YY YY Wee LY SS S \ N \“ SS SS NS SS § Ni \ SS N SE SN : \ MELLEL AS i EL Wn nay Wate, ane ER as ae Wi Wy ie m.). There was no distinction in wall height between the north and south sides of the room, and the average was 2 feet 6 inches 0 10 ft. (76.2 cm.). The sipapu in this domicile was oval rather than circular in form and measured 834 inches (22.22 cm.) by 5 inches (12.7 cm.) in diameter and had a depth of 6 inches (15.24 cm.). From the rim of the fire pit to the edge of the sipapu was exactly 1 foot (30.48 cm.). The rim around the fire pit was 6 inches (15.24 em.) broad at its base and 3 inches (7.62 cm.) high. The fire pit had a diameter of 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 cm.) by 2 feet 10 inches (86.36 cm.) and a total depth of 10 inches (25.4 cm.). The floor of the pit was 7 inches (17.78 cm.) below that of the room. The greater depth was made possible by the ridge around the rim of the pit. Fig. 18.—Plan of House O. ec, Holes for support posts. e, Fire pit ROBERTS ] SHABIK°ESHCHEE VILLAGE 57 The holes for the supporting posts of the superstructure averaged 10 inches (25.4 cm.) in diameter and had a depth of approximately 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 cm.). Hovusst P This structure was quite similar to the one just described in the features of its smallness, the perfection of the plaster on its walls, and the general simplicity of its interior furnishings. It differed from the former, how- ever, in that it ap- proached more closely to the rectangular form, although there was con- siderable curve to its walls, and it had no in- terior support posts. The latter were placed at the corners and there was very much the same situation in roof con- struction as that dis- cussed in connection with house C. In that structure, it will be re- called, the large sup- port posts were incor- porated in the walls of the dwelling. Thesame held true for this domi- cile. (Fig. 19.) The plaster on the walls prevented the lo- cating of more than two 4 r0fé. slabs. The latter were in evidence near the southeast corner of the room, where some of the adobe had fallen away from their surfaces. Here again it was not thought that the question as to whether or not slabs had been used to line completely the excavation was 1m- portant enough to justify the damage entailed. Hence no effort was made to locate additional stones. House P had no sipapu, but the southeastern portion of its in- terior was set off from the remainder of the room by a ridge of adobe extending out from the walls and forming a raised rim around the 9215°—Bull, 92—29-——_5 Fie. 19.—Plan of House P. c, Holes for support posts. . e, Fire pit 58 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 92 fire pit. No slabs had been used to make a compartment partition wall, but such a place had been suggested by the ridge. There was no deflector slab in position, nor were there any indications that there ever had been one in the room. No traces could be found of a passage, and there was no suggestion of an antechamber. House P had been the smallest dwelling in the entire community. It measured 9 feet (2.7482 m.) by 9 feet 4 inches (2.8448 m.). There was no variation in its wall height, excepting slight irregularities in construction, the average of which was 2 feet 8 inches (81.28 cm.). The average thickness of the plaster on the walls was a fraction over 2 inches (5.08 cm.). The rim around the fire pit averaged 5 inches (12.7 cm.) in width at its base and tapered to 21% inches (6.35 cm.) at the top. Its aver- age height was 3 inches (7.62 cm.). The fire pit was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm.) in diameter and had a depth of 5 inches (12.7 cm.) below the floor level. With the rim its depth was 8 inches (20.32 cm.). House Q This structure had a number of unique features, although it fitted into the general type of dwelling found throughout the village. The shape of excavation was rectangular with rounded corners. (Fig. 20.) With a single exception, no slabs had been used to line the lower walls. The plaster had been applied directly to the native earth walls. The single exception was at the east side of the room where the entrance may have been located. Here one slab had been set in the wall at a point directly in line with the fire pit and sipapu. Along the top of the plaster at this side of the room was a single course of horizontally laid slabs, a feature somewhat similar to the use of masonry in houses A and F-1. Another curious feature was that there had been three holes which might be considered as sipapus and that all of them were on the west side of the fire pit instead of being to the north as previously observed. Associated with the above combination was the location of the compartment feature at the east side of the room. It was the only structure in the entire group which had this orientation. In all other cases this compartment, whether actually present or merely suggested, was at the south or southeast side of the interior of the dwelling. There is no explanation readily forthcoming as to why there was this difference in house Q. There was no true compartment in house Q, but merely the indi- cation of one. As in the two houses just described, there was a ridge of adobe plaster extending out from the walls to the fire pit, marking off part of the floor space, This ridge did not completely encircle ROBERTS } SHABIK°ESHOHER VILLAGE 59 the fire pit as in other structures, but formed a raised rim on the eastern quarter of the circumference only. No slabs had been set in this ridge to form a partition wall for a compartment. An addi- tional feature was that the floor at the east side, within the boundaries of the adobe ridge, was slightly higher than that of the rest of the room. As a matter of fact it may be considered that the east side of the room had had a low platform rather than a compartment. 0 Fic, 20.—Plan of House Q. a, Small holes in floor. 6, Storage pits in floor. oe, Holes for support posts. e, Fire pit. f, Sipapu. g, Location of small pole. h, Hole in floor Four interior posts, as in most of the dwellings, had been used to support the superstructure. The eastern posts had, at their bases, been partially included in the adobe ridge. In this respect the construction might be said to run true to form. In addition to the three holes which were in such a position as to be considered in the light of possible sipapus, there were three holes at various places in the main part of the room, which probably 60 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 92 served as storage places. There were two holes in the floor in the compartment or platform portion of the room. One was located in a rather odd place and its purpose was not apparent. It was immediately in front of the single slab at the east side of the room. The very small hole between this one and the fire pit had decayed fragments of wood in it, and suggested that a small pole of some sort had been placed in it. This was in about the position which normally would be occupied by a deflector. If, as it may well have been, the deflector was of pole and plaster construction, the type noted in the discussion of house F, it naturally would be supposed that there should have been two upright posts, while there was an indication of but one. It is possible that one was all that the builders deemed necessary to anchor such a deflector in position. There was no indication of a plaster wall having risen above the floor at this point. All that can be stated definijely is that there had been a single pole standing in the floor at about the position where a deflector generally would be found. Trenches failed to reveal any indications of a passage extending to the east and there was no evidence of an antechamber. Here again, as mentioned in preceding pages, the external portions of the house may have been constructed wholly of perishable materials, all traces of which were destroyed during the length of time which must have elapsed since the dwelling fell into ruin and was covered over by drifting sand. It is, of course, quite possible that the structure never had an entrance on the ground level. It may be supposed that under such conditions the slab which was set in the east wall at a point where the doorway would have been may have had certain significance through being ceremonially associated with such an opening. In line with this thought is the possibility that the slab was really a deflector which, because of the absence of a doorway, from a practical point of view was entirely useless, but which from a ceremonial standpoint was felt to be essential to the well-being of the inhabitants of the dwelling. All of this is, of course, pure conjecture, and it must be borne in mind that from the position of a strictly matter-of-fact consideration the only answer to the question as to why certain features were as found in this structure is that we do not know. House Q measured 14 feet 4 inches (4.3688 m.) by 14 feet (4.2672 m.). The wall height on the west side was 2 feet 214 inches (67.31 em.) and on the east 2 feet 5 inches (73.66 cm.). The plaster portion of the east wall was the same height as that on the west side of the room, but the row of slabs lying along its top increased the total height. The westernmost of the three sipapu holes was 834 inches (22.22 em.) in diameter and had a depth of 21% inches (6.35 cm.). The ROBERTS ] SHABIK°ESHCHEE VILLAGE 61 second, or middle one, was slightly smaller, having a diameter of 6 inches (15.24 em.), with the same depth. The hole which occupied the position of the true sipapu, and no doubt served in that capacity, was 1 foot 334 inches (40 cm.) in diameter and had a depth of 6 inches (15.24 cm.). The first hole was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm.) from the west wall. From the edge of the first to the edge of the middle hole was the same distance, 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm.), and from the edge of the latter to the edge of the sipapu was 1 foot 214 inches (36.83 cm.). From the edge of the sipapu proper to the edge of the fire pit measured 834 inches (22.22 cm.). The fire pit averaged 2 feet (60.96 cm.) in diameter and had a depth of 10 inches (25.4 cm.). The raised rim on the eastern arc of the pit was 334 inches (9.52 cm.) in height and 5 inches (12.7 cm.) wide. The latter measurements are a good average for the adobe ridge extending out from the north and south walls to the fire pit. The two additional circular holes in the main part of the room averaged 834 inches (22.22 cm.) and 11 inches (27.94 cm.) in diam- eter and had a depth of 6 inches (15.24 cm.). The third storage pit in the floor of this part of the dwelling was ovoid in shape. Its longest diameter was 1 foot (30.48 cm.), while the short one meas- ured 71% inches (19.05 cm.). Its depth was 5 inches (12.7 cm.). The floor of the section at the eastern end of the room, that marked off by the ridge of adobe, was 2 inches (5.08 cm.) higher than that of the rest of the room. The small hole in which the pole occupying the normal position of a deflector had been set was 3 inches (7.62 cm.) in diameter and had a depth of 6 inches (15.24 cm.). The hole at the base of the slab set in the east wall was 714 inches (19.05 cm.) in diameter and had a depth of 5 inches (12.7 cm.). The placing of the single slab in the east wall resulted in an ir- regular projection or pierlike feature at that point. The latter measured 1 foot 5 inches (43.18 cm.) across the face. At its north side it projected 6 inches (15.24 cm.) from the wall, while at the south it stood out but 214 inches (6.35 cm.). The slab was 1 foot (30.48 cm.) wide and 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm.) high. Srructures ExcavaTep IN 1926 The ruins which were investigated during the summer of 1926 when the writer was conducting excavations for the National Geographic Society’s Pueblo Bonito Expedition did not occupy the same portion of the mesa top as did those of Shabik’eshchee village. The former were on a low knoll 215 feet (65.532 m.) northwest of the large cere- monial room. ‘There was a distinct depression between the two mounds and extensive trenching failed to reveal anything in the na- 62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 92 ture of buildings in the area between the two sites. As a matter of fact there. were only a few inches of earth covering the cap rock and it would have been impossible to make the necessary excavations for a dwelling, presuming conditions were essentially the same during the occupation of the site. The structures on the knoll to the northwest belonged unquestion- ably to the same cultural horizon and no doubt were occupied at about the same time as those in the village. There were certain interesting though m‘nor variations from the general type of dwell- ing described in preceding pages, and for that reason these struc- tures should again be considered. Certain points in their construc- tion which were not easily explained when they were first excavated become quite clear in the light of what has been learned from the houses uncovered during the progress of the work at Shabik’eshchee village. PROTOKIVA HOUSE When this structure was first described the term “ protokiva” was applied to it because it contained so many features which have been considered as characteristic of the specially constructed circular cere- monial rooms of the later-day Pueblos to which the name of kiva has been applied.*? Despite the fact that the season of 1927 showed that practically all of the dwellings of that period had the same fea- tures, there are certain factors which make it seem that the term or name first applied to the structure is still quite appropriate. The excavation for this building was roughly circular in form and like house C in the main village in that it had been made in such a fashion that there was an encircling bench at,the top. No slabs had been used to line the periphery of the excavation, which had a thick facing of adobe plaster. The superstructure had been supported on four interior posts and the small poles which formed the sloping upper walls had been embedded in the earth at the back of the bench. (PI. 7, a; fig. 21.) There was a sipapu, a circular fire pit in the center of the room, a deflector slab, and a compartment. At the south there was a well- preserved entry and passageway. At the east side of the room there was a second fire pit, rectangular in outline, similar to those described for houses F-1 and L. 5 One of the most interesting features in this structure was that of the compartment and deflector. In this case the partition wall formed from slabs extended all the way across the southern side of the room, except for a small opening in the center between the fire pit and doorway into the passage. It was in all respects a true compart- 2 Judd, Archeological Investigations in Chaco Canyon [in 1926], pp. 165-166. ROBERTS J SHABIK°ESHCHEE VILLAGE 63 ment. The deflector slab was not immediately in front of the dcor- way into the passage, as noted in so many of the houses previously described, but stood between the opening in the low cross wall and the fire pit. It was in a position where it could quite truthfully be called a deflector. The row of slabs had been completely covered with a thick coat of plaster, and at the time the house was occupied it is probable that none of the stone was visible. The south support posts Q : oft. Fig, 21.—Plan of protokiva house. a, Antechamber. 0, Passage. c, Support posts. d, Deflector. e, Fire pit. f, Sipapu. g, Storage hole in floor. h, Second fire pit for the upper walls and roof were incorporated in the partition wall and at the time when the ruin was opened portions of these posts were still in position. ; In the eastern end of the compartment, leaning against the parti- tion wall, was a metate or milling stone, and beside it, on the floor, were the fragments of a decorated bowl. Another metate was found on the floor east of the circular fire pit in the main portion of the room. There was no difficulty in finding the passage or “ ventilator” in this structure. The doorway or opening into the passage was directly 64 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 92 opposite the break in the screen of slabs which formed the compart- ment. The floor of the passage had a slightly upward slant and was surfaced with a thick layer of plaster. The passage terminated in an oval-shaped pit, an antechamber. Both the passage and the antechamber seemed to have been excavated at the same time as the main pit for the dwelling. The passage had been roofed over with a structure in which poles, brush, and plaster played a large part. Four notched posts had been used. One was placed at each side of the doorway and one at each side of the passage where it opened into the entry or antechamber. Crosspieces were then placed in the crotches to serve as supports. Longer poles running lengthwise of the passage were placed on top of these supports and formed the ceiling of the passage. The latter were covered with bark and earth to the ground level. At the time of excavation portions of the four supporting poles were still in position. The cross pole at the aperture into the room was still in place (pl. 7, 6), and the remains of the six poles which had run the long way of the passage could be traced without the slightest difficulty. The oval pit or antechamber into which the passage opened gave no indication of ever having been covered over, but there seems little doubt but what it had had a superstructure similar to that which was erected over storage cists. Certain reconstructions which took place during the period of occupancy of the building may have oblit- erated traces of this covering to the antechamber. The earth walls of the latter had been very carefully plastered, the plaster continuing around and along the walls of the passage. The flooring was unbroken from the antechamber to the doorway into the room. One of the instructive features of this dwelling was the manner in which the passage and its doorway had been reduced in size until what had originally been an entrance capable of actual use became a mere “ ventilator.” The changes which were made when the door- way into the room was made smaller were quite clearly shown because of the fact that when the reconstruction took place a reddish- brown plaster was used, while the original was gray in color, due to the use of ashes in it. (PL 7, c¢.) At the time of the excavation of the ruin, in the summer of 1926, the reduced doorway was closed by a slab of stone which had been placed against it. The changes in the doorway were not the only ones which were made. Presumably at the time when the opening into the passage was made smaller, a section of wall was built on the southern are of the periphery of the room. It was constructed of large slabs of stone, laid horizontally, in the form of true masonry, held in posi- tion by thick red mortar. The line of overlap between the red ROBERTS ] SHABIK°ESHCHEE VILLAGE 65 plaster of the addition to the wall and the gray of the original con- struction was very plainly marked. Why such a change or addi- tion should have been desired is not at all clear. It certainly must have caused some difficulty in the matter of roof rearrangement. Instead of having an even slope on all sides of the structure the southern portion would have a higher and less abrupt slant to it. This feature would have been even more marked than in the struc- tures in the main village, where it was observed that the wall at the compartment side of the room was higher than at any other place. This variation, especially when it was as marked as in the protokiva house, would necessitate some provision for bridging the gap be- tween the two sections of the superstructure. How this was done was not indicated in the débris which filled the room. It could have been accomplished by a series of short poles, set upright, extending from the lower to the upper portions of the roof, and diminishing in length as the two sections of the roof came closer together near the central framework. The central portion of the superstructure, that within the rectangle formed by the framework on top of the four supporting posts, was probably flat. Entrance to the room in its revamped state must have been through an opening in the roof. Prior to the reconstruction, en- trance to this structure could easily have been made through the antechamber and passage. When the size of the doorway was re- duced, however, it could not have been used for such a purpose. This was not the only factor against the use of the passage. When the various additions and changes were made the builders went still further and materially reduced the size of the passage and ante- chamber pit. This was accomplished through the use of large blocks of stone and great quantities of mortar forming a shaft which was only about 1 foot (30.48 cm.) square. The latter corresponded more closely to what in later structures has been termed the ventilator shaft of kivas than to an actual entrance. This rebuilt shaft was much smaller even than the one in house C, which was not considered large enough to serve as an actual entrance. The work in both the shaft and passage was quite crude. The protokiva house definitely illustrated a shift from an older to a newer style and what was once an actual entrance became merely a representative one,-a passage for the bringing of fresh air into the chamber and one