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BULLETIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF sTHE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF JOWA.

VOLUME ae

PUBLISHED

BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS.

ROW COPrey., . TOW-A:
1591-1898.

be@-1e,
~

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

VouumE II.

The Pselaphide of North America— A Monograph,
( Concluded), by E. BRENDEL and H. F. Wicknam, .

Notes on Trichine, by S. Cavin,
The Leess and its Fossils (Concluded), by B. SHIMEK, .

The Myxomycetes of Eastern Iowa, by Tuos. H.
McBripg,

Report on Fossils collected in the North-west Territory,
Canada, by Naturalists from the State University of
Iowa, by S. CALVIN,

Two unique Spirifers from the Devonian Strata of
Iowa, by S. CALvin,

Note on the Expedition to British America, by C. C.
NuTTING,

Pyrgulopsis scalariformis, by B. SHIMEK,
Notes on Karyokinesis, by L. B. Exuiorr,

A Geological Reconnoissance in Buchanan County,
Iowa, by S. CALVIN,

Notes on a Collection of Fossils from the Lower Magne-
sian Limestone of North-eastern Iowa, by S. CALVIN,

Early Stages in the development of North American
Coleoptera, by H. F. Wickuam,

Report on an Entomological Reconnoissance in South
Alaska, by H. F. WickHam,

Two species of Coleoptera introduced from Europe, by
H. F. Wickyam,

Page

lv TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Report on the Zodlogical Expedition to the Lower Sas-
katchewan, by C. C. NuTTIne,

Observations on the Development of the Hypophysis
cerebri and Processus infundibuli in the Domestic
Cat, by F. S. Asy,

Observations on a case of Leuczmia at the Iowa City
Hospital, by F. S. Asy,

Studies on the Male Tarsus in some Adephagous Cole-
optera, by H. F. Wickuam,

Description of the Early Stages of several North Ameri-
can Coleoptera, by H. F. Wicknam,

A Botanical Expedition to Nicaragua, by B. SHIMEK,
The Nicaraguan Myxomycetes, by Tuos. H. McBring,

The Myomecetes of Eastern Iowa ( Continued), by ‘THos.
H. McBripe, ;

A new Slime-Mould from Colorado, ee Tos. “Hk
McBride, : : :

A new Cycad, by Tuos. H. McBring,

Some Central American Pyrenomycetes, by Cuas. L.
SMITH,

235

FROM THE

. vie crus Sh WING; f or THE B it Cassini ii ai ; |
_ STATE UNIVERSITY OF JOWA.
& Miata . i: .
A THE PSELAPHIDE. OF NORTH AMERICA,
, ete Ai A Monograph, fess nf bvitans
pene hte raateeie eter Sy, Be seane Wi Die and H, F. WickuaM,
| 5 aakae —Concluded. ay
ma NOTES On TRICHINE, j mS oy ‘Pie 4
By eS CaLyin. 8 ae seh
8! THE Less: AND ITS FOSSILS, hii
Yan ETRE peakere Bee 9) TB B. ‘Surmex.—Coneluded.

ea Sins “PUBLISHED

BY AUTHORITY. OF THE REGENTS.

Vou; if. No. 1.

BULLETIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

STATE UNIVERSITY OF [OWA.

PUBLISHED

BY, AUTHORITY “OF “THE REGENTS.

IOWA CITY, IOWA.

NOvEMBER, 1890.

avs

Tye ™ fe

‘"

Secretary Wm. F. Haddock:

We have pleasure in submitting herewith No. 1 of Vol. IL.,
Bulletin from the Laboratories of Natural History.

Tue EDITors.

PREFATORY NOTE.
| In the present Bulletin the papers on the Pselaphida and
on the Leess fossils are brought to completion.

The second
number of this volume may be expected in June, 1891.

( S. Caxvin.

| T. H. McBripe.
Feditors, 2 .C. C. 'NUTtTine;

B. SHIMEK.

L H. F. WickHAM.
State University of Iowa, Nov. 1st, 1590.

THE PSELAPHIDAY OF NORTH AMERICA.

A MONOGRAPH BY

EMIL BRENDEL, M. D., anp H. F. WICKHAM.

[CONTINUED FROM PAGE 304 OF VOL, I.1]

EupsEnius, Leconte.

Antenne clavate, the last joint very large, ninth and tenth
lenticular, transverse; last joint of the maxillary palpi large,
ovate; mentum narrow at the base; abdomen narrowly mar-
gined; posterior coxe distant; tarsi with a single claw.

E. GLaBER, Lec. Yellow, very smooth, without pubes-
cence or punctures. Length, 1.0 mm.

flead bifoveate in a line between the eyes, wider than long;
eyes moderately prominent. Awtenne with the first two
joints larger, cylindrical, one-third longer than wide; joints
three to seven equal, small, transverse; eighth twice as wide
as long; eighth to tenth equal in length, rapidly increasing in
width; the tenth four times wider than long; eleventh ovate,
wider in the middle than the tenth and one-half longer. Pyo-
thorax slightly wider than the head, widest near the middle,
the neck half as wide as the base, sides evenly rounded. Base
angulate in the middle. Near the base is a median puncture,
and on each side a large fovea connected with the middle one
by an arcuate impressed line. /ytra as wide across the
shoulders as the prothorax, one-half wider before the tip,
sutural line slightly impressed, the base bifoveate, no discal
lines. Addomen short, the first dorsal segment as long as the
third part of its width, without carina. Legs strong, the

1 For some verbal corrections and emendations of the former part of this
work, see concluding page of the present section.

2 NatrurAL History BuLLETIN.

thighs clavate. The form of the whole body resembles that
of Decarthron longulum.
Habitat. Louisiana, South Carolina.

E. rurus, Zec. Larger than &. g/ader, differing in the
form of the prothorax, which is described as less narrow
behind and less sinuate at the sides near the base. Length,
1.25 mm. Alabama. Unknown to us.

PseLaptus, Leconte.

Alead broadly excavated in front obtusely elevated each side
above the distant antennal fovea, front not retuse, convex,
(produced). Azfenne eleven jointed, first and second joints
a little stouter and longer, cylindrical; third to eighth shorter;
ninth and tenth a little broader and slightly longer; eleventh
pointed, oval, one-half longer than wide, and double the width
of the tenth, outer part pubescent, with long hairs. AZawellary
palpi as in Bryaxis, second joint long, clavate, third rounded,
fourth elongate oval, acute, with a terminal seta. Prothorax
very convex, campanulate, feebly transversely impressed near
the base, without fovee. A/ytra convex, wider behind, with-
out striz or punctures. Addomen with dorsal segments con-
vex, finely margined, the first longer, with two short parallel
caring not very widely separated, intermediate ventral seg-
ments short.

P. BELFRAGEI, Lec. Rufous, pubescence fine, sericeous;
head broadly inapressed in front, prothorax without fovee.
Elytra impunctate without strie. First dorsal segment with
two parallel lines. Posterior tibize long, slightly curved. The
frontal impression is less deep at the middle than at the sides.
Length, 1.0 mm.

Habitat. Texas.

Verticinotus, Brendel.

Elongate, polished, thinly pubescent, prothorax subglobose,
without lateral fovez, elytra without basal fovez, abdomen
not broadly margined, with a linear transverse bar at the

THe PsELAPHID2 OF NorTH AMERICA. 3

base, half as long as the width of the segment. Sexual dif-
ferences confined to the structure of the vertex, the antenne,
and the last ventral segment. Palpi with the third joint glob-
ular, fourth oblong ovate, yellow.

V. cornutus, Brendel. Dark yellow, faintly punctulate,
thinly pubescent with recumbent hair.

flead square, corners rounded, eyes with coarse facets.
Prothorax subglobose. ytra slightly flattened at the base,
without basal punctures, the discal lines indicated by very
short impressions, the sutural entire, straight. First abdomi-
nal segment one-fourth as long as wide, with a transverse
linear bar at the base. Legs long, simple. ¢ head, occiput
elevated, produced into two horizontal horns which are sepa-
rated by a deep emargination, and overhang the surface of
the vertex. The plane of the vertex is uneven, pubescent,
with six punctures arranged in a circle; in the frontal angles,
posterior to the slightly elevated antennal tubercles are two
small spinule. Axtenne ten-jointed, first joint sub-cylindri-
cal, half as long as the frontal margin; second similar, slightly
smaller; third short, rounded, half as long as the second;
fourth as long and thick as the first; fifth, sixth, and seventh,
obconical, shorter, as thick as the third; eighth and ninth
obconical, rounded. Prothorax as long and wide as the head,
eyes included, and with a small puncture at the base. Last
ventral segment with a deep circular impression. @? head
slightly convex, eyes less prominent, vertex with two small
punctures between the eyes, mutually three times as distant
as either from the eye, and two smaller punctures near the
antennal tubercles, a faint line connecting the four punctures.
Frontal margin straight. Axtenne eleven jointed, first joint
half as long as the frontal margin, obconical; second as wide
as the first and half as long, obconical; third to eighth small,
nearly globular; ninth and tenth gradually larger, trapezoi-
dal; eleventh as long as the three preceding joints, and twice
as wide as the tenth, oblong ovate; the fourth joint of the 4
shows a transverse line indicating ankylosis of two joints.

4 NaturAL History BuLueTin.

The ¢ of this insect was formerly described by Dr. Brendel
under the name Decarthron cornutum, and the ¢ as Bryaxis
enornata. Afterwards finding them in large numbers with
ants, he recognized them as sexes of one species.

Plate IX, Fig. 74, 2; 75 9. Habitat. Iowa.

A second species of this genus was discovered by Mr.
Schwarz, in Florida, and is thus far unknown to me. It is
said to differ chiefly in the ankylosed antennal joints.

ArTHMtus, Leconte.

Head quadrate, differently sculptured in the sexes. Anten-
nz regular and straight in the 9, irregular in the ¢. Pro-
thorax globose. Elytra much wider than long; abdomen
short. The line of juncticn of the ventral and abdominal seg-
ments is straight, not serrate as in Batrisus; first segment
one-third as long as wide, with four basal impressions, not
convex longitudinally but very much so laterally, margin
broad but not retuse. Fourth segment longer than its neigh-
bors, first ventral very long. Legs slender, the anterior in
the ¢ dilated and armed with a strong tooth near the middle.

A. GLosicoLuis. Deep yellow. Length, 1.7 mm.

Head, sides without the eyes parallel, occiput elevated, ver-
tex convex, two small fovez between the eyes, and two more
behind the frontal tubercles. ‘l'hese tubercles are oblique and
prominent, the frontal margin is transverse and emarginate in
the middle. Antenne with every joint of a different form and
presenting a different appearance according to point from
which it is seen. First and second joint cylindrical or obcon-
ical; third small, obconical, geniculate with the second; fourth
undefinable; fifth large, semi-spherical; sixth small and glob-
ular; seventh subglobular, truncate, very large; eighth trans-
verse, acute-ovate; ninth small, globular; tenth obovate;
eleventh large, acutely ovate. Prothorax globular, with a
straight flat transverse sulcus near the base, and at the base
is a linear slightly elevated margin. A/ytra twice as wide as

THE PsELAPHID2 OF NorTH AMERICA. 5

the head, including the eyes, very convex both ways, widest
in the middle; sides strongly and evenly arcuate, shoulders
not prominent. Disk narrowly elevated at the base, with
three very small punctures on each elytron, sutural interval
punctured, discal lines wanting. Addomen with the last seg-
ment rounded at tip, last ventral with a deep transverse tri-
angular cavity, slightly elevated in the middle at the bottom.
Anterior tibie of ¢ gradually dilated from the knee to the
anterior third and emarginate above from this point to the
end, leaving a strong sharp tooth. Tarsi with the second
and third joints equal in length, intermediate tibie with a
terminal spine, posterior tibia arcuate. @ with head evenly
convex posteriorly, somewhat roof-shaped anteriorly, the
highest part rounded, the foveze as in the 4, the antennal
tubercles nearly obsolete, the frontal margin triangularly pro-
duced from the margin to the middle. Elytra very convex
longitudinally, shoulders less prominent and the disk much
shorter than in the 4; the first abdominal segment is slightly
longer than in the 4, the last aculeate, the last ventral semi-
circular at the base. The genital slit is straight at the sides,
angulate at the middle, and in the middle of the area is a
large flat-bottomed, triangular depression, leaving large, oval,
convex, oblique elevations at the sides. Antenne and legs
simple and straight.

Plate EX, Fig. 70 9s..97, yas Dee:

For a knowledge of the ¢ I am indebted to Mr. Henry
Ulke, who found them in considerable numbers near Wash-
ington. It seems to be confined to the Atlantic States.

Batrisus, Awdé.

Form of the body circulo-cylindroid, narrow, elongate,
abdominal margins not parallel to each other, the outer edge
rounded not reflexed; the inner one oblique, causing the bor-
der of each elytron to appear triangular; the base of the
dorsum is trifoveate, the elytra very convex, the discal lines
never reaching bevond the middle. Prothorax with two or

6 NatTurRAL History BULLETIN.

three longitudinal grooves and a transverse binarcuate groove
near the base connecting the three foveze; the head is longi-
tudinally oblong; the eyes small, smaller in the 9; the vertex
elevated above the level of the eyes, and an arcuate groove
connects two occipital foveee on the disk. The antennz are
inserted on the sides beneath lateral tumefactions of the
frontal margin; the clypeus is variously sculptured; the lab-
rum transverse; the maxillary palpi have the first joint small,
cylindrical; the second long arcuate-clavate; the third small,
globular; the last fusiform, more convex externally. Anten-
nz with the three terminal joints always enlarged; the legs
long, with clavate thighs and slender tarsi which bear two
unequal claws; the trochanters are commonly long, obliquely
jointed to the thighs; the anterior coxze are conical and con-
tiguous, the posterior pair transverse.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

1. Posterior tibiz without a terminal process; intermediate basal elytral fovea
obsolete; occipital fovea nude.

13 Vertex not carinate in the middle, occiput tumefied, posteriorly overlap-
ping the neck; ¢ intermediate thighs with a curved spine near the
trochanters. Length 2.66 mm. Georgia. - - . - 10ne.

