ee we) Deecerefe a” Sp ele ee Sea vete ehewnwtete Fears eeelynrhte'wieviy tela vive viyY : ey een SESE ERIAEL SALAS penne oe amen es M yoy? : * Reakeerreetenren eee ee aera * rey tare bie : aicsoeReaaes eee Stee : “e hb 6-68-00 Tahara, - . aie Lie - : ae ¢ . > anes es St we $4 > : + wes eerie" . a - nt > a - d ‘ r 3 : a4 : ae Tete eet ¢ Mg - ib Pi = Were (eet =. rey “ vererer ys ee Raa nas ie fost VY eS ahi: | vw alae i] aa Al nS) VU {0 FE¢Y 9 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, , BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 96-977 \%p\-| 2 L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. CONTENTS AND INDEX. shsOnian ~x\\SONial alt foes * SEP 26 ss g / on “Onal Nyse IssuED SEPTEMBER 11, 1916. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1916, ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 5 CENTS PER COPY A U. S. DEPARTMENT rae AGRICULTURE, . BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 96. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. I. A LIST OF INSECTS AFFECTING STORED CEREALS. THE MEXICAN GRAIN BEETLE. THE SIAMESE GRAIN BEETLE. By F. H. CHITTENDEN, In Charge of Truck Crop and Stored Product Insect Investigations II. THE BROAD-NOSED GRAIN WEEVIL. THE LONG-HEADED FLOUR BEETLE. By F, H. CHITTENDEN, In Charge of Truck Crop and Stored Product Insect Investigations. Il. THE LESSER GRAIN-BORER THE LARGER GRAIN-BORER. By F. H. CHITTENDEN, In Charge of Truck Crop and Stored Product Inscet Investigations. IV. CARBON TETRACHLORID AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR CARBON BISULPHID IN FUMIGATION AGAINST INSECTS. By F. H. CHITTENDEN, In Charge of Truck Crop and Stored Product Insect Investigations, and C. H. POPENOE, Entomological Assistant. VY. THE BROAD-BEAN WEEVIL. By F. H. CHITTENDEN, In Charge of Truck Crop and Stored Product Insect Investigations. VI. THE COWPEA WEEVIL. By F. H. CHITTENDEN, In Charge of Truck Crop and Stored Product Insect Investigations. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1916. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOG Y. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Marzuarr, Entomologist and Assistant Chief of Bureau. E. B. O'Leary, Chief Clerk and Executive Assistant. H. CHITTENDEN, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A.D. Horxrins, in charge of forest insect investigations. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. ea ———., in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QuaInTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. : F. Puiuuirs, in charge of bee culture. A. F. Buresss, in charge of gipsy moth and brown-tail moth investigations. Rota P. Curris, in charge of editorial work. Mase. Coxucorp, librarian. Truck Crop anp Storep Propuctr INsEct INVESTIGATIONS. F. H. Cairrenpen, Entomologist in charge. C. H. Porpenor, Wm. B. Parxer,! T. H. Jones, M. M. Hien, F. A. Jounston, and D. E. Fixx, entomological assistants. ° HW. O. Marsu, F. B. Miturxen, C. F. Srann, Frank R. Coxe, A. B. Ducxert, B. L. Boypen, R. E. Campperyt, W. H. Warr, and Pauttne M, JoHNnson, scientific assistants. Neate F. Howarp, specialist. W.M. Dovener, expert. Y. J. Conpit, R. 8. Varte. collaborators in California. 1 Resigned July 31, 1914. II ON TSE NaS: A list of insects affecting stored cereals...................: URIS TEL) at ges 1 a ap Insects affecting stored cereals and cereal products... DOT TUNAC Eee ihc eet a tale Se eee ney Aye SS A A Bt LDASEOEVG'S UTE 1? ah ARE OS SN eee es A Ree Oe ap JERS AAG 1d COE aps ope Oar oR ARNIS 1 aa EES COURSE Oa Fertarai oePrs S3 ak we Mego) whe Gadd 2 Males B48 Pty men Omar? saree oll SNE hd & Re ees JATELEIE SEY COS, SAO PU ek RRR AE eters, Pe Wee Te eee LATE SIG RT AS Sa ee mee ei ivenmot tas asiset tials edo fi lsed & nett. riROpner alee ym eh ae Ce ASUS eee AP”) Weuropgiercidhinsects 290. . Son. feck eek ac INSIDERS EA SET bE Ea ae a a The Mexican grain beetle (Pharaxonotha kirschi Reitt.).. - PAICL ONE Mert aay hac Ye Laced vs wl oe ae MERCIA AON oo iit 2s es oe Star ein Cd wats erste ae Ee a CLUVDEL SUH Shy See foe C ont iy tt eh ee eee ee ee Een On puny hopra phic Telerenees.. 2202.5 .h/Aalecs Usigh Jose een The Siimese grain beetle (Lophocateres pusillus Klug) ~ LSIRG SITUS ROS Eth a Ia Ml ok ee er ea LD(85:5, 2/0) Aah a ieee Oe ek eg ne ee atelier aks Bie Rrra Me eae near Se Ie PA ek iets we aa rbY BMC 2 \ a a Oe oe ae re Saude sige The broad-nosed grain weevil (Caulophilus latinasus Say) . Notes on occurrence in the United States......... ee 2 BSED 7 Be i ge aL OR a Wee a Oe a LITE) Cie (2a ge MEE oe aS oe eo a oT yA fee ahs bea a Oni ee Or tl kee Summary of life history and habits................... xin Mtn bical let yet eM Aes) cee ee The long-headed flour beetle (Latheticus oryze Waterh.)... NIGIIr 7.71 CUPS Ue eee ae aes Meat en ae ag a ea A EE 1D SSPE Av GUMTLLES Se CR Ria ay a Sa Hiaretsurcispripucton: 0. eth ehh Youd Cal ei elle & Occurrence in ¢he United States................1... Biniary amu MNteragure: 28 6 SS ae LL eT eee ee ene ee na The lesser grain-borer (Rhizopertha dominica Fab.).......... TEESE GLC EOTINGT 5 aioe A Ve Loh We eoenietionarbie specter... 225 1 ee es ik _F. H. Chittenden. . ..F'. H, Chittenden. - ..F, H, Chittenden. - ..F. H. Chittenden. - Page. MOIAINIYMFS SCHAAR WHWNYDY HE ‘9 1V \ INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. Tne lesser erain-borer, etc.—Continued. DiseribUbony eee + oe DARGA Se” a ee gee Ng Literature, known history.and@ habite.(200 0. Zoe.) eee ee aa ee 2 ; Office notes and ‘correspondences. 3s.) 50.2) aie eke pS Ut eee eee Biologic; Moves 2.1see ak wee pete FLO Da ee ny Teen aA A as a Bapeenents Ww ith hance Als ding So ote Shee eS eI CRA Se Hiploseaphy BS Bah Sladen AG Ue Bibs Pa ae a Eee SDR tO) ROE eet a The larger grain-borer ( Dinoderus truncatus Hom).........-. FH, Chittenden. - Introductory : ... sci 2.8 eee ae ee ea eS le ee eee ee WESeriptione cs. iti dak ee So St LB at ee Ge felt pele History‘and literatures ce oh eile Oe RS Liki. ee 2 Raa RN el Office-experim entsa Aid ews seen ok oe on G)ntale 6 eR Inn oie ee ee he Bipliographiye ole Pe Pee le EL OS Ie ne ete Sie eee 2 Carbon tetrachlorid as a substitute for carbon bisulphid in fumigation against BME CUS. 655.2 oa gS eA ae a A FH, Chittenden and C. H, Popence. - MarbrOdU CULM. =i oehe eae es eatys aisle we SiS EE ik ret at i ee Hasperiments at Washime tom, sDiaiC 52 arr etc eee oticiere bllene eee ee Experiments at Baltimore Mad)! s ee eek. at oA a ee ene Comparative cost of carbon bisulphid and carbon tetrachlorid......-.....- Conclusions... ... 4 Wer siecle cok Dee e Ss Lette Cee HeR NAN: ake Se The broad-bean weevil (Laria rufimana Boh.)........------ F, H. Chittenden. - Introductory ..: fete Dees see ke Oe a A SO ea ee Desertptien: v.;. Ci na decades ook SE Nee ane Swe OY el Aart ee ee Distrapublome,. 65. ee ah) ace eae ce ie a) eect acre aan sen ee Records/oL- OGcurrencest 26) oan he. dere SL aes Ue sere Bee eee eae ee Notes on occurrence in California, by Wm. B. Parker, agent...-.-.---- A lleced: poisonous nature: of, the weevil. iol. Le eek ei ee ee Germaimation of seed). 30 ey ee Oa eR Ae ae Summary of nature of attack and life history.............-- Neh Ai eee Literature/and; history.....29 2022) SSec ey, Se a Se See ene Waturalienemiess’. +c. san ecie es yeild See ob well St an in ee eee ee Experiments with remedies, by Wm. B. Parker, agent..........-.-..---- Methods of control. ..... Peay ee PT ee eh Ce RIE Re Fe yas Bibliqgraphy 52-428 6 Shoes Os Nase Ween tee ee ne, Seo The cowpea weevil (Pachymerus chinensis L.)....-.--.----- F. H. Chittenden. . Poo M Met ORy (21 ON yh CE OG ee a a Descriptive... .!... med ae Pecado. Cee etl Be Dae Lie A eae eee ee SMlOMy Mays). 2eteon ee Oe NS ey ek oe SSL Ie eerste PPIStRVDUTLON'S | se Se Se be MER ies ea fb AR I re ne Ditehistory and habits...20205 5.41 oos age ase ae) reer eee Owaposition: S24 <4.2)22 Les e's Rano Se irs ete ee sk cr ene hite-eycle periods. ..)2< =) 2) sees Pee hoe ee ee oe ee ee Number ot Bet ceitlone oA ARS ESS ES Ra REE SAN Oe Food oe ew kL Sas a2 Sey Pee a San US aN eee eee ena een ee The point of exit of the beetle from the seed......-.--....-----.-.-- Susceptibility of different varieties of cowpea. ....------ A Scie sot Pee Summianry” of life historys...522 42.20.02 U0 eee eee ee eae Rrhera ture ye a Ta a a Methodstol controls ooo 5s Se AS ROO Freee eee ee Bibliography: 44 2 fia. 2 2222 22 oe eee iL EY nee | icvol=> cues sete ith | Mel eee aan NEeN UMMM ERNIE RM TWNMRMOR RI 2 8 Loos al el ily os tk MWepUST RA EIONS. PLATE. PuaTe I. Blackeye cowpeas infested by the cowpea weevil (Pachymerus reals 18. 19. 20. 21, chinensis), showing eggs and exit holes.......-....----...--:..-- TEXT FIGURES. The Mexican grain beetle (Pharaxonotha kirschi): Adult, larva, pupa, BETTS ARS Selena a Lisa p Ne 2A ie ROO Das BLOAT ESR aS Ree . The Siamese grain beetle (Lophocateres pusillus): Adult, larva, pupa, TANG eee yee 2 NUMAN ne yar ety Rte Bilal aoe ck cit am YOON BUS cele . The broad-nosed grain weevil (Caulophilus latinasus): Adult and Stall Serene yt sevrw ek Ce ree RA ERAS Aa Oe a SRB . The long-headed flour beetle (Lathelicus oryze): Adult.............. RR EITCUSHETOSO PIS=4 NUNES. 33. F SU REN ote acre ee lS oe Re ee . The lesser grain-borer (Rhizopertha dominica): Adult..........--..-- . Section of horse collar showing holes bored by the lesser grain-borer... . The larger grain-borer (Dinoderus truncatus): Adult, larva, pupa, (OUCENE TNE ge a Fae IN A SP La een PR, cae > UN Eat to AE yp . The larger grain-borer: Kernel of corn showing characteristic work of AGL UU ROTM OCCT LS mere eee eae Nace PRS RIA AI er ere ty pe te . The broad-bean weevil (Laria rufimana): Adult, or beetle. .......... . The pea weevil (Laria pisorwm): Beetle, larva, and pupa........... . The broad-bean weevil: Photomicrcegraph of ege...........----.2..--. Une bhOadpeama weevil: Meg... Yong eh. Hobo BA ee ol 8 . The broad-bean weevil: Apical crest of head of postembryonic larva.. . Broad beans infested by the broad-bean weevil, showing empty exit holes of beetles, closed exit holes, and open exit holes in which ee Tec a kerstUlUprese hus ee jeer ernie, aw who Joo us i A. Lea . Broad beans split to show ravages made by larve of the broad-bean weevil above, and by larve and adults below, the latter leaving large pupal cases at the ends of the beans..........:.....-.2.----- Broad bean cut in half to show, at top on left, pupal cell of the broad- bean weevil; at right, cell containing predaceous mite (Pediculoides PIC TURIORTIA a. Se eo Sn e... ME EEE AMS UR Suse. eens 8) CEE Pediculoides ventricosus: Gravid female..............--52......2---- The cowpea weevil (Pachymerus chinensis): Male beetle, egg, larva, GUAPO belies Nae we a Ca IN Seat RM i i or A er a BRAT Ae Page 30, line 19 from bottom, for pusillus read pusillum. _ Page 87, line 22 from bottom, for larv read larve. 3 # DIV. INSECTS. Up S> DEPARTMENT OF: AGRICULTURE; BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 96, Part I. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. A LIST OF INSECTS AFFECTING STORED CEREALS. THE MEXICAN GRAIN BEETLE. THE SIAMESE GRAIN BEETLE. BY ¥. H. CHITTENDEN, Sc. D., In Charge of Truck Crop and Stored Product Insect Investigations. IssuED Marcu 25, 1911. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1911. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Martarr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Abseitce of Chief. R. 8. Currton, Hxecutive Assistant. W. F. Tastet, Chief Clerk. F. H. CHITTENDEN, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopxins, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. Wepster, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Puiuuirs, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Rocers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Roiyia P. Curriz, in charge of editorial work. MABEL Co.LcorD, librarian. TRUCK CROP AND STORED PropUCT INSECT INVESTIGATIONS, I’. H. CHITTENDEN, in charge. H. M. RUSSELL, C. H. Popenor, D. K. McMiLian, BE. G. SMytuH, THos. H. JONES, M. M. Hieu, Frep. A. JOHNSTON, WM. B. Parker, H. O. MarsH, agents and experts. I. J. Conpit, collaborator in California. P. T. Cote, collaborator in tidewater Virginia. II CONE TAN DS. Page. UMS OF Insecta alectine abored Cereals: .. 2.22.4 - 2 2¢-cense ese eee sects cease 1 TERIEAG: 2 IONE Tae Cie ees ee ea Ag a oo EI L Insects affecting stored cereals and cereal products. .....-..------------- 2 (O UVGUTIIG be dtS 2 aA coh RO Ne 2 Stee 2 eee See eee ee eee 2 Demin sie bt GaSe se Sece vee Sor Aes toca Pe ae BO eee et aes ae ee 3 RMR AR ORBAG te SR oe oe Se ola ain Kin ae Bie ana eid Seo 3 Lovey ig c1 13 Lee, Sh Rei ae i Se eI ar es es eRe ee 4 TP UTUCET SPOS, bo Lamhe ORR el Oy TE gah) ety Sense OO OO nO ae 4 CNC DTM Cee ae AEA eta ae se oO Ee Seek eens on doe ter 4 Pp lanaerelaap anaes oat ree ee tS ae ae Sd ot ee Bete oa 5 DAC EET ele Nted eo Wires Ey pe oad ben ee ae ee ae eae ee nee se 6 TET EAT Pesos 1 RESET BRS EE Ee a ree ee aa 6 Griberatt GStaeprss spe ht ones yee etn ye FP wk aa ee che Seas if ILEMOP Lette es SA eae cos eee an te aces AG Sa Buh Way LSE 7 NeurDpteroldmmseCtaen. Hehe !St 35.2 he. .o4 ses ek ae so Pees 2 eee 7 INGEN AHIOGN Gh CARS eee oe ae OR Ae aE Toe Oe eee a es nn ii The Mexican grain beetle (Pharaxonotha kirschi Reitt.) ......-.-..----------- 8 EARP URC LO tiers rst eh ee ee 8 wer Nay aie ar ae, IS af aie wn Ie 8 EYE SCPE FO a aR pe lee eT ee eens oe 9 perigee ee PAILS Ree ee Reedy ocop airs Sys Py A oe ct Babee Ci a 9 rere St Fe ee ered cee ate PSTD ol ig See ASR 9 Reet ree MU ORG a ne et hE nena rod Sai MS Be ohio ce a 10 PINE MPNMD IE tar Be es Se a Shh ca eo ran aie G's GRC setae acre 10 TLIRSVSE IBIS _ SA Seng ot en Pe pet Sieg ee en = c= 10 RE arararMmaed alti ye a en ie Se ere ore Se oie Sefer te ways ee 11 SEV GIPNT SS), gis aagh 0 Sal TAR, te EE at PA ae ee Oe ee ee 12 ete Moret Mie ROLCRCHCES 45. bodsee fo 5. 225 oS ete oe Meds -e. Loos eel aS nes 13 The Siamese grain beetle (Lophocateres pusillus Klug)....-....--------------- 14 PiU P re, ate be Lae te 2 ad ee eat Soe ha ee 14 tee Ns OE ee eee eae A gy ore eA S whayn Scie hapaie/ataiate ace ga easier s 15 Rive va dill ee ee ke Dis “ta Be ae et ie Syl Ee en ae, eR OS PO og Nie Le 2 al See I eas Coe eee ee Ee ee ee bee eee ee oe 16 IN EVEOY SYS thc 14 * 1 pe Bee i Ea So aed SEO Se ae eS Pe ea 17 TELS SU iad ath.'e DORs ae pa ne Sa en es ee ee a eS 17 TEE OVE) oor 2 ce SEP eT eS ere ts 0 ee it Rev C DM ee Paes We Pkt 2 Sc. er RAE As ae Soe Ota toes cine fi tha eo 18 Meu Ske EONS: Page. Fic. 1. The Mexican grain beetle (Pharaxonotha kirschi): Adult, larva, pupa, Gkeuls Ss Loe bes Re ee ee ER Le eee 8 2. The Siamese grain beetle (Lophocateres pusillus): Adult, larva, pupa, She TUS eS SU Fae th Dad ey Se a 14 U.S. D. A., B. E. Bul. 96, Part I. T.C.&S. P.I.1., March 25, 1911. PAPERS ON INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. A LIST OF INSECTS AFFECTING STORED CEREALS. : By F. H. Currrenven, Sc. D., In Charge of Truck Crop and Stored Product Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTORY. Lists of the insects that attack various cultivated crops are being published from time to time and republished with additional names until we have, of the various species that affect certain crops, some very complete lists. A notable example is the late Dr. J. A. Lintner’s list of injurious apple-tree insects, which numbers 356 species.* A preliminary list published by the same writer in 1882 contained only 176 species, less than half the number known to affect the apple 14 years later. Similar lists, more or less incomplete, but furnishing a basis for future additions, have been published of insects that affect the strawberry, the grapevine, the blackberry, the corn plant, the sugar beet, etc. Of many crops, however, there are no better pub- lished lists than those given in the catalogue of the exhibits in eco- nomic entomology at the World’s Columbian Exposition issued in 1893 as Bulletin No. 31 (old series) of this bureau and in other similar exhibition catalogues (Bulletins 47, 48, and 53, new series) which have followed. At the time the writer undertook the investigation of insects affect- ing stored products, which began with the inspection of cereal and other seeds exhibited at the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893, his knowledge—in truth it might be said our knowledge—of these insects was confined to the species exhibited by this bureau at the exposition and catalogued in Bulletin No. 31 (old series). The list of the insects injuring stored corn numbered 20. Of these, two spe- cies, Silvanus cassixz, Reiche and Dinoderus punctatus Say, were incor- rectly determined, and a third, Calandra remotepunctata Gyll., is a synonym, leaving only 17 species properly named. In his first gropings for knowledge the writer was gravely informed by certain fellow entomologists of riper experience than himself that everything was well known, that nothing new would be found, and @UintNER, J. A.—List of Injurious Apple-tree Insects. <1lth Rep. Ins. N. Y. for 1895, pp. 263-272, 1896. 1 2 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS, that the subject possessed no interest. In refutation of these state- ments it may be said that at the time they were made, in 1893, very little was positively known of the life histories of even our commonest granary insects and that the species themselves were not well known. Since that time many new forms have been added to our list, and many new facts concerning their habits, injuries, distribution, etc., have developed—all of sufficient interest to consume a considerable portion of the writer’s time and energy now and perhaps for some years to come. Inspection of the exhibits of cereal and other seeds at the World’s Fair in Chicago, just mentioned, was the means by which many species, hitherto unknown or of little understood habits and distribution, became known, and notes made on their occurrence there and in other localities have added much to our knowledge concerning them. Visits during subsequent years, made by the writer and by agents and assistants, to flour mills, bakeries, and warehouses, and to feed and other stores have added much more to our already acquired informa- tion, and the correspondence of the bureau has contributed other facts. The list which follows was prepared originally for the writer’s per- sonal use in the work of investigating insects of this class, but as the comprehensive work contemplated, on insects that affect stored cereals, will not be completed for some time, it has been thought advisable for the benefit of others working along similar lines to pub- lish it now, in connection with and as an introduction to other papers which will follow: INSECTS AFFECTING STORED CEREALS AND CEREAL PRODUCTS. CUCUJID. 1. Silvanus surinamensis L........... Chittenden: Farmers’ Bul. 45, U.S. Dept. Silvanus frumentarius Fab. INGTE De LO VSo 7. Saw-toothed grain beetle. Infests all cereals, dried fruits, ete. A general feeder. Qasilyvanius bicornis Er. esse eee Chittenden: Bul. 8,n.s., Div. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., pp. 10-11, 1897. Found in wheat granaries and dried figs. 3. Silvanus mercator Fauv............-Bul. 8, n. s., Div. Ent. U. 8. Dept. Agr., Merchant grain beetle. p. 12, 1897. Habits similar to S. swrinamensis. 4. Cathartus gemellatus Duv........- Farmers’ Bul. 45, U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 17, Silvanus cassix auct. 1897. Square-necked grain beetle. Infests corn and wheat. 5. Cathartus advena Waltl............ Farmers’ Bul. 45, U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 17, Silvanus advena Waltl. 1897. Foreign gran: beetle. Attacks grain, meal, and flour; does not develop to any extent in material kept dry and clean. LIST OF INSECTS AFFECTING STORED CEREALS. 3 6. Leemophleeus minutus Oliv......... Occurs commonly in cereals, but probably Lzxemophleus pusillus Sch. in the main predaceous and scavenging. Flat grain beetle. 7. Leemophleus ferrugineus Steph....Curtis: Farm Insects, p. 330, 1860. Rust-red grain beetle. Recorded to occur in granaries in Europe. 8. Lemophleeus alternans Er......... Bul. 2; 0.s., Div. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., p. 32, 1883. Infesting a mill. (This is probably an erroneous determination=minutus?) 9. Lemotmetusrhizophagoides Walk. Reitter: Harold’s Coleop. Hefte, vol. 15, Lemotmetus ferrugineus Gerst. p. 38, 1876. Oryzecus cathartoides Reitt. Arrow: Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 40, pp. 35-36, 1904. Found in stored rice at Berlin, Germany. DERMESTIDZ. 10. Attagenus piceus Oliv.............. Chittenden: Bul. 8, n.s., Div. Ent., U.S. Attagenus megatoma Fab. Dept. Agr., pp. 15-19, 1897. Black carpet beetle. Lives on cereal and other seeds, and on woolen goods and other animal material. le Authrenusiverbasci Li... 6.012268. - Bul. 8, n. s., Div. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agr., Anthrenus varius L. p: 22, 1897. Small cabinet beetle. Attacks wheat, flour, etc. A cabinet pest. 12. Trogoderma tarsale Melsh...-...... Bul. 8, n. s., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., Larger cabinet beetle. pp. 19-21, 1897. Attacks wheat, seeds, nuts, and animal sub- stances in store. It is also a cabinet pest. 13. Trogoderma ornatum Say..........Kellicott: Proc. Columbus Hort. Soc., vol. Ornate cabinet beetle. 9, p. 12, 1894. Living on pop corn. 14. Hthriostoma undulata Motsch....-- Cotes: Indian Museum Notes, vol.3, p. 119, 1894. Destructive to wheat. OTHER CLAVICORNS. 15. Tenebroides mauritanicus L........ Farmers’ Bul. 45, U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 18, Trogosita mauritanica L. 1897. Cadelle. In various cereal and other seeds. 16. Lophocateres pusillus Klug......... Chittenden: Insect Life, Div. Ent., U.S. Ostoma pusillum Klug. Dept. Agr., vol. 6, p. 219, 1894. ive yphoes fumata Ds. oo. 2 le. oleae. Well known as occurring in stored products, but prefers decomposing material. 18. Pharaxonotha kirschi Reitt......_. Chittenden: Insect Life, Div. Ent., U.S. Thallisella conradti Gorh. Dept. Agr., vol. 7, p. 327, 1895. Mexican grain beetle. In corn meal and edible tubers. 19. Carpophilus dimidiatus Fab......_. Chittenden: Insect Life, Div. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., vol. 6, p. 219, 1894. Breeds in corn meal. 19a. Carpophilus pallipennis Say....-.-.- Weed, H. E.: Bul. 17, Miss. Agr. Exp. Sta., Corn sap-beetle. p. 9, 1891. Found in corn throughout the winter when stored. 20. 21. 22. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS, BOSTRYCHID.E. Dinoderus truncatus Horn...... Larger grain borer. Rhizopertha dominica Fab..... Dinoderus dominica Fab. Dinoderus pusillus Fab. Rhizopertha pusilla Fab. Lesser grain borer. Detertol bd) gh) Vee eee eee White-marked spider beetle. . Ptinus brunneus Dufts...........-. Brown spider beetle. Niptus hololeucus Fald.......-. Gibbium psylloides Czem....... Gibbium scotias Fab. Sitodrepa panicea L..........-- Anobium paniceum lL. Drug-store beetle. Lasioderma serricorne Fab... .. Lasioderma testaceum Dufts. Cigarette beetle. Catorama punctulata Lec....-- Catorama zese Waterh........-. Tricorynus zex Waterh. Chittenden: Insect Life, Div. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., vol. 7, p. 327, 1895. Breeds in corn and edible tubers. Injurious to cereals in kernel; breeds in corn, rice, wheat, and in other hard sub- stances containing starch. PTINID. Bul. 4, n. s., Div. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., p. 127, 1899. Injurious to flour, crackers, seeds, etc. -Occurs in same situations as the above, and as its habits are practically identical it probably feeds also on cereals. Fitch (Powers): The Entomologist, vol. 12, p. 46, 1879. In ‘‘corn meal;’’ common in granaries in Europe. ‘ Schwarz (unpublished). In stale bread in a bakery at Washington, D. C.; in storehouses, etc. Bul. 4, n. s., Div. Ent., USS? Dept Aere pp. 124-126, 1899. A general feeder. Bul. 4; n. s., Div. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr: p. 126, 1899. Habits similar to above; observed to breed in rice, yeast cakes, fish food, ete. Quaintance: Bul. 36, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., pp. 381-382, 1896. In corn, corn meal, flour, etc. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, vol. 5, Proceed- ings, p. Ixviii, 1847-1849. ‘Attacking the grain of the common maize.”’ TENEBRIONIDZ, Tenebrio molitor Wiese... ee Yellow mealworm. Tenebrio obscurus Fab............- Dark mealworm. Tenebrio tenebrioides Beauv Tribolium confusum Duy.........-. Tribolium ferrugineum auct. Confused flour beetle. Farmers’ Bul. 45, U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 14-15, 1897. Injurious to ground cereals, . especially when stale. - Farmers’ Bul. 45, U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 15, 1897. Infests ground cereals. Unpublished. .Farmers’ Bul. 45, U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 11-12, 1897. A general feeder, injurious to cereals in every form. 34. 30. 36. 38. 39. 40. 4). 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. LIST OF INSECTS AFFECTING STORED CEREALS, 5 Tribolium navale Fab...........-...- Farmers’ Bul. 45, U. 8. Dept. Agr., pp. Tribolium ferrugineum Fab. 12-138, 1897. Rust-red flour beetle. ‘ Habits like preceding. Tribolium madens Charp............Johnson: Amer. Miller, Jan. 1, 1896, p. 32. Black flour beetle. Habits similar to two preceding. Gnathocerus cornutus Fab......... Farmers’ Bul. 45, U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 13, Echocerus cornutus Fab. 1897. Broad-horned flour beetle. Infests ground cereals. . Gnathocerus (Echocerus) maxil- losis alse: Suoiscuuei ola pager h. Farmers’ Bul. 45, U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 13, Slender-horned flour beetle. 1897. Infests corn and corn meal. Ceenocorse ratzeburgi Wissm....... Farmers’ Bul. 45, U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 13, Palorus ratzeburgi Wissm. 1897. Small-eyed flour beetle. Infests cereals, whole and ground. Czenocorse subdepressa Woll........ Chittenden: Ent. News, vol. 7, p. 138, Palorus subdepressus Woll. 1896. Depressed flour beetle. Lives in granaries in Europe and South America and in cereals in the United States. Latheticus oryzee Waterh........-... Waterhouse: Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Lyphia striolatus Fairm. vol. 5, pp. 147-148, Feb., 1880. Short-horned flour beetle. Breeds in rice, wheat, and barley. Sitophagus solieri Muls. Sitophagus hololeptoides Lap. Alphitobius diaperinus Panz........ Food habits similar to those of Tenebrio; Lesser mealworm. prefers spoiled material. Alphitobius piceus Oliv............. There are brief notes on occurrence in grain. Alphitophagus bifasciatus Say. .... Commonly occurs in spoiled cereals, but Phylethus bifasciatus Say. does not injure sound material. Alphitophagus 4-pustulatus Steph. RHYNCHOPHORA. Calandra geranaria) Li... 2)! . 05: a0:)-- Farmers’ Bul. 45, U. 8. Dept. Agr., pp. 4-5, Sitophilus granarius L. 1897. Calandra remotepunctata Gyll. Breeds in all cereals in the kernel, except, Granary weevil. perhaps, oats and unhulled rice, and in 0 some prepared cereals, etc. Calandra, oryzay li: 2. + )...s2ie ss Farmers’ Bul. 45, U.S. Dept. Agr., pp. 5-6, Sitophilus oryze L. 1897. Rice weevil. Infests all cereals in kernel. Caulophilus latinasus Say.......... Chittenden: Tech. Ser. 4, Div. Ent., U.S. Broad-nosed grain weevil. Dept. Agr., pp. 29-30, 1896. In corn, chick-peas, ginger, etc. Brachytarsus alternatus Say....... Quaintance: Bul. 36, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., pp. 380-381, 1896. Larva and adult injurious to stored corn, cowpeas, and ‘‘ English peas.”’ Brachytarsus variegatus Say....... Lintner: 2d Rep. Ins. N. Y., pp. 139-141, 1885. Adult exceptionally eats kernels of wheat in bin. 73880°—Bull. 96, pt. 1—11 7 30. ol. 52. 54, dD. 6. 08. 59. 60. 61. 62. INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. Rhyncolus oryze@ Gyll............-.- Schénherr: Genera et Species Curculioni- dum, p. 1075, 1837. Described from specimens found between grains of rice in store at Stockholm. TINEINA. Sitotroga cerealella Oliv.......... Farmers’ Bul. 45, U.S. Dept. Agr., pp. 6-7, Gelechia cerealella Oliv. 1897. Angoumois grain moth. Infests all cereals in kernel. Tinea pranella [i_32 2255.5. 48s. Farmers’ Bul. 45, U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 7, European grain moth. 1897; also Bull. 8, n.s., Div. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., pp. 31-35, 1897. . Tinea biselliella Hum................ Chittenden: Tech. Ser. 4, Div. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., p. 30, 1896. Reared from stored wheat and corn, but doubtful if it breeds in cereals. Tinea pallescentella Haw........-.. Stainton: Entomologist’s Annual, 1857, p. 122: “The larva is granivorous.”’ WTineammisella Zelliyz.t seus boiay - Gregson: Entomologist’s Annual, 1857, p. 121. Reared ‘‘from unthrashed wheat.’’ Batrachedra rileyi Wals..........-. Chittenden: Bul. 8, n. s., Div. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., pp. 32-33, 1897. Attacks corn in field and said to live in it in store. . Acompsia pseudospretella Stain....Gregson: See Butler’s ‘‘Our Household (Ecophora pseudospretella Stain. Insects,’’ p. 106, 1896. Injurious to rice, brooms, seeds, etc. PHYCITIDZ. Plodia interpunctella Hiibn......... Farmers’ Bul. 45, U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. Ephestia zex Fitch. 9-10, 1897. Indian-meal moth. Attacks all cereals; a general feeder. Ephestia kuehniella Zell............ Chittenden: Cir. 112, Bur. Ent., U. S. Mediterranean flour moth. Dept. Agr., 1910. Infests all cereals, but most injurious to flour. Ephestia cautella Walk.....-...-..-.- Chittenden: Bul. 8, n. s., Div. Ent., Ephestia cahiritella Zell. U.S. Dept. Agr., p. 7, 1897. Ephestia passulella Barr. Reared from corn meal, dried fruits, seeds, Fig moth. nuts, etc. Ephestia ficulella Barr............... Insect Life, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., Ephestia desuetella Walk. vol. 5, pp. 141, 350, 1893; Chittenden: Bul. 8, n. s., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., 1897. In oatmeal at Kingston, Jamaica; recorded also from Galveston, Tex. Ephestia elutella Hiibn.............Bul. 8, n.s., Div. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., p. 9, 1897. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 76. LIST OF INSECTS AFFECTING STORED CEREALS, 7 OTHER MOTHS. Pyralis farinalis L....5:-2254....-.- Farmers’ Bul. 45, U. 8S. Dept. Agr., pp. Asopia farinalis L. 10-11, 1897. Meal snout-moth. Attacks cereals, hay, etc., but not known to injure material that is kept quite clean and dry. Melissoblaptes gularis Zell......... Jenner, J. H. A.: The Entomologist, vol. 25, p. 286, 1892. In ‘polished Japan rice’”’ in London. ORTHOPTERA. (Cockroaches. ) Blatta orientalis L..................Marlatt: Cir. 51, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Periplaneta orientalis L. Agr., pp. 8, 9, 1908. Stylopyga orientalis L. Oriental cockroach. Blattella germanica L............. Marlatt: Cir. 51, Bur. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Ectobia germanica L. Agr., pp. 9, 10, 1908. Phyllodromia germanica 1. German cockroach; croton bug. Panchlora surinamensis L..........Insect Life, Div. Ent., U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Surinam roach. vol. 5, pp. 201, 268, 1893. NEUROPTEROID INSECTS. (Thysanura, Isoptera, Corrodentia.) Lepisma saccharina LL...........-..- Marlatt: Cir. 49, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Silverfish. Agr., 1902. Lepisma domestica Pack.........-. Marlatt: Cir. 49, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Fire brat. Agr., 1902. . Termes flavipes Koll............--. Marlatt: Cir. 50, Bur. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Philotermes flavipes Koll. Agr., 1908. White ant. . Troctes divinatoria Fab............ Marlatt: Bul. 4,n.s., Div. Ent., U.S. Dept. Atropos divinatoria Fab. Agr., pp. 79-81, 1899. Book louse. ; . Troctes corrodens Heymons........ Ifeymons: Deutsch. ent. Zeitschr., 1909, pp. 452-455. ACARINA. (Mites. ) . Tyroglyphus farinz DeG...........Banks: Tech. Ser. 13, Bur. Ent., U. 8. Aleurobius farine DeG. Dept. Agr., p. 14, 1906. Flour mite. . Tyroglyphus siro Gerv............-- Lintner: 3d Rep. Inj. Ins. N. Y., pp. 130, Cheese mite. 131, 1888. . Tyroglyphus longior Gerv.........- Banks: Tech. Ser. 13, Bur. Ent., U. S. Elevator mite. Dept. Agr., p. 14, 1906. Insect Life, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., vol. 1, p. 51. Tyroglyphus americanus Bks....... Banks: Tech. Ser. 13, Bur. Ent., U. S. Mill mite. Dept. Agr., p. 16, 1906. THE MEXICAN GRAIN BEETLE. (Pharaxonotha kirschi Reitt.) By F. H. Carrrenpen, Sc. D., In Charge of Truck Crop and Stored Product Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTORY. ' Among grain-feeding insects which have not yet been permanently introduced into this country as pests, but which have come repeatedly under observation, is a clavicorn beetle, Pharaxonotha kirschi Reitt. (fig. 1). This was one of the living species observed by the writer infesting stored grain in the foreign exhibits at the World’s Colum- bian Exposition and was more abundantly distributed throughout these exhibits toward the end of the fall of 1893. At the time of its discovery it was practi- cally unknown to Amer- ican scientists, with the exception of Dr. George Horm The Bureau of Ento- mology has also to record two reports of the occur- rence of this species in stored corn in Mexico, one dated 1902 and the other 1910, as follows: December 3, 1902, Mr. A. L. Herrera, of the City of Mexico, sent a sam- d € ple of stored corn from Fig. 1.—The Mexican grain beetle (Pharaxonotha kirschi); @ Tlaxiaco, State of Oax- Beetle; b, larva; c, pupa; d, leg of larva; e, antenna of larva. aca infested with this a,b,c, Much enlarged; d, e, more enlarged. (Original.) ¢ : 2 and other species of in- sects which have been previously identified with injury of this nature in Central America. During the winter of 1910 complaints were made through Mr. Ed. Los McCue, of the Cafetal Carlota Co., Oaxaca, of injury by weevils to corn, and on February 26 the specimens in question reached this office. Upon examination the principal injury proved to be due to the rice weevil (Calandra oryza L.), while the square-necked grain beetle (Cathartus gemellatus Duv.) and the Mexican grain beetle were also 8 THE MEXICAN GRAIN BEETLE. 9 present. No statement was made in regard to the habits of any species, but it was surmised by the correspondent that they all bored into the timbers of the crib. In this event it is probable that one of the grain borers (Dinoderus truncatus Horn) was present. DESCRIPTION. THE ADULT. Before proceeding with a technical description of the insect it should be stated that the adult, or beetle, is about three-sixteenths of an inch in length, deep brown in color, and highly polished. It has been mistaken for a tenebrionid and has been compared with Tribo- lium, but it resembles the Ulomini only superficially and can be dis- tinguished readily by its highly polished surface, by its longer antenne, and by the five-jointed posterior tarsi. This species was given the name which it now bears by Reitter in 1875,'* a new genus being erected for its reception and placed by its describer near the genus Antherophagus in the family Cryptophagide. Afterwards it was removed to the Erotylidz, and more recently it has been classified by the same writer’ as belonging to the Cryptophagi- de and the group Cryptophagini. The genus Pharaxonotha is characterized by Reitter as follows: Genus PHARAXONOTHA Reitt. Antenne stout, almost asin Antherophagus. Gular margin with a prominent tooth. Prosternum behind the cox subdilated, apex obtusely rounded, sides margined. Front biimpressed, prothorax hardly narrower than the elytra, subtransverse, sides entire, angles not thickened, basal and lateral margins slightly thickened, base on each side with an abbreviated and strongly impressed line. Elytra striate-punctate, striz entire and deeper toward apex, humeral angles acute and slightly prominént, anal abdominal segment subtuberculate at tip. Tarsi 5-jointed, fourth joint shorter and narrower than the preceding. Body elongate, robust, upper side hardly visibly pubescent. The species is thus described by Reitter: Phararonotha kirschi Reitt. Oblong, slightly convex, subglabrous, fusco-castaneous, shining; head rather densely and rather deeply, and prothorax less densely punctate, subtransverse, almost truncate at apex, sides nearly straight, bisinuate at base, elytra finely striate-punctate, strize toward apex less deep, sutural stria posteriorly more impressed; beneath sparsely punctate, very finely and sparsely hairy. Length, 44.5 mm.; width, 1.2-1.5 mm. The beetle is illustrated in figure 1, a. THE EGG. The egg is somewhat variable in shape and size. It is more or less elongate-ellipsoidal in form and milk-white in color, and the surface is rather finely shagreened. The length varies from 0.94 to 0.99 mm. and the width from 0.35 mm. to 0.39 mm. @ Numbers in superior type refer to corresponding numbers in the bibliographic list, page 13. 10 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. The other stages of this species were not described for lack of time when specimens were fresh and later these were not in condition for specific description. THE LARVA. The larva illustrated at 6 of figure 1 is elongate subcylindrical, about six times as long as wide. It is gray, each segment being darker at the middle, while at the sides of each of these darker spaces there are rather well developed piliferous tubercles. An enlarged leg is shown at d and an antenna, also enlarged, at e. When full grown the larva measures about five-sixteenths of an inch (8.5 mm.) in length. THE PUPA. The pupa (fig. 1, c) is about the same size as the adult, paler than the larva, nearly white. It will be noticed that the thorax bears conspicuous long hairs and that similar hairs project from tubercles on the abdomen. In the pupa as well as the larva the anal apex terminates in two divergent points. 1t should be added that both larva and pupa are delicate and per- ceptibly softer than the common grain-feeding tenebrionids found in similar locations. LITERATURE. The literature on this species is decidedly scanty. The original description appeared in 1875.1 This was followed by two records of the finding of the insect in cotton bolls from Bahia, Brazil, one in 1880,? when it is mentioned as ‘‘(4) one specimen of a Diploccelus not occurring in the United States,” and again in 1885 as follows?*: ‘“(4) one specimen of a cryptophagid beetle, apparently undescribed and not occurring in the United States.”” Mr. E. A. Schwarz, who saw the specimen referred to, assures the writer that it is this species. In the collection of the United States National Museum there are also specimens bearing this label: ‘‘In corn, Guatemala, March 24, 1884.” Brief mention was made in 18945 of the occurrence of this species in exhibits of stored products, the insect being referred to as a ‘‘Cryptophagid (?)”’ with the statement that it was found living in corn meal and edible tubers from the Mexican and Guatemalan exhibits at the World’s Fair held in Chicago in 1893. The following year ® this species was included in a list cf foreign insects introduced into the United States in recent years. In 18967 similar notes were published in a list of insects known to occur in stored products in Mexico and record was made of the capture of the species near San Antonio, Tex., in December, 1895. In all, this species has received ten notices, none of them extensive, the remainder, which will not receive mention, being descriptive and synonymical articles and notes. THE MEXICAN GRAIN BEETLE. a(S | OBSERVED HABITS. In order to obtain information in regard to the habits of the insect, a number of living adults was placed in a small rearing jar contain- ing fresh meal and slices of raw potato, the latter to furnish addi- tional moisture, and placed in a cool room. Here the adults showed conclusively that they were perfectly able to withstand the average temperature of an ordinary mill, warehouse, or granary of a latitude such as that of the District of Columbia. The beetles are much more active than the meal-feeding tenebrionids. When they were exam- ined some were usually to be seen moving about on the meal and frequently they tried to climb the sides of the jar, although making little progress. Although they crawled into the meal for conceal- ment, for warmth, or for oviposition, they do not, like Tribolium, burrow or excavate galleries. On the contrary, they form shallow pits or depressions, several beetles occupying the same pit in partial concealment. The eggs are deposited on the surface of the meal. In one lot of insects of this species kept under observation, an equal number of Tribolium also lived and in perfect harmony. Neither species showed the least signs of being even in the slightest degree predaceous upon the other. Even with limited material for observation, it soon became mani- fest that this grain beetle is quite capable of breeding freely in a moderately cool temperature. Beetles began pairing during the first week of April and daily during the warm weather following, but it was noticed that they had already deposited eggs at infrequent intervals during the winter, as a number of larve of varying sizes, observed in April, bore witness. The living imagos, seven of which remained alive in the first jar, were now removed to a different jar and placed by themselves. By this time, April 6, some of their progeny were about half-grown larve. Of these, the most mature transformed to pupze May 1 and to imagos May 10, the remainder continuing as larve until considerably later. From another lot of specimens segregated in a second rearing jar and kept in a warm room, it was found that from December 5 to April 10 one adult had issued and many pupe were present. This gives a full life cycle of eighteen weeks, or four and one-half months, the dry artificial atmosphere probably accounting for the slowness of development. It has always been noticed that when the larve are disturbed they have a habit of rolling up into a ball and remaining thus for a minute or more before resuming their usual activity. When fully mature, larve were observed to come to the surface of the meal in the rearing jars to transform. Save for close observa- tion, the true method of pupation might have escaped notice. When the contents of one jar became too dry, a bit of moistened blotting 12 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. paper was inserted. The excess of humidity caused by this addition induced uneasiness on the part of the larve, which were now full- grown. When, however, the normal degree of temperature was produced, the larve attacked the blotting paper, which happened to be placed against the glass, and soon constructed a pupal cell such as they probably produce under more normal conditions. One of these cells of about typical form is rounded irregularly and measures one-fourth of an inch in length by three-eighths of an inch in its widest diameter. The pupa, as in the case of the pupzx of so many other beetles, rests at the bottom of the cocoon on its back. Larve selected during May for the purpose of observing the period of the pupal stage transformed to pupz July 16 and to imagos July 22, or in between five and one-half and six days for different mdivid- uals. Others in a cooler temperature required 8, 9, and 10 days for the pupal period. Under above conditions (e. g., from June 23 to July 25) the devel- opment of this species, from the laying of the egg to the issuance of the beetle, covered 32 days. This was during an exceedingly heated period and is doubtless not far from the minimum period for the life cycle. In another case, where the weather was cooler, comprising portions of the months of April, May, and June, the life cycle required 59 days, or eight and one-half weeks. Three distinct generations were obtained, from the first generation of beetles to their children and finally to the grandchildren. The species does not appear to be long-lived under confined con- ditions. Adults, active and breeding, seldom lived longer than three months. Doubtless in the open this period can be greatly extended. It should be mentioned in connection with the life history of this species that upward of a week is required for the beetle to acquire the full deep shining brown of maturity. The thorax and the apices of the elytra color last, and the latter often remain much lghter colored than the other parts. The beetles, however, are active long before they have acquired this complete coloration. Hence it happens that in most lots of the beetles seen there are many which are not fully colored, although otherwise perfect. Some other experiments were made to ascertain if the insect is a primary feeder upon perfectly healthy dry seed. In hard wheat, corn, and beans a few larve hatched and for a time lived on the meal that the imagos cut from the corn, but failed to develop. In softer, fresher seed in the field they could no doubt breed freely. ENEMIES. A single natural enemy was observed in the rearing jars, viz, the predaceous mite Pediculoides ventricosus Newp. It occurred in April and May. THE MEXICAN GRAIN BEETLE. 13 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES. . Reitrer, Epm.—Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, vol. 19, pp. 44, 45, 84, 86, 1875. Characterization of genus and description of species. Changes spelling from Pharoxonotha to Pharaxonotha (pp. 84, 86). . American Entomologist, vol. 3, p. 129, May, 1880. Mention of occurrence in cotton bolls in Brazil. . Ritey, C. V.—Fourth Report U. S. Ent. Comm., appendix, p. 121, 1885. Similar mention. . Heypen, REITTER, AND WeErISsE.—Catalogus Coleopterorum Europz, Caucasi et Armenii Rossicz, p. 148, 1891. Catalogued as an erotylid from Germany. . CHITTENDEN, I’. H.—Insect Life, Div. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., vol. 6, p. 219, 1894. Mention as a ‘‘Cryptophagid (?)’’ in its occurrence at Chicago, Ill.,in Mexican and Guatemalan exhibits of stored products. . CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Insect Life, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., vol. 7, p. 327, March 29, 1895. Identification of species from material breeding in meal and tubers from Mexico and Guatemala at the World’s Fair; belief expressed that it will in time be introduced into Southern States. . CHITTENDEN, F. H.—U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, Technical Series 4, p. 28, 1896. Review of No. 6, with note on the capture of the species near San Antonio, Tex., in December, 1895. . GorHam, H. S.—Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleoptera, vol. 7, supp., pp. 248, 249, December, 1898. Described as Thallisella conradti n. sp. from Guatemala, with descriptive notes. Genus Thalli- sella characterized on page 248. . CHampion, G. C.—Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, vol. 40 (2d ser., vol. 15), p. 36, 1904. Brief mention of Thailisella conradti Gorh. as a synonym. Statement that it belongs to the Erotylide. 10. Reitrer, Epm.—Catalogus Coleopterorum Europe, p. 331, 1906. Removal to the Crytophagide; brief bibliography. THE SIAMESE GRAIN BEETLE. b (Lophocateres pusillus Klug.) By F. H. Carrrennen, Sc. D., In Charge of Truck Crop and Stored Product Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTORY. Among other species of injurious insects found for the first time in rice and other cereal exhibits, at the World’s Columbian Exposition, held in Chicago in 1893, there was a small trogositid beetle, Lopho- cateres pusillus Klug, which occurred in exhibits from Siam, Liberia, and Ceylon, and which was new to the writer at that time. This species was not then included in our faunal lists, nor does the writer know of any record of its having become established in North America until about 19058, although the French coleopterist M. A. Fauvel had expressed the belief that the species might occur in North America. At the time of its discovery at Chicago it could not be ascertained whether this insect was preda- ceous or granivorous in habit. Nothing more was heard of the insect until ten years later (1903) when living specimens were ob- Fig. 2._The Siamese grain beetle (Lophocateres pusillus): a, served during Septem- Adult or beetle; b, antenna of same; c, larva; d, pupa. 4, ¢, d, ber in corn from Blanco About ten times natural size; b, greatly enlarged. (Original.) ,. Peru, South America. November 30, 1904, this bureau received from Mr. D. S. Bliss, Bureau of Plant Industry, a bag of paddy rice-heads from Java in which this species was living. Many of the kernels showed where the beetles had escaped. August 10, 1905, Mr. D. A. Brodie, also of the Bureau of Plant Industry, sent specimens in rice from a rice mill at Charleston, 5S. C., where the insect was associated with the common Tribolium na- vale Fab. and Lemophleus minutus Oliv. and was evidently estab- lished. During the same month Mr. Samuel G. Stoney, Charleston, 14 THE SIAMESE GRAIN BEETLE. TS S. C., sent’ specimens of this species, and in a letter of August 22 reported that millers in that vicinity had some years previously received rice from Siam and other points in the Orient as well as from Honduras. It was reported, October 20, 1906, from El Rancho, Guatemala, by Mr. E. E. Knight, who furnished living specimens, as injuring grain, together with the so-called corn weevil (Calandra oryza L.). Living examples also occurred among some infested black beans. During 1909 the species came under observation on several occa- sions, especially in different localities in Texas, the records being furnished chiefly by Mr. D. K. McMillan. June 26 of that year specimens were obtained in various materials from a flour mill in Galveston. June 28, Mr. J. G. Sanders, then of this bureau, found adults in eggplant and gourd seeds, and beans from Siam. Of its occurrence at Brownsville, Tex., Mr. McMillan wrote that the beetles were very abundant in old rye from the bottom of a bin, and that they were scattered throughout the mill inspected. He observed that they were much more sluggish than most mill insects, and clung closely to the flour sacks and to wood and paper upon which they were resting. They also have the habit of accumulating, or crowding, into small groups, thus showing the gregarious habit common to most herbivo- rous insects found in stored material. At one mill it was the most abundant species found among rubbish. October 25, Mr. F. A. Stockdale sent this species in paddy rice imported from India and traced to Georgetown, Demerara. December 6, Mr. McMillan sent specimens from Houston, Tex., where the insect occurred in rough Japan rice. At New Braunfels, Tex., it occurred in old rye, flour, and rubbish. DESCRIPTION. THE ADULT. The genus Lophocateres was characterized in 1883 by Olliff, who referred it to the subfamily Peltini of the family Trogositide, a group which includes the well-known genera Peltis and Calitys, beetles having flattened, more or less oval, bodies with much flattened thoracic and elytral margins. Olliff’s description is as follows: Genus LOPHOCATERES Olliff. Head nearly quadrate. Eyes rather small, lateral, not prominent. Antenne 11-jointed, basal joint large, with the inner angle much produced, 2nd joint short, 3rd rather longer, 4th to 7th transverse-and very short, last four forming a gradually elon- gated club, of which the joints increase in breadth as they approach the apex. Mandi- bles robust, inner margin straight, the apex slightly incurved. Maxille with both lobes narrow and sharply jointed, the inner much the shorter. Maxillary palpi 3-jointed, the basal very small, the 2nd rather longer, the 3rd longer than the Ist and 2nd together, rounded at the apex. Labium with the anterior margin rounded. Labial palpi 2-jointed, of which the apical is somewhat the longer. Prothorax transversely quad- 16 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS, rate, rather strongly margined laterally. Elytra about the same width as the pro- thorax, depressed, covering the abdomen, subparallel, with fine coste. Legs short and slender; tibize armed on their outer margins with short, sharp spines, the posterior tibize with a row of blunt teeth at the base, slightly projecting over the 1st joint of the tarsus, tibial spurs short; tarsi 5-jointed, the basal very short, the 2nd and 3rd rather longer, the 4th shorter, and the 5th nearly as long as the other four together; claws simple. ; The fine but distinct costz on the elytra, the gradual 4-jointed club of the antenne, and the peculiar structure of the posterior tibiz, are characters which will serve at once to distinguish this genus. The antenne in the present species (fig. 2, a, 6) have the basal joint much enlarged and produced on the inner surface, the terminal joints forming a three-jointed club instead of a four-jointed one as is in the type species. The strongly produced apices of the thoracic margin form a strong character, common to the group, but not found in other forms of beetles known to attack stored cereals. Klug’s original description of the species is as follows: Pettis F. 81. Peltis pusilla n. sp. P. elongata, ferruginea, capite thoraceque punctatis, elytris punctato-striatis. Long. lin. 14. Statura fere P. oblongx. Depressa, fere linearis, dorso ferruginea, subtus rufo- testacea. Caput et thorax confertim punctata. Elytra thorace duplo-longiora, marginata, striata, ad strias punctata. Pedes rufo-testacei. The species may be further recognized by the following description: Lophocateres pusillus Klug. Elongate, flattened; dorsal surface glabrous, ferruginous brown, with elytral mar- gins paler ferruginous, strongly punctate. Head deeply, closely, and coarsely punc- tate. Thorax transverse, finely and distinctly punctate like the head, sides subparallel, narrowed anteriorly. Elytra parallel, each presenting seven costze which bear on each side a row of close and deep punctures. Apices of elytra rounded. Legs ferruginous. Length 2.7-3 mm.; width 1.0-1.2 mm. THE LARVA. M. Claudius Rey® gives a description of the larva (fig. 2, ¢), of which the following is a translation: Body subelongate or oblong, somewhat attenuate at the extremities, subdepressed or a little convex, obsoletely pilose at the edges; dirty white, somewhat shiny, with the head and last abdominal segment fulvous, the latter armed at the apex with an angular median tooth, and with two strong hooks with points recurved upward and slightly toward each other. Head nearly round, a little narrower than the prothorax, somewhat divided by a median channel into two smooth and somewhat convex discs, flattened, biimpressed and subrugulose in front, decided fulvous yellow, provided on the sides with four or five long, pale bristles. Labrum transverse, ruddy. Mandibles ferruginous, with black points, bidentate. Palpi small, testaceous; eyes rather distinct; antennee slightly projecting, testaceous, the joints narrowing gradually. THE SIAMESE GRAIN BEETLE. 17 Prothorax in the shape of a transverse rectangle somewhat out of proportion, pale and shiny. Mesothorax and metathorax transverse, wider than the prothorax but both together hardly exceeding it in length. Pale, more or less unequal, the sides somewhat curved. Abdomen more or less enlarged, somewhat rounded at the sides of segments, and narrowing to the rear. Of the nine segments, the first eight are shining dirty-white, short, more or less uneven, folded transversely and surmounted by four longitudinal rows of swellings or scars, the lateral rows of which are less pronounced. The ninth is a little narrower, provided on the back with a large flattened plate, which is received in a broad hollow on the eighth segment, fulvous, rugulose or folded transversely for about the first third, and broadly hollowed upon the summit, the deepest part of the hollow armed with a median angular or conical tooth, and limited by the two strong hooks, darker in color and with the points recurved upward and inward. Beneath the body is pale, subdepressed, sparsely hairy, more or less uneven, with the underside of the head and the last ventral arch fulvous. Feet short, pale, terminating in a small hard hook, almost straight, brownish. Length 5.35 mm.; width 1.07 mm., of head 0.50 mm. Measurements from fully mature, freshly killed specimens extended full length. THE PUPA. The pupa has not been described and no material is at present available for descriptive purposes. The general appearance of the pupa, however, is well shown in the accompanying illustration (fig. 2,d). In life it is of the same whitish color as the larva and like the larva, also, its last segment terminates in two processes, slightly incurved. It measures about 2.7 mm. in length and 1 mm. in width. DISTRIBUTION. There is now practically no doubt that the species is firmly estab- lished in this country, both in North America and in South America, and that it is cosmopolitan in a somewhat narrow sense, apparently being restricted to the tropical and to the warmer temperate zones corresponding to the Lower Austral of North America. Since this species was first observed by the writer in a Siamese grain exhibit, and as it appears to be well established there, it may be known as the Siamese grain beetle. HABITS. Writing of this species in 1888, M. Claudius Rey stated that he discovered the larve in company with the adults in a shipment of soy beans (Soja hispida), which were in most part reduced to powder, and which came from Saigon, Cochin China. He remarked that M. Valery Mayet had collected the same species at Marseille, France, in peanuts, and that the beetle had been captured flying on the mari- time coast where he surmised it would probably some day become 18 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. naturalized. He expressed the belief that the larva obtained its nourishment from animal substances or products after the supposed habits of other species of Trogositid, basing this opinion on its resemblance to them in structure and to the attendant circumstances that the larve were not actually found in the seeds of these two plants. Experiments conducted by the writer, on receipt of living material in 1903, show conclusively that this species will breed in stored grain. A small number of beetles were confined in a jar of uninfested wheat, corn, and meal in February, and in March of the following year, when examined, larvee from these as well as living beetles and many dead ones were found. There is no evidence as yet of predaceous habits of this insect, as is the vase with the related cadelle. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1. Kxiue, J. C. F.—Abhandlungen der K@6nigl. preussische Akademie der Wissen- schaften zu Berlin fiir 1832, p. 159, 1834. Original description as Peltis pusilla n. sp. from Madagascar. 2. ALLIBERT, ALPH.—Revue Zoologique, par la Société Cuvierienne, p. 12, Paris, 1847. Description as Peltis yvanii n. sp., with description of var. testacea; mentioned as having been found in leguminous flour from China and beans from Brazil. 3. Rerrrer, Epm.—Bestimmungs-Tabellen der europaischen Coleopteren, vol. 1, pt. 6, pp. 36, 37, 1881. Synoptic description as ‘‘Ostoma (Gaurambe) Yvany Allib.”’ 4, Ouurrr, A. SipNey.—Transactions of the Entomological Society of London for 1883, pp. 180-181. Description of Lophocateres, n. gen. Type, L. nanus n. sp. from Borneo. 5. Oxtuirr, A. SipbNEY.—Cistula Entomologica, vol. 3, pt. 27, p. 58, 1883. Synoptic table of genus with mention of LZ. yvani as being referred to this genus. 6. Rey, Cuauprtus.—Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 1888, pp. XXXVill, XXXix. Description of the larva, mentioned as Ostoma Yvani Allibert. 7. Ritey, C. V.—Insect Life, Div. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agr., vol. 6, pp. 219, 223, Feb- ruary, 1894. Found at Chicago World’s Fair in cereal exhibits of Siam, Liberia, and Ceylon. Economic status doubtful. 8. CuiITrENDEN, F. H.—Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1905, p. 630 (separate). Mention of destructive occurrence in stored rice at Charleston, 8. C., where it has evidently become established. O . bars) iid ee i : or #J/LV.INSBOULS, Vas OrPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 96, Part II. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. THE BROAD-NOSED GRAIN WEEVIL. THE LONG-HEADED FLOUR BEETLE. BY F. H. .CHITTENDEN, Sc. D., In Charge of Truck Crop and Stored Product Insect Investigations. IssuED Marcu 31, 1911. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1911. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Maruatr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8. Currron, Executive Assistant. W. F. Taster, Chief Clerk. F. H. Cuirrenven, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopkins, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. WexsstTER, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QuaInTANcE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Puruies, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Rocers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Rotia P. Currie, in charge of editorial work. MABEL CoLcorD, librarian. Truck Crop AND STORED Propuct INsEcT INVESTIGATIONS. F. H. Cuirrenpen, in charge. H. M. Russet, C. H. Popenor, D. K. McMiian, E. G. Smytu, Tuos. H. Jones, M. M. Hien, Frep. A. Jounston, Wu. B. Parker, H. O. Marsn, agents and experts. I. J. Connir, collaborator in California. P. T. Coxe, collaborator in tidewater Virginia. II CONTE N Ts. Page The broad-nosed grain weevil (Caulophilus latinasus Say)...................- 19 iINetes'on:occurrencem the United States... 2.2... 2... 2s-ssc¢ceceeccees 19 [ES CONS Tho eee sy ee se a ee a ee mies 20 Fst Hee PAOD reenter nine gS ee Sn So Sy /2'Y wie Sere ee Gate Renee Se 22 TLRS EIT S SoBe ees RON oD Sie Atty er ek een er rr rr ee 22 Summanyot hie history and habits... 22.20 0260.22. 605 eee ee eee eee 23 Eren eons a cHMlst heres cee aout ee a2 see oJ E Sade oc manele s HERES 2a The long-headed flour beetle (Latheticus oryze Waterh.)...............2...--- 25 MIEN OE ULC LOM sates ee elon a atras Beant aio Sie’ Se salir Salas eeieaa Meee nee sae ene 25 MISSIN DULG see tree Goes 2/5 cnet s ere 25 ate Sc es oe A ales Salsa din) demo ees 25 Gee Ieee USUEUMI LOU yay ae ee ee Saree a We ele eae eee 26 Occurrence in the United are Lea ee be eB cecoG Mos Samael eC 27 Plu Stomz ate CAGUNC tice sea ee = cise Stara Sid Sv oS oases os Sau oe eE 27 Pat pitopraptinca MMe pee 2 tats oo oter jarg siejae a Fan alo Sed aicinng Saw eee cee 28 Pee Usa heat PONS: : Page. Fic. 3. The broad-nosed grain weevil (Caulophilus latinasus): Adult and details 19 4. The broad-nosed grain weevil: Work in seed of avocado (Persea PGE UES STIG) ahs a ergs Gel eee oa eee att Oe an tin Bors see ectetan.c 20 5. The long-headed flour beetle (Latheticus oryzx): Adult..............--- 26 Gertatnriicins) prose pis.) AMUN atonet ea. ete ae Se lem acess fe ie OS ae osis ore 26 73946°—No. 96—11 ll - U.S. D. A., B. E. Bul. 96, Part IT. TC. & S. P. 1. T.; March 31, 1911. PAPERS ON INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. THE BROAD-NOSED GRAIN WEEVIL. (Caulophilus latinasus Say.) By F. H. Cuirrenpen, Sc. D., In Charge of Truck Crop and Stored Product Insect Investiguiions. NOTES ON OCCURRENCE IN THE UNITED STATES. Receipts, in recent years, of stored products infested by the cos- sonine weevil Caulophilus latinasus Say (fig. 3) appear to indicate that it is permanently established as an enemy of dried cereals and other food materials in the United States. In December, 1895, the Bureau of Entomology received from the Cotton States and International Exposition, held at Atlanta, Ga., that year, specimens of this weevil found living in chick-peas (Cicer arie- tunum) from Mexico. . February 3, 1899, living beetles were found in about equal numbers with the rice weevil in shelled corn and chick- peas purchased by Mr. August Busck from a store at Arroyo, Porto Rico. December 3, 1902, Mr. A. L. Her- rera, City of Mexico, Mexico, sent a sample of stored corn from Tlaxiaco, State of Oaxaca, infested with this species, which had been previously identified with injury of this nature in ee seis caer Central America. c, hind leg. a, Much enlarged, see size During February, 1909, the Bureau Gee ae of Entomology received from Mr. P. J. Wester, Bureau of Plant Industry, several seeds of avocado, or alli- gator pear (see fig. 4), obtained at Miami, Fla., via Jamaica, infested with numbers of this weevil. By April 28 the seed centers had become reduced to powder by the weevils and were filled with larve and pupz, while the adults were 19 20 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. swarming on the sides of the jar. In order to furnish them with food some shelled corn was placed in the jar. By May 5 they had riddled it, and by May 21 it was reduced to meal, and the beetles had perished. DESCRIPTIVE. Superficially this species bears some slight resemblance to the grain weevils previously treated. Belonging to the same family of Rhyn- chophora, the Calandride, it has the same slender depressed form and measures about one-eighth of an inch in length (8 mm.). It is of Fic. 4. Seed of avocado ( Persea gratissima) injured by the broad-nosed grain weevil. ( Original.) a similar dark-brown color, but may be readily distinguished from either of these species by characters which are well shown in the illus- trations of the two genera. Of these characters the most obvious are the much broader rostrum and mucronate tibiz of Caulophilus. A technical description follows: Reddish brown or piceous, feebly shining, form moderately robust. Rostrum longer than half the thorax, cylindrical, feebly arcuate, sparsely punctured, between the eyes an elongate impressed point. Thorax as broad as long, anteriorly moderately constricted, sides strongly arcuate, base slightly narrowed, feebly bisinuate and with an obsolete impression in front of the scutellum, surface moderately and evenly punc- tured. Elytra not wider than the thorax, moderately convex, strize moderately deep, THE BROAD-NOSED GRAIN WEEVIL. 21 at base punctured but neither coarsely nor closely, punctures at apex obsolete, inter- vals moderately convex, indistinctly punctulate. Body beneath sparsely punctured. Anterior tibize sinuate within. [Horn.] The eighth stria, as pointed out by Horn, is slightly oblique and joins the seventh slightly behind the humerus. The interval between - the ninth and marginal striz is reduced to an extremely narrow carina. The union of the seventh and eighth striz is an unusual character in the genus Cossonus, but is the usual form in the genus Rhyncolus. According to Champion’s table this species may be separated from the other three, which he describes, by the elytra being more than twice as long as the thorax, with the elytral intervals simply convex at the apex and closely punctate. Caulophilus sculpturatus Woll. was described from a single specimen and Wollaston, when writing in after years, remarked that the type was still unique. LeConte,’ writing of the probable identity of this species and latinasus, said that, except that the punctation of the thorax is coarser in the figure furnished by Wollaston than in the three specimens in his collection, he should not venture to declare them different species. Wollaston compares Caulophilus sculpturatus to the European Rhyncolus cylindrirostris Oliv. (=lignarius Marsh.), but structurally it differs from this and allied genera. From Phleophagus, with which it is most likely to be associated, the genus Caulophilus is said by Wollaston * to be distinguished by its linear outline, depressed, deeply sculptured surface, and comparatively large eyes and scutellum. It differs from indigenous species of Phlaeophagus by only the last two of the characters mentioned. It should be stated that it resem- bles also Pentarthrinus, a genus closely related to Phloeophagus. If, in addition to what LeConte says of the difference between his specimens and the figure of the Madeira specimen, we consider the likelihood of Wollaston’s find having been a wanderer from some merchant ship returning from one of the then Spanish-American colonies to the home country, is it not more than probable that we have here one and the same species? If a comparison of types should prove such to be the case, Say’s name would take precedence, since Wollaston’s description did not appear until 1854. At present the writer is inclined to believe in the specific identity of the Madeira and American specimens, for the indications are that the illustration furnished by Wollaston, although attributed to West- wood, does not agree, as so often happens, with the description. The punctation of the prothorax in the figure is extremely coarse, while in the text Wollaston expressly says ‘“‘head and prothorax (espe- cially the latter) deeply and closely punctured.’ (The italics are the writer’s. ) 2, INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. Assuming the truth of these remarks, the following would be the synonymy} ? Caulophilus latinasus Say. Rhyncolus latinasus Say, Curculionides, p. 30, 1831 (LeConte edition, vol. 1, p. 299, 1859). : Caulophilus sculpturatus Wollaston, Ins. Mad., p. 315, 1854. Cossonus pinguis Horn, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 13, p. 442, 1873. Caulophilus latinasus Say, LeConte, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 15, p. 340, 1876. DISTRIBUTION. The known distribution of this species is limited, and it is quite evident that it is not as yet cosmopolitan. There is no reason to believe that it is other than native to America, and, from what is at present known of it, it is safe to consider it as neotropical. The type of the species was from Florida. It is also recorded or has been re- ceived at this office from Georgia (Horn), South Carolina, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Mexico, Guatemala, and Madeira. LITERATURE. Say’s original description appeared in 1831." None of the writers who treated of this insect in after years had anything to say in regard to its habits until 1878, when Mr. E. A. Schwarz* mentioned it as being beaten from dead twigs in Florida. In 1894 Mr. C. H. T. Townsend '° noted its occurrence in a can of ‘‘scraped ginger’ in the Museum of the Institute of Jamaica at Kingston, together with the cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne Fab.). The ginger was stated to be riddled with holes, especially the terminal, slightly bulbous ends of the rhizomes. The pest, according to Mr. Townsend, appears always to attack the rhizomes at the terminal ends and work toward the proximal portion. The fine clay-yellow frass was dustlike or powdery. The paper under consideration included a brief description of the species and mention of a parasite doubtfully referred to Meraporus, which Mr. Townsend thought to be parasitic upon the weevil. In 1896 the writer 't mentioned this species and its occurrence in erain at the Atlanta Exposition, and the following year he ” gave a somewhat more detailed account of the species with a brief review of its biologic literature and some notes on its structure. a Recently Mr. G. C. Champion ™ '* has brought together the bibliography and synonymy of this species, pointing out that it is identical with C. sculpturatus Woll., a conclusion reached by the writer some years ago by comparison of descriptions. Mr. Champion. however, has had the opportunity of comparison of types. He cites the occurrence of the species in Mexico in three localities and in Guatemala, as well as in Madeira and North America. Evidently, however, he missed the writer’s reference to the occurrence of the insect at Kingston, Jamaica, in an article published in 1897.” THE BROAD-NOSED GRAIN WEEVIL. 23 In June, 1909, Mr. G. C. Champion * published a note on this species, having particular reference to its synonymy and distribution. In October of the same year ™ he furnished a synoptic table of four species of the genus, figured the species under consideration, and gave the full synonymy and a list of known localities in which it occurs, notes on variation, etc. SUMMARY OF LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS. In addition to what has been said in the introductory portion of this article, it may be added that in Insect Life ® the species of Caulo- philus @ are stated to have similar habits to other Cossonini, which live under bark and in decaying wood. Doubtless this was the original habit of the genus, and perhaps even at the present time it bores in dead roots and perhaps even in twigs, but there is at hand no evidence that such is the case. To distinguish this species from the granary and rice weevils it may be called the broad-nosed grain weevil, the descriptive adjective being a translation of the specific name latinasus. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST. As the literature of this species is limited and the references have not hitherto been brought together the systematic papers as far as known are included in the following list. References to C. sculptu- ratus are also included on the strong probability of its specific identity with latinasus: nak 1. Say, THos.—Descriptions of North American Curculionides, p. 30, July, 1831. (LeConte edition, 1859, p. 299.) Original description as Rhyncholus latinasus, from Florida. 2. BoHeman, C. H.—Schoenherr’s Genera et Species Curculionidum, vol. 4, p. 1068, 1837. Latin description as Rhyncolus latinasus Say. 3. Wotiaston, T. V.—Insecta Maderensia, p. 315, pl. 6, fig. 4, 1854. Description of genus Caulophilus and of C. sculpturatus, with distinctions from Phlceophagus and Caulotrupis. Original colored figure of C. sculpturatus. +. WotLAston, T. V.—Transactions of the Entomological Society of London for 1861, p. 368. Notes on affinities of the genus and a brief remark on the species. 5. Horn, G. H.—Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 13, pp. 442, 447, 1873. Description as Cossonus pinguis; Boheman’s description of R. latinasus quoted and the species doubtfully referred to Stenoscelis. 6. Wottaston, T. V.—Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1873, pp. 499, 586. Characterization of the genus; notes on C. sculpturatus with reason for its separation from Rhyn- colus cylindrirostris Oliv. (lignarius Marsh.). « The generic name Caulophilus, from two Greek words meaning literally a stalk lover, was applied by deduction from analogy, since Wollaston, writing later, says nothing of the habits of the species from observation, his type having been picked up under a stone. 24 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. 7. LeConte, J. L.—Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 15, p. 340, 1876. Synonymy (after Horn). Systematic notes. 8. Scuwarz, E. A.—The Coleoptera of Florida. *, In addition to the notes and records which have just been fur- nished, the Bureau of Entomology has reports of the finding of this species in cereals and waste material in mills in different portions of Texas; in flour at Denison, Tex.; in rice at Crowley, La.; in corn from Houston, Tex.; in mill material generally throughout the State of Texas, and there is one record of the occurrence of the insect from Georgetown, Demerara, where it was imported in paddy rice from India. July 8, 1908, Mr. D. K. McMillan reported this insect very common in samples of grain from an old mill in Sherman, Tex., which was unused for 15 months. It was also very common in samples of rub- bish from a milling company in the same place. The adults bored holes through the cotton sacks, the cloth of which had a starch and whiting filler, thus liberating Ceenocorse, Calandra, and other grain insects in the sample bags. During February, 1910, Prof. R. H. Pettit, entomologist of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, sent specimens found in wheat from a Detroit mill, and associated with other species. The bureau has also a note from Mr. Knight, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, who brought seeds of white lotus in which this species was at work. BIOLOGIC NOTES. From a lot of insects obtained in 1881 observations were made by Mr. Th. Pergande, whose notes have been of assistance to the writer in the preparation of this chapter. From eggs deposited April 27 larvee were obtained on May 11, or in fourteen days after egg deposit. All the eggs were lying loose among the excrement of the insects at the bottom of the jar. The egg.—The egg is white, of elongate pear-shaped form, one end forming a rather narrow stem or neck, bearing on one side at its base a transverse impression or suture causing the egg to bend some- what to one side. Both ends of the egg are rounded; the surface is slightly polished and apparently somewhat rough. The length of the egg is 0.6 mm., and across its thickest portion a little over 0.2mm. The newly hatched larvw.—The newly hatched larve were de- scribed as white, slightly yellowish toward the head; head yellowish, 36 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. ocelli reddish-brown, arranged in a triangle, mouthparts brownish, . antenne very short, the head beset with a few long hairs; legs toler- ably long, slightly yellowish, with long claws. Each of the abdomi- nal segments bears ventrally a number of long hairs, and similar hairs are also on the dorsal side of the segments 7 and 8. The last segment bears a slightly curved, yellow horn, directed backward. Length a little less than 0.8 mm. The fully developed larva—The larva when fully developed is of the characteristic bostrychine form similar to that of Dinoderus truncatus, shown at d of figure 9. It is rather more elongate than usual in the Ptinide, and more constricted at the middle. The ground color is white, the head is light brown, and the mandibles dark brown, nearly black. The claws of the legs are light brown. The body is covered with minute, slender, pale-brownish hairs, which are denser and somewhat longer on the first thoracic and last two ab- dominal segments. The larve when lying on their sides resemble somewhat, on a smaller scale, those of the lamellicorns, the body being curved in the same manner. Locomotion in this position is possible, but very slow. Full-grown larve measured about 2.8 mm. in length. Examination of the pellets of excrement made by the beetles shows 2 somewhat remarkable method of deposition. The pellets are placed in strings of from two to six and sometimes more. The exact time consumed by this species in its development has not been ascertained to the writer’s knowledge. From a lot of fresh corn in which eggs were deposited April 27, however, several beetles were observed August 12. EXPERIMENTS WITH REMEDIES. For a long time the writer bas desired that a series of experiments be conducted with the standard fumigants, to ascertain if this species is in any degree more, or less, resistant than other insects which in- jure stored products, such as the grain weevils, the grain beetles, flour beetles, and others. Opportunity for experiments with hydro- cyanic-acid gas was offered in December, 1910, at Beaumont, Tex.. where Mr. M. M. High, an agent of this bureau, working under the vriter’s special direction, conducted a series of experiments. Coinci- dent with these experiments another series of experiments with bisul- phid of carbon was being carried out in the Department of Agri- culture. A still longer series of experiments was also carried on by Mr. D. K. McMillan, at Houston and Beaumont, Tex., both with hydrocyanic-acid gas and with bisulphid of carbon under various conditions and strengths, THE LESSER GRAIN-BORER. ot The results show that this grain-borer appears to be possessed of a lower degree of vitality, or at least of less resistant power to both of these gases than are the other classes of grain-feeding insects which have been mentioned. These series of experiments are also of value as bearing out the writer’s experience in the experimental and prac- tical fumigation of inclosures against insects in low temperatures, substantiating conclusions made years ago, that insects in general are not so susceptible to poisonous gases while torpid as when they are exposed to a higher temperature and are consequently normally active. ExrrertmMents By D. K. McMitian. BISULPHID OF CARBON. EHeperiments Nos. 1 and 2.