikindani.

15497. iSungala.

From Mikindani. Plant during Deceml)er or January in Mack moist t^oil
in valleys.

15498. liuJimaUa.

From Matumbi Mariwe, in the district of Kilwa. Plant in heavy soil, giving
much water and little sun. Matures in four and a half months after sowing.

15499. Bungala.

From Matumbi Mariwe, in the district of Kilwa. Plant in black soil, with
much water and little sun. Maturt-.s in live months after sowing.

15500. Sehia.

From Matumbi, near Mohora, in the district of Kilwa. Plant in black soil,
with plenty of water and little sun. Matures in five and a half months after
sowing.

15501. Majeya Konoa.

From Matumbi, near Kiswere, district of Kilwa. Requires good soil, much
sun, ami little water. Matures in three months.

15502. Gundhnba.

Yyoxw Matumbi, near Kiswere, district of Kilwa. Requires good soil, much
sun, little water. Matures in three months.

15503. Shindano.

From Matumbi, near Kiswere, district of Kilwa. Requires good soil, much
sun, little water. Matures in three months.

15504. Amhari.

From Tanga district. Likes water.

15505. Mkarafun.

From Tanga district. Likes water.

15506. Mbenga Nonda.

From Tanga district. Likes water.

15507. Guniya.

From Tanga district. Likes water.

15508. Mounja Uniko.

From Tanga district. Likes water.

15509. Mchusi.

From Tengra, near Paadani. Plant in November in sandy loam,

15510. Majeya Fundi.

From Tengra, near Saadani. Plant in November in sandy loam.

15511. Majeya Fundi.

From Tengra, near Saadani. Plant in November in sandy loam.

15512. Kijegi.

From Tengra, near Saadani. Plant in November in sandy loam.
97

202 SEEDS. AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

15480 to 15583 — Continued,
15513 to 15545.

( No (lata. )
15546.

Plant ill wet soil. Grows after rainy season.
15547.

Inferior quality. Requires wet soil. Grows after the rainy season.

15548. Bungala.

Grown after rainy season in moist soil.

15549. Kilimali, Akilimali, ILdanaria, Tandlkn, Nyampendu, Halmilunda.

Grown on lowlands, and with much rain will grow on the hills; from
Mohora district, Rufiji.

15550. Sena Kilhwali.

Hill-land rice from Mohora district, Rufiji.

15551. Sefala BoHanka Mbwego.
Hill-land rice from Mohora district, Rufiji.

15552. Kapora Najiza Kunywa Zarakupata Mpungamuene.
Plill-land rice from Mohora district, Rufiji.

15553. Bungala.

From Mohora district, Rufiji. Lowlands.

15554. Kaneno Kanenwa.

From Mohora district, Rufiji. Hills and dry lowdands.

15555. Nugengim.

From Mohora district, Rufiji. Lowlands, without irrigation.

15556. Kijicho.

From Mohora district, Rufiji; lowlands or hills.

15557. Nyenyenyati.
Lowlands, Mohora district, Rufiji.

15558. Schindano.'

Wet lowlands, Mohora district, Rufiji.

15559. Harida.

Lowlands, Mohora district, Rufiji. .

15560. Kibaba Rupie.
Lowlands, Mohora district, Rufiji.

15561. Mhiveke.

Lowlands, Mohora district, Rufiji.

15562. Manjano.

Hills and lowlands, Mohora district, Rufiji.

15563. Kensi.

Lowlands, Mohora district, Rufiji.

15564. Sivala.

Lowlands, Mohora district, Rufiji.

15565. Kuku.

Lowlands, Mohora district, Rufiji.
97

DECEMBER, 1003, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 203

15480 to 15583— Continued.

15566. Xijohe.

Hills and lowlaiuls. Bet-oiiies vigorous. Often planked at the edge of tlu-
field.

15567. Borukujiala.

From .Morogoro. r)pening of the rainy season is sown in flaiiip soil.

15568. Meli.

From Morogoro. Plant at the t'ommenceinent of the rainy season in moist
lowlands or marshy plaees.

15569. 3/((/(t/a and Murura.

From JNIorogoro. Plant at tlie commencenK'tit of the rainy season in moist
lowlands or marshy groinid.

15570. Sena.

From Morogoro. Plant in moist ground at the commencement of the rainy
season.

15571. Ili'fij't.

From Mahenge. Plant in rainy season in heavy, Mack, wet soil. From live
to six months to mature.

15572. Iii(j>ihaza.

From Mahenge. Plant in rainy season in heavy, moist, Mack soil. Matures
in five to six months.

15573 to 15583.

From ^lahenge. Mature in five to six months. Plant in rainy season in
heavy, moist, black soil.

15573. Sena. 15579. Ngumbo.

15574. Schindano. 15580. Safari.

15575. Ilaiimaria. 15581. Funga.

15576. Kapemba. 15582. Ktngnno.

15577. Kafimla. 15583. Miknambe.

15578. Kikalati.

15584. LiLIUM LONGIFLORUM EXIMEUM GIGANTEUM. Lily.

Seedlings raised in the Department of Agriculture greenhouses. Numbere<l
September 1, 1905.

15585 to 15593. Narcissus sp. Narcissus.

From (Guernsey, England. Received thru W. Mauger & Son, Brookdale Nurs-
eries, August 21, 1905.

15594 to 15654.

From Haarlem, Holland. Received thru Mr. C. G. van Tubergen, jr., Zwanen-
burg Nurseries, September 5, 1905.

Miscellaneous bulbs.

15594. Gladiolus ALATUS. 15646 to 15654. Iris spp.

15595 to 15645. Tulipa spp.

15655. AVENA 8ATIVA. Oat.
From Sherman, Tex. Received thru Mr. W. F. Sheldon, September 5, 1905.

15656. Persea gratissima. Avocado.

From Miami, Fla. Received thru Col. G. B. Brackett, from Prof. P. H. Rolfs,

September 5, 1905.
97

204

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

15657. Narcissus tazetta. Narcissus.

From Santa Cruz, Cal. Received thru T. Thompson, florist, September 5, 1905.

15658 to 15667. Narcissus spp. Narcissus.

From Leytlen, Holland. Received thru De Graaf Brothers (Limited), wholesale
))ulb growers, September 6, 1905.

15668 and 15669.

From Chicago, 111. Received thru the A. Dickinson Co., September 6, 1905.

15668. Dactylis glomerata. Orchard grass.

15669. Phleum pratense. Timothy.

15670 to 15672.

From Budapest, Hungary. Received thru Mr. Frank Benton, of the Bureau of
Entomology, September 7, 1905.

15670. Cucurbita sp. Squash.
''Large, green, very warty squash. Odd looking. Flesh yellow. Seed

taken from squash on sale in market of Venice, Italy, August, 1905." {Benton. )

15671. Cucurbita sp. Squash.

"Small, grayish-green, flat squash on sale in market (jf Venice, Italy, August,
1905." {Benton.)

15672. CucuMis MELo. Muskmelon.
" Muskmelon from market at Trieste, Austria, August, 1905. Probably

brought up from Dalmatia. Sold under the name Zate. Medium to large-sized
greenish yellow melon of fairly good quality; very warty, or covered with
knobby excrescences. ' ' ( Benton. )

15673 to 15682.

From the Office of Gardens and Grounds, turned over to the OflHce of Seed and
Plant Introduction, September 8, 1905.

15673. Monstera deliciosa.

15674. Smilax medica.

15675. Sansevieria cvlindrica.

15676. Clivia miniata.

15677. Maranta LixEATA rosea.

15678. Alocasia cuprea.

15679. Dieffenbachiaseguine.

15680. homeria discolor.

15681. PiiER nigrum.

15682. Xanthosoma lindeni.

15683 to 15697.

From Sydney, New South Wales. Presented by Mr.
government botanist, Botanic Gardens. Received

15683. Acacia cunnixc;hamii.

15684. Acacia cultriformis.

15685. Acacia neriifolia.

15686. Callitris calcarata.

15687. Cai>litris robusta.

15688. Casuarina stricta.

15689. Casuarina torulosa.

15690. CORDYLINE AUSTRALIS.

15691
15692
15693
15694
15695
15696
15697

J. H. Maiden, director and
September 7, 1905.

. CORDYLINE OBTECTA.
. CORDVLINE STRICTA.
. FiCUS RUBIGINOSA.

. Podocarpus elata.

. Sterculia acerifolia.

, Telopia speciosissima.

. Macadamia ternipolia.

15698 to 15744.

•From Ilillegom, Holland.
11, 1905.

Received thru R. Van der Schoot & Son, September

15698 to 15709. Narcissus spp.
15710 to 15738. Tulipa spp.

15739 tol5743. Irishispanica.
15744. Narcissus sp.

97

DECEMBER, 1!)0;J, TO DECEMBER, 1!K)5. 205

15745. Physalis sp. Ground cherry.

From Lima, Pi'iu. KecoivtMl tliru W. K. Grace & Co., S('])tt'iiilifr II, l!H).").
Cajrxli.

15746. LiLiiAi LO\(;iFLORUM EXIMP^UM. Easter lily.

From Tarrvtown, N. Y. Receivf(l tlirii F. 11. Pierson tt Co., September 11,
, IVfOri.

15747 to 15749. Tiieohhoma cacao. Cacao.

From Triiiji lad, IWitisIi West Iiulies. Receiveil tlirn I'mf. .1. 11. I lart, Trinidad
Botanical (ianlens, SeptemV)er 11, 1905.

15747. OtlahanUo. 15749. CYiollo.

15748. Foraxiero.

15750. PisiM sp. Pea.

From (lyanfitse, Tibet. Received from Captain O'C'onnor, of tlie Ilritisli Indian
army, thru Mr. M. A. Carleton, cerealist, Septem])er K, lt)05.

15751. BEyCHOUNEUIA bkacteata.

From Nice, France. Received thru Mr. A. Robertson-l'roschowsky, Septendjer-
15, 1905.

15752.

From Richmond, Va. Received thru T. W. Wood & Sons, Septend)er 15, 1905.

Woo(ffs Grain Pasture Mixture, said to be a mixture of wheat, barley, rye, winter
turf oats, and liairy vetch.

15753 to 15758.

From Shan>;hai, Cliina. Received thru Rev. .T. M. W. Farnliam, Septendjer 15,
1905.

Seeds obtained 150 miles southwest of Shanghai, except 15753.

15753. Amygdalus persica. Peach..

15754. Amygdalus persica. Peach.

15755. CucuMis MELo. Muskmelon.

15756. CucuMis MELO. Muskmelon.

15757. CucuMis MELO. Muskmelon.

15758. CiTKiLLis vuLGARLs. Watermelon.

15759 to 15761. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Kol)e, Japan. Presented Ijy Mr. Thomas F. McGrath, of the China and
Japan Trading Company, of Kobe, Japan, thru Dr. W. H. McCirath, Delaware
avenue and INIarket street, Camden, N. J., and ^Ir. T. F. Townsend, United
States Weather Bureau, Philadelphia, Pa. Received August 1, 1905.

15759. Early glutinous rice. "Tastes better than ordinary rice." {Mc-

Grath. )

15760. Later glutinous rice. 15761. Early ordinary rice.

15762 and 15763.

From the greenhouses of the Department of Agriculture. Received September
18, 1905.

15762. HOMALOMENA WALLISI. 15763. DiEFFENBACHIA Sp.

97

206 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

15764 to 15766.

From Hungary and Bulgaria. Secured by -Mr. Frank Benton, of the Bureau of
Entomology, and received September 19, 1905.

15764. CiTRULLUS VULGARIS. ' Waternielon.

From CJodollo. Small, round melon; dark green, with red flesh, thin rind,
and brown seeds; small; qualitv excellent; quite sweet and juicy. Collected
August 24, 1905. (No. 6.)

15765. CicuMis MELo. Muskmelon.

From Budapest. Small, yellowish green, closely netted, quite aromatic.
Flesh green, (]uite juicy, tender, and of excellent quality. Seed from melon
purchased on the market. (No. 7.)

15766. CiTRULLrs vuLcJAKis. Watermelon.

From Sophia, Bulgaria. Yellow-cored, medium-sized, good quality. Flesh
lemon yellow or light greenish yellow. (No. 9.)

15767 to 15772. Narcissus spp. Narcissus.

From Ettrick, Va. Received thru Boat Brothers, September 19, 1905.

15773 and 15774. Narcissus .spp. Narcissus.

From Santa Cruz, Cal. Received thru Mr. E. Leedham, of the Leedham Bulb
Company, September 21, 1905.

15775. Zp]a mays. Corn.

From Adrianople, Turkey. Received thru Mr. Frank Benton, of the Bureau of

Entomology, September 21, 1905.

"Small, orange-yellow flint corn, said to withstand drought well. Stalks grow
about 4 feet tall. " The region about Adrianoi^le is a very dry one. (No. 10.)"
{Benlo)i. )

15776. CucuMis MELO. Muskmelon.

From Constantinople, Turkey. Received thru Mr. Frank Benton, September

21, 1905.

"Smooth skin, yellow outside; rather large, oval form; flesh greenish white, juicy
and excellent flavor. (No. 11.)" {Benton.)

15777. Opuntia gymnocarpa. Prickly pear.

From Nice, France. Received thru Dr. A. Robertson-Proschowskv, September

22, 1905.

15778. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received thru INIr. Karl Auer, United States consular
agent, September 5, 1905.

15779. Oapriola dactylon. Bermuda grass.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru J. M. Thorburn & Co., September 28,
1905.

15780. DiosPYRos LOTUS. Black jube.

From Jamaica Plain, Mass. Received from the Arnold Arboretum, September
28, 1905.

15781. Adonis amurensis.

From London, England. Received thru William Cutbush & Son, Highgate
Nurseries, September 28, 1905.

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 2U7

15782 to 15787. Arachis hvpocjaea. Peanut.

From Marseillo, Fraiu-e. Keceived tlini Hon. Robert 1". Skiniu-r, riiiteU Statt-f*
consul-'ieneral, f^eptemher 28, 1905.

15782. Firsi-clms Java. 15784. Java.

15783. / 'ondicherry.

15785. (Inmhia.

"One of the best of the e(lil)l(^ oil imtH from tlu' West Coast of Africa."
{Skhtver.)

15786. Riiffixijn,:

"One of the best. of tlie edil)le oil luit.s from the West Coast of Africa."

[Skiinur. )

15787. CA/z/t'.xr.

"A low-grade nut for industrial oil only." {Skinuer.)

15788. Thiticum durum. Macaroni wheat.

From Fort Collins, Colo. Received thru .Mr. (). B. i;nderwo(Hl, i-'fliruary, 1905.

15789 to 15796.

From (iotha, ( »rauge County, Fla Receivetl thru .Mr. 11. .Nehrlin-:, I'ahn Cot-
taj^e Fxperiment (iardens, September 80, 1905.

15789. Aloc.xsia sj). (?).

15790. Xanthosom.\ maculatum. Yautia.

15791. CoLoc.\siA EUCHLORA (?). Taro.

15792. Xantmosoma sp. Yautia.
From Florida; said to have been I'ultivated by the Seminoles; conunon in

old F'lorida gardens.

15793. Xanthosoma robustum (?). Yautia.

15794. Alocasia violacea (?).

15795. CoLoCAsiA fontanesii. Taro.

15796. CoLOCAsiA iLLUSTKis. Taro.

15797 to 15802.

Fi-om Fairoaks, Cal. Received thru ^Ir. F. McMillan, October 2, 1905.

15797. AvKNA .SATiVA. Oat.
Behjian Winter. Grown from S. P. 1. No. 9878.

15798. AvKNA SATIVA. Oat.
Appier Rustproof. Grown from 8. P. I. Xo. 11722.

15799. HoRDErM vruiAUE. Barley.
Tennessee WhiUr. Grown from S. P. I. Xo. 11658.

15800. Secale cereai.e. Rye.
Abruzzes. Grown from S. P. I. No. 10366.

15801. Triticum vulgare. Wlieat.
Fretes. Grown from S. P. I. No. 11714.

15802. Triticum vclgare. Wheat.
Chnl-hided. Grown from S. P. I. No. 9131.

15803 to 15805.

From Mavaguez, P. R. Received thru the Agricultural Experiment Station,
October 3, 1905.

15803. Xanthosoma sp. (?). Yautia.
' ' Probably identical with No. 15414. ' ' ( Barrett. )

97

208 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

15803 to 15805— Continued.

15804. Xaxthosoma sagittifolum. Yautia.

' ' From the Alta Vera Paz district of Guatemala. The yellow tubers seem
to distinguish this from all other known sorts having reddish petioles."
{Barrett.)

15805. Dracoxtum asperum. "Guapa."

"Resembles Amorphophallus, which was discovered on the upper Amazon
and which appears to occur only in Porto Rico and Brazil. The large corm,
when well matured, is cooked by the natives, and may be compared to squash
in appearance, but has a strong flavor not usually relished at the first taste.
The single leaf attains a height of 8 feet. The fetid etfluvium of the flower is
jwisonous." {Barrett.)

15806. Hyacinthus orientalis albulus. Hyacinth.

From Boston, Mass. Received thru R. & J. Farquhar & Co., October 2, 1905.

15807 and 15808.

Fjom Palm Springs, Cal. Received from Dr. Welwood Murray, thru Mr. T. H.
Kearney, October 2, 1905.

15807. Chilopsis SALiGNA. Desert willow.
An ornamental shrub for desert regions.

15808. Pakkinsonia sp. Palo verde.
An ornamental desert shrub.

15809 to 15817

From Hiroshima, Japan. Presented by Mr. J. T. ]\Ieyers. Received September
• 29, 1905.

15809. Eriobotrya JAPOXICA. Loquat.

15810. Pkcxis sp. Japanese bush, cherry.

"These (15809 and 15810) are both nursery plants, the 'Usura' (15810)
probably thriving under such treatment as would ])e given young cherry
trees." ' {Meyers.)

15811. BRASsiCAsp. Turnip.
Shogo.

15812. Brassica PE-TSAi. Pe-tsai cabbage.

15813. Brassica sp. Turnip.
Mammoth Red.

15814. Raphaxus sp. Hadish.
Sakura.

15815. Raphanus sp. Radish.
Moriguchi.

15816. CucoRBiTA sp. Squash,
Tropical.

15817. CuciRBiTA sp. Squash.
Kyoto.

15818 to 15820. Feijoa sp. " G-uayabilla."

From Buenos Aires, Argentina. Received thru Dr. Carlos Spegazzini, botanist

of the Department of Agriculture, October 5, 1905.

.15818. Large. 15820. Small or Winter.

15819. Smooth or Manzana.
97

DECEMBER, lUOS, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 209

15821 to 15824.

From Trebizoiid, Asiatic Turkey. Secured by Mr. Frank Benton, of tlic Bureau
of Entoinoloiry. Heceived October 2, 1905.

Seeds obtained from Mr. Dem. Ch. Papathopoulos, of Samsoun, Asiatic Turkey.

15821. HoKDELM sp. Barley.

"Said to be of superior quality; not used as a forage crop, and the jrrain
exported for use in the manufacture of beer, being especially suited for this."
(No. 12.)

15822 to 15824. Tapaver somnifekum. Opium poppy.

15822. White-seeded.

Grown near Samsoun, on the south coast of the Black Sea, Turkey in
Asia. (No. 18.)

15823. Mixt.

( irown near Samsoun, Turkey in Asia. (No. 14.)

15824. Blue-seeded.

Gro\vn near Samsoun, Turkey in Asia. (No. 15.)

15825. AXDROPOGON SORGHUM. Milo.

From Mecca, Cal. Receiyed thru Brauckman Brothers, August 7, 1905.

15826. Festuca gigantea.

From Agricultural College, Mich. Receiyed thru Dr. W. J. Beal, September
20, 1905.

15827. Chaetochloa italica. Millet.

Froni St. Louis, Mo. Cirown by Mr. W. .7. Magee in 1904. Receiyed Sei)tem-
ber, 1905.

"The grain of the Ainu Japanese people. This sample was grown from Ainu
seed." (Magee.)

15828. ScHOENOCAULON OFFICINALE (?). '' Ccbadilla."

From Vera Cruz, Mexico. Received thru Hon. William W. Canada, United States
consul, October 5, 1905.

15829. HoRDEUM vuLGARE. Barley.

From Manhattan, Kans. Received thru Mr. A. M. Ten Eyck, October 6, 1905.
Tennessee Winter.

15830. HoRDEUM vuxGARE. ' Barley.

From AVestminster, Md. Received thru Mr. H. L. Rhinehart, October 6, 1905.
Tennessee Winter.

15831. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

From Grazalema, near Ronda, Spain. Received thru 3Ir. David Fairchild,
October 9, 1905.

"This almond, a single tree of which stands in the 'huerta' of Sefior Felix
Enriquez, is, altho small, the highest-priced almond raised in the region, and con-
forms in shape and texture to the Jordan almond of Malaga. Its unusuallv thin
shell and especially delicate kernel should make it of special value in California,
\vhere the tendency of these introduced hard-shelled almonds seems to be to become
larger and coarser. This almond may develop in California into a larger sized supe-
rior type of Jordan almond." [Fairchild.)

7217— No. 97—07 14

210 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

15832. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

From Ubrique, near Villa Martin, Spain. Received thru ^Ir. David Fairchild,
October 9, 1905.

"A thin-skinned, fine type, of which few trees exist in Ubrique." {Fairchild.)

15833 to 15837. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

I>oni (irazalema, near Ronda, Spain. Received thru Mr. David Fairchild, Octo-
ber 9, 1905.
Ahnonds in the shell, purchased of Senor Felix Enriquez. ' ' The.se five types, com-
ing probal)lv froiri seedling trees, are valuable for the production of seedlings, which
may be better adapted to Californian conditions than the Jordan almond previously
imported. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

15833. Larga. 15835. Malagnena.

15834. AlmemJnm. 15836. Fino.

"The Fino type is similar to No. 15831, and is the highest-priced almond in
Grazalema. " ' ( Fa irch lid. )

15837. MulJur Chico.

"Soft-shelled, very small almond, of delicious texture." {Fairchild.)

15838. Tacca pinnatifida. Fiji arrowroot.

From Oneco, Fla. Received thru Reasoner Brothers, Royal Palm Nurseries,
October 9, 1905.

15839 to 15843. Opuntia .spp. Prickly pear.

From Seville, Sj)ain. Received thru Mr. Ambrot^io Eschauzier, October 9, 1905.

15839. Espailoles.

"A variety said to yield abundantly fruits of good flavor; not so well suited
for fences as the more spiny varieties." {Eschauzier.)

15840. Ainerlcanos. 15842. Tintillas, or Vieja.'.

15841. Moscatel, or Malaguenos. 15843. Franceses.

"Xos. 15842 and 15848 are used for hedges more than for fruit, on account of
their large size and spinmess." {Eschauzier. )

15844 to 15848. Narcissus spp. Narcissus.

From Santa C'ruz, Cal. Received thru the Leedham Bulb Company, October 7,
1905.

15849. CocHLEARiA OFFICINALIS. Scurvy grass.

From London, England. Received 'thru Barr & Sons, October 9, 1905.

The fauious scurvy grass, which is one of the cruciferous order to which the cresses
belong, is found in England in three varieties. Its habit is to grow near the sea-
shore; consequentlv. it is almost the first plant which a suffering crew would find
ready to hand on landing. It is seen along the muddy banks of rivers and on sea-
shores, especially near Lvmington, in parts of Wales, and in Cumberland. One
varietv grows on the Scotch mountains. II is not a "grass" in any sense, but an
upright plant with spoon-shaped leaves and large bunches of white and rather pretty
flowers. The small species found on the Scotch hills is the Greenland scurvy grass.

J.5850. Opuntia ficus indica. Prickly pear.

From Catania, Sicilv. Received thru Charles Beek, esq., manager for the Duke
of Bronte, Castel di :Maniace, October 10, 1905.

Reputed at Catania to be the best sort grown in Sicily; fruit very sweet; seed small,
probably abortive; color, pale yellow.

97

DECEMBER, 11)03, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 211

15851. Cytisus scoparius. Scotch broom.
From New York, N. Y. Received thru J. M. Thorburn &Co., Uctol)er 10, 1905.

15852. Cextrosema plumieki.

From Mayaguez, P. R. Received thru Mr. 11. C llcnrickscn, horticulturist of
the Agricultural Fxperiment Station, October 10, 1905.

From a vine grown from .seed brought from .St. Vincent, Britinh West lndic.«, in
li»0;i bv Mr. (). \V. Barrett, botanist and entomologist of the Porto Rico Kxperi-
mcnt Station. 'Tliis }>lant is giving excellent results as a cover crop in both Porto
Rico and Hawaii, and is worthy of trial in the Southern States." [Jiiirrilt. )

15853 to 15874.

From JNIcPherson, Kans. Received thru Mr. L. A. Fit/,, October (>, 1905.

15853. Triticum monococcum. Einkorn.
Fourth crop from German seed. (C. I. No. 1781.)

15854. Tkitkum monococcu.m. Einkorn.

Fourth crop from seed found mixt with oats, S. P. I. No. oJiTtJ. (C I.
No. 222ti. )

15855. Tritrtm monococcum. Einkorn.
First crop from S. P. I. No. 10474. (C. I. No. 2433.)

15856 to 15864. Avena sativa. Oat.

15856. Burt.

Second crop fiom seed from Virginia Agricultural F^xperiment Sta-
tion, Blacksburg, Va. (C. I. No. 293.)

15857. Slxtij-Dcuj.

Third crop from S. P. I. No. 5938. (C. I. No. 165.)

15858. Red Algerian.

Second generation from S. P. I. No. 10269. (No. C. I. 337.)

15859. Texas Red.

From Agricultural Experiment Station seed, Manhattan, Kans.

15860. Danish.

First generation from New Zealand seed, S. P. 1. No. 12877.

15861. Bun.

First generation from New Zealand seed, S. P. I. No. 12878.

15862. Sparrowbill.

First generation from New Zealand seed, S. P. I. No. 12879.
r5863. Canadian.

First generation from New Zealand seed, S. P. I. No. 12880.
15864. White Tartar.

First generation from New Zealand seed, S. P. I. No. 12881.

15865. Triticum spelta. Spelt.

Fourth generation from seed from Agricultural Experiment Station, Pull-
man, Wash. (C. I. No. 1772.)

15866. HoRDEUM vuLGARE. Barley.
Tennessee Winter. First generation from S. P. I. No. 11780. (C. I. No. 2577. )

15867. HoRDEUM DiSTiCHUM NUTANS. Two-row barley.
Hanna. Third generation from S. P. 1. No. 9133. (C. I. No. 226.)

97

»

212 SEEDS AXD PLANTS IMPORTED.

15853 to 15874— Continued.

15868. Secale cereale. • B,ye.

Fourth generation from Russian seed, obtained at the Paris Exjjosition.
(C. I. Xo. 13.)

15869. Secale cereale. Rye.

Fourth generation from Russian seed obtained at the Paris Exposition.
(C. I. No. 1.)

15870 to 15874. TRiricrM \ rL(;ARE. Wheat.

15870. Kharhof.

Fourth generation from S. P. I. No. 74(57. (C. I. No. 1583.)

15871. Tarh-ij.

Fourth generation from seed from Harvev Countv, Kans. (C. I.

No. 1558.)

15872. I'lta.

Fourtli generation from S. P. I. No. 5638. (C". I. No. 1439.)

15873. Crimean.

Fourth generation from S. P. I. No. 5636. (C. I. No. 1437.)

15874. Khurhof.

Fourth generation from S. P. I. No. 5641. (C. I. No. 1442.)

15875. Bromus paciucus.

From Sitka, Alaska. Received thru Prof. C. C. Georgeson, Agricuhural Exper-
iment Station, October 13, 1905.

15876 to 15879. Musa spp. Banana.

From Manila, P. I. Received thru Mr. William S. Lvon, Bureau of Agriculture,
October 16, 1905.

15876. Carinosa. 15878. La Gloria.

15877. Lacatan. 15879. Bnmulan.

15880. Tamarindus ixdica. Tamarind.

From Manila, P. I. Received tliru ^Ir. William S. Lvon, Bureau of Agriculture,
October 16, 1905.

15881. Garcinia maxgostana. Mangosteen.

From Port of Spain, Trinidad. Received thru Prof. J. H. Hart, Trinidad Bo-
tanical Department, OctoVjer 21, 1905.

15882. KUNZEA POMIFERA.

Received by the Office of Grass and Forage Plant Investigations without definite
information as to the sender, October 1 7, 1905.

"Dense, prostrate, sand-binding plant. Grows only on sand hammocks, near the
seacoast (in South Australia). Bears large quantities of edible berries in clusters of
five or six. Mnntries of natives; native apples of whites. Fruits have the odor and
taste of apples."

15883. Oenothera ovata. Evening primrose.

From Santa Cruz, Cal. Received thru Mr. George J. St.reator, October 17, 1905.

15884. Bromus inermis. Smooth brome-grass.

From Chicago, 111. Received thru yir. A. Dickinson, October 16, 1905.
97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 213

15885. IIfsVka s]). Para rubber.

Froiii Anilicot, l.owor Buriiia. Kfcoivcfl tlirn Mr. (i. X. Collins, of tlio
I'.mcau .if I'lant lii<lnstry, Octolu-r lH, HlOa.

'TIk-.-c |>laiils WfiH' <,M-o\vn from st't'd wiit by Mr. W. S. To<lcl, AniliiTst, Lower
Burma. Tlie trcfs from which tiie seeil <-'ame wen- (loiihtli-ss gn)wn from seeil dis-
tributt'd thruout India by tlie British (iovernim'ut many years ago." {Collins.)

15886. DuRio ziHKTiiixus. Durian.

From Singapore, Straits Settlements. Presented by Mr. it. ( ). Blacker. Received
October 11», 1905.

15887. (Undetermined.) Bean.

From Chehkiang, China. Presented by Dr. S. P. Barchet, of the American con-
sulate, Shanghai. Received October 21, 1905.

Stock feed bean. "This bean is found on the market in the west of Chehkiang
Province, and is worth further investigati<tn. It is sown broadcast in rice fields al)out
the time they are being drained, two or three weeks before liarve.'sting. Horses and
cattle are fond of this ])lant, i. e., they eat it greedily, green or cured, with or with-
out the bean." {Barchet.)

15888. Panicum frumentaceum. Millet.

From Kin-hna-fu, Chehkiang, China. Presented bv Dr. S. P. Barchet. Received
October 21, 1905.

"A valuable variety of small glutinous grain millet grown in the western part of
Chehkiang. Used as fodder and for brewing a beer tasting like wine." ( Barchet. )

15889. Alocasia sp.

From ^Itiyaguez, P. R. Received thru Mr. I). W. May, of the Agricultural
Experiment Station, October 24, 1905.

"A fine ornamental, having the leaves (both sides) and petioles of a sliining-pur-
ple shade. Height, 3 to 5 feet. Rhizome very poisonous bv reason of its rhaphides."
{Barrett.)

15890 to 15925.

From Ukiah, Cal. Received thru Mr. Carl Purdy, October 23, 1905.

15890 to 15895. Lilum spp. 15905 to 15925. Tulipa spp.

15896 to 15904. Hyacinthus sp.

15926. Phaseolus radiatus. Mung bean.

From Augusta, Ga. Received thru the N. L. Willet Drug Company, October 21,
1905.

15927. Cytisus proliferus albus. Tagasaste.

From the Canary Islands. Presented bv Capt. Rosendo Torras, Brunswick, Ga.,
thru Hon. W. G. Biantley. Received October 20, 1905.

15928. Pixus parviflora. Pine.

Froni Washington, D. C. Received October 24, 1905.

Seed collected from a tree growing in the grounds of the United States Department
of Agriculture.

15929. CiTRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Dzansoul, Caucasus, Russia. Received thru Mr. Frank Benton, of the
Bureau of Entomology, October 24, 1905.

"Grown at an altitude of 4,000 feet. Large, yellow-cored, slightly oval, with light-
green skin and thin rind. (No. 16.)" {Benton.)

97

214 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

15930. CiTRULLus VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Dzanpoul, Caucasus, Russia. Received thru Mr. Frauk Benton, October
24, 190.5.

"Alternate stripes of dark and light green, round, good quality. Small, yellow-
cored. Grown at altitude of 4,000 feet. (No. 17. )" [Benton. )

15931. Physalis sp. Ground cherry.

From Bortschka, Caucasus, Russia. Received thru Mr. Frank Benton, October
24, 1905.

"Found growing wild on the south side of Tschoroch River some miles above
Bortschka, southwestern Caucasus. P^levation about 2,000 feet. Fruit not edible
but quite ornaniental, being bright crimson in color, with large crimson seed pods,
while leaves of plant are atill green. (No. 18. )" {Benton. )

15932. Acer circinatum. Maple.

From Clearbrook, Wash. Received thru Mr. (ieorge Gibbs, October 21, 1905.

15933 to 15940.

From Shanghai, China. Received thru Rev. J. M. W. Farnham, of the China
Tract Society, October 26, 1905.

15933. LiLiuM sp. 15937. Cucurbita sp.

15934. (Undetermined.) 15938. (Undetermined.)

15935. Amygdalus persica. 15939. (Undetermined.)

15936. (Undetermined.) 15940. (Undetermined.)

15941. CoLOCASiA antiquorum esculentum. Taro.

From Gotha, Fla. Presented by Mr. H. Nehrling. Received October 26, 1905.
Wild taro, erroneously called "Tanyah."

15942 and 15943. Lilium longiflorum hyb. Lily.

From Bellingham, Wash. Received thru Mr. John W. Macrae Smith, October
11, 1905.

15942. LlLIfM LONtJIFLORUM EXIMIUM GIGANTEUM.

( irown in one year from S. P. I. No. 11591.

15943. Lilium loxgiflorum multiflorum.
Grown in one year from S. P. I. No. 11794.

15944. Lilium candidum. Lily.

From Olympia, Wash. Received thru Mr. B. F. Denton, September 14, 1905.

15945 and 15946. Cynara scolymus. Artichoke-

From Paris, France. Received thru Vilmorin- Andrieux & Co., October 27, 1905.
15945. Large Flat Brittany. 15946. Large Globe, or Paris.

15947 to 15954.

From Hamel, West Australia. Received thru Mr. George F. Berthoud, director
of the State farm, October 26, 1905.

15947. Atriplex holocarpa. 15952. Danthonia semiannu-

LARIS.

15948. Atriplex leptocarpa.

15949. Andkopogon sericeus.

15950. astrebla triticoides.

15951. microlaena stipoides
97

15953. Clianthus dampierii.

15954. Swainsona maccullo-

CHIA.

DECEMBER. 190:^, TO DErEMREK. 190.",.

215

15955. Kevmus canadensis. Wild rye.

Fn.ni MimiPteo, Mioh. Received tlini Mr. Sti-plun ("aliill, October 2«>, UK^.

15956 to 16128. Buomis spp. " Brome-grass.

Eroin Caiiihrid'ii', England. Presented by I'rnl". Marshall Ward, of the Botanic

Gardenn. Received October 28, 1905.

Sample packets of tlic followinjir varieties of F.ronius <:athered from various parts
of the worM:

15956. Bromi-s sp., Switzerland, 1902. (186)

15957. Bromis sp., 8t. Petersburg, 190:i. . (229)

15958. Bromus sp., St. Owens Bay, Jersey. (240)

15959. BuoMis sp., St. Owens Bay, Jersey, 190.1 (241)

15960. I'.Ko.Mi s ADoK.vsis, Kew, 1902. (9)

15961. Brum is ai.oi'ec iris, Lisbon, 190.S. (216)

15962. I'.ROMis .M.TissiMis, H. & S., 190.3. (280)

15963. BuoMis .\.\niNrs, Stockholm, 1904. (2.'i2)

15964. Bko.mis AXcrsTiFOLirs, Berlin, 1902. (10)

15965. Bromis AXGUSTiFOLirs, Heidelberg, 1908. (215)

15966. Bromis arduennensis, H. & S., 1902. (11)

15967. Bromis ARDfENNEXsis, Paris, 1902. (12)

15968. Bromis ardi-en.nexsis, Schroeter, 1908. (13)

15969. Bromus arduennensis, Brussels, 1902. (184)

15970. Bromis arduennensis villosus, Brussels, 1902. (185)

15971. Bromus arenarius, Sydney, 1902. (210)

15972. Bromus arvensis, Sutton, 1901. (128)

15973. Bromus asper, Coe Fen., Cambridge, 1901, A. II. (1)

15974. Bromus uiebersteixii, Schroeter, 1902. (14)

15975. Bromus brachystachys, Upsala, 1902. (16)

15976. Bromus breviaristatus, Rocky Mountains, 1902. (15)

15977. Bromus breviaristatus, Kew, 1902. (150)

15978. Bromus brizaeformis, Sutton, 1901. (129)

15979. Bromus canadensis, Hamburg, 1902. (28)

15980. Bromus canadensis, Glaanevin, 1902. (29)

15981. Bromus caxadexsis, St. Petensburg, 1902. (.SO)

4

15982. Bromus caxadensis, Sutton, 1901. (130)

15983. Bromus canadensis, Naples, 1904. (247)

15984. Bromus carixatus, Kew, 1902. (151)

15985. Bromus ciliatus, Cracow, 1902. (19)

15986. Bromus cili.\tus, Schroeter, 1902. (21)

15987. Bromus ciliatus, Kew, 1902. (22)

15988. Bromus ciliatus, H. & S., 1902. (23)

15989. Bromus ciliatus, Paris, 1902. (25)

15990. Bromus ciliatus, Vienna, 1902. (26)

15991. Bromus ciliatus, B. G. C, 1901. (170)

15992. Bromus ciliatus, B. G. C, 1901. (171)

15993. Bromus ciliatus, J. Fletcher, 1902. (187)
97

216

SEEDS AXD PLANTS IMPORTED.

15956 to 16128— Continued.

15994. Bromus ciliatus (glal)rous var.), Bonn, 1902. (20)

15995. Bromis commitatus, Schroeter, 1902. (.33)

15996. Bromus commutatus, Madingley, 1903, A. H. (239)

15997. Bromis coxdexs.^tis, Hack., Schroeter, 1902. (34)

15998. Bromus confertus, Glasnevin, 1902. (35)

15999. Bromus congestus, Glasnevin, 1902. (36)

16000. Bromcs crinitus, St. Petersburg, 1901. (152)

16001. Bromus danthqsiae, St. Petersburg, 1902. (38)

16002. Bromus diandrus, Glasnevin, 1902. (37)

16003. Bromus -ERECTUs, Schroeter, 1902. (40)

16004. Bromus erectus laxus, Strassburg, 1903. (218)

16005. Bromus erectus transylvanicus. Hack., Stockholm, 1902. (118)

16006. Bromus erectus villosus (?), Cherryhinton, 1903, A. H. (214)
. 16007. Bromus fibrosus. Hack., Schroeter, 1902. (41)

16008. Bromus FiMBRiATUS vioL.\CEUS, H. & S., 1902. (42)

16009. Bromus FiMBRiATUS viOLACEUS, H. & S., 1903. (219)

16010. Bromus GiGANTEUS, Cherryhinton, 1901, A. H. (45)

16011. Bromus GIGANTEUS triflorus, S. H. Beckham, 1903. (211)

16012. Bromus GROSsus, H. &S., 1902. (43)

16013. Bromus Gussoxi, Glasnevin, 1902. (44)

16014. Bromus Gussoxi, Benary, 1902. (46)

16015. Bromus HOOKERi.\Nus, Vienna, 1902. (48)

16016. Bromus hordeaceus, St. Petersburg, 1902. (50)

16017. Bromus horde.\ceus glabrescens, St. Petersburg, 1902. (49)

16018. Bromus iNERMis, Schroeter, 1902. (32)

16019. Bromus INERMIS, Sutton, 1901. (137)

16020. Bromus inermis, B. G. C, 1901. (176)

16021. Bromus inermis (awned var.), St. Petersburg, 1902. (51)

16022. Bromus iNKRMis (viviparous form), Shroeter, 1902. (52)

16023. Bromus iNTERMEDius, B. G. C, 1901. (53)

16024. Bromus interruptus, Sutton, 1901. (136)

16025. Bromus .iaponicus, St. Petersburg, 1902. (54)

16026. Bromus .IAPONICUS, Tokyo, 1903. (236)

16027. Bromus kalmii, Paris, 1902. (55)

16028. Bromus kalmii, Kew, 1901. (58)

16029. Bromus krausei, St. Petersburg, 1902. (59)

16030. Bromus krausei, Oxford, 1903. (234)

16031. Bromus laevipes, St. Petersburg, 1902. (67)

16032. Bromus laevipes, Hamburg, 1902. (220)

16033. Bromus laxus, Glasnevin, 1902. (65)

16034. Bromus laxus, Sutton, 1902. (168)

16035. Bromus LAXUS, Vienna, 1902. (191)

16036. Bromus LONGiFLORUS, Paris, 1902. (61)

16037. Bromus longiflorus, Glasnevin, 1902. (62)

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 190').

217

15956 to 16128— Continued.

16038. Bkomis Lo.NXMKi.oius, Fpsala, 1902. (68)

16039. I'.KoMi s MACKANTnrs, Naples, 67, 1904. (253)

16040. liROMi-s M.MKOSTAciiYs, Sutton, 1901. (140)

16041. Bromi s MACKosTAiJiYs, Coimbra, 1901. (173)

16042. Bromih mackojstachys i.aniginosis, Palermo, 1902. (190)

16043. Bkomis madritexsis, Mrp. (iregory, 1904.

16044. Bkomcs madkitensis, Old Walls, Carrick on Luir, Tipperary, 1902.

(242)

16045. Bromus madritensis, Sutton, 1901. (139)

16046. Bromus madritensis delii.ei, B. G. C, 1901. (100)

16047. Bromus marginatus, St. Petersburg, 1902. (75)

16048. Bromus marginatus, U. S. Dept. Agr., 1902. (202)

16049. Bromus MAXiMus GUssoNi, Palermo, 1903. (233)

16050. Bromus MOLLIS, Sutton, 1901. (138)

16051. Bromus mollis (deformed fls.), Grunipington Road, August 27, 1902,

A. H. (235)

16052. Bromus MOLLIS GLABRATUs, I lay le, Cornwall, 1902. (212)

16053. Bromus mollis lloydiaxus, Lizard, 1902. (206)

16054. Bromus mollis thomixii, B. G. C, 1902. (169)

16055. Bromus multiflorus, Schroeter, 1902. (72)

16056. Bromus parviflorus, Schroeter, 1902. (79)

16057. Bromus patulus, Benary, 1902, (87)

16058. Bromus patulus, Hills Avenue, 1902, A. II. (204)

16059. Bromus p.\TULUS NANUS, Benary, 1902. (90)

16060. Bromus pexdulus, Lyons, 1902. (96)

16061. Bromus pitensis, St. Petersburg, 1902. (95)

16062. Bromus pitexsis, Quito, 1903. (232)

16063. Bromus pokteri frondans (?), U. S. Dept. Agr., 1902. (198)

16064. Bromus pubescens, Berlin, 1902. (86)

16065. Bromus pumpellianus, Saunders, 1902. (97)

16066. Bromus pumpellianus, Wawanesa, 1902. (192)

16067. Bromus pun'gens (33.01), B. G. C, 1901. (162)

16068. Bromus pungens ciliatus (?), B. G. C. (37), 1901. (160)

16069. Bromus PURGANs, Glasnevin, 1902. (81)

16070. Bromus purgans, Hamburg, 1902. (82)

16071. Bromus purgans, Kew, 1902. (83)

16072. Bromus purgans, Lemberg, 1902. (85)

16073. Bromus purgans (41), B. G. C, 1901. (164)

16074. Bromus purgans, B. G. C., 1901. (175)

16075. Bromus purpurascens, Hamburg, 1902. (93)

16076. Bromus purpurascens, Glasnevin, 1902. (94)

16077. Bromus racemosus, near Madingley Chalk Pit, A. H., 1902. (213)

16078. Bromus racemosus, Hamburg. (221)

16079. Bromus racemosus, Kew, 1903. (222)

16080. Bromus racemosus, Breslau, 1903. (223)
97

218

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

15956 to 16128— Continued.

Bkomis RACEMOsrs, Lyon, 1903. (224)

Bromis racemosus, Babraham, 1903, R. I. Lynch. (237)

Bromus racemosus, INIadingley, 1903, A. H. (238)

Bromus racemosus, Madingley, June 28, 1903, A. H. (243)

Bromus richardsoni, U. S. Dept. Agr., 1902. (200)

Bromus RiGiDus, Kew, 1901. (69)

Bromus RUBENS, Montpelier, 1902. (101)

Bromus RUBENS, U. S. Dept. Agr., 1902. (203)

Bromus scHRADERi, Correvon, 1902. (113)

(103)

16081.
16082.
16083.
16084.
16085.
16086.
16087.
16088.
16089.

16090. Bromus SCHRADERI, Upsala, 1902. (114)

16091. Bromus SECALiNus, Sutton, 1901. (146)

16092. Bromus SECALINUS, U. S. Dept. Agr., 1902. (194)

16093. Bromus SECALINUS multifloru.s, Upsala, 1902. (116)

16094. Bromus segetum, U. S. Dept. Agr., 1902. (115)

16095. Bromus squarrosus, St. Petersburg, 1902. (78)

16096. Bromus squarrosus, Glasnevin, 1902. (]02>

16097. Bromus squarrosus, near B. rubens, Roven, 1902.

16098. Bromus SQUARROSUS, Chelsea, 1902. (104)

16099. Bromus SQUARROSUS, Correvon, 1902. (105)

16100. Bromus SQUARROSUS, Schroeter, 1902. (106)

16101. Bromus SQUARROSUS, Paris, 1902. (107)

16102. Bromus SQUARROSUS viLLOsus, Schroeter, 1902. (112)

16103. Bromus SQUARROSUS woLGENsis, St. Petersburg. 1902. (110)

16104. Bromus STENOPHYLLUS, Glasnevin, 190.3. (225)

16105. Bromus STERiLis, Sutton, 1901. (145)

16106. Bromus TACNA, Paris, 1902. (120)
Bromus TACNA, Kew, 1901. (158)
Bro.mus TACNA, Warsaw. (246)
Bro.mus tectorum, Sutton, 1901. (147)
Bromus tectorum, U. S. Dept. Agr., 1902.
Bromus TRixii, Kew, 1905.
Bromus unioloides, Stockholm, 1902. (121)
Bromus unioloides, Schroeter, 1902. (122)
Bromus unioloides, Heidelberg, 1902. (123)

16107.
16108.
16109.
16110.
16111.
16112.
16113.
16114.
16115.
16116.
16117.
16118.
16119.
16120.
16121.
16122.

(197)

Bromus unioloides, Sutton, 1901. (144)

Bromus unioloides, Sutton, 1901. (148)
Bromus unioloides, B. G. C, 1901. (156)
Bromus unioloides, B. G. C, 1901. (161)
Bromus unioloides, Palermo, 1902. (193)
Bromus unioloides, Upsala, 1902. (207)
Bromus unioloides, Penzance, 1902, A. H. (208)
Bromus unioloides, Quito, 1903. (231)

16123. Bromus unioloides wiLLDENOwii, U. S. Dept. Agr., 1902. (196)

16124. Bromus valdiviaxus, H. & S., 1902. (126)

97

DECEMnKR. 1W3, To DKCEMBKK. liMt"). 219

15956 to 16128 -C'ontimied.

16125. Bhomits VAKiKOATis, Vienna, I !»()•_'. (I--"')

16126. Bromos VKSTrns, Griepswald, HH)3. (228)

16127. llKuMts viKKNs, Bt'narv, ]!H)2. (124)

16128. liKOMis wii.i.DKN'owii Ktli., r. S. Dept. Agr., 1902. (195)

16129. Phaseolus max. Mung bean.

From New Orlean;^, La. Received tlirn Mr. R. K. Blouin, as.'^istant director,
Louisiana Sugar Experiment Station, AndnV)on l':irk, Nt>vend)erS, 1905.

16130. PisuM AHVEXSE. Canada field pea.

From Chicago, 111. Received thru A. Dickinson it Co., Noveml)er S, 1905.

16131. Garcinia mangostana. Mangosteen.

Fnim Heneratgoda, Cevl<>n. Received tlirn .1. V. William it Bros., November
10, 1905.

"For experiments in grafting on a more resistant stock." ( Fninhild. )

16132. (Undotormined.) Aroid.

From greenhou.<esof I'ublic r)uildingsand ( ironnd.^, Wasliingtun, !).('. Received
in June, 1904. Numbered Novend)er 10, 1905.

16133. Persea tndica.

From Funchal, Madeira, rresented bv -Mr. J. B. Bland v. Received November
9, 1905.

"A species related to the avocado of commerce; for breeding purposes and as a
stock." {Fair child.)

16134. (Undoterminod.) "Catispa."
From Guadalajara, Mexico. Received thru Mr. A. W. Geist, November 10, 1905.

"A quick-growing hardwood tree used for live posts for wire fences." {(Icixt.)

16135. Melilotus alba. Sweet clover.

From Augusta, Ga. Received thru the N. L. Willet Drug Company, November
8, 1905.

16136. Medicaoo sativa. Alfalfa.

From Billings, Mont. Received thru Mr. I. D. O'Donnell, October 81, 1905.

16137. Lathyrus silurus.

From Salonica, Turkey. Received thru Mr. J. Henry House, October 30, 1905.

"Extensively used as food for cattle. When burned like coffee it is said to make
very good cereal coffee — better than barley." {House. )

16138. Medicago lupulina. Black medick, or yellow trefoil.

From New York, N. Y. Received thru J. ^I.Thorburn & Co., October 30, 1905.

16139. Xanthosoma sp. Yautia.
From Tepatitlan, Jalisco, Mexico. Received thru Mr. W. E. Safford, from ]\Ir.

C. V. Mead, October 31, 1905.

"This yautia apparently belongs to a type distinct from the West Indian forms;
the petioles are purplish" but the rhizome, tho <jf two seasons' growth, shows no
indications of having produced tubers. This ])lant is prized by the natives, who
sometimes call it "Papa de Colomo." The water in which the rhizomes are boiled
should be changed several times." {Barrett.)

97

220 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

16140. SWAINSONA MACCULLOCHIANA.

From Sydney, New South Wales. Presented l)y Mr. .7. 11. Maiden, director of
the Botanic Gaidens. Received October 30, 1905.

"This is one of the most horticulturally vahiable of all Swainsonas." {Maiden. )

16141 to 16159.

Presented ])y Dr. J. N. Rose, of the United States National Museum, having been
collected by him during the summer of 1905, while in Mexico. Received October
30, 1905. The numbers in parentheses are those of Doctor Rose.

16141. Amaryllidaceae.

From 'Pedregal," near Tlalpam, Valley of Mexico. (1013/05.)

16142. HV.MENOCALLIS Sp.

From limestone hillsides, Tula, Hidalgo. (1036/05.)

16143. AxTHERicuM sp.

From limestone hillsides, Tula, Hidalgo. (1037,05.)

16144. (Undetermined.)

From limestone hillsides, Tula, Hidalgo. (1038 05.)

16145. (Undetermined.)

From limestone hillsides, Tula, Hidalgo. (1039/05.)

16146. (Undetermined.)

From lime.stone hillsides, Tula, Hidalgo. (1040 05.)

16147. HvMEXocALLis sp.

From limestone hillsides, Yautepec, Morelos. (1066/05.)

16148. Amaryllidaceae.

In barranca of Rio Aqueduct to near Santa Fe. D. P. (1087/05.)

16149. Sprekelia sp.

From mountains near Pachuca. (1108/05.)

16150. Zephykanthes sp.

From mountains near Pachuca. (1109/05.)

16151. MiLLA BIFLORA.

From limestone hills near Ixmiquilpam. (1161/05.)

16152. (Undetermined.)

From limestone hillside near Ixmiquilpam. (1162/05.)

16153. (Undetermined.)

From stony hillsides near San Juan del Rio, Quer. (1214/05.)

16154. FcnEAXDiA sp.

From stony hillside near San Juan del Rio, Quer. (1216/05.)

16155. (Undetermined.)

From between Cadereyta and Visaron. (1264/05.) •

16156. (Undetermined.)

From between Cadereyta and Visaron. (1270/05.)

16157. (Undetermined.)

From hills near El Riego. (1312 05. )

16158. Talixum sp.

From hills near El Riego. (1317/05.)

16159. Agave sp.

From near Cuernavaca, Morelos. (1350/05. )
97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905. 221

16160. POLYTTERIS TEXANA.

Fruiii Kosse, Tex. Collected by Mr. A. J. rietens in October, 1905.
Very brilliant rose-eolored flowers.

16161. Arachis hypogaea. Peanut.

From Paris, France. Received thru \'ilniurin-An<lrieiix ctCo., October 28, 1905.

16162 to 16164. Akac'HIS hypocaka. Peanut.

From St. Louis, j\Io. Secured by ^Ir. M. \. Carleton at the Louisiana I'lircha.se
Exposition, 1904.

16162. Niipuli. From Italy. 16164. (Unnamed sample from

16163. Salerno. From Italy. Argentina.)

16165. Zizama AguATiCA. Wild rice.

From Port Hope, Canada. Received thru Mr. Charles (iilchrist, Xovend)er 2,
1905.

1616S to 16168. ViGNA SINENSIS. Cowpea.

From St. Louis, Mo. Obtained by Mr. >L A. Carleton in the summer of 1904, at
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.

16166. Black-eyed. Labeled Co- 16167. Black-eijcd.

*^"^"- From Regsi' ' Calabria.

ProVjablvfrom Italy. From the Italian ex-

hibit.

16168. Same as 16167, but labeled Caserta.

16169 and 16170. Persea spp.

From JNIonte, Grand Canary. Received thru Mr. Alaricus Delmard, Hotel Santa
Brigida, November 2, 1905.

16169. Persea indic.a.

16170. Perse.\ C4RATI.SSIMA. Avocado.

16171 to 16174. Bromus inermis. Smooth brome-grass.

From Dwight, Xebr. Received thru Mr. J. P. Dunlap, November 1, 1905.

16171. Yellow.

" Best of all the varieties." {Dunlap. ) •

16172. Hansen's.

"Much like the yellow, but heads show less pink color when ripening and
blades show more purple when dying. Field generally shows less yellow color;
nearly as tall as yellow, but less stout in sod. Originally from South Dakota
Experiment Station." {Dunlap.)

16173. Colorado.

" Dark purplish heads; nearly as dark as the darkest kinds, but fading as the
heads ripen. Blades nearly as light as those of the Yellon:. Not so large a
grower as the Yelloic or Hansen. Has been experimented with at the Colo-
rado Experiment Station. From Keen Brothers, Pueblo, Colo." {Dunlap.)

16174. Large Dark.

"Very dark-colored heads when ripening, turning to a reddish brown.
Barely equals other kinds in amount of feed; quality not quite so good. On
hard land does not stand as well as the others. From R. Rabler, Leigh, Nebr."
{Dunlap.)

97

222

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

16175 to 16188. Ipomoea batatas. Sweet potato.

From the Arlington Farm of the United States Department of Agriculture.
Received November 1, 1905.

Fourteen of the best varieties, selected by Mr. W. R. Beattie.

16175.

Florida.

16182.

Red Naiisemond.

16176.

McCoy.

16183.

Red Jersey.

16177.

Hamburg.

16184.

Bermuda, Red.

16178.

While Yam.

16185.

Van. Nest Red.

16179.

Miles Yam.

16186.

Early Red Carolina.

16180.

Earhj Genen

d Grant.

16187.

Bronze Spanish.

16181.

Big Stem Jersey.

16188.

Southern Queen.

16189. Oryza glutinosa. Glutinous rice.

From Kiangsu Province, China. Presented by Dr. S. P. Barchet, of Shanghai,
China. Received November 4, 1905.

"Dpctor Barchet states that the glutinous rice of China brings a higher price and
has a better flavor than ordinary rice. He personally prefers it to the latter and
advises a mixture of the glutinous with the ordinary rice, claiming that it adds dis-
tinctly to the flavor of the dish. This is not the red rice which is considered by our
planters as a weed, but is a distinct variety." {Fairchild. )

16190. Zea mays.

Corn.

From Leman, Caucasus, Russia. Received thru Mr. Frank Benton, of the
Bureau of Entomology, November 2, 1905.

16191 to 16193.

From the Bulgarian exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904.
Received November 7, 1905.

16191.
16192.
16193.

ViCIA VILLOSA.
ViCIA Sp.

Brassica napus.

16194. Curcuma amada.

Hairy vetch.

Vetch.

Hape.

Mango ginger.

From Madras, India. Received thru G. Rajah Gopal Naidu, agricultural inspect-
or, June 26, 1903. Numbered November 10, 1905.

16195. Zingiber sp.

(Origin in doubt.) Received in November, 1905.

16196. Curcuma longa. Turmeric.

From Mayaguez, P. R. Presented by Mr. H. C. Henricksen, horticulturist of
the Agricultural Experiment Station. Received November 7, 1905.

"This plant was introduced from the Orient many years ago and has escaped from
cultivation and become a troublesome weed in pastures in the western portion of
Porto Rico. It flowers freely, but spreads only from the roots. It is one of the two
or three commercial turmerics, but has no sale in this country because the special
process by which it is prepared in the Orient is unknown here." {Barrett.)

16197 to 16207.

From Dr. J. N. Rose, of the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Received November 7, 1905.

16197. Yucca sp.
Lower Cahfornia, 1905. (E. W. Nelson No. 7129.)

97

DECEMBER, 1003, TO DECEMBEU;, li)05. 223

16197 to 16207 Continued.

16198. AiiAVE sp.

Lower California, 1905. (E. W. Nelson No. 7151.)

16199. (Undetermined.)

Lower California, 1005. (E. W. Nelson No. 7157.)

16200. IlJKKVILl.KA SOXORAE.

Lower California, 1005. (E. W. Nelson No. 71S2. )

A large c'iunrl)it vine; lives in dry regions and forms a large, bulbous root.

16201. IliEKVlLLEA sp.

Lower California, 1005. (E. W. Nelson No. 71SL'.)

16202. (Undetermined.)

Laredo, Tex., June 27, 1905. (J. N. Rose No. lOLi. ,

16203. (Undetermined.)

"Bulb" from Haeiendo Ciervo, Mexico, 1905. (J. N. Rose No. 1266/05.)

16204. ZEl'in KANTMES sp.

From mountains near Pat-huea, Mexico, 1905. (J. N. Rose 1109,05.)

16205. Dasylikiox sp. nov.

Limestone hills west of El Riego, Tehuacan, Puebla, Mexico, 1905. (J. N.
Rose N<). 10009. )

16206. Agave sp.

El Kiego, Tehuacan, Puebla, Mexico, 1905. (J. N. Rose No. 10006.)

16207. Amphypterygtium sp.

Near Tomellin, Oaxaca, Mexico, 1905. (J. N. Rose No. 10096.)

16208. Davidia involuckata. Davidia.

From London, England. Received thru J. Veitch & Sons, November 2, 1905.

In the whole vegetable kingdom there is not a more striking object than a tree
of Davidia when covered with its pure white bracts, which make it conspii-uous at
a great distance. It is a handsome tree, growing to a height of 60 to 70 feet, with
foliage nmch resembling that of our conjmon linden or basswood. When in full
flower it is said to be a marvelous sight, owing to the alternate white and green
caused by the large bracts intermingling with the leaves. The flowers themselves
are polygamo-diu'cious, all borne in heads inside a pair of large, white bracts about
3 inches long, with conspicuous red-anthered stamens and a long, bottle-shaped
gyno?cium. Botanically, the plant is allied to the dogwoods.

Growing at an elevation of 6,000 to 7,000 feet in central China, where the minimum
temperature is about 5° F., there ought to be little doubt as to its hardiness in the
greater part of the L'uited States. Trees set out in France have survived the winters
at Paris, while others in England have withstood 15 degrees of frost unprotected.
Until well established, however, some protection in very severe weather is recom-
mended. New plants are readily obtained by cuttings or by layering, and should be
planted in a rich soil, with some protection from too much sunshine.

16209. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Chicago, 111. Received thru the A. Dickinson Company, November 8, 1905.

16210 and 16211. Phaseolus radiatus. Mung bean.

From Chillicothe, Tex. Received thru Mr. A. B. Conner, November 7, 1005.

16210. Grown from S. P. I. No. 16211. Grown from S. P. I. No.

13394. 8540.

16212. (Undetermined.)

From Newcastle, New South Wales. Received thru Dr. Frederic W. Goding,
United States consul, November 8, 1905.

97

224 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

16213. Medicago maculata. Bur clover.

From Abbeville, S. C. Received thru Mr. Arthur Parker, November 11, 1905.

16214. MusA TEXTiLis. Manila hemp.

From INIanila, P. I. Received thru Mr. W. S. Lyon, Insular Bureau of Agricul-
ture, November 13, 1905.

16215 to 16222. Erodium spp.

From Geneva, Switzerland. Received thru Mrv^H. Correvon, November 13,
1905.

16215. P]rodium HYMENODES. 16219. Erodium GLANDULosuM.

16216. P]rodium chelidonifo- 16220. Erodium macradenum.

LIUM.

16217. Erodium pelargonifo-

LIUM.

16218. Erodium daucoides.

16221. Erodium manescavi.

16222. Erodium macrophyl-

lum.

16223. Carum gairdneri.

From Pendleton, Oreg. Received thru Mr. W. H. Bleakney, November, 1905.

"This plant was formerly a staple article of food among the Umatilla and other
Indian tribes of the Pacific Northwest. The roots may be eaten either raw or
cooked. They have a delicious flavor." {Coville.) (See also No. 12932.)

16224. Blighia sapida. Akee.

From Kingston, Jamaica. Received thru Mr. G. N. Collins, November, 1905.

"Unless fully matured, the white fleshy arillus of this excellent fruit is regarded
as poisonous by the natives of Jamaica." [Collins. )

16225 and 16226. Xanthosoma spp. Yautia.

From Floral Park, Long Island, N. Y. Received thru Mr. John Lewis Childs,
November 17, 1905.

16225. Xanthosoma sagittifo- 16226. Xanthosoma sp.

LIUM.

16227. Eucalyptus goniocalyx. Eucalypt.

From Guadalajara, Mexico. Received thru Mr. Federico Chisolm, November
17, 1905.

16228. PoA PRATENSis. Kentucky bluegrass.

From Winchester, Ky. Received thru Mr. D. S. Gay, November 17, 1905.

16229. ViGNA SINENSIS. Cowpea.

From Bristol, Conn. Received thru Mr. Herman Ockels, November 10, 1905.

16230. Paspalum dilatatum. Large -water grass.

From Biloxi, Miss. Received thru Mr. S. M. Tracy, November 18, 1905.

16231. Aralia racemosa. Spikenard.

From North Clarendon, Vt. Received thru Mr. James Barrett, November 21,
1905.

Roots and berries of the wild spikenaid are used in the preparation of a remedy
for catarrhal affections. For use in breeding with Aralia conluta, the Japanese
"udo."

97

december, 1u03, to december, 1905. 225

16232. Tecoma capensis (0-

From Louren(;o Maniuez, Portuguese East Africa. Received thru Hon. W.
Stanley Iloliis, I'liited States consul, November 21, 1905.
"Seeds of a native African shrub that is much used in making hedges. Might be
advantageously used in the warmer parts of the United States." (Hollis.)

16233 to 16236. Akachis iiypooaea. Peanut.

From Sydney, New South Wales. Receiveil thru Mr. Walter S. Cami)bell,
director of agriculture, Department of Mines and Agriculture, Novendjer L'L',
1905.

16233. Mammoth Bush. 16236. Cluster.

16234. Improved Large. 16236. Small.

16237 to 16243. Nephelium litciii, Litchi.

From Canton, Cliina. Secured thru Dr. John ^1. Swan, of the ]\Iedical Mission-
ary Hosi)ital, and forwarded l)y the Yokohama Nursery Company, Yokohama,
Japan. Received at Berkeley", Cal. , October, 1905.
"This fruit tree, repfesented by many varieties, is worthy of thoro trial in Torto
Rico, Hawaii, southern California, and Florida. It is one of "tlie most deli'cious fruits
in the world. ' ' ( Fa irchild. )

16237. (Without labels.) 16241. Kwai Mai.

16238. (No. 1.) A very jiopular sort. Ripens at

, ^^^^ rr I r Pfid Of Hftll UlOUth.

16239. Hak- Ip.

A favorite early sort, ripening in 16242. (No. 2.)

the fifth month. 16243. (No. 3.)

16240. Xue Mai.

A large-fruited, small-seeded va-
riety extremely sweet. Ripens
in the fifth or sixth month.

16244. Festuca ovina ingrata.

From Wenache Mountains, Washington, at an altitude of 0,000 feet. Collected
by Mr. J. S. Cotton, of the Department of Agriculture, September, 1904.
Received November, 1905.

16245 to 16247.

From New Y'ork, N. Y. Received thru Henry Nungesser & Co., November 21,
1905.

16245. Arrhenatherum elatius. Tall meadow oat-grass.

16246. Onobrychis onobrychis. Sainfoin.

16247. HoLcus lanatus. Velvet grass.

16248 to 16253. Solanum tuberosum. Potato.

From Portsmouth, Va. Grown under the direction of ]Mr. W. A. Orton, of the
Department of Agriculture, during the summer of 1905, from seed potatoes
introduced from Ecuador, July, 1905.

16248. Round white potatoes. 16251. Round dark-red pota-
Grown from S. P. I. No. 14973; toes.

first type. (P. B. No. 679b.) Grown from S. P. I. No. 14893.

16249. Round or elongated red (P- ^- ^o. 676. )

potatoes. 16252. Round white potatoes.

Grown from S. P I No. 14973; ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ g p_ j ^^ ^^gg^^

second type. (P. B. No. b/9c. ) (P. B. No. 677.)

16250. Elongated white pota- 16253. Oval white potatoes.

toes.
Grown from S. P. I. No. 14973; Grown from^S P. I. No. 14895.

third type. (P. B. 679d.) (P- ^- ^o- ^'8- )

7217— No. 97—07 -15

226

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

16254 to 16275.

From Karlsruhe, Germany. Received thru the Botanic Gardens, November 17,
1905.

Medicago orbicularis.

Medicago radiata.

Medicago scutellata.

Melilotus altissima.

Melilotus italica.

Trigonella coerulea.

Trigonella CORNICr-

LATA.

Triticum rigidum.
Triticum trichophoru.m .
YlCIA cornigera.
ViCIA dumetorum.

16254.

Aegilops squarrosa.

16265,

16255.

Arrhenatherum elatius.

16266.

16256.

BrACHYPODIUM PINNATUM.

16267.

16257.

Eleusine tocussa.

16268.

16258.

Erodium gruinum.

16269.

16259.

Erodium stephanianum.

16270.

16260.

Medicago ciliaris.

16271.

16261.

Medicago echinus.

16262.

Medicago elegans.

16272.

16263.

]MeDICAGO SATIVA X FAL-

cata.

16273.
16274.

16284.

Medicago minima.

16275.

J76 to 16302.

From Strassburg, Germany. Received thru the Bota
1905.

16276.

Aegilops speltoides.

16291,

16277.

Avena brevis.

16292.

16278.

AVENA HIRSUTA.

16293

16279.

AvENA LUDOVICIANA.

16280.

AvENA ORIENTALIS.

16294

16281.

Avena planiculmis.

16295

16282.

Avena strigosa.

16296

16283.

Bromus erectus.

16297

16284.

Erodium gruinum.

16298.

16285.

Lappago RACEMOSA.

16299

16286.

Medicago gerardi.

16300

16287.

Medicago terebellum.

16301

16288.

Medicago turbinata.

16302,

16289.

Melilotus alba.

16290.

Phaseolus caffee

PiSUM JOMARDI.

Triticum boeoticum.

Triticum boeoticum
thaoudar.

Triticum dicoccum.

Triticum giganteum.

Triticum monococcum.

Triticum monococcum
hornemanni.

Triticum polonicum.

Triticum rigidum.

Vigna glabra.

PiSUM elatius.

Phaseolus multiflorus.

16303 to 16335.

From Kashgar, Chinese Turkestan. Received from Mr. Ellsworth Huntington,
Kashgar, Chinese Turkestan, via Baku, Russia, thru the Chinese Amban of Kho-
tan, and Mr. Macartney, British political agent at Kashgar, November 17, 1905.

"Khotan is a large, well-watered oasis, at an elevation of about 4,500 feet, at
the foot of the Kuen Lun Mountains. Longitude 80°, latitude 37° N. In
general, the climate is typically midcontinental. It may be likened to that
of Colorado, tho drier and more extreme." {Huntington.)

16303. Vigna sinensis. , Cowpea.

Lobia. A white bean.

16304. Brassica napus (?).
Chamgu.

16305. (Undetermined.)
Usmi,

Turnip.

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, TJOo.

227

15303 to 16335 Continued.

16306. ClTRlLLl'S VULGARIS.

Tarbuz.

16307. CoKIANDRUM SATIVUM.

Gesnich.

16308. Allium sp.
Kit<l<i.

16309. FOENICULUM DULCE (?).

16310. Bkasska sp.
KIcJil.

16311. Sesamum inuicum.
Kunjnt.

16312. Brassica oler.\cea (?).
Baseli.

16313. Allium cepa (?).
I'iaz.

16314. Paxicum miliaceum.

16315. Amr.M (tKaveolexs.
Chinfjseh.

16316. Agriophyllum gobicum.
Palak.

16317. Medic.\go sativa.
Beda.

16318. Daucus carota.
Zardek.

16319. Cucumis melo.
Kaghitn.

16320. C'iCER ARIETINUM. "

Narkhot.

16321. LiXUM USITATISSIMUM.

Zighar. A variety of flax used only for oil.

16322. Cucumis sativus.
Klionga.

16323. Phaseolus radiatus.
Mash, or Dal pea.

16324. Carthamus tinctorius.
Zarangzeh.

16325. Brassica sp.

Zaghun. Extensively cultivated for oil.

16326. PisuM sp.
Pucliek.

16327. Triticum vulgare.

Bugdai.
97

Watermelon.

Coriander.

Onion.

Fennel.

Mustard.

Sesame.

Cabbage.

Onion.

Millet.

Celery.

Sulhir.

Alfalfa.

Carrot.

Muskmelon.

Chick-pea.

Flax.

Cucumber.

Mung- bean.

Safflower.

Mustard.

Pea.

Wheat.

228

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

16328.

(Jeyza sativa.

Shal.

16329.

HORDEUM Sp.

Arpa.

16330.

Zea mays.

Konak.

16331.

CUCURBITA sp.

Kawa.

16332.

Lagenaria vulgaris (?).

• Kavak.

16303 to 16335— Continued

Rice.

Barley.

Corn.

Squash (?).

Gourd.

16333. Cannabis sativa. Hemp.
Bang. Used for smoking.

16334. Iris exsata pabularia. Iris.
Chigitmak. "A species of iris said to grow in the dry desert sand or almost

' anywhere if once it gets rain enough to cause it to sprout. It is reported to be
a good forage plant, both green and dry. Sheep are very fond of it, and other
animals do not object to it." {Huntington. )

16335. Trigoxella foenum-graecum. Fenugreek.

ShernshK.

16336 to 16470.

From Pullman, Wash. Received thru Mr. Byron Hunter, assistant agrostolo-
gist of the Department of Agriculture, November 14, 1905.
Seeds grown at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Pullman, Wash., together
with others collected from various sources.

16336. Agropyeox sp.
A promising grass.

16337. Agropyron divergens.

Collected in August, 1904, on the
Moscow Mountains.

16338. Agropyron divergens.

Collected June 29, 1905, at Wa-
wawai. Wash. (Agros. No.
579.)

16339. Agropyron elmeri.

CollectedAugust 4, 1904, at Wa-
wawai, Wash. (Agrost. No.

675.)

16340. Agropyron occiDENTALE.
Crop of 1905.

16341. AgROPY'RON OCCIDENTALE.

Grown at Harlem, Mont.

16349. Arrhenatherum elatius.
Crop of 1905. (Agrost. No. 2191.)

16350. A vena flavescexs.
Crop of 1905. (Agrost. No. 2192. )

16352. AVEXA SATIVA.

Grown in 1905 from Argentine seed.

16342.

Agropyron
pens.

PSEUDO-RE-

Crop of 1905.

16343. Agropyron SPiCATUM.
Crop of 1905.

16344. Agropy'ron tenerum.
Crop of 1905. (Agrost. No. 211.)

16345. Agropyron tenerum.
Crop of 1904.

16346. Agropyron texbrum.

Crop of 1905. Grown from seed
collected at Trinidad, Colo.

16347. Triticl'm violaceum.
Crop of 1905. ( Agrost. No. 210. )

16348. Alopecuruscastellanus.
Crop of 1903.

Tall meadow oat-grass.

16351. AvEXA orientalis.
Crop of 1905. ( Agrost. No. 1157. )

Oat.

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, li>05.

229

16336 to 16470 — Continued.

16353. Bkomits sp.
Crop < )f 1 ;»05. ( Agrost. No. 245. )

16354. Bkomus c.vRixATrs.

Collected at Wawawai, Wash.,
in 1904.

16355. Bkomus cauinatus.
(irown in 1905 from seed orifri-

nally collected at Wawawai,
Was'h.

16359. Bkomus inermis.

16360. P>K()Mi-.s makoinatus.
Crop of 1904.

16361. BrOMIS MAKlilNATCS.

"Eight-dollar Grasx.'' Grown
at Selma, Oreg.

16362. Bkomts makoinatis.

Grown in 1905 from Portland,
Oreg., seed.

16363. Bromi's marginatus.
Crop of 1905.

16364. Bromus margixatus

ELATIOK.

16365. Bromus mar(;inatus

maritimus.

Cfop of 1905. ( Agrost. No. 2261. )

16371. Dactylis glomerata.

Purchased from the C. II. Lilly Company, Seattle, Wash.

16372. Dactylis (iLOMERAXA.
Crop of 1905.

16373. Deschampsia caespitosa.
Crop of 1904.

16374. Elymus canadensis.

16375. Ely'mus virginicus submuticus.
Crop of 1902. (Agrost. No. 328.)

16376. Elymus virginicus submuticus.
Grown in 1905 from S. P. I. No. 16375.

16377. Festuca arundinacea.

16378. Festuca elatior.
Grown from Kansas seed.

16379. Festuca hyb.

A hybrid from INIr. A. B. Leckenby, Union, Oreg.

16380. Festuca pratensis.

16356. Bromus carinatus. /

• (irownin 1904 at Chehalis, Wash.
(Agrost. No. 609.)

16357. B R o M u s c a k i x a t r s

IIOOKERIAXUS.

Crop of 1905.

16358. Bromus carinatus
iiookeriaxus.

Smooth brome-grass.

16366. P>KoMu.s marginatus
pumpellianus.

Crop of 1905.

16367. Bromus polyaxthus.

Gathered at Portland, Oreg., in
1904. (Agrost. No. 614.)

16368. P>ROMUs polyanthus.
Crop of 1905. ( Agrost. No. 319. )

16369. Bkomus polyanthus
paxiculatus.

16370. Bromus sitchensis.

Grown in 1904 from seed gath-
ered at Puvallup, Wash.
(Agrost. No. 600. )

Orchard grass.

Orchard grass.

Wild rye.

Tall fescue.

Meadovr fescue.

16381. Festuca reflexa.

16382. Lathyrus azureus.
Grown in 1905 from S. P. I. No.

11195.

16383. Lathyrus coccineus.
Grown in 1905 from S. P. I. No.

11196.

16384. Lathyrus ochrus.
Crop of 1905.

97

230

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

16336 to 16470— Continued.

16385. Lathyrus sativus.

Grown in 1905 from S. P. I. No. 1 1 197.

16386. Lathyrus sativus.

Grown in 1905 from S. P. I. No. 11198.

16387. Lathyrus sativus.

Grown in 1905 from S. P. I. No. 11199.

16388. Lathyrus tingitanus.
Grown in 1905 from S. P. I. No. 11220.

16389. Lathyrus tingitanus.
Grown in 1905 from Agrost. No. 1548.

16390. LOLIUM BONARIENSIS.

Grown in 1905 from Agrost. No. 2321.

16391. LOLIUM PERENNE.

From E. J. Bowen, San Francisco, Cal.

16392. LOLIUM PERENNE.

Grown in 1905 from seed secured in Holland.

16393. LOLIUM PERENNE.

Grown in 1905 from Agrost. No. 1981.

16394. LoLIUM PERENNE.

Bitter vetch.

Bitter vetch.

Bitter vetch.
Tangier scarlet pea.
Tang-ier scarlet pea.

Perennial rye-grass.
Perennial rye-grass.
Perennial rye-grass.
Perennial rye-grass.

Grown in 1905 from Agrost. No. 5349. From Argentine seed.

Dakota vetch.

Dakota vetch.

Bird's-foot trefoil.

16395. Lotus americanus.
From Cusick, Wash.

16396. Lotus americanus.
From Wenatchee, Wash.

16397. Lotus corniculatus.
Grown in 1905 from S. P. I. No. 11204.

16398. Lotus tetragonolobus.
Grown in 1905 from S. P. I. No. 10398.

16399. Medicago media.
Crop of 1904.

16400. Medicago media.
Crop of 1905.

16401. Medicago sativa.
Grown by ^Nlr. E. W. Downen, Pullman, Wash., in 1904.

16402. Medicago sativa.
Turkestan alfalfa. Grown at Walla Walla, Wash. , in 1904, from S. P. I. No. 991.

16403. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

Turkestan alfalfa. Grown in 1905 at Pullman, Wash. , from seed obtained from
Mr. M. Evans.

Winged pea.

Sand lucern.

Sand lucern.

Alfalfa.

Alfalfa.

16404. Melilotus indicus.
Grown from Agrost. No. 1684.

Melilotus ji a c r o-
stachys.

16405.
Grown from Agrost. No. 1553.

11406. Melilotus sulcata.

Grown from Agrost. No. 1161.

16407. Melica californica.

Grown in 1905 from Agrost. No.
1925.

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

231

16336 to 16470— Continued.

16408. Panicum sp.
Crop of 1905.

16409. Panic iM sp.

Grown in 1905 from Agrost. No. 2855.

16410. P.XNICU.M CRUS-GALLI.

Cirown fniin .\grost. No. 1682.

Bird seed.
Hungarian millet.

16411. Panicum crits-c.ai.i.i.
Crop of 1905.

Broom-corn millet.

Broom-corn millet.

16412. Panicum miliacec.m.
(irown from Agrost. No. 2620.

16413. Panicum miliaceum.
Grown from Agrost. No. 2621.

16414. Panicum MILIACEUM. Broom-corn millet.
Mixt yellow and white broom-corn millet. Grown from Agrost. No. 2625.

16415. Panicu.m miliaceum. Broom-corn millet.
Grown from Agrost. No. 2626.

16416. Panicum miliacecm. Broom-corn millet.
Tr//(7<'. Grown from Agrost. No. 2627.

16417. Panicu.m miliaceum. Broom-corn millet.
Grow'n from Agrost. No. 2628.

16418. Panicum miliaceum. Broom-corn millet.

V\'liite seed; late variety. Grown from Agrost. No. 2629.

16419. Panicum miliaceum.

Grown in 1905 from seed obtained at Cusick, Wash.

16420. Panicum miliaceu.m.

White. Grown from seed obtained in Germany.

16421. Panicum miliaceum.
(Trown from Austrian seed.

16422. Panicu.m miliaceum.
Austrian seed.

16423. Panicum miliaceum.
Grown in 1904 at Usk, Wash.

16424. Pennisetum spicatum.
Grown at Biggenden, Queensland

16425. Phalaris arundinacea.

Broom-corn millet.

Broom-corn millet.

Broom-corn millet.

Broom-corn millet.

Broom-corn millet.

Pearl millet.

(Agrost. No. 2110.)

B>eed canary grass.

Grown from seed obtained from J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York City,
N. Y.

16426 to 16432. Phalaris canariensis.

16426.

Grown from Agrost. No.
1683.

16427.

Grow^n from Agrost. No.
2331.

16428.

Grown from Agrost. No.
2332.

16429.

Grown from Agrost. No.
2333.

Canary grass.
16430.

Grown from Agrost. No. 2334.

16431.

Grown from Agrost. No. 2335.

16432.

From Genoa, Italy. Obtained
at the Louisiana Purchase Ex-
position in 1904. (Agrost. No.
2361.^

97

232

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

16336 to 16470— Continued.

16433. Phleum pratense.
Early.

16434. Phleum pratexse.
Stewart's Mammoth.

16435. Phleum pratense.
Pasture.

16436. PisuM arvense.
Grown from S. P. I. No. 1486.

16437. PisuM arvense.
Grown from S. P. I. Xo. 1487.

16438. Plaxtago fastigiata.

Grown from seed originally ob-
tained in Arizona.

16439. Plantago fastigiata.
Crop of 1904.

16443. Stipa tenacissima.

Timothy.

Timothy.

Timothy.

Field pea.

Field pea.

16440. Poa triflora.
Grown at Cusick, Wash.

16441. Spartixa sp.
Grown at Cusick, Wash.

16442. Spartixa cynosuroides.

Esparto grass.

Grown from seed obtained from J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York, N. Y.
(Agrost. No. 2216.)

16444. Trifolium pannonicum.
Grown from S. P. I. No. 9817.

16445. Trifolium pratense. Bed clover,
(irown in 1904 by Mr. C. R. Widmer, Albany, Oreg.

16446. Trigonella foenum-graecum. Fenugreek.
Grown from Egyptian seed.

16447. ViciAsp. Vetch.
A variety similar to pearl vetch. Grown from Agrost. No. 2452.

16448. ViciA sp. Vetch.
Grown from S. P. I. No. 11200.

16449. ViciA sp. Vetch.
Grown at Ray, Wash.

16450. ViciA sp. Vetch.
Grown from S. P. I. No. 11199.

16451. ViciAsp. Vetch.
Grown from Agrost. No. 2454.

16452. ViciA ATROPURPUREA. Vetch.
Grown from S. P. I. No. 12135.

16453. ViciA BiTHYXiCA. Vctch.
Grown from S. P. 1. No. 11230.

16454. ViciA CRACCA. Vetch.
Grown from S. P. I. No. 10283.

16455. ViciA caAccA. Vetch.
Grown from Chinese seed.

16456. ViciA EGYPTiCA. Vetch.

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

233

16336 to 16470 — Continued.

16457. ViCIA KARA.

Grown from Agrost. No. 2463.

16458. Vkia kulgens.
Grown from S. P. I. No. 11231.

16459. ViCIA GKiANTKA.

(in.wn in 1004 at Clatskanie, Oreg. (Agrost. No. 613.)

16460. ViciA nn{.siTA(?).
(irown from S. P. I. No. 9237.

16461. ViCIA HIRTA.

16462. ViCIA I.ITTEA.

Grown from Algerian seed.

16463. Vu lA MICRANTHA.

Grown from Agrost. No. 999.

16464. ViCIA NARBOXXENSIS.

Grown from S. P. I. No. 11232.

16465. ViCIA SATIVA ALBA.

16466. Vria SATIVA.
(iiown at Corvallis, Oreg.

16467. ViCIA SATIVA ALBA.

Grown from seed from Mr. Henry Gilbrich, New Era, Oreg.

16468. ViciA siciLA.
Crop of 1904.

16469. ViciA sicuLA.
Grown from Algerian seed.

16470. ViCIA VILLOSA.

Seed from Mr. Elliott.

Vetch.

Vetch.

Vetch.

Japan vetch.

Vetch.
Vetch.

Vetch.

Vetch.

Pearl vetch.
Common vetch.

Pearl vetch. '

Vetch.

Vetch.

Hairy vetch.

16471. Andropogon hai.epensis. Johnson grass.

From St. Louis, Mo. Received thru D. J. Bushnell & Co., November 25, 1905.

16472 and 16473.

From Durban, Natal, South Africa. Received thru the Botanic Gardens,
November 25, 1905.

16472. Arachis hypogaea.

16473. voandzeia subterranea.

Peanut.
Woandzu.

16474. Lespedeza striata. Japan clover.

From Richmond, Va. Received thru T. W. Wood & Son, November 29, 1905.

16475. Lespedeza striata.

Japan clover.

Received from the Office of Grass and Forage Plant Investigations of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, November, 1905. (Agrost. No. 1115.)

16476. Cucurbita sp. Pumpkin.

From Pretoria, South Africa. Received thru Prof. J. Burtt Davy, of the Trans-
vaal Department of Agriculture, November 27, 1905.
Boer.
97

234 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

16477 to 16480. Garcinia spp.

From Sagua la Grande, Cuba. Received thru J. S. Montero & Bros., December
1, 1905.

16477. Garcinia cochinchi- 16479. Garcinia hanburyi.

*^^^^^^- 16480. Garcinia indica.

16478. Garcinia ferrea.

16481. Ibervillea sp. (?).

From Mexico. Eeceived thru Dr. J. N. Rose, of the United States National
Museum, who collected the seed in the summer of 1905.

"A very interesting, attractive vine, which grows in very dry districts. Fruit
red." {Rose.)

16482. Calyptrogyne dulcis.

From Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Received thru Departamento de Botdnica,
Estacion Central Agronomica, November 28, 1905.

16483 to 16485. Arachts hypogaea. Peanut.

From Cat Inland, S. C. Grown by Mr. J. H. Tull, special agent of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Eeceived November 20, 1905.

16483. Grown from S. P. I. No. 4253. From Cairo, Egypt.

16484. Grown from S. P. I. No. 9406. From Sao Paulo, Brazil.

16485. Grown from S. P. I. No. 11140. From Spain.

16486. Arachis hypogaea. Peanut.

From Japan. Received thru the Botanic Gardens, Durban, Natal, South Africa,
December 2, 1905.

16487. DiospYROS ebenum. Sapote negro.

From Manila, P. I. Received thru Mr. Thomas L. Lyon, of the Insular Bureau

of Agriculture, December 2, 1 905.

"Wood reputed good, but variable in color. One of the most attractive of our
broad-leaved evergreens. Fruits astringent." [Lyon.)

16488. ViciA sativa alba. Pearl vetch.

From New Era, Oreg. Received thru Mr. Henry Gelbrich, December 5, 1905.

16489. Melilotus alba. Sweet clover.

From Birmingham, Ala. Received thru the Amzi Godden Seed Company,
December 4, 1905.

16490 to 16494. Juncus spp. Matting rush.

Collected by Mr. J. H. Tull, special agent of the Department of Agriculture.
Received December 5, 1905.

16490. Juncus effusus. 16493. Juncus effusus con-
Collected on Cat Island, S. C. glomeratus.

16491. Juncus effusus con- Collected on Cat Island, S. C.

glomeratus. 16494. Juncus effusus con-

Collected near Kinston, N. C. glomeratus.

16492. Juncus effusus con- Collected near Newbern, N. C.

glomeratus.
Collected on Black River road,
near Georgetown, S. C.

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, 1905.

235

16495 to 16505.

From the Wliite House Propagating Gardens, Washington, D. C. Eeceived
December 5, 1905.

A collection of ornamentals.

16495. Cai.atiiea oknata ma.ies-

TUA.

16496. Xantuosoma mndeni.

16497. Cai-athea imlchei-la.

16498. Cai-athea v a n d e x -

IIECKEl.

16499. Cai.atiiea intekmeoia.

16500. C'ai.atheawakscewiczii.

16501. ISCHNOSIPHON niKSUTA.

16502. Makanta wai.i.isi.

16503. Maranta amamii.is.

16504. IIomalomena wai.i.isi.

16505. Calathea (?) si).

16506. Akalia cokdata. Udo.

From Waseda, Tokyo, Japan. Keceived thru J. Ikeda it Co.. Decemher 5, 1905.

16507. Pamcum sp.

From Pretoria, South Africa. Received thru Prof. J. Burtt Davy, of the Trans-
vaal Department of Agriculture, December 5, 1905.

16508. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Aniasia, Turkey. Received thru .Mr. II. Caramanian, November 25, 1905.

16509 to 16540.

From Xancy, France. Received thru Victor Lemoine & Son, December 4, 1905.

16509. Anemone .taponica. 16512. Deutzia vilmorinae.

16510. Anemone .lAPoNiCA. 16513. Philadelphus lemoinei.

16511. Deutzia MviUAXTnA.

16514 to 16540. Phlox decussata. Perennial phlox.

Named varieties.

16541 to 16762. Paeonia spp. Peony.

From Chenonceaux (Indre-et-Loire), France. Received thru Monsieur A. Des-
sert, December 2, 1905.

16541 to 16642. Named varieties of the Chinese herbaceous section.
16643 to 16659. Named varieties of the European herbaceous section.

16662. Paeonia tenujfolia

FLORE PLENO.

16661. Paeonia tenuifolia.

16663 to 16759. Paeonia moutan. Named double varieties.

16760 to 16762. Paeonia moutan. Named single varieties.

16660. Paeonila anomala (or
Smouthii).

16763 and 16764.

From the Office of Gardens and Grounds, Department of Agriculture. Received
December 8, 1905.
16763. Calathea sp. 16764. Maranta sp.

Rough-pubescent petiole basal; Near Maranta arundmacea, but

green thruout.

97

with side shoots on culms.

236 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

16765 to 16769.

From the White House greenhouse, Public Buildings and Grounds, Washing-
ton, D. C. Received December 8, 1905.

16765. Maranta splendida. 16768. Calathea roseo-picta.

16766. Calathea arrecta. 16769. Calathea undulata.

16767. Calathea makoyana.

16770. Zka ]\rAYS. Sweet corn.

From North Clarendon, Vt. Received thru Mr. D. Dana Hewitt, December 11,
1905.
White Malakof. Grown from S. P. I. No. 13256. (Lot "A" selected from No.

16772.)

16771. Medicago denticulata. Bur clover.

From San Francisco, Cal. Received thru the Jessup-Wheelan Company, De-
cember 11, 1905.

16772. Zea mays. S\veet corn.

From North Clarendon, Vt. Received thru Mr. D. Dana Hewitt, December 11,
1905.
White Malaknf. Grown from S. P. I. No. 13256.

16773 to 16780.

From St. Louis, Mo. Received thru Mr. Fred Mueller, of the Missouri Botan-
ical Gardens, December 11, 1905.

16773. Alocasia macrorhiza 16777. Colocasia indica.

variegata.

From Ceylon.

16774. Alocasia odora
From East Indies.

16778. Xanthosoma sp.
From Cuba.

16779. Xanthosoma viola-

CEUM.

16775. Colocasia sp. p^^,,^^ ^y^^^^ j^^^j^^^

From Mexico.

16776. Colocasia antiquorum
euchlora.

From India.

16780. (Undetermined.)

16781 to 16784. Zea mays. Sweet corn.

From North Clarendon, Vt. Received thru Mr. D. Dana Hewitt, December 11,
1905.

White Malakof.

16781. (;rown from S. P. I. No. 13357.

16782. Grown from selection "B" of S. P. I. No. 13256.

16783. Grown from selection "G" of S. P. I. No. 13256.

16784. Grown from selection "C" of S. P. I. No. 13256.

16785. Hibiscus sabdariffa. Roselle.

From Mayaguez, P. R. Received thru the Porto Rico Experiment Station,
December, 1905.

16786. Eucalyptus corymbosa. Bloodwood.

From Bowen, North Queensland, Australia. Received thru Mr. William Petti-
grew, of the Queensland Acclimatization Society, December 6, 1905.
"One of the numerous species of Australian eucalyptus. A tree of medium size,
with persistent flaky bark, often reported as stunted or shrubby in ajipearance, but

97

DECEMBER, 1903, TO DECEMBER, li»05.

237

freqiKMitlyuttainiiij,':! hi-ifihtof ITiO feet and a tninU ilianieterof 3 feet. It isrestrictc"!
to the warnuT and moister coast re^'ions of northeast AustniHa, and, to jiidfre by its
absence in the interior, eonld liardly be expected to grow in a region subject to frost
or extremes of (byness. The tree furnishes a wood that is easily worked when fresh,
but excei'diuirlv hard when (h-y. Tiie presence of kino makes it nnsuitable for hnn-
ber or fuel, iiut also serves to" make it very durable uixlfrground and resistant to
white ants; hence it is very valuable for railroad ties, juists, culverts, for i)aviiig, and
for other uses in underground situations. Fence posts of this material are n-portcd
to have lasted for fortv yi'ars in Australia. The bark yields 28 per cent tannic sicid
an<l the leaves about "iS per cent. Tlu' creamy white (lowers of this tree contain a
large auiount of nectar and are much visited by bees. The tree is also one of the
sources of the kino of commerce." {McClatchie. )

16787. Garcinea spicata. Fiikuji tree.

From Riu Kiu Islands, Japan. Received thru Mr. H. E. Amoore, December 11,
1905.

"An ideal wind-break." (Amoore.)

16788. Nicotiana tabacum. Tobacco.

From Morrinhos, State of Govaz, Brazil. Selected by Mr. Antonio Borges Sam-
paio, of Uberaba, INIinas-Cieraes, and sent in by Dr. H. M. Lane, of Sao Paulo,
Brazil. Received December 15, 1U05.

"The famous Morrinhos tobacco. The tobacco grown in Sao Paulo and Goyaz is
probably from seed brought from the Orient by the early Portuguese settlers, who
took great pains to keep it pure. Govaz is located in the mountainous region of
Brazil, about 700 miles northwest of Rio di- Janeiro, in latitude lt)° S., where the
mean annual temperature is 80°, with a maximum of 104° and a mininmm of 25°."
( Lane. )

16789 to 16796.

From Hangchow, China. Received thru .Mr. Frederick D. Cloud, United States
vice-consul, December 15, 1905.

Soy bean.

16789. Glycine hispida.
Yellow. An oil bean.

4

16790. Glycine hispida.
Black. An excellent table bean.

16791. Phaseolus sp.

16792. Andropogon sorghum.

16793. Phaseolus radiatus.

16794. ViGNA sesquipedalis (?).
" Grow with long pod and bear well.

16795. Vigna sinensis (?).

Soy bean.

Bean.

Sorghum.

Mung bean.

{Cloud.)

CoAvpea.

Very different from preceding. More prolific, shorter pod, and a. better
( Cloud. )

Soy bean.

Used as a vegetable. ' '

eating bean.'

16796. Glycine hispida.
Black.

"All of these varieties are largely grown in China and, as in the case of the
yellow soy bean, are very valuable. The black soy bean is extensively grown
in the north for forage purposes and constitutes the principal article of food
for horses, donkeys, and cattle. It is also a good table bean. This bean
mixed with 'kaolianr/' (sorghum) seed, chopped grass, or straw, with a little
bran, makes the very best horse feed. Perhaps the 'kaoliang' is the most
highlv prized of all forage plants grown in China. No part of the plant goes
to waste. Two or three weeks before the plant matures and the seed is ripe
the farmer strips nearly all the blades from the plant, ties them in bundles,
allows them to cure in the sun for a few days, and then stacks them away

97

238 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

16789 to 16796— Continued.

indoors. All thru the winter these blades are keenly relished by horses
and donkeys. Then the seeds are gathered, combed out, and marketed.
Several varieties of alcohol and wines are made from these seeds, and the
deadly native drink 'sam-shu' — at least one variety of it — is made from
'kaoliang' seed. The seed makes excellent feed for stock of all kinds. The
long stalks are thrown on the thrashing floor, rolled flat by heavy stone
rollers, carefully cleaned of all particles of pith, and woven into a great variety
of mats and matting, suitable for use on floors, for window shades, or for the
roofs of native houses and sheds. These stalks are also extensively used for
fuel by the farming class. It is a most valuable crop and may be found thru-
out all the northern provinces. Not grown much as far south as Hang-chow.
"The yellow bean (16789) is the 'bean-cake' bean so extensively grown in
the Manchurian provinces and is a most valuable crop. May be grown south-
ward, but flourishes best in colder latitudes." {Cloud.)

97

INDEX OF COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC ^WMES.

Ahvssinian seed-:. n039to 11119, 12371 to
12393.

Acacia sp., 12781.

anenra, 10475.
haileyaiia, 12790.
cuKriformis, 15684.
ciinnhvjliamn, 15683.
elongafa, 12791.
linearis, 12792.
Ion qi folia, 11743.
luna'ta, 12793.
monianu, 10476.
neriifolia, 10477, 15685.
prominens, 11744.
trinervata, 12794.

Acer carpinifoJinm, 1.3993.

circinnatum, 159.32.

macropht/llum, 12236.

myabei, 13801.
Achrafs sapota, 11534.

Aconitum napelhis, 12410, 12411, 12427,
12428.

Actinidia sp., 11629, 11630.
Adenocarpus frankenioides, 10727.
Adonis amiirensis, 15781.
Aegilops speltoides, 16276.
squarrosa, 16254.

Afzelia quanzensis, 12360.
Agapauthus umbeUatus 12239, 13803.
Agaricus sp., 13078, 13134.
Agave sp., 16159, 16198, 16206.
maculata, 11689.

Agriophyllurn gobicum, 16316.
Agropyron sp., 16336.

diveraens, 16337, 16338.

elmeri, 16339.

occidentale, 13441 to 13443,
13504,16340,16341.

pseudo-repens, 16342.

spicatum, 16343.

tenerum, 11129, 13092, 16344 to
16346.

Agrostis sp., 13877.

alba, 11130, 11640.
aspernla, 14840.

Akee. See Blighia sapida.
Alchornea ilicifolia, 10478.
Aleurites cordata, 10410, 13104.
Alfalfa, (Algeria), 12803.

(Arabia), 12992.

(Argentina), 12549.

(Ecuador), 14972.

(France), 14496,14497.