12 Vertex with three convergent carine on the occiput; ¢ anterior tibie
with a strong recurved spine near the middle, the intermediate femora
notched above.

2% Occiput tumefied; ¢ posterior tarsi with the second joint dilated.
Length 2.4 mm. Pennsylvania. - - - - - armiger.

21 Occiput not tumefied, ¢ posterior tarsi simple.

Elytra punctulate, sides of prothorax abruptly sinuate behind;
ninth and tenth antennal joints sub-equal, the eleventh
wider than the tenth, ovate. Length 2.4mm. Virginia.

Serox.

~

1 Vertex with one occipital carina (doubtful) — - : . - confinis.

II. Posterior tibiz with a long terminal process, base of the elytra trifoveate.

12, Head prognathous, front not separated from the clypeus by an inter-
antennal excavation in either sex. 4 last antennal joint with an erect
basal tooth.

22

oe

21

55

62

THE PsELAPHIDZ OF NorTH AMERICA. 7

Prothorax without discal crests; ? last segment pointed, vertical fovea
nude. (Pacific coast species).

Shoulders hanging, obsolete, intermediate elytral basal fovea confluent
with the internal one.

Vertex with a central impression, occiput with arounded tubercle ;
prothorax with the median sulcus merely indicated near the
median fovea. Length 1.9mm. _ British Columbia.

albionicus.

Vertex not impressed in the center, prothoracic median sulcus

nearly entire. Length 1.9mm. Middle California.
occiduus.

Shoulders moderately prominent, rounded; ¢ last ventral with a large
crater shaped fovea. 5

Black, legs and antennz brown, occiput carinate; prothorax with-

out a trace of median sulcus, elytral basal fovezx separate,
conspicuous, Length 2.2mm. Middle California.

monticola.

Rust-red or piceous-red, elytra brighter, occiput carinate, protho-

rax with an anteriorly abbreviated sulcus; intermediate ely-

tral basal fovea nearly obsolete. 4 with the fovea on the last

ventral, large, crater shaped. Length 2.2mm. Washington,

Oregon, California, Vancouver Island. - zephyrinus.

Shoulders angular, armed with a minute, blunt tubercle; elytra with
shallow, irregular, scar-like impressions; elytral basal fovez separate,
conspicuous. Length 1.8mm. Middle California. - cicatricosus.

Prothorax with discal crests. 2 last abdominal segment rounded.
(Eastern species.) }

Elytra strongly punctate, shoulders acutely angulate, ¢ last anten-

nal joint toothed at the base; occipital foveze nude. Length

1.0mm. Pennsylvania, Illinois. - - “ schaumit.

Frontal margin in the ¢ separated from the clypeus by a sulcus or exca-
vation; in the @ continuous with the clypeus. (Atlantic slope.)

Frontal margin produced (4) beyond the inter-antennal line.

Vertex slightly scabrous, vaulted and carinate; 4 last antennal joint
long, with an erect tooth; elytra punctate, shoulders not armed; _ver-
tical fovee nude. Length 1.5 mm. Pennsylvania, Illinois. riparius.

Vertex coarsely scabrous, not vaulted, occiput carinate, circumambient
sulcus obsolete, prothorax trisulcate; $ last antennal joint without a
tooth.

Frontal margin (4) notched in the middle, overhanging the clypeus;
occiput carinate, occipital fovee nude; shoulders angulate; head
orthognathous. Length 2.2mm. Pennsylvania, Illinois. scadriceps.

8 Naturau History BULLETIN.

61 Head very flat, vertex slightly carinate, frontal margin triangular,
declining to the clypeus and but slightly separated from it by a linear
sulcus.

Prothorax with conspicuous discal crests and deep grooves, giving
the disk the appearance of having five lines; occipital fovex
pubescent. Length 2.2mm. Pennsylvania, Iowa.

lineaticollts.

Prothorax without discal crests and median sulcus; vertex
smoother in the middle. Virginia, Pennsylvania. distriatus.

52 Vertex smooth, not carinate, front, behind the very retuse (4) margin,
deeply excavated; ¢ front declivous, not retuse; occipital fovez pubes-
cent, antennz alike in the sexes.

Vertex, sulcus deep; prothorax without crests or spines; shoulders
high, prominent, rounded. Totally impunctate, elytral basal
foveze two, the intermediate wanting. Length 2.2mm. _Illi-
nois. - ; = - - - - - - frontalis.

Vertex finely scabrous outside of the shallow circumambient sul-
cus; prothorax with four basal spines. Length 1.9 mm.
Michigan, Iowa. - - - - - - simplex.

5! Vertex high, roof-shaped, smooth, carinate throughout, fovee nude,
border broad, flat, very densely punctured; tenth antennal joint (4)
globose, larger than the last, shoulders spinous. Length 1.7 mm.
Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa. - - - - - - globosus.

41 Frontal margin not produced beyond the inter-antennal line, perpendicu-
larly declivous above the sub-frontal excavation; tenth antennal joint
(4) very large.
72 Occipital fovee nude, shoulders blunt, rounded, head orthognathous.
Reddish-brown, median prothoracic sulcus nearly entire; ¢ tenth
antennal joint large, globose, with a small perforate fovea at
the base. Length 2.1mm. Virginia. - - virginia.
Black, antenne and legs red, median sulcus entire, obsolete. ¢
tenth antennal joint large, globose, foveate beneath. Length
16mm. Virginia. (B. luculentus, Casey.) - spretus.
Var. a.; median sulcus of the pronotum indicated; fovea of the
tenth antennal joint very large - = - _fovetcornts.
Var. b.; median sulcus short, more distinctly visible; tenth anten-
nal joint very little larger than the ninth; last joint larger
than usual. - - - - - - - punctifrons.
71 Occipital fovez pubescent, shoulders spinous.

Reddish-brown or black, with red elytra, antennz and legs; vertex
feebly carinate behind; ¢ antennz with the basal joint bluntly
toothed below, the tenth large, globose, with a small perforate
puncture at the base below. Length 2.1 mm. Virginia,
Towa. - - - - - - - - denticornis.

THE PsELAPHIDA OF NortTH AMERICA. 9

Black, with reddish antenne and legs; vertex with a fine, entire
carina; $ antenne with the basal joint spinous, triangular;
third joint in both sexes longer and stouter than the second or
fourth ; tenth obconico-globular, large, not perforate. Length
2.0mm. Long Island. (B. spinifer Brend. preoccupied.)

triangulifer,

Black, with reddish antenne and legs; occiput carinate; ¢ basal
joint not modified; the third longer than the second or
fourth, very much tumefied on one side; tenth joint large,
globular, not perforate beneath. Length 2.0 mm. Georgia.

nigricans.

Black, with reddish antenne and legs; occiput carinate, vertex
with a central transverse puncture; basal antennal joints in
both sexes subequally decreasing in size; tenth long, globu-
lar, not perforate beneath. Length 2.0 mm. New York to
Illinois. - - - - - - - - cephalotes.

1;

Posterior tibia without a terminal spur. Frontal margin
concave.

B. ion, Lec. Reddish, polished, punctulate, pubescence
thin scattered, recumbent. Length, 2.66mm. Plate X., Fig. 79.

The ead is longer than broad, occiput tumid, overlapping
the neck; vertex declining from the occiput to the frontal
margin and separated from the lateral and frontal margins by
a slightly impressed circumambient sulcus. Eyes not promi-
nent. The last palpal joint is three times longer than thick.
Prothorax bell-shaped, widest in the middle, but little nar-
rower at the base, with three longitudinal sulci of which the
middle one is nearly entire and ends near the base in a small
fovea. Between this fovea and each side of the median sulcus
is a small, acute tubercle; the sides of the prothorax outside
of the lateral sulci are depressed, and the space between the
lateral and median sulci is smooth, not carinate. F/lytra
punctulate, pubescent, with low rounded shoulders; dorsal
lines abbreviated before the middle, more deeply impressed at
the base; sutural interval impressed. Addomen very convex,
slightly depressed at the base, punctured, pubescent. Anten-
n@ not half as long as the body; joints first to eighth grad-

IO NATURAL History BULLETIN.

ually shortened and thinner; the ninth is as thick as the
second, somewhat transverse; the tenth large, globular; the
last oblong-ovate, much thicker in the 2, and with a small
tooth inside. Legs long, the intermediate femora in the
é provided with an acute curved spine below, near the tro-
chanter. In the 9 the last two joints of the antenne are not
so strong, the last without a tooth, and the legs are unarmed.
Habitat. Georgia.

B. aRMIGER, Leconte. Reddish brown, thinly pubescent.
Length, 2.4 mm.

FHlead, eyes included, about as wide as long, quadrate;
tempora acutely angled with the base; frontal tubercles
obliquely oblong, rounded, the space between them strongly
concave; occiput elevated, slightly produced over the neck,
tricristate; the carinz convergent to the middle; vertex
broadly elevated, obsoletely scabrous; the circumambient
sulcus broad, not deep, lost in the frontal concavity; fovez
_ rather large and shallow, pubescent. Eyes moderately large.
Antenne half the entire length of the body; first joint oblong
obconical; the second slightly longer and narrower than the
first; the last slightly wider, and as long as the five preceding
together, (4) truncate at the base, slightly tumid on the inner
' side; apex obliquely pointed. Prothorax as wide as long,
widest before the middle, of the same width as the head
including the eyes, and minutely dentate before the middle.
The longitudinal grooves are very deep and nearly entire;
basal tubercles acute; caring with three curved spines.
Llytra impunctate, slightly wider than long; shoulders not
spinous, rounded; discal strie abbreviated at the middle, base
trifoveate. Abdomen simple, the marginal triangle rather
elongate, sides nearly parallel. Legs long, thighs clavate,
tibia angulate. %, anterior tibie in front twisted, dilated
about the middle into a large acute spine, twisted near the
base, with a minute spine; intermediate thighs emarginate
near the distal end. 9, legs simple.

Habitat. Allegheny mountains. Pennsylvania.

THE PSELAPHIDZ OF NortrH AMERICA. II

B. FERox, Lec. Reddigh brown, rather densely pubescent,
punctulate. Length, 2.4mm. Plate X., Fig. 78.

lead transversely quadrate; posterior angles broadly arcu-
ate, convergent; base elevated in an equilateral triangle
limited by two anteriorly convergent carine, and with a third
carina in the middle; fovez small, in a line through the pos-
terior third, laterally anterior to the elevated triangle; the
vertex is declivous, anteriorly smooth, polished, the excavation
limited by. the nearly straight frontal margin. The sulcus
originating in the occipital fovea is faint; the lateral margin
is punctured; the frontal tubercles acute, dentiform, roofing
the antennal cavity. The middle of the frontal margin is
minutely carinate longitudinally. Eyes of the ¢ moderately
large, not prominent, rounded. Awtenne half the length of
the body; first joint cylindrical, emarginate above for the
articulation of the second joint which is slightly narrower,
oblong-obconical; joints three to nine gradually cylindrical,
then quadrate, rounded, and slightly decreasing in width;
tenth larger, globose in the 4, obconical in the 9; the last joint
is as long as the two preceding, thicker, oblique, truncate,
rounded at the base. Pa/gi dark brown, the last joint cylin-
drico-fusiform, lighter at the tip which is bent inward, and as
long as the first antennal joint. Prothorax widest at the ante-
rior third, where the width equals that of the head; sides
strongly arcuate, somewhat sinuate behind the middle; base
two-thirds of the greatest width; neck half as wide as the
base. The length is slightly less than the width; the disk
very convex; median sulcus fine, obsolete in the anterior
fourth; lateral carinz spinous, basal fovez deep, nude, lateral
ones irregular. The lateral sulci are slightly impressed,
parallel to the sides, basal tubercles acute. lytra convex,
one-sixth wider across the shoulders than the thorax;
sides very divergent; the greatest width is across the tips,
where it is nearly one-half greater than at the shoulders.
The length of the suture in the female is_ slightly
greater than the width at the shoulders; in the male it is still

12 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

longer. The sides in the female are nearly straight, arcuate
near the tip; in the male more evenly arcuate from the shoul-
ders. Disk regularly punctulate, shoulders spinous, discal
lines abbreviated in the anterior third. Addomen longer than
the elytra, the basal segment three times as wide as long and.
as wide behind as the elytra; basal carine very short, one-
fifth of the segmental width apart; the fourth segment is
longer than its neighbors, the ventrals sub-equal, the first
longer. Legs long, tibie flat and angular inside, gradually
stronger towards the distal end, and more densely pubes-
cent. @, intermediate thighs emarginate above near the tip,
anterior tibiz twisted near the knee joint and with a very
small spine, dilated and compressed in the middle. The upper
half of the dilatation is emarginate, so as to form a large,
strong, blunt spine; the distal end is again twisted. 9, thighs
simple, the eyes very small, situated far down on the sides of
the head near the antennal fovee, not rounded, rather irregu-
lar, with a spinous attachment posteriorly, which is in some
specimens very small, in others quite conspicuous. Varies in
the sculpture of the head and in the interval between the pro-.
thoracic carine being sometimes less smooth.
Habitat. Northern States east of the Mississippi.

B. monstrosus, Lec. This species differs from BL. ferox,
according to the description, by the antenna having the last
joint longer; from &. armzger it differs in the broader and
shorter tooth of the anterior tibia. The description is not
sufficient for a diagnosis, even if it be not a variety of ferox.

Unknown to us.

B. conrinis, Lec. The brief description is as follows:—
Rufus, capite levi, vertice elevato, I-cristato, sulco circum-
cincto; thorace obsolete lineato, antennis gracilibus, articulo
ultimo ovato. Thoracis spinis sub-basalibus, minoribus
differt.

Unknown to us.

THE PsELAPHID2 OF NorTH AMERICA. Ey

ag

Posterior tibiz with a long terminal process, base of the
elytra trifoveate.

B ZEPHYRINUs, Casey. Red, elytra brighter, or piceous
with dark red head and prothorax and red elytra; legs,
antenne and palpi, yellowish brown, highly polished, pubes-
cence coarse. Length,2mm. Plate X., Fig. 82. Plate
AIl., Fig. 141.