—At Houston, Tex., December 2 and 3, a bin of Japan rough rice badly infested with the lesser grain-borer and other species was treated in a mill with carbon bisulphid by pouring the liquid wpon a large mass of empty sacks within another sack and hanging in the bin just above the grain. The bin con- tained about 2,500 bushels and was about one-third full. The top could not be closed in any practicable way. A short. time after putting in the carbon bisulphid the fumes were coming out of the cracks in the sides and out of the bottom, which was 8 feet above the floor of the mill. Two experiments were made, with an exposure of 24 hours, as follows: 1 gallon of carbon bisulphid to 2,500 bushels of grain. 2 gallons of carbon bisulphid to 2,500 bushels of grain. A large quantity of grain from the bottom of the bin showed prac- tically all insects alive. As the bin was not tight enough and the weather was below 45° F. during this time, these experiments were unsuccessful. A series of experiments with carbon bisulphid was conducted at Beaumont, Tex., December 5 to 7, upon various rice-mill products infested principally with this species. The tests were made with 50-gallon glucose barrels, which were very tight from the sirup, and tight covers of car paper were fitted over the tops and tied firmly. Carbon bisulphid in the following proportions was used : Experiment No. Proportion. Exposure. Hours. Dee erste Xe BE an tS Sin ace omate = Re ORE EOE | 2 pounds to 1,000 eubie feet... ..-- scree 24 ease isin es ates te a's soe nice we Sade aeae awe 4 pounds to 1,000 cubic feet........---- 24 pee GA fe wine Sas = SoC Ma oe is cine mare ere weeieose 5 pounds to 1,000 cubie feet..-.......-- 24 Dereon scence Merona sane aul Seco ee ee eine sie Be 6 pounds to 1,000 cubic feet.......----- 24 Mia ne ee eh estes a Sotels eS ere ahs ia arate Savard way aie s Geers 8 pounds to 1,000 cubic feet...........- 24 a ik Qa RRO e Cee EC BASE Mea ey Sane age eRe 10 pounds to 1,000 cubic feet........--- 24 De eee ee ete ees oes toe Seve s sen aciscee 15 pounds to 1,000 cubic feet.......-.-.- 24 Le eCaeeebee COS 06n GSS BORD OEE ae ene es a eee eel 20 pounds to 1,000 cubic feet..........- 24 88 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. No insects appeared to be affected until the sixth lot was examined, and only a small percentage, if any, was killed. About 35 per cent were killed with 15 pounds to the 1,000 cubic feet, and 75 per cent with the highest strength used. The temperature ranged from below 32° F. to 68° F. outside the building, which was a shed with sheet- iron sides, and the temperature of the rice was about 48° F, This follows closely the results of experiments by Hinds and Turner ¢ with Calandra during cold weather. KLuperiment No. 11.—A three-day exposure was planned to treat between 200 and 300 sacks of infested screenings containing princi- pally this species, with a quantity of rough rice and brewers’ rice piled in loose stacks, and in more compact stacks as in the regular storage room. With the same formula and 15 pounds to 1,000 cubic feet the room was left closed from 5.30 p. m. October 29 until 11 a. m. November 2, or a period of about 90 hours, although about 2 hours additional were required to allow the room to free itself of the gas. When the door was opened after this long exposure the rush of fumes was very strong and the sacks gave up gas for at least 24 hours afterwards. A long search through all the sacks failed to discover any living Rhizopertha; and after giving a sack from the interior an airing, together with material from different places, a half-dozen adult Z7rzbolium navale Fab. were seen in motion. All other insects were evidently dead, though of course the entire lot could not be examined in detail. This seems to give good evidence that with a long exposure the in- sects can be killed in a tight room. If the room had been closed for an- other day doubtless the Tribolium adults would not have recovered. HYDROCYANIC-ACID GAS FROM SODIUM CYANID. Haperiment No. 12.—In the first fumigation with cyanid of soda, the 1-2-3 formula (1 pound cyanid,2 pints sulphuric acid, and 3 pints water) was used for an exposure of 24 hours at the rate of 15 ounces to 1,000 cubic feet to test the penetrative powers of an increased dosage. After airing the room sufficiently samples were taken from all parts of the room and from all parts of the piles and exposed to the open air in the bright sunshine for an hour, and examined carefully. The piles of bags were covered with dead insects of all species, and especially with Lhizopertha dominica. There were many dead within the sacks, but probably 50 per cent of this species were alive at 4 inches depth in the rice and screenings, while in the lower sacks and those with sacks surrounding them very few were dead except on the outside. Experiment No. 13.—Another exposure of 48 hours with the same formula and dosage was given to over 200 bags of materials similar “See Hinds and Turner, Journ, Econ. Ent., vol. 3, pp. 47-56, 1910. THE LESSER GRAIN-BORER. 39 to the first lot, giving a complete range of mill products, all badly infested with Rhizopertha dominica except the clean rice and bran. Fully 95 per cent of the Rhizoperthas were dead in all the bags except those having two or more between them and the outside of the piles. In the well-protected sacks about 25 per cent were living, which showed that the gas was beginning to penetrate deeply. Tribolium and Calandra resisted the gas much better than Rhizo- pertha, and a longer exposure and probably increased dosage would be necessary to destroy all the insects in the center. A space between two partitions near the center of the system of storage was boarded up on four sides and ceiled with planed boards without grooves or lap, but solid and suitable as a foundation for the three-ply heavy roofing tarred paper which formed the lining of the room. This was carefully put on with a good lap at each seam, all of which were fastened with a good application of roofing cement before being lapped and nailed, so that a very tight room was the result. The floor was of tongue-and-groove lumber and appeared very tight. Special care was taken with the door and frame, which were beveled and faced with strips from an old rubber belt. The door was held shut after charging by a heavy bar sliding into iron hooks. The door itself was of two thicknesses of good boards, with an uncut sheet of the roofing felt between. That the leakage was very slight was proved by the faint odor of gas, noticeable only after fumigation had been in progress some time, and this came out almost entirely through the floor. The room was the most nearly gas-proof structure possible under the circumstances and better than many nursery fumigating houses which have come under the writer’s observation. There was no leakage through the walls while the experiments were being carried on, and the loss of gas through the floor and around the door was shght. An objection, consisting in the absence of ventilators other than the door, was obviated by leaving the door open all night at the end of the experiments, as the material could not be immediately moved out. The room was not rectangular as to shape of the ground floor, but the sides averaged 14.25 feet, and the height of ceiling was 13.50 feet, making the cubic contents 2,741 cubic feet. For generators two stoneware jars or “churns” holding 3 gallons each were used. Several wooden trestles, 2 feet high, with planks laid across them, were placed in the room on which to pile the sacks, so that the gas could have access to them from beneath as well as from all sides. As the room was in a dark part of the sheds, it was necessary to have an electric light on an extension hung in the room in order that the sacks could be properly arranged. 40 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. For the first experiment about 100 pockets of screenings, rough and clean rice bran, brewer’s grain, and the various materials about the mill were put in the room; some upon the trestle, others on the floor in loose and compact stacks, to represent the different condi- tions found in the mill and warehouse. The most. abundant species was Rhizopertha dominica, as stated above, but an effort was made to have all other species around the premises represented in larval and adult stages at least, and these were placed at various depths in the sacks and in piles of materials contained in them. When a visit was made to this mill early in December, 1909, the manager became interested in the idea of having a special room or chamber constructed in the mill or warehouse in which to place in- fested material for treatment. He agreed to have such a room built according to directions given by the writer. Efforts were made at several other rice mills to have a practical gas-proof chamber built by the owners as a permanent adjunct to their plants, but without success. ; Later one of these firms constructed a room for fumigating and used it for treating clean rice with sulphur fumes. It was built in the corner of the clean-rice warehouse by erecting two partitions of tongue-and-groove flooring, single thickness, and had become cracked and warped in some places. It required considerable work and time to line and make it gas tight. When another visit was made to this mill carpenters had built a fumigating chamber in the rough-rice warehouse for convenience in treating screenings from the rough rice and also the brewer’s grain and other infested material which was stored in the rough-rice build- ing. The next experiments (Nos, 14-17) were made by Mr. M. M. High. EXPERIMENTS By M. M. Hien. HYDROCYANIC-ACID GAS FROM SODIUM CYANID. Experiment No. 14.—December 16, 1910, the fumigating room just described was carefully inspected for outlets for the escape of the gas, Two holes about the size of one’s finger, which had evidently been made by the careless use of trucks, in one wall and a rat hole in one corner of the room were covered and 120 sacks of infested rough rice were placed in the room, care being taken to stack closely. In this the most numerous insect pest was the lesser grain-borer (Rhizopertha dominica). Four other species were present in smaller numbers.“ “Of these the rust-red flour beetle (Tribolium navale Fab.) was second in abundance, followed by the rice weevil (Calandra oryza U.), the cadelle (Tenebroides mauritanicus L.), a few individuals of the saw-toothed grain beetle (Silvanus surinamensis L.), and the fig moth (Ephestia cautella Walk.). / THE LESSER GRAIN-BORER. 41 Sixty-five sacks of chicken feed, in which this grain-borer was de- cidedly the most numerous pest, were also placed in the fumigating room. Everything needed to charge the room with hydrocyanic-acid gas was put in place, and at 5.20 p. m. fumigation was begun. The cubic capacity of the room was approximately 2,600 feet. The rate of application was 20 ounces to 1,000 cubic feet of space, using the 1-1-8 formula, 1. e., 1 ounce sodium cyanid, 1 fluid ounce sulphuric acid (commercial), and 3 fluid ounces water. After the bags of eyanid had been placed in the jars the door was closed immediately, taking care to make it as tight as possible. The door remained closed until 5.20 p. m. on December 17, thus making a period of 24 hours’ exposure. After the door had been opened a short time the room was entered to ascertain results. The fumigating room had only one door and no windows, so_an electric globe was used. Samples were taken from sacks in different parts of the room, from the middle of the stack, and from the sacks on the floor. Nearly every one was ex- amined with a trowel, so as to reach the middle of the sack. .Dead bodies of Rhizopertha almost completely covered the sacks of the chicken-feed rice and were nearly as abundant over the sacks of the rough rice. Beetles of this species were dead all over the room, with the exception of a few individuals taken from the middle of a sack that lay at the base of one of the jars used. On the interior of this sack, which was probed deeply a number of times, a few beetles were struggling between life and death, while the outside of the sack was covered with their dead bodies.* Experiment No, 15.—As Silvanus and Tribolium appeared more abundant in the clean rice, the manager of the mill was asked for 150 pockets of clean rice to be placed in the fumigating room; but as the mill where the clean rice was stored and the fumigating room were some distance apart, a wagon had to be used. This was rather slow with a limited number of men, so that only 25 pockets of the clean rice were transported to the fumigating room: This, however, was placed with the rough rice, so as to make results the same as they would have been had a greater amount of clean rice been secured. On December 19 at 3 p. m. the charge was liberated. The amount of cyanid was the same as used in the previous charge, 1. e., 20 ounces to 1,000 cubic feet of space, but the room was to remain closed 48 hours instead of 24. December 21, at the same hour, the fumigating room was opened and an examination begun. Out of the first lot of samples taken, which were from pockets near and upon the floor, a few individuals 4Tribolium navale, which was not nearly so numerous in the rough rice as the Rhizopertha, was yet quite active. No live specimens of Calandra or Tenebroides were found. 492 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. of Tribolium were found still alive. The number of live specimens was estimated at about 5 per cent. The examination was continued for two hours, taking samples from all parts of the room, when the number that failed to succumb seemed to decrease somewhat, for sample after sample was taken from the more exposed pockets and no live specimens were observed, with exception of grain from sacks taken from the interior of the stack of pockets. From near the center of these pockets a few specimens were yet fully active. No other species was observed alive, but all appeared dead with the exception of 7ribolium navale. Experiment No. 16—At 5 p. m. December 21 another charge was made, using the same amount of sodium cyanid and sulphuric acid as in previous experiments (20 ounces of cyanid to 1,000 cubic feet), and left until December 24. The door was opened at the same hour and the inspection begun, paying special attention to the clean rice and the bran where Tribolium was most abundant. At this time no live specimens were found at all, but the dead bodies were numerous. The conditions for fumigation work were not the most favorable; the temperature was too low to secure the best results, ranging from 49° F. to a little above 60° F. the whole time the experiments were on. It has been demonstrated that better results are obtained at a temperature upward of 65° F. At this time the weevils are more active and succumb more readily to the fumes. Emperiment No. 17,—Uater, December 26, at 67° to 71° F. a sample of rough and chicken-feed rice treated with hydrocyanic-acid gas for a period of 24 hours had yet alive one specimen of Calandra oryza, two specimens of Rhizopertha dominica (hundreds of dead bodies), and several of 7ribolium navale. On the same date samples of rough rice, chicken-feed rice, rice bran, and clean rice were examined to ascertain if any living weevils were yet present. From one cigar box of rice bran and rough rice 5 beetles of the Tribolium were found, quite active. EXPERIMENTS BY THE WRITER AND By Messrs. POPENOE AND JONES. BISULPHID OF CARBON. Experiment No. 18.—December 31, 1910, at Washington, D. C., a lot of Rhizopertha dominica in cracked rice, together with other insects, was placed in a bag and exposed to the fumes of bisulphid of carbon in one of the fumigating boxes of the type much used in the Department of Agriculture for fumigating seeds, the reagent being used at the minimum strength for such purpose, or at the rate «Among this same material three of Silvanus were alive, while there were a number of dead bodies each of Tribolium and Silvanus. In the clean rice, where both species were more numerous, all were dead. THE LESSER GRAIN-BORER. 43 of 14 pounds to 1,000 cubic feet of air space. Exposure was for 48 hours, at the end of Which time, when the box was opened, no odor whatever remained of the bisulphid, showing that the exposure had been complete. The box was made approximately air-tight, but seemingly not so tight as was supposed, by pasting over the apertures of the cover with paper. The result was a failure. Rhizopertha dominica was apparently unharmed. As there were many dead beetles present with the living individuals in the rice, the precise per- centage could not be accurately determined.* Average temperature, about 65° F. Experiment No. 19.—The failure of the first experiment with bisulphid.of carbon at the rate of 1§ pounds to 1,000 cubic feet of air space—which was not unexpected—led to the doubling of the strength (3 pounds to 1,000 cubic feet) for the next series of experiments. In this experiment, started January 7 at 4.30 p. m., the tempera- ture was 68° F., with a minimum of 46° and an average of about 62° for an exposure of 40 hours. When examined 24 hours after the end of the exposure the insects were all dead.’ Experiment No. 20.—Conditions the same as for Experiment No. 5 and a duplicate fumigating box. Starting temperatures 55° F., and at the end of 24 hours 58°; average 56°. Twenty-four hours after the insects were removed from the fumi- gator and thoroughly aired, many living specimens could be found, showing the experiment to be imperfect. The beetles of Rhizopertha dominica were mostly dead, but a very few were alive, although not very active.° Experiment No. 21.—The fourth experiment was conducted in a special air-tight fumigating box. the temperature being 45° at the start and 42° at the end of 40 hours. There was, however, a mini- mum of 36°, and the average temperature was estimated at 42° F. “Tn another bag, in which were specimens of the Indian-meal moth (Plodia interpunctella Hiibn.) and Silvanus surinamensis L., the larvee of the former and the beetles of the latter were not affected, so far as could be observed, 24 hours after having been removed from the fumigating box. A week later the meal-moth laryze were found entirely unaffected. Tvribolium navale Fab., both beetles and larvz, survived, as did also the larve of Tenebroides mauritanicus L. >’ Other insects were also exposed, including the adult of Tenebroides mauri- tanicus L., and great numbers of the rice weevil (Calandra oryza L.) in wheat. ¢The few individuals of Silvanus that were on the outside of the dried figs in which they were working were killed, but those which were protected in the interior were apparently unharmed. The same was true of Plodia, all of which were unharmed. Adults of Tenebroides mauritanicus were unaffected. Some Calandras were the same, and probably no strong individuals were killed. 44 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. While a few dead insects could be found, in the main they ap- peared to be unharmed by the fumigation 24 hours later. The nonsuccess of this experiment is attributed to the temperature, which kept the insects torpid while exposed to the gas, and bears out the writer’s experience, which he has frequently expressed in corre- spondence for several years. Experiment No. 22.—Conditions the same as for Experiments Nos. 5 and 6, but strength 2 pounds of bisulphid of carbon to 1,000 cubic feet of air space. Starting temperature, 70° F.; at end of 48 hours, 58° I. During this time the temperature ranged as high as 72° and as low as 50°. The average could not be determined, but at the begin- ning of the experiment it was probably high long enough for the gas to take effect, while the low temperature occurred probably at a time when it was somewhat immaterial. When the fumigating box was opened at the end of 48 hours the odor of bisulphid was sufficiently strong to attract the attention of several persons in the neighborhood. In this case the beetles of this species, which were living in ground rice for poultry feed, were all destroyed. A num- ber of other insects, six species in all, was confined under the same conditions, and all were killed. Experiment No. 23.—Conditions the same as in Experiment No. 8, a duplicate fumigating box being used and 2} pounds of bisulphid of carbon liberated, with same temperature, and exposure the same, namely, 48 hours. Every insect was killed. Conclusions—These experiments show conclusively that in in- closures made approximately air-tight, 2 pounds of bisulphid of carbon, with a full exposure of 48 hours in a temperature approxi- mating 65° to 70° F., will prove fatal to the lesser grain-borer, as well as to practically any other stored-product insects. 45 THE LESSER GRAIN-BORER. 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GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. The results of the series of experiments performed with bisulphid of carbon and hydrocyanic-acid gas against the lesser grain-borer, and incidentally against other insects, are of considerable value and show in brief the following: That the lesser grain-borer possesses less resistant power to both gases than do most other stored-product insects. That fumigations in low temperatures, and especially below 50° F., are practically ineffective unless an excessively large amount of bisul- phid of carbon or of a cyanid be used, and that it is still more desir- able that from 48 hours to 3 days be the length of exposure in order to kill all insects in even tight inclosures. Experiment No. 8 shows that even with 10 pounds of bisulphid of carbon to 1,000 cubic feet of space in a tight receptacle only a very small percentage of grain insects were killed in an exposure of 24 hours and witha temperature of about 48° F., and Experiment No. 10 shows that even with 20 pounds of carbon bisulphid to 1,000 cubic feet, or 10 times what may now be accepted as a standard, only 75 per cent of the insects present were destroyed in a 24-hour exposure. It may be safely assumed that under ordinary conditions, in mod- erately high temperatures, between 65° and 75° F., 14 pounds of bisulphid of carbon to 1,000 cubic feet of air space is insufficient even for 48 hours’ exposure, and that we may adopt as a general standard 2 pounds to 1,000 cubic feet for 48 hours or more, or until the odor of the gas has become entirely dissipated. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1. Fapricius, J. C.——Entomologia Systematica, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 359, 1792. Original description as Synodendron dominica from South America. 2. Fasricius, J. C.—Entomologice Systematicee Supplementum, vol. 1, p. 156, 1798. Redescription of the species as 8. pusillum, from India. 3. KIRBY AND SPENCE.—Introduction to entomology, vol. 1; p. 282, 1822. Mention of the insect’s eating the roots of rhubarb. 4. Strepuens, J. F.—Illustrations of British entomology, vol. 3, p. 854, 1880. Short technical description. ‘‘ Frequently taken in roots and seeds from India.”’ 5. Lucas, Hrprpotyrr.—L’Histoire Naturelle des Anitmaux Articulés de l’Algerie, I, Coléoptéres, p. 468, 1849. 6. WoL.LaAston, T. V.—Insecta Maderensia, pp. 287-288, 1854. Detailed description of genus and species with references and notes. aol MortscHULsky, V.—Htudes Entomologiques, p. 78, 1857. Mentions occurrence of what is without doubt this species in grain in Egypt, ete. LeConte, J. L.—Classification of the Coleoptera of North America (Smith- sonian Institution), Part I, p. 208, 1861. Introduced in specimens of wheat distributed from the Patent Office. 9. REDTENBACHER, L.—Fauna Austriaca, Part II, p, 67, 1874. Description and notes. co 10. ial THE LESSER GRAIN-BORER. 47 Bititups, T. R.—The Entomologist, vol. 12, p. 268, 1879. Mere mention of occurrence in a granary in London. Fitcu, E. A.—The Entomologist, vol. 12, p. 45, 1879 Mere mention of abundance in a London granary. 12. TAsScHENEERG, E. L.—Praktische Insektenkunde, vol. 2, p. 84, Bremen, 1879. A rather short general account. 13. ProceepiIncs.—Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, vol. 10, p. 259, 1874. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London. In Japanese wheat with Calandra granaria. 14. Ritey, C. V.—American Naturalist, vol. 16, p. 747, September (August 24), 1882. Discussion as a museum pest. 15. GorHaM, H. S.—Biologia Centrali-Americana, Coleoptera, vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 217, July, 1883. Systematic bibliography and notes. ‘‘ Common in wood of sugar casks, ete.” 16. Corres, E. C.—Indian Museum Notes, vol. 1, p. 60, 1889. Injuring ship’s biscuit at Calcutta. 17. Corres, E. C.—Indian Museum Notes, vol. 2, p. 27, 1891. Injuring seed of “ Sorghum vulgare.” 18. Corrs, E. C.—Indian Museum Notes, vol. 2, p. 150, 1893. Injuring wheat, cholum seed (Sorghum vulgare), and ship’s biscuit. Mentior as Dinoderus sp. 19. Cores, E. C.—Indian Museum Notes, vol. 3, p. 124. Figure of adult with identification of the species, previously mentioned, as Rhizopertha pusilla. f 20. HAMILTON, JoHN.—Transactions of the American Entomological Society,. vol. 21, p. 393, 1894. Adds Canada as a locality. 21. Lesne P.—Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, vol. 66, pp 332-333, figs. 13, 21, 270, 1897 (1898). Technical description, full bibliography, distribution, and biologic review, with three original illustrations. THE LARGER GRAIN-BORER. (Dinoderus truncatus Horn.) By F.. H. CHirrenpDEn, Se. D., In Charge of Truck Crop and Stored Product Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTORY. Brief mention has been made in a preceding article of the larger grain-borer (Dinoderus truncatus Horn) (fig. 9), in connection with the lesser grain-borer (Rhizopertha dominica Fab.). The larger grain-borer has without doubt been brought into this country from Mexico, Guatemala, and elsewhere on many occasions, but there are only a few published records of such importation. So far as the writer knows, the species has never found permanent lodgement in the United States, but is apt to be introduced into tropical Texas as well as elsewhere. It is not probable that it will be a very serious pest, provided its identity is known and efforts are made to stamp it out wherever it appears. From present knowledge of the insect’s habit, it would seem to differ but shghtly from the lesser grain-borer, preferring corn to other grain, if indeed it even feeds on any other cereal, and it also has the wood-boring habit strongly developed. Corn in the ear is preferred to shelled corn, and edible and other tubers and roots serve as natural breeding places. Attention has been called by the writer in correspondence to the difficulty of eradicating this species from a barn, if this should hap- pen to be constructed of wood or, what is worse, adobe. DESCRIPTION. Dinoderus truncatus is elongate cylindrical in shape and dark brown or castaneous in color, with paler legs and fulvous antenne. It measures one-sixth inch or less in length and is about two and a half times as long as wide. The genus Dinoderus (from two Greek words signifying /arge neck), in which this and the succeeding species are retained in our American works, was originally characterized by Stephens®@ as fol- lows: “Tilustrations of British Entomology, Mandibulata, vol. 8, p. 352, 1830. 48 THE LARGER GRAIN-BORER. 49 Genus DINODERUS Steph. Antenne inserted in front close to the eyes; the basal joint short, robust; the second subglobose; the five following minute, nodose, subcoarctate; the re- mainder forming an elongate perfoliated club, of which the two basal joints are conic-trigonate, slightly produced within, and the terminal one subglobose, compressed. Palpi short, terminal joint minute, conic; mandibles exserted, acute; head short, transverse, with the neck thick; eyes globose; thorax short, rounded, very gibbous, and rugose in front; elytra retuse posteriorly; body elongate, cylindric; tibize compressed, denticulated externally; tarsi short, simple. For the further identification of this species Horn’s original de- scription is quoted. Dinoderus truncatus Horn. Rufopiceous, moderately shining, surface sparsely clothed with very short hair. Front moderately, densely punctate. Thorax as wide as long, gradually arcuately narrowed from base to apex, margin very finely serrate, disc ante- riorly, roughly granulate, posteriorly, feebly but densely muricate. Elytra with coarse, deep, closely placed punctures, arranged in moderately regular strie, except near the scutellum, intervals not elevated, declivity abrupt, flat, densely punctate, acutely margined. Body beneath opaque, obsoletely punctate. * * %* The marginal ridge of the declivity encloses an exact semicircle, while the face of the declivity is nearly vertical to the axis of the body. Length 3-4.3 mm., width 1.2-1.8 mm. With the related species Rhizopertha dominica, which has been treated in the preceding paper, the present form, Dinoderus trun- catus, is not at-all likely to be confused. The former is a much smaller insect, proportionately more slender and with a rough sur- face, whereas the species now being considered is comparatively smooth and somewhat shiny. It has several times been confounded with D. punctatus by entomologists. These last two species are alike in form, size, and color, the difference being in minute but distinct structural details. D. punctatus appears to confine itself to dead roots and stumps and has not attracted attention, so far as known, by its occurrence indoors. In some way truncatus was entirely overlooked by Gorham in his consideration of the Ptinide (including Bostrychide) in the Biologia Centrali-Americana, but pusillus (dominica), substriatus, and punctatus are included. In the United States National Museum are two specimens of truncatus labeled, respectively, “ In rice, Guate- mala, March 11/84,” and “Apate dubius EK. Dug.” The species is obviously common enough in Central America, and it is not impossi- ble that Gorham failed to separate truncatus from punctatus. The accompanying illustration (fig. 9). shows the characteristic structure of the beetle at a; represents the larva which, it will be noted, strongly resembles better known bostrychids, such as the red- 50 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. shouldered hickory beetle and the apple twig-borer ; “ ¢ represents the pupa, ventral view. The larva and pupa are white. Unfortunately, at the time that the illustration was drawn neither larva nor pupa was described, and the material preserved is not now in fit condition for a technical description. HISTORY AND LITERATURE. Dinoderus truncatus was described as a new species in 1878, from specimens accidentally found in California.!’ It was accidentally brought to this country with corn for exhibition in the Mexican sec- tion of the New Orleans Exposition in 1885. In 1898 the writer ob- tained specimens of this insect in corn and edible roots from the Mexican and Guatemalan exhibits at the World’s Columbian Exposi- tion, held in Chicago that year. ?* 4 In 1894 about half a peck of samples of Mexican corn that had been ruined by this insect was received in this department. The samples in both cases, as well as in many others that have come to the notice of the writer, were fairly reduced to pow- der. Inthe case of corn, the insects bore through and Fic. 9.—The larger grain-borer (Dinoderus trun- . catus) : a, Adult or beetle; b, larva; c, pupa; through the kernels, the cob, d, antenna. a, b, c, About six times natural and the husk, and where pa- size; d, highly magnified. (Original.) . per wrappings and labels are used they also perforate these. Since that time this insect has been received from other sources. December 3, 1902, Mr. A. L. Herrera, of the City of Mexico, sent a sample of stored corn from Tlaxiaco, State of Oaxaca, infested with this and other species of insects which are identified with injury of this nature in Central America. Specimens were also received, November 19, 1909, from Mr. G. C. Beckmann, Parral, Province of Chihuahua, with report that they, with Silvanus surinamensis L. and Tribolium confusum Duv., were injurious to the ears of maize. OFFICE EXPERIMENTS. Owing to the fact that it was known at the time of receipt of liv- ing specimens that the insect had not been introduced into the United States, only a limited number of experiments were made lest the 4 Sinoxylon basilare Say and Amphicerus bicaudatus Say. THE LARGER GRAIN-BORER. 51 \ insect might have an opportunity to escape from confinement. A number of adults, 14 in all, were placed, on June 21, in a rearing jar containing an ear of corn. At the end of two months the ear, includ- ing the cob, was fully half destroyed, and later the bored ear was converted into dust and other débris. A similar number of beetles was confined in a rearing jar with shelled corn, June 25. Late in the afternoon and the following morning three kernels of corn were found to have been entered, two having been bored entirely through. Figure 10 shows the work of the beetle in a kernel of corn. These experiments show the rapidity with which the adults work, as also partiality for corn in the ear, the insect scarcely being at home in shelled corn, while in other material with which it was fed in other experiments the insect did not breed at all. There seems little doubt that the grain-feeding habit of this species is an acquired one of comparatively recent times, and that it normally, or under natural conditions, breeds in roots and tubers. During the course of these experiments it was ascertained that the pupal stage varied from about four and one-half days in the very hottest weather to six days in a little cooler weather during June and July, while in October the pupal period lasted twelve days. from October 17 to 29. The egg was not ob- served, but the egg period is with little doubt about Fic. 10.—Kernel of corn showing the same as for the pupa under the same atmospheric work of beetle conditions. By experiment it was learned that the — 0f @rser eran . : : , A % borer (Dinode- entire life cycle from the placing of beetles in corn rus truncatus). until the issuance of the new generation, i.e., from (Rane * - August 25 to October 9, was forty-five days, or about six and one-half weeks. The temperature was moderately warm during this period. Still another experiment was made with this species by confining it with some others in a superheated atmosphere, which was also very dry. As evidence of its tropical nature this species thrived better than any of the other insects exposed to the same conditions. Indeed. it appears to be the only insect that did not suffer from the extreme dryness to which it was subjected. The temperature in this case was upward of 100° F. and ran as high as 115° F. The limited supply of this species did not permit of any experi- ments with remedies. As has already been briefly pointed out in the introduction, it is an insect which should be carefully watched if it once gains access to a granary or other storehouse, as it is apt to do considerable injury to the woodwork, perforating it with holes even when grain is available for food. Undoubtedly bisulphid of carbon, 52 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. hydrocyanic-acid gas, and other fumigants will destroy this insect in the same manner as they kill the lesser grain-borer, grain weevils, grain beetles, and flour beetles. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1. Horn, G. H.—Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 17, p. 50, 1878. Technical description as Dinoderus truncatus n. sp. from two specimens of presumably accidental occurrence in California. Ritty, C. V.—Insect Life, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., vol. 6, p. 219, February 28, 1894. Mention as Dinoderus sp. from material collected by the writer at the World's Columbian Hxposition, 1892-93, 3. CHITTENDEN, IF’. H.—Insect Life, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., vol. 7, p. 327, Mareh 29, 1895. The species identified by material found in grain from the Mexican and Gua- temalan exhibits at the World's Columbian Exposition, 1892-93. 4, CHITTENDEN, I’. H.—Technical Series 4, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr, p. 28, 1896. Some additional notes are given on the occurrence of this species in Mexico. bo 5. LesNr, P.—Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, vol. 66, pp. 342, 343, figs. 14b, 25, 26, 1898. Technical description and assignment of the species to Prostephanus n. gen. O eer Ry: » a - sed as ees i” ie ibe ee sie f (nl . = rb 7 a) =< or ‘ ; ; - oe. th Ps ‘ 0 onl , 7 oe 2 ee and Horn,’ as well as other writers, seem to have taken it for granted that this species was already introduced from Switzerland into America, basing this supposition on Riley’s first editorial note. In later years Fletcher mentions the detection of the insect in broad beans imported from England and found in Canada, but neither he, Hamilton,’® Lintner,” or others assumed the establishment of the species in the United States or Canada. Of important writings on this species may be mentioned the works of Achille Costa, first published in 1857 and again 20 years later,° this account including a description of the egg, larva, and adult. and treatment of the biology. Taschenberg,!?' who gave similar ac- counts, Theo. Wood,” © whose articles will be mentioned later, Miss Ormerod," 7° 74 and Lintner.”? Lintner’s article, while a detailed one furnishing a somewhat complete bibliography, is largely devoted to a discussion of the synonymy of the species and its reported occurrence in America. Other articles and notes on this species are cited in the appended bibliography. In this connection it might be mentioned that Olivier, in his treatment of “Bruchus pisi”’ in 1795,' evidently failed to differen- tiate the pea weevil from the species in question and the lentil weevil, since in his illustrations, figure 6, ¢, is recognizable as pisorum, while figure 6, d, is evidently intended for rufimanus. In his concluding notes on “ pisi’’ he writes that the larva lives in the interior of peas, lentils, ‘‘gesse,” beans, and some species of vetch. Moreover, his illustration of Bruchus granarius is that of a much smaller insect than rujmanus (Pl. I, fig. 10, a, 6), and therefore not the latter species. NATURAL ENEMIES. Of the natural enemies of this species very little has been written. John Curtis recorded in 1863 three hymenopterous parasites, which he describes.?, These are Sigalphus pallipes Nees, Sigalphus tho- racicus Curt., and Chremylus rubiginosus Nees. aSee Bibliography, pp. 80-82. THE BROAD-BEAN WEEVIL. ie Fig. 18.—Broad bean cut in half to show, at top on left, pupal cell of the broad-bean weevil ; at right, cell containing predaceous mite (Pediculoides ventricosus). Enlarged. (Original.) To this list should be added Pediculoides ventricosus New- port. Strangely enough, this predaceous mite was not ac- tually observed until 1911, when the species was reported by Mr. Parker at Sacramento, : Cal. An illustration is given in figure 18 of a broad bean cut in half, showing the pupal cell of Laria rufimana at the left, and at the right another pupal cell showing a mass of females of this mite which have developed within this cell. A gravid female mite is shown in figure 19. On April 15, 1911, Mr. Parker observed another nat- Fic. 19.—Gravid female of Pediculoides ventricosus. a ° : Greatly enlarged. (Redrawn from Brucker.) ural enemy oO this species. 74 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. A beetle was seen in the clutches of a reduviid bug (Zelus renardii Kolen.), which had its beak thrust through the ventral part of the beetle’s abdomen. The probabilities are also that the insect is devoured in the field, at least in its native habitat, by birds of different species. EXPERIMENTS WITH REMEDIES. By Wititam B. Parker, Agent. EXPOSURE TO HEAT OF SUN AS A REMEDY. Experiment No. 1.—At Sacramento, Cal., August 21, 1911, 50 Windsor beans infested by larvee, pupz, and adults of Laria rufimana were placed in a black rubber tray and set on a white canvas spread on the roof of the State Insectary. In this situation it was exposed to the sun and protected from the wind. The beans were placed in the sun at 10 a. m., and exposed to the following temperatures until 5 p. m.: 10 a. m., 104° F.; 11.30a.m., 112° F.; 1p.m., 116° F.; 2p.m., 118° F. At5p. m. the temper- ature was below 100° F. September 13, as none of the insects in these beans had emerged, the beans were opened and the number of living and dead noted. There were no living insects in the beans, but the following is a tabulation of the numbers of larvee, pups, and adults which were found. A check of 20 beans was kept.@ TaBLeE I1.—Heat of sun as a remedy against the broad-bean weevil. Check experiment. Number dead. Dead. Living. NGAI VER sew sig ieee ehh EIS ce So oe ta 20 3 0 PAU Of: See Se eT Sn Ag npn ae Wie ee ee. bt ae Re ee Nae coe 25 2 1 PACU ES ee rence pape rh Sys oe aes en ae elt Stan ee ney el aoe paperate Sipe omen aa 42 1 27 ANGE BSE Sea acae BS ee ee ete nop ee Oe pee ee 5 87 6 28 J2teTR (CVT RIE ee tie ee pe ek che ok NOC AS oe pete tena ay meee era 100 17+ 82+ HOT-WATER TREATMENT. Experiment No. 2.—At Berkeley, Cal., 133 broad beans infested by Laria rufimana were placed in water that had just ceased boiling and were left 5 minutes. When removed they were placed in a pan with moist cotton for a germination test. Of this lot, 116 beans sprouted, or 87.2 percent. The 26 insects found in the beans were dead. Experiment No. 3.—Beans to the number of 116 were similarly treated, but were left in the water until cool. Four quarts were used. Eighty-three, or 71.5 per cent, of the beans sprouted. All of the beetles were dead. Experiment No. 4.—Infested beans were placed in hot water that had just ceased boiling and were removed after 1 minute. -Fifty-two beetles were removed from the beans and all were dead. No germination test was made. During the preliminary experiments just recorded it was observed that the adults in Windsor beans were killed if the beans were dipped in water that had just ceased boil- ing, while the germinating power of the beans was not injured. As soon as enough infested material was obtained for a moderately large-scale experiment, the following tests were made: a These beans were not tested for germination percentage. 75 THE BROAD-BEAN WEEVIL. Experiment No. 5—Fiiteen pounds of infested beans were dipped in 20 gallons of water which had been heated to the boiling point in an iron caldron. The water had just ceased boiling and the beans were allowed to remain in the water 5 minutes. Experiment No. 6.—A second lot was dipped for 1 minute. The effect upon the beetles and upon the germinating power of the beans may be expressed in tabular form, as follows: TasLe III1.—Hot-water treatment against broad-bean weevil and its effects on germi- nating power of treated beans. ‘ Number | Percentage} Percentage Perper eel beans of beetles | of germi- ; “| counted. killed. nation- cB. Minutes. 21 98 100 2.0 210 1 111 100 38.7 From the preceding data it is evident that on a large scale, at least, the germinating power of the beans is seriously injured. The germination was not injured by the small- scale treatments of a similar nature. Experiment No. 7.—In another test the infested beans were placed in cold water in the iron caldron and the temperature gradually raised. The first beans were removed when the temperature reached 140° F. and the last at 170° F. The results of these experiments follow: Taste 1V.—Hot-water treatment against broad-bean weevil and its effects on germi- nating power of treated beans. ® A - Number | Percentage | Percentage Hempe ae i areee an beans of beetles | of germi- , haem |p counbed: killed. nation. “ya Minutes. Per cent. 130 23 76 94 86.0 140 » 27 130 100 98.4 150 32 129 100 88.3 160 39 91 100 82.4 170 43 116 100 56. 8 It is evident from the foregoing data that 140° F. is the lowest temperature at which all of the insects are sure to be killed and that the germinating power of the bean is not seriously injured until the temperature reaches 160° F. or over. When removed from the water the beans were somewhat soaked, but were in good shape for planting. METHODS OF CONTROL. Possibility of eradication —The broad-bean weevil is by no means a difficult species to control and if proper action could be enforced there is every probability that the insect could be stamped out in its lim- ited occurrence in this country. This would, however, in all proba- bility require special legislation. By the abandonment, in the infested district, of the culture of broad beans, and possibly other beans and other large legumes which might furnish the insect with food, this result could be accomplished, if at the same time soaking and fumigation of seed, ‘holding over,’’ and other remedies were 76 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. practiced. One condition might militate against the effectiveness of a stampirg-out process, which is that there is a possibility that the insect might find food in some wild leguminous plant producing a seed large enough for its development, for example, one of the vetches, or other related wild plant, or some plant that has escaped from culti- vation. Although this contingency is a doubtful one, still the project is one requiring further study with this end in view. Otherwise the remedies are practically the same as for the pea weevil, allowing of course for different food habits. The hot-water remedy.—In regard to direct remedies, the late Dr. James Fletcher, experimenting in 1888, demonstrated that soaking broad beans in water for 24 hours drowned every specimen of the weevils present in the samples which he had for the purpose. This expedient, if not applied when the seed is first harvested, should be employed before the time of sowing the seed. The hot-water treat- ment, with an exposure of, say, 15 minutes, as employed by Mr. Parker in his experiments with cold water gradually heated to 140° F., is obviously a more certain remedy. Writing of the possibility of the breeding of this species in food plants other than broad beans, Mr. Parker stated, March 18, 1912, that it seems possible that the other leguminous seeds come too late for the beetles to oviposit upon the pods. The Windsor beans are planted in November and ripen very early, while the other legumes are not planted until spring and do not ripen until quite late in the season. In the practical carrying out of this remedy a piece of burlap is placed in a caldron so that when weighted down with the beans it will not touch the bottom or sides. This keeps the beans from coming into contact with the heating surface and prevents them from becoming overheated. The beans are then placed on the burlap and covered with water and the fire started. The temperature should be raised as rapidly as possible, the beans stirred constantly, and when the thermometer reads 140° IF. the beans should be immediately removed. They may then be planted or spread out in a thin layer to dry. Holding over seed.—As in the case of the related pea weevil, holding over seed for a second year in a tight bag or other receptacle will be found sufficient. The beetles, if kept in a warm room, will emerge prematurely and will die without injuring the beans afterward, as they are unable to breed in dry seed. Fumigation.—Fumigation with bisulphid of carbon, at the rate of about 2 or 3 pounds of the chemical to each 1,000 cubic feet of air space for 48 hours, is a perfect remedy in an air-tight receptacle, as in the case of other bean and pea weevils. While a smaller amount of this chemical—14 pounds to 1,000 cubie feet, with an exposure of 36 hours—is sometimes advised and is theo- THE BROAD-BEAN WEEVIL. Te retically correct, i. e., for absolutely air-tight inclosures, there is great difficulty in securing such a degree of tightness; hence greater strength and longer exposure are desirable. On the other hand the rate advised by many is excessive, especially when three days’ expo- sure is also advised. In some cases hydrocyanic-acid gas at the usual rate of 10 ounces of cyanid of potash to 1,000 cubic feet will be found useful, where for any reason bisulphid of carbon is considered undesirable. This remedy has not been tested for this species in its occurrence in broad beans, but it has been successfully employed against related weevils and it should not be difficult for this gas to penetrate a mass of these larger seeds. In the practical fumigation of beans, peas, and similar seeds with bisulphid of carbon it should be first understood that the more nearly air tight the receptacle the more perfect the fumigation. Infested seed should be placed in large barrels, which should then be closed tightly, or in specially made fumigating boxes, bins, or small houses. After filling the receptacles with the seed the bisulphid is poured into evaporators, for which purpose tin pie plates are most valuable, placed on the top of the seed. The gas, being heavier than air, descends through the mass of seed, and, properly applied according to directions, will kill all of the insects contained. At the end of about 48 hours, which is sufficient for perfect fumigation under these condi- tions, the seed should be removed and thoroughly aired before being packed away for storage. If left in the receptacles, the dead bodies are apt to decay, and thus injure the seed for food or planting. The usual precautions not to bring fire of any kind, such as a lighted cigar, into the vicinity of the place where the operation is being per- formed should be observed. Where the covers or doors of the recep- tacles do not fit perfectly tight, paper should be carefully pasted over. In any form of leguminous seed the penetrating power of bisul- phid of carbon, hydrocyanic-acid gas, and other gases is as nearly perfect as could be wished. CONSTRUCTION OF A FUMIGATOR. The extensive pea growers of our Northern States, especially in New York and Michigan, have largely adopted what was known in former years as Tracy houses, named after Prof. W. W. Tracy, now of this department, and also called ‘‘bug. houses,” for the fumiga- tion of peas affected by the related pea weevil. The opinion is some- what prevalent that in spite of the fact that we can control the broad- bean and pea weevils by means of heating, soaking, and similar mechanical methods, everything considered, fumigation on a large scale, while a little more expensive, is more thorough and requires less labor. The same is true of grain and other material in general 78 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. affected by weevils and insects of similar habits. The simplest and least expensive remedy consists in the establishment of a quarantine or fumigating building, bin, or box, to be made as nearly air tight as possible, in which the peas, beans, or other infested material can be placed as soon as harvested. After fumigation, if properly con- ducted, the broad beans or other material can be safely placed in permanent storage without danger of reinfestation from the species which is being considered. A building, box, or room of about 100 to 200 bushels capacity suitable for the fumigation of a quantity of beans, peas, or grain would contain about 500 cubic feet. A fumigator of this cubic capac- ity might be built 8 feet square by 8 feet in height. A good, and per- haps the best, preventive for the escape of the gas would be to line the fumigator with sheet tin, with soldered joints, and over sheath- ing. Another method would be to sheath the room inside, cover the walls, ceiling, and floor with tarred or heavy building paper, with the joints well lapped, and cover the inside with matched ceiling boards. The fumigator should always be equipped with a tight door, in which the joints have been broken, similar to the door of a refrigerator or safe, and should close with a refrigerator catch against a thick felt weather strip, which should render it practically gas tight. Thus constructed it would furnish sufficient space for the fumigation of about 200 bushels of seed material. There would also be sufficient space for the application and diffusion of the carbon bisulphid from the top with a charge of more than necessary for the amount of seed treated. It is highly desirable to have this fumigating building isolated, because of the danger in the use of bisulphid of carbon, its inflammabil- ity, and liability to affect live stock. The writer has had personal experience with several such fumigators in Washington, D. C., and with one in Chicago years ago. The latter was constructed from an iron boiler and was fitted with a metallic door similar to those used in large bank safes. In this fumigator the writer was successful in destroying weevils and other insects in stored grains in 24 hours, using it at the minimum rate of 1 pound to 1,000 cubic feet of airspace. In his experience in the use of more loosely constructed fumigators and other containers, peas, beans, and other useful legumes can be satis- factorily fumigated even more easily than can stored cereals. In recent experiments, in specially prepared fumigators which we are now using, it was found best to use 2 pounds to 1,000 cubic feet of air space. It is much better, also, to fumigate at a comparatively high temperature than at a low one, and an exposure of from 36 to 48 hours is better than one of 24 hours. After constructing a fumigator on the lines which have been indicated, the operator will be able to determine the best quantity of insecticide and the length of exposure THE BROAD-BEAN WEEVIL. 719 to his own satisfaction. Perfectly air-tight inclosures are difficult to obtain unless specially constructed with this particular end in view. A fumigator of the type described is illustrated by figure 20. It has a capacity of 100 cubic feet and is supplied with a pair of tight-closing handles, which are a necessity to prevent warping. Of three fumiga- Fic. 20.—Fumigator used for stored products infested by insects. (Original.) tors of similar pattern one was constructed with a single handle, which was not according to specification, and warped badly in consequence. It should be added that in order to destroy insects in a fumigator or other inclosure at a temperature much below 50° F. a larger quantity of the bisulphid of carbon is necessary than when the temperature is about 80° to 90° F. 80 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. Dry heat——In the series of experiments made by Mr. Parker in California, the exposure to the heat of the sun as a remedy is signifi- cant, but it is not certain what effect this would have if applied on a large scale. A series of experiments along this line should be made, and should also be carried on with other species of weevils in beans, peas, and cowpeas. This remedy has several times been suggested and probably some persons have already made tests of it, but we have no definite records to that effect. One of the best ways would be to place the infested seed on metal, such as roofing tin, especially if the temperature is particularly high, i. e., above 100° F. Impossibility of prevention.—As in the case of other bean and pea weevils, there is no known method of preventing the ravages of the insect in the field, except the timely application of remedies before the seed is planted. It is not impossible that a certain degree of immunity from injury might be obtained by either very early or very late planting. This remains to be learned. In the case of choice plants grown for experimental purposes protection could be secured by the use of cloth screens as has been advised for such insects as the strawberry weevil and the root maggots. Importation of parasites—The insect might be held partly in check at least by the introduction of one or more of three hymenopterous parasites which have been previously mentioned. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The broad-bean weevil has a considerable bibliography under the two names of Bruchus rufimanus and B. granarius auct. The follow- ing list of references is not intended to be complete, since many notes and articles which have been consulted are technical, short, contain no original matter, or are not of value in a consideration of the pres- ent topic. Twice as many references are available as will be quoted in the following list: 1. Boneman, C. H.—Schoenherr’s Genera et Species Curculionidum, vol. 1, p. 58, 1833. Original description as Bruchus rufimanus “ Habitatin Tauria, Dalmatia, 4gyptia et in Gallia meridionali.”” . Curtis, JoHN.—Farm Insects, London, pp. 361-367, fig. 53, 5-10, 1860. bo Description, habits, injuries, and references; description of hymenopterous parasites Sigalphus pallipes Nees., S. thoracicus, n. sp., and Chremylus rubiginosus Nees. Mention as B. granarius. 3. Rinzy, C. V.—Amer. Ent., vol. 2, pp. 126-127, fig. 85, 1870. by } } ? to} ? Editorial note on supposed introduction of “ Bruchus rufimanus,” with quotations and illus- trations from Curtis. 4, Ratuvon, 8. S.—Amer. Ent., vol. 2, p. 119, 1870. A three-page article on Bruchus obtectus mentioned as obsoletus Say, in which Stephens’s brief description of rujimanus is quoted. Brief editorial notes. 5. GuovEer, T.—Rept. Comm. Agr., p. 71, 1870 (1871). Note on supposed introduction from Switzerland into New York. THE BROAD-BEAN WEEVIL. 81 6. Ritey, C. V.—3d Rept. Ins. Mo., pp. 50-52, 1872. Natural history, etc. (after Curtis); a practical transcription of No. 2. 7. Horn, G. H.—Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, p. 318, 1873. Technical description of the species, with mention of receipt of specimens reared from pea pods imported from Switzerland. 8. Lawson, R.—Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 9, p. 217, 1873. Brief note on ‘‘swarming”’ of beetles on shipboard off Scarborough, England. 9. Costa, AcHILLE.—Deg]l. Insetti, pp. 269-278, pl. 11, fig. c, Napoli, 1877. A second edition of the author’s original account, first published in 1857, including description of the egg, larva, and adult and an account of the biology. (10. TascuenBerG, E. L.—Brehm’s Thierleben, p. 178, fig. , Leipzig, 1877. A short popular account of the insect, mentioned as the bean-beetle, with original illustration. 11. TascHENBERG, E. L.—Praktische Insektenkunde, vol. 2, pp. 263-264, Bremen, 1879. A popular illustrated account including description of adult, larva, and life history. 12. Woop, THEo.—Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 22, p. 114, 1885. Experiments with infested beans, showing that such seed, while not injurious to the germi- nating qualities, is highly prejudicial to reproduction. Plants raised from weeviled seed with a single exception escaped attack of A phis rumicis. 13. Baupi, Fuamrinro.—Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., Heft 2, p. 404, No. 20, 1886. Technical description in Latin; mention as Mylabris rufimana. 14. OrmEROD, ELEANOR A.—9th Rept. Inj. Ins., pp. 6-8, figs. 1-8, 1886. A two-page report, with quotations and illustration from Curtis, and recommendations. 15. Woop, THro.—Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., for 1886, pp. 375-380. On the germination of beans infested with this species. A more detailed account than that given in No. 12, with somewhat different conclusions. 16. WHITEHEAD, CHAs.—2d Ann. Rept. Agr. Adviser, pp. 49-51, fig. 17, 1888. A two-page account, including notice of injury and consideration of life history and of pre- vention. 17, FietcHer, JAMES.—Rept. Minister of Agr., Canada, pp. 55-56, 1888. Mention of detection in broad beans imported from England and found in Canada. Quotation from Miss Ormerod, with recommendations. 18. Hammon, Joun.—Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 16, p. 150, 1889. Listed among insects common to Europe and North America. 19. Lunarponi, A.—Gli Insetti Nocivi, vol. 1, pp. 262-266, Napoli, 1889. Technical description of the adult, egg, larva, and pupa; consideration of geographical dis- tribution, biology (after Costa), and remedies. 20. OrmEROD, ELreaNoR A.—12th Rept. Inj. Ins., pp. 19-24, figs. 1-8, 1889. A five-page account, with many references to injuries in England, and recommendations for preventing losses. 21. OrnMEROD, ELEANOR A.—Manual Inj. Ins., 2d ed., pp. 59, figs. 1-8, 1890. A three-page account, with description, nature of injury, and detailed suggestions for pre- vention and remedies. 22. LintNER, J. A.—7th Rept. Ins. N. Y., pp. 279-285, 1891 A detailed compiled account, with full bibliography; references to reported occurrence in the United States and Canada; stated not to be naturalized in the United States. Remarks on characters, synonymy, distribution, and remedies. 82 23. 24, 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. [CurrreNDEN, F. H.]—Ins. Life, vol. 6, p. 220, February, 1894. Listed as among species collected in exhibits of broad beans at the Chicago Exposition in 1893. Journal Board of Agriculture, vol. 3, pp. 33-36. London, June, 1896. A four-page account, with no indication of author, evidently mostly compiled. CHITTENDEN, F’. H.—Yearbook U.S. Dept. Agr., 1898, p. 247 (1899). Short popular account in comparison with other bean weevils, not yet acclimated in America. Leaflet 150, Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, 4 Whitehall Place, London, S. W., England, pp. 344, fig. 2, November, 1905. Popular account, with remedies. Scuitsky, J.—Kiifer Europas, vol. 41, p. 22, Niirnburg, 1905. Systematic technical account, with bibliography. Fatt, H. C.—Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 36, p. 161, July 26, 1910. Characters for separating this species from pisorum; not known that the species is established with us. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Bul. 82, Pt. VII, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 92, Feb- ruary 18, 1911. Brief notice of introduction at San Luis Obispo, Cal. pee’ COPIES of this publication may be procured from the SUPERINTEND- ENT OF DOCUMENTS, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., at 5 cents per copy Vea) ce, = Sasha tet ay | fi ab | Lf? eer bd a a ' id a! a ; ‘ i: * Mer Whasig dc” Nae SS c A ‘ ee) a ‘ x \ ‘ NW é v : 4 : = = i - ; “ a aT ‘ th - 5 ° + \ . © > 3 7 * a x * a . . As. od en: pee 7 : és ~2 “ x ie rr . X it re tee oe, — oT Chee YS Ye + ‘ ' -“ } nM I >} ¥ «© and ‘Ia a U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 96, Part VI. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. THE COWPEA WEEVIL. BY F. H. CHITTENDEN, Sc. D., In Charge of Truck Crop and Stored Product Insect Investigations. IssuED OcroBER 17, 1912. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1912. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howarp, Hntomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Maruarr, Hntomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. S. Crirron, Hxecutive Assistant. W. FE. Tastet, Chief Clerk. FE. H. CHITTENDEN, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations, A, D. HOPKINS, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. I. M. Wesster, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A, L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. i. F. Purirpes, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Rogers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Rotia P. Curri£, in charge of editorial work. MABEL Coxcorb, in charge of library. TRUCK CROP AND STORED PRODUCT INSECT INVESTIGATIONS. F. H. CHITTENDEN, in charge. H. M. RuSSELL, C. H. PoPENOE, WILLIAM B,. PARKER, H. O. MARSH, M. M. HiGH, Prep A. JOHNSTON, JOHN EH. Grar, entomological assistants. I J. Conpit, collaborator in California. W. N. Orb, collaborator in Oregon. Tiromas H. Jones, collaborator in Porto Rico Marion T. VAN Horn, PAULINE M. JOHNSON, ANITA M. BALLINGER, preparators. IL CONT EN ES: [RRO GI ROTO IS BSS eee ik SR IE ca ee IER le ate ee LD ESCLET ENE Se ee CRS Oe EC ORE ee at june Pecuunvbachymeris Latremlen. 2.222: 562 2.25 2 PS koe wets oe 4 Mie] SYTHE eee nt = 3. pee Ts A Soe St ee INN® C28. aS aesa a Se GOSS COE Oe RO ER Sir ee ieee RE a Ie Pee, Se ie potecHbnyOnsc Inbyil= oes: ese ON een SE SE ok Seine eee oneee SOLED EE 25. Goi SoS Tee ae NR a ee LDN SUG UNG Sod TS ges oe SS he SE Pn ee nie hastony aidvhabites sae 2 oe Sele Le ses 28: Sich LIAL Tela Sino hea (o WTORUR Gils 2 2 Fi Re SS ie Ne eit et 9 eet ene ee IVES OWE IS ovei e010 GS Ren Neier op Se CUES CR ee ee ee Gms CMG MOE eI NONE er ete einer: ce ibaa ds hele wie aise so Oegh I me IER core e Minin CIEL asic ere eet ee ee Reet Rican cen =< here, aaa Sys TEGO) fol swo Pele Sa OTe eer hgh a ge a Rs A ate! The point of exit of the beetle from the ae OPIATES SPOR = FERNS Susceptibility of different varieties of cowpea... .........-..------------- SUES VENA LIT Ce UTE 10) a, Sea ee ea Saterature..°:-.+..-:- fue SPER 2 Ee PE eae” i NOTA DEORE le acs ee oa ales IRR or ee cht ee erin ee eee eer tae e ene we tee Soto J de nk Tb LBS ER ATLO NS. PLATE. Prater I. Blackeye cowpeas infested by the cowpea weevil (Pachymerus chinen- Bis) showine epesandvexth holes. -5.)- 2.9522 ose csee es shoe 2 TEXT FIGURE. Fic. 21. The cowpea weevil (Pachymerus chinensis): Male beetle, egg, larva Gua GUST EMIUIES ats Sie icon eh kik Re ee eee 55964°—12 III Page. 86 U. S. D. A., B. E. Bul. 96, Part VI. T. C. & S. P. I. I., October 17, 1912. PAPERS ON INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. THE COWPEA WEEVIL. (Pachymerus chinensis 1.) By F. H. CHitrrenpDen, Sc. D., In Charge of Truck Crop and Stored Product Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTION. The seed of cowpeas are subject to the attack of several species of beetles, of which the cowpea weevil (Pachymerus chinensis L.) and the four-spotted bean weevil (?. quadrimaculatus Fab.) appear to be specific enemies, injuring the seed in much the same manner as does the common bean weevil. Like that species they begin opera- tions in the field, and continue to breed for successive generations in the stored seed until they entirely spoil it for food and seriously im- pair its germinating power. Both species are generally distributed and injurious in the South, and are widening their range with the increasing use of their food plant as a soil renovator and as forage. The cowpea weevil resembles the four-spotted bean weevil super- ficially in appearance, as in habit, but these two species differ to some extent in various details of their life economy, as well as in structure and distribution. They belong to the same genus of the family Lariide (Bruchide). DESCRIPTIVE. THE GENUS PACHYMERUS LATREILLE, The genus Pachymerus, as defined by Allard, includes species hav- ing the following characteristics: ; Posterior femora much thickened, armed on the underside near the extremity _ with small unequal teeth, and the tibiz, slender and curved. The following is Scheenherr’s definition: Antenne somewhat longer than the thorax, becoming wider toward the apex, compressed; joints subperfoliate, half as long as body, last six to eight joints acutely serrate. Head carinate. Eyes sublateral, deeply emarginate, prominent. Thorax in front strongly coarctate, slightly narrower than head; behind deeply 83 84 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. bisinuate; in the middle lobed, with acute angles. Elyta subquadrate, the apices separately rounded, above subplanose. Pygidium large, rounded at apex, descendant. Posterior femora strongly incrassate, slightly toothed and serrate about apex. Tibiw terete [cylindrical], posterior tibise arcuate. Body short- ovate, more or less convex. THE BEETLE. The cowpea weevil may be readily distinguished from all other species of the family inhabiting the United States by the two large, elevated, ivory-like lobes at the base of the thorax and by the strongly pectinate antenne of the male (see fig. 21, a). The body is more robust than that of other bean and cowpea feeding forms. The ground color is dull red, sometimes more or less blackish, variegated with black, brown, yellow, and gray or white pubescence. The pattern of the elytra varies, that shown in the illustration being the prevailing form, the combi- nation of colors making, with the somewhat feathery antennie of the male, one of the most beautiful species of its family to be found in America north of Mexico. The darkest spots at the sides are not round and conspicueus as In the four- Fie, 21.—The cowpea weevil (Pachymerue spotted bean weevil, and the eMaonat) o Afnit mle: b st © 291 apical spots. are» somuetimds same}; e, thoracic leg of same. a, Much wanting, while often black is TL ¢ more enlarged. (Author's the prevailing color of the dor- sal surface. The following description, under the name scutellaris Fab., is from Horn’s synopsis, published in 1873: 5* Short, robust, brownish, opaque. Hard brown, opaque, densely and coarsely punctured, front subcarinate. Antenne variable, usually pale rufous, rarely with the outer joints nearly black, as long as head and thorax, male pectinate, female serrate. Thorax trapezoidal, sides nearly straight, base trisinuate, median lobe emarginate at middle; color brownish opaque; surface coarsely punctured intervals rugoso-granulate; median line in front and narrow space at sides sparsely clothed with cinereous pubescence, a small whitish spot on each side of the median line near the middle of the thorax, basal lobe white, ivory-like; clothed with whitish pubescence. Scutellum convex, white. Elytra sub-quadrate, feebly convex, wider at base than thorax; surface striate, strie punctured, intervals flat, scabrous or finely punctulate; color usually brownish or ferruginous with darker spaces at base and humerus, and a darker space at middle of side connected along the margin. Pygidium nearly vertical, clothed with ochreous hairs, with a whitish line along the middle and a reni- form brown spot on each side near the apex. Body beneath brownish, densely punctulate, sparsely clothed with whitish hairs; abdomen paler, with a band of white hairs at the sides. Legs, anterior and middle pairs, pale rufous, * The small figures refer to the bibliography, pp. 93 and 94. THE COWPEA WEEVIL. 85 hind legs dark rufous or brownish. Hind femora armed near the tip with an acute tooth on the outer and inner side. Length 2.5-8.5 mm.; width 1.5-1.8 mm. Smaller individuals, dwarfed, are frequently seen. THE EGG. The egg is ovate in outline, somewhat variable, but usually less than two-thirds as wide as long, rather broadly rounded anteriorly and more narrowly posteriorly, the extreme apex rounded, convex exteriorly and flattened interiorly. The attached surface is variable, but of considerable quantity, flattened upon the seed upon which it is deposited, a lateral view presenting the impression of an egg severed in half. When freshly laid it is clear, translucent. The surface is smooth, shining, with no visible sculpture. Measurements of five eggs gave the following figures: No. 1. Length 0.48 mm.; width 0.27 mm. 2. Length 0.49 mm.; width 0.82 mm. 3. Length 0.58 mm.; width 0.51 mm. 4. Length 0.51 mm.; width 0.33 mm. 5. Length 0.49 mm.; width 0.81 mm. The above show a variation of from 0.48 to 0.58 mm. in length and from 0.27 to 0.33 mm. in width. The empty eggshells on the seeds or pods in the course of time become opaque gray. THE POSTEMBRYONIC LARVA. The newly hatched larva (fig. 21, ¢) resembles somewhat that of the pea weevil. It is of course smaller, the minute temporary legs (see ¢) are apparently not jointed, and the prothoracic plate (d) bears blunt rounded teeth instead of acute spines. SYNONYMY. Pachymerus chinensis L. Cureulio chinensis Linn., Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 386, 1758. Bruchus scutellaris Fab., Entom. Syst., vol. 1, Pt. II, p. 372, 1792. Bruchus pectinicornis L., Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 605, pl. 16, fig. 7. Bruchus adustus Motsch., Bul. Mosc., vol. 4, p. 228, 1878. Bruchus rufus DeG., Mem., vol. 5, p. 281. DISTRIBUTION. This species is cosmopolitan in the widest sense of the word. Until comparatively recent years there appeared to be a belief preva- lent among persons who have observed the cowpea-inhabiting weevils that the cowpea weevil was not so firmly established in the United States as the four-spotted form. It is not only thoroughly acclimated throughout the Gulf region, but appears to be found generally in temperate regions at least as far north as the District of Columbia, where it practically may be taken nearly every year in the field. In 86 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. the year 1896, when many cowpeas were grown in the District, it was very abundant in the field in September. Since that time it has not been so noticeable, probably because cowpeas are not so extensively grown here. It was the prevalent species in cowpeas in the Norfolk region in 1911. It is fairly certain that it is capable of establishing itself wherever its food plant will grow. Described from China it was later identified in seeds from many localities and is now widely known through its distribution by com- merce, being particularly abundant in tropical countries. Its re- corded distribution abroad includes Europe; China, Japan, East India, and Korea, in Asia; Egypt, Sierra Leone, Barbary, Algeria, Rhodesia, Amani, and the Cape of Good Hope, in Africa; Porto Rico, Bermuda, Jamaica, British West Indies; Panama, Brazil, and Chile, in tropical America; Hawaii, Celebes, Java, Dutch East Indies, and Mauritius. The cowpea is credited with having first been cultivated in this country in the early days of the eighteenth century, and the weevil came with it or soon afterwards, but there is no available record of the occurrence of the insect here earlier than 1853.1 & LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS. OVIPOSITION. The usual process of oviposition on dry beans and similar seed as observed by the writer is as follows: The female crawls about the seed to select a place for deposition ; after a few seconds she stops and remains perfectly quiet and in less than a minute, sometimes at once, begins to extrude the egg, com- pleting the operation by a curious and vigorous wriggle from side to side and a short forward motion as the egg is deposited. Within less than another minute, sometimes at once, she turns about and. examines the egg with her palpi. Sometimes this is omitted and she rests for a time; again she proceeds at once to repeat the operation in from three to four minutes after the first egg was laid, always crawling about for half a minute or more to select a new place for its reception. Apparently it is the general rule with this, as well as with related species and with many other beetles, to deposit each egg on a dif- ferent seed, but sometimes two, three, or even four are deposited on the same seed by the same female, and other females follow until an indefinite number are deposited on one seed. As many as 30 eggs may be counted, in badly infested material, on a single seed of cow- pea measuring three-eighths of an inch in length. Plate I shows the eggs of this species on Blackeye cowpeas. 1. BE. Melsheimer, Cat. Col. U. S., 1853, p. 99, mentioned as sceutellaris Fab., synonym of sinuatus Schoen. ft . = a & ‘ 4 \ 4 ; 4 . : a Z . i 7" d — . ane , : ois ~dthe ; a niin: ’ po ‘ iy \ . . - " yy 7 . J < : b a _ 7 ee ee : 4 ‘ » d red & * 4 | -_— : wai é . fe a. . , ars ha i), seth e ne an ay en y bene i pat c THE COWPEA WEEVIL. 87 In a heated period the beetles may be so active as to gnaw their way out from the holes in the seed within 24 hours. The males seek the other sex almost as soon as they emerge from the seed and copula- tion and egg laying begin very soon thereafter. Copulation has been witnessed within at most four hours after issuance, and eggs have been found the same day. LIFE-CYCLE PERIODS. This species was kept breeding throughout the winter in a warm room with an average temperature of about. 70° F. During March and April experiments on the life cycle were begun. A number of adult weevils were confined in a rearing jar with fresh beans April 27, and removed after 24 hours, numbers of eggs having been laid dur- ing that period. From this lot larvae began to emerge from the eggs May 5, showing a period of incubation of 8 days or about the same as for (Bruchus) Acanthoscelides obtectus in about the same tempera- ture, which has been ascertained to be between 8 and 10 days. A larva, about to transform to pupa on April 9, pupated on April 10, and appeared as imago April 20, or in 10 days, in similar cool weather in April. Five larvee were removed from their cocoons in the beans and assumed the pupal state April 20, from which two issued as imago April 27, or in 7 days in slightly warmer weather. The remainder failed to transform, and it was noticed that about 25 per cent of the larv, removed from their cocoons when about to transform to pup, perished before assuming the adult condition, showing the necessity of the protection of the cocoon within the seed. A pair of weevils was confined in a rearing jar May 23, with chick- peas, and from this lot the next generation was obtained June 24, or in 32 days. Tn another lot of chickpeas, which were still drier than the last, the imago did not develop until 38 days, showing that this species natur- ally develops in fresh seed more rapidly than in dry seed. In garden peas, beetles developed in 30 days, from June 7 to July 7, in still warmer weather. In other lots kept under different conditions in a cooler room, the entire life cycle in March and April was 45 and 60 days in two experiments. Another experiment was made in a hot room during the latter part of June and in July and the entire life cycle was passed in 21 days, from egg to adult, showing with the next experiment that in the warmest season of the year in a climate like that of the District of Columbia, where the temperature not infrequently reaches from 90° to 100° F. for prolonged periods, this insect may pass through its transformations in an astonishingly short time. Finally a lot of fresh beans was placed in a rearing jar containing beetles June 23, and in a few days the beans were removed covered 88 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. with eggs. The beetles were also removed. On July 12 two males emerged from this lot and the first bean opened disclosed a newly hatched beetle. Allowing at least a day for the beetle to mature sufficiently to gnaw through the outer shell of the bean, we have in this case the completed life cycle in 15 days. NUMBER OF GENERATIONS. It will be readily seen that with a species capable of developing in from three to eight weeks according to temperature, we have a possi- bility in a heated atmosphere of six, seven, or even eight generations annually. Knowing the effect of temperature on the development of insects in general, and of a rapidly breeding species like the present in particular, we may say approximately that throughout the coldest months in the District of Columbia, January and February, in stor- age in a heated temperature of about 70° F., it is possible for one generation to develop; in the higher temperatures indoors during March, April, and May, two generations; in the still higher tem- peratures of June, July, and August, one generation in each month; in September and October, one generation; and between the latter part of October and the last of December another generation, making a theoretically possible annual total of eight generations. There is apt to be a resting stage, however, at some point, as was observed on one occasion. During the second week of April, in a heavily infested lot of seeds where the beetles were emerging in large numbers, literally by hundreds almost every day, development suddenly ceased and the beetles did not again appear until about a week later. Two days afterwards they had again become abundant. In cool temperatures the number of generations will be less—three, four, or five—while in colder temperatures the species will probably not survive. Some other records, the details of which have not been preserved, are available showing that the egg period in the high temperature of midsummer weather may be four or five days and the pupal stage a similar period. A summary of the different periods is shown in the following table. The larval periods are necessarily estimated by subtracting the pericd of incubation and that of the pupa from the total life cycle. The other periods which are indicated in the table by a star (*) have been estimated in a similar manner; the remaining pericds have come under actual observation. Developmental periods and life cycle of the cowpea weevil, March-May. June-July. Minimum. | Maximum, © as ois 1 of ee Oe ease OMe Boece Ieee ne ss &, 10 SER EATON 468 3*, 4 10 Gish We Bae ma ae ot c auicia yc Con aban Oe Sea nd SOMBRE 17, 25, 40 |12, 13, 18 12, 13 40 Pipa as3ih Ph RRS ee 7, 10 3*, 4,°5, 6* 3*, 4 10 Cycle. VAPONST BS were 450 30-145, 760181! 