Alfalfa, (Italy), 137.38, 137.39, 13742 to
13745, 13751. 13753 to 13755,
13757 to 137.59.
(Me.xico), 11()5 1,11652.
(Ruf'.^ia), 10232 to 10235, 13857,

1385S
(TunisV, 12846, 12847.
Turkestan, 14786.
See also Mrdirago .spp.
Algarohillo. See Caesalpiuia brerifolia.
Allium ^p., 16308.

cepa, 10988, 11761, 11762, 12719,
12720, 12732, 13088, 138,59,16313.
Jistulosion, 12703.
Almond. See A mygdalus communis.
Alnusjirma, 10529.
incana, 10530.
japonica, 10528.
maritima, 12802.
Alocama sp., 15789, 1.5889.
cuprea, 15678.
macrorhiza, 1.5413.

vnriegata, 16773.
odorn, 16774.
Aloe dichotoma, 11643.
Alopecurus castellaniis, 16348.
Alphilonia ponderosa, 14429.
Alpinin. caendea, 10479.
Alsike. See Trifolium hijbridum.
Althaea rosea, 13575, 13594, 13603, 13604.
Alyssum maritimiim, 12964.
Amaryllidaceae, 16141, 16148, 16202.
Amatungulu. See Carissa arduina.
Ampelopsis veitchii purpurea, 11564.
Amphypteryginm, 16207.
Amygdalus comntiinis, 10338, 10558 to
10562, 12552, 12822 to 12831,
15831 to 15837.
hyb., 112.55.

persica, 10335 to 10337, 10457,
11777, 15753, 1.5754, 1.5935.
Anacardium occidentale, 12809.
Ananas satims, 11010, 11011, 11675,14452.
Andropogon sp., 13880, 13882.
affi7iis, 14896.
contortus, 1.3873.
eucomns, 13889.
halepensis, 11131, 16471.
sericeus, 15949.

sorghum, 10327, 10612, 11058
to 11067, 11082 to 11085,
11119, 11132tolll38, 11164,
11.371, 11793, 12371 to 12374,
13316 to 13318, 13.565, 14500
to 14775, 15825, 16792.
239

240

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

Anemone alpina sulphured, 12994.
japonica, 16509, 16510.
Anise. See Pimpinella anisum.
Anona sp., 13137.
Anthericum sp., 16143.
Anthistiria ciliaia, 13434.
Anthoxdiithnm odoratum, 11139, 13359.
Antirrhimiiii majus, 12987, 12988.
Apera arundinarea, 13623.
Apio. See Arracada esridenta.
Apium grareolens, 10995, 16315.
Apple (Crimea), 10345 to 10348.
Misket, 10525, 13087.
Russian, 10261.
(Turkey), 13056.
See also Pi/rus mains.
Apricot. See Primus armeniaca.

Siberian. See P. siherica.
Aquilegia sp., 13624, 13625, 13627, 13628,
13645, 13722, 13723.
coerulea, 13020, 13021, 13640,

13726.
caiifornica, 13024. >

canadensis, 13022.
cartiophylloides, 13637.
chrysantha, 13018, 13019, 13638.
clemaiidea hyhrida, 13639.
ecalcarata, 13626.
HaheUata, 13641.
^glandulosa, 13023, 13642.
helenae, 13706.
skmneri, 13289, 13644.
sinarti, 13290.
truncata, 13643.
iidgaris compactn, 13660.
AracMs hypogaea, 10622, 11140, 11532,
12814, 14961, 14962, 15782 to 15787,
16161 to 16164, 16233 to 16236, 16472,
16483 to 16486.
Aralia cordata, 12140, 12452, 16506.

racemosa, 16231.
Aristida sp., 13879, 13892, 13899, 15334.
Armeria forrnosa hyb., 13694.
Arracacia escidenta, 15374.
Arrhenatherum elatius, 11141, 11143, 16245,

16255, 16349.
Artemisia argentea, 10676.
Artichoke. See Cynara scolymus.

Chinese. See Stachys sie-
boldii.
Arundinaria simoni, 11641.
Arundinella ecklonii, 13886.
Ash. See Fraxinus sp.
Asparagus crispns, 14984.

duschesnii, 13319.
nrgatus, 11733, 12898.
Asphodelus ramosus, 1067».
Astrebla triticoides, 15950.
Atriplex con ferti folia, 13556.

coronaia, 13553 to 13555, 13557.
holocarpa, 12778, 15947.
leptocarpa, 15948.
numyuvJaria, 12777.
semihaccata, 11142, 12735.
Atropa belladonna, 12900.
Arena sp., 13812, 13968.
brevis, 16277.

Aveiia flavescens, 16350.
hirsula, 16278.
ludonciana, 16279.
orientalis, 16280, 16351.
pJaniculmis, 14841, 16281.
saliva, 10183 to 10193, 10269, 10271,
10278, 10279, 10321, 10330, 10354
to 10359, 10455, 10624, 11144 to
11151, 11655, 11722, 12133, 12303,
12877 to 12882, 13090, 13091,
13576, 13577, 14802. 15655, 15797,
15798, 16856 to 15864, 16352.
strigosa, 16282.
Avocado. (Canary Islands), 16170.

(Florida), 12933 to 12937,

13729 to 13731, 15656.
(Guatemala), 10978, 13292.
(Hawaii), 10615 to 10620.
(Mexico), 14435, 14889, 14890.
(Xatal), 11724.
See also Persea graiissima.

Baciris major, 14458.
Balsamorhiza sp., 11676.
Balsam-root. See Balsamorhiza sp.
Bamboo. See Arundinarin simorii, Bam-
busa striata, Bambusa vulgaris, and Phyl-
lostachys spp.
Bambusa striata, 12757.

vulgaris, 14447.
Banana. See Musa sapientum.
Barberry. See Berberis sp.
Barberton daisv. See Gerberajamesoni.
Barley. (Central Asia), 16329.

(England), 10360 to 10363.

(Finland), 10270.

(Germany), 13346.

Hanna, "10402, 11622, 12125,
12993, 15867.

(India), 14964, 14965.

(Minnesota), 10674.

(Norway), 13578.

Oderbrucker, 10754.

Russian, 10219 to 10222.

Swedish, 10275, 10276, 10583
to 10586.

See also Hordeum spp.

Barringtonia alba, 10480.
Bean, broad, 10406, 10411 to 10448,10535
to 10543, 10991, 13779 to 13785.
horse, 10724, 10753, 10962, 11697,
11759, 13784, 13785, 14468, 14880,
14881, 15428, 15429.
soy. See Glycine hispida.
velyet. See Mucuna idiHs.
See also Phaseolus spp. and Vicia
spp.

Beet, (Sicily), 10628 to 10630.

sugar,"lll52 to 11163, 11237 to 11251,
11355 to 11368, 12394, 12744,

12745, 12918, 13952 to 13966.

See also Beta spp.
Begoniasp., 10465, 10575, 11345, 11597 to

11599, 11692, 12733.
Belamcanda punctata, 13236.
Bellflower, Chilean, 14948.
Bellis perennis, 13703.

INDEX OF COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

241

jBcrfeeris sp., 13347.

amnre)i,v.i, 13351.
fremonli, 12242.
sii'boldii, 13353.
sinmm, 13352, 13976.
thmiberc/ii, 13977, 13978.
?i(/(/rn'/.s 13979 to 13985.
Berpeem. See Tnfolinin alexandrinum.
Beschornerni bractealu, 15751.
Beta cida, 10531.

viaritimo, 10629, 10630.
ruhfdris, 10628, 10989, 11152 to 11163,
11237 to 11251. 11355 to 11368,
12394, 12744, 12745, 12918, 13952
to 13966, 14S04.
Bidens ]>eterophiiUa, 14488.
Binl's-foot trefoil. See Lotus corniculatus.
Bitoom. See I'hlacUi ailantica.
Black jube. See Diospt/roi^ lotus.
Bldiidfordidjliiiiimea, 10481.
Blennodia Icmocurjni, 10482.
Blighia sapida, 10557, 16224.
Blood wood. See Eucabjptus corymbosa.
Blooiiu'iid onreii, 13818.
Boltonia ylastl/oUa, 13665.
Bosea yervamora, 10677, 10728.
Bossiaea rhombifolla, 12795.
Bouteloua curtlpendula, 13566.
Brachypodium pinnatiDn, 16256.
Brasdca sp., 10245 to 10247, 11081, 15811,
15813, 16310, 16325.
alba, 10982, 10983.
chiriensis, 14957.

napns, 10243,10244, 11165,11684,
13733, 13787 to 13793, 16193,
16304.
nigra, 12756.
oleracea, 12818, 16312.

botn/tis, 13000.
pe-tsai, 10981, 10984, 10994,

10997, 15812.
rapa, 12727, 12728, 15315 to 15320.
Brome-grass. See Broums spp.
Bromus sp., 15956 to 15959, 16353.
adoensis, 15960.
alopecurus, 15961.
cdtissimus, 15962.
andinus, 14842, 15963.
angustifolius, 15964, 15965.
arduennensis, 15966 to 15969.
viUosus, 15970.
arenarius, 15971.
arvensis, 15972.
asper, 15973.
bieberstemii, 15974.
brachystachys, 15975.
bredaristatiis, 15976, 15977.
brizaeforrnis, 15978.
canadensis, 15979 to 15983.
carinatus, 15984, 16354 to 16358.
liookeria n u s, 13444,
13445.
ciliatus, 15985 to 15994.
commidatus, 15995, 15996.
condensatus, 15997.
confertus, 15998.
congestus, ] 5999.

Bromus crinllus, 16000.

danUioniae, 16001.
diandrus, 16002.
erectus, 16003, 16283.
laxus, 16004.
iransilvnn icus, 10005.
rillostis, 16006.
fibrosns, 16007.

fimbriatus violaceus, 16008, 16009.
giganteus, 16010.

triflorvs, 16011.
grossus, 16012.
gussoni, 16013, 16014.
hoohrianus, 16015.
hordeaceus, 16016.

qldbrescens, 16017.
inermis, 10226, 11166, 13446, 13795,
15884, 16018 to 16022, 16171 to
16174, 16359.
intermedins, 16023.
interruptus, 16024.
japonicus, 16025, 16026.
'kulmii, 16027, 16028.
krausei, 16029, 16030.
laevipes, 16031, 16032.
laxiis, 16033 to 16035.
longijhnis, 16036 to 16038.
macranthus, 16039.
macrostachys, 16040, 16041.

Iniiuginosus, 16042.
madritemis, 16043 to 16045.

delllei, 16046.
marginatus, 13370, 13447, 13505,

16047, 16048, 16360 to 16366.
maxhnus gussoni, 16049.
mollis, 16050, 16051.

ylubratns, 10052.
lloydiaims, 16053.
thotninii, 16054.
multiflo)-us, 16055.
pacificus, 15875.
parriHorns, 16056.
paiulus, 16057, 16058.
manus, 16059
jjendidus, 16060.
pitensis, 16061, 16062.
polyanthus, 16367, 16368.

panicnlatus, 13448,
16369.
porteri frondans, 16063.
pubescens, 16064.
pumpellianus, 16065, 16066.
pungens, 16067.

ciliatus, 16068.
purgans, 16069 to 16074.
purpurasrens, 16075, 16076.
* racemosus, 16077 to 16084.
richardsoni, 16085.
rigidus, 16086.
rubens, 16087, 16088.
schraderi, 16089, 16090.
secalinus, 16091, 16092.

multiflorns, 16093.
segetnm, 16094.
sitcJiensis, 16370.
squarrosus, 16095 to 16101.
vUlosus, 16102.

7217— No. 97—07-

-16

242

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

Bromus squarrosus wolgensis, 16103.
stenophyUus, 16104.
sterilis, 16105.
tacnti, 16106 to 16108.
tedorum, 16109, 16110.
trinii, 16111.
unioMdes, 11167, 16112 to 16122

mllclenou'ii, 16123.
valdiviunus 16124.
variegaius, 16125.
vestitus, 16126.
virens, 16127.
wiUdenoivii, 16128.
Broom corn. See Andrupogon sorghum.
Brucea sunuttrana, 11681.
Brunonia australis, 10483.
Bryonia alba, 12440.

dioica, 12441.
Buckwheat. See Fagopyrum spp.
Butternut. See Juglans cinerea.
Bi/siropogou origanifoUus, 10678, 10729.
Cabbage". See Brassica oleracea.
Cacao. See Theohroma cacao.
Caesalpiniasp., 14437.

brevi/oUa, 10631, 11792.
kauaiensis, 14425.
Caladium sp., 15378.

escxdentum 13293 to 13297.
Calamagrostls hi/perborea, 13449.
Calathea sp., 16505,16763.
ar recta, 16766.
intermedia, 16499.
makoyana, 16767.
ornata majeslica, 16495.
jndchella,' 169S7.
roseo-picta, 16768.
undidata, 16769.
vandenheckei, 16498.
warscewiczii, 1 6500.
CalendvJa officinalis, 12979, 12980.
Calla. See Richardia africana.
Calliandra grandiflora, 11593, 11688.
Calliopsis. See Coreopsis.
Callitris calcarata, 15686.

robnsta, 15687.
Calophylhua calaha, 1 1653.

hasskadil, 11021.
inophyUum, 10463, 12110.
kunstieri longi folium, 11022.
spectabile, 11023, 11024,

11025.
reuulosum, 11026.
Calyptrogyne didcis, 16482.
Campanula amabiUs, 13721.

glomerata acavlis, 13707, 13720.
media, 13025, 13026, 13591.
pyramidalis, 13286, 13288,
13589,13590.
Camphor. See Cinnumomum camphora.
Canarium album, 11271.
Cannabis satira, 10241, 10242, 10281, 10979,

12849, 16332.
Cape gooseberry. See Physalis spp.
Cappdris initcJtellii, 10485.
Capriola dactylon, 11169, 13878, 15779.
Capsicum annuum, 10392 to 10396, 10755,"
10756, 11639, 11741, 11742,
14484, 14485.

Capsicum frutescens, 11108.
Caragana arborescens, 12913, 15475.

microphylla, 12912.
Carica papaya, 13103, 14449.
Carissa arduina, 11734, 13239, 13967.
Carpodetus serratus, 11745.
Carthamus tinctorius, 11115, 16324.
Carum ajoimn, 12431.

carvi, 12414, 12901.
gairdneri, 12932, 16223.
Cascara sagrada. See Bhamnus purshiana.
Cashew nut. See Anacardium occidentale.
Casimiroa edulis, 14454.
Cassava. See Manihot sp.
Cassia angustifolia, 12442.
Cassinnia theodorei, 10484.
Castanea crenata, 12773, 13130.
saliva, 13131.
vesca, 12681.
Castanospora alphandi, 10486.
(hstilla costaricana. 11657.

elastica, 10975, 14450.
Castor oil. See Bicinus spp.
Casuarina stricta, 15688.

suberosa, 12796.
tondosa, 13689.

Catispa, 16134.

Cauliflower. See Brassica oleracea botrytis.

Cebadilla. See Schoenocaulon officinale.

Cedar, giant. See Thuja gigantea.

Cedar of Lebanon. See Cedrus libani.

Cedrela odorata, 11769.

Cedronella canariensis, 10730.

Cedrus libani, 11258.

Celery. See Apium graveolens.

Celtis panicidata, 10487.

Centaur ea sp., 11114.

calcitrapa, 10679.
cyanus, 12977.
Centranthus ruber, 13608, 13609.
Centroseina plumieri, 15852.
Cephalaria tatarica, 13360, 13361, 13852.
Cerastium biebersteinii, 13612.
Cercidiphylluin japonicum, 11624.
Cereus validus, 12404.
Ceruella, 14434, 14456.
Chaetochloasp., 13887, 13911, 13919.
aurea, 13910.
glduca, 14905.
italica, 10613, 11168, 11220,

11496, 15827.
nigrirostre, 13912.
pennisetum, 13914.
Chamaedorea sp., 11012 to 11017.
Chayote. See Sechiu)!) edule.
Cheirodendron gaudichaudii, 14423.
Chenopodium anthehninticum, 12908.
Cherry, flowering. See Prunus pseudo-
cerasus.
Japanese bush, 15810.
Mexican, 11636.
Russian, 10260, 10580 to 10582,

11034.
See also Prunus spp.

Chestnut. See Castanea spp.
Chick-pea. See Cicer arietinum.
ChUopsis saligna, 15807.

INDEX OF COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

243

Chloris sp., 15355.

tritncata, 10488.
rinjala, 13895, 13901, 15337.
elefj<m)i, 15340.
Chrysanthemum aiiethifolh(m, 12872.

ffKiescenK, 10681,10731.
leucaiithemnm hyb., 13313
to 13315.
Chr>/sopKiK h ispida, 11771.
Clcer arietinum, 10973, 10974, 1 1095, 11109,
11110, 11170, 11634, 12393, 13362 to
13369, 16320.
Cineraria popuHfolia argentea, 10680.
CInnamoinvm camphora, 13808, 14464,

14884. .
Ciruela, or Ciraella. See iSpondias sp.
Citrange. See (VVni.s hyb.
Citrnllus ndgarii^, 10249, 12718, 12771,
15758, 15764, 15766, 15929, 15930, 16306.
Citrus up., 12141, 13263.

aaraidiuni, 10970, 12687 to 12690,

12692.
aristralasica, 14993.
bigaradia, 12691.
decumana, 11661 to 11673, 14907.
hyb., 13002 to 13006.
limetta, 10365.
limonum, 12686.
Clematis i>p. , 1 1539 to 1 1 563, 1.3929 to 13932,
13936 to 13939, 13941 to 13945.
coccinea, 13927.
dandiana, 13863.
flammulu, 13925.
fortunci, 11522.
indiiisa, 13926.
integrifolia durandii, 13946.
jackin'ani, 11558 to 11560, 13933,

13934.
lilacina floribunda, 13935.
reticulata, 11557.
standishi, 13940.
Clethra arborea, 10732.
Cliantlius dmnpieri, 15953.
Clitoria teniaiea, 13862.
Clivia miiiiata. 15676.

Clover, bur. See Medicago denticulatu and
}f. maculafa.
crimson. See Trifolium incarna-

tum.
(England), 13772 to 13777.
(France), 14493 to 14495.
(Greece), 12927 to 12929.
(Italy), 13734 to 13737, 13740,
13f41, 13746 to 13749, 13752,
13756, 13770, 1-3771.
(Japan). See Lespedeza striata.
(New Zealand), 12890, 12891.
(Norway), 13581.
red. See Trifolium pralense.
Russian, 10254, 10532 to 10534,
10563 to 10567, 10577, 10626,
10627.
sweet. See Melilotus spp.
(Uganda), 10352.
white. See Trifolium repens.
wild Russian, 10254.
See also Trifolium spp.

Cocldearia armoraria, 10462, 10576.

o[ficiu(dis, 15849.
Coffea sp., 11078, 11354, 11504, 12380 to
12382.
zanguebariae, 12897.
Colchicum aidumnale, 12436.
Colocasia sp., 13086, 15381, 15382, 15395,
16775.
antiquonun esculeufum, 15372,
15373, 15941.
euchlom, 16776.
fontanesii, 15797.
'illitslris, 15796.
indira, 16777.

Combretum loeflingii, 10489.
Commelina coelestis, 13614.
Conium manildtinii, 12902.
Cuurolvulus sp., 10623.

allhaeoides, 10682.

Jiuridus, 10683.

Cordyline australis, 15690.
obterta, 15691.
strida, 15692.

Coreopsis sp. , 1 2972.

coronala, 12976.
druiiimondii, 12974.
grandi flora, 12973.
lanceo'lata, 12971, 13629, 13630.
tindoria, 12975.
Coriandrum sativum, 11077, 11101, 12903,

16307.
Corn (Central Asia), 16330.
(India), 14971.
(Mexico), 14459.
(Russia), 16190.

sweet, 10400, 10401, 12557 to 12563,
12697, 13143 to 13153, 13570, 16770,
16772, 16781 to 16784.
(Turkey), 15775.
See also Zea mays.

Cornus kousa, 12755.

macrophylla, 13994, 13995.
Coronilla varia, 10252.
Corylusavellana, 10343, 10344,12833,12834.
Cosmos bipinnatus, 12989.
Cotoneaster angustifolia, 13242.
Cotton (Australia), 14885 to 14887.

(Guatemala), 13094 to 13101.

(Peru), 13583 to 13585, 14801,
14870, 14945, 14946.

tree. See Gossi/pium arboreum.

wild, 13079, 13238.

See also Gossypium spp.

Cowpea. See Yigna sinensis.

Craspedia richea, 10490.

Crataegus sp., 12548.

Crocks sp., 15441, 15442.

Crucianella slylosa, 13616.

Cucumis sp., 11774.

melo, 10248, 10553 to 10556, 11796,
12108, 12109, 12669, 12770,
1.3341 to 13345, 13355, 15672,
15755 to 15757, 15765, 15776,
16319.
sativus, 12717, 12863, 16322.

244

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

Cucurbita-sp., 10310, 12704, 12729, 12749,
12750, 12843 to 12845, 15670,
15671, 15816, 15817, 15937,
16331, 16476.
melanosperma, 14874.
Cupania sapida. See Blighia sapida.
Ciirnuna amada, 16194.

longa, 16196.
Custard apple, wild, 13137.
Cydonia sp., 13158.
Cynara scolymus, 12862, 15945, 15946.
Cyperus sp., 14483.

papyrus, 10568, 12710.
Cyphomandra betacea, 12758.
Cytisus glabrcdus, 10684.

jmlmeims, 10685, 10734.
proliferus alhus, 15927.
scoparius, 15851.
Dactylis aschersoniana, 14843.

glomerata, 11171, 12895, 15668,
16371, 16372.
Dahlia sp., 10572, 12367, 12449, 12450,
12564, 13283, 13727.
chwliolmi, 10573.
imperialis, 14995.
merckii, 12738.
variabilis, 13705.
Danthonia semiannidaris, 15952.
Dasylmon sp. , 16205.
Date. See Phoenix dactylifera.
Date plum. See Diospyros lotus.
Daucus caroia, 14805, 16318.
Dai'idia involucrata, 12137, 16208.
Delphinium sp., 12769.

qjacis hyacintliiflorum, 13661.
chinense, 13595.
elatum, 13104, 13685.
formosum, 13015, 13016, 13597.
grandiflorum, 13012, 13013,

13596.
hyb., 13017, 13714.
imperiale, 13662.
staphisagria, 10686, 10735,

12420, 12433.
sulphureum, 1 3598.
Deschampsia caespilosa, 16373.
Desert willow. See Chilopsis saligna.
Deutzia rnyriantha, 16511.
vilmorinae, 16512.
Dianella tasmanica, 10491.
Dlanthus barbaius, 13587, 13588, 13600 to
13602, 13670 to 13673, 13695.
barbaius X D. eliinensis, 13647.
cari/ophvllus, 13699 to 13702,

13708; 13709.
chinends, 13682, 13684.
elatum, 13683.
heddewigii, 13008.
imperialis, 13659.
plumarlus, 13657, 13716, 13717,
13719.
Dieffenbachia sp. , 15763.

seguine, 15679.
Digitalis canariensis, 10687, 10736.
grandi.flora, 13592.
lidea grand'tflo'va, 1.3593.
purpurea, 12699, 13009 to 130 11 .

Dillnnpiia cinerasccns, 10492.
Dioscorea sp., 10590 to 10593.

divaricata, 10311, 10312.
Diospyros ebenum, 16487.

kaki, 13819 to 13851.
lotas, 15780.
Diplopappus chrysophyllus, 13712.
Dodecatheon meadia, 12776.
Dodonaea triquetra, 10493.

viscosa, 12797, 14430.
Doekoe. See Lansium doiuestlcum.
Dolichos biflorns, 13371, 13372.
idblab, 13373 to 13376.
un[iiorus, 12752.
Douni jialm. See Hyphaene crinita.
Dracaena aurea, 14427.
draco, 10688.
Dracontiwn asperum, 15805.
Dracunculus canariensis, 10689.
Durian. See Durio zibethinus.
Dnrio zibethinus, 15886.
Diisoxylon vmelleri, 10494.
Ecbalilum elaterium, 12421, 12426.
Echeandiasp., 16154.

panicidata, 13281.
Echinacea sp. X E. peleanthus, 13725.

angustifolia, 12424, 12425.
Echinocystis sp., 13816, 13817.
Echinops ritro, 13619.
Echinm formosum, 10690.
simplex, 10691.
strictum, 10692.
Edgeirorthia gardneri, 12142.
p]echa, 13142.
Ehrltarta stipoides, 14901.
Einkorn. See Triticum monococcum.
Elaeagnus angustifolia, 10371, 10372.
Elaeocarpus cyaneus, 12798.
Elaeodendron curtipendulum , 10495.
Eleusine coracana., 11100, 12390.

tocusso, 16257.
Elionurus argenleus, 13881.
Elymus canadensis, 15955, 16374.
chubnfoisis, 14844.
condensatus, 13450.
irilicoides, 13451.
sabulosus, 14845.

virqinicus submrUicus, 13452,16375,
16376.
Emilia sonchifolia, 12981.
Rlmmer. See Triticum dicoccum.
Enterolobium a/clacarpinn, 11592.
Eragrostis sp., 13867, 13868, 13875, 13876,
13885, 13896, 13897, 13900,
13904, 13906, 15338, 15342,
15358, 15359.
aby.'i.'iinica, 11117, 11118, 12378,

12385, 12386, 14470.
brownii, 14897.
chloromelas, 13871.
lappnla diraricula, 13884.
leptostachya, 14898.
major meg<istachi/a, 13921
pilosa, 12799, 14899.
plana, 13883.
Eremopliila bowmani, 10501.
brownii, 10496.

INDEX OF COMMON AND SCIENTTFTC NAMES.

245

Eremophila latifoHa, 10497.
iiKirulala, 10498.
tnilchelli, 10499.
oppoitilitoli'i, 1 0.^00.
Kriohoiriiajaponkd, lltWl, 12882,15809.
Eriodendron anfradiiosum, 14818.
/''/•(0.WOT071 dljf'ormii^, 10502.
ilrodium cJiclidniiifolinin, 16216.
daiiroidi's, 12618.
(/Iiuidiilosiiiii, 16219.
gruinnm, 16258, 16284.
hjimenodes, 16215.
macradeniim, 16220.
macroplnjllioii, 16222.
mant'scari, 16221.
pelargoiiifulivm , 1 62 1 7.
steph(ini((niirn, 1 6259.
J'Jrmm lem, 10286, 10237, 10752, 11080, j

11105, 14462.
Eri/thrina coralloides, 13282.

motiosperma, 14426.
Eschschultzia califoniica, 12873.
Eucalyptus hehrkina, 10503.
bolrj/oides, 11747.
coccifero, 10505.
coripnhom, 1()786.
coriinuralyx, 11786.
diversicolor, 10504.
goniocnly.v, 16227.
incrassata, 10506.
lomjifolJa, 1 1 748.
tereticornh, 10507.
idrgata, 10508.
Euchlenn mericana, 11172, 11480.
Eucomniia idmoides, 12136.
Enpatoriiuii portoricense, 14999.
Eopliorbia sp., 18140.

cannriensis, 10698.
regis-juhae, 10694.
Euielea arhore^cens, 11746.
Eutrema hederae.folia, 10579.

wambi, 12451.
Fagopyrum esndentum, 10569, 11173.

tntaricum, 14969.
i?>ijoasp., 15818 to 15820.

selloinana, 12850.
Fenugreek. See Trigonella foenum-

graecum.
Ferula linkii, 10695. -
Festuca anmdinacea, 16377.
e^ahor, 11174, 16378.
gigantea, 15826.
heleroplujlla, 11175.
hyb., 16379.
ovina, 11176.

ingrata, 16244.
pabular IS, 10976.
pratensis, 11177, 11482, 13453,

16380.
r-e//ea:rt, 16381.
rubra, 11178.
Ficus sp., 12780, 13138, 14438.
glomerata, 12111.
rubiginosa, 15693.
Fig. See Ficus spp.
Filbert, Crimean, 10343, 10.344.

See also C'orylus avellana.

Flax, Russian, 9897 to 10167. 10815 to
10817, 10879 to 10881,12744.

See also Litiimi nsltdlissiinum.
Foenlcidiiin didcr, 12700, 16309.
Footah, 18140.
Fragaria sp. , 1 075 1 .
Francoa. ramosa hybrida, 1.8718.
Frn.rimts sp.. 11685.
Freesiai^ix, 14788,14799.

refract a (dba, 14985.
Frei/cinetia arborea, 12104.
Fukuji, 16787.
Fnrcraea foetida, 10967.
Furze. See lle.r europacus.
Gadlardia sp., 11770, 18605.
perennls, 13666.

nalllea juncea, 10696, 10737.
(iamboge. See (iarcbiia morclla.
Ciarl)anzo. See (.'icer arlelinum.
Garchda cochinchiticnsis, 12021, 16477.

cornea, 11721.

cowa, 11785, 11787.

dloica, 11027.

dM/nX 11028,11029.

ferrea, 16478.

/wsca, 11030. __

haiibiin/i, 16479.

incZ/m, '11 50 1,16480.

livwgstonei, 11488, 12811, 12960.

loureiri, 11031.

mango!^tana,\\12b, 11732, 11786,
12022, 18135, 13572, 18800,
13987,16131.

morella, 10522, 11478, 11790,
12698.

spicai<t,\\l%'d, 16787.

xanthnchyimis, 11032, 11784,
11788,12019,13349.

Genista canariensis, 10H97.

monosperinu, 10698.
GerardiatenuifoV a hyh., 13667.
Gerbera Jameson i, 1 4482.
Ginseng. See Panax ginseng.
Gladiolus sp., 14073 to 14087,14128 to
14132, 14317 to 14834, 14409,
14411.
alatus, 15594.
childsii, 14006 to 14034, 14268 to

14285.
cruenius, 14000.

dracocephcdus, 14002, 14102 to
^ 14109.

^ qandavensis, 12368, 14035 to
' 14061, 14156 to 14204, 14260

to 14265, 14371 to 14407.
hyb., 12682, 14079.
Icehcavi, 14335 to 14370, 14408,

14410, 14412.
leichtlinx, 14005.

lemoinei, 14062 to 14072, 14088

to 14101, 14133 to 14142, 14205

to 14236, 14266, 14267, 14286

to 14316.

nancrianus, 14110 to 14127, 14143

to 14155, 14237 to 14259.
psittacinus, 14003.

246

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

Gladiolus purpureo-auratusi, 14001 .
saundersn, 14004.
segetum, 10699.
Glaucium finvum, 13668.
Gleditschia sp., 10251.
Glycine hupida, 11179, 11180, 12399, 12400,
13502, 13503, 14952 to 14954, 16789,
16790, 16796.

Glycyrrldza glabra, 13574.
Gonospermum fruticosum, 10700.

rerohtlum, 10701, 10738.

Gooseberry. See Rihes gro.^sxlaria.
Gorse. See Ulex europaeus^.

Gossypmwi sp., 11045 to 11048, 11187 to
11190, 11502, 11775, 11776,
12306, 12938, 13079, 13238,
13583 to 13585, 14469, 14801,
14870, 14885 to 14887, 14945,
14946.

arhoreum, 10403, 10404.
barbademe, 11181 to 11186,

11343.
herbaceum, 11263.
hirsKtum, 13094 to 13101.
tomentosuin, 10964.

Gourd, Japanese, 10309, 10310.

See also Cucurbita spp. and Lagen-
aria spp.

Grape (Algeria), 13133.

(Central Asia), 10331 to 10334,

10598 to 10609.
Crimean, 10340 to 10342.
(France), 11372 to 11477, 12940 to

12957.
See also Vitis r in if era.

Grass, Australian bluegrass. See Andro-
pogon. sericeus.
Bermuda. See Capriola dadylon.
brome. See Bronnis spp.
canary. See Phalaris canariensis.
cane. See Siipa tuckeri.
esparto. See Stipa tenacissima.
guinea. See Fanicum maximum.
Johnson. See Andropogon hale-

pensis.
Hungarian. See Setaria italica.
Kentucky bluegrass. See Poa

pralensi.^.
love. See Eragrostis spp.
meadow fescue. See Festuca pra-
tensis.
rice. See Microlaena
stipoides.

Mitchell. See Astrebla iriticoides.
orchard. See Daclylis glomeraia.
pigeon. See Chaetochloa glauca.
red fescue. See Festuca rubra.
redtop. See Agrostis alba.
rescue. See Bromu.s unioloides.
rice. See Ehrharta sp.
rye. See Lolium spp.
sheep's fescue. See Festuca ovina.
slender wheat. See Agropi/ron te-

nerum.
summer. See Fanicum sanguinale.

Grass, sweet vernal. See Anthoxanthum

odoratnm.
tall fescue or meadow fescue. See

Festuca elatior.
velvet. See Ifolcus lanatus.
wallab}-. See Danthonia semian-

nularis.
wild, 10227 to 10231.
GreviUea linearis, 10515.
robusta, 11749.
Ground cherry. See Physalis spp.
Guava. See Psidium guajava.
Guayabillo. See Psidium spp.
Guerrero. See Enpatorium portoricense.
Gmllem in ea illeceb ro ides, 1 1 594 , 1 1 685 .
Guizotia oleifera, 11093, 11107, 12389.
Gum tree. See Eucalyptus spp.
Hedysarum coronarium, 10325, 1.3989,
14991.

Helenitim grandicephalum, 13697, 13698.
Helianthussp., 11660, 11773.

annuus, 10223 to 10225, 11191.
mnltiflora, 12963.
HelicJirysum bracteatum, 12986.
Hemp, "Chinese, 10979.

Russian, 10241, 10242.
Swedish, 10281.
See also Cannabis saliva.
Hesperaloe funifera, 1 3805.
Heteropogon contortus, 13873.
Hevea sp., 15885.
Hibi.scus sp., 14439.

sahdariffa, 16785.
Hicoria sp., 11254, 11256.

hyb., 11628.
Hippeastrum sp., 13807.
Hoknis lanatris, 12405, 1.3377, 16247.
Holly. See Ilex crenata.
Hollyhock. See Althaea rosea.
Ilomalomena ivallisi, 15762, 16504.
Homena discolor, 15680.
Honey locust. See Gleditschia sp.
Hop. See Humidus htpidus.
Hordeum sp., 11040 to 11044, 11116, 12124,
12375, 12376, 13578, 13969,
15821, 16329.
hulbosum, 13562.
distichum, 10362, 10363, 12023,
12121.
erectum, 10586,12119,

12129.

nutans, 10402, 10583

to 10585, 11622,

12116 to 12118,

12125 to 12128,

12993,13.346,15867.

hexastichum, 10360, 10361, 12122.

tetrastichum, 10674, 10754, 11623,

11716, 11717, 12120, 12709.
vuh/are, 10219 to 10222, 10270,
10275, 10276, 10985, 11192,
11193, 11264, 11265, 11620,
11621, 11658, 11678, 11780,
12123, 13854, 14964, 14965,
15799, 15829, 15830, 15866.

INDEX OF COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

247

Morse-railisli. See Corhlearki annordcid.
.lujuiiicse. See Etitrnna

iriisfllii.

Maliii, 104G2, 1057(i.
Hovea heterophi/lld, 10509.
Humuliis hij,nfns, 1U>S8, 12805 t<i 12S07.
Husk toiiiati). See J'hi/iinlix spp.
Ilyacinthus sp., 154;i0 to 154:U, 15457,
15458, 15896 to 15904.
orienlalis, 12233, 12244 to
12257, 14790, 1580(5.
Hydrangea scamh'its, 12961.
Hydrastis camuleiisis, 13864.
Hymenocallis sp., 16142, 16147.

littoralis, 10571.
Hymenosponunflani))!, 11750.
Hyosrycnniis iii(/cr, 12412, 12429.
Hypericum Jlorihii 11(1 inn, 10702.
Hypliuene vriniln, 11269.
Uteris arnara, 1 3007.

roroiHiria prinreps, 13286.
Iberrillea»p., 16201, 1(>481.

sonorac, 16200.
Ilex ere) lata, 10449.
Impatiens holstii, 13710.
Incarvillea delarnya, 13620, 13713.
Ij)omoea sp., 12401, 12958.

batatas, 14480, 16175 to 16188.
hederacea, 13080 to 13083.
pes-caprae, 1 1 723.
7r/.ssp., 12370, 13227 to 13230, 15646 to
15t)54.
ensata pabularia, 16334.
gracili}>ex, 13231.
Jtispanica, 15739 to 15743.
kaempferi, 13159 to 13226.
laengata, 13233 to 13235.
slbirica, 13232.
Ischnosipli'))! JiirsHla, 16501. •
Isolepis eanarietisis, 10733.
Jacaranda orallj'olia, 11642.
Juglans sp., 14997.

cinerea, 11257.
hyb., 10587, 11252.
nigra, 11253.

regia, 10339, 12114, 13573.
Juncus effusus, 12804, 13264, 13621,14482,
16490.
conglomeratus, 14778, 16491
to 16494.
setchuensis, 13622.
Kafir corn. See Andropogon sorgJrum.
Kapoelasan. See Nephelium mutabile.
Karoobosch. See Pentzia virgata.
Kennedya rubieunda, 12800.
Kniphofia sp., 13632.

hyb., 13631.
Kocliia scoparia, 12990, 13077.
Kosam. See Bnicea sunialrana.
Kosteh'tzkyn pentaearpM, 10614.
Kulthi. See Dolichos unijionis.
Kunzea pomifera, 15882.
Lactuca sativa, 10996, 10998, 10999.
Lagenaria vulgaris, 16332.
Lnndolphia sp., 11654.
Lansium domesticum, 12238, 13728, 13986.
sumatrana, 11484.

13312.
11199,

16389.

16474,

Lapageria rosea, 14948.
L<ippago raceinasa, 1(5285.
I.arkspur. See Jhlphlniinn »p\).
Lathip-us sp., 149(i6.

azureus, 11195, 16382.
cicer, 13379.
cocriiH'us, 11196, 16383.
ochriis, 16.'>84.
odoratus, 12359, 13306 to
sativits, 10375, 11197 to
13378, 1(5385 to 16387.
silnrus, 16137.
stipularis, 11194.
sylvestris, 10255, 12361.
tingitanits, 11200, 16388,
Larnndida abrotavoides, 10703.
rera, 12413, 12430.
Li'af beet. See Beta cirla.
Jjeitchee, or litchi. See Xephelium litclii.
Lemon. See Citrus limonum.
Leinoncito, 14433.
Lens esculenta. See Ervum lens.
Lentil, Russian, 10236, 10237.

See also Errnm lens.
Ijepidiiun sativum, 1 1096.
Leptosyne stillmanni, 136(59.
Lespedeza japonica , 1 381 1 .

stri(da, 11201, 11479,
16475.
Lettuce. See Lartnca satim.
Le\icophae candidissima, 10704, 10739.
Liatris sp., 11772.

scariosa, 11718, 11719.
J^icorice. See (Uyciirrhiza glabra.
Lilium sp., 11008, 11565 to 11589,
15933.
alexandrae, 12143.
auratum, 12144.
batmanniae, 11565, 12145.
brou-nii, 11580, 12146.
candidum, 15944.
columbianum, 15891.
concolor, 11566 to 11569, 12148.
cordifoliuni, 11570, 12147.
daJunHcum, 11576.
elegans, 11571 to 11575.
giganteum, 12364.
hansoni, 11577, 12149.
humboldtii, 15890.
hyb., 13106, 15893, 15894.
jajjonicum, 11578, 11580, 12146.
krameri, 12150.
leichtlinii, 11581, 12151.
longiflorum, 11582, 12152.

eximeum, 11728 to
11730, 14481, 15478,
15746.
eximmm giganteum,
11583, 11590, 11591,
15479, 15584, 15942.
multiflorum, 11794,
15943.
medeoloides, 11584, 12153.
mexicanum, 11686.
neilgherrense, 10963, 11649, 12896.
pardalinum, 12680, 15892, 15895.
X humboldtii, 15894.

12565,

248

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

Lilium pardalinuin X parrvm, 15893.

philippineim; 10966, 12235, 14812.
rubellum, 11579.
speciosnm, 11585 to 11588.

album, 12154.
iigrinum, 12155.
Lily (Mexico), 10571.

See al.«o Lilium spp.
Lime, Finger. See Citrus australasica.
(India), 10365.
See alf-o Citrus llmetta.
Linum austriacum, 10147.

imtatls-vmum, 9897 to 10167, 10315
to 10317, 10378 to 10381, 11079,
11113, 11267, 12391, 12774, 16321.
Lippia repens, 11682, 12819.
Lobelia sp., 13606, 13607.
iiiflata, 12904.
teuuior, 1371 1.
Lolium bonaerensis, 13797, 16390.

italieum, 11202, 12892, 13339.
. i)eren7ie, 10588, 11203, 11481, 12893,
16391 to 16394.
Longan. See Xephelium longanum.
Loquat. See Eriobotrya japonica .
Lotus americanus, 16395, 16396.

candriensis floribuuda, 10705.
cornicuhdus, 10253, 11204, 13750,

16397.
tetragonolobus, 10398, 16398.

Lupine. See Lupinus spp.
Lujiinus sp., 11637.

affinis, 11205.
augustifolius, 11206.
luteus/U207.
Lt/copersicum esndentnm, 12705, 12706,

"12725, 12726, 13001.
Maba sandirieensis, 14424.
Macadamia ternifoUa, 11797, 15697.
Magnolia pumila, 10968.

stelkda rosea, 13802.
Mahogany. See Swietenia mahagoni.
Malpe. See Bidens heterophylla.
Mammea americana, 11648.
Mammee apple. See Mammea americana.
Manfredu sp., 16159.
Mangifera camhodiana, 11645.

indica, 10636 to 10669, 10960,
11369, 11625, 11766, 11779,
12240, 12241, 12305, 12930,
12931, 13338, 13348, 14448,
15424.
melcongensis, 11646.
Mango (Africa), 11779.

(Florida), 12138, 12240, 12241,

12305.
(Hawaii), 11766, 12930, 12931.
(India), 10636 to 10669, 11369,

13338, 13348, 15424.
(Mexico), 14448.
(Tahiti), 10960, 11625.
See also Magnifera indica.
Mango ginger. See Curcuma amada.
Mangosteen. See Garcinia mangostana.
Manihot sp., 11698 to 11713.
Manila hemp. See Musa textilis.

Maple, broad-leaved. See Acer macro-

phyllum.
Maranta sp., 16764.

amabilis, 16503.
lineata rosea, 15677.
splendida, 16765.
ivallisi, 16502.
Mariposa lily. See Calochortus sp.
Maritzgula. See Carissa arduina.
^lartingula. See Carissa arduina.
Matondo, 13132.
Matricaria eximia, 13617.
Matundulaku, 12810, 12959.
Mecoitopsis integrifoJia, 13340.
Medicago sp., 13809.

cancellata, 13648.
carstiensis, 14853.
ciliaris, 16260.

denticulata, 11208, 13552, 16771.
echinus, 16261.
elegans, 16262.
gerardi, 16286.

lupulina, 13742, 13751, 16138.
maculaia, 16213.
media, 13488, 16399, 16400.
7ninima, 16264.
orbimlaris, 10725, 16265.
radiata, 16266.
rigidula, 16286.

sativa, 10232 to 10235, 11209
to 11211, 11275, 11651,
11652, 12231, 12398,
12409, 12549, 12671,
12694 to 12696, 12702,
12747, 12748, 12772,
12784, 12801, 12803,
12816, 12820, 12846,
12847, 12991, 12992,
13237, 13259, 13291,
13358, 13435 to 13440,
13478 to 13487, 13489,
13519 to 13521, 13541
to 13547, 13561, 13564,
13738, 13739, 13743
to 13745, 13653 to 13755,
13757 to 13759, 13767,
13769, 13778, 13857,
13858, 13999, 14496,
14497, 14883, 14886,
14962, 16136, 16209,
16317, 16401 to 16403,
16508.
getula, 12803.
Xfalcata, 16263.
scutellata, 16267.
terebellum, 16287.
turbinatd, 16288.
Melaleuca pustulata, 10510.
Melica californica, 16407.
Meliloius alba, 11212, 16135, 16289, 16489.
altissima, 16268.
elegans, 14854.
indicus, 16404.
italica, 16269.
macrostachys, 16405.
speciosa, 13559.
sulcata, 13558, 14855, 16406.

TNDEX OF COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

249

lOTOti

to

Mrlilohix ttiiinnii!<'nti, 14S5t).
Mt'luii. See Ciiriimis sjip.
Mesemhryanthemnm sp., ll'r>74 tn ll'57(>
nifxtdlliiiinn, lOT'

10740.
geminnhim, 13102.
Mesiiaferrea, 1 1 033.
Mezonenron kaitaierisix, 14425.
Mirrolaena utipoiih'x, 15951.
.1/(7/(1 Inflora, 1(5151.

Millet, (ierinan. See ClinetochUxt Ualica.
Italian. See CfKietochldn ilalica.
broom-corn. See Panicinn milia-

ceiim.
pearl. See renuiseturi typhoi-

deinn.
See also Chaelochloa ilalica.
Milo maize. See Andropotjoi Hor(/Iiuni.
Mlsaudhm coiKleuxatus, 10524, 12150.
Monarda fistnlosn, 12447.
'pum-fata, 12448.
Monslera deliclosa, 15673.
Moraea iridloidex, 13732.
Morning-glory (Japan), 10623, 130S0
13083.

See also Conrolrubts spn.
Morus alba, 12859.
^fHnlna vtlli.-<, 11213, 11503.
Mulberry. See Montx spp.
Mung ])ean. See Phaseolus max and Plia-

seolit.t riididtux.
Musa sp., 11647, 15876 to 15879.
enaete, 14457.
sapicniitm, 10965, 13568.
textili.s, 10405, 12708, 16214.
Mushroom. See Aguricus spp.
Muskmelon. See Cucumis vielo.
Mustard, Russian, 10245 to 10247.

See also Brassica spp.
Myoporum deserti 10511.

sandwicensis, 14431.
Myosotis sp., 13610, 13715.
Myrobalan. See Terminalia sp.
Mip-miie laxserfiana, 14428.
Narcissus sp., 12263 to 12265, 12280 to
12302, 15667, 15703, 15705 to
15708, 15744, 15769, 15772,
15844, 15847.
barrii conspicuus, 15845.
bicolor, 15438, 15449,
15589, 15590,
15666, 15701.
horsfieldii, 15586, 15658
15699.
biflorus, 15446.
incomparabilis, 15447,
15591, 15662, 15702.
pacln/bolbus, 13305.
Doeticus, 15440, 15450, 15452.
alba, 14491.
ornatus, 15451, 15663,
15770.
pseudo-narcissus, 15423, 15435 to
15437, 15448, 15453, 15456,
15585, 15587. 15588, 15592,
15659 to 15661, 15664, 15700,
15704, 15709, 15767, 15768,
15771, 15773, 16846, 15848.

15455,
15593,

15454,

Narcissus lnzetUt alba, 15439, 15459, 15657,

15698, 15774.
Nectarine. See .Iniyydahis )>crsica.
Ntlumbiutn spcciosum, 12157 to 12176.
Nepheliuin Inppaceuui, 13258, 13571, 13798.
tllrhi, 10670 to 10673, 11342.

14S88, 16237 to 16243.
mutabile, 13799, 13861, 13988,
14815.
Nerine sp., 14789.
Nicotiana sanih'rae, 12139, 12358.

tahacum, 10451 to 10453, 11001,
11035 to 1103S, 11497. 11498,
11999, 12000, 12105 to 12107,
12683, 12920, 14420, 14421,
14871 to 14878, 14975 to 14979,
16788.
Nuphar jinlysi'pahtni, 11783.
Nut, Australian. iiL'i^ Macadamia temifo-

lia.
Oak, eork, 10264.

See also Quercus spp.
Oat, (Algeria), 10269.

(Kngland), 10354 to 10359.
(Finland), 10271.
(Germany), 14802.
(New Zealand), 12877 to 12882.
(Norway), 13576, 13577.
(Russia), 10183to 10193, 10321, 10624.
(Sweden), 10278, 10279.
Swedish Select, 10330, 10455.
(Transyaal), 13968.
See also Arena stdira.
Oenothera ovata, 15883.

rosea, 10707, 10741.
Olea europaea, 12569 to 12573, 12672 to
12677, 12684, 12685, 12753, 12754, 12910,
12921, 13257, 13567.
Olearia pimeloides, 10512.
Olive. See Olea europaea.
Onagraceae, 16199.
Onion. See Allium cepa.
Onobrychisonobrychis, 13794, 13991, 16246.
Opuniia sp., 14476, 14787, 14822 to 14839,
14923 to 14944, 14949 to 14951,
14980 to 14983, 15839 to 15843.
ficus-indica, 12837 to 12842, 13350,
14777, 14806 to 14810, 14816 to
14821, 15850.
gymnocarpa, 12112, 12402, 12403,

15777.
tomentosa, 12836.
Orange. See Citrus aurantium.
Orunia philippinensis, 14472, 14814.
Orchidaceae, 11346, 13273.
Origanum vuhjare, 12422, 12432.
Ornithopus sativus, 12407, 13990.
Oryza ghdinosa, 13047 to 13054, 13069 to
13076, 16189.
saliva, 12130, 12453 to 12457, 12679,
12711 to 12715, 12759 to 12767,
12808, 12852, 128.65 to 12871, 12874
to 12876, 13035 to 13076,. 14779
to 14785, 14963, 14967, 15480 to
15583, 15759 to 15761, 15778,
15881 16328
tUilissima, 13035 to 13046, 13055 to
13068.

250

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

Pachi/rhizus sp., 12369.
Paeonia sp., 12028 to 12103, 16541 to 16659.
aiioiiiala, 16660.
moulun, 16663 to 16762.
tenuifolia, 16661, 16662.
Panax elegans, 11751.

gaiidichaudii, 14423.
ginseng, 10326, 12443 to 12446.
Pancratium sp., 11002.
Pandanus luzonensis, 14473.
Panicum sp., 16408, 16409.
coloriunt, 13894.
crus-gaUi, 16410, 16411.
decompositiun, 11727.
effumm, 14902.
isachne, 13913.
maximum, 11800, 12365, 12678,

13563, 14492, 14776.
miliaceum, 10625, 11495, 12016 to
12018, 14955, 14956, 14968,
16314, 16412 to 16423.
sanguinale, 14903.
sidcatum, 13922.
tenerifae, 13893.
Papaver sp., 10259, 11798.
bracteatum, 13677.
croceum, 13674, 13675.
nudicaule, 13633, 13649 to 13652.
orientale, 13634 to 13636, 13653 to

13656, 13658, 13676, 13724.
rhoeas, 12785.

somniferum, 12906, 12907, 12966
to 12970, 13107,
15822 to 15824.
XP. bracteatuui,
11798.
Papaw. See Carica papaya.
Papyrus. See Cyperus papyrus.
Pardanthus chinensis. See Belamcanda

punctata.
Parietaria arhorea, 10708, 10742.
Parkinsonia sp., 15808.
Parota. See Enterolobium cyclocarpwn.
Paspalum sp., 15362.

brevifolium, 14904.
digitatum, 16230.
Passiflora aceri folia, 11124.
alata, 11126.
coerulea, 11120.
e*/7/s, 11121,12899.
ligularis, 11125.
manicata, 11123.
pfordii, \\\22.
Passion flower. See Passiflora spp.
Pea, fieUl. See Pisum arvense.
(Finland), 10274.
flat. See Lathi/rus si/lvestris.
(New Zealand), 12887 to 12889.
Russian, 10238 to 10240.
sweet. See Lathyrvs odoratus.
Tangier scarlet. See Lathyrus tingi-

tanus.
Tibetan, 15750.
See also Pisum spp.
Peach (Arabia), 10457.

(Central Asia), 10335 to 10337.
(China), 15753, 15754, 15935.
See also Amygdalus persica.

Peanut (Australia), 16233 to 1S236.

(Brazil), 11532.

(China), 14961, 14962.

(France), 15782 to 15787, 16161.

(Italy), 16162 to 16164.

(Japan), 10622.

(Natal), 16472.

See also Arachis hypogaea.
Pear. See Pyrus sp.
Pecan. See Hicoria pecan.

Pennisetum macropJiyUum atrosanguinewn,
13646.
typhoideum, 11214, 12851,
16424.
Pentstemon sp., 13696.

hyb., 13678, 13679.

Pentzia virgata, 10635, 11740.
Pepino. See Solanum muricatum.
Pepper, chili, 11639, 14484.

Japanese. See Xanthoxylum pi-
perilum.

paprika, 10392, 10755, 10756,
11741,11742.

red, 10393 to 10395.

sweet, 10396, 14485.

See also Capsicum spp.

Perilla ocymoides, 10632.
Periploca laevigata, 10709, 10743.
Persea carolinensis, 1 1 765.

gradssima, 10615 to 10620, 10978,

11724, 12933 to 12937, 13292,

13729 to 13731, 14435, 14463,

14889 to 14890, 15656, 16170.

indica, 14498, 16133, 16169.

Persimmon, Japanese. See Diospyros

kaki.
PetroseUnum scdivam, 12721.
Phalaris arundinacea, 13951, 16425.

canarieihvs, 13300 to 13303, 13586,
13947 to 13950, 16426 to 16432.

Phaseolus sp., 13392, 13393, 16791.

angnlaris, 10523, 13384 to 13391,

13405.
cafer, 16290.

cdlcaratns, 13380 to 13383.
lunatus, 12730, 14974.
max, 13400 to 13403, 16129.
multiflorus, 16302.
radiatns, 10284, 10329, 10407,
10527, 10610, 11098, 12775,
13394 to 13399, 14960, 15926,
16210, 16211, 16323, 16793.
retusus, 13404.

vulgaris, 10353, 11055 to 11057,
12736, 12743, 12817, 12818.

Philadelphus lemoinei, 16513.
Phleum alpimim, 10548.
medium, 10547.
michelii, 10549, 14846.
pratense, 10282, 10456, 10458 to
10461, 10545, 10546, 10550, 10578,
10589,10621,10726,11000,11215,
11494, 12234, 12894,13580, 15669,
16433 to 16435.
Phlox decnssata, 13680, 13681, 16514 to
16540.

INDEX OF COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

251

Phlox (Inimwnndii, 129(55.
I'homix <l<irt,ilifn-a, 107r>7 to 10958, 1 lOOii,
lirjS, 112'77"to 11S41, 114,S5 to 11489,
11801 to 11990, 15000 t<. 15:il4.
Pltyllo^luchi/x henoni.t, 12177.
(/((■//.v, 12178.
nigra, 12179.
fjiiilioi, 12180.
Phil.ifills sp., 12395, 12390, 15745, 15931.

ed>tll.<<, 14908.
Pirrm^nm ailantJtoldi's, 12861.
Pimhe, 12811,12960.
Pimpinella anistim. 12388, 12701.
Pineai)ple. See Ananan mlirufi.
Pingnicida sp., 12995, 14998.

caudata, 12996.
Pinus cnnarieusis, 10710.
parrijiora, 15928.
Piper nigrum, 15681.
Pistache. See Pistacia vera.
Pistacia up., 13154.

atkuitiat, 10267, 10288, 10328.
cliinenKis, 10285.

mutiai, 10265, 10266, 10287,10377.
ierehinthm, 10268, 10286, 10322,

12232.
vera, 10323, 1037(5, 11778, 12243,
12746, 12782, 12783, 12815,
12835, 12848, 12922 to 12924,
13569.
Pimm sp., 10986, 11097, 11111, 11112,
15750, 16326.
arvense, 11216, 13992,16130,1643(5,

16437.
elutius, 16301.
jomardi, 16291.

sidivum, 10238 to 10240, 10274,
10987, 12392, 12698, 12722,
12723, 12731, 12887 to 12889,
1 3579.
Pitlosporum huclianani, 11752.

macrophyllum, 11644.
undnlatinn, 11753.
Plantagofantigiata, 1(3438, 16439.
Plocaina pendida, 10711.
Plum, Russian, 10262, 10263.
Turkish, 10526, 13157.
wild African, 12751, 13139, 13141.
See also Pnmus spp.
Port attica, 14847. -
iiadalensis, 10977.

prafensis, 11217, 11737, 12550, 16228.
tri flora, 16440.
Podoc(()}nis elala, 15694.
PodoIt'j)i>i (iciuninata, 10513.
PoUatdhcs eloiigata, 11260.
loiigiflora, 115.33.
tnberosa, 14811.
Pulygonuin haldsrhnanicum, 13599.

monspeliensis, 13664.
Polypleris tcxana, 16160.
Pomegranate. See Punica granatum.
Pomelo. See Ciirus decamana.
Popcorn, (Brazil), 1.3260 to 13262.
(Chile), 14909 to 14921.
(Dutch East Indies), 14992.
(India), 13354.
See also Zea mays.

Poppy, California. See E.'<i'ht<r]i(>lt:ia cali-
fiilliira.
Tilietan. See Mecoiuip»i» inteyri-
J'ulia.
. See also I'apaver spp.
Porhdacaria afra. 12020.
Potato, American, 10570, 14800.

aquatic, or "Mercedes." See

Solamoit caniuierffoni.
(Ecua<lor), 14893 to 14895, 14973,

16248 to 16253.
(Knjihmd), 12(508 to 12613, 12643

to 12(5(58.
(France), 12602 to 12607.
(Germany), 12578 to 12596.
(Holland"), 12597 to 12(501.
(Scotland), 12t)14 to 12(549, 13027

to 1.3034, 14490.
sweet. St'c Ipoinoea halalas.
wild, 10473.

See also Salanuin Inbcrosam.
Poterium sangitisorba, 12577.
Primula sp., 13613.
Proso. See Patiicum miliareum.
J^roxtantheru slrialifoUa, 10514.
Prunus ^l>., 10260, 11020, 11636, 14434.
15810.
ar)neuiaca, 11633.
cera.vt.% 10580 to 10582, 11034.
dirarirala, 102(52, 10263.
domestica, 10526, 13157.
paniculata, 12181 to 12230.
]>seudo-cera.'^us. See Prunus pani-
culata.
sibirira, 14487.
rirginiana, 11499, 11500.
Psidium sp., 10464.

guajara, 11726, 13806.
inoile 11004, 11005, 12716, 12821.
Panralea bilnminom, 10712.
Pumpkin. See Cacnrbita pepo.
Punica granatum, 10368 to 10370, 12566 to

12568, 12925, 12998, 12999, 13298.
Piirethrum cineranfoUurn, 12416, 12435.

roseum,' 12415, 12434.
Piirus sp., 15375.

malu.% 10261 , 10345 to 10348, 10525,
13087, 13156.
Quercus cornea, 10633.

cuspidata, 13997.
suber, 10264.
Quince. See Cydonia sp.
Radish. See Raphanus spp.
Rambutan. See N'ephelium lap}xtcenm.
Ranunndus cnnariensis, 10713.
Rape, Italian, 13733.

Russian, 10243, 10244.
See also Brassica napus.
Raphanus sp., 15321 to 15332, 15814, 15815.
sativum, 10397, 10399, 10990,
12707, 12724, 12919.
Raspberry. See Rubus spp.
Rauwolfia sandwicerisis, 14422.
Red baj'. See Persea carolinensis.
Rhamnus alaternus calabrica, 12858.
crenidata, 10714.
purshiana, 12734.
Rheum officinale, 13089.

252

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

Rheum pabnatum tanglmiticum, 13093.
RhodocyiKtm berth elotlanas, 10715, 10744.
Rhubarb. See Rheum spp.
Rhussp., 13155.

Ribes grossiilaria, 10250. •

Rice (Brazil), 12522.

(British Guiana), 12489 to 12512.
(Ceylon), 12464 to 12478, 12808.
(China), 12874to 12876, 16189,16328.
(Dutch East Indies), 15778.
(Ecryy)t), 12513 to 12515.
(Formosa), 13035 to 13076.
(France), 12453 to 12463.
(German East Africa), 12523, 12524,

15480 to 15583.
(Greece), 12521.
(India), 12130, 12865 to 12871, 14779

to 14785, 14967.
(Italy), 12519, 12520.
(Japan), 12679, 12711 to 12715, 12761

to 12765, 14963, 15759 to 15761.
(Java) , 12525 to 12547, 12759, 12760.
(Korea), 12766, 12767.
(Siam), 12516 to 12518.
(Singapore), 12479 to 12488.
wild. See Zizania aquatica.
See also Oryza saliva.
Rkinus sp., 11068 to 11073, 11638.

zanzibariensis, 1 2856.
Rosa sp., 11517 to 11531, 11536 to 11538,
13116 to 13120, 13243 to 13255,
13320 to 13337, 15425, 15426.
humilis, 11519.
ruqosa, 12915.

hyb., 13108 to 13115, 13121
to 13129.
Roselle. See Hibiscus sabdariffa.
Rosmarinus officinalis, 12418, 12438.
Rubber. See CasiiUa spp. and Landolphia

sp.
Rubia fruticosa, 10716, 10745.
Rubus sp., 15376.

australis, 11505.
biflorus, 11506.
delidosus, 11512.
hyb., 11516.
leucodermis, 11513.
nigrobaccus, 11510, 11515.
occidenlalis, 11514.
odoratus, 11507.
phoenicolasius, 11509.
rosaefolius, 11508.
spectabilis, 11511, 15427.
villosus, 11515.
Rudbechia Julgida variabilis, 13663.

speciosa bicolor, 13704.
Rumex lunaria, 10717.
Rush. See Juncus spp.
Rve, Abruzzes, 10366.
' (Finland), 10273.
German, 11735.
Russian, 10168 to 10182, 10320.
Swedish, 10280.
Winter Ivanof, 10367.
See also Secale cerecde.
Saccharum offidnarum, 12739 to 12742,
12786 to 12789.

Safflower. See Carthamus tinctorins.
Sage. See Salvia officinalis.
Sainfoin. See Onobrychis onobri/chis.
Sali.c sp., 12914,12916.

alba argentea, 12347.
britzensis, 12318.
viteUina, 12324.

auraniiaca, 12334.
flava, 12320.
nova, 12356.
ambigua, 12337.
argentea duritea, 12315.
babylonica, 12344.
bataviae, 12317.
bicolor laureana, 12332.
blanda {S. babi/lonica X fragilis),

12331.
caesia pendula zabeli, 12307.
casiandra lancifolia, 12312.
cinerea repens, 12345.
tricolor, 12336.
cordata vestita, 12355.
daphnoides femina, 12321.
mascrda, 12330.
pomeraniafem ina, 12309.
decipiens, 12333.
erdingeri, 12325.
fragilis arnmaniana, 12346.
basfordiana, 12313.
Mppophaifolia undtdata, 12353.
laurina, 12343.
longifolia, 12342.
moUissima, 12351.
nigricans, 12350.

ansoniana, 12326.
cotinifolia, 12319.
menthifolia, 12348.
moabi'tica, 12316.
prunifolia, 12308.
vibumoides, 12357.
pellita, 12340.
petiolaris, 12322.
purpurea lambertiana, 12335.

scharfenbergensis, 12311.
urabensis, 12327.
repens argentea, 12341.
rosmarinifolia, 12349.
rubra forbyava, 12314.
seringeana, 12323.
smithiana acuminata {S. dasyclados),

12339.
spaethi, 12354.

triandra {S. lappeana) , 12310.
undulata, 12328.
viminalis, 12329.

superba, 12352.
voronesh, 12338.
Salmon-berry. See Rubus spp.
Saltbush. See Atriplex spp.
Salvia argentea, 13686.
carduacea, 13687.
coccinea, 13688.
officinalis, 12423.
Scnsevieria cylindrica, 15675.
Sanvitalia procumbevs, 12864.
Sapindus lUilis, 13304.
Sapium sebiferum, 11795.

INDEX OF COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

253

Sapodilla. See Avhras sapota.
Sai)()te bianco. See Cassitniroa edulis.
Salm-cja liorteiixh, 12419, 12439, 12905.
Schoenocaulon sp., 14996.

offirhude, 14486, 15828.
Scirpus triqueter, 13265.
Scltnmmeae, 12551.
SclerolueiKt hicornis, 10517.
Scotch broom. See Citisus scoparius.
Scurvy grass. See Cocldearia o(ficinali>i.
Secale cetrale, 10168 to 10182, 10273, 10280,
10320, 10366, 10367, 11218, 11219, 11268,
11735, 11760, 12855, 15800, 15868, 15869.
SecMum edule, 10959, 12024, 12025, 12115,

12304, 1236(5, 12737, 12909, 13084.
Semperrivittn tuhtdiiejoriiiae, 10718.
Senna. See Cassia angustifolia.
Sequoia qigantea, 11997.
Serradelia. See Orinlliopns sativus.
Sesame. See SenaimDu indicnin.
Sesanium indicum, 12387, 14958, 14959,

16311.
Sesbaxia macrocarpa, 11781.

(ripetii, 12857.
Setaria sp., 15341.

aiirea, 15344.

italica. See Chaetochloa italica.
sidcala, 15366.
Shasta daisy. See Chrysanthemum leu-

anitheinnin hyb.
Sieana odorifera, 11720.
Siderilis viassoniana, 12860.
Silene armeria, 13689, 13690.
orientalis, 13615.
pendula, 13691 to 13693.
Smilax inedica, 15674.

mndtviceiisi!^, 1 03 1 4.
Soapberry. See Sapindun tUilia.
Solanum sp., 11272.

commerf^oiii, 10324, 12113, 13105,

14475.
janu'sii, 10473.
mnricutum, 14891.
tuberomm, 10570, 12578 to 12668,
13027 to 13034, 14490, 14800,
14893 to 14895, 14973, 16284 to
16253.
Sorhus domcstint, 10349 to 10351.
Sorghum (Africa), 10327, 11793.
(Central Asia), 10612.
(India), 14500 to 14775.
See also Andropogo)i sorghum.
Sorghum hulepense. See Andropogon hale-
pensis.
vulgar e. See Andropogon sor-
ghum.
Sow-itk. See Carum gairdneri.
Spuraxis bulbifera, 14986.
purpurea, 14987.
Spartina sp., 16441.

cynosuroides, 16442.
Spergula arvensis, 12406.
Spikenard. See Aralia racemosa.
Spinach, New Zealand. See Tetragonia

ex p ansa.
Spondias purpurea, 11006, 11007.
Sporobolus lindleyi, 10516.
Sprekelia, 16149.

Sprekeliajurmosissima, 12997.
Spurry. See Spergula arvensis.
Squash. See Cucurbita f^pp.
Stachys sifboldH, 10634.
Statice brassicaejfolid, 10719.

peciinata, 10720, 10746.
Sterculia acerifolia, 11754, 15695.

dirersifolia, 11755, 14900.
Stipa tenacissima, 13860, 16443.

turk-eri, 14906.
Strawberry. See Fragaria sp.
Stuartia pentagyua, 13299.

pseudu-camellia, 13998.
Sugar cane. See Saccharum officinaram.
Sulla. See ITedysurum coronarium.
Sumac. See J\lius sp.
Sunflower, Russian, 10223 to 10225.

See also Ileliauthiis annuus.
Swainsona maccullochiaua, 15954, 16140.
Sweet fennel. See Foeniculum dulce.
Su-ietenia ntuhagoul, 10409.
Syncarpia laurifolia, 11756.
Sipinotia birolor, 14988.
tacca pinnatifida, 10313, 15838.
Tacso)iia exormmsis, 11127.
Tagasaste. See Cytisus jrroliferus albas.
Tagetessy)., 12978.'
Taliiium sp., 16158.
Tallow tree. See Sapium sebiferum.
Tamarind. See Tamarindus indica.
Tauiariiulus iiidica, 15880.
Tamus edulis, 10721, 10747.
Tangelo. See Citrus hyb.
Tare. See Colncasia sp.
Teconia capensis, 16232.
Telopia speciosissima, 15696.
Teosinte. See Fucldaeiia mexicana.
Terebinth. See PiM(u-ia terebinthus.
Terminalia sp., 12553 to 12556. .
Tetragonia expansa, 12779.
Teucriu)n hyxsopifoliuui, 10722, 10748.
Themeda ciliata. See Anthistiria ciiiata.
Theobroma cacao, 11656, 15747 to 15749.
Thevetiasp., 11691.

cuneifolia, 11626, 11627, 11799.
ovata, 11659.
Thuja gigantea, 12237.
Tliipnus vulgaris, 12417, 12437.
Thysanolaena agrosiis, 11739, 14922.
Tijocate. See Crataegus sp.
Timothy. See Phleum pratense.
Tobacco (Brazil), 11001, 11035 to 11038,
11498, 12105 to 12107,14420,
14421, 14871, 14878, 14975 to
14979, 16788.
Cuban, 10452, 10453.
flowering, 12139, 12358.
(Turkey) , 11497.
See also Nicotiana tabacum.
Tomato. See Lycopersicum esculentmn.
Tree cotton. See Gossypium arboreum.

tomato. See Cyphomandra betacea.
Trefoil, l)ird's-foot. See Lotus cornicu-
latus.
yellow. See Medicago lupulina.
Trichinium alopecuroideum, l0518.
exaltatum, 10520.
nobile, 10521.

254

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOETED.

TricMnium obovatum, 10519.
Trlfholaena rosea, 13893.
Trifolium sp. , 1 02.i4, 10566, 13810.

alexandrinum, 10373, 10374,
11221, 11782, 12132, 13500,
13528.
alpestre, 14857.
badium, 14858.
Jiliforme, 13532.
fragiferum, 13533.
hyhridum, 10567, 11019, 11222,
'13501, 13510, 13534, 13535,
13551, 13765,13775.
incarnatum, 11223, 13491 to
13494, 13497, 13537 to 13540,
13764, 14466, 14494, 14994,
15476, 15477.
johnstoni, 10352.
lorigipes, 13560.
lupinaster, 10565.
maritintum, 12927.
mordanum, 14859.
ochroleucum, 14860.
pannonicum, 13536,16444.
polyMach'iuyn, 12928.
pratense, '10532 to 10534, 10563,
10564, 10577, 10626,
10627, 11018, 11224,
12891, 13490, 13495,
13496, 13498, 13499,
13506 to 13509,13513,
13515 to 13517, 13522
to 13527,13548,13549,
13581,1 3734 to 13737.
13740, 13741, 13746
tol3749,13752,13756,
13760, 13761, 13763,
13766,13770tol3772,
* 13774, 13776, 14493,

16445.
perenne, 13772.
procumbent, 12929.
repens, 11225, 11276, 12890,
13511, 13512, 13518,
13529 to 13531, 13550,
13773, 13777, 13853,
14495.
perenne, 13773.
rubens, 14861.
Trigonella coendea, 16270.

corniculata, 16271.
foenum-graecum, 10993, 11087,
11088,16.335,16446.
Tristanin laurina, 11757.
Tritieum sp., 11049 to 11054, 11731, 12377.
boeoticum, 16292.

thaovdcir, 16293.
cristaium, 14848.
dasyaniJtum, 14849.
desertorum, 14850.
dicoccum, 11094, 11650, 12379,

12853, 16294.
durum, 10364, 10391, 10454,
11039, 11099, 11618, 11619,
11715, 13854 to 13856, 15788.
gigantenm, 16295.
intermedium, 14851.
(mixt), 10385 to 10389.

Tritieum monococcum, 10474, 15853 to

15855,16296. _
hornemamii, 16297.
polonicum, 10611, 16298.
rigidum, 16272,16299.
spelta, 15865.
trichophorum, 16273.
violaceum, 14852, 16347.
vulgare, 10194 to 10218, 10272,
10277, 10318, 10319, 10382 to
10384, 10390, 10552, 10992,
11226 to 11229, 11266, 11603 to
11623, 11714, 12001 to 12015,
12134, 12883, 12884, 1.3973 to
13975, 14803, 14970, 15801,
15802, 15870 to 15874, 16327.
Tritonia feneslrata, 14989.
Trixago versicolor, 10749.
Tuberose. See Folia uthes spp.
TuUiM sp., 122.58 to 12262, 12266 to 12279,
14419, 15443 to 15445, 15710 to
15738, 15905 to 15925.
armena, 15596.
australis, 15597.
aximensis, 15598.
batalini, 1"599.
biebersteiniana, 15600.
biflora, 15601.
b'illiefiana, 15602.
clusiana, 15603.
dasysiemon, 15604.
didieri, 15605.

alba, 15606.
lutescens, 15607.
eichleri, 15608.
fragrans, 15609.
galaiic.a, 15610.
greigi, 15611.

aureu, 15612.
hageri, 15613.
ingens, 15614.
kaufmanmanu, 15615.

aurea, 15616.
coccinea, 15617.
kolpakowskyana, 15618.

splendens, 15HV .
linifolia, 15620.
lou-nei, 15621.
maculatu, 15622.
marjolleti, 15623.
rnanriana, 15624.
viicheliana, 15625.
montana, 15626.
oculus solis, 15627.
orphanidesi, 15628.
ostron-skyana, 15629.

crocea, 15630.
patens, 15631.
persica, 15632.
planifolia, 15633.
praecox, 15634.
praestans, 15635, 15636.
primuUna, 15637.
jndchella, 15638.
saxatUis, 15639.
sprengeri, 15640.
stellaia, 15641.
strangulata, 15642.

INDEX OF COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

255

Tulipa !<ylvestris, lo(>43.
(riplu/lla, 15ti44.
tubergenkma, 15595.
wilsonkuia, 15645.
Tuna. See Opnntia spp.
TuriiR'ric. See Cnrcuma Icngn.
Turpi'iitine tree. See Pistacia mitt int.
Udo, kan. See Aralia cordata.

niuvashi. See Aralia cordata.
Vlex europaeux, 11758, 12408, iLHiJO, i:!241.
Vanilla sp., 14440, 14443 to 1444G.

planlfolia, 14441,14442.
]'erbascu))i })lioeiiia'um, 18618.
Verbena honarioitiis, 10723, 10750.
Veronica spicata, 13611.
Vetch, common. See Vicia saliva.
hairy. See Vicia villosa.
Japan. See Vicia hirsida.
pearl. See Vicia .vdlra (dba.
wild Russian, 1025t) to 10258.
See al.so ]'icia spp. and Lathyrux
spp.
Viburnnm dibdatinn, 13996.
Vicia sp., 1025t) to 10258, 13406 to 13409,
13582, 16192, 16447 to 16451.
(dtissivia, 14862.
angustifolia, 13796.
atroptirj)nrc(t, 12135, 16452.
biUu/nica, 11230,16453.
calcanda, 14863.
cornigera, 16274.
cracca, 10283, 16454, 16455.
dasiijcarpa, 14864.
disperina, 14865.
dunietonun, 14866, 16275.
egij plica, 16456.
ervilia, 13410.

faba, 10406, 10411 to 10448, 10535 to
10543, 10724, 10753, 10962, 10991,
11102, 11103, 11697, 11759, 11998,
13411, 13779 to 13785, 14468,
14880, 14881, 15428, 15429, 16457.
/»/£?('/(.?, 11231, 16458.
gigantea, 16459.
graiidiliora, 14867.
hirsuta, 16460.
hirta, 16461.
[idea, 16462.
micrantha, 16463.
narbonuen-'ii'i, 11232, 16464.
jnsiformis, 14868.

saliva, 11233, 11679, 11738, 11764,
11791, 13356, 13412 to
13431, 16466.
alba, 16465, 16467, 16488.
sicula, 16468, 16469.
urvuga, 13432.

villom, 11234, 11235, 11677, 11680,
11763, 13433, 14467, 14990, 16191,
16470.
Vigna glabra, 16300."

.•iesquipedalis, 16794.
sinensis, 11074 to 11076, 11090,
- 11091, 11236, 11344, 11370, 13454
to 13477, 14474, 14499, 16166 to
16168,16229,16303,16795.
Vdis sp., 11372 to 11477, 11492, 11493,
12940 to 12957, 13133.

Vitis coignctiae, 11674.
gongi/bxbs, 11491.
ritonibi folia, 11490.

vinifera, 10289 to 10308, 10331 to
10334, 10340 to 10342, 10598 to
10609.
Voandzeia subterranea, 10450, 16473.
Walnut hyb., 10587.

See also Juglans s[)p.
^^'asabi, dry land. See Eulrema hederae-

J'olia.
Water lily. See Xuphar polgsepaluni.
Watermelon. See CHrnUnx mlgari.'t.
Wattle. See Acacia spp.
Wheat (Alaska), 10552.

(Central Asia), 10611, 16327.

(Efivpt), 10382 to 10391.

(Finland), 10272.

(Gernianv), 11731, 14803.

(India), 14970.

(New Zealand), 12883 to 12886.

(Russia), 10194 to 10218, 10318,

10319.
(Sweden), 10277.
See also Triticiuu spp.

Whin. See Vlex eitropaeus.
Willow. See SaH.c spp.
Wineberry. See Rnbns spj .
Woandzu. See Voandzeia .snbterranea.
Wood oil. See Ab'in-iles cordata.
Xanthosoma sp., 10594 to 10597, 15377,
15379, 15380, 15383 to
15392, 15394, 15397 to
15401, 15403 to 15412,
15414 t.) 15421, 15791,
15792, 15803, 16139, 16226,
16778.
lindeni, 15682, 16496.
maculatiim, 15790.
robii.stinn, 15793.
sa(/itlifolliiin, 13085, 14471,

15417, 15804, 16225.
violaceant, 15794, 16779.

Xanthoin/lum piperitnm, 12131.
Yam (Hawaii), 10311 to 10314.

(Porto Rico), 10.590 to 10597.

See also Dioscorea spj). and Smilax
sandicicensis.

Yang- taw. See Aclinidia sp.

Yautia. See Xantliosoma spp.

Yei-hap. See Magnolia puraila.

Yucca sp., 16197.

Zeamays, 10400,10401, 11106, 12026, 12027,
12383, 12384, 12557 to 12563,
12697, 12939, 13143 to 13153,
13256, 13260 to 13262, 13354,
13357, 13570, 13970 to 13972,
14459, 14465, 14791 to 14798,
14909 to 14921, 14971, 14992,
15775, 16190, 16330, 16770,
16772, 16781 to 16784.

Zephyranthes, 14897, 16150, 16204.

Zingiber officinale, 11086.

Zinnia elegans, 12397, 12982 to 12985.

Zizania aqualica, 16165.

Z(2(/p/iMS sp., 14882.

jujuba, 12926.

o

[Continued from page 2 of cover.]

No, 47. The Description of "Wheat Varieties. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

48. The Apple in Cold St<jrage. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

49. Culture of the Central American Kubber Tree. 1903. Price, 25 cents.

50. Wild Rice: Its Uf^es ami Propa<j:ation. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

51. Miscellaneous Papers: I. The Wilt Disease of Tobacco and Its Control.

II. The Work of the Community Demonstration Farm at Terrell, Tex.

III. Fruit Trees Frozen in" 1904. IV. The Cultivation of the Australian
Wattle. V. Letral and Customary Weights jjer Bushel of Seinls. VI.
Golden Seal. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

52. Wither-Tip and Other Di.«eases of Citrus Trees and Fruits Caused by Colic

totrichum Gkeosporioides. 1904. Price, 15 cents.

53. Tl\e Date Palm. 1904. Price, 20 cent,<.

54. Persian Gidf Dates. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

55. The Dry Rot of Potatoes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

56. Nomenclature of the Apple. 1905. Price, 30 cents.

57. Methods Used for Controlling Sand Dunes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

58. The Vitality and Germination of Seeds. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

59. Pas^ture, Meadow, and Forage Crop.s in Nebraska. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

60. A Soft Rot of the Calla Lily! 1904. Price, 10 cents.

61. Tiie Avocado in Florida. 1904. Price, 5 cents.

02. Notes on Egyptian Agriculture. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

63. Investigations of Rusts. 1904. Trice, 10 cents.

64. A Method of Destroying or Preventing the Growth of Alg;e an«l Certain

Pathogenic Bacteria in'Water Supplies. 1904. Price, 5 cents.

65. Reclamation of Cape Cod Sand Dunes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

66. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 10. 1905. Price, 20 cents.

67. Range Investigations in Arizona. 1904. Price, 15 cent«.

68. North American Species of Agrostis. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

69. American Varieties of Lettuce. 1904. Price, 15 cents.

70. The Commercial Status of Durum Wheat. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

71. Soil Inoculation lor Legumes. 1905. Price, 15 cents. .

72. Miscellaneous Papers: I. Cultivation of Wheat in Permanent Alfalfa Fields/

II. The Salt Water Limits of Wild Rice. III. Extermination of Johnson
Grass. IV. Inoculation of Soil with Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria. 1905.
Price, 5 cents.

73. The Development of Single-Germ Beet Seed. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

74. Prickly Pear and Other Cacti as Food for Stock. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

75. Range' Management in the State of Washington. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

76. Copper as an Algicide and Disinfectant in Water Supplies. 1905. Pri(;e, 5

cents.

77. The Avocado, a Salad Fruit from the Tropics. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

78. Improving the Quality of Wheat. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

79. The Variability of Wheat Varieties in Resistance to Toxic Salts. 1905.

Price, 5 cents.

80. Agricultural Explorations in Algeria. 1905. Price, 1 0 cents. ^

81. Evolution of Cellular Structures. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

82. Grass Lands of the South Alaska Coast. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

83. The Vitality of Buried Seeds. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

84. The Seeds of the Bluegrasses. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

85. The Principles of Mushroom Growing. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

86. Agriculture without Irrigation in Sahara Desert. .1905. Price, 5 cents.

87. Disease Resistance of Potatoes. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

88. Weevil- Resisting Adaptations of Cotton Plant. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

89. Wild Medicinal Plants of the United States. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

90. Miscellaneous Papers: I. The Storage and Germination of Wild Rice Seed.

II. The Crown-Gall and Hairy-Root Diseases of the Apple Tree. III.
Peppermint. IV. The Poisonous Action of Johnson Grass. 1906. Price,
5 cents.

91. Varieties of Tobacco Seed Distributed, etc. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

92. Date Varieties and Date Culture in Tunis. 1906. Price, 25 cents.

93. The Control of Apple Bitter- Rot. 1906. Price, 10 cents. \ .,

94. Farm Practice with Forage Crops in Western Oregon and western Wash-

ington. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

95. A New Type of Red Clover. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

96. Tobacco Breeding. [In press.] ,,^

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 98.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Cfn\f of Bureau.

SOY BEAN VARIETIES

BY

CARLETON R. BAI.L,
Agronomlst, Grain Investi(}ations.

ISSUKI) May liT, 1!K)7.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1 9 0 7.

BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

All the scientific and technical publications of tile Bureau of Plant Industry, which
was organized July 1, 1901, are issued in a single series of bulletins, a list of which
follows.

Attention is directed to the fact that the pulalications in this series are not for general
distribution. The Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C, is authorized by law to sell them at cost, and to him all applicatior.s
for these bulletins should be made, accompanied by a postal money order fnr the
required amount or by cash.
No. 1. The Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price, 10 ;cent^^.

2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 9. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents. >

7. The Algerian Durum Wheats. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

8. A Collection of Fungi Prepared for Distribution. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

10. Records of Seed Distribution and Cooperative Experiments with Grasses and

Forage Plants. ' 1902. Price, 10 cents.

11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

13. Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

14. The Decay of Timber and Methods of Preventing It. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

15. Forage Conditions on the Border of the Great Basin. 1902. Price, 55 cents.
10. A Preliminary Study of the Germination of the Spores of Agaricus Canipestris

and Other Basidiomycetous Fungi. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902; Price, 10 cents.

18. Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

19. Kentucky Bluegrass Seed. 1902. Price, 10 cents. ,

20. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

21. List of American Varieties of Vegetables. 1903. Price, 35 cents.

22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. 1902, Price, 10 cents.

23. Berseem. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

24. Unfermented Grape Must. 1902. Price, 10 cents. •

25. Miscellaneous Papers: I. The Seeds of Rescue Grass and Chess. . "II. Sara-

golla WTieat. III. Plant Introduction Notes from South Africa. IV. Con-
gressional Seed and Plant Distribution Circulars. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

26. Spanish Almonds. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

27. Letters on Agiiculture in the West Indies, etc. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

28. The Mango in Porto Rico. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

29. The Effect of Black Rot on Turnips. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

30. Budding the Pecan. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

31. Cultivated Forage Crops of the Northwestern States. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

32. A Disease of the White Ash. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

33. North American Species of Leptochloa. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

34. Silkworm Food Plants. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

35. Recent Foreign Explorations. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

36. The "Bluing" and the "Red Rot" of the Pine. 1903. Price, 30 cents.

37. Formation of the Spores in the Sporangia of Rhizopus Nigricans and of Pliy-

comyces Nitens. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

38. Forage Conditions in Eastern Washington, etc. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

39. The Propagation of the Easter lily from Seed. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

40. Cold Storage, with Reference to the Pear and Peach. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

41. The Commercial Grading of Corn. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

42. Three New Plant Introductions from Japan. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

43. Japanese Bamboos. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

44. The Bitter- Rot of Apples. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

45. The Physiological Role of Mineral Nutrients in Plants. 1903. Price, 5 cents.

46. The Propagation of Tropical Fruit Trees and Other Plants. 1903. Price, 10

cents.

47. The Description of Wheat Varieties. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

48. The Apple in Cold Storage. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

[Continued on page 3 of cover.]

98

Bul.98,Bureau of Plant Industry.U.SDept of Agriculture PLATE

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19 20 21 22

S OY B EAN Varieties.

U. S. DHPARTMENT OF ACxRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 98.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau.

SOY BEAN VARIETIES.

BY

CARLETON R. BALL,

AciKONOMIST, GkAIN INVESTIGATIONS. »_»hi<.

BO'i

Issued May l!7. V.HiT.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1907.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chiff of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway.

Patholooist and Physiologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods.

Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge.

Investigations of Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge.

Plant Breeding Inirstigations, Herbert J. Webber, Physiologist in Charge.

Plant Life History Investigations, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge.

Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge.

Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge.

Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney II. True, Physiologist

in Charge.
Physical Laboratory, Lyman I. Briggs, Physicist in Charge.
Taxono'mic Investigations, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge.
Farm Management Investigations, William .T. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge.
Grain Investigations, Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge.
Arlington Experimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge.
Sugar Beet Investigations. Charles O. Townsend. Pathologist in Charge.
Western Agricultural Extension, Carl S. Scofleld. Agriculturist m Charge.
Dry Land Agriculture, E. Channing Chilcott, Expert in Charge.
Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackctt, Pomologist in Charge.

Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists m Charge.
Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent.
Seed and Plant Introduction, David Fairchild, in Charge.
Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge.
Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge.
Grain Standardization, John D. Shanahan. Expert in Charge.

Mississippi Valley Laboratory, St. Louis, Mo., Hermann von Schrenk, Expert in Charge.
Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge.
Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., Palemon H. Dorsett, Pathologist in Charge.
Cotton Culture Farms, Seaman A. Knapp, Lake Charles, La., Special Agent m Charge.

Editor, J. E. Rockwell.
Chief Clerk, .Tames E. .Tones.

FARM MANAGEMENT INVESTIGATIONS.
William .J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge.

Scientific Staff.— V. G. Allison, H. Benton. D. A. Brodie, Lyman Carrier, J. S. Cates, J. S. Cotton,
M A Crosby, L. G. Dodge, J. A Drake, David Griffiths, Byron Hunter, C. K. McClelland, H. B. Mc-
Clure, H. A. Miller, AV. A. Peck, C. E. Quinn, S. M. Tracy, C. W. Warburton, J. A. Warren.

98

LHTT1:R OF TRAXSMiriAL

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Bureau of Plant Industry,

Office of the Chief,

WasMngt07i, I). O., Decemher I4, LOOS.'

Sir: I have the nonor to transmit herewith and to recomniend for
pubHcation as Bulletin No. 98 of the series of this Bureau the accom-
panyinjj manuscript, entitled "Soy Bean Varieties."

This paper was i)repared by Mr. Carleton R. Ball, now A<2:ronomist
in the Grain Investigations of this Bureau, as the result of four years'
investigations under the direction of the Agrostologist.

Soy beans have become an important crop in only a few localities
in the United States, but in cases where farmers liave learned how to
utilize them to best advantage they have proved to be a crop of high
value. They are especially valual)le for mixing with corn for silage,
for the production of hay", and for use as pasture, especially for hogs.
They possess an advantage over cowpeas in that the growth is erect,
and they are therefore easily harvested. Some of the taller sorts
may be harvested with an ordinary grain binder.

One reason why soy beans have not become more prominent in
American agriculture has been the impossibility of securing seeds of a
particular variety. In this bulletin Mr. Ball has given an accurate
description of each of the varieties, and where a suitable name has
not already been attached to a variety a name is suggested. It is
hoped that these varieties may pass into the trade under the names
given in this bulletin, so that in the future farmers may be able to
obtain from seedsmen, the particular kind of soy bean which they
wish to plant.

Respectfully, B. T. Galloway,

CJiief of Bureau.

Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

CONTEXTS.

Page.

Origin and introduction of tho soy boan 7

Variability ^

Classification ^

Key to the varieties 1 1

Descriptions of the variotios 12

Black-seeded group:

Buckshot 1 -

Nuttall 14

Kingston 1^

Ebony 1^

Flat King 16

Riceland 16

Brown-seeded group:

Ogemaw 1 '

Eda 18

Baird ^ 18

Brownie 1"

Mottled-seeded group:

• Hankow 19

Meyer 20

Green-seeded group:

Samarow 20

Guelph 20

Greenish-yellow-seeded group:

Yosho 21

Haberlandt 22

Tokyo 22

Yellow-seeded group:

Ito San 23

Manhattan 24

Butterball 24

Amherst 25

HoUybrook ^ ■ 25

Mammoth 26

List of synonyms 27

Distribution numbers 27

Description of plates 30

5

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.

Page.
Plate I. Seeds of all varieties of soy beans, in natural sizes and colors. . Frontispiece.
II. Seeds and pods of the blark -seeded group .- 30

III. Seeds and pods of the brown-seeded and mottled-seeded groups 30

IV. Seeds and pods of the green-seeded and greenish-yellow-seeded

groups 30

V. Seeds and pods of the yellow-seeded group 30

TEXT FIGURES.

Fig. 1. Diagram showing the probable relationships of the different groups

of soy beans 10

2. Diagram showing for each variety of soy bean the number of days

required to reach maturity and the height of the plant in inches. 13

98

6

]5. I'. I. --IM.

SOY BEAN VARIETIES.

OillGIN AND INTRODUCTION OF THE SOY BEAN.

Tlio soy bean (<'lycine lilspldn (Moeiich.) Maxim.) is an annual
leguminous plant irom the Orient. Its native liome is said to he
from southern Jaj)an southward through eastern China and Indo-
China to Java. In China and Japan it has been in cultivation for
many centuries, certainly since before the beginning of the Chris-
tian era. In those countries it is easily the most important legume
grown, and in some provinces it is the most important of all crops.
Owing, perhaps, to the almost comj)lete isolation of that part of the
Orient, its cultivation spread only slowly to other lands. It is now
grown to some extent in India, but its introduction there seems to be
of recent date. It reached Europe proba})ly in the latter part of
the eighteenth century, and its arrival in England is credited to 1790.
For several decades it was grown merel}'' as a curiosity in botanic and
private gardens. Investigation of the economic value of this plant
began more than thirty years ago in Europe, rather earlier than in
this country, but the soy bean has not yet attained any great promi-
nence there.

The soy bean has been known in the United States for more than
three-quarters of a century. In the New England Farmer of October
22, 1829, Thomas Nuttall wrote of its possibilities as a crop for this
country. For many years it was grown only in gardens as a curious
plant from the Far East. The Perry expedition to Japan in 1853
brought back two varieties, a yellow and a red sort, which were tested
here in a limited way.

During the last twenty years the soy bean has been the subject of
many experiments to determine its agricultural value and adapta-
tions. The agricultural experiment stations of Kansas and ^lassa-
chusetts were pioneers in these investigations and seed was imported
directly from Japan by both stations. Through these efforts con-
siderable interest was aroused, and two or three varieties soon became
available commercially. The number of forms and varieties in this
country was further increased by additional importations made by
enterprising seedsmen. Since 1898 the Office of Seed and Plant

98

7

22353— No. 98—07 2

8 SOY BEAN VARIETIES.

Introduction of tlie United States Department of Agriculture has
secured from seven different countries of the old world no less than
65 different lots of soy bean seeds, representing about twenty varieties.

Other experiment stations and some seedsmen and private investi-
gators have also been at w^ork on this crop, and the number of real
or supposed varieties has increased very rapidly in this country dur-
ing the past few years. This general introduction of a new and little-
known crop naturally resulted in much confusion concerning the
names and characters of the different varieties. In many cases disap-
pointment and loss have been caused to the grower by the lack of
this information, and a really valuable crop has been brought into
disfavor in some localities.

It is the purpose of this paper to describe and classify all obtainable
varieties in such a way as to make them and their adaptations recog-
nizable to farmers, seedsmen, and agricultural experimenters.

VARIABILITY.

The varieties described in the following pages are, of course, not
botanical varieties, but agricultural forms, differing in color and size
of seeds, in height and habit of plant, and in earliness and lateness
of maturing. All these characters, except the color of the seed, vary
greatly with the climate and soil. The variation between the prod-
ucts of two different years at the same place is frequently very strik-
ing. Every agricultural worker is familiar with the phenomena
resulting from sowing southern-grown seed of various crops in the
North, and vice versa. In the case of the soy bean, observation
shows that the plant reaches a state of equilibrium usually in the
second generation, and almost certainly in the third generation.

In the case of imported seeds, where the habit of the parent plant
and the conditions under which it grew are generally unknown, it is
naturally difficult to tell when equilibrium has been reached. It is
certain that mam^ of these imported forms are much smaller in size
and of earlier maturity the first year in this country than they are
the second year. Some have been discarded at experiment stations
after one year of trial as "too dwarf to have any value here," when
subsequent trial has shown them to be decidedly large and prolific.
Some have not shown their true value until the third year, and per-
haps not wholly even then. In some of these importations the varia-
tion year by year has been so striking as to arouse a suspicion that
the plants are not the same as those of the preceding crop. Such,
for example, is Agrostology No. 1299 (see Hollybrook) , a yellow soy
received from France and first grown in 1902. In that year it reached
a height of 12 to 16 inches and ripened in ninety-five days, being
classed as a " dwarf early yellow." In 1903 it reached 24 to 28 inches

98

CLASSIFICATION. , 9

in lu'ight and required one hundred and twenty days to reach matu-
rity, and was therefore called a "medium yellow." In 1905 the
average height was 30 to 36 inches and one hundred and thirty to
one himdred and forty days were needed to reach the mature condi-
tion, thus placing it with the "medium late yellow" variety Ilolly-
brook, where it remains. While this is the most extreme case re-
corded, those somewhat less extreme are quite common.

Considerable variation is frequently noticed in the size of the seeds
of a given variety. As might be supposed, the pods and seeds pro-
duced on plants dwarfed by drought, thick planting, etc., are gener-
ally smaller than those produced on normal plants. In a given
season the average size of the seeds may be markedly different from
that of the preceding or succeeding season. The seeds from pods
produced late in the season are very likely to be noticeabl}' reduced
in size.

Most of the different numbers listed under the varieties described
have been grown for three years, exclusive of the very mifavorable
season of 1904. Some later arrivals have been studied but two years.
Bearmg in mind, therefore, the range of variation which may be
expected and the causes which incite it, the writer can scarcely hope
that no errors of classification have })een made. He can only trust
that whoever pursues this subject far enough to prove such errors
will be in a position to understand and overlook them.

The facts stated will explain why such wide range is given
in the tables and the descriptions to the average height and the
average time required by any variety to reach maturity. Neither
the minimum nor the maximum extreme is given in most cases, but
rather the limits observed under fairly favorable circumstances. In
the region lying between latitude 37° and 43° north and east of
the ninety-seventh meridian (the west line of Minnesota and
Indian Territory) soy beans are at their best in this country. There
they are finding their most prominent and useful place in the agri-
cultural system. In the Gulf region and on the Plains their height
is likely to be much reduced, although the seed yield may not be
impaired. The reduction in size is often accompanied by earlier
maturity. In the Northern States the height reached may be even
greater than that specified, but the seed yields are likely to be
small and the growing period prolonged, at least until our varieties
are more completely acclimated in those States.

CLASSIFICATION.

The first separation of the numerous forms or agricultural varie-
ties of this species will naturally be through the colors of the seeds.
The varieties having seeds of the solid colors black and yellow
are by far the most numerous and the most striking. The greens

10

SOY BEAN VARIETIES.

and browns are much less common and are also very variable in
shade. The browns are of various shades of reddish brown and are
also closely related to the mottled group. The yellows vary com-
monly into greenish shades, and any line drawn between the yellow
and greenish yellow is only arbitrary. The yellows also vary into
paler shades, and some have even been called "white" in Japan.
This is most noticeable in old seeds, but is never carried farther than
a pale yellow. It seems likely that none of the legumes commonly
cultivated in Japan can have pure white seeds, like our navy beans
for example, or the term "white" would never be applied to a pale-
yellow form. All yellow soy beans turn gradually paler with age for at
least three or four years, although some varieties are originally paler
than others. Although the black group shows more variation in

Yforrui\

Fig. 1. — Diagram showing the, probable relationships of the different groups of soy beans.

the size of the seeds, the yellow is much more variable in color shades
and passes into green by some very fine gradations. There seem
to be no other characters correlated with seed colors, so that this
separation must be made on color alone.

Figure 1 shows an attempt to represent graphically the relation-
ships and importance of the various color groups. The solid lines and
rectangles represent existing groups and probable relationships; the
dotted lines and rectangles indicate possible but still unknown groups
or those toward which variation seems to be progressing. The six
color groups recognized and described herein are as follows:
I. Black seeded. IV. Green seeded.