Hlead as wide as long, eyes prominent, neck slender, feebly
carinate; occiput feebly carinate on a line passing through the
middle of the eyes; two small, nude, oblong fovee, mutually
twice as distant as either from the eyes, are connected by an
arcuate sulcus. The frontal margin is depressed between the
coarsely punctured supra-antennal tuberculations and continu-
ous with the simple clypeus; the vertex inside of the circum-
ambient sulcus impunctate and bears a faint punctiform
impression in the center at the end of the occipital carina.
Antenne longer than the head and prothorax; first joint longer
than wide; second smaller; second to eighth obconical; eighth
slightly transverse; ninth and tenth gradually wider, the latter
(4) obliquely truncate at the tip; eleventh larger, rounded at
the base, conical at the tip, obliquely pointed, and with an
erect cylindrical tooth at the base. Prothorax widest before
the middle, as wide as long, sides arcuate, sinuate behind, con-
verging to the base, which is three-fourths as wide as the disk
and one-fourth wider than the neck; disk convex, median
basal foveze deep, rounded; median sulcus feeble, sometimes
reaching to one-third the length from the neck, but occasion-
ally hardly perceptible; on each side of the median fovea is a
pointed, leaf shaped elevation, limited anteriorly by the
arcuate, transverse, sulcus connecting the median with the
lateral foveee. In the center of these leaf shaped elevations
and near the base each side is a deep puncture; the lateral
longitudinal grooves are arcuate outwardly. A/ytra in some
very feebly and sparsely punctulate, in others smooth, trifoveate
at the base; sutural lines parallel at the base; the interval

14 NaturAL History BULLETIN.

punctured; shoulders prominent, not acute; discal lines short,
indefinite. Addomen as wide as the elytra; the first segment
three times wider than long; the basal carinee nearer to each
other than to the margin, variable in length, but always short.
Legs long, slender, the posterior tibia with a terminal process
which is straight in the 4, contorted in the 9. The ventral
sexual marks consist of a large deep fovea near the apex,
which has straight or convex anterior limits. Eyes (¢) lunate,
small; the apex of the abdomen pointed, produced.

Habitat. A common species, occurring in the northern
half of California, and in Oregon and Washington, as well as
in the British possessions.

B. MONTICOLA, Casey. Black,shining, impunctate, antenne,
legs and palpi red, pubescence coarse. Length 2.2 mm.

flead as wide as long, eyes finely granulate, sides of the
head behind them convergent, feebly arcuate, occiput carinate,
occipital fovez nude, elongate, situated on a line passing
through the eyes, circumambient sulcus well impressed, the
portions of the vertex outside of the sulcus with large shallow
punctures, and carinate on the lateral declivity. Frontal mar-
gin deeply depressed between the broad and pubescent supra-
antennal tuberculations. Azfenna not longer than the head and
prothorax together; first joint slightly arcuate and cylindrical,
twice as long as thick; second to eighth subequal, conico-
cylindrical; ninth slightly transverse; tenth wider, transverse,
not longer than the ninth and obliquely truncate, (4) cuneate;
eleventh slightly wider than the tenth and as long as the three
preceding together, rounded at the base, obliquely conical
toward the end, not acuminate. Pyrofhorax widest near and
before the middle, as wide and as long as the head, strongly
arcuate, sinuate to the base behind; disk convex, smooth;
median fovea large, prolonged for a short distance anteriorly;
the lateral small, with lateral parallel longitudinal grooves;
transverse sulcus arcuately limiting the leaf shaped anteriorly
pointed elevation with its central puncture on each side of the
median fovea and the basal median carina; the posterior

Tue PseELApHIp@ oF NortTH AMERICA. 15

angles of the pronotum are deeply foveate. A~/ytra without
visible punctures; shoulders prominent longitudinally, not acu-

minate; sutural lines parallel, interval with a row of very
small punctures; discal lines short, obsolete. Abdomen very

convex, the lateral basal pits very deep, feebly punctulate.
Sexual differences are the same as in B. zephyr7nus; the ven-
tral fovea very large, crater shaped, with evenly concave bot-
tom. *

Habitat. Eldorado county, California.

B. cicatricosus, Brend. Male, umber brown, elytra, legs,
and last. joint of the antenne red, pubescence long. Length
1.gmm. Plate X., Fig. 83.

Head quadrate, carinate at the sides over the eyes; vertex
moderately convex, the carina of the collar scarcely continued
to the base of the occiput, in the center inconspicuously com-
pressed and surrounded by a deep sulcus, which is posteriorly
continued to the base, running straight forward outside of the
deep, nude, fovea, and connects with the sulcus of the other
side by the deep transverse portion of the frontal impression;
the border separated by the sulcus is coarsely but not densely
punctured; front continuously declivous with the clypeus.
Eyes rather prominent, small, with a lunate base. Antenne
as long as the head and thorax together; first joint cylindrical,
concave above, convex beneath, deeply emarginate above at
the tip; second shorter, as thick as the first, oval, longer than
wide; third to eighth sub-equal, conico-cylindrical, inconspic-
uously longer than wide; ninth and tenth not longer but
gradually wider, slightly transverse; eleventh nearly as long
as the three preceding together, scarcely truncate at the base,
with a tooth proceeding from the distal third, which, however,
is not erect; pubescence long. Prothorax impunctate, widest
across the anterior third; slightly longer than wide; sides
irregularly sinuate behind, basal margin elevated in the shape
of a sharp transverse carina; discal median sulcus a conspicu-
ous, merely impressed line, originating in the deep, nude,

16 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

median basal fovea and extending one-fourth of the length
from the neck. The arcuate transverse sulcus limits each
side of the median fovea, a leaf-shaped elevation, inclining
backwards, and surmeunted anteriorly by a sharp-pointed
tubercle; behind, and between this and the base is a
small fovea. The lateral foveze are deep, funnel shaped,
near the margin, with the usual outwardly arcuate sulcus;
behind and outside of the lateral fovea is a pointed tubercle,
causing the irregular situation of the lateral margin. lytra
convex, coarsely, but not densely, punctured, the punctures
shallow but conspicuous. ‘The shoulders are remarkably high
and angular, with a blunt tubercle; sutural lines parallel, sharp,
the discal lines short, very fine, one-fourth long, on a slight,
longitudinal depression. The basal foveole are three in
number on each elytron. Addomen impunctate, the basal fovea
deep, carinz obsolete, short; the basal segment is slightly
longer than the fourth, and as long as the second and third
together. Last ventral with deep rounded impression.

Habitat. Placer county, California. Discovered by Mr.
Charles Fuchs.

B. aALBionicus, Awéé. Slender, narrow-shouldered, convex,
body piceous-black or brown, elytra red, legs and palpi paler. .
Lenth 1.7 to1.9 mm. Plate X., Fig. 84.

lead as wide as long, front concave between the prominent
antennal tubercles, and anteriorly continuous with the clypeus,
posteriorly limited by the circumambient sulcus, which ends
near the base in a large, round, nude, fovea; vertex with a
conspicuous oblong impression in the center, a minute hemis-
pherical tubercle at the base; edge of lateral border rounded,
not carinate, the frontal tubercle crossed obliquely by a short
channel. Antenne as long as the head and thorax; first joint
cylindrical, slightly concave above, and convex beneath;
second not narrower, obconical; second to sixth rounded,
oblong, gradually smaller; seventh and eighth as wide as
long, obconical; ninth and tenth transverse, obconical, rounded;
gradually wider, not longer; eleventh as long as the three

Tue PsELAPHIDZ OF NORTH AMERICA. 17

preceding together; basal half nearly globular; apical half
conical, subulate. Pa/pi yellow; second joint clavate; third
globular; fourth fusiform, pointed at both ends, sharply
acuminate, as long as the first and second antennal joints
together. Prothorax longer than wide, median sulcus want-
ing; median fovea deep, connected with the lateral ones by an
arcuate sulcus each side; lateral sulcus sharp, separating the
convex disk from the convex marginal lobe; behind the fovea
and basal margin is a small carina, and on each side a puncti-
form fovea. /ytra convex, scarcely wider across the shoul-
ders than the base of the prothorax; suture one-fourth longer;
the width across the tip is one-half greater than that of the
prothorax; sides divergent, arcuate behind the middle;
shoulders low, not prominent; sutural lines not close, straight,
punctate; discal lines short, not reaching one-fourth the
length; disk extremely minutely and faintly punctulate.
- Abdomen nearly as wide as the elytra; basal segment more
than one-third as long as wide; carinz short, separated by
one-third the segmental width; lateral depression ample.
Tarsi with the second and third joints equal in length. 4, last
antennal joint with a basal tooth; last ventral with a round
shallow impression. 9, last dorsal acutely produced behind.
Habitat. British Columbia.

B. occipuus, Casey. Brownish-red; slender, polished; pubes-
cence coarse. Length 2mm. Plate X., Fig. 85.

Head impunctate, broadly convex, eyes small, fovee large,
deep, and nude, frontal lateral tubercles large. Antenne as
long as the head and thorax together, with the ninth joint
slightly transverse, the tenth strongly transverse; the last twice
as wide as the ninth and as long as the three preceding ones
together, truncate at the base, oblong-oval, obliquely acumi-
nate. Prothorax as long as wide, with a deep, nearly entire
median sulcus. /ytra with narrow shoulders, obsoletely
punctulate. Addomen as wide as the elytra, the basal segment
slightly longer than one-third its width, with three equal
transverse pubescent basal fovez, and without carine. 4@, last

18 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

antennal joint with a short basal tooth; last ventral with a’
shallow transverse oval impression.
Habitat. Humboldt county, California.

B. scHaumu, Auwbé. Piceous black, coarsely punctate, pubes-
cence long; antenne and legs paler than the body; palpi red.
Length 2:1 mm. Plate X., Fig: 61.’ Plate XIL; Fig?a3e

Hlead as wide as the prothorax, smooth on the vaulted
vertex, without carina, two deep nude fovee between the
prominent eyes, and with a well impressed parabolic sulcus
separating the broad lateral border from the vertex; edge of
the lateral border carinate, and between it and the eyes is a
longitudinal carina; front concave, frontal tubercles prominent;
clypeus simple, continuous with the declining part of the con-
cave front and bearing in the middle a retuse tooth. Antenne

longer than the head and thorax together, robust, the three
basal joints thick, nearly quadrate, subequal; the three suc-
ceeding ones are oblong, rounded; seventh joint transverse,
eighth smallest, rounded; ninth and tenth obconical, gradually
larger, as long as wide; eleventh as long as the two preced-
ing, twice as wide as the ninth, acute-ovate; ¢ with the last
joint bearing a strong tooth at the base, seventh with the
tooth outside. Pvothorax as long or slightly longer than the
head, widest in the middle; median sulcus sharply cut near the
base, shallow anteriorly, evanescent before the middle; median
fovea deep, limited behind by the acute end of a basal carina;
the lateral crests not interrupted, ending before the middle,
and limited near the base by a small acute tubercle: lateral
sulcus issuing from the lateral fovea, lost anteriorly in the
depressed border, and limited with the fovea behind by
another very acute tubercle, making in all five basal spines.
Elytra very coarsely punctured, widest behind the middle, the
sutural length equal to the elytral width, sides divergent, disk
very convex posteriorly. Addomen less strongly punctured,
the marginal basal triangle very broad, basal carine conspicu-
ous, lateral depression wide and deep; the fourth dorsal
segment longer than the third. Legs punctured. 4, interme-

THe PsELAPHIDZ OF NorTH AMERICA. 19

diate trochanter with a slender spine; posterior tibia arcuate.
Habitat. Pennsylvania and Illinois.

B. rrpaArius, Avdé. Bright red, slender, strongly punctur-
ed, pubescent. Length 1.4 to 1.6 mm. Plate X., Fig. So.
Plate XII., Fig. 140.

flead a little wider than long, finely scabrous; margin
broad, flat, produced in front, and minutely emarginate above
the insertion of the antennze; vertex vaulted, the crest not
more than indicated, the lateral foveze small, deep and nude.
In the 2 the front is declivous anterior to the interantennnal
line. Antenne, 2, half the length of the body the first joint
cylindrical; second to eighth gradually smaller and rounded;
ninth much larger than the eighth and irregularly transverse,
toothed outside; tenth larger, globose; the eleventh not as
thick, but more than twice as long, straight inside, convex
outside, with a large tooth inside of the base, which is turned
backwards. 9, antennal joints regular, the last joint not as
long as the two preceding ones, regularly acute-ovate, not
toothed. Prothorax little longer than broad, punctured; the
_impressed longitudinal lines fine, sharply cut; the basal fovea
small but conspicuous; the basal tubercle and the linear discal
crests not prominent but easily discernible. /ytra very con-
vex, punctured, longer than broad; shoulders blunt, discal
lines none, sutural line straight, the interval darker, sculptur-
ed. The abdominal dorsal basal impressions are deep, nearly
equal; elytra in the female less deeply punctured. Legs deep
orange, punctured; the spur of the posterior tibia is very long
in perfectly preserved specimens, but may be broken or
entirely lost in others.

Habitat. Country along the Ohio river.

B. scaBRICEPS, Lec. Piceous, legs, antennz, and palpi
paler. Length 1.9 mm. Plate X., Fig. 86. Plate XII., Fig.
138.

ffead scabrous, broader than long; vertex slightly convex,
carinate on the occiput, with the sulcus very faint, or indicated

20 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

by four punctiform impressions. The front is produced,
emarginate at the apex, bilobed, the declivous portion perpen-
dicular; in the middle is a nearly round excavation with sharp
edges, from which emerges a small horizontal tooth. Clypeus
a transverse vaulted elevation without further sculpture;
labrum transverse, emarginate. Antenne half as long as the
entire body, the joints cylindrical, decreasing in size; the
seventh longer than its neighbors, the eighth much smaller;
ninth obconical, larger; tenth globular, as thick as the last,
one-half longer than wide, and very acutely pointed. Protho-
rax slightly longer than wide, widest before the middle, where
the sides are arcuate; from this point the sides are nearly
straight to the neck and slightly sinuate posteriorly to the
base; the disk is convex, the middle sulcus shallow, nearly
entire, discal crests not prominent, basal tubercles acute; pos-
terior to the median basal is a smail carina running to the
base; the lateral fovez are irregular, lateral sulcus a slightly
impressed line, leaving the marginal part of the disk continu-
ous with the vaulted discal surface. lytra convex, punctur-
ed, one-fourth longer than the prothorax, slightly narrower
across the high prominent unarmed shoulders, and one-fourth
wider across the disk behind the middle; sutural lines straight,
close to the suture, interval punctured, shallow, discal impres-
sions scarcely one-fourth of the elytral length. Addomen
with the basal lateral impressions very deep and large, the
middle one small, the carinze conspicuous and sharp, the mar-
ginal triangle broad at the base; the last ventral of the ¢ has
a deep circular impression. Legs strong; spine of the poste-
rior tibize very long. ? antenne shorter, tenth joint obconical,
front not produced, continuous with the clypeus.
Habitat. Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa.