215 N80 | beats 60 THE COWPEA WEEVIL. 89 LONGEVITY OF ADULTS. The beetles of this species have not been noticed feeding. Possibly they feed on the nectar of flowers in the open, but this is not essential to their existence. In experiments to determine the duration of life indoors considerable variation was encountered. May 16, 20 adults recently developed were separated and placed on dried beans. All were dead on May 2 ale, which lived until June 21—showing the longevity of 19 individuals to be 12 days and for this one 36 days. Similar experiments were made under perhaps better conditions and some beetles were still living at the end of 17, 18, 19,-and, in one case, 25 days. FOOD PLANTS. This species is seemingly capable of breeding on most forms of edible legumes, infesting practically all of the cowpeas and beans, and their numerous varieties, “Adsuki” beans (Phaseolus radiatus), pigeon peas (Cajanus indica), garden and field peas, lentils, chick- peas (Cicer arietinunr), and the Ceylonese seeds known as “ gram ” or “mung,” and in their native home as “kolu” and “ muneta,” Phaseolus mungo. We have reared it from Vigna catjang and V. unguiculatus of many varieties, V. sinensis, and Dolichos biflorus, and the species has been collected in fields of broad beans. In the case of its attacking lentils. the beetles have, on several occasions, been found in India and in the dry seeds in the District of Columbia. It is not probable that the species can develop in the smallest sized seeds, unless it infests them in the same manner as the lentil weevil does in the field by traveling from one seed to another in the pod. Glycine, a small green variety of soy bean from China, from which we have reared it, appears to be an unrecorded food plant. Of other food plants, Lefroy and How- lett *? have recorded Dolichos lablab, the hyacinth bean. THE POINT OF EXIT OF THE BEETLE FROM THE SEED. While examining some Blackeye cowpeas for illustration it was noticed that the majority of the seed showed exit holes of the beetle on the anterior or left half of the seed viewed with the plumule or germ end downward. To learn how general this was, 100 seed were counted out, with the result that 47, or nearly 50 per cent, showed exit holes on the anterior half, 29 on the posterior or right half, 8 near the middle, and 5 near one end, while 11 showed two exit holes. These seed were from the field at Norfolk, Va., where only moderate infestation occurred. In no case was the plumule or germ invaded, the beetles not even attacking the “eye” or black 90 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. area surrounding the germ. Whether this location of the exit hole, which shows the point at which the larva developed, is constant or not, or whether it is due to the manner of growing, or exposure to direct sunlight, or to shade, remains to be learned. It is not an economic proposition, but is a matter of some interest scientifically. Another lot of cowpeas infested by the four-spotted bean weevil was examined for comparison and gave similar results. Estimated by percentages of exit holes, on the left side there were 48 per cent, on the right side 26 per cent, near the center 8 per cent, and at one end 6 per cent, while 12 per cent contained two exit holes. It is easy to separate the work of the two species in spite of this fact, however, because of the larger and somewhat more irregular exit holes made by the beetle of the four-spotted species. SUSCEPTIBILITY OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF COWPEA. From observation of the seed of cowpea grown upon the experi- mental plats of the department grounds and obtained from other sources it appears that certain varieties are preferred to others by the cowpea weevil as well as by weevils of related habits. When the insect is extremely abundant it is not apt to discriminate between varieties; or, in other words, if the favorite plant is not present in the vicinity where the insect happens to abound, it will not hesi- tate to attack whatever variety may be ready at hand. There is the best of evidence for the belief that these weevils, like the grain weevils (Calandra), prefer the softest seed because more easily pene- trated, and that they experience more or less difficulty in entering harder seed. The favored variety here, and apparently elsewhere, judging mainly from seed taken direct from the field, appears to be the Blackeye, although all the varieties grown were attacked, the Lee variety less so than any of the others. The different varieties ob- served are listed in approximate order of infestation as follows: Blackeye, Browneye, Black, Lady, Rice, Manakin, Southdown, Red Ripper, Whippoorwill, New Era, Red Crowder, Unknown, and Lee. SUMMARY OF LIFE HISTORY. The cowpea weevil does not differ very strikingly in its life habits and economy from the common bean weevil. \DIfASCIAlUS...5 2 si =< 3. SE oe BE Ma ele ~ Leia oem Amphicerus bicaudatus, comparison with Dinoderus truncatus. .......-....---- 50 AROUTUM PANICCUI=SLOGTEPA PANACEE. . 2. 5 hoo 5 = + apn cpap tye sled artes he 4 LAER EIT TES SAL TSE SDAP ITE gLO0 5 ae eS ae ENE PAC ea 3 Anthrenus verbasci in list of insects affecting stored cereals.................--- 3 Apate castanea...... faa a cles lava AMR. 2 ahah wt ty RT tle OM i rea i co 32 Apate frumentaria Motschulsky=Rhizopertha dominica...-...-.-----.--------- 30, 32 SALE — MIO PELE COMANUL . «ca, EL aac oa, 5 mgt midse oleh wreynieclerctone idle wore Becta 30 Apis rumics, bibliographicirelerence.— 2.2.20 5.2.2. se alee deb eee ees 81 Apple twig-borer. (See Amphicerus bicaudatus. ) Arrowroot, powdered, food of Rhizopertha dominica......-.......-++-------+-- 32 AO TE FATTIOLES — EP YTOLS fOTUGUIS . 2\0 -/'ais = fave o's era = oy hice) ds Sip, Poieieie tales a TOPOS GED RALOMO— TP TOCLES CUUUNALOT UA... arcoinie ios siays y= w Sinp si oe blew e Elo Se Ses i ALUN SET AGN 1s TA) SO Ge Sa a Mele ee 3 Attagenus-piceus— SaeMO nN teirae NORA aA MMC ATG 62 js5. 52 ae ce anny yeahs de SN Se te 54 IGbst of tnsecis affecting stored cereals: | .). bc) net mr darckicrds aeee5 2 She 3 Avocado seeds, food of Caulophilus latinasus.....-.-. aa Ea ROMER HE ee AL Pe 19-20 Batrachedra rileyi in list of insects affecting stored cereals............-.----.-- 6 Banana. (See Musa ensete.) Seaton ASLOTed fOOM: OL, IoMlReHCUs OTY ZH 932520 wcvls, dio aya jann.4 oe iets mira t dee 27 Bean— broad. (See Vicia faba.) horse. (See Vicia faba.) hyacinth. (See Dolichos lablab.) soy (see also Soja hispida). PAO DIAG OF ACh Neri -CNVMENStS 227 Wicca oo'e.s bokeh ae wlio Soe aes Beans, stored black, food of Lophocateres pusillus.......-.-.-----+-----+++---- 15 Bean weevil, four-spotted. (See Pachymerus quadrimaculatus. ) Bisculis,shipss, food of Rhizopertha dominich.. 2)... oe occa eee ola pea paronte 32 Bisulphid of carbon— AC AMA MMe A OLR ee Oe So. Sc. Sao So gaa e ah me bharlobndrine wean 43 AGAR Ghee ete rea GER 52 2250/2 i552 75S 4 ley oye elie Sad teed s mad «Se ered 37-38, 42-46 AUST CLT ea CET CTIS US 215,70 2 2S yh Fae eh Sie ard yet ape sim n/a im Seen 43 SS ELNAS Es Et cance UAL Mea TITAU EA TEOLIEROU oo mona daisies A pint 38S ne gen ein ipecotniaigin wa dak 43 suggested againen larger orain Borer... <2) cic. <2... nae - 2 0 sien vineels 51 Blatta orientalis in list of insects affecting stored’ cereals............----------- 7 55113—16——2 95 96 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. . Page Blattella germanica in list of insects affecting stored cereals. ......-...-------- 7 Blister beetles, (See Meloide.) Book louse. (See Troctes divinatoria.) Bostrychide in list of insects affecting stored cereals...............--------..- 4 Brachytarsus alternatus in list of insects affecting stored cereals..........------ 5 Brachytarsus variegatus in list of insects affecting stored cereals. ........------ 5 Bruchus, adustus—P achymerus chinensis 22. <4 555362. 20 ee we ale ie ee ee 85 BPUCKUS GTANORVUS 2s 2325 sate Taos 2 pA SNe Rip Sc RS ae ma eee A ki 72 bibliographic referentees 3 UF Ma Sse Soe ints Sie 2 2 ets ietare/ ats) ate aie a eee 8e Bruchus obtectus— bibliographic. reference?!) 32 2. SOA TN Nas ateana salts wes acre 2 eee eee eee 80 = Acanthoscelides obtectus.......----- 2 ee RV TO Nea be ee Bs a te eer 67 Bruchus pectinicornis— Dibliggraphic -relerencer su. se 2 MES Mente Pn Le eee e ale cccreteterers aie nate ote 93 = Pachpmcries ChiNCn ste) eee) eee ee eee trea ate ae ee 85 SSR RUCHMS DISET 1 OL OMRON Bt 52 ofc 6 2a Sele he ae fe atela tata ate a oreye nie ase 22 ie ee 72 Richie piso nun secostc2 a NON Te TO, OE SS Oe cea 72 bibliographic reference.:::222:.2i2.-.-22: POSE ROS trate trate tele eee 82 Bruchus quadrimaculatus— bibliographic references see ote =a. seas eee ee eee = te ee eel ee eee 94 = Pachymerus quadrimacwiatis.: : isa Nso iss Peete ee Soe n eee eereee 67 Bruchus rujfimanus, bibliographic references... 2.0... 252-222. 2 225 es-eeeeeee 80 RUCKUS TUIUS—FOCHYMEFUS CRINCTSIS Satta ic tee cain Selects a2 ate a waa eee 85 Bruchus scutellaris— biblideraphic references (2: BU ee ee ee ee 93 =P OCKYNEETUS CRUNCNSIE Se ce SEIT Be Eee eles ayer ee eke Perches ore ee eee ee 84, 85 Bulbs; edible; dood. of Rhizopertha dominicd.~<- 325.2. 20. sen ae ae ae ee 33 Buprestide, alleged irritation due to bites. . 2+... 22 0.5.22 65s eeee eee een e= 67 Cabinet beetle— larger. (See Trogoderma tarsale.) z ornate. (See Trogoderma ornatum.) small, (See Anthrenus verbasci.) Cadelle. (See Tenebroides mauritanicus.) Cexnocorse ratzeburgi— carbon tetrachlorid-as tumigant...222¢ 2-22 2e elo see eee ae 56 in-lister insects affecting stored cereals: =. 27-22. 02 S22 ee es ease a ee ee 5 Czenocorse subdepressa in list of insects affecting stored cereals. ....-..-------- ta Cajanus indica— bibliographicreferen¢es::. b.2). 4252/22. 2 tee seco te eee ee ee 93, 94 food: plant of Pachymengis chinensis sec. clot latctee re eee ata tel a 89 Calandra granaria— bibliographic references so sae en se ee ele eee ial) =i AT carbon tetrachlorid: as! famirant 225 fon ee) te stn el ene elect = =a a rt 54, 56 in list of insects affecting stored cerealss=- 50... - 222. eon =. <6

Ueee be Se 7 Phycitide in list of insects affecting stored cereals............--------------- "6 Phylethus bifasciatus=Alphitophagus bifasciatus.......-----------+--+-+-++-+---+- 5 Phyllodromia germanica=Blattella germanica.......-.....2.-0020-200eeeeeeeeee 7 Prim saroum, bibliographic reference... 2... > - -,-.. 1s ~+~44 .-ciaWenan sens aoeclei 94 Poisonous insects, immunity of some persons to stings and bites..........--.--- 67 Poisonous nature, alleged, of broad-bean weevil probably due to Pediculoides NTL CoG EE TRESS EE MAR Rae UES AL PE ag EOS MR Se re PEN aoe Ue NT 66-67 Porenog, ©. H., F. H. CurrrenpDEN and, paper, ‘‘Carbon Tetrachlorid as a Substitute for Carbon Bisulphid in Fumigation against Insects”. .......-.---- 53-57 Prose puanus, bibliogtaphie references. 6 .a2. 22..ss. Ss ewnn helene kal au-eee es 52 Ptinide in list of insects affecting stored cereals.................------------ 4 Ptinus brunneus in list of insects affecting stored cereals. .........----------- 4 Ptinus fur in list of insects affecting stored cereals.............-------------- 4 Uae ieee — Teitico pering, GOMANUCE 2 22 b= 22 = 2 HS a 6 lsh d 5 siomlajerele Bajaimraere 30 Pyralis farinalis in list of insects affecting stored cereals................------- 7 Quercus suber, Rhizopertha dominica found under bark........-....-.---------- 32 Rhizopertha dominica— Asin Deira Pent OE ote Rca eae i ek ae dtc habe ooabs mets tad backs im teen 46-47 Hares tee ote og eS) SP ys ARS Tea ae Bias On Ve ee aa Sage rnL ee ee ae OnE 35-36 comparison with Dinoderus truncatus. ....-.--- pe ae Sat ee RR 49 COTIC HEIR AO OLEG IOS 29 Res Succi cp coe jalan aban chewed sss -sss eee 46 CCST ee ete EM OE a ae hee Sots. Sid Woe ae 'biwic So mabeseec asset 30 104 INSECTS AFFECTING STORED PRODUCTS. Rhizopertha dominica—Continued. Page, distribution’: 45. Mosc nigel erates co tetee aeeber Springabrnod oto thsi ce. S26 etek Sen ok ie ks Se. 30S ter: Sheers Ah ewinstroemeratlOMs te is yeasts ser ee dens ea ees, — cri erected eee ese COMMA ONO MOM eh ye tt aie Bestel nae Riss - eh ae ace Sete Review of life history for the years 1909 and 1910........--.....--- Nein lKOMenal a type ey f 8 5 See te Se ne a Pp oa ak rise ah tet: Ba. The control of the codling moth on pears in Califorifia.................-. Effect of sprays on places of entrance into pears by larve.......-.-..- Commercial rest) ts from) spray’ 2. S24. os kena es fide = AS eed See Dic aGerSCOMMenGAtlons. 2022S pec e le be oy 2s eee Bide bere Hee Vineyard spraying experiments against the rose-chafer in the Lake Erie WRI ots ooo Coon ae Sonos DE ons Bee ae eee eae ee eee Fred Johnson. - PERRO CA ICLLO Mente te ace i ee. . Reet. att fed aac p eB en aera chit Pa Be Eat its rotate ya ciullite wee mpents ey seer eer et a eee ened So ne ee FINO S TONLE ml ANT Ra. Sere A ered cer we Wee, a dR yy uemenisa mnnenicuihes: Asn peer pie! otis «Teer En erties eee Mn ol nt LRT a Hoandmiclsingutine beetlesie ji: 4.42% = 34 s.isercee eel. ees.. <= eee aos Sivan wal hparsenicnlas 254... see cies gs at otia os ws wd epee ieee ie Wse.of aweectenedsatsemicals... ...0.62 5.44 sadaq-bact suen sscttew ths fimetosmake thespray applications: . . -)-. oP & OH DN eI SO —e Ww es or Or Ot Or Or On > Od ¢ > oo bo May VIII DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. The California peach borer—Continued. Distribution and food plants—Continued. Page. History of fruit growing in the Santa Clara Valley.................. 67 Limits of areas inuwhichuinjuryioceurs..-- 25... 22-22). see eee 67 Varieties of cultivated fruits attacked; resistant budding and grafting stocks; soil conditions as bearing on infestation............--...- 68 Descriptions, seasonal history, and habits. .......-...-- eI A af SU 68 MSS pe SIN Ree ttt Ses ae eet ee Se ee Ae aa ate oe ee ty ee 68 Mhevlarvad fs 08 2475s CRU AS ho 8 ie IE Oy RS 69 ‘Phe pupaiss fa 3202 SYN EES BRC, © UE cent on ee 74 Pheradullths «0% sae ere Saas: yeh AS 2 age hes Sian = ee ee Til Natural enemies .;: 225,88), . Se ia ReEe sos eee et Re = a 83 Methods:of control osri225 >: . 28 satenss +5 Se fe a ee ae 83 Ebene with preven eae Sle tEae ewe tem er Task Te We OMe ee pee 83 ‘‘Worming’’ and applying washes in the Santa Clara Valley........ 85 Formulasiior-washes useds2ss52 sa: 452242 /2 228 ee Ss 3 86 Mhercarbon bisulphid treatment: 2. 2. 5-222242)..2 ee eee 87 Methods used against the eastern peach borer. .........-....-------- 87 SUMimManyeanderecommendatilonse ete 45 ae ee 88 Biblrosraply;. S202. Ce RO SE Oe, Renee oes 88 Notes on the ag and Lees SLUGS Sek a hae bs ee ara eens R. A. Cushman. - 91 Introduction: +22. sree thersgeaes aera eee 9] Observations on the peach and plum slug in 1910. ........-..-.-...----- 92 Lafe history: foo. steht ols de cc Ra eee eee 94 Phevadulte bres tooo sy ee ee Sa ce 94 DG (CLE Ae Sis oso SES TS Bele OES AE ne 96 Phelarva sans plo lB ee ee 96 he sprepupasiy2 23. Sa. ee ee ee Te batt Me he eyo 98 sl Dheievm) OUH Oy: FREE RA at eR REL Re AAA Cyt at el at Gas ale 99 Total sulaa tase period »<*.- Fe 9. GL Ge ee eee 100 Extentvolidamage sr eee At TU RRs. te SO eee ee 100 Natural enemies 158? 8) AU ee, POS UE SO ne Oy a eee 100 Remedies: t3o cect etn et be Bn Se ee eee ee eee ee 102 ithe-peachoud-mite: <8. aa sees ee ‘A. L. Quaintance.. 108 Introdwetion. 22! 22° -. Me BR ERS” RE TRASEY Aa SAN oee 103 IETS GG Teg eS ANS Tee kee oe RS a uel ee a ol eee 8 103 Hconomi cimportanees:: 4: eer = Ces Cee eee eee oe 106 Habits:and naturalchistory, re 212 see sree ee 110 Systematic relationships and other economic species.....-....----------- 11 Remedialconsiderations; --- 2.20 sc eee eee eee ee ee 113 he grapeiscale.. 4he. chen Ae ee Se cer 2 ee ESE ener ver meee Introduction . Ad hula ek panel a IR ey 5 Shc TR SI ne 115 Distribution ond toed Plante csc c Se TAL RR EE eee 115 Habitsand-natural history. 5.~ ..2. tee a ee ee 116 Description... 2.02.0. 22k ees se Se ee La en 117 Parasites :%.<:.24 22. ...25. been eee ee ee 2 ee 118 Preventives: amd*remedies. 4:25 sees eee eee ee oe eee 120 Lame-sulphur wash .': oa). 2 oe wee eee ee eee eee 120 Self-boiled lime-sulphur wash #5222. .24 22 a Be ee eee 120 @ther (sprayss.-2. s+ etic. See GSU Re ee ee 12] When tovsprayieoc 222.2224 pees soe eee ee eR eee eer 121 Bubdioe ran liye a sete ae es cs a's Cree, SS ee RTO ce Ne rs ne oo eee a 122 1 Bas ee een i tn! in ah HARMAN aN out Ponce com ang ler 125 PLATE I. Te he Vie XVI. XVII. PE USSR ACROSS. PLATES. Fig. 1.—Cover crop of vetch in vineyard of Mr. John Higgins, North East, Pa. Fig. 2.—Cover crop of turnips in vineyard of Mottier Bros., North East, Pa.; vineyard badly infested by grape leafhop- per, which was effectively treated with blackleaf tobacco-extract Fig. 1.—Injury by grape leafhopper ( Typhlocyba comes) to unsprayed vines. Fig. 2.—Perfect foliage of sprayed vines. Views from ex- perimental plats in vineyard of Mr. H. H. Harper, at North East, General view of the Whitman pear orchard, with power-spraying outfit in operation in spraying experiments against codling moth, Concord Cal talg Oona 5. 2 Ge ND ee Ae. Le pees st are rere ee . Injury by rose-chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus) to fruit on un- sprayed grapevine in the vineyard of Mr. ©. F. Hirt, at North . The protection afforded by spraying; vine from row wens the luspraved vine shown im Plate UViis foo. seen eect nce ee te . Injury by rose-chafer to fruit on unsprayed grapevine in the vine- Vara or Nir, Georze Cook, at Norn Fast, Pas.cs..- 22-2 eens =e Protection afforded by spraying; vine from vineyard of Prospect Park Fruit Farms Co., adjoining vineyard of Mr. George Cook, INORG Mas tee terete ee acts. an eye pte ree ae Se oo 5 en . The California peach borer (Sanninoidea opalescens). Apricot orchard, showing trees injured and killed by the borer...-..--.--- . The California peach borer. Rearing cages in laboratory yard at San Jose, Cal., used in study of its life history..:..........------- . The California peach borer. Fig. 1.—Base of apricot tree, show- ing injury by larve. Fig. 2.—Wire cage, used in determining period of emergence of moths, in place around tree.........-.----- . Peach leaves showing work of peach and plum slug (Caliroa [Erio- COT OULES| ROTI QOLULIUO) eee aes ea Ne ee . Injury about two weeks old to peach shoots by the peach bud mite (LRA OWARUS (ICT eS at te AOR O a oe OC ease ceeee . Injury several weeks old to peach shoots by the peach bud mite... . . Showing condition of peach nursery trees in the fall, due to injury Picsnienmedich! Wid ama tL eese ne ein. Uae cee wee ects ce ee aera cs So . Showing condition of peach nursery trees in the fall, due to injury | OVP HLS) OV aE EI ate) oui Feiner toed deg tak lee Rial el A a RR Injury to buds supposedly due to the peach jnuumitencs eee ote Grape canes showing infestation by the grape scale, Aspidiotus Sa ERO NGI OTD) MITE Gon oe en, OEE, Ma a Page. 10 42 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Puiate XVIII. The grape scale. Fig. 1.—Showing how the young scales set- Fie. on Eewnd 5 ~I ee) 6. tle, more or less, in longitudinal rows. Fig. 2.—Full-grown male and female scales; also many parasitized individuals. Fig. 3.—Pygidium of adult female, showing circumgenital glands and orifice, lobes, and spines.) 227, 2-02 eee eee XIX. The grape scale. Fig. 1.—Adult winged male. Fig. 2.—Geni- taliaof male. Fig.3.—Antennaof male. Fig. 4.—Serrations on costal vein. Fig. 5.—Tarsus and claw of male.......---- TEXT FIGURES. . The grape leathopper (Typhlocyba comes var. coloradensis): Adult...-.. The grape leafhopper: Nymph of the first molt.....................- . The grape leafhopper: Fully developed nymph of the fifth molt... ... . Grape leaf in early stages of attack by the grape leafhopper, showing the characteristic mottling of the upper surface.........-.----.---- . Grape leaf showing final result of attack by the grape leafhopper; leaf withered and brown before the fruit is mature.......-- Weekly emergence of codling moths from Oe pointored tena) ~ Sameyiose.: Calle. OOO eo ae meer raed tee Syst eee «| ot eee See en . Codling-moth larvee collected from banded pear trees at Walnut Creek, Cale 1909 Sener eee) Mee tone cus hye . Codling-moth larvee collected from banded apple trees at Walnut Greek: Cal M909. 22. keane: . ce ee eee bole eae eee ee . Weekly emergence of codling moths from material collected from banded apple and pear trees at Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909........-- . Band records from 11 apple trees at Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910......... . Band records from 15 Bartlett pear trees at Suisun, Cal., 1910......-- . Weekly emergence of moths from material collected under bands on 11 apple trees, at’ Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. 22-2) 2-5-5 eee . Weekly emergence of moths from material collected under bands on 15 pear trees at Suisun, Cal. LOMO en noo Sane ome he eee . Band records of the codling moth from apple trees at San Jose, Cal., . Weekly emergence of codling moths from larve collected from banded apple trees'at san Jose, Call, 1909s so ono oan oe oe oaks wee ee . Condition of grape blossom-buds at the time the rose-chafer ( Macro- dactylus subspinosus) first appears, and when the first poison spray should beapplied cso 3a6 a. ot Sc ce perce icc on open ae en . Injury by the rose-chafer to grape blossom-buds. .......------------ . The rose-chafer ( Macrodactylus subspinosus): Adult, larva and details, OU, CWO 5.2 esas 3 ae ig Saya eve aa aS cnc te aa . Injury by the rose-chafer to berries of grape...........----------.-- . Grape cluster showing almost total destruction of berries through feedunovol the mose-chaler= ys] eee ei ee ee 1. Grape clusters from which berries injured by the rose-chatfer have fallen . The California peach borer: Adult, larva, pupa, and details.........- . Cage used in rearing the peach and plum slug................-.+.... . Developmental stages of peach and plum slug (Caliroa [Eriocam- poides| amygdalina): Adult, egg, larva, and pupa........---------- . Hyperallus calirox, a parasite of the peach and plum slug......------ . The grape scale, Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) wwx: Newly hatched larva CWO K6 Var Ky Fe Vl ks ioe ernie tS yo aN a hie NS ee . Cage used in rearing parasites of the grape scale.........------------ Page. 116 118 101 117 ERRATA AND ADDENDA Page 83, under the heading ‘Natural Enemies” Cryptus (I/amoplex) tejonensis, Cress. should have been included, since it is a parasite of Sanninoidea opalescens. Page 101, footnote, for 39 read 40 and for 737 read 189. Page 120, line 6, for Mymaridx read Encyrtidz. Page 120, lines 7 and 12, after Girault insert MS. XI AC OE “TH Wenttet oe) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 97. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. I. SPRAYING ‘EXPERIMENTS AGAINST THE GRAPE LEAPHOPPER IN THE LAKE ERIE VALLEY. By FRED JOHNSON, Agent and Expert. II. LIFE HISTORY OF THE CODLING MOTH AND ITS CONTROL ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. By S. W. FOSTER, Agent and Expert. Ill. VINEYARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AGAINST THE ROSE-CHAFER IN THE LAKE ERIE VALLEY. By FRED JOHNSON, Agent and Expert. IV. THE CALIFORNIA PEACH BORER. By DUDLEY MOULTON, Special Agent. Wa er; V. NOTES ON THE PEACH AND PLUM SLUG. By R. A. CUSHMAN, Agent and Expert. VI. NOTES ON THE PEACH BUD MITE. By A. L. QUAINTANCE, Jn Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. VII. THE GRAPE SCALE. By JAMES F. ZIMMER, Entomological Assistant. Aagsoniat } ISEIt, by i = y epee Ts. MAR 21 1918 J / Ni / LAAANS wen WASHINGTON: —Onal_Must— | GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1912, Us. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 97. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. I. SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AGAINST THE GRAPE LEAFHOPPER IN THE LAKE ERIE VALLEY. By FRED JOHNSON, Agent and Expert. I. LIFE HISTORY OF THE CODLING MOTH AND ITS CONTROL ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. By S. W. FOSTER, Agent and Expert. Ill. VINEYARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AGAINST THE ROSE-CHAFER IN THE LAKE ERIE VALLEY. By FRED JOHNSON, Agent and Expert. IV. THE CALIFORNIA PEACH BORER. By DUDLEY MOULTON, Special Agent. V. NOTES ON THE PEACH AND PLUM SLUG. By R. A. CUSHMAN, Agent and Expert. VI. NOTES ON THE PEACH BUD MITE. By A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. VIL THE GRAPE SCALE. By JAMES F. ZIMMER, Entomological Assistant. (eee NY WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE. 1912. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. ©. L. Marzart, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8S. Cuirron, Fxecutive Assistant. W. F. Tastet, Chief Clerk. F. H. CairrenveENn, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopkins, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. Wesster, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. Quarntance, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Puruirs, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Roaers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Rouia P. Currie, in charge of editorial work. MABEL Co.corp, in charge of library. Dectpuous Fruir Insect INVESTIGATIONS. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge. FrEeD JoHNsON, 8. W. Foster,! P. R. Jones,! F. E. Brooks, A. G. Hammar, E. W. Scorr, R. L. Nouearet, R. A. Cusuman, L. L. Scort, J. B. Gu, A. C. BAKER, W.M. Davipson, E. B. BuaKxester, W. B. Woop, E. H. Srecier, F. L. Siman- TON, entomological assistants. J. F. Zrumer, W.S. Asport, W. H. Six, entomological assistants, employed in enforce- ment of insecticide act, 1910. 1 Resigned. II LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BureAtu OF ENTOMOLOGY, Washington, D. C., October 26, 1912. Sm: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication as Bulletin No. 97, seven papers dealing with deciduous fruit insects and insecticides. These papers, which were issued separately during 1911-12, are as follows: Spraying Experiments Against the Grape Leafhopper in the Lake Erie Valley, by Fred Johnson; Life History of the Codling Moth and Its Control on Pears in California, by S. W. Foster; Vineyard Spraying Experiments Against the Rose-Chafer in the Lake Erie Valley, by Fred Johnson; The California Peach Borer, by Dudley Moulton; Notes on the Peach and Plum Slug, by R. A. Cushman; Notes on the Peach Bud Mite, by A. L. Quaintance; The Grape Scale, by James F. Zimmer. Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. Ill Poke Bebo ale The present series of articles on deciduous fruit insects and insecti- cides, Parts I to VII, comprises Bulletin 97. The first article deals with the grape leafhopper in the Lake Erie Valley. This insect, always more or less present in vineyards, becomes excessively abundant and destructive during certain years, when its control becomes very essential in the production of grapes of high quality. In this paper report is made on large-scale experi- ments in vineyards with a nicotine spray directed principally against the insect while in an immature stage. It has been found practicable so to destroy the nymphs of the first brood that the insect is unable, as the season progresses, to attain sufficient numbers to cause impor- tant injury. The second paper is on the life history and control of the, codling moth in reference to its occurrence on pears in California and pre- sents results of spraying operations in pear orchards, which show beyond doubt that injuries from this insect on pears may be pre- vented quite as satisfactorily as in the case of apples. The spraying schedule developed as the result of these experiments has been adopted by a large number of pear growers in California. The third paper gives results of experiments against the rose- chafer as an enemy of grapes in the Lake Erie Valley. This is another insect which periodically causes very serious damage to vineyards, as well as to many other horticultural crops; especially in regions where the soil is sandy. The results, on the whole, do not show the degree of benefit that may be obtained by spraying operations against many other insects; nevertheless they point out the desirability of this work during periods of excessive abundance of the insect. The fourth paper, dealing with the California peach borer, is the result of observations made on this insect covering a period of two or three years and relates particularly to its life history. The meth- ods of control given, however, are those thought to be best under California conditions. The fifth paper, on the peach and plum slug, gives the results of observations on the life history and habits made during a period of abundance of this insect in the vicinity of Tallulah, La. The reme- dial measures suggested, while not actually tested under field con- ditions, will be, it is thought, entirely effective in preventing injury without burning of the foliage by the spray. WAL DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. The sixth article, Notes on the Peach Bud Mite, brings together information on a creature which is held responsible for a stop-back effect on peach nursery stock, and which has not previously been classified and given a scientific name. The Grape Seale, comprising the seventh and last paper, deals with an insect which has been the cause of frequent complaint, espe- cially in the environs of Washington, during the past few years. The shedding of bark from the grape is, on the whole, unfavorable to scale insects, yet the present species, in several instances noted, has shown its ability to develop to a decidedly injurious extent. A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Iruit Insects Investigations. CONTEND Se Spraying experiments against the grape leafhopper in the Lake Erie Val- DE eee rete eee te Be ose Ss rh Sn os 2 Od ORM SOM... [ratReshiCi@ins ce dbo se eobe da soe ks COSC MBE ep nee > EMEP as Se ee Characteristics and habits of the grape leafhopper-..............-.------- ILE D INCEST 7 ge See Bene EAS ERIE ere EP Pe nie ease pert Lean PUSH UOT eee ee eer ols ert on RAS ee PRE Sk Eid = eth e sede SRInPReMCrPeNCe OMRGIlise nS. <5 so-so assis kee LINE 127s) NR ar A) OS OR ee, aE Set ee ae thresprgemplis Wstaeeseeeee eels le aN a tk ere hes | See wad eek: See (Nai Syl e ee SS oos Ce iether Ain eee ae cde, Me ERS epee eee aes TP Denes ZI, Paes ra Pe a Sa Ra ete Te eae ee LS RE Ue ee Spray applications against the nymiphs. ..- --.-----+-2---+2----4---- Maitelinsigmerety s! Mason teh) ete oe Sore ie is 5 of Sie ate la on oh See eee Life history of the codling moth and its control on pears in Califor- TD 2 AAS SE Bee ee ace ee Si Wh ester. Iino cig escent. oa SC ee ea ptals aia ha a oN theese ale sta Life-history notes on the codling moth in California...........--.-..------ Ghuerwasncrimenlarves tian st sa scul s Loi sec tele ote la'th ace Bicla v ermiata etsueiayeletos SPEUpnOOG Teh pIlMe Nemes cet 2 sci a, ot Nita, allen Bae 2 eke ME et Spempreroodsolumothses oo. ssn ee ed oe hs Vises eee eee see eee {MAVEN SEys SI NRECEsaV es 21010010 Re eR re ae eg Ces Dear Me Md EP Ee Mitre: RECONO CENETALOM a = 2 a.4a tajs sot) gels ee ioe oe Se bac ohm ioe 2 ssl Ser Review of life history for the years 1909 and 1910.............------- Nemtbral CHE NMEBA). 20.5 ear he eee citi es Mote b cles 50k Ma ose The control of the codling moth on pears in California. .........-.------- Effect of sprays on places of entrance into pears by larve..-...--.-.--- HIBeteial resMlis TOM SPA VINC soho. ol oe Nees aa came = oe EES SUMMA y ARGC reCOMMMIENGA NOUS! oa. sa see ae ceased Clewnmmetunmprecdina placess..-6< 5.064 bs se vs Sten fel so sie eee sie ore PSITED CNET 2a et Soe se ee RR eae ee eee aes Ae eee eee ine Calor meach Doren da. <6 255 8ed). Unitas esjco stl de Dudley Moulton. - Prreiascles iG ee pee Aare nd IS ea es be as ales s ad AE Se = TENS) Boe Loe oje tena Rh faye, 9 4 0) Fett REO ot ee ee ee ga eee LVSSUNT WEEDS cata che tied OM la oes 0 Ae Re Se eg SV IAE 1G) Vai eee lee ee er 3 o TQ © IAA rhrwwnd = bo oO NNPeP REP ee ee. OD POTS SB OO OO 32 66 67 1 The seven papers constituting this publication were issued in separate form on Mar. 31, Apr. 1, May 17, Oct. 17, and Nov. 6, 1911, and Feb. 24 and May 4, 1912, respectively. VII Vill DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. The California peach borer—Continued. Distribution and food plants—Continued. History of fruit growing in the Santa Clara Valley...................-. Timits. of areas in-which injury occurs: <-4 22 -o- o= a Varieties of cultivated fruits attacked; resistant budding and grafting stocks; soil conditions as bearing on infestation........-......----- Descriptions, seasonal history, and\ habits... -)-2-ess-5 --.. 232.2. So escheat et ee Se eee Methods’ of comtrolss-c52-2e" soe sees ae eT Ese g 3 Sco SE! RS og 2 Experiments with, preventives: 2: 35...2. s., 20. eee ee ‘‘Worming”’ and applying washes in the Santa Clara Valley........-- Ronmulas' for washes sised)s 2. 42/4), 25852222 ee a ee eee Mhercarbon*hisulphid treatment. : =. Sgas Ss... 28222 seer oe eee Methods used against the eastern peach borer.......-.-.-----.-------- Summary, and tecommendationsss.-s--- tots. 6 ata ne Biblioeraphiyie5.¢.2 ses (seer ok ee en 2 = te oe ee ee eee eee Notes:on the peach ‘and plumislupie-22 2 sae eee ee eee R. A. Cushman. - Introdiwetiome . . 0852 Sess uesk Wee ee nee 5 oe es Finis Gamryy Sess cd oe leo ST ot Sie ara te ee ae eee wo Economic importance: ..: 2202.15 See ae ae nk Seles Habitsand: natural: historyso4oeees oases eee ne ene eee ee re Systematic relationships and other economic species.......-------------- Remeédial.consid erations: - 2524530. 520s ee nae ee ee eee The erape scale. .2 s.uPat ote 2h eee [ae eee eee James F. Zimmer. - Introductions. vs,.2ueeis se ee et ES ee Se a ee Distribution‘and food plantess..oc40.22 ese Se See ne ee re Habits and natural history 2c.2. o22---38 see ree eee ee ee Weseniptiom ic. 2 6 og. 0. 2S ee ee eS ee cae a ney Parasitesess. 62 -<.2< Geore CookeatiNorth Hast. Pa. .0, Soo 2.t- Sp paekee est Se . Protection afforded by spraying; vine from vineyard of Prospect Park Fruit Farms Co., adjoining vineyard of Mr. George Cook, INioraiiiig Ey a bape va ee Bicce Reece nee eg A CSRs ety dS a NE Peer . The California peach borer (Sanninodea opalescens). Apricot orchard, showing trees injured and killed by the borer. ........-- . The California peach borer. Rearing cages in laboratory yard at San Jose; Cal. used in study of its life history.................... . The California peach borer. Fig. 1—Base of apricot tree, show- ing injury by larve. Fig. 2.—Wire cage, used in determining period of emergence of moths, in place around tree...........-.-- . Peach leaves showing work of peach and plum slug (Caliroa [Erio- ROMO OOIES|| CHO HUMMTIO nae ace ae Saad boas Shoe LL oe sae anne eee Injury about two weeks old to peach shoots by the peach bud mite OTS OME UUSIIUMOLEH annem aera 8 Aceh oy Sele naa, SS te Be heats a) Injury several weeks old to peach shoots by the peach bud mite... .- Showing condition of peach nursery trees in the fall, due to injury eraneoncach DON er 2a. eer Sec ees Se en RS clone = Showing condition of peach nursery trees in the fall, due to injury loNy (ne jorsevelay lone k Tnan nese Sp Be Coen ee a Injury to buds supposedly due to the peach bud mite. .-..-.-.---- Grape canes showing infestation by the grape scale. Aspidiotus (DEST GUSH EE) OER 2s Re a ES ae en Page. 10 42 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Piate XVIII. The grape scale. Fig. 1—Showing how the young scales set- i SE od tle, more or less, in longitudinal rows. Fig. 2.—Full-grown male and female scales; also many parasitized individuals. Fig. 3.—Pygidium of adult female, showing circumgenital glands and orifice, lobes, and*spines.5-.. +2) ..2--.- 222.222 XIX. The grape scale. Fig. 1—Adult winged male. Fig. 2.—Geni- taliaof male. Fig. 3.—Antennaof male. Fig. 4.—Serrations on costal vein. Fig. 5.—Tarsus and claw of male........... TEXT FIGURES. . The grape leafhopper ( Typhlocyba comes var. coloradensis): Adult... - . The grape leafhopper: Nymph of the first molt...............------- . The grape leafhopper: Fully developed nymph of the fifth molt... .- . Grape leaf in early stages of attack by the grape leafhopper, showing the characteristic mottling of the upper surface. -........----.-.-- . Grape leaf showing final result of attack by the grape leafhopper; leaf withered and brown before the fruit is mature... ...........------ . Weekly emergence of codling moths from overwintered material at SanPJose si Call "MOOS eek eee ee wee eee NC cyt st Sie, SE, ge tere be a rete . Codling-moth larvee collected from banded pear trees at Walnut Creek, Gall: WQOG sss) 2 os see GB Ne ie eer eee es ee oe . Codling-moth larvee collected from banded apple trees at Walnut Greeks Cals G09. S p47 ee ORR ek TS See, ie ae ad fe a a ee . Weekly emergence of codling moths from material collected from banded apple and pear trees at Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909..........- . Band records from 11 apple trees at Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910....-..-- . Band records from 15 Bartlett pear trees at Suisun, Cal., 1910.......- . Weekly emergence of moths from material collected under bands on 11 apple trees at Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910.22.24 2223.0 See eee . Weekly emergence of moths from material collected under bands on 15 pear trees iat; Suisun, “Call. 1 910 ae ce con st fe yee eee ee eee . Band records of the codling moth from apple trees at San Jose, Cal., . Weekly emergence of codling moths from larvee collected from banded appleitneesatisandose) (Cal sIQ09 Sea ee yae== = eens ae eee . Condition of grape blossom-buds at the time the rose-chafter ( Macro- dactylus subspinosus) first appears, and when the first poison spray should be‘applied.. 3 ee tee DeGige alles settee ee oe eee ere . Injury by the rose-chafer to grape blossom-buds..........----------- . The rose-chafer ( Macrodactylus suwbspinosus): Adult, larva and details, Pup, Work Pek ss Se ae eee ae iets 2 eee aero . Injury by the rose-chafer toiberries of erapes----2- 3222-52. ---=- === . Grape cluster showing almost total destruction of berries through féeding of the rose-chafer®. 5 5 27¢m eet) s 2c 26 tne eee 1. Grape clusters from which berries injured by the rose-chafer have fallen 2. The California peach borer: Adult, larva, pupa, and details. ...---- : . Cage used in rearing the peach and plum slug............-..--------- . Developmental stages of peach and plum slug (Caliroa [Eriocam- poides| amygdalina): Adult, egg, larva, and pupa.......-.--------- . Hyperallus calirox, a parasite of the peach and plum slug.....------- }. The grape scale, Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) uva: Newley hatched larva and rdetarlare ssa fo ke oi OR eee ae re Beare ne ere . Cage used in rearing parasites of the grape scale.......-.------------ Page. 116 118 59 101 Waly 119 ADDENDUM. Page 83, under the heading ‘“‘ Natural Enemies” Cryptus (Hamoplex) tejonensis, Cress. should have been included, since it is a parasite of Sanninoidea opalescens. XI is. DAY. Ba Ene Bul. 97, ant 0 DDH ele le vlarch olen touts PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AGAINST THE GRAPE LEAF- HOPPER IN THE LAKE ERIE VALLEY. By FReD JOHNSON, Agent and Fapert, INTRODUCTION. The grape leafhopper (Zyphlocyba comes Say) (fig. 1) is an enemy of grapevines familiar to almost every vineyardist, and doubtless at times it has become so numerous and destructive in his vineyard as to cause him considerable anxiety. Usually, however, in the vine- yards of the Lake Erie Valley, serious dep- redations by this pest are confined to some- what limited areas adjacent to rough lands and woodlots. A few vines at the ends of the rows or a few rows along the outside of vineyards will be injured year after year until the crop yield on these vines is consid- erably reduced. Under these conditions it receives shght attention from the average vineyardist and is regarded as more or less of a negligible quantity. Periodically, how- ever, some as yet unknown conditions seem to favor its multiplication and it spreads over wide areas causing injury amounting to many thousands of dollars. Such a con- ‘ : dition obtained in the vineyardsof Chautau- rie. 1—The grape leathopper qua County, in the vicinity of Westfield, (Typhtocyba comes var. colo- r eas radensis) : Adult. Greatly N. Y., during the seasons of 1901 and enlarged. (Original.) 1902, when many hundreds of acres of vineyards suffered greatly from the injury wrought by this pest. In 1903 the insect disappeared to a considerable extent and serious injury was again confined to limited areas until the season of 1910. The insect is now manifestly on the increase and during the past season (1910) spread through large blocks of vineyard. In fact, 1 2 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. toward the latter end of the summer its presence in more or less destructive numbers was evident throughout the entire grape belt. By far the greater injury occurred, however, in those vineyards por- tions of which have been continuously infested. With the general increase of this pest throughout the Lake Erie Valley there has developed a feeling of anxiety on the part of many vineyardists and a general inquiry is being made as to the best means of holding it in check. Heretofore the chief factors in the lack of success of the vineyard- ist in his efforts to combat this pest have been that he has either failed to recognize the most vulnerable stage in its life history or else he has minimized its capacity for injury until this period has passed, only to be filled with regrets later in the season when his vines are swarming with the winged adults and the foliage is so badly injured by them that it presents a brown and scorched appear- ance which renders it functionless at a period when healthy leaves are necessary to the plant for the purpose of elaborating the sugar of the fruit and for the proper maturing of the new growth so that. it will withstand the severity of the winter and make a vigorous growth in the following spring. If, however, the vineyardist will acquaint himself with the habits and development of this pest there is no doubt that he can combat it successfully when it is in the im- mature stages, before its wings are fully developed, by the thorough application of a contact spray. CHARACTERISTICS AND HABITS OF THE GRAPE LEAFHOPPER. 3efore proceeding to discuss remedial measures, the primary object of this. paper, it may be well to consider briefly the characteristics, habits, and life history of the grape leafhopper, inasmuch as they vary greatly from those of another very destructive pest of the grapevine, namely, the grape rootworm. The grape leafhopper is a minute insect, less than one-eighth of an inch long. The body and wingsare of a lght yellowish color, and the wings entirely envelop the upper part of the abdomen in a rooflike covering when the insect is at rest. This position of the wings has an important bearing on the killing effect of a contact spray. As the hibernation period approaches, the more pronounced yellow marking of the wings and body changes to an orange-red, which, however, exists only during the winter months and disappears after the insect has fed for a short time on the folage of the vine during the follow- ing spring. These winged forms are the mature or adult insects and are the forms most familiar to the casual observer. The adults are frequently found in large numbers leaping and flying actively among the foliage of the vines during the early part of the grape-picking season, in September and early October. Sometimes during bright, SPRAYING AGAINST THE GRAPE LEAFHOPPER. 3 warm afternoons of early autumn the air will be filled with thousands of these little creatures drifting somewhat aimlessly on the light breeze and causing considerable annoyance by get- ting into the eyes, ears, and mouth of the beholder. A close observation of the underside of the leaves of grapevines at this season is likely to reveal the immature or nymphal stage of the insect (fig. 2 These vary greatly in size, from those just hatched to the full-grown nymphs with well-developed wing Fie. 2.—The grape pads (fig. 3), but they have always the same general leafhopper: a é awe rs x ave 2 e Z Nymph of the first form. These leafhoppers belong to the same orde1 molt. Greatly of insects as do the scale insects and the plant-lice — enlarged. (Origi- and secure, their food by sucking the juices from the "2"? plant in much the same manner as the mosquito sucks blood from an animal. A knowledge of this method of taking food is of the great- est importance from an economic standpoint, since insects which take their food in this way are usually amenable to a spray application of an entirely different quality from that which is used in the case of insects which chew or masticate their food. Sucking insects are usually combated by the use of some caustic - or smothering substance which must come in direct contact with the outside of the body of each individual, practically at the time of application and in sufficient quantity and strength to effect its almost immediate de- struction; whereas, in the case of the chew- ing insect a stomach poison must be applied, not to the body of the insect, but to the sur- face of that portion of the plant or fruit upon which the insect feeds. Fig. 3.—The grape leafhop- per: Fully developed nymph of the fifth molt. The adults and the nymphs of the grape Greatly enlarged. (Origi- ae leafhopper feed upon the underside of the grape leaf and by sucking the juices there- from cause it to take on a yellowish, mottled appearance (fig. 4), which later turns brown, and where the infestation is heavy the leaves dry out and become functionless before the fruit is mature. (See fig.-'D.) LIFE HISTORY. HIBERNATION. The grape leafhoppers pass the winter as winged adults, which migrate from the vines during October. By the time the grapes are harvested only a small percentage of the adults will be found upon 4 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. the vines, although little foliage may have fallen from the vines by that time. During the entire month of October a general dispersion of the adults is in progress throughout the infested area. This disper- sion is apparently quite aimless, the individuals settling down and collecting wherever sufficient shelter in the form of fallen leaves, sod lands, hedges, woodlots, and swales is adjacent to the vineyards. Large numbers of them probably never leave the vineyards, passing the winter under the protection afforded by fallen leaves, clumps of grass, weeds, and cover crops. After leaving the grapevines they feed to some ex- tent upon the still green grass, weeds, and cover crops, and become more or less active when disturbed during the warmer days of winter. SPRING EMERGENCE OF ADULTS. Early in May, as the days be- come warmer and plants commence to throw out new growth, the adults leave their winter protection and feed somewhat. in- discriminately Fic. 4.—Grape leaf in early stages of attack by the grape leaf- Upon the new hopper, showing the characteristic mottling of the upper sur- growth of almost face. (Original.) iF ‘ any plant with which they come in contact, showing some preference, however, for the foliage of bush fruits such as wild blackberries, cultivated rasp- berries, and strawberries. This promiscuous feeding terminates with the unfolding of the leaves of the grapevine and there is a general migration of the insect back to the foliage of the grapevine, this being the only plant upon which this particular species of leafhopper is known to reproduce. The adult “ hoppers” first attack the foliage or sprouts springing from the base of the vine or from canes near the lower wire of the trellis. When the adult insects are very numerous, sufficient injury SPRAYING AGAINST THE GRAPE LEAFHOPPER. 5 results to check the development of the foliage and to retard the growth of those new shoots which spring from. the canes near the lower wire of the trellis. This early retardation of growth is more important than would at first appear, for it is highly desirable that these new shoots springing from the canes near the lower wire of the trellis should make a thrifty growth during the early part of the season, since it is from them that canes for bearing the next season’s crop of fruit are selected. This feeding of the overwintering adult “hoppers ” continues for several weeks; in fact, many of them may remain upon the vines until some of the new generation has ma- tured. THE EGG STAGE. Egg laying by the overwintering fe- males does not com- mence in the vine- yards of the Lake Erie Valley until about June 1, after the adults have been feeding upon the vines for several weeks. The eggs are deposited on the un- derside of the leaves. They are tucked un- der the skin indis- criminately as to lo- cation on the leaf and Fie. 5.—Grape leaf showing final result of attack by the are very diffieult to grape leafhopper; leaf withered and brown before the fruit is mature. (Original.) locate on those varie- ties possessing a heavy pubescence, as is the case with the Concord. The egg stage covers a period of about 10 days to 2 weeks. The period of egg deposition is obviously a long one, since newly emerged nymphs are present upon the foliage from the middle of June until late in October. Observations indicate, however, that the maximum deposi- tion must occur during the last three weeks in June and the first week in July, since the period when there is a maximum number of nymphs upon the leaves is included in a period from the last week in June until about August 1, at which latter date many fully developed nymphs are making their final molt. 71419°—Bull. 9712-2 6 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE NYMPHAL STAGES. The young “ hoppers,” or nymphs, commence to appear about the middle of June, and a close examination of the underside of infested leaves at this time is likely to reveal a number of recently hatched nymphs, at about the stage shown in figure 2, running actively over the surface. In hatching from the egg the young “ hopper ” has to force its way through the pubescence on the underside of the leaf, and in doing so appears as a minute, whitish object, which, when examined under a lens, is seen to possess a pair of red eyes. After a few minutes of laborious struggling it forces itself to the surface of the pubescence, where its legs and antenne spread and become disengaged and the tiny creature is ready to commence its destructive operations. This it does by thrusting its tiny beaklike mouthparts into the tissue of the leaf and extracting the juices. As the season advances it is not uncommon to find individual leaves supporting from 200 to 300 of these nymphs in the various stages of nymphal development. As the nymph increases in size it casts or molts its old skin for a larger one. There are five of these molts before the nymph reaches the adult stage. The first four require a period of 5 days for each molt, and between the fourth and fifth molts there is a period of 12 days. Hence about a month is required in which to complete the nymphal period. Figure 3 represents a nymph after the fourth molt with fully Geveloped wing pads. The term “hopper” applied to this form of the insect is a mis- nomer and is likely to create an erroneous impression concerning the movements of the insect at this period of its life history. The nymphs do not hop or leap, as the term “ hopper” would imply, and although they run about very actively on the underside of the leaf and sometimes a few of them may be seen running down the stem of the leaf and also upon its upper surface, it is doubtful if the journeys of more than a very small percentage of them extend beyond the con- fines of the leaf upon which the eggs from which they were hatched were deposited. This limited area of movement of the insect during this period of its life is exceedingly important from an economic point of view, since it admits of its destruction during the more rapid erowing season of the vine and at a period when there is slight possibility of reinfestation of treated areas. THE ADULT. With the final molt and the full development and use of its wings the adult leafhopper becomes an extremely agile and active creature, leaping and darting rapidly from leaf to leaf at the slightest dis- turbance, being much more active during the warm weather than on cold, windy days, when it can be dislodged from its shelter under the ts SPRAYING AGAINST THE GRAPE LEAFHOPPER. a foliage only with considerable difficulty. It is in this stage, as men- tioned in a previous paragraph, that the insect becomes disseminated over vineyard areas. Nevertheless, the spread of the adults does not become general until late in the season, when migration for the purpose of hibernation takes place. This feature of its movement was adequately and strikingly demonstrated in several vineyards where experimental work was carried on against the nymphs during the season of 1910. In no case was there a serious reinfestation of the thoroughly treated vines, although adjoining untreated rows were heavily infested throughout the entire season. Hence, we are led to the belief that widespread dissemination of this pest takes place largely during the fall migration, when the adults rise in the air and are carried by the winds, and, again, during the spring mi- gration, when they leave their winter shelter and return to the vines. Thus the vineyardist who has been successful in destroying the nymphs during the summer need have little apprehension of rein- festation later in the season from adjacent infested and untreated vineyards. REMEDIAL MEASURES. In discussing the subject of remedial measures for the control of an insect pest, it is always highly desirable to take into considera- tion cultural and other operations involved in the production of the particular crop under treatment in order that the recommendation of methods of control which may conflict with the most desirable farm practice, or may be impracticable on a commercial scale, may be avoided. Modifications in vineyard or orchard management by the adoption of new methods may also seriously conflict with earlier recommendations which were quite feasible when first stggested. Thus, earlier writers have laid considerable stress upon the value of clean culture of vineyards and the gathering up of all trash and »leaves in and bordering upon them as a means of greatly reducing the number of overwintering “ hoppers.” Unfortunately, however, this cleaning-up process is impracticable over large areas, and it not infrequently happens that adjacent rough lands which furnish winter protection outside the vineyards are not under the control of the owner of the vineyard. Furthermore, the practice of grow- ing winter cover crops of clover, vetch, turnips, etc., in vineyards, a practice highly desirable both from the standpoint of increasing the fertility of the soil and preventing soil wash during the winter months, has become quite general throughout Erie County (see Pl. I, figs. 1 and 2). There is no doubt that cover crops tend to hold more of the hoppers in the vineyards than where clean culture is practiced. Yet many vineyardists are convinced that the ultimate advantage to the vine is so much in favor of the cover crop that they prefer to continue this practice, if possible, and look for some other 8 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. means of controlling the grape leafhopper, and are turning their at- tention toward a summer spray treatment as a means of control. The active movements of the overwintering adult “hoppers” when feeding upon the new growth of vines in the early spring and the fact that they are somewhat protected by the wings (which, when the insect is at rest, form a rooflike covering over the softer parts of their body) (fig. 1), greatly lessen the efficiency of a contact spray, first, because of their rapid movements, and, second, because, even if hit by the spray, they are not destroyed unless it is of so great a strength that it would injure the tender new growth of the vine. Another device for the destruction of these overwintering adults has been the use of shields smeared with some sticky substance. This method, however, is quite laborious, and is practicable only for small .areas, and in the opinion of the writer is necessary only when the overwintering insects are very numerous and hkely to work great injury to the new growth. In view of the difficulty to be encountered in overcoming the over- wintering adults, and confident that this pest can be controlled by a spray treatment applied during the nymphal stage, the experimental work of the bureau was confined entirely to a spray treatment against the nymphs. These experiments were undertaken in portions of vineyards which had suffered from attacks of this pest for several years and in which it was becoming more destructive each year, and although the over- wintering adults were quite numerous and their injury to the new shoots was much in evidence, no attempt was made to check them in any way. SPRAY APPLICATIONS AGAINST THE NYMPHS. From the middle of June, when the nymphs first commenced to appear, a close watch was kept on their development, the object being to determine approximately the date at which the maximum number of nymphs would be present upon the foliage before those earliest to hatch had developed wings and before serious injury to the foliage (evidenced by a yellow mottling of those leaves most heavily infested by the nymphs) had become apparent. During the summer of 1910 this date was about July 12. At this time a small number of the nymphs earliest to hatch had entered upon their last molt (fig. 3), and the number present upon the leaves in earlier stages of develop- ment was very large, indicating that about the maximum number of nymphs was now present upon the foliage. The first spray application was made July 12, the substance used being blackleaf tobacco extract, a dark, almost viscid liquid contain- ing 2% per cent nicotine. | Since no data were at hand to indicate the minimum strength at which the solution would kill the nymphs it was necessary to spray aS» Bul. 97, Part |, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE I. Fic. 1.—COVER CROP OF VETCH IN VINEYARD OF Mr. JOHN HIGGINS, NORTH EAST, PA. (ORIGINAL.) Fig. 2.—CoverR Crop OF TURNIPS IN VINEYARD OF MoTTIER BRos., NORTH EAST, PA. VINEYARD BADLY INFESTED BY GRAPE LEAFHOPPER, WHICH WAS EFFEC- TIVELY TREATED WITH BLACKLEAF TOBACCO-EXTRACT SPRAY. (ORIGINAL.) eth Ae : Onde Bae a oe 4 WB hee Sa Lives Mamiya aT, rs SPRAYING AGAINST THE GRAPE LEAFHOPPER. 9 a few vines with different dilutions. Accordingly several vines were sprayed with the following dilutions: Tare 1.—Dilutions of blackleaf tobacco extract as used in experiments against the grape leafhopper. — Bist | ham ae ING ber of Strength of dilution. Results. * | vines 103) Aside ealloOni tO. oseallons watelee= <= .\5-22cee-s- a7 Jes | All nymphs hit by spray were killed. 2 Aq eoalion! toul00jpallons waters s< 2:5. -s--25~.-- sec | Do. 3 4 1 gallon to 125 gallons water...................-- Do. 4 4)\i-eallon tom50 gallons water... 2.22. 19 4 46 || 39..... 2 10 SS Weoeeree 27 30 33 Green 21 4 44 || 40....- 2 10 | ied WHEL eee 25 28 | 33 I ee 21 2 42) || Als... 2 11 4) I) Ga Peee 21 28 37 Lt eS 22 5 44 || 42._... 2 20 48) )11) O65. 5 16 25 39 LORS eS 22 5 44 || 43..... 4 10 ory || Mey@aeoe 16 26 40 iE 2 23 5 43 || 44..... 4 12 35) iRG8see20 18 30 42 rR ae 25 6 AD!) 45.25. 4 13 39 || Daeeee 25 4 40 |} 46..... 4 13 39 Aer apens ae sesere aoe 39. 54 ps ae 27 5 Se eee bee 4 14 40 |) Maxammam a. ses oe | 54.00 bee 27 6 AQ) |48o ae 4 7 43 || libatboeqliednaes soe eee | 32.00 From some 300 larve put in vials for individual records in Febru- _ary, 1910, 118 completed pupation and produced adults. Records of these are given in Table II. As will be seen, the pupal period was shorter for the spring brood in 1910 than was the case in 1909. In 1910 the minimum was 21 days, with a maximum of 46, averaging 30.86 days for all individuals under observation, as against an average of 39.54 days in 1909. 16 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLe II.—Dates of pupation, duration of pupal period, and dates of emergence of moths of spring brood from overwintering larvex, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. Date of— n 00 Vo eee ee Der vidual No Pupa- | Emer- tion. gence 1 eae Mar. 12 | Apr. 17 Ase =e 12 17 Oe 12 16 ears it 13 18 pean 13 18 Gee. 13 17 (See 14 14 Sieaee 14 16 ares 14 17 LO 15 17 eS 15 17 1 be 15 14 iB ye ee 16 18 LA 16 18 me see 16 16 GES aa 16 20 Ie Soae 17 16 Lb ees 17 21 19uece 17 15 DF eae 17 17 21k ae 17 | May 2 Dose ae 17 | Apr. 21 Doon eis 17 20 DAoC 17 16 Doane 18 18 2625 se 18 18 74 eran 18 19 28.55 ve 18 16 248) are 19 20 303622 19 18 oi a 19 16 O2h ae 19 22 Boece 19 17 bf odes 19 iy Spwesoe 19 24 36 19 16 BVieeeee 19 16 Bias ae 20 22 Bit eee 20 21 AOS Se: 20 24 i eS 20 21 Date of— Pupa- | Emer- tion. gence. Mar. 20 | Apr. 18 20 22 20 30 20 20 20 20 20 24 21 | May 1 21 | Apr. 18 21 22 21 23 21 24 21 24 21 21 21 24 21 20 21 20 21 21 21 23 21 22 21 18 22 22 22 22 22 24 22 22 22 24 22 26 22 23 22 28 22 18 22 21 22 20 22 22 22 22 22 23 22 22 22 20 24 23 24 26 24 27 24 26 Date of— Indi- vidual Supe No. Pupa- | Emer- geste tion. gence, Days 822505. Mar. 25 | Apr. 27 33 (o 8 aeiaee 26 26 31 ce ee 26 28 33 8bseee- 27 30 34 8625.-2 28 30 33 Si sae 28 30 33 S8hasce 28 | May 3 36 89 28 40 90.322 29 2 34 OIC see 30 | Apr. 30 31 92 ieee 31] May 4 34 932-5 31 9 39 94: 555 31 12 42 Ob: eee 31 3 33 Ceres Apr. 1 6 35 OT ctee 2 | Apr.24 22 98. b<2- 2 27 25 100... 2 30 28 101... 2 28 26 102. 2) May 3 31 1O3eeee 2) Apr. 26 24 104. 2| May 3 31 105322 1 6 32 106. - 5 9 34 107. 6 | Apr. 30 24 108. 8 | May 6 28 109. 8 29 110. 8 il 33 111. 8! Apr. 29 21 112. 9 30 21 113. 9 | May 14 35 114. 9 10 31 Ine 9 6 27 UGES 9 | 6 27 ililene 10 5 25 TUSSe S| 10 7 27 AVCLASG on aea eee 30. 86 Maximum. paces 46. 00 Minimum......... 21.00 Table IIT gives records for 31 larvee which pupated in vials out of doors at San Jose, Cal., in the spring of 1909. TaB_E IIl.—Dates of pupation, duration of pupal period, and dates of emergence of moths of spring brood from overwintering larve, San Jose, Cal., 1909. Date of— No. ; Pupa- | Emer- | tion. gence. Date of— Pupa- | Emer- tion. gence. ee Feb. 20 | Apr. 17 Jae Mar. 5 26 Shaeee 29 | May 3 AS ooh Jt Apr. 9 il isaeae Mar. 23 3 Cheers 15 3 peace 26 3 Shcced 27 3 Outre 9 | Apr. 26 TOe eer 4 26 sult aes Apr. 1| May 1 Date of— || Indi- |. vidual rue =i! No. Pupa- | Emer- |P : tion gence Days D5 ee Mar. 9] Apr. 28 50 PAs 24 28 35 BE 24 28 35 QBs 29 28 30 TORS 2 Apr. 1| May 3 32 30a Ene 12 4 22 our 12 17 35 ASVGNS EE les = eee er 40. 61 Maximum: 5. .5:2-.- 56. 00 Wovovireayobo Ss eee. 22. 00 THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. VG SPRING BROOD OF MOTHS. It is probable that the first adult appeared in 1909 about March 23. On this date an apparently freshly shed pupal skin was found, and another was found in the field on March 27. Bartlett pears were at this time just aboutin full bloom. ‘The first moths were seen in the field onAprill7. During spraying operations in a pear orchard three active moths were seen in the trees in the early forenoon. Others were seen on April 19, and on May 5 several were observed among trees in the corner of the orchard near the packing shed. The first moth appeared at the laboratory on April 9 from the lot of pupz collected in the field March 11 to 22. These pupz were kept in glass jars out of doors, but some were injured, and only three moths emerged, namely, on April 9, 13, and 14. The individual records show moths emerging from April 17 to May 30 (detailed in Tables I, IT, and III). This material was kept in jars out of doors in the shade. On May 6, 1909, several bands which had been on trees over winter were removed, and these, as also the trunks of the trees, exam- ined closely. Thirty-six shed pupal skins were found, but no larvee or pupe, indicating that most of the moths had emerged by this time. In the spring of 1910 moths emerged in numbers somewhat earlier than in 1909. Individuals were seen in the orchard April 9, during spraying, although no moths emerged at the laboratory until April 14. At Suisun, Cal., April 5, while examining the trunks of trees for the presence of larvee and pupx, many apparently freshly shed pupal skins were found on the bark. The next day, April 6, at Courtland, Sacramento County, Cal., shed pupal skins were even more apparent in comparison with the number of larvee and pupe found on the trees. At this time in the two last-mentioned places the petals had been off the trees for some days, and it is generally conceded that these sections are a week or ten days earlier than in the vicinity of Walnut Creek. Table IV shows the emergence of moths from overwintering larve at Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909-10. Taste 1V.—EHmergence of moths from overwintering larve, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909 and 1910. Number of | | Number of Number of || | Number of moths | moths moths | | moths Date. | emerging— Date. | emerging— || Date. emerging— | Date. | emerging— | a ra a } = a Ae << a 1909 | 1910 | 1909 | 1910 || 1909 | 1910 | 1909 | 1910 | | ae asa 0 pape ebs|) Ole 26 il May oe.) Ma! oll May oo] 2! 0 15.. 0 | 1 | Tie 1 | 3 OIE a5 2 || He Salty MD 0 16.. 0 9 | 28. . 0 | 3 Oe 3 1 || Pi acall Male 0 Whee 0 9 | 20 0) 1 Tn aee 2 1 | oye. 0) 0 18... 0 10 Bes! 0 | 8 | ie it 1 | Pil eell Ie a0). 0 195: 0 ty Wey eles 2 | 0 || 1328 2 0 ones 2 | 0 20... 2 9 Diag 3 | 3 || 1a: 1 1 26 3 | 0 Bhes 1 7 ae 1 | 4 15... 0 0) 21a. 1) vale 0 225. 1 11 | Are 4 | ith 1622 0 0 || Ogee 2 | 0 Dales 0 5 5.. 4 | 1 || ca 4 | 0 || 29. . 2 | 0 24 1 9 6.- 6 | 5 || 18... 0 0 || 50 2 0 Ore a0 0 Wee 5 3° 19.. 1 0 | 31. | 0 0 i} | | | | | | } 18 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Table V gives the emergence of moths from a quantity of overwin- tering material kept at San Jose, Cal. The emergence record is shown graphically in figure 6. Taste V.—Emergence of moths of the spring brood, San Jose, Cal., 1909, from over- wintering larvex collected on banded apple trees. Date of emer- Shee Date of emer- ae Date of emer- ve Date of emer- ee pence. moths. Beeee. moths. fetes moths. SELES: moths. i? z, | MAE [Qilaceaeoee Dial elev aceite a= SOM PMaye ol 0ssecses Aa wos velo pecs == 24 Zen aa ase 1 eo Se 36 1) eee 11 || ee ee 22 SU eee 9 Micratectuiete 34 pee ese 20 1 ee eee | 24 May ee eee 36 NE is ae 23 See ters 10 || peas: 34 ee 20 ae ae 14 || Total....| 426 Binvcmcn ae 25 | | THE FIRST GENERATION. FIRST-BROOD EGGS. Time of oviposition.—No eggs were laid in breeding cages in 1909 until May 7, but numerous eggs were found in the or hie d on May 5, 26 272830|/ 234 5 E€7EI9 MW IZIZMISIEIT/IE APHRIL ATA Y Fic. 6.—Weekly emergence of codling moths from overwintered material at San Jose, Cal., 1909. (Original.} 18 of which were collected, mostly showing black heads of larve. These were carried to the laboratory and kept out of doors, the first hatching May 7; 14 more had. hatched by May 15; the others failed to hatch. On May 11 eggs were numerous on the fruit and foliage in the field, and 8 recently hatched larvee were found on two trees near the packing shed. As the average period of incubation was about 21 days at this time, the approximate date for first oviposition in the field would be April 15. Since practically all moths in the field had emerged by May 6, it is not probable that any eggs were deposited in the field after May 15. The last eggs were fared in cages at the laboratory on May 12. Although many moths emerged after this date in the glass jars, very few were alive at any one time. Conicenenuene rau the time of emergence of moths, eggs were deposited earlier in 1910 than was the case in 1909. On ASI 25 at THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. 19 Walnut Creek, three eggs were found on foliage in the field, and on May 2 eggs were numerous throughout the valley. At Suisun, Cal., larvee were hatching April 29, and on May 3 young larve were quite numerous in some of the warmer sections of Suisun Valley, indicating that eggs were deposited in numbers some two to three weeks before, that is, from the 12th to the 20th of April. Incubation period.—One noticeable difference between the life his- tory of the codling moth in California and in the country east of the Rocky Mountainsis the increased length of time required for incubation of the first-brood eggs. As a rule there is considerable cool weather, especially at night, during the months of April and May. This was especially noticeable in the vicinity of Walnut Creek in 1909. The time required for incubation varied from 17 to 22 days, averaging 20.05 days for the individuals under observation. The individual record for 56 eggs, deposited from May 8 to 11, are given in Table VI. In the spring of 1910 the period of incubation was not observed individually for many eggs, but all indications were that the incuba- tion period varied from a minimum of 15 days to a maximum of over 30 days, with the majority requiring about 25 days. TaBLE Vi.—Life cycle of the first generation, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909. Date of— Days for— Individ- ual No. | Egg dep- Pies || oben! Me Emer- Feed- |Making : Total osition Hatch leaving ee gence of segs ing of | of co- Fupal life (night). 8. fruit. , moths. ‘| larva. | coon. | } “| eycle | Ue Suge gas WENA tei |My eo deo Sallnees seco) bos semeeee A Re eared sean aan beaepraal yee acces De eee 8 | ZOU ees 2 See Sse ca sem Sik ate oe PA eee ste Sal Sell cats oe SA eee estate es 8 AS eee eS Ol aR ane Meme eens 2 (in| roars c dl etertes slice semen | soe amend Bee Osekic 8 | DS yemcvee es oe te ciasia sees cmrenrle cians 20 Nias tina | Soeseec eens ce oelee eens eee ee 8 | Sal heeaee eerie smeared eel set acme DONS Seed | eee ee eel ee ee Gia 8 | 28 | June 24) July 1] July 24 20 27 7 23 77 f(s eee 8 28 | 7 eee See E eee 20 | 0} hascee 8 Beate see ae Peers Qabioers 8 28 | 29 4 25 20 | 32 5 21 78 ee ene 8 29 29 5 23 21 31 6 18 76 LOB esses 8 Dh Pett se eyes Sete eee Ses a5 8 Oil eas ene ta Sete teens eter teeters 71 NORE Pct one Cae ee eee mnea Gas ae 8 28 CEN Oe RA Se eT See 20 Dip Noche ise ars| hes coat ere eio ee Na) Nees Sea 8 30 | 2A PUNE) SOc eeasees 22 25 Gall :S 354222 | see oe 1 (PS OETA § 30 23 30) eee eases 22 24 Wal Peee roe aaeS ze see ISS See ae 8 | Z it oan a eee 8 20 ot 2 bc 8 rl CA 8 vA eee 9 pe ee eee 9 DE cla oe 9 hae he 9 7 eS Re 9 7a oie eee 9 7. ee Ie 9 Oe es. Be hae 9 BU Aveo sae 9 sy A Sees § 9 CP ee eer 9 BO oe ais aie 9 Cr Beas 9 Bob Sah ee 9 6h See 9 20) DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Taste VI.—Life cycle of the first generation, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909—Continued. | Date of— Days for— | Individ- enh ual No. | TEfon | Hateh- | raving | Pups | gence of [Me™ | ing of | of eo | PAL | “ine (night). ing: fruit. Gon moths bation. larva. | coon, | Period. cycle. Dibessecee May 9] May 30] July 1] July 6) July 25 21 32 5 | 77 Saar ies? | 9 30 2 6 25 21 33 + 7 SOR et 9 30 QO fase Wee etek os 21 30) leo 224 =e 3 | See AQ ener te Ch See (SESE eee |e eee MRE Rees CRM eel pert alles Aarne oocac cu lec occu 1 eee 9 OU Ele trsr= ee a ers oe va | mete attra 3 PA le Ren Saeraeel ee reacties ==. AD ane Se | 9 30 2b) eei:tsinie sea| nieeepee cles 21 2G eo orm < Sel| sore oe | roe BS i AR A ee | 9 OE eek SR ei cl es eee eek Ahn eae sal hes canes || ete ee oeeee AA 8 9 29 7H fl Seon eS 19 20 VALS |e eA ee eI Ds 88 fc Cie eee 9 29 DAS 2S se eeele se ceteen 20 268 Rae cme ae eeeesdlibosonkese AG eee | 9 30 71 3ke Bee Lee Rae 21 20) |e ees oeedtee aloes Ae PS | 9 BOW o.ceecedl Sanneeeace| eee sees cee Pa eel | wee |cceee cae | Seeeee AS finn aah | 9 30 Ve Eeecieeserel leer mrs 21 SOM ese eo eie 3.3 2 seca | Peace ci ae ere | 9 BO ee ere as wee eS MERE le eekoreicieass D1! | ie [ere ete 2 [eed ee See SO eae | 9 30 TID (ekeaee ts tae eaecs eee 21 ADEE 9.2 |. Pic st ea eee File Seer | 9 BO! | Serres eee yes [oes 22-202: ple Dee 2 1 ee ae eee ets Sos pean dr 9 50 sso ceroee | peeen oes es aneeeicse 2s DA ess 3 2|| ee ee SRE oe aoe ecss Oder maeictel 9 30 | June 28 6 22 21 29 8 | 16 74 Ey enone 10 29) Weis oes eee os Se cle tee isacoee UY Spee Oe oc Cene Reeesse-s nce sae- iy ee Se tah } 10 29 3O)s| zee Cee oe hee 19 6771 CG ORE So Sete SS aoboc DOS tenes | 10 27 30 6 | 20 17 34 6 | 14 71 SUMMARY. Days for— Observations : ; : ,. | Feeding | Making « Tae: | oft cot | noe : larva. | cocoon. | P : Sia INST OTA Clas he ptr Seatac eR Oey oe name 20. 05 29. 97 6. 85 17. 58 74. 25 IN Ep Gb Wad Set ce mrenelan ih eon tea Ret Se ASS Sat Seis 22. 00 42. 00 11. 00 23. 00 78. 00 NTiMUMTMS sce is Sao nee ee eases ee eee 17. 00 24. 00 4. 00 14. 00 71. 00 TFIRST-BROOD LARVA. Time of hatching.—The first larvee under observation in 1909 hatched May 7 from eggs brought in from the field. On May 11, 8 recently hatched larves were found in the orchard. On this same date, May 11, 1910, young larve were quite numerous in the field. At Suisun, Cal., in 1910, the first larva was found April 29, and recently hatched larve were quite numerous by May 38. Very young larve were found continuously until the 1st of June. Larve at laboratory hatched May 26 to 30, and it is very likely that all first-brood eggs in the field had hatched and all larvee were in fruit by this time. Development of larve in fruit—Of the larve hatching under observation in 1909, only 29 reached full development in the fruit, requiring from 25 to 42 days. The individual records are given in Table VI. The first larva to leave the fruit in the field was not observed, but on June 5 three newly formed pupx and 20 full-grown larvee were found under bands on 21 pear trees, and 4 pupe and 28 THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. 21 full-grown larve were found under bands on 10 apple trees. The time from leaving fruit to pupation for this brood, averaging 74 days, would indicate that the first full-grown larve left fruit in late May. Band records and data obtained by bringing in quantities of wormy fruit picked from trees in May showed a maximum number of first- brood larve leaving fruit June 14 to 26. However, later-maturing larvee of this brood left fruit as late as July 21. In the summer of 1910 many full-grown larve had left the fruit prior to the Ist of June. At Walnut Creek cn June 1, 4 pupe and 248 larve were taken from the bands on 11 apple trees, and at Suisun on June 3, 10 pupz and 45 larvee were taken from bands on 15 pear trees. Larval life in cocoon.—The time spent from leaving fruit to pupating varied from 3 to 23 days, with an average of 71 days. These records were made from 165 larve which left fruit from June 7 to July 21 and kept in large shell vials out-of-doors. The records for 110 individuals will be seen in Table VII. All larvee were put in vials with bits of paper and cloth, and the vials turned upside down on a glass plate for a few days. The larve usually ‘‘cocooned”’ within 24 hours after leaving the fruit and the records show the normal time. After the cocoon had been made the vials were placed open end up and covered with cheesecloth. FIRST-BROOD PUPA. Time of pupation.—The first pupze were found in the field June 5, 1909, when a total of 7 were taken with 49 larve under bands from 21 pear and 10 apple trees. In 1910 pupe were found June 1 and were plentiful in the vicinity of Suisun and Walnut Creek by June 5. At the laboratory the first larva pupated June 12, which had left fruit on June 7. The maximum number of pupe from material collected under bands and larve leaving fruit at the laboratory occurred from June 20 to 30. Length of pupal period.—Records kept out-of-doors for 165 indi- viduals gave a minimum of 10 days and a maximum of 27 days with an average of 164 days for the time spent in the pupal stage. The records for 110 individuals will be found in Table VII. The total time from leaving fruit to the emergence of adults varied from 20 to 47 days, averaging 25.69 days for the individuals under observation. 71419°—Bull. 97—-12——3 yee) DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Tasie VII.—Length of time as larva in cocoon, length of pupal stage, and total time spent from leaving fruit to emergence of adult, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909. Date of— Days fer— | Individual No. ‘ Larva Pupa- Emer- | Making | Pupal Total leaving Han gence of nticocnorllmadciod period in the fruit. >| “moth: P * | cocoon. wise ae sei July 11 Ree ont wl eee 34 June i4 4 6 20 26 17 6 8 19 27 20 8 11 18 29 14 4 4 20 24 14 6 3 22 25 aL eemaeas 29) | oS | Se eee 47 22 11 11 19 30 22 11 12 19 31 15 7 5 22 27 19 5 9 16 25 20 it 10 17 27 17 5 7 18 25 24 17 13 23 36 23 10 12 17 29 20 8 9 18 27 ee, a aot 205| i pee eee [ec acl 39 21 8 10 17 27 20 6 8 16 24 20 8 8 18 26 23 8 11 15 26 20 7 8 17 25 15 4 3 19 22 23 8 11 15 26 date atria QF ness dose | eee 38 20 7 8 17 25 21 7 9 16 25 20 i 8 17 25 21 11 9 20 29 19 6 i 17 24 16 7 4 21 2a 22 ei 10 15 25 19 5 7 16 23 20 6 8 16 24 20 6 8 16 24 21 8 9 17 26 19 5 7 16 23 21 7 9 16 25 20 6 8 16 24 18 5 6 17 23 20 6 8 16 24 20 7 8 17 25 21 7 i) 16 25 20 7 8 17 25 16 4 5 18 23 July 4 19 23 15 38 June 19 5 8 16 24 21 11 10 20 30 20 7 9 17 26 20 6 9 16 25 20 6 9 16 25 21 li 10 16 26 23 11 9 18 27 22 11 8 19 27 24 11 10 17 27 24 11 10 17 27 24 11 10 17 27 23 11 8 18 26 26 19 11 23 34 24 il 9 17 26 24 11 9 17 26 24 10 9 16 25 23 10 of 17 24 24 12 8 18 26 24 12 7 18 25 26 23 8 27 35 27 13 7 16 23 24 12 4 18 22 30 20 10 20 30 28 16 8 18 26 24 16 4 22 26, 23 10 3 17 20 23 11 3 18 21 24 10 4 16 20 24 12 4 18 22 28 11 8 13 21 26 Bl 6 15 21 23 11 6 18 24 THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. 