II. Brown seeded. V, Greenish yellow seeded.

III. Mottled seeded. VI. Yellow seeded,

CLASSIFICATION. 1 1

KEY TO TIIK VARIETIES.

It is hoped that the following key will prove useful to those seekiii*;
to identify- varieties of soy beans. The user is cautioned, however,
against placing complete dependence upon the key alone. It
should be used only in connection with (1) the table showing average
ripening period and average height, (2) the illustrations of seeds and
pods, and (8) tiie fuller notes and descriptions given in the body of
the text. From the very natiu'e of these so-called varieties of an
agricultural croj) they can not l)e sej^arated by as ininul*' characters
as avail in the case of botanical forms.

I. lii.ACK Seeded.

1. Seeds largo, 8 Id 11 nun. lon^', round or lnoadly elliptical, pods li to 3 inches lono;.

A. Very early, nindy-livc to one luuidr('<l days, 18 t(>24 inches hifjli, short

branched; leaves lari^e, dark; jkhIs 2 inches long or over, seeds spherical or
broadly elliptical and somewhat flattened Buckshot.

B. As above, but seven to ten days later, branches longer, pods and seeds some-

what smaller Nuttall.

C. Late, one hundred and twenty to one hundred and thirty days, about 30

inches tall, branches long, seeds very large, elliptical, much flattened.

Flat Kin.g.

2. Seeds .small, 4 to fi or 7 nun. long, round or broadly ellijitical, pods about 1 inch long.

A. Medium, one hundred and ten to one hunch-ed and lift een days, low, 15 to 18

inches tall, scarcely branched, seeds spherical or slightly flattened. iun^sion.

B. Medium late, one hundred and fifteen to one hundred and twenty days, 20 to

26 inches tall, long-branched, seeds elliptical, distinctly flattened. .^6o7i!/.

3. Seeds medium, elongated, 5.^ to 7 nun. long, about two-thirds as wide, much

flattened.
A. Very late, 3 to 4^ feet tall, very nuuh ])raiich(>d, leaves and pods small -72iV<'/anJ.

II. Brown Seeded.

1. Early, pods over 1| inches long, seeds large, 8 to 9 mm. long, round, or nearly so.

A. Very early, about 20 inches high, l)ranches few and short Ogemair.

B. Early, about 22 inches high, l)ranches very numerous and longer Eda.

2. Mediuni late, 25 inches tall, long branched, pods less than If inches long, seeds

small, 4 to 6^ mm. long, spherical or round.

A. Pods distinctly flattened, f to i inch or over in width, seeds deep brown,

shining Baird.

B. Pods nearly cylindrical, f^ inch or less in width, seeds light brown, dull.

Brovmie.

III. Mottled Seeded.

1. Identical with Riceland, except in color of the elongated seed Hankow.

2. Plant not known, seeds large, nearly round Meyer.

IV. Gkeen Seeded.

1. Early, low, 15 to 20 inches, short branched, pods slender, commonly 3 seeded,

seeds light green, elongated r Samaroiv.

2. Medium, one hundred and ten days, 30 inches tall, pods broader, seeds round,

deep gi'een Ouelph.

98

12 SOY BEAN VARIETIES.

V. Greenish Yellow Seeded.

1. Early, very low, 14 to 18 inches, pods about 1| inches long, seeds medium large,

roundish or broadly elliptical, hilum pale brown Yosho.

2. Medium late, about one hundred and twenty days, 25 to 30 inches high, branches

long, pods and seeds as the last, but hilum deep brown Haberlandt.

3. Late, one hundred and thirty days or over, 35 inches t)r over in height, very long

branched, pods 1^ inches long, seeds larger, round or elliptical, hilum scarcely
tinted Tokyo.

VI. Yellow Seeded.

1. Much-branched plant .s, branches as long as the main stem; pods small to medium,

1 to 1;^ inches long, often 3 seeded, seeds medium, 5J to 8 lum. long, round or
broadly elliptical, flattened, mostly deep yellow.

A. Early, about ninety-five days, 18 to 24 inches tall Ito San.

B. Medium late, one hundred and twenty to one hundred and twenty-five days,

25 to 30 inches tall HoUybrook.

C. Later, one hundred and twenty-five to one hundred and thirty-five days,

taller, 32 to 42 inches Mammoth.

2. Early, low, about 20 inches, scarcely l)ranched, pods larger, seeds 7 to 9 mm..

broadly elliptical, yellow, slightly gi'eenish, hilum brown Manhattan.

3. Low, stocky, somewhat branched, pods large, seeds large, 7 to 9 mm., spherical or

slightly flattened, pale yellow, hilum yellow or pale brown.

A. Medium early, one hundred to one hundred and five days, about 20 inches

tall, branches short ButterhaU.

B. Medium late, one hundred and twenty to one hundred and twenty-five days,

a little taller, branches nearly equalling stem Amherst.

Figure 2 shows the average number of clays required by each
variety from date of seeding to the ripening of the crop and also the
average height in inches which the plant attains. The longer, more
slender line indicates the range of variation in different seasons and
at different stations. It does not, in most cases, show the extremes
caused by exceptionally favorable or exceptionally unfavorable con-
ditions. The shorter, heavil}'" shaded line indicates the average
performance of the variety under average conditions. Probable
exceptions, as in the case of Ogemav/, are noted in the descriptions
of the varieties.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE VARIETIES.
Black-Seeded Group.

buckshot.

The Buckshot is a well-known commercial variety, having been on the market in
this country for a number of years. So far as known, it is the only variety with black
seeds which is obtainable commercially. It is quite generally sold by northern seeds-
men and under several descriptive names, all more or less siniilar, as Black, Early
Black, Medium Early Black, Extra Early Black, Large Black, etc.

It is a rather low and stout, stocky plant, with short branches and large, very dark
leaves. The height is medium, varying from 15 to 28 inches,^ with the average from

1 The figures given for height indicate the total height of plant, including the upper leaves.
98

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE VAKIETIES.

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/5 ZO 25 30 35 4C 45 50

HAN^OVV"

'CiTL^AV

Fig. 2.— Di'agram showing for each variety of soy bean the number of days required to reach maturity
and the height of the plant in inches. The averages are shown by extra heavy lines.

98

14 SOY BEAN VARIETIES.

18 to 24 inches. The stems are of medium thickness, measuring from one-eighth to
one-third inch in diameter at the base, with a few (3 to 6) short, appressed branches
quite near the ground. On vigorous plants these branches will occasionally be 6 to 10
inches^ in length. The leaves are large, very dark green in color, broad, and often
blunt at the apex. The pods are 2 to 3 seeded, usually 2 seeded, 2 to 3 inches long,
one-half inch wide, set very thickly on the short branches and main stalk near its base,
often so low as to make harvesting diflicult. The seeds are jet black and shining, but
usually covered with a powdery Ijloom, which gives them a dull and grayish, or leaden,
color. They are large. 8 to 11 mm. long by 8 to 9 mm. wide, round or very broadly
elliptical in lateral view, somewhat flattened when seen in the dorso-ventral view.
Seeds from luxuriant vines in moist soil are likely to be somewhat larger and flatter,
with the black seed coat wrinkled and sometimes split open.

Although quite wid(4y cultivated in the lower parts of the Northern States, this
variety has never become very popular in that section. This seems to be largely due
to the fact that the Guelph (medium green), while averaging only ten days later in
maturing, also averages 10 inches taller, and is thus considerably more valuable. The
Buckshot requiris from ninety-two to one hundred and ten days to reach maturity,
the average for most locations being ninety-five to one hundred days. It does not
mature in the most northern States except in favorable seasons, and then is likely to
require about one hundred and twenty days to reach maturity. The name. Buckshot,
was suggested by the size, shape, and color oi many of the seeds.

Numbers and sources of lots ejrovm. —Agroat. No. 1184, "Black," R. I. Agric. Expt.
Station; Agrost. No. 1292, S. P. I. No. 6334, Japan; Agrost. No. 1301, "Early," John-
son & Stokes; Agrost. No. 1303, "Extra Early Black," J.M.Thorburn & Co.; Agrost.
No. 1304, W. A. Burpee; Agrost. No. 1471, "Extra Early Black," J. M. Thorburn ct
Co.; Agrost. No. 1474, "Extra Early Black," Hammond Seed Company; Agrost. No.
1978, union of Agrost. Nos. 1184, 1301, 1304, 1471; Agrost. No. 1979, union of Agrost.
Nos. 1292, 1303, 1474; Agrost. No. 2033, "Black," Ark. Agric. Expt. Station; S. P. I.
No. 6334, " Round Black," Japan; S. P. I. No. 8491, grown from No. 6334; S. P. I. No.
9412, grown from No. 6334; S. P. I. No. 11179, "Early Black," source not known;
S. P. I. No. 17251, union of Agrost. Nos. 1978, 1979, 2033, and S. P. I. No. 11179.

NUTTALL.

This variety is closely related to the Buckshot, but is distinguished by smaller seeds
and rather stouter and more branching plants. The stems are stout, from one-third
to one-half inch in diameter at the base, and ranging from 15 to 28 inches in height,
with the average between 17 and 24 inches. The plants are usually well branched
and the branches spreading, nearly closing the spaces between 3-foot rows on good
soil. The leaves are large and medium green in color. The pods are 2 to 3 seeded, but
rather more than usual contain 3 seeds each, and occasionally there is one with four
seeds. From 2 to 4 pods are borne on each peduncle. The pods are medium, about 2
inches long, one-fourth to three-eighths inch wide, often not turning l^rown until
after tfie seeds are ripe. The pods do not dehisce readily, commonly remaining closed
until the seed is fully ripe. The seeds are jet black and shining, with usually little
or no powdery bloom, medium to large in size, 7 to 9 mm. long, 6 to 8 mm. wide, round
or broadly elliptical in outline from a lateral view, distinctly flattened from the dorso-
ventral view. The Nuttall requires from one hundred to one hundred and fifteen
days to ripen its seeds, the average time being one hundred and five to one hundred
and ten days. This variety has apparently but very little to recommend it. It is
later than the Buckshot, and, though well branched, the total height is not increased.

a The figures given for the length of branches are for the naked branch only. With leaves attached
the branches are from 7 to 9 inches longer.

DESCRIPTIONS OV THE VARIETIES. 15

so in that roppect it can not compare with the Guclph varioty. In sood yields, where
sown thickly enough to make fair forage, il has not done much. From 4 to (i bushels
to a little more than 12 bushels to the acre are the recorded outputs.

The name is given in honor of Thomas Nuttall, who wrote the first recorded account
of the soy bean in this country.

Nuvibcrs and sources of lots grown.— Agrost. No. 1536, S. P. I. No. 6416; S. P. I
6416, " Black," from Korea; S. P. I. No. 8496, grown from S. P. I. No. 6416; S. P. I.
No. 9418, grown from S. P. I. No. 8496; S. P. I. No. 17253, grown from Agrost. No.
1536-1.

KINGSTON.

This is a small, medium early variety, with rather slender stems, one-eighth to
three-eighths inch in diameter at the l)ase, and 12 to 24 inches high. The average
height is 16 to 18 inches. Tlie stems are either unl)ranched or with three to six short
appressed branches at the base, 1 to 2 inches long. The general color of the foliage
is from a medium to dark green, and the leav(>s are large and less pointed than in
Ebony. The pods are very small, averaging smaller than those of Ebony, threc-
fourtlis to 1 in-ch in length and one-fourth inch in width, 2 to 3 seeded, borne very
thickly on the main stem, often to within 2 inches of the grovmd. The full-grown
but still unripe pods bear a strong resemblance to young peanut pods, being cylin-
drical and considerably constricted between the seeds. The seeds are the smallest
of any l)lack variety, and are equaled in smallness by the Brownie only. They are
entirely round in outline, no long diameter being discernil)l<', 4^ to 6 mm. broad, jet
black and shining, with only a slight bloom, and only moderately flattened in dorso-

ventral view.

This variety is too small and unbranched to have much value for forage. It is likely
to prove a fairly good yielder of seed, two tests sown thickly for forage having yielded
between 8 and 9 bushels of seed per acre. In time of ripening it is medium early,
requiring from one hundred and four to one hundred and twenty-two days, or averaging
one hundred and ten to one hundred and fifteen days.

The name, Kingston, is given in honor of the Rhode Island Experiment Station,
located at Kingston, R. I. That station has contributed largely to our knowledge
of the soy bean as a crop for northern regions, and this variety was received from that

source alone.

Numbers and sources of lots grown.— Agrost. No. 1188, "Japanese No. 15," R. I.
Agric. Expt. Station; S.'P. I. No. 17255, grown from Agrost. No. 1188-1,

EBONY.

The very small-seeded variety known as Ebony is not to be had on the market, and
it has apparently been obtained abroad but once. The original importation was from
Ping-yang, Korea. In size of seed and pod it is, with the exception of Kingston, the
smallest of all the black soy beans and one of the few very small-seeded varieties of any
color.

The Ebony variety is characterized- by rather slender stems, one-eighth to one-
fourth inch in dxameter at the base and 18 to 36 inches tall, erect, and usually well
branched. The branches are long and slender, spreading at an angle of about 45°,
thus giving the plant a very bushy habit. The leaves are small to medium in size,
averaging 14 to 2J inches long, and are medium green in color. A good crop of pods
is borne on stem and branches alike. The pods are very small, three-fourths to 1 inch
in length by one-fourth inch in width, each containing 2 or rarely 3 seeds. The seeds
are small, jet black, shining, with scarcely any trace of bloom, round to broadly ellip-
tical in outline, mostly the latter, 5 to 6^ or 7 mm. long, 4i to 5i or 6 mm. wide, rather

98

16 SOY BEAN VARIETIES.

more variable than in the other black varieties, quite distinctly flattened in dorso-
ventral view.

The growth the first season was small but plants of the second and third generations
were 18 to 36 inches high, according to locality. This variety closely resembles the
Nuttall in habit of growth, but is much later in maturing and has very much smaller
pods and seeds. It has, apparently, the l)ad habit of not holding its leaves well until
the pods are ripe, and it is not likely to be regarded as of value unless that fault is
eliminated by selection. As a hay crop, designed to be cut before fully mature, it
would do very well. The other characters, such as slender stems, fair height, and
long, slender branches, as well as a good crojj of pods, all mark it as of probable value
for hay. It requires from one hundred and seven to one hundred and twenty-seven
days to reach maturity, the average being from one hundred and fifteen to one hundred
and twenty-two days.

The name has reference to the color of the seeds.

Numbers and sources of lots grown. — Agi'ost. No. 1193, S. P. I. No. 6386; Agrost. No.
1541, S. P. I. No. 8492; Agrost. No. 1980, Agrost. Nos. 1193 and 1541, united; S. P. I.
No. 6386, "Black," Korea; S. P. I. No. 8492, grown from S. P. I. No. 6386; S. P. I.
No. 9414, grown from S. P. I. No. 8492; S. P. I. No. 17254, grown from Agrost. No. 1980.

FLAT KING.

The Flat King is a tall and quite stout variety, with stems one-half inch in diameter
at the base, often branching quite freely, 20 to 30 inches high in drier regions, 30 to 40
inches in more favorable localities. The branches are 5 to 7 in number, the lower ones

10 to 14 inches long, the upper 4 to 8 inches, ascending or spreading, nearly meeting
across the spaces between rows 3 feet and more apart. The leaves are large, abundant,
and medium to dark in color. Tliis variety bears usually a heavy crop of pods, but
these are commonly quite close to the ground, making harvesting rather difficult, espe-
cially where the plants are low. The pods are large, 2 to 2§ inches long, one-half inch
wide, usually loosely 2 seeded. The seeds are larger and flatter than those of any
variety, jet black, shining, with little or no bloom, flat, broadly elliptical in outline,
7 to 9 mm. wide, 8 to 12 mm. lr)ng, a common size for well-developed beans being 8 by

11 mm., only 31 to 4 mm. thick, occasionally somewhat pointed at the ends.

The Flat King is a very strong-growing variety, resemlaling the Nuttall more closely
than any other black-seeded form, though the Flat King is the taller, its average height
being from 25 to 35 inches. It is not a commercial variety yet, but its hea^y crop of
pods, its large size, and branching habit make it a valuable variety for trial as a silage
crop or for a cover crop or hog pasture, especially in the Southern States. It is later
than any of the large and promising varieties, except the Tokyo, and is more compar-
able with the Mammoth in time of maturity, requiring from one hundred and seventeen
to one hundred and forty days or even more in unfavorable seasons. Yields of seed of
from 6 to 9 bushels to the acre have been recorded.

The name is given on account of the much flattened seeds and the large size of seeds
and plants.

Numbers and sources of lots grown. — Agrost: No. 1293, S. P. I. 6312; S. P. I. No. 6312,
"Flat Black," Japan; S. P. I. No. 8497, grown from S. P. I. No. 6312; S. P. I. No. 9410,
grown from S. P. I. No. 8497; S. P. I. No. 17252, grown from Agrost. No. 1293-2.

RICELAND.

This is one of two very peculiar varieties imported from China. These two, the
Hankow being the second one, are very similar in habit, differing only in the color of
the seeds. They are, however, quite different from all other varieties studied. In
appearance they scarcely suggest the familiar type of soy beans. 'WTiere sufficient
moisture may be had they attain the greatest height of any varieties yet grown.

98

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE VARIETIES. 17

Tho main stem is stcnit at the base, one-fourth to one-half incli in diameter there,
but soon becomes reduced in size and fU'Xuous or somewhat twining in habit. It is
then no longer distinguishable from the larger branches. The entire plant reaches a
height of from 3 to 5 feet. The long slender branc-hes spring abundantly from the
whole length of the stem. They frequently equal or even exceed the main stem
in length, and are themselves repeatedly branched. The long lower branches arc
inclined to become prostrate unless the rows are close enough together to give some
support one to another. The tips of the branches become actually twining and often
tangle themselves together. The leaves are very small, only 1 to 2 inches in length,
narrow, medium green to light green in color. The pods also are very small, scarcely
1 inch long by about onc-fdurth inch wide. They are scattered quite uniformly over
the long stem and l)ranches. The seeds are medium small and elongated in projuir-
tion to their width, jet black, shining, the original seed so heavily coated with pow-
dery bloom as to obscure the ground c-olor entirely, the generations grown in this coun-
try much less thickly covered, narrowly elliptical, 4 to 5 mm. wide, 5^ to 7 nun. long,
a common size being 4i by 6i mm., very much flattened, only 24 to 3 mm. thick.

The Riceland has not yet been placed on the market. It is known only from the
original importation from beyond ("hiu Niu, near Hankow, province of Hupeh, in
the great valley of the Yangtze, China, where it is sown in July or August, between the
rows of rice. It ripens late in the fall after the rice is harvested. It is thus accus-
tomed to very wet soils. In the trials made in this country it has required from one
hundred and fifty to one hundred and eighty days to reach maturity. It is i)ro))able,
however, that if treated here as in China, viz, planted late in wet ground, it would
still come to maturity before frost, at least in the South, and in a considerably shorter
period than if sown earlier. Its numerous slender l)ranches, fine foliage, and tall
growth are indicative of great value as a hay plant. It does not do well at all in dry
regions and should be tested only on moist or wet soils. It is worthy of very careful
trials under these conditions.

S. P. I. No. 1G790 from Hangchow, China, is probably another lot of this striking
variety. This lot has not been grown by the writer, but it is characterized by the
same narrowly elliptical, flattened seeds. They average slightly larger than those just
described, some reaching 5 by 8 mm. Hangchow is also in the rice-growing section of

China.

The name, Riceland, is suggested by the use of this variety by the Chinese in their

rice fields.

Numbers and sources of lots grown. — Agrost. No. 964, S. P. I. No. 6560; S. P. I. No.
6560, from beyond Chiu Niu, near Hankow, China.

Brown-Seeded Group.

OGEMAW.

The Ogemaw soy bean has recently been brought to public notice and put on the
market by Mr. E. E. Evans,a of West Branch, Mich., as an extra early form for northern
latitudes. The writer has had it under test for only one season, that of 1905. In all
trials made, mostly in the middle South and Southwest, it has shown itself to be a
dwarf and stocky early variety. Since the well-known effect of sowing northern-
grown seed in the South is to check its vegetative vigor for at least one season, it may
be assumed that the Ogemaw is likely to have a greater average height than it reached

a Mr. Evans spells the name "Ogema," wliich is likely to prove confusing in pronunciation to those
unfamiliar with the name. Prof. C. D. Smith, director of the Michigan Experiment Station, states that
the name was derived from the county ' ' Ogemaw," and the writer prefers the longer spelling as being
more likely to be correctly pronounced.

98

18 SOY BEAN VARIETIES.

last year, which was only 10 to 20 inches. In Upper Michigan it has been reported to
have an average height of 38 inches, which is well toward the other extreme. It is
likely that further trials will prove the Ogemaw identical with the next variety, Eda,
except perhaps in time of ripening.

The Ogemaw soy bean has stems of medium size, one-fourth to three-eighths inch
in diameter at the base, freely branching, with short and usually appressed branches
2 to 4 inches long, thickly set with brown pods, 1^ to 2 inches long, three-eighths to
one-half incli wide, 2 to 3 seeded, usually becoming brown before the seeds are ripe,
and with an unfortunate tendency to shatter easily, even before fully mature. The
seeds are large and plump, round or very broadly elliptical in outline, 8 to 9 mm. long,
7 to 9 mm. wide, somewhat flattened in cross section. In color they are a deep brown
when mature. Before maturity they are light brown. A sample is likely to contain seeds
in various stages of ripeness, and hence to present all shades of brown in color, some-
times on a single seed. Stored seed becomes darker with age. Mature seeds are com-
monly quite shiny. The Ogemaw is one of our very earliest varieties, ripening in from
eighty-two to one hundred days, with the average somewhere about eighty-eight to
ninety days. It has not shown itself a specially heavy yielder of seed, due partly to
the early dehiscence of the pods and shattering of the seeds.

Numbers and sources of lots groim.—Agrost. No. 1992, "Ogemaw," E. E. Evans,
Mich.; Agrogt No. 2031, "Crossbred No. 6," Ark. Agric. Expt. Station; S. P. I. No.
13502,' Agrost. No. 1992; S. P. I. No. 17258, grown from Agrost. No. 1992; S. P. I.
No. 17259, grown from Agrost. No. 2031.

EDA.

The Eda variety is veiy similar to the Ogemaw and is likely to prove identical with
it when the Ogemaw has l)ecome more fully acclimated and has regained its normal
size. The Eda differs from the Ogemaw variety chiefly in its greater height, longer
branches, and in being a week or so later in maturing. In short, it is a larger and more
vigorous plant, which the Ogemaw is likely to equal in another trial with home-grown

seed.

The Eda is a medium-sized, well-branched plant, from 16 to 30 inches high, branches
6 to 12, more numerous than in any other small variety, the lower ones 6 to 10 inches
long, erect appressed, and therefore not giving the plant a bushy appearance. Stems
and branches podded well, but not too close to the ground: pods 1^ to 1| inches long,-
three-eighths to one-half inch wide. Fairly early, maturing in from one hundred to
one hundred and ten days. The seeds are almost identical with those of Ogemaw,
round or broadly elliptical, 7 to 9 or 10 mm, long by 7 to 9 mm. broad, deep brown,
shiny, but usually covered with more or less powdeiy bloom, which gives them a
dull appearance.

The plat of this variety grown at the Tennessee Experiment Station in 1905 had
foliage of a most striking and peculiar coppery-green color not obser^^ed in any other

plat.

The name, Eda, is a part of the longer name under which this variety was received.

Numbers and sources of tots grown.— Agrost. ^o. 1185, "Brown Eda Mame," R. I.
Agric. Expt. Station; S. P. I. No. 17257, grown from Agrost. No. 1185-1,

BAIRD.

The seed of this variety was mixed with the original and only importation of the
Brownie variety, described later. In all the brown varieties, except the Brownie,
the seeds are deep brown when ripe, but light brown when nearing maturity. For
this reason the light brown seeds of the Brownie and the deep brown seeds of the
Baird varieties were thought to represent the immature and mature seeds, respectively,
of a single variety, which was called Brownie.

98

DESCRIPTIONS OK THE VARIETIES. 19

The Baird variety is readily distiiif^uished from the Urownie hy its slightly larger
and iiior(> flattened deep brown seeds. The poils also are ilistinclly larger and more
flattened, three-eighths to one-half inch or more in width, IJ to If inches in length,
apparently remaining nearly yellow at maturity.

The c-haracters of the plant have not been recorded, Init it is probably coarser and
less branched, though earlier, than that of the Brownie variety. From the Ogemaw
and Eda varieties it is separated by its smaller pods and much smaller seeds. It
is probably much like them in habit, but longer branched and later.

As this variety was separated from the Brownie after Ihc. plates were prepared, its
name does not appear on Plate 111. It is, how.-ver, represented by the two left-hand
seeds in No. 9 on Plate I and by the four left-hand seeds and the lower pod attributed to
the Brownie Variety on Plate 111, as nott^l in the description of the plates.

The variety is named for Rev. W. M. Baird, a missionary, who secured the seed in
Korea.

BROWNIE.

This is a well-branched, bushy variely, wiih very small pods and seeds. It is not
known commercially, but only through the original imporlalion from Korea.

The stems are medium in size, one-fourth to three-eighths incli in diameter at base,
bearing 3 to G branches, the lowermost 15 to 20 inches long, the upper gradually
shorter, all ascending or spreading, giving tf) the plant a bushy, wide-spreading habit.
Leaves of medium size and medium to liglit green in color.* Pods borne quite abun-
dantly, 3 to 6 to the cluster, very small, nearly cylindrical, three-fourths inch to j;
inches long, three-sixteenths to five-sixteenths inch wide, 2 or occa^iionally 3 seeded,
remaining greenish yellow until nearly ripe, then becoming somewhat reddish. The
seeds are all round or spherical, 4 to 6^ mm. in diameter, the normal color a light
brown, resembling the seeds of some forms of the gram {Phaseolus mungo).

From one hundred and eight to one hundred and twenty-five or more days are
rcciuired to bring this variety to maturity, the average b.-ing about one hundred and
Ijftei-n to one hundred and twenty days. The longer pericxls seem to be accompanied
by a considerably taller growth, and it seems likely that with careful selection this
variety can be developed into a very valuable hay plant. The few yields of seed
• recorded are all small, usually less than 5 bushels to the acre.

The name is derived from the color and small size of the seeds.

Numbers and sources of lots grovm. — Agi-ost. No. 1542, S. P. I. No. 6414; S. P. I.
No. 6414, fi-om Ping-yang, Korea; S. P. I. No. 9417, grown from S. P. I. No. 6414;
S. P. I. No. 17256, grown from Agrost. No. 1542-1.

Mottled-Seeded Group,

HANKOW.

The description and notes already given f(jr the Riceland apply e<iually we'll to the
Hankow variely, except for the color of the seeds. Both were obtained in China at
the same time and place and were noted as being grown in the same way for the same
purpose. In all the tests made they have behaved exactly alike. The seeds are of
medium size, rather narrowly elliptical, 4 to 5^ mm. wide by 6 to 8 mm. long. 5 to 6^
mm. being a common size. The ground color is light to medium brown and the mot-
tling is black. The black is present usually as a more or less sharply defined patch
or saddle of varying size and elliptical shai^e on either side of the "eye, " or hilum.
In addition, there are usually one or two narrow or broader eccentric lines or stripes of
black outside the patch and parallel to its edge, thus forming a broken ellipse near the
margin of the flattened seed. The two sides of a bean are frequently unlike In their
markings.

20 SOY BEAN VARIETIES.

S. P. I. No. 9344, from China, has very similar seeds, rather plumper, and much dis-
colored, but with more dark color than in the variety just described. The black is
usually massed as a saddle around the eye and extending outward over about half or
more of the surface. This serial number has not been tested by the writer, and its
characteristics are not known.

The name is derived from the city of Hankow.

Numbers and sources of lots groun. —Xgrost. No. 972, S. P. I. 6559, from Chiu Niu
(near Hankow), China.

MEYER.

S. p. I. No. 17852 is a recent importation from China, seciu-ed by Mr. F. N. Meyer.
From the seed alone it is certain that this is a distinct variety of the mottled group.
The seeds are plump and shiny, l^roadly elliptical, 6| to 8 mm. broad, 7 to 10 mm. long,
the ground color deep brown, with patches or blotches of black on either side near the
hilum and eccentric curved lines or stripes of the same color near the dorsal edge.
The amount of this black color is quite variable, some seeds being quite covered with
it and some showing only faint lines of it .

Green-Seeded Group.

SAMAROW.

Samarow is a dwarf early variety of unknown origin. It has been sold for several
years by J. M. Thorburn.tfe Co., New York, under the name Green Samarow. It may
readily be distinguished from all other varieties by the elongated, flattened, light-green
seeds, quite different in shape from those of any varieties which are similar in color.

The stems of the Samarow variety are slender, one-eighth to one-fourth inch in thick-
ness at the base, 10 to 24 inches tall, well branched with short l)ranches, the lower ones
only 4 to 5 inches long, ascending or spreading; leaves broad but not large, generally
very dark green. The stem and branches are thickly set with medium-sized pods, 1\
to 1| inches long by one-fourth to one-third inch wide, 2 to 4 seeded; often one-half of
the pods on a plant will contain 3 seeds each, which is a higher proportion than has been
•observed in any other variety, while pods containing 4 seeds each are not uncommon.
The seeds are elliptical, distinctly elongated, or some almost reniform (kidney-shaped),
5 to 6i mm. wide by 7 to 9 mm. long, dull to faintly shining, very pale green or pea
green in color. The variety may be easily recognized by the elongated, pale green
seeds, the only other elongated seeds being black or mottled.

The Samarow soy bean requires from ninety to one hundred and five days to come
to full maturity, the average being about ninety-five days. It is a fair to good yielder
of seed and it is for this purpose that it is likely to be grown. The yields reported run
from 5 to nearly 15 bushels per acre. The small size of the plants makes it unprofit-
able to grow for forage production, but the alnmdant crop of pods, containing 3 seeds
commonly and 4 occasionally, suggests the possibility of breeding for high seed yields.

Numbers andsources of lots grown.— Agrosl. No. 1302, "Green Samarow," J. M. Thor-
burn & Co.; Agrost. No. 1470, "Green Samarow," J. M. Thorburn & Co.; Agrost. No.
1972, "Green Samarow," union of Agrost. Nos. 1302 and 1470; S. P. I. No. 17260,
grown from Agrost. No. 1972.

GUELPH.

The Guelph is one of the oldest and best known of the varieties in cultivation. For
many years it has been sold by numerous seed houses as Early Green, Medium Green,
and ]>iledium Early Green. It is a rather curious fact that during the eight years in
which the United States Department of Agriculture has been actively engaged in the
introduction of oriental legumes it has but once secured this variety. This is prob-

98

UKSCRIPTIONS OV THK VARIETIES. '21

ably diU' t<< the fact stated by writers on Japanese agriculture that the green-seeded
and the brown-seeded forms are but sparingly cultivati'd in the Orient, the blacks and
yellows being much preferred.

Tlie (iuel])h soy bean has l)ecome quite a favorite in the Northern States of this
country, where it is highly esteemed for both seed and forage i)roduction. In Kan-
sas, Indiana, Michigan, and in Ontario it has given splendid results in comparative
tests extending through several years.

TheOuelph variet y.grows from 24 to 38 inches high, stems medium stout, one-fourth
to three-eighths inch in diameter, well branched with ascending or spreading
branches, G inches long at the bottom, often completely filling the space between rows
3 to 3i feet apart. The leaves are very dark green, large and full in the center, with
the margin often much wrinkled or crinkly, due to vigorous but uneven growth of tlie
different parts of the leaf. The pods are medium in size, 1 to li inches long by three-
eighths inch wide, 2 to 3 seeded, borne thickly on the main stem and branches and
usually far enough above the ground to permit easy harvesting. The seeds are nearly
round in outline, 6 to 8 mm. in diameter, distinctly flattened, 4 to 5 mm. thick in
dorso-ventral view. In color they are bright grt-en and (|uile shiny.

The Guelph variety is medium in time of ripening, varying from one hundred and
five to one hundred and twenty days, one hundred and eight to one hundred and four-
teen days being the average time. Six lots of this variety tested at the Kan.sas Exper-
iment Station in 1903 all ripened in one hundred and seven days, yielding from 3|
to 10^ bushels of seed to the acre and averaging 6* bushels. Eight lots tested at Wash-
ington the same year matured in one hundred and five to one hundred and fifteen
days, yielding from 5| to 14 ^'^ bushels to the acre, the average being 8? bushels. Yields
of from 16 to 18 l)U.shels were secured in Indiana. At the Ontario Experiment Farm
the average annual yield of green fodtler for a period of four years was 1 1 tons to the
acre. Virginia and Delaware report yields of 7 to 10 tons of green forage to the acre.
This' variety shatters rath(>r badly if allowed to become fully ripe, which is an oljjec-
tion to its use as a seed crop. Its large size and freely l)rancliing habit make it a most
excellent variety for pasture, hay, silage, and cover crop, and for these purposes it
should be widely grown.

At the Ontario Agricultural College and Experiment Farm, loc-ated at Guelph,
Ontario, a great deal of work has been done with soy beans, and with this variety
especially, and the name is given for that reason. ^

Nvmbers and sources of lots grown. — Agrost. No. 912, "Early Green," J. M. Thor-
burn & Co.; Agrost. No. 969, S. P. I. No. 65o8; Agrost. No. 1306, "Medium Early
Green,"-J. M. Thorbiu'n & Co.; Agrost. No. 1312, "Medium Green," Henderson &
Co.; Agrost. No. 1464, "Early Green," Henderson & Co.; Agrost. No. 1467, "Medium
Early Green," J. M. Thorburn & Co.; Agrost. No. 1469, "Medium Early Green,"
Breck & Sons; Agrost. No. 1473, "Medium Early Green," Hammond Seed Co.; Agrost.
No. 1476, "Medium Early Green," Cmrie Bros.; Agrost. No. 1764, "Early Green,"
Kans. Expt. Station; Agrost. No. 1971, "Medium Green," union of Agi-ost. Nos. 912,
969, 1306, 1312, 1464, 1467, 1469, 1473, and 1476; S. P. I. No. 6558, Hankow; China;
S. P. I. No. 13503, Agrost. No. 912; S. P. I. No. 17261, grown from Agrost. Nos. 1764
and 1971.

Greenish- Yellow-Seeded Group.

YOSHO.

The Yosho is a rather small, early form, with small stems, one-fourth inch in thick-
ness, 12 to 30 inches high, with a few rather short branches, 2 to 4 inches long, rather
stocky and bushy in appearance. Leaves large, medium green in color; pods only
fairly aljundant, medium sized, 1^ to If inches long by three-eighths inch or more wide,
2 or occasionally 3 seeded. The seeds are medium to large in size, 6 J to 7^ mm. wide,

98

22 SOY BEAN VARIETIES.

7 to 8 mm. long, nearly round or Ijroadly elliptical, somewhat flattened, greenish
yellow and shining when fresh, ]>ecoming paler and duller with age, the hilum marked
with pale brown.

Yosho is* a very early variety, maturing in eighty-five to one hundred days, aver-
aging ninety-two to ninety-seven days. It gives only a fair yield of seeds and a low
yield of vines. Seed yields of 4f to 6| bushels per acre are recorded.

The name is formed by shortening the Japanese word Yoshioka.

Numbers and sources of lots grown. — Agrost, No, 1297, S, P, I,. No. 6314; S. P. I. No.
6314, "Yoshioka," Japan;. S. P. I. No. 8489, grown from S. P. I. No.6314; S. P. I.
No. 17262, grown from Agrost. No. 1297-2.

HABERLANDT.

The stems are medium size, one-fourth to three-eighths inch in diameter at the base,
20 to 40 inches in height, the average Ijeing 24 to 30 inches, well provided with numer-
ous long, ascending to rather wide-spreading branches, the lower ones from 6 to 12
inches or more in length; the leaves medium to broad, narrowed toward the tip,
medium to light green in color, A plot grown in 1905 at Baton Rouge. La., had foli-
age of a very light glaucous green, much resembling a plot of rape in color. The
same appearance was also reported for this variety by the Virginia Agricultural Experi-
ment Station. The stem and long branches are well set with pods IJ to 1| inches
long and three-eighths to one-half inch wide. The seeds are medium or large, the
present generation (1905) nearly round, fij to 8 mm. wide by 7 to 8 mm. long, clear
gi-eenish yellow, shining, decidedly paler when two or thi-ee years old, the third gen-
eration back from the present larger and longer, 7 to 8 mm. wide by 7 to 9^ mm. long,
all somewhat flattened; hilum deep brown.

The time required ior this variety to reach maturity varies from one hundred and -
ten to one hundred and thirty days, the average time being somewhere near -one
hundred and eighteen to one hundred and twenty days. Two seed yields secured
were 12130 and 13fV bushels to the acre, respectively. The Haberlandt is one of the
most promising varieties for hay. silage or green manuring, and for a cover crop.
From the Tokyo it can be distinguished tmly by its earlier maturity, rather deeper
gi-eenish yellow seed and distinctly brown hilum.

This variety was named in honor of Prof, A. Haberlandt, who first brought the soy
bean to agricultural notice in Europe. His work was published in 1878 at Vienna.

Numbers and sources of lots grown.— Agrost. No. 1194, "White," S. P. I. No. 6396;
Agrost. No. 1539, S. P. I. No. 8495; Agrost, No. 1540, S. P. I. No. 8493; S. P. I. No.
6396, "\\'hite," Ping-yang, Korea; S. P. I. No. 6397, Ping-yang, Korea; S. P. I.
No. 8493, grown from S. P. I. No. 6396; S. P. I., No. 8495, grown from S. P. I. No.
6397; S. P. I. No. 9415, grown from S. P. I. No. 8493; S. P. I. No. 9416, grown from
S. P. I. No. 6397;* S. P. I. No. 17263, grown from Agrost. No. 1539-1; S. P. I. No.
17271, grown from Agrost. No. 1^.94-1.

TOKYO.

The Tokyo differs from the medium greenish yellow (Haberlandt) variety mostly
in a somewhat more vigorous growth and in later ripening. It is a very large and
vigorous, long-branched variety; stems one-fourth to one-half inch in thickness, 28 to
42 inches in height. In this it scarcely excels the best records for the Haberlandt, but
in the average height reached, about 36 inches, it considerably overtops that variety.
The branches are 5 to 10 in number, the lower ones 10 to 15 inches long, ascending or
L^preading, the plant bushy enough to completely close the spaces between 3\-ioot
rows, inclined to be top-heavy and to lodge somewhat where grown thinly. The
leaves are large, 3 to 4 inches long, 2 to 2^ inches wide, medium to very dark green in

98

BESCRIPTIONft OF THE VARIETIES. 23

color. The pods ari' largo, U to2 inchesin length, about one-half inrh in width, 2 to 3
seeded. Seeds large, 7 to 9 mm. wide by 7 to 10 mm. long, round <>r l)n)adly elliptical,
somewhat flattened or occasionally spherical, greenish yellow, shiny, paler and duller
with age. The seed of later generations is noticeably smaller than that of the earlier
ones, probably due to too thick planting of so large a variety and to forcing maturity
in a shorter growing season.

The Tokyo is one of the very best varieties for all-round use. It will give heavy
hay and silage crops, is equally good for pasture and cover-crop purposes, and where it
matures it gives very good seed yields. Eight plots grown at Washington in two
different years averaged S^ Ijushels of seed per acre, in which th(» lowest yi<'ld was 4
bushels and the highest 14^ bushels. The Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station
reports a very much higher seed yield, with the weight of green for ge to the acre 1 1 .84
and 14.08 tons from two plots, curing to5.44 and 6.16 tons, respectively. T" istoolate for
the best results in most Northern States, but it may be replaced there by the Haber-
landt variety.

This variety was named for the Japanese capital, where some of the importations,
were secured.

Numbers and sources of lots grown. — Agrost. No. 468, grown from S. P. I. No. 4914;
Agrost. No. 696, grown (m Potomac Flats; Agrost. No. 1171, "Best Green," S. P. I.
No. 9409; Agrost. No. 1198, "Late Ita Name," S. P. I. No. 8424, Japan; Agrost.
No. 1200, "Medium Ita Name," S. P. I. No. 8423, Japan; Agrost. No. 1298, ■Medium
Green," S. P. I. No. 6335, Japan; S. P. I. No. 4914, "Best Green," Japan; S. P. I.
No. 5766, grown from No. 4914; S. P. I., No. 6335, "Medium Green," Japan; S. P. I.,
No. 8423, "Medium Ita Name," .lapan; S. P. I. No. 8424. "Late Ita Name," Japan;
S. P. I. No. 9409, grown from S. P. I. No. 5766; S. P. 1. No. 17264, grown from
Agrost. No. 1198-1; S. P. I. No. 17265, grown from Agrost. No. 1200-1; S. P. I. No.
17266, grown from Agrost. No. 1171-1; S. P. I. No. 17267, grown from Agrost. No.
1298-2.

Yei>i>o\v-Seeded Group.

ITO SAN.

Ito San is probably the best known variety of soy bean on the market. The original
source of the variety is not known, but it was very probably one of the early importa-
tions made by the Kansas and Massachusetts agricultural experiment stations; per-
haps by others also. It has been long and widely sold under the names "Yellow,"
"Early Yellow," "Early White," etc. It is said that the name "Ito San" was given
it by Mr. E. E. Evans, of West Branch, Mich. The greatest value of the Ito San lies
in its earliness and fairly large yield of seeds. It is too small to yield heavily for hay,
silage, etc. It remains, however, one of the most popular varieties on the northern
market.

The Ito San is a rather small, early variety, with slender stems about one-fourth inch
in thickness at the base, 12 to 28 inches high, the average being 18 to 24 inches; the
Ijranches are long and numerous, ascending or erect, nearly or quite equaling the main
stem in height; leaves small to medium, narrow, light green to almost a ])luish or
glaucous green; pods scattered along the whole length of the main stem and the
branches, slender, 1^ to 1| inches long, three-eighths inch wide, 2 or often 3 seeded.
The seeds are small, 5 to 6^ mm. wide, 5i to 7 mm. long, round or slightly elliptical, a
pale lemon-yellow, scarcely shiny when fresh, becoming paler and duller with age,
hilum occasionally brownish, but normally yellow.

Ito San commonly matures in from ninety to one hundred days, with the average
between ninety and ninety-five days. Occasionally it ripens in less than ninety days,
and in cold, wet seasons it will require more than one hundred days. It is

98

24 SOY BEAN VARIETIES.

rather too small for best results as a hay and silage crop, except where quick returns
are desired. The Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station reports 5,^^ tons of green
fodder per acre, curing to U tons. In Ontario, Canada, the average height for four
years was 27 inches and average yield of green hay 8| tons. In 1903 the Kansas
Agricultural Experiment Station secured yields of 14^ to 15fo bushels of seed from
four different plats. All showed a high percentage of nondehiscence of the pods— 88
to 96 per cent. At the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station the seed
yields have varied between 18 and 20 bushels in favorable years.

Numbers and sources of lots g^roirn.— Agrost. No. 658, "Kaiyuski Daizu;" Agrost.
No. 1183, "Adzuki," R. I. Agric. Expt. Station; Agrost. No. 1186, "Yellow;" Agrost.
No. 118?', "Early White," R. I. Agric. Expt. Station; Agrost. No. 1189, " Yellow Eda
Mame," R. I. Agric. Expt. Station; Agrost. No. 1192, "Kiyusuke Daidzu," R. I.
Agric.Expt. Station; Agrost. No. 1294. "Rokugatsu," S. P. I. No. 6326; Agrost. No.
1313, "Ito San," J. M. Thorburn & Co.; Agrost. No. 1316, "Early," F. Barteldes .t Co.;
Agrost. No. 1468, "Ito San," J. M. Thorburn ct Co.; Agrost. No. 1475, "Ito San,"
Hammond Seed Co.; Agrost. No. 1478, "Early Yellow," Currie Bros.; Agrost. No.
1765, "Early Yellow," Kansas Agric. Expt. Station; Agrost. No. 1973, union of Agrost.
Nos. 1183, 1186, 1187, 1294; Agrost. No. 1974, union of Agrost. Nos. 1189, 1192. 1316,
1478, 1540; Agrost. No. 1975, union of Agrost. Nos. 1316, 1468, 1475; S. P. I. No. 6326,
"Rokugatsu," Japan; S. P. I. No. 17268, grown from Agrost. Nos. 1765, 1973, 1974,

1975.

MANHATTAN.

The Manhattan is a dwarf early variety with medium stems 15 to 24 inches high,
averaging about 20 inches, stocky, branches short and ascending; leaves medium to
large, dark green in color; pods numerous, 1^ to 2 inches long, three-eighths to seven-
sixteenths inch wide, 2 to commonly 3 seeded; seeds medium in size, round, broadly
elliptical in outline, 7 to 8 mm. wide, 7 to 9 mm. long, considerably flattened, rather
pale yellow with a slight greenish tinge, becoming paler with age, hilum brown.

The Manhattan variety is early to medium early, requiring from ninety to one hun-
dred and ten days to reach maturity, the average being about one hundred to one hun-
dred and five days. It is too small to have much forage value, and its chief use will
be for an early seed crop, to which purpose it is fairly well adapted. Several yields of
from 14 to 16 bushels to the acre are recorded.

This variety was named for the location of the Kansas Agricultural Experiment
Station, Manhattan, Kans., where the soy l^ean has been under extensive experimen-
tation for many years.

Numbers and sources of lots grown.— Agrost. No. 1295, S. P. I. No. 6333; S. P. I. No.
6333, "Gosha," Japan; S. P. I. No. 8490, grown from S. P. I. No. 6333; S. P. I. No.
9411, grown from S. P. I. No. 6333; S. P. I. No. 17277, grown from Agrost. No. 1295-2.

BUTTERBALL.

An early or medium early variety, with short, stocky, unbranched stems, dark
foliage, and large yellow seeds. Plants low, 15 to 25 inches high, stems small to
medium, one-eighth to one-fourth inch in size at the base, with 2 to 5 short, stubby
branches near the base; leaves large, usually dark green. Pods broad, li to 2 inches
long, one-half inch wide, 2 or rarely 3 seeded. The seeds are large, 7 to 8^ mm. wide,
7 to 9 mm. long, spherical, pale lemon-yellow, somewhat shiny, becoming much paler
and duller with age, the hilum pale or slightly brownish.

This variety is too small to have much value except for earliness and large size
of the seed. The last quality may entitle it to attention in V)reeding experiments.
It matures in ninety-five to on" hundred and ten days. Yields of 8| and 14| bushels
of seed to the acre are recorded.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE VARIETIES. 25

The namo, Buttorball, Avas given to this variety on account of its round yellow seeds.

N^iimbcrs and sources of lots grown. — Agrost. No. IIi)7, " Early Japan," R. I. Agric.
Expt. Station; Agrost. No. 1199, "Early Ita Name," S. P. I. No. 8422; S. P. I. No.
8422, "Early Ita Name," Japan; S. P. I. No. 17273, grown from Agrost. No. 1197-1;
S. P. J. No. 17274, grown from Agrost. No. 1199-1.

AMHERST.

A rather low and stocky, well-branched variety, with large leaves and broad jxhIs.
Stems medium to stout, one-fourth to seven-sixteenths inch in thickness, 12 to 21 or
30 inches high; branches not numerous, ascending or appressed, the lower nearly as
loTig as the stem and arising from very near its base; leaves very Vtroad and large,
medium green in color; pods very large, 14 to 2} inches long, one-half inch broad, 2
or 3 seeded, Ijorne on stem and branches almost to the ground. The seeds are large,
spherical, 7 to 9 mm. in diameter, often scarcely flutlened in dorsal view, deep yellow
with a slight greenish tinge, becoming paler and duller witli age; hilum yclloM' or
brownish.

The time required for the Amherst variety to reach maturity varies from onr huiidre 1
and five to one lumdred and thirty days, the average being al)out one luuuh'cd and
fifteen to one hundred and twenty days. It ripens a few days later than the Guclpli
variety, which it somewhat resembles except in being considerably smaller. It has
been grown successfully in the Northern States and is reported as a fair to good yielder.
Tests at Washington, D. C, have given from 5 to more than 20 bushels to the acre;
the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station reports 10 l)ushels, while the Kentucky
station quotes yields of from 2(5 to 40 bu.shels to the acre.

It will be noted that the greeni.sh tinge on the seeds indicates the relationshi]) of tliis
with the three greenish yellow varieties. Insjiection of the tables will show tliat it
lies between Yosho and Ilaberlandt in size and maturity, and rather nearer to the
latter in both. In habit it is also very near Haberlandt.

This variety was named for the Massachu-setts Agricultural Experiment Station, at
Andierst, Mass., where soy 1)eans have been cultivated for many years from specially'
imported seed.

Numbers and sources of lots grown. — Agrost. No. 452, grown from S. P. I. No. 4913;
Agrost. No. 1170, S. P. I. No. 9408; Agrost. No. 1296, S. P. I. No. G330; S. P. I. No. 4913,
"Best White;'' S. P. I. No. 5765, grown from S. P. I. No. 4913; S. P. I. No. 6336,
"Bakaziro," Japan; S. P. I. No. 8494, grown from S. P. I. No. 6336; S. P. I. No. 9408,
grown from S. P. I. No. 5765; S. P. I. No. 9413, grown from S. P. I. No. 6336; S. P. I.
No. 12400, grown from S. P. I. No. 9408; S. P. I. No. 17275, grown from Agrost. Nos.
1170-2 and 1296-2.

HOLLYBROOK.

A fairly large, medium late variety, with long appressed or ascending branches.
Stems fairly stout, one-fourth to three-eighths or one-half inch in diamet,er at the
base, 20 to 36 inches tall, 25 to 30 inches representing the average height; branches
nearly as long as the main stem, appressed or ascending; leaves large, medium green
in color, pods quite thickly set on stem and branches, medium in size, 1 to 1^ inches
long, three-eighths inch wide, mostly 2 seeded. Seeds medium in size, 6 to 7 mm.
wide, 6 to 8 mm. long, some spherical, mostly broadly elliptical, somewhat flattened
in dorso-ventral view, deep or lemon yellow, very shiny, becoming paler and duller
with age; hilum usually pale brown.

For the most part this variety has been too late to mature in the Northern States,
though it has been called early in Massachusetts and Rhode Island in a favorable
season. It requires from one hundred and ten to one hundred and thirty-five days
to reach maturity, the average being about one hundred and twenty days. Yields

26 SOY BEAN VAEIETIE^.

of 5, 9, and 20 bushels to the acre have been secured at AVashington, and still better
yields at some other points. This variety should make a good hay and silage crop
where sown somewhat thickly. When thinly sown it has a tendency to become top-
heavy and to lodge somewhat.

The Hollybrook variety was originated by Messrs. T. W. Wood Si Sons, of Richmond,
Va., as an early selection from Mammoth Yellow. The name "Hollybrook" was
given it by them, and is the name of the seed farm on which the variety originated.

Numbers and sources of lots grown.— Agrost. No. 454, grown from S. P. I. No. 4912;
Agrost. No. 976, S. P. I. No. 6556; Agrost. No. 1169, S. P. I. No. 9407; Agrost. No. 1196,
S. P. I. No. 3870; Agrost. No. 1299, from Havre, France; Agrost. No. 1538, S. P. I.
No. 6379; Agrost. No. 2032, "Hollybrook," Arkansas Agric. Exp. Station; S. P. I.
No. 3870, China; S. P. I. No. 4912, "Common soy," Japan; S. P. I. No. 5764, grown
from S. P. I. No. 4912; S. P. I. No. 6379, grown from S. P. I. No. 3870; S. P. I. No.
6556, "The most common soy," China; S. P. I. No. 9407, grown from S. P. I. No.
4912; S. P. I. No. 12.399, grown from S. P. I. No. 9407; S. P. I. No. 17269, grown from
Agrost. No. 976-2; S. P. I. No. 17270, grown from Agrost. No. 1169-2; S. P. I. No.
17272, grown from Agrost. No. 1538-1; S. P. I. No. 17276, grown from Agrost. No.
1299-1 and 1299-2; S. P. I. No. 17278, grown from Agrost. No. 2032.

MAMMOTH.

The Mammoth is the best known and most widely cultivated variety in the Southern
States. It has also lieen sold to a considerable extent in the North, mostly because
of the splendid growth it makes, but it has never given satisfaction there because
of its lateness. It has been a commercial variety in this country for a great many
years, but its origin is not known. None of the varieties yet imported by this Depart-
ment has proved to be exactly the same form. The Hollybrook is the most closely
related, but differs in its considerably lower growth and in being a little earlier also.
The Mammoth is the largest variety here discussed, though not quite so tall as the
Riceland and Hankow.

The main stems are from one-fourth to more than one-half inch in diameter at the
base, from 24 or 30 to fully 48 inches in height, well branched from quite near the
base, with long, ascending branches, the lower ones from U to 2 feet long, the leaves
very large, usually rather more pointed than in the other large-leaved varieties,
medium to dark in color; pods 1 to 1^ inches long, three-eighths to seven-sixteenths
inch wide, 2 or often 3 seeded, scattered over the stem and long branches; the seeds
are medium in size, 6 to 6^ mm. wide, 6 to 7| or 8 mm. long, spherical or broadly
oblong in outline, somewhat flattened, bright lemon-yellow, shining, becoming paler
and duller with age; hilum usually pale Ijrown.

The time required to reach maturity varies from one hundred and ten to one hundred
and forty days, the average being one hundred and twenty and one hundred and
thirty days. The yields of 17 plats at Washington varied between 4f and 15 bushels
to the acre, with an average of 9J bushels.

The name, Mammoth, is very suitable for this variety, and is coming into use for
it in the agricultural press and by some seedsmen.

Numbers and sources of lots grown.— Agroat. No. 1195, "Yellow," S. P. I. No. 4285,
Virginia; Agrost. No. 1300, "Late," F. Barteldes & Co.; Agrost. No. 1305, T. W.
Wood & Sons; Agrost. No. 1307, "Southern," T. W. Wood & Sons; Agrost. No. 1308,
Iowa Seed Co.; Agrost. No. 1309, Johnson & Stokes; Agrost. No. 1310, Plant Seed Co.;
Agrost. No. 1311, C. J. McCullough; Agrost. No. 1314, "Late Yellow," Peter Hen-
derson & Co.; Agrost. No. 1315, Northrup, King & Co.; Agrost. No. 1465, "Yellow,"
Breck & Sons; Agrost. No. 1466," Yellow," Texas Seed and Floral Co.; Agrost. No. 1472,
"Southern," J. M. Thorhuru & Co.; Agrost. No. 1477, Hammond Seed Co.; Agrost.

98

DISTRIBUTION NUMBERS.

No. 1970), \ini(in of sevon of abovo serial iminbcrs; Aijrosl. No. 1977, union of povon
of above serial luuubers; S. P. I. No. 4285, " Yellow," T. W. Wood c*c Sons; S. P. I. No.
17280, grown from Agrost. Nor. 197(5 and 1977.

LIST OF SYNONYMS.

The following is a list of tho names iindcM* which soy beans
have been received from experiment stations, seedsmen, and gn)wers
in the United States. It includes all the important names under
which varieties have been sold or written about in the agricultural
press, seed catalogues, and experiment station bulletins. After each
such name is given ihe name under which the variety is described in
this bulletin.

Adzuki Ito San.

Black Buckshot.

Brown Eda Manic Eda.

Crossbred No. (i Ogemaw.

Early Black Buckshot.

Early Green Guelph.

Early Japan Buderball.

Early AMiite Ito San.

Early Yellow Ito San.

Extra Early Black Bucksluit .

Green Guelph.

Green Samarow Saniarow.

Holly brook Holly brook.

Ito San Ito San.

Japanese No. 15 Kingston.

Kaiynski Baizu Ito San.

Kiyusuki Daidzu Ito San.

Kysuki Ito San.

Large Black Buckshot.

Late Y^ellow Mammoth.

Mammoth Y'ellow Mammoth.

Medium Black Buckshot.

Medium Early Black Buckshot.

Medium Early Green Guelph.

]\Iedium Green Guelph.

Ogema Ogemaw.

Southern Mammoth.

Yellow Mammoth.

Yellow Eda Mame Ito San.

DISTRIBUTION NUMBERS.

The following are the serial numbers under which soy beans were
distributed by the former Division of Agrostology^, with the name
of the variety to which each has been referred :

452.

Amherst.

1188.

Kingston.

1299.

Hollvbrook

454.

HoUybrook.

1189.

Ito San.

1300.

Mammoth.

468.

Tokyo.

1192.

Ito San.

1301.

Buckshot.

658.

Ito San.

1193.

Ebony.

1302.

Samarow.

696.

Tokyo.

1194.

Haberlandt.

1303.

Buckshot.

912.

Guelph.

1195.

Mammoth .

1304.

Buckshot.

964.

Riceland.

1196.

Hollybrook.

1305.

Mammoth.

969.

Guelph.

1197.

Butterball.

1306".

Guelph.

972.

Hankow.

1198.

Tokyo.

1307.

Mammoth.

976.

Hollybrook.

1199.

Butterball.

1308.

Mammoth.

1169.

Holly brook.

1200.

Tokyo.

1309.

Mammoth.

1170.

Amherst.

1292.

Buckshot.

1310.

Mammoth.

1171.

Tokyo.

1293.

Flat King.

1311.

Mammoth.

1183.

Ito San.

1294.

Ito San.

1312.

Guelph.

1184.

Buckshot

1295.

Manhattan.

1313.

Ito San.

1185.

Eda.

1296.

Amherst.

1314.

Mammoth.

1186.

Ito San.

1297.

Yosho.

1315.

Mammoth.

1187.

Ito San.

1298.

Tokyo.

1316.

Ito San.

98

28

SOY BEAN VARIETIES.

1464.

Guelpli.

1477.

Mammoth.

1973.

Ito San.

1465.

Mammoth.

1478.

Ito San.

1974.

Ito San.

1466.

Mammoth.

1536.

Nuttall.

1975.

Ito San.

1467.

Guelph.

1538.

Holly brook.

1976.

Mammoth.

1468.

Ito San.

1539.

Haberlandt.

1977.

Mammoth.

1469.

Guelph.

1540.

Haberlandt.

1978.

Buckshot.

1470.

Samarow.

1541.

Ebony.

1979.

Buckshot.

1471.

Buckshot. Jj^
Mammoth.

1542.

Brownie and Baird.

1980.

Ebony.

1472.

1764.

Guelph.

1992.

Ogemaw.

1473.

Guelph.

1765.

Ito San.

2031.

Ogemaw.

1474.

Buckshot.

1971.

Guelph.

2032.

Hollybrook

1475.

Ito San.

1972.

Samarow.

2033.

Buckshot.

1476.

Guelph.

The following is a list of the serial nuinbers under which soy beans
have been distributed by the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction
and Distribution, with the name of the variety to which each is referred
in this bulletin. Several S. P. I. numbers representing soy beans
not studied by the writer are not included in the list.

3870. HollyV)rook.

8490. Manhattan.

17253. Nuttall.

4285. Mammoth.

8491. Buckshot.

17254. Ebony.

4912. Hollybrook.

8492. Ebony.

17255. Kingston.

4913. Amherst.

8493. Haberlandt.

17256. Brownie and Baird.

4914. Tokyo.

8494. Amherst.

17257. Eda.

5764. Hollybrook.

8495. Haberlandt.

17258. Ogemaw.

5765. Amherst.

8496. Nuttall.

17259. Ogemaw.

5766. Tokyo.

8497. Flat King.

17260. Samarow.

6312. Flat King.

9344. (Prolnilily Hankow.)

17261. Guelph.

6314. Yosho.

9407. Hollybrook.

17262. Yosho.

6326. Ito San.

9408. Amherst.

17263. Haberlandt.

6333. Manhattan.

9409. Tokyo.

17264. Tokyo.

6334. Buckshot.

9410. Flat King.

17265. Tokyo.

6335. Tokyo.

9411. Manhattan.

17266. Tokyo.

6336. Amherst.

9412. Buckshot.

17267. Tokyo.

6379. Hollybrook.

9413. Amherst.

17268. Ito San.

6386. Ebony.

9414. Ebony.

17269. Hollybrook.

6396. Haberlandt.

9415. Haberlandt.

17270. Hollybrook.

6397. Haberlandt.

9416. Haberlandt.

17271. Haberlandt.

6414. Brownie and Baird.

9417. Brownie and Baird.

17272. Hollybrook.

6416. Nuttall.

9418. Nuttall.

17273. Butterball.

6556. Hollybrook.

11179. Buckshot.

17274. Butterball.

6558. Guelph.

12399. Hollybrook.

17275. Amherst.

6559. Hankow.

12400. Amherst.

17276. Hollybrook.

6560. Riceland.

13502. Ogemaw.

17277. Manhattan.

8422. Butterball.

13503. Guelph.

17278. Hollybrook.

8423. Tokyo.

16790. (ProbablyRiceland.)

17280. Mammoth.

8424. Tokyo.

17251. Buckshot.

17852. Meyer.

8489. Yosho.

17252. Flat King.

98

PLATES.

98

29

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate I. Frontispiece. Seeds of all varieties of soy beans in natiiral sizes and colors.
Black-seeded group: 1. — Buckshot. 2. — Nuttall. 3. — Kingston. 4. — Ebony.
5. — Flat King. 6. — Riceland; one seed washed, one with bloom. 6a. — A larger
undetermined soy bean from Italy. Brown-seeded group: 7. — Ogemaw. 8. — Eda,
showing different shades of color. 9. — Baird and Brownie (the two left-hand
seeds. Baird; the right-hand seed, Brownie). Mottled-seeded group: 10. — Meyer.
11. — Hankow; one seed washed, one with bloom, one in dorsal view. Green-
seeded gi-oup: 12. — Samarow. 13. — Guelph. 14. — Yosho; one lateral view, one
ventral view showing hiluni. 15. — Haberlandt; one lateral view, one ventral
view showing hilum. 16. — Tokyo; one lateral view, one ventral view showing
hilum. Yellow-seeded group: 17. — Ito San. 18. — Manhattan. 19. — Butterball.
20.— Amherst. 21.— Hollybrook. ' 22.— Mammoth.

Plate II. Seeds and pods of the black-seeded gi-oup. Seeds of different sizes in lat-
eral and ventral (or hilum) view, and pods in lateral view: Buckshot, Nuttall,
Kingston, Ebony, Flat King, Riceland, and a larger undetermined soy bean from
Italy.

Plate III. Seeds and pods of the brown-seeded and mottled-seeded groups. Seeds
of different sizes in lateral and ventral (or hilum) view, and pods in lateral view:
Ogemaw, Eda, Baird and Brownie (the four right-hand seeds and the upper pod,
Brownie; the four left-hand seeds and the lower pod, Baird), Meyer, Hankow.

Plate IV. Seeds and pods of the green-seeded and greenish-yellow-seeded groups.
Seeds of different sizes in lateral and ventral (or hilum) view, and pods in lateral
view: Samarow, Guelph, Yosho, Haberlandt, Tokyo.

Plate V. Seeds and pods of the yellow-seeded group. Seeds of different sizes in lat-
eral and ventral (or hilum) view, and pods in lateral view: Ito San, Manhattan,
Butterball, Amherst, Hollybrook, Mammoth.

98

30

O

Bui. 98, Bureau of Plant Indust'y, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate II.

BUCKSHOT

• 0

KINGSTON

NUTTALL

EBONY

• •

FLAT KING

11

I I

RICELAND

Seeds and Pods of the Black-Seeded Group.

Bui. 98, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S Dept. of Agriculture

Plate III.

CO

• a

OGEMAW

• • • •

• 0

• 0

EDA

• «

MEYER

BROWNIE

HANKOW

Seeds and Pods of the Brown-Seeded and Mottled-Seeded Groups.

Bui. 98, Bureau of Plant Industry, U, S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate IV.

5AMAR0W

HABERLANDT

TOKYO

Seeds and Pods of the Green-Seeded and Greenish-Yellow-Seeded Groups.

Bui. 98. Bureau of Plant Industry. U. S Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate V.

ITO 5AN

V 1^

BUTTER BALL

m t

{holly BROOK

MANHATTAN
AMHERST

MAMMOTH

Seeds and Pods of the Yellow-Seeded Group

[Co-titiiiiu-'l from page 2 of cov<"r.l

Nil. 1!». The CulUin' of tlu' Central Aiuoricaii Rubber Trw. J903. Price. 2'> rcni,^.
oO. Wild Rice: lis Uses and Pn>pagati(m. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

51. Miscellaneous Paper.s: I. The Wilt Disease of Tobacco and Its ('outrol.

II. The Work of the Conununity Demonstration J'arni at Terrell, Tex.
MI. Fruit Trees Frozen in 1904. IV. The Cultivation oi the Australian
Wattle. V. Legal and Customaiy Weights jier RusIhI nf Seeds. VI.
Golden Seal. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

52. Wither-Tip and other Diseases of Citrus Trees and Fruits Caused by Colleto-

trichuni Glcx'osporioides. 1904. Price, 15 cents.

53. The Date Palm. 1904. Price, 20 cents.

54. Persian Gulf Dates. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

55. The Dry Rot of Potatoes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.
5(5. Nomenclature* of the Apple. 1905. Price, 30 cents.

57. Methods Used for Controlling Sand Dunes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.
5S. The Vitality and Germination of Seeds. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

59. Pasture, Meadow, and Forage Crops in Nebraska. 1904. Price, 10 cents.
GO. A Soft Rot of the Calla Lily. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

<il. The Avocado in Florida. 1904. Price, 5 cents.

02. Notes on Egyptian Agriculture. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

03. Investigations of Rusts. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

(54. A Method of D(>stroying or Preventing the Growth of Alga* and Certain Patho-
genic Bacteria in Water Supplies. 1904. Price, 5 cents.
05. Reclamation of Cape Cod Sand Dunes. 1904. Price, 10 ceiits.

60. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 10. 19.05. Price, 20 cents.
07. Range Investigations in Arizona. 1904. Price, 15 cents.

G8. North American Species of Agrostis. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

69. American Varieties of Lettuce. 1904. Price, 15 cents.

70. The Commercial Status of Durum \Mieat. 1904. Price, 10 c;ents.

71. Soil Inoculation for Legumes. 1905. Price, 15 cents.

72. Miscellaneous Papers: I. Cultivation of Wheat in Alfalfa Fields. II. Salt-

Water Limits of Wild Rice. III. Extermination of Johnson Grass. IV.
Inoculation of Soil with Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

73. The Development of Single-Germ Beet Seed. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

74. The Prickly Pear and Other Cacti as Food for Stock. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

75. Range Management in the State of Washington. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

76. Copper as an Algicide and Disinfectant in Water Supplies. 1905. Price, 5

cents.

77. The Avocado, a Salad Fruit from the Tropics. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

78. Improving the Quality of WTieat. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

79. The Variability of Wlieat Varieties in Resistance to Toxic Salts. 1905.

Price, 5 cents.

80. Agricultui-al Explorations in Algeria. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

81. Evolution of Cellular Stnlctures. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

82. Grass Lands of the South Alaska Coast. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

83. The Vitality of Buried Seeds. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

84. The Seeds of the Bluegrasses. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

85. The Principles of Mushroom Growing. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

86. Agi-iculture without Irrigation in the Sahara Desert. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

87. Disease Resistance of Potatoes. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

88. •Weevil-Resisting Adaptations of the Cotton Plant. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

89. Wild MedicinaL Plants of the United States. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

90. Miscellaneous Papers: I. Storage and Germination of W^ild Rice Seed. 11.

Crown-Gall apd Hairy-Root Diseases of the Apple Tree. III. Peppermint.
IV. Poisonous Action of Jcjhnson Grass. 19()6. Price, 5 cents.

91. Varieties of Tobacco Seed Distributed. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

92. Date Varieties and Date Culture in Tunis. 1906. Price, 25 cents.

93. The Control of Apple Bitter-Rot. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

94. Farm Practice with Forage Crops in W^estern Oregon and Western W'ashlngton.

1906. Price, 10 cents. ;

95. A New Type of Red Clover. 1906. Price, 10 cents.
90. Tobacco Breeding. 1907. Price, 30 cents.

^ 97. Seeds and Plants Imported. InventoryNo.il. 1907. "Price, 15 cents.

98

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 99.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of bureau.

A QUICK METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF MOISTURE IN GRAIN.

BY

EDGAR BROWN,

Botanist in Charge of the Seed Laboratory.

AND

J. W. T. DUYEL,

Assistant in the Seed Laboratory.

IsstJED January 31, 1907.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1907.

BULLETINS OF THE BTJIIEATJ OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

The scientific and technical publications of the Bureau of Plant Industry, which was
organized Jul}' 1, 1901, are issued in a single scries of bulletins, a list of which follows.

Attention is directed to the fact that the publications in this series are not for general dis-
tribution. The Superintendent of Documents, Goveinment Printing Office, Washington,
D. C, is authorized by law to sell them at cost, and to hhii all applications for these bulletins
should be made, accompanied by a postal money order for the required amount or by cash.

No. 1. Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price, 10 cents.

2. Spermatogenesis and Fecimdation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 9. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

7. The Algerian Durum Wheats. 1902. Price, 1.5 cents.

8. A Collection of Fungi Prepared for Distribution. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

10. Records of Seed Distribution, etc. 1902. Price, 10 cents,

11. Johnson Grass. 1902". Price, 10 cents. -'.-.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

13. Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

14. Decay of Timber and Methods prPreventing It. 1902. Price, 55 cents.

15. Forage Conditions on the Border oT tlie Great Basin. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

16. Germmation of the Spores of Agaricus Campestris, etc. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

18. Observations on the j\Iosaic Disease of Tobacco. 1902. Price, 15 cen's.

19. Kentucky Bluegrass Seed. 1902. Price, l£l cents.

20. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

21. List of American Varieties of Vegetables. 1903. Price, 35 cents.

22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

23. Berseem. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

24. Unfermented Grape Mus^ 1202. Price, 10 cents.

25. Miscellaneous Papers: I. The Seeds of Rescue Grass and Chess. II. SaragoUa

Wheat. III. Plant Introduction Notes from South Africa. IV. Congressional
Seed and Plant Distribution Circulars. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

26. Spanish Almonds. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

27. Letters on Agriculture in the West Indies, Spain, etc. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

28. The Mango in Porto Rico. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

29. The Effect of Black Rot on Turnips. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

30. Budding the Pecan. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

31. Cultivated Forage Crops of the Northwestern States. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

32. A Disease of the White Ash. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

33. North American Species of Leptochloa. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

34. Silkworm Food Plants. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

35. Recent Foreign Explorations. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

36. The " Bluing" of the Western Yellow Pine, etc. 1903. Price, 30 cents.

37. Formation of the Spores of the Sporangia of Rhizopus Nigiicans and of Phyco-

myces Nitens. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

38. Forage Conditions in Eastern Washington, etc. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

39. The Propagation of the Easter Lily ft-om Seed. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

40. Cold Storage, with Reference to the Pear and Peach. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

41. The Commercial Grading of Corn. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

42. Three New Plant Introductions from Japan. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

[Continued on page 3 of cover.]

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 99.

B. T. GALLOWAY, adef of Bureau.

A QUICK METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF MOISTURE IN GRAIN.

BY

EDGAR BROWX,
Botanist in Charge of the Seed Laboratory. LIBRARY

AM) NEW YORK

J. W. T. DUVEL, BOTANICAL

c, r GARDEN

Assistant in the oeed Laboratory.

Issued January 31, 1907.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,

1907.

BIREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Pathologist and Physiolofjist, am! chief af liuicaii. Beverly T. Galloway.

Patholoijiat and PhiiHioioijisI, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Alfiert F. Woods.

Laboratory of Plant Patholorji/, Erwin F. Smith, rathologist in Charge.

Investifjations of Diseases of Fruits. Merton B. AVaite. Pathologist in Charge.

Plant Breeding Investigations, Herhert .1. Webber, I'hysiologist in Charge.

Plant Life History Investigations, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge.

Soil Bacteriology and ^Vater Purification Jnrcstigaiions. Karl F. Kellerman. I'hysiologist

in Charge.
Bionomic Inrcstigatiuns of Tropical and Suhtruiiical Plants. Orator F. Cook. Bionomist

in Charge.
Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations. Rodney H.

True. Physiologist in Charge. 0-

Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge.
Taxonomic Investigations, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge.
Farm Management Inrestigations, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge.
Grain Investigations, Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge.
Arlington Exyerinicntal Farm. Lee C. Corliett. Horticulturist in Charge.
Sugar-Beet Investigations, CI\arles O. Townsend. Pathologist in Charge.
Western Agricultural Extension, Carl S. Scofiekl. Agriculturist in Charge.
Dry Land Agriculture, E. Channing Chilcott, Agriculturist in Charge.
Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett. I'omologist in Charge.
Field Investigations in Pomology. William A. Taylor and G. Harold I'owell, Pomologists

in Charge.
Experimental Gardens and around'^, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent.
Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in

Charge.
Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown. Botanist in Charge.
Grain Standardization. John D. Shanahan. Expert in Charge.

Mississippi Valley Laboratory, St. Louis, Mo.. Hermann von Schrenk. Expert in Charge.
Subtropical Laboratory and Garden. Miami. Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge.
Plant Introduction Garden, Chico. Cal.. Palemon H. Dorsett. Pathologist in Charge.
Cotton Culture Farms, Seaman A. Knapp. Lake Charles, La., Special Agent in Charge.

Editor, J. E. Rockwell.
Chief Clerl:, .Tames E. Jones.

SEED T.ABORATORY.

SCIENTIFIC .ST.\FF.

Edgar Bi-own. Botanist in Charge.
J. W. T. Duvel, Assistant.
F. IT. ITillman, Assistant Botanist.
W. L. Goss, Assistant.

99
2

Lin ri-R 01' TRAXSMriTAL

U. S. DkI'AKT.AIKNT of AgRTC'ULTI'RE,

BuRKAi OK Plant Ixdistry,

Office of the Chief,

Wafi/ihu/toti. T). r., November 3, WOG.

Sir: T have the honor to transmit hereAvith a manuscript entitled
"A Quick Method for th«' Determination of ^Moisture in Grain," and
to recommend that it he published as Bulletin Xo. 09 of the series of
this Bureau.

By means of the method and apparatus descrilied it is possible to
make complete moisture determinations of o-min in from '20 to 25
minutes. This makes it jiracticable in conunercial work to include
a definite statement of the moistuiv content among the factors
determinino; quality.

This paper was prepared by Mr. Edgar Brown, liotanist in charge
of the Seed Laboratory, and Dr. J. W. T. Duvel, assistant in the Seed
liaboratorv. The illustrations which accompany it are necessary to
a full understanding of the text.

Eespectfully, B. T. Galloway,

Chief of Bureau.

Hon. Ja3ies Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

99

CD
C7i

1

COXTHXTS.

Page.

Quality of export corn 7

Causes of deterioration 7

The percentage basis for moisture determinations S

Description of a method for tiie rajiid deterniination of moisture 9

Preparation of samples for moisture determination 10

Takin^r the Imlk sample 10

Taking the sample for the moisture test : 10

Size of sam]>le for the moisture ti-st 11

Weighing the sample for the moisture test 11

Grinding the grain unnecessary 12

Oil for the moisture test 12

Quality requi red 12

Quantity required 13

Description of the apparatus 13

The evaporating chamber. 13

The condenser 18

The stand supporting the evaporating chamber and condenser 18

The distillation flasks 19

The thermometers 20

The condenser tubes 20

The graduatetl cylinders for collecting and measuring the water 20

Comparison of results with determinations made in a water oven 21

Variations in duplicate tests • 22

Summary 23

99

5

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page.

Fig. 1. Balance for weighing grain samples 9

2. Aluminum weighing pan for transferring grain samples to the distilla-

tion flasks 11

3. Plan of front of apparatus for moisture determination 14

4. Plan of back of apparatus for moisture determination 15

5. Plan of end of apparatus for moisture determination 16

6. Front view of apparatus for moisture determination 17

7. Back view of apparatus for moisture determination 17

8. End view of apparatus for moisture determination 18

9. Interior arrangement of the compartments of the evaporating chamber,

showing the position of the triangle over the gauze 19

10. Distillation flask 19

11. Condenser tube 2"

12. Graduated cylinders for measuring the water expelled from the grain. 21

99

6

B. V. I. — -240.

A QUICK METHOD FOR THE DETERMINA-
TION OF MOISTURE IN GRAIN."

QUALITY OF EXPOKT CORN.

During the past few years the commercial orading of corn has been
a matter of much controversy, both in the United States and in
Europe. Complaints of the poor condition of corn on arrival at
European ports have been constantly increasing, corn inspected at
American ports as Xo. 2, or "prime sail," having proved in nuiny
cases unfit for feeding purposes when discharged at foreign ports.
This uncertainty as to quality has already led P^uropean buyers to
purchase largely from other corn-growing countries, and unless th(;
quality of corn exported from the United States is improved our
foreign trade must inevitably suti'er. Last year the total quantity
of corn imported into France (general trade) was, in round numbers,
twelve and three-fourths million bushels, of which the United States
furnished only 20.0 per cent, or approximately two and two-thirds
million bushels, while Argentina alone supplied C)4:.4: per cent, or
approximately eight and one-fourth million bushels.

CAUSES OF DETERIORATION.

The principal cause of the deterioration of corn during transit or
in storage is an excessive amount of moisture. Corn as it is harvested
in the autumn ordinarily contains from 20 per cent to 35 per cent of
water, depending on the season and the relative time of harvesting.
Much of the corn as it comes from the fields goes directly into the
small elevators thruout the corn-growing States, to be transferred
later to the large elevators or storage bins at the grain centers.
Owing to the cold weather usually prevalent at this season of the year,
corn may be stored or exported without much danger of deterioration,
even tho the water content is relatively high, but with a slight rise in
temperature it will begin to sweat, after which fermentation soon sets
in, resulting in moldy and damaged grain.

" Application has been made for a patent on the apparatus described in this
Inilletin. in order that it may be used or manufactured by any person in tlie
United States without the jiayment of royalty.

99 7

8 QUICK METHOD FOR DETERMINING MOISTURE IN GRAIN.

With the i^resent system of grain inspection, when hundreds of cars
must be inspected dail}'-, and the water content of the corn is deter-
mined only by feeling the corn with the hand or by biting the kernels,
any degree of accuracy is next to imj^ossible. Most of this work is
done in the cars on the track and sometimes when the mercury has
gone below the zero mark.

THE PERCENTAGE BASIS FOR MOISTURE DETERMINATIONS.

There seems to be a growing demand among grain men and inspec-
tion departments for a more definite and uniform system of grading,
Avhich is taking the form of an agitation for uniform rules for grades.
Any system of uniform grading to be effective must be based on a
percentage statement of the various factors which go to make up the
quality and condition of any particular lot of grain in order to
insure uniformity of application. With this in view, a considerable
amount of preliminary work has been done for several years in the
Bureau of Plant Industry, which will later aid in formulating rules
to place the grading of grain on a basis which will permit stating
the elements of condition and quality in definite terms.

Members of boards of trade and chambers of commerce, as well as
most grain inspectors, have been much in doubt as to the practica-
bility of incorporating in their rules a percentage statement of
moisture in grain, and with the methods commonly employed for
making moisture determinations the percentage system is not suitable
to the present condition of the grain trade, save, perhaps, in a few
special cases. Heretofore the minimum time required to make a
moisture determination of a sample of grain was from six to eight
hours, and this was accomplished by drying a carefully weighed
ground sample in a glycerin oven or in a vacuum at a temperature
of 105° or 108° C. If the drying be done in an ordinary water oven,
such as is commonly used, the time must be extended to from sixteen
to twenty hours. To each of these periods must be added the time
occupied in grinding and weighing the sample preparatory to drying,
and likewise the time required for the samples to cool in the desicca-
tor before the final- weighing. If whole kernels are used instead of
a ground sample, the time required by the process at present in use
must be extended to from sixty to ninety-six hours.

But, disregarding the time factor, the method outlined is not appli-
cable to commercial corn containing a relatively large percentage of
water. Practically all of the machines available for grinding sam-
ples of grain for analysis are of the " burr '" type, and during the
grinding the temperature of the grain is increased to such an extent
that from 0.5 per cent to 1.5 per cent of moisture is lost in the pro-
cess of grinding, unless the corn has been well cured and dried, in
which case a moisture determination is not needed.

09

DESCRIPTION OF METHOD.

It has therefore become necessary to devise some suitable method
and apparatus for determining the amount of water in corn and other
grains before any hope of phicing the orading of orain on a i)i'r(ent-
ag-e basis can be entertained seriously at any of our large grain cen-
ters. It is hoped that the method described in the following pages,
Avhich is applicable to the testing of wheat and other grains as well
as corn, will be sufficiently rapid and easy to make it of practical
value to the grain trade, and possibly to other industries.

DESCRIPTION OF A METHOD FOR THE RAPID DETERMINATION

OF MOISTURE.

TliB fundamental principle" on which this method of moisture
determination is based consists in heating whole urains in oil to a
temperature considerably above
that of boiling water and thus
drivino- out the water, which is
afterwards condensed and meas-
ured in a graduated flask. AVith
this method it is possible to deter-
mine the percentage of water in a
sample of corn in from twenty to
twenty-five minutes.

One hundred cubic centimeters
of a good grade of hydrocarbon
oil are measured and poured into

a glass distillation flask (see fig. fig. l.-Bahmce for weighing grain samples.

10). One hundred grams of corn

are Aveighed on a torsion balance similar to the one shown in figure 1,
the corn being emptied at once into the flask containing the oil. The
neck of the flask is closed with a good rubber stopper carrying a ther-
mometer, the bulb of which should extend well into the mixture of oil
and corn. The side of the flask is then connected with a condenser by
means of a second rubber stopper. AVith a strong gas burner the corn
in the oil bath is then heated until the thermometer registers 190° C.
(374° F.), at which time the flame is extinguished. The time
required for the temperature to reach 190° C. will be from ten to
fifteen minutes, depending on the amount of water in the corn and
on the volume of the flame. Eight or ten minutes after the flame has

a This principle has ah-eacly been described by Dr. J. F. Hoffmann in Zeit-
sehrift fiir Angewandte Chemie, Berlin, 1902. p. 1193, and in the Grain Dealers'
Journal, Chicago. May, 19()r., p. .520. However, the apparatus used by Hoffmann
and likewise the details of the method described by him have proved unsuitable
where large numbers of samples are to be analyzed. Consequently, in August,
1905. experiments were begun to simplify the Hoffmann method and to devise
au apparatus which would prove i)rac-tical for laboratories handling a large
number of samples of grain.

14087— No. 99—07 m 2

10 QUICK METHOD FOR DETERMINING MOISTURE IN GRAIN.

been removed the water will have ceased dropping from the con-
denser, and the number of cubic centimeters of water contained in
the graduated cylinder beneath the condenser tube can be ascertained.
This is the water actually removed from the corn and represents the
percentage of moisture originally in the sample, each cubic centimeter
of Avater representing 1 per cent when a 100-gram sample is used.
By the use of this method, together with the special apparatus
described in this bulletin, a person familiar with laboratory work
and an assistant should be able to make at least 200 moisture deter-
minations in a day of eight hours.

PREPARATION OF SAMPLES FOR MOISTURE DETERMINATION.

TAKING THE BULK SA:\IPLE.

Care in drawing the bulk sample from the car, cargo, conveyer,
etc.. is of the utmost importance and can not be too strongly empha-
sized, for unless this part of the work is properly done the true per-
(entage of moisture in the grain can not be determined.

The samples should be taken in such a way as .to represent as
nearly as possible the condition of the entire lot of grain under con-
sideration, and in this respect the method herein described does not
ditfer from anj^ other system of inspection. The number of samples
to be drawn from different parts of the bulk will depend upon the
quantity and quality of the grain to be past upon. The larger sam-
ples so draAvn may be analyzed separately or they may be mixt
together to form one composite sample representing the entire bulk
and the smaller samples for the individual moisture determinations
taken from this mixture, as the conditions mav warrant. If the
bulk of corn being examined is of uniform quality, a moisture
determination of the composite sample Avill suffice: but if the bulk
lacks uniformity, and particularly if of a low grade, the samples
taken from different parts of the grain under consideration or at
different times during the "' running " should be analyzed separately.
At the same time the amount of grain represented by each sample
should be estimated. But whatever samples are intended for mois-
ture determination must be put at once into a suitable air-tight con-
tainer in order to prevent any drying of the grain on being exposed
to the air; otherwise the amount of moisture actually present can
not be accurately determined. This precaution is particularly im-
portant in the case of samples draAvn from any bulk lot of grain
which has begun to sweat.

TAKING THE SAMPLE FOR THE ZSIOISTURE TEST.

The accuracy of any method of determining moisture depends
primarily on the small sample used for the test being thoroly repre-

99

PREPARATION OF SAMPLES.

11

sentative of the hulk sample. Tn order that the small sample may
be representative, the hulk sample should he thoroly mixt and small
portions taken from dilierent i)arts of it. The greatest aceuracy .
can be secured thru the use of some form of mechanical mixer and
sampler, and the one shown on ])a<;es 12 and 13 of Circular ;U. Re-
vised. Office of Experiment Stations, modified so as to be adapted
for larger grain, is recommended.

SIZE OF SAMPLE FOR THE MOISTt'RE TEST.

The size of the sample to be taken for the individual moisture test
may l)e varied, but experience has shown that 100 grams of whole
kernels give the most satisfactory results, which quantity has there-
fore been established as the standard for the method and apparatus
for testing corn herein described. This is a sufficiently large quan-
tity to insure the securing, without difficulty, of a representative
sample. Moreover, when samples containing 100 grams are used,
every cubic centimeter of water expelled from the grain represents 1
per cent of moisture, and the readings in the graduated cylinders are
in percentages as well as in volume, thereby reducing the chances of
error to a minimum.

WEIGHING THE SAMPLE FOR THE MOISTURE TEST.

In makinir moisture determinations according to the method out-
lined in the foregoing pages, the use of delicate analytical balances
is obviated. An ordinary torsion
balance similar to the one shown as
fio-ure 1, which is sensitive to one-
thirtieth of a gram and can be pur-
chased for about $15, will serve
every purpose. A more delicate

balance is entirelv unnecessary when fig. 2.— Aluminum weighing pan lor trans-
it is remembered that one kernel of f^"'"^ &^^*° ^^^p^^-^ ^« ^^^' elimination

flasks.

corn weighs approximately one-
third of a gram. The scale pans are 0 inches in diameter, and the side
beam shows 5 grams, graduated in one hundred divisions, each one-
twentieth of a gram, and the total capacity of the balances is 2 pounds,
or 907 grams. Balances of this kind are easily operated, and the time
consumed in the weighing need not be longer than that reciuired for
the pharmacist to weigh out the prepared drugs for his medicines.

A specially constructed scale pan, such as is shown as figure 2,
should be secured to facilitate the transferring of the weighed
samples to the distillation flasks, the opening in the end of the scoop
being of the same size as the neck of the flasks — 1 inch. If made of

'to
99

12 QUICK METHOD FOR DETERMINING MOISTURE IN GRAIN.

light material, preferably aluminum, a scoop of this kind need- not
^veigli more than 50 or 75 grams and can be substituted for one of
. the scale pans or used with a counterpoise. The scoop should be
about 4 inches wide.

GRINDING THE GRAIN UNNECESSARY.

The whole kernels are used for making the moisture determination,
thus doing away with the preliminary grinding of the samples; in
fact, the method described is not applicable, without some modifica-
tion, to samples of ground grain. Ground samples have a tendency
to cake in the bottom of the flask and prevent a free circulation of
the oil. with a corresponding variation in the temperature at different
points in the sample of meal, and the results obtained are not reliable.
Moreover, the grinding of samples for the determination of moisture
in commercial o-rain is alwavs to be avoided. Grain of this character
generally contains a high percentage of moisture, and with the
" burr " type of mill usually used for grinding samples of this
kind the friction developed during the grinding causes a rise in
temperature and a corresponding loss of moisture. This loss of
moisture increases as the water content of the grain increases, and
in samples of grain which have begun to sweat this loss is frequently
as much as 1^ per cent.

OIL FOR THE MOISTURE TEST.

QUALITY REQUIRED.

In securing an oil suitable for the bath in which the corn is to be
heated, five primarj^ factors must be taken into consideration :

(1) The oil must be free from water.

(2) It must be an oil having a comparatively low viscosity, so
that it will run freely at ordinary room temperature.

(3)' The flash point must be sufficiently high to avoid danger of
an explosion or fire.

(4) The saponification value should be zero.

(5) The oil must be cheap.

Experiments have demonstrated that any of the pure hydrocarbon
oils showing a composition within the range of the tAvo samples in-
dicated below will give satisfactory results :

No. 1. No. 2.

Specific gravity at 15.5° C 0.9005 0. S0.57

Viscosity at 20° C. (Engler) 19.2 6.2

Flash point (open cup) degrees centigrade-- 205 175

Fire point (open cup) do 245 210

Saponification value None. None.

An oil similar to sample Xo. 1 is to be preferred to sample No. 2,
owing to the difference in the flash point, altho the latter may be

99

DESCRIPTIOX OF THE APPARATUS. 1

o

used with safety if the necessary precautions are taken to prevent the
temperature running- too hi«>:h : however, an oil with a flash i)oint as
low as 175° C. in an open cup is not to he reconunended for general
use. An oil with a flash point of from "200° to 205° C. (open cup)
and a viscosity of 10 or 15 at 20° C. (Engler) is more desirahle.
Oils of this character are found among many grades of lubricatinff
oils, especially those known as " engine oils," and can be purchased
in barrel lots for about 12^ or 15 cents a gallon.

As the moisture is liberated from the grain the foaming of the oil
will be quite pronounced, and the flask nuist be sufficiently large to
prevent the foaming oil from being carried over into the condenser
tube. The foaming can be greatly reduced by the addition of from
15 to 20 per cent of paraffin, but this is usually tnuiecessary.

QUANTITY REQUIRED.

The quantity of the oil in the distillation flask admits of a w'ide
variation, it being only necessary to have such a quantity of oil that
all of the grain used for the test will be immersed. One hundred
grams of corn require approximately 100 cubic centimeters of oil,
■while if only 50 grams of grain are used the quantity of oil can be
reduced. The quantity of oil used, however, is not an important
factor, inasmuch as the greater part of it can be recovered b}^ empty-
ing the contents of the flask into a colander at the close of the test
and allowing the oil to drain off. The oil so recovered can be used
again with equalh" as good results as with fresh oil. But even if the
oil is not used a second time, 1 gallon, costing 12^ or 15 cents, is suf-
ficient for forty tests.

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS.

In devising the apparatus for making moisture determinations in
accordance with the method outlined in these pages, the principal
aim has been to secure an apparatus suitable for laboratories engaged
in determining the percentage of water in samples of commercial
grain. The following description and the accompanying illustra-
tions (figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8) show^ the detailed construction of the
apparatus.

THE EVAPORATING CHAMBER.

For the want of a better term the name '' evaporating chamber "
has been applied to that part of the apparatus in which the sam-
ples of corn immersed in the oil are heated. (See figs. 4 and 5.) The
evaporating chamber {B) is made of a good quality of gah'anized
iron and is divided into six compartments, as shown in figure 4.

99

1-i QUICK METHOD FOR DETERMINING MOISTURE IN GRAIN

A • six-compartment chamber is here described, it being the best
for ordinary work; however, the apparatus can be made with a sin-
gle compartment or with a dozen or more, if so desired. Each of
the compartments is lined thriiout with heavy asbestos. In addition

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to the asbestos lining the front of the chamber — the wall next to the
condenser — is covered with heavy asbestos on the outside.

The front of the evaporating chamber and the two ends (figs. -1
and 5) rest on an iron stand (6'), while the wall at the back of the

99

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS.

15

chamber extends only to the line >i v\ Avhich is 5 inches above the
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hole should likewise be cut in each end of the apparatus about U
inches from the base, in order to give a greater supply of air to the
two end burners; this, however, is not shown in the illustrations.
The different parts of the evaporating chamber, including the

90

16 QUICK METHOD FOR DETERMINIXG MOISTURE IN GRAIN,

^J

ol

iM

B

L t

t-!

/'

V

c

L

asbestos linino- and covering, are fastened together with the screw
bolts (figs. 4 and 5, g). The different compartments are each made
5f inches square inside, and are separated from each other by tAvo
partitions, each with a double thickness of asbestos, and a quarter-
inch air space (7i), so that when the heat is turned off from one

compartment the sample of corn in the
flask within will in no way be affected
by the heat from an adjoining com-
partment should it still be in opera-
tion. These partitions extend 2^
inches below the ledges (/) which sup-
port the flasks (/>) , in order to prevent
the flame of anj' one burner from
spreading into an adjoining compart-
ment. Within each compartment. Q>\
inches from the top of the chamber,
is a galvanizecl-iron ledge (i) for
supporting the wire gauze, flask, etc.,
the ledge being cut in such a wav as
to form a hole rt^ inches in diameter.
In order to prevent the brass-wire
gauze from becoming badly distorted
by the action of the heat, it should be
held in place by means of a second
piece of galvanized iron (/'), which
fits into the compartment and has
a hole of the same diameter as the
support (/). "

On the plate holding the gauze
firmly in place (see fig. 4) rests a
flanged pipestem triangle (j), which
serves to raise the flask {p) about one-
half inch above the brass-wire gauze,
this being essential in order to prevent
the corn which lies directh' on the
bottom of the flask from becoming too
highly heated. If the flask rests on
the gauze, the kernels in contact with
the bottom of the flask directly over
the flame will become carbonized and the percentage of water expelled
will be too large. The interior arrangement of each compartment is
more clearly shown in figure 9. The length of the flanged pipestem
forming the sides of the triangle is 4 inches. The gauze is 30-mesh,
made of Xo. 31 brass wire.

99

Fig. 5.-

-Plaii of end of apparatus for mois-
ture determination.

.-1, condenser; B, evaporating chamber;
C. stand-supporting condenser and evapo-
ratingchamber, c, overflow pipe; rf, washer
soldered to bottom of condenser tanli; e,
rubber stopper supporting condenser tube;
fy, screw bolts; ?, ledge for supporting gauze,
triangle, and flask; V, galvanized iron ring
above gauze; j, flanged pipestem triangle;
it, covers; m, handle on cover; p, distilla-
tion flask; q, thermometer, )•, rubber stop-
per; s, condenser tube; I. graduated meas-
uring cylinder; r, braces; x, burner; x' , ex-
tra stopcock beneath burner; y, ga.s pipe;
y' support for gas pipe.

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS.

17

Each compartniont is provided (see fio^. ?,) with an asbestos-lined
cover (/>■) having- a hole {J) in the center, thru which the neck of the

Flu. 0. — Front \ icw i 1 aiiparatu.- lui- moi.-turc duU-rmiuation.

Fig. 7.— Back view of apparatus for moisture determination.

flask ip) projects. The hole in the galvanized iron is made about one-
lourth inch larger than the hole in the asbestos lining, the latter having

18 QUICK METHOD FOR DETERMINING MOISTURE IN GRAIN,

a diameter of 1^ inches, thus forming a one-eighth inch asbestos pro-
iection (r) to lessen the danger of breaking the necks of the flasks in
placing or removing the covers. Each cover is provided with a
wooden handle (m) and a five-eighths inch flange (>i). the latter hav-
ing a small notch at o, directly opposite the notch (o') in the side of
the chamber. The asbestos in the notch {o') in the wall of the
chamber should project sufficiently to form a cushion to protect the
glass tube leading thru the notches o, o' to the condenser.

THE CONDENSER.

The condenser (figs. 3 and 5. .1) consists of a plain copper tank 4
inches wide. 1-2 inches high, and of the same length as the evaporating

chamber {B). In the bottom of the
tank at points directly opposite the
center of each of the compartments
of the evaporating chamber are cut
1-inch holes for receiving the per-
forated rubber stoppers (e) thru
which the ends of the glass con-
denser tubes (s) project into the
measuring cylinders (/). Heavy
one-eighth inch washers {d) are
soldered around the holes in the
bottom of the tank, so that the rub-
ber stoppers (e) bearing the con-
denser tubes (s) can be prest in
firmly, thereby avoiding the possible
danger of any water leaking from
the tank into the measuring cylni-
ders. Thru the condenser tank
passes a stream of cold water, en-
tering thru the valve («) and pass-
ing out at the overfloAv pipe (e). Connected Avith the valve («) is a
three-eighths inch pipe (7j) . which extends the full length of the
tank. In this pipe, near each condenser tube, are two small holes
(jy). drilled at such an angle that the cold water entering the tank
will fall directly on the glass condenser tubes. In order to prevent
the sides of the tank from bulging, extra braces (/) should be put in
everv 10 or 18 inches.

Fig. 8.— End view of apparatus fur moisture
determination.

THE ST.\.ND SUPPORTING THE EVAPORATING CHAMBER AND CONDENSER.

The stand (see figs. 3 and 5) supporting the condenser (.1) and
the evaporating chamber (B) is made of angle iron, with 1-inch
sides and three thirty-seconds inch thick. The total height of the

09

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS.

19

\

.-taiid is !)| inches, which raises the hottoiu ol' the eoiuleiiser lank 8f
inches above the work table, leavinir ample room for the S-ineh meas-
uring flasks {t)to be placed
under the condenser tubes.
The corners of the stand
are strengthened by the
braces (r). The cross
piece (iv) at the back of
the stand is dropt 4 or 5
inches in order to facili-
tate the manipulation of
the burners.