B. LINEATICOLLIs, Awbé. Dark piceous, coarsely pubes-
cent, antenne and palpi dark red. Length 2.2 mm. Pilate
X., Fig. 87.

Head very flat, compressed between the vertex and the
under surface, width, including the eyes, equal to the

THE PsELAPHIDZ oF NorTH AMERICA. 21

length. Sides parallel from the obliquely transverse tempora
to the antennal tubercles; front produced into a triangle; eyes
conical; occiput not elevated, with a short carina at the
base; between the eyes are two slightly impressed foveze; the
sulcus scarcely visible; the triangular part of the front,
anterior to the inter-antennal line, is obliquely declivous in a
line with the porrected clypeus; the whole upper surface
scabrous. Antenne pubescent, robust, as long as the head
and prothorax together; first joint obconical, twice as long as
the second and of equal width; second to fourth joints equal,
wider than long; fifth to eighth equal, as thick as the preced-
ing, rounded, as long as wide; ninth wider, obconical; tenth
(4) large, globose, as wide as the last joint, which is ovate;
tenth (¢) oval, transverse, wider than the ninth; the last
ovate, thicker than the tenth, pubescent, with short, coarse
hair. Pali with the last joint straight inside, arcuate out-
side. Prothorax as wide as the head, length and width equal,
widest before the middle, evenly convex from side to side,
punctate, base twice as wide as the neck, carinate in the mid-
dle to the deep median fovea; median sulcus deep, nearly en-
tire, the transverse sulcus interrupted by the discal carinee and
the acute tubercles each side of the median fovea; discal cari-
nz entire, crenulate, and continued to the base behind the
spinous tubercle; lateral sulcus entire, ending behind in a large
lozenge-shaped fovea. /ytra thinly punctulate, length equal
to that of the prothorax plus one-half the head; the width
across the low spinous shoulders is one-sixth greater, and across
the tip two-thirds greater than that of the prothorax. Basal
fovee three, small, deep, conspicuous, discal lines very fine
and sharp, butinconspicuous, not reaching beyond the humeral
elevation; sutural lines straight, convergent, the intervals very
regularly punctured. Addomen densely pubescent, very con-
vex, the basal segment much depressed at the base, the trian-
gular margin broad at the base; the carine are one-third the
length of the segment and one-fifth of the width; the fourth
dorsal is longer, the last (¢) acute at the tip, not produced.

22 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

Legs long, robust, the tibiz longitudinally carinate, the thighs
below longitudinally sulcate.
Varies in the punctuation, being sometimes very faint.
Habitat. Pennsylvania.

B. sistriatus, Lec. Dark red-brown or dark piceous, pol-
ished; legs and antenne dark red. Length, 2.1 mm.

FT[ead flat, as long as wide, not convex above, occiput slight-
ly carinate, occipital foveze small, the connecting sulcus shal-
low, the enclosed space smooth, the excluded margin broad,
scabrous; the frontal margin is triangularly produced and con-
tinuous with the clypeus; eyes prominent, conical. Antenne
as long as the head and prothorax together, third to eighth
joints equal, quadrate, ninth and tenth obconical, gradually
larger, the last ovate, acuminate. Pvrothorax punctulate, the
median sulcus obsolete, no carine. Av/ytra, angulate at the
shoulders, convex, punctured. Legs long, ¢ with a spur at
the end of the intermediate tibia.

Habitat. Pennsylvania.

B. FRONTALIS, Lec. Brownish-red thinly pubescent, im-
punctate. Length, 2.4mm. Plate X., Fig. 88. Plate XII.,
Fig. 134.

Head of 4, from the apex of the triangularly produced frontal
margin to the base, as long as the width of the head including
the eyes; in the @ it is shorter and the frontal margin is
straight between the antenne. Two small fovee between the
eyes are connected by a sulcus running along the margin;
vertex and occiput elevated behind, depressed toward the
frontal margin; face, below the overhanging front, with a
horizontal spine, and two acute tubercles on the carinated clyp-
eus; antennal fovee small. Palpi yellow, third joint trian-
gular. Prothorax, length and width equal, broadest before
the middle, tri-sulcate near the base; at the posterior end of
the groove are three fovez, between which are two blunt
pointed tubercles; disk smooth, not carinate. /ytra and ab-
domen not perceptibly punctured, thinly pubescent, the former,

THE PsELAPHID@ OF NORTH AMERICA. 23

when taken conjointly, broader than long, narrow-shouldered,
arcuate behind the middle, sutural lines entire, dorsal lines
well impressed at the base, abbreviated before the middle;
shoulders rounded, unarmed. Addomen with the first dorsal
three times as wide as long, bearing three transverse basal im-
pressions, of which the middle one is smaller; the triangular
margin is very narrow. Legs long, posterior tibiz with a
long, needle like spur; the 4 tibie are thicker and slightly
curved; antenne with the joints cylindrical, decreasing in
thickness from the first to the seventh; the eighth, ninth, and
tenth, obconical, gradually larger, the eleventh acute-ovate.
@ antenne of the same form but shorter.
Habitat. Between the thirty-sixth parallel and the lakes.

B. stmpLex, Lec. Red or reddish yellow, polished; pubes-
cence sparse. Length, 1.9 to 2mm.

ffead of 2 longer than wide, the frontal margin produced,
retuse, front concave behind the margin; vertex broadly con-
vex, smooth, fovez small, nearly nude, the circumambient sul-
cus very shallow at the sides and in front; the part outside of
this sulcus is finely scabrous. |. In the Q the frontal margin is
not produced and the entire vertex is smooth. Avfenne regu-
lar, with no sexual marks. Pyrothorax with the middle and
lateral grooves deep, the two tubercles near the base stout,
acute, and on each side near the basal angles are two small
acute teeth; the lateral margin is flat from the bottom of the
lateral groove outward. /ytra indistinctly punctulate, the
shoulders acutely angulate, disk convex, sutural lines parallel,
the discal ones hardly more than shallow, longitudinal, short
impressions, from the third or external basal puncture. Aéddo-
men polished, impunctate, the three basal, pubescent, trans-
verse impressions equal in width, the median separated by
two distinct short carine. Legs slender, the posterior tibiz
with a long terminal spur.

Habitat. Northern Illinois, near Lake Michigan.

B. cLogosus, Zec. Red brown, polished, punctulate; pubes-

24 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

cence long, not dense. Length, 1.7mm. Plate X., Fig. 89.
Plate: XU1., Figii135.

Head convex, vertex roof-shaped, cristate at the top, smooth,
interocular foveze deep, round, nude, circumambient sulcus
conspicuous, margin broad, flat, strongly punctured, with the
lateral edge carinate; the ¢ has the frontal margin arcuate-
triangular, continuous with the lateral border, notched at the
apex, overhanging the clypeus, which is separated from the
frontal margin by a deep, transverse excavation, and rises
from the middle of the base of the labrum as a three-sided
truncate prism with the median side concave, curved upwards;
the sides of the clypeus are angular, the upper external angle
retuse, in appearance as lateral horns. Aztenne half as long
as the entire margin, first joint cylindrical, thicker than the
succeeding ones, roundly emarginate at the tip above for
the genuflexion with the second joint, which is of the same
width as the succeeding seven, obconical; third to eighth
globular; ninth, thicker, transverse; tenth four times as thick
as the ninth, globular, not perceptibly flattened on the lower
surface and with a circular fovea near the base; eleventh nar-
rower than the tenth, ovate, acute, obliquely impressed
from the middle on the outside. Pa/fz yellow, last joint fusi-
form as long as the two basal joints of the antennae. Pvo-
thorax slightly wider than long, widest before the middle,
where it is acutely arcuate, anteriorly convergent, posteriorly
very slightly sinuate; the base is very little wider than the ©
neck, median sulcus deep, abbreviated near the neck, ending
on the posterior fourth in a deep fovea, from which point the
transverse sulcus branches out arcuately. to the irregular
lateral fovee; the basal elevated lobes are limited anteriorly
by the transverse sulcus and pointed, each with a punctiform
fovea in the middle; the discal caring are interrupted near the
sulcus; lateral sulcus short. /ytra very convex, punctulate,
one-half longer than the prothorax, sides strongly arcuate,
sutural lines close, straight, base tri-foveate, discal lines shal-
low, short, or absent. Addomen narrower than the elytra at

Tue PsELAPHIDZ OF NorTH AMERICA. 25

the base, the transverse impression deep, the middle one the
smallest, carine short; the basal segment is nearly twice the
length of the second, the lateral triangular borders of the seg-
ments narrow. Legs long, thighs clavate, posterior tibie
with a long spinous process, the intermediate ones in the ¢
with a short process at the end. 9g, frontal margin straight
between the antennz, declivous towards the simple clypeus.
Antenne shorter, the tenth joint rounded, obconical, little
thicker than the ninth.

Habitat. East of the Mississippi river.

This species is the type of a series of forms which have the
following characters in common: The occipital fovez are
nude, the tenth joint of the ¢ antenna, is large, globular, of
similar form, more or less flattened beneath, and with a deep,
sharply defined fovea near the base. The species now known
of this group are as follows: ZB. globosus, B. spretus, B.
foveicornis, B. punctifrons.

B. virGINnL&, Casey. Black, shining; elytra dark red; an-
tennz and legs brown, palpi lighter; pubescence abundant.
Form as in B. denticollis. Length, 2 mm. Plate XII., Fig.
139.

Head \arge, quadrate, eyes small, far below the surface of
the nearly flat vertex; occiput with a short carina, vertex with
two small, nude foveze connected by an arcuate, slightly im-
pressed, sulcus. The portion of the head outside the sulcus
is finely and densely punctured, the frontal margin slightly
elevated in the middle; antennal portion flat, declivous in
front, with the usual setose, lateral, dentation; the lower part
of the declivity is produced in the middle horizontally, as a
triangular horn, which is notched at the tip and overhangs
the deep interantennal excavation; in the middle of the ante-
rior margin of the clypeus is a small rounded tubercle
crowned with two tufts of hair; the lateral margin is angular
and slightly retuse; the posterior part of the head is impunc-
tate. Antenne with the first joint arcuately cylindrical, twice
as long as wide, as long as the second and third together;

26 NATURAL HisTory BULLETIN.

second slightly thicker and longer than the third; the succeed-
ing joints, to the ninth, are equal, quadrate, the ninth slightly
obconical, transverse; the tenth is large, globular, not com-
pressed, and with a basal fovea; eleventh as wide as the
tenth and as long as the three preceding joints, obliquely
acuminate. Prothorax longer than wide, median sulcus near-
ly reaching the neck, lateral fovez large, pubescent, basal
tubercles acute, anteriorly continued as feeble carinz on either
side of the median sulcus. /ytra feebly and sparsely punc-
tulate, humeri not acute, prominent. Addomen with the basal
Carinze approximate, femora fusiform, slender, the claws of
the anterior ¢ tarsi cleft.

@ antennz with the ninth and tenth joints gradually larger,
rounded; clypeus continuously declivous with the frontal
margin.

Habitat. Virginia.

B. spreTus, Lec. (2. luculentus, Casey.) Piceous-black,
elytra often dark red; antenne brown, paler at the tip; legs
red, palpi yellow. Length, 1.7 mm. Plate X., Fig. 92.

Flead wider than long, wider than the prothorax, slightly
convex, punctulate in front, smooth behind, eyes near the base,
prominent; foveze nude, deep, mutually twice as distant as
either from the eye; sulcus fine, conspicuous, but evanescent
anteriorly, occiput elevated, vertex lower towards the front
which is declivous between the antenne, the declivity broadly
impressed each side, hairy, bidentate in the middle below, a
deep and very narrow interantennal sulcus separating it from
the clypeus which is ccnvex, granular, with simple edges simi-
lar to those of B. scabriceps, except that it has a small tuber-
cle near the upper edge in the middle. Labrum emarginate.
Antenne as long as the head and prothorax together, basal
joint obconical, more convex beneath, and as long as the two.
succeeding; second to eighth oblong, gradually shorter, the
eighth transverse; ninth longer and wider, transverse; tenth
large, quadrate-rounded, flattened beneath, twice the width
of the neck, with a circular hole in the flattened surface;

THE PsELAPHID OF NoRTH AMERICA. 27

eleventh narrower than the tenth, ovate-acuminate. Pyrothorax
slightly longer than wide, widest before the middle, median
basal fovea small, no median sulcus nor crests; lateral sulcus
shallow, feeble; the basal tubercles are minute, and behind
them each side is a punctiform fovea. /ytra convex, im-
punctured, the suture as long as the width behind the middle;
across the low unarmed shoulders, as wide as the head. <Aéd-
domen with the basal lateral impression broader than the
middle one, carine conspicuous, rather long. Legs long, ¢
intermediate tibiz spurred, posterior feebly arcuate, also
spurred. @ with the front gradually declivous not separated
from the simple convex clypeus, the tenth antennal joint not
much longer than the ninth.

Varies in color being sometimes more reddish or not fully
colored.

Habitat. Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky.

B. FovEICORNIS, Casey. Form, color and size as in B&B.
spretus, differing in the clypeus having a very minute tubercle
near the narrow sulcus below the frontal margin, which mar-
gin is again like sfretus. Antenne of the same form but
with the tenth joint more flattened beneath and the fovea
larger; the prothorax has a faint very short median sulcus,
the discal carinz hardly discernible, the lateral sulcus appear-
ing as a very fine line, outside of which the surface slopes to
the margin.