23 Taste VII.—Length of time as larva in cocoon, length of Dig stage, and total time spent from leaving fruit to emergence of adult, Walnut Creek, Cal.—Continued. Date of— Days for— Individual No. | | Larva | pupa- | ~™er. | Making | Pupal |_Jotal leaving saan gence of abeacons eciod period in the fruit. Teh moth. aie * | cocoon. June 18 | June 24 | July 13 6 19 | 25 19 24 11 5 17 | 22 19 27 13 8 16 | 24 19 24 10 bi) 16 21 19 24 10 5 16 21 19 29 13 10 14 24 21 29 13 8 14 22 21 29 13 8 14 22 21 30 15 9 | 15 24 21 28 13 7 15 22 21 29 13 8 14 22 21 29 20 8 21 29 21 28 13 7 115 25 21 29 16 8 17 25 21 29 12 8 13 21 21 29 12 8 | 13 21 24 29 29 5 30 35 24 30 21 6 21 27 24 30 21 6 21 27 24 29 20 5 21 26 24 30 16 6 16 22 24 | July 1 16 7 15 22 24 2 18 8 16 24 24 2 16 8 14 22 24 2 16 8 14 22 24 2 20 8 18 26 26 3 20 ra 17 24 26 1 16 5 15 20 26 1 16 5 15 20 26 2 21 6 19 25 26 4 21 8 17 25 26 2 22 6 20 26 Total period from leaving of fruit by larva to emergence of moth: Days. CUE IEA LS Cea eet ate ee ee te Shs see Selo oc Sonciow Sins esiet cites ne Sai wememeeiseScassesesb ces 25. 69 WES OTIC os FSS COST EG SE ue SORIA Co HO Oe EE I a Ee PSE es et ae ete res ee 47.00 PVUTURTTIELRIEA ee ete eee OE a tee eee Seem Re oe nin aie eiaicinto cieieis woe Seis ore Mestre nee wigs ciate 20. 006 SUMMARY. Length of Length of Length of Length of time larve| No.of || time larvee} No.of || time larve|] No.of || time larve| No. of and pups indi- and pups indi- and pups indi- and pups indi- remain in | viduals. || remain in | viduals. || remainin | viduals. || remain in | viduals. cocoon. cocoon. cocoon. cocoon. Days Days. Days Days. 20 2 20 21 3 3 36 1 21 9 26 16 31 1 38 2 22 13 27 12 34 2 39 1 23 5 29 4 35 2 47 1 24 15 1 FIRST-BROOD MOTHS. Moths began to emerge June 17 from larvee and pupee collected under bands June 5, reaching a maximum emergence some two weeks later, July 4 to 15. Eggs were plentiful on fruit and foliage of unsprayed trees July 7, indicating that many moths were out pre- vious to that time. The first moths from larve maturing in wormy fruit brought into the laboratory emerged June 22, but comparatively few emerged from this time until early July. June 28 to 30 many recently shed pupal skins were found under some old burlap bands and in cracks and crevices of bark on unsprayed trees. 94 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. LIFE CYCLE OF THE FIRST GENERATION. From the earliest appearing eggs in spring, about April 15, to the first appearing moths, June 17, gives some 63 days as the approxi- mate length of the life cycle of the first generation. The laboratory records for individuals kept in breeding cages give a life cycle of 71 to 78 days. This, however, is based on only 12 individuals, which completed the cycle, and are recorded in Table VI. Careful obser- vation indicates the length of time of the first generation to be from 60 to 70 days. THE SECOND GENERATION. SECOND-BROOD EGGS. Time of oviposition—A number of moths which emerged at the Jaboratory in late June and early July were put in rearing cages con- taining small branches of fruit and leaves and also fruit juices and sugar for food. The first eggs were deposited July 3. Some of the moths died before depositing eggs. On June 28, 1909, while looking after spraying operations in the field, frequent searches were made in the unsprayed block, but no eggs were found. During another search on July 7 among these trees many eggs were found and 5 larvee just hatched, none of which had entered fruit, were found dur- ing the forenoon. Eggs were being deposited in large numbers in -rearing cages July 8 to 10. Incubation period.—The time required for incubation was less than half that required for the first-brood eggs. In cages this varied from 71 to 94 days, and averaged 8} days. The weather at this time was usually warm throughout the day with comparatively cool nights. In Table VIII are recorded incubation periods for several groups of eggs deposited between July 3 and 29. It will be noticed that eggs deposited July 10, 11, 26, and 28 required shorter time for incubation than others. Both of these periods were followed by 3 to 4 days of very warm weather. Taste VIII.—Ineubation periods of second-brood eggs, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909. | | | Yate of— Date of— pee | Period | ee | ; Fetige Observa- | Number | + of in- serva- | Number of in- é | ~ | gg dep-| Hatch- : é ~ | Egg dep-| Hatch- | ~ tion No. | of eggs. eran ing of cube: | tion No. of eggs. | Gsition ing of cube | (night). | eggs. on’ (night)..| eggss, aces a ~—- | — — ~ a= | Days. | Days. AS ASHES aoe 3) | duly: 3) only; 12 8 45 | July 15 | July 24 8 De ic aS | 4 6 16 9 35 16 2 8 3 OOO a | 4 ue 16 8 || 20 17 26 8 yee mae 10 | 7 16 8 || 12 20 29 8 Ben a ees 15 8 17 8 || 70 24 | Aug. 2 8 Oz seas 19 10 18 7 75 26 3 7 (ese 15 11 19 7 60 28 5 a Sacre. 14 12 22 9 40 29 6 8 Qe ee ap arsesis 11 13 23 9 9] Aug. 1 12 10 Incubation period: Days. ASVELASC «.. 22.2 oom a os cjhn cise sels aes ee eae lool aie wie Seta = ate ale > alee fe aii ap IS ae et aa 8.05 Maximum.) 2. 2:-..-- BE Spon se DEES SCOR DpOSbE Daman A= dese ar Se Separecoteaseeb eck aeriesscces 10. 00 a itsybcrlbies Wee Oe ps 2 oer earinanoUDb Ole ere Mob Inco PEGE Ce USSR PE ORe RD JOfOm2CeDsTSs 7.00 THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. 25 SECOND-BROOD LARV#. Time of hatching.—July 12 was the date of first hatching of larvee at the laboratory. These were from eggs deposited the night of July 3. As several adults had emerged and died previous to this date, it was not the actual beginning of the egg-laying period. Second-brood larvee were hatching in numbers July 18 to 20. On July 7 careful search in the field showed 5 very young larve. From July 10 to 12 second-brood larve were plentiful; from July 15 to 18 they were numerous, and by this time their work was showing a great deal on the unsprayed trees. Occasionally 3 and 4 entrance holes were found in a single pear. Development of larvee.in relation to fruit.—The first picking of pears in the orchard where the spraying experiment was carried out in 1909 began July 15 and lasted 5 days. During this time young larvee were hatching and entering the fruit in numbers in the unsprayed block, so that even the earliest first picking of fruit did not wholly escape the second-brood larve. In 1910 many second-brood larvee were in the fruit before the first picking. The second and third pick- ings, coming later, are worse injured. The third or last picking receives practically the full force of the second-brood larve. In many orchards this picking will run 70 per cent wormy. The third picking of pears on the unsprayed block in 1909 showed an average of 75 per cent wormy, while in 1910 practically all of the pears left on the trees in the check blocks were wormy. Lnfe of larvee in fruit.—The period covered by the life of the larve in the fruit was not positively determined for a very large number of second-brood larve. The harvesting of the fruit takes a large per- centage of the larve to the packing shed before they reach full development. At the laboratory several hundred individual records were started, but the quick rotting of some of the fruit during a short absence destroyed part of the records. The first larve left the fruit August 6, 1909, at the laboratory, but in the field comparatively few larve as a rule reach their full development before the fruit is all harvested, which is about the middle of August. In the summer of 1910 the first full-grown larvee of the second brood were found at Suisun July 26, and at Walnut Creek on August 1. At this time practically all pears around Suisun and about two-thirds of the crop in the vicinity of Walnut Creek had been harvested. Records for 63 individuals which went through in sound or nearly sourd fruit out-of-doors at the laboratory in 1909 are given in Table IX. As may be seen, this gives about 26 days for the period of the larvee in the fruit. 26 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TABLE 1X.— Feeding periods of second-brood larve in pears, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909. Date of— | F Date of— , Date of— Indi- __| Period Indi-| Period || di- Period vid- vid- vid- al | ; of feed- “Fil ; of feed- ive of feed- No,| Hatch- | Leaving | ing. No. | Hatch- | Leaving | ing. No, | Hatch- | Leaving | ing. 5 ing. the fruit. ; ing. the fruit. ¥ ing. the fruit. | Days. Days. Days. 1...| July 12} Aug. 18 37 || 22...) July 25 | Aug. 26 32 || 43...) Aug. 2] Aug. 20 18 2a... 12 14 33 || 23a. . 26 20 25 || 44... 2 20 18 3 12 19 38 || 24.. 26 | 20 25 || 45. . 2 22 20 4a 16 13 28 || 25.. 26 | 23 28 || 46. - 2 27 25 5a 16 21 36 || 26... 26 22 27 || 47... 2 29 27 6a 16 14 29 || 27.- 26 20 25. || 48... 2 26 24 7a 16 16 3l || 28. . 26 21 26 || 49.. 2 26 24 8a 16 21 36 || 29... 28 18 21 | 50. - 2 29 27 9a 24 19 26 || 30.. 28 21 24 || 51. 3 27 24 10. 24 | 20 PALM eke 29 25 Piao 3 21 18 lla 24 19 26 || 32... 29 21 23 || o3.. 3 29 26 12 24 21 2Ralltaaee 29 28 30 || 54... 3 31 28 13 24 27 34 || 34.. 29 22 24 || 55.. 3 26 23 14 24 21 28 || 35.. 29 19 21 || 56.. 3 27 24 15 24 | 28 30 || 36.. 29 23 ZOAl poder 4 25 21 16 25 | 18 24 || 37... 29 24 26 || 58. - 4 28 24 17a 25 | 20 26 || 38. - 29 | Sept. 8 41 | 50. - 4 31 27 18 25 18 24 |! 39.- 29 | Aug. 12 14 || 60.. 6 | Sept. 1 26 19 25 | 26 32 || 40.. 29 | 13 15. |) 61-2 6 | Aug. 29 23 20 25 21 27 || 41. Aug. 2 26 24 || 62 6 31 25 21 25 27 33 | 42 2 24 22 | 63... 6 31 25 I | a Pupated and moth emerged in September Feeding period: Days. Average ... 26 Maximum. : Wibietveshpuseep ee Boer Soe oe RRS ees ae See eee ove Siajera ad Misie Srcce TS tee SEG ee oe Overwintering larve.—The first larve not pupating but going into winter cocoons in 1909 were taken from bands July 17. Of 78 larvee taken on this date, 38 pupated and adults emerged, 28 died, and 20 went through the winter as larve. Of 196 larve and pupe collected under bands on June 28, 1910, 5 did not pupate but wintered as larvee in cocoons. After this date the percentage of overwintering larve increased. However, some adults emerged as late as September 18. With the development of the second brood there was a marked increase in the number of overwintering larve. Of some 95 to 100 larvee developing in fruit out-of-doors at the laboratory, only 9 pupated. These were Nos. 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 17, and 23 in Table IX. Adults emerged 17 to 36 days after leaving fruit. This would give some 6 to 7 weeks for the life of the individuals of the second genera- tion. REVIEW OF LIFE HISTORY FOR THE YEARS 1909 AND 1910. There are practically two full broods of larve each year in the inte- rior counties of California. It is not easy to distinguish definitely | between the two generations by field observations alone, and to know just when all the first-brood larve are in the fruit, although there is a period of some weeks each summer during which very few eggs are laid. Taking into consideration the difference in time required for development of eggs and larvee, and the fact that the pears are picked before very many of the second-brood larvee leave the fruit, it is diffi- cult to determine the division of generations by band records. Some growers report that young larve are hatching and entering fruit THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA, 27 almost continuously from April to August, inclusive, and do not recognize the broods at all. However, it is well to know when these broods appear, and what is meant by the term ‘‘brood.”’ The overwintering larve pupate in spring; the moths emerging from these in late og, sf fe) xP ese lea TP April and during May . oe ue BBs 2a Rae deposi Sezes whieh seein Ett rE eT eS hatch into the first- 70 JEP Sr ies saa eer ese ae Te od Se eee ees Eee Orns: PSMmanenve ene erp aS TP hele brood as, usuallycom= (2a [ately | tal tele | eg PRIA 5b BSS sees eee paratively small and 50 the injury not severe. Some growers are in- 35 clined to overlook the importance of this brood, and many fail «~ to notice any worms until the second brood begins to show just prior to first picking. Fic. 7.—Codling-moth larvz collected from banded pear trees at Walnut The second is by far Creek, Cal., 1909. (Original. ) the more destructive of the two broods, both by reason of its numbers and because of the stage of the fruit when it appears. The first-brood worms reach their development usually during the months of May and June, pupate, and adults emerge and begin depositing eggs some one or two weeks before the first picking of pears commences. Growers can tell very well when the first of the second-brood worms will begin to appear by the use UjpP ease eee aA eae ee Pe al Esl he ES PN PP eee Bape ey ele eee af tot |e PASS aE Rese aes Nees q AG Reha Se 29| § /2 19 3 1017 2AM 7 142/ 28\5 1219 26\2 9 1 23 GUNE SUL) AUG. SEAT, | OCT 220 of burlap bands put pee ep eclenaeer ra ee eter |: | Fhe ee - ee we Sena mem on ant ERS Ae eee 4 Anes Examine these once a week and when the first larvee are caught 0 nage under them they may 60 aaa nen eC CEVA EN FETT] be put into glass jars 1? ee oS A alms eA oer or rags and 6 Soe ee ee ee kept under normal Fic. 8.—Codling-moth larvze collected from banded apple treesat Out- of-doors condi- Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909. (Original.) tions When the first moths appear it will then be some two weeks before eggs are hatching. 20 or tumblers with bits oO BAND RECORDS. Some idea of the development of the first-brood larvee and the time of leaving fruit may be gained from Tables X and XI, which are the band records at Walnut Creek for 1909.. (See also figs. 7 and 8, which show this data in diagrammatic form. ) 28 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TasLe X.—Band records from 21 Bartlett pear trees, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909. Date of collection. Number of larvee and pupze collected. Date of collection. Number of larvee and pup collected. Date of collection. Number of larvee and pupze collected. Date of collection. Number ore and pup collected. A Am RS Ears July 1 o------ AVG. paola ap Ameo Har fall ee 16 2330 7/4 2/ 28\F // IP LONI OS eae YONET\ACGLYG ° CLF AMS Fic. 9.—Weekly emergence of codling moths from material collected from banded apple and pear trees at Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909. (Original. ) TasBLe XI.—Band records from 10 apple trees, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909. Date of collection. Jumey 5. 4225. 2 Tully “See Number of larvee and pups collected. y July 17 8 || 24 Date of collection. Aug. Number of larvee and pupe collected. Date of collection. Biewwees Number || of larve | Date of and pup || collection. collected. } 60) Oct 0-22... 65 || -43 Total. . 2 3 | 6 || All larvee and of adults. Number of larvee and pupee collected. 5 1,371 pup collected in making the two band records in 1909 were put together each week and kept in jars for the emergence (See also fig. 9.) The maximum emergence came July 8 to 14. records are given in Table XII. The THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. 29 TaBLE XII.—Emergence of moths from material collected under bands on pear and apple trees, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909. Number Date of Number || Date of Number || Date of Number Date of | of moths. emergence. | of moths. | emergence. | of moths. || emergence. | of moths. emergence. | 7 /42/ 28| S /2 19 26 GUNE SULLY Fic. 10.—Band records from 11 apple trees at Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. (Original. ) TasLeE XIII.—Band records from 15 Bartlett pear trees, Suisun, Cal., 1910. Number Number | Number | Number Date of of larve Date of | of larvee | Date of of larvee | Date of | of larvee collection. |and pupz| collection. |and pup |) collection. |and pupz|| collection. and pup collected. | collected. collected. | collected. June: 3.222 Ob) ys eee oe 84 || Ajo eee one OG PATE 2m sees 38 1Ore a5 DSUs, pe, SO See oe 37 | 1) Ste Bee 50 | = We aepice 68 I eee | AS i leAttrerrm bios iseee 68 | Total. . 618 Bae eo: 84 | | | Table XIV, showing the band record from 11 apple trees at Walnut Creek in 1910, is illustrated diagrammatically in figure 10; and Table XIU, showing band records taken from 15 Bartlett pear trees at Suisun, Cal., in 1910, is illustrated in figure 11. 30 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TasLeE XIV.—Bamnd records from 11 apple trees, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. Number | Number Number Number Date of | oflarve Date of of larvee Date of of larvee Date of of larvee collection. |and pup} collection. |and pup || collection. |and pup /| collection. |and pupze | collected. | collected. | | collected. collected. anes. 252 || Tune 28...... 196 || July 26...... 80 || Aug.23...... 88 eee 200) | dually; e5no0. a2 1O5iq\| Ass, 2 See! 93 — 1 ae ie 394 || a Dee ee 125 || i at fet 120 Total. . 1,991 7) ee ee 185 a Bees 71 | AG ees 82 | | It will be seen (fig. 10) that the maximum number of larve and pupx Fig. 11.—Band records from 15 Bartlett pear trees at Suisun, Cal., 1910. (Original. ) was collected on June 14, 1910, as against June 26, 1909 (figs. 7 and 8), showing that the greatest number of larve and pup was present nearly two weeks earlier in 1910 than in 1909. Tables XV _ and XVI show emergence of moths from ma- terial collected un- der bands at Walnut Creek and Suisun in the summer of 1910. Both tables are illustrated diagrammatically in figures 12 and 13. TABLE XV.—Weekly record of emergence of moths from material collected under bands on 11 apple trees, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. Date of | of moths | Date ot | Hinges || Date ot | Sitmoths || _Dateot | ormoths emergence. | emerged. | emergence. | om, erged. emergence. | emerged. emergence. | emerged. June 22 2222. | |paly: 20 ee 651i Aug 10es e. 36 || Aug. 31....-- 50 74S ae ESE | 175 PAIRS HSS 84 iy (oe 36))|| Sept. a ecee 15 aot Onn nee 133i) PAU eee 30 PES 76 a eye 4 1s ey ee 228 TasLe XVI.— Weekly record of emergence of moths from material collected under bands on 15 Bartlett pear trees, Suisun, Cal., 1910. Date of Number Date of Number | Date of Number DriaGi Number of moths of moths | of moths of moths emergence. | emerged emergence. | emerged. | @™ergence. | emerged. | emergence. | emerged |e : | - | : a 2 | 2 | June 19. Taliaiilye 10522. (EON ail Silo 54) al Aue Sol eee 14 26Ssneee 13 1 ee eenae 26) || Ate aiesee 9 28 occie's 2 DULY e scenes 25 pe Ee 18 | 1 paar | 6 || Sept. 4...... 2 There is a noticeable difference in the dates of development of the first-brood larve and the emergence of moths from this brood in the THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. interior counties and in the coast counties. dl The tables giving the band records and emergence of moths for Walnut Creek and on sections show the maximum emergence of moths to be about three weeks earlier than the maximum emergence at San Jose. Extended field observations covering the seasons of 1909-10 confirm these Many first-brood larve were hatching and entering fruit in early July in Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and Monterey and in Mendocino and Humboldt Counties along the coast, while all laboratory records. this brood was in the fruit by the ist of June in the adjoining interior counties. Table XVII, giving the band record, and Table XVIII, giving the record of the emergence of moths, show the conditions for Santa Clara County. The band record was made in an unsprayed apple orchard. The data 240 JARS eS Sees eee Ss co fed en i ieee RRR eeee Peel AL | Fig. 12.—Weekly emergence of moths from material collected under bands on 11 apple trees at Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. (Original.) iven in the respective tables are shown diagrammatically in figures p 5 y $ 14 and 15. TaBLeE XVII.—Band records from apple trees, San Jose, Cal., 1909. Number | Number | Number Number { larvee of larve | of larvee of larvee Date of o Date of Date of : Date of : : and pu- ae and pu- | 4 and pu- mae and pu- collection. pe col- collection. pe col- || collection. pe col- collection. pe ¢ol- lected. lected. || lected. lected. JUNG A 2 1,602 |} Aug. 2 zi 647 |) Septl13fs2--2 634 || Oct. 25.. 1 Pee aes 2,276 | sees 365 || 203822 649) ||| Novis, Pes. 25: 8 Jive ose 946 || 162s. 227 | Diem 271 Sian 3 122- 1,565 | Eee e 645 Octs 4252 = 135 |} — 1 Seer 1,804 | Cee ee 880 hiss 92 Total 14,759 2GEc2. 52 1,041 | Sept. 6.2... - 951 Pee sae 18 Taste XVIII.—Emergence of moths from banded apple trees, San Jose, Cal., 1909. | Date of Number | Date of Number || Date of | Number Date of Number emergence. | of moths. || emergence. | of moths. || emergence. | of moths. emergence. | of moths. Subs 222 Bon||) Ap. AOE. coe), 884 || Sept. 6.-....| 40) ||Sept.27.....- 8 Ieee 2 346 beer a | 694 eeu 46 a Shee ae 731 Zope 441 20ers 133 Total - - 4,320 INVER ica ae 777 Sonn | 165 | | 32 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. NATURAL ENEMIES. PARASITES. At frequent intervals throughout the summer quantities of wormy fruit were brought =. into the laboratory ‘< from different orchards es throughout Contra ay Costa County and kept 2 in jars in shaded SF places out of doors, but not a single hy- menopterous or dip- Vale VAN HERE : terous parasite was | ARE] PS 10, Veg 24 F/ 7. 14 2 "| Selon. SEPT F reared from all the Fia. 13.—Weekly emergence of moths from material collected under WOrms in this fruit. bands on 15 pear trees, at Suisun Cal., 1910. (Original. ) Neither was there anv ok J } a J / reared from the material taken under bands on pear and apple trees. PREDACEOUS ENEMIES. Occasionally a carabid larva was found under the bands eating the larve, and late in the season a number of tenebrionid beetles, some of which were compared to beetles determined by Mr. EK. A. Schwarz, of the Bureau of Entomology, as Lulabis rufipes Esch. and found to eel se Pea f] LS TS /S2 TSR oa] 2221725] 5 a a a a INSTT Tea SS ea SET Pa sea] sa) SNP Pe Be sin Wasa eeaRe eae Pani Gise ee eeaaeseeer aes HEHE EEEEEEEEEEE EEE EE ReSRNEReS ZNSE paleaesles ck ke ole TUSSI STEMS 1s eon cs a eo Ned SSS TEST SES TPS NE y SeeRSCSeeeesunes—So>o see Pot ae eet ala 2/ 28) S 12 1926)\2 9 6 2330 © 13 20297 I 18 25\/ & 15 22 Line IF Eee S|" ba | NOE Fic. 14.—Band records of the codling moth from apple trees at San Jose, Cal., 1909. (Original.) be the same, were found under bands with partly eaten larve, but in no case were these beetles found actually eating the larvee. THE CONTROL OF THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. There are some necessary differences in the treatment of pear and apple orchards for the control of the codling moth. The calyx lobes THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA, 33 in normal pears do not close up so quickly as in the case of the apple. The blooming period of pears in California is usually very much longer, sometimes lasting from three to five weeks from the first to last appearing blossoms. There is also a ‘“‘second crop” of fruit which is somewhat later than the other and longer stemmed. It is noticeable that the calyx lobes on this second-crop fruit close up tightly very quickly after the shedding of the petals. As a large percentage of the first-brood worms enters the fruit through the calyx, it is necessary to have poison in the calyx cups before they are closed. Thefirst larve begin to hatch some three to five weeks after the blooming periodisover. At least one and preferably two tt thorough sprayings should be given before this period of hatching of the larve. Opportunity was offered during the season of 1909 to test the value of two and three treatments on pears and in 1910 a larger set of experiments, to determine the number of applications 2612 9 /6 23 30\6 /3 20 27 most efficient and the value SULY AUG. SEPT. of each as compared with Fig. 15.—Weekly emergence of codling moths from larve no treatment at all, was collected from banded apple trees at San Jose, Cal., 1909. ; Original.) carried out. Theresultsof — ‘ these and certain other observations are given in the following pages. EFFECT OF SPRAYS ON PLACES OF ENTRANCE INTO PEARS BY LARVA. Records were kept throughout both seasons for the entrance holes of all the larve in the fruit of 10 trees in each block used in the spraying experiments. It is interesting to note the places of entrance in the fruit by the larve, the effect of the different applications on the comparative percentages of worms entering at the calyx and at the side and stem, and where the greater number of larve was killed. These data are given in Tables XIX to XXXIII, inclusive. (Tables XIX to XXI are the records from the 1909 experiments at Concord, Cal.; Tables XXIT to XXIX, the records from the 1910 experiments at Walnut Creek, Cal.; and Tables XXX to XX XIII the records from the experi- ments at Suisun, Cal., in 1910.) Only the worms entering at the calyx cavity proper are recorded as calyx worms; all larve entering the fruit through side, base, and around the stem are recorded under the heading of side and stem. 34 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TasLeE XIX.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side and stem. Plat I, sprayed three times, Concord, Cal., 1909. Worms pe wiseetien | W ae pael das from total amber ore Percentage of— Tree No. En- | En- Worms Worms Num- Fe tered | Num- a tered Were entered oe entered ber of at at Se ber of Bi at ae Worms. at at ae at at side worms. an worms an an : and calyx. stem. calyx stem calyx. stem calyx stem. Nera te Severe 23 8 15 39 15 24 62 23 39 37.10 62. 90 A OY Se Fars 5 2, 3 34 8 26 39 10 29 25. 64 74. 36 Oo ae 8 5 3 24 if 17 32 12 20) 37.50 62.50 Wee a Ace 14 6 8 43 6 37 57 12 Apna e05 78.95 yee Meg Bee A 4 1 3 20 6 14 24 ft 17 | 29.16 70. 84 (Ga ee 19 i 12 21 9 12 40 16 24 40. 00 60. 00 PRR IP i 3 8 22 8 14 33 iil 22 ||) Base. 66. 67 Ge See omnes 8 z 6 17 il 6 25 13 12} 52.00 48. 00 Be See 19 6 13 19 6 13 38 iby 26 | 31.57 68. 43 IS aoneees 15 5 10 14 3 11 29 8 | 21 27.58 72.42 Total, trees | | | aK) eee 126 45 81 | 253 79 174 379 124 | 255 32.72 | 67.28 TABLE XX.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side and stem. Plat IT, unsprayed, Concord, Cal., 1909. Worms peincellen Worms bask mas from otal neanber ok Percentage of— Tree No. En- En- Worms Worms Num- aoe tered | Num- ee tered Neus entered] 5 TER ae entered ber of at at side ber of at at sige Worms. i at side aE at se worms.| an worms. an an an calyX. | stem. calyx. | stem calyx. | stem. | C@lYX- | stem 1 Leer een a ear 311 231 80 833 635 198 | 1,144 866 278 | 75.69 24.31 Doe erie ee 327 244 83 551 418 133 878 662 216 75. 40 24. 61 5 ae ct Aen 248 200 48 425 318 107 673 518 155 76. 96 23. 00 Beye os cicick 213 172 41 350 238 112 563 410 153 72. 82 27.14 eee Ae ees 262 200 62 459 335 124 721 535 186 | 74.20 25. 88 Gare see 230 180 50 560 402 158 790 582 208 | 73.67 26. 30 Uae aon ese 201 172 29 596 444 152 797 616 181 77.29 22.73 is SOA eee 242 194 48 395 258 137 637 452 185 70.95 29.01 Oe eeyse ee 242 163 79 460 292 168 | 702 455 | 247 64. 81 35.15 NOs see 295 236 59 408 287 121 703 523 180 74.39 25. 69 Total, trees : | L109 sess 2,571 1,992 579 5, 037 3, 627 1,410 7,608 5,619 | 1,989 73.86 26.14 TaBLE XXI1.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx and at side and stem. Plat III, sprayed twice, Concord, Cal., 1909. Worms in windfallen Worms in fruit from Total number of— Percentage of— fruit. trees. | | En- En- Worms Worms Tree No. | Num- | oe tered | Num- pee tered Woe entered pete entered ber of Ge at side | ber of at at side | Worms. ae at side at at side wei aig: | oud | OES aire eee calyx. | 2D | calyx. | ail ape wree: Be Ae 43 19 24 140 92 48 183 111 72 60. 66 39.34 PS ee ee Se 62 36 | 26 175 103 72 237 139 98 |} 58.65 41. 35 She Bs oe 21 11 10 95 49 46 116 60 56 51.72 48. 28 genet aS 50 29 21 145 96 49 195 125 70} 64.10 35. 90 De aha ome 62 36 26 209 152 57 271 188 83 69. 37 30. 63 (Ree St 54 27 27 130 93 37 184 120 64 65. 21 34.79 TS ASe ame 22 11 M1 95 77 18 117 88 29 75.21 24.79 Si ncinnteie 35 23 12 111 71 40 146 94 52 64. 38 35. 62 Se 37 21 16 105 72 33 142 93 49 65. 42 34. 58 OS .22 72 sed 31 19 12 109 72 37 140 91 49 65. 00 35.00 Movil, trees 1- ORs 252 417 232 185 1,314 877 437 Lovo 1,109 622 63. 97 36. 03 THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. 35 TaBLE XXII.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx and at side and stem. Plat I, sprayed three times, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. Tree No. pitcumis nelalien Wore ia au whe Total number of— Percentage of— En- En- Worms} y,, Worms Num Fe tered | Num- ea tered rou entered oe entered ber of a: at side | ber of a at side |Worms. at side ai at side meee ire | gee EE eaty | etl calyx. | 80 | calys. | and | 1 0 1 9 0 9 10 0 10 0.00 | 100.00 3 0 3 7 0 7 10 0 10 -00 | 100.00 1 0 i) 5 1 4 6 1 5 16. 67 83. 33 2 0 2 4 0 4 6 0 6 .00 | 100. 00 3 0 3 6 0 6 9 0 9 . 00 100. 00 2 0 2 7 0 7 9 0 9 -00 | 100.00 8 1 iL 21 1 20 29 2 27 6.90 | 93.10 6 1 5 19 1 18 25 2 23 8. 00 92.00 2 0 Wy 15 1 14 17 1 16 5.88 |} 94.12 1 0 1 4 1 3 5 1 4} 20.00} 80.00 | 29 2 27 97 5 92 126 7 119 5.56 | 94. 44 TasLeE XXIII.—Comparison of number of worms entering fruit at calyx, and at side and stem. Plat II, sprayed April 9 and May 2, being first and second spraying as given Plat I, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. ‘Worms in windfallen Worms in fruit from frit. oneal Total number of— Percentage of— En- En- Worms Worms Tree No. | num- ee tered | Num- ae tered es entered Mowe entered ber of at at side | ber of a at ave Worms. Ae at site | cane at side worms and | worms. an z an e and calyx stem. calyx stem calyx. stem. calyx. stem. lee Sees 2 2 0 32 2, 30 34 4 30 | 11.76 88. 24 I Stee ro 2 1 1 56 2 54 58 3 55 yeiley 94.83 3) See 2 1 1 21 0 21 23 1 22 4,35 95. 65 Beas Sta 2 0 2 37 0 37 39 0 39 .00 | 100.C0 Dees = 6 n2 4 41 4 37 47 6 AN a Tia 87. 23 (petereres Es 2 2 0 43 6 37 45 3 Sly Aedes 82.22 i hee 6 1 5 41 1 40 47 Y 45 4,26 95.74 a8 eee 4 2 2 60 2 58 64 4 60 6.25 93.75 Oe ease 2 0 ey 75 1 74 77 1 76 1.30 98. 70 1S Sa ae 2 0 2 36 3 33 38 3 35 7.90 92.10 oval. trees 1- 10 pees 30 il 19 442 21 421 472 32 440 6.79 93. 21 TaBLE XXIV.—Comparison of number of worms entering fruit at calyx and at side and stem. Plat III, sprayed April 9 and July 4, being first and third applications as given Plat I, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. pyerens Heap acters gee eats ae Total number of— Percentage of— En- En- Worms Worms Num- Poses tered | Num- ees tered pee entered roms entered ber of ae at side | ber of ak at side }Worms. ath at side at at side worms and | worms and and and calyx stem. calyx stem. calyx stem calyx. stem 14 5 9 45 14 31 59 19 40 By APAL 67.7 11 3 8 38 6 32 49 9 40 18. 37 81. 63 10 1 9 23 3 20 33 4 29 12.12 87.88 9 4 5 24 1 23 33 5 28 15.15 84. 85 17 7 10 66 11 55 83 18 65 21.69 78. 31 9 4 5 20 3 17 29 7 22 24.14 75. 86 19 9 10 53 1l 42 72 20 52 27.78 T2522 9 3 6 15 4 11 24 a 17 29.18 70. 82 11 4 if 16 3 13 27 7 20 25. 93 74. 07 22 15 7h 75 28 47 97 43 54 44. 33 55. 67 131 55 76 375 84 291 506 139 367 27.47 72. 53 3 6 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TABLE XXV.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side and stem. Plat IV, sprayed May 2 and July 4, being second and third applications as given Plat I, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. Worms unewindiellce weeny foots from Total number of— Percentage of— r 7 “5 En- es En- 7 Worms Worms Tree No. | Num- ue q | tered | Num- ie q | tered pie entered AA tee entered ber of Ae at side| ber of ii at alte Worms. Bis at ale at at side worms 2 and | worms S an aes an s and calyx. | stem. calyx. | stem, calyx. | stem. | C@1YX: | stem. 1s eee 21 10 11 80 37 43 101 47 54 | 46.54 53. 46 2 eaten cee 39 32 7 78 40 38 117 72 45 61.54 38. 46 Ae ences 49 39 10 87 31 56 136 70 66 | 51.47 48. 53 Bee 35 26 9 89 38 51 124 64 60 | 51.61 48. 39 De jarrecciee 15 10 5 21 13 8 36 23 13 | 63.89 36. 11 Gore IS eres 24 20 4 88 37 51 112 57 55 | 50.89 49.11 (ers sacs 26 17 9 82 27 55 108 44 64 | 40.74 59. 26 See eee 14 8 6 52 26 26 66 34 32 | 51.52 48. 48 Ses eee 11 9 2 66 32 34 77 41 36 | 53.25 46.75 LOR eee 13 6 | Uf 32 18 14 45 | 24 21 | 53.33) 46.67 Toteane | | | trees 1- | Wiseeoce 247 177 70 675 299 376 922| 476 446 | 51.63 | 48.37 TaBLE XXVI.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side and stem. Creek, Cal., 1910. Plat V, sprayed July 4, being third application as given Plat I, Walnut Worms in windialicn Wornsiay a from Motalenmmbeno ie Percentage of — TreeNo. | wum-| EM; | tered |Num-| 28; | tered Worms entered | WOms| ontored ber of at at alae ber of ah at ae Worms. at at side mG at pide worms. an worms ¥ an ss an an calyx. | stem. calyx. | stem. calyx. | stem. | C@lYX- | stem. Lee SESE 78 74 4 89 68 21 167 142 25 85. 03 14.97 Dts See oe 132 120 12 112 83 29 244 203 41 83. 20 16. 80 Se noses 80 74 6 59 44 15 139 118 21 84. 89 15: 11 Be rans arse 84 76 8 56 48 8 140 124 16 | 88.57 11. 43 Lie) gate ee 116 104 12 116 102 14 232 206 26 | 88.79 ileal Gorn eas eee 108 96 12 94 84 10 202 180 22 | 89.11 10. 89 ie cooaeesoe 218 197 21 198 162 36 416 359 57 86. 30 13.70 Shot ase 82 75 U 83 73 10 165 148 17 | 89.69 10. 31 een eeleerie 83 74 9 89 71 18 172 145 27 84. 30 15.70 LOE Re 41 37 4 58 41 if 99 | 7 Pat 78.79 21.21 MOG alt trees 1- 10 ee 1,022 927 95 954 776 178) 1,976.4 “L, 703 273 | 86.18 13. 82 TaBLE XXVII.—Comparison of number of and stem. Plat VI, unsprayed check, worms entering pears at calyx, and at side Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. Worms in windfallen Worms in fruit from 3 fruit. oe. Total number of— Percentage of— En- En- | - Worms Worms Tree No. | Num- ene tered | Num- eee tered ome entered ae entered ber of oat at side | ber of ae at sigs Worms.|"" 5, | at ae mii at Bite worms. and |worms. 7 anc s an 7 an calyX. | stom. calyx. | stom. calyx. | stem. | C@Y*- | stem. 1S Se eee 192 181 ll 153 146 7 345 327 18 | 94.78 5. 22 Pee coe 119 106 13 91 77 14 210 183 27 | 87.14 12.86 See ee 181 165 16 134 131 3 315 296 19 93. 97 6.03 0 ROE en 139 123 16 119 112 7 258 235 23 | 91.08 8. 92 Diskeyoure see 95 86 9 84 78 6 179 164 15 | 91.60 8. 40 6355. 25ee 119 106 13 52 47 5 171 153 18 89. 48 10. 52 Misiones 58 54 a 95 79 16 153 133 20 | 86.93 13. 07 Sie ce aosee 105 89 16 97 91 6 202 180 22 | 89.10 10. 90 NE oem et ec, 119 104 15 134 130 4 253 234 19 | 92.50 7.50 WOkeos ee 118 105 13 75 70 5 193 175 18 | 90. 67 9.33 TON, aly trees 1- LOS eee 1,245 | 1,119 126 | 1,034 961 73 | 2,279} 2,080 199 | 91.27 8.73 THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. ol TasBLE XX VIII.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side and stem. Plat VII, sprayed April 9, being first application as given Plat I, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. Worms in windfallen | Worms in fruit from fruit. Goes Total number of Percentage of En- | En- Worms Worms Tree No. | Num-| En- | tered | Num-| En- | tered ba entered eer entered ber of tered at at side | ber of tered at) at side |Worms. at at side mi at side worms.| calyx. | and | worms.| calyx. | and alvae and aie and stem. stem. calyX- | stem. YX. | stem. i= See one 15 7 8 26 8 18 41 15 26 36. 59 63. 41 eRe 2 ee 6 2 4 32 8 24 38 10 28 26. 33 73. 67 oe tae, se 10 5 5 88 15 73 98 20 78 | 20.41 79. 59 “1 eee ae 21 9 12 54 8 46 75 17 58 | 22.67 77.33 a Sea ae | 7 2 By 52 10 42 59 12 47 20. 34 79. 66 Oeee ne aoe | 9 4 5 116 15 101 125 19 106 15. 20 84. 80 cctmeeges 27 8 19 75 49 26 102 57 45 55. 88 44.12 Baeaics pss 20 11 9 42 vi 35 62 18 44 29.19 70. 81 Oreste a oh 6 1 5 45 9 36 51 10 41 19. 61 80.39 OL Se sere 5 34 Z 37 11 26 42 14 28 33.33 66. 67 Total, | | trees 1- 10 eee ead | 126 52 74 567 140 427 693 192 501 21.41 72.29 TasBLE X XI X.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side and stem. Plat VIII, sprayed May 2, being second application as given Plat I, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. ; [ae 5 A Worms udilter! Worms He from Total number of— Percentage of— Al En- En- - Worms} x, Worms Tree No. Num-| En- tered | Num-| En- tered on entered Mees entered ber of |tered at} at side} ber of |tered at) at side | Worms. a at side}“" a at side worms.| calyx. | and |worms.| calyx. | and ealeae and & ie and stem. stem AVES stems |) eo stent 1 La a et teat 1 elie) reece eo 19 4 15 20 5 15 25.00 75. 00 hee 8 opto S 31 22 9 70 32 38 101 54 47 48.65 51.35 Sa eee ee 10 8 2 42 12 30 52 20 32 | 38.46 61. 54 Cl aes 29 24 5 116 53 63 145 77 68 | 53.10 46.90 ee ect Soe 21 15 6 29 10 19 50 25 25 50. 00 50. 00 ORES eee: 82 50 32 119 43 76 201 93 108 46. 27 53.73 USS eee 20 11 9 53 24 29 73 35 38 | 47.95 52.05 ire p eke eee 19 13 6 39 16 23 58 29 29 50. 00 50. 00 Denes eames | 28 20 8 64 25 39 92 45 47 | 48.91 51.09 TORS ee: | 19 10 9 46 20 26 65 30 35 46.15 53.85 Total, trees 1—- LOE he 260 174 86 597 239 358 857 413 444 | 48.19 51.81 TaBLE X XX.—Comparison of number of worms entering fruit at calyx, and at side and stem. Plat I, sprayed three times, Suisun, Cal., 1910. | Worms PT | Worms te fe from Total number of-— | Percentage of — En- | En- Worms | Worms Tree No. | Num-| En- | tered | Num-| En- | tered eos entered Worms entered ber of |tered at} at side | ber of |tered at) at side | Worms. 3} at side |“ vas at side worms.| calyx. | and |worms.| calyx.| and Pulte and ee 2 and stem. stem. YX: | stem YX. | stem heey. ae | 19 9 10 36 7 29 55 16 39 | 29.09 70.91 7k, dae 8 4 4 15 4 11 23 8 15} 34.78 65. 22 Se Aa | 6 2 4 11 4 7f 17 6 11 35. 29 64.71 le | 6 1 5 16 if 15 22 2 20 9.09 90. 91 Dee bee eaes 14 7 rd 12 3 9 26 10 16} 38.46 61. 54 Gsectateees 12 5 i/ 9 0 9 21 5 16} 23.81 | 76.19 {een ae 22 8 14 37 8 29 59 16 43) 27.12), 72088 Bhan as 30 10 20 39 14 25 69 24 45 | 34.7. 65. 22 Os S| 13 4 9 30 7 23 43 11 32 25. 58 74. 42 103538 29 16 13 59 16 43 88 32 56 | 36.36 63. 64 Total, trees 1- LOE St 159 66 93 264 64 200 423 130 293 30573)|) \69s27 71419°—Bull. 97—12——4 38 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLE XX XI.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side and stem. Plat IT, sprayed May 5 and June 16, being second and third applications as given Plat I, Suisun, Cal., 1910. Wowus aD ee BY biaeion se ae Total number of—_| Percentage of— En- En- Worms Worms Tree No. | Nyum-| En- | tered | Num-| En- | tered ee entered ome entered ber of |tered at) at side | ber of |tered at) at side |\Worms.|~* mit at side Bi &C! at side worms.) calyx. | and | worms.) calyx and alec and cal and stem. stem. YX: | stem. | C@Y*- | stem i PY eee oe 57 40 17 56 34 22 113 74 39 65. 49 34, 51 7 AE fe N 95 66 29 123 82 41 218 148 70 | 67.89 67.89 Se Ae eee att 72 55 17 130 84 46 202 139 63 68. 81 31.19 AS Baty ee 51 42 9 52 31 21 103 73 30 70. 87 29.13 Demteee tats 77 60 17 107 75 32 184 135 49 73.37 26. 63 (RR eer ese 149 114 35 149 92 57 298 206 92 69.13 69. 87 Therm Peete 74 47 27 76 50 26 150 | 97 53 64. 67 35. 33 fon aitestefeee te eee! 114 83 31 140 101 39 254 184 70 72.44 27. 56 OR hep eceaye 34 27 7 67 37 30 101 64 37 63.37 36. 63 WOR AS ce 103 78 25 139 62 hil 242 140 102 57.85 42.15 Total, | trees 1- | } LOWSecs = 826 612 214 1,039 648 391 1, 865 1, 260 605 67. 56 | 32. 44 TABLE XX XII.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side and stem. Plat III, sprayed April 7 and June 17, being first and third applications as given Plat I, Suisun, Cal., 1910. Worms in windiallen Worms ne rot from Motaltannberots | Percentage of— 2 = En- En- Worms Worms Tree No. Num- En- tered | Num- En- tered eas entered pons entered ber of |tered at| at side | ber of |tered at| at side | Worms. a at side |“ a at side worms.| calyx. | and | worms.] calyx. | and pee and Lets and stem stem c stem 7 +i |g Sten des eer or 25 16 9 56 13 43 $1 29 52 35. 80 64. 20 Divas se aed 17 8 9 36 13 23 53 21 32 39. 63 60. 37 Be eee 44 27 17 45 18 27 89 45 44 50. 50 49. 50 Be Ae Re ae 13 Uf 6 26 8 18 | 39 15 24 38. 46 61. 54 aren a 18 9 9 34 7 Zin 52 16 36 30. 77 69. 23 Gi Aen 43 19 24 67 26 41 | 110 45 65 | 40.91 59. 09 ae 59 36 23 127 52 75 | 186 88 98 47.31 52. 69 a ee 44 19 25 91 41 50 135 60 75 44.44 55. 56 LE ees ae 41 24 17 52 15 37 93 39 54 | 41.94 58. 06 OAR Se wer 20 12 8 41 abe 24 61 29 32 | 47.54 52. 46 oxt asl trees 1- | OS eersee 324 177 147 575 210 365 | 899 387 512 43.05 56.95 TaBLE XX XIII.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side and stem. Plat IV, unsprayed check, Suisun, Cal., 1910. Worms a wintellen Worms its feuit from finysilaninapce gj Percentage of— En- En- = Worms J Worms Tree No. | Num-| En- | tered | Num-| En- | tered one entered Miers entered ber of |tered at} at side} ber of |tered at} at side |Worms. a at side ai ™ | at side worms.| calyx. | and | worms.| calyx. | and alte and ealven and stem stem. y stem alyX- | stem. ie eee 370 350 20 158 143 15 528 493 35 93. 37 6. 63 De fetetems Sey 199 188 11 118 112 6 317 300 17 94. 64 5. 36 3 420 398 25 136 123 13 556 521 35 93. 70 6.30 4 171 160 11 227 213 14 398 373 25 93. 72 6. 28 5 386 359 27 326 301 25 712 660 52 | 92.69 (bart 625 248 227 21 228 219 9 476 446 30 | 93.70 6. 30 hae 496 476 20 195 182 13 691 658 33 95, 22 4.78 8 193 179 14 107 100 7 300 279 PAI 93. 00 7. 00 9 533 503 30 255 234 21 788 737 51 93. 52 6. 48 481 464 17 404 367 37 885 831 54 93. 90 6.10 Toys 3, 497 3, 304 193 2,154 1,994 160 | 5,651 5, 296 355 93. 72 6. 28 THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. 39 To show more fully the results of the different sprayings as influenc- ing the places of entrance of the worms and showing where they are mostly killed Tables XXXIV, XXXV, and XXXVI have been pre- pared, which are in part summaries of the foregomg tables and of those which are to follow under the heading of ‘‘Commercial results from spraying.” In Table XXXIV, in the unsprayed portion, Plat VI, 85.702 per cent of the pears were wormy at the calyx, and 8.198 per cent were wormy at the side and stem, while in the demonstration block, Plat I, which received three sprayings only, 0.223 per cent of the pears were wormy at the calyx and 3.803 per cent at the side and stem. This indi- cates that the sprayings reduced the infestation at the calyx from 85.702 per cent to 0.223 per cent, a reduction to approximately one three-hundred-and-eighty-fourth of the original infestation. That is, the check plat showed 384 times more pears wormy at the calyx than was the case with Plat I. The infestation at the side and stem was reduced from 8.198 per cent on the check plat to 3.803 per cent for Plat I, a reduction of only a little over one-half of the original infes- tation. While the infestation at the calyx was reduced 384 times, the infestation at the side and stem was reduced only 2.4 times. Plat II, which received the two early sprayings for the first-brood worms, but no late spraying corresponding to the third treatment on Plat I, had 0.747 per cent of the pears wormy at the calyx, indicating a reduction to about one one-hundred-and-fourteenth of the original infestation, while the infestation at the side and stem was not reduced but apparently slightly increased, as this plat showed 9.943 per cent of the fruit wormy at the side and stem as against 8.198 per cent wormy at the side and stem in the unsprayed check plat. This phenomenon might be thought to indicate that there was some repellent action by the arsenate of lead in the calyx cavity to cause the worms to seek the uncoated surface of the pear. However, this is probably explained by the fact that on the unsprayed block such a large portion of the pears were injured by the first-brood worms and fell off the trees before the appearance of the second-brood worms, that, although the same proportion of worms of this second brood entered the side of the fruit in the check block as in the block receiy- ing the two early sprayings, there were not enough pears left on the trees in the check block to bring the average of the total crop of pears, wormy at the side, up to that of Plat II, where a much larger portion of the year’s crop had been kept on the trees by the early sprayings. This same condition holds true for the unsprayed check, Plat IV, in Table XXXV, recording experiments at Suisun in 1910. More than 60 per cent of the total crop of fruit from the check plat dropped from the trees, due almost entirely to the work of the first- brood worms. On the sprayed blocks only 13 to 22 per cent of the total crop of fruit dropped from the trees. 40 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. In Plat Il of Table XXXVI, recording the 1909 experiments at Concord, worms were not so prevalent, the fruit on the unsprayed plat being only 53.05 per cent wormy and only about 31 per cent of the fruit dropping from the trees. (See Table XX XVIII.) This plat shows a much higher percentage (13.869 per cent) of the pears wormy at the side and stem. Also, if we examine Plat V of Table XXXIV, recording the 1910 experiments at Walnut Creek, we find a higher percentage of pears wormy at the side and stem, namely, 11.699 per cent as against 8.198 per cent in the check block. Plat V received no treatment for the first-brood worms, but was sprayed once on July 4 just before the second-brood worms began to enter the fruit. The surface of the fruit was fairly well covered, yet the percentage of fruit wormy at the side and stem was greater than was that of the unsprayed block. In this case it will be seen (Tables XLIV and XLV) that there was more fruit on the trees at picking time in Plat V than on the trees of the check plat. Also there were correspondingly more windfalls from the trees in the check plat than from the trees in Plat V. All of the plats receiving the first spraying (soon after falling of petals) show a comparatively light infestation at the calyx, and those receiving the two early sprayings have very few pears wormy at the calyx. (See Plats I, II, III, and VII, Table XXXIV.) Those plats on which this first spraying was omitted have a greater percentage of pears wormy at calyx, although they received one thorough spraying just before the first-brood worms began to enter the fruit, which was some four weeks after the petals had fallen. (See Plats IV and VIII, Table XXXIV.) TaBLE XXXIV.—Degree of infestation and relative infestation at different places of entrance by codling-moth larve. Plats I to VIII, inclusive, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. | pee Le 5 : 4 AG Relative infestation at differ- Degree of infestation. ent places of entrance. (eect aac Total Percent ; number | Total per | _ | Percent- Plat. PeTInE. of wormy)| Total per vote Lee cent of eae Perens age of [OSI gectse Tse. || Camo | CVS pears te) © worms wormy vos wormy at of worms | worms entering } pears. wormy | side and (100 per entering at side | at calyx. ave. cent). | at calyx. Ariaistars Plat I, sprayed Apr. 9, May 2, July 14... 3, 126 126 4.03 0. 223 3. 803 126 5.56 94.44 Plat II, sprayed Apr. 9 and May 2........ 4,415 472 10. 69 - 747 9. 943 472 6.79 93.21 Plat III, sprayed Apr. 9and July 4... 2,477 506 20. 43 5.611 14. 816 506 27.47 72. 53 Plat IV,sprayed May PieNobAhil yy: Sete oan a 4, 096 922 22.51 11. 621 10. 888 922 51. 63 48. 37 Plat V, sprayed July , eee cs 2,248 | 1,976 87.90 76. 201 11. 699 1,976 86.18 13. 82 Plat VI, unsprayed checks 2S eee 2,427 2,279 93. 90 85. 702 8. 198 2,279 91.27 8.73 Plat VII, sprayed B20) ip! Ey eae 2, 128 | 693 32.57 9. 020 23.550 693 27.71 72. 29 Plat VIII, sprayed May’ 22 ohose5 a. 5535 2,811 857 30. 49 14. 695 15. 795 857 48.19 51.81 THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. 41 Taste XXXV.—Degree of infestation and relative infestation at different places of entrance by codling-moth larve. Plats I-IV, Suisun, Cal., 1910. . . Relative infestation at differ- Degree of infestation. ent places of entrance. Total Total : number Total per : | Percent- Plat. HIDE: of wormy| Total per apie com cent of A ae P ae age of om pears. | pears. | cent of pears ace worms pears = of worms| worms F wormy | worm wornty at (100 per | entering entering pears. | 4+ cal a side and ata aii pales at side yX- | stem. ns os | and stem. Plat I, sprayed Apr. 6, May 4, and June | (Ge Se Aco eae 7, 290 423 5.80 1.783 4. 019 423 30.73 | 69. 27 Plat II, sprayed May 5 and June 1625-222 6,538 1, 865 28. 52 19. 270 9, 250 1,865 67.56 32. 44 Plat Il], sprayed Apr.7and June 17. 6,381 899 14. 09 6. 065 8. 024 899 43.05 56. 95 Plat IV, unsprayed (Cite ees Arges os aoe 5, 941 5, 651 95. 12 89. 143 5.975 5, 651 93. 72 6. 28 Taste XXXVI.—Degree of infestation and relative infestation at different places of entrance by codling-moth larve. Plats I to ITI, inclusive, Concord, Cal., 1909. ore F Relative infestation at differ- Degree of infestation. ent places of entrance. Total is “Mon Total . Plat. number. sien Percent | Total | Percent- | E esi of pears. ciy een Per cent rer ceny of pears | number | ageof | 38° of Ee * Jof wormy tees wormy at} of worms) worms | Puan pears. | ot calyx side and | (100 per | entering aE ° stem. cent). | at calyx. Vedictoun Plat I, sprayed Apr. 17, May 10, and | INGO E 5 Se eee =e 13, 219 379 2. 86 0. 938 1.929 379 | 32.72 67.28 Plat II, unsprayed | | : Checks sees = 2 14, 290 7,581 53.05 39. 181 13. 869 7,581 73. 86 26. 14 Plat III, sprayed Apr. 18and June29.| = 13, 943 1,731 12. 415 7.954 4.461 1,731 | 63.97 | 36. 03 t For the best results in obtaining fruit free from worms, it is desir- able to spray three times, but if only two applications can be put on, the two early treatments give far better results than any other two sprayings. COMMERCIAL RESULTS FROM SPRAYING. Contra Costa County, 1909. The 15-acre Bartlett pear orchard belonging to Mr. George Whit- man and located in the central part of Ygnacio Valley, Contra Costa County (see Plate ITI), was used for this work in 1909. The trees are large and well cared for, comparing favorably with the average California pear orchard. The larger part of the orchard was included in Plat I as a demon- stration. Four rows across the middle of the orchard were left unsprayed for comparison. Plat III consisted of six rows across the north end of the orchard. 42 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. The -first spraying for Plats I and III was just after most of the petals had fallen from the trees, April 17 to 21. Calyx cups on some of the second-crop fruit were closing at this time. For this spraying the nozzles were held close to the fruit clusters in order to fill the calyx cavities as much as possible. Many counts showed from 80 to 85 per cent of all cups to have been filled. The second spraying on Plat I came about three weeks later, May 10 to 12, after the first moths were out and depositing eggs. This spraying was omitted on Plat III. The last spraying was for the second-brood worms and was applied June 28 to 30 on Plats I and III, just after the second- brood moths began to emerge in numbers. A gasoline power outfit was used for all sprayings. One man was stationed on a tower platform 8 feet above the tank to spray the tops of the trees while two men sprayed from the ground, supplied with bamboo rods 10 and 12 feet long with large nozzles with wide chambers throwing a mist which spread quickly after leaving the nozzle. A uniform pressure of 150 to 175 pounds was maintained, and arsenate of lead at the rate of 2 pounds to 50 gallons of water was used, re- quiring an average of 24 to 3 gallons of spray per tree for each appli- cation. The total expense of spraying, including the arsenate of lead at 124 cents per pound, four men to run the machine and do the spraying at $1.50 per day for each man, and two horses at $1 each per day, and gasoline and lubricating oil, etc., amounted to 63 cents per tree for three applications and 44 cents per tree for two applications. The records in Tables XX XVII, XXXVIII, and XXXIX give the comparison of the sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees in each plat for the season. The windfalls were gathered and graded once each week. Taste XXXVII.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 pear trees of Plat I, sprayed three times, in orchard of Mr. George Whitman, Concord, Cal., 1909. Number of windfallen Number of pears from | pears. frase Total number. 7 I Per cent Tree No. iz eae A : SS Peon | Total. | Wormy.| Sound. | Total. | Wormy.| Sound.| Total. | Wormy.| Sound. ILS So Serer 440 23 417 | 1,294 39 | 1,255] 1,734 62} 1,672 96. 42 8. ASSO IT OTS | 95 5 90 | 1,078 34 1,044 1,173 39 | 1,134 96.68 Oeste Se ioe 73 8 65 775 24 751 848 32 816 96. 23 Bae Een Sie eiae 171 14 157 1,548 43 1,505 ila) 57 1,662 96.68 Dee eee ees - 90 4 86 1,025 20 1,005 1,115 24 1,091 97.85 GiO2 ase fae | 368 19 349 846 21 825 1,214 40 | 1,174 96. 71 oes 2 to hee aracs 153 11 142 1, 164 22 1,142 1,317 33 1, 284 97.50 Be Rega coe 122 8 114 794 17 777 916 25 891 97.28 Queso ces 658 19 639 1,298 19 1,279 1, 956 38 1,918 98. 06 1023 Gute ee 246 15 231 981 14 967 1,227 29 1,198 97.64 Total, trees } | LO Rete | 2,416 126 2,290 | 10,803 253.) LOs550)) 135219 379 | 12,840 97.12 PLATE III. Bul. 97, Part Il, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. CTIYNISINO) “6061 “IVD ‘GYOONOD ‘HLOW GQYVHOYO YV3d NVWLIHM SHL JO M3IA TVHaNa5 ONIIGOD LSNIVOY SLNAWIYSdX9 ONIAVUdS NI NOILVYSdO NI AI3LNO ONIAVEdS YSMOd HLIM ‘ THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. 43 TasBLeE XXXVIII.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 pear trees from unsprayed check plat in pear orchard of Mr. George Whitman, Concord, Cal., 1909. | | Number of windfallen | Number of pears from Matalin ber pears. trees. _ Trae No | Per cent aes = ay a ee 7 ars | sound. Total. | Wormy.| Sound.) Total. Wormy.| Sound.| Total. Wormy.| Sound. | == = | als k | | Lice = 2 apie eee 610 | 311 299 1,358 833 525 1,968 1,144 824 41.87 De EE ag Lee 619 | 307 312 982 551 431 | 1,601 858 743 46. 41 Soi. aes a 456 | 248 208 929 425 504 | 1,385 673 712 51.40 zee eee 444 | 213 231 764 350 414 1, 208 563 645 53.39 NSS ol he ae 430 | 262 168 949 459 490 1,379 721 958 47.72 Oseotee oe 390 | 230 160 | 1,315 560 Tao) || 15,705 790 915 53.67 (eee ee eee 356 | 201 155 | 1,164 596 568 | 1,520 797 723 47.57 Seer 2: ee 351 242 109 678 395 283 | 1,029 637 392 | 38.08 Line ea ean 407 | 242 165 885 | 460 425 | 1,292 702 590 45.67 OSes See Se 416 288 128 787 408 379 1, 203 696 507 42.14 Total, trees | | PLO ere ars 5 4,479 | 2,544 | 1,935 | 9,811 5,037 | 4,774 | 14,290 7,581 | 6,709 46.95 TaBLeE XXXIX.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 pear trees in Plat III, sprayed twice, in orchard of Mr. George Whitman, Concord, Cal., 1909. i aires As eS Meee pers from | Motalanum ber. Pree No 7 - | Per cent aed | sound. Total. | Wormy.| Sound.| Total. | Wormy.| Sound.;| Total. | Wormy.| Sound. AR Rrte SPs cra 420 43 377 897 140 757 1,317 183 1,134 86.10 Ol ye ee 336 62 274 1,055 175 880 | 1,391 237 1,154 82. 96 apo anes eeeete 203 21 182 1,120 95 1,025 1,323 116 1,207 91.24 Remi ne so pey Se 418 50 368 867 145 722 1, 285 195 1,090 84. 82 ieee eStores bee 549 62 487 889 209 680 1,438 271 1,167 81.16 G8 ree Ss 431 54 377 875 130 745 1,306 184 1,122 85.91 thee ete Sees oe 281 22 259 | 653 95 558 934 117 817 87.47 (es See 374 35 339 | 1,150 111 1,039 1,524 146 1,378 80. 58 32 5 eee eee 467 37 430 | 1,171 105 1,066 1,638 142 1,496 91.33 LVS ais Ss ee 669 31 638 | 1,118 109 1,009 1, 787 140 1,647 | 92.17 Total, trees | | 1K ee 4,148 417 See 9,795 1,314 8,481 | 13,943 1,731 | 12,5212 87.59 | The fruit from the unsprayed plat was 53.05 per cent wormy. That of Plat III, sprayed twice, was 12.41 per cent wormy, showing a gain of 40.64 per cent for two sprayings, and Plat I had 2.87 per cent wormy pears with 97.12 per cent sound, realizing an increase of 50.18 per cent sound fruit over the unsprayed trees. PROFITS. The 10 trees in the unsprayed block, Plat II, Table XX XVIUI, gave a yield of 4,774 sound pears. Allowing 150 pears per box this would give 31.82 boxes of shipping fruit. The net price this year for pears shipped east was about 80 cents per box. Taking this as the price for all the sound pears shows a total of $25.45 returns from the 10 trees not sprayed. Counting all windfalls after July 3 and all the wormy fruit picked from the tree as fit for drying there were 7,939 such pears, or approximately 2,540 pounds, which would make 362 44 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. pounds of dried fruit.¢ Allowing 7 cents per pound for this, minus 14 cents for the cost of drying, gives $19.95, the possible returns for the fruit not shipped. This, with the amount received for the fruit shipped, gives a total of $45.50 returns for the 10 trees, or $4.55 per tree. Plat III, Table XXXIX, produced 8,481 sound pears, or 63.20 boxes, which at 80 cents per box gives a gross return of $50.56 for the fruit shipped. There were 4,159 wormy pears and windfalls for the dry ground, or 1,321 pounds of green fruit, giving 188.70 pounds of dried fruit, which, at the same price as the other, makes $10.37. This, added to the $50.56 for the fruit shipped east, gives $60.93 for the gross returns from the ten trees, or $6.09 per tree. Deducting from this 44 cents for the cost of spraying, leaves a net return of $6.04 per tree, or a net increase of $1.49 per tree for the two sprayings over the check block. Plat I, Table XX XVII, sprayed three times, gave 10,550 sound pears picked from the 10 trees, or 70.33 boxes. At 80 cents per box this gives $56.26 returns for the fruit shipped. There were 1,941 windfalls and wormy pears from the trees, or 621 pounds of green fruit, making 88.70 pounds of dried fruit, which at 7 cents per pound (minus 14 cents, the cost of drying) leaves $4.88 for the dried fruit. Adding this to the returns for the shipped fruit gives $61.14 gross returns for the 10 trees, or $6.114 per tree. Deducting from this 63 cents, the cost of spraying three times, leaves a net return of $6.04 per tree, a net increase of $1.49 per tree or $156.45 per acre over the unsprayed trees. These figures show no gain in Plat I over Plat III for the extra spraying, which came May 10 to 11, but by referring to Tables XXXVII and XXXIX it will be seen that there was an increase of 9.42 per cent of sound fruit for this spraying. Also the total number of pears from the 10 trees in Plat III was greater by 724, or there were 5.17 per cent more pears than from the 10 trees in Plat I. The difference was even greater between the check block and the demon- stration. The check block, Plat I], having 1,071, or 7.42 per cent, more pears than the 10 trees in Plat III. Contra Costa County, 1910. An orchard consisting of about 750 Bartlett pear trees belonging to the Mrs. Fanny W. Bancroft Orchard Co. and located some 3) miles from Walnut Creek was used for the experiments in 1910. The orchard was laid off into eight plats of from 75 to 100 trees each and sprayed as follows: a All figures for these ratios are based on 150 pears to a box of 48 pounds and a ratio of 7 tons of fruit as it is picked up in the field producing | ton of dried fruit. THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. 45 First Second Plat No.| spraying, | spraying, | Third spraying, July 4. Apr. 9. May 2. 1 XX...-..| KX......| KX (demonstration). Il XOX Goa |) kokese eo) Omit: Ill REX Ae Omit |e ao IV Omiteeces XEXE SS ae, XxX V Omit.. Omit |e VI Omites.-- Omit.....| Omit (check). Vil REN e ee) Omits.- | Omit. VIII Omit |e kone es) (Omnt: XX=Sprayed. Omit= Unsprayed. The codling moth had been very abundant in this orchard for several years, frequently occurring in such numbers that 90 per cent or more of the fruit was infested. The unsprayed plat this year had 93.90 per cent wormy fruit. The same outfit was used this year as was used in the Whitman orchard in 1909 and the same materials, namely, arsenate of lead, except that half of each plat was sprayed with arsenate of lead at the rate of 6 pounds to each 100 gallons of water and the other half with arsenate of lead at the rate of 4 pounds to each 100 gallons of water at each application. Five of the ten trees selected for records were taken from each half of the blocks and the records kept separately throughout the season. No consistent differences could be found and it is quite evident that 4 pounds of arsenate of lead is as efficient as 6 pounds for each 100 gallons of water. All spraying was done thoroughly and, so far as possible, all the calyx cups on those plats receiving the first application were well filled with spray. The results showing the sound and wormy fruit from the eight plats are given in Tables XL to XLVII. The windfalls were gathered and examined once each week. TasLe XL.—Sound and wormu fruit from 10 trees in Plat I, sprayed three times, pear orchard of the Mrs. Fanny W. Bancroft Orchard Co., near Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. Number of windfallen | Number of pears from 3 pears. een Total number. Per cent— Tree No. of Total. | Wormy.|Sound.| Total. | Wormy.|Sound.| Total. | Wormy.|Sound.) Wormy.|Sound. 1 se Oreo 28 ib 27 411 9 402 439 10 429 2.28} 97.72 7S ES See se 8 3 5 143 tf 136 151 10 141 6.62 | 93.38 Die Meme titans 28 1 27 364 5 359 392 6 386 1.53 | 98. 47 Me eyata in iets ase 19 2 17 218 4 214 237 6 231 2.53 | 97.47 De sieisre osucie se 15 3 12 138 6 132 153 9 144 5.88 | 94.12 he oS Gee SUCRE 18 2 16 232 fl 225 250 9 241 3.60} 96.40 eee ete oe ois 34 8 26 459 21 438 493 29 464 5.88 | 94.12 Seek eececces 69 6 63 301 19 282 370 25 345 6.76 | 93.24 Qn eeide eras 30 2 28 381 15 366 411 17 394 4.14) 95.86 (USERS A aaa cae 12 1 11 218 4 214 230 5 225 2.17 | 97.83 Total, trees | a | | ak eee ere 261 29 | 232 | 2,865 97 | 2,768 | 3,126 126 | 3,000 4.03 | 95.97 46 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TasLe XLI.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees of Plat II, sprayed Apr. 9 and May 2, being only first two applications as given Plat I, pear orchard of the Mrs. Fanny W. Bancroft Orchard Co., 1910. $$$ eee Tree No. Number of windfallen Number of pears from Total, trees | 10 yeni. ae L pears. cae Total number. Per cent— Total. | Wormy.|Sound.| Total. | Wormy. Sound.) Total. | Wormy.)Sound.| Wormy.|Sound. - 13 2 11 429 32 397 442 34 408 7.69 | 92.31 17 2 15 425 56 369 442 58 384 13.12 | 86.88 19 2 17 323 21 302 342 23 319 6.73 | 93.27 12 2 10 395 37 358 407 39 368 9.58 | 90. 42 32 6 26 316 41 275 348 47 301 13.51 86. 49 18 2 16 363 43 320 381 45 336 11.81 88. 19 29 6 23 509 41 468 538 47 491 8.74) 91.26 31 4 27 492 60 432 523 64 459 12.24 | 87.76 20 2 18 458 75 383 478 77 401 16.11 83. 89 21 2 19 | 493 36 457 514 38 476 7.39 2. 61 212 30 182 | 4, 203 | 442 3,761 | 4,415 472 | 3,943 10. 69 $9. 31 ‘TasLe XLII.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees in Plat III, sprayed Apr. 9 and July 4, being first and third applications as given Plat I, pear orchard of the Mrs. Fanny W. Bancroft Orchard Co., 1910. ( Number of windfallen Number of pears from pears. ae Total number. Per cent— Tree No. Total. | Wormy.|Sound.| Total. | Wormy. Sound.| Total. Wormy. Sound.| Wermy.|Sound. Ne See Nees ae tts 78 14 64 231 45 186 309 59 250 19.09 | 80.91 Die Se es ote 19 lal 8 212 38 174 231 49 182 21521 78.79 B eeore tata 27 10 17 132 23 109 159 33 126 20.75 | 79.25 Ate ses 24 9 1055 134 24 110 158 33 125 20.85} 79.11 DEtpee meee 45 ity 28 289 66 223 334 83 251 24.85 | 75.15 Gres ee cehe ees 25 9 16 131 20 111 156 29 127 18.59 | 81.41 ORE ae 55 19 36 438 53 385 493 72 421 14.60 | 85. 40 EEE Gee Bente 18 9 9 105 15 90 123 24 99 19. 51 80. 49 Oe a= es 26 11 15 119 16 103 145 27 118 18.62 | 81.38 10 SSS SsE Re eee 40 22 18 329 75 254 369 97 272 26. 29 oui Total, trees TO maccce 357 131 226 | 2,120 375 | 1,745 | 2, 477 506 | 1,971 20.43 | 79.57 TasBLE XLIII.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees in Plat IV, sprayed May 2 and July 4, being second and third applications as given Plat I, pear orchard of the Mrs. Fanny W. Bancroft Orchard Co., 1910. Tree No. Number of windfallen Number of pears from Total, trees pears. trees. Total. | Wormy./Sound.| Total. | Wormy.|Sound. 88 21 67 411 80 331 81 39 42 472 78 394 76 49 27 388 &7 301 53 | 35 18 507 89 418 22 15 7 114 21 93 43 24 19 547 &8& 459 53 | 26 27 519 82 437 20 14 6 220 52 168 16 11 5 286 66 220 21 13 8 159 32 127 473 247 | 226 | 3,623 675 | 2,948 1-10 Total number. Per cent— Total. | Wormy.|Sound.| Wormy.|Sound. 499 101 398 21.44 | 79.56 553 117 436 21.16 | 78.84 464 136 328 29.31 70..69 560 124 436 22.14| 77.86 136 36 100 26.47 | 73.53 590 112 478 18.98 | 81.02 572 108 464 18.88 | §1.12 240 66 174 27.50: |- 72.50 302 77 225 25.50 | 74. 50 180 45 | 135 25.00 | 75.06 | eat Tel nl 4.096 | 922 | 3,174 22.51.) 77.49 THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. 47 TasBLE XLIV.—Sound and wormy fruit from:10 trees of Plat V, sprayed July 4, being third application as given Plat I (treatments for first-brood worms omitted), pear orchard of the Mrs. Fanny W. Bancroft Orchard Co., 1910. Number of windfallen | Number of pears from pears. ae Total number. Per cent— Tree No. Total. | Wormy. Sound.| Total.| Wormy.|Sound.| Total. | Wormy.|Sound.) Wormy.|Sound. 138 3 ot ee eee 87 78 9 109 89 20 196 167 29 85.20 | 14.80 Dileep cre ete 139 132 7 15 112 22 273 244 29 89.38 | 10.62 33s SS eke eae 85 80 5 79 59 20 164 139 25 84.76 | 15.24 aes os SSi= = = 91 84 fi 66 56 10 157 140 17 89.17 10. 83 ESE ae eee 128 116 12 132 116 16 260 232 28 89.23 | 10.77 ape aoee nee 112 108 4 102 94 8 214 202 12 94. 40 5. 60 fee oe coe ck kG 229 218 11 263 198 65 492 416 76 84.55 |} 15.45 Bientens Ltele = 3.2 83 82 1 97 83 14 180 165 15 91. 67 8. 33 Yee ee ee 90 83 7 104 89 15 194 172 22 88.66} 11.34 1 (0). Bet Se a 46 41 5 72 58 14 118 99 19 83.89 | 16.11 Total, trees | Eine ae | 1,090 1,022 68 | 1,158 954 204 | 2,248 1,976 272 87.S0 | 12.10 TasLte XLY.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees in Plat VI, unsprayed check, pear orchard of the Mrs. Fanny W. Bancroft Orchard Co., 1910. Tree No. Number of windfallen | Number of pears from pears. el Total number. Per cent— Total. | Wormy.|Sound.| Total. | Wormy.|Sound.) Total. | Wormy.|Sound.| Wormy.|Sound. | 208 192 16 158 153 5 366 345 21 94. 26 5.74 122 119 3 95 91 4 217 210 Us 96. 77 3.23 194 181 13 136 134 2 330 315 15 95. 45 4.55 148 139 9 126 119 7 274 258 16 94.16 5. 84 100 95 5 84 84 0 184 179 5 97.82 2.18 148 119 29 54 52 2 202 171 31 84.65 Loss, 63 58 5 103 95 8 166 153 13 92.17 7.83 114 105 9 103 97 6 217 202 15 93. 09 6.91 127 119 8 139 134 5 266 253, 13 95. 11 4.89 eh 2 i. 118 y 78 75 3 205 193 12 94.14 5. 86 1,351 1,245 106 | 1,076 1,034 42 | 2,427 2,279 148 93. 90 6. 10 TasLeE XLVI.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees of Plat VII, sprayed Apr. 9, being first application as given Plat I, pear orchard of the Mrs. Fanny W. Bancroft Orchard Co., 1910. Number of windfallen Number of pears from trees. Total number. Per cent— pears. Tree No. Total. | Wormy. Sound. ic. oe A 27y 15 7 Det Ree oo OS 14 6 8 5 ee eee 19 10 9 A sia eI 45 21 24 1D stats aes ieee 19 of 12 Gs cee eee 21 9 iy 7 fen Yee 88 27 61 RE een 34 20 14 Oc. 2A 12 6 6 NOE ee 18 5 13 Total, trees PLOW 5 292 126 166 Total. | Wormy. 75 26 97 32 200 88 191 54 182 52 328 116 364 75 166 42 121 45 112 37 1,836 567 | Sound.| Total. | Wormy. |Sound.,) Wormy. |Sound. 49 97 41 56 | 42.27 57.73 65 111 3s 73) 34.23 65. 77 112 219 98 121 | 44.75) 55.25 137 236 75 161 31.78 | 68.22 130 201 59 142 29.35 | 70.65 212 349 125 224; 35.82] 64.18 289 452 102 350) 22.57 77. 43 124 200 62 138} 31.00 69. 00 76 133 51 82) 38.35] 61.65 75 130 42 88 | 32. 31 67. 69 1,269 | 2,128 693 | 1,435 32. 57 67. 43 48 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TasLe XLVII.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees of Plat VIII, sprayed May 2, being second application as given Plat I, pear orchard of the Mrs. Fanny W. Bancroft Or- chard Co., 1910. | Number of windfallen | Number of pears from | pears. trade! Total number. Per cent— Tree No. = | Total. |Wormy. |Sound.| Total. |Wormy. lenin Total. | Wormy. |Sound.|Wormy. |Sound. | Son seater 6 i 5 G1 19 42 | 67 20 47 29. 84 70. 16 OTe S eae a 53 3L 22 149 70 79 | 202 101 101 50.60 | 50.00 6 parE See e 33 10 23 203 42 161 236 52 184 22. 03 77.97 SOE eee 44 29 15 324 116 208 | 368 145 223 39.40 | 60.60 SS Soe eae 54 21 33 100 29 TAU Gy! 50 104 32.47 | 67.53 AS iad Bea ee ee ED) 82 58 624 119 505 | 764 201 563 26. 31 73. 69 Warne jaenee ae | 33 20 13 168 53 115 201 73 128 36.32 | 63.68 SES Se eee ae 36 19 ily 158 39 119 194 58 136 29.99 | 70.10 Oe eee ee 70 28 42 302 64 238 372 92 280 | 24.73 75. 27 OS oa en | 45 19; 26] 208 46| 162| 253 65] 188| 25.69] 74.31 Total, trees | | | I10Ee = 514 260 254 | 2,297 597 | 1,700 | 2,811 857 | 1,954 30.49 | 69.51 | | The fruit from the unsprayed block Plat VI (Table XLV) was 93.90 per cent wormy, while that from the demonstration block, Plat I (Table XL), sprayed three times, was only 4.03 per cent wormy, showing a gain of 89.87 per cent sound fruit for the three sprayings. Plat II (Table XLI), sprayed twice, both times for the first-brood worms, showed 10.69 per cent wormy, representing a gain in sound fruit of 83.21 per cent for two sprayings put on in time to catch the first-brood worms. Plat III (Table XLII), which was also sprayed twice, these being the first and last applications as given Plat I, the accessory treatment for the first brood being omitted, showed 20.43 per cent wormy fruit, showing a gain of 73.47 per cent sound fruit for the two sprayings. This gain, however, is 10.74 per cent less than was the case where both sprayings were put on in time for the first-brood worms. Plat IV (Table XLIII) received the second and third applications as given Plat I, the first spraying being omitted. The results showed 22.51 per cent of the fruit to be wormy, which is a gain of 70.39 per cent over the check plat, but is 11.82 per cent less than the gain on Plat II, where the two applications were put on early. The other plats, which received only one application, ran too high in wormy fruit to be considered at all from a commercial viewpoint. Thus, Plat VII (Table XLVI), which received only the first applica- tion, showed 32.57 per cent wormy and 67.43 per cent sound, while Plat VIII (Table XLVI), which received only the second application, had 30.49 per cent wormy and 69.51 per cent sound. Plat V (Table XLIV), which received only the last application, was little better than the check, having 87.90 per cent of the fruit wormy and only 12.10 per cent sound. THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA, 49 PROFITS. From the 10 trees of Plat I, 2,768 pears free from worms, or 18.45 boxes, were picked, which at the average net price of 80 cents per box gives $14.76, or $1.47 per tree, which represents about $147.60 per acre. To this should be added $5.60 which represents the value per acre of the windfalls and wormy fruit from the trees of Plat I, giving a total of $153.20. The 10 trees in Plat VI, the unsprayed check, yielded only 42 pears, or 0.28 box free from worms at picking time. This at 80 cents per box gives 22 cents for the 10 trees, or approximately $2.20 per acre. There were, after July 15, 1,032 windfalls and wormy pears picked from the trees, which represent a cash value of $4.52 for the 10 trees, or $45.20 per acre, giving a total return of $47.40 per acre for the fruit from the unsprayed portion. Subtracting this from the value of the crop per acre of Plat I gives a difference of about $100 in favor of spraying. Substracting from this $6.50, the cost of spray- ing per acre, gives $93.50 net gain per acre due to spraying. EXPERIMENTS IN SOLANO County, 1910. A large pear orchard belonging to Mr. G. W. Langdon and located near the upper end of Suisun Valley at Suisun, Cal., consists of very old and large trees, and in recent years a very small portion of the fruit has been merchantable in the green state, due to the high infes- tation by the codling moth. The larger part of the orchard was sprayed three times. Three other blocks of about 70 trees each were used to test the relative value of the first and third applications and the second and third applications with the plat receiving the three applications and one of the plats was left unsprayed for check and comparison. The results showing sound and wormy fruit from each plat are given in Tables XLVIII to LI. Taste XLVIII.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees of Plat I, sprayed three times, pear orchard of Mr. G. W. Langdon, Suisun, Cal., 1910. Number of windfallen | Number of pears from pears. Feces Total number. Per cent— Tree No. = de | Total. Wors. Sound.| Total.|Wormy. |Sound.| Total.| Wormy. |Sound.|Wormy. |Sound. 143 124 962 36 926 | 1,105 55 | 1,050 4.98 | 95.02 97 8 89 599 15 584 696 23 673 3.30 | 96.70 77 6 71 685 11 674 762 17 745 2.23 | 97.77 37 6 31 422 16 406 459 22 437 4.79 | 95.21 110 14 96 666 12 654 776 26 750 3.35 | 96.65 101 12 89 553 9 544 654 21 633 3. 21 96. 79 184 22 162 | 1,094 37 | 1,057 | 1,278 59 | 1,219 4.62 | 95.38 103 30 73 425 39 386 528 69 459 13. 07 86. 93 59 13 46 221 30 191 280 43 237 15.36 | 84.64 100 | 29 71 652 59 593 752 88 664 11.70 | 88.30 Total, trees | | if TO eee | 1,011 159 852 | 6,279 264 | 6,015 | 7,290 423 | 6, 867 | 5.80 | 94.20 50 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaspLe XLIX.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees of Plat II, sprayed May 5 and June 16, being second and third applications as given Plat I, pear orchard of Mr. G. W. Langdon, Suisun, Cal., 1910. | Number of windfallen | Number of pears from | pears. ieee Total number. Per cent— Tree No. Total. | Wormy. Sound.) Total. Wormy. |Sound.| Total.|Wormy. |Sound.| Wormy. |Sound. 84 57 27 355 56 299 439 113 326 25.74 | 74.26: 154 95 59 508 123 385 662 218 444 32.93 | 67.07 128 7: 56 665 130 535 793 202 591 25.47 | 74.53 87 51 36 264 52 212 351 103 248 29.34 | 77.66 117 77 40 482 107 375 599 184 415 30.72 | 69.28 283 149 134 632 149 483 915 298 617 32.57 | 67.43 123 74 49 428 76 352 551 150 401 27.22 | 72.78: 205 114 91 648 140 508 853 254 599 29.78 | 70.22 51 34 17 248 67 181 299 101 198 33.80 | 66. 20: 208 103 105 868 139 729 | 1,076 242 834 22.49 | 77.51 1, 440 826 614 | 5, 098 1,039 | 4,05 | 6,538 1,865 | 4,673 28.52 | 71.48 TaBLe L.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees of Plat III, sprayed April 7 and June 17, being first and third applications as given Plat I, pear orchard of Mr. G. W. Lang- don, Suisun, Cal., 1910. | Number of windfallen | Number of pears from | | pears. aye Total number. | Per cent— Tree No. | ‘ H Total.| Wormy. Sound.) Total.| Wormy-./Sound. Total. | Wormy.|Sound. Wormy.|Sound.. | Wee aes oeeenes 74 25 49 439 56 383 513 81 432 15.79 | 84.21 Cee Se 49 17 32 377 36 341 426 53 373 12. 44 87. 56 Seesiaete ices 116 44 72 | 842 45 797 958 89 869 9.29 | 90.71 Co seek ES nas ae 40 13 27 336 26 310 376 39 337 10.37 | 89.63 Dieite weetoc cae 74 18 56 | 533 34 499 607 52 555 8.57 | 91.43. Ge tecceee a= 88 43 45 503 67 436 591 110 481 18.44 | 81.56 Meee ae 127 59 68 924 127 797 | 1,051 186 865 17.70 | 82.30. Oeeaae nese sate 164 44 110 608 91 517 762 135 627 17.72 | 82.28 Oe ee es aso 89 41 48 |} 595 52 543 684 93 591 13.60 | 86.40. 0) Rg ea ee 54 | 20 34 | 359 41 318 413 61 352 | 14.77 85. 23: Total, trees | | NS) eee 865 324 541 | 5,516 575 | 4,941 | 6,381 899 | 5,482 14.09 85. 91 Taste LI.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees of Plat IV, unsprayed check, pear orchard of Mr. G. W. Langdon, Suisun, Cal., 1910. | Number of windfallen | Number of pears from pe pears. Greece Total number. Per cent Tree No. | - | | Total.| Wormy. Sound.| Total.) Wormy. Sound. Total.| Wormy.|Sound. wouny|Sounas erese weer eatl 372 370 2 169 158 11 | 541 528 13 97. 60 2. 40! Dig Ret PEN s.2 203 199 4 120 118 2| 323 317 6 98. 14 1. 86: Diao on false 433 420 13 151 136 15 | 584 556 28 95. 21 4.79 dase). ADaGe 178 171 7 239 227 12 417 398 19 95. 44 4. 56: Bees coon tes 391 386 5 348 326 22 739 712 27 96. 35 3. 65 (a awe eee nae 259 248 7 246 228 18 501 476 25 95. O1 4.99 en Ae 505 496 9 214 195 19 719 691 28 96. 11 3. 89: ieee sans eee | 195 193 2 110 107 3 305 300 5 98. 36 1. 64 Ob oe edinae =e | 562 533 29 289 255 34 851 788 63 92. 60 7.40) Lins Sa-seneaces |) 487 481 6 474 404 70 961 885 76 92. 90 7.10 Total, trees | 110 Reese | 3,581 3,497 84 | 2,360 2,154 206 5,941 5, 651 290 95.12 4.88 | THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. Gul RESULTS. The fruit from the 10 trees of the unsprayed check block was 95.12 per cent wormy and only 4.88 per cent were free from worms. Plat I (Table XLVIIT) was sprayed three times and had only 5.80 per cent wormy fruit, with 94.20 per cent free from worms, giving a difference of 88.40 per cent in the amount of fruit free from worms from the two plats. Plat IJ (Table XLIX), which received the second and third applications (with the first spraying omitted, as given Plat I), showed 28.52 per cent wormy fruit and 71.48 per cent free from worms, as against 14.09 per cent wormy fruit and 85.91 per cent fruit free from worms for Plat III (Table L), which received the first and third applications, with the second spraying as given Plat I. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS. There are practically two full broods of larve in the pear-growing districts of the interior counties of California. Comparatively few of the first-brood larve go over the winter. The number of first-brood larve being relatively small, the injury is not so noticeable, and many growers overlook the importance of destroying this brood of worms to prevent the greater damage by the more important second-brood larve, which begin to enter the fruit just prior to the first picking. The first-brood larve begin entering the fruit about a month after most of the petals have fallen, though this time may vary somewhat with the season. All spraying for the first brood should be done within three to four weeks after the blossoms are off the trees. Two applications for this brood reduced the worms for the season from 9.62 to 18 per cent lower than the plats sprayed once. Two, and preferably three, treatments are advised, using arsenate of lead at the rate of 4 pounds to each 100 gallons of water. The first application should be made as soon as most of the petals have fallen, and especial pains should be taken as nearly as possible to fill each calyx cup with the poison. ) is spent under eround, usually among the roots of grains and grasses. ; The female beetle (fig. 18, a) ie colle cual Denies Of erape injured ny > DuTrOws uutoy thes sama feeding of rose-chafer ; b, berry almost eaten ; and deposits her eggs singly a ice en onudee orené. an ema Fells the burrow. These burrows may be from 1 to 6 inches in depth, and the eggs are deposited irregu- larly in small cells in the walls of the burrow, the shallowest about one- fourth of an inch from the surface, the deepest about 4 inches below. The newly hatched larve may exist for some time on decayed vege- tation in the soil, but they soon attack the roots of grasses and other plants, and are seldom found in large numbers in soil receiving clean culture. They are, however, quite common in ill-kept sod- covered vineyards, and in digging about the roots of grapevines for other insects single specimens of rose-chafer larvee are found occa- 14 loca) name for the rose-chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab.). VINEYARD SPRAYING AGAINST ROSE-CHAFER. 