which quite possibly had certain ceremonial signifi- cance. ‘There seems to be little question but what this structure represents a domicile which had been remodeled with a view to more specialized ceremonial functions. This structure exhibited another feature which was missing in all the others excavated on top of this mesa. The excavation had not been carried down to the cap rock and there were 2 feet (60.96 cm.) 66 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 92 of clean sand between the floor and the top of the mesa. There was no charcoal or ash in the sand, indicating that no other structure had occupied the site and that the floor had been laid down soon after the completion of the excavation. The two fire pits were interesting. The circular one in the center of the room was quite deep and had been lined with stone slabs whose tops were flush with the floor. The rectangular one near the east wall was rather shallow and had a facing of plaster only. The latter gave much more evidence of fire than did the former. This would suggest that it had had greater use. Just why this was done can not be explained. One interpretation might be that the struc- ture had not been given over entirely to ceremonial use and that the ordinary fires of the day-to-day life of the people were kindled in the rectangular pit while the circular one was saved for more special occasions. At all events there were the two pits, one showing greater use than the other. The only other feature of interest connected with this structure was not an architectural one. On the floor of the main portion of the room, lying at the west side of the circular fire pit, was the skeleton of a dog. There were no indications that it had been a burial and it is possible that the animal either fell in through the opening at the top and, being unable to escape, died there, or that when the people left the site it was forgotten and left in the room to die of starvation. ‘The latter does not seem likely, however. In many instances the remains of dogs have been found indicating care- ful burial, a final mark of affection on the part of a sorrowing master. Although frequently harsh in the treatment of their animals the present Indians often show a decided fondness for them, and the same may well have been true in the past. Because of this it is perhaps more fitting to think that the dog may have returned to its former home and in prowling about fell into the room, whence it was unable to escape. Because of the bench there was some variation in the diameter of the protokiva house. For a depth of 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 em.) from the original ground level the diameter averaged 18 feet (5.4864 m.). The size of the excavation was then reduced to an average diameter of 16 feet (4.8768 m.). The smaller circle was still further reduced by the application of a 6-inch (15.24 cm.) coat of plaster. This gave a final average diameter of 15 feet (4.572 m.) for the lower portion of the room. The top of the bench was 8 feet (91.44 cm.) above the floor and had an average width of 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm.). The masonry wall on the south side of the room rose 2 feet (60.96 cm.) above the top of the bench, making a total height of 5 feet (1.524 m.) for the wall on that side. ROBERTS] SHABIK’ESHCHEE VILLAGE 67 The sipapu was 8 inches (20.32 cm.) in diameter and had a depth of 6 inches (15.24 cm.). From the edge of the sipapu to the edge of the circular fire pit measured 10 inches (25.4 cm.). This pit was 2 feet 314 inches (69.85 cm.) in diameter and 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 em.) deep. The lower 1 foot (30.48 cm.) had been filled with clean sand and only the upper 6 inches (15.24 cm.) used for fire. The rectangular fire pit at the east side of the room measured 2 feet 11 inches (88.9 cm.) on a north-and-south line and 1 foot 8% inches (52.07 cm.) on an east-and-west line. It was 5 inches (12.7 cm.) deep. The distance from the side of this pit to the wall of the room averaged 1 foot (30.48 cm.). The deflector slab was 1 foot (30.48 cm.) wide and 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 cm.) in height. It stood 914 inches (23.49 cm.) from the edge of the circular fire pit and was 10 inches (25.4 cm.) from the opening in the partition wall forming the compartment. The latter opening was 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm.) wide. The average height of the row of slabs forming the compartment wall was 1 foot 11 inches (58.42 cm.), but at the time of the occu- pancy of the dwelling this had been increased 6 inches (15.24 cm.) by the plaster which covered them. The opening into the compart- ment was approximately 3 feet 6 inches (1.0668 m.) from the door- way into the passage. The original doorway into the passage had been 1 foot 1114 inches (59.05 cm.) in height and 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm.) wide. When reduced it measured 1 foot 114 inches (33.65 em.) in height and 11 inches (27.94 cm.) wide. The slab which was in position in front of this smaller opening at the time when the excavations were made measured 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm.) by 1 foot 5 inches (43.18 cm.). The sill of the doorway was a stone slab whose upper surface was 31% inches (8.89 cm.) higher than the floor of the room. The sec- ondary floor in the passage was 7 inches (17.78 cm.) above the floor level of the room. The passage was 5 feet 10 inches (1.778 m.) long, averaged 2 feet (60.96 cm.) in width, and had an average height of 2 feet (60.96 em.) for its original dimensions. The height and width were ma- terially diminished when this portion of the structure was remodeled. The poles used in the construction of the framework for the passage covering averaged 4 inches (10.16 cm.) in diameter. The oval pit of the antechamber at the outer end of the passage measured 3 feet 814 inches (1.1303 m.) on its long axis and 3 feet 5 inches (1.0414 m.) across the short way. The large support posts for the main superstructure were 81% inches (21.59 cm.) in diameter. They were set at a depth of 2 feet (60.96 cm.). The small poles forming the sloping upper walls 68 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 92 averaged 2 inches (5.08 cm.) in diameter and had been set at an average of 7 inches (17.78 cm.) apart. The small storage hole at the east corner of the compartment was 814 inches (21.59 cm.) in diameter and 8 inches (20.32 cm.) deep. 7 @ 7/25 7 Wi: 7 10 ft Fic. 22.—Plan of House X. b, Corner bins. c, Holes for support posts. d, Deflector. e, Fire pit. f, Sipapu. a, Fire box of later date, built on site after abandonment of house HOUSE X This structure belonged to the same group as the protokiva house just described but had greater similarities to the majority of the structures in the main village. The excavation for the lower portion of the house was fairly circular in form, except for the southeastern ROBERTS] SHABIK’ESHCHEE VILLAGE 69 quarter of the circumference where it was decidedly flattened. (PI. 8, b; fig. 22.) The curved portions of the wall had been faced with slabs before the application of the plaster but the straight section at the southeast side was composed entirely of plaster. The sloping poles for the upper walls were set. back about 1 foot from the tops of the slabs, making more of an offset or bench than was found in most of the structures on the mesa top. The interior furnishings had run quite true to type. There had been four posts to support the superstructure. These posts were roughly placed in the directions of the four cardinal points of the compass. The sipapu was on the northwest side of the fire pit, which was crudely circular in shape. There was a deflector slab in position near the south wall. There had been the suggestion of a compart- ment. The latter was quite like the compartment in house F-1 in that there had been two bins, one at the east and one at the west-end. The east bin was in a good state of preservation but that at the west had completely fallen apart. Its general size and shape could be determined, however, from the imprints of the slabs in the adobe ridge and from the stones themselves. The latter were lying on the floor where they had fallen. The east bin had been constructed of five slabs of stone. The latter formed two of its walls while the other two were supplied by the walls of the room itself. The spaces between the slabs had been filled with adobe plaster, which also had covered their sur- faces. On the floor of this bin was a large milling stone or metate. The hand stone or mano was lying in the groove or trough of the metate, presumably where the woman who last had used it left it. Two more of these milling stones were found on the floor in such a position as to indicate that they had been within the confines of the bin at the opposite side of the room. The latter also had their hand stones in place in the grooves. There was no indication of an entrance or passage at the south side of the room, and it is quite possible that this structure, as in the case of several previously described, had had one of the highly perishable type. There is also the possibility that there was no entrance on the ground level and that access to the interior was limited to the smoke hole at the top. The wall at this side of the house was higher than that beyond the confines of the compart- ment. There was about the same variation as noted in some of the dwellings of the main village on the knoll to the southeast. The hexagonal cist indicated by dotted lines in the northwest portion of the ground plan of the room was of later date. (Fig. 22.) After the house had been abandoned and had fallen into decay a later group occupying the same site constructed a large fire pit. In 70 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 92 making this pit they placed it, perhaps unknowingly, within the boundaries of the former domicile. The bottom of this fire pit was several inches above the floor of the room. The space between was filled with débris which had accumulated during the interval elapsing between the time the house fell into ruin and the fire pit was constructed. House X had been fairly large. It measured 17 feet 6 inches (5.334 m.) by 18 feet 334 inches (5.5816 m.). The wall at the north side was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm.) high, while that at the south or compartment side measured 2 feet (60.96 cm.). The sipapu was 714 inches (19.05 cm.) in diameter and 5 inches (12.7 em.) in depth. From the edge of the sipapu to the rim of the fire pit measured 7 inches (17.78 cm.). The average diameter of the fire pit was 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 cm.) and its depth was 8 