My material consists of six specimens of B. spretus and
one of &. fovercornis from Cincinnati, Ohio, which I can
hardly separate, as the spretus vary in the direction of Casey’s
JSoveicornis, the description of which answers exactly to my
specimen.

B. PUNCTIFRONS, Casey. Not known to us, but the descrip-
tion indicates the same relation to spretus, which varies in the
form of the tenth antennal joint, being in some smaller and
irregularly formed and with the fovea obliterated.

B. DENTICOLLIs, Casey. Form and color, sculpture of

28 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

prothorax and elytra, as in 4. virginz@, but the humeri are
acutely pointed, the pubescence is coarser and not so dense.
Length, 1.8mm. Plate X., Fig.g3a. Plate XII., Fig. 137.

Q head wider than long, eyes small, vertex elevated above
the eyes, laterally carinate, flat above, occipital fovee large,
pubescent, mutually twice as distant as either from the eye;
circumambient sulcus feeble, enclosed surface, and that
behind the sulcus convex; occiput carinate; supra-antennal
elevation punctured, frontal margin depressed and emargi-
nate in the middle, the lateral, pendant, lobes setose; from
the lower part of the emargination emerge two small shin-
ing teeth, below which, and separated by the interantennal
excavation on the clypeus, rises an elongated tubercle bearing
two'tufts of hair; the sides of the clypeus are reflexed, sur-
face below the tubercle conical, with a triangular depression
each side near the tubercle; labrum constricted at the base.
Antenne with the basal joint triangular, carinate above, emar-
_ginate at the tip, the triangular pendant lobe rounded at the
free angle; second joint two-thirds as long as the first, ob-
conical, third shorter nearly quadrate; fourth to seventh equal,
eighth shorter, ninth transverse, slightly cuneate internally;
tenth large, globular; eleventh as thick as the tenth, and as
long as the ninth and tenth together, rounded at the base,
conical, acutely pointed at the ends. Aéddomen with two short
carine at the base, mutually more distant than in B. virginie;
thighs thicker, tarsi very slender, claws simple.

@ antennz regular, clypeus not separated from the simple
frontal margin, obsoletely carinate in the middle; anterior
margin finely retuse, entire, surface strongly punctured.

Habitat. Virginia; Iowa.

B. TRIANGULIFER, Brend. Shining black, densely pubes-
cent. Elytra, marginal rounded angle of .the prothorax, and
supra-antennal tubercle, in sunlight blood-red, antenne, palpi
and legs rust-red. Length, 2.mm. Plate X., Figs. 91 and
o3b.: ‘Plate ATT., Fig. 133:

Head quadrate, vertex smooth, but slightly convex, with an

THE PsELAPHID OF NorTH AMERICA. 29

entire, countersunk, fine carina, circumambient sulcus con-
spicuous, ending posteriorly in round spongious fovez, twice
as distant as either from the eye; lateral margin overhanging
the eyes by its sharp carinate edge, punctate, more so on the
frontal margin. ‘lhe front is narrowly concave in the middle,
and divided by a fine impressed line, declivous anteriorly to
the inter-antennal line, the declivity bilobed, and beset with
long convergent hairs; between these hair pencils, from the
depths of the emargination, two pairs of small triangular
teeth emerge, the outer ones smaller, inconspicuous. Sub-
frontal excavation deep, from the bottom of which a broad,
triangular, horizontal tooth stretches out, resting with the
acute point on the tip of the conical clypeal tuberosity, the
base of which rests again on the transverse labrum; the cone
is just perceptibly higher than broad at the base, and laterally
separated by a groove from the lateral expansion (wing) of
the clypeus, which is concave, with a retuse angulated mar-
gin. The profile of the face resembles somewhat the form of
a sheep’s face. Antenne ¢ longer than head and prothorax,
first joint as long as the third, and more than twice as long as
the second, triangular, the free angle thorn-like, pendant;
second transverse, just visibly broader than long; third a little
thicker than the second; fourth to eighth obconical, gradually
shorter; eighth quadrate; ninth transverse, truncate at the
base, obconical; tenth larger, globose, as thick as the eleventh,
which is conical, as long as the two preceding together, ob-
liquely pointed. In the 9 the frontal margin is interrupted in
the middle, continuous with the clypeal surface, which is
roundly margined anteriorly. The first antennal joint is con-
vex below, the third obconical, longer than wide, longer than
the second or fourth; tenth not as thick as the last joint,
which is two and one-half times longer, rounded at base,
pointed at tip. Prothorax as long as wide, median sulcus
deep, ending abruptly one-fourth from the neck, which is
carinate. Discal crest sharp, interrupted before the small,
sharp-pointed tubercles, which are nearer to the base than

30 NaATuRAL History BULLETIN.

usual. Lateral sulcus entire, separating the smooth lateral
margin, which is nearly horizontal on its widest part, narrow-
ing and declining backward to the shallow lateral fovea. The
discal space between the crests and the lateral sulcus is un-
even with shallow longitudinal impressions. Between the
lateral fovea and the tubercle is another small tooth prolonged
anteriorly into a very short second crest. lytra not punct-
ured, shoulders high, with a very small spine, dorsal lines
faint, very short, basal punctures indistinct, the sutural im-
pressed lines parallel. Abdomen very convex, the basal de-
pression between the short and prominent carin@ narrower
than the lateral depression; last ventral in the 4 impressed at
the base, the penultimate impressed transversely at the tip;
in the @ the last ventral is longitudinally rugose at the sides.
Legs moderately long, tibiz slightly curved, the posterior one
with a thin process.
Habitat. Long Island

B. nigricans, Lec. Black, polished, impunctate, pubes-
cence thin, antennz, palpi, and legs red. Length, 2 mm.
Plate X.,..Nig.93c.

f{ead as long as broad, narrower in front, the lateral mar-
gin with sharp edges, carinate, front punctate, in the middle
with two small teeth, vertex convex, carinate, occipital fovez
pubescent and mutually twice as distant as either from the eye,
circumambient sulcus deep; occiput carinate. Antenne red (2)
first joint arcuately cylindrical; second smaller, obconical, as
long as wide; third thicker and longer than the second, the
outer side straight, the inner convex, dilated; fourth half as
wide and about as long as the third; fifth to eighth subequal,
as wide as long; ninth larger, rounded; tenth nearly twice as
thick as the ninth, globose; eleventh one-half longer, acute,
ovate. Prothorax with the median sulcus very deep, the
basal tubercles very acute with a short basal median carina;
lateral foveze pubescent, lateral sulcus deep, discal carinz ob-
solete. #/ytra impunctate, shoulders subacute, sutural inter-

THE PsELAPHID2 OF NorTH AMERICA. 31

val punctured, discal lines abbreviated before the middle.
Adbdomen impunctate, convex. Legs dark red.

2 antenne with the third joint not dilated, longer than the
second, tenth obconical, usually not enlarged, the clypeus con-
tinuous with the declivity of the front.

Habitat. Georgia.

This is the representative of another series of species,
having the occipital foveze pubescent, the tenth joint not com-
pressed, large, without a basal fovea. To this group belong
B. nigricans, B. triangulifer, B. denticornis and B. cepha-
lotes.

B. CEPHALOTEs, Casey. Piceous-black, legs and antennez
red; pubescence long, surface pdlished. Length, 2 mm.
Plate X., Fig. go. Plate XII., Fig. 132.

Head quadrangular, with the corners rounded, somewhat
wider than long, occiput convex, sometimes bearing in the
middle a very faint, short, carina; the eyes are small, promi-
nent, tempora arcuate; the occipital foveze are pubescent, the
connecting groove circumambient in the ¢, obsolete in front in
the 9, space between them polished, smooth, with a faint cen-
tral impression, the separated margin broad, coarsely and
sparsely punctured in front, where, in the male, it overhangs
the clypeus; in the middle it is declivous and finely notched,
the declivous part with a central emargination; the triangular
lobes thus formed are setiferous, and separated from the clyp-
eus by a deep interantennal excavation; from the bottom of
the emargination emerges a serrate (quadridentate) plate;
the clypeus bears in the middle an ovoid tubercle, provided at
the apex, just beneath the tooth plate, with two divergent tufts
of hair; the lateral margin of the clypeus is angulated and
reflexed; the labrum is broadly emarginate. <Axfenne stout,
the basal joint strong, longer than wide, convex below,
slightly transversely concave above; second oblong, smaller;
third to eighth still smaller, globular, ninth transverse. Tenth
very large, truncate in the ¢, subglobular; the last, at least as
wide as the tenth, ovoid, acuminate; in the 92 the tenth joint

32 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

is rounded and not so large. Prothorax widest before the
middle, sides subangulate, sinuate towards the base, as long as
wide; the disk is tri-sulcate and bicarinate, the basal tubercle
on each side of the foveate posterior portion of the median
sulcus sharp, lateral foveee large, pubescent. /ytra very
feebly punctulate, shoulders acutely angulate; disk convex,
discal line short. Addomen highly polished, pubescent, the
basal carine strong and short. Legs long, thighs clavate,
posterior tibiz with a long terminal spur.

Habitat. Massachusetts to the Missouri river, north of
the Ohio.

Trimium, Azdé.
Elytral base bifoveate, no subhumeral fovea, head larger.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF TRIMIUM

Eyes nearly in a level with the vertex; pronotal fovez and sulcus
deep, - - : - - - - - - fovetcolle, Lec.

Eyes far down on the sides of the head.

a2 Prothorax wider than long, less convex.
Head with a deep arcuate impression; antennze not longer than the
head, last joint one-third the length of the whole antenna;
elytral discal lines short. Length, 1.5,mm. - globifer, Lec.

Head with the fovez not connected by a sulcus; antenne longer
than the head; last joint acute; elytral dorsal line half the
elytral length. Length,1.3mm. - - «dnpunctatum, Br.

al. Prothorax longer than wide, more convex.
b? Lateral fovez and sulci of prothorax large and deep.
Occiput concave, not channelled, pronotum punctured, ely tral
discal lines very short. Length,o.g mm. - functicolle, Lec.

Occiput channelled, pronotum impunctate. Length, 0.9 mm.
discolor, Lec.
b1 Lateral fovez small.
c® Width across the shoulders as great as that of the prothorax.
d® ‘Transverse sulcus deep.
Occiput impressed, impunctate, head as wide as the prothorax.
Length, 1.0 to 0.9 mm. - : : - parvulum, Lec.
Occiput impressed, prothorax punctured, wider than the head.
Length, 0.9 mm. - - - - - thoracicum, Br.

Occiput convex, not impressed, carinate, head as wide as the pro-
thorax, frontal margin channelled, circumambient sulcus an-
gulated. Length, 0.8 mm. - -. - convexulum, Lec.

THE PsELAPHID@ OF NorTH AMERICA. 33

di Transverse sulcus faint.

Head smooth, with a deep angulated impression, occiput convex
not impressed. Length, 0.5 mm. - - simplex, Lec.

c!1 Width of the shoulders less than that of the prothorax.

Occiput not channelled, head distinctly punctulate; in the middle,
before the line of the eyes, is a rounded tubercle.
dubium, Lec.

Occiput impressed, sulcus angulated on the frontal margin;
transverse pronotal channel deep, elytral lines faint. Length,
0.6 mm. - - - - - - americanum, Lec.

T. FOVEICOLLE, Lec. (Leconte’s description.) Elongate,
bright rufo-testaceous, very slightly pubescent.

Head convex, smooth, with a fovea each side above the
eyes, and a transverse angulated impressed line. Prothorax
longer than wide, convex, with three sub-basal fovez, con-
nected by a transverse impressed line; the lateral fovee are
larger, and situated on the declivity of the sides. Z/ytra
bifoveate at the base, sutural line deep, dorsal one short.
Antenne with ninth and tenth joints transverse. Length,
0.9 mm.

Habitat. Massachusetts. Unknown to us.

T. GLospirer, Lec. Yellowish brown, impunctate, form
slender, pubesence thin, inconspicuous. Length, 1.5 mm.

ffead comparatively small, with two large fovee behind
and between the eyes, the connecting sulcus semi-circular;
eyes small, oblong. Aztenne very little longer than the head,
the basal joint cylindrical, longer than the second; third to
ninth very small, gradually transverse; the tenth wider, disk-
shaped; the last very large, oval, nearly half as long as the
funicle. The last joint of the maxillary palpi is also very
large. Prothorax as wide as long, less convex, rounded at
the sides, narrower behind, with the lateral foveze connected
by an arcuate sulcus. /ytra longer than wide, widest be-
hind the middle, convex, dorsal impression short, sutural line
deep. Addomen not carinate at the base.

Habitat. Georgia, South Carolina.

34 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

T. rmpuNcTATUM, Brend. Red-brown, pubescence thin.
Body impunctate, polished. Length, 1.3 mm. Plate XL,
Fig. 98.

H[ead narrower than the prothorax, about as long as wide,
tempora not prominent, convergent, eyes not prominent, sides
but slightly divergent towards the tempora; occiput not im-
pressed, convex, fovez oblong, no circumambient sulcus, frontal
margin straight, frontal tubercle flat, not prominent. An-
tenne shorter than the head and prothorax together, first
joint twice as long as wide, obconical; second quadrate nar-
rower than the first, third to eighth very small, transverse;
ninth and tenth gradually much wider, not longer than the
preceding one, the last large, ovate. Palpz small, the third
joint obliquely rounded, larger than the last joint, which is
obliquely conoid with rounded sides, or truncate ovate. Pro-
thorax slightly wider than long, widest across the middle,
base two-thirds, neck about one-half of the median width;
disk not as concave as in the other species, the basal sulcus
slightly impressed, one-fourth from the base, fovee rather
shallow. S/lytra rather high-shouldered, the sides slightly
arcuate, divergent behind, slightly wider across the shoulders
than the prothorax, one-fifth wider across the tip; suture
slightly shorter than the apical elytra width, disk convex, bi-
foveate at the base, discal lines fine, half the elytra length.
Abdomen longer than the elytra, the first three segments of
nearly equal width, and subequal in length, with two: short
basal carine. Legs rather short.

Habitat. Virginia, Maryland.

T. piscLor, Lec. Convex, of the form of 7. dubium, but
slightly smaller, of a rich dark brown color, the abdomen
piceous-brown. Length, 0.9 mm.