57 sionally in well-tilled vineyards, although never in sufficient num- bers to become a menace to the grape crop. The larve usually at- tain their full growth by late fall and at the approach of cold weather burrow down below the frost line, returning, in the follow- ing spring, to near the surface of the soil, where they make earthen cells, in which they transform to pupe (fig. 18,.e) and then to the Fic. 20.—Grape cluster showing almost total destruction of berries through feeding of rose-chafer. (Original.) adult beetles. These beetles emerge just before the blossom clusters of grapes are ready to break into full bloom. REMEDIAL MEASURES. HANDPICKING THE BEETLES. The practice most commonly employed for the control of this pest in the past has been to handpick the beetles when they appear upon the vines. Since they are quite sluggish and cling somewhat tena- 58 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. ciously to the blossom clusters large numbers of them can be destroyed in this manner. This method of control, however, necessitates that they be collected daily for a period of two or three weeks or as long as they are at all numerous. Where large areas are to be covered, handpicking becomes expensive and involves a great deal of time, and Fic, 21.—Grape cluster from which berries injured by rose- chafer have fallen. (Original.) in addition to this many of the beetles are not removed from the vines until they have accomplished more or less injury. SPRAYING WITH ARSENICALS. Since the spraying of grapevines for other insect pests, such as the grape rootworm and the grape-berry moth, has been shown to be effective and has become a common practice, increased effort has been VINEYARD SPRAYING AGAINST ROSE-CHAFER. 59 made to control the rose-chafer by the same means and more or less experimentation along this line has taken place. _Cage experiments with arsenical poisons against the beetles seemed to indicate that a large amount of arsenic was necessary to kill them. At a date previous to the general use of arsenate of lead heavy appli- cations of arsenicals in some instances resulted in serious injury to the foliage of grapevines. This injury was caused by heavy appli- cations of London purple, Paris green, and arsenite of lime, which are some of the more caustic forms of arsenicals. With the placing upon the market of reliable and properly-made brands of arsenate of lead, however, an arsenical is now available which can be used in large amounts without injury to the foliage of the vine. Hence there is now practically no danger of injury by arsenical burning, and in addition to this the arsenate of lead has a much greater adhesive quality than the other arsenicals previously mentioned, thus render- ing its poisoning effect of longer duration. In the field experiments against this pest during the past season, arsenate of lead was used in combination with Bordeaux mixture and in most instances at a strength of 5 pounds of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of the spray liquid. Experiments were undertaken in three vineyards covering 4 acres of grapevines on the farm of Page Bros., at North East, Pa., 4 acres on a vineyard owned by fhe Prospect Park Fruit Farms Co., and 3 acres on the farm of Mr. C. F. Hirt. Since this pest breeds outside the vineyards it is well-nigh impossible to predict, beforehand, either the extent of the infestation or the portions of the vineyard most likely to be infested, although the latter condition may be deter- mined to some extent by close observations of local conditions over several seasons, and since it is desirable that the first feeding of the invading beetles shall be upon poisoned blossom-buds and foliage this necessitates the application of the first spray on or about the time the first beetles appear. Thus at the time of selecting a vineyard for experimental work the extent of infestation likely to occur during the season is quite problematical. The only thing to be done is to select vineyards reputed to suffer annually from invasions by this pest. In two of the experiments, those in the vineyard of Page Bros. and of Mr. C. F. Hirt, the first application was made before the grape blossom-buds had opened and before the beetles appeared. The plat arrangement in the Page vineyard was as follows: | | Rows. Bordeaux mixture. | eae Molasses. | Water. | Pounds. | Bauer MNOUMOSF Reams 4 cc cise /56s ae seh oc ae bain! baleiieglionessucs. soc 50 gallons. 12 | Lime, 3 pounds; copper sulphate, 3 pounds... .---. 5 | 1 gallon= = -<-2-= - 50 gallons. GU SCE. Tos ec 2 Se es ee De Se Eee ee ee ee 16 | Lime, 3 pounds; copper sulphate, 3 pounds... ----- HI NONGseaseee aes -| 50 gallons. 60 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Two applications were made; the first on June 17, before the bee- tles appeared, and the second on June 23. Infestation on the vine- yard proved to be rather light, and only on the ends of the rows on the west side of the vineyards which adjomed lands given over to the production of grain crops were the beetles at all numerous. Tlence there was not a very marked difference between the amount of injury on the sprayed and the check plats, with the exception of a few vines on the ends of the rows where the infestation was heaviest. Here the clusters on the untreated vines were quite ragged as a result of injury by the beetles, whereas upon the treated rows no injury was apparent. In previous years it had always been the custom of the owners of this vineyard to handpick the beetles. This season no handpicking was done. On a near-by vineyard on the same farm, however, where handpicking alone was depended upon, the injury by the beetles was much more in evidence, and the owners were very sorry that they did not resort to arsenical spraying instead of hand- picking, and have expressed their intention to rely upon spraying as a means of rose-chafer contro] in the future. , The vineyard of Mr. C. F. Hirt, in which another experiment was undertaken, is located on sandy soil on the banks of Lake Erie. It is entirely isolated from other vineyards and is adjacent to pastures and general farm lands, and has the reputation of being one of the worst infested vineyards in this rose-chafer infested area. Several years ago the vineyard was practically abandoned on account of the injury done by the rose-chafer. During the past three or four years, however, efforts have been made to control the pest in this vineyard by handpicking; yet in spite of this, beetles wrought considerable injury to the crop. At the opening of the past season the owner was prevailed on to try out the poison-spray method as a means of control, with the understanding that no handpicking was to be done. Accordingly the vineyard, which consists of about 3 acres, was treated in the following manner: Rows. Bordeaux mixture. | eae Molasses. | Water. | Pounds. 10 | Lime, 3 pounds; copper sulphate, 3 pounds... .--. 3 | INOHes a= == vas 50 gallons. 6 | Lime, 3 pounds; copper sulphate, 3 pounds a Shy gallons sseeee ae 49 gallons. Al! CWeCK: cs cam conte eee cree ere a er a ee cal lad eer Ie Sy lNONG. -<<.20. cos o20 Sse ne eee Oe ee eee ete ee 3 || ANone@:-2422ee5=-5 50 gallons. | ' Three spray applications were made, the first on June 8, before the blossom-buds had opened (see fig. 16) and before any beetles appeared. The object of this application was to thoroughly coat all of the blossom-buds and the new growth of foliage, which was com- paratively easy at this date, as the grapevines had not as yet made a very luxuriant growth. The second application was made June 17, when the first beetles appeared upon the vines, and a third on June PLATE IV. Part Ill, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dert. of Agriculture. Bul. 97 (AVNIDIUO) ‘Wd ‘1SV4 HLYON LV ‘LYIH “4 'O ‘YIN 4O GUVASNIA SHL NI ANIASdVYD GSAVYdSNM) NO LINY4 OL (SNSONIDSANS SNTALOVGONOVIA)) YS4VHO -3SOY Ad AYNEN| PLATE V. Bul. 97, Part Ill, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. (AVNIDIYO) ‘Al 3LV1d NI NMOHS ANIA G3AVUdSNA) SHL ONINIOCGY MOY WOud 3NIA “ONIAVHdS Ad GaqdHOsayY NOILO3LO’d SHL PLATE VI. Bul. 97, Part Ill, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. ‘ISVq HLYON LV (TWNIDINO) 4OOD 3DYO3D “YIA| SO GHYVASNIA 3HL NI ANIA GSAVYdSNM) NO LINYY OL Y34SVHO asoy Aad AunrN] PLATE VII. Bul. 97, Part Ill, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. (WNIDIYO) ‘Vd ‘LSV4 HLYON 'X009 394035 ‘YIN JO GUVAANIA ONINIOPGY ‘ANVdWOD SWYV4 LINNA MYVd LOAdSOYd JO GYVASNIA WOUS SNIA ‘ONIAVYdS AG G3CHOdSY NOILOSLOYg VINEYARD SPRAYING AGAINST ROSE-CHAFER. 61 24, which was about the height of the rose-chafer season in that vicinity. At no time during the active season did the writer’s visits reveal a heavy infestation of beetles upon this vineyard, although the beetles were rather numerous between the dates of June 17 and July 5 in adjoining pasture lands and upon the sumacs growing along the edges of the vineyard. Unfortunately, the check rows ran through that portion of the vineyard which proved to be least infested by the beetles and but sight injury was evident upon them. Portions of two rows on the worst infested side of the vineyard, however, were left unsprayed, and on these untreated vines the crop was prac- tically ruined. Plates IV and V show the fruit clusters on un- treated and treated vines in this vineyard from adjoining rows in the worst infested portion of the vineyard. The result in crop yield for the whole vineyard, which comprises an area of aboul 8 acres, was far in excess of the yield for preceding years when the handpicking method of control had been employed. The owner stated that in the three preceding years the total annual yield had not exceeded 3 tons of fruit, whereas in the season of 1910, when the average vineyard yield for the grape belt was notably short, this vineyard yielded 5} tons, an increase over preceding years of 2? tons. The spray applications were made with a gasoline-engine vineyard sprayer, using stationary nozzles and carrying a pressure of about 125 pounds, and applying about 100 gallons of liquid per acre. Only one application was made on the vineyard of the Prospect Park Fruit Farms Co., on their farm located near the vineyard of Page Bros., at North East, Pa. This spray consisted of the Bordeaux mixture made from 3 pounds of lime and 3 pounds of copper sul- phate, 5 pounds of arsenate of lead, and 50 gallons of water, and was made June 21, after some injury had been done by the beetles. On account of this injury preceding the spray application it was not expected that the results obtained would be worth recording. Yet as the season advanced the crop of fruit in this vineyard showed a great improvement over that produced in an adjoining untreated vineyard only a few rods distant. Plates VI and VII show vines taken at random from these two vineyards. In the former instance the crop scarcely paid for harvesting; from the latter crop a very good profit was secured. Still other indications of the value of arsenical sprays in the con- trol of the rose-chafer have been observed. On the farm of Dr. R. Kelly, at Moorheadville, Pa., is a vineyard which for many years had been badly injured by rose-chafers, and in which handpicking the beetles had been only a partially successful means of control. Three seasons ago at the suggestion of the writer the owner resorted oS~ to the arsenical-spray method of control, using 5 pounds of arsenate 62 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. of lead to 50 gallons of Bordeaux mixture. The first application was made before the blossom-buds opened, and two later applica- tions were made, applying them at the time of appearance of the beetles in injurious numbers. This method of control has been con- ducted in this vineyard for three consecutive seasons, and the owner states that he is satisfied with the results that he has obtained and considers it far more effective and less expensive than the hand- picking method of control. Located at Girard, Pa., is a vineyard of 40 acres, under the manage- ment of Mr. M. C. Kibler, which is subject to the attacks of rose- chafers every season. This vineyard was visited on June 23, 1910, at which date about 20 women and girls were engaged in handpick- ing the beetles from the entire area. The whole vineyard had been gone over daily in this manner for a week previous to our visit, yet there was evidence of considerable injury by the beetles. At this date Mr. George F. Miles, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, was making Bordeaux-mixture applications on several acres for control of the black-rot fungus. Five pounds of arsenate of lead were added to the Bordeaux mixture apphed to this area. When the party of women who were handpicking the rose-chafers did the collecting over the sprayed area on the following day, they found only a small number of beetles there as compared with the number found cn the unsprayed parts of the vineyard. THE USE OF SWEETENED ARSENICALS. In the summer of 1907 it was reported that an arsenical spray that had been sweetened with cheap molasses had proved effective in poisoning the rose-chafer in the vineyards in Michigan. In Septem- ber of that year the writer visited Mr. Frank Stainton, at Lawton, Mich., who was reported to have used this sweetened arsenical. In conversation with Mr. Stainton it was discovered that this sweetened arsenical was a proprietary mixture made by a local doctor. Mr. Stainton stated that he received a sample of it rather late in the season and applied some of it to rosebushes infested by the rose- chafer. The beetles appeared to be attracted to the sweetened poison, eating it In apparent preference to the flowers of the plant, and died shortly after. Upon analysis this sweetened arsenical was found to consist of arsenite of lime and molasses. Mr. Stainton expressed his intention to use sweetened arsenite of lime against the rose-chafer in his vineyards during the season of 1908. In the spray experiments conducted in the vineyard of Dr. R. Kelly, at Moorheadville, Pa., in 1908, against the rose-chafer, 1 gallon of molasses was added to 50 gallons of Bordeaux containing arsenite of me made according to Kedzie’s formula (4 ounces of white arsenic to 50 gallons of the above-mentioned sweetened mixture). One gallon of molasses was also added to Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead, and in addi- VINEYARD SPRAYING AGAINST ROSE-CHAFER. 63 tion to this a third plat was sprayed with arsenate of lead and Bor- deaux containing no molasses. In this work it was not possible to detect that the beetles exhibited a greater preference for the foliage or blossom clusters sprayed with the sweetened arsenical, nor was there evidence of a greater benefit from rose-chafer protection on the plats sprayed with the sweetened arsenicals as against the plat sprayed with the unsweetened arsenical. Where the arsenite of lime was applied there was evidence of a shght burning of the tender foliage, which was not apparent where the arsenate of lead was used. During the seasons of 1909 and 1910 the writer used, on adjoining plats, molasses and arsenate of lead with the Bordeaux mixture, and also arsenate of lead unsweetened and Bordeaux mixture, em- ploying in both cases 5 pounds of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of the mixture. In none of these experiments was there detected any decided benefit from the presence of the molasses. Reports are per- sistently circulated that good results have been secured by the addi- tion of some sweetening substance, either molasses or glucose, and since the rose-chafers feed upon the flowers and nectaries of grapes and other fruits it is reasonable to suppose that the presence of a sweetened substance in the spray would attract them. The increased expense of the molasses is but slight, and it is suggested that the vineyardist using arsenicals in combating the rose-chafer employ a sweetened arsenical on a portion of his vineyard and compare results with a portion treated with an unsweetened arsenical. Until more data is at hand on this subject the writer, while not wishing to dis- courage the use of a sweetened arsenical against the rose-chafer, feels that the results which have come directly under his observation do not appear to justify the recommendation of its general use. TIME TO MAKE THE SPRAY APPLICATIONS. In regard to the cost of spray application for the control of this pest, it should be pointed out that the entire cost should not be charged to rose-chafer control, since it is highly desirable that a spray application be made before the blossom-buds expand against the grape-berry moth (Polychrosis viteana Fab.), and also for fungous diseases. The later spraying just after blossoming is also necessary against the grape rootworm (Fidia viticida Walsh). No additional spray applications were made on the vineyard of Mr. F. C. Hirt after June 24. Yet there was practically no evidence of feeding by the beetles of the grape rootworm on the treated portion of the vineyard, nor was there any evidence of mildew on these vines, whereas on the untreated check rows there was a large amount of feeding by the grape rootworm beetles, and the clusters of fruit were also very badly mildewed. Hence the evidence secured during the past season indicates that if vineyardists, in regions where the rose- chafers commonly occur in injurious numbers, will resort to a thor- 64 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. ough spray application with arsenate of lead and Bordeaux mixture before the blossom-buds of the grape expand (fig. 16), and once or twice during the period when the rose-chafers are most numerous, they can not only prevent serious injury to the crop by this pest, but also control the depredations of several other chewing insects. CLEANING UP BREEDING PLACES. In addition to spraying as a means of control for this pest, much good can be done by breaking up pastures and rough sod lands adja- cent to vineyards in infested areas. An illustration of this method of control was observed during the past season. In the early sum- mer of 1909 a field of 30 acres of pasture land on the farm of Mr. R. McBroon, at North East, Pa., which is located in the rose-chafer- infested area along the lake shore, was broken up and planted to vineyard. Large numbers of larve and pupe were found in the sod at the time of plowing. During the summer of 1909, after the vines were planted, the soil was subject to clean culture. During the summer of 1910 numerous examinations of the soil were made in this vineyard in search of larvee and pupe, but none was found. Yet in the sod lands adjacent to this vineyard the beetles and larvee were as numerous as in previous years. Unfortunately, it frequently happens that rough land and pastures adjacent to vineyards are not controlled by the owners of infested vineyards. When such condi- tions exist it is necessary to resort to direct methods of control, and observations covering several seasons indicate that thorough spray applications with arsenate of lead will prove an effective means of controlling the rose-chafer in infested vineyards. SUMMARY. On account of the limited areas of infestation in any particular vineyard section the rose-chafer has not received the consideration it deserves as a destructive vineyard pest. In the aggregate its injuries to the grape crop in the grape-producing areas of the United States are very large, and it is hoped that the experimental work now in progress will lead to the adoption of more effective means of con- trol. Since it has become the practice to spray grapevines for the erape-berry moth (Polychrosis viteana), and also for fungous dis- rases at the same time that the adult rose-chafers attack the blossom- buds, every effort should be made by vineyardists to combat this pest at the same time. The experiments conducted by this bureau during the past season indicate that a very thorough application of arsenate of lead when the beetles appear, just before the blossoms open, will reduce its destructiveness to the extent that a profitable crop of fruit can be secured even in vineyard areas where this insect pest abounds in destructive numbers. U.S. D. A., B. E. Bul. 97, Part IV. DPW IL. October 17. WOW: PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE CALIFORNIA PEACH BORER.! (Sanninoidea opalescens Hy. Edw.) By Duprey Moutron, Formerly Special Agent. INTRODUCTION. The California peach borer (Sanninoidea opalescens Hy. Edw.; fig. 22) has been the subject of investigation by the Bureau of Entomology since the summer of 1907. The writer, however, had observed its habits and the various methods used in its control for several years previous to that time and vividly recalls spending many hours in his father’s orchard digging ‘‘borers”’ from the treesand later applying the protective washes. As a boy he was taught that this practice was quite as necessary in the general scheme of orchard treatment as was pruning or cultivating. This insect has been a menace to fruit growers in the Santa Clara Valley from the very beginning of the fruit-growing industry and the constant care and the disagreeable labor which accompanies the digging of the borers has led many orchardists to become intimately well acquainted with it in the larval or borer condition. (See Pl. VIII.) Many men of their own accord have experimented with various methods of control. Orchardists seldom recognize the adult moths and know little about their habits, although they know the larval stage so well. The California peach borer derives its common name from its close relationship to the peach borer of the East (Sanninoidea exitiosa Say), and from the fact that it is primarily an enemy of the peach and other closely related plants. Systematically, the species is closely related to the eastern peach borer, and it is difficult to distinguish the two species by comparing the larval stages alone. The female moth of the eastern form, however, is readily distinguished from the moth of the western species by the presence of conspicuous orange 1 The present paper gives the results of observations on the California peach borer made by Mr. Moulton while engaged in deciduous fruit insect investigations in the Bureau of Entomology and located at San Jose, Cal. 65 66 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. bands extending across the fourth and fifth abdominal segments, these bands not being present in the western form. The eastern insect has been known as an enemy to peach trees in the Eastern States for almost 200 years, as is evidenced by the numerous accounts which have appeared in horticultural and entomological journals. It is distributed throughout the eastern and middle-western peach- growing sections and undoubtedly has been introduced into Cali- fornia on nursery stock, although it does not yet seem to have become established there. The California and eastern borers choose similar food plants and attack and injure trees in the same ways, and the methods of control are therefore similar. The California borer is apparently a western American form exclusively and a native of the Western States. It is considered a serious pest only in limited areas in the San Francisco Bay district. The writer endeavors to discuss in this paper what is known of the distribution of the California peach borer, its life history, its food plants, its parasites, and the best known artificial measures of con- trol. He wishes to express his thanks to those of his associates, Messrs. Charles T. Paine and P. R. Jones, who have at different times helped in making the life-history records, and to various orchard- ists who have furnished trees for the purpose of experiments and who have helped to make the work practical. DISTRIBUTION AND FOOD PLANTS. DISTRIBUTION. The California peach borer has been known to entomologists since 1881, when Henry Edwards collected a few specimens and described the species as 2geria opalescens,! and since then it has been known variously as Sanninoidea opalescens and S. pacifica Riley. In his first account of the insect, Henry Edwards told of having collected three male specimens in Virginia City, Nev., and he also had one type female, which had been collected by Morrison and was listed from Colorado. Later, Beutenmiiller gave, as the habitat of the species, Oregon, California, and Nevada. Mr. F. X. Williams, for- merly of the California State Commission of Horticulture, has col- lected one specimen at Donner Lake, Nevada County, Cal., at an elevation of 6,000 feet. He has also collected many specimens in flight near Castello, in Shasta County, at an elevation of 2,000 feet. Other collectors of Lepidoptera have also taken it in these same mountainous sections of California. The insect is known as a pest only in the Santa Clara Valley and in Alameda and San Mateo Counties, whose areas lie close around the southern arm of San Francisco Bay. 1 See description, p. 78. THE CALIFORNIA PEACH BORER. 67 NATIVE FOOD PLANTS. Mr. J. G. Grundell, who has been a resident in the mountains above Alma, Santa Clara County, since 1894, has many times collected moths on the wing in the foothills lying above the Santa Clara Valley, and he has furnished the only positive record of the rearing of this species from any native plants. Mr. Grundell was at one time experimenting in his little mountain orchard with cuttings of the western chokecherry (Cerasus demissa) as a native grafting stock for cultivated fruit varieties. This plant suckers readily and these suckers were cut and planted to be used as stocks for grafting. Mr. Grundell, by keeping such cuttings as became naturally infested confined in jars, was able at many times to rear adult moths of the California peach borer. The western choke- cherry is indigenous to the Sierra Nevada Mountains, middle North Coast Range (Napa Mountains), Oakland Hills, Mount Hamilton Range, and the Santa Cruz Mountains, and it is undoubtedly one of the common native food plants of this insect. - HISTORY OF FRUIT GROWING IN THE SANTA CLARA VALLEY. Mr. Grundell says that he has never collected or found the moths in flight in deep woods, but that they seem rather to seek the open or bushy country. He states also that the insect was most easily collected in the hills immediately at the edge of the Santa Clara Valley, and it was here, in the adjoining valley, that the insect first became injurious. The lower foothills and the upper western areas of the Santa Clara Valley were at one time covered with a dense growth of underbrush, which included especially the western chokecherry. Beginning about the year 1880 this land was gradually cleared and planted to orchards. Thus the cultivated varieties displaced some of the insect’s native food plants in its native habitat. It was there- fore natural for the insect to adapt itself to those cultivated plants which were closely related to the native varieties, and to extend its habitat into the open and adjoining country. The soil and climate are here especially well adapted to the growing of deciduous fruits, such as peaches, apricots, cherries, and plums, and the entire valley is now practically one continuous orchard. The insect attacks all of these species quite freely and here finds ideal conditions in which to live. LIMITS OF AREAS IN WHICH INJURY OCCURS. The writer can not understand why an insect which is so widely distributed throughout the western coast States should be so local in its injury in cultivated orchards. The Santa Clara Valley, the areas on either side of San Francisco Bay in Alameda and San Mateo Counties, and small areas near Watsonville, Santa Clara County, are 68 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. the only places where the peach borer has become a pest. Other peach, apricot, and plum sections in the Napa, Sonoma, Suisun, and San Joaquin Valleys and on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains are not troubled at all. VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED FRUITS ATTACKED; RESISTANT BUDDING AND GRAFTING STOCKS; SOIL CONDITIONS AS BEARING ON INFESTA- TION. The peach borer is eminently a root-boring pest, and two factors, therefore—the kind of root stocks upon which the trees are growing, and the nature of the soil—determine largely the amount of damage that the borers will inflict. Peach and apricot stocks are most sus- ceptible to attack, although almond, cherry, apple, and native plums are less so; and the wild plum, known as the Myrobalan or cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera) is almost entirely exempt. Myrobalan plum seedlings are imported in great quantities from Europe and they are now recognized as one of the- best stocks upon which to graft domestic plums. This stock is especially susceptible to attack only when a tree has been weakened by some cause such as a lack of water or cultivation or when it has been partly killed by “gophers”’ or other rodents. Almond stocks are more or less resistant if planted in soils suitable to their growth. Borers appear to attack trees more readily when they are planted in soils of a light sandy or gravelly texture. The writer does not believe that newly hatched larve can reach the lower crowns or roots more easily in hight than in the heavy soils of loam or clay; it appears, rather, that the trees themselves are not so strong and are therefore not so resistant. DESCRIPTIONS, SEASONAL HISTORY, AND HABITS. THE EGG. DESCRIPTION. The egg of the California peach borer measures approximately 0.72 mm. in length and 0.44 mm. in width. It is flattened and depressed on the sides and is depressed at one end. The eggs are chestnut to dark-brown in color and when magnified the outer surface has a stippled and mosaic appearance. The sculpturing so character- istic of the eggs of the eastern peach borer‘ is also apparent on the egos of the California peach borer (Sanninoidea opalescens). DEVELOPMENT AND HATCHING. The writer was able to make constant and daily observations on oviposition by moths which were confined in out-of-door rearing cages built over small apricot and peach trees in the back yard of the 1 Bul. 176, Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 180. PLATE VIII. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Bul. 97, Part IV, Bureau of Entomology, (CAVNIDINO) 3HL AS G37 GNV GSYNPN| S3SYL DNIMOHS ‘GYVHOYO LOOludy "yaYOg (SNSOSA1VdO VAGIONINNVS) HaHOG HOV3Sd VINYOSINVO SHL ae vat THE CALIFORNIA PEACH BORER. 69 insectary, and to note the development of the eggs. (See. Pl. IX.) Oviposition under these conditions was more or less unnatural, but the eggs thus placed developed under perfectly normal conditions. The period from oviposition to the time of hatching, as indicated in Table I, lasted from 11 to 19 days, with an average of 14 days. There were several hundred eggs in each lot. TasLe 1.—Length of egg stage of the California peach borer (Sanninoidea ovalescens). Lot No. | Date eggs placed. | Date eggs hatched. eee E: | le ake WitayaBaObea os 8 She uly 2 28e4 ss. 19 Oe SPs sc Uy PUB Se eee oe Pulyesbs 22 se 13 Sehesons Juillye20 Fee. oe ae AID ae aie clases 14 4 ces Julyp2la ee oe scene AN gil Age he 11 to 14 Qosccce sl Gesee do! Sa-ee ase ANTON SO ees eo 13 to 15 epee Abt hao oy eee UNDER (ieee eaten a 14 to 15 In escaping, the larva breaks a circular hole through the micropyie or depressed end of the egg and leaves the eggshell attached to the tree. The eggshell remains thus attached throughout the summer and fall until early winter rains dissolve the glue by which they are attached. FERTILITY. Many eggs gathered from different rearing cages in our numerous experiments were noted to determine what proportion was fertile, with the results shown in Table IT. Tasie II.—Proportion of fertile eggs of the California peach borer. Fertile | Sterile | Fertile | Sterile Lot No. eggs | eggs not | Total. || Lot No. eggs not | Total. eggs hatched. | hatched. | hatched. | hatched. | | i). 2 eS dae eee 43 | 3 AGH Outer ee See 8 196 3 199 2 eS See eee 42 42 SEU Ol ee annie La Lees 55 0 55 2. Le eee 75 | 3 Sal |RIOS 2: Nene Seek S58 292 3 205 ilee Sos enh ea e aee 139 | 15 154 || Sy ee es | 71 | 3 74 || Motale ses se se 1,225 116 | 1,342 Joe See Gees Ae ee 204 | 44 | ZABy} PE eCreenbag el es see eee 91. 28 8. 72 | 100 Uncen ae a eee | 198 Oe OSa | THE LARYA. FEEDING HABITS OF NEWLY HATCHED LARV#. The newly hatched larve (fig. 22, a) are extremely active and move about freely and they may crawl for a considerable distance from the egg. After hatching they immediately seek out protected places, either by hiding in cracks of the bark or under particles of dirt or loose bark, or they go below the surface of the ground and then at once begin to enter the tree. Newly hatched larve were closely observed many times as they entered the bark. We were never able to watch newly hatched 71419°—Bull. 97—12——6 70 ’ DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. larvee enter the bark of trees in the open field, but 1t was commonly observed in a laboratory experiment in which apricot branches were planted in pots of soil. The branches were about one-half inch in diameter and cut in lengths of about 12 inches, and were planted in pots or moist sandy soil. The upper cut ends of the branches were waxed over, while the lower untreated ends were embedded about 4 inches in the sand. Clusters of eggs were placed on the branches several inches above the soil, just as they would normally be found in the field. The larvee, which were very active, immediately sought suitable places to begin their burrows, which were sometimes started WSS 4 US ~ Fic. 22.—The California peach borer (Sanninoidea opalescens): a, Larva; b, cocoon and pupal skin; c, pupa; c’,abdominal segments of same; c’’, caudal end of same; d, adult female; e, adult male. Much enlarged. (Original.) even under the eggshells; at other times, at a considerable distance from them. Enough of their burrows were made and enough frass ejected within a couple of hours to completely cover their bodies. Always on the second day they would be found well under the bark and to have conspicuous piles of frass above them. They entered any small cracks or irregularities of the bark or where the bark had been injured and where leaves or small twigs had been cut off. They seldom attempted to enter on a clean surface above the ground. Most of the larvee penetrated the surface of the soil and entered at the lower cut ends. Entering below the surface of the ground is a THE CALIFORNIA PEACH BORER. Tal characteristic habit of the larva in the open field. Whatever the surrounding conditions they sought protected places first where they could easily penetrate to the tender inner bark.” The larve in these experiments fed freely after a period of three weeks, when many of them were about one-eighth of an inch in length. In the open field many larve enter the trees through old burrows, thus at once finding protection in the inner bark. Newly hatched larvee have been kept in vials and fed on apricot leaves for several weeks, and they probably could have been kept much longer if fresh leaves had been properly supplied. PERIOD WHEN ENTERING TREES. It is seen in Table V, p. 79, that a few moths begin to fly about the ist of June, that they are flying in maximum numbers during July and August, and that few are flying during September. Table I, p. 69, shows that the egg period lasts about two weeks, as oviposition begins immediately after the moths emerge. Consequently the larvee begin to enter the trees during the last half of June, and they enter in maximum numbers during July and August and the first half of September. The last larvee would be hatching and entering the trees during late September or possibly during early October. CHARACTER OF INJURY. Peach-tree borers usually live below the surface of the ground, but under certain conditions and on rare occasions they are to be found attacking the trunks and even the large branches. The silver prune is subject to attack in this way, and frass and the exuding gum are often found on the larger branches several feet above the ground. When a tree becomes completely girdled the worms move upward or downward into the stil-living tissues, and many worms in this way may encircle and eat all of the sapwood for from 12 to 16 inches above the surface of the ground. This usually occurs during the spring, when there is a general upward movement and when the worms are preparing to pupate. NUMBER OF BROODS AND LENGTH OF LARVAL PERIOD, AS SHOWN BY ‘“WORMING’’ RECORDS. The long period in which the larvee are entering the trees results in a great variation in the size of the larve at any time of the year. This has led to the belief that there may be more than a single annual brood. Numerous worming records indicate, however, that the insect is strictly single brooded. It often lives less than a year, but seldom longer. Larve that hatch in the early spring or summer change to moths early during the following season. Unfavorable conditions will delay a few, which will mature in midsummer or fall, and in this case their life period is longer than twelve months. Larvze ys DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. which hatch during the midsummer or in the fall usually mature during the same period of the following year. If, however, a tree has been weakened’or is near to its death, the borers will invariably mature in the early spring or summer, when their life cycle will be much less than the regular twelve months. Monthly worming records were made during a period of about two years, and although for many reasons these records can not be compared they offer much of interest. The first plan—to mark off a badly infested orchard into uniform plats and to dig all of the worms regularly from month to month on each of these plats—was not entirely satisfactory. The infestation in any orchard is extremely variable. One tree may harbor from 50 to 70 or more larve, while those immediately surrounding may be entirely immune. It was necessary, therefore, to find infested trees regardless of the position in the orchard when each record was made, and all worms which were collected on any one date, although they may have been gathered from many trees in various parts of the orchard, constituted the basis for the record for that particular period. Some trees would harbor 1 or 2 and others from 50 to 70 worms. (See Pl. X, fig. 1.) The 1907-8 records were taken mostly from large apricot trees, and those for 1908-9 from apricot, prune, and peach trees. Tasie III.—Records of larve of the California peach borer taken from trees, 1908-9. Num- | Num- Number ber of | ber of otal ain Number | ; of trees Kind of | larvee | larvee | number | Number | empty = Date. exam- tree. small | half to of of pupz.| pupal Remarks. ined. to half} full larve. cases. grown. | grown. 1908. | | | May.” (/5|-seeseo-=- Prune-e cep sees eee fete cre Several | 0 0 | Prunes on Myrobalan ; plum root, and not badly infested. 5s Sate S| Fo PRESS pee iS ae eels eca cares erent Several 0 | LS Bes 2 SA Se oo eee ae 8 ne nae 2 0 : 23 iT See See ees ees Many Many 10 8 | Pupeandempty pupal cases from dead trees; hence very advanced | stage of insect. 24 4! Apricot... 7 127 134 19 0, All trees completely girdled; most worms were nearly grown. 26 Zale oa Ose steps QRS Lesa: laws oo ancers 15 4| Both trees completely girdled. June 18 10 | Peach... ..} 8 33 41 0 0 19 1 SOO | 11 75 86 2 0 20 | Bal fae Lae severe | 9 63 72 14 0 July 14 2 | Apricote -. z | 1 a 23 17| Trees almost com- : pletely girdled. 20 Oecd Oi 2 ees 0 | 12 12 10 47 | Both trees completely girdled. Nov. ©5 Fa On = Sess 9 16 25 0 0 6 Grieendon ae 16 46 62 0 0 | One tree contained 8 larve, 7 of which were in crotches above the ground. Dees 18 Ape OOR a cea lege ers eet 113 0 0 1909. | Jan. 5 PRs & 3010 es chal ee ee Meese ss 67 0 0 | Larvee were of all sizes. Feb. 5 Nile oko) 1 0 | Larve in this record mostly small; one seer 76 13 89 larva in newly formed cocoon. THE ‘CALIFORNIA PEACH BORER. 73 TaseE III.—Records of larve of the California peach borer taken from trees, 1908-9— Continued. ae ara i =e Num- | Num-) Number ber of | berof | Total | Number Date of trees Kind of | larvee | larve | number | Number, empty ere exam- tree. small | half to | of of pupe. pupal ined. to half) full larve. | eases. steven grown. | = =a Aa pape 3 SH 1909. | Feb. 5 eg ASDELCOU ss ocllee cleo bof See ame 2 19 0 0 Mar. 4 an Sedo. : NeSe ye aoe 87 0 0 IVICA ON Eee ersce at eateans ees ee ee ticlinpa sects eee bell Las Sel sees | 20 9. || Peach... -| 0 9 | 9 ih Ree ete 21 1 | Apricot. -- 0 12 12 0 0 June 4/ Several | Peach..... 0 | 20 20 | 0 6 2| Apricot. ~ - 0 33 33 yy) 0 9 12 | Peach... o; 20] 20 5 | 2 | 10 One doves Sel cose Pedtes | 34 13 | 2 | 24 | 7a\pBruness- 3 | 0 | 20 20 26 0 26 On Psd Ges | 0 60 60 3 1 26 One ad OSS. =.= 7 47 54 0 1 26 Sele On eee 0 76 76 53 | Several | | 26 21) “Aipricot._ - 0 87 87 48 36 | | | | | | | 28 LON Oe ee liar pate 45 45 51 0 July 7 Hyleendoey eae ‘Several 20 20 30 16 74 eee ae Sse atee FA 14 14 ol lx ate | Remarks. Larvee of all sizes. Do. Larvee in cocoon; sec- ond for the season. Old peach trees only slightly attacked; all larve in cocoon; third for season. | All larvee nearly full grown. | Still active larva in just finished cocoon. | All pupze and empty pupal cases in nearly dead trees. | Larvee all nearly full grown; 10 pupz and 2 empty cases from a nearly dead tree. Prune trees on almond or Myrobalan plum- root stocks, and mostly in good con- dition. Do. Larvee nearly all full grown; 40 pupe, 13 larve in cocoon, empty pupal cases in nearly dead trees. Trees about 8 years old, completely gir- dled; most larve in crown from surface of ground to 14 to 16 inches above; 34 pupe, 19 larve in cocoons. The very few larve taken were appar- ently of the new brood. Four larve removed from trees began to spin their cocoons July 30, 1909. The worming records, so far as they are related to the larval stages, may be summed up as follows: Newly hatched and very small larvee were found from early in June to October and November. time during the year. Half-grown larvee can be found at any Larve which are fully grown during the summer usually transform to moths during late summer or fall, while larvee which are full grown during the fall and winter transform to moths early during the following spring. Larve more than half grown to full grown are most numerous during the winter and spring. Larve are apparently active throughout the winter and are never entirely dormant. ; 74 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. FEEDING HABITS WITHIN THE BURROW. There is no regular method of forming a burrow. After the borers have penetrated into the cambium layers, they may move upward or downward or to the side. The burrow may be long and narrow or short and broadened. The larva moves about in its burrow at will and cleans out the frass and exuding gum and ejects it through the outer opening and because of this the opening often becomes a more or less conspicuous tube of such castings. The castings and exuding gum are quite conspicuous and always indicate the presence of worms and show where the burrows are. Where many worms completely girdle a tree there are no individual burrows, and the worms may then be feeding closely together. THE PUPA. Chics BES Ds (0,)) FORMATION, STRUCTURE, AND POSITION OF COCOON. The mature larva selects a place to form its cocoon near some kind of an opening where the adult moth can readily escape. This may be near the entrance to the burrow, or near a break in the bark, or if under unbroken bark the worm may eat out a small round exit hole before it goes*into the cocoon. Larve which are located in the larger roots pupate in the usual way if these roots are near the sur- face. On May 26, 1908, during the process of worming 6 pup were dug out from a root and in this case they were 12 to 15 inches away from the trunk of the tree. Larve often move out from the lower roots and also occasionally leave the tree trunk and pupate a few inches below the surface and in the open soil several inches away. On one occasion 7 empty cocoons were found from 1 to 5 inches away from the tree and from 1 to 3 or 4 inches below the surface. Occa- sionally pupx may be found 2 feet or more above the ground in the lower branches. On June 10, 1907, 2 pup were found in the sun- burned area on a large branch, several feet above the ground. The-cocoon is constructed of chewed particles of bark and wood, excreta, and gum, and bound together by a silken web and lined inside with silk. The completed cocoon is exceedingly tough and strong and rather rigid. The anterior end alone is thin and weak and offers only a little resistance when the mature pupa begins to force its way out. Cocoons which are located in the soil are made of particles of earth, but they, like others, are held together and lined with silken threads. The cocoon is elongate oval in shape and about an inch in length. Female cocoons are larger than those of males, although they, too, are sometimes abnormally small when THE CALIFORNIA PEACH BORER. 75 they are found in a tree which has been completely girdled and dies prematurely. A cocoon may be Alnced with its anterior end directed upward, sideways, or downward, and it usually has a clearly open space in front, so that the pupa will not be hampered in getting out and so thet the issuing moth will also find an easy exit. Of 26 empty pupal cases collected on July 20, 1908, from a completely girdled dead tree, 15 were so placed that the emerging moths could escape directly to the open air, but 11 were found under the large expanse of dead bark and could get out only through rather distant openings. DESCRIPTION OF PUPA. The late Prof. Slingerland, in his bulletin on the eastern peach- tree borer, states that the male pupa can be readily distinguished from the female by its more slender shape and smaller size and by the double row of spines across the seventh abdominal segment, which bears the last or caudal spiracles. These same sexual differ- ences are also clearly characteristic of the western borer. The pupa is normally dark-brown in color. It is, however, very light brown when first formed and almost black-brown just before the moth issues. The beaklike anterior tip is strong and sharp and easily cuts through the weak anterior end of the cocoon. In leaving the cocoon the mature pupa hitches itself forward by means of the numerous backwardly directed dorsal spines and forces itself about half way out from the cocoon, and immediately the shell splits along the dorsal side and the moth issues. The posterior end of the pupa remains fastened to the cocoon for an indefinite period after the moth has gone. LENGTH OF PUPAL PERIOD. The individual pupation record given in Table IV indicates clearly the length of time required in the several changes during the process of pupation. 76 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLeE IV.—Individual pupation records of the California peach borer. Num- Num- Num- arenes dire Date Pate bee Date | Date of | Date of pee from Lenete oe Number. larva in- | §9 Eni cocoon |changing| exit of apie finish Nepal rae troduced. coconn finished. | to pupa. | moth. pine. et stage. es ‘| to pu- Cae at | pation moth 5OP aacee=earcasee er 28 1 9 UG eS cre are tee 9 Pee sete eset 28 1 6 14 Os Sete 6 get aoe sai semeeee 28 1 Cp erat 18 9 LG bed es tthe eer Paes 28 1 6 12 17 6 by ea See aSOe 28 1 9 14 18 9 10 ee ee ene 28 1 6 14 18 6 OG ok Ss erace aids as-is 28 1 8 16 23 8 DD (pect cee emacs 28 1 6 1G eee cis 6 DB ecisinasi see ra 5 28 1 6 24 26 6 yO Ete ere eae 28 1 6 U5 aetcicteicjnoee 6 60S sees ate Sacet's 28 if 6 12 19 6 Total's -se.dloe voce ects beshmtc | See ee | pecremeioaer 232 Average (CEN) ABRs ee el ee enemy eres Oi nae All Ss 2 le este 6.1 7.3 | 34.88 47.95 THE CALIFORNIA PEACH BORER. Ti The process of spinning the cocoon, as above indicated, occupies about 7 days, and there then follows another period of about a week before pupation is apparent. The larva is inactive during this second period, but wakes up immediately if disturbed or if it is torn from the cocoon. The larva has strength to spin a second cocoon, but in doing so becomes so weakened that it seldom if ever transforms to a moth. The pupal stage occupies a period of about 35 days. The insect is actually in the cocoon from 46 to 56 days. EARLIEST, MAXIMUM, AND LATEST APPEARANCES OF PUP. During the season of 1908 the first pupa of the season was found on April 29, but at this time most larve were still active and not ready to change to pupe. On May 15 several cocoons were found which contained quiescent larve, but none of them contained pupe. No empty cocoons had been observed up to this time. Numerous pupe found on May 23, 24, and 26 indicated that the period of pupation had begun. Four recently killed trees were examined on May 23 and 26, and besides numerous pupze 12 empty pupal cases were found. These trees had been completely girdled by numerous borers and had died early in the spring, so that a lack of food had caused the borers to hasten through to maturity. These cases were the first for the year and they indicated that this was the beginning of the period when moths were flying. All of these early individuals which were found in dead trees were undersized and the males were about as large as the females. During the season of 1909 one quiescent larva in a cocoon was found on February 5 and the first pupa on May 6. On May 19 a second pupa was found. One empty pupal case, the first of the season, was found on the same day; this, again, indicated that the time for flight of the moths was beginning. Pupez and empty pupal cases were found frequently during all the summer, but pup were found in maximum numbers during June, July, and August. The first or earliest empty pupal cases were always collected from trees that were dead or nearly dead and the cases were usually undersized. The later maturing individuals were always found on healthy trees. THE ADULT. (Fig. 27, d, e.) HABITS OF NEWLY EMERGED MOTHS. When a moth has just emerged its wings are soft blackish pads and lie on the surface of the back, but immediately they begin to open out and after 10 or 15 minutes are fully expanded. The moths 78 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. are active and jump about in an erratic way and at first are aided only slightly by the partly developed wings. As the wings expand the moth rests for a few minutes until the wing tissues are set, and it then immediately flies away. Newly emerged moths, when con- fined in rearing cages or jars, buzz and throw themselves against the sides of the cage with comparatively great force. ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION AND SUBSEQUENT NOTES. Henry Edwards in 1881 described the adult of the peach-tree borer under the name Ageria opalescens.1. The description is as follows: Steel blue, the fore wings with the opaque spaces greenish black, the vitreous spaces very opalescent, with a few silvery scales, hind wings with bright opalescent reflec- tion. Fringes of both wings purplish black. Beneath the silvery scales of fore wings are much more numerous, extending over the whole vitreous surface. Head, palpi, and antennie, deep jet black. Thorax concolorous with fore wings. Abdomen, dark steel blue. The whole of the under surface greenish black, the tibiz having at their base a tuft of whitish hairs. Spurs whitish, speckled with black. Exp. wings 28 mm. 3 males, Virginia City, Nevada. (H. E.) 1 female, Colorado (Morrison). Type: Coll. Hy. Edwards. Later, Beutenmiiller, in his Monograph of the Sesiidz, changed the name of the insect to Sanninoidea opalescens,? and gave the following notes on its description. Male.—Head, thorax, and abdomen entirely black. Legs black with white tufts. Fore wings transparent with black margins. Transverse mark and outer margin very broad. Hind wings transparent with black border. Underside of wings same as above. Female.—Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs wholly bronzy black, forewing opaque, bright metallic green black. Hind wings transparent, opalescent, outer margin and fringe blue, or green black. Underside same as above. Expanse: Male 25-30 mm; female 30-34 mm. Habitat: Nevada, California, Washington, Oregon. Types: Two males. Coll. Hy. Edwards, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Male and female S. pacifica. Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. Beutenmiiller also adds that Sanninoidea opalescens differs trom the eastern peach borer, Sanninoidea exitiosa, By having the transverse mark and outer margins of the fore wings of the male much broader. In the female the fore wings are opaque, the hind wings transparent and the abdomen wholly blue or green black. The striking difference between the two species, however, 1s that the upper part of segment 4 in the females of Sanninoidea exitiosa is orange colored, while the dorsal segments in Sainninoidea opalescens are uniformly steel blue-black. 1 Papilio, vol. 1, no. 10, p. 199, 1881. 2 Monograph of the Sesiidee of America, North of Mexico, vol. 1, Part VI, Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 271, 1896. THE CALIFORNIA PEACH BORER. 79 EARLIEST, MAXIMUM, AND LATEST APPEARANCES OF MOTHS. The first moth during the season of 1908 was found resting on an apricot leaf near the crotch of a tree on April 16, and on May 15 another was seen in a similar position. On these same days two or three empty cocoons were found, which indicated that other moths had also emerged. The data in Tabie V indicate the period when moths are flying. Tasie V.—Records of emergence of moths of the California peach borer, 1908-9. 1908 record, Kelly orchard, 35 trees. 1909 record, Henly orchard, 19 trees. =k ae Poa | Nl Date. Males. Females. Total. Date. Males. Females. | Total. = = = ee —_ LSE | =3 Stine 6s---2. 2. 2 1 Sll\ disdk> ils hejgsceen 3 | 0 | 3 A ocien S25 1 5 6 Wee ice os - 3 | 0 3 14), See 4 2 6 WA ey: cs 4 1 5 eS =o 2 Sear 9 2 11 Se Pie, as rece 8 6 14 At hy Gy See ee 9 1 10 sls Spies c 2 2 4 1k 5 eee 9 ila DON Ase: «42 oS ee 1 3 4 1) eee 10 10 20 10 eae. 5 1 6 ke ae ie ere 8 Wy 20 || UG: ae Skok 3 8 ditt Slee eee 8 11 19 || D5 aa a ote 7 5 12 INTE SS agers aee 6 13 1OF\WSepthaSece scsasees 3 1 4 Pee eas. ot 10 10 20 |} WO se See ore 0 0 0 LO caper eerie 0 3 3 || iio cocoa Se 1 1 2 eee oes 1 3 | 4 SARS Be ake 0| 1 1 Sapiens oe | 0 | 1 || BY yee ee a i, 0 | 1 Were ora? 0 | 0 0 |) | Total 77 85 162 Motale=eeer 4 29 | 70 | | These records of emergence of moths for the two seasons of 1908 and 1909, respectively, were taken from series of wire-mesh traps (Pl. X, fig. 2), which were placed around the lower trunks of apricot trees. During the season of 1908 the records were made in an uncultivated orchard about 3 miles from San Jose. Thirty-five wire cages were placed around as many trees, and the moths which emerged were collected at regular intervals of a week, except that they were collected every two or three days during the period of maximum emergence. The records for the season of 1909 represent moths collected from the cages which had been placed around apricot trees in another orchard. A perusal of the table indicates that an average of 5 moths emerged from each of the 35 traps during the season of 1908. An average of 8 moths per tree and a maximum of 27 moths from a single tree were recorded during the season of 1909. The record of 1908 shows an emergence of more females than males, and the records of the fol- lowing year just the opposite. This fact probably has no special significance, since the totals in either case are not sufficiently large to be of value in determining the relative number of either sex. A few moths are thus to be seen flying in April and May and many more during July and the first half of August. A few late individuals appeared during September. 80 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES, FLIGHT, FEEDING, AND MATING. The moths for the most part fly within a few feet of the ground and move in an erratic way, dashing from place to place or from tree to tree. Individuals flying into or over the tops of large trees are only rarely seen. Males are often found buzzing and hovering around trap cages in which females are confined. Both sexes are extremely active and hard to catch. Moths are often seen resting on leaves or on trunks of trees. Moths have never been observed in the act of feeding. Drops of sweetened liquids and honey were placed on apricot leaves in the trap cages, but the moths were never seen even sipping at this. Mating occurs as soon after the moths have emerged as the male and female can come together. Individuals from separate rearing jars only a few minutes after issuing from their cocoons were observed to copulate as soon as they were placed together in the same rearing cage. In one instance a male which was known to have mated a few hours previously was placed in a cage with a newly issued unim- pregnated female. Both alighted on the ground and copulation took place immediately—so quickly, in fact, that one could not follow the movements. The individuals remained in copulation 1 hour and 20 minutes. The previous copulation of this male had lasted 1 hour and 17 minutes. Other matings have been observed to last as long as 1 hour and 30 minutes. Copulation was observed many times. OVIPOSITION. Female moths begin to place their eggs within a few hours after emerging from the cocoons. They have been observed in rearing cages to mate during the forenoon and to place eggs in the after- noon—never later than the following day. Within two or three days oviposition is completed and the moths die. The rearing cages for the life-history study of the insect were about 2 feet square and 6 feet high, with wire-mesh cloth on all sides. They were placed over small apricot trees which had been planted for this purpcse in the back yard of the insectary. (See Pl. IX.) The moths thus introduced were out of doors, could fly and mate under almost normal conditions, and it was found that oviposition and egg development could be watched easily. Within the rearing cages the moths placed their eggs at random, on the small trunks, stems, and leaves of the trees, and even on the inside of the cages. Most of the eggs, however, were placed on the underside of the leaves. A moth would fly to a branch and rest on it for a few minutes, and after placing a few eggs would quickly fly away and soon repeat the operation. Eggs were placed sometimes singly, but mostly in groups of from 2 or 3 to 25 or 30 or more. A moth was observed to alight on a leaf, place 2 eggs in about 10 seconds, and then fly away. PLATE IX. Bul. 97, Part IV, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. adIq SL] 4O AGNLS NI Gasp i v9 ‘ssor NvS CTIVNISIYO) “AYOLSIH LV GYVA AYOLVHOSYV] NI SA9VO SONIYVEY ‘'Y3YOG HOVSd VINYOSINVO SHL ‘YaYOd HOVAd VINYOSIIVO AHL (AVNIDINO) "354. GNNOYY 30V1d NI ‘SHLO|J, 3O SONS9YNAWZ CAVNIDIYO) 4O GOINSd ONININYSLAQ NI Gasp ‘39VO AYIM—'S ‘SId "YAY AG AYNCN] ONIMOHS ‘Sau] LOOIddy 430 aSvg—'} “DI4 PLATE X. RW SKS aS; Sb ies Bul. 97, Part IV, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. THE CALIFORNIA PEACH BORER. 81 Numerous records of oviposition by moths which were confined in cages indicate that the favorite place is on the lower surface of the leaves (Table VI). TaBLeE VI.—Oviposition of moths of the California peach borer within the rearing cages. | | ree a On On | a = placed on n upper Cage No. wood of branches. | surface Rehan | Total cage. of leaves. a ‘ | ‘i ow, oe a Bel aie ae ae Ee ee a 55 16 14 19 | 204 Bot oe DOE ee Sk ie ee | 66 49 53 168 meine eee meee eee Stn sy aye Sohn cash ee 272 474 746 Ds os dee ek ID OA LOLS eed SR Met eae 20 144 40 204 Byam Sa OE Sees AD le ae ee a oe anne a ee isan ciao 2 Sl a ee ie a 48 220 268 (Rac oe nc os LW 6 RR aR gel a ca | 55 (Raalfeaeenee Se 102 293 THIS Ee eee een See 110 168 527 1, 008 | 1,813 Moths flying in the open field always place their eggs on the lower trunk a few inches above the surface of the ground. The eggs are arranged in groups as in the rearing cages. A., B. BE. Bul.97, Part. V. D. F. I. I., November 6, 1911. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. NOTES ON THE PEACH AND PLUM SLUG. (Caliroa | Eriocampoides] amygdalina Rohwer.) By R. A. Cusuman, Agent and Expert. INTRODUCTION. On August 7, 1909, the writer’s attention was attracted by a peculiar injury to the leaves of a peach tree standing in the yard of the Delta Boll Weevil Laboratory at Tallulah, Madison Parish, La. (See Pl. XI.) This injury consisted in the skeletonizing, with subse- quent curling and falling, of the leaves by a small, yellowish-white, sluglke larva, resembling very closely in form the pear slug (Frio- campordes limacina Retz.). Investigation showed that most of the peach trees in the neighborhood were more or less severely injured. On August 16 an abundance of small black sawflies was observed alighting on a variety of trees and shrubs, and it was immediately thought that these were the adults of the sluglike larve on the peach trees. From the close resemblance of both the larve and the adults to those of the pear slug it was at first supposed that the insect in question must be of that species, but comparison of the adults with the description of the pear slug showed differences. Specimens of the adults were therefore sent to Mr. S. A. Rohwer of the Bureau of Entomology, who stated that they belonged to a species new to science. Mr. Rohwer has described the species as Caliroa (Erio- campoides) amygdalina.' What is undoubtedly the same species was discussed and figured by Prof. H. A. Morgan, in 1897,? under the name Caliroa (Selandria) obsoletum, and the common name “peach and plum leaf sawfly.”’ His article covers a little more than 3 pages, and embraces notes on the biology and natural enemies of the species and remedial measures. 1 Entomological News, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 263-265, figs. 1-6, June, 1911. 2 Report of the Entomologist, Bul. 48, 2d ser., La. Agr. Exp. Sta., pp. 142-145, 1897. 91 99 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. o Owing to the lateness of the season and the press of other work in the fall of 1909, very little in the way of biological studies cf this new species could be accomplished, although several unsuccessful attempts were made to carry the larve through to the adult stage. OBSERVATIONS ON THE PEACH AND PLUM SLUG IN 1910. In the spring of 1910 a careful watch was kept for the insects, and the earliest recorded observation was made on April 1, when two adult sawflies were observed on a peach tree. This is probably very near to the first date of appearance of the species, since careful search did not reveal larve until April 7. On this date 6 larve one-third grown and 5 eggs were found. Morgan (1. ¢.) states that the adults may be seen at any time from the middle of March until cold weather. His observations were made at Baton Rogue, La., about 130 miles south of Tallulah, La. On April 21 several larvee were taken, feeding on the leaves of a plum tree in the laboratory yard. From this time on, and under generally warm, dry weather conditions, the infestation increased eradually until April 24, when a severe frost killed all but a very few of the immature stages, including all of those directly under observa- tion on the trees. Following the freeze came a long, cold drought, unbroken until May 18 and followed by about a week of daily heavy rains. This, in turn, was followed by more cold weather. From the middle of June until the first week in July there were almost daily heavy rains. This combination of unfavorable weather conditions held the species in check to such an extent that 1t was difficult to find it in any stage. On July 12, 7 full-grown larve and a number of small larve were found, the latter probably hatched since the last rain. None between these two stages was observed. After this time fre- quent observations were made and considerable rearing work done. While before the freeze of April 24 all of the trees in the laboratory yard had suffered about equally from the depredations of the insects, from this time until about the middle of August the infestation was confined almost entirely to two trees, which stood within a few feet of the north side of the house, and which were further sheltered by a large pear tree and a persimmon tree. For a long time the injury was practically confined to the lower branches close to the house and under the pear and persimmon trees. But as the season advanced and the supply of suitable leaves in those locations failed the infestation spread over these two trees and to the other peach trees and the plum trees in the yard. Whether it is the normal habit of the species to confine its work as closely as possible to its breeding place, or whether the concentration noted was due to the fact that the adults which survived the freeze sought a sheltered location for depositing their eggs, is not quite clear. However, the earlier PLATE XI. Bul. 97, Part V, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. ( . IVNIDINO ) ‘ (VNIIVODAWY [SACIOdNVOOIYA] VOYINVO ) ON1IS WN1d GNV HOVSd JO YYOM ONIMOHS ‘SSAVa] HOV3d r j i oe: aes = =m “ a ’ “4 e.¥ =f *® >. > +h “4 oe oes 2 as ty 2 es 1 ice THE PEACH AND PLUM SLUG. 93 observations seem to indicate that the females normally infest the lower branches first, gradually going higher and higher as the destruc- tion of the lower leaves progresses. On September 15 occurred a very hard shower, accompanied by a high wind, that destroyed a large percentage of the larve that were on the trees at the time. This constituted another setback from which the species had hardly recovered when cold weather set in. On October 5 practically all of the accessible foliage of the trees in the yard was examined and no stage of the sawfly found, except 8 eggs. These were all located on one leaf and had apparently all been para- sitized. In the earlier attempts at life- history work great difficulty was ex- perienced on account of the delicacy of the young larve and the large death rate among them when trans- fer by hand from one leaf to another was attempted. In addition to this, it was found impossible to follow a given lot of larve through to maturity if left on the tree, because of their habit of moving over considerable areas and their consequent loss. The attempts to curb this tendency re- sulted only in the death of the larve. Also, the adults refused to oviposit under any form of restraint. For these reasons a special method of pro- bok Fr ae F Fic. 23.—Cage used in rearing the peach and cedure was adopted anda special — piumstug: a, Tumbler; b, sand for pupation rearing cage designed. Many unin- of the insects; c, tube, open at both ends, for 5 moistening sand from bottom; d, vial of fested terminal clusters of leaves were — water for keeping food fresh; e, lantern marked with blank stringtags. These chimmey; J, cheesecloth cover; g, rubber eC ar band. Reduced. (Original.) clusters were examined daily, and when eggs were found on any of the leaves the infested leaves were marked by clipping the tips and a lot number was placed on the tag, the number corresponding to a card on which notes were recorded. The leaf cluster was then allowed to remain on the tree until just before or just after the hatching of the eggs, when the whole cluster was cut off with a long stem and transferred to the rearing cage. This cage (fig. 23) consisted of a tumbler of sand, into the center of which was thrust a vial and at the side a tube open at both ends. The stem was placed in water in the vial and held upright by a perforated cork. The tube reached well toward the bottom of the tumbler, and was for the purpose of watering the sand without 94 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. puddling the surface. Over this was placed a lantern chimney upside down, the top of the chimney just fitting inside the top of the tumbler. A piece of cheesecloth over the open end of the chimney completed the cage. About two days after hatching the larve were transferred to fresh foliage, and thereafter the foliage was changed as often as necessary. Even with this care only a small percentage of the indi- viduals confined were carried through to maturity, and many of the lots were complete failures. However, a great deal of information concerning the life history and habits of the species was obtained. LIFE HISTORY. THE ADULT. The adult sawflies (see fig. 24, g) are very active little insects. If one is observed on a leaf it will be seen to run back and forth across the leaf on the upper side, apparently peering over the edge, occasion- ally stopping for a moment at one of the nectaries at the base of the leaf and sipping the nectar. This sort of food seems to constitute their diet, as, in addition to visiting the peach-leaf nectaries, they were also observed visiting near-by cotton plants for nectar and honey- dew, and one was seen on Japanese quince. The adults first appear in the spring, in the latitude of Tallulah, about the Ist of April and can be found at any time thereafter until cold weather in the fall. Morgan (loc. cit.) observed that the adults appeared most abundantly toward the end of each month, and con- sidered this as an indication of the different broods. This tendency was not noticed at Tallulah. Moreover, eggs and larve of all sizes could be observed at the same time, and it hardly appears that shere would be any such distinctness of broods. During the year there are probably seven generations of the earliest individuals in the lati- tude of Tallulah, but owing to the confusion resulting from the over- lapping of generations, it is impossible to determine the exact number. Six of the seven are summer generations and the seventh is the hibernating generation. Of the latest individuals of each generation there are probably not more than three or four summer broods. OVIPOSITION. The act of oviposition was not observed, but from the position of the egg it would seem that the female inserts the ovipositor in the leaf from the upper side, usually close to the midrib or one of the larger veins, and by moving it about from side to side separates the lower epidermis from the other leaf tissues in a space about one and one- half millimeters in diameter and more or less circular in outline. In THE PEACH AND PLUM SLUG. 95 the cavity thus formed the egg is placed. (See fig. 24, a.) The probability that this is the method of oviposition is supported by the fact that the adult was never observed on the underside of the leaf, but always on the upper side. Moreover, the pear slug, which is closely related to this species, performs the same operation from the underside of the leaf, depositing the egg just beneath the upper epidermis. Morgan (loc. cit.) mistook the portion of the lower epidermis, which forms the floor of the nidus, for a ‘‘mucilaginous secretion which extends beyond the real egg and produces a much larger surface for attachment.’’ That this idea was erroneous can be easily seen by dissecting the nidus. Fic. 24.—Deyelopmental stages of peach and plum slug: a, Egg in situ; b, newly hatched larva; c, larva nearly full grown; d, larva after last molt, ready to enter ground for pupation; e, prepupa; f, pupa; g, adult. All much enlarged. (Original.) In selecting a leaf for oviposition the female usually chooses one some distance back from the terminal bud but one which is still tender. The fresh terminal leaves and the oldest tough ones seem to be avoided, although rather tough leaves are preferred to the newest growth. The number of eggs in a single leaf may vary from 1 to 25. It seems likely that a female, after selecting a suitable leaf, may deposit many eggs in it. This conclusion is strengthened by the fact that on April 9, within 9 days of the first appearance of the adults, and when infested leaves were very scattered, one leaf was found which contained 25 eggs. In some leaves the location of each egg is indicated on the upper side by a small, reddish-purple spot. 96 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE EGG. The egg is transparent white, ovoid, slightly more than one-half a millimeter in its longest diameter, with one side slightly more rounded than the other as in the egg of the pear slug. In eggs in which incubation has continued for some time the developing larva can be easily distinguished. The incubation period of 74 eggs was determined (see Table I), and it varied from 4 to 6 days, with an average of 4.9 days. Tasre I.—Incubation period of. the peach and plum slug, Tallulah, La., 1910. Date of | Number | Incuba- Lot No. eyipesl: leer | of indi- tion tion | 8: fe period. | Days. TAR ee eee ee ee i SN tts EE ee Apr. 14/ Apr. 18 | 1 4.0. | fy (Ree eS ee ent e Sae SOR RA ea oer aso ossaccoocsceeressocecs Apry 13) 2. .d0S-e—2 1 5.0 TIT eS ee see eaapene nae HUonaadae oo onesoseouosIsececdeseacosecs Aug. 10} Aug. 14 6 4.0 De ee ee Nene ae acten psec cena scan scoot se cerereaemeas Aug. 11 | Aug. 16 3 5.0 oe ee SEPP ARCRn aE Senaeeabone Seb ocootaaneaisnoscescs Sano OE eeleeolnerae 3 5.0 TRS) ee eee ree a nee SEE REE E Oasis set eee ees Aug. 12)|=..dol-.-- 1 4.0 Aug. 17 2 5.0 PANS GS ha Ses eo ina ae Ralaianee a os oe oA eet ers [eccOOsces= Aug. 16 1 4.0 Aug. 17 1 5.0 {Oe ee SA ata ere aon bac mae haetae aaeeotooasE SSroeC SSAC Aug. 14 | Aug. 19 22 5.0 1G gee, So eee a ee RON Sonar E Nate ets S Secs -aeeooteteasce Sodding: Read Ouse- 29 5.0 LY Beeeeetcoeunaobaar stan anna sbeuceaseuHe seems baesteobbactncr Aug. 21 | Aug. 27 4 6.0 ) otalvandiaweragens sees ewe ee see eee a eee ata ee eer eae ee ee eter eee | 74 4.9 THE LARVA. As is the case with the pear slug, the larva in escaping from the egg cuts a crescent-shaped slit in the wall of its cell. When first hatched (fig. 24, b) it is creamy white with the head shghtly darker and the eyes and mouth parts brown, and lacks the slimy covering. It has, in addition to the 6 true legs, 7 pairs of prolegs. It begins to feed almost immediately, becoming quickly coated with the secretion, and within half an hour a line of green appears down its whole length, due to the food in the alimentary canal. The first damage by the larva consists in very small pinholes eaten into the leaf from the underside, all of the tissue being removed except the upper epidermis. As the larva grows and its jaws become stronger the size of the eaten patches increases until they become large blotches. The upper epidermis is, however, never eaten. The larva grows rapidly (see fig. 24, c), molting four times during its growth. The first instar is from less than 2 to 4 days in duration, averaging about 2 days. The second and third instars are of nearly like duration, and the fourth about 3 days in length, the total feeding period being about 9 or 10 days in duration in warm weather. Two individuals were recorded in which the feeding period lasted for 22 days, but these were from a lot which was under observation during THE PEACH AND PLUM SLUG. 97 the cold weather of April, and represent the result of abnormal conditions. , Unlike its congener, the pear slug, the larva does not eat its exuvium. _ The escape from the exuvium is made through an opening at the head end, the larva simply crawling out of its old skin and leaving it as a narrow line of slime on the surface of the leaf. Immediately after molting the larve very freqeuntly wander away from the leaf on which they have been feeding to another, sometimes 2 or 3 feet distant. During the first four instars the larva is of a peculiar sluglike appearance, swollen in front and covered with the slimy secretion which hides the segmentation of its body. The head is pale brown and the eye spots darker. The body is translucent and the course of the alimentary canal can be traced by the green food within. On molting for the fourth time, however, it loses its slimy coating and appears as an opaque, yellowish, caterpillar-like larva (fig. 24, d), in which the segmentation can be distinctly seen. It is from five- sixteenths to three-eighths of an inch in length. During the last molt the larva deposits several pellets of excrement within the exuvium. Tables IL to V show the data obtained on the duration of the different larval stages, and Table VI gives the data for the total feeding period. . TABLE II.—First larval period of the peach and plum slug, Tallulah, La., 1910. : Number |_ First Lot No. aero pee oe of indi- larval 8: _ "| viduals. | period. Days. LIND: nococucadtBat caSesne SESS Basis BABS ste See cette ee i a Aug. 14 | Aug. 15 6 1.0 EL 55 See OBIE S ES in oe Rl ES a Aug. 16 | Aug. 17 3 1.0 [ISAs 3 8 0, Sp Oe oe SETS tes ail [pee OG=e eae Aug. 18 3 2.0 LEB) nc RES Sh 6 Mee aR SS ll An re em Sept. 21 | Sept. 24 2 3.0 LE sate GA SS Sab ES Cee ee aa ae i er Nee. en Apr. 9 Apr. 11 10 2.0 Hh = Soe kee SBE RAS sect ree ney ea re an Apr. 13 | Apr. 15 5 2.0 Tap 1 LES A ag A No geen | Aug. 25 | Aug. 27 4 2.0 HB se oe seis baa ee SEES See SEs SS eee ee a en eee ear | Sept. 20 | Sept. 24 1 4.0 | sorbet Gea veray Gnome = Bese: coe sae Ses emcee cidnie ana ma tale Salee,cl neces steele 34 1.9 TaB_eE III.—Second larval period of the peach and plum slug, Tallulah, La., 1910. Date of | Date of | Number} Second Lot No. first second | of indi- larval molt. molt. viduals. | period. Days 98 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Tas.e 1V.—Third larval period of the peach and plum slug, Tallulah, La., 1910. Date of Lot No. second molt. TDD ofa ale aiaielo acre ein < wise iene Oe Ree Ce a eee one eee eee eeiniseeier Sept. 26 D8 co eee she eee ae ene eee ence eee ee eoene eno aeeee Aug. 29 TID aie soo ios isis aeolaciains ote cre sroleiaiore ee aetsicacatcciereeis soe cise eile Sept. 23 be) Beene PSE B OED One cReOAnononbec Sed ccdposeeuces sccisnecenagadndel pac doves VIS Tessier Sona dod See oe eens a selec sem ace sictoaseiaisisiosee Sept. 26 Date of | Number third molt. Sept. 28 of indi- viduals. Third larval period. Days. NNownwnwy n|ooeooco bo . TasLe V.—Fourth larval period of the peach and plum slug, Tallulah, La., 1910. Date of Lot No. third molt. TO isa race warp aocidees ses secmgact ceeene se sis Mines seiaetete eee Aug. 20 MDD ee eae Cokes a oe tee oa temereie crseentoten eetaeeer aicisine ce saree Aug. 22 iD eee eein eke: MEME ARM LTE A ont aie Pee Sa peeeee Sept. 28 a rarstoeeains eeime sacle oe aie sie ese = Se ete eerste te loniane a ae ene Aug. 29 1 OB (See Bab ean eo Dene DIRE SOROS DLO CGAa BOS ee coon 06 ChodoRsoomAbnase Sept. 25 Sept. 26 1 El 2 ee eR ae nel Se ere OETA SOACeD bo Goscnd Sept. 25 | 1 Hl ry hs ee RRA eerie ie ROR Kae ea See Shore ie AA 3 Sept. 28 | PotalianGy averages <3 ses se Meee Mae eats eee ee oe eer | Saeco eee Date of Nomper Fourth fourth molt. Aug. 23 Aug. 25 Octet Oct. 32 of indi- viduals. ao RR RN WHR ROR Re larval period. Days Sam to | gogo ko oR co to toe 99 99 oOlooourannannoeooesd TaBLE VI.