inches (20.32 cm.). The rim around the pit was so greatly damaged that it was impossible to tell what its measure- ments had been, except that the traces on the floor suggested a width of 5 inches (12.7 cm.). From the edge of the fire pit to the deflector slab was 4 feet 334 inches (1.3144 m.). The deflector was 1 foot 834 inches (52.7 cm.) wide and stood 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm.) high. It was not parallel with the wall of the room. At its east end it was 1 foot (30.48 cm.) from the wall and at the west end 1 foot 214 inches (36.83 cm.). The bin at the east end of the compartment measured, along its slab walls, 4 feet (1.2192 m.) by 5 feet 6 inches (1.6764 m.). Its east wall, a portion of the room wall, was 1 foot 21% inches (36.83 cm.) long and the fourth wall, also a part of the room, measured 5 feet 10 inches (1.778 m.). The average height of the slabs was the same as that of the southeast wall of the room, 2 feet (60.96 cm.). The traces of the west bin showed that the slabs which formed the walls inside the room made a partition 6 feet (1.8288 m.) long by 5 feet (1.524 m.) in width. The interior support posts averaged about 8 inches (20.32 em.) in diameter and were set at a depth of 2 feet (60.96 cm.) in the cap rock. The secondary fire pit measured 3 feet (91.44 cm.) by 214 feet (76.2 cm.), with a depth of 2 feet (60.96 cm.). Its floor was 7 inches (17.78 cm.) above the floor of the room. ARROYO HOUSE At the foot of the eastern end of the escarpment upon which Shabik’eshchee village is located there is a small rincon extending back into the mesa for some distance. In the floor of this narrow side canyon surface water has cut an arroyo or gully of considerable ROBERTS ] SHABIK°ESHCHEE VILLAGE a a depth. The washing of this gully was a fortunate circumstance from the viewpoint of the archeologist, because it exposed the ruins of a small pueblo structure and, at a much lower level, the remains of a dwelling of the type found in the main village on top of the mesa. The floor of the Basket Maker III structure is 13 feet 6 inches (4.1148 m.) beneath the present surface.** (PI. 8, a.) While a great part of the remains of the structure had been washed away there was enough of it left to enable the observer to identify it as belonging to the period represented by the one-room domiciles on top of the mesa. The fragments of pottery found on its floor were of the same type as the potsherds and vessels from the mesa top and there can be no question as to its belonging to the Late Basket Maker group. The chief interest in this structure lies in the fact that its floor is 6 feet 6 inches (1.9812 m.) beneath the foundations of the small pueblo. This shows beyond doubt that the type of structure and culture which it represents is much older than the pueblo forms. The superposition of the Pueblo cultutes over Basket Maker groups has been found in so many places that the greater antiquity of the latter can no longer be questioned. The strata in the arroyo bank showed quite clearly that the Basket Maker structure had gone into ruin and had been completely covered over and all traces of it obliterated long before the small pueblo structure had been erected at the same site.** Because of its location and the danger from overhanging banks it was possible to do little more than trace the floor level and wall locations of this structure. The remains of one of the support posts were found, however, as well as a central circular fire pit with deflector in place at the south side. The doorway, passage, and ante- chamber, if there had been such features, had been completely washed away. Court Near Srorace Bins From what is known of the customs and practices of more recent house-building Indians of the Southwest, it may be assumed with a fair degree of certainty that the inhabitants of the village on the mesa top lived the greater part of their lives in the open air. The houses were no doubt used as places of refuge in time of storm and 33 Judd, Archeological Investigations in Chaco Canyon [in 1926], pp. 166-167. *% Doctor Cummings (Kivas of the San Juan, p. 274), in referring to similar structures in northeastern Arizona, says: ‘“‘In some instances these older habitations were filled up and well-constructed rooms of stone and clay of the so-called Cliff Dwellers built above them.” Mr. Morris (Exploring in the Canyon of Death, p. 272) reports a similar condi- tion existing in Mummy Cave, and the writer has seen evidences of such a superposition in Tseahatso Cave, in the same canyon, where Mr. Morris also worked. Another undis- putable example was found by Mr, Guernsey and Doctor Kidder (Basket-Maker Caves, p. 8) in their Sunflower Cave. 72 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY Teun, 92 probably were occupied quite continuously during the winter months when the bleak mesa tops were swept by chill winds and occasional snow. When the weather was more propitious the structures prob- ably served only as places for sleeping and the storage of personal Gis ) «* The step which led from the post to the pilaster may be postulated from the evidence in house C, together with a certain amount of necessary deduction. At house C, it will be recalled, the support posts for the super- structure were not placed in the floor of the room but had been set into the front of the wall, incorporated in the bench. The use of the actual posts continued for some time, for as Cummings observed : In the older kivas of the Cliff-Dwellers one finds the walls built of roughly constructed masonry with four strong posts set into them to serve as supports for the larger timbers that carry the weight of the roof.” After the posts had been removed from the interior of the struc- ture and had become a part of the wall it would be an easy matter, when masonry came into general use, to replace the wooden support by one of stone. Associated with this may be the curious practice of the Chaco Canyon people and their related builders of the Pueblo periods of inclosing a short beam or post in the masonry box which formed the pilaster. It must not be inferred from the foregoing that all kivas had four pilasters, the number of support posts in the old house, because they did not. Many had 6, 8, and even 10. There is, perhaps, in this feature another illustration of the progressive growing away from 51 Castafieda records kivas in New Mexico which had wooden posts supporting the roof (Winship, Coronado Expedition, p. 520). While excavating for the Bureau of Ameri- can Ethnology at the ruins of Llano, near Ranchos de Taos, N. Mex., in 1920, Mr. J. A. Jeaneon (unpublished manuscript in Bur. Amer. Ethn.) uncovered a kiva which had had four supporting posts for the roof. ‘ Cummings, Kivas of the San Juan, p. 275. 88 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 92 old ceremonial practices. As the kivas became larger it was rather promptly discovered, no doubt, that a better roof could be con- structed if more supports were used, and as a result the increase in number was adopted. Constructional requirements necessitated new developments. To carry this feature to its ultimate conclusion it may be stated that even in later times, when the actual posts and pilasters were no longer present, the roof being carried by the walls of the room, they were represented by lines drawn on the walls of the kivas.** There apparently was a marked distinction between the type of roof found in the old houses and those of the kivas. This seeming difference may be attributable to the fact that we have no definite knowledge of what the central portion of the house superstructure was like and may have erred in postulating its flat form. Evidence indicated a tendency to such a roof, however. Granting this surmise to be correct, it is impossible at the present time to show the steps leading from the house to the kiva roof. Future investigations may bring to light the evidence necessary to settle the question definitely. Kiva roofs, we know, were generally cribbed. (Fig. 26.) That is, logs were laid from pilaster to pilaster, the row above was drawn in nearer the center of the room, the logs cutting across the corners of the first series, etc., until the framework had been built up into a sort of dome. The portion near the center generally had a flat sur- face bordering the smoke-hole hatchway. ‘The proportion of crib- bing to flat surface varies. In some a large part of the ceiling was flat while in others it was almost entirely dome-shaped. The cribbed feature persisted, however. The framework thus formed was covered with twigs, bark, leaves, earth, and plaster. It is possible, of course, that in some of the Late Basket Maker III houses the upper portion was slightly cribbed instead of being entirely flat. On the other hand, it is quite possible that the style of roof found on kivas was one of the characteristic developments of the Pueblo peoples. One feature of the early houses which is missing from most of the later kivas is that of the compartment on the southeast side of the room. In a few instances, as in kiva H at Cliff Palace on the Mesa Verde,** a simple form of it, much like that of house F in the Chaco village, is in evidence. In such cases, however, there generally is a combination of the deflector and partition into a single wall. There is one characteristic in many of the small kivas of the San Juan area which may be a survival in modified form of this south- eastern compartment. Above the ventilator opening in many cases there is a deep recess which completely fills the space between the 53 Cushing, Zuni Creation Myths, p. 365. 54 Fewkes, Cliff Palace, p. 55. - ROBERTS] SHABIK°ESHCHEE VILLAGE 89 two pilasters at that side of the room. In kivas without pilasters, which are found occasionally, the recess is in about the same propor- tion to the general size of the room as it is in those where it occurs between the pilasters. Examples of the kiva recess are to be found in Prudden’s unit-type ruins,°®* in a number of the kivas at Cliff Palace, Spruce Tree House, and other ruins of the Mesa Verde, at Kietsiel in northeastern Ari- zona,°° and in some of the ruins of the Chaco Canyon. This feature has been suggested as being analogous to the raised section of the floor, the so-called spectators’ bench, in the rectangular kivas of the Hopi, and it may well be that the compartment in the old houses served the same purpose, namely, that those who were not occupied with the performance of the religious rites taking place in the main portion of the room gathered in the compartment where they could witness but not interfere with the ceremony. Such a use of the compartment might explain in part the tendency to higher walls at that side of the room. Another interesting survival reported from the Mesa Verde is that of the use of upright slabs to line the kiva wall above the bench. This was found at the ruin called One Clan House which Doctor Fewkes excavated during the summer of 1922.