Between the burners (x) \
and the gas pipe (?/) is in-
serted an extra stopcock
{x'). AVith the extra
stopcock directly beneath
the burners the flow of
gas can be regulated l)y
setting either the valve in
the burner (x) or the stoj)-
cock («0? rising the remaining one for tm-ning on and off the gas.
(Figs. 3 and 5.) The gas pii)e (i/) with the attached burners can be
raised or lowered by loosening the nuts {s) at the slotted supports
(yO at either end of the stand.

^■

.^

y

iU

evaporatinff chamber, showing the ijositioii of the tri-
angle over the gauze.

THE DISTILLATION FLASKS.

The flasks (figs. 4 and 5, p^ in which the mixture of corn and oil
is heated are primarily distillation flasks having short necks and

specially constructed side tubes.
(Fig. lb.)

The flasks have a capacity of
approximately 1,000 cubic centi-
meters. The necks of the flasks
have a diameter of 2i centime-
ters and are made Avithout a
flange and sufficiently heavy to
stand tight corking. The side
tube, W'hich is 7 or 8 millimeters
in internal diameter, is insert-
ed approximately 3 centimeters
from the top of the neck. The
respective lengths of the three arms of the side tube are 6|, 7. and
3 centimeters. The bend between the two long arms is 1^ centi-

99

Fig. 10.— Distillation flask.

20 QUICK METHOD FOE DETERMINING MOISTURE IK GRAIN.

meters below a horizontal line drawn from the top of the neck of
the flask. The total height of the flasks should be IT or IJi centi-
meters, or such that one-half centimeter or more of the neck will
protrude thru the covers (/t) of the evaporating chaml^er in order to
protect the rubber stoppers (r) as much as possible from the action
of the high temperatures.

THE THERMOMETERS.

While any standard chemical thermometer may be utilized, a
thermometer graduated in degrees from 100° C. to 210° C. has been
found most convenient. The 100-degree mark should
come just at the top of the rubber stopper in the flask
( IT centimeters from the bulb end of the thermom-
eter), so that the rapidity of the rise in temperature
can be watched it desirable after the water begins to
pass over. The total length of such a thermometer
need not be more than 2T or 28 centimeters. The bulb
end of the thermometer should extend well into the
mixture of corn and oil. approximately 1 centimeter
from the bottom of the flask.

-\

4
^

THE CONDENSER TUBES.

S2

The construction of the condenser tubes (figs. 3 and
5), as represented at s in the detailed drawings, is
shown in figure 11. The thimble at the top is 22 milli-
meters in diameter inside and 3 centhneters deep, giv-
ing ample space to make good connection with the dis-
tillation flasks by means of a rubber stopper on the
end of the side tubes. The diameter of the remaining
part of the tube is approximately T millimeters, the
tube having a total lenofth of 33 centimeters, so that
the top of the tube will stand about one-half centime-
FiG. 11. -Condenser tcr above the top of the water tank and the bottom of
'^''*'- the tube project about 2 centimeters below the rubber

.stopper e at the bottom of the tank. The lower end of the tube
should be cut at an angle, as shown in the illustration.

THE GRADUATED CYLINDERS FOR COLLECTING AND 3IEASURING THE WATER.

A convenient form of container for collecting and measuring the
amount of water expelled from the grain is shown in figure 12.
Each of the two cylinders here shown is 20 centimeters (approxi-

99

CO:\[PAKISOX OF RESULTS WITH WATKU OVKN,

21

mately 8 inches) hig^li and is graduated in fifths, the one with a read-
ing capacity of '20 cubic centimeters and the other with a read-
ing capacity of 2;") cubic centimeters. For samples of \ erv wet grain
hirger measuring cylinders will be necessary. With the graduations
in fifths it is very easy to make the reading in tenths of a per cent,
which is a sufficiently close percentage for all conunercial grading
of grain, as samples taken on ditl'erent days will show a much witler
variation. The graduations are in cubic centimeters, so that when
100 grams of grain are used for the test the percentage of water
can be seen at once, 1 cubic centimeter of water representing 1 per
cent. The cylinders should be of a uniform height, so that they can
be used indiscriminately beneath any of the condenser tube<.

In expelling the water from the corn
a small quantity of oil (less than one-
half a cubic centimeter) is carried over
into the graduated cylinders, Avhich
prevents them from drying rapidly
after the readings have been made and
the contents emptied at the close of
the test. However, preparatory to
their being used again the cylinders
must be cleaned and dried, which can
best be done with a test-tube cleaner
having a small piece of sponge
attached to the end.

-20

4-16
-=■15

4 13
4-12
-r II
4-10
4-9

4-8

4- 7
4-6
^5
4-4
-^3
^ 2
-E- I
-r /

t25
424
-5-23
4 22

4 2'
-f 20
-^19

4 '8
-f-17
4 16
4 15
-E-I4
413
4 12

4ll
410

49

4-8
4 7

4^

4-5
-f 4

43
4-2

COMPARISON OF RESULTS WITH DE-
TERMINATIONS MADE IN A WATER
OVEN.

The method and the apparatus for
making moisture determinations of — <
corn as described in the foregoing fig. i2.-Graducued cyiindtr-. iur mcusur-

,. ,, 1 • /Ti c ing the water expelled from the grain.

pages is so radically diiierent from

ihat commonly used in chemical laboratories that a comparison of

results seems advisable.

Duplicate tests were made according to the rapid method and
likewise in a water oven, the average percentage of moisture obtained
in each case being shown in Table I.

9»

22 QUICK METHOD FOR DETERMINING MOISTURE IN GRAIN.

Table I. — Moisture in corn samples us detenu iiicd hi/ quick method ami in natcr

oven.

Moisture

Moisture

Moisture

Moisture

deter-

deter-

deter-

deter-

Sample Xo.—

mined

mined in

Sample Xo.—

mined

mined in

by quicli

water |

by quick

water

method.

oven. 1

method.

oven.

Per rent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per rent.

1 --.

13. 10

12. 93

15

13.30

12. 93

•>

13.20

12.88

16

12.80

12.84

3

26. 15

26. 01

17

20.40

20.24

4

14.05

13.75 1

18

24.85

24.58

rt

13.43
27. 05

13.44
26.73

19

20

26.90
21.55

26.90

6

20.98

7

22. 25

22.00

21

20.44

20. 32

S

20. 40
13.45

20. .57
13.42

22

23

19.00
17.76

19.08

9

17.74

10

IS. 15

17.94

24

12.05

12. 10

11

12. 43

20. 44

12.39
20.21

25

.26

20.35

13.48

20.31

12

13. 23

13

13. .55

13.42

1 27

11.60

11.54

11 -

11.90

11.86

28

13.14

13.01

From the 28 .samples represented in the foregoing table the average
moisture obtained, according to the ({uick method, was 17.40 per cent
and the average of the determinations made in a water oven was lT.2f»
per cent, a difference of 0.14 per cent. This difference is favorable
to the quick method, for the percentage of moisture obtained by dry-
ing starchy grains in a water oven is slightly below the actual amount
of free water in the grain.

In the majority of cases the whole kernels were likewise used for
making the moisture tests in the Avater oven, the drying being con-
tinued from ninety-six to one hundred and twenty hours, and in the
case of exceptionally hard kernels the drying was prolonged to one
hundred and thirty-six hours or more.

The Avhole kernels were used in order to obviate the loss of water
due to grinding, which in case of samples having a high percentage
of moisture is considerable. One sample gave 26.01 per cent from the
whole kernels and 24.36 per cent from the ground sample; another,
35.68 per cent from the whole kernels and 34.75 from the ground
sample. The average of 16 samples gave 20.13 per cent for the whole
kernels and 20.05 per cent for the ground sample, the moisture con-
tent of the different samples varying from 12.71 per cent to 35.68
per cent.

VARIATIONS IN DUPLICATE TESTS.

The amount of variation in different tests made at the same time
from the same lot of corn will depend largely on the uniformity of
the samples and on the care of the operator.

If the corn being analyzed is of inferior quality, containing a
number of rotten kernels, or is a mixture of wet and dry corn, it is
almost impossible to get samples of 100 grams each which will

99

SUMM.AHY.

i>a

give the same result.s, and in sueh cases a variation of one-half of 1
per cent or more is to be expected, Avhatever method is used for
determinintr the percentage of moisture. But if the corn being ex-
amined is of uniform quality and the moisture determinations are
carefully made, the variation in the results of dui)licate tests will
usually not exceed one-fifth of 1 per cent, Avhile many samples ^vill
give a much smaller variation. However, a variation of even one-
half of 1 per cent is sufficiently close for all commercial work, inas-
much as two samples taken on ditl'erent days or from dill'erent i>arts
of the same car or cargo will generally show a much greater variation
than this.

Tal)le II shows the results of the determinations of 15 samples of
corn, representing almost all grades from new corn to wet and larvse-
eaten samples, in which the average variation is 0.22 per cent.

T.\Bi.F, II. — 1'«r/(///o</s in {]ic pcrccntatjc of moisture obtained front different

tests made from the same lot of corn.

Sample No.—

JFoisture.

Average.

Per cent.
11.9

13. 14
11.6
13. 16
17.68
13.7
20.4
11.3
20.8

26. 15
13. 2
27. 05
24.85
34.9
35.98

Varia-
tion.

1 .

Per cent.
11.95
13. 15
11.4
13.2
17.7
13.8
20.4
11.3
20. 7
26. 2
13.2
27
24.8
34.8
35.9

Per cent.
11.8
13.1
11.75
13.1
17.6
13.4
20. 3

n.3

20.9

26.1

13.2

27.1

24.9

35

36.05

Per cent.
12.1
13.2
11.7
13

17.7
13.9
20.7
11.3

Per cent.
11.8
13.1
11.4
13.1
17.5
13.7
20.3

Per cent.
11.8
13

11.75
13
17.9

Per cent.
11.95
13.3
11.7
13.4

Per cent.
0 3

2

3

3

35

4

5

.4
3

6 ;

5

7

4

8

0

9

.1

10

.1

11

.0

12

.1

13

.1

14

9

15

15

1

SUMMARY.

(1) The principal cause of the deterioration of corn in storage or
during transit is an excessive amount of moisture.

(2) With the method and apparatus herein described for making
moisture determinations, a percentage system of grading corn is well
within the possibilities of the trade.

(3) The method described consists primarily in heating a definite
quantity of corn in an oil bath to drive off the water, wdiich is con-
densed and measured in a graduated cylinder.

(4) The time required for making the moisture determination will
be from tw^enty to twenty-five minutes.

(5) With the proposed quick method for making moisture deter-
minations one man familiar Avith laboratory work, with an assistant,
should be able to test 200 samples in a day of eight houi's.

99

24 QUICK METHOD FOE DETERMINING MOISTURE IN GRAIN.

(G) The apparatus consists primarily of {a) an evaporatinjr
chamber divided into two or more compartments, (b) a copper tank
forming the condenser, and (c) a stand to support the evaporating
chamber, the condenser, and the burners.

(7) The apparatus described shows six compartments, but it can
be made in any size desired.

(8) The whole kernels are used for the test, no time being con-
sumed by grinding; moreover, damp or wet grain can not be ground
without a considerable loss of moisture.

(9) Only one weighing is required, for which an ordinary torsion
balance is used, a delicate analytical balance being entirely unneces-
cessary.

(10) One hundred grams of corn are used for the test; conse-
quently, each cubic centimeter of water in the graduated cylinder
represents 1 per cent of moisture.

(11) When the thermometer in the distillation flask registers 190°
C. (374° F.) the gas should be turned off, after which eight or ten
minutes must elapse before the reading of the amount of water
expelled is made.

(12) The distillation flask is closed and connected with the con-
denser tube by means of rubber stoppers of a grade that will not be
readih^ atfected by high temperatures.

(13) The oil used is a good grade of pure hydrocarbon oil having
a flash point (in open cup) of from 200° C. to 205° C. Such oils are
sold in the market as " engine oils " and can be purchased in barrel
lots for 12^ or 15 cents a gallon.

(14) The oil should be poured into the flask first to lessen the
danger of its being broken by the kernels of corn dropping on the
bottom.

(15) The bulk samples from which the 100-gram samples are taken
for the moisture test must be kept in air-tight containers if accurate
results are expected.

(16) The bulk samples should be taken in such a Avas as to repre-
sent the quality of the entire lot of grain under consideration.

99

O

[Continued from page 2 of cover.]
No. 43. Japanese Bamboos. 1P03. Price, 10 eents.

44. The Bitter Rot of Apples. 1903. Piice, 15 cents.

45. Physiological Role of Mineral Nutrients in Plants. 1903. Price, 5 cents.

46. Propagation of Tropical Fruit Trees, etc. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

47. The Description of Wheat Varieties. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

48. The Apple in Cold Storage. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

49. Culture of the Central American Ruhhor Tree. 1903. Price, 25 cents.

50. Wiffi Rice: Its Uses and Propagat i(m. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

51. Miscellaneous Papers: I. The Wilt Disease of Tobacco and Its Control. II. Tlu-

Work of the Community Demonstration Farm at Terrell. Tex. III. Fruit
Trees Frozen in 1904. IV. The Cultivation of the Australian Wattle. V.
Legal and Customary Weights per Bushel of Seeds. VI. Golden Seal. 1905.
Price, 5 cents.

52. Wither-Tip and Other Diseases of Citrus Trees and Fruits Caused by Colleto-

trichum Gloco.sporioides. 1904. Price, 15 cents.

53. The Date Palm. 1904. Price, 20 cents.

54. Persian Gulf Dates. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

55. The Dry Rot of Potatoes. 1904. Price;, 10 cents.
5<i. Nomenclature of the Apple. 1905. Piice, 30 cents.

57. Methods Used for Controlling Sand-Dunes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

58. The Vitalit}' and Germination of Seeds. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

59. Pasture, Meadow, and Forage Crops in Nebraska. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

60. A Soft Rot of the Calla Lily. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

61. llie Avocado in Florida. 1904. Price, 5 cents.

62. Notes on Eg>'ptian AgriciUture. 1904. Price, 10 cent. s.

63. Investigations of Rusts. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

64. A Method of Destroying or Preventing the Growth of Algae and Certain Pathogenic

Bacteria in Water Supplies. 1904. Price, 5 cents.

65. Reclamation of Cape Cod Sand Dunes. 1904. Piice, 10 cents.

66. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 10. 1905. Price, 20 cents.

67. Range Investigations in Arizona. 1904. Price, 15 cents.

68. North American Species of Agrosti^j. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

69. American Varieties of Lettuce. 1904. Price, 15 cents.

70. The Commercial Status of Durum Wheat. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

71. SoQ Inoculati(m for Jjegumes. 1905. Price, 15 cents.

72. Miscellaneous Papers: I. Cultival ion of Wheat in Permanent Alfalfa Fields II.

The Salt Water Limits of Wild Rice. III. Exteimination of Johnson
Grass. TV. Inoculation of Soil with Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria. 1905. Price,
5 cents.

73. The Development of Single-Geim Beet Seed. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

74. Prickly Pear and Other Cacti as Food for Stock. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

75. Range Management in the State of Washington. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

76. Copper as an Algicide and. Disinfectant in Water Supplies. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

77. The Avocado, a Salad Fruit from the Tropics. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

78. Improving the Quality of Wheat. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

79. The Variability of Wheat Varieties in Resi.stance to Toxic Salts. 190.5. Price,

5 cents.

80. Agricultural Explorations in Algeria. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

81. Evolution of Cellular Structures. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

82. Grass Lands of the South Alaska Coast . 1S05. Price, 10 cents.

83. The Vitality of Buried Seeds. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

84. The Seeds of the Bluegi'asses. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

85. The Principles of Mushroom Growing. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

86. Agriculture without Irrigation in the Sahara Desert. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

87. Disease Resistance of Potatoes. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

88. Weevil-Resistine Adaptations of the Cotton Plant. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

89. Wild ^ledicinal Plants of the United States. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

90. Miscellaneous Papers: I. The Storage and Germination of Wild Rice Seed. II.

The Cro\\Ta-Gall and Hairy-Root Diseases of the Apple Tree. III. Peppermint.
rV. The Poisonous Action of Johnson Grass. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

91. Varieties of Tobacco Seed Distributed, etc. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

92. Date Varieties and Date Culture in Tvmis. 1906. Price, 25 cents.

93. The Control of Apple Bitter Rot. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

94. Farm Practice with Forage Crops in Western Oregon, etc. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

95. A New Type of Red Clover. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

96. Tobacco Breeding. [In press.]

97. Seeds and Plants Imported. [In press.]

98. Soy Bean Varieties. [In press.]

y

(

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY BULLETIN NO. 100.

B. T. GALLOWAY, fliicf of Bureau.

MISCELLANEOUH PAPERS.

I. CRANBERRY SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS IN 1905.

By C. J.. SHEAR, Pathologht.

II. THE WRAPPING OF APPLE GRAFTS AND ITS RELATION TO THE

CROWN-GALL DISEASE.

Bv HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Special Ayent,
and (tEORGE G. HEDGCOCK, Ax.vstcint.

III. GARLICKY WHEAT.

By .1. W. T. DUVEL, ASmtnvl.

IV. METHODS OF TESTING THE BURNING UHALITY OF CIGAR TOBACCO.

By WKiHTMAN V{. G\R^¥.^, Seimlijic Amstnnt

V. THE DRUG KNOWN AS PINKROOT.

By W. W. STOCKBERGER, Expert.

VI. ORCHARD GRASS.'

By K. A. OAKLEY, Assistant Agrjculhirixi .

VI L THE EFFECT OF COPPER UPON WATER BACTERIA.

By KARL F. KELLER:\IAN, Physiologisl,
iind T. D. BECKWITH, Scientific Assistant.

VIll. CONDITIONS AFFECTING LEGUME INOCULATION.

Bv KARL F. KELLERMAN, Physiologist,
and T. R. ROBINSON. -1.«;.s/a/)/. Phiii<lnhuiiid.

IsstJED Apbil 25, 1907.

udm

1

•ijs^^^^^^^^

f

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING

OFFICE

190 7. .

BXTLIiETINS OF THE BTTREAU OF PLANT INDTTSTB-T.

The work of the Bureau of Plant Industry, which was organized July 1, 1901, is
classified under the general subjects of Pathological Investigations, Physiological
Investigations, Taxonomic Investigations, Agronomic Investigations, Horticultural
Investigations, and Seed and Plant Introduction Investigations. All the scientific
and technical ])ublications of the Bureau are issued in a single series of bulletins, a
list of which follows. •

Attention is directed to the fact that the publications in this series are '^ot for gen-
eral distribution. The Superintendent of Documents," Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C, is authorized by law to sell them at cost, and to him all applica-
tions for these bulletins should be made, accompanied by a postal money order for
the required amount or by cash.

No. 1. Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price, 10 cents.

2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

/ 3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 9. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

6. A List of American \'arieties of Peppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents.
• 7. The Algerian Durum Wheats. 190/. Price, 15 cents.

8. A Collection of Fungi Prepared for Distribution. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.
10. Records of Seed Distribution, etc. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

,11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

13. Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

14. Decay of Timber and IMethods of Preventing It. 1^02. Price, 55 cents.

15. Forage Conditions on the Border of the Great Basin. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

16. Germinationof the Spores of AgaricusCampestris, etc. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

18. Observations on the iMosaic Disease of Tobacco. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

19. Kentucky Bkiegrass Seed. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

20. INIanufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

21. List of American Varieties of Vegetables. 1903. Price, 35 cents.

22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

23. Berseem. 1 02. Price, 10 cents.

24. Unfermented Grape Must. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

25. Miscellaneous Papers: I. The Seeds of Rescue Grass and Chess. II. Sara-

gnlla Wheat. III. Plant Introduction Notes from South Africa. IV. Con-
gressional Seed and Plant Distribution Circulars. 1903. Price, 15 cents.
2H. Spanish Ahnonds. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

27. Letters on Agriculture in the West Indies, Spain, etc. 1£02. Price, 15 cents.

28. The Mango in Porto Rico. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

29. The Effect of Black Rot on Turnips. 1901 Price, 15 cents.

30. Budding the Pecan. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

31. Cultivated Forage Crops of the Northwestern States. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

32. A Di.«ease of th White Ash. 190<. Price, 10 cents. -

33. North American Species of Leptochloa. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

34. Silkworm F(-od Plants. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

35. Recent Foreign Explorations. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

;-6. The "Bluing" of the Western Yellow Pine, etc. 1^03. Price, 30 cents.

37. Formation of the Spores of the Sporangia of Rhizopus Nigricans and of Phyco-

myces Nitens. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

38. Forase Conditions in Eastern Washington, etc. 1903. Price, l^ cents.
3^. The Propagation of the Easter Lily from Seed. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

40. Cold Storage with Reference to the Pear and Peach. 1903. Price, 15 cents.
« 41. The Commercial Grading of Corn. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

42. Three New Plant Introductions from Japan. 1903. Price. 10 cents.

43. Japanese Bamboos. 1 03. Price, 10 cents.

44. The Bitter-Rot of Apples. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

45. Physiological Role of Mineral Nutrients in Plants. 1903. Price, 5 cents.
4 \ Propagation of Tropical Fruit Trees, etc. 190;. Price, 10 cents.

47. The Description of Wheat Varieties. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

[Continued on page 3 of cover.]

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 100.

B. T. (JALLOWAY, Chi^ of Bureau. ^^^k.AU '

NEW yOk

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS,

1. CRANBERRY SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS IN 1905.

By C. L. SHEAR, Pathologist.

II. THE WRAPPING OF APPLE GRAFTS AND ITS RELATION TO THE

CROWN-GALL DISEASE.

By HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Specinl Agent,
and GEORGE (t. HEDGCOCK, Asshtant.

HI. GARLICKY WHEAT.

By J. W. T. DUVEL, Asmlnnl.

IV. METHODS OF TESTING THE BURNING QUALITY OF CIGAR TOBACCO.

By WKtHTMAN W. GARNER, Scientific As»istant.

V. THE DRUG KNOWN AS PINKROOT.

By W. W. STOCK BERG ER, Expert.

VI. ORCHARD GRASS.

By R. A. OAKLEY, Assistant Agriculturist.

VII. THE EFFECT OF COPPER UPON WATER BACTERIA.

By KARL F. KELLERMAN, PhysiologiM,
and T. D. BECKWITH, Scientific Assistant.

VIII. CONDITIONS AFFECTING LEGUME INOCULATION.

By KARL F. KELLERMAN, Phi/slologlsl,
and T. R. ROBINSON, Assistant Pliysiologist.

Issued April 2.5, 1907.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTINCx OFFICE,

190 7.

Bl REAU OF PLANT INDl STRY.

Pathologist avd Ptiysiolooift- "'"' I'hUf <>/ Bureau. Beverly T.Galloway.

Pathologist and PhijsioliKjid. and Aysistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods.

Laboratorij of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge.

Investigations of Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge.

Plant Brer/ling Investigations, Herbert J. Webber, Physiologist in Charge.

Plant life lUstorri Investigations. Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge.

Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman. Physiologist in Charge.

Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook. Bionomist in Charge.

Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations. Rodney H. True, Physiologist

in Charge.
Physical Latwratory, Lyman J. Brigg.s, Physici.st in Charge.
Ta.rononiic Investigations, Frederick V. Coville. Botanist in Charge.
Farm Management Investigations. Wiliiam J. Spillman, .\grieulturist in Charge.
Grain Investigations, Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge.
Arlington E.rperiviental Farm, Lee C. Oorbett, Horticulturist in Charge.
Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge.
Western Agrirultur<U E.rtension Invei^figations, Carl S. Scotield, Agriculturist in Charge.
Dry Land Agriculture Investigations, K. Chauning Chilcott, Agriculturist in Charge.
Pomologival Collections. Gustavus B. Brackett. Pomologist in Charge.

Field Inve.-'tigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold PoWell, Pomologists in Charge.
E.rperimental Gardens ami Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes. Superintendent.
Seed and Plant Introduction. David Fairchild, Agricultural E.xplorer in Charge.
Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge.
Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge.
Grain Standardization, John D. Shanahan, Expert in Charge.

Mississippi Valley Laboratory, St. Louis, Mo., Hermann von Schrenk, Expert in Charge.
Subtropical Laboratory ai2d Garden, Miami, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge.
Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., Palemon H. Dorsett, Pathologist in Charge.
Cotton Culture Farms, Seaman A. Knapp, Lake Charles, La., Special Agent in Charge.

Editor, J. E. Rockwell.
Chief Clerk, James E. Jones.

C()\T1-:\TS/

Pago.

Ci-anberry spraying experiments in 1905 7

Introduction 7

Spraying and its results 8

Importance of early applications 9

Effects of spraying plants when in full bloom 10

Keeping (jualities of sprayed and unsprayed fruit 10

Cost and recommendations 11

The \\rapi)ing of apple grafts and its relation to the crown-gall disease 13

Introduction 13

Account of experiments 14

Manner of wrapi)ing 15

Grafts left unwrapped 16

Results of wrapping 16

Effect upon the union 16

Effect on crown-gall formation 18

Recommendations _ _ 18

Suggestion to nurserymen 19

Summary 20

Garlicky wheat 21

Introduction 21

Wheat containing garlic 21

Experiments in separating garlic from wheat 22

Lot A 23

Lot B 24

Lot C 25

The total cost of drying and cleaning garlicky wheat 26

The net cost of removing garlic 28

The effect of the drying on the milling qualities of the grain 28

The effect of the drying on the vitality of the wheat 29

Machinery used for drying and cleaning 30

Summary 30

Methods of testing the burning quality of cigar tobacco 31

Introduction 1 ',, 31

The smoking test 33

The effects of the filler, the binder, and the wrapper on the burn of the cigar. 35

Testing the capacity for holding fire and the evenness of the burn 37

Testing the burn of cigar-filler tobacco 40

The drug known as pinkroot 41

Introduction 41

Trade varieties of pinkroot 41

Identitv of chief substitutes ■ 42

"The eight papers constituting this bulletin were issued in separate form on February 7, February
28, April 5, June 9, October 9, October s, October 20, and November 30, 1906, respectively.
100 3

4 CONTENTS.

The drug known as piukroot — Continued. Page.

Minor adulterants - - 48

Mettiods of distinguishing pinkroot from its substitutes 43

Orchard grass -- 45

Introduction 45

Methods of culture 46

Seeding - 46

Mixtures with red clover 47

Mixtures with other grasses 48

Life of meadows 49

Uses and value 49

Hay 49

Pasture 50

Seed 50

Harvesting the seed crop 51

Thrashing : 51

Handling the aftergrowth 52

Value of the straw 52

Weeds in orchard grass seed fields 53

Other grasses in fields intended for seed 54

Summary 5o

The effect of copper upon water bacteria - 57

Introduction - 57

Resistance of various bacteria 59

Effect of carbon dioxid on viability of Bacillus coli and Bacillus typhi 64

Copper sulfate and filtration 69

Conditions affecting legume inoculation 73

Introduction ''-^

Use of lime - - - '4

Effect of soil conditions upon bacteria 76

Effect of heavy inoculation "i^

Effect of aeration ^ - - - ^^

Associative action of bacteria 82

Summary 83

100

ILLl STRATIONS.

PLATES.
• Page.

Plate I. Wheat kernels and the aerial bulblete of wild garlic. Natural size . . 22
II. Fig. 1.— ,1, l-pound^iainple of garlicky wheat, Lot A, as received; B,
amount of garlic in 1-pound sample when received, 2.17 per cent;
C, amount of garlic remaining in 1-pound sample after drying and
(•leaning, 0.05 per cent. Fig. 2.— .1, 1-pound .sample of garlicky
wheat, Lot B, as received; B, amount of garlic in 1-pound sample
when received, 0.56 per cent; C, amount of garlic in 1-pound sam-
ple after drying and cleaning, 0.06 per cent. Fig. 3. — A, 1-pound
.sample of garlicky wheat. Lot C, as received; B, amount of garlic
in 1-pound sample when received, 2.04 per cent; C, amount of gar-
lic remaining in 1-pound sample after drying and cleaning, 0.16
per cent 24

III. Variation in burn ( )f wrappers due to different fillers 34

IV. Variation in burn of tillers due to different wrappers and binders. . . 36
V . Pinkroot ( Spigelia manlandka L.) --- 42

VI. East Tennessee pinkroot ( Kuellia ciliosa Pursh ) 44

VII. Fig. 1.— Harvesting orchard grass for seed. Fig. 2.— Method of

shocking orchard grass; shocks showing bands at top 50

VIII. Pots of red clover, showing the effect of lime on a soil unfavorable

to the growth of clover 76

IX. Fig. 1.— Pots of garden peas, showing the effect of aeration on
growth. Fig. 2.— The garden peas illustrated in figure 1, showing
the effect of aeration on nodule formation 80

TEXT FIGURES.

Fig. 1. The apparatus used in the cranberiy spraying experiments 8

•J. Apparatus for testing the burning quality of cigars . . ^ 34

3. Apparatus for testing the burning quality of wrapper tobacco 38

4. Construction of form on which leaf is wrapped for use in apparatus

shown in iigure '■'. ■- - -

5. Cross section of the root of Spigelia marUandica L . - 44

6. Cross section of the root of Ruellia ciliosa Pursh 44

100 ^

38

B. V. I.-200. ^'- 1" ''■ '-l^O-

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

l.-CRANBEKKV SPRAYIX(; HXFHKIMHNTS IX l!)0.).

Bv ('. L. Sheak. I'dlliolot/ial.

INTRODUCTION.

In Farmers' Bulletin No. '221 " a brief account was given of cranberry
diseases, and al^o the results of spraying experiments with Bordeaux
mixture. The results in 1904 were not entirely satisfactory. This was
not due, however, to the inefficiency of Bordeaux mixture, but to cir-
cumstances which prevented the applications being made at proper
intervals. The results ol)tained in llttU showed an average of 21.7 per
cent of rotten berries on the sprayed plats, as compared with an average
of 7().S per cent rotten on the unsprayed check plats. Considering the
unsatisfactory manner in which the Bordeaux mixture was applied, the
prediction was ventured that it would be possible with more thorough
treatment to reduce the loss from rot to 10 or 15 per cent. The results
obtained in 1905 have more than justified this prediction.

The experiments were conducted on what is known as the Bunker
Hill bog at AVhitesville, N. J., which is in charge of Mr. James D.
llolman, the same plats being used as in 1!)04, with the addition of a
small area not heretofore sprayed. This bog was selected because the
fruit had in former years been almost entirely destroyed by disease.
The water was drained from the bog May 10-12. It is the usual prac-
tice of cranberry growers to flood bogs for twenty-four hours during the
first week in June, in order to destroy insects. In these experiments
it was planned to spray part of the experimental plats before this second
flooding and part immediately afterwards, in order to determine the
necessity or desirability of spraying ))efore this flooding. The water
supply of the bog was, however, insufficient to flood it at the usual
time, and it was not done.

The spraying apparatus used was a barrel and force pump fitted with
two lengths of half -inch hose, each length provided with an extension
rod and two Vermorel nozzles. The apparatus was driven about the
bog in a low-bodied spring wagon, as shown in figure 1.

"Farmers' Bulletin No. 221, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, "Fungous Diseases of tlie
Cranberry."

luo— I 7

8 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

The Bordeaux mixture used consisted of 6 pounds of copper sulphate
(bluestone) and 6 pounds of fresh stone lime to 50 gallons of water, to
which was also added 4^ pounds of commercial resin-fishoil soap. The
addition of this soap has been found to be indispensable, as Bordeaux
mixture will not spread over and adhere satisfactorily to the glossy sur-
face of the cranberry leaves and fruit without it. Heretofore this soap
has been made as it was needed for use. Its manufacture was not
an altogether pleasant operation. Now that the soap is being manu-
factured and placed on the market at about 3 cents per pound, it is
cheaper and much more convenient to purchase it than to make it.

SPRAYING AND ITS RESULTS.

The sprayed plats were numbered 3, 5, 0, 7, and 9, the plats between
Vjeing left as checks. Plats 3 and 7 were sprayed five times, as follows:
May 19, June 22-23, July 14-17, July 31-August 1, and August 15-17.
On September 8, accurate counts were made of all the diseased and
sound berries on small areas, showing tlie average condition of the
berries on the sprayed plats; also of equal areas, showing the average

Fig. 1. — The apparatus used in the cranberry spraying experiments.

condition of the berries on the check plats. Plat 3 gave 3.23 per cent
of rotten berries, plat 7 gave 8.8 per cent of rotten fruit, check plat 2
showed 91 per cent of rotten fruit, and check plat 8 gave 91.53 per cent
of rotten berries, giving an average of a fraction over 6 per cent of rotten
fruit for the sprayed plats and a little more than 91 per cent for the
unsprayed plats. On these -two plats it will be noted that the first
application was made on May 19, when the vines had but just com-

100— I

C'RANBP:KRY spraying experiments in 1905. 9

menced to put out new growth. This application was the one men-
tionod US being* made before the usual flooding for insects.

Plats 5 and 9 were sprayed tire times, as follows: .June 2, June 22-23,
July 14-17, July 31-August 1, and August 15-17. On June 2, when
the lirst application was made to these plats, there was a good growth
of young shoots and leaves. Counts of fruit on small areas, as in the
preceding case, gave the following results: Sprayed plat 5, 2.62 per
cent of rotten berries; sprayed plat 9, 2.1 per cent of rotten fruit; check
plat 4, 01.8 per cent rotten; check plat 10, 93.5 per cent rotten, giving
an average of 2.36 per cent of rottcMi berries on the sprayed plats and
92.6 per cent of rotten fruit on the unsprayed plats. There was verj^
little diHerence in the amount of rot on this series of plats and that on
the series mentioned in the preceding paragraph.

Plat 6 was sprayed but three times, as follows: July 1-1—17, July 31-
August 1, and August 15-17. Counts made, as in the previous cases,
on September 8, gave the following results: Sprayed plat, 18.3 per cent
of rotten berries; check plat, 91.53 per cent of rotten fruit. It may
also be added that a greater number of the berries from this sprayed
plat decayed before they were ready for shipment than was the case
with the fruit from the plats which receiv^ed live applications.

The fruit from an area of 1,048 square feet, showing average condi-
tion of fruit on spra3'ed plat 7, was carefully hand picked and produced
3 bushels of sound fruit, which is at the rate of about 125 bushels per
acre. The same area from check plat 8, showing the average condi-
tion of fruit, gave a scanty peck, or at the rate of about lO/j bushels
per acre. In other words, there was twelve times as much sound
fruit on the sprayed as on the unsprayed plat, or a saving of over 100
))ushels per acre.

Besides our purely experimental plats, several acres upon another
cranberry l)og known as '"'Long Swamp" were spra3"ed by ]Mr. Holman.
One portion was spraA'ed live times on the following dates: June 6-10,
June 26-28, July 18-21, August 2-4, and August 18-19. One part was
sprayed only four times. The first plat, which was also sprayed in
1904, was estimated to have from 80 to 100 per cent of the fruit sound
on September 15. On the area sprayed only in 1905 it was estimated
that from 70 to 90 per cent of the fruit was sound. On the plat which
received the first four applications onlj^, the fruit showed somewhat
more rot than on the other plats at picking time. The fruit on these
plats had in former years been almost entirely destro3^ed by rot.

IMPORTANCE OF EARLY APPLICATIONS.

The difference in the appearance of the fruit on the sprayed and
unspraj'^ed plats was very marked by the middle of July. On the
unsprayed plats a large proportion of the fruit was blasted, owing to the

100— I

10 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

early attack of the scald fungus ((Tuignardia), while on the sprayed plats
but little blasted fruit was to be seen. In many cases at least one-half
of the fruit is destroyed by blasting, the young fruits being attacked
by the fungus at about the time the blossoms begin to fall. In order
to prevent this, one of the applications of Bordeaux mixture should be
made immediatel}^ after the vines have reached their maximum flowering
stage, as a delay of a week at this time may make a difference of from
25 to 50 per cent in the amount of fruit destroj^ed by blasting.

A very striking illustration of this fact was observed upon another
bog where one plat had been sprayed on fluly 1 and another adjoining
was not sprayed until July 8. On the plat sprayed on July 1, when
the vines had just reached their maximum flowering condition, but
very little blasted fruit could be found, whereas on the plat which had
been sprayed on July 8 about one-half of the fruit had been blasted.
This and other observations indicate the exceedingly great importance
of prompt and thorough early applications of the fungicide. In case
the bog to be sprayed is flooded for insects early in June, the first
application of Bordeaux mixture should be made within a day or two
after the water is removed, the second application just as the plants
begin flowering, and the third just after the majority of the blossoms
have appeared, which in ordinar}^ seasons will be about the first of Juh\

EFFECT OF SPRAYING PLANTS WHEN IN FULL BLOOM.

In order to determine whether an}^ injury would result from spraying
the plants while in bloom, part of one plat was sprayed wdien in full
bloom, and the amount of fruit which set upon this plat was carefully
compared with that on adjoining plats which had not been sprayed.
No difference could be noted in the amount of fruit on the sprayed and
on the unsprayed plats. In addition, certain bunches of vines were
dipped in Bordeaux mixture when in full bloom, but without any
apparent injury to the fruit. From our observations and experiments
it does not appear that there is much danger of loss from spraying vines
while in l)loom. What little loss might possibly arise from this cause
would be very slight compared with the amount of loss from blasted
fruit in case the spraying was delayed too long.

KEEPING QUALITIES OF SPRAYED AND UNSPRAYED FRUIT.

A comparison of the sprayed and unsprayed fruit at the time of
picking does not giye an exact idea of the amount of profit derived
from the treatment, as there was a much greater loss of unspra3^ed than
of sJDrayed fruit between the time of picking and the time the berries
were marketed.

In order to compare the keeping qualities of the sprayed and
unspra3'ed fruit, as well as unsprayed fruit which had been treated

100—1

CRANBERRY SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS IN 1905. 11

with a solution of copper siili)bate (1 part to 1,000 of water), 3.600
berries, perfectly sound so far as could be seen from external appear-
ance, were selected from fruit pickcul on Sopti'mber 18, 11>05. Of these,
1,200 were from the sprayed plats and the remainder from the unsprayed
check plats. These berries were kept in g"lass dishes in the laboratory
and counted each week, in order to determine the amount of disease
which developed. On October 18, about the time the fruit from the
bog was marketed, 9.8 per cent of the sprayed fruit showed diseased
berries, while 38.1 per cent of the unsjirayed fruit and 37.4 per cent of
the unsprayed fruit which had been treated with the copper-sulphate
solution were diseased. In other words, four times as much of the
unsprayed fruit decayed between the time of picking- and marketing as
of the sprayed fruit.

Parts of the check plats which were worth picking were picked by
hand and the fruit kept separate. This fruit was sorted for shipment
on October 15, 1905, when from 85 to 90 per cent of it was rotten. Mr.
Holman states that 40 per cent of all the unspraj'ed berries from Bun-
ker Hill bog deca3'ed between the time of picking and marketing. No
treatment of the berries with fungicides after picking is likely to give
satisfactory results, as we have found that the decaj" which occurs in
storage does not arise from germs which are on the surface of the fruit
at the time it is picked, but apparentl}' from a dormant form of the
fungus already within the bei'ries, where it is awaiting favoral)le con-
ditions for development.

As the time for picking approached, so much of the Bordeaux mix-
ture adhered to the sprayed fruit that it was feared enough might be
present when the berries were marketed to interfere with their sale.
This, however, did not prove to be the case, as the greater portion of
the mixture was removed from the fruit during the processes of pick-
ing, sorting, and preparing the fruit for market.

As the result of three years' spi-aying experiments, it is safe to say
that by the proper use of Bordeaux mixture the loss from fungous dis-
eases can be reduced to 10 per cent or less. The loss may be slightly
more the first 3^ear a badly diseased bog is treated, as the benetit, as
shown in these experiments, is greater the second 3^ear than the first,
and is evident not onl}^ in the prevention of scald and rot of the fruit,
but in the general improvement, thriftiness, and productiveness of the
vines. Bordeaux mixture has also been applied with very beneiicial
results to young vines not j^et in bearing, the leaves of which were
badly atfected b}^ the scald fungus.

COST AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

The cost of the spraying as it was done in these experiments averaged
from $15 to $20 an acre, the mixture being applied at the rate of four

100— I

12 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

barrels, or 200 gallons, an acre at each application, making for the five
applications a total of 1,000 gallons to the acre.

In undertaking the application of Bordeaux mixture it is necessary
that all material and apparatus be in perfect readiness before the time
to begin the work, and nothing should be allowed to interfere with the
application of the fungicide at proper intervals; otherwise, the results
will be unsatisfactory, and the remedy is likely to be unjustly con-
demned.

The necessit}^ for care and thoroughness in the preparation and appli-
cation of the mixture must also be strongly emphasized. The mixture
should be made as described in Farmers' Bulletin No. 221, using only
good, fresh stone lime and adding resin-fishoil soap. A good nozzle
(the Vermorel type is best) should be used and the vines very thor-
oughly covered at each spraying. Four barrels of the mixture to the
acre are ordinarily sufficient, but where the vines are very dense and
heavy five barrels may be necessary. Where there is an excessive
growth of vines, it will be found advantageous to rake them with a
knife rake and thin them out, as is frequently done in order to prepare
a bog for picking with scoops.

100— I

n. V. I.— 203.

Il.-THE WRAl'PIXn OF APPLE GRAFTS AND ITS
RRLATIOX TO THE CROWN-GALL DISEASE.

By Hermann von Schrenk, Special Agent in Charge of the Missixdppi Valleg Laboratory,
and George G. Hedgcock, Asidstant in Pathology.

INTRODUCTION.

The crown-gall diseast> of apple trees, a.s indic-ated in a recent pub-
lication of the Bureau of Plant Industry," appear.s in three distinct
types — the hard crown-oall, the soft crown-gall, and the hairy-root
forms. While the hairy- root disease of apples has usually been con-
sidered a type of the crown-g-all disease, it in reality is an entirely
different trouble, with manifestations which are not in the least like
those met with in the true crown-gall disease. The soft type of crown
gall on the apple has not yet been clearly ditferentiated from the hard
type, and in the following discu.s.sion the two are considered as one.

The knots which characterize the crown-gall disease of the apple
usualh' appear at some point, either on the root piece or on the scion,
where the two are united; that is, the gall nm' form at the end of the
tongue of either the scion or root piece, or at any point where either
piece has been wounded. This fact is one commonly recognized by
all nurser3"men and scientific workers who have studied this disease.
About 90 per cent of these knots will appear on the end of the scion
piece. The exact cause of the formation of the gall is as 3'et somewhat
uncertain. It would seem, however, that, whatever the cause, the
point most exposed to the disturbing factor, Avhether it be due to a
fungus, to bacteria, or to soil or atmospheric conditions, is the junction
of the scion and root piece.

When the newly made grafts are laid awa}^ in the grafting cellar
either in sawdust, excelsior, moss, or other bedding material, callous
tissue begins to form on the cut surfaces of both scion and root piece.
This callous tissue from the two pieces will in time fill the intervening
spaces between the surfaces of the scion and the root piece, and ulti-
mateh" the root callus and the scion callus will join. Where the root
piece and the scion are of exactly the same size and where they are
united so as to fit exactly, a very perfect union will take place. Where

" Bulletin No. 90, Part II, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
" The Crown-Ciall and Hairy-Root Diseases of the Apple Tree," J.905.

100—11 13

14 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

there is a ditference in size between the root piece and the 8cion, or
where thej^ are more or less imperfectly fitted, as is almost always the
case in commercial grafts, the callus formed by the scion and the root
piece will not always meet alou^ equal planes. In these cases there
will })e a tendency for the callus forming on any surface of either piece
which is not in direct contact with an opposite surface (no matter how
small this surface may be) to grow out from this surface, either later-
ally or down or up, into the air, with nothing to prevent its growing
into small lumps, which may reach considerable size. Very frequently
the pressure exerted by the growing callus will push the tongue of the
graft outward. A thick cushion of callus will then form between the
scion and root piece.

The object of all grafting should be to bring about as rapid a union
between the two grafted parts as possible, with the smallest possible
period during which an open wound is allowed to remain into which
disturbing factors may enter. With this in mind, a num})er of experi-
ments were made during the past year, the specific objects of which
were to contine the formation of callus as far as possible to the spaces
l)etween the root and scion pieces, thereby bringing about a closer and
moi-c effective union and reducing the chances for the entrance of
possible disturbing factors.

It is intimated that the formation of the hard and soft types of apple
crown-gall may be due either to a proliferation of callous tissue in cases
where an uneven union is taking place and where the callus has had a
chance to grow out laterally in an unrestricted manner, or to fungi,
bacteria, or unfavorable soil or atmospheric conditions.- Whatever the
cause, the making of a perfect union in the shortest possible time may
serve to prevent the trouble almost wholly if the first explanation given
be the cause, and at least largely remove the danger of a possible
infection if the second explanation is found to hold good.

ACCOTJNT OF EXPERIMENTS.

In order to confine the formation of the callus, a number of grafts
were wrapped with various materials during the winter of 1904-5. The
wrapping idea is no new one, because cloth and paper were used by
nurserymen many years ago in connection with various types of root
and top grafting. At the present time cloth and paper are used very
little, because the system of thread wrapping will give a larger number
of grafts in a given period of time. The materials used in our ex-
periments were cloth, thin sheet rubber (dental rubber), and waxed
paper. In addition to this, grafts were made with plain thread
and waxed thread, and some grafts were wrapped with plam thread
and afterwards the whole union was covei-ed with gi-afting wax.
One series of grafts was made without any wrapping of cloth or

100—11.

WRAPPING APPLE GRAFTS AND ITS RELATION TO CROWN-GALL. 15

thread whatever, the pieces being- .simply tittcd toj^cthcr with
care. All j>iafts made were of the type known as tongue or whip
grafts. The work was done by an expert, so that all of
the grafts may 1)C considered as especially well made. No. 1 Kan-
sas roots and a selected lot of scions of the following varieties were
used: Winesap, York Imperial. Wealthy. Missouri, and Northern Spy.
The grafts were made in Febi-uarv, 1!H)5. They were stored in chopped
excelsior for about six weeks, were then planted in eight diffei-ent locali-
ties in Missouri. Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska. Kansas, and Arkansas, and
given the usual cultivation during the summer. All showed a fair stand
in November, 1905. Some of the grafts were dug in November, and
December, 1905, one-third of the total number planted in live test plats
in four Sttites being dug. The results obtained are given later.

MANNER OF WRAPPING.

The manner in which the wrapping was made and the material used
may be brietiy described as follows:

Cloth. — The cloth used was a cheap black calico of the poorest
grade obtainable in the market. This was torn into strips 1 inch wide
and 4 or 5 inches long. Aft<'r the graft was made, one end of the cloth
was dipped for one-half inch into hot melted grafting wax. Starting
with the other end, the cloth was then wrapped tightly around the scion
and the free waxed end pressed down. This completed the operation.

Rnhher. — The rubber used was of a qualit\^ similar to dental rubber,
which is also frequently used for insulating wires. It was bought in
rolls 1 inch wide, and was cut otf in such lengths as were necessary to
completely envelop the union. The rubber was usually wrapped so as
to go around the union twice, and the free end was fastened with rubber
cement applied with a brush.

Waxed ]vipe)\ — Sheets of ordinary unglazed printers' paper were
waxed ou one side by coating them "with hot grafting wax applied with
a paint brush. They were then cut into inch strips. 10 to 20 sheets
being cut at one time, and these again into strips about 4 or 5 inches
long. One paper strip was then wrapped around the union, the waxed
side toward the graft, the free end being stuck down by pressing it on.

Plain thread. — The thread used for the ordinar}^ grafts was a
machine cotton. No. 9.

Waxed thread. — The thread used was a machine cotton. No. 28.
This thread was soaked in hot grafting wax until thoroughly penetrated
and was then allowed to drain while hot.

Plain thread tvith union waxed. — These were ordinary grafts made
with plain thread, wrapped as previously described, and then coated
with melted grafting wax nearly at the point of hardening.

100—11

16

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

GRAFTS LEFT UNWRAPPED.

The grafts left without wrapping of any kind were made with special

care, so that when the roots and scions were joined they remained

firmh' united.

RESULTS OF WRAPPING.

After digging the grafts, a careful examination of the various series
was made to determine the effect of the wrapping on the union and on
the presence or absence of crown-gall formation.

The following table shows the number of apple trees dug, the char-
acter of the wrapping, and the number and percentage of smooth trees
and rough trees, the latter class including all trees which were found
to have crown-gall, irregular callus, or hairy-root formations:

Table 1. — Comparison of smooth trees and rough trees resulting when different methods

of grafting were used.

Kind of wrapping.

Total
number.

Smooth trees.

Rough trees.

Number.

Per cent.

Number.

Per cent.

Rubber

675
709
671
645
675
402
569

584
604
474
442
430
178
312

86.5
85.1
70.6
68.5
63.7
44.2
54.8

91
105
197
203
245
224
267

13.5

Cloth

14.9

29.4

Plain thread

31.6

Waxed thread

36.3

Plain thread with nnion waxed

65.8

45.2

Two series of facts may be deduced from this table—

(1) The effect of J}he various kinds of wrapping on the smoothness
of the union.

(2) The effect of wrapping on the presence or absence of crown-gall
formations.

EFFECT UPON THE UNION.

Some brief notes on the effect of the wrapping on the union follow.
By a smooth graft is meant one which shows no uneven or irregular
masses of callus. In the smooth grafts all parts are firmly united, so
that no ridge or roughness is felt when the union is rubbed with the
lingers. The grafts were graded with the greatest care.

Cloth. — When the grafts were planted in the spring the cloth was
usually intact. When dug in the autumn it had almost entirely rotted
away on all grafts. The union which resulted under the cloth was
generally smooth and very even. In many cases it was difficult to
detect the original position of the scion and root parts. The cloth had
evidently remained in position long enough to thoroughly confine the
callus to the spaces between the wounded surfaces.

BtMer.— When the grafts were planted the rubber wrapping was
wholly intact. When dug the rubber was still found around the union

100—11

WliAlM'lN(J AIM'LK (iRAFTS AND ITS RELATION TO CROWN-GALL. 17

in tlio inajoiitv of cases. It had, however, exerted no injurious effect,
because, as the young trees had grown in diameter, the rubber had
expanded. The roots had frequentl}- punctured the rubber freel}'.
In other words, the rubber had in no way retarded the growth. The
unions formed under the rubber were smooth and even; in fact, they
were the most perfect of all those formed in the experiment. The
rubber covering was practically waterproof. So perfect were the
pinions that in many cases it was possible to detect the line of demar-
cation between the root and scion only by the difference in color.

Waxed -paper. — When planted in the spring the waxed paper had not
rotted, but it had a tendency to become unrolled, due probably to too
much oil in the Avax. When dug in the autumn the paper had mostly
disappeared. The grafts showed many smooth trees, but the percentage
was not nearlj' so large as in the case of those wrapped with rubber or
cloth. Attention should be called to the fact that in all grafts where
wax was used the wax itself seemed to exert an unfavorable effect on
the union, and the writers are inclined to discourage its use wherever
it comes into direct contact with wounded surfaces.

Plain thread. — When planted in the spring the plain thread had in
many instances entirel}- rotted away. The grafts when dug showed
many callus proliferations^ The percentage of smooth grafts was low
when compared with rubber or cloth wrappings. The results were
about as good as those secured by the use of waxed paper wrapping,
and a little better than those obtained with waxed thread.

Waxed thread. — When the grafts were planted the waxed thread was
intact. When dug in the autumn the grafts showed from 6 to 8 per
cent with knots caused by the pressure exerted by the thread, which
had not rotted away because the wax prt-tected it more or less. The
percentage of smooth trees aside from this was almost the same as for
the plain thread. No perceptible advantage appeared to be gained by
the use of waxed thread as compared with plain thread.

Platnthread^vithunion waxed.— Ax iho. time of planting it was noted
that the wax had in many instances penetrated between the surface of
the two pieces. The callus had formed in irregular masses, there being
nothing to contine it. It furthermore appeared as if the wax had exerted
the unfavorable effect already referred to in connection with the use of
waxed paper. When dug the trees in the majority of instances showed
thread knots, due no doubt to the fact that the wax had retarded the
rotting awa}^ of the thread. The unions were usually rough. . The
unfavorable effect ascribed to the wax was evident not only in the
immediate wound areas, but also all along the bark on both scion and
root pieces, wherever the wax came in contact with the tissue.

Unwrapped grafts. — The grafts with no wrapping showed the excess-
ive development of callus more than any others. However, many of
18270— No. 100—07 2

18

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

the resulting trees when dug in the autumn showed fairly good unions.
The grafts as a whole fell below the wrapped ones in the number of
smooth trees. There were more deficient trees in this lot, with the
possible exception of those waxed over, owing to defective unions and
failures to form a union.

EFFECT ON CROWN-GALL FORMATION.

As indicated in the introduction, one of the objects of the experiment ^
was to determine whether by wrapping grafts it would be possible to
reduce the number of trees affected with crown-gall. In the following
table the total number of trees dug is given; also the kind of wrapping,
and the number and percentage of smooth trees, crown-gall trees, and
hairy-root trees :

Table 11.— Comparison of smooth trees and trees affected with crmvn-gall and hairy-root,
resulting when different methods of grafting were used.

Total
number.

Smooth trees.

Crown-gall trees.

Hairy-root trees.

Kind of wrapping.

Number.

Per cent.

Number.

Per cent.

Number.

Per cent.

675
709
671
645
675

402
569

584
604
474
442
430

178
312

86.5
85.1
70.6
68.5
63.7

44.2
54.8

65

70

168

130

182

193
200

9.6

9.8
25.0
20.2
27.0

48.1
35.2

26
35
29
73
63

31

57

3.9

Cloth

6.1

Wfl xpd naDer

4.4

Plain thread

11.3

9.3

Plain thread with union

7. 7

10.0

A study of this table will show that the wrapping reduced the number
of crown-gall trees very materially, but the results given should be
considered as preliminary and the figures as relative rather than abso-
lute. Only a small number of the trees under test have so far been
dug. The remainder will be dug after one or two years' growth.

The most effective wrappings so far as the true crown-gall is con-
cerned, was that made of rubber (86.5 per cent of smooth trees), fol-
lowed closely by cloth (85.1 per cent of smooth trees). The cloth wrap-
ping, however, shows the highest percentage of smooth trees per 100
grafts planted when not only the crown-gall but also the hairy-root
are considered. The difference is very slight, however. The other
wrappings show less favorable results, least of all in the case of the
grafts wrapped with plain thread and covered with grafting wax (44.2
per cent of smooth trees), followed closely by those with no wrapping
whatever (54.8 per cent of smooth trees).

RECOMMENDATIONS.

From the results so far obtained, the use of either cloth or rubber as
material for wrapping apple grafts is recommended. Owing to the
expense involved in the use of rubber, cloth will be found the most
desirable, and in most cases will probably give results fully as satisfac-

100— n

WRATPINCi Al'PLK (JRAFTS AND ITS KKLATION To rR()WN-(J ALL. 19

tory as rubber. Vhe writers strongly advise against tiie wrapping of
grafts with thread and su})se(iiiently waxing the grafts.

SUGGESTION TO NURSERYMEN.

The results obtained from the experimental plats having sliown that
the wrapping has materially reduced the num])er of crown-gall and other
types of rough trees, it will be ver}- desirable to test these results on a
larger scale. The grafts in these experiments were all made with the
greatest care, and it would seem probable that the numl)er of smooth
trees obtained was therefore larger than might be the case where com-
mercial grafts are made. The latter are usually not fitted with as much
care, either with respect to size of scion and root pieces or with regard
to an even and close union in the freshlv made graft. It is therefore
urged that nurserymen generally test the wrapping of their grafts
this winter, either with rubber or cloth, after the manner previously
described.

Care should be taken in setting out grafts with different kinds of
wrapping to treat them in the same manner, that is —

(1) Use the same variet}' of scion.

(2) Use the same stock of roots.

(3) Make the grafts at the same time.

(4) Plant the grafts on the same- date.

(5) Plant in the same field or at least on similar soil.

(6) Cultivate all grafts alike.

Where such tests are made, it is requested that the Bureau of Plant
Industry be informed, so that all the experiments may be compared.

It may prove of interest to estimate the total number of smooth and
rough trees to the acre which would result from the use of various
wrappings, estimating 18,000 grafts to the acre and using as a basis the
percentages of such trees obtained in the tests described in these pages.
By smooth trees are meant trees free from crown-gall and other dis-
eases; by rough trees, trees affected with true crown-gall, hairv-root,
or manifestations of other diseases at or near the point of union. This
estimate has been attempted in the following table, which should ])e
regarded only as suggestive, however. The results are averaged from
five identical plats in four different States, containing about 9,000 grafts.

Table III. — Estimate of the number of sinootli trees and rough trees which can he raised
on an acre of land bij using rarious methods of grafting.

Wrapping.

Rubber 12, 600 1, 980 14, 580

Cloth I 12, 9G0 2, 340 15, 300

Waxed paper I 10, 260 4, 320 14, 580

Plain thread i 9, .540 4,320^ 13,860

Waxed thread 9, 360 5, 220 14, 580

Plain thread with union waxed 3,780 4,860 8,640

Unwrapped 6, 660 5, 580 , 12, 240

100—11

Smooth

Rough

trees.

trees.

12, 600

1,980

12, 960

2, 340

10, 260

4,320

9, .540

4,320 ^

9,360

.5,220

3,780

4,860

6,660

5,580

Total
trees.

20 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

SUMMARY.

(1) Tho crowii-gall disease of apple trees usuallj" appears at or near
the union of the scion and root piece.

(2) The crown-gall disease may be due to an excessive growth of
callus, oi- to an infection of fungi, bacteria, or other agencies at or near
the union.

(3) Protection of the graft at the union will serve to induce a better
union and may also aid in keeping out disturbing factors.

(■i) In making grafts care should be taken to use root and scion
pieces of as nearl}^ the same size as possible.

(5) Grafts wrapped with cloth and with rubber yielded 85.1 per cent
and 86.5 per cent of smooth trees, respectively.

(6) Ordinary thread grafts yielded 68.5 per cent of smooth trees:
plain thread grafts with the union waxed, 44.2 per cent: grafts with
no wrapping, 54.8 per cent.

(7) It is recommended that apple grafts be wrapped with cloth or
rubber.

100—11

B. P. I.— '204.

III-GARLICKV WHEAT.

By J. W. T. DuvEi,, Assistant in (Iw Seed Laboratory.

INTRODUCTION.

Wild garlic {Allium vineale L.) was introduced into the United
States from Europe considerabl}' more than a century ago. Since its
introduction it has made a slow but steady advance, and is now
found growing more or less abundantly throughout the greater part
of West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Tennessee, North
Carolina, the northern part of South Carolina, the southern part of
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Connecticut, and locally in almost
every State east of the Mississippi River. In all places where it has
become well established it is a veritable pest to farmers, millers, grain
dealers, and dairymen.

Wild garlic is one of the worst weeds to eradicate after it has once
gained a foothold, being propagated by underground bulbs, aerial
bulblets, and in some sections by seeds.

WHEAT CONTAINING GARLIC. "

The presence of wild garlic in the grain fields of the central eastern
States and in other sections where it is locally abundant has caused a
very great loss to agriculture. Farmers have been obliged to sell their
garlicky wheat at greatly reduced prices, principally because foreign
markets will not buy it except at a low price, and millers as a rule
refuse to handle it, for they have been able to grind garlicky grain only
at a much increased cost. The garlic bulblets gum the rollers, neces-
sitating the stopping of the mills and the washing of the rollers before
the grinding can be resumed. The frequency with which the washing
must be done depends on the quantity of garlic present. In extreme
cases the washing must be repeated every two or tliree hours, the
operation requiring fi'om ten to fifteen minutes for each set of rollers.

Furthermore, flour made from wheat mixed with garlic bulblets is of
inferior quality, as bread made from such flour has the garlic odor so
disagreeable to most people. This is especially noticeable if the
bread is eaten warm. Moreover, on boards of trade, wheat containing
garlic bulblets in considerable quantity is graded as "Rejected," and
is then sold only on sample. Wheat of this character is generally sold
at a price ranging from 20 to 40 per cent lower than No. 2 Red. How-

100— III 21

22 MIftCELLANEOTTS PAPERS.

ever, if tlio garlic biilblets arc i)resent only in comparatively small
quantity (usually less than one-fourth of 1 per cent) it may pass as
No. 2 Red, depending largely on the other foreign substances present
and the amount of water in the grain.

At present there are no available data showing definitely the extent
of the loss due to the presence of garlic in grain; but in wheat alone
tliis loss is known to be very great. In many sections the growing of
wheat has been almost wholly abandoned as a result of the reduced
price at wliich garlicky wheat must be sold. An animal loss of
$1,500,000 is undoubtedly a very conservative figure. It has been
estimated by members of the Chamber of Commerce of Baltimore that
60 per cent of the wheat grown in that section of the United States
contains more or less garlic. The three States in which garlic does
the greatest injury to the wheat crop are Maryland, Virginia, and
Tennessee. The average yield of wheat from these three States •
during the five years from 1900 to 1904, inclusive, was just short of
29,000,000 bushels. Allowing.that 50 per cent of this wheat contains
garlic, we have 14,500,000 bushels of garlicky wheat in these three
States alone. But granting that only one-half of this amount con-
tains garlic in sufficient quantity to throw it out of grade, we still
have 7,250,000 bushels of wheat which must be sold at a greatly
-reduced price. A reduction of only 15 cents per bushel means more
than a million dollars annually to the farmers of Maryland. Virginia,
and Tennessee. The members of a prominent firm of grain exporters
in Baltimore state that the depreciation for the Maryland crop alone,
which amounts to about 12,000,000 bushels annually, will be fully 5
to 10 cents per bushel, or an equivalent of $600,000 to $1 ,200,000. A
large quantity of garhcky wheat, however, does not get into the ele-
vators, being fit only for feeding purposes. Mr. R. L. Wells « states
that, in Tennessee, wheat containing garlic bulblets has been sold as
low as 15 cents per bushel to feed stock.

EXPERIMENTS IN SEPARATING GARLIC FROM WHEAT.

The presence of the aerial bulblets of wild garlic in wheat has always
been objectionable, principally because of the extreme difficulty of
separating them from the wheat. While some of the lighter, imma-
ture bulblets can be blown out by a good fanning mill, the greater
number are of practically the same size and weight as the wheat ker-
nels. Plate I shows wheat kernels and the aerial bulblets of wild gar-
he of natural size. This similarity in size and shape makes it impos-
sible to separate them during the autumn or early winter by the use of
the ordinary cleaning machinery usually found in the majority of flour
mills and elevators, i. "e., by screening and fanning. If the bulblets

a The Wild Onion, Bulletin, Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, July, 1895.
100— III

Bui. 100, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate I.

^ ^ii

1% ^ -^'^^J^^ ^

^,^^ ^. ^ ^jj^^

ic ^ M^

M

Wheat Kernels iA) and the Aerial Bulblets of Wild Garlic (B).

(Natural size.)

(JARLICKV WHKA'I'. 23

are allowed to freeze, they afterwards Ix'coiiie dry and arc iIilmi i[m[c
readily blown out, but this is not always practicable.

In view of this fact experiments were undertaken in June, 1905, in
order to ascertain whether the mixture of garlic and wheat could not
be dried artificially, thereby reducino; the woiijht of the bulblets to
such an extent that they could be satisfactorily removed as soon as
the grain is ready for market. The detailed results of these experi-
ments'^ are given in the following jiages.

LOT A.

Lot A consisted of approximately 44 bushels of ''rejected" wheat
furnished by the Baltimore Chamber of Commerce. When received
it ccmtained 16.55 per cent of water and 2.17 per cent of garlic. The
amount of foreign seed and chaff present was not determined. The
value of this wheat was placed at 65 or 70 cents a bushel.

Experiment No. 1. — A portion of this wheat was dried in the small
grain drier of the Seed Laboratory at a maxinmm temperature of 1.36°
F. for two hours. During this time the moisture content of the grain
was reduced from 16.55 per cent to 9.5 per cent, or from 2h to 4i per
cent less than good American wheat normally contains. But this
degree of drying proved insufficient, as 0.28 per cent of garlic still
remained in the sample after a preliminary cleaning. This same lot of
wheat was therefore dried for an additional half-hour and the mois-
ture content was reduced to 8.94 per cent.

Experiment No. 2. — Another portion of seed from Lot A w^as dried
a few days later for nearly four hours, the maximum temperature
reading 140° F. At the termination of the drying a moisture deter-
mination of a sample of this wheat showed only 5.87 per cent of water.

The wheat from experiments Nos. 1 and 2 was then mixed and
cleaned, and the average percentage of water in the mixed sample was
found to be 7.41 per cent. After cleaning, an analysis of tliis wheat
showed that the amount of garlic had been reduced from 2.17 to 0.05
per cent, 97.6 per cent of the garlic having been removed. Plate II,
figure 1, shows a 1-pound sample of tliis wheat as received, the
quantity of garlic in 1 pound when received, and the quantity of
garlic remaining in 1 pound after drying and cleaning.

Concerning this lot of wheat the secretary of the Baltimore Cham-
ber of Commerce wrote as follows :

The wheat which you cleaned and returned was the source of a great deal of interesting
comment upon the floor of the chamber, and the general idea is that a ver}' vast change was

accomplished by running it through the drier.. The sample sent originally was of such low

^ J

oAcknowledgments are due to the members of the Baltimore Chamber of Commerce and
to Mr. Walter Roberts, of Alexandria, Va., and Mr. E. H. Darby, of Seneca, Md., who kindly
suppUed the garhcky wheat for these experiments.

100— III

24 MiBUELLANKOUH PAPERS.

and inferior grade as to prohibit it from going into the elevators, and the drying and cleaning
to which it was subjected made it No. 2 Red, the contract grade, a difference in value of
fully 17 cents per bushel.

An increase of 17 cents per bushel was equivalent to 24.6 per cent
of the value of this wheat before drying and cleaning.

LOT B.

A second sample of approximately 38 bushels of ''rejected" wheat
furnished by Mr. Walter Roberts, Alexandria, Va., contained 0.56 per
cent of garlic and 15.08 per cent of water and weighed only 57.5 pounds
per bushel.

The lot was divided into three parts for treatment, as follows:

Experiment No. 3. — In this test the drying was continued for three
hours, the temperature of the air varying from 153° to 158° F. and the
temperature of the wheat from 117° to 155° F. The moisture was re-
duced from 15.08 to 7.92 per cent. The weight per bushel was in-
creased from 57.5 to 59.25 pounds on drying and to 60.6 pounds after
cleaning. The quantity of garlic was reduced to 0.05 per cent, the
same as the combined results of experiments Nos. 1 and 2.

Experiment No. 4- — ^The period of drying in this experiment
extended over three and one-half hours, the temperature of the air
being the same as in experiment No. 3, 153° to 158° F., the tempera-
ture of the wheat gradually increasing from 95° F. at the end of the
first half -hour to 145° F. During the three and one-half hours' drying,
the water content of the wheat was reduced to 6.88 per cent and the
weight per bushel increased to 59.5 pounds. After cleaning, the
weight per bushel was increased to 60.7 pounds and the quantity of
garlic reduced from 0.56 per cent to 0.06 per cent. Plate II, figure 2,
shows a 1-pound sample of this wheat as received, the amount of garlic
in 1 pound when received, and the amount of garlic remaining in 1
pound after drying for three and one-half hours and cleaning.

Experiment No. 5. — The last portion of Lot B was dried for two and
three-fourths hours, the temperature of the wheat reaching 122° F. in
three-quarters of an hour, and 138° F. after one hour, which tempera-
ture was maintained for one-half hour, gradually decreasing during
the last one and one-quarter hours to 117° F., when the experiment
was concluded. The moisture content of the wheat was reduced from
15.08 to 8.48 per cent and the weight per bushel raised from 57.5 to
58.6 pounds. After cleaning, the weight per bushel was 60 pounds
and the garlic present 0.07 per cent.

After drying and cleaning, the wheat from Lot B graded No. 2 Red,
having at that time a value of 85 cents per bushel. As in its original
condition the wheat was purchased for 55 cents per bushel, the drying
and cleaning increased its value 54.5 per cent.

100—111

Bui. 100, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate II.

Fig. 1. — Wheat and Garlic from Lot A.

Fig. 2. — Wheat and Garlic from Lot B.

Fig. 3. — Wheat and Garlic from Lot C.

One-pound Samples of Garlicky Wheat as Received (A, A, A;; the Quantity of
Garlic in One-pound Samples when Received (B, B, B); the Amount of Garlic
Remaining in One-pound Samples after Drying and Cleaning (C, C, G).

(lAKI.lCKV WilKA'l'. 25

LOT C.

A consignment of approximately ."^0 bushels of "rejected" wheat,
containing 2.04 per cent of garlic, 16.2 per cent of water, and weigh-
ing only 56.5 pounds a bushel, was lent to the Department of Agricul-
ture by Mr. E. II. Darby, of Seneca. Md.

This lot of wheat was divided into two parts and treated as experi-
ments Nos. 6 and 7.

Experiment No. 6. — This wheat was subjected to an air temperature
of 113° F. for one hour and of 154° F. for two hours, the maximum
temperature of the grain for the last half hour being 149° F. The mois-
ture content was reduced from 16.2 per cent to 8.2 per cent. The
weight per bushel was raised to 57.8 pounds after drying and 60.6
pounds after cleaning, and the amount of garlic was reduced to 0.17.
per cent.

Experiment No. 7. — This experiment continued for three hours, as
in experiment No. 6, but the temperature of the air current decreased
gradually from 146° to 122° F., the maxinuim temperature of the
grain being 131° F. Samples taken at the termination of the experi-
ment showed a moisture content of 8.83 per cent. The weight per
bushel was increased to 57.5 pounds after drying and 60.2 pounds
after cleaning. Plate II, figure 3, shows a 1-pound sample of this
wheat as received, the amount of garlic in 1 pound when received, and
the amount of garlic remaining in 1 pound after drying for three
hours and cleaning.

A sample of this cleaned wheat was examined by the chief inspector
of the Baltimore Chamber of Commerce and graded as No. 2 Red, giv-
ing it a value of 84.5 cents per l)ushel. The highest price offered for
the original lot of wheat was 60 cents per bushel. The removing of
the garlic and the cleaning consequently enhanced the value 40.8 per
cent.

In experiments Nos. 6 and 7 tlie drying was not continued quite
long enough for the best results, although the quality of the wheat
was raised to "contract" grade. At temperatures from 150° to 158°
F. the drying should continue for two and one-half to three hours, or
until the moisture content of the wheat is reduced to about 8 per cent.

In none of the experiments was it possible to remove all of the garlic,
but in every case the quantity was reduced considerably more than
was necessary to make the wheat grade as No. 2 Red. Moreover, the
quantity of garlic present after the cleaning was not considered suffi-
cient to interfere with the milling of the wheat or to injure the quality
of the flour.

100— III

26 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

The following diagrammatic figures show the relative quantity of
garlic in the wheat before and after treatment:

Percentages, by weight, of garlic in wheat, Lots A, B, and C , before and after drying and cleaning.

Lot a.

Original sample:
2.17 per cent of garlic.

Experiments Nos. 1 and 2, combined after drying for 2| and 4 hours, respec-
tively, and cleaning:
0.05 per cent of garlic.

"* Lot B.

Original sample:
0.56 per cent of garlic.

Experiuieut No 8, after drying for '.i lioiirs and cleaning:
0.05 per cent of garlic.

Experiment No. 4, after drying for Sj hours and cleaning:
0.06 per cent of garlic.

Experiment No. 5, after drying for 2f hours and cleaning:
0.07 per cent of garlic.

^ Lot C.

Original sample:
2.04 per cent of garlic.

Experiment No. 6, after drying for .S liours and cleaning:
0.16 per cent of garlic.

Experiment No. 7, after drying for 3 hours and cleaning:
0.17 per cent of garlic.

Garlic bulblets as found in wheat contain from 35 to 70 per cent of
water, while the water content of fresh garlicky wheat usually varies
from L5 to 20 per cent. During the drying the amount of water in the
wheat is decreased, but at the same time the kernels become more com-
pact and the specific gravity is increased, as is shown by the weight
per bushel before. and after drying. On the other hand, the specific
gravity of the garlic bulblets is lowered by the drying. The outer
membranous coverings of the bulblets remain distended and the
shrinkage takes place in the inner portion, thus leaving a small air
space between the bulb proper and the outer protecting layers. This
increased air space, together with the decreased weight due to the loss
of water, makes it possible to separate most of the bulblets from the
wheat l:)y ordinary cleaning machinery.

THE TOTAL COST OF DRYING AND CLEANING GARLICKY WHEAT.

The total cost, including the shrinkage, of drying and cleaning any
given lot of wheat for the removal of garlic depends on four factors:
(1) The amount of garlic removed;. (2) the amount of chaff and other

100— HI

GARLrcKV WHKAT. 27

foreign substances, aside from the garlic, removed; (3) the percentage
of water removed from the wheat; (4) the cost of operating the
machinery.

The amount of garlic removed. — In the experiments with the three
lots of wheat herein described practically all of the garlic was removed,
and this must be considered as a loss in weight. The average loss
for each of the three lots of wheat due to the removal of garlic was
2.12 per cent, 0.50 per cent, and 1.S8 per cent for Lots A, B, and C,
respectively.

The amount of chaff and other foreign substances, aside from the garlic,
removed. — The loss in weight due to the cleaning, aside from the quan-
tity of garlic, depends entirely upon the amount of light, immature
wheat, chaff, and other foreign substances removed. This loss bears
the same ratio for any lot of wheat. Consequently, strictly speaking,
this additional decrease in weight can not be considered as an extra
expense in the treatment of garlicky wheat. Moreover, the quantity
of foreign substances present has an important bearing on the grading
of the grain.

The following summary shows the percentages of screenings, includ-
ing the garlic, obtained from the wheat treated as experiments Nos.
3, 4, 5, 6, and 7:

Experiment No. 3 gave 611 pounds of clean wheat and 28 pounds,
or 4.4 per cent, of screenings. Experiment No. 4 gave 548.5 pounds
of clean wheat and 15.5 pounds, or 2.8 per cent, of screenings. Exper-
iment No. 5 gave 736.5 pounds of clean wheat and 26.5 pounds, or 3.4
per cent, of screenings. The average percentage of screenings from
experiments Nos. 3, 4, and 5 (Lot B) was 3.54 per cent. Deducting
from this the amount of garlic removed from Lot B, 0.50 per cent,
there is left 3.03 per cent, the proportion of immature wheat, chaff, and
other foreign substances removed.

In experiments Nos. 6 and 7, 1,536 pounds of dried wheat gave 135
pounds of screenings, an equivalent of 8.8 per cent, of which 1.88 per
cent was garlic, leaving 6.92 per cent of immature wheat, chaff", and
other foreign substances removed.

The percentage of water removed from the w^^o/.— -Garlicky wheat
almost invariably contains a high percentage of water, and the greatest
loss in weight is probably due to the liberation of water during the dry-
ing process. In these experiments the quantity of water was reduced
from 16.55 per cent, 15.08 per cent, and 16.20 per cent to an average
of 7.41 per cent, 7.76 per cent, and 8.52 per cent for Lots A, B, and C,
respectively. In order that the garlic may be removed satisfactorily
it is necessary to reduce the water content to approximately 8 per cent,
which is from 4 to 6 per cent less than No. 2 Red wheat normally con-
tains. However, the dried wheat will again absorb water from the
atmosphere, and after the lapse of a few days the water content will be

100— III

28 MISCELLANKOITS T^APERS.

practically the same as that of air-dried wheat. Likewise the clean,
dried wheat can be mixed with any garlic-free lot of wet wJheat and tlxe
grade of the latter improved in this way. For this reason, only the
difference between the water content of the wet garlicky wheat and
that of No. 2 Red, which averages about 1.3 per cent during the first
few months after harvesting, should be considered as actual Joss in
weight due to drying. On this basis the loss due to the removal of
water was 3.55 per cent for Lot A, 2.08 per cent for I^ot B. and 3.20
per cent for Lot C.

The cost of operating the rnachinery. — The cost of the actual drying
and cleaning alone is very small. With the low pressure boilers avail-
able for use with the small grain drier in the Bureau of Plant Industry
the maximum temperature possible is only 158° F. At this tempera-
ture it is necessary to continue the drying for from two and one-half to
three }iours in order that the weight of the garlic may be sufficiently
reduced so that it can be removed. With the high pressure boilers such
as are found in most grain elevators and flour mills an air temperature
of 170° to 180° F. can be readily maintained, at which temperature the
time factor can be greatly reduced. By careful calculation it is be-
lieved that the actual cost of operating the machinery for the drying
and cleaning should not exceed one-half cent per bushel.

This factor, however, willvar}^ with the capacity of the drier and
the number and size of the other kinds of machinery being operated
simultaneously by the same boilers.

THE NET COST OF REMOVING GARLIC.
f •

To ascertain the net cost of removing garlic bulblets from wheat in
order to bring it up to "contract " grade, only the following items need
be taken into consideration : (1) The cost of operating the machinery;
(2) the loss in weight due to the quantity of garlic actually removed,
and (3) the difference in the amount of water normally contained in
good air-dried wheat , which is not farfrom 13 per cent, and the amount
of water in the garlicky wheat before it goes into the drier. On this
basis the cost of drying and cleaning the garlicky wheat discussed in
the foregoing pages was 6.3 per cent, 3.2 per cent, and 5.7 per cent, or
an equivalent of 5^ cents, 2f cents, and 4| cents per bushel for lots
A, B, and C, respectively, as governed by the prices current at that
time.

THE EFFECT OF THE DRYING ON THE MILLING QUALITIES OF

THE GRAIN.

No flour was made from any of the wheat after drying and cleaning;
but the consensus of opinion of the majority of the millers to whom
samples of the dried wheat were submitted was that the milling quali-
ties of the wheat had not been injured by the drying. Such wheat,

100— HI

C4ARLICKY WHEAT.

29

Jiowever, is not fit for milling nntil it lias absorbed water from the
atmosphere, or has been mixed with damp grain, or steamed, in order
to toughen the bran. If the milling is attempted while the wheat
is exceptionally dry, the bran will be easil}' broken, resulting in the
production of ^oarse, dark flour.

THE EFFECT OF THE DRYING ON THE VITALITY OF THE WHEAT.

The objection has frequently been made that the high uniperature
ordinarily used in the commercial drying of grain will destroy the
germinating power. In the majority of cases the vitality of the grain
after drying is of little importance, as such grain is seldom used for
sowing or planting. The foregoing objections, however, are not well
established, as the vitahty of grain is not injured by dr^-ing in com-
mercial grain driers at the temperatures commonly employed.

The grounds for the belief that temperatures as high as 140° to 175°
F. for periods of short duration will destroy the vitality of grains are
based on laboratory tests in which no provision was made for the cir-
culation of air. Under such conditions the life-giving principles are
readily destroyed, especially when considerable moisture is present.
But when the drvint; is done in such a wav that the moisture libfir»,ted
will be readily carried away, as in commercial grain driers, there is
little danger of destroying the vitality of the grains, even though the
duration of drying be several times greater than that given for the
foregoing experiments.

The following table shows the effect of the drying on the germinat-
ing capacity of the samples of garlicky wheat from lots B and C,
already discussed:

Percentages of germination of wheat from lots B and C before and after drying.

Sample mark.

Dura-
tion of
drying.

Temjjera- | Maximum '
ture of ar tempera- '
current in tiire of
drying. wheat, i

Water
content
of wheat. I

Original sample. . .
Experiment No. :i.
Fxperiment No. 4.
Experiment No. 5.
Original sample. . .
Experiment No. 6.
Exrperiment No. 7.

Hours. ' Degrees F. Degrees F. Per cent.

1.5.08

3 ' 153-158 1.55

■.i\ 153-158 145

2i' 155-108 138

2?,
3"

n3-15-l

146-122

14>)
131

7.92
G.88
8.48
16.20
8.20
8.83

riermi-
nal'on.

Per cent.
80

83.5
85
79.5
82

as

' 85

With but a single exception the percentages of germination were
higher after the drying than before, and such is generally true. In
all cases the germination was low, due to the damaged condition of the
grain when received.

While the tests made are few in number, the results given in the

foregoing table are sufficient to show that a good quality of garlicky

wheat "cah be dried and afterwards cleaned and used for sowing with

entirel}^ satisfactory result's. The. garlic bulblets, as found in wheat,

100— III ' " ■' ■--•--

30 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

contain from 35 to 70 per cent of water. With this high percentage
of water the greater quantity of the bulblets are partially cooked or
scalded during the drying process, thus rendering growth impossible.

MACHINERY USED FOR DRYING AND CLEANING.

The drying was done in a smalJ grain drier. In the absence of a
good fanning and screening machine for the larger grains, the wheat
was first run through a fanning mill specially constructed for cleaning
clovers, alfalfa, and timothy. The greater quantity of the garlic was
blown out, but many of the larger bulblets could not be removed in
the absence of screens, and for this reason the wheat, for the final
cleaning, was put through a "shaker" such as is commonly used for
cleaning rice.

It is not desired to place any special emphasis on the particular

machinery used for these experiments. Any of the good commercial

driers with any good cleaning pi''^"Mnery should give satisfactory

results.

SUMMARY.

The presence of the aerial bulblets of wild garlic in a large quantity
of the wheat grown in the central eft»tern United States causes a great
depreciation in its value. The loss to agriculture from this cause
alone is very conservatively estimated at more than $1,500,000 annu-
ally.

The wheat kernels and the garlic bulblets are very similar in size
and weight, which makes their separation by the methods ordinarily
in use next to impossible as long as they are fresh.

If wheat containing garlic is artificially dried, the wheat kernels
increase in specific gravity and the garlic bulblets decrease in specific
gravity, so that practically all of the latter can be removed by good
cleaning machinery.

Garhcky wheat is usually wet, often containing as much as 20 per
cent of water, and the drying should be continued until the moisture
is reduced to approximately 8 per cent.

In estimating the total cost of the treatment of a lot of garhcky
wheat, only the amount of garlic removed, the excess of moisture
above that which good No. 2 Red wheat usually contains, and the
cost of operating the macliinery need be considered. The cost of
removing the chaff, immature wheat, etc., is the same as for the clean-
ing of any sample of wheat free from garlic.

The commercial drying of wheat in a good commercial grain drier
does not injure its vitality, while most of the garlic bulblets are killed,
owing to the higher percentage of water in the latter.

It has not been definitely determined, but the more general opinion
is that the drying does not injure the milling qualities of the wheat.

Any of the good commercial grain driers, together with anj^ good
wheat-cleaning machinery, should give satisfactory results.

100— III

B. P. 1.— 218.

IV.-METHODS OF TESTING THE lU'RNING
QUALITY OF CIGAR TOBACCO."

By WiGHTMAN W. Garnek, Scientific Amslant, Plant Breeding Invesliyutions.

INTRODUCTION.

As has been pointed out in previous publications of the Bureau of
Plant Industry, a systematic effort is being made to improve the qual-
ity and yield of the tobacco crop by employing the latest and most
approved methods of selection in the old varieties and by creating
and estal)lishing new strains possessing to a marked degree those
characteristics most to be desired in the various classes of tobacco
which the market demands. This work necessitates the careful test-
ing of a large-number of types, as well as many individual selections
from each of these types, and for this reason it is very desirable to
have at our command methods capable of showing with certainty even
slight differences in the essential qualities of the various samples to be
examined. It is our purpose to make a careful study of the subject
of testing tobacco from a practical standpoint, as well as the relation
of the chemical composition of the leaf to its good and bad qualities.

In judging the merits of a cigar tobacco, due regard must be had
for the particular use for which it is intended, since the tinished cigar
consists of three distinct components— the filler, the binder, and the
wrapper — each of which must possess certain characteristics. The

c In the tobacco breeding experiments conducted by the Plant Breeding Investiga-
tions of the Bureau of Plant Industry, jjarticular attention is being given to the
improvement of cigar tobaccos, including s|)ecially high-grade wrapper and filler
types. In connection with these experiments, which are being conducted by Messrs.
A. D. Shameland W. W. Cobey, of this office, it has been found necessary to com-
pare the characters of a large number (jf selected individual plants to determine
which ones are superior in their important characters. The means and methods
heretofore used in making such comparative tests were very imperfect, and one
important preliminary part of the work is to devise special pieces of apparatus which
will enable accurate tests to be made. The devices described by Dr. Garner in the
present paper it is believed will greatly facilitate such testing and add to the accuracy
of the results. The prehminary notes given by Dr. Ciarner on the influence of
wrapper, Tnnder, and filler on the "burn" of cigars open up an important field of
investigation in connection with the testing and breeding of different types of
tobacco.— Herbert J. Webber, Phrifiiologisf in Charge of Plavt Breeding Inrestigations.

luo— IV 31

32 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

tiller uiiist have, above all else, a fine flavor and aroma and a good
''burn/' In the case of the wrapper leaf there are a number of
requirements to be met, among- which are sufficient elasticit}^, proper
color, size, and shape, fineness of veins, freedom from objectionable
flavor and taste, a fine " grain, " and a good burn. Many of these
qualities can be determined by simple inspection, without the use of
any specific tests, while others require special laboratory methods.
The present article has to do only with the practical methods of testing
the burn, deferring to a later day a consideration of the chemical
characteristics of the tobaccos which have been tested.

There are several elements which go to make a good or bad burn,
chief of which are the capacity for holding fire, the evenness of the
burn, the color of the ash and its firmness, the coaling or carboniza-
tion, and the "puckering" of the leaf immediately in advance of the
burning zone of the cigar. The final test of any cigar tobacco must,
of course, rest in the smoking of the manufactured cigar, but, while
this gives a direct means of determining the character of the ash, it
does not furnish accurate information as to the evenness of the burn
or the fire-holding capacity of any one of the components of the cigar
except with reference to the other two particular components used in
the experiment. This is particular!}^ true of the wrapper, as was
shown by special experiments carried out to observe the effect of
using different fillers and binders with the same wrapper. The result
of these experiments will be more fully discussed below. Again, it
should be remembered, in this connection, that cigars made b}^ the
same workman and from the same lot of tobacco often vary widely in
their burn owing to the impossibility of avoiding unevenness in the
filler, and this source of error can only be eliminated by several times
repeating the experiment. It is evident, therefore, that, in order to
get reliable data concerning the relative merits of different wrappers
with respect to their burning qualities, the cigar test must be supple-
mented by some other method capable of giving sharp distinctions as to
the fire-holding capacity and evenness of burn.

A method which has long been in use is to ignite the leaf by means
of a lighted cigar or a slow-burning match devised by Nessler,** and
note the number of seconds during which it continues to glow. The
mean of several tests is taken as a measure of the capacity for holding
fire; but the variation in the results obtained, even upon a single leaf,
is so great that little reliance can be placed upon the figures except in
a verj' general way. In this method no account is taken of the area
of the leaf burned, and the wide differences obtained on a single leaf
are due principally to the fact that frequently the ignited zone soon
ceases to glow except for one or more very small streamers, which

«Landw. Vers. Stat., XI, 399.
100— IV

TESTING THE BURNING QUALITY OF TOBACCO. 33

continue to burn for u much longer period, thereby giving results
altogether out of proportion to the true burning qualities of the
tobacco in question. Another serious objection to the method is found
in the interference of the veins of the leaf; for it seldom happens
that the glow can cross these veins except around the outer edges of
the leaf, while in the cigar the veins always run longitudinally and
so do not interfere with the burn.

The rational ^^rocedure would seem to be to test the burn of the
leaf when wiapped in some such form as is actually found on the cigar,
but without the use of binder or tiller. We have devised a method of
this kind in which the leaf, after being properly wrapped and dried, is
burned with the aid of a slow current of air. The current of air com-
pensates in a measure for the absence of the tiller and binder, while its
use obviates the unavoidable irregularities of the latter. A detailed
description of the apparatus used and the method of carrying out the
operation will be found on page 37. This test, combined with the
smoking of the cigar, has enabled us to accurately classify a large
number of samples of wrapper leaf with respect to their burning
qualities.

THE SMOKING TEST.

It is evident that no two persons would smoke a cigar in exactly the
same way, nor would the same individual smoke two cigars under
exactly similar conditions. It is necessary, therefore, to use some
rc^eans of smoking the cigars artiticially in order to eliminate the per-
sonal equation and secure uniformity of conditions. Dr. K. H. Jen-
kins, in the Annual Report of the Connecticut Agricultural Experi-
ment Station for 1892, has described an apparatus for smoking cigars
which was devised by Mr. S. L. Penfield, of Yale University. The
" pull '" on the cigar is secured by means of an aspirator which is filled
by a continuous inflow of water and emptied at regular intervals by a
siphon. We have moditied this apparatus in a number of details in
order to adapt it to our needs, and we give herewith a description of
the form and dimensions which we have finally adopted for use in
our investigations. In this apparatus as many as four cigars may be
smoked simultaneously, while held in such a position that they may
be readily compared throughout the operation.

By reference to the accompanying illustration (fig. 2) it will be seen
that the holders (a, h, c, and d) for the cigars are so arranged that
they all lie in the same vertical plane, each one 2 inches above and
havino- its horizontal arm 2 inches shorter than the next lower. A
screen with a white covering is placed immediately in the rear of the
holders to serve as a background, thereby facilitating observation of
the character of the ash. Between the flask bearing the holders and
the aspirator and connected with these by means of ^dass tubing is a
18270— No. 100—07 3

34

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

check valve consisting of a T-tube (t), the lower arm of which dips
beneath the surface of the Avater in a suitablo vessel (/), thus prevent-
ing a backward draft through the cigars while the aspirator is filling.
The smoke which escapes through this valve has a very disagreeable
odor; hence, it is well to use a bottle fitted with a stopper with two
holes, through one of which passes the lower arm of the T-tube (g),
while through the other passes one end of a long tube (//), which car-
ries away the obnoxious fumes. The aspirator consists of a glass cjd-
inder (/), the upper end of Avhidi is fitted Avith a rubber stopper

Fig. 2. — Apparatus for testing the burning quality of cigars: a. b, c, d, hoklers for cigars; -e, T-tube,
the lower arm of which, (j, dips beneath surface of water in/; /*, h, tube for leading away tobacco
smoke; i, aspirator; k, tube leading to water supply; o, p, long and short arms of siphon; I, tube
connecting cigar holders with aspirator; m, tube, with bulb, attached to long arm of siphon; n,
flask carrying the cigar holders.

containing two holes through which pass tubes leading to the water sup-
ply (/■) and* to the flask carrying the cigar holders {I), respective!}'.
The lower end of the cylinder is closed with a rubber stopper bearing
the small arm of the siphon {o). The tube furnishing the water sup-
ply is connected with a reservoir provided with a constant-level attach-
ment. To the lower end of the small arm of the siphon is attached a
glass tube (wi) bearing a small bulb which materially assists in break-
ing the flow of the water at the moment the aspirator is emptied. The
tubing connecting the parts of the apparatus should not be less than

100— IV

Bui, 100, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate III.

Variation in Burn of Wrappers Due to Different Fillers: A, Filler Grown
IN Texas from Cuban Seed; B, Filler Grown in Ohio from Domestic Seed;
C, Filler Grown in South Carolina from Cuban Seed; D, an Imported
Cuban Filler.

The same sample of Sumatra wrapper was used throughout and the binder was taken from the

same leaf as the wrapper in each case.

TESTING THK HUKNIN*; QUALITY OB' TOBAOOO. 35

t) to 8 mm. internal diameter; otherwise the tubes will frequently become
clotj^ered bv the condensation products of the smoke. The container
for the cii^ar holders (//) is tilled about two-thirds full with dilute sul-
phuric acid, which serves as an acid wash for the smoke, retaining the
organic bases and thereb}' further helping to prevent the choking up
of the machine. The lower ends of all the cigar holders should, of
course, extend to exactl}' the same depth below the surface of the
acid.

In the machine which we now have in operation, the relation between
the short arm of the siphon and the internal diameter of the aspirator
is such that the volume of water delivered at each emptying of the
latter is 600 c.c. This corresponds to an actual capacity of about 450
c.c. for the aspirator, the difference, of course, representing the volume
of water entering the aspirator from the supply pipe while the siphon
is in action. The rate of inflow from the supplv tank is approximately
900 c. c. per minute. The internal diameter of the long arm of the
siphon is 8 nun., while that of the short arm is 25 unn. The entire
length of the long arm of the siphon exceeds that of the short arm b}'
40 cm. An apparatus of the above-mentioned dimensions will smoke
four cigars of the Perfecto type, -ti inches in length, in about thirty
minutes, a rate which is prol)abl3^ somewhat abo\e that of the average
smoker. The pull on the cigar occurs at interv^als of thirty seconds
and continues for a period of ten seconds. The frequency of the pull
is controlled by the rate of inflow of the water from the supply tank,
while its duration is governed principally b}" the relation between the
diameter of the small arm of the siphon and the volume of the
aspirator.

THE EFFECTS OF THE FILLER, THE BINDER, AND THE WRAPPER

ON THE BURN OF THE CIGAR.

As preliminary to the use of the cigar test in examining wrapper
leaf, a series of experiments was carried out to determine the relative
effects of the three components of the cigar on the burn. For this
purpose a number of cigars were made by an expert workman, using
four different types of wrapper on each of four different types of
filler. In a portion of the cigars the binder used was taken from the
same leaf as the wrapper, while in the remainder a sample of Connecti-
cut Broadleaf tobacco was employed for this purpose. These cigars
were smoked in the above-described apparatus under conditions as
nearly uniform as could be obtained, and the evenness of the burn and
the character of the ash were carefully noted.

With reference to the evenness of the burn, markedly different
results were obtained when wrappers taken from the same sample were
smoked on different types of tiller. A typical case of this kind is shown
in Plate III. The twelve cigars showni were all made from the same

100— IV

36 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

sample of wrapper, and in each case the binder was taken from the
same leaf as the wrapper. In the first group (A), a sample of filler
grown in Texas from Cuban seed was used; in the second group (B), a
heavy filler grown in Ohio from domestic seed; in the third group (C),
a filler grown in South Carolina from Cuban seed; in the fourth group
(D), an imported Cuban filler. The wrapper used on these cigars was
a type of Sumatra tobacco grown in Connecticut and had a very good
burn. The Texas and imported Cuban fillers were known to have an
excellent burn, while the South Carolina filler was markedly inferior
in this respect and the Ohio filler intermediate in burning qualities. It
will be seen that this sample of wrapper burned quite evenly when
used with the imported Cu])an and Texas fillers, while with the Ohio
and especially the South Carolina tillers the burn was decidedly uneven.
On the other hand, the effect of using different types of wrapper on
the evenness of burn of an}' one type of filler was less marked (see PI.
IV, A, B, and C; also PI. Ill, D). The filler used in this experiment
was the imported Cuban, while the wrappers were taken from four dif-
ferent types of Sumatra tobacco grown in Connecticut. Of these four
types of wrappers, that shown in Plate III, group D, had the best burn
and the one shown in Plate IV, group C, the poorest, although little
difference could be seen between the two when smoked on the Cuban
filler. The use of different binders did not cause any marked differ-
ences in the evenness of the burn, as is shown in Plate IV, groups C
and D. The cigars used in this experiment were all made from the
same wrapper and the same filler, while in group D a sample of Con-
necticut Broadleaf tobacco was used as the binder, and in group C the
binder was taken from the same leaf as the wrapper.

Another important factor in determining the evenness of the burn is
the proper balancing of the component parts of the cigar. It was
found, for example, that a very light" wrapper will not give good
results on a heavy filler, even though both of these may in themselves
possess a good burn. It will readily be seen that a very thin wrapper
which burns readily and very rapidly will, when placed on a heavy,
slow-burning filler, tend to burn in advance of the latter, and the effect
will generally be an uneven burn. The same result is obtained when
any cigar is smoked very rapidly, for the reason that the oxygen of
the air has freer access to the outer edges of the burning zone and
under the added stimulus it rarely happens that a cigar will burn

evenly.

As regards the character of the ash, the wrapper and the binder are
relatively of nmch more significance. It was found, it is true, that
some fillers give an ash lacking in compactness and liable to split
asunder, but the tendency to flake seems to be controlled almost entirely

a The terms l(g]it and heavij as used in this connection refer to the body or thick-
ness of the leaf, which largely controls the rapidity of the burn.

100— IV

Bui. 100, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate IV.

Variation in Burn of Fillers Due to Different Wrappers and Binders: A, B, C,
Three Different Types of Connecticut-grown Sumatra Wrapper on Same
Sample of Cuban Filler, Binder Being Same as Wrapper in Each Case; D, Same
Wrapper and Filler as C, but Connecticut Broadleaf Used as Binder.

TESTING THK HURNIN(J QUALITY OK TOBACCO. 37

by the character of the wrapper and l)inder. Furthermore, this lack
of cohesion in the ash of a wrapper may be largely overcome l)y Ihe
use of a oood l)inder. As to the color of the ash, a l)in(hn- having a
good ))urn will impart to the ash of the wrai)per a liohter tint and a
more unifoim color. The general results of these experiments may
be sunnnarized as follows:

(1) In order to secure a good burn, due consideration should be given
to the proper balancing of the components of the cigar; that is, a heavy
filler should be wrapped with a comparatively heavy wrapper, while a
light-l)odied tiller requires a light-bodied wrapper.

(2) Of the three components of the cigar, the tilbn- exerts the strongest
influence on the eveimess of the burn.