— Total feeding period of the peach and plum slug, Tallulah, La., 1910. Date of Lot-No. hatching. Date of fourth molt. Lio gatocnbeocntapbeng CHOCO OEGRES Gea SAoea AD Se: Gan oencoopooens Aug. 14 1 Ae Sc oG OR OH OCE RE OE COOOL EE OC EEReS Be See Hee Soe ee cen Hae mmreree Aug. 16 IT DSU SN EMI eat I Nae Se kN nes Sept. 21 NAS e cisternre eee eisvaete araies <= SsSeehssepere SEA REO Ie eos Genesee Apr. 11 WEF foo 6 bon esoodansSace de Spc eos desen coocsacESsososogacgpsoosanssee Sept. 19 BY. eae se coe oa onaso sooo ad soc boUEBuE So senSe asco scdsosoCSden= Sept. 20 |... Motalvandiaverageter mee = cea ae als Se cs See ee okies Aug. 23 Aug. 25 Octet Oct 2 3 | Number of indi- viduals. BWR Ree RWW to me Total feeding period. Days. Sd el et ed mee S| HRESomNhsoe wlhooossssssscse — 1These 2 were developing during unusually cold weather for the season and are omitted from the average. THE PREPUPA. After molting for the last time the larva crawls or drops to the ground where it voids the entire contents of the alimentary canal, burrows into the soil from one-half an inch to 3 inches, and constructs THE PEACH AND PLUM SLUG. 99 an oval cell somewhat less than one-fourth of an inch long in its greatest diameter. If the cell be opened the larva will be seen to have changed its form considerably. (See fig. 24, e.) It is now like a mummy of its former self. It is only about half its original size when it entered the soil, has lost the power of locomotion, and is much shriveled. This stage may be called the prepupa. Marlatt + terms the corresponding stage of the pear slug the ‘‘contracted larva.” In this form the insect remains for a period, depending on the temperature, of from 5 to 7 days before pupation. Some individuals, as in the case of the pear slug, which seem to be set aside to guard against any catastrophe which might exterminate the species, remain in this condition until long after their fellows have matured, before finishing their life cycle. In one case a living prepupa was found 28 days after the latest adult reared from the same lot of larvee had emerged. When the work was finished, on October 20, after cold weather had set in, all of the cages were examined. In this examina- tion all of the living stages found were in the prepupal condition. From this it appears that the species must hibernate in this form. EDR), PGiRAY (Fig. 24, f.) The pupal period varies in duration from 2 to 4 days, according to the temperature. The data on the total quiescent period (i. e., pre- pupa plus pupa) is shown in Table VII. TaBLeE VII.—Quiescent period of peach and plum slug, Tallulah, La. Date of | Number} Quies- Lot No. ee ee emer- of indi- cent “| gence. | viduals. | period. Days. LORS see i5s PE ME ORE SA Or EE BD CROBE er EOE abo cmon aaa Aug. 23....--|) sept. -2 1 9.0 Ree eae Ses oan cose Soc ct cece scab asehcemecicedss| Aug. 25.....| Sept. 3 2 9.0 MUL, 3s ALS eGo RSE S Soe ee ene, Tae any MEE eet | Mayroeet ee May 12 1 9.0 IPSs on Se Aes Sea Coe a ee a | May 22-29...| May 9 1 13.5 Reet er one ace saree cicme ccs Seta Mecemeste tebens < Face)! dlhyak eae. July 26 1 8.0 DU oe oe oases cise a Se SacI Gaee Jai= casts see ecu eeeme eas tacis | July 14-17...) July 23 1 7) July 24 1 8.5 NG AE re feo 2382 oe coos Doe Nan miss eee Sac Seta sees Aug. 12:....| Aug. 19 3 7.0 Meee mete e on ems eet oretisnc Sonjsans lapse eee ee ceeene | Auge 145. 5 Aug. 22 4 8.0 ie Aug. 23 1 9.0 Aug. 18....- Aug. 25 2 7.0 Aug. 21... -=| sept. 16 1 2 26.0 Aug. 23-25 ..] Sept. 1 2 8.0 Sept. 3 7 10.0 | Aug. 26-27 Rdoe sce 2 7.5 Sept. 4 1 8.5 Sept. 5 1 9.5 HUGG Ree eee see ee rt mene cae e feo S ete Soca wtosas Sept. 10-11.-] Sept. 20 1 9.5 Sept. 22 1 11.5 MGtalbande rerage ere cree a aicat wee acncee aac eee ook acct |bce sees sd 34 9.0 1U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Cir. 26, 2d ser., 1897. 2 This individual held over till the next generation before emerging and is omitted from the average. 100 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TOTAL DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD. The total developmental period varies from 20 to 28 or 30 days in the majority of individuals, although in those individuals of each generation which hold over for a time after the normal time of emer- gence it may be from twice to several times as long as this. This portion of the life history was actually determined for only three individuals. One of these required 22 days and the other two 23 days each. One other was carried through the total period with the exception of the incubation period. Estimating this at 5 days the total developmental period for this individual was 36 days. During the time it was developing, April and May, the weather was very cold and the larval period was 22 days in duration. EXTENT OF DAMAGE. * gy So serious a menace is this insect to the peach and plum trees that, in a favorable season, the trees are completely defoliated in August. Morgan figures a plum orchard which was practically defoliated as early as May 22, 1897, when the photograph (Pl. XI) was taken. In the struggle to repair the damage of the slugs, the trees keep putting out new leaves and forming new wood, which causes enter the winter unprepared and less able to withstand free. Many of them are thus winter-killed. Morgan (loc. cit.) quotes a letter from a correspondent in central Louisiana, in which the statement is made that the species ‘‘kills an orchard effectually in about two years.”’ He also makes the following observation: ‘‘The attack of this insect upon the American type of plums, such as the Mariana, and the almost entire immunity of the Japanese varieties is very noticeable. Peaches seem worse affected upon the lighter soils of the State.”’ A heavily infested tree has a very characteristic appearance in the late season, being entirely bare of foliage except at the tips of the twigs, where tufts of new leaves appear. NATURAL ENEMIES. Although the nauseous, slimy covering of the larva of this species undoubtedly protects it from many insects-and other animals which might otherwise attack it, it is not entirely without natural enemies. Morgan (loc. cit.) mentions two species of mud daubers, which were observed constantly visiting the infested trees and carrying away the larger larvee, and records the bordered soldier-bug (Stiretrus pulchella [=anchorago Fab.]) as feeding on them. He also records having observed a hymenopterous parasite, Trichogramma minutum, ovipositing in the eggs of the sawfly. The adults of the parasite appeared in 8 days (May 22 to May 30, 1896). THE PEACH AND PLUM SLUG. 101 The latter species was not reared by the writer, but on October 5 8 eggs, from which this parasite had probably emerged, were found. Emergence is through a small round hole a little to one side of the center of the egg. In addition to the above enemies several specimens of a new species of ichneumon fly were reared from the larve at Tallulah. This species has been described by Mr. H. L. Viereck, of the Bureau of Entomology, as Hyperallus calirox.' It is shown, much enlarged, in figure 25. Specimens of this parasite were reared from larve which had been confined in the rearing cages for varying periods before entering the ground. The youngest larva, from which a parasite was reared, was removed from the tree on April 7, when it was about one-third grown, ‘bh tis, 3 or 4 days from the egg. The parasite emerged 35 days later, on May 12. This period is, how- ever, rather longer than the aver- age, since this individual was de- veloping during the cold weather of April and May. All of the other specimens were reared from ' vhich were nearly full growu at the time they were re- moved from the tree and placed in cages. From larve placed in a cage on April 16, 2 parasites were reared on May 17, a period of 31 days. Fi. 25.—Hyperallus calirox, a parasite of the peach From larve placed ina cage on and plum slug. Much enlarged. (Original.) July 12,2 parasites were reared on August 10,a period of 29 days. An adult of the host emerged on July 26,15 days before the parasites appeared. From larve taken on August 10, two parasites were reared on September 1, a period of 22 days. ‘Three adult sawflies emerged on August 19, 13 days before the parasites. From larve confined in a cage on August 12, one parasite was reared on September 3 (period, 22 days), one on September 4 (period, 23 days), and one on September 7 (period, 26 days). Adult saw- flies were reared from this lot on August 20, 22, and 23, an average of 12.5 days before the first parasite, 13.5 days before the second, and 16.5 days before the last parasite. From larvze removed from the tree on August 19, two parasites were reared on September 18, a period of 30 days. The only adult sawfly reared from this lot was one which evidently remained over time as a prepupa and emerged September 16, only two days ahead of the parasite. 1 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, p. 189, 1911. 71419°—Bull. 97—12 § 102 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. The developmental period of the parasite is somewhat longer nor- mally than that of its host. The data on the development of the parasite are given in Table VEE TaBLE VIII.—Data on rearing of Hyperallus calirox. Period Period | from from Date of Date Date Number | confine- | emer- ono confine- | Condition of larve adult ited of para- | ment of | gence of a ment of when confined. sawflies Wes ered sites larvee to | sawflies larve. emerged. gee.) reared. emer- | to emer- gence of | gence of parasites.| parasites. — | | Days. Days IO GIS See ase eaeeeere Apr. 7] One-third grown..| None. | May 12 1 35.0!i| seceeeoeete Wile aacase peepee Apr. 16 | Nearly fuil grown.|...do....| May 17 2 Bl Oh aeseceeeee WN 4 2 foeoe2 25825254 aby; 92) eee Goise: sess aes July 26 | Aug. 10 2 29.0 15.0 TGS tee eee co eee ATi 10) eee Osis, ose nee | Aug. 19 | Sept. 1 2 22.0 13.0 Tee ss = ss os b= eee Avie: (12)\|\Baeo= owe teesason Aug. 20] Sept. 3 1 22.0 12.5 Aug. 22 | Sept. 4 1 23.0 13.5 Aug. 23 | Sept. 7 1 26.0 16.5 5 0 It Cee eae ees ‘Aug. 19) \|te222 (0 [eter Sia 1 Sept. 16 | Sept. 18 2 30.0 | 2.0 Total and aver- APES meee eciecel teseGn ces | on niewiec ans ce maceceee lseinas semets | eee eeetase 12 27.5 14.1 1 This sawfly was undoubtedly from a prepupa, which held over beyond the normal time of emergence for the brood, and the figure corresponding to it in the last column is omitted from the average. The parasite enters the ground in the body of the host and develops within the pupal cell of the latter. When it has entirely consumed its host and is full grown, it makes a very thin, brown, parchment- like cocoon within the pupal cell and changes to the pupal stage, emerging later as a light-brown and yellowish wasplike fly. This parasite is evidently not very abundant, as none was seen about the trees, and only 13 individuals were reared from the several hun- dred larve of the sawfly confined. REMEDIES. Lack of time prevented the writer from making any tests of reme- dies. Without doubt, however, an arsenical spray, such as arsenate of lead, would very effectively destroy these insects, and this poison is advised when the insects occur in sufficient numbers to warrant treatment. The rapid increase in the spraying of peaches and plums with arsenate of lead in self-boiled lime-sulphur wash for the control of the plum curculio and fungous diseases of the fruit will unquestionably result in keeping the peach and plum slug well reduced in orchards. Its occurrence in injurious numbers is to be looked for largely in small unsprayed home orchards, and the remedial measures indicated should be followed when its presence in undue numbers is noted. U. S. D. A., B. E. Bul. 97, Part VI. D. F. I. 1., February 24, 1912. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE PEACH BUD MITE. (Tarsonemus waitei Banks, MSS.) By A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTION. For the past 15 or 20 years nurserymen in the East have complained of a well-defined trouble of peach nursery stock, resulting from injury to the tender terminal bud of the principal shoot. The injury causes the cessation of further upward growth of the shoot and results in the development from the lateral buds of numerous branches, a condition very objectionable in stock of this class where a single vigorous shoot is desired. There have been several references in literature to this trouble, and entomologists are divided as to the cause, though in most instances a minute mite has been noted as associated with it. The mite in question, however, has not hereto- fore been examined by a specialist in the Acarina and its systematic position and relationships determined. Mr. Banks has recently been able to do this from material which was obtained from a large nursery in the environs of Philadelphia, and submitted to him during Septem- ber, 1911. The mite is now identified as Tarsonemus waitei Banks. As the trouble is an important one, it has appeared appropriate to bring together at this time, so far as is possible, the recorded facts concerning it, with remarks on injuries caused by some other species of Tarsonemus. HISTORY. Prof. M. B. Waite, of the Department of Agriculture, was undoubt- edly first to call attention to this affection, upon which he made care- ful observations a number of years ago. He was able to determine that a mite was the cause of the trouble, and presented the results of his observations before the Biological Society of Washington at its meeting October 23, 1897, under the title ““A New Peach and Plum 103 104 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Disease.’ An abstract of these remarks, published in Science,! is as follows: Mr. M. B. Waite presented a communication on a new peach and plum disease caused by a species of mite attacking and killing the terminal bud of the very young trees. The resulting loss in the value of the trees was considerable, as many thousand trees would be affected in one nursery. A similar disease prevailed in the Japanese quince. No further reference to this trouble appears to have been published by Prof. Waite. In Entomological News,? under the caption “ Pre- liminary notes upon an important peach-tree pest,’ Prof. W. G. Johnson states: In September, 1896, while inspecting the nurseries of Maryland, I found many peach trees dwarfed and stunted, and at first glance attributed it to the black peach aphis (Aphis prunicola Kalt.), Later inspection proved conclusively that the trouble wasnot caused by that insect, but bysomeothercreature. A lot of trees were examined in my laboratory and I discovered a minute mite (Phytoptidz) working behind and in the buds. In nearly every instance the terminal bud had been destroyed, thus forcing the laterals. These in turn would grow for a short time and were then killed. As a consequence the trees were crooked, stunted, and not salable, being less than 3 feet in height. They were what I have termed dog-legged trees, on account of their very crooked condition. Prof. Johnson’s note led to some comment by other entomologists, and Prof. F. M. Webster, in the Entomological News,*? under the title ‘The new peach mite in Ohio,” reports the finding by Mr. C. W. Mally, in the course of nursery inspection work, of the characteristic- ally injured peach trees, though the depredator was not determined. It is stated that in one very extensive nursery the greater portion of a block of 500,000 young peach trees was more or less affected and the presence of the pest was noted also in another nursery in the same general region. Prof. P. H. Rolfs in a note, ‘‘The new peach mite,” in Entomo- logical News,‘ called attention to the distribution of a mite which he erroneously thought to be the one referred to by Messrs. Johnson and Webster, namely, a phytoptid, causing a silvering of peach leaves— a mite which was subsequently described by Banks under the name Phyllocoptes cornutus from material from the insectary grounds in Washington. A further confusion is evidenced in a note by Mr. Claude Fuller, in Entomological News,® in which attention is called to a silvering of the leaves of deciduous fruit trees as noted by him in South Africa and due to the attack of a very small Phytoptus. This is very probably similar if not identical with Phyllocoptes cornutus. f Messrs. Webster and Mally refer briefly to the subject in an article on “Insects of the Year in Ohio,’ read before the Association of ) 1 Science, new series, vol. 6, Oct. 23, 1897, p. 707. 41 Ent. News, vol. 9, Mar.,1899, p. 73. 2 Ent. News, vol. 8, Dec., 1898, p. 255. 5 Ent. News, vol. 9, Sept., 1899, p. 207. 3 Ent. News, vol. 9, Jan.. 1899, p. 14. Bul. 97, Part VI, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XII. THE PEACH BuD MITE (TARSONEMUS WAITE]). Injury about two weeks old to peach shoots by the peach bud mite. The tips of shoots have fallen over and are brown and dry. (Original.) THE PEACH BUD MITE. 105 Economic Entomologists at their eleventh annual meeting, Columbus, Ohio, in August, 1899, and published in Bulletin No. 20 of the then Division of Entomology.t. The injury to peach nursery stock in Ohio was, however, considered to be due to the plant-bug Lygus pratensis L., as no evidence was found of the presence of the mite and the extent of injury had been observed to coincide with the abundance of the plant-bug in the nurseries. Also, as stated by nurserymen, the Lygus had been frequently observed at work. Dr. John B. Smith described, a similar injury to peach in New Jersey under the caption ‘Peach Thrips,” ? and figures a block of trees badly injured, and also a block of trees which had been sprayed June 9 with undiluted kerosene. In the peach shoots examined by Dr. Smith nothing was found in the dry ones, whereas in every one that was yet moist from 3 to 5 minute, immature thripids were discovered. Dr. Smith’s evident conclusion was that the thrips were responsible for the trouble. Also a letter is quoted by Dr. Smith from Prof. W. B. Alwood to the effect that he had worked on the peach thrips since 1891. He was certain injury was due to a thrips and had determined the insect to be tritici. In a further note by Prof. Johnson in Entomological News? he calls attention to the symptoms of injury by the peach bud mite, and states that the characteristic silvering of the leaves noted by Rolfs and Fuller had not been noticed by him associated with the new mite in Maryland. On the contrary, trees in the nursery rows affected with the peach bud mite were easily distinguished by their dense green foliage and the bunching of twigs. i In a report of the Virginia State entomologist * Mr. J. L. Phillips treats of this affection at some length under the title “Notes on Thrips, Disbudding Insect, or Stop-back of Peach, as Observed in the Nurseries of Virginia.” The author states that many unsightly peach trees growing in nurseries in the State had been noted dur- ing the few years previous and that injury appeared to be confined almost entirely to nurseries located in the sandy soils of eastern Virginia, where the trees grow very rapidly when given proper care. Thrips were not observed by Mr. Phillips in sufficient quantity nor in position to fix the responsibility for the disease. On the other hand, mites were found to be very plentiful in the tips of the injured trees in a number of instances, and the conviction was expressed that the trouble was due to them. Experimental evidence on this point was obtained by placing around uninjured seedlings in pots the tops of seedlings showing the affection, with the result that the 1 Bul. 20, n. s., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 72, 1899. 2Twelfth Ann. Rept. N. J. Agr. Coll. Exp. Sta., 1899 (1900), p. 427. 3 Ent. News, vol. 10, May, 1900, p. 471. 4 Fifth Rept. Va. State Ent. and Path., pp. 50-61, 1904-05. 106 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. uninjured seedlings soon became injured in the same way, yet no thrips were observed on these plants. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. Concerning losses in Maryland, Mr. Johnson, in the Entomological News,' states that over 125,000 trees were rendered worthless during 1896 and 1897; and, writing in 1900,’ he affirms that the injury still continues about as previously reported, causing dwarfed, crooked, and unsalable trees, and adds: The extent of the damage, however, this year is not so great as last, as the mite did not appear until after the young trees had made from 2 to 3 feet of growth, while last season the most injury was done when the trees were from 10 inches to 1 foot in height. Asa result, a much larger proportion of trees this season are salable. The mites are still active and ruining terminals in many places. On the 9th instant I found eggs of this species behind injured buds in the cavities occupied. Dr. John B. Smith states (loc. cit.) in reference to New Jersey that in almost all of the nurseries which he visited during 1899, a large percentage of the trees showed this affection, and, as already noted, Prof. W. B. Alwood in a letter to Dr. Smith also refers to the prevalence of the trouble in Virginia, as noted by him since 1891. Concerning the extent of injury in Virginia Mr. Phillips states (loe: cit. p. 52): No peach trees had formerly been grown in the soil where these observations were made prior to 1903. In that year a large block of peach was grown on one section of the farm, about 400 yards distant from the block under discussion. The plants grew very rapidly at this place, and were from 14 to 2 feet high on the 17th of May, at the time this examination was made. In the 8,500 plants examined the injury varied from 10 to 20 per cent, depending upon the local conditions. It was much worse in the slight depressions where water stood for a while after heavy rains. At this time (May 17), however, the injury had just begun to show plainly. Later in the season it was found that not more than 20 to 30 per cent of the trees had escaped injury in many sections of the field. Less than 20 per cent of the trees were injured in some sections which were located mainly at points where the drainage was good. A large block of seedling peach, standing about one-half to three-fourths of a mile from the budded stock, and just across the fence from the land that grew peach the year before, was examined June 22. In the section of seedlings nearest to land that stood in peach the previous year (just across the fence) 28 per cent of the plants had been attacked at this date. At another point, about 300 feet from the land that was in peach the previous year, but on a slight knoll where the soil was a little drier, only 14 per cent of the plants were attacked; but in a lower place, about 900 feet distant, 30 per cent of the plants were injured. At this date (June 22) about 80 per cent of the budded peach had been injured by this trouble in many sections of the field, a much larger percentage than was injured in the seedlings; but as the seedlings were grown and budded on the land the previous year, it is but natural to suppose the injury would be worse in the budded stock. 1 Ent. News, vol. 8, Dec., 1898, p. 225. 2 Ent. News, vol. 10, May, 1900, p. 471. THE PEACH BUD MITE. 107 Data in regard to height at which injury occurred on the trees. Number eee Number Number of iiwealgene injured | between 2} injured trees in aR within 24 Jevavel ce tarne above row. J "| feet of the ia aS 4 feet from ground. eround. ground. 182 25 25 4] 21 43 9 5 D829 ai|| caps crests ame 119 64 9 34 12 161 109 6 26 20 225 180 13 24 8 194 123 9 39 23 176 94 14 39 29 \Tn this case no distinction was made between those injured at this height and those injured at above 4 feet from the ground. When the writer examined the nursery, on May 17, quite a number of the trees had already been injured, and the indications are that it began about May 12. The in- jury occurred at an almost uniform height on the trees for three periods: First, from 1 to 2 feet high, about May 12; second, from 24 to 34 feet high, about June 12; third, about 4 feet high. The percentage of trees injured increased with each period, indi- cating that there must have been several successive broods of the form causing the trouble. The dividing line between the number injured at 24 to 4 and above 4 feet was not gauged properly in the latter part of the table; hence the figures in the first line should be considered as much more nearly correct than the others. Occasional complaints concerning this ‘‘stop-back’’ disease have been received by the Bureau of Entomology during the past several years. Specimens of injured peach trees from a nursery company near York, Pa., were received in 1905, and the damage done was stated to be heavy. During the spring of 1906 a Delaware nurseryman com- plained of serious loss to peach stock, estimating for the previous season a loss of about $2,000. The writer visited this nursery in June of the above year, and found the trouble quite prevalent, though, as stated by the owner, not so serious as the year before. In a large nursery in Maryland during the same year the work of the mite was in evidence, occurring quite generally over a large block of budded trees, though not especially serious. Complaint of this affection in a large nursery near Philadelphia was received July 27, 1911, through Prof. H. R. Fulton, State College, Pa., with specimens of injured plants. It was stated that there had been a considerable amount of the trouble that year as well as a slight amount the year previous. Mr. J. F. Zimmer, of the writer’s office force, visited this nursery August 24-25, and in con- ference with the owners it was learned that the injury during the year 1911 was estimated at about $15,000. This nursery was later visited by the writer and the injury was found to be quite serious, as stated, involving a portion of the large block of budded trees, and a small area of injured trees was found in a seedling block. The mite was found in some numbers working on peach, and a few 108 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. examples were noted by Mr. Zimmer on an adjoining block of apple of the Jersey Sweet and Early Harvest varieties. The varieties of peach most injured were Crawford’s Late, Mountain Rose, and Old Mixon. The varieties Crosby, Stump fhe World, and canal Bell were least injured. The ground planted had been in wheat in 1909 and was planted to peach for the first time in the spring of 1910. The buds used were obtained partly from a bearing orchard, but largely from nursery trees in an adjacent block, but in which no injury had been noted. A similar outbreak was also reported as occurring in a near-by nursery. A prominent nursery company in Ohio, writing of this trouble, states, under date of October 30, 1911: We have been bothered with the thrips in peach trees for 15 or 20 years. This year and last very bad. Some years very little. This year first time ever bothered much on peach seedlings. If we can get peach buds 3 or 4 feet before this pest begins, we can make very good trees. A Maryland nursery firm gives their experience as follows, under date of October 24, 1911: We have had lots of trouble and loss caused by the ‘‘setback” on peach seedlings and also on peach buds. In 1910 wesaw nosigns of it, but this year (1911) it caused us a good deal of extra expense. When the trees are stung by this insect in the terminal bud during the summer and when the trees are about 18 to 24 inches tall, it causes them to stop growing in the top and put out a lot of side or lateral branches, and if not attended to they will be worthless. The past summer we kept a gang of men going over our peach blocks and cutting or heading in the side branches in order to throw the growth to the terminal and make them start a second growth. In this way by constant work we got our trees to start to grow and the most of them finally outgrew the trouble. We knew no other remedy than to cut the side branches back 2 or 3 inches. We notice it is much worse in some places even in the same field than others. Prof. Waite’s careful observations, and those of Messrs. Johnson, Phillips, and others, indicate clearly that the Tarsonemus waitei is the cause of the so-called “stop-back”’ affection of peach nursery stock. It may also be true that injury practically identical in effect on the trees is caused by thrips, as stated by Dr. Smith and Prof. Alwood. Young thrips larve, principally Euthrips tritici, are very commonly found in the tender growing tips of various kinds of vegetation, and are especially common in peach nursery trees. In blocks of trees infested with the mite, the thrips larve have been found by the writer in great abundance, but never, so far as could be determined, killing the tips of the sone The writer is inclined to the belief that the injury in Ohio, New Jersey, and Virginia (as shown by Phillips) is due to the Tarsonemus, its small size, agility, and habits contributing to its oversight. Any injury to the growing tip of a peach shoot, as by plant-bugs, would naturally produce a similar effect in causing the cessation of growth and the development of lateral shoots, but the comparative PLATE XIII. Bul. 97, Part VI, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. (‘jRuISO) ‘s1e}OUIBIP 7 INOGR pasivpug “WIP puR wins Jo ssvur BST Jutod parnlur ay IV ‘asvI[oy . poSivpua oy} pur sjooys pamnlur ayy JO VONTPUOD UdT[OMS oy] 9JON ‘a}TUT puq owed oy} Aq syooys YoRed 07 plo syoaa\ [BIdAeS AInfuT "ALIA. aNg HOWad SHL Ma ees wr rs) te Lays 7 Pe * 7 AN - J) a. ale Wa, te =¢ oie. al = ar *@ >) ») a “fy — im : s A oe 4 . "ean wap i? ® a 1 ig ard Ly See ee ; Rrra 2 od le ver ; Sa iL ye a Me , od i ‘3 4 , UF Saree VY eae ee ee AN = THE PEACH BUD MITE. — 109 scarcity of such insects in injured blocks in the territory under con- sideration does not warrant their association with the trouble. During the growing season the mites are to be found here and there on the plants behind the buds, or in cavities and places offering protection, and one or more may usually be found at the injured tip under an adjacent bud or more or less covered by the mass of exuded gum. Injury consists in the puncturing of the tender shoot near the tip, which soon wilts, falls over, and turns brown and dry. At the injured point gum soon exudes, and the cessation of further growth of the shoot results in its swelling out and in a notable in- crease in the size of the adjacent leaves, which assume a deep glossy green color. Lateral shoots soon push out, the number and position varying widely, resulting in a crooked or bushy topped tree of but little market value. As stated by one nurseryman, many of the inserted buds which set normally, and were noted to be green and in healthy condition during the fall, winter, and spring, died before starting, or the shoot put out and died soon afterwards. The writer has observed a good deal of this kind of injury, especiaily where the work of the mites on the trees was later most in evidence, and this injury to the dormant bud may also result from the mites. The characteristic injury some ten days or two weeks old is shown in Plate XII, somewhat enlarged. It will be noted that the point of injury is adjacent in each case to a leaf, where the mite probably sought protection. The tips of the shoot above the point injured had fallen over and were brown and dry, and in two of the examples the accompanying exudation of gum may be detected. Some weeks later the injured shoots have the appearance shown ‘in Plate XIII, about twice enlarged. The stem has filled out and there is a considerable mass of blackened gum and dirt on the tip of the injured stem. In the example on the right, a strong lateral shoot has developed. The large, congested leaves are also shown. On Plates XIV and XV is shown the appearance, in the fall, of trees injured by the mite. As will be seen, the plants, except in one instance, were cut off just below the bud. Most of the specimens show two distinct attacks by the mite, with consequent formation of lateral branches. As before mentioned, the peach bud mite, in the opinion of one nurseryman—and a careful observer—is responsible for the killing of the bud inserted in the seedling, as it is starting growth in the spring, or after the shoot has pushed out. Plate XVI shows, con- siderably enlarged, buds injured in this supposed manner. In some cases the attack of the mite does not cause the death of the shoot, which continues to grow, but at the injured place there develops a characteristic rusty scar of variable size and shape, which in vigorous growing trees may become a long, rusty streak, extending 110 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. between the nodes. Smaller rusty scars or pits are often found under the buds occupied by the mites and undoubtedly result from the puncturing of the tender tissue. The mite infests both seedlings and budded trees and is also com- mon in orchards. The injury to seedlings, which as a rule are budded below the point from which the laterals in most cases develop, is much less important than the injury to the budded stock the season following. Injury in orchards has not thus far been observed to be serious, but the mites are usually common and might be readily introduced in nurseries with budding-wood. HABITS AND NATURAL HISTORY. But few observations have been made on the habits of the peach bud mite and further information is very desirable for a proper appli- cation of control measures. According to Prof. Waite, as detailed to the writer in conversation, the mites hibernate on the plants behind the bud scales. It 1s especially important to know if the mite winters exclusively on the dormant nursery trees and if it has other important food plants than the peach. The writer examined in March, 1906, a lot of dormant peach stock from an infested nursery, including several trees badly injured, and only one mite was found hidden in a small cavity in the stem near the base of the tree. December 15, 1911, a lot of 36 1-year peach trees badly injured by the mite were carefully examined, and while two specimens of a gamasid mite were found, no specimens of the peach bud mite were discovered. The mites appear on the trees quite early in the spring, and by the time the shoots are 18 or 20 inches in height, their injury is much. in evidence. As stated by Mr. Philips for tidewater Virginia, the injury has begun to show plainly by May 17, at which time 10 to 20 per cent of the trees already showed more or less symptoms of attack. Mr. Phillips believed that the injury began as early as May 12, and presents a table showing the proportion of trees injured at different heights from the ground, as already quoted (p. 107). In a Delaware nursery, injury was very common by June 6, the attack beginning apparently two or three weeks earlier. Dr. Smith, speaking of thrips injury in New Jersey, states that it was quite common by June 8, at which date almost 50 per cent of the shoots in nurseries examined had the terminals killed. It is evident, therefore, that the mite begins operations during the latter part of May. Mr. i hilips’s observations indicate three different periods of principal injury, which he considers mark as many generations of the mite. Breeding probably occurs largely on the trees. Mr. Johnson records finding eggs of the mite in cavities behind the injured buds. The writer on different occasions has found the mites of various sizes behind buds, indicating that they had there developed. Bul. 97, Part VI, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XIV. THE PEACH BuD MITE. The condition of peach nursery trees in the fall, due to injury by the peach bud mite. (Original.) THE PEACH BUD MITE. 111 SYSTEMATIC RELATIONSHIPS AND OTHER ECONOMIC SPECIES. According to Banks! the family Tarsonemide is a small one of much biological and economic importance. There are two sub- families, Pediculoidine and Tarsonemine. These soft-bodied mites resemble also the Tyroglyphide, though the females differ from these and all other mites in the presence between the legs (pairs 1 and 2) of a prominent clavate organ of uncertain use. Concerning the systematic position of the family there has been considerable doubt among the students of the Acarina and it has not long held any one position. It has been associated with the Oribatide and the Chey- letidz, and, according to Berlese, the family constitutes one of the principal groups of the order. The subfamily Tarsonemine includes but two genera, the species differing from those of the other subfamily in that the hind leg of the female ends ina long hair. The two genera, Disparipes and Tarsone- mus, are represented by a considerable number of species, and many species of Tarsonemus are of distinct economic importance. Tar- sonemus oryze Targ.-Toz.infests the culms of the rice plant in Italy, and produces the malady described by Negri under the name “‘bian- chella” (bleaching), which is particularly characterized by the pres- ence of numerous very fine threads or fibers thought to be produced by this acarid; this thread-spinmning habit is not found, apparently, associated with any other species of the genus thus far known. An affection of oats in France and Germany caused by Tarsonemus spirifec March. has recently been well treated by Dr. Paul Marchal and others. The mites inhabit the sheath surrounding the head or panicle of the oat plant, preventing proper development, and causing the stem to assume a distorted spiral shape, which may push out along the side. In other cases the distorted stem is held inclosed in the sheath, which becomes fusiform, and these plants are called ‘‘avoines en cigares.”’ The mites appear early in June and the charac- teristic spirals during the second fortnight of the same month; all stages, as the egg, larva, and both sexes of the adult being found together on the plant. It is not known how this mite passes the winter. Marchal suggests the possibility that it may hibernate in a very resistant condition in the soil, though evidence to the contrary is cited as obtained by M. Guille, who considers it probable that the mites migrate in the fall to adjacent wild grasses. The mite also lives in wheat, barley, and rye, though oats is the preferred food. Excessive dry weather is regarded as favorable to its development. 1Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. 28, p. 74, 1893, 2 La mallatia della bianchella del riso cultivato. Casale, 1873. 3 L’Acariose des ayoines. Annales de l'Institut National Agronomique, 2d ser., tome 6, fasc. ler, 1907. 12 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Tarsonemus ananas Tryon was determined by Tryon to be the primary cause of a disease of pineapples in southern Queensland. The mite infests the pineapple plant quite generally, as the stem of the fruit, deep between the bases of the leafy bracts, forming the tuft at top of plant, and especially the fruitlets, where, by its puncturing with its styliform mandibles at the base of the cavity containing the essential organs, an injury is produced which may be followed by the invasion of a fungus, resulting in the so-called ‘‘fruitlet core rot.” The mites are never very abundant and shun the light, inhabiting principally the deeper recesses of the fruit. Two species of Tarsonemus have been reported by Mr. A. D. Michael as injuring sugar cane in Barbados.? One species, which he calls Tarsonemus bancrofti Michael, also occurs in sugar cane in Queens- land. The mites were exceedingly abundant in all stages on the canes observed by Mr. Michael, living principally under the leaf sheaths. They are thought to be present in other sugar-producing countries, but have thus far escaped notice. The infestation of cane by mites, according to Mr. Bovell, superintendent of Dodds Botanical Garden, reduces the annual yield of sugar from 3 tons to 1 ton per acre. Another mite, Tarsonemus culmicolus Reuter, produces a silver-top disease of grasses in Finland,’ occurring especially on Phleum pratense, Agropyron repens, and Festuca rubra. This species has been well treated by Dr. Enzio Reuter. The mites are present on the grasses from early spring to fall, infesting the interior of the leaf-sheath, living on the tender stem above the highest node. While no deformity results, the extraction of the juice occasions the drying up and death of the inflorescence, which remains filiform and turns white. Tarsonemus latus Banks was found by Banks in some small mango plants in one of the department greenhouses in Washington.*| Some plants had stopped growth, and the mites occurred principally on the swollen and partially discolored tips. Tarsonemus pallidus Banks was found on a chrysanthemum in a greenhouse near Jamaica Plain, N. Y.’ There are numerous other species, but those cited will serve to show the importance from an economic standpoint of this group of- small creatures, and adds additional evidence, by reason of its rela- tionship, that our peach bud mite isresponsible for the injury topeach herein described. 1 Fruitlet core rot of pineapples. Queensland Agr. Journ., 1898, p. 458. 2 Report on diseased sugar cane from Barbados, etc. Bull. Royal Gardens, Kew, 1890, p. 85. 3 Uber die Weissiihrigkeit der Wiesengriser in Finland. Acta Soe. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, vol. 19, No. 1, 1900, p. 77. 4Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 12, 1904, p. 55. 5 Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 4, 1898, p. 294. Bul. 97, Part Vi, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XV. THE PEACH BuD MITE. The condition of peach nursery trees in the fall, due to injury by the peach bud mite. The specimen on the right is not over 18 inches high, the specimen on the left shows two dis- tinct periods of attack. (Original.) Bul. 97, Part VI, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XVI. THE PEACH BuD MITE. Injury to buds supposedly due to peach bud mite. These dormant buds were green all winter and were killed in the spring as growth commenced. Enlarged. (Original. ) eT" THE PEACH BUD MITE. tS REMEDIAL CONSIDERATIONS. There is but little information available bearing on the control of the peach bud mite. Prof. Waite, in conversation, informed the writer that when the trouble was present several years ago in his nurseries, he was able to prevent injury by thoroughly spraying, during the dormant season, the trees subject to injury with lime-sulphur wash. It was not learned, however, whether trees were left untreated for purposes of comparison. The known effectiveness of sulphur, dry or in soluble compounds, against mites in general is ground for the belief that sulphur sprays would be effective in this case. It is uncertain, however, whether the mites winter exclusively on the peach nursery stock. The value of dormant treatments would depend upon the extent to which the mites hibernate on the trees. There is some evidence that they hibernate elsewhere. In the instance of serious injury in the Delaware nursery, earlier mentioned, all of the block of peach stock, save one row, was sprayed with lime-sulphur wash during the spring of 1906 (dormant buds). Examinations by the writer during the following summer did not show any difference between the sprayed and unsprayed trees, and the infestation was uniformly quite prevalent. It has been the practice for some years of one large nursery firm to spray blocks of their peach trees during the dormant period witha miscible oil used at full winter strength. Notwithstanding this practice the trees have been seriously injured by the mite, and in one large block thus sprayed during the dormant period of the spring of 1910 the mite was especially prevalent in one portion during the summer of 1911. These results suggest that the mites also winter in other places than on the peach trees. In the experience of Mr. Phillips, already quoted, (p. 106), con- siderable benefit resulted from prompt attention to pruning the injured plants, so as to correct the trouble as much as possible, by the selec- tion and forcing of one of the best lateral shoots. He treats this question at some length (loc. cit.) and his table of results from prun- ing tests is herewith quoted: Data in regard to pruning peach trees in the nursery affected by ‘‘stop-back.”’ Xf > Ja 79a Total | Number] », Number | Number of | Percentage Ein. ein Bera eiiired Number Btaraoked injured of pruned Varieties. Biirese a; pruned tree oe trees that | trees that is ae Ja, | May 8. Sa aie grew up grew up ij ay 18. : J cos irs cclabsas inrow. | May 1 aug: 15 straight. | straight. SCE ae, ere 1, 259 147 147 | 46 101 68 RMLFINU IONS voc Sots aE ones | 1,010 150 150 40 110 73 Dh) Se So aee See ee eee eee | 1,130 133 Check. EU | eeteete aon ww ia | asin an ote (1) 5 eS a ie ah ae Pe 160 225 225 | 3 22 88 | | | as 1 Some time after this row was decided upon as a check, it was learned that one of the laborers had pinched a number of trees at one end. This accounts for there being fewer crooked trees than had been injured May 18. 2 June 22. 114 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. In this article Mr. Philips concludes: We were not able to give enough time to the work to have the trees pruned more than once, but the success of this pruning indicates that the trouble can be prevented almost entirely by judicious pruning. Indiscriminate pruning, by an ordinary laborer, is not, however, likely to produce beneficial results. This work costs but very little in excess of the regular pruning, as both can be done at the same time. The first pruning should be done about the middle of June. In order to make it entirely effective, a second pruning should be given a few weeks after the first. Where this attack occurs in peach trees that are not growing rapidly, the pruning should be supplemented by a dressing of nitrate of soda to promote growth. Good drainage will likely prevent the trouble in a large measure. As stated on page 108, pruning out the laterals from the injured trees, thus forcing one of the more terminal shoots, was followed the past season by a Maryland nursery company with good results. The pruning method would appear to be of considerable benefit, and to a large extent this special work may be combined with the usual necessary prunings required in growing trees of this kind. In loca- tions where the mites are likely to be troublesome a lookout should be kept for their injury to the plants in the spring. The tips of the lateral shoots should be pinched off, except the first strong lateral below the injured point, which it is desired to force ahead as much as possible. A thorough application of a suitable spray to the infested trees, especially during the period of attack in late spring, should be of decided value, though the writer knows of no actual work of this kind having been done. At this time the mites are on the trees in numbers, and by thorough spraying many of them should be killed. A contact spray such as kerosene emulsion or whale-oil-soap solution should be effective, and especially the self-boiled lime-sulphur wash. Most observers agree that the mite is more prevalent on trees on low situations. While the writer has noted exceptions to this condition, it seems for the most part to be true. Planting trees on higher situa- tions where the soil is well drained would perhaps be advantageoms in localities where the mite has come to be quite troublesome. U.S. D.A., B. E. Bul. 97, Part VII. D. F. I. I., May 4, 1912. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE GRAPE SCALE. (Aspidiotus [Diaspidiotus] wwx Comst.) By James F. Zrmmer, Entomological Assistant. INTRODUCTION. The grape scale, Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) uve Comstock, has been reported as more or less destructive to grapevines during the last three decades. The insect occurs, to a very limited extent, on certain forest and shade trees, tnough the records do not show serious injury to plants other than the grape. Apparently the earliest record of this species is to be found in the notes of the Bureau of Entomology. Under date of November 12, 1875, from St. Louis, Mo., Mr. Theodore Pergande forwarded speci- mens of the grape scale to the Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture. This insect was later found at Vevay, Ind., as stated by Prof. F. M. Webster,! by Mr. C. G. Boerner, though no date is given. This material was used by Prof. Comstock in the preparation of the original description of the species which appeared in the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the year 1880, pages 309-310. DISTRIBUTION AND FOOD PLANTS. In addition to the records above cited, the grape scale was received from Miss Mary E. Murtfeldt, Kirkwood, Mo., in 1888, and it was stated that grape canes in that vicinity were very badly infested with the insect. ‘Two years later specimens of the grape scale were received from Prof. F. M. Webster at Lafayette, Ind., with a similar report as to its occurrence. In October, 1897, Mr. F. Noack reported the grape scale in vine- yards in the vicinity of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and in January, 1900, the grape scale was reported on sycamore, from Atlanta, Ga., by Mr. W. M. Scott. This scale was also found on sycamore by Mr. James G. Sanders, at Columbus, Ohio, in 1902, and was reported from Gentry, Ark., on grape by Mr. E. L. Jenne, of this bureau, in 1900. Many other reports 1 Seale insects. Indiana Horticultural Society, Report for 1896, p. 16. 115 116 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. have been noted and the list of host plants found thus far is as follows: Ampelopsis sp., Carya alba, Carya sp., cultivated grape, Platanus occidentalis, Platanus sp., European grape (Vitis vinifera), and wild grapes (Vitis spp.). The records do not show that there is variation among the different varieties of grapes as to susceptibility to attack, but it is likely that the stronger-growing sorts would be least injured. So far as known the grape scale is of no economic importance, except on the grape, but it has been the subject of frequent complaint on grapes during the past few years and in certain vineyards in the environs of Wash- ington its injuries have become decidedly important, requiring treat- ment for the preservation of the vines. From the above it will be seen that the grape scale is rather widely distributed in the eastern United States, occurring from Florida north to New Jersey and as far west as Missouri. From published records and those in the Bureau of Entomology, it is known to occur in the following States: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. It has also been reported from foreign countries, being listed from many parts of Europe, from Brazil, Jamaica, and the West Indies. HABITS AND NATURAL HISTORY. Grapevines, when badly infested with the grape scale, have the appearance of being coated with a profuse, dingy white scurf. (See Pl. XVII.) The scales occur upon the canes, protected by the shreds of the exfoliated bark tissue of the previous season’s growth. From observations made, this insect seems to have many habits similar to those of the San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.). The grape scale, when abundant, very materially retards the development of the vines and always infests the second year’s growth. The young “lice” have the peculiar habit of settlmg inrows. (See Pl. XVIII, fig. 1.) Frequently the canes are so thickly infested that they have the appearance of having been treated with a heavy coat of whitewash. The insect apparently does not spread readily, as it has often been noted that while one vine in a row may be badly infested, not a single scale is to be found on adjacent plants. The female insect, during the months of May and June, gives birth to from 35 to 50 living young. After a brief active stage of about two days, the young “lice”’ settle down on the cane and there is a fairly uniform development. During the period of growth from the immature larva to the adult stage, the insect molts or casts its skin twice. As is true with all of the armored scales, the life of this insect, with the exception of the short period of activity of the young, Bul. 97, Part VII, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XVII. Shs * é “ 3 ' % GRAPE CANES, ENLARGED, SHOWING INFESTATION BY THE GRAPE SCALE, ASPIDIOTUS (DIASPIDIOTUS) UVA. Note how the seales occur in rows on the canes. (Original. ) Bul. 97, Part VII, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XVIII. THE GRAPE SCALE. Fig. 1.—Showing how the young scales settle, more or less, in longitudinal rows. Fig. 2.—Full- grown male and female scales; also many parasitized individuals.. Fig.3.—Pygidium of adult female, showing cireumgenital glands and orifice, lobes, and spines. fOugine®) THE GRAPE SCALE. Ly and an equally brief period of activity of the winged male, is passed under the protection of a waxy covering, closely applied to the host plant. The female is wingless throughout her life. The adult winged male appears in June. The winter is passed by the insects in a nearly full grown condition. Our observations show that there is only a single brood of larve each year. It also appears that .this species does not deposit eggs, as has been thought, but that the female is viviparous. Some newly born larve (fig. 26) were placed on a grape cane in order to ascertain the length of the active stage. The crawling “lice”’ were kept under occasional observa- tion and at the end of 24 hours all were still moving, but after 48 hours all lice had settled down and had already begun the excretion of the white waxy covering. The scale formed over the young insect is whitish in color and appears to have two rings on its dorsal surface. The edge of the scale is closely cemented to the bark of the twig. Many larve were examined to ascertain how fully the lobes were developed. When one day old, well-developed median lobes were found to be present. DESCRIPTION. ! “Scale of female (Pl. XVIII, fig. 2).—Yellowish- brown, slightly lighter than the bark of the vine, diameter 1.1 to 1.7 mm., circular and comparatively flat, exuvize bright yellow, subcentral. Scale of male (Pl. XVIII, fig. 2).—Elongate, length 0.9 to 1.0 mm., width 0.5 mm., exuvie to one side, Fic. 26.—The grape scale: Newly slightly darker and more convex than female scale. ene pee ventral ae ee Adult female (P\. XVIII, fig. 3).—From1tol.4mm, 8 Kees: 4, antenna; B, anal seg- in ae ane Anal ple wv Esher ee me ae ee ee : ; 2 more enlarged. (Original.) by 0.23mm. long. Median lobes prominent, more or less parallel, slightly diverging at tip, notched on each margin, with inner notch fairly prominent and slightly elevated; lateral lobes wanting or rudimentary, as is the case with ancylus; two distinct lateral incisions present; paraphyses of first incision conspicu- ous, inner the largest, pear-shaped; paraphyses of second incision much smaller: plates minute, obscure; spines on dorsal surface strongly developed, one on median lobe, one cephalad of each incision, and one halfway to the penultimate segment, ventral spines smaller and lateral of dorsal spines; anal opening small, circular, about two and one-half lobes length from tip of median lobes; paragenitals, median 0-4, anterior laterals 4-9, posterior laterals 3-7; dorsal pores present in three rows, first con- 1 Prepared by Mr. E. R. Sasscer, of the Bureau of Entomology. 71419°—Bull. 97—12 9 118 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES, sisting of two at first incision, second of eight at second incision, third of five to eight caudad of fourth spine; median and lateral basal thickenings prominent; apical ven- tral chitinization strongly developed, brown; ventral longitudinal ridges fairly dis- tinct. (See Pl. XVIII, fig. 3.) Winged male (Pl. XTX).—Appears in June; at least no record of its earlier appear- ance can be found in literature, and the writer reared no males previous to this date. Head 0.06 mm. long, 0.107 mm. wide, about the same color as the thorax, nearly rectangular in shape, broadening somewhat at base. Hyes brownish in color, located on the side of head near the front. Ocelli two in number, on the upper part of the epi- cranium, and lighter in color than the compound eyes. Mouth parts apparently absent. Antenne about same color as thorax, bearing 10 segments, the basal one being short and nearly globose, others nearly uniform in size, with spines or hairs which are longer on the apical segment and absent on the basal. Length of antennal segments: (1) 0.016 mm., (2) 0.016 mm., (3) 6.049 mm., (4) 0.049 mm., (5) 0.05 mm., (6) 0.066 mm., (7) 0.049 mm., (8) ¢.032 mm., (9) 0.041 mm., (10) 0.04 mm. Width of segments: (1) 0.024 mm., (2) 0.016 mm., (3) 0.014 mm., (4) 0.016 mm., (5) 0.018 mm., (6) 0.016 mm., (7) 0.016 mm., (8) 0.018 mm., (9) 0.018 mm., (10) 0.012 mm. Abdomen eight-segmented, having at the caudal end a long spikelike appendage, termed style or genital spike (see Pl. XIX, fig. 2), about 0.215 mm. long and 0.033 mm. wide at base, tapering to a sharp point grooved below, forming a sheath for the penis, this sheath bearing four hairs or bristles at base, two on the dorsum and two stronger, ventrad. Thorax, general color pale clay-yellow, with edge of the thoracic shield darker, approaching cadmium-yellow; slightly longer than broad, crossed at the central part of dorsum by a heavy pale-brown band about one-half the width of the thorax at point of intersection; cephalic and caudal margins slightly concave, with blunt-shaped ends. Wings, length 0.56 mm., width 0.249 mm., covered with nu- merous spines, colorless, very narrow at base, bearing two main veins, the costal pre- senting caudal serrations (see Pl. XIX, fig. 4); located on the lateral margin of the metathorax are the ‘‘halteres,’’ or ‘‘balancers,’’ which hook into the lobes at the base of the wings, giving them additional strength. Legs about the same color as body; coxa very broad, stout, wider at base; trochanter nearly rectangular, stout, not so broad as coxa; femur narrower at proximal extremity, growing broader distad; tibia slender, with hairs near distal end; tarsus rather broad at base, gradually tapering toward claw, also with many hairs at distal end; claw broad at base and curved inward. Measurements of left posterior leg, as follows: Width. | Length. Width. | Length. | Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. (Cin Bee ee een eee 0.03 QHO0468] ME pias 2 eee ae ee ee 0. 023 0.08 RTOCHANTER 2 5.8 28 22 co scnc -O1L O01 Tarsus 26 tee hee ee eee 019 - 061 UTI Teese ee ee oe th ET en .03 HOODA Claws? 4-3 aoe eee re: eee . 003 - 007 PARASITES. SPECIES PREVIOUSLY RECORDED. In one publication Miss Mary E. Murtfeldt reports a species of Centrodora as being found parasitizing the grape scale. In another publication * Miss Murtfeldt mentions that the grape scale is preyed upon by mites belonging to the genus Tyroglyphus. In 1888 and 1889 Miss Murtfeldt sent in a few specimens of a par- asite which proved to belong to the Chalcidide, subfamily Aphelinine, 1 36th Ann. Rept. Hort. Soc. Mo., pp. 118-119, 1893. 2 Insect Life, vol. 7, p. 5, 1894. Bul. 97, Part VII, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XIX, THE GRAPE SCALE. Fig. 1.—Adult winged male. Fig. 2.—Genitalia of male. Fig. 3.—Antenna of male. Fig. 4.— Serrations on costal vein. Fig. 5.—Tarsus and claw of maie. (Original.) THE GRAPE SCALE. 119 in which it formed a new genus; it was later described as Prospaltella murtfeldtii How. More than a dozen of these little Hymenoptera emerged from the scales on a piece of grape cane about 5 inches long. SPECIES REARED BY THE WRITER. On May 20, 1911, the writer examined many female scales and found that about 80 per cent of the insects were parasitized. (See Pl. XVIII, fig. 2.) In some instances the parasites were found under Fic. 27.—Cage used in rearing parasites of the grape scale. The parasites come to the light and are en- trapped in the glass tubes. After model of the California State Board of Horticulture. (Original.) the exuvie, but generally the parasite had emerged, leaving an exit ) co) 5 ) fo) hole near the central upper part of the scale. Many grape twigs were placed in a parasite rearing cage, shown in figure 27, and as the parasites emerged they came to the light and were entrapped in the test tubes. The following species of the parasites reared were determined by Dr. L. O. Howard: Ablerus clisiocampx Ashm., Physcus varicornis , tn How., Azotus marchali How., Coccophagus n. sp., Aphelinus fuscipen- mis How., Prospaltella murtfeldtii How., Ablerus n. sp., and Physcus sp. 120 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Mr. J. C. Crawford determined a parasite reared from this species as belonging to the family Ceraphronide, but on account of the crushed condition of the insect the species was unrecognizable. Many of the parasites reared from this scale belonged to the family Encyrtide and were sent to Mr. A. A. Girault for determination; they all proved to be one species, Signiphora pulchra Girault MS. The following is a complete list of the parasites reared by the writer from the grape scale: Ablerus clisiocampe Ashm.; oa-ee ae eee eee eee 122 Cherry, food plant of Sanninoidea opalescens.........-------- Ak, Oh eee 67, 68 root stocks, relative suscepibility to Sanninoidea opalescerns.......------ 68 Chionaspis furfurus, bibliographic reference: : 22.22. 3-2 52-20-cea eee eee eee 123. Chokecherry, western. (See Cerasus demissa.) Chrysanthemum, food plant of Tarsonemus pallidus...........-..------------- 112, Coal tar, lime, and whale-oil soap against California peach borer. .....-.---.---- 87 Coccophagus 1. sp., parasite of Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) uve...-.------------- 119, 120 Codlang moth im California... ..,. <.. 50.5.2 2shse. Jee 2 ae eee 13-51 band! records for 1909iand 1910523322 ee 27-31 control on pears.2.222 3-241... te: ee eee all commercial results from spraying... 41-51 Contra Costa County, 1909. ...>... 41-44 1910 seseeeee 44-49 effect of sprays on places of en- ipancetby larveess-2. sees eee 33-41 profits from spraying.....-...-- 43-44, 49 Solano County, 0 9N0 Sees e= ee seeee 49-51 eggs! finstibroods 5.222 i205522 56 922. cee eee eee 18-21 Second brood!.28s ee bo) ee ee 24 INDEX. Codling moth in California, first brood eggs, incubation period............-.-.-- time or oviposition... 2.2.5.2 -% arve, development in fruit....-....... larval life'im-.cocdon: 2... 22. 2-5. fame-ob hatches 2s... 2222.22 Ti OG Steere eee ce ta Meee tie ee ete pupze, length) of pernod.- 2.4.2. 225---22 time of pupation. .--.2.-0.-.-.., OMe atl Ole meee ae tr eae ae ee ee any cospiins taOnOOG ee nerrt ee aa we eee SL See Overwanterin geese. ase weet eos BECONGmbROO Gas taste ee Aen ee ee ef ee oe litexeyclevon tinstoeneratione== see" 4422 e44 42. istonvenOhessaearre peer me eens eA ai he review for 1909 and 1910.....-......-..- I OLMe eins Ew OTOOC mean meer eie = eerste erie ee ee ane SOLUOWOFOOG E.Sun ne: Setter. Nicene ee nee MAME MeMMCS Ss! o 58. eee ase Noes eee be eta ONGIAWaNtemOe FING oteodeddec oats hogebesedess POLAT Vor) K 2h) QI Par hee kl fol ey ne Ls at PRC RECOMSIEMEMMES. oS > Janae es.) chee ee wae twere | GY OL exp Dl ge tp 00 )01 0 he gg) a Pl ey ee eae ee Sf OLaUOVE | OVROKOYG | a Re perenne ae ee recommendationstor comimolls- 52-22 42 oe 452 ae ol second brood eggs, incubation period.......-.------ time! of ovipositiom-------22-5-2 larvee, development in relation to fruit OVERWANITeLING eee eae lime oh watchmg. 2.2252. ae. foxeraVel eoysI COV OWS ae reese eres egee cero by ee ees ots HpLine roo dsol MOtRS 2c. 2 ie = secs aro ete sie es DUNS ae ee cere ee ae ee te SURE eA Rr ae hee ato MeN Sia en ae imioral methods arains, crape leathopper. >. 022.250... -. 2... ade ss eden ROSE=C Mal Ce a ees Reese yun a een eRe Se A ie rye Cushman, R. A., paper, ‘‘ Notes on the Peach and Plum Slug (Caliroa [Eriocam- (Dd oe |) SRT EEDA Ca SR aia oR am GE tae PRS AS ene pe ey ae asia ose Dio loprapbic EleETeEnCe =<: 32.00) lo Ss) cae act et ates ce ce Sees ae ees Dipterous larva, enemy of Sanninoidea opalescens.........-------------------- Eriocampoides limacina, the pear slug, resemblance of larva of Caliroa ( Eriocam- PMCS) MUTT EUNCLELON rie cent ie.2 Steers eore ee = Agee asic thie sees +: Pie vemuppes enenty, of Coding MOUs... .-2- 226 2st ee Sob tle eee Euthrips tritici (see also Thrips tritici). in tender growing tips of peach and other vegetation. .......-. Hestuca mora, 100d plamtiot Tarsonemus culmicolus-.-....-.-2-------.-------- Fidia viticida. (See Grape rootworm. ) Foster, S. W., paper, ‘‘Life History of the Codling Moth and its Control on TPlegigs) ium. Opin os. oe AAO SR BE See ie eee Ses Sea eee “Fruitlet core rot”’ of pineapples, dissemination by Tarsonemus ananas.....- - Fungous diseases of grape, control by spraying. ............----------------- 21-23 — Xt I i dow ww dw Oe DD ok Fr SD 25 24-26 17-18 91-102 128 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Page. Glue and Paris green washes ineffective against California peach borer, injuri- OuS. to trees. . 55 52 Xo2e cle = se eee ee eee een oe nee ee ee eee 87 ‘* Gophers,’’ injury to root stocks of fruit trees in California................... 68 Grape (see also Vitis). berry moth; control by;sprayime-= cs.2-k c=. ce oa ee eee 63 European. (See Vitis vinifera.) food plant of Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) uve......-..---.--------+---- 115-124 grape leafhopper (Typhlocyba comes)......-.--------------- 1-12 rose-chafer ( Macrodactylus subspinosus) ..........---------- 53-64 leafhopper. (See Leafhopper, grape.) IAN LAYAOVAIN, (CONMIROIL Onis JOMNBUIA Sano oeblos Sons sacGsucas5 seoesesecs 55 63 Seale-control by spraying... cone ease eo oc ee eee 120-121 SPLAVINE: IN -SUMIMET oh ots hee eae ae ee ee See 121 Walniter Peas E Soe iete cin ee eee mere ictale eeore aeree 121 Grapes, wild. (See Vitis spp.) Grasses; food) plats ohelarsonemusiculmicolus sees a rie ee eee iy perhaps food plants of Tarsonemus spirifex........------------------- 111 silver-top disease caused by Tarsonemus culmicolus.........--------- 11 Hexmatobia serrata, bibliographic reference. . - - - - Siar rae wil Rete tes 122 : DY PCTOSUA TIT ULANG vars a Stare ahh = ae eet 122 Hand picking rose-chafer beetles in vineyards.............2....2.-.+2-22.-25.-- 57-58 Hyperallus calirox, parasite of Caliroa (Eriocampoides) amygdalina.....-.----- 101-102 Johnson, Fred, paper, ‘‘Spraying Experiments Against the Grape Leafhopper in the ake BriesVallley:?22 vic es 3 Sa eeeeeee 1-12 ‘‘Vineyard Spraying Experiments Against the Rose- chafer in the Lake Erie Valley 7222-2525 eee 53-64 Kerosene (see also Petroleum and Oil). emulsion agaist grape scale. : 2... cet posse eee Sere ee eee 121 peach bud mite... id. 225s es cote rene See 114 Ladybird, twice-stabbed, enemy of Aspidiotus uvx, bibliographic reference.... 122 eathopper}\erape, adult, life: history. s.25242 2. be gee neck eee eee 6-7 adults, ‘emergence In spring... 2-226 +=. 5 see a= oe ee 4-5 not effectively controlled by sprays........-.-.----- 8 Characteristics 2) Jeo Sub noo. Ss Cet oa oe 2-3 control by spray applications against nymphs........------ 8-12 cost of spray application in the Lake Erie Valley.......... 10-11 ego stage; life history... 45. iT a Se 8 28 | DANES eels (eet 20 D7 |e2esn tle est Acs lad cede UGS. ey 8 30 | PEO | Ava S10) eeeo soe se 22 25 Gh liseetenellecomeen il ee 8 30 23 | SORE ia 22 24 if || Seetneee | Nero 1 eae Cee 8 1 Sees 8 2, ae 8 Pile S28 co 2 8 Ty) Se eee epee 9 28 Se oeeoe 9 7: oe 9 Pee eae ss 9 ieee eee 9 ieee ee 9 Asse ee ae 9 Pe eae 9 De a aa 9 Blige 2222. 9 SS eee 9 Spee eects 9 ae ete) 9 OOeeaes oe 9 5 oe ne 9 20 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLe V1I.—Life cycle of the first generation, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909-—Continued. Date of— Days for— Individ- | | die Ts Vy ea a ual No. | Egg dep- ; » Larva > 7 Emer- Feed- | Making Total | osition ors leaving see gence of aes ing of | of co- et life (night). fruit. : moths. -| larva. | coon. | Pe =| eycle: BY eo ae May 9/| May 30] July 1) July 6) July 25 21 32 5 19 7 OB ete 9 30 2 6 | 25 21 33 4 19 77 OOk cece asee 9 30 29) Wee? oe eal ease cee 21 bd BES eeeee Seema ers 5 Ase ate 9. Se ceased Meee! eee |e |e = Su cleta |S - mrokic o3| pecicc eee | meee ees ee | 4s soe 9 SOW SS Ase s-c | Seasoect oe lc eee 7A ease ete lect arctic Sec oetsel es er = 42 oe sca e at ) 30 2p Se fos ocee alisteseee ese 21 26) ||: a5 as |eeeiee o-|Peeseeee CS Sere 9 608 Ses cen ac Haaos aac rl peere sacs 21. S52 Aen Rees Pees Goes AAS Stacie 9 29 71 fl Eee ae 19 20 20M) occa toce |e oases | pe ae eee SOM ewes 9 29 BA: Wo, see eee roe aie 20 26) ||Sseeb coal ee eas Pee eee cee | 9 30 Zoe ee meer een A | 21 720) ee ete ese hth eal er Wie 9 ri Reaeeneene aden ae ees aeeates DI lk oes lies Sed eee teal eee ae AS ois ote 9 30 1 esses Joost 21 S2a ante ass S [eeee oe eee AO ee Free 9 B00 epee tetal he bis eet ees ete cee QNG\SAee eh = tee See ee | eee i) so aeeae 9 30 1 ee eee |e eeen ea 21 ZO) ie Sa eel ea i= ee Biro sas ee: 9 30) | Reel aes Vise ee th ecl ce DG |B dha ||-ee ngs eee ee ee GP] alte | 9 SONI Sea o a | Reet | eee Ofa|ecne fese |e ok aae | cee ee Joeeeeeee es 9 30 | June 28 6 22 21 29 8 16 74 OF se eacscae 10 QO le acokreretoee alle ete erp eerie cea LOM a cea noel a S| ete Spee lee ees He ee 10 29 31 Beaeseeere es sssecor. 19 32) |. 2 on-set Sasktel eee DOs. <--beee| 10 27 30 6 20 17 34 6 | 14 71 | SUMMARY. Days for— Ceres: Tncuba- F cegine Making Pupal | Total life tion. ea. Cocoon period. cycle. IAN ET APC bic are 5 Sarcitte oe ree hee ta ese eee == < SPREE SS 20. 05 29. 97 6. 85 17. 58 74. 25 Maximumors. 523 ane. Se aoe stneese = oan cece een 22. 00 42. 00 11. 00 23. 00 78. 00 Minima wns se = esis 21a (td asis Seis cee sis donee ee : 17. 00 24. 00 4. 00 14. 00 71. 00 rIRST-BROOD LARVZ. Time of hatching—The first larvee under observation in 1909 hatched May 7 from eggs brought in from the field. On May 11, 8 recently hatched larvee were found in the orchard. On this same date, May 11, 1910, young larve were quite numerous in the field. At Suisun, Cal., in 1910, the first larva was found April 29, and recently hatched .larvee were quite numerous by May 3. Very young larve were found continuously until the Ist of June. Larve at laboratory hatched May 26 to 30, and it is very likely that all first-brood eggs in the field had hatched and all larvee were in fruit by this time. Development of larve in fruit—Of the larve hatching under observation in 1909, only 29 reached full development in the fruit, requiring from 25 to 42 days. The individual records are given in Table VI. The first larva to leave the fruit in the field was not observed, but on June 5 three newly formed pupe and 20 full-grown iarvee were found under bands on 21 pear trees, and 4 pups and 28 THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN. CALIFORNIA. Pall full-grown larvee were found under bands on 10 apple trees. The time from leaving fruit to pupation for this brood, averaging 7} days, would indicate that the first full-grown larve left fruit in late May. Band records and data obtained by bringing in quantities of wormy fruit picked from trees in May showed a maximum number of first- brood larve leaving fruit June 14 to 26. However, later-maturing larvee of this brood left fruit as late as July 21. In the summer of 1910 many full-grown larve had left the fruit prior to the Ist of June. At Walnut Creek ca June 1, 4 pup and 248 larve were taken from the bands on 11 apple trees, and at Suisun on June 3, 10 pupz and 45 larve were taken from bands on 15 pear trees. Larval life in cocoon.—The time spent from leaving fruit to pupating varied from 3 to 23 days, with an average of 74 days. These records were made from 165 larve which left fruit from June 7 to July 21 and kept in large shell vials out-of-doors. The records for 110 individuals will be seen in Table VII. All larvae were put in vials with bits of paper and cloth, and the vials turned upside down on a glass plate for a few days. The larvee usually ‘‘cocooned” within 24 hours after leaving the fruit and the records show the normal time. After the cocoon had been made the vials were placed open end up and covered with cheesecloth. FIRST-BROOD PUP. Time of pupation.—The first pupe were found in the field June 5, 1909, when a total of 7 were taken with 49 larve under bands from 21 pear and 10 apple trees. In 1910 pupe were found June 1 and were plentiful in the vicinity of Suisun and Walnut Creek by June 5. At the laboratory the first larva pupated June 12, which had left fruit on June 7. The maximum number of pupze from material collected under bands and larve leaving fruit at the laboratory occurred from June 20 to 30. Length of pupal period—Records kept out-of-doors for 165 indi- viduals gave a minimum of 10 days and a maximum of 27 days with an average of 164 days for the time spent in the pupal stage. The records for 110 individuals will be found in Table VII. The total time from leaving fruit to the emergence of adults varied from 20 to 47 days, averaging 25.69 days for the individuals under observation. 22 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Taste VII.-Length of time as larva in cocoon, length of pupal stage, and total time spent from leaving fruit to emergence of adult, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909. Date of— Days for— t Individual No. Larva Pupa- Emer- Making Pupal Total leaving nor gence of Pasa | tril. | period in the fruit. : MOTH |e aeee | perloc. | “cocoon. 1 A Seas SoS aera aOR aaa ShOCARROUCRE CS UD (al ose sere Jullyy We) eSeee ae | oats ae 34 VA) cae he GRee eS AME Aa ee or AE Ae . 8 | June 14 4 6) 20 26 Sees ce ean | Rao a ke ee 9 17 6 8 19 27 AS Poth ey A ody hy ARTS ce Se ee 9 20 8 iil 18 29 Dee ae oie ehicls Oe Aa Seite clei wees ere eee Ce 10 14 4 4 20 24 (SPAS A a pene we eee Pee SNe ae ener 4 11 14 6 3 22 25 le oe Ty eas Sener Reet ese oe Se nee | ee seyatioe 20 2 rani See EE 47 Bers (Nas Peitee SERS oe aon 7 See ees 11 22 11 11 19 30 (Oi gee tet SP eee oe ets Cede wees es 10 22 11 12 19 31 IO Eee eax ysais Satn a cee eS ee 10 15 7 5 22 27 TI eee ES Caper ne Ape os "a Oo be Mg ae 10 19 5 9 16 20 1 BE See Se RE eae e Bea a ae ceo casceee Ba 10 20 7 10 17 27 LS Ae OE ear eae Soa pL Oe etc 10 17 a5 7 18 25 ARS SE Bate oe Oe ee ee cae ee 11 24 17 13 23 36 11535 5 see a cee ee ROR re i Rr a Meee ey Il 23 10 12 17 29 IGS 5 ee Oe RE Lt ae ea oe 11 20 8 9 18 27 I aA REE ee Ree aE ae Ee aae Sas ercasn if eee QO Wet ete sale eaaeeoeee 39 SE eS a Nx a eS ee tae eS ee 11 21 8 | 10 il7y 27 IC SEES eee Gene e Oe Se ee aa ene com enene 12 20 6 8 16 24 Bo () ee ees sere es Oe er ee AS RE tr emae, tate 12 20 8 8 18 26 Bae © SR tt ee SH A ite pen a ee 12 23 8 11 15 26 Dae Bee Eee S dirs Sek Be eee 12 20 7 8 7 25 Dee Soth Sa aE mrp tepa eee oie es yh ad eo eee 12 15 4 3 19 22 Oe OLDE ea sense dade Se addae boats Baaeones 12 23 8 11 1155 26 se PRS ee ae ane Lr Weep ae te ans Sr Ia Se seeee 20s, -c tases aoe aeeee 38 GEMS erin CRESS Se EFS e ARs CRIN gene ee eee 12 20 7 8 17 25 BY ae RES COE Ee SOE eae SES BOR 12 21 7 9 16 25 PS) ee) pe ASA Sete ae ee es Ure eas 12 20 fi 8 17 25 DOE Ae Bsa SNe SE eee 12 21 11 9 20 29 DO Sey tetera ctere els Ae ers ecto 12 19 6 7 17 24 SU ees ian a NS 5 a een oe emote 12 16 7 4 21 25 Fe Se oro RE nae ee ae aa Ge 12 22 7 10 15 25 SE AE ROS e es gee Sa ere Rental sree eesyers 12 19 5 it 16 23 Ras MCRD arc et eee ale Mertens tape erte pee 12 20 6 8 16 24 OO ee ree tees, LEY agers A note es eats et 12 20 6 8 16 24 SORE Bee Sa R a Reon cette ear ae ere a sonar 12 21 8 9 17 26 Bee ie ENE eS SRE Ta ee et ae SE} 12 19 5 7 16 23 AB a yaaa ae nn CS SE ie eens 12 21 7 9 16 25 BO ee ea mee ora cee maa: ORES ooeE ee 12 20 6 8 16 24 (eee GE mene Bee See oa BEE aeEre Coase eas 12 18 5 6 17 23 Clee epee tet seen ne CARO ICE HE ys rd 12 20 6 8 16 24 A aan Sore one ea Sone Paso ae See eee 12 20 7 8 17 25 Ce ee os eS teh ae RE Nt oe Sie Par an ie ales 12 21 7 9 16 25 ZS ES ne ae ei ee IE a ee 12 20 7 8 17 25 Ce at aD ae a re a i eae iS ae = 11 16 4 5 18 23 NG SE pe ae Ap eee a ae eee PI be eRe eS 11 | July 4 19 23 15 38 LUTE es ATS BNR PE RM ce SD ne tine Pots 11 | June 19. 5 8 16 24 (Ss Sa Seero Be GI CoE ee Ores ames ae 11 | 21 11 10 20 30 AO Re ee no ee ain noth Sain Seen eee Se 11 20 7 9 17 26 Ey) anette erties ese sone N FG ae cs en eee 11 20 6 9 16 25 AS 8 SoBe Oe nO ee eee note ee ccerne 11 20 6 9 16 25 GD, os Sn Rte a EE © Been RE 11 21 7 10 16 26 Blot sacs 5 SOs te ee BEBE nee EC eae 14 23 11 ) 18 27 Rs oe Ee Race ee ee eee eee 14 22 11 8 19 27 Gis SS Rp SBR SSS Sa Se ee ee See ee ere 4 14 24 11 10 | 17 27 DOME eee elas Nace ise se eI cters eT 14 24 11 10 if 27 IY soho eae ie EE OOS a aee ee ees 14 24 11 10 17 27 RE SC oe SO oO Ie ease tea An 3 ete 15 23 11 8 18 26 SO RN BY lcsaiciate Grasset lake ee Tore ane potareie wtlate Busts 15 26 19 11 23 34 (0) SSE Sob aR aR OR AAS ae ORE ea eNE Sere eae 15 24 11 9 17 26 Cl ets e Stoic 3s men siocae Gace. scaeeeese 15 24 il 9 7 26 Go BaD SS RGSS SOUL OEE Sa Ee Sonne tecce 15 24 10 9 16 25 Goer recone ec ian a ees a cseinw scone ces 16 23 10 7 17 24 ere ee ration wie ie lgmee soe Nalete aeateae 16 24 12 8 18 26 Ga ene Meera eee cite) ile Raa 8 Sree aie 17 24 12 7 18 25 Ge eR ore ea mew as notes See eidadeeee 18 26 23 8 27 35 (WY) spegUt co SU ASOS SE SEG LAO ASR ORE Cee 20 27 13 7 16 PR} GSA ee Ato cece ce nines cnists eta esmiataaiee 20 24 12 4 18 22 (RYE Be ERS Sees aban GUC eee ae aC aaa 20 30 20 10 20 30 KO Ree oe eae ctaeterie the ce rcecis che ole aces 20 28 16 8 18 26 Ta eee eR E eo ere Oe aaa SS arenes e cinke 20 24 16 4 22, 26 Te eee eee eee ee nee Debs on eens 20 23 10 3 17 20 UB RARER OAS Bee ne Aa Sone Ben CHOC ee ee 20 23 il 3 18 21 7 SAREE See eee pas cokoReciaoceCooTeeseees 20 24 10 4 16 20 7 i) Se Oe ee eee SRS eC amo nerae 20 24 12 4 18 22 MG ose sce, Hero oreo ee eos Dae He Bla iete etek 20 28 11 8 13 21 De bin dai o-albia are Siarete RR Oe Ae tale eee late 20 26 il 6 15 21 i) Ree rte oa Gonars mecrarcnicecweeioae 17 23 11 6 18 24 THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. 23 TasLe VII.—Length of time as larva in cocoon, length of pupal stage, and total time spent from leaving Jruit to emergence of adult, Walnut Creek, Cal.—Continued. Date of— Days for— Individual No. | | oe @ | pupa. | Emer- Making Pupal | Total aving ra gence of IyiGaeaea| jae) period in the fruit. ° moth . Pp | cocoon | | June 18 | June 24 | July 18 6 | 19 25 19 | 24 il 5 | 17 22 19 27 13 8 16 24 19 24 10 tye 16 21 19 | 24 | 10 | 5 16 21 19 | 29 | 13 10 | 14 24 21 29 13 8 | 14 22 21 | 29 13 | 8 14 | 22 21 30 | 15 9 15 24 21 | 28 13 Ul 15 22 21 29 13 8 | 14 | 22 21 29 | 20 8 2) 29 21 28 | 13 7 | 15 25 21 29 | 16 8 17 25 21 29 | 12 8) 13 | 21 21 29 | 12 8 13 21 24 29 29 5 | 30 | 35 24 30 21 6 | 21 27 24 30 | 21 6 | 21 27 24 29 | 20 5 | 21 | 26 24 | 30 16 6 | 16 | 2 24 | July 1 16 7 15 22 24 | 2 18 8 | 16 | 24 24 | 2 16 8 | 14 | 22 24 2 16 8 14 | 22 24 | 2 20 8 18 26 26 3 20 7 | 17 24 26 1 16 5 | 15 20 26 1 16 5 15 20 26 2 21 6 19 25 26 4 21 8 | 17 25 26 z 22 6 | 20 26 Total period from leaving of fruit by larva to emergence of moth: Days. EANIGIEEGL 25 ne Sete ED Ons Be OO CE eos BE e oan eete aha Bee eee eee See ret Hae Seswn ieee ROO SOO SRY SASeT RYT ULTLN Ge eee ert ee ea ae SE eee ae ate OR ce teenie tls tie seo mlnisistctiviejs mioielale 47. 00 SAULT TRY EET) eae yer memes ee ey nip ene rant staes Search ee Pt eae karate Farchay srs iad ae aint ecieieie/aaials aisle lela sialoie 20. 00 SUMMARY. Length of : Length of Length of Length of time larve| No.of || time larvee| No.of || time larve| No.of || time larvee| No. of and pup indi- and pup indi- and pup indi- and pupe indi- remain in | viduals. || remain in | viduals. || remainin | viduals. || remain in | viduals. cocoon. cocoon. cocoon, cocoon. Days. Days. Days. Days. 2 2 25 21 30 3 36 1 21 9 26 16 31 1 38 2 22 13 27 12 34 2 39 1 23 5 29 + 35 2 47 1 24 15 FIRST-BROOD MOTHS, Moths began to emerge June 17 from larve and pupe collected under bands June 5, reaching a maximum emergence some two weeks later, July 4 to 15. Eggs were plentiful on fruit and foliage of unsprayed trees July 7, indicating that many moths were out pre- vious to that time. The first moths from larve maturing in wormy fruit brought into the laboratory emerged June 22, but comparatively few emerged from this time until early July. June 28 to 30 many recently shed pupal skins were found under some old burlap bands and in cracks and crevices of bark on unsprayed trees. 