°° The same feature was also observed in Cottonwood Canyon, Utah.°*? Many of the kivas at Pueblo Bonito, in the Chaco Canyon, had a wainscoting of small poles lining the wall between the bench and the roof.°° This unquestionably was a survival of the small poles which formed the sloping upper walls of the superstructure in the old houses. They had no utilitarian value in the kivas and were not even apparent, as they had been covered completely with plaster. For some reason, however, the builders of the kivas seemed to think that their presence was essential to the ceremonial house. The twofold use to which the kivas were put, their ceremonial functions, and their use as lounging and dwelling places for the men and older boys, may well be considered as an outgrowth of the time when the people both lived and performed their simple religious rites in the same structure. One point of difference, however, must be noted, and that is with respect to the women not being permitted in the later-day kivas. It would seem that they must have been 55 Prudden, Circular Kivas in the San Juan Watershed, fig. 4, p. 45. ®0 Kidder, Southwestern Archaeology, fig. 12, p. 69. Fewkes, Preliminary Report Navaho National Monument, plate 13, p. 21. 57 Fewkes, op. cit., p. 24. 68 Fewkes, Archeological Field Work on the Mesa Verde, 1923, p. 105. 5° Judd, Archeological Observations, p. 102, pl. 17, a. Pepper, Pueblo Bonito, figs. 26, 27, pp. 75-76. Judd, ..rcheological Investigations, 1921, p. 108, fig. 113; ibid., 1922, p. 137, fig. 180. 9215°—Bull, 92—29——7 90 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 92 sharers, at least in part, in the rites and ceremonies taking place in the old houses. Jf such was the case it is plausible to believe that the spectators in the compartment portion of the room were the women and children who were denied an actual part in the proceed- ings but who, nevertheless, were permitted to remain inside the structure. The ultimate development of the special ceremonial room and the exclusion of the women from such places may have been a contribution by the incoming Pueblo peoples when they took over and adapted the general culture of the Basket Makers to their own needs. Although the question of survivals in the essential features of kiva construction has been confined to a consideration of the houses of the Late Basket Makers it must be borne in mind that the latter struc- tures owed much to older dwellings and it is quite possible that, as Nordenskidld suggested, many of the characteristics go back to the days of the nomadic hut. When and how the change from the sim- plest form of shelters to the better earth-lodge type took place is not known. The earth lodge, with some variations, had a tremendous distribution. As previously mentioned, it can be traced all along the northwest coast, into Alaska, across into northeastern Asia and down the eastern coast of that continent and back into the interior. It was used extensively by later-day Indians in the Mississippi Valley region. Unquestionably it was a very ancient and quite common form of dwelling. . There are many points in the development of the kiva which can not be explained at the present time. One of the greatest problems in this connection is the relationship and cause for differentiation between the Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde forms of kivas.*! It is quite reasonable to suppose that as work in the prehistoric ruins of the Southwest progresses further evidence will be brought to bear upon this problem and that in time the whole story can be told. At the present about all that can be done is to show what features from the old houses actually did survive in the constructional character- istics of the small so-called clan kivas and what did not. Explana- tions must remain in the field of conjecture and such as have been presented in the preceding paragraphs were offered purely from that point of view. It seems quite evident to the writer, however, that the kiva of the Chaco village is not to be considered as the ancestral form of the small kivas of the later periods but of the large struc- tures. The latter appear to have been for the major communal cere- monies while the lesser observances were held in the small kivas which are thought to be an outgrowth of the dwellings of this earlier period and the probable practice of holding minor rites in them. * Hodge, Circular Kivas Near Hawikuh, pp. 33-34, ; ROBERTS] SHABIK’ESHCHEE VILLAGE 91 SrTorAGE STRUCTURES Mention has been made of the storage cists, or bins, which were found associated with the dwellings of this period. They were sim- ple in form and were constructed, on a smaller scale, in the same fashion as the dwellings. First a circular, oval, or, in a very few cases, rectangular pit was dug in the ground. The walls were then lined with stone or simply plastered and a superstructure of poles, bark, twigs, leaves, grass, and earth covered with plaster was erected over it. No support poles were placed in the interior as the struc- tures were small enough to permit the slanting side poles to carry the weight of the roofing. The covering was probably cone-shaped, possibly in some cases it may have tended more to a domelike form, and in that way differed from the general type of covering indicated for the houses. Morris describes certain bins belonging to this period, which he found in Canyon del Muerto, as follows: Eventually we came to a large series of storage bins. These were rude inclosures of irregular form from 2 to 6 feet in diameter and of varying depth. Large, thin slabs of stone set on edge composed the walls, the joints of which were sealed with mud made tough with shredded bark, reed leaves, or corn husks. ‘The roofs of only two were in place. Resting upon the tops of the slabs in each case was a juglike neck of adobe reinforced with sticks. The covers were slabs of stone worked down to nearly circular form. In one of the storage cists there were 700 ears of corn, which although thousands of years old, were as bright and fresh as if recently gathered.” There were the remains of 48 of these storage bins in the village. All but four of them were excavated. There was a great similarity in these small structures, although some individual differences were to be noted. Most of them were of the roughly circular or oval form but there were two, possibly three, which were distinctly rectangular in shape. All but four had been lined with slabs, and it is quite possible that at least one of these had been so treated but that the slabs had been removed. In five of them there had been a small bench at the top of the slabs. This was quite suggestive of the bench which was observed in some of the dwellings. There was a slight difference, however, in that the bench was a definite feature, intentionally constructed. A second row of slabs had been placed at the top of the circle, some distance back of the first row, and the flat space between, the top of the bench, carefully plastered. The superstructure had risen from behind the second row of slabs. (PI. 9, 5.) There did not seem to be any definite plan for the location of these storage places. They had been placed at any convenient spot in the village, but at no great distance from the dwellings. ® Morris, Exploring in the Canyon of Death, p. 270 92 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 92 Bin No. 1 (pl. 1) was located at the extreme northeastern end of the village close to the edge of the cliff. It was one of those with the bench-like feature. Due to weathering conditions at that point on the mesa top, most of the eastern side of the structure had been washed away. Where intact, the upper and outer row of slabs stood 1 foot (30.48 cm.) above the top of the bench. The latter averaged slightly over 1 foot (30.48 em.) in width. There was a marked contraction at the southern side due to the conformation of the cap rock which projected above the surface at that point. From the top of the bench to the floor of the bin averaged 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm.). The floor was of stone, the cap rock of the mesa, which had been covered with plaster. The diameter of the lower portion of the bin averaged 5 feet (1.524 m.), while above the bench it was 7 feet 6 inches (2.286 m.). Almost touching the bin at the south- east side were the remains of a fire pit. The latter had had a depth of 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm.) and measured 2 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 by 76.2 cm.). Bin No. 2 was one of a group of three (pl. 1), the other two re- maining unexcavated. The bin had closely approached the circular in form and had been lined completely with stone slabs, although one of them was missing at the time of excavation. The floor had been paved with large slabs, over which a coating of plaster had been laid. The pit measured 5 feet 6 inches (1.6764 m.) in diameter and the average height of the slabs was 1 foot (30.48 cm.). Bin No. 3 was one of the few rectangular ones found in the village. (Pl. 1.) The pit had been lined completely with large stone slabs, all of which were in position when the débris which had accumulated in its interior was removed. This bin measured 6 feet 6 inches (1.9812 m.) by 6 feet (1.8288 m.). It had a depth of 2 feet 7 inches (78.74 cm.), which was a little more than the average found through- out the village. Its floor was the cap rock of the mesa which had been covered with a coating of plaster. Little remained of bin No. 4 beyond the excavation which had been made to form the pit portion of the structure. (Pl. 1.) Only four of the slabs which had been used to line its interior were in position when it was uncovered. The marks made by the others when they were placed against the earth wall of the excavation were ap- parent, but the stones themselves were missing. When the original excavation was made it closely approximated a circle. The average diameter was 7 feet 6 inches (2.286 m.). Its average depth had been 2 feet (60.96 cm.). The floor had been composed entirely of plaster. Bin No. 5 was one of the best preserved of those excavated in the village. It also had been one in which there was a small bench at ROBERTS] SHABIK°ESHCHEE VILLAGE 93 the top. (Pl. 10,3, fig. 27.) The upper ends of the slabs lining the lower part of the pit seem to have been flush with the old ground level while the upper ring of slabs extended above it. There was a decided slant to the slabs of the lower part of the pit. This gave it a cuplike form. The floor of