(8) The influence of the wraY)per and hinder is shown most strongly
on the character of the ash, and the binder very materially influences
the ash of the wrapper in this respect.

TESTING THE CAPACITY FOR HOLDING FIRE AND THE
EVENNESS OF THE BURN.

The factors of holding fire and of burning evenly are of prime
importance in judging the burn of tobacco, and any sample found
markedly deflcient in these points may be rejected without applying
any further test. As has been previously stated, the old method of
measuring the flre-holding capacity is likely to lead to erroneous con-
clusions, while there has heretofore been no direct method of deter-
mining the evenness of the burn of wrapper leaf. In the process
which we have used for testing wrapper tobacco with regard to these
elements of the burn, the area of the leaf consumed, ratlnn- than the
time elapsing before the glow is extinguished, is measured.

The form of the apparatus used in this method will be understood
by reference to the accompanying illustration (tig. 3). The essential
feature is the form on which the leaf is wn-apped, consisting of a col-
lapsible wooden tube, one end of which fits into a glass tube of the
same diameter. This latter is in turn connected Avith a second glass
tube throueh which is drawn a current of air. The best material for
making the wooden form is well-seasoned cherry with a straight gram,
but ash has also been found to answer the purpose very well. From the
wood selected is made a cylinder 5 inches in length, f inch in diameter
at one end, and tapering slightly to the other end (see fig. 4). In the
larger end of the cylinder a f -inch hole is bored to a depth of 3f inches,
and the shell thus formed is separated into six equal segments by saw-
ing to a depth of 3i inches. The smaller end is cut down for a dis-
tance of li inches, so as to fit snugly into the glass tube. The shoulder
thus formed should correspond in depth to the thickness of the wall of
the glass tube. Near the larger end of the form a groove (c) is cut,
into which is fitted a rubber band. The plug (d) has a diameter such

100— IV

38

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

that when inserted in the end of the form the latter is expanded to its
original size. The receiver ((/) for the form is made b}- drawing out

Fig. 3.— Apparatus for testing the burning quality of wrapper tobacco: a, entrance of air current; b,
wrapper to be tested; e, c, glass tube to which the form bearing the wrapper is attached bj' means
of tliecork, m; d. d, large glass tube fitted with corks, n, n, through which passes c, c; /, flask
containing water; o, small glass tube dipping beneath the surface of the water in /; p, short glass
tube leading from/; h, pump by means of which the current of air is secured; c, e and </, </, rubber
tubing connecting parts of apparatus; t, water tap: /, outflow of water.

one end of a short piece of thick-walled glass tubing. All of the above
dimensions are based on tubing having an internal diameter of 14 mm.
(9/16 inch) and an external diameter of 18 mm. (11 16 inch). The
small end of the re-
ceiver is fitted with
a soft cork (/>), by
means of which it is
connected with the
other portion of the
apparatus.

From the leaf to
be tested, which
should be quite " e c

damp the wrapper Fig. 4.— construction of form on which leaf is wrapped for use in

. • . i? , apparatus shown in figure 3: o, glass tube for receiving the form; 6,

IS cut into a lOrm cork by which receiver (a) is connected with remainder of apparatus

quite similar to that shown in figure 3; r, rubber band for collapsing the form; rf, plug

1 J. . 1 for expanding the form; e, form on which leaf is wrapped.

used tor cigars, and

the same rules are observed as regards the cutting of right-handed and

left-handed wrappers, etc. Beginning at the outer end the wrapper is

100— IV

tf;?^ting the buknin(} quality ok tobacco. -SU

rolled ([uite tit;litl\ . rirst on the t\)nii and thi'ii on the j^lass. At tlio
betiiiinini;- of tlu> pioe-es.s of lolliiio, the oxtroiuo outer ccrnci of the
base of the wrapi)er is attached to the overlappiiiu' j)()rtioii with a hit
of eio^ar paste, and at the end of the operation the tii) of the \vrai)i)er
is attached to the i-eceiver by the same means. A number of sumph>s
to be tested are thus wrapped on the forms and set aside until they
have dried out properly. The pluif in the end of the form is then
withdrawn and the rubber band causes the walls of the latter to col-
lapse, so that it can be easily withdrawn from the receiver. This
leaves the sample of wrapper securely attached to the glass tulie,
and in exactly the same form it would have on a cigar, 'i'he tube
carrying the sample to t)e tested is connected with the remainder of
the apparatus, shown in figure ; . the construction of which will be
understood without further exphnuition. The current of air is fur-
nished by means of an ordinary filter i)ump, and its rate can be con-
trolled with sullicient accuracy by measuring the How of water through
the pump. Th(^ end of the wrapper is ignited wilh a flat gas flame,
and the evenness of the buiMiand the portion consumed liefore it ceases
to o'low are carefullv noted. Our method of lecoi'ding the results is
to grade each sample on a scale of ten. tjoth with reference to the
evenness of the l)urn and the tire-holding ca})acity. Of course, stand-
ards in these tests are pundy arl)itrarv, as the results are only intended
to be comparative. I'nder the conditions l:iid down for the experi-
ment, wrappers having markedly good burning (pialities will bui'ii up
completely and evenly with only one lighting, and these are given a
grade of 10.

For the purpose of comparing the results obtained b}' this method
with those given by the cigar test with reference to the evenness of the
burn, a number of leaves were selected from dith^rent types of wrap-
per tobacco. One half of each leaf was used f( r wrapping a cigar and
the second half was wrapped on the form for testing, as has just l)een
described. There was a decided lack of agreement in the results
obtained b}^ the two methods when onlj^ one t^'pe of filler was used in
making the cigars. It was found that frequently a wrapper that
graded onh^ 5 or 6 on a scale of 10 in what may be called the ",foi"m
test" would burn quite evenl}" on the cigar, whereas another wrapper
grading as high as 9 in this test would show an uneven burn on the
cigar. A good illustration of this pomt is found in a wrapper which
was scored 10, 9, 10, respectively, in three experiments Avith the form
test and gave a fire-holding capacity of 65 seconds b}^ the old method
of Nessler. On one type of filler this wrapper gave a very uneven
burn, but when smoked on a lighter filler the burn was perfectl3' satis-
factory. These results, then, seem to emphasize the fact that, although
the final judgment as to the burning qualities of a wrapper which has
shown up w^ell in the preliminary tests must be based on the smoking

100— IV

40 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

of the cioar. oreat care must be exercised to avoid the sources of error
iu this test which have been previous!}' discussed. The test should not
onl}' be repeated with a single tjq^e of tiller to avoid the effects of anj-
possible unevenness or other imperfections in the manufacture of the
cigars, but at least two different types of filler should be used, one of
these being heavy and the other light in the sense in which these terms
are used here.

TESTING THE BURN OF CIGAR-FILLER TOBACCO.

Testing the burn of a tiller is a much simpler problem than is the
case with a wrapper. The principal elements of the burn are the
evenness and the capacity for holding fire, and the character of the ash
is unimportant, except that it should be compact. The evenness of
the burn and the fire-holding capacit}^ are best determined by using
the cigar test. In the case of tiller tobacco the capacity for holding
fire thus refers simply to the length of time the cigar will continue to
burn after being lighted without being puffed by the smoker. The
effects of the binder and wrapper on the burn may be avoided by
makino- the entire cigar from the filler leaf to be tested. Another
decided advantage in making the whole cigar from the same tobacco
is that the aroma, which is so important in the filler, can also be tested
at the same time. In determining the fire-holding capacity it is only
necessary to light the cigar and test it at gradually increasing intervals
of time to find whether it has ceased to burn. It is, however, desir-
able to test the fire-holding capacity and the evenness of the burn on
separate cigars if sufficient material is at hand for this purpose.

100— IV

B. P. I.— 229.

\'.-TH]- DRUG KNOWN AS PIXKROOT

By 'W. \y. Stockbergrr, Expert, Dnuj-Planl Invent igations.'

INTRODUCTION.

The drug known as pinkroot is derived from the underground por-
tions of SpigeUa marilcwdica L. (Pl.V), an American herb now found
growing- most abundantly in the Southern States and occurring locally
in the Mississippi Valley and eastward. It came into use in America
as a vermifuge about 1T!>8 and l)ecause of its valuable properties soon
came to occupy an important place in materia medica. Unfortunately,
however, conflicting reports on its physiological effects in time estab-
lished for pinkroot a reputation for uncertain action, and within the
last fifty years the use of this drug, once regarded as highly reliable
and valual)le, has greatly decreased. Since it has seldom been held at
high prices the cost has not operated to drive it out of the markets.

The cause of the apparent loss of high efficiency formerly claimed
for pinkroot has engaged the attention of students of crude drugs for
many years. The demonstration by Dr. R. H. True« that an unsus-
pected substitute had crept into the markets and to a considerable
degree replaced the true article has explained in large measure the
unfavorable commercial and medical status of pinkroot. The results
here outlined of a detailed study of pinkroot and its more important
adulterants may serve to aid collectors in discerning the real pinkroot
and to assist drug experts in distinguishing the plant from its sophis-
tications in its commercial form.

TRADE VARIETIES OF PINKROOT.

The complex nature of the material put upon the market as pink-
root has long been known to the drug trade, and although the real
nature of the spurious article was not understood, its presence was
recognized, and various sorts of pinkroot came to be distinguished by
definite trade names— e. g., true pinkroot, genuine pinkroot, south-
ern pinkroot, Georgia pinkroot, East Tennessee pinkroot, western
pinkroot, and true ffber pinkroot. The visible differences by which
these trade varieties are segregated may be utilized in distinguishing

"Pharmaceutical Review, 21: 36^ 1903.

41

100— V

42 MISCELLANEOUS PAPEES.

the true from the false pinkroot, as it is now definitel}^ known that
certain of the trade varieties are wholly composed of worthless sub-
stitutes.

In many cases careless or unscrupulous collectors and dealers have
not regarded the distinguishing features of the various sorts of pink-
root, or have been ignorant of them, with the result that very general
confusion exists as to the character of the real drug and its adulter-
ants. The authors of some prominent publications on crude drugs
have evidently based their observations on trade varieties of pinkroot,
as they have illustrated and described one of the most important adulter-
ants as true pinkroot.

IDENTITY OF CHIEF SUBSTITUTES.

East Tennessee pinkroot {Ruellia ciliosa Pursh), a member of the
plant family Acanthaceae, is the most important adulterant. Observa-
tions on the plant structures present in commercial samples of pinkroot
convinced Dr. R. H. True, in 1900, that the chief part of this crude
drug consisted of a substitute instead of Spigelia and that this substi-
tute was a species of Ruellia. In trying to get plants of pinkroot for
cultivation. Doctor True, in 1903, purchased several hundred roots
from a dealer in eastern Tennessee. These roots were set out in the
testing gardens of the Bureau of Plant Industry at Washington, D. C,
and the plants kept under close observation. On developing they
were found to differ markedl}^ from 8pigelia, and upon flowering were
identified as Ruellia dlloxa (PI. VI), a plant which had never appeared
in the list of suspected adulterants prior to this time.

The examination of the microscopic structure of this plant recalled
at once the tigures in some text-books purporting to represent Spige-
lia and those illustrating an article by Greenish in the Pharmaceutical
Journal, 1891, on the structure of Phlox Carolina, a plant which had
long been regarded as an extensive substitute for pinkroot. It was
evident that a double confusion existed with regard to Kiiellia. On
the one hand it was so widely mistaken for Spigelia that its peculiar
structures have been regarded as diagnostic of pinkroot, and on the
other it was recognized as a substitute, but wrongh^ regarded as Phlox,
a plant lacking many of the striking characteristics of Ruellia.

In order to satisfactorily determine the relation of these substitu-
tions to the true pinkroot, observations have for three years been
made upon plants of Spigelia, Ruellia, and Phlox under cultivation at
Washington, D. C, and fresh material secured from them has been
use'^ in making a comparative study of their structure. The results
of this study do not support the view that Phl(5x is an adulterant of
pinkroot, and, moreover, several samples of a substitution supposed
to be Phlox have proved, upon examination, to be composed entirely
of Ruellia. It is only through long and familiar observation in the

100— V

Bui. 1 00, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate V.

PiNKROOT (SPIGELIA MARILANDICA L.

THE DUno KNOWN AS PINKROOT. 43

living condition of all species here concerned that it has been practi-
cable to uncover fully the true relations involved in the drug- called
pinkroot.

MINOR ADULTERANTS.

Aside from liuellia,the adulterants of Spigelia ma}' be regarded as
impurities, due in the main either to the carelessness of the collector
in not sorting out the roots with which the plant was associated in its
growth, or perhaps to a lack of familiarity with the plant on the part
of young or inexperienced collectors. With Spigelia other roots
sometimes occur which have a greater market value than the true
pinkroot, and therefore can not be regarded as intentional adulterants.
The worthless roots freijuently present, however, may have l)een
introduced by the collector with full knowledge that a fraud was ))eing
perpetrated. In commercial samples of pinkroot, among other impuri-
ties have been obsei'ved roots of golden seal {lli/drastiscan((densi)i L.),
serpentaria {Aristolochia set'pentarla L,), soapwort {Saponaria offici-
nalis L.), wild yam {Dloscorea villosa L.), and stoneroot (Collins(mia
canadensis L.).

METHODS OF DISTINGUISHING PINKROOT FROM ITS SUBSTI-
TUTES.

Once familiar with the true pinkroot it is hard to see how any drug
collector could confuse it with the plants so f reciuently substituted in
its place. Spigelia and Ruellia grow over large areas, largely over-
lapping and in much the same habitat, and have on the whole a cer-
tain general resemblance; but they should be i-eadily distinguished by
observing any one of their several striking characteristics.

In Ruellia (PL VI) the flowers are borne scatteringly along the stem
in the axils of the loaves; in Spigelia (PI. V) they are aggregated at
the top of the plant in a one-sided spike. In Ruellia the pale magenta-
colored corolla forms a slender tube below, expanded upward into a
broad, flaring limb. The anthers and atyX^. are not protruded. In
Spigelia the corolla forms a rather broad tube, narrowest at the throat,-
prolonged upward into spreading, narrow, triangular portions. The
exterior is brilliant cardinal In color, bright j^ellow on the inside; the
style and anthers are exserted. The leaves of Ruellia are bright green,
usually short-petioled or sessile, frequently more or less hair3^ In
Spigelia they are dark green, glossy, and sessile.

In the crude drug the forms are separated by less evident gross
characters. Ruellia, however, has a coarser, harsher root system than
Spigelia, and the roots show a tendenc}' to lose the cortical tissues,
leaving the naked, woody cj^linder exposed. The roots of Spigelia are
delicate, fibrous, and usually verj^ numerous. When dry they break
and crumble very readily.

lOO— V

44

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

The differences in structure between Spigelia and its substitutions as
seen under the microscope are usuall}' ver}^ marked. This is especially
true of Ruellia, the only important adulterant found with Spigelia,
since the other plant parts sometimes present are usually recognized
by their gross characters. A comparison of figures 5 and 6 will show

the most important differences in minute
structure. The numerous cystoliths present
in Ruellia as a very conspicuous feature are
wholly lacking in Spigelia and Phlox ovata.
The large sclereids of the root of Ruellia are
not found in the other two plants, and starch,

which is present
in Spigelia, is
absent in both
Ruellia and Phlox.
In the powdered
form Ruellia al-
ways reveals its
presence b}'^ the
numerous stone
cells and cysto-
liths, which usual-

ly remain intact
even in finely pow-
dered material.
Powdered samples
of the under-
ground portions of
the Phlox at hand
oave no reaction
for starch. The
fineness of the
starch grain of
Spigelia and its
lack of striking-
characters render
uncertain its iden-

FiG. 5. Cross section of the root of

Spigelia viarilaridica'L.: a, ep-
idermis; 1), cortex; d, xylem;
(", ciimbium; /, pith; ,/, endo-
derinis; I, pericycle. x 180.

Pig. G. Cross .section of the root
of Hitdlia ciliosa Pursh : o,
epidermis; 6, cortex; c, bast
fibers; d, xylem; j, endoder-
mis; I, pericycle; in, cystolitlis;
11, collenchyma; o, sclereids.
X 150.

among

tification

many other plant starches which might be readily introduced in the
powdered drug. The starch grains of Spigelia measure about 4 /^,
and in powdered pinkroot are associated with parenchyma cells and
long light-colored sclerenchymahbers. The absence of starch from a
powder supposedly made of pinkroot suggests at Once that the material
is not Spigelia. On the other hand, the presence of starch, while
indicative of Spigelia, is by no means conclusive proof of its presence.
100— V

Bui. 100, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VI.

East Tennessee Pinkroot (Ruellia ciliosa Pursh).

B. P. I.— 230.

VI.-ORCHAKl) GRASS."

By R. A. Oaklky, Amstant AgriaiUurisf, Farm Management Investigations.

INTRODUCTION.

Orchard grass {Dactylis glomerata L.) is a well-known standard
grass which is grown to some extent in every State in the Union and
quite commonly in the region east of the Mississippi River and north
of the northern portions of Alabama and Georgia. It attains most
importance, however, in Kentucky, southern Indiana, Tennessee,
North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, and Mar3'land, and seems
quite thoroughly adapted to a variety of soils in these States.

It may be said that the general opinion of farmers in regard to the
value of orchard grass either for hay or pasture is quite unfavorable.
This unfavorable opinion, which is due somewhat to prejudice, exists
to a greater extent in the timothy region than elsewhere, and as the
limits of this region are reached and crossed orchard grass is much
more highl}" regarded. The objectionable features of the grass are in
general its bunch}" habit, coarseness, and the unpalatability of its hay
unless cut at the proper state of maturity. These objectionable
features are not alone the cause of its unpopularity or the reason why
it is not grown more generally. There is no doubt that orchard grass
could be grown very successfully throughout the greater portion of
the timothy region, but as the demand for any hay except timothy is
very limited farmers see little inducement for them to raise it. On

a In connection with the general plan of the Farm Management work it is contem-
plated to take up the study of various seed crops. Much interest is now being mani-
fested in better seeds for the farmer. This is especially true of forage-crop. seeds,
including both grasses and clovers. Mr. Oakley's paper, which is contributed from
the Office of Farm Management, conducted under the direction of Prof. W. J. Spill-
man, is a valuable contribution to the methods followed in growing orchard grass
for hay, for pasture, and for seed. Special attention is called to the fact that orchard
grass seed as usually grown is for all practical purposes pure. The investigations of
this Bureau have shown that considerable quantities of the seed of this grass found
in the market contain seed of other and less desirable, cheaper grasses. That the
seeds of these cheaper forms have been added for the purpose of adulteration seems
evident from the fact that the grasses'bearing them are not found in orchard grass
fields to any extent worth mentioning. — B. T. Galloway, Chief of the Bureau of
Plant Industry.

100— VI -45

46 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

account of its maturing well with a number of other very valuable
grasses and clovers its popularity ma}^ in time increase as the advan-
tages of such mixtures become more generalh^ appreciated.

Orchard grass is exceedingly variable and offers a large field for
selection and breeding. Its variable characters of most importance
are its coarseness, bunchiness, and time of maturing. Bv consistent
selection with special reference to the first two characters valuable
strains may in time be developed which will not possess the objection-
able features of the common orchard grass now being grown.

METHODS OF CULTURE.

SEEDING.

While there are some methods that are generally emplo3"ed in the
culture of orchard grass, still there is a great difference of opinion
even among the most successful growers in any one locality as to the
best practices. In the seed-producing section of Kentucky and Indi-
ana it is the common custom to sow the grass in February on fall
wheat at the rate of from three pecks to one bushel to the acre. Since
the crop in this section is almost entireh" harvested for seed, it is not
considered desirable to sow more than a bushel. In years past as
much as two bushels to the acre were sown, but it is now the gen-
eral opinion that one bushel is sufficient, and even less is often
used. A bushel of orchard grass seed weighs 14 pounds. Orchard
grass to give large yields of seed should be reasonably thin, as
it produces more abundantly when in this condition. It is usuall}^
sown broadcast, as it does not feed out well through a press drill,
either by hand or with a wheelbarrow or other type of seeder, and is
covered very shallow. Good results are often olitained by not cover-
ing the seed, and it is (juite a common opinion that too deep covering
is the cause of many of the failures to secure a stand.

A method of seeding which is often followed in the section men-
tioned is to scatter the orchard grass straw from which the seed has
been thrashed on ground that has been sown to wheat. This is usually
done in February. The straw acts as a mulch in this case and the seed
needs no covering. It is very essential that it be scattered evenly and
very thin; otherwise the stand will be too thick and unsatisfactory.
The greatest objection to this practice is that unless the straw is very
clean the meadow is sure to be weedy, and some are of the opin-
ion that since the seed that is left in the straw or blown over with it
is mostly of poor quality a field of inferior and unequally maturing
grass will be the result.

Orchard grass may be sown successfully after corn by splitting the
rows with a disk harrow as soon as the crop is removed. This may
be done any time during the month of October, and in February or as

lOO— VI

ORCHARD GRASS. - 47

soon as the weather is favorable the grass may be sown with a broad-
cast seeder at the ordinary rate, and the oround being uneven at this
time the freezing and thawing which follow will cover the seed suffi-
ciently. Disking seems to give much better results than plowing,
since the ground if plowed will not have time to thoroughly settle
before the time of seeding. Rolling would doubtless be beneticial
after seeding in this manner.

In western Virginia and in Tennessee orchard grass is commonly
sown the latter part of September or the first of October with wheat
oil the ground at the rate of a bushel and a half to two bushels to the
acre, the wheat being di-illed in at the rate of three to five pecks to the
acre and the grass sown either broadcast b}' hand, with a broadcast
seeder, or an attachment to the drill, and covered as shallow as possible.

Orchard grass is often sown with oats, usually in March, on ground
that has been previously in wheat und which has been plowed the pre-
ceding autumn. A half seeding of oats is usually sown in this case,
and gives as a result only a fair crop. The grass, however, makes
more pasture the first season as a rule than when sown with a full
seeding of either wheat or oats. Early fall seeding with winter oats
in sections where the latter can be grown may l)e depended upon to
give good results, but on account of the Hessian fly it is not possible
to sow it with wheat much before October.

A crop of hay is not expected the first season, whether the grass is
sown in the fall or spring, either alone or with a nurse crop. If sown
alone a light cutting may be secured, provided the conditions are
favorable, in the latter part of August or September; ])ut in general
the grass is pastured and not cut except at the time when the grain
which is sown with it is harvested. The following season it makes a
croj) of either hay or seed, as is desired. There may be some advan-
tage in sowing the grass alone for the extra quantity of forage pro-
duced the first year, but whether this and any other advantages that
may come from seeding in this way will compensate for the profit
accruing from the nurse crop is an undecided question.

MIXTURES WITH RED CLOVER,

Throughout almost the entire region where orchard grass is grown
it is quite a common practice to sow red clover with it. This practice
is a good one, not onl}' for the value of the red clover in maintaining
the soil fertility, but also for the fact that its presence greatly improves
the orchard grass either for hay or pasture. In the seed-producing
sections red clovei is a menace to the seed crop, especial!}^ the first and
second years. As it is impossible to cut the orchard grass above the
clover, the leaves and heads get mixed in with the seed and are difficult
to separate from it. Although the presence of the leaves in the

100— VI

48 ♦ MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

orchard grass seed materially decreases its commercial value, the
advantage of having the clover in the field more than compensates for
this.

In sections where the grass is grown for hay and pasture, red clover
is sown at the rate of one bushel to 5 or 7 acres, usually as early in
the spring as the weather will permit. It is, however, sometimes sown
in the autumn at the same time as the orchard grass, but the seed of
the two are not mixed, as they do not feed evenly through the drill or
seeder. In cases where clover is sown in the spring on orchard grass
that has been sown the fall before, it is either covered lighth' by means
of a drag harrow or left uncovered. Less clover is sown to the acre
in seed-producing sections than where the grass is intended for ha}' or
pasture, the customary quantity being one bushel to 8 or 10 acres.
In these sections the first crop is frequently cut for hay on account of
its containing so much clover. The second crop usuallj^ contains ver}'^
much less and is cut for seed, as are also the following crops, since
the clover at the end of two years usuallv disappears. Pasturing the
field appears to materially increase the longevity of the clover, and it
is not uncommon to see meadows that are 6 or 7 years old containing
almost as much clover as the)' did the first year.

Much trouble is now being experienced in securing a catch of red
clover throughout the greater part of the region where it is grown.
As a result alsike is being substituted in some sections, and where it
has been tried thoroughly it is giving good results. This difiicultv in
growing red clover will doubtless soon become a serious proposition,
especiall)^ in seed-producing sections, and unless alsike or some similar
leguminous crop can be grown it will be only a few years until more
barnj'ard manure or commercial fertilizer will have to be used. At
the present time there is very little commercial fertilizer applied to
orchard grass, although it is the opinion of some of the more success-
ful growers that an application of about 200 pounds of good fertilizer
in the spring, just as the grass begins to grow, would yield profitable
results.

MIXTURES WITH OTHER GRASSES.

On account of the bunchy tendency of orchard grass it is often
desirable to mix it with other grasses for hay or pasture, and while
this has not been practiced as yet to any great extent the results
obtained from such mixtures are very promising. Aside from affect-
ing the palatability of the grass, the mixtures have a tendency to
increase the yield. Orchard grass matures well with tall meadow oat-
grass and meadow fescue, and in some localities in Tennessee a mix-
ture of it with the latter is attracting considerable attention, especially
for pasture. Doubtless in time orchard grass will be more generally
grown for hay and pasture in mixtures with these or other grasses.

100— VI

OKCHAKD GRASS. 49

LIFK OF MKADOWS.

Orchard grass is a more hardy and permanent grass than timothy,
and as a result remains productive in a meadow under most conditions
nmch longer. In the principal sections where it is grown the average
life of a meadow is from five to seven years, although it is a question
whether it might not be broken up profitably at the end of four years.
Throughout almost its entire region Kentucky bluegrass is its natural
enemy and works in around the bunches almost to its ultimate exclu-
sion. Kodtop and Canada ])lu<^grass also are present in many sections
with the Kentucky bluegrass, and at the end of five or six years these
three grasses are greatly in the majority. Pasturing seems to facili-
tate the growth of the bluegrass, inasmuch as it has a tendency to
cause the orchard grass to become more bunchy, and it is also a means
of spreading the bluegrass seed. During the last year of its existence
it is customary to pasture the orchard grass field, and late in the
autiunn or early in the winter it is ])roken up and is planted to corn
the following spring. It is well to have the field broken up as early as
possible so as to give the sod time to rot sufficiently before planting
the corn.

USES AND VALUE.

HAY.

According to chemical analysis orchard grass hay should be equal,
if not superior, to timothy, but in real practice it does not seem to be
able to successfully compete with the latter. In large cities there is
practically no demand for any hay except timothy, and the demand for
orchard grass hay is only local and verj^ limited. In the timothy
region orchard grass is looked upon verj^ unfavorabh', but where
timothy can not be grown so successfully its hay is used to a greater
extent and is considered of very good quality.

As previously stated, orchard grass should be sown thicker when
desired for hay than for seed, 2 bushels of good seed to the acre
being usually required, for unless thick it becomes coarse and woody.
Its value as hay is increased bv the addition of red clover or alsike,
and where it has been sown with other grasses, such as tall meadow
oat-grass or meadow fescue, its quality seems to be improved by such
mixtures. The state of maturity at which the grass makes the best
hay is when it is just in bloom. Not only does the quality seem to be
better at this time, but the yield is also at the. maximum.

In some sections it is considered a good hay for horses, but it is of
more value for cattle, and especially for fattening them for the market.
As a feed for sheep it is of only fair quality. The value of the hay
depends not only on the state of maturity at which it is cut. but also
on the bunchiness and coarseness of the grass. These characteristics
18270— No. 100—07 4

50 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

are influenced largelj^ by the method of culture, and it i.s often for the
reason that f arinei'S do not thoroughly understand growing it that they
condenui it as a hay grass. Seeding evenly with the proper quantity
of seed and careful pasturing are important factors in securing a
good meadow,

PASTURE.

For pasture, orchard grass gives best results in mixtures with other
grasses and clovers, and is of special importance from the fact that it
can be grazed early and late in the season. It is quite a valuable grass
if for no other reason than this. It also stands grazing fairly well.
It must, however, be closely pastured; otherwise it will become too
coarse and woody, and stock will not eat it. Stock do not relish the
mature grass, and invariably lose flesh when turned on a field in this
condition. To secure best results from pastures, they should be mowed
some time during June to keep down the weeds, and again later as
needed. In this way they are kept clean and more productive. Blue-
grass and white clover are usually very prominent in most orchard
grass pastures and are valuable additions, as they grow between the
bunches of the orchard grass, thus increasing the yield. The white
clover is also of value in maintaining soil fertility.

SEED.

Orchard grass seed is produced to some extent throughout the entire
region in which it is grown. There is quite a quantit}' raised in west-
ern \'irginia. but the greatest seed-producing area is in the vicinity of
Louisville, including Jefferson, Oldham, and Shelby counties, Ky.,
Clark County, Ind., and some of the counties adjoining those
in both States mentioned. Just why there is more seed pro-
duced in this section than elsewhere is not definitely known. Some
are of the opinion that it is because orchard grass seeds more
readily there, which may be true. However, the cultural methods
employed by farmers m this section may have something to do with
the success attained in raising it. In Oldham County, Ky., the
average production is about 55,000 bushels, which represents prac-
tically 5,000 acres, as the yield is about 10 to 12 bushels to the acre.
The growing of seed in the section referred to is a profitable industry,
and there are many farmers who engage in it quite extensively with
uniform success. It is said to be a more profitable crop than wheat,
and when the harvest of the two conflict orchard grass is given the
most attention. The average price of seed for the last ten years has
been about $1.25 a bushel. The seed alone does not represent the
entire return from the field, for after it is harvested the meadows
aflord hay or pasture, or both, from which a considerable profit
accrues. Orchard grass seed is the controlling crop in this section,
and the cropping system is planned to accommodate it.

100— VI

Bui. 100, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VI!.

Fig. 1 .—Harvesting Orchard Grass for Seed.

Fig. 2.— Method of Shocking Orchard Grass; Shocks Showing Bands at Top.

ORCHARD GRASS. 51

HAKVESTIN"(i THK SEED CROP.

The methods use'd in harvesting orchard grass seed are practically
the same throughout the whole country. In general, harvest l)ogins
about June 15 and lasts about ton days, though when there is a large
acreage it is often necessary to begin earlier than this, in order to finish
before the seed becomes too ripe. An inferior ([uality results from
cutting the seed before it is sufficiently uiature, and this seed is quite
readily detected by its light-green color. When properly matured
the seed is straw colored, aikl not at all green. A common test to
determine whether the seed is at the proper stage for cutting is to
beat the heads in the palm of the hand, and if (luite a quantity shat-
ters off it is considered ready to cut. To one i^ifamiliar with the crop
it would seem that the waste from shattering would be great.

Orchard orass is harvested w^ith an ordinarv grain binder (PI. VII,
fig. 1), making as small bundles as possible, in order that they may
cure readily. The bundles are placed usually three in a shock and
the shocks tied at the top with two bands of straw, one about 8 inches
below the other (PI. VII, lig. 2). They are bound in this way so as to
make them more stable and to prevent the seed from shattering. The
shocks are made small to facilitate handling at the time of thrashing,
and so that they may be easily tied at the top with the straw bands.
They are left standing from two to four weeks, or until they have had
time to cure thoroughly, and are thrashed without stacking. On an
average it takes al)out 5 pounds of twine for 100 bushels of seed. The
crop is of such importance that the fence corners and other places that
can not be reached with the binder are cut with the cradle and bound
into bundles by hand.

When the grass is sufficiently tall it is cut from 12 to 11 inches high,
to avoid the low^ -growing weeds, such as plantain and sorrel, and also
clover and bluegrass. Another advantage in high cutting is that it
leaves more of the undergrowth to be utilized later for hay or pasture.

THRASHING.

The common grain separator is used for thrashing with the ordi-
nary cylinder and concaves, but with special riddles and with nearly
all the wind shut off' to prevent too much of the seed from being blown
over. In hauling the shocks to the machine, racks with tight beds or
with tarpaulins spread over the bottom are used to catch the seed that
shatters off, w^hich is usually considerable. This is always heavy seed,
and is worth saving. Since the shocks are small, a whole one may be
thrown on the rack at one forkful without breaking the bands. This
reduces shattering to a minimum. Unless the grass is very weedy
the thrashing ma( hine cleans the seed sufficient!}^ for the market, but
most of the larger growers have hand fanning mills, which are used
when necessary. Seeds like those of redtop are easily blown out, but

100- v^

52 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

it is harder to dispose of the blubgrass and some of the weed seeds,
such as plantain and whitetop. From the machine the seed is put into
8-bushel bags for shipping. Thrashing costs on an average 8 cents
per bushel, with the customar\' crew furnished.

HANDLING THE AFTERGROWTH.

In cases where orchard grass is cut for seed there is a great differ-
ence of opinion as to how the aftergrowth should be handled. It is
generally considered that pasturing is not in the least detrimental but
is even beneficial. Whether the aftergrowth should be cut for hay
is an undecided question. It is a common practice, however, to cut
it, due to the fact that it is depended upon largely for hay, since tim-
othy and other ha}^ grasses are not grown to an}' great extent. After
the grass is cut for seed, especially when it is cut sufficienth' high,
there is always considerable green undergrowth. This continues to
grow, and during the latter part of August or about the first of Sep-
tember is at the proper stage to cut for hay. If there is clover pres-
ent in the aftergrowth it makes a verv fair quality' of hay and yields
from one-half to one ton to the acre. The quality of this hay is not
so good as that of the hay made from the first cutting.

While it is a general practice to cut the aftermath during the latter
part of August or September, there are some who prefer to cut it as
soon as the shocks are removed from the field, as it is believed to be
better for the following seed crop if it h cut then. It is the opinion
of some that the aftermath should be cut in any event, and consequently
if it is not desired for hay it is cut and left on the ground. Others
are of the opinion that if it is cut at all it materially injures the next
years crop, especially so if used for hay. as the two cuttings remove
a large amount of plant food fromthe soil without much return.

Judicious pasturing, to say the least, is not detrimental to the field,
and in all probability is more or less beneficial. The aftergrowth,
which comes on after the seed crop is removed, furnishes grazing
until it is covered with snow, and in the more southern sections where
the grass is grown lasts nearly the entire winter. Sheep can be very
profitably pastured on this aftergrowth, and in many cases almost as
much money is made from the pasture that it affords the sheep as
from the seed crop, on account of the length of time which it will
furnish grazing. At present prices sheep are equally as profitable as
cattle, if not more so, and can be pastured on orchard grass to much
better advantage.

VALUE OV THE STRAW.

There is much difference of opinion regarding the vahie as a feed
for .stock of orchard grass straw from which the seed has been thrashed.
Some state that it is of almost as much value as the hay. but in general
it is thought to be about equal to wheat straw. Its value depends

100— VI

ORPHARD GRASS. 5B

laro-elv on three factors: The state of maturitv at the time of cuttino-;
the amount of aftergrowth, inchiding- red clover, contained in it, and
the success with which it is cured. If the grass is cut before the seed
is sufficiently mature to harvest, the straw will be of more value for
feed than when it is cut at the proper stage. The undergrowth which
is present probably furnishes as much feed as the straw itself, if not
more, especiallv when it contains clover.

It is a common practice to cut the grass as high as possible to avoid
the weeds and clover, but if it is shoi-t there is necessarily a great deal
of undergrowth cut with it. If the grass has not received too much
rain while in the shock and is stacked properly or put into a barn or
shed at the time of tlirashing, the straw will be of much more value
than if carelessly handled. In general, there is little attention paid to
the stacking of the straw, and it is commonly left in piles just as they
are made by the machine. When utilized for forage it is fed to horses
or cattle, usually the latter, but is of very little value for sheep.
Aside from its value as a feed, straw may be used for seeding meadows,
as previously described. It should never be used for this purpose,
however, unless thoroughly free from weeds.

WEEDS IN ORCHARD GRASS SEED FIELDS.

The weeds which are most troul)lesome in orchard grass fields, espe-
cially in sections where seed is produced, are whitetop {Erigeron
annuus), red sorrel {Rmnex acetosella)^ oxeye daisy {Chrysa7ithemum
leucanthemwn)^ milfoil {Achillea niillefoUum)^ and the plantains
{Plantago lanceolata and P. aristata). Most growers pay much atten-
tion to keeping these weeds out of their fields and go to considerable
expense for labor to mow them or cut them out with a hoe just before
harvest. A method which is now quite commonly used and which is
most effective and practicable is to pasture the fields with sheep. This
is an excellent practice and it is comparatively easy to distinguish at
harvest time between fields that have been pastured in this wa}^ and
those that have not b}^ the absence of weeds in the former. Such
good results have been obtained by pasturing sheep on the grass to
keep down the weeds that farmers are raising more sheep than formerly
and are growing cleaner seed. It is a common practice to turn the
sheep on in the spring as soon as the grass begins to grow and allow
them to remain until the earh^ part of May. As the grass advances
toward maturity the sheep eat very little of it, but graze mostly upon
the weeds and undergrowth, and especiall}- on the whitetop, which is
one of the worst weeds present, if not the worst. The}^ do little dam-
age to the field when it is dr3'^,and in wet weather they are kept off, as
the}'^ drag down too much of the grass. Although it is the custom to
turn the sheep out of the fields in the early part of ^lay. some of the
most successful growers leave them in until nearly har\'est time. It is

100— VI

54 MISCELLANEOUS PAPEES.

not imcommon to see sheep in fields that are read}^ to harvest. When
it is possible to do so the fields should be pastured late, as this prac-
tice is more effective in keeping down the weeds, since it takes them
but a short time to make sufficient growth to interfere with the clean-
ing of the seed. Cattle are sometimes pastured on fields that are
intended for seed, but they tramp down too much of the grass and are
not as satisfactory for this purpose as sheep.

OTHER GRASSES IN FIELDS INTENDED FOR SEED.

Much has recently been said regarding the presence of seeds of other
grasses in orchard grass seed. Those which appear to be the most
common are meadow fescue {Festuca ])ratt^nHi><) and the rj^e-grasses
{Loliuin iJerenne and Lolium itallcum). The seed of these grasses is
much heaviei", but it resembles orchard grass seed to such an extent
that its presence is not readih" detected. ]Meadow fescue and rye-grass
have ver}^ much the same appearance, but there is no difficulty in dis-
tinguishing them from orchard grass, as their seed habits and general
habits of growth are different. If these grasses were present in con-
siderable quantities in the orchard grass fields in Kentucky. Indiana,
and western Virginia, where practically our entire supply of seed is
produced, the presence of their seed in orchard grass seed could be
readily accounted for. The orchard grass fields in these sections, how-
ever, are almost entireh" free from other grasses, and only in a ver}"
few cases are there any others present, with the exception of some
Kentucky bluegrass {Poa pratensis) and Canada bluegrass {Poa com-
pressa) 2i\\di a little chQ'3it{B ramus secalinus) and redtop {Agrostis alba).
Bluegrass and redtop, especiall}" the former, come in naturally in the
older fields, and cheat is present practically only the first 3'ear, due
to its having been in the wheat which just preceded the grass crop.
The quantity of meadow fescue and rye-grasses in these fields is insig-
nificant, and there are only a very few cases where these grasses are
present at all. The total percentage of other grasses in orchard grass
throuohout the whole seed-producing section is so small as to be hardlv
worth}- of consideration, and statements made to the effect that the
presence of their seed in orchard grass seed is due to the fact that they
are grown with the orchard grass and can not be separated from it are
entirel}" without foundation. Farmers in general are extremely care-
ful to keep their orchard grass fields free from other grasses, for the
reason that their seeds are readily detected by buyers and as a conse-
quence the seed invariably sells at a lower price. It is a comparatively
easy matter for seed growers to have pure seed for their own sowing,
and there would be absolutely no advantage to them in growing
meadow fescue, rye-grasses, and other grasses with orchard grass.

100— VI

ORCHARD GRASS. 55

SUMMARY.

Orchard grass is of considerable value for early and late pasture,
and in the southern part of the region where it is grown can he pas-
tured nearl}' the entire year. When used for pasture, bluegrass and
wiiite clover are commonly grown with it.

Orchard grass hay is of value, especially when it contains red clover,
and can l)e fed to horses successfully. It is a good forage for cattle
that are being fattened for market.

When grown for seed, orchard grass is a profitable crop, as it yields
on an averace lo to I'i bushels to the acre and sells for $1.25 a bushel.
Aside from securing a crop of seed, the aftergrowth may be either
pastured or cut for hay. This aftergrowth makes a very fair quality
of hay, and when cut during the latter part of August or September
gives a yield of from one-half to one ton to the acre.

Although not previously stated, orchard grass is quite valuable for
binding soils, and on rough land that washes badly it can be used for
this purpose effectively.

Orchard grass may be seeded either in the autumn or spring with
about e(pially good results. Spring seeding, however, seems to be the
most common practice. In most cases it is sown broadcast on fall wheat
on fields that have been in wheat the previous year. One bushel of
seed is a sufficient (juantity when the grass is to be grown for seed.
When grown for hay or pasture, more than this should be used. A
good catch may be obtained by scattering the straw evenly and thinly
on fall wheat in early spring.

Red clover can be profital)ly sown with orchard grass at the rate of
1 bushel to 5 or T acres. Mixtures of orchard grass with other
grasses, especially with tall meadow^ oat-grass and meadow fescue, are
giving good results for hay and pasture in places where they are being
tried.

The average life of an orchard grass meadow is from five to seven
years, after which it is plowed up, usually late in the fall, and put into
corn.

Orchard grass is harvested for seed from about June 15 to June 25.
It is cut with an ordinary grain binder and bound into small bundles,
requiring about 5 pounds of twine to 100 bushels of seed. The
bundles are put three in a shock and ])ound at the top with a band of
grass to make them more stable and to prevent the seed from shatter-
ing. Thrashing is done from the shock after the grass has stood in
the field from two to four weeks, with an ordinary separator, using
special riddles.

100— VI

56 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Sheep are pastured on orchard grass in the spring to keep down the
weeds. The}^ are sometimes allowed to remain in the field until nearly
time to harvest. This practice is very effective in keeping clean the
fields that are grown for seed.

The percentage of meadow fescue, rye-grasses, and other grasses in
orchard grass fields that are grown for seed is so small as not to be
worthy of consideration.

100— VI

B. I'. I.— L'JS.

\'11.-THE EFFF.CT OP COPPER UPON WATER

BACTERIA."

By Kaul ¥. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge of Soil Bacteriology and ]Vatrr
Purification Investigations, 2Ln6. T. D. Bkckwitii, Scientific Assistant.

INTRODUCTION.

Of the many methods of chemical treatment for water purification,
the copper method has recently received the most attention. The use
of this metal, or its salts, was urged primarily^ for the eradication or
control of pollutino- algaj, though popular attention has been directed
more particularly- to the various results obtained in destroying the
typhoid bacillus.

The discrepancies between laborator}- results of some of the investi-
gators of this phase of the subject have deterred man}" engineers and
sanitarians from conducting important tests of the value of copper
under emergency or epidemic conditions. These discrepancies are
perhaps in some cases due to reasons which are taken up later in this
bulletin, and in some cases to the lack of comprehensi6n of the essen-
tial difference between treatment of drinking water which contains
relatively little albuminoid matter'' and treatment of bouillons or
emulsions/'

« The copper method for controlling algal pollution can no longer be considered
in an experimental stage. The accumulation of results of treatments constantly made
under the direct i^upervision of officials of the Department of Agriculture and the
numerous results reported to this Department by independent experimenters render
further discussion of this question superfluous. The caution should be reiterated,
however, that no rule for determining the amount of copper sulfate to be added can
be given, and each body of water must be treated in the light of its special condi-
tions. This caution is eminently applicable to copper treatment of a water sujiply
for bactericidal purposes, and, as Mr. Kellerman and Mr. Beckwith have shown in
their recent work, the problem of using dilute solutions of copper for destroying
Bacillus coli and Bacilhii^ typhi in water is a rather complicated one. Pertinent con-
ditions must be understood thoroughly before an application of copper can be safely
advised, and whether au emergency treatment of an untiltered and contaminated
water, or a continuous treatment of a filtered water supply, or a treatment of a sewage
effluent is contemplated the work should be supervised by an expert. — A. F. Woods,
Pathologist and Physiologist, Acting Chief of Bureau.

b Buls. 64 and 76, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

f'See also Buls. 64 and 76, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

d A case in point is a paper by Dr. J. B. Thomas, Peport on the Action of \"arious
Substances on Pure Cultures of the Amoeba Dysenteripe. (Amer. Jour. Med.
Sci., vol. 131, No. 1, Jan., 1906, p. 116.) "Uniform suspensions of the amoeba were
made by pouring 4 cc. of distilled sterile water over the surface of a 48-hour slant
agar culture of the amteba and cholera spirillum, scraping off the surface growth
and mixing with the matter by means of a platinum wire, and pouring the resultant
emulsion into a sterile test tube; 4 cc. of the antiseptic solution (in double strength)
100— VII . 57

58 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

In spite of the fact that the field results of several experimenters^
have apparently established the point that copper sulfate will not
destro3" ordinary water bacteria at concentrations fatal to the colon
and typhoid bacilli, the somewhat fanciful objection has been sug-
gested to chemical treatment of any kind, and to copper treatment in
particular, that bacteria desirable for oxidation of organic matter and
"other beneficial changes in a water supply might be injured equally
with the typhoid bacteria, and thus a treated water be more poten-
tially dangerous than an untreated water known to contain typhoid
organisms; in other words, that many bacteria which could ])e of
decided beneiit in a slightly polluted water supply might be eradicated
by copper treatment and that in this way the fractional sterilization of
a reservoir by copper might pave the wa}^ for a more dangerous con-
tamination.

Investigations of these and other points have been undertaken, and
it iiij believed that valuable data have been obtained, applicable to
copper treatment for algse, to emergency treatment for typhoid, and
to copper treatment in connection with filtration. The copper treat-
ment of sewaoe mav be influenced bv the same conditions that bear
upon the effect of copper treatment of water. For the present, how-
ever, the investigations of Johnson,* at the Columbus, Ohio, sewage
testing station may be considered sufficient!}^ accurate for practical
purposes.

to be tested was then added to the 4 cc. emulsion of amcebse, thus making a fairly
uniform emulsion of 8 cc. of liquid to one -IS-hour slant culture, the mixture con-
taining a definite amount of the chemical to be tested. * * * It would appear
from the above results that it would be disastrous to rely on the action of copper
containers to purify water infected with amcebpe or cholera."

« Caird. Copper Sulphate Results. Paper read at meeting of American Water
Works Association, Boston, Mass., July 10-14, 1906.

Jackson. Journal New England Water Works Association, vol. 19, 190.5, pp.
563-568.

Hollis. Journal New England Water Works Association, vol. 19, 1905, pp. 571-572.

Stokes and Thomas. The Effect of Copper Sulphate upon the Bacteriological and
Chemical Constituents of Large Bodies of Water. Public Health Papers and Reports,
American Public Health Association, vol. 31, part 1, 1905, pp. 75-90.

& The Copper Treatment of Sewage Effluents. Report on Sewage Purification at
Columbus, Ohio, 1905.

"Available data indicate tliat the removal by either process of applied pathogenic
and nonpathogenic bacteria is in fairly direct proportion, generally speaking,
although, of course, saprophytic bacteria may multiply within the tanks or filters, so
as to obscure the true removal. Under some conditions it might be advantageous to
employ a germicide, such as sulphate of copper, as a final treatment for sewage efflu-
ents of doubtful bacterial purity." (P. 471.)

" Independent of the question of complete sterilization as touched upon * * *
it may be that there is a field of usefulness in some places for copper sulphate or other
germicidal chemical in the treatment of coarse-grain filter effluents, in order to bring
them from a bacterial or hygienic standpoint to a degree of purity strictly compar-
able with that of the effluent of ordinary intermittent sand filters." (P. 479.)
100— VII - '

EFFECT OF COPPER UPON WATER HACTERIA.

59

RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS BACTERIA.

Several species of >)acteria oceuiriiio- coiuinoMly in Potomac River
water have been isolated, and comparative tests have ])een carried on
with these bacteria and with the colon bacillns. An examination of.
the tables showing- the exact results of these tests indicates clearly
that no dang-er to most of the common saprophytic bacteria can be
expected from using concentrations of copper sutticiently strong to
destroy Bacillus coli. To allow as little variation as possible in the
different tests all experiments were carried out in triple-distilled water.
This will probaldy explain the sensitiveness of most of the bacteria to
copper solutions, for, as (iildersleeve" has stated. '"The resistance of
bacteria washed in distilled water is lessened, due in all prol)al)ility to
the fact that some of the slimy substance which surrounds the bac-
terial cell and protects it to some extent from the action of detrimental
agencies is removed." For purposes of comparison the table showing
the action of copper sulfate on various ])acteria in tap water, pub-
lished by Gildersleeve,'' is reproduced ))elow.

Diluiiiiii.

Average
number
totliecu-
bic cen-
timeter

in
control.

Percentage destroyed in liours specified.

Orgrtnism.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

1
11.

12.

24.

rl: 250,000
1 : • 500, 000
1:1,000,000
1:1,500,000
1:2,000,000

■ 1: 250,(00
1: 500,000

110,000
100,000
110,000
120, 000
130,000
105,000
120,000
QQ nnn

100
99

mo

B. typhosus

78 ion

50
4

100

99

80

87

8

95

40

31

20

20

90

68

33

5

3

93

65

28

10

0

95

15

9

4

0

99

50

15

8

1

85

7

99
65

100
80

82

87

87

93

98-

100

100
99
95
10

100
95
50
30
20
99
90
85
10
10

100
92
51
18
12
99
26
11
12
1

100

70

30

22

8

B.poli communis

100
99
14

1-1 "u»i^ n«"M> 1 ^o i\c\c\

100
27

1:2,000,000
1: 250,000
1: 500,000
1:1.000,000
1:1,500,000
1:2,000,000
1: 250,000
1: 500, 000
1:1,000,000
1:1,500,000
1:2,000,000
r 1 • 9=,n nno

110,000
11,500

120, 000
72,000
12,400
13, 600
92,000
8(i, 000

101,000
89, 000
94, .500

1 1 1^ nnn

50

85

90

92

93

93

95

98

100

97
62
40
25
100
99
89
30
31

100
85
42
30

B. dysenteri;i' ...

99
60
30

99 -i-

70

45

100
75
60

81
62

85
62

87
68

90
71

91
75

100
98

100
96
40
40

B. cloacae

96
70
80

99
85
83

100
95
85

98
88

98
91

99
91

100
93

97

100

1 • 'ifin nno i n^ nnn

98
82
27
22
99
80
16
17
8

100
90
42
36
99 -h
95
33
30
8

B. proteus vul-

1:1,000,000
1:1,500,000
1:2,000,000
1: 250,000
1: 500,000
1:1,000,000
1:1,500,000
1:2,000,000
1: 250,000
1: 500,000
1:1,000,000
1:1,500,000
1:2,000,000

111,000

99, 000

118,000

102, 000

109, 900

110,000

107,000

98, 000

92, 000

88, 000

8(5, 000

100, 000

95,000

95
69
51
100
97
33
38
10

98
90
65

100
93
78

garis

98
80

93+

85

100

88

92

95

100

99
45
46
11

99 -f
47
46
15

100

61
48
30

!

B. prodigiosns...

63

51
38

69
52
41

j

93

60 1 61
43 j 50

92
88

Staphylococcus

90
30
28
10

100
70
96
30

78
58
50

85
69
64

97

85
79

!

99
93
82

99
95

85

100
99
98

100
99

99-1-

100

« Studies on the Bactericidal Action of Copper on Organisms in Water.
Journal of Medical Science, vol. 129, 1905, p. 754.
''Op. cit., p. 759.

100— VII

American

60

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

The figures in thi.s table are rather ^^urprising in connection with
the .statement that ''very little difference wa.s found between distilled
and filtered water used in the laboratory." The similarity here of the
action of copper in distilled and filtered tap water, contrasted with the
marked difference in the action of distilled and filtered tap water in
AYashington, emphasizes a point previously mentioned," that the water
itself deserves as careful a study as do the organisms contained therein.
This is suggested again in Phelps's^ report showing that with either
hard or turbid waters the germicidal efficiency of metallic copper is
much lessened. Again, in view of the high toxicity that investigators
have reported with copper in Philadelphia tap water, it seems neces-
sary to assume that this water either is peculiarly favorable to main-
taining the metal in a toxic state, or, what seems equally probable,
for rendering the bacteria unusually sensitive.

The results of our own experiments are given in the following tables.
All the experiments, unless otherwise indicated, were conducted in
Weber resistance glass test tubes, each containing 10 c. c. of water
triple distilled from glass, portions of which had been treated pre-
viously with the desired amount of copper sulfate. All tubes were
inoculated with a 2 mm. loop of the proper organism. The temper-
ature during each experiment varied from 18^ to 22^ C.

Table I. — Effect of copper sulfate upon Bacillus mycoides.

Cheek.

1 part copper sulfate to—

Duratioiiof exposure toaction
of copper sulfate.

10,000

parts of

water.

25,000
parts of
water.

50,000
parts of
water.

100,000
parts of
water.

500,000
parts of
water.

1.000,000
parts of
water.

0 hour

Colonies.

105

80

185

Colonies.

90

1

10

Colonies.

590

20

130

Colonies.

310

SO

110

Colonies.
70
15
40

Colonies.

250

35

20

Colonies.
90

15

50

Table II. — Effect of copper sulfate upon Bacillus megatherium.

Check.

1 part copper sulfate to—

•

Duration of exposure to action
of copper sulfate.

10,000
parts of
water.

25,000

parts of

water.

50,000
parts of
water.

100,000

parts of

water.

.500,000

parts of

water.

1,000,000
parts of
water.

0 hour

Oilonies.

70

50

40

200

Colonies.
55
10
15
10

Colonies.
45
25
20
15

Colonies.

30

30

10

5

Colonies.
90
40
40
10

Colonies.

15

0

1

2

Colonies.
50

2 hours

20

6 hours

15

24 hours

10

c Bui. 76, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, p. 12; and Keller-
man, Journal New England Water Works Association, vol. 19, 1905, p. 536.
^ .Tournal New England Water Works Association, vol. 19, 1905, pp. 537-589.

100— VII

EFFECT OF (UPPER UPON WATER BACTERIA.
T.\BLK III. — Etf'ecl of copper sulfate upon Bacillus mesentericus.

61

Duration of t-xposure to action
of copper .sulfate.

0 hour . .
2 hours .
(■) hours .
24 hours

1 part copper sulfate to —

Check. ■ 10,000 25,000 50,000
parts of parts of parts of
; water. water. water.

Colonies. | Colonies.

300 3«0

2S0 170

430 10

1,350 0

Colonies.

400

310

290

0

100,000 .500,000 1,000,000
parts of parts of j parts of
water. water. water.

Colonies. Colonies. Colonies. | Colonies.

520 280 440 - 470

440 2i;0 340 I 3t;o

320 ; 2.50 310 I 390

.530 3 4 1 30

Table IV. — Etfed of copper sulfate upon Bacillus mesentericus fim-iis.

of exposure to action
•iippiT sulfate.

Check.

1 part copper sulfate to—

Duration
of

10,000

parts of

water.

Colonies.
40

.5

1

no

25,000
parts of
water.

50,000
parts of
water.

100,000

parts of

water.

500,000

parts of

water.

1,000.000
parts of
water.

0 hour - --•

Colonies.

30

0

2

70

Colonies.

25
50
30
70

Colonies.

25

10

5

45

Colonies.

50

3

5

0

Colonies.

20

u

•>

:6

Colonies.
30

1

1

•>.j |u>urs

80

Taulk V. — Effect of copper sulfate upon Streptococcus pyogenes.

of exi>(>sun' to action
coppiT sulfate.

Check.

1 part copper sulfate to—

Duration
of

10.000

parts of

water.

25,000 50,000

parts of parts of

water. water.

100,000

parts of

water.

.500,000-
parts of
water.

1,000,000

parts of

water.

Colonies.

ISO

210

140

35

Colonies.

875

0

0

0

Colonies. Colonies.

875 300

0 290

Colonies.
250
180
230
150

Colonies.

90
180
240

10

Colonies.
180

180

H hours

0
0

280
390

160

ox hmirs

20

Table VI. — Effect of copper sulfate tipon Bacillus .vibtilis.

1 part copper sulfate to —

Duration of exposure to action , ^j^g^.jj
of copper sulfate. j

Colonies.

0 hour ' 310

2hours I 220

(1 hours ! 330

24hours ; 2,800

10,000

parts of

water.

Colonies.

80

1

1

1

25,000

parts of

water.

Colonies.

20

3

1

0

50,000
parts of
water.

100,000
parts of
water.

500,000
parts, of
water.

1,000,000

parts of

water.

Colonies.

130

30

25

30

Colonies.

85

120

85

70

Colonies.

100

70

50

65

Colonies.

30

10

2

0

Table VII. — Effect of copper sulfate upon Bacillus prodigiosm.

Check.

1 part copper sulfate to —

Duration of exposure to action
of copper sulfate.

10,000
parts of
water.

25,000
parts of
water.

.50,000
parts of
water.

100,000
parts of
water.

.500,000
parts of
water.

1,000,000
parts 0)'
water.

0 hour

Colonies.

350

750

1 , 250

925

Colonies.

450

65

i

0

Colonies.

400

180

0

0

Colonies.

1,050

1.700

2

0

Colonies.

22, 000

1,350

0

0

Colonies.

2,000

2,050

5.50

0

Colonies.
1,800

2 hours

1,550

6 hours

200

24 hou rs

0

100— VII

62 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Table VIII. — Effect of copper sulfate upon Bacillus Uguifaciens phosphorescens.

Duration of exposure to action
of copper sulfate.

0 hour . .
2 hours .
6 hours .
24 hours ,

Check.

Colonies.

16, .500
1.5, 800
23, 000
36,000

1 part copper sulfate to —

10,000
parts of
water.

25,000
parts of
water.

Colonies.

3,400

0

0

0

Colonies.

2, 400

1

0

0

50,000
parts of
water.

Cofonies.

16, 000

0

0

0

100,000
parts of
water.

Colonies.

4,500

5

0

0

500,000

parts of

water.

Colonies.

10,400

2,900

640

60

1,000.000
parts of
water.

Colonies.

13,000

7,300

7,000

5,300

Table IX. — Effect of copper sulfate upon pink yeast.

Check.

1 part copper sulfate to—

Duration of exposure to action
of copper sulfate.

10,000

parts

of water.

25,000

parts

of water.

50,000

parts

of water.

100,000

parts

of water.

500,000

parts

of water.

1,000,000

parts
of water.

0 hour . :

Colonies.

310

150

70

90

Colonies.

550

5

0

0

Colonies.

100

1

0

0

Colonies.

110

0

0

0

Colonies.

100

1

1

0

Colonies.

220

65

3

1

Colonies.
108

2 hours

85

6 hours

50

24 hours

30

Table X. — Effect of copper sulfate upon Bacillus coli.

1 part copper sulfate to—

Duration
of

(jf exposure, to action
copper sulfate.

Check.

100,000

parts of

water.

500,000
parts of
water.

1,000,000
parts of
water.

2,000,000
parts of
water.

3,000,000
parts of
water.

4,000,000

parts of

water.

0 hour

Colonies.
2,650

Colonies.

2,300

1,650

0

0

Colonies.

3,100

2, 650

0

0

Colonies.
2,700

Colonies.
2.2.50

Col'mies.
1,800

1,850

850

0

Colonics.
1,770

2 hours .

2,350
2, 300
6,300

2,000 1.650

1,850

6 hours .

95
0

210
0

1,070

24 hours

65

Table XI. — Effect of copper sulfate upon sulfur yellou- bacillus.

Check.

1 part copper sulfate to —

Duration of exposure to action
of copper sulfate.

10,000

parts of

water.

25,000
parts of
water.

.50,000
parts of
water.

100,000
parts of
water.

.500.000
parts of
water.

1,000.000
parts of
water.

0 hour

Colonies.

2.800

2,000

1,500

24,000

Colonies.

40

0

0

0

Colonies.

3.100

0

0

0

Colonies.

2,800

0

0

0

Colonies.

4,100

280

0

0

Colonies.
860

0
0

Colonies.
1,300

2

6 hours

0

24 hours

0

Table XII. — Effect of copper sulfate upon Pseudomonas radicicola {soy).

Duration of exposure to action
of copper sulfate.

0 hour . .
2 hours .
C hours .
24 hours

Check.

Colonies.

1,900

1,800

2,100

18, 000

1 part copper sulfate to —

10,000
parts of
water.

Colonies.

.520

0

0

0

25,000
parts of
water.

Colonies.

1,300

0

0

.0

50,000

parts of

water.

Colonies.

2,800

45

0

0

100.000

parts of

water.

Colonies.

6.50

0

0

0

.500,000
parts of
water.

Colonies.

520

25

0

0

1,000,000
parts of
water.

Colonies.

3,100

1,100

30

0

100— VII

EFFECT OF COPPER UPON WATER HACTERIA. 63

T.\BLE XIII. — Effect of copper sulfate upon Jlacillus guhlanatiis.

Duration of exposure to action
of copper sulfate.

0 hour

2 hours .^

(■> hours

24 hours

Check.

Colonies.
12,500
12, 000
12,500
40,000

1 part copper sulfate to —

10,000

parts of

water.

25,000 I 50,000
parts of ! parts of
water. water.

100,000 i 500,010 1,000,000

parts of i parts of parts of

water. I water. water.

Table XIV. — Effect of copper sulfate npoii yTkrococcus radians.

Duration of exposure to action
of copper sulfate.

0 hour .
2 hours .
6 hours .
24 hours

Check.

Colonies.
1,200
1,200
1,400
1,900

1 part copper sulfate to—

10,000

parts of

water.

25,000

parts of

water.

50,000

parts of

water.

Colonics.

2,700

1

0

0

Colonies.

10,500

0

0

0

Colonies.

1,700

1

0

0

100,000
parts of
water.

500.000

parts of

water.

Colonies.

3,800

20

0

0

Colonies.

2, .500

85

0

0

1,000,000
parts of
water.

Colonics.

2, 800

10

1

0

Tablk XV. — Effect of copper sulfate upon Pseudomonas radicicola [alfalfa).

Duration of exposure to action
of copper sulfate.

0 hour . .
2 hours .
6 hours .
24 hours

Check.

Colonies.

270

210

220

1, 175

10, 000

parts of

water.

Colonies.

300

0

0

0

1 part copper sulfate to —

25, 000

parts of

water.

Colonies.

330

0

0

0

50,000
parts of
water.

Colonies.

425

0

0

0

100,000
parts of
water.

Colonies.

3,700

0

0

0

500,000

parts of

water.

Colonies.

700

0

0

0

1,000,000
parts of
water.

Colonies.

290

0

0

0

Table ^\1.— Effect of copper sulfate upon Bacillus violaceus laurerdius.

Check.

1 part copper sulfate to —

Duration of exposure to action
of copper sulfate.

10,000

parts of

water.

25,000

parts of

water.

50,000
parts of
water.

100,000
parts of
water.

500,000
parts of
water.

1,000,000

parts of

water.

0 hour

Colonies.

7,200

5,300

6,800

40,000

Colonies.

120

0

0

0

Colonies.

480

0

0

0

Colonies.

740

0

0

0

Colonies.

470

0

0

0

Colonies.

210

1

0

0

Colonies.
520

2 hours . .

25

6 hours

0

24 hours

0

Table XYII. — Effect of copper sulfate upon Pseudomonas amethystina.

Check.

1 part copper sulfate to—

Duration of exposure to action
of copper sulfate.

10,000
parts of
water.

25,000
parts of
water.

50,000
parts of
water.

100,000 500,000 1,000,000
parts of parts of parts of
water. water. ; water.

0 hour

Colonies.
140
190
240

Colonies.

540

0

0

0

Colonies.

90

0

0

0

Colonies.

70

1

0

0

Colonies.

580

3

0

0

Colonies.

670

3

1

0

Colonies.
660

2 hours

15

6 hours .

1

24 hours

0

100— VII

64

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Table XVIII.— -E^'^d of copper sulfate upon Bacillus caudatus.

Check.

1 part copper sulfate to —

Duration of exposure tfi action of copper
sulfate.

10,000
parts of
water.

.50,000 100,000
parts of parts of
water. 1 water.

500,000
parts of
water.

1.000,000
parts of
water.

Colonies.
875
350
400

Colonies.

60

0

0

0

Colonics. Colonies.

CSO 2, 100

0 1

0 1

. 0 0

Colonies.

15

0

Colonics.
70

2 liours

0-

fi h ours

0

0

9,000

0 0

Table XIX.— Effect of cojyper sulfate upon Bacillus rubrum.

1 part copper sulfate to —

Duration of exposure to action puo^.b
of copper sulfate. ^-necK.

10.000 25,000

parts of parts of

water. water.

50,000
parts of
water.

100.000
parts of
water.

500,000
parts of
water.

1,000,000
parts of
water.

Colonies.
0 hour 175

Colonies. Colonies.
10 30

0 j 0
0 1 0
0 0

Colonies.

225

90

5

5

Colonies.

90

0

0

0

Colonies.

210

0

0

0

Colonies.
135

2 hours 195

0

0

24 hours 1,050

0

1

EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXID ON VIABIIilTY OF BACILLUS COLI

AND BACILLUS TYPHI.

A careful study of the ga.s content of both tap and triple di.stilled
water has shown that for the typhoid ana colon bacilli the presence of
carbon dioxid in the water is as.sociated with heightened resistance to
toxic agents, such as solutions of copper salts, precipitated copper
salts, and copper metal. This is the more strange when one considers
that the presence of carbon dioxid in water causes the copper to
remain in solution, and in case of insoluble copper, either precipitated
or metallic, the carbon dioxid .serves to bring a considerable amount
of copper into solution. It should be noted, however, that water
heavily saturated with carbon dioxid is toxic to Bacillus coll and
Bacillus typlu.

A series of experiments designed to test the effect of carbon dioxid
on Bacillus coli, the various conditions of triple distilled water with
and without copper, triple-distilled water plus calcium carbonate with
and without copper, and tap water with and without copper are tabu-
lated below.
Table XX.— Toxicity of copper sulfate to Bacillus coli in the absence of carbon dioxid.^

Check.

1 part copper sulfate to —

Duration of exposure to action of copper
sulfate.

10000
parts of
water.

.50,000
parts of
water.

100,000

parts of

water.

500,000
parts of
Avater.

1.000,000
parts of
water.

Colonies.
6,S00
5,100

Colonies.

1,400

0

Colonies.

2,300

0

Colonies.

2,200

0

Colonies.

900

2

Colonies.
3, .500

2 hours

«0

1 Experiment conducted in Weber resistance gla.ss test tubes each containing 10 c. c. of water triple
distilled from gla.ss. portions of which had been treated jireviously with the desired amount ot
copper sulfate. All tubes inoculated with a 2 mm. loop of culture of Bacillus coil received from
Prof. Theobald Smith. The temperature during this experiment varied from 18° to 22 «..

100— VII

EFFECT OF COPPER UPON WATER BACTERIA. 65

T.\BLE XXI. — Effect of carbon diorid upon toxicity of copper stdfate to Bacillus coli.^

Check.

1 part copper sulfate to —

Duration of exposure to action of copper
sulfate.

10,000 1 50,000

parts of parts of

water. water.

100,000
parts of
water.

500,000
parts of
water.

1,000,000
parts of
water.

0 hour

Colonies.
9,200
2,000

Colonies.

8,200

0

Colonies.

5,800

110

Colonies.

11,600

38

Colonies.

7.600

900

Colonies.

6,200

3.50

2 hours

1 Experiment conducted in Weber resistance glass test tubes, each containing 10 c. c. of water triple
distilled from glas.s, portions of which had been treated previously with the desired amount of copper
.sulfate. All tubes inoculated with a 2 mm. loop of culture of Bacillus coli received from Prof. Theo-
bald Smith. The temperature during this experiment varied from 18° to 22° C.

Table XXII. — Effect of water containing calcium monocarbonate and various quantities

of copper sulfate upon Bacillus coli.''-

Check.

1 part copper sulfate to —

Duration of exposure to action of copper
sulfate.

10.000
parts of
water.

50,000

parts of

water.

100,000

parts of

water.

.500,000
parts of
water.

1,000,000
parts of
water.

0 hour

Colonies.

2,950

240

5

Colonies.

3,510

0

0

Colonies.

2,670

0

0

Colonies.

3,150

0

0

Colonies.

4,290

105

0

Colonies.
3,760
80
0

6 hours

24 hours

1 Various dilutions of copper sulfate were tubed in Weber resistance glas.s, thoroughly boiled, a small
measured quantity of calcium carbonate added to each tube, and these solutions cooled and kept in
a Novy jar in an atmosphere free of carbon dioxid. All tubes inoculated with a 2 mm. loop of cul-
ture of Bacillus coli received from the Bureau of Animal Industry and isolated from hog. The tem-
perature during this experiment varied from 18° to 22° C.

Table XXIII.— jE^ed of carbon dioxid content of water containing calcium carbonate
and various quantities of copper sulfate upon Bacillus coli. '

Check.

1 part copper sulfate to —

Duration of expossure to action of copper
sulfate.

10,000
parts of
water.

50,000
parts of
water.

100,000
parts of
water.

500,000
parts of
water.

1,000,000
parts of
water.

0 hour

Colonies.
4,650
4,500
5,200

Colonies.

4,730

0

0

Colonies.

3,850

0

0

Colonies.

3,980

5

0

Colonies.

4,100

415

15

Colonies.
4,470
620
60

6 hours

24 hours

•

'Various dilutions of copper sulfate were- tubed in Weber re.sistance glass, thoroughly boiled, a
small measured quantity of calcium carbonate added to each tube, and these solutions cooled and
kept in a Novy jar in an atmosphere compo.sed largely of carbon dioxid. All tubes inoculated with
a 2 mm. loop of culture of Bacillus coli received from the Bureau of Animal Industry and isolated
from hog. The temperature during this experiment varied from 18° to 22° C.

Table XXIV. — Toxicity of copper sulfate to Bacillus coliin tap water free of carbon dioxid. ^

Duration of exposure to action of copper
sulfate.

Check.

1 part copper sulfate to —

10,000
parts of
water.

50,000
parts of
water.

100,000
parts of
water.

500,000
parts of
water.

1,000,000
parts of
water.

0 hour

Colonies.

6,300

1,500

280

0

Colonies.

7,600

0

0

0

Colonies.

6,000

0

0

0

Colonies.

1,050

0

0

0

Colonies.

4,800

Lost.

0

0

Colonies.
5 ''00

2 hours

60

6 hours

0

24 hours

0

1 Experiment conducted in Weber resistance glass test tubes, each containing 10 c. c. of Potomac tap
water, portions of which had been treated previously with the desired amount of copper sulfate.
All tubes inoculated with a 2 mm. loop of culture of Bacillus coli received from the Bureau of Animal
Industry, isolated from hog. The temperature during this experiment varied from 18° to 22° C.

18270— No. 100—07 5

66

MISCELLANEOUS PAPEKS.

Table XXV. — Toxicity of copper sulfate to Bacillus coli in tap irater free of carbon dioxid. '

1 part copper sulfate to —

Duration of exposure to action of copper j Qj^g„^ I jq qqq
■^^^^^^^' j ■ I parts of

water.

0 hour. .
2 hours.
6 hours.
24 hours

Colonies.

4,600

1,450

1,500

250

Colonies.

1,SOO

0

0

0

50,0C0 1 100,000
parts of ^ parts of

water.

Colonies.

4,800

0

0

0

water.

Colonies.

3,700

20

0

0

500,000

parts of

water.

Colonies.

4,. 500

80

5

0

1,000,000
I)arts of
water.

Colonies.

4,000
100

2

0

1 Experiment conducted in Weber resistance glass test tubes, each containing 10 c. c. of Potomac tap
water, portions of Miiich had been treated previously with the desired amount of copper sulfate.
All tubes inoculated with a 2 mm. loop of culture of Baei/lim eoli. received from Prof. Theobald Smith.
The temperature during this experiment varied from 18"^ to 22° C.

Table XXVI. — Effect of carbon dioxid upon toxicity of copper sulfate to Bacillus coli.^

Duration of exposure to action of copper
sulfate. 1

Check.

1 part copper sulfate to-

1 Colonies.

0 hour 4, 200

2 hours ' 2. 800

6 hours ] , 460

24 hours 1 , 540

10,000
parts of
water.

50,000

parts of

water.

Colonies.

"4,000

10

15

0

Colonies.

9,800

0

15

0

100,000
parts of
water.

Colonies.

1,270

0

20

0

500,000

parts of

water.

Colonies.

5,100

110

10

0

1.000,000

parts of

water.

Colonies.

1,100

260

35

0

Table XXVII. — Effect of carbon dioxid upon toxicity of copper sulfate to Bacillus coli.'^

Check.

1 part coppi T sulfate to—

Duration of exposure to action of copper
sulfate.

10,000
parts of
water.

50,000.

parts of

water.

100,000
parts of
water.

500,000
parts of
water.

1.000,000
parts of
water.

0 hour

Colonies.
3,800
2,300
1,600
3, 500

Colonies.

3,000

0

10

0

Colonics.

8,500

5

12

0

Colonies.

5,200

15

10

10

Colonies.

4,400

2,150

120

35

Colon ies.
5, 500

2 hours

1 500

6 hours

100

24 hours

' 0

1 Experiment conducted in Weber resistance glass te.st tubes, each containing 10 c. c. of Potomac tap
water, portions of which had been treated previously with the de.sired amount of copper sulfate.
All tubes inoculated with a 2 mm. loop of culture of Bacillus coli received from Prof. Theobald Smith.
The temperature during this experiment varied from 18° to 22° C.

An examination of the foregoing tables shows that with the three
types of water the presence of carbon dioxid increases the resistance of
the bacilli in question. In the solution containing monocarbonate of
lime and copper sulfate the bacteria are extremely sensitive, even the
bacteria in the check solutions dA^ng rapidly, while in the solutions
charged with carbon dioxid the bacteria were able to persist in con-
siderable numbers in the dilute copper solutions in spite of the fact
that most of the copper must have remained in solution. This point
is interesting in connection with the work of Engels," who reports a

« Weitere Studien iiber die Sterilization von Trinkwasser auf chemischen Wege.
Centralbl. f. Bakt., Parasit., u. Infekt., vol. 32 Orig., 1902, pp. 495-521.
100— VII

EFFECT OF COPPER UPON WATER HACTKRIA. ()7

nithcr hii^li toxicity for i-ilciiiin chlorid, aiul of Tfulil,' wlio su^<i('s(s
a c-aU-iimi salt— milk of iimo — for water sterilization. The use of lime
or a similar ajivnt mav l>e hiiihlv desirable in connection with treating-
a contaminated reservoir with copper, though the inferior ^•ennicidal
power of lime makes it improbable that the latter alone could be used
safely.

In ivi'-ard to chemical water analysis, it seems proliable that the
determination of carl)on dioxid oi' the determination of nionocarbon-
ate and ))icarbonate alkalinity may have importance hitherto unrecog-
nized, and the variations in the longevity determinations of Ii(ttulh(i<c<>U
and BdcilhiK tij]>Ju may be due in part to the mineral constituents of a
water, in part to methods of experimentation, and in part to the car-
bon dioxid content. Extended field tests nuist be made l)efore <i'en-
eralizations on the possible effect of the gas content of a water supply
can be determined.

The carbt)n dioxid content of a watcM' may possibly explain the
peculiar results obtaine(l by (Mark and (iage.'' They have reported
practically no toxic a<'tion from metallic copper, or at least very little
dirt'erence in the action of metallic copper, iron, tin, zinc, and lead.
Their figures are rather mish^iding because of the great number of
days the experiments were carried on, and, as Phelps'' has shown,
metallic copper is coated with some insoluble substance after a few days'
exposure to Boston tap water and no longer has great toxic action.
The lack of toxicity of metallic copper and the similarity of its action
to the action of other metals, as i-eported by Clark and Gage, is
entirely at variance with the work of Kraemer, '^ Pennington,'' Gil-
dersleeve,-^ Stewart,*^ and Moore and Kellei'man.''' Investigators
generally have agreed that it would be possible to practicalh^ sterilize

« tJber die Disinfection der Typhus and Cholera-ausleerungen niit Kalk. Zeitsehr.
f. Hyg. u. Infekt., vol. 6-s, 1S89, pp. 97-104.

''The Use of Copper Sulphate in ^Vater Filtration. Journal of Infectious Diseases.
Supplement No. 2, February, 1906, pp. 172-174.

<■ Experiments on the Storage of Typhoid Infected Water in Copper Canteens.
Public Health Papers and Reports, American Public Health Association, vol. 31, part
1, 1905, pp. 75-90.

''Copper Treatment of Water. American Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 76, December,
1904, pp. 574-579.

The Use of Copper in Destroying Typhoid Organisms and the Effects of Copper on
Man. American Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 77, June, 1905, pp. 265-281.

<^The Action of Electrically Charged Cojiper Upon Certain Organisms in Water.
American Journal of Medical Science, vol. 129, 1905, pp. 751-754.

/Studies on the Bactericidal Action of Copper on Organisms in Water. American
Journal of Medical Science, vol. 129, 1905, pp. 754-760.

6' A Study of the Action of Colloidal Solutions of Copper upon Bacillus Typhosus,
American Journal of Medical Science, vol. 129, 1905, pp. 760-769.

'' Buls. 64 and 76, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

100— VII

68

MISCELLANEOUS PAPEKS.

drinking water b}^ exposing it tb the action of clean metallic copper."
Perhaps this opinion should be qualilied by adding that the action i.s
more rapid if the water contains no free carbon dioxid, although the
following tables show onlj^ slight differences between the toxicit}^ of
metals because of the presence or absence of carbon dioxid.

Table XXVIII. — Effect of carbon dioxid upon toxicity of metals to Bacillus coli.^

Duration of exposure to action of metals.

Check.

Copper.

Iron. 2

Zinc.

Lead.

Tin.

0 hour

Volonies.

3,700

440

305

Colonies.

1,100

75

3

Colonies.

3,300

30

3

Colonies.

3,050

125

30

Colonies.

3,700

275

120

Colonies.
3,500

410

190

1 Experiment conducted in Weber resistance glass test tubes, cacli containing 10 c. c. of water triple
distilled from glass, to portions of which were added sterile blocks of the proper metals, each having
approximately 2 sq. cm. surface area. All tubes inoculated with a 2 mm. loop of culture of Bacillm
coli received from Prof. Theobald Smith. The temperature during this experiment varied from 18°
to 22° C

'Iron impure and presumably more toxic than pure iron. (See Table No. XXII.)

Table XXIX. — Toxicitxj of metals to Bacilhis coli in the absence of carbon dioxid.^

Duration of exposure to action of metals.

Check.

Copper.

Iron. 2

Zinc.

Lead.

Tin.

*
0 hour

Colonies.

2,950

965

740

Colonies.

2,350

10

0

Colonies.

1,200

10

0

Colonies.

1,450

65

5

Colonies.
1,300

Colonies.
1,600

4 hours

40 1 770

8 hours

5

700

1 Experiment conducted in Weber resistance glass test tubes, each containing 10 c. c. of water triple
distilled from glass, to portions of which were added sterile blocks of the proper metals, each having
approximately 2 sq. cm. surface area. All tubes inoculated with a 2 mm. loop of culture of Bacillus
coli received from Prof. Theobald Smith. The temperature during this experiment varied from 18°
to 22° C

2 Iron impure and presumably moie toxic than pure iron. (See Table No. XXII.)

« There is a seeming discrepancy in this statement due to the fact that Mr. Earle
B. Phelps, assistant hydrographer, U. S. Geological Survey, has carried on experi-
ments on the storage of typhoid infected water in copper canteens, some results of
which, with conclusions of a nature unfavorable to the use of metallic copper in
practically sterilizing water, were issued in a press circular of the Geological Survey.
A quotation from Mr. Phelps's paper paralleled with a quotation from Bureau of
Plant Industry Bulletin No. 76 shows clearly that Mr. Phelps's work is a corrobora-
tion instead of a contradiction of the fact reported in Bulletin No. 76 that metallic
copper has a high germicidal value. Mr. Phelps has stated: ' ' The fact that organisms
do survive the copper treatment even in small numbers [Per cent reduction usually
over 99.999.— K. F. K.] seems, in the writer's view, to lessen considerably the value
of the canteen as a safeguard against typhoid infection. A second point of interest
is the fact that the efficiency of the canteen decreases as time goes on, probably
. owing to the accumulation on the surface of the copper of a film of basic carbonate
or other insoluble copper compound." A paragraph from Bureau of Plant Industry
Bulletin No. 76 reads as follows: "Complete sterilization is a standard to which even
the best filters seldom attain, and under the most unfavorable conditions the reduc-
tion in the number of bacteria in water exposed to the action of metallic copper for
twelve hours will be approximately as great as filtered water. The copper must be
kept clean, not, as is popularly supposed, to i^rotect the consumer from copper
poisoning, but because it is. possible for the metal to become so coated with foreign
substances that there is no longer any contact of copper and water, and hence no
antiseptic action."
100— vn

EFFECT OF COPPER UPON WATER BAC^'l'ERlA.

09

To dotcrmino whothor the peculiar variation in the germicidal power
of .solution!? or iiietaLs is due to the u.se of ordinary hiboratorv ohissware
made of a rather soluble glass instead of carefully selected highly
insoluble glass, a parallel series in good and poor glass was carried on.
The following tables show the slight ditference in results:

Table XXX. — Effect of glcma upon toxiciUj of metals to Bacillu.'t coli.^

Duration of exposure to action of metals.

Check.

Copper.

Iron.

Zinc.

Lead.

Tin.

0 hour

Colonies.

2,(500

2, (SO

2, 700

28,000

Colon if s.

1,925

775

.525

15

Colonies.
1.850
2,100
2,350
4,360

Colonies.

2, 450

715

70

1

Colonies.

2,600

2.800

2, 4.50

13,750

Colonies.
3,100

2 hours

2,300

6 hours

4,200

24 hours

12,000

1 Experiment conducted in ordinary gla.'ss te.«t tubes each containing 10 c. c. of water triple distilled
from glass, to portions of which were" added sterile blocks of the proper metals, each having approxi-
mately 2 sq. cm. surface area. All tubes inoeulated- with a 2 mm. loop of culture of I}arillu.t colt
received from Prof. Theobald Smith. The temperature during this experiment varied from 18° to
22° C.

Table XXXI. — Effect of glass upon toxicity of metals to Bacillus coliJ

Duration of exposure to action of metals.

Check.

Copper.

Iron.

Zinc.

Lead.

Tin.

0 hour

Colon its.

2,300

1,572

1,400

10,825

Colonies.

4,825
975
190

1

Colonics.
4,750
2,400
3,050
6,700

Coloiiii's.

2.400

200

20

1

Colonies.

2,800

1,800

2,000

19,000

Colonies.
3.000

2 hours

3,600

6 hotirs

3,850

24 hours

14,000

' Experiment conducted in Weber resistance glass test tubes each containing 10 c. c. of water triple
di.stilled from glass, to portions of which were added sterile blocks of the pn)i)cr metals, each having
approximately 2 sq. cm. surface area. All tubes inoeulated with a 2 mm. loop of culture of HuclUus
coli received from Prof. Theobald Smith. The temperature during this experiment varied from 18°
to 22° C.

COPPER SULFATE AND FILTRATION.

The use of copper sulfate in connection with liltration has been
mentioned in previous bulletins. Further experiments in this tield
show that in mechanical filtration with alum it is necessary" to limit
the use of copper sulfate to treatment some hours before coagula-
tion. When solutions of aluminum sulfate and copper sulfate are
mixed and alkali or hard water is added in quantities sufficient to
cause precipitation the copper is coagulated at once, while the alu-
minum is deposited on the copper and incloses it, with the result that
the copper-alum coagulum is no more toxic than is the pure alum coag-
ulum. When copper and iron .salts are precipitated together the
reverse of this seems to take place and the precipitate retains its toxic
properties.*

a See.also H. W. Clark, Sulphate of Alumina as a Germicide. Thirty-sixth Annual
Report of State Board of Health of Massachusetts, 1904, p. 288.

100— vu

70

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

The following table shows the various combinations of precipitates
tested and the exact results:

Table XXXII. — Toxicit;/ of combined, precipitates to Bacillus coli}

Duration of exposure to action of
precipitate.

0 hour...
2 hours. .
6 hours . .
24 hours .

Check.

Copper
hydrate.

Iron
livdrate.

Aluini- I Copper

num ' and iron

hvdrate. hydrate.

Copper
and alu-
minum
hydrate.

Colonies.

2,2.30

675

465

165

Colonies.

Colonies.

1
Colonies. '

1,.525

645

7,750 1

0

230

1,800

0

230

195

0

230

0

Colonies i Colonies.

3,450 ; 1,7.50

25 ' 320

0 I 15

0 ■ 1

tate

1 Experiment conducted in 100 c.c. Jena glass flasks, each containing 15 mg. of the proper precipi-
te. All flasks inoculated with a 2 mm. loop of culture of Bacillus coli received from Prof. Theobald

Smith. The temperature during this experiment varied from 18° to 22° C

Table XXXIII. — Toxicity of combined precipitates to Bacillus coli.^

Duration of exposure to action of
precipitate.

0 hour . .
2 hour.s. .
6 hours..
24 hours.

Check.

Copper
hydrate.

Colonies.

3,350

305

350

200

Colonies.

380

0

1

0

Iron ^l^^i- I Copper | ^^PPer^
i,,7.^,„+^ num I and iron ,-,,,■,,,,,„
hydrate, j^^^^^^^ hyd^te. ; jf^^^j^/^^^^

i_j^

Colonies.

1,065

1,900

1,350

850

Colonies.

2, 650

3

1

1

Colonies.

3,100

1

0

0

Colonies.

2,350

80

0

0

1 Experiment conducted in 100 c.c. Jena glass flasks, each containing 15 mg. of the proper precipi-
tate All flasks inoculated with a 2 mm. loop of culture of Bacillus coli received from the Bureau of
Animal Industry, isolated from hog. The temperature during this experiment varied Irom 18° to
22° C.

The presence or absence of carbon dioxid is probably important in
this connection. If the laborator}- results will hold for tield condi-
tions, a copper precipitate or a precipitate of iron and copper will
be highl}' toxic to Bacillus coli and Bacillus typhi in a w^ater whose
alkalinit}' is chiefly monocarbonate; and, conversely, the action of a cop-
per precipitate or a copper-iron precipitate will be reduced if a water
contains free carbon dioxid. This is probably the reason that small
quantities of copper are toxic" in a mechanical filter using the proper
quantities of iron and copper, and gives an additional reason for the
advice given by EUms^and Brown nhat before tiltration or distribu-
tion of a copper-treated water all free carbon dioxid and part of the
semicombined carbon dioxid should be neutralized by caustic lime.
Copper treatment of water previous to slow sand filtration should be
made under similar conditions, and as this is seldom practicable it is
perhaps advisable to limit the use of copper in connection with slow
sand filtration to treatment after passing the filter, and before distri-
bution the proper quantity of caustic lime may be added. An excel-

aBul. 76, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

* Journal Xew England Water Works Association, vol. 19, 1905, pp. 496-503.

<■' Journal New England Water Works Association, vol. 19, 1905, p. 578.

100— VII

EFFKCT OK COPPER UPON WATER BACTERIA. 71

lont example of the results to be expected from incorrect use of copper
in connection with slow sand filtration is furnished in Clark's" report.
Not onl}' was copper found in the effluent of the experimental filter,
but Bacillus coli was found in a rather liii^'h per cent of the bacterial
samples.

The carbon dioxid content of the Ohio River is a possible explana-
tion also of the fact reported by Brown'' that samples of Ohio River
water yif'lded between 0.00772 and 0.00()57 grain of metallic copper to the
j(allon, though Bacillmcol! w^as occasionally present. To use his own
words, •' It is seen from the work done, as above stated, that the copper
is present in an insoluble form and probably as the oxid united with
the suspended mineral matter which the water carries. If in tiiis form
it would be unable to exert any germicidal power, and, as far as could
be determined, this seems to be the case. It was decided that the cop-
per was present in a spent condition." As there was no monocar))on-
ate alkalinity noted, the Ohio River water at this time doubtless
contained some free carbon dioxid, and from the analogy of the la})ora-
tory results it seems fair to assume that Brown's explanation must
be supplemented by the theory of the heightened resistance of Bacil-
lus coli due to carbon dioxid.

« Journal New England Water Works Association, vol. 19, 1905, pp. 503-505.
^ The Purilication of Water at Marietta, Ohio. Official Keport to Board of Public
Service, 1906.

100— VII

B. P. I.— 233.

VIll-CONDITIOXS AFFFXTIXG LEGUME IXOCULA-

TIOX."

By Karl F. Kellerman, PhyshlogiM in Charge of Soil Bac(enolo(jy ami Wnter
I\inficatio7i Inrestigatiow, and T. K. RoiuxsoN, Assiskml Phyifioloyist.

INTRODUCTION.

The widespread use of bacteria for inoculating leguminous crops
has made possible more accurate study of the conditions under which
a particular species of legume might be successfuU}' inoculated and
the conditions under which failure to obtain inoculation might be
expected. Inoculation tests carried on in different soils and under
different cultural and climatic conditions but using the same stock
culture have shown results so contiicting in certain cases that one is
bound to be misled by an}' general statement based on one factor
alone, such, for instance, as the condition of the bacteria used.

To accept as indicative of the general usefulness of pure cultures
results obtained on a single type of soil is clearly opposed to progress
along a line of investigation now recognized as closely connected with
soil fertility problems. The advantage of numerous tests covering
many types of soil becomes increasingly apparent. The effect of pre-
vailing cultural practices is no less to l)e considered; aeration b}^ cul-
tivation, the use of lime, and the effect of such factors on the bacterial
flora, the bacteriological testing of the soil itself — all these problems
call for extensive field experiments to determine how far they may
become part of practical routine for successful farming.

The work here recorded emphasizes the intimate connection of soil
bacteriology with certain phases of soil fertilit3\ Soil fertility is a
strictly relative term; it is possible for a soil to be fertile in regard to
one crop and unfertile in regard to another, the conditions of tem-
perature and moisture being optimum in each case. The interaction

ffThe identification of soil bacteria and their distribution in and correlation with
different types of soil, the changes in the bacterial flora with different modes of
treatment and different systems of rotation, the individual and combined action of
the species in producing changes in the soil favorable or unfavorable to plant growth,
the introduction of favorable species and groups of species and their improvement
by selection or special cultivation, and the elimination of unfavorable forms are
problems calling for extended investigation; liut with the information already at
hand and work under way both in this country and in Europe it is not too much to
expect large increases in our present knowledge along these lines. —B. T. Galloway,
Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau.

100— VIII ^^

74 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

betsvcon prevailing soil conditions and l)iolooical phenomena becomes
apparent at once and lends confirmation to the lielief that in practice
CEcological conditions may be so modified as to promote the activit}^
of the desirable organisms and retard the development of the unde-
sirable, although under certain conditions the control of the bacterial
flora undoubtedly will depend upon the introduction of virile cultures

of desirable bacteria/'

USE OF LIME.

Samples of soil have been obtained from fields in various parts of
the United States where attempts to inoculate legumes have failed, and
greenhouse tests have been made combining various quantities of air-
slaked lime with these soils. The effect of applying lime to certain
types of soils is rather striking when nodule formation is considered.''
This is especially true of those soils which give an acid reaction to lit-
mus/ although several of these unfavorable soils did not give an acid
reaction to litmus, but were nevertheless benefited by lime. Outlines
of a few tj^pical cases selected from our experiments follow.

« The fact as shown in numerous cases that legumes can be successfully inoculated
by the use of pure cultures of the nodule-forming organisms with a. consequent large
gain in vield and amount of nitrogen fixed is in conflict with the statement that "An
enhancement of the desirable bacterial activities of the soil can only be encouraged
by the proper improvement in the physical and chemical composition of the soil."
(Lipman, "The Measure of Soil Fertility from the Nitrogen Standpoint," N. J. Agr.
Expt. Sta. Eept., 1905, p. 243.)

''Fruwirth. Xeue Impfversuche mit Lupinen. Deutsche Landw. Presse, vol. 18,
1892, pp. 18 and 127.

Fruwirth. Dreijiihrigen Impfversuche mit Lupinen. Deutsche Landw. Presse,
vol. 19, 1893, p. 6.

Heinrich. Action de la chaux sur les lupins. Zweit. Ber. Landw. Versuchsst ,
1894, p. 272.

Passerini. Sur 1' influence ameliorante des legumineuses dans des sols de composi-
tions differentes. Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital, vol. 30, 1897, p. 68.

Deherain and Demoussy. Recherches sur la vegetation des lupins; deuxieme
partie, Lupins bleus. Ann. Agron., vol. 26, 1900, p. 169.

Deherain and Demoussy. Etudes sur les legumineuses de grande culture. Lupins
jaunes. Ann. Agron., vol. 28, 1902, p^ 449.

Bilwiller. Cited by Miller. Journal Roy. Agric. Soc. England, 1896, pp. 236
and 423.

3Iaze. Les microbes des nodosites des legumineuses. Ann. In^t. Pa.steur, vol. 13,
1899, p. 145.

Salfeld. Vernichtung der Leguminosenpilze durch ^tzkalk. Deutsche Landw.
Presse, vol. 21, 1894, p. 785.

Tacke. Action de la chaux vive sur les bacteries des tubercules des legumineuses.
Centralbl. f. Agriculturchemie, vol. 25, 1896, p. 297.

<-G. A. Billings (N. J. Agr. Expt. Sta. Rept. , 1905, p. 358) shows the efficient action of
lime in promoting the growth of alfalfa and that the vigor of the plants seemed to be
correlated with the form and greater al)undance of root nodules. He suggests that
soil acidity, conditions of ventilation or soil porosity, and different bacteria which
may influence the form of the nodules are determining factors, controlled at least
partially by the action of lime.
100— vin

CONDITIONS AFFECTING LEGT^MK INOCULATION.

75

A qiiaiitit}' of soil was obtained from Blue Hill, Me., where the
culture tried last year had shown no benefit with garden peas. One
]K)rtion of this soil was placed in ordinary greenhouse pots; a second
portion was thoroughl}' mixed with pulverized lime at the rate of 1 ton
to the acre, approximately, and placed in similar pots, and inoculated
seed sown in half of each series. Of 15 plants unlimed, 10 were with-
out nodules, 5 having a single nodule each; of IT plants limed, 15 were
well noduled and 2 a})parently free, but nodulei^were evident on close
examination. The uninoculated pots in the unlimed series had no
nodules; in the limed series there were onl}-^ a few scattering nodules,
the majority of the plants, 10 out of 18, being free.

This experiment was repeated, the soil itself being inoculated with
the licpiid culture, with results even more striking. Of IT plants
unlimed, 12 were without nodul(?s, 5 having a total of 8 nodules; of 16
plants limed, all were well noduled, having a total of 87 nodules. The
uninoculated pots in the unlimed series had no nodules; in the limed
series, 15 out of 17 plants had no nodules, the other two having a
single nodule each.

The combination of liming and inoculation was again strikingl}'
shown with alfalfa grown in a poor sandy soil from Lanham, jNId.
In this case it seems reasonable to assume that alfalfa bacteria of low
virility were present in the soil. Under the normal unfavorable soil
conditions the native bacteria were unable to produce inoculation, and
the virile ones from the pure culture, while able to inoculate the alfalfa
plants, could benefit them only slightly. In the limed soil, however,
the native bacteria were able to produce nodules in considerable
' numbers and to be of moderate benefit to the plants. The pure cul-
tures of virile bacteria under similar conditions, however, caused more
than double the increase that maj^ be ascribed to the native bacteria.

The following table shows the relative virilit}^ of the two types of
alfalfa bacteria in soil from Lanham:

Treatment.

Lime:

Inoculated. . .

Uninoculated
No lime:

Inoculated...

Uninoculated

Number of ! Number of
plants. nodules.

9
13

10
9

12
15

11
0

Average
height.

Inches.
15.5
13

10
9

Average

dry
weight.

Grams.
' 0.39
.15

.09
.06

Similar results were obtained with a large number of soils concern-
ing which unfavorable reports had been received regarding attempts
at inoculation "with cultures furnished by the Department of Agri-
culture. Field observations on the nodule formation of various
legumes showed the effectiveness of using lime or some other agent

100— VIII

76

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

to counteract the influence of substances in the soil unfavorable to
the growth of the bacteria. '^

EFFECT OF SOIL CONDITIONS UPON BACTERIA.

The constitution or character of the soil solution has great ejQfect upon
the growth of nodule bacteria as well as upon the formation of nodules.
In the large number of soil samples tested simultaneously in the green-
house and in the laboratory it seems to hold true generall}" that the
possibility or impossibility of securing effective inoculation on a par-
ticular crop in a certain soil can be predicted b}'- the relative growth
of the specific culture in the sterile extract of the soil in question.
There also seems to be a somewhat close relation between the soil
solution necessary for the growth of l;ost and bacteria, so that in many
cases, at least, it is possible to determine the suitabilitj^ of a legume
crop to a certain soil by the growth of the specific culture of Pseudo-
mo7iai^ radicicola in the extract of the soil. The probability of an
extract not truly representing the soil solution and the disturbing
factor of sterilizing certain extracts will in some cases introduce error
in interpreting results. The use of sterilized soil extracts as culture
media for the bacteria has been found to give fairly true indications
of the growth of the respective hosts of these bacteria in a consider-
able series already tested, however, and contemplated improvements
in technique will doubtless increase the probabilit}' of securing trust-
worthv indications. The testing of the soil extract in its behavior
toward specific bacteria may even indicate that some treatment is
necessar}^ but can not prescribe the method of amelioration, and for
the present direct experimentation is necessary' to determine the proper
treatment of an unsuitable soil.