Head, as wide as the prothorax, the octipital fovez small,
connected by an arcuate sulcus, occiput channeled in the mid-
dle or with a median impression, vertex punctate. Prothorax
longer than wide, impunctate, basal sulcus angulate in the
middle, deeply impressed, terminating in large lateral fovee

THE PsELAPHID@ OF NORTH AMERICA. 35

which are not in view from above. Z/ytra convex, impunc-
tate, the basal fovea of the sutural line smaller than the
rather large fovea of the discal impression. Addomen not
carinate at the base.

Habitat. Gulf States. Not known to us.

T. PUNCTICOLLE, Lec. Red-brown, convex.

Head with the occiput not impressed in the middle, the
fovez small, connected with the middle of the frontal margin
by nearly straight grooves. Prothorax convex, longer than
wide, widest near and before the middle line, the lateral fovez
large, connecting sulcus deep, scarcely angulate in the middle;
the disk finely and distinctly punctulate. /ytra wider be-
hind, with two large basal fovez, sutural line deep, discal line
very short. Length 0.9 mm.

Habitat. Arizona. Not known to us.

T. THoRACICUM, Brend. Safurated yellow; form slender;
pubescence very fine, abundant. Length, 0.9-0.95 mm.
Plate XI., Fig. 95.

Head narrower than the prothorax, one-fifth wider than
long, tempora convergent, eyes not prominent, base impressed
in the middle, frontal margin straight, a little more than half
as wide as the width across the eyes; the fovez are in a line
with the middle of the eye, mutually less than twice as distant
as either from the eye, circumambient sulcus distinct, shallow,
antennal tubercles small. Axtenn@ one-half longer than the
head, the two basal joints not as strong as in 7. parvulum;
eighth to tenth equal in length; each twice as wide as the
preceding one, the last one-fourth longer than its width and
twice as wide as the tenth, ovate. The last palpal joint in
outline securiform, but not compressed. Prothorax as long
as wide, seemingly longer, equal to one and one-half times
the length of the head, widest before the middle, sides evenly
arcuate, not perceptibly sinuate near the rather small lateral
fovee which are connected with the small medial basal fovea
by a straight sulcus one-fourth the length of the prothorax
from the base; disk evenly convex, finely and densely punc-

36 NatTurAL History BuLueETIN.

tured. /ytra, across the rounded shoulders, as wide as the
prothorax, before the tip one-third wider and the suture one-
fourth longer; disk convex, base with two arcuate impres-
sions, leaving between them a broad longitudinal ridge, which
in proper light may be traced to one-third the elytral length.
Abdomen with the first segment not longer than the second,
very convex with two very short basal carine. Legs moder-
ate, the intermediate thighs lunate, convex anteriorly and
nearly straight posteriorly, compressed. The abundant pube-
scence makes the surface appear lustreless.

Habitat. Illinois, Iowa. On moist rotten wood with ants.
Abundant in the time of copulation in June. Differs from 7.
puncticolle by the impression on the occiput and the presence
of abdominal carine.

T. PARVULUM, Lec. Yellow, polished throughout, pubes-
cence not perceptible except under a magnifying power of
over sixty diameters. Length,1.0omm. Plate XI., Fig. 97.

flead one-fifth wider than long, tempora prominent, angu-
larly rounded, transverse behind, eyes not prominent, frontal
tubercles strong, intermediate margin very nearly straight but
slightly wavy; lateral margin straight from the tempora to
the frontal margin; in a line through the middle of the eyes
are two deep fovez, three times as distant from one another
as from the eyes; circumambient sulcus deep, transverse in
front; occiput convex, impressed in the middle at the base.
Antenne with the two basal joints stout, three times as wide
as the third; third to eighth moniliform, very small; ninth and
tenth rapidly increasing in width, not longer; last, twice as
wide as the tenth, ovate-conical, not acuminate. /Pa/pz with
the last joint thick, unsymmetrical. Pyrothorax as long as
wide, the width equal to that of the head; sulcus double, deep;
sides ‘arcuate one-fourth from the base, where they are slightly
sinuate, otherwise nearly spherical. A/ytva with the discal
line extending one-half the length; base of abdomen bicarinate.
Legs not compressed, intermediate thighs regular.

Habitat. Illinois, lowa.

THE PsELAPHID OF NorTH AMERICA. 37

T. coNvExuLuUM, Lec. Deep yellow, very convex, more
slender than the other species, pubescence not visible; body
impunctate, highly polished: Length 0.7 mm. Plate XI,
Fig. 94.

ffead nearly as wide as the prothorax, frontal margin arcu-
ate between the antennz, width across the tempora one-fourth
less; foveze and sulcus deep, the latter dilated in front; occi-
put carinate. Antenne, from the base of the first joint to that
of the last, as long as the head, last joint about half as long,
oval, three-fourths as thick as long, with short pubescence.
Palpi with the last joint more oval, oblong. Prothorax long-
er than wide, sides sinuate near the base, the transverse sulcus
deep, slightly and very broadly angulated in the middle, lateral
fovee none. Z/ytra convex, bifoveate at the base, the ele-
vations between them not so high as in dudzum. Abdomen as
in dudium, but the first dorsal segment is much longer than
the second, with two short basal carinz and lateral basal de-
pressions as in Batrzsus. The fourth and fifth dorsals are
connate, the contiguous limits scarcely discernible; ventrals
correspond in length with the dorsals. Legs slender. Sexual
differences of the clypeus as in dudbzum.

Habitat. Illinois, Pennsylvania, Florida.

This species answers better to the description of the genus
Trimium than the others, if we assume as characteris-
tic the length of the abdominal rings, while all the other
species would coincide with Mr. Reitter’s genus Z77zmzopszs.
Dr. Sharp considers 7rdmzum and Trimzopsis as hardly dif-
ferent.

T. pusium, Zec. Deep yellow, very convex, nearly circular
in transverse section, no pubescence visible. Surface, except-
ing the head, smooth and polished. Length,1.00mm. Plate
XI., Fig. 95.

Head of the form of parvulum, except in the frontal margin
being obtusely angulate; punctulate, no occipital impression;
the fovee large but not deep, the sulcus fine in some speci-
mens, deeper in others, and slightly foveolate next to the

e

38 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

frontal tubercle; the vertex has in the middle, one-third of the
length from the apex, a conspicuous circular tubercle; clypeus
conical, this shape being brought about by the dilated anten-
nal fovez, leaving a narrow septum in connection with the
overhanging frontal margin, (?.) This septum in the ¢ is not
contiguous with the apex of the frontal margin. Antenne as
in parvulum,; the last palpal joint is more securiform and long-
er than in parvulum. Prothorax not wider than the head,
length and width equal, the base less than one half wider than
the neck; disk widest just before the middle, sinuate behind
the small lateral foveze; transverse sulcus nearly straight, the
median angulation small. A/ytra more convex from side to
side than in parvulum; the sculpture is the same. Addomen
without visible basal carinz, rather long, and produced behind
in the 9; the basal segment is not more than visibly longer
than the second, the second ventral considerably shorter than
the first. Legs long, rather slender.
Habitat. Southern States.

T. AMERICANUM, Lec. Deep yellow, very convex, impunc-
tate; pubescence not perceptible. Length 0.6 mm.

ffead narrower than the prothorax, tempora prominent,
rounded, frontal margin arcuate, giving a triangular appear-
ance to the head; corners rounded; occiput impressed; fovez
and circumambient sulcus deep. Axtenna, excluding the last
joint, as long as the head; last joint of the palpi acuminate.
Prothorax wider just before the middle, wider than long,
evenly rounded from the neck to the transverse sulcus, lateral
fovezee very small. /ytra convex, sides strongly arcuate,
widest behind the middle, rather long, and rounded at the pos-
terior lateral angle. -Addomen not visibly carinate at the base,
the first dorsal segment longer than the second. Legs rather
short.

Habitat. Southern States.

T. simpLEx, Lec. Darker, yellowish brown, prothorax red-
brown, pubescence extremely fine and short. Form like that

THE PsELAPHID2 OF NorTH AMERICA. 39

of amerzcanum, differing chiefly in the base of the head, which
is not channelled or at most scarcely visibly impressed; the
prothorax is at least as long as wide, much longer than in
americanum, with conspicuous lateral fover. lytra about
the same as in americanum, seemingly not so convex from side
to side. Length 0.5 mm.

Habitat. Southern States.

Actium, Casey.

Body more robust than in 7r7zmium, head smaller in pro-
portion, the shoulders broader. The palpi are short, the last
joint ovate, acuminate, thick. The elytra have three basal
punctures and long, well impressed, discal lines; there is a sub-
humeral fovea in connection with a deeply impressed line on
the declivous lateral part of the elytra, parallel to the marginal
impressed line. The marginal line is also a constant mark
in Zremium.

A. PALLIDUM, Casey. Slender, convex, yellow; pubescence
very fine, recumbent, not conspicuous; body polished, impunc-
tate. Length 1.2mm. Plate XI, Fig. gg.

Head small, much narrower than the prothorax, as long as
wide, eyes finely facetted, prominent, large; tempora shorter
than the eye, not prominent, occiput impressed in the middle;
there are two pubescent fovez in the eye line, mutually twice
as distant as either from the eye, connected by a wide, broadly
arcuate channel. Antenne short, one-half longer than the
head, first and second joints subequal, larger; third to seventh
subequal, becoming gradually shorter and more transverse;
eighth to tenth transverse, equal in length, gradually wider;
tenth three times as wide as long; eleventh wider, as long as
the five preceding together, ovoid. Prothorax nearly as wide
as long at one-third of its length from the neck, where the
sides are evenly rounded and nearly straight to the basal
angle; the base is arcuate and thinly margined; disk very
convex, transverse sulcus deep, one-fourth from the base,
angulated towards the base in the middle, connecting the large

40 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

pubescent lateral fovee. /ytra together as wide as long,
width at the shoulders greater than that of the prothorax;
disk not very convex, trifoveate at the base, sutural and discal
lines parallel, the latter abbreviated just before the middle.
Abdomen shorter than the elytra, base with two short carine,
segments subequal, the basal one longest. The abdomen in
the ¢ is more rounded at the apex.
Habitat. Middle California.

There are four more species of this genus, one, calzfornicum
Lec. being insufficiently described. The three other species
are described from unique specimens and may perhaps suffer
a reduction in number at some future time. Taking A. pall-
dum, which is before me, as the type, they differ very little as
follows:

A. potiruM, Casey. Probably a 9; abdomen longer, more
pointed behind, and darker. Eyes small, tempora longer than
the eye; antenne with the tenth joint twice as wide as long;
eleventh twice the width of the tenth, cylindrico-conical, as
long as the five preceding. Prothorax as wide as long, feebly
sinuate toward the base, the latter two-thirds as wide as the
disk and one-half wider than the neck; elytral discal line
reaching a little beyond the middle; abdominal carine one-
third as long as the segment and one-fourth of the segmental
width apart. Length 1.3 mm.

A CALIFORNIcUM, Lec., may be identical with A. poletum,
but the elytra are said to be sparsely punctulate.

A. ROBUSTULUM, Casey. 4 tempora longer than the eye;
tenth antennal joint twice as wide as long, eleventh elongate,
acuminate, as long as the four preceding joints together.
Prothorax sinuate at the base, wider than long; base four-
fifths of the pronotal width and one-half wider than the neck;
disk laterally depressed, anterior to the lateral fovez; there is
a trace of a median inipressed line near the center; elytral dis-
cal line reaching beyond the middle; abdominal carine one-

Tue PsELAPHIDZ OF NorTH AMERICA. 41

third as long as the segment and separated by one-fourth of
the width. Length 1.4 mm.

A. TESTACEUM, Casey. @ abdomen more pointed, head
longer than in A. rodustulum, elytral discal line one-half the
length; abdominal basal carine one-third of the segmental
length and separated by one-third of the width; otherwise like
A. robustulum. Length 1.2 mm.

Ruexipius, Casey. (Euplectus Lec.)

Hlead very transverse, frontal margin crenate, prothorax
with linear grooves, antenne straight, their insertion distant,
posterior coxz contiguous, tarsi with two unequal claws.
Elytra with three abbreviated discal lines and a subhumeral
fovea.

R. GRANuULOsus, Casey. Depressed, of the color of new
leather, pubescence thin, short, coarse, the body granulated
over the entire surface with minute tubercles. Length 1 mm.
Plate XI, Fig. 100.

flead twice as wide as long; base slightly sinuate, occiput
feebly impressed in the middle, tempora straight, convergent;
eyes coarsely granulated, distant from the lateral margin of
the vertex, frontal margin broadly arcuate and crenulated by
fine longitudinal impressions; occipital fovee far apart, near
the tempora, connected by a fine arcuate sulcus parallel to the
frontal margin. Antenne slightly shorter than the head and
prothorax together, first and second joints cylindrical, as long
as wide; second smaller, more rounded;-third to eighth nar-
rower, transverse; eighth twice as wide as long; ninth and
tenth gradually larger, transverse, trapeziform; eleventh as
long as the five preceding together, scarcely wider than the
tenth, conical from the middle of its length, base truncate.
Prothorax widest in the middle, as wide as the head, sides
nearly straight toward the base and the neck, arcuate in the
middle; base arcuate, two-thirds as wide as the disk, and one-
half wider than the neck; disk as wide as long, median sulcus

42 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

linear, fine, reaching the base, not the apex, and crossed by a
straight, fine, linear sulcus, ending in a small, deep, pubescent,
lateral fovea, less than one-fourth the length from the base.
£ilytra one-fifth longer than the prothorax, as long as the
width across the low-hanging shoulders, and three-fourths as
wide here as at the tip; disk depressed at the base, with four
fovee and three abbreviated discal lines, of which the middle
one is longer, reaching the middle; the sutural lines are deep,
slightly arcuate, sculptured; the discal tubercles are smaller
than those on the head and prothorax. Aédomen slightly
wider than the elytra, convex, more so posteriorly, borders
strongly retuse, evenly arcuate toward the tip, transversely
depressed in the middle third at the base between short obso-
lete carine, tubercles very minute. Legs slender; mesoster-
num bicarinate.
Habitat. Middle California.