this bin had been covered with a thick layer of plaster, but no slabs had been used to pave it. The average height of the slabs remaining in the upper row, part of which were missing, was 1 foot 214 inches (86.83 cm.). From the top of the bench or shelf to the floor was 2 feet 214 inches (67.31 cm.). The bench averaged 9 inches (22.86 cm.) in width. The diameter of the circle formed by the upper and outer row of slabs was 9 feet (2.7482 m.). The diameter of the inner circle at the level of the bench was between 7 feet and 7 feet 6 inches (2.1836 m. and 2.286 m.), while at the floor level it was 5 feet (1.524 m.). Bin No. 6 was of considerable interest, although very little re- mained of it. (Pl. 1.) It had been used as a burial place for two dogs. The latter had been placed on the floor of the structure and the slabs from the side walls had been pulled out and thrown on top of the animals, after which the hole had been filled in with ashes, dirt, and general refuse. That there had been a distinct burial of these animals can not be questioned. Their positions and the fact that they had been covered with slabs from the wall of the pit showed that their interment had been intentional. In addition to this was the fact that beside the skeletons of the dogs were two small deer phalanges which had been painted with red ocher. This would sug- gest that the animals had been provided, as were human beings, with food in order that the spirit of the latter might sustain the spirits of the animals on their journey to the land of the lost others. The burial of dogs seems to have been practiced to some ex- tent by the Basket Makers, as Guernsey and Kidder found examples of it in the Kayenta district of northeastern Arizona, and Morris found dogs in his investigation of Late Basket Maker sites in Canyon del Muerto in the same State. The skeletons from bin No, 6 were submitted to Dr. Glover M. Allen, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard Univer- sity, Cambridge, Mass., who has made a special study of prehistoric — Indian dogs.°* The following observations on these bones were kindly contributed by Doctor Allen: The smaller one represents the breed which I assume to be the one named Techichi by the Mexicans. It is a very small breed of dog about the size of a Spaniel and apparently widely distributed in America in early times, or at least one similar to it. The other, larger specimen, is what I have called the Plains-Indian dog, a somewhat larger breed common in the Southwest and of 63 Guernsey and Kidder, Basket-Maker Caves, p. 15, pl. 6, b. * Allen, Dogs of the American Aborigines, 94 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 92 which I have seen a good many specimens from various excavations. The smaller dog is apparently rare among collections of bones dug up in excavating the pueblos. Doctor Allen in his report on the Kidder and Guernsey dogs stated : These and other dog remains, are true dogs, in no way derived from coyotes or other native dog-like animals of America. Their forebears probably reached America with their human masters, but their Old World ancestors still remain to be determined.” Close to the remains of bin No. 6 was a row of slabs which seemed to have formed a portion of the wall of a house, but there was so little of the structure left that nothing could be learned concerning it. This portion of the mesa had suffered to a greater extent from weathering than those sections farther removed from the edge of the cliff and for that reason there seemed to have been a greater destruction of house and bin remains. Bin No. 7 was unique in the village. (Fig. 27.) There had been the usual excavation, but instead of having its interior lined with slabs it had been plastered and a ring of slabs had been placed hori- zontally around the top of its periphery. The walls, so to speak, had been capped with a single course of stone on the ground level. - When this bin was constructed a portion of bin No. 8 was removed so that two of the slabs which had lined the latter formed a dividing wall between the two pits. Bin No. 7 seemed to have had a later date for its construction because the encircling slabs at the top were lying on débris which had accumulated after some of the neigh- boring pits had been dug. This bin tended more to the oval shape with diameters of 7 and 8 feet (2.1336 and 2.4384 m.). The average depth of the pit was 2 feet (60.96 cm.). The bottom of the pit was only 1 foot (30.48 cm.) beneath the old ground level, however. Bin No. 8 had been one of the structures with an encircling bench or shelf. (PI. 9, 6; fig. 27.) At the time when the bin described in the preceding paragraph was constructed a portion of this bench had been removed to make way for the new structure. The lower part of the pit in No. 8 was completely lined with slabs, all of which were still in position when the accumulation of débris was removed from it. Its floor had been paved partially with small slabs of stone and heavy plaster covered the entire surface. The upper slabs rose 1 foot (380.48 cm.) above the top of the bench. The latter was ap- proximately 1 foot (80.48 cm.) in width, although it narrowed con- siderably at the eastern side of the structure. From the top of the bench to the floor measured 1 foot 214 inches (36.83 cm.). This gave a total depth to the pit of 2 feet 214 inches (67.31 cm.). ® Guernsey and Kidder, Basket-Maker Caves, p. 45. ROBERTS] SHABIK°ESHCHEE VILLAGE 95 Bin No. 9 closely approximated the circular form and was in a good state of preservation. (PI. 9,6, fig. 27.) AJl of the slabs which had been placed around the periphery of the excavation were still in place. The floor was paved with slabs and, the latter had been, as in the case of the other bins with this feature, covered with adobe plaster. Bin No. 9 measured 6 feet 4 inches (1.9304 m.) on its north and south diameter and 6 feet 5 inches (1.9558 m.) on the east and west. The average height of the slabs above the floor was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm.). Fie. 27.—Storage bins Nos. 5, 7, 8, and 9 All three bins just described—7, 8, and 9—seem to have been built after the mesa top had been occupied for some time. This was shown by the fact that the excavations went down through débris of accumu- lation. It is quite probable that these three bins served house A, which was one of the last in the village to be occupied. Bin No. 10 was one of the few in the village which approached the rectangular shape. (Pl. 1.) It was not as regular as No. 3, due to the fact that one end was slightly curved. Measurements for this structure were 3 feet 10 inches (1.1684 m.) by 6 feet (1.8288 m.), with an average height for the slabs which lined the pit of 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm.). Bin No. 11 also approximated the rectangular form. It was not in a very good state of preservation, however, as all of the slabs which had lined the pit were missing from two of its sides. (Pl. 1.) That 96 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 92 they had been present was indicated by their imprints in the walls of the excavation. Ata much higher level, and actually touching the south side of the pit, was a fire box. It is rather interesting to note the close association in a number of instances of these fire pits with the storage bins. It would have been impracticable, certainly, to build a fire in close proximity to a structure composed of poles, brush, leaves, and bark had the latter not been covered with a thick layer of earth and plaster. Because of the latter, however, fire could be used with a fair degree of safety almost against the structure. Bin No. 11 measured 6 feet 10 inches (2.0828 m.) by 7 feet 10 inches (2.3876 m.), with an average depth of 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 cm.). There was a factor of some significance to be observed in the loca- tion of the fire pits near the corners of houses or close to storage bins. The general practice seems to have been to place them a little south or east of the former structures. This suggests, as previously mentioned in the discussion of the court, that the prevailing winds were probably from a westerly direction. Judging from the slab-lined pit which remained, bin No. 12 had been a typical structure for the storage of corn or other products. (Fig. 23.) It had been roughly oval in form and was not very large. ‘In addition to its function as a bin it had served as a partial wind- break for the court, which has been described in preceding pages. Bin No. 12 was completely lined with slabs originally, but when exca- vated during the process of uncovering the remains of Shabik’esh- chee village it was found that some of the stones were missing. From the size of the pit, however, it was possible to determine its measurements. The latter showed that it had been 4 feet 10 inches (1.4732 m.) by 3 feet 10 inches (1.1684 m.). The average height of the slabs remaining in position was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm.). Bin No. 18 also formed a part of the windbreak at the west side of the court. (Fig. 23.) It was slightly different in shape from the majority of such structures in that the pit which had formed the subterranean portion was a long, narrow oval in contour. All of the slabs which had been used to line the excavation were in position. Measurements showed a long axis of 7 feet 6 inches (2.286 m.) and a short one of 3 feet (91.44 cm.). The average height of the slabs was the same as for the preceding bin, 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm.). The third bin at the western side of the court, bin No. 14, was somewhat similar to bin No. 13, in that it was a rather long oval in shape. (Fig. 23.) The latter feature was not so marked in this instance, however. In length bin No. 14 measured 6 feet (1.8288 m.), while its breadth was 2 feet 10 inches (86.36 cm.). Its floor was ROBERTS] SHABIK°ESHCHEE VILLAGE 97 plastered and the side walls were slightly higher than those of the preceding two bins. The slabs averaged 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 em.) in height. Joining bin No. 14 at its south side was a much larger one which was rather irregular in shape and had had a second one built inside of it. Bin No. 15 appeared to have been discarded and allowed to fall into ruin, after which another and smaller one was constructed in its interior. The original bin had the most irregular shape of any in the village. This was rather hard to account for; in fact, no really plausible explanation for its contour presents itself. Some of the slabs which had lined the pit were missing and others had fallen from the wall to the floor. The outline of the pit was marked distinctly, however, and there can be no