As an example of the relation between the growth of the specific
bacteria in the sterile soil extract and the growth of the legume host
in this soil may be cited the following result of a fairly representative
test, using different quantities of lime on an unfavorable soil which
responded favorably to treatment with lime:

Quantity of lime.

Unlimed

Limed:

2.000 pounds to the acre
4,000 pounds to the acre

Number of
nodules.

Number of
bacteria in a
cubic centi-
meter of soil
extract.

31

63

88

71,9.i0
128, 650

« For the presence of substances in poor soils deleterious to higher plants, see
Bureau of Soils Bui. ^o. 28, 1905, "Studies on the Properties of an Unproductive
Soil."

100— vni

Bui. 100, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Ag'iculture.

Plate Vlll.

CONDITIONS AFFECTING LEOITME INOCULATION. 77

Tlio accoinpiinyino- illustration (PI. VIII) shows cluiracteristic pots of
red clover from a series of soils from South Salem, N. Y., where clover
had ))een steadily diminishing- in vigor for years. The nodules on the
uulimed plants were small and clustered around the crown of the
plant, while the limed plants showed numerous nodules well dis-
tributed. The stand secured in a series of limed pots was four
times as heavy as without the use of lime.

In comparison with this unfavorable soil, the extract obtained from
soil sent in from a favorable tield test at Carlisle, Pa., gave an excel-
lent orrowth of the red clover bacteria, and the inoculated red clover
g-rown in this soil in pots showed numerous nodules and a better
growth than in the uninoculated pots, thus contirming results obtained
in the tield.

It may be noted that there is a difference exhibited among different
legumes in their behavior toward lime. While for most legumes its
effect is beneticial, a few species, such as lupine and serradella, are
actuall}' injured by its use'' and some other legumes, such as Lima bean
and cowpea, do not respond to lime oven in soils where clover refuses
to grow without lime. It has been noted'' that serradella is not suc-
cessful when following red clover, and that results are also unsatisfac-
tory when red clover follows serradella. These varying relations
shown by legumes belonging to different groups in their relation to
lime and other conditions emphasize the necessity of determining as
accurately as possible the adaptabilit}' of different soils to the crops
for which the}^ are intended.

Observations upon the occurrence of nodules in certain soils have
been found to correspond quite closch^ with the behavior of the soil
solution toward the bacteria of the legumes tested. The preceding
table illustrates this point, though perhaps not so clearly as the follow-
ing examples.

In the case of a fairly rich garden soil, soy beans would not form
nodules even after very heavj" inoculation, and the extract from this
soil used as a culture medium was found to inhibit the growth of the
soy bean bacteria. On the other hand, alfalfa readily formed nodules
in this soil and the soil extract was not unfavorable to the growth of
the alfalfa bacteria.

A soil from Niles, Mich,, which had grown a fair crop of soy beans
for four years without the occurrence of nodules, was tested. The
soil extract in this case was found unfavorable to the growth of the
soy bacteria. In greenhouse pot tests soy beans of several varieties
failed to produce any nodules in this soil even when heavily inoculated
with cultures which produced abundant nodules in other soils tested

a See Rhode Island Agr. Exp. Sta. Kept., 1896, p. 256; also Bui. 96 of same
station, 1903.

& Deutsche Landw. Presse, vol. 32, 1905, p. 799.

100— Till

78

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

in comparison. Heavy liming- of the soil extract at the rate of about
6,000 pounds to the acre gave a fair growth of the bacteria, and cor-
responding to this result one pot that received lime in the same pro-
portion produced a well-noduled plant. In this same soil without lime
and without inoculation cowpeas formed nodules abundantly.

A soil from Lanham, Md. , gave an extract which as a culture
medium was distinctly unfavorable to the growth of red clover bac-
teria, and plants of red clover in this soil made a very sickly growth,
producing few nodules. A few pots were boiled by iiimiersing in a
tub of water and V)lowing live steam into the water; the soil was of a
sandy character, so that there was little danger of puddling from this
treatment. The growth of red clover was markedly improved in the
boiled series and the roots were well noduled after inoculation. The
extract of this soil, sterilized by boiling, had proved an unfavorable
medium for the growth of the bacteria. It is probable, therefore, that
boiling 'the soil changed the character of the soil solution at least in
reoard to the unfavorable materials or conditions which had inhibited
bacterial activity.

Soil from Lanham, Md., was further tested with alfalfa, treating
the soil in three ways: (1) Lime at the rate of one ton to the acre;
(2) lime and one-fourth humus, composed of leaf mold; (3) humus.
The combination of lime and humus gave the greatest growth and
most abundant nodule formation. AVith humus alone the growth was
especially inferior and nodules were lacking even where the soil w^as
inoculated. Inoculation doubled the number of nodules where lime
was used and increased them six times where both lime and humus
were used.

Effect of humvis and lime upon the growth of alfalfa in soil from Lanham, Md.

[Ten plants in each series.]

Treatment.

tJreen? ' Average
iS^ifJ Af number of
weight of modules.
plant. I

Lime alone:

Uninoeulated

Inoculated

Humus alone:

Uninoeulated

Inoculated

Humus and lime:

Uninoeulated

inoculated

No lime; no humus:
Uninoeulated . . .
Inoculated

Grams.
0.86
1.56

0.5
1.0

.5
.8

0
0

.73
2.45

1.4
8.6

(*)
(*)

.3

.5

*Not weighed; growth so small as to be a practical failure— 2 to 5 inches as compared with 12 to 18
Inches high in the limed pots or those containing lime and humus.

The sterilized extracts of soil from this series of pot tests gave
results seemingly contradictory when used as culture media for bac-
teria in comparison with the growth of plants and nodules. The

100— VIII

CONDITIONS AFFECTING LEGUME INOCULATION. 79

extract of uiitrinitt'cl soil i;avt' a growth of the alfalfa bacteria w liich
might be de.sionated ""fair,'' while '•.vith lime, with lime and humus,
and with hunuis alone the extracts o-ave uniformlv a orowth which
miji^ht be designated "excellent." In the pots, however, no nodules
developed in the humus series. The sterilization b\- heat of the
extract from a soil containing such a relativel}' large quantity' of
humus, one-fourth by volume, pro))ably <'hanges the material so that
the solution becomes favorable to the growth of the bacteria, but this
material in the soil pots, not heated, remains imchanged and may in
this form be unfavorable to the activity of the bacteria introduced
into the soil.

Aside from the effect of the soil on nodule formation there seems
to exist a marked difference among different \ aiieties of legumes in
their susceptibility to infection — that is, their readiness to form
nodules. With a similar soil and one which is favorable to the
growth of the respective species, nodules will occur in abundance upon
one species or variety and another species or variety will exhil)it none
or only a few. This is particularly noticed with varieties of so}^ beans
and with certain species of Phaseolus, the Lima bean {PJiaseoI us
limatufi) and some varieties of sov beans being A'erv diiiicult to inocu-
late. It would seem that such species were actually resistant to
infection, especially in soils rich in nitrogenous matter.

EFFECT OF HEAVY INOCULATION.

The decided advantage of vciy heavy applications of pure cultures
reported from some field and pot experiments and reports of other
experiments showing that cultures diluted to almost infinitesimal limits
gave as good results as undiluted cultures seem at first diametrically
opposed. Greenhouse tests seem to confirm the beneficial effect to be
expected from heavy inoculation provided excessive cpiantities of cul-
ture are applied. The following experiment is fairly representative:

Effect of light and heavy inoculation of garden peas on soil from Bine Hill, Me.

Treatment.

Number

of plants

grown.

Number of

plant.s with

nodules.

Average

number of

ncdules.

Chock, without inoculation

11
9
6

2
6
6

1

Light inoculation

3

Heavy inoculation

7

It is here shown that heav}" inoculation not onl}^ doubled the average
number of nodules upon inoculated plants, but insured all plants
becoming infected; while with light inoculation in this unfavorable
soil one-third of the plants failed to produce nodules, and with no
inoculation nodules were almost entirelv lacking.

100— VIII

«u

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Garden peas in a garden soil naturally inoculated showed the follow-
ing difference where a heavy inoculation was made:

Effect of heavy inoculation of garden peas on a naturally inoculated garden soil.

Treatment.

Number

of plants

grown.

Number of

plants with

nodules.

Average

number of

nodules.

Untreated

15
18

15
18

61

Heavv inoculation

19

It is highly probable that the cause of the formation of more numer-
ous nodules in some cases is due not to the great numbers of bacteria
which are introduced into the soil but to the quantity of culture medium
introduced, which renders the soil solution a materially richer food for
the active growth of the nodule organisms. Thus, if a few bacteria
are brought into a favorable soil they will multiply rapidly, and it is
of no. particular moment in such a case whether a very few or a large
number of bacteria are originalh^ introduced. If, however, enough
culture is added so that the soil solution is appreciably improved in
food material for both plant and bacteria, then growth will be much
more active and nodule formation will be greater. On this h3^pothesis
the two results are not at all at variance, the effects produced depend-
ing on the soil conditions encountered by the bacteria and the crop.

The suggestion in a former bulletin « that the slight varietal charac-
teristics exhibited by legume bacteria can be readily broken down by
cultivation on synthetic nitrogen-poor media seems to hold only for
bacteria isolated from plants physiologically related to the subsequent
hosts. ^

A typical experiment is given below:

Number of nodules produced on two varieties of mung bean {Phaseolus viridissimus and,
P. calcaratus) by cultures from various Itosts.

[Ten plants in each of seven series.]

Variety of raung bean.

Phaseolus viridissimus.
Phaseolus calcaratus. . .

Bacteria
from cow-
pea.

Bacteria

from soy

bean.

*1
0

Bacteria
from P.
viridissi-
mus.

77
88

Without
bacteria.

♦Fifteen plants in this series.

It may be added that the soil used was unsterilized garden soil,
naturally inoculated for our common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris^ so that
the uninoculated check may be said to serve as a cross-inoculation with
these organisms also. This theory of varietal differences of nodule-

«Bul. 71, Bureau of Plant Industry, 1905, pp. 25-27.
b See Schneider, 111. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 29, 1894, p. 301.

100— VIII

Bui. 100, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate IX.

2 C5

31
P
to

i H

n I

m

-n O
S >

O 2
^ 13

> —

z en

O D
O

^^

m "Ti

Tl CD

o <=

> _j.

H -

O CO
? I

o

-_^^

-"'-*?«»l-^

r.-=«%»>-^^.-

_!>.

CONDITIONS AFBECTINO LEGUME INOCULATION. 81

forming- bacteria is closely in accord with field results reported b}^
various investigators, among whom perhaps Hopkins" is best known
for his observations upon the cross-infection between sweet clover
and alfalfa and the absence of such cross-infection between many
other legumes.

EFFECT OF AERATION.

The aeration of soil for securing plentiful nodule formation is an
important if not a determining factor. The Ontario Agricultural
Experiment Station (Report for 1905, p. 39) reports a decided gain from
aeration in the case of a leguminous crop (peas) and no gain from the
aeration of a wheat crop. In the former case the result may be either
a direct one, affecting the iictivity of the nodule bacteria, or it may be
that because of the abnormal growth of the host plant the bacteria are
unable to penetrate the root.*

• Our own experiments upon the effect of aeration are in accord with
those quoted in regard to the legumes, and the following is typical: A
liofht sandv soil, moderatelv limed, was used and the legume selected was
the garden pea. The aerated series was started in ordinary unglazed
•i-inch pots, seedlings dipped in liquid culture when placed in position,
pots watered with a tine sprayer, using tap water. The surface of the
soil was frequently stirred. The nonaerated series was made up of an
equal number (6) of glazed 4-inch pots with bottoms plugged with
paraffined cotton and the tops covered with paraffined paper to reduce
aeration. A separatory funnel (shown in PI. IX, tig. 1) was thrust into
each of these pots to admit water for growing the peas, and after inocu-
lating as with the other series the seedlings were introduced through

« 111. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 94, 1904, Nitrogen Bacteria and Legumes.

& Livingston (Bot. Gaz., XLI, 2, 1906, p. 143; see also Bureau of Soils Bui. No. 28)
reports a close relation between the growth of roots and tops in wheat, due to a dif-
ference of soil, which he explains as follows: "It would seem that the poor soil by
inhibiting branch growth and causing the enlargement of cortical cells may render
the root system unable to carry on an adequate amount of absorption for normal
growth." If this effect upon the cortical cells should be found to hold true with the
legumes, it might have a direct bearing upon the ability of the bacteria to penetrate
and form nodules. The enlargement of the cortical cell is regarded as a phenomenon
of age, and it is reported (Maria Dawson, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B,
vol. 192 (1899), p. 24) that infection takes place most readily in quite young radicals.

Aside from the effect of root development upon nodule formation, there is a pos-
sible interaction resulting in some way in greater root development where inoculation
takes place. In many cases which have come to notice where inoculated plants had
shown a superior development of the root system, it seemed at least justifiable to
regard the inoculation as assisting in providing the conditions favoring a healthy
root growth. In Bulletin No. 237 of the Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station,
page 165, it is noted that where no nodules occur the roots of alfalfa are simpler and
not so ramifying as where nodules occur.

18270— No. 100—07 6

82

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

a hole ill the paraffined paper. After a month's time the roots of the
plants were examined, with the following results:

Treatment.

Nodules on plant No. —

Total.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

A eriitod

4
0

20

1

25
2

8
0

26
0

t

87

Noniierated

3

See Plate VIII, figure 2, noting the difference in the plants in fav^or
of the noduled (aerated) plant,

ASSOCIATIVE ACTION OF BACTERIA.

Undoubtedly the pure cultures of nodule-forming bacteria are sub-
ject to contamination when planters, using convenient rather than bac-
teriological methods, prepare quantities sufficient to inoculate their
seed. Yet the purity of a cultui-e immediate^ before it is applied to
seed or introduced into the soil of a cultivated field is unimportant,
provided there is present a sufficient number of virile nodule-forming
bacteria.

Preliminary experiments at Washington some years ago indicated
that in the nitrogen-poor solution generally used the nodule-forming
bacteria would develop much more rapidly than other bacteria or con-
taminating yeasts and molds. It might be expected that different
localities would have different contaminating forms, and during the past
year samples of cultures have been obtained from farmers in various
parts of the United States immediately before the seed or soil was
treated. Investigation of contaminating forms isolated from these
cultures shows that there are certain forms which inhibit the growth
of the nodule organism when both are grown for some time in the
usual nitrogen-poor solution." Using an extract of a favorable soil as
a culture medium, results very nearly parallel for the competing bac-
teria were secured, though one organism- which resembles Bacillus coli
checked the growth of Pseudomonas radiclcola in the synthetic medium
and not in the soil extract. The relative virilit}^ of the competing cul-
tures at the time they begin their struggle is an exceedingly important
factor in determining which species of bacteria survives.

Extended experiments on the interaction of groups of bacteria in
various media must be carried on before it will be possible to deter-

ffln view of this fact, the reason for our present method of distribution is apparent.
A relatively large amount of pure liquid culture used as a "starter" cuts down the
chances of ruining the farmer's culture through the competition of contaminating
forms; the time required to lill the solution with the organisms is shortened, and, as
shown subsequently, the quicker the bacteria can be introduced into the soil and
make use of the soil solution as a culture medium the less becomes the danger from
competition.
100— vm.

CONDITIONS AFFECTING LEGUME INOCULATION. 83

mine all of the conditions incident to success or failure in legume
inoculation.'' It is safe to assume, however, that the action of a bac-
terium in the soil is conditioned not only by the chemical and physical
characteristics of the soil solution at a particular time, but also, and
perhaps essentially, by the biologic conditions obtiiining in that soil.

SUMMARY.

1. Lime is of decided benefit in ol)taining successful inoculations
of leaiinies in some soils. These soils often show an acid reaction to
litmus.

2. Soil extracts serving as culture media often indicate the probable
success of inoculating a leguminous crop. This, however, may not
always hold true.

3. At least during the first season's growth no general cross-
inoculation takes place. Bacteria from one host ma^', however, inocu-
late a ph3'^siologi<'ally related species.

4. Heavy inoculation by a pure culture increases nodule formation
if the soil solution is enriched by the excess of culture medium; how-
ever, in a favorable soil a light inoculation well distributed is as
effective.

5. Thorough aeration is favorable to nodule formation.

6. Whether in a synthetic medium or a natural soil solution, the
functions of a bacterium are influenced by the associative or competi-
tive action of the various /groups of organisms with which it comes in
contact, as well as b}^ the nature of the culture material.

oSee Maria Dawson, Phil. Trans. Eoy. Soc. London, Ser. B, vol. 193 (1900), p. 65.
100— vn I

o

[Continued from pnge 2 of cover.]

No. 48. The Apple in Cold Storage. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

49. Culture of the Central American Rubber Tree. 1903. Price, 25 cents.

50. Wild Rice: Its Uf=es and Propagation. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

51. Miscellaneoua Papers. I. The Wilt Di?ea.se of Tobacco and Its Control. II.

The Work of the Community Denion.^^tration Farm at Terrell, Tex. III.
Fruit Trees Frozen ill 1904. IV. The Cultivation of the Australian Wattle.
V. Legal and Customary Weights per Bushel of Seeds. VI. Goldenseal.
1905. Price, cents.

52. Wither-Tip and Other Diseases of Citrus Trees and Fruits Caused by Colletu-

trichum Gloeosporioides. 1 04. Price, 15 cents.

53. The Date Palm. 1904. Price, 20 cents.

54. Persian Gulf Dates. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

."^5. The Dry Rot of Potatoes. 1904. Pricte, 10 cents.

56. Nomenclature of the Apple. IMOo. Price, 30 cents.

57. Methods Used for Controlling Sand Dunes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

58. The Vitality and Germination of Seeds. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

59. Pasture, Meadow, and Forage Crops in Nebraska. 1904. Price, 10 cents.
t;0. A Soft Rot of the Calla Lily". 1904. Price, 10 cents.

HI. The Avocado in Florida. 1904. Price, t cents.

02. Notes on Egyptian Agriculture. 1904. Price, 10 ceats.

63. Investigations of Rusts, li 04. Price, 10 cents.

64. A Method of Destroying or Preventing the Growth of Algpe and Certain

Pathogenic Bacteria in Water Supplies. 1904. Price, 5 <ents.

65. Reclamation of Cape Cod Sand Dunes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

('.6. Seeds and Plants Impcjrted. Inventory No. 10. 1905. Pri(;e, 20 cents.
67. Range Investigations in Arizona. 1904. Price, 15 cents.
' 68. North American Species of Agrostis. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

69. American Varieties of Lettuce. 1904. Price, 15 cents.

70. The Connnercial Status of Durum Wheat. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

71. Soil Inoculation for Legumes. 1905. Price, 15 cents.

72. Miscellaneous Papers: I. Cultivation of Wheat in Permanent Alfalfa Fields.

II. The Salt Water Limits of Wild Rice. III. Extermination of Johnson
Grass. IV. Inoculation of Soil with Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria. 1905.
Price, r> cents.

73. The Development of Single-Germ Beet Seed. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

74. Prickly Pear and Other Cacti as Food for Stock. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

75. Range Management in the State of Washington. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

76. Copper as an Algicide and Disinfectant in Water Supplies. 190 . Price, 5

cents.

77. The Avocado, a Salad Fruit from the Tropics. 190"^. Price, •"> cents.

78. Improving the Quality of Wheat. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

79. The Variability of Wheat Varieties in Resistance to Toxic Salts. 1905. Price,

, 5 cents.

80. Agricultural Explorations in Algeria. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

81. Evolution of Cellular Structures 1905. Price, 5 cents.

82. Grass Lands of the South Alaska Coast. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

83. The Vitality of Buried Seeds. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

84. The Seeds of the Bluegrasses. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

85. The Principles of Mushroom Growing. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

86. Agriculture without Irrigation in the Sahara Desert. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

87. Disease Resistance of Potatoes. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

88. Weevil-Resisting Adaptations of the Cotton Plant. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

89. Wild Medicinal i'lants of the United States. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

90. Miscellaneous Papers: I. The Storage ana Germination of Wild Rice Seed.

II. The Crown-Gall and Hairy-Root Diseases of the Apple Tree. IIL Pep-
permint. IV. The Poisonous Action ot Johnson (:irass. 1906. Price, 5
cents.

91. Varieties of Tobacco Seed Distributed, etc. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

92. Date Varieties and Date Culture in Tunis. 1906. Price, 25 cents.

93. The Control of Apple Bitter-Rot. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

94. Farm Practice with Forage Crops in Western Oregon, etc. 1906. Price, 10

cents.

95. A New Type of Red Clover. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

96. Tobacco Breeding. 19o7. Price, 15 cents.

97. Seeds and Plants Importecr: 19u7. Price, 30 cents.

98. Soy Bean Varieties. [In press.]

99. A Quick Method for the Determination of Moisture in Grain. 1907. Price,

5 cents.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAD OF PLANT INDUSTRY- BULLETIN NO. 101.

B. T. GaLLOWAV. Chief of Bureau.

CONTENTS OF AND fNDEX TO BULLETINS
OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUS-
TRY NOS. 1 TO 100, INCLUSIVE.

PREPARED BY

J. E. ROCKWELL,
Editor of B r r e a u.

Issued Octobe» 12, 1907.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

19 0 7.

BULIiETINS OF THE BTJREAXJ OF PI.AITT lNl)tJSTK.Y.

The scientific and technical publications of the Bureau of Plant Industry, which was organized
July 1, 1901, are issued in a single series of bulletins, a list of which follows.

Attention is directed to the fact that the publications nn this series are not for general distribution.
The Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, is authorized by
law to sell them at cost and to him all applications for these bulletins should be made, accompanied
by a postal money order for the required amount or by cash. Bulletins to which no price is attached
can not be furnished.
No. 1. The Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price, 10 cents. r

2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents. _ .

3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1901. Price, 10 cents.

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 9. 1902.

6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers-. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

7. The Algerian Durum Wheats. 1902. Price, 1.5 cents.

8. A Collection of Fungi Prepared for Distribution. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

10. Records of Seed Distribution, etc. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

11. .Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California. 1902. Price, 1-5 cents.

13. Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

14. The Decay of Timber and Methods of Preventing It. 1902. Price, 55 cents.

15. Forage Conditions on the Border of the Great Basin. 1902. Price, iS cents.

16. Germination of the Spores of Agaricus Campestris, etc. 1902.

17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

18. Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

19. Kentucky Bluegiass Seed. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

20. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, lo cents.

21. List of American Varieties of Vegetables. 1903.

22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

23. Berseem: The Great Forage and Soiling Crop of the Nile- Valley. 1902.
24., Unfermented Grape Must. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

25. Miscellaneous Papers. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

26. Spanish Almonds and Their Introduction into America. 1902. i

27. Letters on Agriculture in the West Indies, Spain, etc. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

28. The Mango in Porto Rico. 1903.

29. Tlie Effect of Black-Rot on Turnips. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

30. Budding the Pecan. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

31. Cultivated Forage Crops of the Northwestern States. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

32. A Disease of the White Ash. 1903. Price, 10 cents!

33. North American Species of Leptochloa. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

34. Silkworm Food Plants. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

35. Recent Foreign Explorations. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

36. The " Bluing " of the Western Yellow Pine, etc. 1903. Price, 30 cents.

37. Formation of the Spores in the Sporangia of Rhizopus Nigricans and of Phycomyces Nitens.

1903. Price, 15 cents.

38. Forage Conditions in Eastern Washington, etc. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

39. The Propagation of the Easter Lily from Seed. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

40. Cold Storage with Reference to the Pear and Peach. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

41. The Commercial Grading of Com. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

42. Three New Plant Introductions from Japan. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

43. Japanese Bamboos. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

44. The Bitter-Rot of Apples. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

45. Physiological Role of Mineral Nutrients in Plants. 1903. Price, 5 cents.

46. Propagation of Tropical Fruit Trees, etc. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

47. The Description of Wheat Varieties. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

48. Tlie Apple in Cold Storage. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

49. Culture of the Central American Rubber Tree. 1903. Price, 25 cents.

50. Wild Rice: Its Uses and Propagation. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

51. Miscellaneous Papers. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

[Continued on page 3 of cover.]
101

U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY BULLETIN NO. 101.

B. T. (iALLOWAV, Cliitf i,f Hurtan.

CONTENTS OF AND INDEX TO 151 LLETINS
OF THE BUREAL: OF PLANT INDUS-
TRY NOS. I TO 100, INCLUSIVE.

PREPARKD BY

J. PI ROCKWELL,
Editor of Bureau.

J^otanicai.

GARDEN

Issued October 12, 1907.

WASHINGTON:

GOV K R N Jl E N T 1' R I X T I N G OFFICE.
1907.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Pathologist and Phi/siologist. and Chief (f Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway.

Pathologist and Physiologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods.

Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge.

Investigations of Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge.

Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Haven Metcalf, Pathologist in Charge.

Plant Life History Investigations, Walter T. Swingle. Physiologist in Charge.

Cotton and Tobacco Breeding Investigations, Archibald D. Shaniel, Physiologist in Charge.

Corn Investigations, Charles P. Hartley, Physiologist in Charge.

Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investigations, Thomas H. Kearney, Physiologist in
Charge.

Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations. Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge.

Biunomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Chargj.

Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney H. True, Physiolo-
gist in Charge.

Physical Laboratory. Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge.

Crop Technology Investigations, Nathan A. Cobb, Expert in Charge.

Taxonomic Investigations, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge.

Farm, Management Investigations, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge.

Grain Investigations. Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge.

Arlington Experimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge.

Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge.

Western Agricultural Extension Investigations, Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge.

Dry Land Agriculture Investigations, E. Channing Chilcott, Agriculturist in Charge.

Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge.

Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists in Charge.

Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent.

Vegetable Testing Gardens, William W. Tracy, sr.. Superintendent.

Seed and Plant Introduction, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge.

Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge.

Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge.

Grain Standardization. John D. Shanahan. Expert in Charge.

Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge.

Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., August Mayer, Expert in Charge.

South Texas Garden, Broirnsville, Tex., Edward C. Green, Pomologist in Charge.

Cotton Culture Farms, Seaman A. Knapp, Lake Charles, La., Special Agent in Charge.

Editor, J. E. Rockwell.
Chief Clerk, James E. Jones.

101

9

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

IT. S. DEPARPIklENT OF AoRICULTlRP:.

BUREAV OF Pl.AXT Inj-ISTRY,

Office of the Chief,

W„.s/i uigton, D. C, A ugust 2U 1W7 .
Sir: I have the lioiior to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled
" Contents of and Index to Bulletins of the Bureau of Plant In-
dustry Nos. 1 to 100, Inclusive," prepared by ^Ir. Julius Ensign
Rockwell, Editor of this Bureau, and respectfully recommend its
publication as Bulletin No. 101 of the Bureau series.

Respectfully,

B. T. Galloway,

Chief of Bureau.

Hon. James Wilson,

Sec yet a ry of Ayriculture.

101 3

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introductory statement "^

List, with contents, of Bulletins of the Bureau of Plant Industry Nos.

1 to 100, inclusive : H

Index to Bulletins of the Bureau of Plant Industry Nos. 1 to 100, inclu-

41

sive .
101

5

R. P. I.— 308.

CONTEXTS OF AND INDEX TO BULLETINS OF THE
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY NOS. 1 TO 100,
INCLUSIVE.

INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT.

Tho work of the Buroau of Plant Industry, which was orffanized
on .July 1, lUOl, is classified under the general subjects of Patho-
logical Investigations, IMiysiological Investigations, Taxononiic In-
vestigations, Agronomic Investigations, Horticultural Investigations,
and Seed and Plant Introduction Investigations. Upon the organ-
ization of the Bureau the several series of bulletins of the various
divisions incorporated in the Bureau — Vegetable Pathological and
Physiological Investigations, Botanical Investigations and Experi-
ments, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations, Pomological Investi-
gations, and Experimental Gardens and Grounds — were discontinued,
and all the scientific and technical publications prepared in these
offices and in those subsequently organized have been issued in a single
series of bulletins. '

Attention is directed to the fact that " the serial, scientific, and
technical publications of the United States Department of Agricul-
ture are not for general distribution. All copies not required for
official use are by law turned over to the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, who is empowered to sell them at cost." All applications
for these bulletins should therefore be made to the Superintendent
of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C,
accompanied by either a postal money order, an express money
order, a draft on New York, or by cash. Postage stamps, foreign
money, uncertified checks, and defaced or slick coin will not be
accepted in payment for publications. No charge is made for post-
age on documents forwarded to points in the United States, Guam,
Hawaii, Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, or to Canada, Cuba, or
Mexico. To other countries the regular rate of postage is charged,
and remittances must cover such postage.

Copies of all of these bulletins except Nos. 5, 16, 21. 23, 26, and
28 can be furnished by the Superintendent of Documents.

101

7

8 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY,

Since the publication of the last bulletin indexed in these pages
(No. 100), the folloAving bulletins of the Bureau series have ap-
peared or are now in press, as indicated :

No. 101. [The bulletin now in the reader's hands.]

102. [Miscellaneous Papers. I. Summarj- of Recent Investigations of

the Value of Cacti as Stock Food. II. A Successful Dairy Farm.
III. Planning a Cropping System. IV. The Application of Vege-
tative Propagation to Leguminous Forage Plants. V. The Con-
trol of Texas Root-Eot of Cotton. VI. The History of the Cow-
pea and Its Introduction into America. VII. A New Method for
the Determination of Nicotine in Tobacco. 1907. Price, 15
cents.

103. Drj' Farming in the Great Basin. 1907. Price, 10 cents.

•104. The Use of Feldspatliic Pocks as Fertilizers. 1907. Price, 5 cents.

105. The Relation of the Composition of the Leaf to the Burning Quali-

ties of Tobacco. 1907. Price, 10 cents.

106. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 12. [In press.]

107. American Root Drugs. [In press.]

108. The Cold Storage of Small Fruits. 1907. Price, 15 cents.

109. American Varieties of Garden Beans. 1907. Price, 25 cents.

110. Cranberrj^ Diseases. [In press.]

111. Part I. The Larkspurs as Poisonous Plants. 1907. Price, 5 cents.

Part II. The Fibers of Long-Staple Upland Cottons. 1907.
Price. 5 cents. Part III. Imported Low-Grade Clover and Al-
falfa Seed. [In press.]

112. The Use of Suprarenal Glands in the Physiological Testing of Drug

Plants. 1907. Price, 10 cents.

113. The Comparative Tolerance of Various Plants for the Salts Com-

mon in Alkali Soils. [In press.]

114. Sap-Rot and Other Diseases of the Red Gum. [In press.]

115. The Disinfection of Sewage Effluents for the Protection of Water

Supplies. [In press.]

116. The Tuna as Food for Man. [In press.]

117. The Reseeding of Depleted Range and Native Pastures. [In press.]

118. Peruvian Alfalfa. [In press.]

Since its organization the Bureau of Plant Industry has con-
tributed the following papers to the series known as Farmers' Bul-
letins, copies of which will be sent without cost to any person in
the United- States or its possessions upon application to a Senator,
Representative, or Delegate in Congress, or to the Secretary of Agri-
culture, Washington, D. C. :

No. 139, Emmer : A Grain for the Semiarid Regions ; No. 140, Pineapple
Growing; No. 147, Winter Forage Crops for the South; No. 148, Celery Cul-
ture; No. 154, The Home Fruit Garden: Preparation and Care; No. 156, The
Home Vineyard, with Special Reference to Northern Conditions; No. 157, The
Propagation of Plants; No. 161, Practical Suggestions for Fruit Growers;
No. 164. Rape as a Forage Crop; No. 167, Cassava; No. 168, Pearl Millet; No.
174, Broom Corn; No. 175, Home Manufacture and Use of Unfermented Grape
Juice; No. 176, Cranberry Culture; No. 181, Pruning; No. 185, Beautifying
the Home Grounds; No. 188, Weeds Used in Medicine; No. 194, Alfalfa Seed;
No. 195, Annual Flowering Plants; No. 198, Strawberries; No. 199, Corn
101

INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT. 9

Crowiiifr; No. 204, 'i'lie C iilt ivatiun of Mushrooms; .NO. :.'()s, N'arieties of Fruits
IJecommended for Planting:; No. 213, Raspberries; No. 214, Beneficial Itacteria
for lA'g-iiniinous Crops; No. 215, Alfalfa Crowing; « No. 217, Essential vSteps
in Securing an Early Cro]) of Cotton; No. 218, The School C.arden ; No. 219.
Lessons from the (Irain-Rnst Kpideniic of 1904; No. 220. Tomatoes; No. 221,
Fungous Diseases of the Cranberry; No. 224, Canadian Field I'eas; No. 229,
The Production of Good Seed Corn; No. 231, Spraying for Cucimiber and
.A[elon Diseases; No. 2:52, Okra : Its Culture and Uses; No. 238, Citrus Fruit
(irowing in tlie Gulf States; No. 240, Inoculation of Legumes ; No. 242, An
Example of Model Farming; No. 243, Fungicides and Their Use in I'reventing
Diseases of Fruits; No. 245, Renovation of Worn-Out Soils; No. 246. Sac-
charine Sorghums for Forage ; « Xo. 247, The Control of the Codling Moth and
Ajiiile Scab; No. 248, The Lawn; No. 250, The Prevention of Stinking Smut of
Wheat and Loose Smut of Oats ; No. 253, The Germination of Seed Corn ; No. 254,
Cucumbers; No. 255, The Home Vegetable Garden; No. 260, Seed of Red Clover
and Its Impurities; No. 271, Forage-Crop Practices in Western Oregon and
Western Washington; No. 272, A Successful Hog and Seed Corn Farm; No.
274, Flax Culture; No. 278, Leguminovis Crops for Green Manuring; No. 279,
A Method of Eradicating Johnson Grass ; No. 280, A Profitable Tenant Dairy
Farm ; No. 282, Celery ; o No. 283, Spraying for Apple Diseases and the Cod-
ling Moth in the Ozarks ; "No. 284, Insect and Fungous Enemies of the Grape
East of the Rocky :Mountains ; No. 285, The Advantage of Planting Heavy
Cotton Seed ; No. 286, Comparative Value of Whole Cotton Seed and Cotton-
Seed Meal in Fertilizi^ig Cotton ; No. 288, Nonsaccharine Sorghums ; No. 289,
Beans; No. 291, Evaporation of Apples; No. 292, Cost of Filling Silos; No.
294, Farm Practice in the Columbia Basin Uplands ; No. 299, Diversified Farm-
ing Under the Plantation Sjstem ; No. 300, Some Important Grasses for the
Gulf Coast Region; No. 301. Home-Grown Tea; No. 302, Sea Island Cotton;
No. 304, (Jrowing and Curing Hops; No. 306, Dodder In Relation to Farm
Seeds ; No. 307, Roselle : Its Culture and Uses.

In addition, the Bureau of Plant Industry has contributed the
following papers to the Yearbooks of the Department of Agricul-
ture from 1901 to date, all of which have been reprinted for distri-
bution in separate form. The editions of those bearing numbers
marked with a star (*) are exhausted. The others can be obtained
without cost upon addressing a request therefor to the Secretary of
Agriculture, AVashington, D. C.

No. 225. The Relation of Nutrition to the Health of Plants; No. 229, Little-
Known Fruit Varieties Considered Worthy of Wider Dissemination ; *No. 230,
Commercial Aj^ple Orcharding; *No. 238, Agricultural Seeds — \Miere Grown
and How Handled-; *No. 242, Agriculture in the Tropical Islands of the United
States ; No. 246, The Home Fruit Garden ; No. 254, The Hemp Industry in the
United States; No. 262, The Contamination of Public Water Supplies by Alga;;
No. 264, Industrial Progress in Plant Work; *No. 266, Top- Working Orchard
Trees; *No. 277, Bacteria and the Nitrogen Problem; No. 278, Systems of
Farm Management in the United States ; No. 279, Improvement of Cotton by
Seed Selection; No. 281, Grape, Raisin, and Wine Production in the United
States ; No. 283, Promising New Fruits ; No. 284, Plants as a Factor in Home
Adornment ; No. 287, Improvement of Corn by Seed Selection ; No. 290, Ferti-

a Contributed jointly by the Bureaus of Entomology and Plant Industry.
101

10 BUIXETINS OF THE BUEEATJ OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

lizers for Special Crops ; No. 291, Crops Used in the Eeclaraation of Alkali
Lands in Egypt; *No. 293, Cultivation and Fertilization of Peach Orchards;
*No. 310, The Cultivation of Corn; No. 314, The Growing of Long-Staple Up-
land Cotton; No. 317, Eelation of Cold Storage to Commercial Apple Culture;
No. 320, Eelation of Sugar Beets to General Farming ; No. 321, Principal Com-
mercial Plant Fibers ; *No. 323, A Model Farm ; No. 325, Cultivation of Drug
Plants in the United States ; No. 326, INIacaroni ^Mieat ; No. 330, Promising
New Fruits ; No. 336, The Relation of Plant Physiology to the Development of
Agriculture ; No. 340, Opportunities in Agriculture : I. Growing Crops under
Glass. 11. Fruit Growing. III. General Farming ; * No. 343, New Citrus
Creations of the Department of Agriculture ; *No. 349, Potato Culture near
Greeley, Colorado; No. 351, Sugar-Beet Seed Breeding; No. 354, Some Uses of
the Grapevine and Its Fruit ; No. 356, Promising New Fruits ; No. 358, The
Improvement of Tobacco by Breeding and Selection; iSTo. 361, Cotton Culture
in Guatemala ; *No. 363, Work of the Bureau of Plant Industry in ^Meeting
the Eavages of the Boll "Weevil and Some Diseases of Cotton : No. 367, Plant
Diseases in 1904 ; No. 377, Diversified Farming in the Cotton Belt : I. South
Atlantic Coast. II. Alabama and Mississippi. III. Louisiana, Arkansas, and
Northeastern Texas. IV. Texas; No. 383, New Fruit Production of the De-
partment of Agriculture ; *No. 384, The Business of Seed and Plant Introduction
and Distribution; No. .387. The Handling of Fruit for Transportation; No. 389,
The Effect of Inbreeding in Plants ; * No. 394, New Opportunities in Subtropical
Fruit Growing; No. 399. Promising New Fruits; No. 401. Progress in Drug-
Plant Cultivation; No. 409, Plant Diseases in 1905; *No. 411, The Present
Status of the Nitrogen Problem; No. 419, Range Management; No. 422,
Methods of Reducing the Cost of Producing Beet Sugar ; No. 427, New Citrus
and Pineapple Productions of the Department of Agricultiire ; No. 429. Promis-
ing New Fruits; No. 431, New Tobacco Varieties; No. 437, Plant Diseases in
1906.

A report of the Chief of the Bureau of Plant Industry detailing
the principal lines of investigation undertaken and the results accom-
plished during the preceding tM-elve months has been issued yearly
both in connection with the Annual Report of the Secretary of Agri-
culture and in separate form.

The miscellaneous circulars and minor publications of the Bureau,
referring to many different lines of work and appearing in various
forms, do not bear consecutive numbers or cQUstitute a regular series,
and on account of limited editions not being available for distribution,
even to public libraries, agricultural experiment stations, or to col-
laborators of the Department of Agriculture, they are not classed as
" publications " and no announcement of their issue from the press is
made by the Department.

J. E. Rockwell,
Editor of Bureau.

Washington, D. C.,

August 20, 1907.

101

LIST, WITH CONTENTS. OF BULLFJINS OF Till- HUKF.AU OF
PLANT INDUSTRY XOS. 1 TO loo, 1XCLIS1\1L

A star (*) before a number indicates that the stock of the Department of Agriculture is exhausted
and that collaborators can not be supplied with the bulletin so marked. Similarly, a star before a
part of a bulletin shows that this part can not be furnished in separate form. Where a dagger (t)
is used, the electrotype plates of the bulletin specified have been destroyed. Where no price is given
(in the cases of Bulletins Nos. 5, 16, 21, 2.3, 26, and 28), the publication can not be furnished by ■
the Superintendent of Documents.

* No. 1. The Ilelation of Liiiu- and Magnesia lo l*lanl (Jrowtli.

I. Liming of Soils from a Physiological Standpoint.
By Oscar Loew. ?2xj)ert in Physiological Chemistry.

II. Experimental Study of the Relation of Lime and

Magnesia to Plant (Jrowth. By D. W. May, of the Office

of Experiment Stations. IDOL 53 pp., 3 pis. Price, 10

cents.

Contents: I. Liming of soils from a physiological standpoint : Introduction —
Injurious action of maj^-ncsiuni salts — Thforetifal discussion of the functions
of lime and magnesia — The ratio between lime and magnesia in soils of differ-
ent countries : Soils of America : soils from European countries ; soils from
Asiatic countries; soils from African countries; soils from Australia; river
deposits — Some special physiological cases relating to the ratio between lime
and. magnesia — Correction of lime and magnesia content in soils. II. Experi-
mental study of the relation of lime and magnesia to plant growth : Intro-
duction— The role of lime in the soil — The role of magnesia in the soil — The
object of the experiments — Lime and magnesia as nitrates and sulphates in
water cultures: Eesults of experiments with cowpeas ; results of experiments
with privet — Lime and magnesia as carbonates in sand cultures : Experiments ,
with tobacco ; experiments with barley ; experiments with oats, wheat, and
beans- — Lime and magnesia as carbonates in soil cultures : Experiments with
oats and cowpeas — Lime and magnesia as nitrates in sand cultures : Experi-
ments with wheat and oats ; experiments w-ith cowpeas ; experiments with
tobacco — Lime as sulphate and magnesia as carbonate in soil cultures : Exper-
iments with cowpeas — Summary.

* f No. 2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. By Herbert

J. Webber, Physiologist, Vegetable Pathological and
Physiological Investigations, Plant-Breeding Labora-
tory. 1001. 100 pp., T pis. Price, 20 cents.

Contents : Introduction : Summary of recent literature ; acknowledg-
ments— Methods and materials used — Development of microspores — Develop-
ment of pistillate cones — Development of the pollen tube and prothallus :
Germination of pollen and growth of prothallus ; division of second prothallial
cell ; appearance and growth of blepharoplasts ; growth of basal end of pol-
len tube — Division of the central cell — Metamorphosis of the spermatids —
Structure and form of the mature spermatozoid — Movement of spermatozoids —
Process of fecimdation — Division of the fecundated egg cell — Is the blepharo-
plast a centrosome? — Summary — Bibliography — Explanation of illustrations.

101

11

12 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Xo. 3. Macaroni AMieats. By Mark Alfred Carleton, Cerealist,

Vegetable Pathological and Physiological InA^estigations.

1901. 62 pp., 11 pis., 2 figs. Price, 20 cents.

Contents : Introchiction — Characteristics of macaroni wheats — Distribution
of macaroni wheats — Adaptability of durum wheats to our semiarid districts i
Climatic comparisons ; comparison of soils ; experimental proof : testimony
of ]>rivate parties ; testimony of experiment stations — The market for maca-
roni wheat : Foreign demand ; quality of grain demanded ; possibilit}' of a
home demand ; kinds of wheat now used by our factories ; comparison of
foreign and domestic macaroni ; preparation of semolina ; bread from maca-
roni ■wheats — Cultivation of macaroni wheats : Preparation of the soil ;
methods of seeding-; care in harvesting — Effects of local variations in soil and
climate — Varieties : Gharnovka ; Arnautka ; Kubanka ; Pererodka ; Belo-
turka ; Velvet Don ; Black Don ; Sarui-bugda ; Medeah ; Pellissier ; Candeal ;
Nicaragua : Wild Goose ; Missogen ; Polish ; winter varieties — Experimental
comparison of varieties — Eusso-Mediterranean traffic in macaroni wheat —
Summary.

t No. 4. Range Improvement in Arizona. (Cooperative Experi-
ments with the Arizona Experiment Station.) By
David Griffiths. Expert in Charge of Field Management,
Grass and Forage Plant Investigations. 1901. 31 pp.,
6 pis., 5 figs. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Former conditions — Circular letter and questions — -
Answers to questions — Feed on the range : The plantains : saltbushes and
their allies ; native legumes : the Cactacese : the grasses — The range reserve
tract: Area C; area E: area F; area A; area B; area D — Precipitation
records — Summary and suggestions.

*f Xo. 5. Seeds and Plants Imported through the Section of Seed
and Plant Introduction for Distribution in Cooperation
vith the Agricultural Experiment Stations. Inventory
Xo. 9. Xumbers 4351-5500. 1902. 79 pp.

Contents : Introductory statement — Inventory of seeds and plants im-
ported— Index of common and scientific names.

f Xo. 6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. By W. W.
Tracy, jr.. Assistant. Botanical Investigations and Ex-
periments. 1902. 19 pp. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — List of abbreviations of names of seedsmen — List
of varieties.

* Xo. 7. The Algerian Durum "VMieats : A Classified List, with De-
scriptions. By Carl S. Scofield. Expert, Botanical In-
vestigations and Experiments. 1902. 48 pp., 18 pis.
Price, 15 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Object of a descriptive classification of wheat
varieties — Basis of present descriptions and classification : Structure of the
wheat head; grain characters; relative value of characters — Glossary of
terms used — General character of the durum wheats — Description of varieties
with key: Aicha el Beida ; Courtellement ; Beloturka ; Xeres ; Poulot ; Paros;
Beliouni ; ^tledeah : Caid de Siouf ; Kahla ; Trimenia ; Hached ; Boghar ; El
Aoudja ; Tesdouni : ^I'Saken ; Medeba : Meskiana ; Caid Eleuze; Pelissier;
:Nrohamed ben Bachir ; El Hamra ; Azizi : ]\Iaroc ; Ouchda ; Adjini ; Zedouni ;
Aures ; Moroccain ; Nab el Bel ; El Saf ra.

101

LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 13

* f No. 8. A Collection of Economic and Other Fungi Prepared for

Distribution. By Flora W. Patterson, Mycologist, Vege-
table l*athological and Physiological Investigations.
1902. :n pp. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — List of duplicate material prepared for free dis-
tribution and for exchanq"e to the State Agricultural I'^xperinient Stations and
to persons interested in work uj)on fun^i.

* No. 9. The North American Species of Spartina. By Elmer D.

Merrill, Assistant Agrostologist, Grass and Forage l*lant
Investigations. 1902. IG pp. Price, 10 cents.

Contents: Teclmical descriptions of the grasses included in the genus
Spartina.

f No. 10. Records of Seed Distribution and Cooperative Experiments
Avith Grasses and Forage Plants. B}' F. Lamson-Scrib-
ner, Agrostologist, Grass and Forage Plant Investiga-
tions. 1902. 23 pp. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Purchase and collection of seeds, roots, and specimens — Coopera-
tion with the stations authorized — Lines of investigations of forage problems —
Articles of cooperation — Seed distribution: Distribution by packages; distri-
bution b^' ])ounds ; amounts of the several varieties distributed — Seeds to
private individuals — System of keejnng- records — A list of experiment sta-
tions with which articles of cooperation have been signed — Conclusion.

* No. 11. Johnson Grass: Keport of Investigations made during the

Season of 1901. By Carleton R. Ball, Assistant Agros-
tologist, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations. 1902.
24 pp., 1 pi., 1 fig. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Description — Origin and distribution — Dissemination — Control :
State laws — Eradication: Hand labor; cultivation; winter fallow; summer
fallow ; cultivation in crops ; patented methods ; use of chemicals ; electric-
ity— Utilization of Johnson grass — Summary.

* f No. 12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California : Notes on the

Grasses and Forage Plants and Range Conditions. By

Joseph Burtt Davy, Assistant Botanist, Agricultural

Experiment Station, University of California. 1902.

81 pp., 8 pis., 3 maps, 1 figs. Price, 15 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Phj'^sical features of the region : Agricultural
subdivisions ; topograjihy ; climatology ; temperature ; precipitation ; pre-
vailing winds — Itinerary — Eange conditions : The interior jilateau region ;
mountain valleys; temperature; water svipply ; soils; agricultural products;
the wild meadows and pastures ; forage value of the wild meadows ; improve-
ment of pasture and meadow ; forage plants recommended for trial ; the
upland ranges ; temperature ; precipitation ; water supply ; soils ; the open,
summer, or annual range ; grasses and other forage plants; weeds; the prai-
ries ; the woodland or winter range ; trees ; underbrush ; herbaceous plants ;
forage plants ; improvement of the woodland forage ; forage plants recom-
menderl for trial ; the chaparral ; subalpine meadows ; system of range rota-
tion and management ; carrying capacity ; present capacity ; former capacity ;
range deterioration ; primary caiise ; excessive land valuations ; how over-
stocking effects deterioration ; wild oats and alfilerilla ; bunch-grasses; sheep
versus cattle ; summary ; range preservation ; formation of a seed bed ; pre-
serve the timber and 'brush; maximum versus optimum stocking; range
renewal ; range improvement — The coast-bluff belt ; Climatology ; the mesa

101

14 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLAINT INDUSTRY.

lands ; soils ; grasses and other forage plants ; the white-ash prairies ; bottom
lands ; soils ; forage crops ; land values ; sand dunes ; native sand binders ;
methods of preventing drifting and reclamation of waste dunes ; beach grass ;
sea lyme grass; utilization of sand dunes — The redwood belt — Fodder crops:
Fodder crops now cidtivated ; plants recommended for cultivation or trial —
Poisonous jjlants — Fungous parasites — Phytographic notes — Summary — Index.

* f No. 13. Experiments in Kange Improvement in Central Texas.

By H. L. Bentley, Special Agent, Grass and P'orage

Plant Investigations. 1902. 72 pp., 2 pis., 6 figs.

Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — History of the first year's work : Selection of the
land; plan of experiments; carr,ying capacity of the pastures; seeding the
ground ; conclusions from the first year's work — History of the second year's
work : Experiments with varieties ; range improvement ; catching wind-blown
seeds ; transjilanting grass roots ; baling legumes and fodder plants ; exhibits
at fairs ; summary — History of the third year's work : Weather conditions ;
grass-garden work ; a failure noted ; a tentative success noted ; experiments
with grasses ; native grasses the best ; experiments with the coarser forage
plants ; range improvement ; transplanting grass roots : the cultivation of
pasture grasses — Summary : Cattle held on station pastures ; the matter of
cost — Hay and pasture plants recommended for central Texas : Grasses ; barn-
yard grass ; Bermuda grass ; buffalo grass ; bushy blue stem ; Colorado grass ;
cotton top grass ; crab grass ; curly mesquite ; everlasting grass ; gama grass ;
grama grasses ; Ijlack grama : blue grama ; side oats grama ; Johnson grass ;
knot grass; little blue stem; the millets; needle grass; rescue grass; the
sedges; smooth brome grass; the sorghums; Texas blue grass; white top
grass ; wild rye ; wild timothy ; other central Texas grasses ; legumes in
central Texas \ alfalfa or lucern ; Turkestan alfalfa ; oasis alfalfa ; Florida
beggarweed ; the clovers ; alsike clover; bur clover ; mammoth clover ; red
clover ; Russian red clover ; sweet clover ; white clover ; peas and beans ;
cowpea ; field pea ; gram or chick pea ; INIetcalf bean ; soy bean ; sulla ; velvet
bean; vetches; spring vetch ; hairy vetch; other forage plants ; common oats
and wheat ; peanuts ; rape ; saltbushes ; sanf oin ; sweet potato ; tallow weed ;
teosinte — Conclusion.

* No. 14. The Decay of Timber and :Methods of Preventing It. By

Hermann von Schrenk, Instructor in Henry Shaw School
of Botany and Special Agent in Charge of Mississippi
Valley Laboratory. Vegetable Pathological and Physio-
logical Investigations. 1902. 96 pp., 18 pis., 27 figs.
Price, 55 cents.

Contents : Introduction : Scope of this report — Structure of timber : Wood
cells, wood fibers, etc. ; chemical nature of wood ; mechanical nature of wood ;
life of the wood cells ; heart and sap wood — Factors- which cause the decay of
wood: General remarks ; agents which cause deeaj' ; how. fungi and bacteria
grow; rate of growth and decay; natural resistance of timber ; sawn versus
hewn timber ; seasoned versus green timber ; races of wood ; variability in
timber; summarj' — Timber preservation: Introduction; theory of impregna-
tion ; retrogressive changes which take j)lace in impregnated wood — Results of
timber impregnation : Introduction ; experiment made in Texas — Results of
timber impregnation in Eurojie — Ties, poles, etc. : Kinds of timber ; form; tie
specifications"; splitting; stacking; summary — Ballast — Tie plates — Fasten-
ing— Methods of impregnation: Introduction; effect of seasoning after treat-
ment; results of treatment; conclusions; creosoting ; summary; zinc chlo-
ride and coal-tar oil ; Hasselmann treatment ; new processes ; the senilization
process ; emulsion treatment ; creo-resinate process ; Ferrel process ; conclu- ,
sions — Removal and disposal of ties — Records — Conclusions and recommenda-
tions : Seasoning of timber ; sawn and hewn timber ; form of tie ; preservative
processes ; changes which treated timber imdergoes ; utilization of inferior
timbers ; the growing of tie timber ; causes of decay of timber — Bibliograj)hy —
Appendix.

101

LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100, 15

* f No. 1."). Forage Conditions on the Northern Border of the Great
Basin, Being a Eeport npon Investigations Made during
July and August, 1*.»01, in the Region between Winne-
mucca, Nevada, and Ontario, Oregon. B}^ David Grif-
fiths, Expert in Charge of Field Management, Grass
and Forage Plant Investigations. 1902. (')0 pp., 16
pis., 1 map. Price, 15 cents.

Contents: Introduction — Description of the rej^ion : Precipitation record
for 1900 and 1001 — The i^oils; : Description of soil samples; partial analyses of
soil samples; forage ])lants growing on alkaline soils-Handling of stock —
The range; Range conditions — Hay crops; Methods of handling hay — Sand
binders — Weeds — Poisonous plants — Forage plants ; The true sages ; the salt
sages and their allies; the clovers; the sedges and rushes; miscellaneous;
the grasses — Summary — Index of common and scientific names.

in'

* t No. IG. A Preliminarv Study of the Germination of the Spores of

Agaricus Campestris and Other Basidiomycetous Fungi.
By Margaret C. Ferguson, cooperating with Vegetable
Pathological and Physiological Investigations. 1902.
43 pp., 3 pis.

Contents ; Introduction— Methods — Experimental : Spore germination (pre-
liminary study) : extremes of temperature; action of an artificial digestive
fluid; effect of acids on germination; acids followed by alkalies; effect of
light on germination; age of the sjjores relative to their power of germina-
tion ; a new factor in germination ; effect of mycelium on germination ; a list
of substances tested — Conditions of growth: Coprinus micaceus; Hypholoma
appendiculatum ; * saiicus campestris — Historical — Bibliography — Appendix.

No. 17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. I. The Wilt Disease of the
Cowpea and Its Control. By W. A. Orton, Assistant
Pathologist. II. A Cowpea Resistant to Root-Knot (Hete-
rodera Radicicola). By Herbert J. Webber, Physiologist,
and W. A. Orton, Assistant Pathologist. 1902. 38 pp.,
0 pis., 1 fig. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : I. The wilt disease of the cowpea and its control : Introduction —
Description of the disease — Cause of the disease : Description of the fungus ;
manner of infection and spread ; relation to other wilt diseases — Distribu-
tion— Extent of loss — Preventive measures : Rotation of crops ; substitution
of other crops; experiments with cowpeas and other crops. II. A cowpea
resistant to root-knot (Heterodera radicicola) : Introduction — Description of
the disease — Plants affected — Extent of the disease — Methods of treating 'root-
knot — The use of resistant varieties and stocks — A resistant cowpea — The
breeding of nematode-resistant plants.

* f No. 18. Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. By

Albert F. AVoods, Pathologist and Physiologist, Vege-
table Pathological and Physiological Investigations.
1902. 24 pp., 6 pis. (including 3 in colors). Price, 15
cents.

Contents : Introduction and historical summary — Translocation of starch —
Artificial production of the disease — Infectious nature of the disease — Zymogen
for oxidase and peroxidase — Preventive measures.

3739— No. 101—07 2

16 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

* No. 10. Kentucky Bliiegrass Seed : Harvesting, Curing, and Clean-

ing. By A. J. Pieters, Botanist in Charge of Seed Lab-
oratory, and Edgar Brown, Assistant Botanist, Botanical
Investigations and Experiments. 1902. 19 pp., 6 pis.,
3 figs. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Distribution of Kentucky bluegrass — Quality of
seed required by the foreign trade — Adulteration — Source of the market sup-
ply— Factors controlling the profitable harvesting of seed — Yield per acre and
total crop — ^Harvesting: Season; harvesting green seed; methods; kinds of
strippers — Curing: Present methods; turning the ricks; heating; relative
merits of indoor and outdoor curing — Cleaning — Effect of curing on the vital-
ity of the seed : Germination tests ; summary of results — Artificial curing —
Conclusions.

No. 20. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. By Robert P.
Skinner, Consul General at Marseille. 1902. 31 pp., 5
pis., 6 figs. Price, 15 cents.

Contents : Introduction : A neglected opportunity ; development of the
industry in France ; French metadine wheats ; growth of the demand for maca-
roni ; need of growing the durum wheat — The market for durum wheat : Wild
Goose wheat ; prospective demand for American hard wheat and semolina ;
European methods and products ; scouring the grain — Manufacture of semo-
lina: Using Avheat from different countries; cleaning the wheat; percentage
of semolina in different wheats ; importance of cleanliness ; the milling proc-
ess ; classification of products — ]Manufacture of macaroni : The process ;
mixing the semolina ; curing operations — Durum wheat for bread flour — Tables
of exports, imports, and prices.

* No. 21. List of American Varieties of Vegetables for the Years

1901 and 1902. By AV. W. Tracy, jr.. Assistant, Botan-
ical Investigations and Experiments. 1903. 402 pp.

Contents : Introduction — Rules of nomenclature — Eules for entering — List
of abbreviations of names of seedsmen — List of varieties : Artichoke ; aspara-
gus ; bush lima bean ; green-podded bush bean ; pole bean ; pole lima bean ;
wax-i)odded bush bean ; garden beet ; sugar beet and mangel-wurzel ; broc-
coli ; Brussels sjarouts ; burnet ; cabbage ; cardoon ; carrot ; cauliflower ; cel-
eriac ; celerj' ; chervil ; chicorj- ; chives ; chvif as ; collards ; field corn ; f)op
corn ; sweet corn ; corn salad ; cress ; cucumber ; dandelion ; eggplant ; endive ;
f etticus ; flag ; French spinach ; garlic ; German celery ; grass nuts ; gumbo ;
herbs ; horse-radish ; kale ; kohl-rabi ; leek ; lettuce ; martj-nia ; melon ; musk-
melon ; mustard ; okra ; onion ; orach ; oyster plant ; parsley ; parsnip ; pea ;
peanut ; pepper ; pieplant ; pumpkin ; radish ; rampion ; rhubarb ; roquette ;
salsify ; scolymus ; scorzonera ; skirret ; sorrel ; spinach ; squash ; sunflower ;
Swiss chard ; tomato ; garden turnip ; ruta-baga ; watermelon.

f No. 22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination; Tvith General
Notes on Artificial Pollination and the Setting of Fruit
without Pollination. By Charles P. Hartley, Assistant
in Physiology', Plant Breeding Laboratory, Vegetable
Pathological and Physiological Investigations. 1902.
48 pp., 4 pis., 1 fig. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Experiments with tobacco blossoms : Microscopic
study of tobacco pistils and ovaries — Experiments with blossoms of Datura
tatuia — Experiments with cotton blossoms — Experiments with orange blos-
soms— Experiments with tomato blossoms — Conclusion — Explanation of plates.

101

LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 17

* Xo. 23. Berseem : The Great Forage and Soiling Crop of the Nile

Valley. By David G. Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer
for Seed and Plant Introduction. 1002. 20 pp., 14 pis.

Contents: Introduction — (ieneral uses — Varieties: Miiscowi ; Faehl ; Saida —
Use as a green fodder — Herseeni as a ha3' crop — Conclusion — Description of
plates.

No. 24. The Manufacture and Preservation of Unfermented Grape
Must. By George C. Husmann, Expert in Charge of Viti-
cultural Investigations, Pomological Investigations. 1902.
19 pp., 1 1)1.. 4 figs. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Historical notes — Composition of the grape —
Causes of fermentation — Methods of ]ireventing fermentation — Process used in
California — Methods used in the Eastern States — Home manufacture — Uses of
imfermented must — A few good recipes — Analyses of grape must — Prices and
statistics.

No. 25. Miscellaneous Papers. I. The Seeds of Rescue Grass and
Chess. By F. H. Ilillman, Assistant, Seed Laborator3\
II. Saragolla AVheat. By David G. Fairchild, Agricul-
tural Explorer. III. Plant Introduction Notes from
South Africa. By David G. Fairchild, Agi'icultural Ex-
plorer. IV. Congressional Seed and Plant Distribution
Circulars, 1902-1903. 1903. 82 pp., 3 pis., 6 figs. Price,
15 cents.

Contents : The seeds of rescue grass and chess. Saragolla wheat. Plant
introduction notes from South Africa : Introduction — Some Cape seedling
grape varieties: The Red Hanepoot grajw ; Yitis rupestris metallica ; Vitis
rupestris Le Roux — Fruit-bearing hedge plants — Rhodes grass — The Kafir plum
as a shade tree — The Rooibloem, a new corn parasite — The Natal pineapple.
Congressional Seed and Plant Distribution circulars, 1902-1903: Plan of dis-
tribution and allotments — Distribution of novelties and sjiecialties — Directions
for planting bailbs — Distribution of cotton seed — Rivers Sea Island cotton —
Sea Island cotton No. 224 — Iron cowpea — Kleinwanzleben sugar beet — Distri-
bution of tobacco seed and cultural directions.

* No. 26. Spanish Almonds and Their Introduction into America.

By David G. Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer, Seed
Introduction and Distribution. 1902. 16 pp., frontis-
piece, 7 pis.

Contents: Introduction — The almond industry in Spain: Varieties of
Spanish almonds ; method of planting and culture ; gummosis of the alrriond —
Possibility of establishing the Jordan almond in America — Description of
plates.

No. 27. Letters on Agriculture in the West Indies, Spain, and the

Orient. By David G. Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer,

Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution. 1902. 40

pp., 5 pis. Price, 15 cents.

Contents : Agriculture in the British West Indies — Jamaica yam cultiva-
tion— Opportunities for agricultural and botanical research in the Philippine
Islands — Agricultural conditions in Spain — Notes on conditions in China — The
Persian Gulf region — I'reeds of milch cattle and carabaos for the Philippine
Islands — Agriculture in Jajian — Descrij)tion of plates.

101

18 BULLETIlsrS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

* No. 28. The Mango in Porto Eico. By G. N. Collins, Assistant

Botanist in Tropical Agriculture, Botanical Investiga-
tions and Experiments. 1903. 38 pp., 15 pis.

Contents : Introduction — Description — Origin — Culture : Requirements ;
methods of propagation; seed; inarching; layering; patch budding; culti-
vation; diseases — Uses: The canning of the green or ripe fruit; marmalade
and jelly; chutney; alcohol; medicinal projjerties ; dye, tan, and ])igment ;
gum ; minor uses in India — The mango in Porto Eico : Present status ; best
localities ; Porto Rican forms ; Mango de Mayaguez ; Mangotina ; Melocoton ;
Mango de rosa ; Mango piiia ; Mango largo; INIango mango; Mango jobos ;
Mango redondo; varieties to be introduced; INTulgoba ; Alphonse, Aphoos, or
Alf oos ; No. 11; Manila; ]\lango china ; Gordon; Peters; Julie; best method
of introducing new varieties — Packing and shipping — Market — Summary —
Description of plates.

t No. 29. The Effect of Black-Eot on Turnips: A Series of Photo-
micrographs, Accompanied by an Explanatory Text. By
Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist, Laboratory of Plant Path-
ology, Vegetable Pathological and Physiological Inves-
tigations. 1903. 20 pp., frontispiece, 13 pis. Price, 15
cents.

Contents : Introductory — General considerations — Plant furnishing the cul-
tures— The method of inocidation, etc. — Symptoms which resulted — Technique
employed in study of diseased plant — Special account of the diseased plant —
Results of synchronous inoculations into other plants — Description of plates.

* No. 30. Budding the Pecan. By George W. Oliver, Expert, Seed

and Plant Introduction and Distribution. 1902. 20 pp.,

frontispiece, 7 pis. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Difficulties encountered in pecan budding — Why the pecan should
be budded — Raising seedling" stocks — Selection of dormant buds — Location of
the biids — Experiments with liuds of the current season — An improved method
of budding — Other methods of Imdding — Starting buds into growth — Trans-
planting bvidded trees — Description of plates.

No. 31. Cultivated Forage Crops of the Northwestern States. By
A. S. ' Hitchcock, Assistant Agrostologist, in Charge of
Cooperative Experiments, Grass and Forage Plant Inves-
tigations. 1902. 28 pj)., T pis. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Description of the regions : Great Plains ; Rocky INIountain
region ; Great I'asin ; interior valley of California ; upj^er Pacific coast region ;
the "Inland Empire" — Forage crops : Alfalfa ; g'eneral conditions ; feeding
value ; seeding ; making hay ; Turkestan alfalfa ; timothy ; grain hay ; red-
top ; awnless brome grass; velvet grass; clovers; forage crops of minor
importance; Kentucky bluegrass ; orchard grass ; cheat; perennial rye grass ;
rape ; field peas ; vetches — Baling hay — Description of jilates.

* No. 32. A Disease of the White Ash Caused by Polyporus Fraxino-

philus. By Hermann von Schrenk, Special Agent in

Charge of the Mississippi Valley Laboratory, Vegetable

Pathological and Physiological Investigations. 1903. 20

pp., 5 pis., 1 fig. Price, 10 cents.

Contents: Introduction — ^Vhite rot: Geographical distribution; suscepti-
bility to this disease ; method of attack ; description of diseased wood ; the
sporophore ; microscopic changes in the wood ; growth of the fungus in dead
wood ; remedies — Descrijption of plates.

101

LIST AND CONTEKTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 19

* No. 38. Xorth Anierican Species of Leptochloa. l^v A. S. Hitcli-

cock. Assistant Agrostologist, in Chai-jre of Cooperative
Experiments, Grass and Fora<>e Plant Investigations.
1903. 24 pp., C) pis., IC) fio-s. Price, 15 cents.

Contents: TntrodiK-tion — Key to species of tlie T'nited States — History of
genus — Xorth Anieriean species — Species excluded — I)escri])ti<)n of plates.

* f No. :U. Silkworm Food Plants: Cultivation and Propagation.

By Georoe AV. Oliver, Expert, Seed and Plant Intro-
duction and Distribution. 1903. 20 pp., frontispiece,
12 pis. Price. 15 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Afethods of reproduction : Propagation by cut-
tings; summer cuttings; winter ciittings ; the oitting; pre])arations for
planting cuttings: indoor spring cuttings: propagation by seeds; grafting
and budding: root grafting ; scion or s])rig budding ; shield budding; raising
stocks for grafting and budding — Soil — Planting — Pruning — Description of
plates.

No. 35. Recent Foreign Explorations, as Bearing on the Agricultural
Development of the Southern States. By S. A. Knapp,
vSpecial Agent, Seed and Plant Introduction and Distri-
bution. 1903. -U: pp., () pis., 2 figs. Price, 15 cents.

Contents; Introduction — Japan; Agricultural situation; acreage and yield
of food crops; methods of rice culture; field work; cutting rice; manure;
farm wages; cost of raising rice; farm life; general remarks — Ceylon : Agri-
culture: imjiorts ; farmhouses — India; Timber; extent of arable land; fer-
tility of the soil ; green manures ; commercial fertilizers ; crop rotation ; public
roads; conveyances; dress; country houses; villages; plows and scrapers;
seeding and harvesting; rice farming; treatment of the seed bed and manur-
ing; ])lo\ving and fertilizing; methods of cultivation; ]iroduct ])er acre; har-
vesting; thrashing; wages; cost of cultivation; northern limit of culture;
consumption of rice as food; acreage under cultivation; acreage uuder irri-
gation ; live stock and farm implements ; ^vells ; rice produced ; agriculture
in the Punjab; cost of living; rice farming in Lower Burma; rice milling;
rice for foreign markets; selection of seeds — China; Agricultural conditions;
tillage of the soil; irrigation; cultivating, harvesting, and thrashing rice;
hulling rice ; production and cost of milling rice ; cost of building, etc. ; expor-
tation of agricultural prodiicts — The Philippine Islands : Rainfall ; tempera-
ture ; range of products ; stock and pasture lands ; fodder plants ; sugar cane ;
rice farming ; fruits ; timber.

* No. 3G. The " Bluing " and the " Pved-Eot " of the Western Yellow

Pine, with Special Reference to the Black Hills Forest

Reserve. By Hermann von Schrenk, Special Agent in

Charge of the Mississippi Valley Laborator}^, Vegetable

Pathological and Physiological Investigations. 1903. 40

pp., 14 pis. (including 4 in colors). Price, 30 cents.

Contents ; Introductioh — Death of the trees : When are the trees dead — The
"blue" wood : Rate of growth of the blue color ; nature of the "blue" wood ;
strength of the "blue" timber ; lasting power of the "blue" wood — The "blue"
fungus : Effect of "blue" fungus on the toughness of the "blue" wood ; relation
of the "blue" fungus infection to the beetle holes ; fruiting organs of the
"blue" fungus; growth in artificial media; dissemination of the spores; the
bbie color ; simimary — Decay of the "blue" wood ; The "red-rot" of the western
yellow pine; cause of the "red-rot"; conditions favoring the development of
the "red-rot" fungus ; final stages and fruiting organs ; rate of growth of
"red-rot" — Amount of diseased timber — Possible disposal of the dead wood :
In the Black Hills ; in the remaining parts of South Dakota — Value of the
dead wood — Inspection — Recommendations — Description of plates.

101

20 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

No. 37. Formation of the Spores in the Sporangia of Rhizopiis Nigri-
cans and of Phycomyces Nitens, By Deane B. Swingle,
Assistant in Pathology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology.
1903. 40 pp., 6 pis. Price, 15 cents.

Contents : Historical — Methods — Rhizopus nigricans Ehrbg. — Phycomyces
nitens Kunze — General considerations — Summary — Index to literature — De-
scription of plates.

* No. 38. Forage Conditions and Problems in Eastern Washington,

Eastern Oregon, Northeastern California, and iNortii-
western Nevada. By David Griffiths, Assistant in
Charge of Range Investigations. 1903. 52 pp., 9 pis.
Price, 15 cents.

Contents ; Introduction — Itinerary — General account — Changes in the han-
dling of the Washington ranges — Condition and plaiits of tlie range — Meadows
and hay croj^s : Alfalfa ; timothy and redtop ; awnless brome ; grain hay ;
cheat ; root crops ; native hay crops ; wild wheat ; bunch bluegrass ; giant
rye-grass; sprangle-top ; miscellaneous forage plants — Reclamation of swamp
lands — Needs of the region — Plants injurious to stock — Weeds of meadows and
pastures — Diseases injurious to forage crops : Ustilago hypodites ; Ustilago
scolochloa ; Tilletia f usca ; Ustilago bromivora ; Ustilago striaef ormis — Sum-
mary and suggestions : Needs of the region ; abuses ; native grasses w^orthy
of cultivation; wild wheat (Elymus triticoides) ; bunch bluegrass (Poa laevi-
gata) ; short-awned brome (Bromus marginatus) ; mountain rye-grass (Ely-
mus glaucus) ; bunch wheat-grass (Agropyron spicatum inerme) ; giant rye-
grass (Elymus condensatus) — Index of grasses and forage plants — Description
of plates.

* No. 39. The Propagation of the Easter Lily from Seed. By George

W. Oliver, Expert, Seed and Plant Introduction and
Distribution. 1903. 24 pp., 7 pis. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : The Bermuda lily — Varieties of Lilium longiflorum from Japan —
Deterioration of the Bernuida aud Japan grown lilies — Ifecent efforts to culti-
vate the Piaster lily in the United States — Lines of investigation carried on by
the De])artmeut of Agriculture — Planting in the open ground — Reproduction
from seed — Emasculating and pollenating the flowers — Sowing the seeds —
Pricking off the seedlings — Description of plates.

* No. 40. Cold Storage, with Special Reference to the Pear and

Peach. By G. Harold Powell, xVssistant Pomologist in
Charge of Field Investigations, and S. H. Fulton, Assist-
ant in Pomology. 1903. 28 pp., 7 pis. (including 5 in
colors). Price, 15 cents.

Contents : The function of cold storage — The purposes of fruit storage — In-
fluence of cold storage on the pear industry — Practical difficulties in pear
storage — Outline of experiments in pear storage : The influence of the degree
of maturity on keeping quality; the influence of delayed storage on keeping
quality; the influence of different temperatures on lieeping quality; the
influence of the type of package on keeping quality; the influence of a
wrapper on keeping quality; the influence of cold storage on the flavor and
aroma of the fruit; the behavior of the fruit when removed from storage;
summary — Influence of cold storage on the peach industry — Practical difli-
culties in peach storage — Outline of experiments in peach storage: General
statement of results— Descrii^tion of plates.

101

LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 21

*No. 41. The Commercial Grading of Corn. V^y Carl S. Scofield,

Expert, Grain Investigations. 1903. 24 pp., 4 pis.

Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Inspection departments — Grain j^rading : Corn —
Definite <;rade standards — Grade uniformity— Essential elements in g'rading
corn— Apparatus required — ^Methods of determination: Moisture; color;
damaged grains ; In-olvem grains and dirt — Classes and grades of corn — In-
spection certificates — The cause of deterioration — Local and special grades —
Description of plates.

* No. 42. Three New Plant Introductions from Japan. By David G.

Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer. 1003. 24 pp., G pis.

Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Mitsumata, a Japanese paper plant : Introduction ; species of
paper jjlants in Japan; the mitsumata plant; the cultivation of mitsumata;
the manufacture of mitsumata paper; the manufacture of leather pajjcr — Udo,
a new winter salad: Introduction; the cultivation of kan udo; the cultiva-
tion of moyashi udo — Wasabi, the horse-radish of the Japanese : Introduction;
the cultivation of wasabi — Description of plates.

No. 43. Japanese Bamboos and Their Introduction into America.

By David G. Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer. 1903. 36

pp., 8 pis. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — General considerations — General characters of
the Japanese bamboos — Proj^agation of Japanese bamboos — Suitable location
and soil conditions for bamboos — Ja])anese management of bamboo groves —
Trofits of bamboo culture in Japan — Culture of the edible bamboo — Diflferent
species of bamboos : rhyllostachys mitis ; Phyllostachys quilioi ; Phyllostachys
henonis; "Madaradake" or "Ummon-chiku" ; Phyllostachys nigra; Phyllo-
stachys castillonis ; Phyllostachys aurea ; Phyllostachys bambusoides ; Phyl-
lostachys marliacea ; Arundinaria japonica ; Arundinaria simoni ; Arundi-
naria liiudsii ; Arundinaria hindsii, var. graminea ; Bambusa veitchii ; Bam-
busa palmata ; Bambusa quadraugularis ; Bambusa vulgaris ; "Shakutan" —
Description of plates.

* No. 44. The Bitter-Rot of Apples. By Hermann von Schrenk,

Special Agent in Charge of the Mississippi Valley Lab-
oratory, and. Perley Spaulding, Special Agent. 1903.
54 pp., 9 pis., 9 figs. Price, 15 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Historical account of the bitter-rot — Distribution
of the bitter-rot f ung-us : Geographical distribution ; occurrence on various
hosts — General description of the bitter-rot : Time of appearance ; charac-
ter of the spots ; cause of the bitter-rot ; rate of development of the bitter-
rot ; the diseased apple — The bitter-rot fungus: Life history on apples'; the
conidia ; growth in cultures ; conidial and ascus stages ; the name of the
bitter-rot fungus — The canker stage: Discovery of the canker; description of
the canker stage — Relation of the cankers to the bitter-rot — Spread of the
bitter-rot — Remedial measures: Removal of diseased fruits and mummies;
removal of limb cankers ; spraying with fungicides — Summary and recommen-
dations— Index to literature — Description of plates.

No. 45. The Physiological Role of Mineral Nutrients in Plants. By

Oscar Loew,- Professor of Agricultural Chemistry in the

Imperial University of Japan. 1903. 70 pp. Price, 5

cents.
Contents : General remarks on the mineral constituents foimd in organ-
isms : Historical notes ; mineral compounds found iii organisms ; variety of

101

22 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

functions of mineral substances; general value of certain mineral salts; the
low atomic weight of the mineral nutrients — The physiological role of phos-
phoric acid : Eelation of phosphoric acid to proteids and to the division of
cells ; the physiological importance of lecithin ; jihosphoric acid in chloro-
phyll; potassium phosphate as a cell constituent — The jihysiological role of
silica — The physiological role of iron compounds : Relation between the
coloring matter of the blood and of the leaf ; influence of iron and other
mineral nutrients on the formation of chloroi^hyll ; fertilizing Effect of iron
salts ; organic compounds containing iron ; iron in fungi ; manganese in
plants — The physiological role of halogen compounds : Plants raised without
chlorids ; value of potassium chlorid for buckwheat ; beneficial and injurious
action of chlorids ; absorption of chlorids by aquatic plants ; sodium chlorid
in animals; fluorids in physiological relations; behavior of plants to potas-
sium bromid ; relations of organisms to iodin compounds — The physiological
role of alkali salts : Importance of jjotassium for the formation of starch and
protein ; beneficial action of soclium salts upon plants ; necessity of sodium
salts for animals ; can potassium salts be replaced by rubidium salts in green
plants and in animals?; behavior of fungi toward rubidium salts; physiolog-
ical superiority of potassium salts — The physiological role of calcium and mag-
nesium salts : Distribution of lime and magnesia in plants ; the jahysiological
importance of lime salts in plants ; views on the functions of lime salts ;
formation of lime incrustations ; can calcium in plant cells be replaced by
strontium?; poisonous action of magnesium salts; life without lime salts;
possible relations between lime and the transportation of starch ; the x^hysi-
ological role of magnesium salts ; increase of magnesia in oily seeds ; neces-
sity of magnesium salts for fungi ; can magnesium salts be replaced by
beryllium salts?; importance of lime salts for animals; proportions of lime
and magnesia in animal organisms ; behavior of animals to strontium salts
and oxalates ; final remarks.

* No. 46. The Propcagation of Tropical Fruit Trees and Other Plants.

By George W. Oliver, Expert. 1903. 28 pp., 8 pis.

Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — The mango : Prospects as a fruit tree ; propa-
gation in India ; propagating tests at the Department ; best age for wood ;
thick bark of mango an obstacle in budding; knife for budding the mango;
methods which show best results ; applying the buds ; when to bud ; selection
of budding material ; a second method of attaching the bud ; raising seedling
stocks ; transplanting young seedlings ; importing mango scions — The loquat :
Regions where the loquat may be grown ; raising seedling stocks — The fig :
Cuttings ; grafting and budding — Tea : Necessity for vegetative propagation ;
veneer grafting ; herbaceous grafting ; propagating house ; cuttings — Manila
hemp: Importance of introduction into the United States; raising plants
from seeds ; cultivation in the Philippine Islands — Description of plates.

* No. 47. The Description of Wheat Varieties. By Carl S. Scofield,

Botanist in Charge of Grain Grade Investigations. 1903.

19 pp., 1 folding table, 7 pis. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Explanation of form used in the description of
wheat varieties — Description of plates.

No. 48. The Apple in Cold Storage. By G. Harold Powell, Assistant
Pomologist in Charge of Field Investigations, and S. H.
Fulton, Assistant in Pomology. 1903. 66 pp., 6 pis. (in-
cluding 5 in colors). Price, 15 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Influence of cold storage on the apple industrj- —
The extent of the cold-storage warehousing industry — The function of the
cold-storage warehouse — Principles of mechanical refrigeration : Tlie utiliza-
tion of the cold temperatures; the direct-expansion system; the brine-
circulating system ; the air-circidating system — Outline of experiments in
apple storage — Factors influencing the keei^ing quality of apples : The maturity

101

LIST AND CONTENTS OF BUTXETINS 1 TO 100. 23

of the fruit when picked; how to obtain more imil'onn and better colored
fruit; influence of delaying- the stora^'P of the fruit; influence of storage tem-
perature; influence of a fruit wra])per; influence of ' cultural conditions;
influence of the type of package — The behavior of the fruit when removed from
storage — The importance of good fruit — A]iple s-cald : Xature of the scald ;
influence of maturity of the frint on scald; influence of tem])crature on
scald ; the temperature in which tlr.' fruit is removed from the storage house;
influence on scald of delaying the storage of the fruit after it is picked;
influence of a fruit wrapper on scald ; varieties most susceiitible to scald ;
treatment to prevent scald — Comparison of varieties in cold storage* — Outline
of cultural conditions — Variety catalogue — Snniniarj- — Descrii)tion of plates.

* No. 49. The Culture of the Central American Rubber Tree. By

O. F. Cook, Botanist in Charge of Investigations in

Tropical Agriculture. 1903. 8G pj)., 18 pis. Price, 25

cents.

Contents : Introduction- — The status of Castilla rubber culture : Castilla
versus Ilevea ; uncertainties attending rubber culture; extent of the Castilla
rubber industry; Castilla in the West Indies; Castilla culture for Porto Rico;
rubber in the Philippines— llotanical study of Castilla: Difficulties in studying
tropical trees; the original description of Castilla; description and botanical
characters; species and varieties of Castilla; Hooker's monograph of Castilla;
Costa Hican species of Castilla; field notes on Castilla in Guatemala and
southern Mexico ; habits of Castilla in the wild state ; the rubber tree and the
trumj^t t tree ; Castilla not a genuine forest tree — Imju-ovement of rubber trees
by selection — Problems presented by the latex, or "milk": Evolutionary argu-
ments regarding latex; functions ascribed to latex; the structure of latex;
seasonal influences on latex ; latex in desert jjlants ; water storing as a func-
tion of latex ; significance of multiple tajiping — Climate and rubber produc-
tion : A continuously humid climate not necessary for Castilla; greater
abundance of Castilla on the drier Pacific slope ; freer flow of milk in drier
regions; decrease of milk with altitude and continuous humidity; Castilla in
Nicaragua ; Castilla in Costa Rica ; Castilla on the Isthmus of Panama ; anal-
ogy of the Assam rubber tree ; the Para rubber tree in humid localities ; pro-
ductiveness of Para rubber trees in dry situations ; the true climate of Hevea—
The culture of Castilla : Shade in the culture of Castilla ; shade not a neces-
sity ; relative cost of shade culture ; effect of shade on form of tree ; shade
and rubber production ; leguminous shade trees to be preferred ; distance
between trees ; methods of clearing land for rubber planting ; clean culture
with forest protection ; methods of handling Castilla seeds ; seed beds and
nurseries ; propagation of Castilla from cuttings ; Castilla as a shade tree —
Extraction of the latex of Castilla: Primitive methods of tapping; age at
which planted frees may be tapped ; direction and shape of incisions ; tapping
instruments; multiple tapping; protection against thieves — Methods of coagu-
lating the latex of Castilla : Coagulation by creaming ; discoloration of Cas-
tilla latex ; other methods of coagulation ; coagulation of scrap rubber —
Productiveness of Castilla : Yield of wild trees ; yield of cultivated trees — ■
Profits and prospects of Castilla culture: Management of rubber plantations.;
security of investments in rubber plantations; requirements for successful
rubberplantations ; opinion of the United States consul-general in Mexico —
Concluding summary — Description of plates.

* No. 50. Wild Rice : Its Uses and Propagation. By Edgar Brown,

Botanist in Charge of Seed Laboratory, and Carl S. Sco-
field, Botanist in Charge of Grain Grade Investigations.
1903. 24 pp., T pis. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Distribution and habitat of the plant — Life his-
tory and natural propagation — Botanical description: General morphology;
the' root; the stem ; the leaves ; the panicle — Varieties — Diseases — Harvesting
the seed — Preparation of the seed for food purposes — The food value of wild
rice — Artificial propagation — Previous failures in planting — Plantings made in
1902 — Storing seed — Suggestions for harvesting, storing, and planting — De-
scription of plates.
101

24 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

* No. 51. Miscellaneous Papers. I. The Wilt Disease of Tobacco

and Its Control. By R. E. B. McKenney, Physiologist.
II. The Work of the Community Demonstration Farm
at Terrell, Tex. By Seaman A. Knapp, Special Agent.
*III. Fruit Trees Frozen in 1901. By M. B. Waite,
Pathologist. IV. The Cultivation of the Australian
Wattle. By David G. Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer.
*V. Legal and Customary Weights per Bushel of Seeds.
By Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge of Seed Labora-
tory. VI. Golden Seal. By Alice Henkel, Assistant,
and G. Fred Klugh, Scientific Assistant. 1905. 46 pp.,
5 pis., 5 figs. Price, 5 cents.

Contents : The wilt disease of tobacco and its control : The disease — Cause
of the disease — Control of the disease. The work of the comnumity demon-
stration farm at Terrell, Tex.: Introduction — Results accomplished — Methods
employed — Description of the farm — Fertilizers used — Cotton — Corn. Fruit
trees frozen in 1904 : Introduction — Damage to bearing peach orchards : How
to treat the peach orchards — Injury to plum trees — Injury to nursery trees^ —
Damage to pear trees. The cultivation of the Australian wattle. Legal and
customary weights per bushel of seeds : Introduction — Legal weights per
bushel — Customary weights per bushel. Golden Seal : History — Habitat and
range — Common names — Description of the plant — Description of the rhizome,
or rootstoek — Collection and pre])aration of the root — Diminution of supply —
Cidtivation : Necessary soil conditions; fertilizers; artificial shade; use of
trees as shade ; attention required ; methods of propagation ; experiments
with seeds; experiments with divided rhizomes; experiments with plants
from fibrous roots ; yield of roots ; time necessary to mature crop — ]\Iarket
conditions : Highest and lowest prices.

* No. 52. Wither-Tip and Other Diseases of Citrous Trees and Fruits

Caused by Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides. By P. H.
Rolfs, Pathologist in Charge of Subtropical Laboratory.
1904. 22 pp., 6 pis. (including 3 in colors), 1 fig. Price,
15 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Distribution of the diseases — General method of
attack : Extent of injury — Varieties attacked — Lime : Anthracnose ; wither-
tip ; fruit canker — Lemon : Leaf -spot and wither-tip ; lemon-sjjot ; the color-
ing house ; the coloring bed — Orange and pomelo : Leaf-spot ; wither-tip —
Descrijjtion of the fungus : Synonymy — Preventive and remedial measures :
Treatment to prevent lemon-spot; treatment of lime trees; the effect of prun-
ing; cultivation and fertilization ; fertilizers — Summary — Description of plates.

* No. 53. The Date Palm and Its Utilization in the Southwestern

States. By Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charga

of Laboratory of Plant Life History. 1904. 155 pp.,.

22 pis., 10 figs. Price, 20 cents.

Contents: Introduction — What is the date palm? — Date culture by the
ancients — Propagation of the date palm : Seedling ])alms ; seedling date
palms for the Salton Basin ; ])ropagation of the date palm by offshoots ; dis-
tances between trees ; proportion of male trees that should be planted ; varie-
ties of male date palms — Care to be given date palms : The age at which date
palms begin bearing; pollination of the date i)alm ; gathering, curing, and
]iacking dates — Types of dates and varieties suitable for culture in the United
States : The three types of dates ; varieties of dates suitable for culture in
the United States ; the Deglet Noor date ; the Khalas date ; other promising

101 .

LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 25

dates; the ordinary dates of connnerce ; varieties of dates that should be
secured for trial in the United States; introduction of Saharaii varieties of
date pahns into the United State^ — The date pahn as a shelter for other fruit
trees — Irrig-ation of the date palm: Amount of water necessary for a date
palm; warm irrijiation water advantao-eous — Braiuaf^e for the date ])alm—
Etfects of atmos])herie humidity and rain on the date pahn: Kaiuy weather
disastrous to the flowers and ripeninf? fruits of the date palm — Sunshine
necessary for the date palm — Heat requirements of the date i)alm : Resistance
of the date jiahn to cold in winter; the date ]mlm flowers late in spring and
escapes injury by late frosts; draiiuifie of cold air and inversion of temj)era-
ture in relation to date culture; hot summers necessary for the ^late palm;
amount of heat required to mature the date — Etfects of wind on the date
palm — Resistance of the date i)alm to alkali: Investigation of the alkali-
resisting- power of the date ])alm in the Sahara; alkali conditions in relation
to date" culture at Biskra. Algeria; alkali conditions in relation to date
culture at Fougala, Algeria; alkali conditions in relation to date culture at
Chegga, Algeria; alkali conditions in relation to date culture at M'raier,
Algeria; alkali conditions in relation to date culture at Ourlana, Algeria;
])re\ ions and subsequent analyses of alkaline soils from the S.ahara ; drainage
water from alkaline soils used to irrigate date palms in the Sahara; alkali
conditions in relation to date culture in the Salt River Valley, Arizona;
alkali conditions in i-elation to date culture in the Salton P.asin, California;
geogra])hy and geology of the Salton Rasin ; water supply of the Salton R.asin ;
soil conditions in the Salton Rasin ; alkali conditions at I'alm Canyon in the
foothills bordering the Salton Rasin; chemical comjiosition of the a-lkali of
the Salton ISasin ; fertility of the soils of the Salton Rasin; subsidiary cid-
tures to follow in connection with date plantations on alkaline soils; limits of
alkali resistance of the date palm; resistance of the date palm to chlorids ;
resistance of the date palm to sulphates ; resistance of the date palm to car-
bonates (black alkali) — Regions in the XTnited States where date culture can
succeed: California; Salton Rasin or Colorado Desert; Death Valley; Colo-
rado River Valley; plateau region; interior valley region; coast region of
southern California ; Nevada ; Arizona ; Salt River Valley ; Colorado River
Valley ; New ^Mexico ; Texas — No danger from Mexican comjjetition in date
culture — Profits of date cidture : Extent of the market — Imi)ortance of life-
history investigations in demonstrating the feasibility of date culture — Sum-
mary— Description of plates — Index.

No. 54. Persian Gulf Dates and Their Introdnction into America.

By David G. Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer. 1903. 32

pp., -1 pis. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — General description of the region — Climate — Lo-
cation of the date gardens — Soil conditions — Irrigation of the plantations —
Secondary cultures between the palms — Treatment of the soil and ])lanting
of yonng palms — Pollination — Different varieties of the region : Bagdad varie-
ties ; Kustawi ; Ascherasi ; Bedraihe ; IMaktum ; Burni ; Zehedi ; Barban ;
Sukeri ; Taberzal ; ^lirhage ; Bassorah varieties ; Berhi ; Hevezi ; Sayer (or
Ustaamran) ; Halawi ; Khadrawi ; Hassa varieties; Khalasa (or Khalasi) ;
Jask varieties ; Bunder Abbas varieties ; ^Maskat varieties ; Fard ; Burni ;
Nagal ; Mubsali ; Khanezi ; Khassab ; Hellali ; Guadnr varieties — Diseases
and pests — Cost and profits of date cidture — Packing and shipment of dates —
The date as a food — Description of plates.

N. 55. The Dry-Rot of Potatoes Due to Fusarium Oxysporum. By

Erwin F. Smith and Deane B. Swino-le, Laboratory of

Plant Pathology. 1904. 64 pp., 8 pis., 2 figs. Price, 10

cents.

Contents : Introduction — Effect of the disease on the plants — Effect of dif-
ferent fertilizers on resistance to the disease — Description of the fungus :
Myceliinu ; ^licroconidia : Macroconidia ; Chlamydospores ; Sclerotia ; growth
in different media : growth in alkalis; growth in acids; growth in the absence
of free oxygen ; reaction to sunlight ; range of temperature for growth ; name
of the fungus — Geographical distribution of the. disease — Remedial measures —
Culture media used — Summary — Literature — Description of plates.

101

26 BULLETINS 01" THE BUREAtJ OF PLAlSTT INDUSTRY.

* No. 56. Nomenclature of the Apple ; a Catalogue of the Known Va-

rieties Referred to in American Publications from 1801
to 1901. Compiled by W. H. Ragan, Expert in Pomo-
logical Nomenclature. 1905. [Additions and Correc-
tions. 1905.] 395 pp. Price, 30 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Code of nomenclature of the American Poniolog-
ical Society : Priority ; form of names ; publication ; revision — Key to the
abbreviations used in citations of authors and publications : Alphabetical list
of abbreviations used in designating the publications quoted — Catalog'ue of the
known. varieties of apples referred to in American publications from 180-t to
1904 — Index to the American literature of the apple, 1804 to 1904 — Additions
and corrections.

No. 57. Methods Used for Controlling and Reclaiming Sand Dunes.

By A. S. Hitchcock, Assistant Agrostologist, in Charge of

Cooperative Experiments. 1901. 36 pp., 9 pis., 9 figs.

Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Formation of sand dunes : Action of the wind
upon drifting sand — Artificial fixation of dunes: Binding the sand; binding
by means of grasses ; transplanting ; arrangement of the plantation ; forma-
tion of the barrier dune ; binding by means of heather ; laying the heather ;
))inding with sand hedges; forestation — Fixation as observed in Europe: The
Ketheriands; coastal dunes; interior dunes; Denmark; Oxbol ; Skagen ;
Germany ; France — Summarj' — Description of plates.

* No. 58. The Vitality and Germination of Seeds. By J. W. T.

Duvel, Assistant in the Seed Laboratory. 1904. 96 pp.,

2 figs. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Materials and methods : Seeds ; germination tests
and apparatus — Effect of climatic conditions on the vitality of seeds — Causes
of the losses in vitality in different climates — Effect of moisture and tempera-
ture ujion vitality: Seeds j^acked in ice; eft"ect of moisture on vitality at
higher temperatures ; summary — The effect of definite cjuantities of moisture
on the vitality of seeds when they are kept within certain known limits of
temperature — A comparison of methods of storing and shipjiing seeds in order
to protect them from moistiu'e, and consequently to insm-e a better preserva-
tion of vitality : Suggestions of earlier investigations ; the necessity for thor-
oughly curing- and drying seeds; character of the seed warehouse or storage
room ; the value of good seed to the market gardener ; shipping seeds in char-
coal, moss. etc. ; nature of the experiments ; disposition of the samples ;
results of the germination tests — Experiments in keeping and shipping seeds
in special ])ackages — Eespiration of seeds : Summary — Enzymes in seeds and
the part they play in the iweservation of vitality — Summary — Literature
cited — Index.

No. 59. Pasture, Meadow, and Forage Crops in Nebraska. By T. L.
Lyon, Agriculturist, Nebraska Experiment Station, and
A. S. Hitchcock, Assistant Agrostologist, in Charge of
Cooperative Experiments, U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture. 1904. 64 pp., 6 pis., 8 figs. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Climatic and soil conditions of Nebraska : Uain-
f all ; temperature ; physiography ; soil — Crops — Classification of forage plants :
Duration; perennials; annuals; natural groups ; legumes; grasses; miscel-
laneous ; methods of utilizing the crops ; pastures ; meadows ; soiling crops ;
silage — Results of experiments with grasses and forage plants at the Nebraska
Experiment Station : Grasses and forage plants which have given successful
results ; brome-grass ; results of cooperative experiments ; alfalfa ; coopera-
tive experiments with alfalfa; alfalfa seed from different soiu'ces ; Turkestan
alfalfa; Peruvian alfalfa; Samarkand alfalfa; seed from different States;
other experiments with alfalfa ; meadow fescue ; orchard grass ; timothy ;

101-

LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 27

clovers; Kentiicky bluegrass ; redtop; side-oats grama; whcat-f^rasses ; grasses
and legunies of less impoi'tauce — Pastures and meadows: Native grasses: care
of native pastures and meadows ; tame pastures at the Xebraslva Experiment
Station ; the seed bed for grasses and clovers — Annual forage croj)s : fiorgliuni ;
millet; cowpea ; small gi'ains; corn; soy bean; rape; Canada field ])ea ;
vetch — Plants vvhii-h can not be recommended — Index of grasses and forage
plants — Description of plates.

* No. 60. A Soft Rot of the Calla Lily. By C. O. Townseiul, Pathol-
ogist. 1904. 47 pp., 9 pis., T figs. Price, 10 cents.