R. CANALICULATUS, Lec. (Euplectus, Lec. Conoplectus,
Brend.) Form compact, conoidal, tapering towards the head;
pubescence fine, dense; surface polished, punctulate; color,
pale brown. Length 1.2 mm. Plate XI, Fig. 101.

Head broader than long, eyes not prominent, tempora con-
vergent, transverse, occiput canaliculate in the middle, convex
above, foveee small, very near the eyes; circumambient sulcus
convergent for a short distance, thence parallel, connecting
with the corresponding one by a broad transverse impression;
frontal margin broad, divided by three fine, longitudinal,
grooves into five low tuberculations, the external one,—supra-
antennal—crossed by’ a short oblique cut; the median tuber-
culation (4) bears a very small acute tubercle. Under sur-
face behind the mentum densely pubescent with erect clubbed
hair. Antenne robust, one-half longer than the head, first and
second joints sub-equal, cylindrical, as long as wide; third to
eighth narrower, rounded, slightly transverse; ninth trans-
verse, twice as wide as long; tenth transversely oval, twice
as wide as the ninth, and one-half wider; eleventh ovate,
slightly wider than the tenth, and as long as the two preced-

THE PsELAPHIDZ OF NorTH AMERICA. 43

ing together. Prothorax one-third longer than the head,
widest two-fifths from the base, where it is slightly wider
than long, evenly and continuously arcuate to the base, and
convergent and slightly arcuate toward the neck, which latter
is half as wide, and the base four-fifths as wide as the width
of the prothorax; sides minutely crenate posteriorly; disk
very convex, imperceptibly and sparsely punctulate, with a nar-
row, linear, median sulcus, extending from the neck to the
base, crossed by a similar, straight, linear, transverse sulcus,
ending each side in a small, pubescent, fovea. lytra from
side to side very convex, longitudinally nearly straight; across
the shoulders they are as wide as the prothorax, and equal to
the length of the suture; across the tip they are one-fifth
wider; shoulders rather prominent, sides nearly straight; sutu-
ral lines slightly arcuate, interval punctulate, base trifoveate,
the two outer fovez with shallow longitudinal impressions in
the place of the discal lines, of which the outer ones are one-
half longer than the inner ones, and may be traced to two-
thirds of the elytral length from the base. Addomen very con-
vex, the segments sub-equal, border narrow, flat, the basal
dorsal with two carinz including less than one-fourth of the
total width. Legs long, slender, tarsal claw with a fine hair-
like appendage; anterior coxee conical, pointed, posterior cox
flat, transversely oval. Besides the transverse oval impression
on the last ventral in the 4, the acute tubercle of the frontal
margin is prolonged backward so as to interrupt the trans-
verse sulcus.
Habitat. East of the Mississippi River.

Oropus, Casey.

O. striatus, Lec. (TZrichonyx striatus Lec.) Yellowish
brown, uniformly colored; pubescence moderately dense and
long, abundant; body sparsely punctulate. Length 2 mm.
Plate XI, Fig. 102.

' Head wider for one-half its length, eyes not prominent,
large, not as long as the tempora, which latter are but slight-

44 NaATuRAL History BULLETIN.

ly arcuate, nearly transverse; base sinuate; occiput longitudi-
nally impressed in the middle, much elevated on either side and
abruptly declivous to the base; sides of the head very conver-
gent from the posterior limit of the eye to the supra-antennal
tubercle, the latter being rectangular outside, elevated; the
angles are mutually distant about one-half the width of the
head, frontal margin slightly convex anteriorly and depressed
between the tubercles; vertex slightly convex and declivous to
the front; foveze small, mutually five times farther distant than
either from the eye; circumambient sulcus broadly arcuate,
deeper in front. Aztenne as long as the head and prothorax
together, first joint as long as the eye, robust, impressed
above; second, half as long, globular; third smallest; fourth
to ninth increasing in width, but not in length; ninth and
tenth gradually a little longer, trapezoidal, twice as wide as
long; eleventh acuminate, ovoidal, truncate at the base, one-
half longer than wide. Pa/fz with the second joint slender,
third triangular, fourth fusiform, equal in length to the second
and more than twice as thick. Prothorax a little wider than
long, widest in the middle where the sides are evenly and
strongly arcuate; in the middle third of the length they are
nearly straight, convergent anteriorly and posteriorly, slightly
sinuate near the neck and base; the base is arcuate, neck a
little less than half of the pronotal width; disk roundly convex,
punctulate, evenly pubescent, strongly punctured around the
neck; lateral foveze behind the middle third, deep, outside of
them is a minute, black, sharp spine; transverse sulcus linear,
nearly straight, the longitudinal sulcus crossing the transverse
one, not quite reaching the base, widest one-fourth of the pro-
notal length from the neck, where it terminates abruptly.
£ilytra slightly longer, the width of the shoulders slightly nar-
rower, and near the tip one-third wider than the width of the -
prothorax, punctulate, evenly pubescent, the hairs on the pos-
terior third convergent to the end of the suture; disk convex,
the declivous sides broad, with a longitudinal median carina;
*base of each elytron quadri-foveate, the outer one broader,

THE PsELAPHIDZ OF NorTH AMERICA. 45

shallower, with its discal lines short; the other three foveze
are sharp and deep, the discal lines of the two middle ones
nearly equal in length, reaching beyond the middle; sutural
line deep, slightly arcuate, humeral tubercles strong, but not
prominent. Addomen narrower than the elytra, border broad,
arcuately convergent; first segment one-fourth as long as
wide, depressed at the base in the middle third; the fourth
segment (4) similar at the base to the first, with two lunate
depressions, which meet in the middle. Mesosternum (3)
deeply impressed, anterior coxz conical, contiguous, with a
minute sharp tubercle on the exterior tip. Head punctured
beneath, with a fine carina in the middle.
Habitat. California. (Alameda County.)

O. convExus, Casey. Form the same as in strzatus. Length
I.g mm.

Eyes their own length from the base. Antenne with the
first and second joints cylindrical, last joint as long as the five
preceding ones. Prothorax as wide as long, base two-thirds
of the width, longitudinal sulcus very slightly dilated near the
middle. lytra with the two middle lines equal, two-thirds
of the elytral length.

Habitat. California. (Sonoma County.)

O. ABBREVIATUS, Casey, differs from convexus by the base
of the prothorax being three-fourths of the pronotal width, the
longitudinal sulcus fine, not dilated. A7/ytra with the middle
lines unequal in length; the inner four-sevenths, the other three-
sevenths of the elytral length. Length 1.9 mm.

The difference between these two is very slight. In O.
striatus the length of the elytral lines vary, and the pronotal
longitudinal sulcus does not always end so abruptly anteriorly.
Repeated examination of many specimens prove to us beyond
doubt the identity of O. strzatus, convexus and abbreviatus.

O. MoNTANUS, Casey. Form more slender, depressed.

Length 1.8 mm.
The basal joints of the antenne are smaller than in the other

46 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

species, third to eighth transverse, ninth and tenth twice as
wide as long; eleventh three-fourths longer than wide. Pro-
thorax widest in the middle, base two-thirds of the greatest
width, sulcus fine, linear. &7/ytra/ lines, the second uniting
with the sutural line one-third from the posterior elytral limits;
the third is two-thirds, the fourth one-half of the elytral
length.
Habitat. California. (Placer County.)

O. INTERRUPTUS, Casey. Antenne as long as the head and
prothorax together, third to eighth joints transvers2 and
decreasing in length, ninth and tenth abruptly wider and
longer, transverse; eleventh as long as the four preceding
ones together. Prothorax widest one-third from the neck.
£lytral lines, the middle ones close together, two-thirds of the
elytral length, the external one one-third of the length.
Length 1.9 mm.

Habitat. California. (Sonoma County.)

RuHExtus, Lee.

(From pjyvuu, L break, referring to the geniculate antenne.)
Head and prothorax transverse; antenne geniculate; tarsi
with two equal claws.

R. inscutptus, Lec. Pale brown, body depressed, pubes-
cence abundant, erect. Palpi small, last joint thick, ovate.
Length 1.2 mm. Plate XI., Fig. 103.

flead transverse, punctate, twice as wide as long, sides
parallel to the middle, thence strongly convergent; frontal
margin one-half of the width across the roundly angulated
tempora; antennal tubercles very prominent; just behind them
is a small oblong fovea, the space between them concave; the
base is emarginate, the occiput carinate, the neck slender, one-
fourth the width of the head; eyes prominent. Antenne as
long as the head and prothorax together, first joint cylindrical,
as long as the frontal margin, and one-third as thick; second as
long as thick, not thicker than the first, obconical; third to

Tue PsELAPHIDA OF NorTH AMERICA. 47

eighth equal, transverse, seventh, eighth and ninth gradually
wider; ninth as wide as the second, and twice as wide as the
third; tenth of the same form larger both ways; eleventh coni-
cal-ovate, slightly wider and truncate at the base, as long as
the two preceding ones. Prothorax widest on the anterior
third, as wide as the head, anterior, edge broadly arcuate,
transverse, base not quite three times wider than the neck;
sides, with the base, forming a broad arch, nearly semicircular;
the sides bear three recurved spines, the disk is depressed-
convex, with a linear median sulcus crossing a transverse
linear one, which ends at. the sides in a longitudinal arcuate
depression, with a small round fovea. /ytra as wide across
the high, spinous, prominent shoulders as the suture is long; in
the middle they are slightly broader, sides slightly arcuate,
depressed, impunctate, disk narrowly elevated; sutural lines
straight, well impressed, discal lines deep at the basal fovea,
evanescent before-the middle; from the humeral spine to the
tip, near the lateral margin, is a sub-marginal sharp ridge.
Aédomen strongly margined, convex, tumid in the middle, first
segment depressed at the base with two short carine one-
fourth of the total width apart. Legs rather short. @ second
tarsal joint dilated, the ventral segments longitudinally con-
cave, the last ventral transverse; at the tip is a deep funnel-
shaped fovea situated in a lunately depressed area.

Habitat. East of the Mississippi River from north to
south.

R. susstriatus, Lec. Brown, less convex than A. 7u-
sculptus.

Head of the same form and sculpture as in the preceding
species. Prothorax with a longitudinal linear sulcus and three
large impressions near the base. /ytra with the basal mar-
gin elevated (as in /t. znsculptus), basal fovea deep, each
elytron with four faint striae, of which the sub-sutural one is
longer and more distinct, the others extending only about to
the middle. Antenne with the ninth and tenth joints less sud-
denly larger than in A. zuscu/ptus. Length 1.2 mm.

Habitat. Florida.

48 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

THEsIuM, Casey.
, (Apothinus Sharp (?)).

Form comparatively short and broad, depressed, the eyes
large, the disk of the vertex narrowed on the frontal margin;
the antennal joints from the sixth upward gradually wider;
prothorax much wider than the head, widest before the middle,
and sinuate toward the base, the lateral margin crenate;
elytral disk broad, nearly quadrate; abdomen broad, margin
broadly retuse, the fourth segment not prolonged; the pros-
ternum is cCarinate.

T. cavirrons, Lec. Color uniform reddish-brown or
darker, legs, antennz, and palpi, paler. Pubescence pale,
abundant. Lengtho8 mm. Plate XI., Fig. 104.

Head small, broader than long, eyes large, coarsely facetted,
behind the middle, therefore, the tempora are short, nearly
transverse; occiput convex, not impressed, and, in a line behind
the eyes, twice as wide as the frontal margin; vertex abruptly
elevated above the eyes, with two small pubescent fovee in a
line through the middle of the eyes, connected by a broadly
impressed sulcus, parallel to the lateral margin of the disk,
shallow near the fovea and very deep behind the frontal mar-
gin; the surface between the fovee has an impressed puncture
in the center. Supra-antennal tumefactions strong, externally
angulated, the frontal connecting ridge fine and sharp; clypeus
and labrum prominent, the latter very broad, with the anterior
margin straight, and narrowed at its base. Antenne as long
as the head and prothorax together, first and second joints
sub-cylindrical, equal in width; third to fifth gradually smaller,
obconical; sixth to ninth sub-equal in length, rapidly increas-
ing in width; the ninth two and one-half times wider than
long; tenth nearly as long as the two preceding together and
twice as wide as long; the last, large, ovate, truncate at its
base, as long as the three preceding joints together, The last
palpal joint is rather long, of the same form as the last anten-
nal joint. Prothorax widest just before the middle where it is

THE PsELAPHIDA OF NoRTH AMERICA, 49

one-fifth wider than the head with the eyes included; the sides
are strongly arcuate, slightly sinuate anteriorly toward the
neck, strongly sinuate posteriorly to the base and crenate; the
base is twice as broad as the neck; the disk broadly convex,
polished, indefinitely and imperceptibly punctulate; near the
anterior margin is a comma-shaped longitudinal fovea with its
attenuated end not reaching one-third of the pronotal length;
one-third the length from the base is a deeply impressed,
slightly arcuate groove, connecting the lateral, pubescent,
_rather irregularly shaped foveze with the triangular median
impression; the slightly elevated space between the transverse
sulcus and the thinly elevated basal margin has on each side
of the middle a small rounded impression (or perhaps a tuber-
cle), and, near the basal angle, a deep puncture. E/yira as
wide across the rather prominent shoulders as the prothorax,
the sides evenly arcuately divergent; the length of the suture
is equal to the width of the shoulders, the sutural lines are
nearly parallel, fine, and close, the lateral one-half of the elytral
length, fairly conspicuous; the base of the elytra is slightly
elevated, the basal impression transversely dilated. Abdomen
short and broad, sides of the three upper segments parallel,
the four segments sub-equal in length; the base of the first
segment has three transverse depressions, of which the mid-
dle one is twice as wide as the lateral one. Legs slender,
weak. The sexual differences are not very prominent, con-
sisting of the rounded form (4) of the last ventral which is
broader than in the 9, and the transverse impression on the
penultimate ventral segment.
Habitat. Mississippi Valley.

T. LATICOLLE, Casey. Variety of the preceding; darker
in color, nearly piceous-black, the elytra in some reddish, in
others greenish brown, legs and antenne paler. The
prothorax is more strongly sinuate at the sides near the base
and the median oblong fovea is shorter, being in some a mere
comma-shaped puncture.