doubt but that its original shape was as indicated. (Fig. 23.) Because of the large size of bin No. 15 it was thought for a time that it might have been an inclosure around the smaller structure in the center. When traces of roofing poles were found in the earth back of the slabs this supposition had to be discarded. Although nearly as large as some of the smaller dwellings there was nothing to indicate that it had been used as such. Hence it seemed that it should be included in the group of storage bins. It certainly was much larger than the average of these structures. Its measurements were 11 feet (3.8528 m.) by 8 feet (2.4348 m.), with an average depth of 1 foot (30.48 cm.). The latter was not as great as the depth for most of the bin pits. The smaller structure in the center tended toward an oval shape with diameters of 4 feet 314 inches (1.3081 m.) and 2 feet 10 inches (86.36 cm.). Its slabs averaged somewhat more in height than those of the outer circle. Their tops were 1 foot 314 inches (39.37 cm.) above the floor. The interior of the pit for bin No. 16 had been finished in plaster only. (Pl. 1.) No slabs had been used in this structure. Not only was this true, but its depth was considerably greater than the average. This apparently was a characteristic of the plastered pits, as all of those excavated showed a greater depth than those lined with slabs. Bin No. 16 was 3 feet (91.44 cm.) deep and 6 feet by 6 feet 6 inches (1.8288 by 1.9812 m.) on two diameters. The difference in diameters was due to the fact that the northwestern arc of the periphery was considerably flattened. Bin No. 17 was several feet west of No. 16 and in contrast to the latter, inasmuch as it was unusually shallow. (Pl. 1.) Slabs had been used in its construction and it had a slab-and-plaster floor. At the time of excavation a few of the slabs which had been placed around the wall ofthe pit were missing, but most of them were in position, ‘The lower portion of the bin had a somewhat oval shape 98 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 92 and its diameters were 5 feet 6 inches (1.6764 m.) by 7 feet 3 inches (2.2098 m.). Its average depth was 10 inches (25.4 cm.). This was one of the shallowest pits in the village. Between bins No. 16 and No. 17, and slightly closer to No. 17, was a small slab-lined fire pit. The stones gave evidence of having been subjected to considerable heat and the pit was filled with wood ashes. There were a few broken bones in the ashes. They were from a fairly large animal, probably an antelope or mule deer. They were no doubt the discard from some meal which had been prepared over and enjoyed near this particular fire pit. The latter was about the size noted for similar boxes. It measured 2 feet (60.96 cm.) by 2 feet 2 inches (66.04 cm.), with adepth of 1 foot (30.48 cm.). Bin No. 18 was quite in accordance with the usual form. It was slightly oval in shape and had been lined completely with large stone slabs. (Pl. 1.) Not all of the latter were in position, however, at the time when the débris was cleared from its interior. The pit measured 4 feet 214 inches (1.2827 m.) by 4 feet 10 inches (1.4732 m.) and had an average slab height of 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 em.). Midway between the kiva and the F houses was a group or cluster of three bins, Nos, 19, 20, and 21. Only two of them were cleaned out. (Pl. 1.) The third, No. 21, could be traced on the surface by the tops of the slabs which had been placed around the periphery of its pit. Bin No. 19 measured 6 feet (1.8288 m.) by 6 feet 6 inches (1.9812 m.), with an average wall height of 2 feet (60.96 cm.). Bin No. 20 was 3 feet (91.44 cm.) west and slightly north of No. 19. It measured 5 feet 10 inches (1.778 m.) by 7 feet 314 inches (2.2225 m.). Its average depth was greater than that of No. 19. It was 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 cm.) from the tops of the slabs to the floor. From measurements taken on the slabs at the surface of the ground the diameters of bin No. 21 were determined to be 6 feet 6 inches (1.9812 m.) by 7 feet (2.1836 m.). Due to the fact that it was not cleared of the accumulated débris which filled its interior, it was impossible to determine what its depth had been, but it is quite likely that it was approximately the same as for 19 or 20. Bin No, 22 was located a few feet northwest of house G (pl. 1) and no doubt belonged to that structure. There was nothing dif- ferent or outstanding about this bin. It was of the same general type as the majority and of about the same size. It, too, had been lined completely with slabs, and although all of them were not in position, the missing ones were lying on the floor in front of the space from which they had fallen. Bin No. 22 measured 6 feet 5 inches (1.9558 m.) by 7 feet 344 inches (2.2225 m.) on two diam- i ee ane eel ROBDRTS ] SHABIK°ESHCHEE VILLAGE 99 eters. The average height of the slabs above the floor was 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 cm.). Another one of the bins in which there had been a small bench or shelf was found a short distance east of the antechamber for house F-1. (Pl. 1.) Bin No. 23 had a fairly circular pit partially faced with slabs. There was no question but what the entire wall surface originally had been so treated. This bin differed from those with benches previously described in that the bench was much lower and no slabs were used in its facing. The plaster floor ran up over the top of the bench and then continued up the wall and covered the slabs of the upper portion of the pit. The bench in the present instance could be more properly considered as such than those in the other bins in that it was only 10 inches (25.4 em.) high. The slabs rose to a height of 2 feet (60.96 cm.) above the top of the bench. The bench itself had an average width of about 11 inches (27.94 cm.), although there was considerable variation in it from side to side. The diameter of the pit below the level of the bench was 5 feet 21% inches (1.5875 m.) on its short axis and 6 feet 1 inch (1.8542 m.) on its longest axis. Above the bench the diameters ranged from 6 feet 8 inches (2.032 m.) to 8 feet (2.4384 m.). The floor of the pit was 2 feet 10 inches (86.36 cm.) below the original ground level. Bin No. 24 was a rather small one located about midway between houses G and H. (Pl. 1.) The interior of the pit had a facing of slabs for the walls and a thick layer of plaster on the floor. The bin had been somewhat smaller than many in the village. The greatest diameter of the pit was 4 feet 214 inches (1.2827 m.) and the shortest was 3 feet 314 inches (1.0033 m.). The average wall height was 2 feet (60.96 cm.). In close proximity to house G was another pit, the remains of bin No. 25. (Pl.1.) Like No. 24, it had been quite small but its interior had been finished completely with stone slabs, both floor and walls, over which there had been a heavy coat of adobe plaster. Measure- ments showed its greatest diameter to be 4 feet 6 inches (1.8716 m.) and its smallest to be but 4 feet (1.2192 m.). Its walls were not quite as high as those for bin No. 24, as they rose but 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 em.) above the floor. Bin No. 26 was located well down on the slope of the mesa top some distance east and a little south of house J. (Pl. 1.) It had tended to the rectangular form, although its southeastern wall showed a distinct curve. A curious feature connected with the re- mains of this structure was the single slab which extended outward from the wall at its northern side. There did not seem to be any reason for the stone being in this position and there was no function, apparently, which it could have served. All that can be said is that 100 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 92 there was such a stone at that point. There was little difference in the two main measurements of the pit. The average length of the two straight sides, where the slabs were still in position, was 6 feet 6 inches (1.9812 m.). The tops of the slabs were 2 feet 5 inches (73.66 cm.) above the floor level. The floor in this structure was composed entirely of plaster. Bin No. 27 was one of the few in the village which had not had the stone slabs as a facing for the walls of the pit. (Pl.1.) 25.2522. -= 4-5 in shorage: DIDS. oS =! Sse B= 143 atidupbeled of. = oes 3-4 knowledge obtained from-- 3 knowledge concerning ____ a location.ote==-= see 148, 149 territory occupied by__---- 4 Mum ber Ole = ee ee 143 theories concerning fate of_ 8, 150 objects placed with._ 143-144, 149 See also Basket MAKERS OP ORS EU sc a ee Ce 93-94 PROPER; Harty BASKET position of body in_-_------ 143 Makers; Late BASKET See also SKELETAL RE- MAKERS. MAINS; SKULLS. Basket MAKERS PROPER, cul- Canyon DEL Muerto, storage LAU Rey 9) Nepean ea 3-4 bins ine ee ee 91 Basketry of the Basket Mak- Casa GRANDE, period of_____~- 5 Cine see ees 3 | Ceremonies, held in kivas_____ 80-81 159 160 INDEX Cuaco Canron— Page | DEFLECTOR— Page Gescriptionlole=] sae oe 9 a characteristic of the kiva__ 84 MentlON Ole -s sees ea ae 89 movablescone: 2 tetas ae 20, 48 object of excavations in____ 7 pole-and-plaster__________ 29, 60 OCCU patiOnlOl: 2 32 -=esee 9 PUTPORELOP. 22s Nees iz selection of, for archeologi- Desiens. See DrcoRaTION oF Cali work. 22212 see 1 POTTERY. Cuaco HOUSES, distinctive fea- Doe, skeletal remains of, in LED GCS 0) ule an ane eles es Yee Sc 14 NOUSC Ae 5 ase ee 66 CuetTtro Knrtie, period of__-_- 5) |, Dogs: burials =e eee OB On WISTS: UISerOL ne ts ee eee deg eet 3 | Doorway reduced to ventilator_ 64 Curr Pautace— DwWELLINGs— MENOM Ol kre se Se 89 dismantled24225-- ee 16, 24, 44 BCMOG who pre aoe oe Ses 5 early. forms Of2 2. ie cae 3, 4 Cioup Buiowers, description excavation of_____- < tte e 10-61 Oe Sead eee ae ok. Lee teen 124-125 one-room, deseribed______- 10 Couors OF POTTERY, deter- superposition of__________ 7A mined Dy HrINe’ 2 35252 108, 109 See also Hovusss. CoMMUNAL CENTERS, develop- Earzy Basket Makers, culture SIMON G: Ol oye ea ae oie eee Ue Si 5 (3) ea ete ERE NOB 3 ComPaRTMENTS— Earty Historic PppErRiop, fea- SDSenCe Obese sees see 14, 40, 56 tures, Of. Aes eee ee 6 CESCHID LION OL sea sms 23, | EartH Lopes, distribution of_~ 90 29, 31, 38, 51-52, 57-58, 62 | EartH Morumr, belief concern- discussion of development rh a} Sa Sp Sneek ee arene He Niel? 82 6) SERIE Mec ih le Lath ST Yea EL 51-52 | EartHpnwaren. See PoTTERY. INndICATONGOL eta! a eae 51, 58 | EntTRaANcES— orientation: Of 224.25 o 58 smoke-hole, seasonal use of. 85-86 southeast, a feature of through roof, significance of 38 early houses! 22205 4252 88 See also ANTECHAMBER; Corn— Doorway; ENTRYWAY; deposit of, im binge sass. oe 91 SMOKE-HOLE ENTRANCE. IMmbroductionl Of sas 4755s 3 | ENTRYWAY— Corton, introduction of_----_-- 5 change in size of_......