Contents: Introduction — Cause of the calla rot — General apju-arance of the
disease — Effect of the organism on the calla — ^^lorphological characters of the
organism — I'hysiological characters of the organism : Nutrient media ; beef
broth ; agar plate cultures ; agar streak cultures ; agar stab cultures ; beef
agar, witli iron sulphate; gelatin stab cultures; i_^<xg albumen; milk; litmus
milk; litmus milk in nitrogen; Uschinsky's solution; Dunham's solution;
IJunham's solution, with acid f uchsin ; Dunham's solution, with indigo-
carmine; peptone solution, with rosolic acid; Dunham's solution, with methy-
lene blue; steamed potato cylinders; raw potato; raw egg])lant; raw cauli-
flower; raw radish; raw cucumbers, sliced; raw cucumbers, whole; raw
green peppers; raw mature onions bulbs; raw young- onions; raw pieplant;
raw cabbage ; raw parsnips ; raw carrots ; raw turnii)s ; raw salsify ; raAV
tomatoes, ripe ; raw tomatoes, green ; raw apples (York Imperial) ; raw pine-
apples ; raw yellow^ bananas; g'as; action on lead acetate; indol ; nitrates
reduced to nitrites; nuixliuum temperature; minimum temperature; opti-
mum temjjerature ; thermal death jioint ; diffused light; direc-t sunlight;
effect of nitrogen; effect of carbon dioxid ; effect of hydrogen — Comparison
of calla-rot germ with similar organisms : Bacillus carotovorus Jones ; Bacil-
lus oleracea? Harrison ; lleinz's hyacinth germ (Bacillus hyacinthi sejrticus) ;
Potter's Pseudomouas destructans — Origin and spread of the disease — lieme-
dies — Summary — Description of plates.

No. 61. The Avocado in Florida ; Its Propagation, CidtiA^ation, and

Marketing. By P. H. Rolfs, Pathologist, in Charge of

Subtropical Laboratory. 1904. 3G ])i)., 4 pis., 9 figs.

Price, 5 cents.

Contents : Introduction — The name avocado — Literature — Distribution and
time of blooming — The avocado for wind-breaks and shade trees — Methods of
starting- an orchard: The seed bed; the nursery; cultivation in the nursery;
budding; grafting; transplanting to the field; top-working trees; cultiva-
tion ; fertilizers — Superiority of budded trees — Variation of fruit from seed-
ling trees: Description of variations — Marketing: Picking; grading and
sizing ; packing- — The fruit : The edible portion ; seed and seed cavity — Shape
of the tree — Forms and varieties : The Mexican avocado ; the West Indian-
South ^Vmerican avocado ; the ideal avocado — Uses of the fruit — Diseases :
Leaf disease ; remedy ; fruit disease ; remedy — Summary — Description of
plates.

No. 62. Notes on Egyptian Agriculture. By George P. Foaden,

B. Sc, Secretary of the Khedivial Agricultural Society,

Cairo, Egypt. 1904. 61 pp., 6 pis., 3 figs. Price, 10

cents.

Contents : Introduction — Composition of Nile mud during flood — Irrigation
and fertilizers — Soils — Labor — Value of land — Animal labor — Seasons — Cotton:
Distance between the cotton beds ; date of planting cotton ; sowing cotton ;
watering cotton ; manuring cotton ; suminary — Varities of cotton grown in
Egypt : Ashmouni ; lower Egypt cottons ; Mit Afifi ; Abbasi ; Jannovitch —
Seed selection — Picking cotton — Marketing- cotton — Cotton and cotton-seed
exports — Sugar cane — Beets — Berseem, or Eg-yptian clover — Lucern (alfalfa) —
Corn — Wheat and barley — Beans — Rice — Onions — Millets and sorghums —
Minor crops : Lentils ; earth nuts, or peanuts ; chick-peas ; lupines ; fenu-
greek ; flax.

101

28 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

No. 63. Investigations of Rusts. By Mark Alfred Carleton, Cereal-

ist in Charge of Cereal Investigations. 1904. 32 pp., 2

pis. in colors. Price, 10 cents.
Contents : Additions to our knowledge of life histories : Enphorbia rust
(Uroniyces euphorbite C. and P.) ; sunflower rust (Puccinia helianthi Schw.) ;
crown rust of oats (Puccinia rhamni [I'ers.] Wettst.) — Segreg-aton of host
plants : Black stem rust of Agropyron and Elymus ; orange leaf rust of
Agropyron and Elymus ; black stem rust of Agrostis alba vulgaris ; rust of
Chloris (Puccinia chloridis Diet.) ; rusts of willow and cottonwood (Melamp-
sora) — Winter resistance of the uredo : Uredo of Kentucky bluegrass rust
(Puccinia poarum Niels.) ; uredo of Puccinia montanensis Ell. — Emergency
adaptations : Puccinia vexans Farl. — Experiments with Lepto-uredinea? : Rust
of cocklebur (Puccinia xanthii Schw.) ; rust of velvet leaf (Puccinia hete-
rospora B. and C.) — Perennial species: Aecidium tuberculatum E. and K. ;
rust of Peucedanmn foeniculaceum — Description of plates.

* No. 64. A Method of Destroying or Preventing the Growth of

Algse and Certain Pathogenic Bacteria in Water Sup-
plies. By George T. Moore, Physiologist and Algolo-
gist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Physiology, and
Karl F. Kellerman, Assistant in Physiology. 1904. 44
pp. Price, 5 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Microscopical examination of drinking water —
Wide distribution of trouble caused by algse in water -supplies — Methods in
use for preventing bad effects due to algge — Desirability of other methods —
Determination of a physiological method — Effect of cojiper svilphate — Method
of aijplying the copper sulphate — Practical tests of the method: Water-cress
beds ; water reservoirs — Effect of copper upon pathogenic bacteria : Typhoid ;
Asiatic cholera — Comparison of effect of other disinfectants — Colloidal solu-
tions— Conclusions : Necessity of knowledge of organism and condition in
reservoir ; application of method for destruction of pathogenic bacteria not
designed to replace efficient means of filtration already in use ; medicinal
use ; conditions under which the Department of Agriculture can furnish
information and assistance in applying this method — Cost — Summary.

No. 65. Eeclamation of Cape Cod Sand Dunes. By J. M. Westgate,

Assistant in Sand-Binding Work. 1904. 38 pp., 6 pis.

Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Ecological relations of the vegetation : Ecological
factors ; mode of deposition of the Cape sands ; development of the dune
range ; natural reclamation ; areas receiving gradual accumulations of sand ;
areas not receiving gradual accumulations of sand ; marshes and bogs ; early
accounts — Devastation of the established dune areas : Early conditions inci-
dent to the devastation ; restrictive legislation — Artificial reclamation of
the Cape sands : Early work of sand control ; recent work by the State ;
preliminary operations ; attempts without beach grass ; utilization of beach
grass; relative merits of spring and fall planting; selecting and transplant-
ing the sets; cost of planting; present status of the various plantings;
effectiveness of bru^h laying; efficiency of beach grass for sand binding;
necessity of ultimate f orestation ; miscellaneous operations on the sand ; road
construction; reclamation of small areas; commercial utilization of sand;
development of the protective beach ridge — The I'rovince lands : State owner-
ship; value of the lands — Summary— Bibliography — Description of plates.

* No. 66. Seeds and Plants Imported During the Period from Sep-

tember, 1900, to December, 1903. Inventory No. 10;
Nos. 5501-9896. 1905. 333 pp. Price, 15 cents.

Contents: Introductory statement — Inventory of seeds and plants im-
ported— Index of common and scientific names.

101

LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 29

No. 67. Range Investigations in Arizona. By David Griffiths,
Assistant in Charge of Range Investigations. 1904. 62
pp., 10 pis., 1 fig. Price, 15 cpnts.

Contents : Introduction — The small inolosure — The larg-e inolosuro : Topog--
raphy ; soil; brush and timber; forage plants; amount of feed produced —
Carrying- capacity — Water for stock — The seasons — Erosion — The ])ruirie dog —
Ivange feed: The grasses; pigweed family; the clovers; alfilerilla; miscel-
laneous winter and spring annuals; miscellaneous browse plants — llay crops —
Weeds — Plants injurious to stock — Summary — Description of plates.

* No. 68. North American Species of Agrostis. By A. S. Hitchcock,
Systematic Agrostologist in Charge of Herbarium. 1905.
68 pp., 37 pis., 2 figs. Price, 10 cents.

Contents: Introduction: Taxonomy; nomenclature; plates; specimens
listed— History of the genus — (Icneric descriirtion — Key to species — Descrip-
tion of species — Sjjccies excluded — Notes on Mexican species — Index to species
and synonyms — Description of plates.

No. 69. American Varieties of Lettuce. By AV. AV. Tracy, jr.. Assist-
ant, Variety Trials. 1904. 103 pp., 27 pis. Price, 15
cents.

Contents: Introduction — Varieties and their description: Nomenclature;
environment and selection ; source of seed — Cultural peculiarities — Terms
used in description: Classes; size; maturity; shooting to. seed; habit;
leaves; color; seeds; seedling plants — Varieties suited to different condi-
tions and requirements — Table of varieties — Classification of varieties — Key
to varieties — Description of varieties classed as distinct — Catalogue of variety
names.

No. 70. The Commercial Status of Durum AAlieat. By IVIark Alfred
Carleton, Cerealist in Charge of Cereal Investigations,
and Joseph S. Chamberlain, Physiological Chemist, Cereal
Investigations. 1904. 70 j^p,, 5 pis., 1 fig. Price, 10
cents.

Contents : Introduction — Proper rank of durum wheat — Special qualities
of commercial value — The name "durum" — Durum wheat for macaroni : Char-
acteristics of good macaroni ; process of manufacture ; list of manufacturers
of macaroni in the United States; possibility of export of semolina and
macaroni ; methods of cooking and serving macaroni ; recipes ; semolina ;
soups ; macaroni with cheese or milk ; macaroni with tomatoes ; macaroni
with meats ; macaroni with nuts ; timbales ; croquettes ; garnitures ; spa-
ghetti ; salads ; desserts ; special Italian recipes ; miscellaneous — Durum
wheat for bread : Private experiments ; cooperative baking experiments of
the Department of Agricidture ; chemical study of durum-wheat flo\ir and
bread ; examination of standard flours ; total proteids ; gliadin and glutenin ;
conclusions ; examination of the flour and bread of the baking test ; con-
clusions ; reports on trials of the bread ; grain dealers ; millers ; bakers ;
teachers and experts in domestic science ; chemists and flour experts ; techni-
cal journals ; quotations from particularly interesting reports ; results of
other tests ; remarks on the various chemical and baking tests ; the color of
flour and bread ; experience required for perfect operations — Other products
from durmn wheat — Progress of the new industry : Increase in production of
durum wheat ; determination of the best varieties ; commercial inspection
and grading; disposition of the 1903 crop; mills now handling the wheat;
prices ; the outlook — Description of plates.

101

30 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

* No. 71. Soil Inoculation for Legumes; with Reports upon the Suc-

cessful Use of Artificial Cultures by Practical Farmers.
By George T. Moore, Physiologist in Charge of Labora-
tory of Plant Physiology. 1905. 72 pp., 10 pis. Price,
15 cents.

Contents : Introdnction — The fixation of free nitrogen — Beneficial effect of
leguminous crops— Direct effect of nodules tijdou legumes — Effect of nodule-
bearing legtunes upon succeeding crops — Artificial inoculation of the soil —
Soil transfer — Nitragin — Nature of the organism — Cross-inoculation and spe-
cific characters — Methods of cultivation — Effect of varying conditions : Light,
heat, and air; acids and alkalis; nitrates; moisture — ^Yhere is nitrogen
fixed? — Nodules not always beneficial — Symbiosis or parasitism? — Infection
and fixation of nitrog'en without nodules — Inoculation by pure culture —
Methods of using liquid cidture — Time of inocidation — When inoculation is
unnecessary — When inoculation is necessary — When to expect failure with
inoculation — Eesults — Reports: Alfalfa; red clover; cowpeas ; garden peas;
beans ; soy beans ; hairy vetch ; crimson clover ; sweet peas ; field peas ;
velvet .beans ; berseem ; peanuts ; miscellaneous — Summary.

* No. 72. Miscellaneous Papers. I. Cultivation of AVlieat in Per-

manent Alfalfa Fields. By David Fairchild, Agricul-
tural Explorer. II. The Salt Water Limits of Wild
Rice. By Carl S. Scofield, Botanist, Grain Grade In-
vestigations. * III. Extermination of Johnson Grass.
By AV. J. Spillman, Agrostologist. * IV. Inoculation of
Soil with Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria. By A. F. Woods,
Acting Chief of Bureau. 1905. 30 pp., 3 pis., 4 figs.
Price, 5 cents.

Contents : Cultivation of wheat in permanent alfalfa fields. The salt-
water limits of wild rice : Introduction — The method of testing salinity — The
regions investigated — Conclusions. Extermination of Johnson grass : Intro-
duction— Character of the soil — Methods of treatment — Implements used — The
production of hay. Inoculation of soil with nitrogen-fixing bacteria : Intro-
duction— The commercial jn-oduction of cultures — When inoculation is neces-
sary— When inoculation may prove advantageous — When inoculation is un-
necessary— When failure is to be expected — Cost of cultures — Increasing
cultures — Preparing and using the culture solution — Keeping cultiires for
future use- — Danger of inoculation by soil transfer — Pure-culture inoculation.

* No. 73. The Development of Single-Germ Beet Seed. By C. O.

Townsend, Pathologist, and E. C. Rittue, Assistant. 1905.

26 pp., 8 pis., 6 figs. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Single and multiple germ beet seed — The beet
flower — The first seed selection — Germination and vitality — Greenhoiise exper-
iments— Seed beets in 1903 — Beet seed in 1903 — Change of location of experi-'
ments — Progress of the work in 1904 : Planting and growth of the seed beets;
arrangement of single flowers; methods of pollination; gathering the seed;
percentage of single-germ seeds — Conclusion — Description of x^lafes.

No. 74. The Prickly Pear and Other Cacti as Food for Stock. By

David Griffiths, Assistant Agrostologist in Charge of

Range Investigations. 1905. -18 pp., 5 pis., 1 fig. Price,

5 cents.

Contents : Introduction^ — History — Geographical distribution of economic
cacti in the United States — Methods of feeding : Singeing the spines ; singe-
ing with a torch ; steaming ; chopping by machinei-y ; other chopping devices ;

101

LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 31

•

removal of the edj^e of the joints; handlino- the ])hiiits — I'ear maehinery :
Origin of pear maehinery; pear exitters ; pear burners — Pear for milk ])ro-
duetion : Some dair^' rations including- pear — Pear for fattening and main-
taining- cattle — Pear as a hog- feed — -Pear for sheep and g-oats — Pear as a
ration for working- animals^ — Effect of pear upon stock — ("actus for the silo — ■
Pear thickets and their destruction — Species of cactus which are of forag-e
value — Establishing jjlantations of pear — Yield of pear — Beha\ior of jjear after
harvesting — Other economic aspects of the cacti — Some conditions obtaining
in the prickly-pear region — Popular postulates of cactus feeding — Description
of plates.

No. 7."). Range Maiiagenieiit in the State of "Washington. By J. S.

Cotton, Assistant in Range Investigations, in Cooj^eration

with the AVashington State Experiment Station. 15)05.

28 pp., 3 pis. Price, 5 cents.

Contents: Introduction — Uange improvements: Winter jiastures ; semiarid
lands; mountain grazing areas — Protection of pastures — Alternation of jjas-
tures — Using pastures before ground is settled in the spring — Improvement of
stock — Index of grasses and forage plants — Description of jilates.

No. 7^). Copper as an Algicide and Disinfectant in Water Snpplies.

By (xeorge T. oNIoore, Physiologist and Algologist in

Charge of the Laboratory of Plant Physiology, and Karl

F. Kellernian, Assistant in Physiology. 1905. 55 pp.

Price, 5 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Difference in toxicity of copper sulphate in labo-
ratory and field conditions — P^ffect of copper sulphate upon fish — Conditions
determining the proper quantity of copper sulphate for eradicating alg-te —
Appearance of resistant forms of algje in reservoii's previously treated — Odor
and taste due to large nuuibers of alg;e killed — Reports from various cities and
towns upon the effect of treatment : Baltimore, Md. ; Bond Hill, Cincinnati,
Ohio ; Butte, IMont. ; Cambridge. X. Y.. ; Elmira, N. Y. ; Fieldhome, N. Y. ;
Glencove, Long Island, IV. Y. ; Greenwich, Conn. ; Hanover, X. H. ; Hanover,
Pa. ; Ivorydale, Ohio ; Johnson Creek, Wis. ; ^tiddletown, N. Y. ; Millersburg,
Pa. ; Moncton, New Brunswick ; New Y'ork, N. Y". ; Newtown, Pa. ; Oberlin,
Ohio; Passaic. N. J. ; Port Deposit. Md. : PJiinebeck, N. Y\ ; Scarboro, N. Y. ;
Springfield, 111. ; Waltham, ISIass. ; Water Mill, Long Island, N. Y. ; Wellsboro,
Pa. ; Winchester. Ky. ; Winnebago City, Minn. — Necessity for determining the
polluting organism — Troublesome forms and their identification : The Sedg-
wick-Eafter method of quantitative determination ; key for identifying
algae — Method of applying copper sulphate — Sterilization of bacteria-polluted
water by means of copper sulphate — Sterilization of the water supplies at
Columbus, Ohio, and Albuquerque. N. Mex. — Sterilization of water by means
of metallic copper — Copper in the disposal of sewage — Copper supplementing
the use of filters — Copper treatment and filtration at Anderson, Ind. — Objec-
tions to the use of copper sulphate — Opinions of toxicologists upon the effect
of copper sulphate — Medicinal use of copper — Conclusion — Summary.

No. 77. The Avocado, a Salad Frnit from the Tropics. By G. N.

Collins, Assistant Botanist in Investigations in Tropical

Agricultnre. 1905. 52 pp., 8 pis. Price, 5 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Origin and history : Early accounts ; common
names; not native in the West Indies; distribution — Description— Botanical
affinities — Varieties — Geographical types : Guatemala ; Porto Rico ; Mexico ;
Costa Rica ; Ciiba ; Hawaii — Culture : Propagation by seed ; asexual propaga-
tion ; soil ; climate ; cultivation ; improvement ; shij^ping qualities ; uni-
formity; extension of season ; seed reduction ; texture; flavor; yield; size;
resistance to cold — Diseases — The avocado in Porto Rico — The avocado in
Hawaii — The avocado in Florida — The avocado in California — Bearing age
and life of tree — Y'ield — Harvesting : Time to pick ; method of gathering ;
packing and shipping — Cold storage — ISIarketing : Market season — Methods of
eating — Food value — Cos-t cf production — Summary — Description of plates,

2739— No. 101—07 3

32 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

* No. 78. Improving the Quality of Wlieat. By T. L. Lyon, Agri-
culturist and Associate Director of the Agricultural
Experiment Station of Nebraska, and Collaborator of
the Bureau of Plant Industry. 1905. 120 pp. Price,
10 cents.

Contents : Objee-t of the investigation. Part I. Historical : Some con-
ditions affecting- the composition and yield of wheat: Composition as affected
by time of cutting; infinence of immatnre seed npon yield; influence of
climate upon composition and yield ; influence of soil upon composition and
yield ; influence of soil moisture upon composition and yield ; influence of
size or weight of the seed-wheat kernel upon the crop yield ; relation of size
of kernel to nitrogen content ; influence of the specific gravity of the seed
kernel upon yield ; relation of specific gravity of kernel to nitrogen content ;
conditions affecting the production of nitrogen in the grain. Part 11. Experi-
mental : Some p»roperties of the wheat kernel — Yield of nitrogen ]3er acre —
Method for selection to increase the quantitj^ of proteids in the kernel —
A basis for selection -to increase the quantity of proteids in the endosperm
of the kernel — Improvement in the quality of the gluten — Some results of
breeding to increase the content of proteid nitrogen — Y'ield of grain as affected
by susceptibility to cold — Yield and nitrogen content of grain as r '^ected by
length of growing jieriod — Pelation of size of head to ^'leld. liL-ight. and tiller-
ing of plant — Summary and conclusions.

No. 79. The Variability of Wheat Varieties in Resistance to Toxic

Salts. By L. L. Harter, Scientific Assistant, Laboratory

of Plant Breeding. 1905. 48 pp. Price, 5 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Salts used — Varieties selectetl : Preston ; Turkey ;
Zimmerman; Kharkof ; Padui ; Chul ; Budapest; Kubanka ; JNIaraouani —
^Methods of experiments — Method of establishing the toxic limits — Results of
cxj:)eriments : With magnesiimi sulphate ; with magnesium chlorid ; with
sodium carbonate ; with sodium bicarbonate ; with sodium sidphate ; with
sodium chlorid; summary of tables — Comparison of results with different
sjDecies — Ash analyses — Individual variability — Neutralizing effect of the salts
employed upon otlier toxic substances — Dilute solutions as stimulants — Practi-
cal value of results — Summary — Bibliography.

No. 80. Agricultural Explorations in Algeria. By Thomas LI. Kear-
ney. Physiologist, Vegetable Pathological and Physiolog-
ical Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry, and Thomas
H, Means, Formerly of the Bureau of Soils. 1905. 98
pp., 4 pis. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Topography : Coast region ; high plateau or
steppe region ; desert region — Climate : Coast region ; temperature ; humid-
ity ; precipitation ; wind ; high plateau region ; desert region ; temperature ;
humidity ; precipitation — Irrigation : Coast region ; high plateau region ; desert
region— Soils : Coast region; littoral zone; valley and plain zone; moun-
tain zone; high plateau region; desert region; saline soils; coast region;
desert region ; soil management ; rotations ; fertilizers ; preparation of the
land; clearing and leveling; plowing — General economic conditions: Histor-
ical and political ; land values ; farm labor ; agriculture of the native popula-
tion ; among the Arabs ; among the Kabyles ; among the Saharans — Crops of
the colony : Geographical distribution ; coast region ; littoral zone ; valley
and plain zone ; mountain zone ; high plateau region ; desert region ; ]irinci-
pal crops in detail ; fruit crops ; grapes ; wine grapes ; table grajies ; olives ;
figs; citrus fruits; dates; less important orchard crops; truck crops;
cereals; winter cereals; wheat; barley; oats; summer cereals; sorghum;
Indian corn ; forage crops ; wild forage ; fallow-land forage ; forage of
natural meadows and prairies ; cultivated forage ; leguminous crops ; alfalfa,
or lucern ; horse beans ; sulla ; fenugreek ; berseem ; vetches ; tree crops

101

a

LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 33

as forage; carob, or St. John's bread; iTidian fig; miscellaneous crops;
tobacco ; fiber plants ; perfume plants— Live stock : Cattle : horses ; donkeys ;
mules; camels; sheep; goats — Fores-try: General conditions; forest prod-
ucts; fuel; timber; cork; tan bark; alfalfa; dwarf palm.

No. 81. Evolution of Cellular Struc-tuivs. By (). F. Cook aiul Wal-
ter T. Swingle. 1005. 2()' pp., 1 pL, '2 fi<is. I'rice, 5
cents.

Contents : Introduction — The elimination of the simple-celled phase —
Alternation of structural types— Sexuality a mechanism of evolution— Two
types of double-celled structures — Heredity in reticular descent— Summary—
Explanation of plate.

No. 82. Grass Lands of tlie South Alaska Coast. By C. V. Piper,

Agrostologist in Charge of Forage Plant Introduction.

1905. 38 pp., 4 pis. Price, 10 cents.

Contents: Introduction — The location of the grass lands: Kadiak Island;
Alaska Tcuiusula and adjacent islands; Unalaska and the neighboring islands;
Kenai Pciiiiisuia; the "Vakutat plains- Important factors relating to the
agricultural value of the grass lands: The abundance and pernuiucucc of
native fodder plants; bluetop; beach rye; bluegrass ; silver-top; Siberian
fescue; sedges; Alaska lupine; fireweed ; food value of native Alaskan
grasses; cultivable forage crops; silage alone as a ration for milch cows;
Alaskan experience in stock raising; hogs; goats; sheep husbandry ; cattle;
population and available markets;" freights and transportation; dcsiral)ility
of south Alaska as a home; climate; garden products; fuel; ihoice of a
location— Land laws api)lying to Alaska : Homesteads ; application for a
homestead for surveyed land; inceptive rights of homestead settlers; home-
stead settlers on unsurveved lands; cultivation in grazing districts; home-
stead claims not liable for debt and not salable ; soldiers and sailors' home-
stead rights ; soldiers' additional homestead entry— Description of plates.

No. 83. The Vitality of Buried Seeds. By J. W. T. Duvel, Assist-
ant in the Seed Laboratory. 1905. 22 pp., 3 pis., 1 fig.
Price, 5 cents.
Contents : Introduction— Kinds of seeds buried— How the seeds were
buried— Germination tests— Relation of depth of burial to vitality— Hard

seeds Seeds of cultivated versus wild plants — Summary — Description of

plates.

* No. 84. The Seeds of the Bluegrasses. I. The Germination, Grow-
ing, Handling, and Adulteration of Bluegrass Seeds.
By Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge of Seed Labora-
tory. II. Descriptions of the Seeds of the Commercial
Bluegrasses and Their Impurities. By F. H. Hillman,
Assistant Botanist, Seed Laboratory. 1905. 38 pp., 35
figs. Price, 5 cents.
Contents: I. The germination, growing, handling, ;ind adulteration of
bluegrass seeds : Description of commercial and hand-gathering seeds— Grades
and quality of commercial seeds— Adulteration— Weight per bushel— Germina-
tion—Growing and handling : Poa pratensis (Kentucky bluegrass) ; Poa com-
pressa (Canada bluegrass) ; Poa trivialis (rough-stalked meadow grass) ; Poa
nemoralis (wood meadow grass) ; Poa triflora (fowl meadow grass) ; Poa
arachnifera (Texas bluegrass) ; Poa annua (annual bluegrass) ; Poa alpina
(alpine meadow grass) ; Poa sudetica. TI. Descriptions of the seeds of the
commercial bluegrasses and their impurities: The bluegrasses: Key to the
seeds of the more common species of Poa as found on herbarium specimens;
key to commercial bluegrass seeds after preparation for market ; comparison

101

34 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

of the principal distingnishinj? characters of bluegrass seeds ; descriptions of
species ; Poa pratensis L., Kentucky bluegrass, June grass ; Poa conipressa L..
Canada bluegrass, flat-stemmed l)luegrass ; Poa trivialis L., rough-stalked
meadow grass; Poa nemoralis L., wood meadow grass; Poa triflora Ehrh.
(P. flava L., P. serotina P^hrh.), fowl meadow grass, false red top ; Poa arach-
nifera Torr.. Texas bluegrass ; Poa annua L., annual meadow grass ; Poa
alpina L., alpine meadow grass ; Poa sudetica Haenke ; Panicularia spp. : Pani-
cidaria nervata (Willd.) Kuntze, nerved manna grass, sometimes called fowl
meadow grass; Panicidaria americana (Torr.) MacM., reed meadow grass,
water meadow grass, tall manna grass — Weed seeds commonly found with com-
mercial bluegrass seeds: Bursa bursa-pastoris (L. ) P)ritton, shepherd's-purse ;
Lepidium virginicnm L., peppergrass ; Cerastium vulgatum L., mouse-ear chick-
weed; Alsine media L.. common chic]<weed ; Alsine graminea (L.) Britton ;
("arduus arvensis (L.) Robs., Canada thistle ; Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst.,
dandelion ; ^latricaria inodora L.. scentless camomile ; Hieracium sp.. hawk-
weed ; Anthemis cotula L., dog fennel, mayweed; Chenopodium album L..
lamb's quarters, pigweed ; Plantago lanceolata L., rib-grass, buckhorn, English
plantain ; Rumex cripspus L., curled dock ; Rumex acetosella L., sheep's sorrel,
sorrel ; Veronica arvensis L., corn speedwell ; Juncus tenui.s, Willd., slender
rush; Juncoides campestre (L.) Kuntze, field rush; Juncoides albida DC,
wood rush ; Carex cephalo])hora Muhl.. oval-headed sedge — Ergot occasionally
fouud iu commercial bluegrass seed : Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Till., ergot.

* No. 85. The Principles of Mushroom Growing and Mushroom

Spawn Making. By B. M. Diiggar, Professor of Botany

in the University of Missouri, and Collaborator of the

Bureau of Plant Industry. 11)05. (50 pp., 7 pis. Price,

10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — General considerations — ^Market conditions — Ger-
mination studies : Review of earlier work ; experimental work — Tissue cid-
tures — X\itrition : Growth 07i manure and other comjjlex media; growth on
chemically known media; tabulation of special results; acid and alkaline
media — Temperature and moisture — Preparation of the compost — Installa-
tion of beds — Spawning and casing the beds — Mvishroom growing : Experi-
ments at Columbia, Mo. ; variability in mnshrooms grown under diflferent con-
ditions ; the cultivation of various species of mushrooms; cooperative experi-
ments— Cave facilities in the United States — Open-air culture — Mushroom
spawn making : A "chance" method ; a "selective" method ; pure-culture pre-
cautions ; the tissue-culture method ; the commercial process — The vitality
of mushroom spawn.

No. SO. Agriculture Without Irrigation in the Sahara Desert. By

Thomas H. Kearney, Physiologist. 1905. 30 pp., 5 pis.,

1 fig. Price. 5 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Population — Climate — Water supply — Soils — The
date gardens : Planting ; care of palms ; fighting the sand : manuring ; har-
vest ; yields ; varieties chiefly grown — Conclusion — Description of plates.

No. 87. Disease Resistance of Potatoes. By L. E. Jones, Botanist of
the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station and Col-
laborator of the Bureau of Plant Industry. 1905. 39 pp.
Price, 5 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Potato culture in Europe — Observations on potato
diseases and disease resistance in Europe : Certain minor diseases ; internal
brown spot ; filosite, or growing-out ; leaf-spot ; scabbiness of tubers ; potato
scab; varietal resistance to scab; other scab-like diseases; potato stem dis-
eases; blackleg: other stem diseases ; late-blight and rot due to Phytophthora
infestans — Resistance as shown toward late-blight and rot: Historical state-
ment ; the meaning of disease resistance ; disease resistance and vegetative

101

LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 35

vigor; tlio relation of hvbridity to diseast- resistance ; iini)rovenu'nt by selec-
tion; are earlv or late "varieties tlie more resistant.'; relation of soiiree of
seed and enltuVal methods to disease resistance; eoniposition and eliaraeter
of tnbers as related to rot resistance; character of stem and foliaj^e as
related to disease resistance — Disease-resistant varieties of Europe: (ireat
Britain ; Germany and Holland ; France and Belg-inm— Disease-resistant varie-
ties of America: "lnvesti<iations at the experiment stations; work at the Ver-
mont station ; information secured by a circular of inquiry : resistance to
scab — Summary.

No. 88. AVeevil-Resistinfr Adaptations of the Cotton Plant. "By O.

F. Cook, Biononiist in Charge of Investigations in the

Agricnhural Economy of Tropical and Snhtroincal

Plants. 15)0(). 87 pp., 10 pis. Price. 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Selective influence of the boll weevil — (leneral pro-
tective characters: Dwarf habit and determinate <>rowth of Kekchi cotton;
variations in the Kekchi cotton; ettects of Cuatemalan conditions on United
States varieties; acclimatization of Kekchi cotton in the United States; early
bearing facilitated by long basal branches; early rejection of superfluous
squares; seasonal bearing of perennial varieties; annual cutting back of
perennial varieties; hairy stalks and leaf stems; pendent bolls — Extrafloral
nectaries: Xectaries of tlie leaves; exteriuil nectaries of the involucre; inner
nectaries of the involucre ; nectaries of (iuatemalan Sea Island cotton ; continued
secretion of nectar; bractlets subtending inner nectaries; efficiency of the
kelep jH-oteetion; other nectar-bearing ])lants visited by the kele])s — The invo-
lucre as a i)rotective structure: Involuernl bracts grown together: ap])ressed
margins of bracts; large involucres of Kekchi cotton; opening, or Haring, of
bracts. avoided ; hairj- margins of involiicral bracts; extent of protection by
involucre; advantage of open involucres — Behavior of parasitized buds:
Shedding of weevil-infested squares; countings of flared and fallen scpiares ;
])roliferati<)n of internal tissues of buds; causes and conditions of bud ])ro-
liferation ; proliferation in other varieties — Protection of the bolls: Persist-
ence of flowers ; immunity of very yoinig bolls ; rapid growth of young bolls ;
thick-walled bolls; toughlinings of chambers of bolls; proliferation from the
wall of the boll ; time required for proliferation ; efficiency of adaptive charac-
ters of bolls; bacterial diseases following weevil injuries; breeding in buds a
derived habit ; relation between proliferation in buds and in bolls — Protecti(m
of seeds by lint: Protective seed arrangement in Kidney cotton — Cultural value
of Kidney cotton — The nature and causes of adaptations — Conscious and uncon-
scious selection — Summary of adaptations: Classification of adajjtations ;
adaptive characters of different types of cotton — Concluding remarks — Descrip-
tion of plates — Index.

No. 89. Wild Medicinal Plants of the United States. By Alice

Henkel, Assistant, Drug-Plant Investigations. 1900. 70

pp. Price, 5 cents.

Contents : Catalogue of common and scientific names of wild medicinal
plants, with descriptions, statements as to geographical distribution, .parts
used, etc.

No. 90. Miscellaneous Papers. * I. The Storage and Germination
of Wild Rice Seed. By J. W. T. Duvel, Assistant. II.
The Crown-Gall and Hairy-Root Diseases of the Apple
Tree. By George G. Hedgcock, Assistant. * III. Pep-
permint. By Alice Henkel, Assistant. IV. The Poison-
ous Action of Johnson Grass. By A. C. Crawford, Phar-
macologist. 1900. 34 pp., 5 pis., 3 figs. Price, 5 cents.

Contents : The storage and germination of wild rice seed : Introduction —
Distribution — Habitat — Germination of the seed — Fall seeding versus spring

101

■36 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

seeding — Directions for storing the seed — Detailed conditions and results of
storage experiments — Packing for transportation — Methods of making gei'-
mination tests — Effect of temperature on germination — Summary — Descrip-
tion of Plates I and II. The crown-gall and hairy-root diseases of the apple
tree : Introduction — Two distinct diseases, crown-gall and hairy-root — Types
of apple crown-gall — Effect upon the length of life of the apple tree — Sugges-
tions to nurserymen — Data desired. Pejipermint : Description — Countries
where grown — Peppermint cultivation in the United States — Cultivation : Con-
ditions injurious to crop — Harvesting and distillation — Description of .still —
Peppermint oil and menthol — Export of peppermint oil — Prices of peppermint
oil. The poisonous action of Johnson grass.

No. 91. Varieties of Tobacco Seed Distributed in 1905-G, with Cul-
tural Directions, l^y A. D. Shaniel and AV. AV. Cobey,
In Charge of Tobacco Breeding Experiments, Laboratory
of Plant Breeding. 190G. 40 pp., 9 pis. Price, a cents.

Contents: Introduction — Description of varieties : Cigar-wrapper tobaccos ;
Sumatra ; Connecticut Havana ; Connecticut Broadleaf ; cigar-filler tobaccos ;
Cuban; Zimmer Spanish; Little Dutch; pipe tobaccos; North Carolina Bright
Yellow; Maryland Smoking; plug tobaccos; White Burley ; Orinoco and
Yellow Mammoth ; Virginia types (Blue Pryor, Sun-Cured, and AYhite Stem) —
Directions for culture: Sumatra tobacco; Connectic\it Havana tobacco; Con-
necticut Broadleaf tobacco; Cuban tobacco; Zimmer Spanish and Little Dutch
tobaccos ; Maryland Smoking tobacco ; Xorth Carolina. Tennessee, and Vir-
ginia tobaccos ; White Burley tobacco — Insect enemies — Directions for saving
seed — How to secure good seed — Description of plates.

* No. 92. Date Varieties and Date Culture in Tunis. By Thomas H.

Kearney, Physiologist, Plant Breeding Investigations.
190G. 112 pp., 10 pis., 52 figs. Price, 25 cents.

Contents : Introduction — Characteristics of the region : Geography ; the
Jerid ; the Nefzaoua ; Gabes ; Gaf sa ; climate ; temperature ; atmospheric
humidity ; precipitation ; irrigation and drainage ; water supply ; irrigation
system ; drainage system ; soils of the Jerid region ; texture ; fertility ;
alkali — Culture of the date palm: Size and value of the gardens; labor and
tenantry system; propagation; preparing the land; planting; irrigating;
manuring; other cultural methods; pollination and male palms; ripening;
harvesting ; preserving- — Varieties of the date palm in Tunis : Descriptions of
the varieties; varieties of jirimary importance; soft dates; dry dates; varie-
ties of secondary importance; dry dates; soft dates; varieties of minor im-
portance ; dry dates ; soft dates ; varieties imported but not included in the
l<ey ; varieties included in the key but not imported ; descriptive key to the
characters of the fruits; synopsis of the groups; key to the varieties — Index —
Description of plates.

* No. 93. The Control of Apple Bitter-Eot. By W. M. Scott,

Pathologist. 1906. 36 pp., 8 pis., 1 fig. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — The disease and its cause : The diseased spots on
the apple ; the bitter-rot fungus ; the mycelium ; summer spores ; ascospores ;
germination of the spores ; bitter-rot cankers on the branches ; source of
infection and spread of the disease ; influencing conditions ; weather ; mois-
ture ; temperature; susceptibility of different varieties — Remedial measures —
The Virginia experiments: The experimental trees; the ]3lan of the experi-
ment; object; spraying scheme; weather conditions attending the experi-
ment; results; beneficial effects of spraying; effect of the treatment on other
diseases; scab; leaf-spot; sooty-blotch; injurious effects of the treatment;
russeting; coating of Bordeaux mixture — Commercial o]ierations: Results in
several orchards — Preparation of Bordeaux mixture — Method of applying
Bordeaux mixture — Conclusions and recommendations — Description of plates.

101

LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. o<

* No. 04. Farm Practice with Forage Crops in "Western Oregon and

Western "Washington. By Byron Hunter, Assistant

Agricuhurist, Farm Management Investigations. 1*.H)C..

39 pp., 4 figs. Price, 10 cents.

Contents: Introduction — Description of the region — Haymaking-: Condi-
tions governing stage at which hay should be cut ; curing hay ; hay caps — The
silo — The nature of leguminous plants — Forage crops: lied clover: methods of
sowing: the seed croi) : alsike clover; common vetch: methods of sowing:
soiling; the hay crop; the seed crop; pearl vetch; field peas; alfalfa;
methods of sowing; inoculation; timothy; the rye-grasses ; orchard grass;
meadow fescue ; velvet grass ; Indian corn ; rape; the seed crop; thousaud-
headedkale: methods of sowing ; feeding; the seed crop ; root crops ; soiling
(green feeding) crops — Seeding timber burns and burnt slashings.

No. 95. A New Type of Red Ck)ver. By Charles J. Brand, Assistant

Physiologist. Laboratory of Plant Life History. 19()(*).

48 pp., 3 pis., '1 figs. Price, 10 cents.

Contents : Introduction — The importance of clover culture — Domestic versus
foreign seed — Objections of European growers to American red clover — Hairy
clover a cause of bloating — Some geueral objections to the growing of clover —
Certain objections ovei'come by new type of clover — Disadvantage of lateness
of maturing under some conditions — Heavy yield of first crop and accruing
advantages — Other ])oints of excellence of hairless clover— Effect of persisting
basal leaves on quality of hay — Lateness of hairless clover with reference to
insect ravages — Effect of lateness of maturing when seed production is de-
sired— Sections particularly suited to the cultivation of the new type — Seed of
new type indistiguishable "from ordinary form — IMans of experiments, origin
of seed, and methods of jirocedure — Sources of Russian clover seed except No.
16 — Source from which Russian seed Xo. 16 was obtained — The soil and cli-
mate of Orel — Purity and germination of seed used in experiments — Detailed
description of experiments : The experiment in Nelaraska ; location ; soil ;
drainage; preparation of land and seeding; general weather conditions during
1904 ; comparison of strains of clover on entering the winter of 1904 ; compari-
son of early growth of certain strains of clover; weather during growing
season of 1905 ; earliness of varieties and order in which they matured ; yield
of the Orel clover compared with other strains; the experiment in South
Dakota; location; soil and drainage; preparation of land, seeding, and sub-
sequent treatment; weather conditions during 1904 and 1905; comparison of
yields ; the experiment in Minnesota ; location, soil, and drainage ; prepara-
tion of land, seeding, and subsequent treatment; weather conditions during
1904 and 1905; comparative condition of different strains of clover in the
spring of 1905; yields of green matter; comparison of clover No. IG with
other strains ; yields of field-cured hay ; order in which the various strains
matured : comparison of yields of field-cured hay ; the experiment in North
Dakota; location, soil, and drainage: preparation of land, seeding, and sub-
sequent treatment: weather conditions during 1904 and 1905; comparison of
yields — Other experiments in which clover No. 16 was included — Description
of new type and name proposed — Later observations — Summary — Description
of plates.

* No. 96. Tobacco Breeding. By A. D. Shamel and "W. W. Cobey,

In Charge of Tobacco Breeding Experiments, Plant

Breeding Investigations. 1907. 71 pp., 10 pis., 14 figs.

Price, 15 cents.

Contents : Introduction — The great variability of tobacco plants — The intro-
duction and acclimatization of varieties — The structure and arrangement of
flowers — The necessity for inbreeding — The improvement of the shape of
leaves — The modification of the size of leaves — The control of the number of
leaves on individual plants — The production of nonsuckering types — The pro-

101

38 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

duction of early varieties — The improvement of the Inirning- quality — The
selection of seed plants : Records of breeding work made in the field ; perma-
nent records of breeding work — Methods of saving seed — Seed separation —
Disease resistance — A new variety produced by seed selection : Uncle Sam
Sumatra — New varieties produced by hybridization and seed selection : The
Cooley Hybrid ; the Brewer Hybrid — Description of plates.

* No. 97. Seeds and Plants Imported During the Period from De-

cember, 1903, to December, 1905. Inventory No. 11;
Nos. 9897 to 16-796. 1907. 255 pp. Price, 30 cents.

Contents : Introductory statement — Inventory of seeds and plants im-
ported— Index of common and scientific names.

No. 98. Soy Bean Varieties. By Carleton R. Ball, Agronomist,

Grain Investigations. 1907. 30 pp., 5 pis. (including 1

in colors), 2 figs. Price, 15 cents.

Contents : Origin and introduction of the soy bean — Variability — Classifica-
tion: Key to the varieties — Descriptions of the varieties: Black-seeded group;
Buckshot ; Nuttall ; Kingston ; Ebony ; Flat King ; Riceland ; brown-seeded
group;- Ogemaw; Eda ; Baird ; Brownie; mottled-seeded group; Hankow;
]\Ieyer ; green-seeded group; Samarow ; Guelph ; greenish-yellow-seeded
group; Yosho ; Haberlandt; Tokyo; yellow-seeded group; Ito San; Man-
hattan ; Butterball ; Amherst ; Hollybrook ; Mammoth — List of synonyms —
Distribution numbers — Description of plates.

* No. 99. A Quick Method for the Determination of Moisture in

Grain. By Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge of the

Seed Laboratory, and J. AV. T. Duvel, Assistant in the

Seed Laboratory. 1907. 24 pp., 12 figs. Price, 5 cents.

Contents : Quality of export corn — Causes of deterioration — The percentage
basis for moisture determinations — Description of a method for the rapid de-
termination of moisture — Preparation of samples for moisture determination :
Taking the bulk sample ; taking the sample for the moisture test ; size of
sample for the moisture test; weighing the sample for' the moisture test;
grinding the grain unnecessary — Oil for the moisture test : Quality required ;
quantity required — Description of the apparatus: The evaporating chamber;
the condenser; the stand supporting the evaporating chamber and condenser;
the distillation flasks; the thermometers; the condenser tul)es; the graduated
cylinders for collecting and measuring the water — Comparison of results with
determinations made in a water oven : Variations in duplicate tests —
Summary.

No. 100. Miscellaneous Papers. * I. Cranberry Spraying P^xperi-
ments in 1905. By C. L. Shear, Pathologist. * II. The
Wrapping of Apple Grafts and Its Relation to the
Crown-Gall Disease. By Hermann von Schrenk, Special
Agent, and George G. Hedgcock, Assistant. III. Gar-
licky AVheat. By J. W. T. Duvel, Assistant. * IV.
Methods of Testing the Burning Quality of Cigar To-
bacco. By Wightman AY. Garner, Scientific Assistant.
* V. The Drug Known as Pinkroot. By ^Y. ^Y. Stock-
berger. Expert. VI. Orchard Grass. By R. A. Oakley,
Assistant Agriculturist. VII. The Effect of Copper

101

LIST AND CONTENTS OF BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 89

upon AVater Hac'toriii. By Karl F. K(>lloriiiaii, Physiol-
ogist, and- T. 1). Peckwith, Scientific Assistant. VIII.
Conditions Aft'ecting Legume Inoculation. Hy Karl F.
Kellernian, Physiologist, and T. II. Robinson, Assistant
Physiologist. 1907. 83 pp., 9 pis,, (> figs. Price, '26
cents.

Contents: Cranljt'rry si)ra_\ing' ex])erinieiits in 1905: Iiitrodiiction — .S|)ray-
irig- and its results — lni[)()rtant'(> of early applications — Ivffects of si)rayinjif
plants wluMi ill full bloom — Keeping- qualities of s]irayefl and unsprayed fruit —
Cost and reeonuiieiulatioiis. The wrapping of apple g-rafts and its relation to
the crown-gall disease: Introduetion — .\eeoiint of exjieriineiits — Manner of
wrapjiing — drafts left iiiiwraiijied — IJesiilts of \vi>'a|)piiig : I*]ft"eet upon the
union ; efl'eet on erowii-gall formation — l{eeomniedations — Suggestions to nurs-
erymen— Summary. Garlicky wheat: I iitro<l notion — Wheat containing gar-
lie- — Experiments in separating- garlic from wheat: Lot A; lot l>;'lot C — The
total cost of drying- and cleaning garlicky wheat: The. net cost of removing
garlic — The effect of the drying on the milling (lualities of the grain — The
effect of the drying on the vitality of the wheat — Machinery i:sed for drying
and cleaning — Summary. Methods of testing the burning c|i:ality of cigar
tobacco: Introduction — The .smoking test — The effects of the filler, the binder,
and the wrapper on the «i)urn of the cigar — Testing the capacity for holding
fire and the evenness of the burn — Testing the burn of cigar-filler tobacco.
The drug known as pinkroot : Introduction — Trade varieties of jiinkroot
Identity of chief substitutes — Minor adulterants — Methods of distinguishing
pinkroot from its substitutes. Orchard grass: Introduction — Meth(Kls of cul-
ture: Seeding; mixtures with red clover; mixtures with other grasses; life
of meadows — Uses and value : llay ; pasture; seed; harvesting the seed crop ;
thrashing; handling the aftergrowth; value of the straw; weeds in orchard
grass seed fields; other grasses in fields intended for seed — Summary. The
effect of copper upon water bacteria : Introduction — Resistance of various
bacteria — Effect of carbon dioxid on viability of Bacilins coli and P>acillus
typhi — Copper sulphate and filtration. Conditions affecting legume inocula-
tion: Introduction — V^e of lime — Effect of soil conditions upon bacteria —
Effect of heavy inoculation — Effect of deration — Associative action of bac-
teria— Summary.

101

L\I)1L\ TO HULLimXS OF THl: BURHAU OF llAXT INDUSTRY

NOS. 1 TO 100. IXCLUSIVIL

Bulletins of which indexes were printed as a part of their contents
are not now indexed with the same fullness as others, the reader beinjj^
referred to the conij)lete indexes to be found in Bulletins Nos. 53, 58,
88, and 9i2; to indexes of plants (mainly <>rasses and forafje plants)
in Bulletins Nos. i), 1-2, IT), 88, 50, ()8, mid 75; to indexes of the com-
mon and scientific names of seeds and plants imported in Bulletins
Nos. 5, (*)(*), and 97, while l^idletins Nos. HCt and 8!) are themselves
al})hai)etical indexes.

Bibliographies coveringthe subjects treated will be found in Bul-
letins Nos. 2, 14, 16, 37, 44, 55, 56, 58, 65, and 79.

Wherever a subject is treated practically throughout an entire
bulletin, the word hulletin follows to indicate this fact. Similarl3\
paper is added to an entry covering a part (advance sheets) of a
bulletin subsequently reprinted in complete form.

A

BuHetin. Page.

Aecidium tuberculatum, rust Q?, 27 2S

Aeration of soil. *SVc Soil.

Africa, Algeria, agricultural explorations, hulletin 80 1-98

Sahara Desert, agriculture without irrigation, hulletin .. 86 1-27

soils, analyses ,.- 1 2")

South, plant introduction notes, jmper 2.') 13-22

Tunis, date varieties and date culture. huUetin 92 1-102

Sec also Algeria, Egypt, Sahara Desert, and Tunis.
Agaricus campestris and other basidioniycetous fungi, germi-
nation of spores, bulletin 16 1-4."?

growing and spawn making, hulletin 85 1-60

Agricultural explorations in Algeria, hulletin 80 1-98

Agriculture in West Indies. Spain, and the Orient, hulletin 27 1-40

without irrigation in the Sahara Desert, bulletin.. 86 ■ 1-30

Agropyron rusts 63 15-17

Agrostis, description of genu.s 68 20-21

species 68 22-55

history of genus 68 15-20

index to species and synonyms 68 61-64

key to species 68 21-22

Mexican species 68 57-59

nomenclature 68 12-14

North American species, bulletin 68 1-68

plates made to show technical details 68 14

species excluded 68 55-57

specimens listed 68 14

taxonomy 68 11-12

101

41

42 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.

Alabama, analyses of soils - 1 18

Alaska, grass lands of Alaska penin.sula and adjacent islands.. 82 12

Kadiak island 82 11-12

Ivenai peninsula 82 13-14

southern coast 82 9-35

Unalaska and neighboring islands 82 12-13

Yakutat plains - 82 14-15

land laws - 82 39-35

peninsula and adjacent islands, description 82 12

south, cattle raising 82 23-25

choice of location for settlement 82 28-29

climate 82 26-27

desirability as a home 82 26-28

fodder plants, native, abundance 82 16-18

forage crops, cultivable 82 19-20

freights and transportation 82 26

fuel - 82 28

garden products 82 27

goat raising 82 21

grass lands, agricultural value 82 16-29

coast, hiillcthi .- 82 1-38

location : 82 11-15

grasses, native, food value 82 18—19

hog raising 82 21

markets available 82 25-26

population - - - 82 25-26

jjrecipitation 82 27

sheep raising : 82 22-23

stock raising 82 21-25

temperature 82 26-27

Alcohol, potato ....'. 87 10

Alfa in Algeria 80 95-98

Alfalfa, effect of treatment with humus and lime..T 100 78-79

fields, cultivation of wheat, jiaiirr 72 5-7

in Algeria 80 79-83

central Texas 13 54-55

Egypt 62 49

NelDra.ska 59 25-31

Northwestern States 31 15-21

Oregon and Washington, western. 94 23-25

inoculation, results 71 46-53

nodule-forming bacteria 94 24-25

Oasis, in central Texas 13 56

sowing, methods 94 23-24

Turkestan, in central Texas 13 55—56

Northwestern States 31 21

Alfilerilla, Arizona .'. 67 53-54

Algae, different forms, effect of various concentrations of cop-
per sulphate 64 15-20

in water supplies, bullet in 64 1-44

76 1-55

effect of copper, paper 100 57-71

.sulphate 64 15-44

76 9-31
38-55

forms resistant to copper sulphate 70 12

identification of troublesome forms.... 76 32-37

key for identification 76 35-37

methods foB preventing bad effects 64 13-28

70 -38-39
Sedgwick-Rafter method of quantita-
tive determination 76 32-35

trouble widely distributed 64 10-13

key for identification 76 35-37

Chlorophycese 76 36-37

101

crops

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 43

Hullotln. I'i.go.

Alifu', kfv for identifii-ation Con Jiifrata- 7(5 ::.")- ?.6

Schi/o|)hvoe5e 7fi 37

killed, cause of bad odor and taste of water 7fi 13

methods of destrovinir or jireventiiif^ frrowth, hiillrtin . iU i -44

70 1-55

Alg-eria. af^riciiltural explorations, Inillctiii ^" . ^~??

• agriculture of the natives "^'> .">2-5")

Arabs SO 52

Kab.vles HO •V2-.-.4

Saharans SO 54-55

al f a 80 95-98

alfalfa 80 79-83

alkali conditions 53 72-99

l)arley 80 75-76

beans, horse 80 83

berseem 80 83

camels 80 89

carob, or St. John's bread 80 84 85

cattle 80 ^ 88

cereals 80 73-77

citrus fruits 80 68-69

clearing? and Icvcliny' the land- 80 48

climate '. 80 lS-29

coast region, crops 80 50-59

htiniidit.v 80 22

irrigation 80 31-36

])recipitation 80 22-24

soils 80 39-40

saline 80 43-45

tenipcnitiin- 80 19-22

topograp-hv 80 14-15

wind ". 80 24-25

cork 80 94-95

corn. Indian 80 77

crop rotation:; 80 40-47

80 55-87

dates 80 69-70

desert region, crops 80 59-60

humidity so 27-28

irrigation 80 36-38

precipitation 80 28-29

soils 80 41-42

saline 80 45-46

topography 80 16-18

donkeys ' 80 S9

economic conditions 80 49-55

fenugreek SO 83

fertilizers - SO 47-48

fiber plants - so 86

figs - -.- 80 67-68

forag? crops SO 77-85

forest products 80 93

forestry - - ■-- 80 90-98

feneral condition:; 80 90-93

fruits ;. SO 60-71

fuel SO 93

goats -- 80 90

grapes 80 60-64

high plateau or steppe region, climate 80 25

crops 80 59

irrigation SO 36

soils .-- 80 41

topography - 80 15-16

historical and political conditions 80 49-50

horses - 80 88-89

101

44 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.

Algeria, Indian fig 80 85

irrigation 80 29-38

labor on farni.s 80 50-51

land values 80 50

live stock - -- 80 87-90

mules 80 89

oats 80 76

olives 80 64-66

orchard crops, miscellaneous - 80 70-71

palm, dwarf 80 98

perfume plants 80 86-87

plowing - - 80 48-49

preparation of the land, methods 80 48-49

sheep - : 80 89-90

soil management 80 46-48

sorghinn SO 76-77

sulla 80 83

tan bark 80 95

timber 80 93

tobacco 80 85-86

. truck crops • 80 71-73

vetches 80 83-84

Avheat :. 80 74-75

.\lgerian durum wheats, li.'^t, with descriptions. huJlrtiii 7 1''48

Alkali conditions, Arizona 53 99-101

California 53 101-114

Sahara 53 72-99

Salton Basin 53 101-114

in soils in the Jerid, Tunis 92 36-41

salts, physiological role 45 28-35

Almond, gummosis 26 13

Almonds, Jordan 26 10-13

Spanish, hiiUctiii 26 1-16

introduction into America 26 13-14

planting and culture 26 12-13

varieties 26 10-12

Alsine graminea, description of seeds 84 33

American, North, species of Agrostis. hidlrtiii 68 1-68

Pomological Society, code of nomenclature 56 11-12

varieties of lettuce', biiUetin 69 1-103

peppers, bulletin 6 1-19

vegetables, biiUetin 21 1-402

Ax^ple, bitter-rot, cause 93 8-15

control, bulletin 93 1-36

experiments in controlling disease in Vir-
ginia 93 17-28

remedial measures 93 15-17

cold storage, cidtnral conditions of fruit 48 34-35

experiments, htiUrtiii 48 1-66

influence on ajjple industry 48 9-10

variety catalogue 48 36-62

crown-gall, relation of wrapping grafts, paper 100 1.3-20

types 90 16

grafts, wrapping, relation to crown-gall, paiivr 100 13-20

index to American literature 56 375-383

leaf-spot, effect of Bordeaux mixture 93 27

nomenclature, bulletin 56 1-395

authors and publications quoted 56 12-20

scab, effect of Bordeaux mixture 93 26-27

scald, influence of delaved storage 48 30-31

maturity of fruit 48 27-29

temperatures 48 29-30

wrapper 48 31

101

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 45

Bulletin. ^ Page.

Apple, scald, na' jre -^8 27

treatment to prevent 48 32-33

varieties most susceptible 48 31-32

sooty-blotch, effect of Bordeaux mixture 93 27

trees, diseases, crown-gall and hairy-root 90 15-17

effect of diseases on life 90 16

varieties, catalogue 56 21-374

Annies, bitter-rot, huUctin 44 1-54

cankers 44 29-32

relation to disease 44 32-36

description 44 15-19

distribution 44 15-19

fungus, conidia 44 21-25

life history 44 19-21

name -" 44 25-29

historical account 44 11-12

literature 44 46-51

remedial measures 44 38^4

spread 44 36-38

keeping (|ualitv. effect of cultural conditions 48 23-24

delav in storage 48 19-21

maturity of fruit 48 16-19

package 48 24-25

removal from storage 48 25-26

temperature 48 21—22

wrapper 48 22—23

varieties in cold storage, comparison.. 48 33-34

variety catalogue of stored fruit 48 36-62

Arizona, alkali conditions 53 99-101

• date palm suitable .''. 53 126-133

experiment station, cooiierative experiments. huUet'iii.. 4 1-31

67 1-62

grasses and forage plant.; 67 9-62

range improvement, huUciUi 4 1-31

67 1-62

investigations, Jtitllrliii 4 1-31

67 1-62

ranges, alfilerilla 67 53-54

annual plants 67 54-56

browse plants 67 56-57

brush 67 19-21

cactacese - 4 19-20

clovers 67 52-53

feed 4 14-23

67 46-57

production on large experimental tract.. 67 24-32

forage plants 67 21-24

former conditions 4 10-14

grasses --- 4 20-23

67 •!6-56

hay crops - 67 5'7-58

itinerary of explorations 67 9-10

• large inclosure for experiments... 67 16-32

legumes 4 18-19

live stock, carrying capacity 67 32-34.

plants injuring 67 59-60

pigweed family - 67 "50-52

plantains 67 15-17

plants found growing 67 24-32

injurious to stock 67 59-60

poisonous 67 59

prairie dogs 67 46

precipitation records 4 30

67 41-44

101

46 BULLETINS OF THE BUKEAU OF PLANT INDLfSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.
Arizona, ranges, questions and answers reg-arding- grazing-

conditions 4 10-14

saltbnshes and their allies 4 17-18

seed planted in experiinental tracts 4 25-28

soil 67 18-19

erosion '>7 44-46

sng-gestions for improvement G7 30-31

timber 67 19-21

tracts reserved for exj) niments 4 23-30

67 10-32

weeds 67 58-59

seasons : 67 38-44

soil 67 18-19

Artichoke, varieties 21 15-16

Arundinaria hindsii 43 32

var. graniinea -. 43 33

japonica 43 31

simoni 43 32

A.sh. di.seased wood, description : 32 11-12

14-17

susceptibility to disease 32 11

white, disease caused by Pohqjorus fraxinophihis, ?>w?7e#in.. 32 1-20

Asparag-ns, varieties 21 16-18

Australia, soils, analyses.... 1 25

wattle cultivation 51 21-25

Avocado, a salad fruit from the Tropics, bulletin 77 1-52

bearing- age of tree 77 36

botanical aflRnities - 77 17-18

budded trees superior 61 21

climatic requirements 77 28-29

cultivation 61 20

77 29

culture 77 27-33

description 77 15-17

diseases 61 32—33

77 33-34

distribution and time of blooming 61 13-15

fertilizers 61 20-21

forms and varieties 61 28-31

friut, analyses 77 46-47

cost of production 77 48

description 61 27-28

eating, methods 77 44-46

edible portion 61 27-28

flavor, impi'ovement bv selection desirable 77 32

food value ' - - 77 46-47

grading and sorting 61 24—25

harvesting ! 77 37-40

ideal 61 31

improvements desired 77 29-33

marketing 61 23-26

77 41-44

packing >61 25-26

77 38-40

picking- '. 61 23

time 77 37

method 77 37-38

seed and seed cavity 61 28

shipping -'. 77 38-40

size desired 77 33

storage, cold 77 40-41

texture, improvement desired 77 32

uniformity desirable 77 30

uses — ., 61 31-32

101

INDEX TU BULLETINS 1 TO 100.

47

UulU-tiu. I'ago.

,. 77 15

20-27
25-26
26

Avotiulo, geoj^raphit-al distribution

types ll

Costa Kica ' '

Cuba 77

r.uatenmla 77 21-2.5

Hawaii 77 26-27

Mexico 77 24-25

Porto Rico 77

history, early records, origin, names, etc 77

ideal __ „^

in California - ; ■ ' '

<|ualities, improvement desired 77 .J"

23-24
10-15
61 31

Florida. huUctin ^'l

status 77

77
Hawaii ' '

Porto Kico 77

West Indies, not native 77

1-36

status 77 35-36

■i.>

34-35

14

life of tree 77 ^^36

l^*^'"^*"^^ 61 29-30

^'*'^'^^" ■ 61 10-11

"ame "

names, common '' 16-18

nursery \

on-hard, methods of starting 61 i^jji

origin and history 77 10-la

propagation, asexual '' 27

by seed 77

resistance to cold desirable ■' ■■ 77 -..^^u

season, extension desirable " '"' ■"

seed bed ^ „-

reduction of size desirable 77 9i_9o

seedling trees, variation in fruit 61 21 ^3

shape of tree ^1, f

soil requirements ' ' if,_on

top-working trees "'

transplanting to the field "1 ^^_^^

varieties J

West Indian— South American" 61 ;^"

wind brealis and shade trees, suitabil ty 61 15

yield, increase desirable 77 36 37

B

Bacilli, resistance to copper - ■ ■ ^^y , „ Z- ^Ta ^^~lt

Bacillus aroideae, bacterium of soft rot of calla lily, bulletin.. 60 1-47

effect of carbon dioxid 60 3< 38

different temperatures 60 33-35

diffused light 60 36

direct sunlight - 60 36

hydrogen 60 38

nitrogen 60 ■ 36-37

on lead acetate 60 31-32

formation of gas 60 2_on

growth in nutrient media 60 16 30

nitrates reduced to nitrites 60 32

thermal death ])oint - 60 «,_rq

coli, effect of carbon dioxid 100 64 69

copper - 64 28-34, 38

* ^ 76 38-47

typhi, effect of copper - - 64 28-34^7

51-5.5

carbon dioxid - 100 64-69

Bacteria, alfalfa - r^J

leerume inocculation '"^

" 1 C\f\

24-25

13-14

100 73-83

2739— No. 101—07-

48 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

liulletin. Page.

Bacteria, legumes, soil inocculation, huUetin 71 1-72

nitrogen-gathering, cultures, commercial production.. 72 23-24

cost 72 25-26

directions for using 73 26-27

inoculation 72 29-30

keeping for future use.. 72 27-28

methods of increasing .. 72 26

effect of acids and alkalis 71 29-30

light, heat, and air 71 28-29

moi.sture 71 30-31

nitrates 71 30

methods of cultivation 71 27-28

using liquid cul-
tures 71 38-39

72 26-27

nature of organi.sm 71 22-25

results of inoculation 71 43-71

symbiosis or parasitism 71 35

Hec alfio Nitrogen.

pathogenic, effect of copper 64 28-44

76 38-47
51-55
.sterilization of water with copper sul-
phate 6+ 28-38

76 38-44

Albuquerque, N. Mex 76 39-40

Anderson. Ind 76 44-47

Columbus. Ohio 76 39-40

sterilization of water with metallic

copper 76 40-43.

sterilization of water with metallic

copper. Philadelphia, Pa 76 41-42

soil, associative action 100 82-83

contaminating forms 100 82-83

effect of lime 100 74-76

soil conditions 100 76-79

inoculation for legumes, buUrtin 71 1-72

])(iper 72 23-30

results and reports.. 71 43-71

See also Soil inoculation.

soft rot of calla lily. huUetin 60 1-47

water, effect of copper, paper 100 57-71

resi-stance to copper 100 59-64

See a /.so Copper.
B.\LL. Carleton Roy, bulletin entitled " John.son grass : Re-
port o f investiga-
tions made during

the season of 1001"-. 11 1-24

"Soy bean varieties".. 98 1-30

Bamboos, Japanese, bulletin 43 1-36

characters 43 14-16

edible, culture 43 24-25

general considerations 43 10-14

groves, management 43 21-23

location and soil conditions 43 19-20

profits of culture 43 23-24

propagation 43 16-19

species .— 43 25-34

Bambusa palmata 43 33

quadrangularis 43 33-34

veitchii 43 33

vulgaris 43 34

Barley in Algeria 80 75-76

Egypt ' 62 51-54

Barnyard grass in central Texas 13 37-38

101

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 T(1 100. 49

Hulletin. TaK''

24-30
20 -Xi

Beach grass on Cape Cod 6")

Bean, bush, green-podded, varieties 21

Lima, varieties 21 19-20

wax-podded, varieties : 21 44-53

Metcalf. in eentral Texas 13 62

mung, nodules ])rodueed by inoculation 100 80-81

pole Lima, varieties 21 j}''^'^

varieties : 21 .53-41

soy, in central Texas 13 62-63

varieties, hidlrtin 98 1-30

velvet, in central Texas 13 64

Beans, horse, in Algeria 80 83

in Egypt 62 54-55

residts of inoculation 71 65-67

soy, black-seeded group 98 12-17

brown-seeded group 98 17-19

classification 98 9-12

descriptions of varieties 98 12-27

distril)ution numbers 98 27-28

green-seeded group 98 20-21

greenish-yel low-seeded group 98 21-2:>

inoculation 100 77

key to varieties 98 1 1 12

mottled-seeded group 98 19-20

origin and introduction 98 7-8

results of inoculation 71 67-68

synon^'ms 98 27

variability 98 8-9

varieties, Amherst 98 25

Baird 98 18-^19

Brownie 98 19

Buckshf)t 98 12-14

Butterball 98 24-25

Ebonv 98 15-16

Eda ■; : 98 18

Flat King 98 16

Guelph 98 20-21

Haberlandt 98 22

Hankow 98 19-20

Hollvbrook 98 25-26

Ito San 98 23-24

Kingston 98 15

Mammoth 98 26-27

Manhattan 98 24

Meyer 98 20

Nuttall 98 14-15

Ogemaw 98 17-18

Riceland 98 16-17

Samarovv 98 20

Tokvo - 98 ,22-23

Yosho - 98 21-22

yellow-seeded group 98 23-27

velvet, results of inoculation 71 70

Beckwith, Theodore Day, and Kellerman, Karl Frederic.

paper entitled "The effect of copper upon water bacteria".... 100 57-71

Beet, garden, varieties - 21 53-65

sugar, and mangel-wurzel, varieties 21 6.5-74

flowers, arrangement 73 19

description 73 12-14

pollination 73 19-21

in Egypt 62 45-46

Kleinwanzleben 25 68-69

single-germ seed, development, hulletin 73 1-26

progress In 1904.... 73 18-22

101 -

56-57
30-31

50 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.

Beet, sugar, single-germ seed, experiments in Utah 73 18

Washington.

D. C 73 16

gatherinf^- 73 21

germination and vitality 73 15-16

proportion developed 73 21-22

seed beets in 1903 73 16-17

p 1 a n t i n g a n d

growth in 1904 73 18-19

selection 73 15

Beggarweed, Florida, in central Texas 13

Belgium, potato varieties 87

Bentley, Henry Lewis, bulletin entitled "Experiments in

range improvement in central Texas" 13 1-72

Bermuda grass in central Texas 13 38

Berseem, the great forage and soiling crop of the Nile Valley.

buUetin - 23 1-20

growth in Egypt 62 20.46-49

history 23 9-11

in Algeria 80 83

inoculation, results 71 70

uses 23 11-13

17-19

varieties 23 13-17

Beryllium salts in place of magnesium salts 45 60-63

Bessey, Ernst Athearn. bulletin entitled " Seeds nnd plants

imported * * * Inventory No. 9 " ■") 1-79

Bibliography of specific subject treated in bulletin 2 87-92

14 67-70

16 39-40

37 38

44 . 46-51

55 61-62

56 375-383
58 90-92
65 36
79 47-48

Biskra. Algeria, alkali conditions , 53 76-78

Bitter-rot of apple, buUetin..... 44 1-54

control. hu-UeUn 93 1-36

Black Hills Forest Reserve, "bluing" and " red -rot " of west-
ern yellow pine, bulletin - 36 1-40

Blackleg of potatoes 87 17-18

Black-rot, inoculation of turnips, experiments 29 10-19

methods employed 29 12

symjitoms'resulting 29 13

technique employed 29 13-15

turnips, effect. huUeiin ".. - 29 1-20

Black stem rust of Agropyron and Elymus 63 15-16

Agrostis 63 17—18

Hlepharo|)last in Zamia a centrosome ? 2 70-81

Blood and leaf, relation between coloring matter 45 21

Bluegrass, annual, growing and handling 84 14

Canada, characters - 84 23, 25

27, 28

description - 84 24-25

growing and handling 84 13

in south Alaska 82 17

Kentucky, characters - 84 23. 25. 27

description 84 22-23

distriliutioh - 19 7

growing and handling 84 12-13

in Nebraska 59 35-36

Northwestern States 31 24

101 •

INDFA' TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 51

Bulletin. Page.

Bliie^rass, Kentucky, seed, hiillctin 19 1-19

adultiTation 19 "^

curing 19 12-14, 19

harvesting? 19 9' 1^-12

quality required 19

source of supply 19

7-8
8-9

19 11-12

15-18

strippers used

vitality 19

yield 19 9-10

Texas, description *^4 28-29

growiui? aufi handling 84 ^ 14

in central Texas l-i 51-52

Bluegrasses, seeds, bullrtiii.... - ^^4 . ^~oq

Bluestem, big, in Nebra.ska ■ "'Q "1^" ^

Bhiestenis in central Texas - 1^5 :59, 46

Bluetop in south .Maska - •'^2 16

"Bluing" and "red-rot" of western yellow p'me,'hilHrtin :{6 1-40

Boll-weevil-resistant cotton plants, huUctin SS 1-87

selective influence ^^^ 10-11

Bordeaux mixture, eflfect on apple diseases 9!! ^^"^^

for cranberry di.scase.s, pa iter KH) 7-12

injui-y to ajijjles by coating '•':'> _ 28

russeting 9^5 27-28

methods of ap])lying 93 32

preparing 93 31-32

Brand, Charles John, bulletin entitled ".V new type of red

clover" 95 1-48

Bread, diirum wheat, baking experiments 70 '^'^^^.''

chemical and baking tests, remarks 70 60-65

study JO •'56-44

experiments of individuals 70 31-34

reports on tests 70 49-60

suitability •! 44-4:^

use in France •• 45

macaroni wheat -^ 44-4;>

70 34-65
20-39

66-67

20

74-75

22-23

Breeding potatoes for disease resistance :. 87

tobacco, huUctin 9fl _1~T^

Brewer Hybrid tobacco '•'*'

British Columbia, analyses of soils 1

Broccoli, varieties ~1

Brome-grass, awnless jl

in Nebraska 59 23-25

smooth, in central Texas 13 50

western, in Nebraska 59 40

Brown, Edgar, paper entitled "Legal and cu.stomary weights

per bushel of seeds" 51 27-34

"The germination, growing,
handling, and adulteration

of bluegrass seeds" 84 ■ 9-14

and BuvEL. Joseph William Tell, bulletin en-
titled "A quick method for the deter-
mination of moisture in grain" 99 1-24

Pieters, Adrian John, bulletin entitled
"Kentucky bluegrass seed : Harvest-
ing, curing, and cleaning" 19 * 1-19

RcoFiELD, Carl Schurz, bulletin entitled
"Wild rice : Its uses and propaga-
tion" 50 1-24

Brush, Arizona - ■ ^" i^^^

Brussels sprouts, varieties 21 (.)-76

Buckhorn seeds, description 84 35

Budding the fig, loquat. and mango 46 8-19

pecan, bulletin 30 1-20

101

52 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.

Buffalo grass in central Texas 13 39

Nebraska 59 40

Bulbs, directions for planting 25 47

Buried seeds, vitality experiments, bulletin 83 1-20

Burma, Lower, agricultural conditions 35 35

Burnet, varieties 21 ib

Burning quality of cigar tobacco, methods of testing. ita})ci-.... 100 31-40

Burnt slashings in western Oregon and Washington, .seeding.. 94 39

c

Cabbage, varieties 21 76-103

Cacti, economic, distribution in United States 74 11-12

miscellaneous uses 74 40-41

species of value as forage 74 37-38

prickly pear, etc., as food for live stock, bulletin 74 1-48

Calcium .salts, effect on plants.. 1 3-"^~

physiological role - - 45 35-70

replaced by strontium 45 46-49

California, alkali conditions 53 101-121

avocado growing 77 36

date palm suitable 53 122-125

interior valley, description 31 13

northeastern, forage conditions, bulletin 38 1-52

northwestern, agricultural subdivisions 12 11-13

bottom lands 12 54-56

chaparral 12 31-32

climatology' 12 14-15

coast-bluff belt 12 49-62

fodder crops 12 64-73

fungous parasites 12 74-76

grasses, forage crops, etc., index.... 12 79-81

interior plateau region 12 16-49

itinerary of investigations 12 15-16

mesa lands 12 50-52

mountain valleys 12 16-24

open, summer, or annual ranges 12 25-27

physical features 12 11-15

phytographic notes 12 76-77

poisonous plants 12 73-74

prairies 12 27-28

52-54

range conditions 12 16-63

deterioration 12 38-43

improvement 12 48-49

preservation 12 43-46

renewal 12 46-48

rotation and management... 12 33-34

soils 12 17-18

25, 55

redwood belt 12 62-63

sand dunes 12 .58-62

stock ranges, bulletin 12 1-81

subalpine meadows 12 32-33

topography 12 13-14

• upland ranges 12 24-25

woodland or winter range 12 28-31

temperatures 85 ^ 51

See also Salton Basin.

Calla lily, .soft rot. bulletin 60 1-47

Camels in Algeria 80 89

Camomile, scentless, description of seeds 84 34

Canada thi.stle, description of seeds 84 33-34

Canary grass, reed, in Nebraska 59 41

101

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 53

Bulletin. Page.

Cape Cod sand dunes, reclamation, bulletin 65 1-38

of Good Hope, seedlintj- ^rape varieties 25 14-16

Carbon dioxid. effect on liacilius coli and l?acilhis typhi 100 64-69

Cardoon. varieties 21 104

Caki^ton, Mark Alfred, bulletin entitled "Investigations of

rusts" G:{ 1-32

"Macaroni wheats" 3 1-62
and CiiAMBERi.Aix. .Joseph ScrnnER
bulletin entitled "The commercial

status of durum wheat" ~<' l-'^'O

Carnallit, action on crops I 12

Carob in Algeria SO ^t~^^

Carrots in western Oregon and Washington 04 35-37

varieties .': 21 104-116

Cascade Mountains, farm practice in territory to the west,

bulletin i'l 1-55)

Castilla and trumpet tree, comparison 49 29

botanical stndv 49 18-31

culture : 49 48-62

clean cultivation 49 56

clearing land 49 55-56

distance between trees 49 54-55

profits and prospects 49 76-84

propagation from cuttings 49 59-60

seed beds and nurseries 49 58-59

seeds, handling 49 56 58

shade 49 48-54

description 49 19-23

habits in wild state 49 28-29

Hooker's monograph 49 23-24

in Costa Rica 1« 24-25

43-44

Guatemala 49 25-28

India ' 49 45

Mexico - 49 25-28

Nicaragua - 49 43

latex extraction 49 62-69

not a forest tree 49 30-31

on Isthmus of Panama , 49 44

Porto Rico, suitability 49 17

productiveness 49 74-76

rubber culture, status - 49 13-18

industrj% extent 49 16

shade tree 49 60-62

species and varieties 49 23-27

tapping 49 62-68

versus Hevea 49 14

Cattle, fattening and maintaining on prickly pear 74 24-29

in Algeria 80 88

raising in South Alaska 82 23-25

Cauliflower, varieties - - - 21 116-123

Celeriac, varieties 21 123-124

Celery, varieties — 21 124-132

Cell, central, in Zamia 2 39-48

fecundated egg in Zamia - - 2 69-70

Cells, evolution ' - - 81 9-26

Cellular structures, evolution, huUetin 81 1-26

Central American rubber tree, culture, bulletin 49 1-86

Centrosome in Zamia 2 70-81

Cereals in Algeria 80 73-77

<S'ep also Corn. Oats, Sorghum, and Wheat.

Ceylon, agricultural conditions 35

Chamberlain, Joseph Scudder, and Carleton, Mark Alfred,

bulletin entitled " The commercial status of durum wheat " 70 , 1-70

Cheat in Northwestern States 31 25

101

21-2S

54

BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin.

Chegga, Algeria, alkali conditions 53

Chervil, varieties 21

Chess and rescue grass, seeds, paper 25

Chestmit tree, lime and magnesia content 1

Chick-peas in central Texas 13

Egypt 63

Chickweed, common, description of seeds 84

mouse-ear, description of seeds 84

Chicory, varieties 21

China, agricultural conditions - 27

35

rice, cultivation 35

hulling and milling 35

Chives, varieties 21

Chlorids. absorption by aquatic plants -- 45

beneficial and injurious action 45

Chloris rust 63

Cholera, Asiatic, effect of copper 64

76

Chufas, varieties 21

Cigar tobacco, methods of testing the burning quality, paper.. 100
Circulars, congressional seed and plant distribution. 1902-

1903 : : 25

Citrus fruits in Algeria 80

and trees, diseases, hidletiii 52

remedial measure's 25

varieties attacked .- 52

Clover, alsike, in central Texas 13

western Oregon and Wa.shington 94

bur, in central Texas 13

crimson, resiilts of inoculation 71

culture, importance 95

Egyptian, berseem, huUetin 23

mammoth, in central Texas 13

red, hairless Orel, description and name proposed 95

experiments 95

insect injuries 95

lateness of maturing 95

persisting basal leaves 95

plans of experiments 95

points of excellence _ 95

sections suited to growth 95

seed, germination 95

indistinguishable from ordi-

nai\v form 95

production 95

purity 95

used in experiments, origin 95

source from which obtained 95

of other Russian seed 95

yield 95

hairy, cause of bloating 95

in central Texas 13

western Oregon and Washington 94

inoculation 71

100

methods of sowing 94

mixtures with orchard grass 100

new type, hullrthi 95

objections of European growers to American

clover 95

to growing 95

overcome by new type 95

101

Page.

84-88

132

5-8

30

61-62

61

32-33

32

133

22-27

37-40

39

39-40

133

26

25-26

18

34-36

51-54

133

31-40

23-82

68-69

1-22

17-19

11

57

17-18

57-58

69

10

1-20

58

41^2

17-18

22-41

42-44

15-16

13, 15, 16

14-15

17-18

13-14

16

21-22

16-17

16

21-22

17-18

19

18-19

13

12

58-59

14-17

53-57

77

15-16

47-48

1-48

11

12
12-13

1-40

26

100-104

1-66

1-28

1 :>.:!- 1;{4

1-31

16

;(-20

<)-10

10 11

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 To lUO. 55

I'.uUetin. IMge.

Clover, refl, Russian, hiiUrtiii •'•"» '~48

in central Texas , !•'• 59

seed croi) ^"^ ^'

domestic versus foreign '^'> _ 1 '

.sown with wheat, oats, or rape 9-i V'~\^

sweet, in central 'IVxas Iji .)0-60

white, in central Texas 1-' _ ^P

Clovers in .\rizona - 67 ..2-53

Nebraska 5^ ^4-3d

Nevada and Oreoon 15 45-46

Northwestern States '-^^ 23-24

Texas, central 1- ^^ <^*^

CoBEV, Wii.i.i.\M Wii.KUKi). and Shamki,. ,\rciiibai.i> Dixon, bul-
letin entitled —

"Tobacco brecdinj,^" ^f* 1-71

"Varieties of tobacco seed distributed in 190.5-6. with

cultural directions" 91

Cocklebur rust • 2"^

Cold, effect on yield of wheat "8

storage, apple, hiiUetin -18

pear and peach, bidlrtiii 40

Collards, varieties '-^

Collection of economic and other fungi for distribution, hid-

letin • ^

CoUetotrichum o-loeosporioides, description 52

diseases caused 52

distribution 52

method of attack 52

Collins, Gity N., bulletin entitled "The avocado, a salad fruit

from the Tropics " 77 1-.52

" The mango in Porto

Rico" 28 1-38

Colorado grass in central Texas 13 39-40

Columbia. -Mo., experiments in mu.shroom growing 8."> 39-48

Commercial grading of corn. huUet'iu 41 1-24

status of durum wheat, huUetin - 70 1-70

Community demonsti'ation farm at Terrell, Tex.. iKtitrr 51 9-14

^ corn 51 13-14

cotton 51 12-13

description.. 51 11
fertilizers

u.sed 51 11-12

methods

employed 51 10-11
results
a c c o m -

plished... 51 10

Compost for mushroom growing 85 33-36

Condenser tubes used in moisture determinations of grain 99 20

used in moisture determinations of grain 99 18-19

Conditions affecting legume inoculation, i)Ui)er 100 73-83

Cong-ressional seed and iilant distribution, allotment and jjlan.. 25 2.3-26

circulars, 1902-1903.. 25 23-82

Control of apple bitter-rot, bulletin 93 1-36

Cook, Okator Fuller, bulletin entitled " The culture of the

Central American

rubber tree" 49 1-86

" Weevil -resisting
adaptations of the

cotton plant" 88 1-87

and Swingle, Walter Tennyson, bul-
letin entitled " Evolution of cellu-
lar structures " 81 1-26

Cooley Hybrid tobacco - 96 64-66

Copper as an algicide and disinfectant in water supplies, hiil-

Ictin 76 1-55

colloidal solutions 64 36-39

101

56 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Pago.

Copper, effect upon cholera germs 64 34-36, 39

paracolon 64 38

paratyphoid - 64 39

pathogenic bacteria 64 28-38

76 38-54

typhoid gv^rnis 64 28—34

37-39

76 38-54

water bacteria, ixipcr 100 57-71

metallic, for sterilizing water 76 40-43

resistance of various water bacteria 100 59-64

sulphate and filtration 100 69-71

comparison with other disinfectants 64 36

cost of treatment - 64 43

difference in toxicity in laboratory and field

conditions 76 9-10

effect on alga?.. 64 15-20

26-28

76 9-31

38-55

animal life 64 20-21

fish 64 20

76 11-12

man 64 21-25

76 48-54

for water supplies, hiillrtin 64 1-44

76 1-55
assistance of Department

of Agriculture 64 42

effect of treatment, re-
ports 76 13-31

Baltimore, Md.... 76 14-15
Bond Hill. Cin-
cinnati. Ohio - 76 15

Butte. Mont 76 15-17

Cambridge. N.Y.. 76 17-18

Elmira. N. Y 76 18-19

Fieldhome. N. Y.. 76 19
Glencove, L. I.,

N. Y 76 19-20

Greenwich,

Conn 76 20

Hanover. N. H.... 76 20-22

Hanover. Pa 76 22

Ivorydale. Ohio.. 76 22
Johnson Creek.

Wis 76 22

Middletown.N.Y.. 76 ' 22-24

Millersburg, Pa.. 76 25

Moncton. N. B.... 76 25-26

New York. N. Y . 76 26

Newtown. Pa 76 26-27

Oberlin. Ohio 76 27

Passaic, N. J 76 28

Port Deposit.

Md 76 28

Ehinebeck, N. Y.. 76 28

Scarboro. N. Y.. 76 28-29

Springfield. Ill .. 76 29

Waltham. :Mass.. 76 29
^Yater Mill, L. I..

N. Y 76 29-30

Wellsboro. Pa .... 76 30

Winchester, Ky.. 76 30-31
Winnebago City,

Minn 76 31

101

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO IW. 57

Bulletin. Page.

Copper sulphate for water supplies, effects G4 lo-44

70 9-31
38-5.-)

eradication of algse 64 26-27

76 9-31

filtration lU'cessarv 64 41-42

76 4.1-44
knowledg-e of jjoUutiiif?

orijauism iiccessarv ... 64 40-41

76 31-32

method of ajjplieation 64 2.5-26

7() 38

opinions of toxicolog^ists . 76 48-51
quantity necessary to

eradii-ate aXgiv ...'. 64 15-20

76 12
sterilizlnj^' bacteria-pol-
luted water 76 38-40

te.sts of method 64 26-2S

76 13-31

objections to use 76 48

use in filters 76 43-44

medicine 64 42

76 51-54

sewage disposal 76 43

See also Bacteria.

Cork in Algeria SO 94-95

Corn, apparatus for measuring elements 41 16-17

causes of deterioration in transit or storage 99 7-8

classes and grades 41 18-20

deterioration 41 20-23

determination of elements 41 17-18

elements essential in grading 41 15-16

export, quality 99 7

field, varieties' » 21 134-149

grades 41 18-20

local and special 41 22-23

grading, commercial, bulletin 41 1-24

in Algeria 80 77

Egypt 62 49-51

Nebraska 59 48-49

Oregon and Washington, western 94 29-30

inspection 41 10

certificates 41 20

parasite, rooi-bloeni 2.") 18-20

pop, varieties 21 149-151

quick method of determining moisture, bulletin 99 1-24

salad, varieties 21 165

sweet, varieties 21 151-164

water content 99 7-24

Co.sta Rica, avocados 77 25-26

Castilla species 49 24-25

Cotton, Allen Improved 25 52-53

Excelsior 25 51

Griffin 25 53-55

Guatemalan varieties - 88 7-74

in Egypt, cultivation ^ 62 16-42

distance between beds .,. 62 20-22

exports ! 62 42

fertilizing 62 26-33

irrigating 62 23-26

manuring .• 62 26-33

marketing 62 39-41

picking 62 39

planting 62 22-23

101

58 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.

Cotton, in Egypt, plowing- 62 18-20

seefl exports 62 42

selection 62 38-39

sowing' 62 23

varieties 62 33-38

Abbasi 62 36-37

Ashmonni 62 34

Jannovitch 62 37-38

Mit Afifi 62 35-36

watering 62 23-26

John Storrs, bulletin entitled "Rang-e management

in the State of Washington" 75 1-28

Jones Improved 25 49-50

Kekehi, dwarf habit, etc -88 11-28

involucres, etc 88 39-42

l)rotection of bolls 88 51-65

Kidney, cultural value 88 67

seed arrangement 88 66-67

King - 25 51-52

long-staple Upland varieties 25 56-57

Parker 25 50-51

plant, buds, proliferation 88 46-51

58-61

conscious and unconscious selection 88 70-72

exti-afloral nectaries 88 28-37

involucre as a protective structure 88 37-43

nature and causes of weevil-resisting adapta-
tions 88 67-70

parasitized buds, behavior 88 43-51

protection of bolls 88 51-65

protective characters 88 11-28

seeds, protection by lint 88 65-67

weevil-resisting adaptations, bulletin 88 1-87

Rivers 25 55. 59-63

directions for ^jlanting and picking 25 61-62

history 25 59-61

Seabrook 25 55

Sea Island No. 224 25 64-65

varieties 25 55, 57

seed, distribution in 1903 25 47

pure, how to grow 25 58

short-staple Upland varieties 25 56

top grass in central Texas 13 40

wilt, control 25 61

description 25 61

Cottonwood rusts 63 18-19

Cow])ea. diseases , 25 67-68

in Nebraska 59 47-48

Iron, circular containing description, etc 25 65-68

characters 25 66

directions for planting 25 66

history 25 65-66

root-knot ..1 25 67-68

description 17 23-24

resistant variety 17 31-35

some diseases, bulletin 17 1-38

wilt, cause 17 10-12

description of disease 17 J)-10

fungus 17 11

distribution 17 13

infection and spread 17 11-12

loss 17 13-15

preventive measures 17 15-20

experiments 17 16-20

rotation of crops 17 J3

101

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 59

Bulletin. Page.

Covvpea, wilt, preventive inea.siires, sLibstitutiou of crops 17 15-16

relation to other diseases 17 12

Cowiieas in central 'IVxas 13 60-61

results of inoculation 71 .")S-61

Cows fed on prickly pear, milk jiroduction 74 20-24

milch, experiments with silage alone 82 20-21

Crab-grass in central Texas 13 41

Cranberries in full bloom, effect of spraying 100 10

keeping qualities of sprayed and xmsprayed fruit.. 100 10-11

Cranberry spraying experiments in 190.>. ixipcr 100 7-12

Crawfoui), .Vi.bert Cornelius, paper entitled "The poisonous

action of Johnson grass" -'0 31-34

Cress beds, eradication of algip fi4 26-27

70 48

varieties 2 1 1 fiG-lv"!?

Cross-pollination, methods ■"> 20-21

Crown-g-all and hairy-root diseases of the apple tree, paper.... 00 15-17

formation, effect of wrapping 100 18

relation of wrapi)ing of apple grafts, paper 100 13-20

Cuba. a\<)cados •- 77 26

Cuban-grown tobacco, supply '. OO 13-14

Cucumber, varieties 2 1 1 67-182

Cultivated forage crops of the North we.'^tern States, hulletin.. ' 31 1-28

Cultivation of the Australian wattle, paper 51 21-25

wheat in i)ermaiuMit alfalfa fields, paper 72 5-7

Cultural directions, tobacco 91 15-34

Culture of the Central American rubber tree, bulletin 49 1-86

Cylinders, graduated, used iti moisture determinations of

'grain '•>'■) 20-21

D

Dairy rations, prickly pear 74 20-24

Dandelion seeds, description 84 34

varieties 21 182-183

Darwin's investigations of cross and self fertilization 96 22, 25

Date culture by ancients 53 • 17

feasibility for United States 53 139-140

in Alg-eria.-. 80 69-70

Mexico, competition - 53 134-136

Sahara 86 18-26

Tunis 92 41-55

on Persian Gulf. hiiUetin 54 1-32

profits 53 136-138

54 28-29

gardens of Oued Souf, Sahara De.sert 86 18-26

care of palms 86 21

harvest 86 24-25

manuring 86 22-24

planting- 86 li)-21

sand encroach-
ment 86 • 22

varieties grown ...- 86 25-26

yield 86 25

Tunis, irrigating \ 92 47-48

manuring 92 49-50

planting 92 46-47

preparation of soil 92 45

size and value 92 41-42

on Persian Gulf, irrigation 54 14-19

location 54 11-13

planting 54 19-20

secondary cultures 54 19

soil ^ 54 13-14

treatment 54 19-20

101

60 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.
Date palm and its utilization in the Southwestern States,

htiUetin •« 53 1-155

cultural methods in Sahara 86 18-25

Tunis 92 41-55

on Per.sian Gulf 5,4 14-20

heat requirements 53 58-70

humidity and rain, effects 53 52-58

male trees and pollination 92 50-51

manuring- -- 92 49-50

propagation in Tunis 92 43-45

types - 53 30-31

varieties, Algeria 80 69-70

and date culture in Tunis, bulletin 92 1-112

Deglet Noor .^ 53 33-36

Khalas 53 36-37

ordinary 53 38

Persian'Oulf 54 21-27

Sahara Desert 53 41-^^3

■ 86 25-26

sorts suitable for introdiu-tion 53 151-43

Date>; as food ■- 54 30

gathering, curing, and packing.... 53 29-30

heat required to mature 53 65-70

in Algeria 80 69-70

market 53 138

packing- and shii)ment 54 29-30

Persian Gulf, bulletin 54 1-32

Daw, Joseph Burtt, bulletin entitled "Stock ranges of north-
western California : Notes on the grasses and forage plants

and range conditions" 12 1-81

Decay of timber and methods of preventing it. bulletin 14 1-96

Demonstration farm, Terrell, Tex., paper 51 9-14

Denmark, sand fixation - 57 25-27

Description of wheat varieties, bulletin 47 1-18

Determinations, moisture, of grain 99 7-24

Development of single-germ beet .'•eed. bulletin 73 1-26

Disease, mosaic, tobacco, observations, bulletin 18 1-24

resistance of potatoes, bulletin 87 1-39

tobacco 96 60-62

tobacco wilt and its control, paver 51 5-8

Diseases, almond, gummosis 26 13

apple, bitter-rot. bulletin 44 1-54

control, bulletin 93 1-36

crown-gall. tv]:)es 90 16

leaf-spot ". -...- 93 27

scab - 93 26-27

scald - 48 26-33

sooty-blotch 93 27

tree, crown-gall and hairy-root, patter 90 15-17

ash. white, bulletin 32 1-20

avocados 77 33-34

bacterial, black-rot of turnips, bulletin 29 1-20

Bermuda or Easter lily 39 11-15

black-rot, effect on turnips, bulletin 29 1-20

citrus trees and fruits, bulletin 52 1-22

cowpea, bulletin 17 . 1-38

cranberry, spraying experiments in 1905. jiuper 100 7-12

crown-gall of appl*, relation of wrapping of apple

grafts, paper 100 13-20

dry-rot of potatoes, bulletin 55 1-62

fungous, western yellow pine, bulletin ' 36 1-40

lily, calla, soft-rot, bulletin 60 1-47

Easter 39 11-15

mango 28 20-21

pine tree, western yellow, bulletin 36 1-40

potato, blackleg ...' 87 17-18

101

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 61

Bulletin. Page.

Diseases, potato, filosite, or growing-out 87 13

internal brown-spot 87 12-13

late-blight 87 19-28

leaf-spot 87 13-14

scab and scablike diseases 87 14-17

potatoes, disease resistance, huUctin 87 1-39

rusts, investigations, bulletin 63 1-32

soft rot of calla lily, huUctin 60 1-47

tobacco, mosaic. huUctin 18 1-24

wilt and its control, palter 51 5-8

turnips, black-rot, bulletin 29 1-20

western yellow pine, "bhiing" and "red-rot," buUe-

tin 36 1-40

Distillation flasks used in moisture determination of grain 99 19-20

Dock, curled, description of seeds 84 36

Donkeys in Algeria 80 89

Drainage system in the Jerid, Tunis 92 33

Drug known as pinkroot. i)Ui>er 100 41-44

plants, wild, of the United States, bulletin 89 1-76

>^ee also Golden seal and Pe])permint.

Dry-rot of ])otatoes due to Fusarium oxysporum, bulletin 55 1-62

DUGGAR, I'jENJamin Minge, bulletin entitled "The principles of

mushroom growing and mushroom spawn making "! 85 1-60

Dunes sand. Cape Cod, accumulations of sand 65 15-17

beach grass, condition of plantings 65 27-28

cost of ])hinting 65 27

efficiency for sand binding 65 28-30
selecting and transplanting

sets 65 26-27

time of planting 65 25-26

utilization 65 25-30

bibliography 65 36

brush laying 65 28

deposition of sand 65 12-13

devastation of dune areas 65 18-20

legislation to

prevent 65 20-21

development of dune range 65 13-14

marshes and bogs 65 17-18

protective beach ridge.. 65 34

forest area 65 18

forestation necessary 65 30-31

lands, value 65 35

province lands. State ownership 65 34

rainfall 65 11-12

reclamation, bulletin 65 1-38

artificial 65 21-34

natural 65 14-15

small areas 65 32-33

road construction 65 32

sand control, early work 65 21-23

recent work 65 24-31

utilization 65 33-34

vegetation, ecological relations 65 10-18

work by State in reclamation 65 24-31

controlling and reclaiming methods, bulletin 57 1-36

fixation 57 13-21

by forestation 57 21

grasses 57 14-19

heather 57 19-20

hedges 57 20

in Denmark 57 25-27

Europe 57 22-31

France 57 29-31

101

G2

BULLETINS OF THE BUEEAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

27-

-29

1-

-38

22-

-25

9-

-13

1-48

1-

-70

1-

-62

Bulletin. Page.

Dunes, sand, fixation in Germany 57

Massachiisetts 65

Netherlands 57

formation -. 57

Durum wheat. Algerian varieties, bulletin 7

commercial status, huUetin 70

macaroni wheats, hiilletin 3

See also Macaroni and ^Mieat.
DuvEL, Joseph William Tell, bulletin entitled —

" The vitality and germina-
tion of seeds "..! 58" 1-96

"The vitality of buried

seeds " .^. S3 1-22

paper entitled —

"Garlicky wheat" 100 21-30

" The storage and germina-
tion of wild rice seed ".. 90 5—14
and Brown. Edgar, bulletin
entitled "A quick method
for the determination of
moisture in grain" 99 1-24

E

Earth's crust, lime and magnesia content 1 13

Effect of black-rot on turnips, bulletin 29 1-20

copper upon water bacteria, itaper : 100 57-71

Egg]jlant. varieties 21 183-187

Egjqjt. agriculture, notes, bulletin -. 62 1-61

alfalfa, or lucern — 62 49

beans 62 54-55

beets, sugar '. 62 45—46

berseem. cultivation 23 9-19

62 20. 46-49

chick-peas ..- 62 61

corn ; 62 49-51

cotton - - 62 16-42

fenugreek — 62 61

flax : - - .. 62 61

irrigation and fertilizers 62 9-13

labor 62 14-15

of animals 62 15-16

land, value 62 15

lentils 62 60

lupines 62 61

millets - 62 59-60

Nile River mud, composition 62 • 9

onions 62 58-59

peanuts, or earth nuts... 62 60—61

rice : - 62 55-58

seasons - 62 16

soils 62 13-14

sorghums ?.. 62 59-60

sugar cane -- 62 42-45

wheat and barlej' 62 51-54

Elymus rusts 63 15-17

virginicus in Nebraska 59 41

Endive, varieties 21 187-189

Ensilage 94 11-13

prickly pear 74 35-36

Enz%Tns in seeds 58 82-87

Eragrostis in Nebraska 59 41

Ergot in bluegrass seeds, description 84 38

Euphorbia rust 63 9—11

Europe, potato culture 87 9-12

disease-resistant varieties 87 28-31

101

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 63

Hiilli'tin. T'asf.