24 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. LIFE CYCLE OF THE FIRST GENERATION. From the earliest appearing eggs in spring, about April 15, to the first appearing moths, June 17, gives some 63 days as the approxi- mate length of the life cycle of the first generation. The laboratory records for individuals kept in breeding cages give a life cycle of 71 to 78 days. This, however, is based on only 12 individuals, which completed the cycle, and are recorded in Table VI. Careful obser- vation indicates the length of time of the first generation to be from 60 to 70 days. THE SECOND GENERATION. SECOND-BROOD EGGS. Time of oviposition —A number of moths which emerged at the Jaboratory in late June and early July were put in rearing cages con- taining small branches of fruit and leaves and also fruit juices and sugar for food. The first eggs were deposited July 3. Some of the moths died before depositing eggs. On June 28, 1909, while looking after spraying operations in the field, frequent searches were made in the unsprayed block, but no eggs were found. During another search on July 7 among these trees many eggs were found and 5 larve just hatched, none of which had entered fruit, were found dur- ing the forenoon. Eggs were being deposited in large numbers in rearing cages July 8 to 10. Incubation period.—The time required for incubation was less than half that required for the first-brood eggs. In cages this varied from 7+ to 94 days, and averaged 8} days. The weather at this time was usually warm throughout the day with comparatively cool nights. In Table VIII are recorded incubation periods for several groups of eggs deposited between July 3 and 29. It will be noticed that eggs deposited July 10, 11, 26, and 28 required shorter time for incubation than others. Both of these periods were followed by 3 to 4 days of very warm weather. TaBLE VIII.—IJncubation periods of second-brood eggs, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909. Date of— | Date of— So} Letsaroye! fata . Period Observa- | Number : of in- Observa- | Number | p of in- , P coon | HSE dep-| Hatch- | és scoe | HSE dep-| Hatch- tion No. | of eggs. Ration ing of | cube: tion No. of eggs. osition ing of canes (night). eggs. eres (night). eggs. on. | Days. | | Days. i eopeamane 3 July 3) July 12 Sh tl One seen 45 | July 15 | July 24 8 Pee SGOGOC EL 4 6 16 Oui ie cries i= 35 16 25 8 Oirerseehelai= 4 7 16 roth | hela eeenee 20 17 26 8 CASSIS 10 uf 16 S| Woe seaSsees 12 20 | 29 8 Ree ames oe 15 8 17 Sol] Tee eee 70 24) Aug. 2 | 8 Ge setseease 19 10 18 Hea alts are neers 75 26 3 | 7 Tee, ee 15 is 19 TANGER okt oe 60 28 5 7 Soescctee-e 14 12 22 Chl uiSosce sece 40 29 6 8 Qeec see tebe | 11 13 23 OF || Saree sessee | 9] Aug. 1 12 10 Incubation period: Days. PGC) ps Senge a ae cod BS noe HOOD OSCE S NG PCO OES Sa AUP SS CR MANT EOS SHRAAgOO Sec D Abe soca actos sc 8.05 IW Eb Grint eyes eos Soc oa ae ere PERE AC DOSE BOTED SO - noc aes Em qe ROBE AC UES coc enod Sooshseoscetss 10. 00 Minimum 2.1. bss see aac loci Mine Gee steiale ja arelolesnisla side lelc bier. shiw ole coc ee sie Uk Sar aT Tee eotet oleae 7.00 THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA, 25 SECOND-BROOD LARV. Time of hatching.— July. 12 was the date of first hatching of larve at the laboratory. These were from eggs deposited the night of July 3. As several adults had emerged and died previous to this date, it was not the actual beginning of the egg-laying period. Second-brood larve were hatching in numbers July 18 to 20. On July 7 careful search in the field showed 5 very young larve. From July 10 to 12 second-brood larve were plentiful; from July 15 to 18 they were numerous, and by this time their work was showing a great deal on the unsprayed trees. Occasionally 3 and 4 entrance holes were found in a single pear. Development of larve in relation to fruit.—The first picking of pears in the orchard where the spraying experiment was carried out in 1909 began July 15 and lasted 5 days. During this time young larvee were hatching and entering the fruit in numbers in the unsprayed block, so that even the earliest first picking of fruit did not wholly escape the second-brood larve. In 1910 many second-brood larve were in the fruit before the first picking. The second and third pick- ings, coming later, are worse injured. The third or last picking receives practically the full force of the second-brood larve. In many orchards this picking will run 70 per cent wormy. The third picking of pears on the unsprayed block in 1909 showed an average of 75 per cent wormy, while in 1910 practically all of the pears left on the trees in the check blocks were wormy. Life of larve in fruit.—The period covered by the life of the larve in the fruit was not positively determined for a very large number of second-brood larve. The harvesting of the fruit takes a large per- centage of the larve to the packing shed before they reach full development. At the laboratory several hundred individual records were started, but the quick rotting of some of the fruit during a short absence destroyed part of the records. The first larve left the fruit August 6, 1909, at the laboratory, but in the field comparatively few larvee as a rule reach their full development before the fruit is all harvested, which is about the middle of August. In the summer of 1910 the first full-grown larve of the second brood were found at Suisun July 26, and at Walnut Creek on August 1. At-this time practically all pears around Suisun and about two-thirds of the crop in the vicinity of Walnut Creek had been harvested. Records for 63 individuals which went through in sound or nearly soured fruit out-of-doors at the laboratory in 1909 are given in Table IX. As may be seen, this gives about 26 days for the period of the larvee in the fruit. 79397°—Bull. 97, pt 2-113 _~ 26 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLE I1X.—Feeding periods of second-brood larve in pears, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909. Date of— : Date of— | pa Date of— es ___| Perioa'|] M24 Period || di |_ Period Mari | of feed-|| ay of feed-|| a1 of feed- ual! Hatch- | Leaving | ing. ve Hatch- | Leaving | ing. Hatch- | Leaving | ing. No. : : No. p : No. : : z ing. the fruit. ing. the fruit. ing. the fruit. | Days } Days. | Days. 1...) July 12) Aug. 18 37 || 22...) July 25 | Aug. 26 32 || 43...) Aug. 2] Aug. 20 18 2a... 12 | 14 33 || 23a_. 26 | 20 25 || 44... 2 20 18 3. 12 | 19 38 || 24. 26 | 20 25 || 45 2 22 20 4a 16 13 28 || 25.. 26 23 28 || 46. 2 27 25 5a 16 21 36 || 26.. 26 22 27 || 47 2 29 27 6a 16 14 297 ||" 27. = 26 20 25 || 48 2 26 24 7a 16 16 31 || 28.. 26 21 26 || 49 2 26 24 8a 16 21 36 || 29.. 28 18 21 || 50 2 29 27 9a 24 | 19 26 || 30. - 28 21 24 || 51 3 27 24 10. 24 20 2 | Sl=< 29 25 27 |; 52. 3 21 18 lla 24 | 19 20 |||\"ooee 29 21 23 || 53 3 29 26 12 24 21 28 || 33... 29 28 30 || 54 3 31 28 13 24 27 34 || 34.. 29 | 22 24 || 55 3 26 23 14 24 21 | 28 || 35. 29 | 19 21 || 56 3 27 24 15 24 28 39 || 36 29 23 | 25 || 57 4 25 21 16 25 18 24 || 37. 29 24 26 || 58. 4 28 24 lia... 25 20 26 || 38... 29 | Sept. 8 41 || 59... 4 31 27 18s2: 25 18 24 || 39... 29 | Aug. 12 | 14 || 60... 6 | Sept. 1 26 1953 25 26 B27 4002: 29 13 Sy Glens 6 | Aug. 29 23 20525 25 | 21 27 |) Alene |PAnis= 92 | 26 | 24 || 62 6 31 25 21 25 | 27 33 | 42... 2 | 24 | 22 | 63 6 31 25 ‘ ’ iW a Pupated and moth emerged in September. Feeding period: Days. INN CTAG Ce acc nwind = a yee isjoine es satel ees Heo DRE oe OR ne SST SE 8 SE SEO eee ee Ce eee 26. 34 Mascimm) = |) acorn be eae ere ee Se ee ne ee ee 41.00 Mitr. 3s wise ies = csi Sng risus a east ele se Re ieee oceans CaO les oO OOS ae 14.00 Overuintering larve.—The first larve not pupating but going into winter cocoons in 1909 were taken from bands July 17. Of 78 larvee taken on this date, 38 pupated and adults emerged, 28 died, and 20 went through the winter as larve. Of 196 larve and pupe collected under bands on June 28, 1910, 5 did not pupate but wintered as larvee in cocoons. After this date the percentage of overwintering larvee increased. However, some adults emerged as late as September 18. With the development of the second brood there was a marked increase in the number of overwintering larve. Of some 95 to 100 larve developing in fruit out-of-doors at the laboratory, only 9 pupated. These were Nos. 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 17, and 23 in Table IX, Adults emerged 17 to 36 days after leaving fruit. This would give some 6 to 7 weeks for the life of the individuals of the second genera- tion. REVIEW OF LIFE HISTORY FOR THE YEARS 1909 AND 1910. There are practically two full broods of larvee each year in the inte- rior counties of California. It is not easy to distinguish definitely between the two generations by field observations alone, and to know just when all the first-brood larve are in the fruit, although there is a period of some weeks each summer during which very few eggs are laid. Taking into consideration the difference in time required for development of eggs and larve, and the fact that the pears are picked before very many of the second-brood larve leave the fruit, it is diffi- cult to determine the division of generations by band records. Some growers report that young larve are hatching and entering fruit THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. 27 almost continuously from April to August, inclusive, and do not recognize the broods at all. However, it is well to know when these broods appear, and what is meant by the term “‘brood.” The overwintering larve pupate in spring; the moths emerging from these in late April and during May deposit eggs which hatch into the first- brood worms. This brood is usually com- paratively small and the injury not severe. Some growers are in- clined to overlook the importance of this brood, and many fail to notice any worms until the second brood begins to show just prior to first picking. The second is by far | Vv aaa) li See oh eee eee THEN ae! te ae ee eae) Qua naeS ESTSSIBS | Pe ESE] GRAPE Ss AES a) \ eee Sip AS aaah GJS ee ase este Nees et Pe 29| § /2 1926|3 10/7 24 YUNE SUL) Fic. 7,—Codling-moth larve collected from banded pear trees at Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909. (Original. ) 7 142/ 28\§ 12/19 26|2 9 16 23 AUG. SEAT | OG the more destructive of the two broods, both by reason of its numbers and because of the stage of the fruit when it appears. The first-brood worms reach their development usually during the months of May and June, pupate, and adults emerge and begin depositing eggs some one or two weeks before the first picking of 1 pears commences. Growers can tell very well when the first of the second-brood worms will begin JDP eae aes Sf See eae sees eee BEF ailseeuueeee to appear by the use of burlap bands put on the trees in May. Examine these once a week and when the first larvee are caught /00 Ar Re SAL A+ AL ’ é ‘ G0 under them they may SGV Sa ANe 4 ee : Heel mp NSE be put into glass jars wee JN ARR RRS RRR 6) 3 /0 /7243/\ 7 1/4 2/1 28\ § 12 1/9 26\3 10/7 24 | ena ULE A SBE EL Fic. 8.—Codling-moth larvz collected from banded apple trees at Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909. or tumblers with bits of paper or rags and kept under normal out-of-doors condi- tions. When the first (Original. ) moths appear it will then be some two weeks before eggs are hatching. BAND RECORDS. Some idea of the development of the first-brood larvae and the time of leaving fruit may be gained from Tables X and XI, which are the band records at Walnut Creek for 1909. (See also figs. 7 and 8, which show this data in diagrammatic form.) 28 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES TasLe X.—Band records from 21 Bartlett pear trees, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909. Number Number Number Number Date of of larvee Date of of larvee Date of of larve Date of of larvee collection. | and pupze collection. |and pup || collection. |and pups || collection. jand pup» collected. collected. collected. collected. June 5.. Q4a | eonlivesleee ee os 22) || PATI SSDS eee oe U3) Oct. -9=ee.-2 0 122: 71 DA anos 0:5 SlaliSeptevosese 26 | 1 eee AOAC © me arrolicattaae 15 | 1b ee ay Total 592 262s: 853) | sAugee flees se 50 LQ Hse 11 || Apblive WS San ee AON) (hire 55 2622 eRse 31) Ons 36 7A Pere 421 Oct. wi2e. ase 3 1/70 SEs aseVeap sss. Sua ERS PRR Sees PO ReRR MA IRR EE ewes Renan Mathes ees i Eladhce fl pias 100 Rig vi OR Bas pelea eS ee Peset Sepa eat alan SER RS Cees ay ee 0 Gs ES I 2 Aral ch los Ll ‘Eee aaah eeeseee Se 16 2330 7/4 2/ 28\4 // 18 25\/ & 18 2229 Fic. 9.—Weekly emergence of codling moths from material collected from banded apple and pear trees at Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909. (Original. ) TasBLE XI.—Band records from 10 apple trees, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909. Number Number Number | Number Date of of larvee Date of of larve Date of of larve | Date of of larve collection. |and pup collection. |and pupze || collection. |and pups | collection. jand pups collected. collected. collected. || collected. June 25. ..28 32 ee Bee 99 || Aug. 28 ; 60 | On 10.. : 5 ie ee 98 || SA eS 25 || Sept. 5 65 || 19) S05 28 164 |) Shs. cScee | 56 || Die ace 43 || Total. . 1,371 DQG emsee B93 AT lAMT ON wie eens 95 | 19 2 |I Jualyassees-- 79 14 aoe 128 | 26 sae 3 || LORS ees 63 | 7A ee eel 125 I Oct... Beceaa- 6 All larvee and pupe 1909 were put together of adults. (See also fig. 9.) collected in making the two band records in ‘each week and kept in jars for the emergence The maximum emergence came July 8 to 14. records are given in Table XII. The THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNTA. 2 TasLeE XII.—Emergence of moths from material collected under bands on pear and apple trees, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1909. 9. Date of | Number Date of Number | Date of Number Date of Number emergence. | of moths. emergence. | of moths. || emergence. of moths. || emergence. | of moths. June 23. . S| ainlys2 leew 114 || Aug. 18 24 || Sept.15..._..| 6 3 Uae as 7 || Pe Ree ee 73 25. cock 52 7a Fae Tee 1 Ah fale (ees eae Cie Ate. 4a ee 63 || Sept. 1...... 40 — — i Se ae 161 Mecess: | pias neaee 10 Total. .| 663 sis [al aaa ka zi (Ss ea ee Beals rot} Bee exe ee ons eal a ae heh cre ee id eS ree ae ei se si eae ae pee eerie rin OBE 22 san naees he SIL Ss as mas Sie el Pa Pe Aaa VESEY woo sl lah ces palleel i Zale a ie ase ears 80 iz ri, — | [Ene 2 aeees eee #0 = 0 Se i oO 7 142! 28\| § /2 19 26|2 39 £423 YSUNE YULY AUG, Fig. 10.—Band records from 11 apple trees at Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. (Original. ) - TasLe XIII.—Bamnd records from 15 Bartlett pear trees, Suisun, Cal., 1910. Number Number | Number | Number Date of of larvee Date of | of larve | Date of of larve | Date of of larvee collection. |and pupz| collection. |and pup |) collection. |and pupe || collection. and pup collected. | collected. | collected. | | collected. Wines se=se-- Ren \ Uvihy ieee 84 || July 22_.....| 28 | Ab (48 ae 38 10523: 58 eee 37 || QO mer 50 SS iV Saeaee 68 I eeGooe 48) || Avie. qbetee ee) 68 Total. - 618 72 eee 84 | | | | | Table XIV, showing the band record from 11 apple trees at Walnut Creek in 1910, is illustrated diagrammatically in figure 10; and Table XITI, showing band records taken from 15 Bartlett pear trees at Suisun, Cal., in 1910, is illustrated in figure 11. 30 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TaBLE XIV.—Band records from 11 apple trees, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. Number Number | Number |) Number Date of of larvee | Date of of larvee Date of of larvee Date of of larvee collection. |and pup), collection. |and pupz || collection. |and pup!) collection. jand pup collected. \ collected. | collected. collected. = = | : | | Tune a leo] 252) || June 28% =. 196 } Thy 26/4 5eeee SON | Ae 23s 88 (ieee he PAO ||| diol Wajog =e | 1059} Aug 325-== =. 93 ————— IN eee 394 | LOREEN 125 Oeeadee 120 || Total. . 1,991 P) eee 185 | IO) fere eat | 71 1G nonce 82 I | i It will be seen (fig. 10) that the maximum number of larvee and pup was collected on June 14, 1910, as against June 26, 1909 (figs. 7 and 8), showing that the greatest number of larve and pup was present nearly two weeks earlier in 1910 than in 1909. Tables XV _ and XVI show emergence of moths from ma- (ee eee ee terial collected un- 3 10 17 24)1/ 8 IS 2229185 /2 19 SUNE YSULY AUG: der bands at Walnut tice Vantaa : : Fia. 11.—Band records from 15 Bartlett pear trees at Suisun, Cal.,1910. UI eek and Suisun in (Original.) the summer of 1910. Both tables are illustrated diagrammatically in figures 12 and 13. sae Be ma als Ba mie aes ere Re me TABLE XV.—Weekly record of emergence of moths from material collected under bands on 11 apple trees, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. T : Number : Number . Number | - Number eateeice ohaares eiaeenes eos Bneeoses planes | sneer eon 8 * | emerged. | 8 * | emerged. 8 * | emerged. | 8 ~ | emerged. June 22...... 8 \\'dtily 202... 65 || Aug.10...... 36M || Aue ral eee 50 PS Bone 175 Oy (pe eeee 84 || ay eerne 36 || Sept. 7.....- 15 ‘whe Wascone 133}; Aug, 3.....- 30 Pe ODOG 76 | 14.5 ate 4 1 eeeee 228 | | TasBLeE X VI.— Weekly record of emergence of moths from material collected under bands on 15 Bartlett pear trees, Suisun, Cal., 1910. 4 Number ~- Number | Tr. Number i Number pte of moths arene of moths | eee of moths | sae of moths j 8 * | emerged. gence. | emerged. | 8 * | emerged. | 8 * | emerged. June 19......] ta Roly Ose one 740i Siesee = | 7 | Apso eee 14 56Natee | 13 || iV Saecee 26) ||(CAee ee ceee | 9 | OT aoe 2 DUG? BS oes 25 || OY Ne ree | 18 | I ee 6 || Sept. 4...... | 2 | | There is a noticeable difference in the dates of development of the first-brood larve and the emergence of moths from this brood in the THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. oi interior counties and in the coast counties. The tables giving the band records and emergence of moths for Walnut Creek and Suisun sections show the maximum emergence of moths to be about three weeks earlier than the maximum emergence at San Jose. Extended field observations covering the seasons of 1909-10 confirm these laboratory records. Many first-brood larve were hatching and entering fruit in early July in Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and Monterey and in Mendocino and Humboldt Counties along the coast, while all this brood was in the fruit by the Ist of a2 June in the adjoiming Saeat alte Bg interior counties. 180 Sn ng “SELLE T PARE 140 the band record, and aes Sra: BL Table XVIII, giving | the record of the emergence of moths, — ¢@ show the conditions 490 for Santa Clara 20 County. The band C record was made in an unsprayed apple orchard. The data given in the respective tables are shown diagrammatically in figures 14 and 15. é “= 45 22 29|6 13 2027|3 /0 17 243/| 7 /42/ GSWVE YULY” *1*®¥ AUG. SEPT. Fia. 12.—Weekly emergence of moths from material collected under bands on 11 apple trees at Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. (Original.) TaBLE XVII.—Band records from apple trees, San Jose, Cal., 1909. | rT Number | Number | Number || Number Date of a lane Date of of Jarve I Date of pEDaive Date of oflarvee collection. ae | collection. a ae || collection. ce ae collection. eel lected. lected. lected, lected. ijbiets) Vale seee 1,602 || Aug. 2.... _ 647 || Sept. 13...... 634°|/Oct. 25...-.- | 1 2825-22 2,276 Weogscr | 365 |) 74) Bee ae 649))||ENov. e--2 =: 8 Jualy, sd222-2-| 946 || UG See oe 227 || ZY ee 2A) 0 Shocees 3 een a 1,565 V2 eee | 645)! (@ets 4b =e, 135 ed i eae 1,804 | 30a | 880 || Le 92 Dotal 14,759 DO sec cee GOATS Sept. cose. 951 || nee 18 Tasie XVIII.-—Emergence of moths from banded apple trees, San Jose, Cal., 1909. | Date of Number Date of Number Date of || Number Date of Number emergence. | of moths. emergence. | of moths. emergence. _| of moths. emergence. | of moths. | | | July i a3 ern | A ee 2 884 || Sept. 6.-.... 40 |) Sept. 27....-.. 8 eee 346 Gieecsee 694 1S aeeee 46 Sas 36 tie cicieY 731 Bet 2n0% 441 205222, 133 Total. .| 4, 320 Meo, Seer 777 Oeste 165 | 32 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. NATURAL ENEMIES. PARASITES. At frequent intervals throughout the summer quantities of wormy Fia. 13.—Weekly emergence of moths from material collected under a Sas can oS 26| 3 10/7 243 7 14 2/1 239\ 4 /4 YONE YULY AUs. SEPT | ieee +A ALL bands on 15 pear trees, at Suisun Cal., 1910. (Original. ) fruit were brought into the laboratory from different orchards throughout Contra Costa County and kept in jars in shaded places out of doors, but not a single hy- menopterous or dip- terous parasite was reared from all the worms in this fruit. Neither was there any reared from the material taken under bands on pear and apple trees. PREDACEOUS ENEMIES. Occasionally a carabid larva was found under the bands eating the larvee, and late in the season a number of tenebrionid beetles, some of which were compared to beetles determined by Mr. EK. A. Schwarz, of the Bureau of Entomology, as Lulabis rufipes Esch. and found to —— ea 22915 /2 99 26\2 9 © 23H) 6 13 2BO2NF7 W/ 18 25\/ & 1§ 22 GUNE ASL AUG. SEP COGwa VOW’ Fia. 14.—Band records of the codling moth from apple trees at San Jose, Cal., 1909. (Original.) be the same, were found under bands with partly eaten larvee, but in no case were these beetles found actually eating the larve. THE CONTROL OF THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. There are some necessary differences in the treatment of pear and apple orchards for the control of the codling moth. The calyx lobes THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. 30 in normal pears do not close up so quickly as in the case of the apple. The blooming period of pears in California is usually very much longer, sometimes lasting from three to five weeks from the first to last appearing blossoms. There is also a ‘‘second crop” of fruit which is somewhat later than the other and longer stemmed. It is noticeable that the calyx lobes on this second-crop fruit close up tightly very quickly after the shedding of the petals. As a large percentage of the first-brood worms enters the fruit through the calyx, it is necessary to have poison in the calyx cups before they are closed. The first larve begin to hatch some three to five weeks after the blooming periodisover. At least oneand preferably two gy, thorough sprayings should ae ea ANC elena feel be given before this period bs eae Ss of hatching of the larve. pat ee | Opportunity was offered wr iaee during the season of 1909 to so NES | Tse test the value of two and three treatments on pears and in 1910 a larger set of experiments, to determine the number of applications most efficient and the value YULY AUG. SELTs of each as compared with Fic. 15.—Weekly emergence of codling moths from larve no treatment at all, was collected from banded apple trees at San Jose, Cal., 1909. (Original. ) carried out. The results of these and certain other observations are given in the following pages. EFFECT OF SPRAYS ON PLACES OF ENTRANCE INTO PEARS BY LARVZ. Records were kept throughout both seasons for the entrance holes of all the larve in the fruit of 10 trees in each block used in the spraying experiments. It is interesting to note the places of entrance in the fruit by the larve, the effect of the different applications on the comparative percentages of worms entering at the calyx and at the side and stem, and where the greater number of larve was killed. These data are given in Tables XIX to XXXIII, inclusive. (Tables XIX to XXI are the records from the 1909 experiments at Concord, Cal.; Tables XXIT to XXIX, the records from the 1910 experiments at Walnut Creek, Cal.; and Tables XXX to XX XIII the records from the experi- ments at Suisun, Cal., in 1910.) Only the worms entering at the calyx cavity proper are recorded as calyx worms; all larve entering the fruit through side, base, and around the stem are recorded under the heading of side and stem. 3 4 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Taste XIX.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side and stem. Worms in windfallen | | Worms in fruit from Plat I, sprayed three times, Concord, Cal., 1909. Total number of— Percentage of— fruit. trees. Tree No. a En- En- ‘Worms ‘Worms Num- oe tered | Num- eee tered Reber entered pee lentered ber of tt at Se ber of on | at sia Worms. Bi; at sige af at aN worms. 3 an worms. an an z an calyx. stem. calyx stem calyx. stem. calyx stem 1 Pe wees 23 8 15 39 15 24 62 23 39 | 37.10} 62.90 DAL Be Sees 5 2 3 34 8 26 39 10 29 25.64 74. 36 5 ae 8 5 3 24 7 17 32 12 20 37.50 62.50 Ai, S058 Se 14 6 8 43 6 37 57 12 45 21.05 78.95 Eee See 4 1 3 20 6 14 24 7 17 | 29.16 70. 84 6Se-g2ch eee 19 id Us 21 9 12 40 16 24 40. 00 60. 00 Tl ctor Abe 11 a 8 22 8 14 33 11 OPA)||| BBi588) 66. 67 Se ee 8 2 6 17 11 6 25 13 12] 52.00 48. 00 es eee cae 19 6 13 19 6 13 38 12 26 31.57 68. 43 J (ee teicpera 15 5 | 10 14 3 11 29 8 21 27.58 72. 42 Total, trees | I=10% <2 126 45 81 253 79 174 379 124 255 32.72 67.28 TaBLE XX.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side and stem. Plat IT, unsprayed, Concord, Cal., 1909. Worms ipetaeiatien Worms a oe from Motalinunibente ta Percentage of — Tree No. En- En- r . | Worms |x, Worms Num- ee tered | Num- ae) tered ones | entered Moras entered ber of att at side ber of at at side Worms. ai at side ar at sige WiOEMISS| yey an worms a an ae an vow 5) seen calyx. | stem. calyx. | stem. | | calyx. | stem. | CALYX | stem. Days sane) eretasSiers 311 231 80 833 635 198 1, 144 | 866 278 75.69 24.31 P19 ee net 327 244 83 551 418 133 878 662 216 75. 40 24.61 Dey cw. Bese 248 200 48 425 318 107 673 518 155 76.96 23.00 DSO See 213 172 41 350 238 it? 563 | 410 153 72. 82 27.14 Dee ere: sce 262 200 62 459 335 124 721 | 535 186 74. 20 25. 88 Ge ieiaisececice 230 180 50 560 402 158 790 582 208 73.67 | 26.30 eran arse 201 172 29 596 444 152 797 616 1800), Wie290) eae Qijencme sisters a= 242 194 48 395 258 137 | 637 452 185 | 70.95 29. OL Oe Seem ice. 242 163 79 | 460 292 168 | 702 455 247 64.81 | 35.15 WOES eoce e 295 236 59 | 408 287 121 703 523 180 74. 39 25.69 Total, trees | | Lee es 2,571 1, 992 579 5, 037 | 3, 627 1,410 7,608 | 5,619 1,989 73.86 | 26.14 Taste XXI.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx and at side and stem. Plat IIT, sprayed twice, Concord, Cal., 1909. Worms det wipidteen Worms eae from moafaltnnin Genet Percentage of — 7 r En- | En- Nee Worms : 7, ; Worms Tree No. | Num- | Ree tered | Num- | pea tered von entered sale entered ber of at | at sie ber of | “34 | at ane Worms. at |atside|~ 4, | at side WOrMS?|) (9 an worms.| ..)_ an ts and a and calyx. stem. | calyx. | stem. calyx stem calyx | stem. Layee ee ero 43 | 19 | 24 140 | 92 48 183 111 72 | 60.66 39. 34 Moin SBS 62 | 36 | 26 175 103 72 237 139 98 | 58.65 41.35 Oops eeeeee 21 | 11 10 95 | 49 46 116 60 56 | 51.72 48. 28 Beth Peas 3 50 29 21 145 96 49 195 125 70 | 64.10 35. 90 Deen ence: 62 36 26 209 152 57 271 188 83 | 69.37 30. 63 Geet eee 54 27 27 130 93 37 184 120 64] 65.21 34.79 Wee Soe nace 22 11 ala 95 77 18 117 88 29 | 75.21 24.79 Soe canoe 35 23 12 111 71 40 146 94 52 | 64.38 35. 62 Qf agtseaes 37 21 16 105 72 33 142 93 49 | 65. 42 34.58 LORS 31 19 12 109 72 37 140 91 49 | 65.00 35.00 TD TONG aL, 7 trees 1- LO See 417 232 185 1,314 877 437 1,731 1,109 622 63. 97 36. 03 THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. 35 TasBLeE XXII.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx and at side and stem. Plat I, sprayed three times, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. | Tree No. Worms in windfallen BN OONWANR we 29 fruit. cCorrocoococe bo En- tered at side and stem. RPrmoonNnnwmwnw wre 27 eer Re HEEB Total number of— Percentage of— rees. En- Worms} 1 Worms Num- Se tered ae entered a at entered ber of at |atside Worms. ae at ae =H at aide worms and an = an calyx stem. calyx. stem. calyx. stem. 9 0 9 10 0 10 0.00 | 100.00 7 0 7 10 0 10 -00 | 100.00 5 1 4 6 1 5 | 16.67! 83.33 4 0 4 6 0 6 -00 , 100.00 6 0 6 9 0 9 .00 | 100.00 if 0 7 9 0 9 -00 , 100.00 21 1 20 29 2 2. 6. 90 93.10 19 1 18 25 2 23 8.00 | 92.00 15 1 14 17 1 16 5.88 | 94.12 4 1 3 5 1 4 | 20.00 80. 00 97 5 92 126 i | 119 5.56 94. 44 Tasie XXIII.—Comparison of number of worms entering fruit at calyx, and at side and stem. Plat I, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. Worms in windfallen Worms in fruit from Total number of— Plat II, sprayed April 9 and May 2, being first and second spraying as given Percentage of— fruit. trees. at En- En- Worms Worms re. f a “ SO nan ae q | tered | Num- es q | tered 2 a entered las entered ber of at at side | ber of le at side | Worms. a at a | at at sige Worms.) ..3_.- and | worms. ‘ and : an ee an calyx. stem. calyx. stem. calyx. stem. calyx. stem. de ee e528 2 2 0 32 2 30 34 4 30 | 11.76 88. 24 7) gee Sees 2 1 1 56 2 54 58 3 55 be 17, 94. 83 Rie es 2 1 1 21 0 21 23 1 22 4.35 95. 65 1) ae es ae 2 0 2 37 0 37 39 0 39 00 | 100.00 i) ot eee 6 2 4 41 4 37 47 6 41 12.77 87.23 (ji 92 Saree 2 2 0 43 6 37 45 8 Bie | alee) 82. 22 UE eee ae 6 1 5 41 1 40 47 2 45 4.26 95. 74 Beene ce aie 4 2 2 60 2 58 64 4 60 6.25 93.75 Oe Shona oak 2 0 2 75 1 74 77 1 76 1.30 98. 70 10) 2 eee 2 | 0 2 36 3 33 38 3 35 7.90 92.10 Total, | trees 1- i) aoe 30 iB 19 442 21 421 472 32 440 6.79 93. 21 Taste XXIV.—Comparison of number of worms entering fruit at calyx and at side and stem. given Plat I, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. Plat III, sprayed April 9 and July 4, being first and third applications as Worms eae W geet t ie from Movant Percentage of — lp iBro= En- iy i See Worms Worms Tree No. | Num- pone tered | Num- ae tered Ons entered ts entered ber of ap at side | ber of ae at side |\Worms. rahe at ae ah at side worms. and | worms. s and as an Rae and calyx. stem. calyx. stem calyx stem calyx stem Wes cee 14 5 9 45 14 31 59 19 40 | 32.21 67.79 3) a ee ae 11 3 8 38 6 32 49 9 40 | 18.37 81. 63 31. 10 1 9 23 3 | 20 33 4 200) A212 87.88 i eee 9 4 5 24 1 23 33 5 28 15.15 84.85 Oh yo Rey Se 17 7 10 66 11 55 83 18 65 | 21.69 78. 31 ope 9 4 5 20 3 17 29 él 22 | 24.14 75. 86 Gc Soe es 19 9 10 53 Whi 42 72 20 SM 2iake 72. 22 RSP teres oo a= = 9 3 6 15 4 11 24 7 Li 29.18 70. 82 C= ee 11 | 4 7 16 3 13 27 7 20 25.93 74. 07 Aerefarsjoocc = 22 15 ii 75 28 47 97 43 54] 44.33 55. 67 Total, | | = Plas : - trees 1- OVS 131 55 76 3795 84 291 506 139 367 27.47 72. 58 36 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TABLE XXV.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side and stem. as given Plat I, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. Plat IV, sprayed May 2 and July 4, being second and third applications Worms in windfallen Worms in fruit from cai nee Total number of— Percentage of— Troe N En- En- , Worms | Worms Usee yO intame aoe tered | Num- ee tered ES entered ee entered ber of at at side} ber of a at side |Worms. ait at side ae at side monn, | fd | SO aa, fe calyx. | amd | calys, | and | shee ee 21 10 11 80 BY 43 101 47 54 46.54 53. 46 DE eteveeis eee 39 32 i 78 40 38 117 72 45 61.54 38. 46 BS se Sere aes 49 39 10 87 Bill 56 136 70 66 | 51.47 48.53 eee erat 35 26 9 89 38 51 124 64 60 | 51.61 48. 39 ere ee 15 10 5 21 13 8 36 23 13 63. 89 36. 11 Geren ase 24 20 4 88 37 51 112 57 55 50. 89 49.11 Te eee 26 17 9 82 ai 55 108 44 64 40. 74 59. 26 Bi ee conse 14 8 6 52 26 26 66 34 32 51552 48. 48 OR SE sae 11 9 2 66 32 34 ial 41 36 | 53.25 46.75 WOtSee ceases 13 | 6 7 | 32 18 14 45 24 21 §3.33 | 46.67 dona | | | | trees 1- | Lire Saree 247 eri 70 675 299 376 922 476 | 446 | 51.63 | 48. 37 Taste XXVI.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side | and stem. Plat V, sprayed July 4, being third application as given Plat I, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. Worms we windallen Worms bes frult from Miotalmmum enor Percentage of— a ; En- En- r Worms Worms Tree No. | Num- as tered | Num- Hen tered ayers entered ores entered ber of at at side | ber of at at side |Worms. aH at side Ae at ae worms . and | worms ease and sae an £ an calyx stem. calyx stem calyx stem. calyx stem. HLA fg Serre Be 78 74 4 89 68 21 167 142 25 85. 03 14.97 DSi ou eaee 132 120 12 112 83 29 244 203 41 83. 20 16. 80 eee eee 80 74 6 59 44 15 139 118 21 84. 89 byaul CS EPS erences 84 76 8 56 48 8 140 124 16 | 88.57 11. 43 Dae eocatee 116 104 12 116 102 14 232 206 26 | 88.79 11.21 Geeta ee 108 96 12 94 84 10 202 180 22 | 89.11 10. 89 Mratorsrs oe bene 218 197 21 198 162 36 416 359 57 86. 30 13.70 {ee eee 82 75 7 83 73 10 165 148 17 89. 69 10. 31 Ca eee 83 74 9 89 71 18 172 145 27 | 84.30 15.70 10 See 2 41 37 4 58 41 17 99 78 21 78.79 21.21 AV ORDERS IUS trees 1- DUO ees 1,022 927 95 954 776 178 1,976 1,703 273 86.18 13.82 TaBLE XXVII.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side and stem. Worms in windfallen Worms in fruit from r fruit. fase: Total number of— Percentage of— En- En- = Worms Worms Tree No. | Num- ue tered | Num- pod tered pine entered veo entered ber of at at side | ber of | “j;° | at side |Worms.|“" 5°" | at side|~" 4, | at ae worms.| _.7._ and |worms. = and Eu and an calyx. | stem. calyX. | stom. calyx. | stem. | C#YX- | stem 1 ees 192 181 kl 153 146 7 345 327 18 94.78 5,22 het ste ters NI 119 106 13 91 77 14 210 183 27 87.14 12.86 ps are crack | 181 165 16 134 131 3 315 296 19 93. 97 6.03 Ye eet 139 123 16 119 112 Mf 258 235 23 91.08 8. 92 Datewise sl 95 86 9}* 84 78 6 17 164 15 91. 60 8. 40 Grits 119 106 13 52 47 5 171 153 18 89. 48 10. 52 Usrctae rates 58 54 4 95 79 16 153 133 20 86.93 13 0%oe See ee ce, 105 89 16 97 91 6 202 180 22 89. 10 10. 90 1° a ere 119 104 15 134 130 4 253 234 19 92. 50 7.50 VO} se scene 118 105 Ld 75 70 5 193 175 18 90. 67 9.33 Total, | | trees 1- | LORS se 1, 245 1,119 126 1,034 | 961 | 73 2,279 2, 080 199 91.27 8.73 Plat VI, unsprayed check, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. ee. THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. on Taste XXVIII.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side and stem. Plat VII, sprayed April 9, being first application as given Plat I, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. - : z = : ; Ryorns iuyiedialion My ouuis ba feult rom Total number of— Percentage of— | En- En- | Worms] yy Worms Tree No. | Num-| En- | tered | Num-/| En- | tered Wer entered pu entered ber of |tered at at side} ber of |tered at) at side |Worms. at at side at. | 2t side worms.) calyx. and | worms. calyx. | and mal ‘. and Sikescs | and _ stem. stem. Ca stems co lestems 1 hie ee ee eae 15 7 8 26 8 18 41 15 26 | 36.59 63. 41 AT a een 6 2 4 32 8 24 38 10 28 | 26.33 73. 67 Dee ti as 10 5 5 88 15 73 98 20 78 | 20.41 79. 59 See 21 9 12 54 8 46 75 17 58 | 22.67 77.33 Oe Seems if 2 5 52 10 42 59 12 47 20.34 | 79.66 Gm erss =< 9 4 5 116 15 101 125 19 106 | 15.20 84. 80 Le oe e raf 8 19 75 49 26 102 57 45 | 55.88 44.12 fo Oe eee 20 11 9 42 7 35 62 18 44) 29.19 70. 81 ie ee ete 6 1 5 45 9 36 51 10 41 19. 61 80. 39 POEMS wise ths re 5 3 2 37 11 26 42 14 28 | 33.33 66. 67 Total, | trees 1- 1 See 126 52 74 567 140 427 693 192 501 27.71 72. 29 TABLE XXIX.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side and stem. Plat VIII, sprayed May 2, being second application as given Plat I, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. Bypests i a a . Ce a ane Total number of— Percentage of[— 7 En- En- = Worms Worms Tree No. | Num-| En- | tered | Num-| En- | tered ome entered Vices entered ber of |tered at| at side | ber of |tered at! at side |Worms. ©" ak at side |°" Se at side worms.| calyx. | and |worms.| calyx. | and fe i . and fi i 2 and stem. stem. Be stems || 2) >" \estenie Waren eee 1 1 See 19 4 15 20 5 15) 25.00 75. 00 De Ree ee eA 31 22 9 70 32 38 101 54 47 | 48.65 51.35 Deceecccs es 10 8 2 42 12 30 52 20 32 | 38.46 61. 54 COE eee 29 24 5 116 53 63 145 Tits 68 | 53.10 46.90 UE aerators 21 15 6 29 10 19 50 25 25} 50.00 50. 00 Gere Gonss Ss 82 50 32 119 43 76 201 93 108 | 46.27 53.73 leatee eS o's 20 11 9 53 24 29 73 35 38 | 47.95 52.05 (sles Gee 19 13 6 39 16 23 58 29 29 | 50.00 50. 00 ee eee 28 20 8 64 25 39 92 45 AT 48.91 51.09 NOR s = 2a 19 10 9 46 20 26 65 30 35 | 46.15 53. 85 Wo tal ; trees 1- LOSS as 260 174 86 597 239 L © 358 857 413 444} 48.19 51.81 TABLE X XX.—Comparison of number of worms entering fruit at calyx, and at side and stem. Plat I, sprayed three times, Swisun, Cal., 1910. | Worms eres Worms aw war from Moraltaimiberiete Percentage of — Tare | En-¢ En- . Worms) y., | Worms Tree No. Num- | En- tered | Num-| En- tered W aoe entered wee entered ber of |tered at} at side | ber of |tered at| at side |Worms.|°" oF CC’) at side |°2 ee at side | worms.} calyx. | and |worms.| calyx.| and cal and * o z and stem. stem. aly: | stem. aly: | stem. os ee 19 9 10 36 7 29 55 16 39} 29.09 | 70.91 Xe SR 8 4 4 15 4 11 23 8 15| 34.78 65. 22 Saeeniege S| 6 2 4 11 4 7 17 6 11 | 35.29) 64.71 EEF AAS 6 1 5 16 1 15 22 J: 20} 9.09} 90.91 Pre (ae ata os 14 if 7 12 3 9 26 10 16 | 38.46 61. 54 See 12 5 if 9 0 9 21 5 16 23.81 | 76.19 (coc 22 8 14 37 8 29 59 16 AS) 27: 12 72.88 is) | 30 10 20 39 14 25 69 24 45 | 34.78 65. 22 reeten e 13 4 9 30 i 23 43 11 32 25. 58 | 74. 42 Wee i.e ss 29 16 13 59 16 43 88 32 56 | 36.36 63. 64 Mio tia’, | trees 1— | LO Sac eot 159 66 93 264 64 200 423 130 | 293 | 30.73 | ~ 69.27 38 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Tasne XXXI.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side and stem. Plat II, sprayed May 5 and June 16, being second and third applications as given Plat I, Suisun, Cal., 1910. Worms in wincanen | Worms its cru from Total number of — Percentage of— a En- En- Worms! yx, Worms Tree No. | Nyum-| En- | tered | Num-| En- | tered won entered gs entered ber of \tered at at side | ber of |tered at| at side |Worms.|~ vt at side | © a at side | worms.| calyx. | and | worms.) calyx. | and isis and a i. and stem. stem y? stem. alyX- | stem. Wl yetoreysisreusisis 57 40 17 56 34 22 113 74 39 | 65.49 34. 51 Dera yee 95 66 29 123 82 41 218 148 70 | 67.89 67.89 Bicreve.aye «Sores 72 55 IY 130 84 46 202 139 63 | 68.81 31.19 Al ereue tee 51 42 9 52 31 21 103 73 30 | 70.87 29.13 Deas eee 77 60 il?/ 107 75 32 184 135 49 | 73.37 26. 63 GA oe canes 149 114 35 149 92 57 298 206 92} 69.13 69. 87 ixpupe cio ate Siare 74 47 27 76 50 26 150 97 53 | 64. 67 35. 33 oh ee a 114 83 31 140 101 39 254 184 70 | 72.44 27. 56 O)eroreteicn cher 34 27 7 67 37 30 101 64 37 | 63.37 36. 63 i): Se eee 103 78 25 139 62 77 | 242 140 102 | 57.85 42.15 Mortal trees 1- | LOB eis 826 612 214 | 1,039 648 391 1,865 | 1,260 605 | 67.56 | 32.44 TABLE XX XII.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side and stem. Plat III, sprayed April 7 and June 17, being first and third applications as giwen Plat I, Suisun, Cal., 1910. Worms Pung iaee Worms rae futt from Motaleaumbeanote Percentage of— i En- En- Worms Worms Tree No. Num- En- tered | Num- En- tered hilar entered ors entered ber of |tered at| at side} ber of |tered at] at side | Worms. |°" ay at side |°" i. at side worms.| calyx. | and | worms.| calyx and Be = and fe ee and stem. stem y stem ay | stem ee Shee oe 25 16 9 56 13 43 Sl 29 52 | 35.80 64. 20 Dee ee Aas 17 8 9 36 13 23 53 21 32 | 39.63 60. 37 BAe NS sei 44 27 17 45 18 27 89 45 44 50. 50 49. 50 AEP re GASE 13 7 6 26 8 18 39 15 24) 38.46 61. 54 Daria: ane 18 9 9 34 7 27 52 16 36 | 30.77 69. 23 (ye a 43 19 24 67 26 41 110 45 65 | 40.91 59. 09 Ce ate 59 36 23 127 52 75 186 88 98 | 47.31 52. 69 She SARE oe 44 19 25 91 41 50 135 60 75 | 44.44 55. 56 Ree eee 41 24 17 52 15 37 93 39 54 | 41.94 58. 06 LO Ree es 20 12 8 41 17 24 61 29 32 | 47.54 52. 46 Ob ail trees 1- | OES 324 177 147 575 210 365 | 899 387 | 512 | 43.05 56.95 TasLeE XX XIII.—Comparison of number of worms entering pears at calyx, and at side and stem. Plat IV, unsprayed check, Suisun, Cal., 1910. Worms eee Worms rs ae from Motallmumber of Percentage of— Tran N En- En- Worms ; Worms Tree No. | Num-| En- | tered | Num-| En- | tered \ were entered Moras entered ber of |tered at) at side | ber of |tered at} at side |}Worms. . at side ai at side worms.| calyx. | and | worms.] calyx. | and RG and met “5 and stem stem. S stem YX | stem 1 eens | 370 350 20 158 143 15 528 493 35 | 93.37 6. 63 feta sre ech 199 188 11 118 112 6 317 300 17 | 94. 64 5. 36 ORE ae eee 420 398 22 136 123 13 556 521 35 | 93.70 6. 30 Ae epericiste se 171 160 11 227 213 14 398 373 25 | 93.72 6, 28 Disireeinsese 386 359 27 326 301 25 712 660 52 | 92.69 7.31 (ie ee eee 248 227 21 228 219 9 476 446 30 | 93.70 6.30 Mistress shoe 496 476 20 195 182 13 691 658 33 | 95.22 4.78 Sees seer 193 179 14 107 100 7 300 279 21} 93.00 7. 00 Soros 533 503 30 255 234 21 788 737 51 93. 52 6.48 LO: Sos tee aee 481 464 17 404 367 37 885 831 54 93. 90 6.10 AVS rt) US trees 1- 1S Soe 3,497 | 3,304 193 2,154 1,994 160 | 5,651 | 5,296 355 93. 72 6. 28 THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. 39 To show more fully the results of the different sprayings as influenc- ing the places of entrance of the worms and showing where they are mostly killed Tables XXXIV, XXXV, and XXXVI have been pre- pared, which are in part summaries of the foregoing tables and of those which are to follow under the heading of ‘‘Commercial results from spraying.” In Table XXXIV, in the unsprayed portion, Plat VI, 85.702 per cent of the pears were wormy at the calyx, and 8.198 per cent were wormy at the side and stem, while in the demonstration block, Plat I, which received three sprayings only, 0.223 per cent of the pears were wormy at the calyx and 3.803 per cent at the side and stem. This indi- cates that the sprayings reduced the infestation at the calyx from 85.702 per cent to 0.223 per cent, a reduction to approximately one three-hundred-and-eighty-fourth of the original infestation. That is, the check plat showed 384 times more pears wormy at the calyx than was the case with Plat I. The infestation at the side and stem was reduced from 8.198 per cent on the check plat to 3.803 per cent for Plat I, a reduction of only a little over one-half of the original infes- tation. While the infestation at the calyx was reduced 384 times, the infestation at the side and stem was reduced only 2.4 times. Plat II, which received the two early sprayings for the first-brood worms, but no late spraying corresponding to the third treatment on Plat I, had 0.747 per cent of the pears wormy at the calyx, indicating a reduction to about one one-hundred-and-fourteenth of the original infestation, while the infestation at the side and stem was not reduced but apparently slightly increased, as this plat showed 9.943 per cent of the fruit wormy at ‘the side and stem as against 8.198 per cent wormy at the side and stem in the unsprayed check plat. This phenomenon might be thought to indicate that there was some repellent action by the arsenate of lead in the calyx cavity to cause the worms to seek the uncoated surface of the pear. However, this is probably explained by the fact that on the unsprayed block such a large portion of the pears were injured by the first-brood worms and fell off the trees before the appearance of the second-brood worms, that, although the same proportion of worms of this second brood entered the side of the fruit in the check block as in the block receiy- ing the two early sprayings, there were not enough pears left on the trees in the check block to bring the average of the total crop of pears, wormy at the side, up to that of Plat II, where a much larger portion of the year’s crop had been kept on the trees by the early sprayings. ‘This same condition holds true for the unsprayed check, Plat IV, in Table XXXV, recording experiments at Suisun in 1910. More than 60 per cent of the total crop of fruit from the check plat dropped from the trees, due almost entirely to the work of the first- brood worms. On the sprayed blocks only 13 to 22 per cent of the total crop of fruit dropped from the trees. 40 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. In Plat IL of Table XXXVI, recording the 1909 experiments at Concord, worms were not so prevalent, the fruit on the unsprayed plat being only 53.05 per cent wormy and only about 31 per cent of the fruit dropping from the trees. (See Table XX XVIII.) This plat shows a much higher percentage (13.869 per cent) of the pears wormy at the side and stem. Also, if we examine Plat V of Table XXXIV, recording the 1910 experiments at Walnut Creek, we find a higher percentage of pears wormy at the side and stem, namely, 11.699 per cent as against 8.198 per cent in the check block. Plat V received no treatment for the first-brood worms, but was sprayed once on July 4 just before the second-brood worms began to enter the fruit. The surface of the fruit was fairly well covered, yet the percentage of fruit wormy at the side and stem was greater than was that of the unsprayed block. In this case it will be seen (Tables XLIV and XLV) that there was more fruit on the trees at picking time in Plat V than on the trees of the check plat. Also there were correspondingly more windfalls from the trees in the check plat than from the trees in Plat V. All of the plats receiving the first spraying (soon after falling of petals) show a comparatively light infestation at the calyx, and those receiving the two early sprayings have very few pears wormy at the calyx. (See Plats I, II, III, and VII, Table XXXIV.) Those plats on which this first spraying was omitted have a greater percentage of pears wormy at calyx, although they received one thorough spraying just before the first-brood worms began to enter the fruit, which was some four weeks after the petals had fallen. (See Plats TV and VIII, Table XXXIV.) Taste XXXIV.—Degree of infestation and relative infestation at different places of entrance by codling-moth larve. Plats I to VII, inclusive, Walnut Creek, Cal., 1910. | Relative infestation at differ- degree of infestation. Degtesioh iniestanon ent places of entrance. Total eee | Total per | ° 12 nt- Plat. number. fae : Total per a Total Percent- OKee ;.,.._,. | Of wormy| Total per cent of age of of pears. ee f cent of x number age of pears. cent 0 pears RESES TA onronnicl lew Oris worms wormy : _ | wormy at : entering fea wormy ye pa (100 per | entering . pears. | a+ calyx side and cent) eihicalven at side Sug sateen rd a AS LOLS ‘ : *™ | and stem. Plat I, sprayed Apr. oe = | 9, May 2, July 14... 3, 126 | 126 4.03 0.223 | 3. 803 126 5.56 94.44 Plat I1, sprayed Apr. | 9 and May 2...-.....| 4,415 472 10. 69 . 747 | 9, 943 472 6.79 93.21 Plat III, sprayed Apr. 9and July 4... 2,477 506 20. 43 5. 611 14. 816 506 27.47 72.53 Plat IV,sprayed May Qiang Mulye4ase eee 4,096 | 922 22.51 11. 621 10. 888 922 51. 63 48.37 Plat V,sprayed July Bee Blais lemtelsapiaete ss 2,248 1,976 87.90 76. 201 11. 699 1,976 86. 18 13. 82 Plat VI, unsprayed Checktmastec esse 2,427 2,279 93.90 85. 702 8. 198 2,279 91.27 8.73 Plat VII, sprayed Apri Oi shee See a ae 2,128 693 32.57 9. 020 23.550 693 PA aril 72. 29 Plat VIII, sprayed May 2220 eee 2,811 857 30. 49 14. 695 15. 795 857 48.19 51.81 THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. 41 TABLE XXXV.—Degree of infestation and relative infestation at different places of entrance by codling-moth larve. Plats I-IV, Suisun, Cal., 1910. | : : Relative infestation at differ- | Degree of infestation. ent places of entrance. Total cee Total Percent Fe | number : otal per : ercent- Plat. | oe of wormy| Total per Tatal per nee Total | Percent- age of | of pears. | ars! cent of cent of pears number age of wane 1s pears ~,,/0f worms | worms ; wormy , | wormy at) - entering wormy . (100 per | entering | ~, <; pears. | a+ calyx side and cent) at calyx at side Sante Stem. 5 m7 ~ | and stem. Plat I, sprayed Apr. 6, May 4, and June 12 eee ees eee 7,290 423 5. 80 1.783 4. 019 423 30.73 69. 27 Plat IL Speyer May 5 and June 16...... 6,538 1, 865 28. 52 19. 270 9. 250 1, 865 67.56 32.44 Plat III, sprayed Apr. 7andJune 17. 6, 381 899 14. 09 6. 065 &. 024 899 43.05 56.95 Plat IV, unsprayed OG Ke fase ong ooe 5, 941 5, 651 95. 12 89. 143 5.975 5,651 93. 72 6.28 Taste XXXVI.—Degree of infestation and relative infestation at different places of entrance by codling-moth larve. Plats I to IIT, inclusive, Concord, Cal., 1909. : P Relative infestation at differ- Degree of infestation. ent places of entrance. Total 7 | ae ee Total Plat. number. somber Bar aan Per cent Total | Percent- vere of pears. aie Y\ Per cent A WERE of pears | number age of sc Sas Ie * \of wormy ere wormy at) of worms | worms | Stan. | | Pears. | at calyx side and | (100 per | entering ap ade * stem. | cent). | at calyx. | srisl ign Plat I, sprayed Apr. 17, May 10, and Uti GoR see See 13, 219 379 2.86 0. 938 1.929 379 32.72 67.28 Plat II, unsprayed Gheeless o=s 553503 14, 290 7,581 | 53.05 39. 181 13. 869 7,581 73. 86 26. 14 Plat III, sprayed Apr. 18 and June 29. 13, 943 1,731 12. 415 7.954 4.461 1,731 63. 97 36. 03 For the best results in obtaining fruit free from worms, it is desir- able to spray three times, but if only two applications can be put on, the two early treatments give far better results than any other two sprayings. COMMERCIAL RESULTS FROM SPRAYING. ContTRA Costa County, 1909. The 15-acre Bartlett pear orchard belongmg to Mr. George Whit- man and located in the central part of Ygnacio Valley, Contra Costa County (see Plate IIT), was used for this work in 1909. The trees are large and well cared for, comparing favorably with the average California pear orchard. The larger part of the orchard was included in Plat I as a demon- stration. Four rows across the middle of the orchard were left unsprayed for comparison. Plat III consisted of six rows across the north end of the orchard. 42 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. The first spraying for Plats I and III was just after most of the petals had fallen from the trees, April 17 to 21. Calyx cups on some of the second-crop fruit were closing at this time. For this spraying the nozzles were held close to the fruit clusters in order to fill the calyx cavities as much as possible. Many counts showed from 80 to 85 per cent of all cups to have been filled. The second spraying on Plat I came about three weeks later, May 10 to 12, after the first moths were out and depositing eggs. This spraying was omitted on Plat III. The last spraying was for the second-brood worms and was applied June 28 to 30 on Plats I and III, just after the second- brood moths began to emerge in numbers. A gasoline power outfit was used for all sprayings. One man was stationed on a tower platform 8 feet above the tank to spray the tops of the trees while two men sprayed from the ground, supplied with bamboo rods 10 and 12 feet long with large nozzles with wide chambers throwing a mist which spread quickly after leaving the nozzle. A uniform pressure of 150 to 175 pounds was maintained, and arsenate of lead at the rate of 2 pounds to 50 gallons of water was used, re- quiring an average of 24 to 3 gallons of spray per tree for each appli- cation. The total expense of spraying, including the arsenate of lead at 124 cents per pound, four men to run the machine and do the spraying at $1.50 per day for each man, and two horses at $1 each per day, and gasoline and lubricating oil, etc., amounted to 64 cents per tree for three applications and 44 cents per tree for two applications. The records in Tables XX XVII, XXXVIII, and XXXIX give the comparison of the sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees in each plat for the season. The windfalls were gathered and graded once each week. Taste XXXVII.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 pear trees of Plat I, sprayed three times, in orchard of Mr. George Whitman, Concord, Cal., 1909. | N ar of wi Fc NI : ee Ne eres Numnbenelre ars from otal number: Tree N ces ae Per cent Tee: SS = | = — see eo 12 1 11 218 4 214 230 5 225 2.17 | 97.83 Total, trees iz TS UOUS ee 2/5- 261 29 232 | 2,865 97 | 2,768 | 3,126 126 | 3,000 4.03 | 95.97 46 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TasLe XLI.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees of Plat II, sprayed Apr. 9 and May 2, being only first two applications as given Plat I, pear orchard of the Mrs. Fanny W. Bancroft Orchard Co., 1910. | Number of windfallen Number of pears from pears. ay Total number. Per cent— Tree No. | Zi | | | Total. | Wormy.|Sound.| Total.| Wormy. Sound.) Total. | Wormy. Sound.) Wormy.|Sound. Wl epatoe eee | 13 2 11 429 32 397 442 34 408 7.69 | 92.31 Doe ete oennayiere 17 2 15 425 56 369 442 58 384 13.12 | 86.88 Se tee raed S19 2 17| 323 ZA 302") 7342 23) 319 6.73 | 93.27 eee 12 2 10 395 37 358 407 39 368 9.58 | 90. 42 Onecare cease 32 6 2€ 316 41 275 348 47 301 T3e51 86. 49 (oe ee a ae | 18 2 16 363 43 320 381 45 336 11. 81 88. 19 (ieee peewee | 29 6 23 509 41 468 538 47 401 8.74] 91.26 Rees ey 31 4 27 492 60 432 523 64 459 12.24 | 87.76 LY paneea ns Oe acies 20 2 18 458 75 383 478 Lil 401 16.11 83. 89 1 DS eens tee 21 2 19 | 493 36 457 514 38 476 tao 2. 61 Total, trees | | aK 0 ee 212 30 182 | 4,203 442 3,761 | 4,415 472 | 3,943 10. 69 89. 31 Tas_tE XLII.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees in Plat IIT, sprayed Apr. 9 and July 4, being first and third applications as given Plat I, pear orchard of the Mrs. Fanny W. Bancroft Orchard Co., 1910. { | Number of windfallen | Number of pears from Total number. Per cent— pears. trees. Tree No. | Total. | Wormy.|Sound.| Total. | Wormy. Sound.| Total. | Wormy.|Sound.) Wormy.)Sound. Me SS a Sees cto 78 14 64 231 45 186 309 59 250 19.09 | 80.91 DS terns Baas 19 11 8 212 38 174 231 49 182 21.21 78.79 She Secs eeeeee 27 10 17 132 23 109 159 33 126 20.75 | 79.25 SEE SOEO AS 24 9 15 134 24 110 158 33 125 20.85 |} 79.11 Ovissescteoeeee | 45 17 28 289 66 223 334 83 251 24.85 | 75.15 Gave aecee sae 25 9 16 131 20 111 156 29 127 18.59 | 81.41 eee eee ae 55 19 36 438 53 385 493 72 421 14.60 | 8&5. 40 Satetet ees cess 18 9 9 105 15 90 123 24 99 19.51 | 80.49 EE eae e 26 1 15 119 1f 103 145 27 118 18.62 | 81.38 Ossetians | 40 22 18 329 75 254 369 97 272 26.29 | 73.71 Total, trees IAQis esas 357 131 226 | 2,120 375 | 1,745 | 2,477 506 | 1,971 20.43 | 79.57 Taste XLIII.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees in Plat IV, sprayed May 2 and July 4, being second and third applications as given Plat I, pear orchard of the Mrs. Fanny W. Bancroft Orchard Co., 1910. Tree No. Total, trees 1-10 Number of windfallen Number of pears from trees. Total. | Wormy.|Sound. pears. Total. | Wormy.|Sound. 88 21 67 81 39 42 76 49 27 53 35 18 22 15 7 43 24 19 53 26 27 20 14 6 16 | 11 5 21 | 13 8 473 | 247 226 411 80} 331 472 78 | 394 388 87 | 301 507 89} 418 114 21 93 547 88} 459 519 82] 437 220 52] 168 286 66} 220 159 SON toy | 3,623 675 | 2,948 Total number. Per cent— Total. | Wormy.|Sound.| Wormy. Sound. 499 191 398 21.44 79. 56 553 117 436 21.16 78. 84 464 136 328 29.31 70. 69 560 124 A436 22.14) 77.86 136 36 100 26. 47 73.58 590 112 478 18.98 | 81.02 572 108 464 18.88 | 81.12 240 66 174 27.50) @2sto0) 302 77 225 25.50 | 74.50 180 45 135 25. 00 75. 00 4,096 922 | 3,174 | 22.51 | 77.49 THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA, At TasLeE XLIV.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees of Plat V, sprayed July 4, being third application as given Plat I (treatments for first-brood worms omitted), pear orchard of the Mrs. Fanny W. Bancroft Orchard Co., 1910. Number of windfallen | Number of pears from pears. ona, Total number. Per cent— Tree No. Total. | Wormy. Sound.| Total. | Wormy.|Sound.| Total. | Wormy.|Sound.) Wormy. Sound. lia ere Ree 87 78 9 109 89 20 196 167 29 85. 20 14. 80 YA Cee OES 139 132 7 134 112 22 273 244 29 89. 38 10. 62 te ae ttt a aa 85 80 5 79 59 20 164 139 25 84. 76 15. 24 (NSS ES one 91 84 a 66 56 10 157 140 17 89.17 10. 83 Dee eke aelene 128 116 12 132 116 16 260 232 28 89. 23 10. 77 Gees mafaterhon 112 108 4 102 94 8 214 202 12 94. 40 5. 60: ere sie Bels cone 229 218 11 263 198 65 492 416 76 84. 55 15. 45 EOP eee 8&3 82 1 97 83 14 180 165 15 91. 67 8.33 (2) Se eee 90 83 7 104 89 15 194 172 22 88. 66 11.34 Meteo astc ss | 46 41 5 72 58 14 118 99 19 83. 89 16. 11 Total, trees | Plot ae2 1,090 1,022 68 | 1,158 954 204 | 2,248 1,976 272 87.50 12.10 TABLE XLV. —Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees in Plat VI, unsprayed check, pear orchard of the Mrs. Fanny W. Bancroft Orchard Co., 1910. Number of windfallen Number of pears from pears. rane Total number. Per cent— Tree No. Total. | Wormy.|Sound.| Total. | Wormy.|Sound.) Total. | Wormy.|Sound.| Wormy.|Sound. Ea nord eee 208 192 16 158 153 5 366 345 21 94. 26 5. 74 Pot A ER See 122 119 3 95 91 4 217 210 id 96.77 3. 23 Dee eos ke 194 181 13 136 134 2 330 315 15 95. 45 4.55 LoS ae See de eee 148 139 9 126 119 7 274 258 16 94.16 5. 84 Ha eee 100 95 5 84 84 0 184 179 5 97. 82 2.18 Gee a seae aco ae 148 119 29 54 52 2 202 171 31 84.65} 15.35 eset Ree ee 63 58 5 103 95 8 166 153 13 92.17 7. 83 etc he Saas be 114 105 i] 103 97 6 217 202 15 93. 09 6.91 OMe kets 2/2 127 119 8 139 134 5 266 253 13 95. 11 4.89 1) eee 127 118 i) 78 75 3 205 193 12 94.14 5. 86 Total, trees HEVO eos. 22 1,351 1,245 106 | 1,076 1,034 42 | 2, 427 2,279 148 93. 90 6.10 TasLE XLVI.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees of Plat VII, sprayed Apr. 9, being jirst application as given Plat I, pear orchard of the Mrs. Fanny W. Bancroft Orchard Co. Tree No. , 1910. Number of windfallen | Number of pears from Total, trees 1-10 pears. Total. | Wormy. 22 15 7 14 6 8 19 10 9 45 21 24 19 if 12 21 9 12 88 27 61 34 20 14 12 6 6 18 5 13 292 126 166 trees. Total number. Per cent— 75 26 7 32 200 88 191 54 182 52 328 116 364 75 166 42 121 45 112 37 1,836 567 Sound.) Total. | Wormy. |Sound. Total. | Wormy. |Sound. Wormy. |Sound. 1,269 97 41 56 42.27 | 57.73 111 38 73 34.23 | 65.77 219 98 121 44.75 | 55.25 236 75 161 31.7 68. 22 201 59 142 29.35 | 70.65 349 125 224 35.82 | 64.18 452 102 350 22.57 | 77.43 200, 62 138 31.00 | 69.00 133 51 82 38.35 | 61.65 130 42 88 32.31] 67.69 2,128 693 | 1,435 | 32.57] 67.43 48 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES: TaBLe XLVII.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees of Plat VIIL, sprayed May 2, being second application as given Plat I, pear orchard of the Mrs. Fanny W. Bancroft Or- chard Co., 1910. Number of windfallen |} Number of pears from pears. Peete Total number. Per cent— Tree No. 7 Total. |Wormy. |Sound.| Total. |Wormy. Sound. Total. | Wormy. |Sound.| Wormy. |Sound. - | | eee anes eee 6 1 5 61 19 42 67 20 47 29.84] 70.16 Ra ee 53 31 22 149 70 79} 202 101 101 50. 60 50. 00 Bij EM Bataan 33 10 23 203 42 161 | 236 52 184 22. 03 hie Ae ori sees aca 44 29 15 324 116 208} 368 145 223 39.40 | 60.60 Oe A eae eee 54 21 33 100 29 (Al ily! 50 104 32. 47 67. 53 Geese oes 140 82 58 624 119 505 | 764 201 563 26. 31 73. 69 (Rae eae | 33 20 13 168 53 Milos) S20: 73 128 36. 32 63.68 ee eee Eee 36 19 17 158 39 119 |} 194 58 136 29. 99 70. 10 Qik areaietate erarareie | 70 28 42 302 64 238 | 372 92 280 24.73 75. 27 1 (eee & eee | 45 19 26 208 46 162.) 253 65 188 25. 69 74.31 Total, trees 1=10)222 62] 514 260 254 | 2,297 597 | 1,700 | 2,811 857 | 1,954 30.49 | 69. 51 | | The fruit from the unsprayed block Plat VI (Table XLV) was 93.90 per cent wormy, while that from the demonstration block, Plat I (Table XL), sprayed three times, was only 4.03 per cent wormy, showing a gain of 89.87 per cent sound fruit for the three sprayings. Plat IL (Table XLI), sprayed twice, both times for the first-brood worms, showed 10.69 per cent wormy, representing a gain in sound fruit of 83.21 per cent for two sprayings put on in time to catch the first-brood worms. Plat III (Table XLII), which was also sprayed twice, these being the first and last applications as given Plat I, the accessory treatment for the first brood being omitted, showed 20.43 per cent wormy fruit, showing a gain of 73.47 per cent sound fruit for the two sprayings. This gain, however, is 10.74 per cent less than was the case where both sprayings were put on in time for the first-brood worms. Plat IV (Table XLIII) received the second and third applications as given Plat I, the first spraying being omitted. The results showed 22.51 per cent of the fruit to be wormy, which is a gain of 70.39 per cent over the check plat, but is 11.82 per cent less than the gain on Plat II, where the two applications were put on early. The other plats, which received only one application, ran too high in wormy fruit to be considered at allfrom a commercial viewpoint. Thus, Plat VIL (Table XLVI), which received only the first applica- tion, showed 32.57 per cent wormy and 67.43 per cent sound, while Plat VIII (Table XLVIT), which received only the second application, had 30.49 per cent wormy and 69.51 per cent sound. Plat V (Table XLIV), which received only the last application, was little better than the check, having 87.90 per cent of the fruit wormy and only 12.10 per cent sound. THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA, 49 PROFITS. From the 10 trees of Plat I, 2,768 pears free from worms, or 18.45 boxes, were picked, which at the average net price of 80 cents per box gives $14.76, or $1.47 per tree, which represents about $147.60 per acre. To this should be added $5.60 which represents the value per acre of the windfalls and wormy fruit from the trees of Plat I, giving a total of $153.20. The 10 trees in Plat VI, the unsprayed check, yielded only 42 pears, or 0.28 box free from worms at picking time. This at 80 cents per box gives 22 cents for the 10 trees, or approximately $2.20 per acre. There were, after July 15, 1,032 windfalls and wormy pears picked from the trees, which represent a cash value of $4.52 for the 10 trees, or $45.20 per acre, giving a total return of $47.40 per acre for the fruit from the unsprayed portion. Subtracting this from the value of the crop per acre of Plat I gives a difference of about $100 in favor of spraying. Substracting from this $6.50, the cost of spray- ing per acre, gives $93.50 net gain per acre due to spraying. EXPERIMENTS IN SOLANO County, 1910. A large pear orchard belonging to Mr. G. W. Langdon and located near the upper end of Suisun Valley at Suisun, Cal., consists of very old and large trees, and in recent years a very small portion of the fruit has been merchantable in the green state, due to the high infes- tation by the codling moth. The larger part of the orchard was sprayed three times. Three other blocks of about 70 trees each were used to test the relative value of the first and third applications and the second and third applications with the plat receiving the three applications and one of the plats was left unsprayed for check and comparison. The results showing sound and wormy fruit from each plat are given in Tables XLVIII to LI. TasBLE XLVIII.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees of Plat I, sprayed three times, pear orchard of Mr. G. W. Langdon, Suisun, Cal., 1910. Number of windfallen | Number of pears from pats pears. onal Total number. Per cent— Tree No. _ ‘ Total. | Wormy. loud: Rotel Worm. Sound.| Total. |Wormy. |Sound.|Wormy. |Sound. | | | US cee 143 19 124 962 36 926 | 1,105 55 | 1,050 4.98 | 95.02 Waves an Soe 97 8 89 599 15 584 696 23 673 3.30 | 96.70 SOS See a 77 6 71 685 11 674 762 17 745 2.23 | 97.77 We. cedemataes 37 6 31 422 16 406 459 22 437 4.79 | 95.21 oe ascii SES 110 14 96 666 12 654 776 26 750 3.35 | 96.65 Rap epemcee eise 101 12 89 553 9 544 654 21 633 3.21 | 96.79 (SACRO CIEE ees 184 22 162 | 1,094 of | 1057 | 15278 59 | 1,219 4.62 | 95.38 Bo ecaia mates 103 30 73 425 39 386 528 69 459 13.07 | 86.93 USC Coes 59 13 46 221 30 191 280 43 237 15.36 | 84.64 LOLS eyes fe aiarcni 100 29 71 652 59 593 752 88 664 11.70 | 88.30 Total, trees | , TOs 32 == 1,011 159 852 | 6,279 264 | 6,015 | 7,290 423 | 6,867 5.80 | 94. 20 5 0 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. TasBLe XLIX.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees of Plat II, sprayed May 5 and June 16, being second and third applications as given Plat I, pear orchard of Mr. G. W. Langdon, Suisun, Cal., 1910. Number of windfallen | Number of pears from pears. aaa Total number. Per cent— Tree No. Total. | Wormy. |Sound. Total.|Wormy. |Sound.| Total.) Wormy. |Sound.)Wormy. |Sound. Dre ara ee 84 57 27 355 56 299 439 113 326 25.74 | 74.26 Die cieiend cies ease 154 95 59 508 123 385 662 218 444 32.93 | 67.07 Dacaens= seen ee 128 72 56 665 130 535 793 202 591 25.47 | 74.53 eat Seo 87 51 36 264 52 212 351 103 248 29.34 | 77.66 Die crsciteoetais ate 117 77 40 482 107 375 599 184 415 30.72 | 69.28 GS oseteccseece 283 149 134 632 149 483 915 298 617 32.57 | 67.43 Miseiavectotc Seen 123 74 49 428 76 352 551 150 401 27.22 | 72.78 eno aSeee 205 114 91 648 140 508 853 254 599 29.78 | 70.22 OMA At 51 34 17 248 67 181 299 101 198 33.80 | 66.20 NO vocecis cece 208 103 105 868 139 729 | 1,076 242 834 22.49 | 77.51 Total, trees 110). Sos || 1,440 826 614 | 5,098 1,039 | 4,05S | 6,538 1,865 | 4,673 28.52 | 71.48 | TasLe L.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees of Plat LI, sprayed April 7 and June 17, being first and third applications as given Plat I, pear orchard of Mr. G. W. Lang- don, Suisun, Cal., 1910. | | Number of windfallen | Number of pears from pears. ae Total number. Per cent— MreesNon 3 Total.| Wormy. Sound.) Total.} Wormy./Sound.| Total.}| Wormy./Sound.) Wormy. Sound. a EE 74 25 49 439 56 383 513 81 432 15.79 | 84.21 esjape eaters aise 49 17 32 377 36 341 426 53 373 12. 44 87.56 Apershein = Scere sts 116 44 72 842 45 797 958 89 869 9. 29 90. 71 ae eae eye 40 13 27 336 26 310 376 39 337 10. 37 89. 63 Baise Bees 74 18 56 533 34 499 607 52 555 8. 57 91.43 Ee a sisi aerate 88 43 45 503 67 436 591 110 481 18. 44 81.56 ates as 127 59 68 924 127 797 | 1,051 186 865 17.70 | 82.30 S caselecree hee 154 44 110 608 91 517 762 135 627 17.72 | 82.28 Se er aire: 89 41 48 595 52 543 684 93 591 13.€0 | 86.40 er sraae era lnetale 54 20 34 359 41 318 413 61 352 14.77 85. 23 Total, trees | MNOS a8 eae 865 324 541 | 5,516 575 | 4,941 | 6,381 899 | 5,482 14.09 | 85.91 Taste LI.—Sound and wormy fruit from 10 trees of Plat IV, unsprayed check, pear orchard of Mr. G. W. Langdon, Suisun, Cal., 1910. Number of windfallen | Number of pears from | pears. aaa Total number. Per cent— Tree No. Total. | Wormy./Sound.| Total.| Wormy.|Sound. Total.| Wormy.|Sound.| Wormy./Sound. | Ms area seis so 372 370 2 169 158 11 541 528 13 97. 60 2.40 Dee ce erect fos 203 199 4 120 118 2 323 317 6 98. 14 1.86 Si dew eos ss 433 420 13 151 136 15 584 556 28 95. 21 4.79 ACO eu sat ee. 178 171 7 239 227 12 417 398 19 95. 44 4.56 Dieta ised a aie 391 386 5 348 326 22 | 739 712 27 96. 35 3. 65 Greist teee ss Se 255 248 7 246 228 18 501 476 25 95. OL 4.99 URS 3 See 505 496 9 214 195 19 719 691 28 96.11 3.89 Ssoetecsccwees 195 193 2 110 107 3 305 300 5 98. 36 1. 64 Qyarne se recis eee 562 533 29 289 255 34 851 788 63 92. 60 7.40 LOL SSL eet 487 481 6 474 404 70 961 885 76 92. 90 7.10 Total, trees ® 110s aeeee 3, 581 3,497 84 | 2,3€0 2,154 206 5,941 5, 651 280 95.12 4.88 THE CODLING MOTH ON PEARS IN CALIFORNIA. eal RESULTS. The fruit from the 10 trees of the unsprayed check block was 95.12 per cent wormy and only 4.88 per cent were free from worms. Plat I (Table XLVIII) was sprayed three times and had only 5.80 per cent wormy fruit, with 94.20 per cent free from worms, giving a difference of 88.40 per cent in the amount of fruit free from worms from the two plats. Plat I] (Table XLIX), which received the second and third applications (with the first spraying omitted, as given Plat I), showed 28.52 per cent wormy fruit and 71.48 per cent free from worms, as against 14.09 per cent wormy fruit and 85.91 per cent fruit free from worms for Plat III (Table L), which received the first and third applications, with the second spraying as given Plat I. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS. There are practically two full broods of larvee in the pear-growing districts of the interior counties of California. Comparatively few of the first-brood larve go over the winter. The number of first-brood larvee being relatively small, the injury is not so noticeable, and many growers overlook the importance of destroying this brood of worms to prevent the greater damage by the more important second-brood larve, which begin to enter the fruit just prior to the first picking. The first-brood larve begin entering the fruit about a month after most of the petals have fallen, though this time may vary somewhat with the season. All spraying for the first brood should be done within three to four weeks after the blossoms are off the trees. Two applications for this brood reduced the worms for the season from 9.62 to 18 per cent lower than the plats sprayed once. Two, and preferably three, treatments are advised, using arsenate of lead at the rate of 4 pounds to each 100 gallons of water. The first application should be made as soon as most of the petals have fallen, and especial pains should be taken as nearly as possible to fill each calyx cup with the poison. A tower platform of the type shown in Plate III is very advantageous, because at this time many buds are pointing upward. The trees should be drenched. The second treatment should come three to five weeks after the falling of the petals. The third application should be given nine or ten weeks after the falling of the blossoms, or about two weeks before the first picking begins. If only two treatments can be given, the first and second of the above schedule should be given. O ve) @ -aaene wh rd, HLA en ree habe rd pee ee «hed Basse aA ts mi al , ar: = a ~ %- soa oD » ie —" non a 7 eit = Fe : 1. ae oF ia Baoan . agaeten = < 464 P pe’ a! les Bo ® aii! & a) z. a, wyfael BA . 7 ‘ah y is eran wy: ppie aos « = o a @ ie a Se a7 7, a mel te o av; py a ee es br, ~ van itr a ee : . fr. H . Rall bois Petit (hb ent) a te) Soe y > ies | 3e > eo P rb. — rite nn r tim ra . , be i TAS SiGe anes et ed ; I - ‘ q | | | 7 A = e py) is > > 5 F ~~ Aa t ra +e ane re aoe - = ; — me i _ ~~ % " . es = we bee its 4 . r : \ tee oes Hee fe of a . pel ak i lee - oe or Say a abn _ re 5 ‘sit eeaee 2 iw wiggt +(ed o- ~ . ’ « > * , a Ve | Se Ste | Nee eine ete eb 5 gh: ‘oo, She AEE Gin aa ‘ad ea Priest ‘ ae Prae Efe eh ti ah aie aan ; a 2 eee yas gibt S65 ee : ded “ul Sian Bape 2 - 1 ~\ mi ee Bes: DEPART MENT-OF AGRICULTURE BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 97, Part III. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. VINEYARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AGAINST THE ROSE-CHAFER IN THE LAKE ERIE VALLEY. BY FRED JOHNSON, Agent and Expert, Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. Issu—eD May 17, 1911. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1911. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howarp, Hntomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Marztatr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8S. Cxuirron, Hxeecutive Assistant. W. FE. Tastet, Chief Clerk. I’. H. CHITTENDEN, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations, A. D. Hopkins, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. iY. M. Wesster, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. WH. Ff. Pures, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Rogers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Roiia P. Currin, in charge of editorial work. MABEL CoLcorD, librarian, Decipuous Fruit INSECT INVESTIGATIONS. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge. F'rrep Jounson, S. W. Foster, KE. L. JENNE, P. R. JoNEs, A. G. HAMMAR, R. A. CUSHMAN, J. B. Gitt, R. L. Noucaret, W. M. Davipson, L. L. Scort, I. EE. Brooks, W. B. Woop, I. B. BLAKESLEE, agents and experts. E. W. Scorr, C. W. Hooker, J. F. Zimmer, entomological assistants. II CON TENES. FUbrerganeeey CH CUT telly Taree pe ete ee sy leer ne ee ee ENE yoda ala ee te IANS FOlMb Mesa ChUll ieersere eee ey tener ete ee tee aN ee ee Re le Giloviisi One Wave IED AVE eee eeesees oes eee Sel Cpe ee reer 1 ae MONS I ER SAS 9 Em noie kan owthetDeCtles: j24susseas0es one oek eo Une ot ewe visa lc Ase A Spraying with arsenicals..-...2.2-222.22.2..+ PRR Se Ci ee eS Se Seg Mneniserotsweetemed arsenicals 2. 205... .5 Au seceeyscrsnn Goce Sede nie ee ime Lommake Lhe\spray applicattons.. 2.3.0... 24.-. 2b sek. Sees ese S42 Clewmmma tip Breeding PlaceS=-. 22.525. -..6u- 522 ee ee eects ete ses ee STUTATDIN A sete een Gens Be SA oll is Sere Sa Nae oe ReC Peseta See a 85410°—11 LEE Ss ReAS Ouse PLATES. Puate IV. Injury by rose-chafer ( Macrodactylus subspinosus) to fruit on un- sprayed grapevine in the vineyard of Mr. C. F. Hirt, at North Waist); Pan sa8 Ss a. teres cies a eee a ee en ee ee V. The protection afforded by spraying; vine from row epee the unsprayed vine shown in Plate IV.. os VI. Injury by rose-chafer to fruit on mend grapevine in rhea vine- yard of Mr.George Cook, at North Hast, Palsce.. 2-2 ese eee VII. Protection afforded by spraying; vine from vineyard of Prospect Park Fruit Farms Co., adjoining vineyard of Mr. George Cook, North East, Pa TEXT FIGURES. Fig. 16. Condition of grape blossom-buds at the time the rose-chafer ( Macro- dactylus subspinosus) first appears, and when the first poison spray should be apes Decree - - eee ee ee eee ee ee 18. The rose- =chater (iaeelacytis cee Adult, larva and details, pupa, Work. 52... 2... eo. 2 Leese ee 19. Injury by the rose-chafer to berries of grape .........--....--------- 20. Grape cluster showing almost total destruction of berries through feedine-of ‘the rose-chalers......-.s2.n5 seen oe eee 21. Grape cluster from which berriesinjured by the rose-chafer have fallen. IV Page. 60 60 60 60 54 54 55 a 1B) 57 53 Weise DeeA- bake bulls 97, ebarelnl. - De hie Te May. lire ons PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. VINEYARD SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS AGAINST THE ROSE- CHAFER IN THE LAKE ERIE VALLEY. By FrReD JOHNSON, Agent and Expert. INTRODUCTION. The rose-chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab.), in most of the grape-producing sections of the eastern United States, is a vineyard pest of long standing. It has been the subject of experimentation by numerous entomologists and horticulturists, who have employed against it at some time or other almost every insecticidal substance and method of combat in the whole category of insect remedies. In spite of all this experimental work, however, there is considerable skepticism among both vineyardists and entomologists regarding the complete success of poison-spray applications when the beetles are present upon the vines in large numbers. The results of vineyard experiments against this pest with a poison spray, undertaken by the Bureau of Entomology in the Lake Erie Valley during the season of 1910, have proved highly encouraging, although by no means final. It is intended to verify this work during the coming season in the hope that the efficiency of the poison-spray method may be put to the severest test. Some of the chief factors militating against the obtaining of deci- sive comparative data from sprayed and unsprayed portions of vine- yards is the irregularity of infestation by the insect. This difficulty is increased by the fact that in order to secure best results from poison-spray applications it is very desirable that the poison be applied as soon as the first beetles appear in order that their first meal may consist of poisoned blossom-buds or foliage. Hence, unless one has an intimate knowledge of the direction from which the bee- tles invade the vineyard or the portions most heavily infested it is exceedingly difficult to lay out plats which will give an accurate comparison of the results of a spray treatment. 53 54 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. HABITS OF THE ADULT. About the middle of June, just before the blossom-buds of the grape break into full bloom (fig. 16), the adult rose-chafers com- mence to appear upon the vines. They at once proceed to attack the blossom clusters and injure the unexpanded blossom-buds by cutting a hole through the side of the bud and eating out or injuring the small ovary. (See fig. 17.) Since the blossom-buds are quite small, a single beetle will destroy a large number of blossoms, and if the beetles are at all numerous almost the entire crop may be destroyed. Sometimes in badly infested vineyards the blossom clusters will be swarming with a squirming mass of beetles (fig. Fic. 16.—Condition of the grape blossom- buds at the time the rose-chafer (Mac- rodactylus subspinosus) first appears, and when the first poison spray should be applied. Enlarged. (Original.) 18, f) and the whole cluster will be quickly reduced to a frayed and blackened mass of broken Fic. 17.—Work of the rose-chafer: a, In- cae: jury to grape blossom-buds by feeding and injured blossom-buds. Our of rose-chafer; b, injury to the ovary resulting in the destruction of the berry. ybservations le: Ss lieve : observations lead us to believe codvis enieeesd ose that by far the greater percent- age of injury to the grape crop is done previous to the opening of the blossom-buds and to a less extent while the grapes are actually in bloom and for a few days succeeding the blooming period. (See fig. 19.) Later, when the injured blossom-buds and berries have dropped, VINEYARD SPRAYING AGAINST ROSE-CHAFER. oy a very ragged fruit cluster is the result. (See figs. 20-21.) By the time the berries have attained the size of buckshot, or even smaller, the danger has practically passed. This danger period covers about three weeks, dating from about June 13 to July 5. It is, however, from about June 15 to 25 that the beetles appear in maximum num- bers in the Lake Erie Valley, swarming into vineyards planted on light sandy soil from adjacent and rough sod lands and doing an immense amount of damage in a very short period. It is in the sandy soils of these pastures and rough sod lands along the lake shore that the insect breeds. Detached vineyards with general farm Fic. 18.