--- 147 Cortronwoop Canryon— location: ofi= 422 ae. 2a 146 mention of excavations in-_ ~ 25 seasonal use of, by the Observations m= 2a es 89 ROT ya Ke cea c.t 2 2) Ne esa 85-86 Court— See also ANTECHAMBER. PAVeMent Ofese28 aoe ee 73 | Esrura— TOUS (EWA 0 Bp et Sag EN a eal 71-72 explanation of shape of___- 81 Cummines, Byron S., reference use Of the termysse sea 74 OMe et eee ee Cee WS) 779 87 See also Kiva. Dépris, interpretation of strata EXcavATiIons, object of__--_-- a 0 Hal aor PRI i REDS WR IP hath ph 3a 75-77 | Fewxss, J. WALTER— DrcoraTION oF PoTTERY— MEP ONW Olea ae ee 89 quadrate form of___-___- 120, 122 quoted on the word ‘‘kiva’’_ 81-82 MCALIStIC ee ee oe aa 121-123 | Fire prrs— so-called symbolism of___ 123-124 characteristic of kivas__-_-- 84 triple-panel style of _______ 121 location/ofe 24322 e ee 96 virauois| oysioYof=|a sues tS ch 121 TAISeC) TUM O Teese 24-25, 47 Wi UMCLOUS see oe ae a ee ee 120 slaib-limed aaa et sees 13, with zigzags or stepped linesS oe ec ses 118-120 23, 31, 35, 48, 66, 73, 79 two in one room___-_ 31, 47-48, 66 INDEX 161 Page Page DrARnna poneash Gs 2 eo: 129-130 | KamcnHapat, entrance to houses Foop, of the Basket Makers___ 3,4 Game, of the Pueblo area___-___ 2 Giua-Satt River, in Pueblo CA ae oe Sears opt eae eee 2 GiILYAK, entrance to structures Of sie eee Sok te Gl 86 Gmar, storage Of... =: 9. =_- 3 GUERNSEY, 8. J., reference to__ 12, 40, 71, 93, 136 Hasitations. See DWELLINGS; Housss. Hacor Canyon, remains in___ 12 HamMMERS— PSoseripiwon Of 2-524 25 135 SLONe Ise OL. * 22 5! eee 134 Hatrcuway. See SMOKE-HOLE ENTRANCE. Hawikun— MEMAGER Ol) ee ct eet 132 DETIOUL Ols2 weer ss 2 6 H®AD DEFORMATION, practice of_ 4. Hopes, F. W., reference to____ 132 Hort Inp1ans, information ob- (iD uia Tao Nv y00 ee ee 81 Hoven, WaAttTER, reference to__ 13 Hovusrs— as places of refuge________ 71-72 construction of. .--=5. =.=. 145 FUTMIsShin es of ee 145-146 focatlon Oh 23. 22 ees 147 materials used in building_ 3 one within another_______- 26-27 postulated method of con- SUUCHON Oban e tS oe ek 12 steps in development of____ 19 transitional characteris- (Nc 2p Aa ga ie OO rT 146-147 See also DWELLINGS. IMPLEMENTS— [020% aes < Ae eS oy ae 126-132 chipped stone_----~---- 136-139 Vale lyaOhe® = 2 ee 148-149 JACAL TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION, MerOduUCthIOM Of. 6 —~ 2-8 41-42 JARS OeSCribed —. 2. -.-<2---.. 115 See also SEED JARS. JEANCON, J. A., mention of__-. 87 JOCHELSON, WALDEMAR, frefer- Gi Tikes ey A 85 Jupp, Nei M.— acknowledgment to_------ 1 reference to__12, 13, 19, 25, 43, 136 Kipper, A. V., reference to__-__ 12, 40, 71, 93, 136 Korsipr— mention of 75.2 458s52- 5 89 Period Of Leelee COS 6 Kirva— characteristics of =.= 2....- 84 derivation of the name____ 81-82 description’ of = 2222 2222 73-81 destruction of, by fire_____ 76, 77 development ofs..22222_ 42 80, 82-84, 147-148 discussion of the term_____ 73-74 explanation of shape of___- 81 influence of early dwellings OW Ge: eb a eh ae 81-90 occurrence of, in small- house period.-. 22.2. 5 Pueblo type, construction of 83 significance of remains of__ 80-81 symbolic meaning of______ 82 twOLOnmMs! Ofe eto eas ae 80-81 unexplained developments lg ae PRR pepe DN Ph wee $0 MSCS 01222 2s eee See ae 89 Wits Of... se At eee oe 78-80 See also Estura. KNIFE BLADES, chipped stone... 138 Koryak, entrances to struc- PUTEOB OL: = 9 Soe Sees ss ee ee ee 85-86 La Puara DisTRIcT, reference to. 40, 42 La Puata VaLuey, mention of_ LappERS— mELeTeNCe tO. 5-6 a se 47 theory concerning use of___ 26, 38 ILADLES, pobtery 25-4 22. — 116-117 Late Basket Makers, stage Of culturerofes 2 xn es 4,77 Linton, Raupu, reference to___ 138, 14 LittLE CoLoRADO REGION, cul- Pies Ole Hae ah ee oe 7 LittteE Couorapo River, in Rueblovarcas . 33255 ae Pe MarsHauL, W. B., acknowl- edgement: t0n2 224 So eee 142 Masonry, development of____- 15, 31 Mauts. See Hammers. Merritt, G. P., acknowledg- MENG TO ey. hee Seen 141 Merrates— , depression for... s—=-=52 14 162 INDEX. Page Page Merrates—Continued. PETROGLYPHS, along Montezuma found with manos_-_____- 69 Cresk 5 tPA eas ee ae 122 general type of ____.____ 132-133 misconception regarding -___ 133 SIZE Ole ca! ser ae ee 134 used Wa walls. 5 seas ea 45-46 Mimsres VALLEY POTTERY, pe- ADOC MOE oo. cen chee OP ae ieee 5 MINDELEFF, VictoR— quoted. on kiva______-__-- 81 reference: to 2) Sener ey 74, 82 Mouave Inptans, theory con- COLIN Fete ae BALE 8 Moonticut Canyon, reference TOE Ss Pd OL A 79 Morris, Ear H., reference to__ 138, 40, 42, 71, 91, 93, 109, 117, 121, 125, 133, 135. MorTuARY CUSTOMS__._______ 149 See also BURIALS. Mortuary OFFERINGS_-_-__-_ 143-144 MosaArcs, Of stones. 2.2 S22 142 Movunps, of refuse_--------- 105-106 Mummy Caves, investigations rhage iatebt Lys Ls A ae. ee i Ries tre ies 13 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, ANEMONE OR 29 etre ak es toe eee Navano, in Chaco Canyon__-_-_ 9 NEEDLES, of bone_______--_- 130-131 NoORDENSKIOLD, BARON— quoted on kiva_______---- 81 TELETENICE HOME eee 90 Ont Cian Hovss, mention of__ 89 ORNAMENTS— Of stiell. 424g 5. xt are aah ves 142 OL STONE HM 22h Ree SL Eee 142 Paints, materials used in_.___ 141-142 Paiute Inpians, theory con- COMMU eee See ay re, See oe 8 PAJARITO SITES, greatest period Ch (0 he REARS Nara S ole SP NG SB 6 PaLAE-ASIATIC TRIBES, under- ground structures of________ 85 PassaGE— change imysize! Of 2 tes os. 147 horizontal, a characteristic oLthe kiya ee fe 84 PAVETERt Obve Hea oe wee 54 Prscos, N. Mrx.— conference at__...____---- 74 Period Olea ee ee 6 PENDANTS, materials used for_- PICTOGRAPHS, Occurrence of__ 121-122 Pimpra River— excavations along_________ 42-43 Mention Of! Ls Se VIN Ee 133 PILASTERS— a characteristic of the kiva__ 84 development of________-__ 87-88 number of, in kiva________ 87 Pinto, CuHarute, information furnishediby= ==) ==. em 132 PIPES OR CLOUD BLOWERS, de- SCribed 2 = eke ke hee ene 124-125 PrrcHERs— describede= 5332 aes 1138-115 for culinary Use=. 222" eee 112 for nonculinary use___-_- 113, 114 Poncuo, Brix, information fur- nished byte ee ee 132 PoPpuLATION, variations in_____ 7 PorrEry— classification of____.___- 107-108 color of, affected by firing. 108, 109 corrugated, disappearance Of 2a Se Gaerne 6 corrugated, occurrence____- 5 culinary, varieties of____ 107-108 discussion (Ofee= = seas = 148 first appearance of________ 107 found with burials________ 144 fugitive red | ak Aun ee 110-111 materials used in making._ 109 nonculinary, characteristics Ofs2 23 She ee ee 108 painted, first appearance of _ 4 shapes Ofe see ene 111-117 specialization of__..._._..__ 5-6 summary of characteristics 5) GMMR ROD ei Bi AE 2 124 surface finish: Of-22 222 == 110-111 Ut re i Ne ee a with polished black inte- i 108, 117-118 See also DrcoRATIONS OF POTTERY. PoTTERY MAKING, development - 0) MOA Pd ade Me cei craoatyege > cpde nd 4 PorTerY oBsects, of undeter- mined User se eee eee 125-126 PowE Lu, J. W., reference to__-_ 74 PrE-PUEBLO PERIOD, featuresof. 4-5 INDEX 163 » Page Page PROTOHISTORIC PERIOD, dates of _ 6 | SHamet, H. H., acknowledg- Protro-KaYENTA VILLAGES, Mentitoyse oh eh See 127 ROMOM Olax ss Peto ol 5 | SuHannon, E. V., analysis made ProTokKiva, use of the term__-_ 62 Dye: os. Lice os IO gon 141 PROTOKIVA HOUSE— SHELL, ornaments of__________ 142 GERCIINED 2.52, = See 62-68 | SikyaTKI, greatest period of____ 6 significance of_.......-._- 65 | Srpapu— Prouppen, T. MircHeiit, men- a characteristic of the kiva_ 84 vath OL mae 9 et ses 5 5 89 absence of_.4222222 555 19)40, 57 PUEBLO AREA, Outstanding fea- ceremonial nature of______ 84 tne Ol ee ee Sees ee ee Pe 2 2-3 Symbolism oferAa.s Wee 13 PursLo Bonrro— SKELETAL REMAINS— REV ARCOD= = Seno 8 TSE ee 89 inference drawn from______ 149 METIOE O88 2225 22 ice te 5 siaterolse?, 25. s e 144 PuEBLO INpDIANS— SKUGLS, type Gfe_= .. -2.25__.- 144 development of culture of_ 3 | SLAB-HOUSE PEOPLE, origin of greatest period of__-_----_ 5 Ble bermns ase men eG ae ese, 10 phases of culture of___--_-- 4-7 | SLAB-LINED HOUSES___________ 10, territory occupied by___-__- 2 16, 22, 24, 27, 29, 34, 37, 44, Ponceau, bone: _. =... -.-- 129 46, 51, 58, 55, 69 RECESS IN KIVA, examples____ 89 | SLaBs, STONE— RED WARE. ...---- 108, 109-110, 117 in front of doorway__-_ 14-15, 17 REFUSE, mounds of________- 105-106 TeuUse Ole = Gane 24 eee 16 Rio GRANDE REGION, culture of_ ri use of, in kiva wall________ 89 Rro GRANDE River, in Pueblo Sure, absent in Late Basket BER eR IA Sh ote eh fe 2 Maker pottery..= 3222 J2 2228 110 Roors— SMALL-HOUSE PERIOD, charac- pian Cals 6 oe ee 12, 13 POTISUICR-OL= 2 = ee ee 5s entrance through_________ 65, 80 | SMOKE HOLE, entrance through_ 26 1 eee ae ae CON See 11,42 | SMOKE-HOLE ENTRANCE, cere- BRIS Ses ae nh eee Ns ge 88 monial USelOls= = ee 86 Rooms, CIRCULAR— SpaTULA, spoonlike, of bone___ 130 construction of___________ 79 | Spear, the weapon of the Bas- within rectangular________ 81 ketuMakerg 2), <2 eee ee 4 SACRED FIRE, reference to______ 81 | Spear pornts, described_-____ 138-139 Saar ot Soste Canyon, refer- SpouTs, LATERAL, of pottery RC OMU OM its = 25k Ee ee 76 Nespela ae 2 rea ees hs oe 117 San JUAN REGION— Spruce Tree House— Culture Of oss. 2 a aes af MENtONVOL a. a ee 89 Gescripiion: or =... 2. Y= 8-9 DEMOCVOl Seas ase eee 5 penton Of. = S22 os Lee 133 | Sronz— pottery found ino. ._ 22.2 107 indeterminate objects of. 139-141 type of dwelling of________ 5 ODJectsiOf seen L es sen ee 132-142 San Juan River, in Pueblo area_ 2 See also SLABS, STONE. ScRAPERS— STONEWORK, of the Basket Mak- one! ¢e tee ae ae ES 130 CTS See a eas hare oe hs Rep 3-4 chipped stone, described __ 137 | SroRAG#, structures used for._ 91-105 SEED Jars, described________ 115-116 | SToRAGE BIN, recessed________ 40 SHABIK’ESHCHEE VILLAGE SUN WORSHIP, reference to_-____ 81 evidence obtained from____ 149 | SympBoxism of pottery decora- loeahion Of eas = sk sl 10 (0 5 eae ey het eee a a ay OR 123-124 origin of the name__-_____-_ 1 | Turquoise, used in mosaics___ 142 two periods of occupation Uprrer GILA REGION, culture iS Slee 76-77, 105, 106, 146 | 0 (pee ey See Ea ee eee a i 164 INDEX « ; Page Page VENTILATOR— WATER VESSELS, described__._ 115 a characteristic of the kiva_ 84 | Weapons, of the Basket Mak- Asiatic origin of ._-------- 86 WOPBL 2/2 1, Che ere et eee 3, 4, 139 development of__--------- 84-85 | WETMORE, ALEXANDER, acs discussion of |e = shee 2 he 20-21 knowledgment to__-.--.-..- 127 evolved from doorway_.-. 64,65 | WuHisTLEs, bone__---------- 131-132 WAINSCOTING, of poles--_------ 89 | Wurrr Doce Cave, mention of__ 40 W ALLs— WILLARD, Utan, investigations change in type of__------- 42 NCAT: Lee oR eo ee eee 13 Ohi yeh se ctee eee he ee Meee at 78-80 | Women, place of, in kivas__--- 89-90 T Wn vu 21