Europe, potato diseases ST 12-19

Evaporatiiin' chamber used in moisture determinations of

grain ! W 115-19

Everlasting grass in central Texas 13 42

Evolution of cells, alternation of types 81 13—15

elimination of simple-celled phase 81 12-13

heredity in reticular descent 81 20-22

sexuality a mechanism of evolution 81 15-16

t^'pes of double-celled structures 81 16-20

cellular structures, bulletin 81 1-26

Experiment station work, potatoes 87 31-36

stations, cooperation in testing grasses an 1 for-
age paints 10 8-11

Experimental study of the relation of lime and magnesia to

plant growth, paper 1 37-53

Experiments, cooperative, with grasses and forage plants, and

records of seed distribution, hiilletiii 10 1-23

in range improvement in central Texas, bulletin, 13 1-72

Explorations, foreign, recent, bulletin .* 35 1^4

Explorers, agricultural, results accomplished 66 8-9

Extermination of Johnson grass, paper 72 15-22

F

Faibchild, David Gkamuson, bulletin entitled —

" P.erseem : The great forage
and soiling crop of the

Nile Valley" 23 1-20

"Japanese bamboos and their

introduction into America" 43 1-36

"Letters on agriculture in the
West Indies, Spain, and the

Orient" 27 1-40

" Persian Gulf dates and their

Introduction into America" 54 1-32

" Spanish almonds and their in-

"troduction into America ".. 26 1-16
"Three new plant introduc-
tions from Japan " 42 1-24

paper entitled —

" Cultivation of wheat in per-
manent alfalfa fields " 72 5-7

" Plant introduction notes

from South Africa" 25 13-22

" Saragolla wheat " 25 9-12

" The cultivation of the Au.s-

tralian wattle" 51 21-25

statement as to results accom-
plished in introduction of for-
eign seeds and plants 66 7—9

Farm practice with forage crops in western Oregon and west-
ern Washington, bulletin 94 1-39

Fecundation process in Zamia 2 63—69

Feeding crops, green 94 38

Fennel, dog, description of seeds 84 35

Fenugreek in Algeria 80 83

Egypt 62 61

Febguson, Maegaret Clay, bulletin entitled "A preliminary

study of the germination of
the spores of Agaricus campes-
testris and other basidiomyce-

tous fimgi" 16 1-43

mushroom germination investi-
gations 85 13-15

Fertilizers, manure for mushroom growing 85 23-31

33-36
2739—1^0. 101—07 5

64 BULLETINS OF THE BUEEAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.

Fescue, meadow, in Nebraska 59 31-32

western Oregon and Washington 94 27-28

Siberian, in south Alaska 82 17

Fiber plants in Algeria - 80 86

Fig, propagation 46 17-19

Figs in Algeria SO b7-b»

Filosite of potatoes 87 13

Filters, supplementary use of copper 76 43-44

Filtration, water, and copper sulphate 100 . 69-71

Flasks, distillation, used in nioi.sture determinations of grain.. 99 19-20

Flax in Egypt 62 61

Florida, avocado, cultivation, etc 61 9-33

77 35-36

Flour and bread, durum wheat, chemical and baking tests,

remarks 70 60-65

study 70 36-44

color '. 70 62-63

tests, reports 70 49-60

durum wheat, chemical analyses 70 36-42

Flower.s, calla lily, soft rot. bulletin 60 1-^7

Easter lily, propagation from seed, bulletin 39 1-24

tobacco, structure and arrangement 96 17-21

Fluorids in physiological relations 45 26-27

FOADEN, George P., bulletin entitled "Notes on Egyptian agri-
culture" 62 1-61

Fodder crops, northwestern California 12 . 64-73

Food for live stock, prickly pear and other cacti, bulletin 74 1-46

value of avocado - ^^ 46-47

Forage, berseem, or Egyptian clover, bulletin ..- 23 1-20

conditions on the northern border of the Great Basin,

bulletin 15 1-60

crops, cultivated, Northwestern States, bulletin 31 1-28

in Algeria 80 77-85

Nebraska, bnlletin ■ 59 1-64

western Oregon and western Washington,

bulletin 94 1-39

suited for cultivation in south Alaska: 82 19-20

plants, Arizona 67 21-24

classification 59 18-23

miscellaneous, in central Texas 13 65-72

Nevada and Oregon 15 42-5u

on alkaline soils 15 20

prickly pear and other cacti, bulletin 74 1-48

problems, lines of investigation undertaken 10 8-9

Forest fires in western Oregon and Washington, seeding

burned areas 94 39

products, etc. See Pine, Railroads, Timber, and
Wood.

Forestation of sand dunes 37 21

Forestry in Algeria ■• ■ 80 90-98

Formation of the spores in the sporangia of Rhizopus nigri-
cans and of Phycomyces nitens. bulletin 37 1-40

Fougala, Algeria, alkali condition.s 53 78-84

France, potato varieties 87 30-31

sand fixation - -■- 57 29-31

Fruit. a])ple. nomenclature, bulletin 56 1-395

bearing hedge plants - 25 16-17

peach and pear, cold storage, bulletin 40 1-28

setting without pollination, bulletin - 22 ^}~f^

trees frozen in 1904. paper - -. 51

tropical, propagation, bulletin 46

Fruits, apple, bitter-rot, bulletin 44

control, bulletin 93

avocado, bulletin ~7

in Florida, bulletin 61 1-36

citrus, diseases, bulletin „„, .—.. 58 1-32

101

15-19
1-28
1-54
1-36
1-52

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 65

r.iillotiu. rage.

Fruits, cranberry spraying experiments in 1905, paiier IDO 7-12

date varieties and date culture in Tunis, huUetin 92 1-112

dates, bulletin 53 1-155

Persian Gulf, bulletin 54 1-32

fi£^. propagation : 46 17-19

graj)e nmst. unfermented, buUctin 24 1-19

in Algeria 80 60-71

Fulton, Sanford Hamilton, and Powell, George Harold, bul-
letin entitled —

"Cold storage, with special reference to the pear and

peach" 40 1-28

'"I'he apple in cold storage" 48 1-66

Fungi, collection for distribution, bulletin 8 1-31

conditions of growth Hi 30-33

germination of the spores of Agaricus campestris and

other basidiomycetous fungi, bulletin 16 1-43

mushroom growing and spawn making, bulletin 85 1-60

nomenclature 8 7-31

species of mushrooms cultivated in experiments 8,t 19-23

spore germination. bibliogra])hv 16 39—40

etfect of acids 16 20-21

and alkalis 16 21

age of spores 16 31-22

light 16 21

mycelium 16 26-28

substances tested 16 28-30

experiments 16 13-30

historical review of investigations., k; 33-38

methods used 16 12-13

new factors 1(5 22-26

Fimgicides, Bordeaux mi.xture for cranberries, paper 100 7-12

Fungous diseases, citrus trees and fruits, bulletin .52 1-22

Fungus, apple bitter-rot, bulletin 44 1-54

control, bulletin 93 1-36

"blue," on western yellow pine ." 36 1.5-26

color 36 24-26

dissemination of spores 36 24

effect on toughness of wood 36 20

fruiting organs 36 22-23

growth in artificial media 36 23-24

relation to beetle holes 36 20-22

Fusariiim oxysjjorum. dry-rot of ])otatoes. hullctin.... 55 1-26

Polyporus fraxinophilus. on white ash, bulletin 32 1-20

Fusarium oxysporum, culture media ^ 55 55-59

description 55 27-51

distribution 55 51—52

dry-rot of potatoes. hiiUetiii 55 1-62

growth 55 34-49

name ., 55 50-51

remedial measures — 55 52-54

(}

Gabes, geography 92 19-20

Gafsa. geography 92 20-21

Gama grass In central Texas 13 43

Garlic in wheat, cost of removal 100 26-28

experiments in removal 100 22—26

loss entailed 100 21-22

quantity before and after treatment 100 26

varieties ' 21 190

Garlicky wheat, paper 100 21-30

Garner, Wightman Wells, pajier entitled "Methods of terting

the burning quality of cigar tobacco" 100 31-40

Germany, analyses of .soils 1 22

potato varieties ^^ A '^^

sand fixation 57 • 27-29

101

13-14
14-15
10-13

66 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.

Germination and vitality of seecLs, huUetin 58 1-96

of mushroom spores 85 12-18

the spores of Agaricus compestri.s and other

basidiomycetous fungi, huUetin 16 1-43

wild rice seed 90 7, 11-12

tests of buried seeds 83 11-19

Gluten in wheat, improvement in quality 78 91-95

Goat raising in south Alaska 82 21

Goats in Algeria 80 90

Arizona 67 34

prickly pear for feeding - 74 30

Golden seal, paper 51 35-46

collection and preparation of root 51 39

cultivation 51 40-44

description of plant 51 37-38

rhizome, or root.stock 51 38-39

diminution of supply 51 39-40

habitat and range 51 36

history - 51 35—36

market conditions 51 45-46

names, common 51 36

Grafting fig, loquat, mango, and tea 46 8-23

Grafts, apple, manner of wrapping 100 15

results of wrapping 100 J^~l?

Grain, grade standards 41

uniformity 41

grading ' 41

hay .. - 31 22

inspection 41 10

moisture determinations, description of apparatus 99 13-21

oil required 99 12-13

preparation of samples 99 10-12

results made with water

oven, comparison 99 21-23

quick method of determining moisture. ft»//pfi»..— 99 1-24

Grains, small, in Nebraska 59 48

Gram, or chick-pea, in central Texas 13 61-62

Grama, blue, in Nebraska 59 39

grasses in central Texas 13 43-45

side oats, in Nebraska 59 36-37

Grape, composition 24

juice, analysis 24 19

fermentation, causes 24 10

prevention 24 10-11

manufacture, California 24 11-14

Eastern States 24 14-16

home - 24 16-17

prices and statistics 24 19

recipes 24 18-19

unfermented, historical notes , 24

uses

lime and magnesia requirement 1

must, manufacture and i^reservation, bulletin 24 1-19

Eed Hanepoot variety 25 14

varieties, seedlings. Cape of Good Hope 2.5 14-16

Vitis rupestris Le Roux 25 16

metallica 2) 15

Grapes in Algeria ,- 80 60-64

Grass, alpme meadoAV, description o-* -^-^ •»"

growing and handling. 84

annual meadow, description 84

blue, Kentucky, seed, bulletin 19

brome, awnless 31 o o^

in Nebraska 59 23-25

.smooth, in central Texas 13

# western, in Nebraska - 59

101

9-10

24 17-19

28-30

14

29

1-19

50
40

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 67

• Bulletin. Page.

Grass, Colorado, in central Texas 13 39-40

fowl meadow, description 84 27-28

growing- and handling 84 13-14

Johnson, extermination experiments, paper 72 15-22

implements used 72 20-22

methods of treatment 72 16-20

haj- production 72 22

investigations, bulletin 11 1-24

poisonous action, paper 90 31-34

June (Kentucky bluegrass), characters 84 23,25,27

description 84 22-23

growing and handling 84 12-13

lands of the south Alaska coast, hiiUetin 82 1-38

nerved manna, description 84 31

orchard, paper 100 45-56

reed meadow, description 84 31

rescue, seeds 25 5-8

Rhodes 25 17

rough-stalked meadow, characters, distinguishing 84 25, 27

description 84 24-25

growing and handling 84 13

seeds, rescue grass and chess, paper 25 5-8

tall manna, description 84 31

water meadow, description 84 31

wood meadow, characters, distinguishing 84 27-28

description 84 26-27

growing and handling 84 13

See aho Bluegrass, etc.

Grasses, Agrostis, North American species, bulletin 68 1-68

and forage crops of western Oregon and Washington.. 94 14-38

Northwestern States, bulletin 31 1-28

plants, Alaska, bulletin 82 1-35

Arizona, bulletin 4 1-31

67 1-62
California, northwestern, bulletin.. 12 1-81
classification 59 18-23

l)y duration of life.... 59 18-19
methods of utiliz-
ing 59 20-23

natural groups .... 59 19-20

cooperative experiments, bulletin.. 10 1-23

indexes 9 16

12 79-81

15 59-60

38 47-51

59 57-61

68 61-64
75 25-26

Johnson grass, extermination,

paper 72 , 15-22

investigations 11 1-24
poisonous ac-
tion, paper.. 90 31-34
Leptochloa, North American spe-
cies, bulletin 33 1-24

native in Alaska 82 16-19

Nebraska, bulletin 59 1-64

Nevada and Oregon, bulletin 15 1-60

prickly pear and other cacti, bul-
letin 74 1-46

purchase and collection of seeds,

roots, and specimens 10 7

seed bed 59 45

distribution 10 11-17

Texas, central, bulletin... 13 1-72

Washington. Oregon, California.

and Nevada, bulletin 38 1-52

101

68 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.

Grasses and forage plants, Washington State 75 11-26

blue, seeds, bulletin 84 J- 38

Kentucky bluegrass seeds, bulletin -.. 19 1-19

miscellaneous, central Texas 13 ^ 53-54

mixtures with orchard grass 100 * 47-48

North American species of Agrostis, bulletin 68 1-68

Leptochloa, bulletin 33 1-24

Spartina, bulletin 9 1-16

Great Basin, description 31 12

northern border, descrijition of region 1.5 12-15

forage conditions, buUetin .... 15 1-60

plants 15 42-55

precipitation 15 13-15

soils 15 15-20

Britain, potato varieties 87 29-30

Plains, description 31 10-11

Griffiths, David, bulletin entitled " Forage conditions and

problems in eastern
Washington, eastern
Oregon, northeastern
California, and north-
western Nevada" 38 1-52

" Forage conditions on
the northern border of
the Great Basin, being
a report upon investi-
gations made during '
July and August, 1901,
in the region between '-"■
Winnemucca, Nevada,
and Ontario, Oregon " 15 1-60

" Range improvement in
Arizona (Cooperative
experiments with the
Arizona experiment

station)" 4 1-31

" Range investigations in

Arizona" 67 1-62

" The prickly pear and
other cacti as food for

stock" 74 1-48

Guatemala, avocados 77 21-23

Castilla (rubber) 49 25-28

experiments with weevil-resisting cotton 88 7-74

Gypsum, use in crop production 1 9-10

H

Hairy-root of the apple tree ■ 90 15-17

Halogen compounds, physiological role 45 24-28

Habtee, Leonard L., bulletin entitled "The variability of wheat

varieties in resistance to toxic salts" 79 1-48

Hartley, Charles Pinckney, bulletin entitled "Injurious ef-
fects of premature pollination ; with general notes on arti-
ficial pollination and the setting of fruit without pollina-
tion". . 22 1^8

Hawaii, avocados - ^^ 26-27, 35

Hawkweed seeds, description 84 34

Hay, baling - 31 26-27

caps 94 11

crops in Arizona : 67 57-58

Nevada and Oregon 15 33-37

handling 15 35-37

Johnson grass "^^ ^2

making in western Oregon and Washington 94 9-11

methods of curing 94 10-11

101

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 69

Bulletin. Page.

Ha\% orchard grass JOO 49-r)()

stage of growth for cutting 94 9-10

HEDtcoCK, George Grant, pajjer entitUd "The crown-irall and

hairv-root diseases of the apple

tree" 90 15-17

and VON Schrenk. Hermann, imper
entitled " The wrapping of apple
grafts and its relation to the

crown-gall disease" 100 13-20

Hedge ])lants, fruit bearing 25 16-1 <

Hemp, Manila, propagation ■ 46 2.3-26

Henkel, Alice, bulletin entitled " Wild medicinal plants of

the United States " 89 1-76

paper entitled "Peppermint" 90 19-29

and Klugh, George Fred, paper entitled

"Golden seal" 51 35-46

Herbs, varieties 21 190-195

Hevea, climate suitable 49 47

comparison with Castilla - - -- 49 14

HiLLMAN, Frederick Hebarp, paper entitled " De.'-crijjtions of

the seeds of
the commercial
bluegrasses and
their impuri-
ties" 84 15-38

" The seeds of
rescue grass

and chess " 25 5-8

Hitchcock, Albert Spear, bulletin entitled " Cultivated forage

cro])s of the
Northwestern

States " 31 1-28

" Methods used for
controlling and
reclaiming sand

dunes" 57 1-36

" North American
species of Agros-

tis" 68 1-68

" North American
species of Lep-

tochloa" 33 1-24

and Lyon, Thomas Lyttleton, bul-
letin entitled "Pasture, meadow,
and forage crops in Nebraska ".. 59 1-64

Hoes, "scuffle" - 94 36-37

Hogs iji south Alaska 82 21

prickly- pear for feeding - 74 29-30

Holland, potato varieties 87 30

Homestead laws of Alaska 82 30-35

Horse-radish of Japanese 42 ' 20-22

varieties - 21 195

Horses in Algeria 80 88-89

Humidity, atmospheric, in Tunis 92

Hungary, analyses of soils 1

Hunter, Byron, bulletin entitled "Farm practice with forage

crops in western Oregon and western Washington" 94 1-39

Husmann, George Charles [Frederick], bulletin entitled
"The manufacture and preservation of unfermented grape

must"...- 24 1-19

Hybridity of potatoes, relation to disease resistance 87 25

Hybridization and seed selection, new varieties of tobacco

produced 96 64-67

101

26-27
23

70 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

I

Bulletin. Page.

Implements used in exterminating Johnson grass 72 fiO-22

Importations of seeds and plants, Inventory No. 9, huJlrtin.... 5 1-79

10, bulletin.. 66 1-333

11, bulletin.. 97 1-255

Improving the quality of wheat, bulletin 78 1-120

Inbreeding of tobacco necessary 96 22-26

Index.a common and scientific names of plants (mainly

grasses and
forage

plants) 9 16

12 79-81
15 59-60
38 47-51
59 57-61
68 61-64
75 25-26
seeds and
plants im-
ported 5 75-79

66 317-333

97 239-255

general 53 145-155

58 93-96

88 79-87

92 107-110

India, agricultural conditions 35 22-37

fig in Algeria 80 85

grass in Nebraska 59 39

mango scions, importation 46 14-15

rice, consumption as food 35 31-33

farming 35 26-30

34-37

milling 35 35-36

soils, analyses 1 24

Injurious effects of premature pollination, bulletin 22 1-48

"Inland empire," description 31 14-15

Inoculation, legume, bulletin 71 1-72

conditions, paper 100 73-83

of soil with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, paper 72 23-30

with soil bacteria, effect of heavy 100 79-81

»9ee also Bacteria, Legumes, Nitrogen, and
Soil inoculation.

Insect enemies of tobacco 91 34

resisting adaptations of cotton plant 88 7-74

"Internal brown-spot" of potatoes 87 12-13

Introduction, dates, Persian Gulf, bulletin 54 1-32

Japanese bamboos, bulletin 43 1-36

seeds and plants, bulletin 5 1-79

66 1-333

97 1-255

Introductions, plant, from Japan, bulletin 42 1-24

Inventory of seeds and plants imported. No. 9. bulletin 5 1-79

10. bulletin 66 1-333

11, bulletin 97 1-255

Investigations of rusts, bulletin 63 1-32

lodin compounds, relations of organisms 45 27-28

Iron compounds, physiological role 45 21-24

in fungi ; 45 23

influence on formation of chlorophyll 45 21-22

organic compounds 45 22-23

salts, fertilizing effect 45 22

Irrigation, agriculture in Sahara Desert without irrigation,

bulletin 86 1-30

f- Bulletins 56 and $9 are also indexes in themselves.
101

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 71

Bulletin. Page.

Irrigation, in Algeria

80 29-38

9-13

Egypt 02

the Jerid, Tunis 92 31-33

Italy, analyses of soils 1 22

J

Jamaica yam cultivation 27 12-lo

Japan, agricultural conditions 27 33-37

.35 11-21

bamboos, bulletin 4.3 1-36

farm life 35 19-21

wages 35 18

food crops 35 13-14

horse-radish 42 20-22

Lilium longiflorum varieties 39 8-11

lily, Easter, propagation, bulletin 39 1-24

manure, practices 35 18

mitsumata, paper plant, paper 42 9-17

paper plants, varieties 42 11

plant introductions, bulletin 42 1-24

rice culture 35 14-lfi

cutting 35 17-18

field work 35 16-17

profits in growing 35

soils, analyses 1

three new plant introductions, bulletin 42 1-24

udo, a winter salad, ixiitcr 42 17-20

Japanese bamboos and their introduction into America, buUc-

thi 43 ^36

Jerid, drainage system 92 3

geography 92

irrigation system 92

soils 92 33-41

water supply - - 92 28-31

Johnson grass, bulletin 11 1-24

control 11 11-13

description - 11

dissemination 11 9-11

eradication 11 13-19

extermination, paper 72 15-22

nutritive value 11 20-22

origin and distribution 11 7-9

poisonous action, paper 90 31-34

Texas, central 13 45

utilization - U 19-23

Jones. Lewis Ralph, bulletin entitled "Disease resistance of

potatoes" 87 1-39

18-19
23

11-17
31-33

7

K

Kadiak Island. Alaska, description of grass lands , 82 11-12

Kafir plum as a shade tree 25 18

Kainit. action on crops 1 12

Kale, thousand-headed, in western Oregon and Washington.... 94 33 -35

methods of feeding 94 34-35

sowing 94 34

seed crop 94 35

varieties 21 195-200

Kearney, Thomas Henry, bulletin entitled "Agriculture with-
out irrigation in
the Sahara Des-

. ert" 86 1-30

"Date varieties
and date cul-
ture in Tunis".. 92 1-112

101

73-

-83

13-

-14

1-

-19

94-:

106

24-

-27

72 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.
Kearney, Thomas Henry, and Means, Thomas Herbert, bul-
letin entitled "Agricultural ex-
plorations in Algeria" 80 1-98

Kelep protection of cotton plants 88 34-37

Kellekman, Kabl Frederic, and Beck with, Theodore Day,

paper entitled "The ef-
fect of copper upon

water bacteria" 100 57-71

Moore, George Thomas, bul-
letin entitled "A method
of destroying or prevent-
ing the gTo^vth of algse
and certain pathogenic
bacteria in water sup-
plies'" 64 1-44

"Copper as an algicide and
disinfectant in w^ater sup-
plies" 7B 1-55

Robinson, Thomas Ralph.
paper entitled "Condi-
tions affecting legume in-
oculation" 100

Kenai peninsula, Alaska, description 82

Kentucky bluegrass seed : Harvesting, curing, and cleaning,

huUetin. 19

Key, descriptive, to characters of dates 92

to varieties of lettuce 69

Klugh, George Fred, and Henkel, Alice, paper entitled

"Golden seal" 51 35-46

Ki^^P, Seaman Asahel, bulletin entitled "Recent foreign

explorations, as bearing on the
agricultural development of the

Southern States" 35 • 1-44

paper entitled "The work of the
communitv demonstration farm

at Terrell, Tex." 51 9-14

Knot-grass in central Texas 13 46

Kohl-rabi, varieties .' 21 200-203

Kraemer, Dr. Henrj', statements regarding the toxic influence

of copper 76 49-50

experiments with copper foil in water

supplies 76 41-43

L

Lamb's-quarters, seeds, description 84 35

Land laws of Alaska 82 ■ 29-35

Late-blight and rot of potatoes 87 19-28

Latex, or milk, of rubber trees 49 32-39

40-43

coagulation 49 69-73

extraction 49 62-69

Laws regarding agricultiiral lands in Alaska 82 29-35

Leaf and blood, relation between coloring matter 45 21

spot, apple, effect of Bordeaux mixture 93 27

potato .- 87 13-14

Lecithin, physiological importance 45 17-19

Leek, varieties 21 203-205

Legal and customary weights per bushel of seeds, paper 51 27-34

Legume inoculation, conditions, paper 100 73-83

effect of lime 100 74-76

soil conditions 100 76-79

Legumes, Arizona 4 18-19

bacteria for soil inoculation, buUetin 71 1-72

101

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 73

Bulletin. I'ago.

Legumes, bacteria for soil inoculation, paper 72 23-30

100 73-83

conditions affecting^ inoculation, paper 100 73-83

cross-inoculation and characters of bacteria 71 25-27

effect of nodules 71 15-18

varying conditions upon bacteria 71 28-31

fixation of nitrogen without forming nodules 71 36-37

inoculation bv pure cidtures 71 37-38

72 29-30
of soil with nitrogen-fixing bacteria,

paper 72 23-30

methods of cultivating bacteria 71 27-28

72 26

using liquid cultures 71 38-39

72 26-27

nature .'.-. 94 13-14

nitrogen-gathering organism, nature 71 22-25

nodule-bearing, effect upon succeeding crops 71 12-15

18-19

nodules not always beneficial 71 34-35

soil inoculation, buUctin 71 1-72

paper 72 23-30

results and reports 71 43-71

Texas, central 13 54-65

time of inoculating with bacteria 71 39-40

See also Bacteria, Nitrogen, and Soil inoculation.

Leguminous crops, effect upon succeeding crops 71 12-15

18-19

plants, nature and relation to bacteria 94 13-14

Lemon, coloring bed 52 15

house 52 14-15

leaf-spot and wither-tip 52 12

spot 52 13

treatment 52 17-18

Lentils in Egypt 62 60

Leptochloa, North American species, bulletin 33 1-24

Lepto-uridineae, experiments 63 25-27

Letters on agriculture in the West Indies, Spain, and the

Orient, bulletin 27 1-40

Lettuce, American varieties, bulletin 69 1-103

catalogue of variety names 69 80-103

classes ". 69 12-13

color 69 18

cultural peculiarities 69 11-12

environment and selection 69 10-11

habit 69 15-16

leaves 69 16-18

maturity 69 14

nomenclature 69 9-10

seedling plants 69 19

seeds 69 18-19

shooting to seed 69 14-15

size 69 13-14

source of seed , 69 11

terms used in description 69 12-19

varieties 21 205-226

classed as distinct, description 69 28-80

classification 69 23-24

description 69 9-11

key 69 24-27

suited to different conditions 69 19-20

table 69 21-23

Lilium longiflorum, deterioration, cultivation, and varieties.... 39 8-16

reproduction from seed 39 16-21

Lily, Bermuda, industry 39 7-8

calla, soft rot, bulletin 60 1-47

101

74 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.

Lily, calla, soft rot, cause 60 12-13

comparison with similar organisms 60 38-40

effect 60 . 15

general appearance 60 13-14

morphological characters 60 15-16

origin and spread 60 40-41

physiological characters 60 16-38

remedies 60 42-43

Easter, or Bermuda, Bermuda-grown, deterioration 39 9-11

cultivation in United States 39 11-13

diseases 39 11-15

emasculating and pollinating 39 18-19

investigations in propagating 39 13-15

Japan-grown, deterioration 39 9-11

planting in open ground 39 15-16

propagation from seed, huUetin 39 1-24

reproduction from seed . 39 16-17

seedlings, pricking off 39 20-21

seeds, sowing 39 19-20

varieties from Japan 39 8-11

Lime and magnesia as carbonates in sand cultures 1 43-45

soil cultures 1 46-47

nitrates and sulphates in water cul-
tures 1 39-43

in sand cultures 1 47-50

experiments with barley 1 44-45

cowpeas 1 39-42

49, 51-52

oats and cowpeas 1 46-47

wheat, and beans.. 1 45

privet 1 42-^3

tobacco 1 43, 44

49-50

wheat and oats 1 48-49

extracted by various plants 1 33

functions, theoretical, discussion 1 16

in animals, proportion 45 65-67

chestnut tree 1 30

countries, various 1 18

plants, various 1 30-33

river deposits, ratio 1 ' 26

soils, correction 1 33-35

sugar beet 1 30-33

tobacco leaf ash 1 27

soils 1 27-28

relation to plant growth, hulletin.. 1 1-53

requirements of grape 1 " 28-30

as sulphate in soil cultures 1 50-52

effect upon inoculation of leg-umes 100 74-76

incrustations 45 46

in earth's crust 1 13

plants, distribution 45 35-37

role, in the soil 1 37

salts, functions 45 41-46

importance for animals 45 64-65

life without 45 52-54

physiological importance 45 38-39

role 45 35-70

transportation of starch 45 54-55

Limes, anthracnose 52 11-12

fruit canker 52 12

treatment of trees 52 18

wither-tip 52 12

Liming of soils from a physiological standpoint, paper 1 9-35

List of American varieties of peppers, bulletin 6 1-19

101

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 75

Bulletin. I'agc.

List of American varieties of vegetables, huUetin 21 1-402

Sec also Apple. Cotton. Date. Funf^i. Grasses and forag-e
plants. Lettuce, .Meclicinal plants. Seeds and plants im-
ported. Soy beans, and Tobacco for lists of varieties;
also Name^.

Live stock, Arizona, carrying- capacity of ranges fiT 32-34

injurious plants fi7 59-60

water su])|)ly ('7 34-38

handling, Nevada and Oregon 1") 20-23

in Algeria SO 87-90

prickly pear for feeding, hitllrtiii.,..: 74 l-4fi

Loco weed, Arizona 67 59

LOEW, Oscar, bulletin entitled "The physiological role of

mineral mitrients in plants" 45 1-70

paper entitled "Liming of soils from a physio-
logical standpoint" 1 9-35

Loquat, ^propagation -16 1;)-17

Louisiana, analvses of soils I ^^

Lupine, Alaska " ^ 82 17-18

e.\i)eriments with lime 1 17

Lupines in Egypt '>2 61

Lyon, Thomas Lytti.kton, bulletin entitled "Improving the

quality of wheat" 78 1-120

and Hitchcock, Albert Spear,
bulletin entitled "Pasture,
meadow, and forage crops in
Nebraska" 59 1-64

M

Macaroni and semolina, manufacture, hiillrtiii 20 1-31

~ 41-43

comparison of foreign and domestic 3

cooking and serving, methods 70 20-21

recipes 70 21-31

20
13-14

demand 20 10-11

exportation, possibility 70

good, characteristics 70

industry, development in France 20 10-11

manufacture 20 13-14,

24-29

manufacturers in United States, list 70 16-20

process of manufacture 70 14-15

use of durum wheat 70 13-31

macaroni wheat 3 29-44

wheat, saragolla 25 9-12

wheats, buUcthi 3 1-62

See also Wheat, durum.
McKenney, Randolph Evans Bender, paper entitled "The

wilt disease of tobacco and its control" 51 ' 5-8

Madarake or Ummon-chiku Ijamboo - 43 „. ??

Magnesia and lime in animals, proportion 45

relation to plant growth, bulletin - 1

in plants, distribution 45

seeds -- 45 58-59

. role, in the soil 1 37 38

Magnesium chlorid, resistance of wheat varieties 79 25-26

65-67

1-53

35-37

salts, injurious action 1

necessity for fungi - 45

physiological role - 45

poisonous action - 45

replaced by beryllium salts.... 45

sulphate, resistance of wheat varieties.... 79 23-25

34-36

34-36
10
59-60
35-70
49-52
60-63

101

76 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.

Maize. See Corn.

Manganese in plants 45 23-24

Mangel-wurzels in western CTregtjn and Washington 94 35-37

Mango, budding 46 9-13

culture 28 13-21

requirements 28 13-14

description 28 10-11

diseases 28 20-21

in Porto Rico, bulletin 28 1-38

introduction of new varieties 28 32-33

market ^ 28 35-36

origin 28 11-13

packing and shipping 28 33-35

Porto Rican forms 28 27-28

propagation, methods 28 14-19

46 8-15

seedling stocks 46 13-14

uses 28 21-25

varieties to be introduced 28 28-32

Manila hemp, propagation 46 23-26

Manufacture and preservation of unfermented grape must,

bulletin - 24 1-19

of semolina and macaroni, bulletin 20 1-31

Manure for mushroom growing 85 23-31

33-36

Martynia, varieties 21* 226

Massachusetts, Cape Cod sand dunes, reclamation, bulletin...... 65 1-38

May, David William, paper entitled "F^xperimental study of

the relation of lime and magnesia to plant growth" 1 37-53

Mayweed seeds, description 84 35

Meadows, orchard grass 100 49

Means, Thomas Herbert, and Kearney, Thomas Henry, bul-
letin entitled "Agricultural Exyjlorations in Algeria " 80 1-98

Medicinal plants, wild, of the United States, bulletin 8'.) 1-76

Melon, muskmelon, varieties 21 226-241

watermelon, varieties 21 391-402

Menthol and peppermint oil 90 26-27

Merrill, Elmer Drew, bulletin entitled "The North American

species of Spartina" 9 1-16

Mesquite, curly, in central Texas 13 41-42

Method of destroying or preventing the growth of algae and
certain pathogenic bacteria in water supplies, bul-
letin 64 1-44

quick, for determining moisture in grain, bulletin 99 1-24

Methods of testing the burning quality of cigar tobacco,

paper '. '. lOO 31-40

used for controlling and reclaiming sand dunes, bul-
letin 57 1-36

Mexico, avocados 77 24-25

southern, Castilla 49 25-28

Microspira comma, effect of copper 64 :!4-36, 39

76 46

Microsi)ores in Zamia, development 2 16-19

Millet, Japanese barnyard, in Nebraska 59 41

Millets in central Texas 13 46-47

Egypt 62 59-60

Nebraska 59 46-47

Mineral compounds in organisms 45 12-13

constitiients in organisms 45 9-16

nutrients in plants, bulletin 45 1-70

low atomic weight 45 15-16

salts, value 45 14-15

substances, functions 45 13

Minnesota, analyses of soils 1 20

experiments with hairless Orel red clover 95 31-35

Miscellaneous Papers, bulletin 25 1-83

101

16-17
9-11

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 77

Bulletin. Page.

Miscellaneous Papers, hullettii 51 1-46

72 1-30

90 1-34

100 1-83

Mitsumata, a Japanese paper plant 42 9-17

leather paper manufacture 42 15-17

paper manufacture 42 14-15

plant 42 11-14

cultivation 42 12-14

Moisture determinations of grain, percentajife basis 99 8-9

preparation of sami)les 99 10-12

quality and quantity of oil

required '. 99 12-13

quick method, biilletiii 99 1-24

MooBE, George Thomas, bulletin entitled "Soil inoculation for

legumes; with reports upon the
successful use of artificial cultures

by practical farmers" 71 1-72

and Kellerman, Karl Frederic, bul-
letin entitled —

"A method of destroying or ])re-
venting the growth of alga* and
certain pathogenic bacteria in

water supplies" '. 64 1-44

"Copper as an algicide and disin-
fectant ill water supplies" 76 1-55

Mosaic disease of tobacco, hitUctin 18 1-24

M'raier, Algeria, alkali conditions 53 ??~?^

Mulberry, planting 34

propagation by cuttings 34

grafting and hmlding 34 13-16

seeds '. * 34 11-13

pruning 34 17-18

soil ... 34 16

Mules in Algeria 80 ^ 89

Mushroom growing, acidity and alkalinity affecting growth... 85 30-31

and spawn making, bulletin 85 1-60

beds, installation 85 37

spawning and casing 85 38-39

caves in the United vStates'. 85 48-49

compost used and its preparation 85 33-36

cooperative experiments 85

culture in open air 85

experiments at Columbia. Mo 85

general conditions and history 85 10-11

germination studies 85 12-18

earlier work , 85 12-14

experiments 85 14-18

market conditions 85 11-12

nutrition experiments - 85 23-31

results of growth on various media 85 23-31

species cultivated in experiments 85 19-23

46-47

temperature and moisture 85 31-33

tissue cultures 85 18-23

variability of product 85 45-46

yield of experimental beds 85 39-45

spawn making - 85 52-58

a "chance" method 85 52-53

commercial process 85 55-58

pure-culture method 85 53-54

^ a "selective" method 85 53

tissue-culture method 85 54-55

vitality 85 58-60

101

47-48
49-51
39-48

78 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.
Mushrooms, germination of the spores of Agaricus campestris

and other basidiomycetous fungi, bullPtin 16 1-43

Must, grape, manufacture and preservation, huUetin 24 1-19

Mustard, varieties 21 241-244

N

Names, common and scientific, of grasses and forage jjlants,

index

seeds and plants imported,
index

scientific, of grasses and forage plants, index

varieties of ajjples, list

cotton, list

dates in Tunis, list

Oued Souf. list

on Persian Gulf, li.'^t

fungi, list

lettuce, list - -

medicinal plants, wild, list

peppers, list

soy beans -

tobacco, list

vegetables, list

Natal pineapple

Nebraska, annual forage crops

climatic and soil conditions

crops

experiments with hairless Orel red clover

grasses, native

pasture, meadow, and forage crops, bulletin

pastures and meadows

tame

physiography

rainfall

soil

temperature

Needle grass in central Texas

Nefzaoua. geography

Nematodes, cowpea disease

plants affected --

resistant plants and stocks

treatment

Netherlands, sand fixation

Nevada, date palm suitable

northern, forage conditions, bulletin

northwestern, forage conditions, bulletin

New Mexico, date palm suitable

Nile Valley forage and soiling crop, berseem. bulletin

Xitragin. cultures of nitrogen-gathering bacteria

Nitrogen content of wheat, conditions affecting

relation of size of kernel

specific gravity

yield aifected by length of grow-
ing period

to the acre

fixation by legumes, bulletin

101

12

79-81

15

59-60

38

47-51

59

57-61

75

25-26

')

75-79

66

317-333

97

239-255

9

16

68

61-64

56

21-374

387-395

25

47-55

92

55-94

86

25-26

54

21-27

8

8-31

69

80-103

89

7-76

6

13-19

98

12-28

91

11-15

21

15-402

25

20-22

59

45-50

59

13-16

59

16-18

95

22-27

59

' 42-43

59

1-64

59

42-45

59

44

59

15

59

13-14

59

16

59

14-15

13

47-48

92

17-19

17

23-36

17

24-25

17

29-36

17

27-29

57

22-25

53

125-126

15

1-60

38

1-52

53

133-134

23

1-20

71

21-22

78

40-46

78

35-37

78

39-40

•

78

104-111

78

72-76

71

1-72

18
19

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 79

Bulletin. I'iifjo.

Nitroe-en fixation b\^ legumes, paper l 72 23-30

100 73-83

liow and where supplied to legumes 71 31-34

how fixed by legumes 71 9-12

infection by legumes without forming nodules 71 36-37

-S'ec also Bacteria, Legumes, and Soil inoculation.

Nodule formation, eflEect of lime 100 74-76

soil conditions 100 76-79

See also Bacteria, Legumes, and Nitro-
gen.

Nomenclature, apple, huUetin 36 1-395

fungi, bulletin 8 1-31

lettuce, bulletin 69 1-103

medicinal plants, wild, bulletin 89 1-76

peppers, bulletin 6 1-19

soy beans, bulletin 98 1-30

vegetables, bulletin 21 1-402

See also Names.

North American species of Agrostis, bulletin 68 1-68

Leptochloa. bulletin 33 1-24

Spartina, bullrtiii 9 1-16

Dakota, analyses of soils 1 20

experiments with hairless Orel clover 95 35-39

Northwestern States, cultivated forage crops, bulletin 31 1-28

description of regions 31 9-15

Notes on Egyptian agriculture, bulletin 62 1-61

Novelties and specialties, seeds, distribution circulars 25 26-46

Nursery trees frozen 51

Nurserymen, suggestions regarding apple grafts 100

seedling apple trees 90 10-17

Nutrients, mineral, in plants, bulletin 45 1-70

Nuts, Spanish almonds, bulletin 26 1-16

()

Oakley, Russell Arthur, paper entitled "Orchard grass" 100

Oat-grass, tall, in Nebraska .' 59

Oats and wheat in central Texas 13

in Algeria 80

sown with red clover 94

Observations on the mosaic disease of tobacco and its control,

bulletin 18

Oil of peppermint 90

quality and quantity required for moisture determina-
tions of grain 99

Okra. varieties 21

Oliver, George Watson, bulletin entitled "Budding the pecan".. 30

" S i 1 k w o r m food
plants : C u 1 1 i v a-
tion and propaga-
tion" 34 1-20

"The propagation of
the Easter lily

from seed" 39 1-24

"The propagation of
tropical fruit trees

and other plants".... 46

Olives in Algeria 80

Onion, varieties 21

Onions in Egypt 62

Orach, varieties 21

Orange and pomelo, leaf-spot 52

wither-tip 52

See also Citrus fruits.

leaf-rust of Agropyron and Elymus '. 63

Orchard grass, paper 100

2739— No. 101—07 6

45-

-56

39

65-

-66

76

15

1-

-24

26

-29

12

-13

244-;

246

1

-20

1-

-28

64-

-66

246-;

363

58-

-59

264

15

IG

17

45

-56

80 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.

Orchard frrass. hay 100 49-50

in Nebraska 59 32-33

Northwe.stern States 31 24

(Jregon and Washington, western 94 27

meadows, life 100 49

mixtures with red clover, etc 100 47-48

pasture 100 50

seed 100 50-54

handling tlie aftergrowth 100 52

harvesting 100 51

oth 'r grasses in seed fields 100 54

thrashing 100 51-52

value of straw 100 52-53

weeds in seed fields : 100 53-54

seeding 100 46-47

uses and value 100 49-54

Orchards, apple, results of spraying for bitter-rot 93 28-30

Oregon, ea.stern, forage conditions, bidlrtiii 38 1-52

southern, forage conditions, buUetiit 15 1-60

western, forage crops, bulletin 94 1-39

rainfall, etc 94 8-9

Orel, Kussia, soil and climate 95 19-21

source of hairless red clover 95 19

Orton, William Allen, paper entitled "The wilt disease of

the cowpea and its control" 17 9-22

and Webber. Herbert John, paper
entitled "A cowpea resistant to

root-knot ( Heterodera radicicola)" 17 23-38

(Jued Souf, Africa, agriculture without irrigation, bulletin.... 86 1-30

climate 86 13-15

date gardens 86 18-26

care of palms 86 21

harvest 86 24-25

manuring 86 22-24

planting 86 19-21

sand encroachments 86 22

varieties 86 25-26

yield 86 25

description of region 86 9-11

population 86 12

soils 86 18

temperatures 86 13-14

water supply 86 16-17

Ourlana, Algeria, alkali conditions 53 89-96

Oxen, prickly pear for feeding _ 74 30-33

Pacific coast, upper, region, description 31 13

Palm, date, and its utilization in the Southwestern States,

bulletin 23 1-155

age of bearing 53 25-26

alkali resi.stance ;-.- 53 72-121

care necessary in growing 53 25-30

cold-air drainage 53 61-62

resistance 53 59-61

distance between trees 53 22-23

drainage -... 53 50-52

historical description 53 13-17

in Tunis, culture 92 41-55

h-arvesting 92 52-54

irrigating 92 47-48

labor and tenantry system 92 42-43

male palms and pollinating 92 50-51

manuring -. 92 49-50

methods of culture 92 53

101

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 81

Bulletin. Page.

Palm, date, in Tunis, planting- 92 46-47

preparing- the land 92 45

preserving- the fruit 92 54-35

propag-ation 92 51-52

ripening- of fruit 92 51-52

size and value of g-ardens 92 41—42

varieties 92 55-106

irrigation 53 44-50

male trees required 53 23

varieties 53 24-2.")

offshoots 53 20-22

on Persian Gidf, diseases and pests 54 27-28

irrig-ation 54 14-19

location of g-ardens 54 11-13

])lanting- youngs trees 54 19-20

I)ollinalion 54 20

soils -. .- 54 13-14

treatment 54 19-20

subsidiary cultures 54 19

varieties 54 21-28

Bag-dad sorts 54 22-24

Bassorah sorts 54 24-25

Eimder Abbas sorts.... 54 25

Guadur sorts 54 27

Hassa sorts 54 25

Jask sorts 54 25

Maskat sorts 54 2.'')-27

pollination 53 26-29

propagation 53 18-25

rain, effects 53 52-58

resistance to cold 53 59-61

seedlings 53 18-20

shelter for fruit trees 53 43-44

subsidiary cultures 53 115

sunshine neces.sary 53 58

water necessary 53 44-49

wind, effects 53 70-72

dwarf, in Algeria 80 98

See also Date.

Panicularia. descriptions of species 84 31

Paper plant, Japanese, niitsumata 42 9-17

Parsley, varieties 21 2r)4-268

Parsnip, varieties 21 268-272

Pasture, meadow, and forage crops in Nebraska, bulletin 59 1-64

Pastures, orchard grass 100 50

Washington State, alternation 75 23-24

mountain areas 75 17-20

protection 75 20-23

semiarid lands 75 ,15-17

use too early in spring 75 24

winter grazing 75 13-15

Patterson, Flora Wambaugh, bulletin entitled "A collection

of economic and other fungi prepared for distribution" 8 1-31

Pea. See Peas.

Peach, cold storage, bulletin 40 1-28

orchards frozen, treatment .' 51 15-17

Peanuts in central Texas 13 66-67

Egypt 62 60-61

results of inoculation 71 70

varieties 21 293

Pear, cold storage, bulletin 40 1-28

keeping quality, influence of delayed storage. 40 14-1"

different temperatures 40 15-13

maturity 40 13-14

type of package 40 16-18

wrapper 40 18-19

101

82 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.

Pear, prickly, and other cacti as food for stock, huUetin 71 1-18

burners 74 19-20

chopping 74 14

cost of feeding- 74 41-43

methods of feeding to stock 74 12-lfi

handling 74 15-16

plantations 74 38

postulates of feeding cacti 74 43-46

removal of edge of joints 74 14-15

singeing the spines over a fire 74 12

with a torch 74 13

species of value for forage 74 37-38

steaming - 74 13-14

thickets, destruction .-- 74 36-37

time required for new crop 74 40

torches for burning cacti 74 19-20

use as stock food, history 74 10-11

jield as forage - 74 39

trees, frozen, treatment 51 18-19

Peas and beans in central Texas 13 60-64

Canada field, in Nebraska 59 50

field 31 25

94 22-23

in central Texas 13 61

results of inoculation 71 70

garden, effect of inoculation 100 79-80

results of inoculation 71 62-65

varieties 21 272-293

sweet, results of inoculation - 71 69

Pecan, budded trees, trans^ilanting 30 16-18

budding, iuUetln 30 1-20

difficulties 30 9

importance 30 10

methods 30 13-15

buds, location 30 12-13

of current season, experiments 30 13

selection '■ 30 11-12

starting into growth 30 15

seedling stocks 30 10-11

Pepper. See Peppers.

Pepi^ergrass seeds, description 84 32

Peppermint, paijer 90 • 19-29

conditions injurious to crop 90 23-24

countries where grown 90 20-21

cultivation in United States 90 21-22

methods 90 22-24

description 90 19-20

distillation of oil 90 24-26

harvesting 90 24-25

oil and menthol 90 26-27

exports - 90 27-28

prices 90 28-29

still, description 90 25-26

Peppers, American varieties, bulletin 6 1-19

li.st 21 294-300

Perfumery plants in Algeria 80 86-87

Persian Gulf dates, bulletin 54 1-32

region, agricultural conditions 27 27-30

climate '. 54 9-11

description 54 8-9

soil conditions 54 13-14

Philippine Islands, agricultural conditions 35 40-44

cultivation of Manila hemp 46 23-26

milch cattle and carabaos for 27 31-33

opportunities for agricultural and botan-
ical research 27 15-19

101

l-TO

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 83

Bulletin. Pago.

I'hilippiiu' Islands, rubber culture 49 ^^~|q

J'hos|)horic acid in chlorophyll — -• 45 19

physiological role 45 16-2G

relation to jiroteids and to division of cells... 45 16-17

Phycomyces nitens, formation of spores, hiiUetin 37 1-40

Phyllostachys aurea ^^ ^^

bambusoides 43 30-31

castillonis 43 29-30

henonis • 43 28

niarliacea 43

mitis 43 27

nigra • ^^ ^^

q^lioi : 43 27-28

See oho P.aniboos and Bambusa.

Physiological role of mineral nutrients in plants, bulletin. 4.")

PiETERs, Adrian John, and Brown, Edgar, bulletin entitled
" Kentuclvy bluegrass seed: Hai-vesting. curing, ami

cleaning" 1^ ^'i^

Pigweed seeds, description 84 3a

Pine, western yellow, "blue" wood 36 ^1~^^

decay 36 26-31

grovvth of blue color 36 11-12

lasting power 36 14-15

nature 36 12-13

strength 36 13-14

"bluing" and "red-rot," bulletin 36 1-40

death of trees 36 9-11

diseased wood, disposal 36 32-3,5

quantity 36 31-32

value 36 33

inspection of timber 36 33-34

"red-rot" 36 26-31

cause 36 27-28

conditions favoring 36 28

final stages and fruiting

organs 36 28-30

rate of growth 36 30-31

See also Timber and Wood.

Pineapple, Natal 25 20-23

Pinkroot, chief substitutes 100

drug so known, paper

methods of distinguishing 100

minor adulterants 100 43

trade varieties 100 41-42

Piper, Charles Vancouver, bulletin entitled "Grass lands of

the south Alaska coast" 82 1-38

Pistillate cones in Zamia, development 2 19-22

Plant breeding, potatoes 87 20-39

tobacco, bulletin 96 1-71

growth, relation of lime and magnesia, paper 1 37-53

introductions from Japan, bulletin 42 1-24

Plantain, English, description of seeds 84 1-17

Plantains in Arizona 4 i~io

Plants and seeds imported. Inventory No. 9, bulletin..... 5 1-79

10, bulletin 66 1-333

11, bulletin 97 1-255

drug, wild, bulletin ■.... 89

marine, percentage of lime and magnesia content 1

mineral nutrients, bulletin 45

of Arizona 4

67 9-62

propagation, bulletin - 46 1-28

Plum, Katir, as a shade tree 25 17 !?

trees, frozen, treatment -. - 51 „I~r.n

Poa, or bluegrasses, comparison of characters , 84

descriptions of species 84

101

42-43
100 41-44
43-44

1-76

14

1-70

9-31

20-22
15-38

84 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.

Poa, or bluegrasses, key to commercial seeds 84 19

seeds of common species in her-
baria 84 18

sudetica, description 84 30-31

growing' and handling 84 14

See also Bluegrass and Bluegrasses.

Poisonous action of Johnson grass, paper 90 31-34

plants, California, northwestern 12 73-74

Nevada and Oregon 15 41-42

Pollen tube in Zamia. development 2 22-39

Pollination, artificial, hiilletin 22 1-48

experiments with blossoms of cotton 22 19-22

Datura tatula 22 19

orange 22 23-25

tobacco 22 10-18

tomato 22 26-3.3

premature, injurious efPects, with general notes
on artificial pollination and the setting of fruit

without pollination, bulletin 22 1-48

Polyporus fraxinophilus, disease of white ash, hnlletiii 32 1-20

distribution 32 10

method of attack 32 11

remedies 32 18

sporophores 32 12-14

Porto Rico, avocados 77 23-24

34-35

Castilla (rubber) culture 49 17

mango, huUetiii : 28 1-38

Potassium bromid, effect on plants 45 27

chlorid, value for buckwheat 45 _ 24-25

phosphate as a cell constituent 45 19-20

salts, formation of starch and protein 45 28-30

physiological superiority 45 34-35

replaced by rnbidinm salts 45 31-32

Potato culture in Europe 87 9-12

diseases, blackleg 87 17-18

filosite, or growing-ont 87 13

internal brown-spot .■ 87 12-13

late-blight and rot 87 19-28

leaf-spot 87 13-14

scab and scablike diseases 87 14-17

resistance : ; 87 35-36

sweet, in central Texas 13 69

Potatoes, best varieties in United States and Canada 87 33-35

disease resistance, hnUetin 87 1-39

resistant varieties, America 87 28-31

Europe 87 ' 31-36

dry-rot due to Fusarium oxysporum, bulletin 55 1-62

effect of disease 55 13-19

fertilizers on resistance 55 19-27

literature 55 61-62

remedial measures 55 52-54

Powell, George Harold, and Fulton, San ford Hamilton, bul-
letin entitled —

"Cold storage, Avith special reference to the pear and

peach" 40 1-28

"The ajjple in cold storage" 48 1-66

Prairie dogs 67 46

Precipitation. See Painfall.

Preliminary study of the germination of the spores of Aga-

ricus campe.stris and other basidiomycetous fungi, bulletin.. 16 1-43

Prickly pear and other cacti as food for stock, bulletin 74 1-48

cutters 74 17-19

effect of food upon stock 74 33-35

ensilage 74 35-36

101

1-24

INDEX TO BULI.ETINS 1 TO 100. ^6

Bulletin. Page.

Prickly pear, food for cattle 74 24-29

cow.s. dairy rations 74 22-24

milk production 74 20-24

hogs 74 29-30

oxen 74 30-33

sheep and goats 74 30

machines for cutting cacti 74 16-20

Principles of mushroom growing and mushroom spawn mak-
ing, bitUctin 85 1-60

Propagation of the Easter lily from seed, hitUet'ui 39 1-24

tropical fruit trees and other plants. huUetin.. 46 1-28

Proteid nitrogen, increase, results of breeding 78 95-100

Proteids in wheat kernel, selection to increase quantity 78 76-91

Prothallus in Zamia, development 2 ^~~on

Pseudomonas campestris, black-rot bacterium, bulletin 29 1-20

Puccinea vexans, rust ^''^ 22-25

Puget Sound, farm jiractices in territory near, buUctin 94 1-39

Pumpkin, varieties 21 300-307

Punjab, British India, agricultural conditions 35 34-3o

Q

Quick method for the determination of moisture in grain,
bulletin : 9^

U

Radish, varieties 21 307-332

IlAGAN, William Henry, bulletin entitled "Nomenclature of
the apple; a catalogue of the known varieties referred to in
American ])ublications from 1804 to 1904," with additions

and corrections ■'^ 1-395

Railroads, balla^^^t. Europe ^4

cross-ties, Europe 1'*

form 14 34-35

impregnation 14 24-96

kinds of timber 14 34

prevention of splitting 14 3

removal and disposal 14

specifications 14

stacking 14

United States 14 27-32

experiments 14

rail fastenings. Europe 14

tie plates, Europe 14

See also Pine, Timber, and Wood.

Rainfall in Alaska 82 27

Algeria - 80 22-24

Arizona 4 28-29, 30

67 ■ 41-44

Nebraska 59 13-14

Oregon and Washington, western 94 8-9

Tunis - 92 27-28

Rampion. varieties 21 332

Range conditions in Nevada and Oregon 15 23-33

northwestern California, ?>(///r//;i. : 12 1-81

feed, Arizona ■ 67 46-57

imijrovement in Arizona, bulletin'. 4 1-31

^ 67 1-62

central Texas, bulletin 13 1-72

investigations in Arizona, bulletin 4 1-31

67 1-62

management in the State of Washington, bulletin 75 1-28

Ranges, Arizona, overstocking, etc., bulletin 4 1-31

^ 67 1-62

northwestern California, bulletin 12 1-81

carrying capacity 12 34-38

101

39
52-96

I

61-62
35-96
37-38

29-32
40
39

80 BULLETINS OF THE BXJEEAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.

Eanges. Washington, changes in handling 38 14-15

Oregon, California, and Nevada, abuses.. 38 44-45

condi-
tions
a n d

plants 38 * 15-27

Eape 31 25

in central Texas 13 67

Nebraska - 59 50

Oregon and \Yashington. wes-tern 94 30-33

seed crop 94 32-33

so^vn with red clover. 94 16

Recent foreign explorations bearing on agricultural develop-
ment of Southern States, J)ullcti)i 35 1^4

Eeclamation of Cape Cod sand dunes, bulletin 65 1-38

Eecords of seed distribution and cooperative experiments v^ith

grasses and forage plants, bulletin 10 1-23

Red clover, new type, bulletin 95 1-48

See also Clover, red.

Red-rot and bluing of western yellow pine, bulletin 36 1^0

Redtop :^1 22

false (fowl meadow grass), description 84 27-28

growing and handling... 84 13-14

in Nebraska : 59 36

Refrigeration, mechanical, principles 48 13-15

Relation of lime and magnesia to plant growth, bulletin I 1-53

Rescue grass and chess, seeds, paper — 25 5-8

in central Texas 13 48-49

Reservoirs, eradication of algae and pathogenic bacteria, bul-
letin 64 1-44

76 1-55

Resistance to disease, potatoes, bulletin 87 1-39

Resistant cotton plants, bulletin 88 1-87

Rhizopus nigricans, formation of spores, bulletin 37 1-40

Rhode Island, anal^'ses of soils -- 1 21

Rhodes grass - 25 17

Rhubarb, varieties 21 332-333

Rib-grass seeds, description 84 35

Rice, conditions in United States 35

in Egypt 62

wild, artificial propagation 50

botanical description 50 13-16

diseases — 50 18

distribution and habitat 50 10-12

90 5-6

fall seeding versus spring seeding 90 7-8

life history and natural propagation 50 13

planting 50 21-22

salt-water limits, paper - 72 9-14

seed, food value 50 20—21

germination 90 7

effect of temperature 90 12

tests 90 11-12

harvesting 50 18-19

packing for transportation 90 11

preparation for food 50 19-20

storage and germination, paper 90 5-14

experiments 90 9-10

methods - 50 22-23

90 8-0

\ises and propagation, bulletin 50 1-24

varieties 50 16-18

RiTTUE. Edward Cooper, and Towxsend, Charles Orrin, bul-
letin entitled "The development of single-germ beet seed".... 73 1-26

River deposits, analyses I 26

RoBi.Nsox. Thomas Ralph, and Kellerman. Karl Frederic.

paper entitled "Conditions affecting legume inoculation".... 100 73-83

101

9-11

55-58

21

grasses in western Oregon and Washington.

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 10(1. 87

Rulletin. Page.

Rocky Mountain region, description - '51 11-12

KoLFs. Peter Henry, bulletin entitled "The avocado in Florida ;

its propagation, cidti-
vation, and market-
ing" 61 1-36

"Wither-tip and other dis-
eases of citrus trees
and fruits caused by
Colletotriehum gloeos-

porioides" "'S 1-22

Rooi-bloem, corn parasite 2o . 18-20

Root crops in western Oregon and Washington 94 35-38

Root-knot of cowpea. description 17 23-24

extent 17 25-27

methods of treatment 17 27-29

plants affected 17 24-25

resistant varieties 17 29-36

Roquette, varieties 21 .o^iq

Rubber culture, status 49 13-18

uncertainties 49 14-16

plantations, management 49 76-78

requirements for success 49 80-82

security of investments 49 78-80

83-84

production and climate 4'.) 39-47

tree. Central American, culture, bulletin 49 1-86

improvement by selection 49 31-32

latex, or milk 49 32-39

40-43

functions 49 34-35

38-39

structure 49 35-36

Para 49

Sec also Castilla.

Rubidium salts, action on fungi 45

in place of potassium salts 45

Rush, field, description of seeds 84

slender, description of seeds 84

wood, description of seeds 84

Russia, anal^-ses of soils - 1

Russian red clover, new type, bulletin - - 95 97 90

Rust, Aecidium tuberculatum 63 I 1^

crown, of oats ^■'^ 1-17

of Agropyron 63 lo-17

Agrostis ' 60 17-18

Chloris 63 16

cocklebur - 63 26

Cottonwood 63

Elymus 63

Euphorbia 63 9-11

Peucedanum foeniculaceum 63 ' 28 2J

sunflower - 63 ll'll

velvet leaf - 63 26-27

willow : : 63 18-19

Puccmea vexans ».. ^^ ^■>

21-25

45-47

33
31-32
37
37
37
21

18-19
15-17

Rusts, emergency adaptations - 6.,

investigations. buUetin 63 1 j-

perennial species - - "^ '"'J^

segregation of host plants O'^ ^^ ^•'

winter resistance of uredo - 6-| Itltl

Ruta-bagas in western Oregon and Washington ■»4 .^>5 37

Rye, beach, in south Alaska 82

grass, perennial - '^1

wild, in Nebraska 59

16-17
31 2:,

40-41
94 26-27

wild, in central Texas - ^"^

101

52-53

88 BULLEfliSIS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

s

Bulletin. Page.

Sages in Nevada and Oregon 15 42-45

Sahara Desert, date palm, alkali resistance 53 72-99

agriculture without irrigation, bulletin 86 1-30

date gardens 86 18-26

Salad, winter, udo 42 17-20

Salsify, varieties 21 333-335

Salt River Valley. Arizona, alkali conditions 53 99-101

water limits of wild rice, paper 72 9-14

Saltbushes and their allies in Arizona 4 17-18

in central Texas 13 68

Salton Basin, California, alkali conditions 53 101-114

geography' and geology 53 101-104

soil conditions 53 106-114

fertility 53 114

water supply 53 104-106

Salts, toxic, dilute solutions as stimulants of plants 79 42-44

neutralizing effect on other toxic substances 79 39-42

resistance of wheat varieties, ouUetin 79 1-48

salts used in ex-
periments 79 11

results of experiments as to resistance with

different species of plants 79 35-36

Sand binders, bulletin 57 1-36

in California, northwestern 12 57-62

Nevada and Oregon 15 37-38

binding, beach grass 65 24-30

brush laying 65 28

forestation 65 30-31

control - - 65 21-31

dunes, Cape Cod, reclamation. buUetiii 65 1-38

controlling and reclaiming methods, bulletin 57 1-36

in northwestern California 12 56-62

utilization 65 33-34

Sanfoin in central Texas 13 69

Santa Rita Forest Reserve, Arizona, description 67 16-32

Saragolla wheat, paper 25 9-12

Scab, apple, effect of Bordeaux mixture 93 26-27

potato - 87 14-17

Scald, apple - 48 26-33

ScoFiELD, Carl Schurz, bulletin entitled " The Algerian durum

wheats : A classified
list, with descrip-
tions" 7 1-48

"The commercial grad-
ing of corn" 41 ' 1-24

" The description of

wheat varieties".-. 47 1-18
paper entitled " The salt-water limits

of wild rice" 72 9-14

and Brown, Eugar. bulletin entitled
"Wild rice : Its uses and propaga-
tion" 50 1-24

Scolymus, varieties 21 335

Scorzonera, varieties 21 335

ScoTT. William Moore, bulletin entitled " The control of apple

bitter-rot " 93 1-36

ScRiBNER, Frank Lamson-, bulletin entitled "Records of seed
distribution and cooperative experiments with grasses and

forage plants " 10

Sea water, soluble salts content r 1 13-14

Sedge, oval-headed, description of seeds 84 37-38

Sedges and rushes in Nevada and Oregon 15 46-55

in central Texas 13 40-50

south Alaska 82 17

101

1-23

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO lOO. 89

Bulletin. Page.

26

23-82

Sediments of rivers, analyses 1

Seed and plant distribution, circulars 25

introduction, notes from South Africa, pafier.. 25 13-22

bed for g-rasses and clovers 59 45

cotton, distribution in 1903 25 47

distribution records, bullet in 10 1-23

Kentucky' bluegrass, huUetin 19 1-19

orchard grass 100 50-54

plants, tobacco, selection 96 44-54

potatoes, source, relation to disease resistance 87 26-27

propagation of Easter lily, bulletin 39 1-24

rape... 94 32-33

red clover 94 17

selection, new varieties of tobacco produced 96 ?H~^^

separation, tobacco 96 ;)7-60

sugar beet, development of single germs, bulletin 73 1-26

single and multiple germs 73 10-12

distribution 25 68-69

thousand-headed kale 94 35

tobacco, directions for saving 91 34-37

how to secure good quality 91 37-38

methods of saving 96 54-57

plan of distribution 25 70-72

varieties di.stributed, descriptions and cultural

directions, bulletin 91 1-40

vetch 94 20-21

Seeds and plants imported during the period from September,

1900, to December, 1903, Inven-
tory No. 10; Nos. 5501-9896, bul-
letin 66 1-333

during the ])eriod from December,
1903, to December, 1905. Inven-
tory No. 11 ; Nos. 9897 to 16796.

bulletin 97 1-255

through the Section of Seed and
Plant Introduction for distribu-
tion in cooperation with the
agricultural experiment stations.
Inventory No. 9; Nos. 4351-5500,

bulletin ". 5 1-79

bluegrasses. bulletin 84 1-38

adulteration 84 10-11

comparison of characters 84 20-21

description of commercial and hand-
gathered seeds 84

descriptions of weed seeds commonly found.. 84 32-38

ergot found in commercial seeds 84 38

germination 84

grades and quality of commercial seeds 84

growing and handling , 84

key to commercial seeds and herbarhnn

specimens 84 18-19

weight to the bushel 84 11-12

buried, vitality experiments, bulletin 83 1-22

cultivated compared with

wild species 83 19

effect of depth of burial.... 83 17-18

germination tests 83 11—17

hard seeds 83 18-19

kinds tested 83 7-9

manner of biirial 83 9-11

distribution of novelties and specialties, circulars 25 26-46

germination and vitality, bulletin 58 1-96

hard, germination after burial ■ 83 18-19

hardiness, cultivated compared with wild species 83 19

101

9

12
10
12-14

90 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.

Seeds, legal and customar\' weights per bushel, paper 51 27-34

number produced by tobacco plants 96 21

of rescue grass and chess, paper 25 5-8

the bluegrasses. bulletin 84 1-38

weeds found in bluegrass seeds, descriptions 84 32-38

respiration 58 74-82

vitality and germination, hulletin 58 1-96

apparatus for tests 58 11-13

curing and drying necessary 58 45

effect of climate 58 13-22

moisture and temperature 58 24-44

enz3'ms 58 82-87

experiments 58 9-90

localities for tests 58 48-50

nature of tests 58 47-48

packages tested 58 65-74

results - 58 49-65

varieties tested 58 10-11

literature 58 90-92

losses in different climates 58 22-24

methods of storing and shipping 58 44-65

packing in charcoal and moss 58 47

respiration 58 74-82

storage rooms, importance of dryness 58 46

sugge.stions of earlier investigators 58 44-45

warehouses, importance of dryness 58 46

Seedsmen, names and abbreviations 6 8-13

21 10-15

See also American varieties of lettuce.

Selection, potato improvement 87 25-26

Self-fertility of tobacco 96 18-19

22-26

Semolina and macaroni, manufacture, buUetin.... 20 1-31

curing 20 27-29

exportation, possibility 70

exports, imports, and prices 20

macaroni wheat demand 3 29-44

mixing 20 26

percentage in various wheats 20 20

preparation 3

products 20

recipes for cooking 70

use of macaroni wheat 3 29-44

wheat from different countries used 20 15-16

See also WTieat.

Sewage disposal, use of copper 76 43

Rhakutan bamboo 43 34

Shamel, Abchibalo Dixon, and Cobey, William Wilfred, bul-
letin entitled —

"Tobacco breeding" - - 96

"Varieties of tobacco seed distributed in 1905-6, with

cultural directions" 91 1-40

Shear, Cormelius Lott, paper entitled "Cranberry spraying

experiments in 1905" 100 7-12

Sheep in Algeria 80 89-90

prickly pear for feeding _ 74 30

raising in south Alaska 82 22-23

Shepherd's-purse seeds, description 84 32

Shocking orchard grass, method used - 100 51

Silage alone for milch cows, experiments 82 20-21

Silica, physiological role 45 20

Silkworm food plants 34 1-20

Silos in western Oregon and Washington 94 11-13

Silver-top in south Alaska... 82 17

Single-germ beet seed, development, buUetin 73 1-26

101

20
29-31

43-44
22-24
21-22

1-71

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100.

91

Bulletin.
Skinner, Kobert P.. bulletin entitled "Munnfacture of semo-
lina and maearoni" '■^^

Skirret, v&rieties 21

Smith, r«wiN F.. bulletin entitled "The etTect of blaek-rot on

turnips : A series of photomicrographs,

accompanied by an explantitory text" 29

and Swingle, Deane Bret, bulletin enti'
tied "The dry-rot of potatoes due to Fu-

sarium oxysporuni" 55

Smoking machine for testing burning quality of cigar

tobacco - 100

Sodium bicarbonate, resistance of wheat varieties 79

carbonate, resistance of wheat varieties 79

chlorid in animals 45

salt water 72

resistance of wheat varieties 79

salts, action upon plants a 45

necessity for animals 45

sulphate, resistance of wheat varieties 79

Soft rot of calla lily, bulletin 60

Soil, aeration, effect on nodule formation .,.. 100

conditions, effect on bacteria 100

erosion. Arizona 67

inoculation, bulletin 71

paper 72

100

distribution of cultures 71

for legumes, bulletin 71

results with principal crops 71

when necessary 71

72

possibly advantageous 72

to expect failure 71

72

unnecessary 71

72

transfer 71

72

See also Bacteria, Legumes, and Nitrogen.

Soiling crops in western Oregon and ^Yashington -.. 94

Soils, correction of lime and magnesia content 1

liming, paper 1

of Algeria 80

Arizona 67

California 12

Oued Souf, Africa 86

the Jerid, Tunis ,.- 92

Sahara 53

various States and countries, analyses — - 1

Some diseases of the cowpea, bulletin 17

Sooty-blotch, apple, effect of Bordeaux mixture - 93

Sorghum in Algeria - - 80

Egypt 62

Nebraska 59

Texas, central 13

Sorrel, or sheep's-sorrel, description of seeds 84

varieties 21

South America, analyses of soils 1

Dakota, experiments with hairless Orel red clover 95

Southern States, recent foreign explorations bearing on agri-
cultural development 35

101

Page.

1-31
335

1-20

1-62

33-35

28-30

34-36

27-28

34-36

26

10-14

32-33

34-36

30

30

30-32

34-36

1-47

81-82

76-79

44-46

1-72

23-30

73-83

43-44

1-72

44-71

41-42

24

24

42-43

25

41

24-25

20-21

28-29

38
33-35
9-35
38-40
18-19
17-18
25. 55

18

33-41

72-99

18-26

1-38

27
76-77
59-60
45-46
50-51

36
335

21
27-31

1-44

92 BULLETINS OF TPIE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.

Soy bean in Nebraska - 59 49

varieties, buUetin 98 1-30

Spain, agricultural conditions 27 19-22

almond industry 26 9-13

Spanish almonds and their introduction into America, bulle-
tin 26 1-16

Spartina, North American species, bulletin 9 1-16

Speedwell, corn, description of seeds 84 36-37

Spermatids, metamorphosis, in Zamia 2 48-50

Spermatog-enesis and fecundation of Zamia, bulletin 2 1-100

bibliography 2 * 87-92

summary 2 81-86

of pteridophytes, cycadaceous plants, and

Ginkgo, literature 2 7-12

Spermatozoids, movement, in Zamia 2. 54-63

structure and form, in Zamia 2 50-54

Spillman, William Jasper, paper entitled "Extermination of

Johnson grass" 72 15-22

Spinach, varieties 21 335—340

Spore formation, general considerations 37 28-36

historical review of experiments 37 9-14

methods used in experiments 37 14-15

Phycomyces nitens, bulletin 37 1-40

Rhizopus nigricans, bulletin 37 1-40

Spraying cranberries with Bordeaux mixture, cost and recom-
mendations .... 100 11-12
importance " of
early applica-
tions 100 9-10

results 100 8-9

effect on apple diseases 93 15-30

experiments in 1905, cranberry, paper 100 7-12

Squash, varieties ."^. 21 341-352

Starch, potato 87 9-10

States, Northwestern, grasses and forage ])lants, bulletin 38 1-52

Southwestern, date palm introduction, bulletin 53 1-155

Stipa robusta in Nebraska 59 42

Stock food, prickly pear and other cacti, bulletin 74 1-48

live, improvement in Washington State 75 24

raising in Alaska 82 21-25

ranges of northwestern California, bulletin 12 1-81

Stockberger, Warner W., paper entitled " The drug known as

pinkroot" 100 41-44

Storage and germination of wild rice seed, paper 90 5-14

apple, experiments 48 15-62

cold, apple, bulletin 48 1-66

avocados 77 40-41

function 40 9-10

importance of good fruit 48 26

influence on peach indvistrj^ 40 23

pear industry 40 11

peach and pear, bulletin 40 1-28

difficulties 40 23-24

experiments 40 24-26

pear, behavior on removal 40 20-21

difficulties 40 11-12

experiments 40 12-22

influence on flavor and aroma 40 18-19

temperatures 48 21-22

warehouse, function 48 12-13

warehousing industry, extent 48 10-12

varieties of apples stored, comparison 48 33-34

fruit, purposes 40 10-11

Strontium salts and oxalates, action on animals 45 67-68

in place of calcium salts 45 46-49

101

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 93

Bulletin. Page.

Sugar beet, lime and magnesia content 1 33-35

cane in Egypt 62 42-45

Sulla in Algeria ! 80 83

central Texas 13 64

Sunflower, varieties 21 352

Swingle, Deane Bret, bulletin entitled " Formation of the

spores in the sporangia of Khizopus
nigricans and of Phycoinyces ni-

tens" ! 37 1-40

and Smith, Ervvin F.. bulletin entitled
" The dry-rot of potatoes due to

Fusariimi o.xysporum " 55 1-62

Walter Tennyson, bulletin entitled "The date palm

and its utilization in the

Southwestern States" 53 1-155

and Cook, Orator Fuller, bul-
letin entitled "Evolution of

cellular structures" 81 1-26

Swiss chard, varieties 21 352-353

Switch-grass in Nebraska 59 41

T

Tan bark. Australian wattle 51 21-25

in Algeria 80 '.).)

Tea, propagation 46 19-23

Temperatures, cold, utilization 48 14-15

Tennessee, analyses of soils 1 21

Teosinte in central Texas 13 70-72

Terrell, Tex., work of community demonstration farm, paper.. 51 9-14

Texas, analyses of soils 1 20

central, cattle held on station pastures 13 34-35

cost of cultivating j)astures 13 35-37

description of region 13 7-12

hay and pasture plants recommended 13 37-72

range improvement, experiments, buUetin .... 13 1-72

first year's work 13 12-19

grasses and forage plants

cultivated 13 24-33

legumes and fodder

plants in bales 13 24-25

plan of experiments 13 14-15

second ^^ear's work 13 19-26

seeding the ground 13 16-19

seeds, wind blown 13 23-24

selection of land 13 12-14

third year's work 13 26-33

varieties tested 13 19-22

ranges, carrying capacity 13 15-16

weather conditions 13 26-28

date palm suitable 53 134

Thermometers used in moisture determination of grain 99 20

Three new plant introductions from Japan, bulletin 42 1-24

Timber burns, seeding, in western Oregon and Washington 94 39

decay and methods of preventing it, bulletin 14 1-96

bibliography 14 67

causes 14 16-24

fungi and bacteria 14 18-24

rate 14 19-21

resistance 14 21-23

sawn versus hewn 14 21-22

seasoned versus green 14 22-23

demand and supply 14 9-11

diseases, "bluing" and "red-rot" of the western yellow

pine, bulletin ,„„,..,..,......................„.,,,,. 36 1-40

101

94 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.

Timber diseases, white ash, bulletin , 32 1-20

impregnation 14 24-96

bibliography 14 67-68

coal-tar treatment 14 53-.54

creo-resinate process 14 59-60

creosote treatment 14 49-51

emulsion treatment 14 58-59

experiments in Texas 14 29-32

Ferrell process 14 60

Hasselmann treatment 14 55-58

methods u.sed in Europe 14 40-96

records 14 62-64

recommendations 14 64-67

results in Europe 14 32-30

United States 14 27-32

senilization process 14 58

theory 14 25-26

zinc chlorid treatments 14 51-.54

in Algeria 80 93

Arizona 67 19-21

preservation 14 24-96

ties, poles, etc., Europe 14 34-39

See also Pine, Railroads, and Wood.

Timothy 31 21-22

in Nebraska '. 59 33-34

western Oregon and Washington 94 25-26

wild, in central Texas 13 53

Nebraska 59 41

Tobacco breeding, bulletin 96 1-71

work, field records 96 47-52

permanent records 96 52-54

Algerian, production, quality, etc 80 85-86

Brewer Hybrid variety 96 66-67

cigar, effects of filler, binder, and wrapper on "burn" 100 35-37

filler, tests of "burn" 100 40

method of testing the burning quality, paper.. 100 31-40

tests of burning quality by smoking machine.. 100 33-35

tests of capacity for holding fire 100 37-40

Connecticut Broadleaf, culture 91 27-29

description 91 12-13

Havana, culture, 25 76-77

91 20-27

description 91 12

Cooley Hybrid variety 96 64-66

Cuban, culture 91 29-30

description 91 13

cultural directions 25 72-81

accompanying varieties of seed

distributed in 1905-6, bulletin.. 91 1-40

description of varieties 91 11-15

disease resistance 96 60-62

Florida Cuban 25 75-76

Sumatra : 25 72-75

flowers, structure and arrangement 96 17-21

importance of large and heavy seed 96 57-60

improvement of burning quality 96 39-44

Kentucky "SMiite Burley 25 79-80

leaf ash. lime and magnesia content ^. 1 27

Little Dutch, culture 91 30

description 91 14

Maryland Smoking, culture 2.') 78-79

91 31-32

description ;... 91 14

101

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 95

Bulletin. Pago.

Tobacco, mosaic disease, buUctin , 18 1-24

artificial production 18 12-16

historical summary' 18 7-11

infection 18 16-17

preventive measures 18 22—24

translocation of starch 18 11-12

zymogen for oxidase and peroxidase.. 18 17-22

new variety produced by seed selection 96 62-64

Xorth Carolina ISright Yellow, culture 25 77-78

91 32-33

description 91 14

Ohio Zimmer Spanish, culture 25 77

Orinoco, description 91 15

plant, insect enemies 91 34

number of seeds ])roduced .*. 96 21

plants, control of number of leaves 96 33—35

great variability 96 9-12

improvement of shajje of leaves 96 26—29

modification of size of leaves 96 29—33

production of early varieties 96 37-39

nonsuckering types 96 35-37

seed, directions for saving 91 34-37

96 54-57
distributed, varieties, with cultural directions.

buUctin 91 1-40

how to secure good quality 91 37-38

plan of distribution .". 25 70-72

separation 96 57-60

seeds, number produced 96 21

selection of seed plants 96 44—54

.soils, lime and magnesia content 1 27-28

Sumatra, culture 91 15-20

description 91 12

Tennessee types, culture 25 79

91 32-33

Uncle Sam Sumatra variety, history and description.. 96 62-64

n.ses of different varieties 25 82

varieties, introduction and acclimatization 96 12-17

Virginia types, culture 25 80-81

91 32-33

description 91 15

White Burley, culture 91 33-34

description 91 14-15

wilt disease, description and cause 51 5-6

control 51 6-8

Yellow Mammoth, description 91 15

Zimmer Spanish, culture 91 30

description 91 13

Tobaccos, cigar-filler, descriptions 91 13-14

cigar-wrapper, descriptions 91 12-13

pipe, descriptions 91 14

plug, descriptions 91 14-15

Tomato, varieties 21 353-371

TowNSEND, Charles Orrin, bulletin entitled "A soft rot of

the calla lily" 60 ' 1-47

and RiTTUE, Edward Cooper, bul-
letin entitled " The develop-
ment of single-germ beet seed".. 73 1-26
Toxic salts, resistance of wheat varieties, experiments. hiiUe-

tin 79 1-48

Tracy, William Woodbridge, Jr., bulletin entitled "A" list of

American varieties of peppers " 6 1-19

2739— No. 101—07 7

96 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Tagi-.
'I'^ACY, William Woodbeidge, Jr., bulletin entitled "American

vari et ies
of 1 e t -

tuce " 69 1-103

"List of
America n
variet ies
of vege-
tables for
the years
1901 and

1902" 21 1-402

Trees, Central American rubber, culture, bullet in 49 1-86

citrus, diseases, bulletin 52 1-22

fruit, frozen in 1904, paper 51 15-19

tropical, propag-ation, bulletin 46 1-28

shade, Kafir plum 25 " 18

white ash, disease, bulletin : 32 1-20

Tropical friiit trees, propagation, bulletin 46 1-28

Truck crops in Algeria 80 71-73

Tunis, atmospheric humidity 92 26-27

climate 92 21-28

date varieties and date culture, bulletin 92 1-112

geography 92 11-21

irrigation system 92 28-33

precipitation 92 27-28

soils 92 33-41

temperature - 92 21-26

Turnip, flat or fall, in western Oregon and Washington 94 38

garden, varieties 21 371-383

ruta-baga. varieties 2L 383-391

Turnips, black-rot, bulletin 29 1-20

Typhoid fever germs, efit'ect of copper 64 28-34

76 38-47

51-54

100 57-71

u

Udo, a new winter salad 42 17-20

kan, cultivation 42 18-19

moyashi, cultivation 42 19-20

Unalaska and neighboring islands, vegetation 82 12-13

Uncle Sam Sumatra tobacco, history aud description 96 62-64

United States, wild medicinal plants, bulletin 89 1-76

Uredo of Kentucky bluegrass rust 63 20

Puccinea montanensis 63 20-21

winter resistance 63 19-21

V

Van Tieghem cells, stand 16 42-43

Variability of wheat varieties in resistance to toxic salts,

bulletin 79 1-48

Varieties, American, lettuce, bulletin 69 1-103

pei)pers, bulletin 6 1-19

vegetables, bulletin 21 1-402

cotton - 25 47-59

dates in Oued Souf 86 25-26

Tuni.s, bulletin 92 1-112

on Persian Gulf, bulletin 54 1-32

fungi, bulletin 8 1-31

medicinal plants, wild, bulletin 89 1-76

soy beans, bulletin 98 1-30

tobacco seed distributed in 1905-6, with cultural

directions, bulletin 91 1-40

101

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 97

Bulletin. rage.

Vegetables, American varieties, lettuce, bulletin 69 1-103

miscellaneous, bulletin 21 1-402

nomenclature 21 8-10

peppers, bulletin 6 1-19

Velvet grass in Northwestern States Hi 23

western Oregon and Washington 94 28-29

Vermifuge, pinkroot. paper 100 41-44

Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, work on potatoes.. 87 32-33

Vetch, common, in western Oregon and Washington 94 18-21

methods of making hay 94 19-20

sowing 94 18

seed crop 94 20-21

soiliug 94 18-19

hairy, results of inoculation 71 68-69

Mn Algeria 80 83-84

Nebraska 59 50

Northwestern States 31 26

Texas, central 13 65

pearl, in western Oregon and Washington 94 22

Vitality and germination of seeds, hiillcfin 58 1-96

of buried seeds, bulletin 83 1-23

Von Schrenk, Hermann, bulletin entitled "A disease of the

white ash caused
by Polyporus

fraxino])hilus" .. 32 1-20
"The 'bluing' and
the 'red-rot' of
the western yel-
low pine, with
special reference
to the Black
Hills Forest Re-
serve" 36 1-40

"The ' decay of
timber and meth-
ods of prevent-
ing it" 14 1-96

and Hedgcock, George Grant, paper
entitled "The wrapping of apple
grafts and its relation to the

crown-gall disease" 100 13-20

and Spaulding, Perley, bulletin en-
titled "The bitter-rot of apples ".. 44 1-54

Waite, Merton Benway, paper entitled " Fruit trees frozen in

1904" : 51 15-19

Walker, Dr. Arthur de Noe, quotation from pamphlet on use

of copper in epidemic of cholera 76 '52-54

Wasabi, the horse-radish of the Japanese, paper 42 20-22

cultivation 42 21-22

Washington, eastern, forage conditions, bullet hi 38 1-52

experiment station, cooperative experiments in

range management, bulletin — . 75 1-2S

grasses and forage plants, index 75 25-26

improvement of live stock 75 24

Oregon, California, and Nevada, alfalfa 38 28-29

b r o in e - g r a s s ,

awnless 38 32

cheat 38 34

description of re-
gion 38 11-15

101

45

33-

-34

35-

-36

27-

-36

44-

-45

98 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

I'.ulletiil. Page.
Washington, Oregon, California, and Nevada, grasses and for-
age plants, in-
dex 38 47-51

grasses, native,
worthy of cul-
tivation 38

hay, grain 38

native 38

meadows and

hay crops 38

ranges, abuses .. 38
condi-
tions
and

plants 38 15-27

root crops 38 34

swamp land rec-
lamation 38 36-37

t i m o t h y a n d

redtop' 38 29-31

range management, hulletin 75 1-28

ranges, alternation of pastures 75 23-24

experiments in reseeding 75 16-20

improvements 75 13-20

mountain grazing areas 75 17-20

protection of pastures 75 20-23

semiarid lands 75 15-17

use of pastures too early in s])ring 75 24

winter ])astures 75 13-15

Avestern, forage crops, bullet in 94 1-39

rainfall, etc 94 8-9

Water bacteria, efPect of copper, paper 100 57-71

cress beds, eradication of algaj 64 26-27

76 48

for live stock, Arizona 67 34-38

in grain, method of determining, hiiUetin 99 1-24

microscopical examination 64 9-10

76 31-32

odor and taste caused by dead alga^ 76 13, 3.2

salt, method of testing salinity 72 10-11

sea, content of soluble salts 1 13-14

sterilization with copper 64 28-38

76 38-44

supplies, algpe and bacteria, eradication, Jnillctiii 64 ' 1-44

76 1-55

supply in the Jerid, Tunis 92 28-31

Wattle, Australian, cultivation, pa/ter 51 21-25

Webber, Herbert John. bulletin entitled "Spermatogenesis and

fecundation of Zamia " 2 1-100

and Orton, William Allen, paper en-
titled "A cowpea resistant to root-

Icnot (Ileterodera radicicola)" 17 23-38

Weed seeds in bluegrass seeds, descriptions 84 32-38

Weeds in Arizona 67 58-59

Nevada and Oregon 15 38-41

Weevil-resisting adaptations of the cotton plant, hulletin 88 1-87

Weights per bushel of seeds, paper 51 27-33

West Indies, avocados 77 14

Castilla (rubber) culture 49 16-17

letters on agriculture 27 9-12

Westgate. John Minton. bulletin entitled "Reclamation of

Cape Cod sand dunes" 65 1-38

\Mieat. Adjini variety, description 7 44

Aicha el Eeida variety, description 7 20

Algerian durum varieties, descriptions, hulletin 7 1-48

101

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 99

r.iillctiii. Page.

Wheat, analyses ~0 33

78 17-120

Aures variet3% clescri])tion " "16

Azazi variety, description 7 40

Beliouni variety, description 7 20

Belotiirlva variety, description 3 50

7 22

Bog-har variety, description 7 32

breeding 78 49-120

Caid de Siouf variety, description 7 28

Eleuze variety, description 7 38

characters of grain 7 10-11

classification and descriptions, basis 7 8-11

object 7 7-8

conditions affecting- composition and yield 78 17-46

climate 78 20-23

soil 78 23-2n

soil mois-
ture 78 29-30

time of cutting 78 17-20

yield, immature seed 78 20

specific gravity of seed

kernel .' 78 37-39

containing garlic, cost of separation 100 26-28

experiments in separating 100 22-26

loss resulting 100 21-22

quantity before and after separa-
tion 100 20

Courtellement variety, description 7 20

cultivation in alfalfa fields, ixipcr 72 5-7

description of varieties, bulhtin 47 1-19

Algerian durum, bulletin 7 ■ 1-48

durum, bullet in 3 1-62

durum, adaptability to semiarid districts of United

States 3 13-28

Algerian varieties, bulletin 7 1-48

Arnautka variety, description 3 48-49

Beloturka variety, description 3 50

Black Don variety, description 3 51

Candeal variety-, description 3 53

characteristics 3 10-11

7 12-13

climate, comparisons 3 13-18

effects 3 47

commercial status, bulletin 70 1-70

cultivation - 3 ' 45-47

demand, foreign 3 29-40

home 3 38-40

determination of best varieties 70 • 66-67

disposal of crop 70 , 67-68

distribution 3 11-13

experiments in growth 3 19-20

for bread 3 44-45

20 29

70 31-65

macaroni 3 29—44

20 11-12

70 13-31

miscellaneous uses 70 6'>

semolina 3 29-44

20 11-12

Gharnovka variety, description 3 47-48

harvesting 3 46-47

increase in mills 70 68

production 70

60

101

100 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

BuUetin. Page.

\Mieat, durum, industry, outlook for future 70 68-69

progress and development 70 65-68

inspection and grading 70 67

Kubanka variety, description 3 49

market \ 3 28-45

20 7-8
12-15

Medeah variety, description 3 52-53

Missogen variety, description 3 55

name " durum ""^ 70 12-13

Nicaragua variety, description 3 54

Pellissier variety, description 3 53

Pererodka, variety, description 3 49-50

Polish variety, description 3 55

prices - - - • 70 68

qualities of commercial value 70 12

quality demanded 3 33-37

rank assigned wheats of this type 70 9-12

Russo-Mediterranean traffic 3 58-60

Sarui-Bugda variety, description.. 3 52

seeding- 3 46

soil, comparison 3 18-19

effects 3 47

preparation 3 45-46

varieties 3 47-58

comparison 3 56-58

Velvet Don variety, description 3 50-51

^Yild Goose variety, description.. 3 54-55

for macaroni 20 12-13

winter varieties 3 55-56

effect of drying 100 28-29

29-30

El Aoudja variety-, description 7 32

Hamra variety, description 7 40

Safra variety, description 7 48

French metadine. for macaroni 20 9-10

garlicky, paper 100 21-30

glossary of terms used in descriptions of Algerian

varieties 7 11-12

grasses in Nebraska... 59 37-38

Hacked variety, description 7 30

head, structure 7 9-10

improvement in quality of gluten 78 91-95

improving the quality, bulletin 78 1-120

in Algeria 7 7-48

80 . 74-75

Egypt 62 51-54

investigations to improve quality, object 78 13-14

Kahla variety, description 7 28

kernel, properties 78 49-72

selection to increase quantity of proteids 78 76-83

selection to increase quantity of proteids in

endosperm 78 84-91

macaroni, bulletin 3 1-62

Algerian, bulletin 7 1-4S

commei'cial status, bulletin 70 1-70

machinery for drying and cleaning 100 30

Maroc variety, description 7 42

Medeah variety, description 3 52-53

7 26

Medeba variety, description 7 36

Meskiana variety, description 7 36

Mohamed Ben Bachir variety, description 7 38

Moroccain variety, description 7 46

M'Saken variety, description 7 34

101

INDEX TO BULLETINS 1 TO 100. 101

Bulletin. Page.

^Mieat, Nab el Bel variety, description 7 48

nitrogen content,, conditions affecting' 78 40-46

effect of lengtli of growing period.... 78 104-111

relation of size of kernel 78 35-37

specific gravity of kernel 78 39-40
yield affected by length of growing

period 78 104-111

to the acre 78 72-76

Otichda variety, description 7 42

Paros variety', description 7 24

Pelissier variety, description 3 53

7 38

Poulot variety, description 7 24

relation of size of head to yield, height, and tillering

of plant 78 111-118

resistance to to.xic salts, bibliograjihy -r 79 47-48

exi)erinients. hiilletin 79 1—48

individual \ariabiiitv of va-
rieties \ 79 37-39

method of establi.'-hing toxic

limits : ^ 79 21-23

methods of experiments 79 16-20

results of experiments 79 23-35

practical value 79 44-45

with magnesium —

chlorid 79 25-26

suli)hate 79 23-25

with sodivim —

bicarbonate 79 28-30

carbonate 79 27-28

chlorid 79 32-35

sulphate 79 30-32

summary of results of experi-
ments 79 34-35

varieties tested 79 11-16

Budapest 79 15

Chul 79 14-15

Kharkof 79 14

Kubanka 79 15-16

Maraouani .... 79 16

Padui 79 14

Preston 79 12-13

Turkey 79 13

Zimmerman .. 79 13-14
results of breeding to increase content of proteid ni-
trogen - 78 95-100

Saragolla, paper 25 9-12

seedlings, analyses of ash constituents 79 37

semolina - - 25 9-12

cleaning : 20 , 16-20

milling process -.- 20 20-22

scouring ^- - 20 14-15

sown with red clover - 94 ' 15

Tesdouni variety, description 7 34

Trimenia variety, description 7 30

varieties, description, terms used, bulletin.. 47 1-18

nomenclature - 47 9-18

vitality, effect of drying 100 29-30

Wild Goose variety, description 3 54-55

for macaroni 20 12-13

Xeres variety, description 7 22

yield as affected by susceptibility to cold 78 100-104

length of growing period 78 104—111

Zedoxmi variety, description 7 44

White-rot of white ash, bulletin 32 1-20

101

z

102 BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Bulletin. Page.

^^Tiitetop grass in central Texas l^i 52

Wild medicinal i)lants of the United States, huUetin 89 1-76

rice: Its uses and propagation. biiUetin -.. 50 1-24

seed, storage and germination, ii(ii>er -... 90 - 5-14

Willow rusts 63 18-19

Wilt disease of tobacco and its control, ixipcr 51 5-8

Wither-tip and other diseases of citrus trees and fruits, huJIc-

tin ^. 52 1-22

Wood, cells and fibers 14 12-14

life 14 14-15

chemical nature ,14 14

dead, ash, microscopic changes 32 14-17

decay, bibliography 14 67

causes, rate of resi.stance 14 16-24

diseased, ash, growth of fungus 32 17

heartwood and sapwood 14 15-16

impregnation 14 24-96

mechanical nature 14 14

resistance to decay of different races 14 2?>

structure .'- 14 12-16

■ western yellow pine, "bluing" and "red-rot," bulletin.. 36 1-40
See also Pine. Railroads, and Timber.
Woods, Albert Fred, bulletin entitled "Observations on the

mosaic disease of tobacco and its

control" - 18 1-24

paper entitled "Inoculation of .soil

with nitrogen-fixing bacteria" 72 23-30

Work of the community demonstration farm at Terrell, Tex.,

jiajier 51

Wrapping of apple grafts and its relation to the crown-gall

disease, paper 100 13-20

Y

Yakutat plains, Alaska, grass lands 82 14-15

Yam cultivation, Jamaica 27 12-15

9-14

16-19
19-22

Zamia, development of microspores 2

pistillate cones 2

2)ollen tube and prothallus 2 22-39

division of central cell 2 . 39-48

fecundated egg cell 2 69-70

is the blepharopla.st a centrosome? - 2 70-81

metamorphosis of the spermatids 2 48-50

methods and materials used in investigation 2 l^~^'f

movement of, spermatozoids 2 54-63

process of fecundation 2 63-69

spermatogenesis and fecundation, bulletin 2 l-lOO

structure and form of mature spermatozoid 2 50-54

101

O

[Continued from page 2 of cover.]

No. r)2. AVither-Tip and Other Diseases of Citrus Trees an4l Fruits Caused l)y CoUetotrichuni Gloe-
osporioides. 1904. Price, IS cents.

53. The Date Palm. 1!)04. Price. 20 cents.

54. Persian Gulf Dates. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

55. The Dry-Rot of Potatoes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

56. Nomenclature of the Apple. 1905. Price, 30 cents.

57. Methods I'scil for Controlling Sand Dunes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

58. The A'itality and Germination of Seeds. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

59. Pasture, Meadow, and Foragre Crops in Xebra.ska. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

60. A Soft Rot of the Calla Lily. 1904. Price, 10 cent^.

61. The Avocado in Florida. 1904. Price, 5 cents.

62. Notes on Egyptian .-Vgriculture. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

63. Investigations of Rusts. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

64. A Method of Destroying or Preventing the Growth of Alga' and Certain Pathogenic Bacteria

in Water Supplies. 1904. Price, 5 cents.

65. Reclamation of Cape Cod Sand Dunes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

66. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 10. 1905. Price, 15 cents.

67. Range Investigations in Arizona. 1904. Price, 15 cents.

68. North American Species of Agrostis. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

69. American V'arietios of Lettuce. 1904. Price, 15 cents.

70. The Commercial Status of Durum Wheat. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

71. Soil Inoculation for Legfumes. 1905. Price, 15 cents. i

72. Miscellaneous Papers. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

73. The Develoiimcnt of Single-Germ Beet Seed. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

74. Prickly Pear and Other Cacti as Food for Stock. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

75. Range Management in the State of Washingfton. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

76. Copper as an .\lgicide and Disinfectant in Water Supplies. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

77. The Avocado, a Salad Fruit from the Tropics. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

78. Improving the Quality of Wheat. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

79. The A'ariability of Wlieat Narieties in Resistance to Toxic Salts. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

80. .\gricultural Explorations in Algeria. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

81. Evolution of CeHular Structures. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

82. Grass Lands of the South Alaska Coast. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

83. The Vitality of Buried Seeds. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

84. The Seeds of the Bluegrasses. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

85. The Principles of Mushroom Growing. 1905. Price, 10 cents.

86. Agriculture without Irrigation in the Sahara Desert. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

87. Disease Resistance of Potatoes. 1905. Price, 5 cents.

88. Weevil-Resisting Adaptations of the Cotton Plant. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

89. AVild Medicinal Plants of the United States. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

90. Miscellaneous Papers. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

91. Varieties of Tobacco Seed Distributed, etc. 1906. Price, 5 cents.

92. Date Varieties and Date Culture in Tunis. 1906. Price, 25 cents.

93. The Control of Apple Bitter-Rot. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

94. Farm Practice with Forage Crops in Western Oregon, etc. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

95. A New Type of Red Clover. 1906. Price, 10 cents.

96. Tobacco Breeding. 1907. Price, 15 cents.

97. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 11. 1907. Price, 30 cents.

98. Soy Bean Varieties. 1907. Price, 15 cents.

99. A Quick Method for the Determination of Moisture in Grain. 1907. Price, 5 cents.

100. Miscellaneous Papers: I. Cranberry Spraying Experiments in 1905. II. The Wrapping of
Apple Grafts and Its Relation to the Crown-Gall Disease. III. Garlicky Wheat. I\'.
Methods of Te.sting the Burning Quality of Cigar Tobacco. V. The Drug Known as
Pinkroot. VI. Orchard Grass. VII. The Effect of Copper upon Water Bacteria. VIII.
Conditions Affecting Legume Inoculation. 1907. Price, 25 cents.
101

^\A

New York Botanical Garden LIbrai

111

3 5185 00259 8827

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