—The rose-chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus) : a, Adult or beetle; 6, larva ; c,d, mouthparts of larva; e, pupa; f, injury to leaves and blossoms of grape, with beetles at work. a, b, e, Much enlarged; c, d, more enlarged; f, slightly reduced. (From Marlatt.) lands intervening are much more likely to suffer from serious infes- tation than where the vineyards are continuous and practically all of the soil is under clean cultivation. Thus there is an area in the township of North East, Pa., about 2 or 3 miles in length, lying parallel with the lake shore, where the soil is of a light gravel-and- sand composition, which in former years was badly infested by rose- chafers. Within the past few years practically all of the general farm lands of this area have been broken up and planted to vine- yards. These vineyards are now subject to clean culture, with the result that there has been no serious invasion by this pest over this area for several seasons. Ss 56 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Just beyond this strip of continuous vineyard, however, toward Moorheadville, Pa., the vineyards are more scattered and the acreage surrounding them is devoted to the more general forage crops, such as grass, rye, corn, and other grains, together with considerable areas of unbroken pastures and woodlots. These scattered vineyards have always been menaced by the invasions of this pest from their adja- cent breeding grounds and serious injury has frequently resulted to the grape crop. The prevalence of the rose-chafer over this latter section has done much to discourage the planting of new vineyards, the general im- pression being that the insect can not be successfully or economically controlled. Handpicking the beetles has heretofore been the only control method em- ho aaa ployed, and has proved not MD <> \ 4 : C DY & only tedious and expensive, but \ ( x Zin only partially effective. It was ¥ t Q . . . Ny 74 4 upon vineyards in this “ rose- bug”? infested area along the lake shore that the spray- ing experiments of the season of 1910 were undertaken. Wa SS \ S a Sf 4 2m Fe ae Wa Ke of TD KN A fa \ HABITS OF THE LARVA. The larval stage of the in- sect (fig. 18, d) is spent under ground, usually among the roots of grains and grasses. The female beetle (fig. 18, a) Deri oe ware ect ae euagae burrows into the sandy soil feeding of rose-chafer ; b, berry almost eaten ; and deposits her eggs singly one Dear sth. inter wher sath fn. mall calle ete the burrow. These burrows may be from 1 to 6 inches in depth, and the eggs are deposited irregu- larly in small cells in the walls of the burrow, the shallowest about one- fourth of an inch from the surface, the deepest about 4 inches below. The newly hatched larve may exist for some time on decayed vege- tation in the soil, but they soon attack the roots of grasses and other plants, and are seldom found in large numbers in soil receiving clean culture. They are, however, quite common in ill-kept sod- covered vineyards, and in digging about the roots of grapevines for other insects single specimens of rose-chafer larvae are found occa- 2A loca) name for the rose-chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab.). VINEYARD SPRAYING AGAINST ROSE-CHAFER. 57 sionally in well-tilled vineyards, although never in sufficient num- bers to become a menace to the grape crop. The larve usually at- tain their full growth by late fall and at the approach of cold weather burrow down below the frost line, returning, in the follow- ing spring, to near the surface of the soil, where they make earthen cells, in which they transform to pup (fig. 18, e) and then to the Fic. 20.—Grape cluster showing almost total destruction of berries through feeding of rose-chafer. (Original.) adult beetles. These beetles emerge just before the blossom clusters of grapes are ready to break into full bloom. REMEDIAL MEASURES. HANDPICKING THE BEETLES. The practice most commonly employed for the control of this pest in the past has heen to handpick the beetles when they appear upon the vines. Since they are quite sluggish and cling somewhat tena- 58 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. ciously to the blossom clusters large numbers of them can be destroyed in this manner. This method of control, however, necessitates that they be collected daily for a period of two or three weeks or as long as they are at all numerous. Where large areas are to be covered, handpicking becomes expensive and involves a great deal of time, and Fic, 21.—Grape cluster from which berries injured by rose- chafer have fallen. (Original.) in addition to this many of the beetles are not removed from the vines until they have accomplished more or less injury. SPRAYING WITH ARSENICALS. Since the spraying of grapevines for other insect pests, such as the grape rootworm and the grape-berry moth, has been shown to be effective and has become a common practice, increased effort has been VINEYARD SPRAYING AGAINST ROSE-CHAFER. 59 made to control the rose-chafer by the same means and more or less experimentation along this line has taken place. Cage experiments with arsenical poisons against the beetles seemed to indicate that a large amount of arsenic was necessary to laill them. At a date previous to the general use of arsenate of lead heavy apph- cations of arsenicals in some instances resulted in serious injury to the foliage of grapevines. This injury was caused by heavy appli- cations of London purple, Paris green, and arsenite of lime, which are some of the more caustic forms of arsenicals. With the placing upon the market of reliable and properly-made brands of arsenate of lead, however, an arsenical is now available which can be used in large amounts without injury to the foliage of the vine. Hence there is now practically no danger of injury by arsenical burning, and in addition to this the arsenate of lead has a much greater adhesive quality than the other arsenicals previously mentioned, thus render- ing its poisoning effect of longer duration. In the field experiments against this pest during the past season, arsenate of lead was used in combination with Bordeaux mixture and in most instances at a strength of 5 pounds of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of the spray liquid. Experiments were undertaken in three vineyards covering 4 acres of grapevines on the farm of Page Bros., at North East, Pa., 4 acres on a vineyard owned by the Prospect Park Fruit Farms Co., and 3 acres on the farm of Mr. C. F. Hirt. Since this pest breeds outside the vineyards it is well-nigh impossible to predict, beforehand, either the extent of the infestation or the portions of the vineyard most likely to be infested, although the latter condition may be deter- mined to some extent by close observations of local conditions over several seasons, and since it is desirable that the first feeding of the invading beetles shall be upon poisoned blossom-buds and foliage this necessitates the application of the first spray on or about the time the first beetles appear. Thus at the time of selecting a vineyard for experimental work the extent of infestation likely to occur during the season is quite problematical. The only thing to be done is to select vineyards reputed to suffer annually from invasions by this pest. In two of the experiments, those in the vineyard of Page Bros. and of Mr. C. F. Hirt, the first application was made before the grape blossom-buds had opened and before the beetles appeared. The plat arrangement in the Page vineyard was as follows: Rows. Bordeaux mixture. aa Molasses. | Water. | Pounds. | Splines 3 POUndS===seeee seer teen = ec iacs af Palmlecaltonee sce ata-<.5 50 gallons. 12 | Lime, 3 pounds; copper sulphate, 3 pounds... ...-. Pra ee ALOT esos then, i 50 gallons. Aah e Cae ot eee ee ere Ge Se NF ek sew niccine cee cee eee cies 16 | Lime, 3 pounds; copper sulphate, 3 pounds... .--.-- UI EINOUCK oes | Saermace 50 gallons. 60 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Two applications were made; the first on June 17, before the bee- tles appeared, and the second on June 23. Infestation on the vine- yard proved to be rather ight, and only on the ends of the rows on the west side of the vineyards which adjoined lands given over to the production of grain crops were the beetles at all numerous. Hence there was not a very marked difference between the amount of injury on the sprayed and the check plats, with the exception of a few vines on the ends of the rows where the infestation was heaviest. Here the clusters on the untreated vines were quite ragged as a result of injury by the beetles, whereas upon the treated rows no injury was apparent. In previous years it had always been the custom of the owners of this vineyard to handpick the beetles. This season no handpicking was done. On a near-by vineyard on the same farm, however, where handpicking alone was depended upon, the injury by the beetles was much more in evidence, and the owners were very sorry that they did not resort to arsenical spraying instead of hand- picking, and have expressed their intention to rely upon spraying as a means of rose-chafer control in the future. The vineyard of Mr. C. F. Hirt, in which another experiment was undertaken, is located on sandy soil on the banks of Lake Erie. It is entirely isolated from other vineyards and is adjacent to pastures and general farm lands, and has the reputation of being one of the worst infested vineyards in this rose-chafer infested area. Several years ago the vineyard was practically abandoned on account of the injury done by the rose-chafer. During the past three or four years, however, efforts have been made to control the pest in this vineyard by handpicking; yet in spite of this, beetles wrought considerable injury to the crop. At the opening of the past season the owner was prevailed on to try out the poison-spray method as a means of control, with the understanding that no handpicking was to be done. Accordingly the vineyard, which consists of about 3 acres, was treated in the following manner: : | | Rows. | Bordeaux mixture. | eee Molasses. Water. | | Pounds. | 10 | Lime, 3 pounds; copper sulphate, 3 pounds.....-.- 3y|ENone= 7-52 s---8- 6 | 50 gallons. 6 | Lime, 3 pounds; copper sulphate, 3 pounds.....-. | Sol di gallone ce ss.2-254} 49 gallons. Ags W@W EC Ke es ae see eters aiceirein se eras ee yates eeenoe oes | Sepals fe eet eens aera 8 | INON@ rsa 2 hoses cas ers pee eae ose nee eee Si MNONGt oases tee 50 gallons. | | Three spray applications were made, the first on June 8, before the blossom-buds had opened (see fig. 16) and before any beetles appeared. The object of this application was to thoroughly coat all of the blossom-buds and the new growth of foliage, which was com- paratively easy at this date, as the grapevines had not as yet made a very luxuriant growth. The second application was made June 17, when the first beetles appeared upon the vines, and a third on June PLATE IV. Bul. 97, Part Ill, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dert. of Agriculture. CIWNIDIHO) “Wd ‘LSVZ HLYON LV ‘“LYIH “4 "OQ “UW dO GYVAANIA 3HL NI SNIASdVYD G3AVYdSNT) NO LINN OL ( SNSONIdSANS SNTALOVGOYOV IA!) YadVHO-3SOY Ad AUNPN| me Wk ok At ee, ie ei eA aN. (ee tea eee are ty fp sane! pee Bul. 97, Part Ill, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE V. THE PROTECTION AFFORDED BY SPRAYING; VINE FROM ROW ADJOINING THE UNSPRAYED VINE SHOWN IN PLATE IV. (ORIGINAL.) PLATE VI. Bul. 97, Part III, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. (AVNIDINO) ‘Vd ‘LSVq HLYON Lv ‘WOOD 3DYOS5 “YI JO GUVAANIA S3HL NI ANIA GSAVUdSNf]) NO LINH4 OL YS4SVHO-3SOY AG AUNPN| 7 9 PLATE VII. Bul. 97, Part Ill, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. (CIVNIDINO) GYVAANIA ONINIOPGY ‘ANVdWOD SWHV4 LIN WY _ he We Be i menace newn Bi a ‘Wd ‘LSVQ HLYON ‘H009 394035 “YI JO Vd LOadSO¥d 4O GYVAANIA WOUd ANIA ‘ONIAVUdS Ad G3GHOS4Y NOILOSLONY VINEYARD SPRAYING AGAINST ROSE-CHAFER. 61 24, which was about the height of the rose-chafer season in that vicinity. At no time during the active season did the writer’s visits reveal a heavy infestation of beetles upon this vineyard, although the beetles were rather numerous between the dates of June 17 and July 5 in adjoining pasture lands and upon the sumacs growing along the edges of the vineyard. Unfortunately, the check rows ran through that portion of the vineyard which proved to be least infested by the beetles and but shght injury was evident upon them. Portions of two rows on the worst infested side of the vineyard, however, were left unsprayed, and on these untreated vines the crop was prac- tically ruined. Plates IV and V show the fruit clusters on un- treated and treated vines in this vineyard from adjoining rows in the worst infested portion of the vineyard. The result in crop yield for the whole vineyard, which comprises an area of about 3 acres, was far in excess of the yield for preceding years when the handpicking method of control had been employed. The owner stated that in the three preceding years the total annual yield had not exceeded 3 tons of fruit, whereas in the season of 1910, when the average vineyard yield for the grape belt was notably short, this vineyard yielded 5? tons, an increase over preceding years of 23 tons. The spray applications were made with a gasoline-engine vineyard sprayer, using stationary nozzles and carrying a pressure of about 125 pounds, and applying about 100 gallons of liquid per acre. Only one application was made on the vineyard of the Prospect Park Fruit Farms Co., on their farm located near the vineyard of Page Bros., at North East, Pa. This spray consisted of the Bordeaux mixture made from 3 pounds of lime and 3 pounds of copper sul- phate, 5 pounds of arsenate of lead, and 50 gallons of water, and was made June 21, after some injury had been done by the beetles. On account of this injury preceding the spray application it was not expected that the results obtained would be worth recording. Yet as the season advanced the crop of fruit in this vineyard showed a great improvement over that produced in an adjoining untreated vineyard only a few rods distant. Plates VI and VII show vines taken at random from these two vineyards. In the former instance the crop scarcely paid for harvesting; from the latter crop a very good profit was secured. Still other indications of the value of arsenical sprays in the con- trol of the rose-chafer have been observed. On the farm of Dr. R. Kelly, at Moorheadville, Pa., is a vineyard which for many years had been badly injured by rose-chafers, and in which handpicking the beetles had been only a partially successful means of control. Three seasons ago at the suggestion of the writer the owner resorted t=) — a to the arsenical-spray method of control, using 5 pounds of arsenate 62 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. of lead to 50 gallons of Bordeaux mixture. The first application was made before the blossom-buds opened, and two later applica- tions were made, applying them at the time of appearance of the beetles in injurious numbers. This method of control has been con- ducted in this vineyard for three consecutive seasons, and the owner states that he is satisfied with the results that he has obtained and considers it far more effective and less expensive than the hand- picking method of control. Located at Girard, Pa., is a vineyard of 40 acres, under the manage- ment of Mr. M. C. Kibler, which is subject to the attacks of rose- chafers every season. This vineyard was visited on June 23, 1910, at which date about 20 women and girls were engaged in handpick- ing the beetles from the entire area. The whole vineyard had been gone over daily in this manner for a week previous to our visit, yet there was evidence of considerable injury by the beetles. At this date Mr. George F. Miles, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, was making Bordeaux-mixture applications on several acres for control of the black-rot fungus. Five pounds of arsenate of lead were added to the Bordeaux mixture applied to this area. When the party of women who were handpicking the rose-chafers did the collecting over the sprayed area on the following day, they found only a small number of beetles there as compared with the number found on the unsprayed parts of the vineyard. THE USE OF SWEETENED ARSENICALS. In the summer of 1907 it was reported that an arsenical spray that had been sweetened with cheap molasses had proved effective in poisoning the rose-chafer in the vineyards in Michigan. In Septem- ber of that year the writer visited Mr. Frank Stainton, at Lawton, Mich., who was reported to have used this sweetened arsenical. In conversation with Mr. Stainton it was discovered that this sweetened arsenical was a proprietary mixture made by a local doctor. Mr. Stainton stated that he received a sample of it rather late in the season and applied some of it to rosebushes infested by the rose- chafer. The beetles appeared to be attracted to the sweetened poison, eating it in apparent preference to the flowers of the plant, and died shortly after. Upon analysis this sweetened arsenical was found to consist of arsenite of lime and molasses. Mr. Stainton expressed his intention to use sweetened arsenite of lime against the rose-chafer in his vineyards during the season of 1908. In the spray experiments conducted in the vineyard of Dr. R. Kelly, at Moorheadville, Pa., in 1908, against the rose-chafer, 1 gallon of molasses was added to 50 gallons of Bordeaux containing arsenite of lime made according to Kedzie’s formula (4 ounces of white arsenic to 50 gallons of the above-mentioned sweetened mixture). One gallon of molasses was also added to Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead, and in addi- VINEYARD SPRAYING AGAINST ROSE-CHAFER. 63 tion to this a third plat was sprayed with arsenate of lead and Bor- deaux containing no molasses. In this work it was not possible to detect that the beetles exhibited a greater preference for the foliage or blossom clusters sprayed with the sweetened arsenical, nor was there evidence of a greater benefit from rose-chafer protection on the plats sprayed with the sweetened arsenicals as against the plat sprayed with the unsweetened arsenical. Where the arsenite of lime was applied there was evidence of a slight burning of the tender foliage, which was not apparent where the arsenate of lead was used. During the seasons of 1909 and 1910 the writer used, on adjoining plats, molasses and arsenate of lead with the Bordeaux mixture, and also arsenate of lead unsweetened and Bordeaux mixture, em- ploying in both cases 5 pounds of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of the mixture. In none of these experiments was there detected any decided benefit from the presence of the molasses. Reports are per- sistently circulated that good results have been secured by the addi- tion of some sweetening substance, either molasses or glucose, and since the rose-chafers feed upon the flowers and nectaries of grapes and other fruits it is reasonable to suppose that the presence of a sweetened substance in the spray would attract them. The increased expense of the molasses is but slight, and it is suggested that the vineyardist using arsenicals in combating the rose-chafer employ a sweetened arsenical on a portion of his vineyard and compare results with a portion treated with an unsweetened arsenical. Until more data is at hand on this subject the writer, while not wishing to dis- courage the use of a sweetened arsenical against the rose-chafer, feels that the results which have come directly under his observation do not appear to justify the recommendation of its general use. TIME TO MAKE THE SPRAY APPLICATIONS. In regard to the cost of spray application for the control of this pest, 1t should be pointed out that the entire cost should not be charged to rose-chafer control, since it is highly desirable that a spray application be made before the blossom-buds expand against the grape-berry moth (Polychrosis viteana Fab.), and also for fungous diseases. The later spraying just after blossoming is also necessary against the grape rootworm (/idia viticida Walsh). No additional spray applications were made on the vineyard of Mr. F. C. Hirt after June 24. Yet there was practically no evidence of feeding by the beetles of the grape rootworm on the treated portion of the vineyard, nor was there any evidence of mildew on these vines, whereas on the untreated check rows there was a large amount of feeding by the grape rootworm beetles, and the clusters of fruit were also very badly mildewed. Hence the evidence secured during the past season indicates that if vineyardists, in regions where the rose- chafers commonly occur in injurious numbers, will resort to a thor- ~ 64 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. ough spray application with arsenate of lead and Bordeaux mixture before the blossom-buds of the grape expand (fig. 16), and once or twice during the period when the rose-chafers are most numerous, they can not only prevent serious injury to the crop by this pest, but also control the depredations of several other chewing insects. CLEANING UP BREEDING PLACES. In addition to spraying as a means of control for this pest, much good can be done by breaking up pastures and rough sod lands adja- cent to vineyards in infested areas. An illustration of this method of control was observed during the past season. In the early sum- mer of 1909 a field of 30 acres of pasture land on the farm of Mr. R. McBroon, at North East, Pa., which is located in the rose-chafer- infested area along the lake shore, was broken up and planted to vineyard. Large numbers of larve and pupe were found in the sod at the time of plowing. During the summer of 1909, after the vines were planted, the soil was subject to clean culture. During the summer of 1910 numerous examinations of the soil were made in this vineyard in search of larve and pupe, but none was found. Yet in the sod lands adjacent to this vineyard the beetles and larvee were aS numerous as in previous years. Unfortunately, it frequently happens that rough land and pastures adjacent to vineyards are not controlled by the owners of infested vineyards. When such condi- tions exist it is necessary to resort to direct methods of control, and observations covering several seasons indicate that thorough spray applications with arsenate of lead will prove an effective means of controlling the rose-chafer in infested vineyards. SUMMARY. On account of the limited areas of infestation in any particular vineyard section the rose-chafer has not received the consideration it deserves as a destructive vineyard pest. In the aggregate its injuries to the grape crop in the grape-producing areas of the United States are very large, and it is hoped that the experimental work now in progress will lead to the adoption of more effective means of con- trol. Since it has become the practice to spray grapevines for the grape-berry moth (Polychrosis viteana), and also for fungous dis- eases at the same time that the adult rose-chafers attack the blossom- buds, every effort should be made by vineyardists to combat this pest at the same time. The experiments conducted by this bureau during the past season indicate that a very thorough application of arsenate of lead when the beetles appear, just before the blossoms open, will reduce its destructiveness to the extent that a profitable crop of fruit can be secured even in vineyard areas where this insect pest abounds in destructive numbers. @ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY—BULLETIN No. 97, Part IV. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE CALIFORNIA PEACH BORER. BY DUDLEY MOULTON, Formerly Special Agent, Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. IssuED OcToBER 17, 1911. ras ‘ = ‘ SSS WASHINGTON: JO fy ~ > \ — GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. // — 1911. ii OCA 4% an 7 ~ %\ mM BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOG Y. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Martarr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R.S. Currron, Executive Assistant. W. F. Taster, Chief Clerk. F. H. Carrrenpen, tn charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopxrins, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. WessteEr, tn charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Putiures, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Roagrs, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Rouia P. Currig, in charge of editorial work. Mapex Cotcorp, in charge of library. Decipuous Frutir Insecr INVESTIGATIONS. A. L. QUAINTANCE, tn charge. FRED Jounson, E. L. Jenne, P. R. Jones, A. G. Hammar, R. A. Cusuman, J. B. Git, R. L. Nouearet, W. M. Davipson, L. L. Scort, F. E. Brooxs, W. B. Woop, E. B. BiaKestesr, E. H. Strauer, W. H. Sm, A. C. BAKER, agents and experts. E. W. Scorr, C. W. Hooker, J. F. Zmumer, entomological assistants. 8. W. Foster, employed in enforcement of insecticide act, 1910, i CONTENTS: Tinian ee NOLe me emer mk ee lot aes stork yee aot eee eh s lyse eee esau sts DirMiiuiome ni oou plamines diss. 2b ss. lesa. ee. peeks. Ieee Seb. lPiieairtel Gea echt renter ek teeter oN Oe Seeks ont cewek Se See eo Native food plants... EP ee ns tt SE History of fruit ed in A ena ey Valley. LAG en Se oe See ae Bimits or arecasinr whieh Imyliry OCU! =. 22 ao2 soos. shee ee leek t+ oee Varieties of cultivated fruits attacked; resistant budding and grafting stocks; soil conditions as bearing on infestation................-------- Mereripitgns,, seasonal history, and habits:---.. 0-12-22 5-2s02-25--2 522052555 Uhh CEES Sel ee eee Se ee ey te ere ere ee TEE SOUT CART ahae aera eaten Ae diated ae a ee ee a Rae aaa Eee Wevelapmentandshatchine .. $f. 2b xk WF Boe eee ee ks TP gs TUR SB ak Oe lee se Detapa e E eee e eer n iol SUS) a8 2 Ss Mea eg a cat a ane en oe eden Ser Sa Peedmehabiteot newly hatched Jarves. 32.212. 242.42. oc bile es PCr an Meme CeriMertGOes. Sates ci. Meee ope ae ho ee ee ele ays seks eee Giaiicten Of tnjurye. serene Br.) SON Wooe allied ie Number of broods and length of larval period, as shown by ‘‘worming” FECor aerate es eee © SUE geen a! lahat Ss te Be Formation, structure, and position of cocoon..............---- ie Stes Deseripiionted wupass. Paes Files Ns Pees Ses ty. 2... encima pal PeEOd ees gsc SS oak ees Poe sont. Wess Earliest, maximum, and latest appearances of pupee.....------------ Phemidilis sa tate t Sees. ete etrtdlctle Usd cvmem ad strays ase mos Hath eb Ho bipatotnewlyemerred MOLMses <8 56.30 3 fot ie, oct cig « Sie = “elo b= Original description and subsequent notes..............-..----.------ Earliest, maximum, and latest appearances of moths..............--- Mieht, feeding, and mating. <2... bet deeae. he oe et Pt Pre CrabpOsennOmt a4 eer = eee el... SE be eh ee a Pia. eee ienethiai liciot the mowie~5 53. << 2)-b ee ce Po sden eosees 5 sheesh Eee RE TEC MRC eA. mee sotto Ct es Be Ba ee ie i esd Sy sadn dbie ars Ae Methods of control. . aes oe es Experiments aes Pe catiece SA IETS Oi: SEINE pele ee oY etn ote tare ey ptne ‘‘Worming”’ and applying washes in the Santa Clara Valley........--..-- Hemtaneiis Sam OWAsiies MInpUses LES Laea ls, ON. aS fG eka: 2c). See ee Phe carpool pbiGi treALMeNt. 2:2 52a Goan See's Rhee age e iss Methods used against the eastern peach borer...............-----+---+-+--- SUEIAC y MMU ECeOMIMenG AONE 2c. oS Sse ox. July 27-28........- 19 Qesesees WUlye VSR See ot emai Dualyeal . oo aoe ae 13 Bere ei Uilye20 ies sss ae 3 NCE}, eee ee 4 Cee ces Tals 212225 kee Augei=4 -eeeesecs 11 to 14 Dasa jetes|ox5 | Awge.7,°3 pe |i 252 Gotsscs- ATI ES 8) ta loeromo ene s | sae erecic secretes Aug. 10 3| 208.2 o-celeseeee 16s PATI EEO NS. 5. Asean enna ae esl ome cat mes cseeemase mens Aug. 12 2.0 2620 (oo Se cheeeee 10.30a.m to 12noon. LY (i | ea does. s. Aug. 10, 10 | Aug.10..) Aug.14..) 5 days...... Aug. 15. Sih) poB eee Skeet a.m. to 12 noon. 1 Male had mated previously with another female for 1 hour and 17 minutes. 2 Many eggs laid, but none hatched. 3 Male had mated previously. Table VII indicates that moths began oviposition a few hours after issuance, or at the latest on the following day. The period of ovipo- sition of a single moth is seldom longer than two or three days, and the moths die immediately thereafter. LENGTH OF LIFE OF THE MOTHS. Moths which were kept from mating were found to die without hay- ing placed any or at least only a few eggs. Female moths die imme- diately after oviposition is completed. Males die soon after mating. Oviposition within the rearing cages would begin within a few hours (8 to 10) after mating, and always within 24 hours; it would be completed within 3 or 4 days and none was observed to live longer than 5 days. THE CALIFORNIA PEACH BORER. 83 NATURAL ENEMIES. There is a species of ant which has been observed many times to attack adult moths, pulling them to pieces and literally eating them alive. It often happened that a moth would become entangled in the creases of the wire mesh or in the cotton of our trap cages where the traps were bound around the tree. Almost invariably their bodies would soon be torn to pieces by these ants. The ants presumably are not of economic importance in controlling the moth of the borer. On another occasion a nest of small white mites was taken from the body of a dead moth, as well as a dipterous larva. METHODS OF CONTROL. EXPERIMENTS WITH PREVENTIVES. Six large apricot trees in the insectary yard were treated as follows: The dirt was first dug away from the lower trunks to a depth of 8 or 10 inches, the bark was scraped, the few worms present were removed, and the lime-oil wash was applied over the newly exposed bark and to a height of 16 or 18 inches above the ground. The mixture was swabbed on thickly with a large calcimining brush and was applied on June 25, 1908. On August 4, 1908, six weeks later, numerous clusters of eggs just ready to hatch were selected from the rearing cages and attached to the treated trees at a height of from about 5 to 10 inches above the ground, where they would normally be placed on untreated trees in the open field. This experiment was made under extremely unnatural conditions, because eggs are apparently never placed directly on any treated surface. It served our purpose, however, which was to determine the number of young that could really penetrate through the wash and get into the tree. The wash was still in a good condition on August 4, when the eggs were attached. Table VIII gives the details of the experiment and the results of examination of trees September 21. TaBLE VIII.—Details of experiment No. 1 with protective lime-oil wash against the California peach borer. eee Number | Date of Tree No. 88 Position of eggs on tree. ofeggs | hatch- Remarks. placed : on tree. hatched. ing. 1 46] 5 inches above ground on north side 43 | Aug. 12 | Nosignof borers found. of tree. 2 ttl Beer: Otani a ete saat sce otinhe as c Vp |e Co bane Do. 3 18) |=aeee Ome Mee eS cee Sc onek ee 75 |...do....| 3 empty pupal cases. found. 4 L54 iF tape eee eee cach Ieee ee 139 | Aug. 25 | No sign of borers. 5 74 | 2 inches above ground.............-. Ale endO=cses 3 empty pupal cases. 6 248\\ Onlower trtim iss ao se sore' mein ne tas. 210 | Aug. 26 | No sign of borers. 685 MOUsle were se asta das ee SUN Re 8 eee are 6 moths matured. 84 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Table VIII indicates that a total of 580, or about 80 per cent, of the 685 eggs hatched, but only 6 worms (about 1 per cent) were able to penetrate through the lime-oil wash, enter the trees, and finally mature to moths. Former experiments (see Table IT) show a higher percentage of fertile eggs. A great discrepancy between the number of eggs which hatch and the worms which actually are able to enter the trees had been previously noticed. There is also a great mortality of larvee, as is evidenced by the number of worms which may be found in any tree and the number of moths that may mature later. The almost complete immunity of these trees is not, therefore, attributed entirely to the effectiveness of the lime-oil wash. Experiment No. 2.—The Wilson experiment was planned to deter- mine the danger of injury by applying crude oils directly and in combi- nation with lime to peach trees and also to determine the value of these oils as repellents or barriers against the entrance of borers. Crude oils have been applied directly to various fruit trees by orchard- ists in the Santa Clara Valley, and their application has proved fairly successful. Occasional injury has been reported. Peach and apricot, and especially the younger trees of these varieties, are very sensitive to oil, and it is believed that there must be more or less injury to other trees. The crude oil is undoubtedly a most effective barrier to keep newly hatched worms from entering the trees, and it also penetrates and draws many more mature worms out to their death. The oils, therefore, have a distinct and decided insecticidal effect against the borers. The Wilson experiment was arranged in three plats—Plat I, with 10 trees (numbered 1 to 10, inclusive), Plat IJ, with 5 (numbered 11 to 15), and Plat III, with 10 (Numbered 16 to 25). The earth was removed, the borers dug out, and the bark scraped, as in experi- ment No. 1. The various remedies were applied on June 20, 1908. Plat I was treated with the lime-oil mixture, which is recom- mended as formula No. 1. It was applied just as it was used in the previous experiment. Three gallons of the mixture were sufficient to treat the 10 trees. Plat IT was treated with a iight grade of pure crude oil known as Coalinga crude oil, 22° Baumé. This was likewise applied with a large brush and in similar way to the lime-oil mixture. One gallon was sufficient to treat these five trees. Plat III was treated with a heavier grade of oil known as Kern crude oil, or about 14 to 16° Baumé. This oil was cold and heavy and rather hard to apply. Three gallons were sufficient to treat the 10 trees. The earth was immediately replaced around all of the trees after the treatment. THE CALIFORNIA PEACH BORER. 85 The trees were examined from time to time, and injury from the oils was soon apparent. Early in October most of the leaves on the trees in plats Nos. 2 and 3 had fallen, and the remainder of the leaves were curled and nearly ready to drop. There was a marked contrast between the oil-treated trees and those which were treated with the lime-oil wash or which were not treated at all. Trees treated with the lime-oil wash were apparently in normal condition. The oil- treated trees again in the spring of the following year were in a weakened condition, and by June 1 trees No. 13 in Plat II and 23 and 25 in Plat III were dead. All trees in Plat I and the adjoining check trees were in normal condition and possessed a bright, healthy, green foliage. It is very evident that peach trees can not be safely treated with crude oil alone, although the lime-oil combination appears altogether safe. The trees in this experiment were exam- ined from time to time to notice any new infestation of the insects, and no worms or pup or pupal cases were ever found on any of the treated trees, although numerous worms infested the surrounding check trees. In addition to the attack which would normally be made by moths living in the open field, several trees were subjected to attack by placing fertile eggs on them as in experiment No. 1. Table IX shows the number of the eggs, where they were placed, and the results of examination of trees June 10, 1909. TaBLe IX.—Details of experiment No. 2 with protective washes against the California peach borer. Num- Plat Tree | Number | Number! Date of id No. No. | ofeggs. | hatched. | hatching. ber ma- Remarks. tured 1908 Te.......- va rod ae is None. No larve, pup, or pupal cases taken from II 1 144 136 t idol = nian any of the treated trees, although infestation jin awe: 29 995 216 Aug. 13| None was common in adjoining check trees. otale.|eo 25 573 DSBS seek eee None. ‘“‘WORMING”’ AND APPLYING WASHES IN THE SANTA CLARA VALLEY. The method of controlling the borer as practiced by orchardists in the Santa Clara Valley is to ‘‘worm” the trees by hand during the winter or spring months and later apply a protective wash before the dirt is thrown back. Some orchardists, however, dig the borers out without giving any subsequent treatment. The digging out process is the most important and most effective. The earth is shoveled away from the crown of the tree, the dirt and old bark scalings are scraped off, and the worms are cut out by hand. An ordinary three-fourths-inch wood chisel and a horseshoe knife are 86 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. now conceded to be the best tools in use. A combined scraper, chisel, and rounded worming blade has been used extensively, but tools of this kind do not contain the fine quality of steel that is found in other knives and chisels and they soon become dull. The bark is often broken rather than cut when such tools are used, and this works serious injury to the tree. The curved worming blade is especially harmful, because it is forced into the burrow and great pieces of liv- ing as well as dead bark are broken off. The tool is convenient because it combines the scraper, chisel, and worming point, but its convenience can not offset the better work of the ordinary chisel and knife. There are two periods during the winter and the sprmg months when worming can be done to advantage. Worms are from half to full grown and can be easily seen during the winter. They are more or less dormant, and if cut out at this time the trees will be spared the later injury which would follow their feeding during the spring. It is also more convenient to orchardists to dig for borers at this time because of a freedom from other work. Spring worming is also quite as effective as when this work is done during the fall. A pro- tective wash should be applied after ‘‘worming”’ has been accom- plished. Such a wash acts primarily as a repellent and keeps adult moths from placing their eggs on such treated trees. This wash should be applied during the months of May or early June, when moths are beginning to fly. If the wash is applied after worming in the fall it deteriorates and cracks and falls away from the tree before the time when oviposition occurs. It is considered just as good practice to dig the borers during the fall as in the spring, but in any case the wash should again be applied in May or early June. The wash also serves in a secondary way to render the labor of subse- quent worming much more easy and rapid. The dirt and bark scalings fall from the washed tree more easily than from those unwashed, and the masses of frass, indicating the presence of borers, are also more easily discovered. FORMULAS FOR WASHES USED. The following washes have been used extensively for controlling borers in the Santa Clara Valley and elsewhere: Formula No. 1.—The lime-crude oil mixture: Place about 50 pounds of rock lime in a barrel and slake with 10 or 15 gallons of warm water; while the lime is boiling, slowly pour in 6 or 8 gallons of heavy crude oil, and stir thoroughly. Add enough water to make the whole a heavy paste. The wash should be applied immediately with a heavy brush. Formula No. 2.—The lime-sulphur-salt mixture: Place about 25 pounds of rock lime in a barrel and slake with warm water. Add 2 quarts of sulphur and 2 or 3 hand- fuls of salt while the lime is still boiling. This wash is heavy and is applied with a brush. ' THE CALIFORNIA PEACH BORER. 87 Formula No. 3.—Lime, coal tar, and whale-oil soap: Unslaked lime 50 pounds, coal tar 1} gallons, whale-oil soap 12 pounds. Slake the lime in warm water and add the gas tar while the mixture is boiling; dissolve the soap separately in hot water and add this to the lime solution. Add enough water to make a heavy paste. THE CARBON BISULPHID TREATMENT.: Carbon bisulphid has been recommended extensively, but its use is now discouraged. Moisture conditions in the soil are so variable that no set rule to determine the amount of liquid which shall be used can be followed, and if the treatment should be preceded by a rain, or if the ground be especially damp, the gas-treated soil can not be left around the tree without immediate injury. The carbon bisulphid method has been more or less successful when an orchardist has done his own work for several years and when he himself places the charge and recognizes the danger. Serious damage is most likely to follow if the remedy is applied by an inexperienced man. Another disadvan- tage of the carbon bisulphid treatment is that it does not remove the dead or decaying bark above after the cambium layers have been killed by the borers. Hand cutting is never practiced after this treat- ment, and the tree can never heal its wound as it does when the dead bark is cut away. METHODS USED AGAINST THE EASTERN PEACH BORER. Some of the methods of treating the eastern peach borer have been used, but with little success. Paris green and glue washes have nearly always injured the trees. Paris green is not valuable as an insecticide against borers because the larve do not take any part of the wash directly into their stomachs. Hydraulic cement has been used for the purpose of placing a hard coating over the bark so the borers can not penetrate through into the tree. It has been used apparently with only negative results. The hard covering of cement cracks easily as the tree expands and offers little or no resistance to the borers. Numerous combinations of rosin and white or green paints have proved of no value, and there usually follows some injury to the trees. ‘‘Mounding” as practiced in the Eastern States consists in building up a cone-shaped pile of dirt around the lower trunks. This is done during the early spring or summer, and its object is to force moths to oviposit high up in the crown of the trees. The young larvee are thus deceived and enter the bark usually high up under this loose soil and are easily exposed when later the mound of dirt is removed. This method is not practiced against the California peach borer, although it might be used with success. Surrounding the tree with paper or other wrappings has been practiced commonly in the East, but not successfully in California. The long, dry California summers, which necessitate constant spring and summer cultivation, tend to lessen the effectiveness of such wrapping or mounding. 88 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS. The life habits of the California peach borer may be summed up as follows: Adult moths are flying from June to and including Septem- ber, and are present in maximum numbers during July and August. As they place their eggs immediately after emerging, the period of oviposition conforms with that of the flight of the moths. The egg stage lasts about two weeks, so that the period when the newly hatched larve are entering the tree is about from the middle of June to the middle of October. The period when they are enter- ing in maximum numbers is from the middle of July to the middle of September. Any repellent or protective wash, therefore, should be applied before the middle of June. Worming should be practiced during the winter or early spring months, and it is very important that only sharp tools be used. The bark should be cut and not broken from the tree and so far as possible only dead bark should be cut away. The most effective wash that can be used in conjunction with the worming method is considered to be the lime-crude oil formula No. 1. Heavy crude oil is thought to be repellent to the borer moth and acts to draw many of the worms out, but it is extremely injurious to some trees. It is apparently safe when combined with lime. Such preparations as residuum oil, gas tar, or asphaltum can be applied directly to the bark of the tree with only a little danger, but common practice has demonstrated that a combination with lime is almost as efficient and far safer than the crude oil alone. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1881. Epwarps, Henry.—Papilio, vol. 1, no. 10. Description of species. 1888. Kier, W. G.—Report of Mr. Klee, State Inspector of Fruit Pests. (Bien. Rep. State Board Hort. Cal., p. 243.) 1889. Kier, W. G.—Essay. Report of Tenth Fruit Growers’ Conv., Cal. 1889-90. Insect Pests. (Bien. Rep. State Board Hort. Cal., p. 229.) 1891. Coqumuetr, D. W., and Ritey, C. V.—Discussion. (Insect Life, Div. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., vol. 3, p. 292.) 1891. Craw, A.—Peach tree borers infesting deciduous trees. (Bul. 68, Cal. State Board Hort.) 1894. Craw, A.—Insect pests and remedies. (Bul. 68, Cal. State Board Hort.) 1895-96. Craw, A.—Remedies and preventives. (Bien. Rep. Cal. State Board Hort.) : 1896. BruTENMULLER, Wm.—Monograph of the Sesiidee. (Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.) Description of species and notes, page 271. 1898. Enruorn, E. M.—The crown borer of the peach. (Pacific Rural Press, Dec. 24.) 1899. Enruorn, E. M.—Discussion on peach borers. (24th Cal. State Fruit Growers’ Conv.) 1900. Craw, A.—Insect pests and remedies. (Bul. 71, Cal. State Board Hort.) THE CALIFORNIA PEACH BORER. 89 1898-1901. Fow.rr, Carroui.—The peach-tree borer. (Rep. Agr. Exp. Sta. Univ. 1900. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1904. Cal.) Enruorn, E. M.—Some of our common orchard pests. (Pacific Rural Press, Feb. 17.) Exrnorn, E. M.—Fighting insect pests. (Pacific Rural Press, Mar. 3.) Wicxson, E. J.—Peach root-borer. (Pacific Rural Press, Nov. 9.) Woopwortu, C. W.—Remedies for peach-tree borer. (Pacific Rural Press, Nov. 8.) Enrvorn, E. M.—The California peach-tree borer. (Bul. 143, Cal. Agr. Exp. Sta., Sept.) Good account with detail of carbon bisulphid treatment. Isaacs, J.—Pests and diseases of deciduous fruits. (Cal. Fruit Grower, May 15.) Wicxson, E. J.—Crude oil for peach borer. (Pacific Rural Press, Feb. 13.) Coox, J. O.—Crude oil for the peach borer. (Pacific Rural Press, Mar. 5.) O q! ee | te «i ake ae fi > ; hy, a Py" -s WAL j >: DEPARIMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY —BULLETIN No. 97, Part V. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. NOTES ON THE PEACH AND PLUM SLUG. BY R. A. CUSHMAN, Agent and Expert, Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. Issu—eD November 6, 1911. Se u —~<~) Sos sansenian ins? os" | NOY 10 \ . fy. WASHINGTON: F “mal My GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. eenniatishs 1911, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. ©. L. Martarr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R.S. Cuurron, Executive Assistant. W. F. Taster, Chief Clerk. F. H. CurrrenDEn, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopkins, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. WessteEr, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QuaInTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Putiures, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Rocers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Rota P. Currin, in charge of editorial work. Mase Courcorp, in charge of library. Decipuous FRuir INsEcT INVESTIGATIONS. A. L. QUAINTANCE, tn charge. Frep Jounson, E. L. Jenne, P. R. Jones, A. G. Hammar, J. B. Gru, R. A. CusH- MAN, R. L. Noucaret, W. M. Davipson, L. L. Scort, F. E. Brooxs, W. B. Woop, E. B. BuaKxester, E. H. Stecrer, A. C. Baker, agents and experts. E. W. Scort, J. F. Zimmer, F. L. Stmonron, entomological assistants. S. W. Fosrrr, W. H. Siu, employed in enforcement of insecticide act, 1910. II CONTENTS. Page Hen eee RA OMe hoe Se cree ao Stewie ence Deas meio ink se ages Teae 91 Observations on the peach and plum slug in 1910.........-.-.......-.-.-.--- 92 Wetkeahis boven aes ook es ee a es erent Ae eae 94 AN RES EYG NUIT cls ges CS BS IS SEE Stree ee ee eRe eer i ae eee EE 94 (ONO ORMTIO See chase Ses Gas Pe es Soe Se Ieee cee osc de Gee aeeD oes 94 MINING REE Deira tere etter e cine RP On de eee er iif, sect ea dee wis Sets 2 5 96 INN MIAO yn Sa ae ees eeee ae Hees A ae ee ene tra erent tee ee 96 ANN: YorRey OND OPN a scene arya Se ey Sh Ae ty tera wn oe rac OP aed ae 98 ‘TNGs [OT aS sn eer EO a ee) ee 99 atauedevelopmen tal pened 1. <5. 45-5 -e teu ese e Ot wt Loewe nee serene dee = 100 IB peer th Ort Bina Nera ee Ge oe e Me ate sere eR nye ed a Me tte 100 TiS pu ae GAR STET IVs She Saas & See eal are AT EN eed aan geen ecg wee er oe Ran ee a 100 EEC CCH oyu et ee eee oe ie Reo erate wins rags ahs cinia lis s oka e, Sees 102 Ill 7822°—Bull. 97, pt. 5—11 ILLUSTRATIONS: PLATES. Page. Piate XI. Peach leaves showing work of peach and plum slug (Caliroa [Erio- campoides |iamygdalina)s = Asc 2222 = hae eee ee ee 92 TEXT FIGURES. Fie. 23. Cage used in rearing the peach and plum slug: 2-2-2. ° 22-2 3s-- sees 93 24. Developmental stages of peach and plum slug (Caliroa [Eriocam- poides| amygdalina): Adult, egg, larva, and pupa .........-------- 95 25. Hyperallus calirox, a parasite of the peach and plum slug..........-- 101 Iv U.S. D. A., B. E. Bul. 97, Part V. D. F. I. I., November 6, 1911. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. NOTES ON THE PEACH AND PLUM SLUG. (Caliroa [| Eriocampoides] amygdalina Rohwer.) By R. A. CusHMan, Agent and Expert. INTRODUCTION. On August 7, 1909, the writer’s attention was attracted by a peculiar injury to the leaves of a peach tree standing in the yard of the Delta Boll Weevil Laboratory at Tallulah, Madison Parish, La. (See Pl. XI.) This injury consisted in the skeletonizing, with subse- quent curling and falling, of the leaves by a small, yellowish-white, sluglike larva, resembling very closely in form the pear slug (/rio- campoides limacina Retz.). Investigation showed that most of the peach trees in the neighborhood were more or less severely injured. On August 16 an abundance of small black sawflies was observed alighting on a variety of trees and shrubs, and it was immediately thought that these were the adults of the sluglike larvee on the peach trees. From the close resemblance of both the larve and the adults to those of the pear slug it was at first supposed that the insect in - question must be of that species, but comparison of the adults with the description of the pear slug showed differences. Specimens of the adults were therefore sent to Mr. 8. A. Rohwer of the Bureau of Entomology, who stated that they belonged to a species new to science. Mr. Rohwer has described the species as Caliroa (Erio- campoides) amygdalina.* What is undoubtedly the same species was discussed and figured by Prof. H. A. Morgan, in 1897,’ under the name Caliroa (Selandria) obsoletum, and the common name ‘‘ peach and plum leaf sawfly.”’ His article covers a little more than 3 pages, and embraces notes on the biology and natural enemies of the species and remedial measures. 1 Entomological News, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 263-265, figs. 1-6, June, 1911. 2 Report of the Entomologist, Bul. 48, 2d ser., La. Agr. Exp. Sta., pp. 142-145, 1897. 91 92 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Owing to the lateness of the season and the press of other work in the fall of 1909, very little in the way of biological studies of this new species could be accomplished, although several unsuccessful attempts were made to carry the larve through to the adult stage. OBSERVATIONS ON THE PEACH AND PLUM SLUG IN 1910. In the spring of 1910 a careful watch was kept for the insects, and the earliest recorded observation was made on April 1, when two adult sawflies were observed on a peach tree. This is probably very near to the first date of appearance of the species, since careful search did not reveal larve until April 7. On this date 6 larvee one-third grown and 5 eggs were found. Morgan (Il. c.) states that the adults may be seen at any time from the middle of March until cold weather. His observations were made at Baton Rogue, La., about 130 miles south of Tallulah, La. On April 21 several larve were taken, feeding on the leaves of a plum tree in the laboratory yard. From this time on, and under generally warm, dry weather conditions, the infestation increased eradually until April 24, when a severe frost killed all but a very few of the immature stages, 1jcluding all of those directly under observa- tion on the trees. Following the freeze came a long, cold drought, unbroken until May 18 and followed by about a week of daily heavy rains. This, in turn, was followed by more cold weather. From the middle of June until the first week in July there were almost daily heavy rains. This combination of unfavorable weather conditions held the species in check to such an extent that it was difficult to find it in any stage. On July 12, 7 full-grown larve and a number of small larve were found, the latter probably hatched since the last rain. None between these two stages was observed. After this time fre- quent observations were made and considerable rearing work done. While before the freeze of April 24 all of the trees in the laboratory yard had suffered about equally from the depredations of the insects, from this time until about the middle of August the infestation was confined almost entirely to two trees, which stood within a few feet of the north side of the house, and which were further sheltered by a large pear tree and: a persimmon tree. For a long time the injury was practically confined to the lower branches close to the house and under the pear and persimmon trees. But as the season advanced and the supply of suitable leaves in those locations failed the infestation spread over these two trees and to the other peach trees and the plum trees in the yard. Whether it is the normal habit of the species to confine its work as closely as possible to its breeding place, or whether the concentration noted was due to the fact that the adults which survived the freeze sought a sheltered location for depositing their eggs, is not quite clear. However, the earlier PLATE XI. Bul. 97, Part V, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. CTIVNIDIYO) *‘(WNIIVGDAWY [SACIOdWVOOIYA] VOHITVD) ONIS WNId GNV HOW3d JO YYOM ONIMOHS ‘S3AVaq ay Ae ‘2 : i) ¥ tid eS) HOV3d THE PEACH AND PLUM SLUG. 93 observations seem to indicate that the females normally infest the lower branches first, gradually going higher and higher as the destruc- tion of the lower leaves progresses. On September 15 occurred a very hard shower, accompanied by a high wind, that destroyed a large percentage of the larve that were on the trees at the time. This constituted another setback from which the species had hardly recovered when cold weather set in. On October 5 practically all of the accessible foliage of the trees in the yard was examined and no stage of the sawfly found, except 8 eggs. These were all located on one leaf and had apparently all been para- sitized. In the earlier attempts at life- history work great difficulty was ex- perienced on account of the delicacy of the young larve and the large death rate among them when trans- fer by hand from one leaf to another was attempted. In addition to this, it was found impossible to follow a given lot of larve through to maturity if left on the tree, because of their habit of moving over considerable areas and their consequent loss. The attempts to curb this tendency re- sulted only in the death of the larve. Also, the adults refused to oviposit B_-- under any form of restraint. For these reasons a special method of pro- eae See : Fic. 23.—Cage used in rearing the peach and cedure was adopted and a special — ptumstug: a, Tumbler; b,sand for pupation rearing cage designed. Many unin- of the insects; c, tube, open at both ends, for 4 moistening sand from bottom; d, vial of fested terminal clusters of leaves were — water for keeping food fresh; e, lantern marked with blankstringtags. These chimney; /, cheesecloth cover; g, rubber Sarco sot band. Reduced. (Original.) clusters were examined daily, and when eggs were found on any of the leaves the infested leaves were marked by clipping the tips and a lot number was placed on the tag, the number corresponding to a card on which notes were recorded. The leaf cluster was then allowed to remain on the tree until just before or just after the hatching of the eggs, when the whole cluster was cut off with a long stem and transferred to the rearing cage. This cage (fig. 23) consisted of a tumbler of sand, into the center of which was thrust a vial and at the side a tube open at both ends. The stem was placed in water in the vial and held upright by a perforated cork. The tube reached well toward the bottom of the tumbler, and was for the purpose of watering the sand without a d\- a 94 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. puddling the surface. Over this was placed a lantern chimney upside down, the top of the chimney just fitting inside the top of the tumbler. A piece of cheesecloth over the open end of the chimney completed the cage. About two days after hatching the larve were transferred to fresh foliage, and thereafter the foliage was changed as often as necessary. Even with this care only a small percentage of the indi- viduals confined were carried through to maturity, and many of the lots were complete failures. However, a great deal of information concerning the life history and habits of the species was obtained. LIFE HISTORY. THE ADULT. The adult sawflies (see fig. 24, g) are very active little insects. If one is observed on a leaf it will be seen to run back and forth across the leaf on the upper side, apparently peering over the edge, occasion- ally stopping for a moment at one of the nectaries at the base of the leaf and sipping the nectar. This sort of food seems to constitute their diet, as, in addition to visiting the peach-leaf nectaries, they were also observed visiting near-by cotton plants for nectar and honey- dew, and one was seen on Japanese quince. The adults first appear in the spring, in the latitude of Tallulah, about the 1st of April and can be found at any time thereafter until cold weather in the fall. Morgan (loc. cit.) observed that the adults appeared most abundantly toward the end of each month, and con- sidered this as an indication of the different broods. This tendency was not noticed at Tallulah. Moreover, eggs and larve of all sizes could be observed at the same time, and it hardly appears that there would be any such distinctness of broods. During the year there are probably seven generations of the earliest individuals in the lati- tude of Tallulah, but owing to the confusion resulting from the over- lapping of generations, it is impossible to determine the exact number. Six of the seven are summer generations and the seventh is the hibernating generation. Of the latest individuals of each generation there are probably not more than three or four summer broods. OVIPOSITION. The act of oviposition was not observed, but from the position of the egg it would seem that the female inserts the ovipositor in the leaf from the upper side, usually close to the midrib or one of the larger veins, and by moving it about from side to side separates the lower epidermis from the other leaf tissues in a space about one and one- half millimeters in diameter and more or less circular in outline. In THE PEACH AND PLUM SLUG. 95 the cavity thus formed the egg is placed. (See fig. 24, a.) The probability that this is the method of oviposition is supported by the fact that the adult was never observed on the underside of the leaf, but always on the upper side. Moreover, the pear slug, which is closely related to this species, performs the same operation from the underside of the leaf, depositing the egg just beneath the upper epidermis. Morgan (loc. cit.) mistook the portion of the lower epidermis, which forms the floor of the nidus, for a ‘“‘mucilaginous secretion which extends beyond the real egg and produces a much larger surface for attachment.”’ That this idea was erroneous can be easily seen by dissecting the nidus. Fic. 24.—Developmental stages of peach and plum slug: a, Egg in situ; b, newly hatched larva; c; larva nearly full grown; d, larva after last molt, ready to enter ground for pupation; e, prepupa; /, pupa; g, adult. All much enlarged. (Original.) In selecting a leaf for oviposition the female usually chooses one some distance back from the terminal bud but one which is still tender. The fresh terminal leaves and the oldest tough ones seem to be avoided, although rather tough leaves are preferred to the newest growth. The number of eggs in a single leaf may vary from 1 to 25. It seems likely that a female, after selecting a suitable leaf, may deposit many eggs in it. This conclusion is strengthened by the fact that on April 9, within 9 days of the first appearance of the adults, and when infested leaves were very scattered, one leaf was found which contained 25 eggs. In some leaves the location of each egg is indicated on the upper side by a small, reddish-purple spot. 96 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE EGG. The egg is transparent white, ovoid, slightly more than one-half a millimeter in its longest diameter, with one side slightly more rounded than the other as in the egg of the pear slug. In eggs in which incubation has continued for some time the developing larva can be easily distinguished. The incubation period of 74 eggs was determined (see Table I), and it varied from 4 to 6 days, with an average of 4.9 days. Tassie I.—Incubation period of the peach and plum slug, Tallulah, La., 1910. Date of Number | Tncuba- Lot No. oviposi- iente ol of indi- tion tion. mung:| viduals. period. = | Days. | RE AE 2 ee ea Cees orn cps eee eiabic acetate Apr. 14} Apr. 18 1 4.0 1 Rn Re a ee Mane aby EOS aN MO RR OS Sd, ‘Apr t3)| doe 1 5.0 EI 0 ve Si oe a ies ete as Ae eee eR i EN in SA Re i Aug. 10 | Aug. 14 6 4.0 PDE eR Sten Sis etera She is a ee alate toate te see eee ele mies iiere emer Ronee eee Aug. 11 | Aug. 16 3 5.0 ME DSS Sarai amare Sista leasealeei Sefer ale eind oes eros ene SDSS ee a dOSse4=|se2 doseerr 3 5.0 DS Cae Se oa Sasa wate see ee aac ance aeeeer eas nace ACig N12) | Feedosee ss 1 4.0 | Aug. 17 2 5.0 TA SS oe = alee tO ore tes Cee Ne ee eee oT ae rae erie sad Ossene Aug. 16 1 4.0 Aug. 17 1 5.0 1D RS SRE eas SEBS o SABES ae Senne oee rN en OSeas SA or eE BSH aG Se Gas Aug. 14 | Aug. 19 22 5.0 1 2 eee Rie ate aie RS ee ene yn Seo Anas dors fae doves 29 5.0 d(C Reenter BE Re CeaHenoRecenmS -Bate san anee aoe socoBoSnnebcos ba abe Aug. 21 | Aug. 27 4 6.0 Totaliandiaverage:cec. so: Sassen ace eee Eee Re eee | eee ae | Boa Sonne 74 4.9 THE LARVA. As is the case with the pear slug, the larva in escaping from the egg cuts a crescent-shaped slit in the wall of its cell. When first hatched (fig. 24, 6) it is creamy white with the head slightly darker and the eyes ont mouth parts brown, and lacks the slimy covering. It has, in addition to the 6 true legs, 7 pairs of prolegs. It begins to feed almost immediately, becoming quickly coated with the secretion, and within half an hour a line of green appears down its whole length, due to the food in the alimentary canal. The first damage by the larva consists in very small pinholes eaten into the leaf from the underside, all of the tissue being removed except the upper epidermis. As the larva grows and its jaws become stronger the size of the eaten patches increases until they become large blotches. The upper epidermis is, however, never eaten. The larva grows rapidly (see fig. 24, c), molting four times during its growth. The first instar is from less than 2 to 4 days in duration, averaging about 2 days. The second and third instars are of nearly ike duration, and the fourth about 3 days in length, the total feeding period bemg about 9 or 10 days in duration in warm weather. Two individuals were recorded in which the feeding period lasted for 22 days, but these were from a lot which was under observation during THE PEACH AND PLUM SLUG. 97 the cold weather of April, and represent the result of abnormal conditions. Unlike its congener, the pear slug, the larva does not eat its exuvilum. The escape from the exuvium is made through an opening at the head end, the larva simply crawling out of its old skin and leaving it as a narrow line of slime on the surface of the leaf. Immediately after molting the larve very freqeuntly wander away from the leaf on which they have been feeding to another, sometimes 2 or 3 feet distant. During the first four instars the larva is of a peculiar sluglike appearance, swollen in front and covered with the slimy secretion which hides the segmentation of its body. The head is pale brown and the eye spots darker. The body is translucent and the course of the alimentary canal can be traced by the green food within. On molting for the fourth time, however, it loses its slimy coating and appears as an opaque, yellowish, caterpillar-like larva (fig. 24, d), in which the segmentation can be distinctly seen. It is from five- sixteenths to three-eighths of an inch in length. During the last molt the larva deposits several pellets of excrement within the exuvium. Tables IL to V show the data obtained on the duration of the different larval stages, and Table VI gives the data for the total feeding period. TaBLE II.—First larval period of the peach and plum slug, Tallulah, La., 1910. ‘ oe Number First Lot No. | mae Bre Ot ot Hindi- | larval 5 ‘| viduals. | period. Days. BIS () rapes ae arco so ei oe oars Se ae ISAS SE Em ha Serres setter Aug. 14 | Aug. 15 6 1.0 NTETEIEpepeprare rain tae nro here ay Say Sl Age Ey a Ne arene eaion Aug. 16 | Aug. 17 3 1.0 ND. 2s ode Gain aco SSE COD RS BOE oat IE netor Daa Coe BER ER SARA ena CE GOzese Aug. 18 3 2.0 1B eco oct See See ce ice nr ee pe eee een ig Se | Sept. 21 | Sept. 24 D 3.0 iW eee ee OB SR ate rin Ree So ee eee eee cee eee oe Bea | Apr. 9 | Apr. 11 |% 10 2.0 SILT G epee eae eer et a ee ape NO ES et cise Apr. 13 | Apr. 15 5 2.0 TIERS oon FRR Pe ae et ae ype Se Bde Re Ser eee een Seer | Aug. 25 | Aug. 27 4 2.0 TOE cok sae ee ae ce SRR Le) 81 0 aU ee | Sept. 20 | Sept. 24 1 4.0 Motalhandtavieragesee = que cee mines aomita ceils as iej 4 A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. Issupp FrBruary 24, 1912. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1912. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOG Y. L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Marzarr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8. Currton, Executive Assistant. W. F. Tasret, Chief Clerk. F. H. CurrrenDEn, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopxrns, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. M. WessteER, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. L. QuAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. F. Puiures, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Roaers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Rouia P. Curriz, in charge of editorial work. MaBEL Co.corp, in charge of library. F. JN i Decipuous Fruit Insecr INVESTIGATIONS. A. L. QUAINTANCE, 1n charge. Frep Jounson, E. L. Jenne, P. R. Jones, A. G. Hammar, J. B. Griz, R. A. Cuss- MAN, R. L. Novaaret, W. M. Davinson, L. L. Scott, F. E. Brooxs, W. B. Woop, E. B, Buaxestez, FE. H. Siecier, A. C. Baker, agents and experts. E. W. Scort, J. F. Zoer, F. L. Smronton, entomological assistants. S. W. Foster, W. H. Six, employed in enforcement of insecticide act, 1910. I ; Introduction History. - .. CON DE Nels 1D GUEGROUCINT CUsT 041 020) FOC: pe AA a ee ae CUTTS SPIE ETc U1 AS LC) a aR eee Systematic relationships and other economic species............------------- erHe nr CUMBIA ELA bLOHA ett rey. + tos ce: SSE YY Oe es ae De Puate XII. SITE. XIV. XV. XVI. EL EUS ReAaTLOWN.S:. PLATES. Injury about two weeks old to peach shoots py the peach bud mite (Tarsanenymannniteniazeves4 voce et) 22. . Se. Ss ERRNO Injury several weeks old to peach shoots by the ies bud mite. . Showing condition of peach nursery trees in the fall, due to injury bycthe peach Oudrantes cyte yee ence eee Oty ote ire dele Showing condition of peach nursery trees in the fall, due to injury bys iespeachtbudinites:0 1652 She Ss RI Injury to buds supposedly due to the peach bud mite............ 18871°—Bull. 97—12 III Page. 104 108 110 112 112 " eo ak ¥ Hib HO? bye (tt eric’ io ” } OF gusfen iJ ie tS dis esi Th ' U.S. D. A., B. E. Bul. 97, Part VI. D. F. 1. 1., February 24, 1912. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. THE PEACH BUD MITE. (Tarsonemus waite: Banks, MSS.) By A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTION. For the past 15 or 20 years nurserymen in the East have complained of a well-defined trouble of peach nursery stock, resulting from injury to the tender terminal bud of the principal shoot. The injury causes the cessation of further upward growth of the shoot and results in the development from the lateral buds of numerous branches, a condition very objectionable in stock of this class where a single vigorous shoot is desired. There have been several references in literature to this trouble, and entomologists are divided as to the cause, though in most instances a minute mite has been noted as associated with it. The mite in question, however, has not hereto- fore been examined by a specialist in the Acarina and its systematic position and relationships determined. Mr. Banks has recently been able to do this from material which was obtained from a large nursery in the environs of Philadelphia, and submitted to him during Septem- ber, 1911. The mite is now identified as Tarsonemus waitei Banks. As the trouble is an important one, it has appeared appropriate to bring together at this time, so far as is possible, the recorded facts concerning it, with remarks on injuries caused by some other species of Tarsonemus. HISTORY. Prof. M. B. Waite, of the Department of Agriculture, was undoubt- edly first to call attention to this affection, upon which he made care- ful observations a number of years ago. He was able to determine that a mite was the cause of the trouble, and presented the results of his observations before the Biological Society of Washington at its meeting October 23, 1897, under the title ““A New Peach and Plum 103 104 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Disease.” An abstract of these remarks, published in Science,' is as follows: Mr. M. B. Waite presented a communication on a new peach and plum disease caused by a species of mite attacking and killing the terminal bud of the very young trees. The resulting loss in the value of the trees was considerable, as many thousand trees would be affected in one nursery. A similar disease prevailed in the Japanese quince. No further reference to this trouble appears to have been published by Prof. Waite. In Entomological News,? under the caption “ Pre- liminary notes upon an important peach-tree pest,’ Prof. W. G. Johnson states: In September, 1896, while inspecting the nurseries of Maryland, I found many peach trees dwarfed and stunted, and at first glance attributed it to the black peach aphis (Aphis prunicola Kalt.). Later inspection proved conclusively that the trouble wasnot caused by thatinsect, but by someother creature. A lot of trees were examined in my laboratory and I discovered a minute mite (Phytoptide) working behind and in the buds. In nearly every instance the terminal bud had been destroyed, thus forcing the laterals. These in turn would grow for a short time and were then killed. As a consequence the trees were crooked, stunted, and not salable, being less than 3 feet in height.. They were what I have termed dog-legged trees, on account of their very crooked condition. Prof. Johnson’s note led to some comment by other entomologists, and Prof. F. M. Webster, in the Entomological News,’ under the title ‘‘The new peach mite in Ohio,” reports the finding by Mr. C. W. Mally, in the course of nursery inspection work, of the characteristic- ally injured peach trees, though the depredator was not determined. It is stated that in one very extensive nursery the greater portion of a block of 500,000 young peach trees was more or less affected and the presence of the pest was noted also in another nursery in the same general region. Prof. P. H. Rolfs in a note, ‘The new peach mite,’”’ in Entomo- logical News,‘ called attention to the distribution of a mite which he erroneously thought to be the one referred to by Messrs. Johnson and Webster, namely, a phytoptid, causing a silvering of peach leaves— a mite which was subsequently described by Banks under the name Phyllocoptes cornutus from material from the insectary grounds in Washington. s2ee- 4 oe ee eee 122 Barley, food plant of Tarsonemus spirifer 2. <-. .. - = 26 2s ee ee 111 “Bianchella” malady to rice produced by Tarsonemus ory2x...........------- 11 Bisulphid of carbon treatment against California peach borer...........----- 87 Black-rot fungus of grapevines, control by Bordeaux mixture..........-.-.--- 62 Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead against rose-chafer in vineyards....... 59-64 arsenate of lead, and molasses against rose-chafer in vine- Vardsus 22 «62s cho abe, los SRE es eee ee eet 59, 60, 62-63 arsenite of lime, and molasses against rose-chafer in vine- Wards: on. 23. eG ASeee Sea a ee 62 in control of black-rot fungus of grapevine. ..........------ 62 Cage for rearing Caliroa (Eriocampoides) amygdalina...........--------------- 93-94 Caliroa (Eriocampoides) amygdalina, adult, life history. ...........-....------ 94-95 damace, extemto.. 955) neat eae eee 100 developmental period, total.............- 100 egg: difeshistorys. cites aoe eee eine se ree 96 injury to peach and plum trees.........-- 91, 100 larvas life Inston. 25 -2a5- ete oes aes ee ite dntstoryic. 22S ee soc ser es ee ere kerr rene 94-100 matural CNemies.% ase4as- seavis-eecee 100-102 observations thereon in 1910. ........-.--- 92-94 OVIPOSITION S.56-cq se sath oe eee see 94-95 prepupa, life historysss: 22s s24-2 eee 98-99 pupa, lite bistotynicosictes seep ee 99 remedies. :ts.- heaters e eee en Eee 102 (Selandria) obsoletum, name used for Caliroa (Eriocampoides) amygdalina 91 Carabidilanvyes. enemies of codlime mothe Sosa oa eee ee ee eee 32 Carpocapsa pomonella. (See Codling moth.) Carya alba, food plant of Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) uv®.....--.------------+--- 116 sp., food plant of Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) wv®.......-.---------------- 116 Cement, hydraulic, ineffective against California peach borer. ...........---- 87 Centrodora sp., parasite of Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) wwe. ......------------ 118-120 Cerasus demissa, native food plant of Sanninoidea opalescens ......-.---------- 67 Ceresa; bubalus, bibliographic reference... 27126 sas ats 2 sien clebstoe = 2 122 Cherry, food plant of Sanninoidea opalescensa. 25 < oe went ee ee ee ee 67, 68 root stocks, relative susceptibility to Sanninoidea opalescens.....------ 68 Chionaspis furfurus, bibliographic referemees 2. se.00 ee eee ete 123 Chokecherry, western. (See Cerasus demissa.) Chrysanthemum, food plant of Tarsonemus pallidus...........+..-.-----++---- 112 Coal tar, lime, and whale-oil soap against California peach borer........-.----- 87 Coccophagus n. sp., parasite of Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) wve.......--------- 119, 120 Codlinge moth in Califomia.. 2-22-5522 - Ses ee eee ee eee 13-51 bandsrecords tor 19 09samcdel OM 0 See eee eee 27-31 control.on peatsa. a2 -Aneae ose eines soos Sere 32-51 commercial results from spraying.. 41-51 Contra Costa County, 1909........- 41-44 191.0522 aa8 44-49 effect of sprays on places of en- tranice by larveessececaeeee eS eeee 33-41 profits from spraying........... 43-44, 49 Solano (County, 19l0Ss2eese-eeeeae 49-51 egge. first broodiae sues <1. i). see eee 18-21 SCCONGsDEOOM sacs < =e Soe eee eee 24 INDEX. 127 Page. Codling moth in California, first brood eggs, incubation period. ..............- 19-20 ; time of oviposition......:....----- 18-19 larvee, development in fruit...........-. 20-21 lanyalaliie in) Cocconess = sess aeee 7A tumeroinatichinoesss).-26 ene esos 20 moths: 3seeee an eee ce tae ee eee 23-24 Dupe, lencthvot period! =-5--------- 0-22 21-23 times pupatione: s. 2.22.2... ci6e- 21 EMELatiONy <2: see: ee ctl ote eer ne ee 18-24 Lamvccedans buOLOOG 2.cea:. Sees oe cals eee sek se orem nae 20-21 OVERWAN tOnine?. Weesaecestae sot cee e eee 14 EXC IV SN Ob Ro0Ye Ee. . Se ae ee 25-26 late eycleiof first ceneratwone 2.22. -).. 22.2222... 2: 24 MISO RVeMOLES! as eee ass soem. sacs eres 14-32 review tor 1909/and W910! 2252.22.22 2-4 26-31 MOMMA sMITS tO TOOU Sake eee eet ee LS ee 23-24 Bm OOM. Nae terete ns eae oe 17-18 MaWbeaODEMLeS! 24. deeper. aes t Sis oe te a a2 Ovenwinterimcslarvess. Hoe aae stm. freed eee 14 ORE NSTI SII as Se me URIS AES ad te el ee ele oda ee 32 predaceols,enemies:|Uoae- se eee sees eee ts 32 Puprererstibroodes. Sse Peli h es ee eine 21-23 Sp OME OVE oj OYO YG lek pe a a eB tea 14-16 recommendations for comtrol)..-..-.2.<.-...2-4s:- Dil second brood eggs, incubation period..........---- 24 tinte OL Ovaposition:---24-----+-- 24 larvee, development in relation to fruit 25 liters sss. te eS est - 2 2b 2 OVeEDWIMLerIMme =. 2.42-.425---- 26 time of hatching. 55. -.22..2.- 25 PANO PIMO. GAP Sead SCOR IESE ec eee S 24-26 Sprmebrood*olmothset-see eee ene os bee ke oe 17-18 Uae teeters Satie nthe meine See 14-16 length of period....-.-..-.--- 15-16 SUV ie Gammebtided ade 7 aero Moen oe 51 wulturali methods agaimstierape leafhopper:.:52.2:-:-2-.22-.2..225.5.202---206 7-8 ROSC-CUMCTS a5 (-\. Vice ee eine Beles ciate eae ee 64 Cushman, R. A., paper, ‘‘Notes on the Peach and Plum Slug (Caliroa | Eriocam- TA SIKA NUN GAGIUING Nair 549 ge en SS BR ayers A Ba SA Sk SIS AE iced Som ee 91-102 iaspis rose, bibliosraphic-reierence:+ -:.24 19.25.00). ch2- eect ees eset 123 Dipterous larva, enemy of Sanninoidea opalescens..........-..-.-------------- 83 Eriocampoides limacina, the pear slug, resemblance of larva of Caliroa (Eriocam- POLES RCM OCULANOMINETE Lora Sree tees clan aa AS Sena oe oa a oemreceneeee ne 91 Himabisniepes. enemy of codling moth... 255.432: 22)0-4 12526 sh... de eet 32 Euthrips tritici (see also Thrips tritici). in tender growing tips of peach and other vegetation. .......-- 108 Festuca rubra, food plant of Tarsonemus culmicolus.............-+-----+-+-+-- 112 Fidia viticida. (See Grape rootworm.) Foster, 8. W., paper, ‘‘Life History of the Codling Moth and its Control on RearshinaGalikormtcwas ener ei as, ete amar Ae lo ul kl le cet 13-51 ‘‘Fruitlet core rot” of pineapples, dissemination by Tarsonemus ananas...-.---- 112 Fungous diseases of grape, control by spraying. ...........--.22+---+-eee0e-- 63 128 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Page. Glue and Paris green washes ineffective against California peach borer, injurious [NO lintels gecmscepdodoo sp see Goes ogdun sso se doduee ge eaoSoLa Sous Ueoot caer sess 87 ‘‘Gophers,”’ injury to root stocks of fruit trees in California.............-..-.-. 68 Grape (see also Vitis). berry moth, controlbyisprayimess> 2c 22.222. fees ese ne oe 63 European. (See Vitis vinifera.) food plant of Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotts) wie... 22.2 2--- eee e- ae ees 115-124 grape. leathopper (2yphlocyba comes)... 2.2228. -.--2ece oe 1-12 rose-chafer ( Macrodactylus subspinosus)..........-.-------- 53-64 leafhopper. (See Leafhopper, grape.) rootworm, control by sprayime essere teeeen ns ee eee 63 seale,.control by Sprayane.. 2 Haat. bees ee ee 120-121 BpTayilig-dN SUMMED. ...eee tert oe eae. = sae eee 121 WHIGOT.. . Je aie. c ler 5 eae ee Tope eke ae 121 Grapes, wild. (See Vitis spp.) Grasses, food plants ‘of Tarsonemmus culmicolus! tnce oes 2 se oe ee eee 112 perhaps food plants of Tarsonemus spirifex........------------------- abil silver-top disease caused by Tarsonemus culmicolus.........--------- 112 Hematovia serrata, bibliographic reierences.4-.5-ceaeeciee- i. == a Se ee 122 —= Diy Der OSUG UITULANS.. «cee oS so aes oes ata ar ee 122 Handpicking rose-chafer beetles in vineyards. ...-..:---:-----+---+---------- 57-58 Hyperallus calirox, parasite of Caliroa (Eriocampoides) amygdalina.....-.-...-- 101-102 Johnson, Fred, paper, ‘‘Spraying Experiments Against the Grape Leafhopper in: thebakewrienV alley, s-sisncn 2s -2ce- ea eee 1-12 “Vineyard Spraying Experiments Against the Rose- chafer in the Lake Fine Valley”. 2:22... 2.2 2ssseee 53-64 Kerosene (see also Petroleum and Oil). emulsion againsterape'sealle. 2425.0. .-5 2nt es see ae PAL peach. bud: mites: 22 25 =e ae eae eee 114 Ladybird, twice-stabbed, enemy of Aspidiotus uvx, bibliographic reference... 122 Iheafhopper, srape, adult, lufe history - = 6 asesee ee oe ee ee 6-7 adults, emerzencomn: SpRmne: 24 Ateneo =e. a Aen eae 4-5 not effectively controlled by sprays.....-...------- 8 characteristicsct. =... . \2. J.2..-~5/5 is cee — OU ee en eee 56 remedial measures im