Habitat. Louisiana. Iowa.

50 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

TRIMIOPLECTUs, Brendel.

TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF TRIMIOPLECTUS.

Prothorax narrowing toward the base, to the width of the rather thick
neck.

Vertex with the sulcus wanting or but faintly indicated; occipital

fovez small, isolated. - - - - obsoletus 1. sp.

Vertex with deep foveze connected by a deep, arcuate, sulcus.

- - - 2 > - = - = arcuatus.
Prothorax slightly narrowed toward the base,

Prothorax transverse, sides parallel in the middle; posterior angles

broadiy rounded; head as wide as the prothorax. - rwficeps.

Prothorax wider than long, sides convergent posteriorly; basal

fovez smaller, and connected by a conspicuous sulcus. Head.

very much narrower than the prothorax - capitulum.

T. oBsoLETUs,n.sp. Yellow, pubescence fine, sparse; sur-
face impunctate or with obsolete punctures visible only under
a magnifying power exceeding sixty diameters; body convex.
Length 1.2 mm. Plate XI., Fig. 105. Plate XII., Fig. 123.

Head, including the mouth, forming an equilateral triangle
with arcuate corners; vertex flat, with two round fovee in a
line before the middle of the eye, the latter situated far down
on the sides; frontal margin straight with an obsolete trans-
versely impressed line between the small antennal tubercles,
not connected with the fovez; occiput sinuate. Antenne
twice as long as the head, first and second joints thicker,
cylindrical; ninth transversely oval, as wide as the second; the
tenth larger, one-third wider than long; last joint twice as wide
as the tenth and as long as the three preceding together.
Prothorax very convex, very little longer than wide, sides
arcuate to the lateral fovea, thence straight to the base; the
transverse sulcus is one-fourth from the base, deep, straight,
connected with a triangular impression in the middle. Zdytra
convex, sutural lines straight, recurrent at the base, discal lines
recurrent for half the length, no inter mediate basal punctures.
Abdomen convex, border moderate, basal dorsal segment
longer than any of the others; at the base is a transverse,
pubescent, linear, depression including one-half of the seg-

THE PsELAPHIDZ OF NorTH AMERICA. 51

mental width; fourth dorsal not prolonged. The first and
second ventrals longer, the second half as long as the first. ¢
anterior thighs strongly clavate, last ventral transversely im-
pressed, otherwise like the 9.

Habitat. Cedar Rapids, la. One pair sifted from rotten
wood in September.

T. arcuatus, Lec. Yellowish brown, highly polished,
impunctate; legs and antenne pale; pubesence inconspicuous.
Length 1.2 mm.

flead slightly wider than long, tempora parallel, angles
rounded, eyes small; vertex impunctate, with two small pubes-
cent foveze between the eyes, mutually twice as distant as
either from the eye; sulcus feeble, wider and somewhat deeper
behind the frontal ridge; supra-antennal tubercles obliquely
oblong crossed by a short impressed line; labrum emarginate
anteriorly, with a transverse row of sete. Antenne one-half
longer than the head, funicle moniliform, ninth and tenth joints
gradually wider, transverse, eleventh as long as the four pre-
ceding together, one-half longer thar wide, conical, acuminate.
The last joint of the maxillary palpi is fusiform, twice as long
as thick. Prothorax widest across the middle, as wide as the
head and imperceptibly longer, sides evenly and strongly
arcuate anteriorly, and very slightly sinuate toward the base;
the neck is nearly as wide as the base; disk very convex,
basal fovez one-fourth from the base, nude, the middle one
punctiform, the lateral ones large, connected by an arcuate
line. &lytra slightly wider across the shoulders than the
pronotum, length one-third greater than the width of the
shoulders; sides strongly arcuate; disk convex, sutural lines
arcuate, discal lines deep, one-third of the elytral length.
Abdomen convex, wider across the third segment than at the
base, the first segment longer; no carine. Legs long, tarsi
slender, the second joint twice as long as the last. The under
surface of the head, behind the mentum, is hairy, each hair
ending ina small globule. The metasternum has a deep
fovea near the middle.- ¢, intermediate femora thicker.

Habitat. Middle and Southern States.

*

52 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

The length and width of the prothorax in this species is
very deceptive; seemingly it is longer than wide but drawing
and measuring prove the dimensions to be nearly equal.

T. ruricers, Lee. (7. integer, Lec.) Dark brown,
elytra darker; surface polished, impunctate, pubescence short
and fine. Length 0.7 mm.

Head \arge, longer than wide, occipital foveee mutually as
far distant as either from the eye, connecting sulcus arcuate
anteriorly. Antenne short, not one-third longer than the
head, the last joint as long as the five preceding, acuminate at
the apex. Prothorax as wide as the head, slightly wider than
long, anterior and posterior limits arcuate, angles broadly
rounded; the sides are parallel in the middle, disk moderately
convex; near the base, in the middle, are two large, pubescent,
circular, foveee, separated by a short, longitudinal, carina; on
the sides, near the middle of the length, is an equally large pu-
bescent fovea; transverse sulcus interrupted. /ytra slightly -
wider across the shoulders than the head, sides nearly parallel,
feebly arcuate near the posterior limits; suture one-fourth
longer than the base is wide, and one-half longer than the pro-
notum; disk polished, sutural lines deep, slightly arcuate, two
elongated impressions near the base, of which the outer one
is the larger. Addomen without carine, narrower than the
elytra at the base. Legs slender, tarsi short, somewhat
thicker in the middle, claws minute.

Habitat. Michigan, Illinois, Texas, Florida.

T. cApITULUM, Casey. Red throughout, pubescence fine,
short, close. Length 1.5 mm.

flead small, as wide as long, tempora acutely rounded,
much smaller than the large eyes, occiput sinuate, vertex
polished, impunctate; in the eye line are two circular, pubescent,
foveze, connected by a parabolic, equally deep, sulcus, the en-
closed surface convex; supra-antennal tubercles elongate,
prominent, the frontal margin broad, depressed in the middle.
Antenne short, not more than one-third longer than the head,

THE PsELAPHID@ OF NorRTH AMERICA. 58

slender, third to seventh joints moniliform; eighth to tenth
gradually wider, equal in length; tenth twice as wide as long;
eleventh much wider, a little longer than wide, truncate at the
base, ovate, obtuse. Maxillary palpi with the last joint nearly
twice as long as wide. Space behind the mentum hairy.
Prothorax widest at the middle, length and width equal, wider
than the head; sides, anteriorly, strongly arcuate toward the
neck, convergent and perceptibly sinuate to the base; the neck
is about three-fifths as wide as the base; disk very convex,
impunctate, sulcus narrow in the middle where it touches a
deep oblong fovea, nearly reaching the base, and connecting
with the deep lateral pubescent fovee. Z/ytra, across the
prominent shoulders, slightly wider than the prothorax, the
length being about one-half greater; very convex, impunctate;
sutural lines close together, nearly straight, the discal lines
narrow, more than one-half as long as the elytra. Addomen
narrower than the elytra, convex, impunctate, sides anteriorly
parallel, with two short carinz at the base; the three basal
segments are gradually shorter. Legs long. On each side
of the anterior limit of the metasternum is a _ transverse,
pubescent, fovea; prosternal fovea large, transverse. 4, inter-
mediate femora enlarged, lunate; antennal club more robust.

Habitat. Florida.

Eup.ectus, Leach.

TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF EUPLECTUS.

12, Pronotum without longitudinal sulcus.
22 Abdominal dorsals not carinate.
Head longer than wide, last antennal joint acuminate. Length
1.6 mm. - - - - - - - - leviceps.
21 Two dorsals carinate.
3% Pronotal fovez connected by a transverse sulcus.
Head wider than long; terminal antennal joint elongate, acumi-
nate. Length1.6mm. - > = - - - crinitus.
Head longer than wide, the terminal antennal joint obtuse-ovate,
penultimate joints sharp-edged disks. Length 1.4 mm.
- - - - decorus.

54 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

31 Pronotal fovee very large, not connected, the longitudinal sulcus indi-

cated by an excessively fine line. Length 1.4 mm. - cavicollis.

11 Pronotum longitudinally impressed in the middle.
48 Head narrower than the prothorax.
52 First dorsal segment without carine; elytral discal lines short; sculpture
of the head feeble. - - - - - - - debilis.
51 Two dorsal segments with short carine.
62 Elytra convex, sutural lines deeply impressed.
Elytral discal lines one-half of the length of the elytron; im-

pressions on head and prothorax very deep. - fossilatus.

Elytral discal lines short, impressions on head and _ prothorax not

deep. - - - : - - - - - pumilus.

61 Elytra depressed, plane, sutural and discal lines sharp, fine, and long.
- - - - - : - : - - - planipennis.

42 Head as wide as the prothorax; shoulders wider than head or prothorax.

72 Occiput sinuate, sides of the pronotum broadly, evenly, arcuate; sides of
elytra nearly straight, divergent.

82 Occipital fovez large, nearer together, sulcus deep. - rotundicollis.

81 Occipital fovez smaller, farther apart, ¢ with two spines emerging from
under the third ventral segment.

Pubescence inconspicuous. Length 1.3 mm. - - spinifer.
Pubescence coarse, erect. Length 1.6 mm. - - — sexualts.
71 Occiput convex, not sinuate; sides of pronotum sinuate behind the mid-
dle; sides of elytra arcuate. . - - - - interruptus.

41 Head wider than the prothorax.
g? Prothorax longer than wide. - - - - - - longicollis.

g! Prothorax not longer than wide.
10% Shoulders slightly wider than the head, prothorax narrower.
Prothorax wider than long, base of abdomen as wide as _ the

elytra. - - - - - - - - difficilis.
Prothorax as wide as long, base of abdomen narrower than the
elytra. - - = - - - - - congener.

101 Shoulders as wide as the head, sides of elytra parallel; form linear,
depressed.
112 Pronotum with a fusiform median canaliculation.
Occipital foveze widely separated; head not punctured. Length
1.6 mm. - - - - - - - - linearis.

Occipital foveze nearer together; head strongly punctured.
Length 1.5 mm. - - - - - - confluens.

111 Pronotum witha small, elongate, median puncture.
Occipital fovez near together, head strongly punctured. Length

1.3 mm. - - - - - - - californicus.
Occipital foveze three times farther apart than either from the
eye; head impunctate. Length 1.6 mm. - longissimus.

Occipital fovez very near together. Lengtho.g5 mm. - gertenuis.

THE PsELAPHID2 OF NorRTH AMERICA. 55

E. Leviceps, Casey. Brown, legs, antenne, and palpi
yellowish red; pubescence short, conspicuous. Length r mm.

Head small, as long as wide, eyes large, tempora not longer
than the eyes; vertex impunctate, occipital foveze small, pubes-
cent, mutually not more distant than either from the eye, and
connected by a parabolic, feebly impressed sulcus, frontal
margin depressed, with the lateral tubercles rounded, promi-
nent. Antenne one-half longer than the head, slender, the
club robust, slightly wider than the eighth; eighth, ninth
and tenth equal in length; tenth twice as wide as the eighth;
eleventh a little wider than the tenth and as long as the four
preceding together. Prothorax slightly wider than the head,
widest one-third the length from the neck, arcuate toward the
neck, very feebly sinuate to the base, not quite as long as
wide; disk convex, polished, indistinctly, minutely, punctulate;
base three-fourths as wide as the prothorax, with a well defined,
transverse, sulcus one-third from the posterior limit, triangu-
larly dilated in the middle, connecting the lateral, rounded,
pubescent foveze; the median dilatation is connected with the
base by a distinctly visible carina. /ytra slightly wider than
the prothorax, slightly longer than wide, sides arcuate, disk
somewhat depressed, impunctate; shoulders prominent, the
sutural lines slightly arcuate, discal lines scarcely indicated.
Abdomen, above impunctate, beneath finely punctulate, the
dorsal base not carinate; metasternum ciliate behind, in the
middle with yellow hair. Legs long.

Habitat. Maryland.

E. crinitus, Brend. Brown, punctulate; pubescence very
dense, giving an opaque aspect to the surface. Length 1.6
mm. Plate XI., Fig. 106. Plate XII., Fig. 123.

ffead broader than long, eyes moderately prominent, large,
tempora as long as the eye, slightly arcuate, convergent;
occiput sinuate, with a deep indentation in the middle, sides
convergent before the eyes, supra-antennal tubercles very
prominent; frontal margin anteriorly convex, or obtusely angu-
late, frontal impression between the antennal tubercles shal-

56 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

low; occipital foveze near the middle of the length, and mutu-
ally twice as distant as either from the eye; sulcus obsolete
near the frontal tubercle, the middle part of the vertex very
convex. <Aztenne as long as the head and _ prothorax
together, the two basal joints stouter; seventh and eighth
slightly larger than the preceding; ninth and tenth increasing
in length and twice as wide as long; eleventh slightly wider
than the tenth, twice as wide as long, and equal in length to
the three preceding joints, ovate, acuminate. Prothorax
slightly wider than long, slightly wider than the head, widest
before the middle, broadly arcuate to the neck, sinuate behind,
base three-fourths of the greatest width; disk convex, trans-
verse sulcus deep, posteriorly angulate in the middle, where it
is deeper; lateral foveze small, pubescent. /yéra, across the
prominent shoulders, slightly wider than the prothorax, suture
one-half longer than the prothorax; sides slightly arcuate,
depressed, sutural lines arcuate, discal ones one-third the
length, wide at the base; intermediate basal puncture very
small. Abdominal segments widest at the base, diminishing
in width, the three basal ones each with two carine.
Habitat. Northern States.

E. pEcorus, Casey. Reddish brown, elytra, legs, and
antenne, yellowish red, polished, translucent; pubescence
short, fine, inconspicuous. Length 1.4 mm.

flead large, slightly longer than wide, tempora as long as
the large eyes, slightly arcuate, convergent, frontal margin
arcuate anteriorly, depresssed in the middle, supra-aniennal
tubercles large, rounded, prominent; vertex flat above, decliv-
ous on the sides, elevated far above the eyes, sparsely punctu-
late; there are two pubescent, circular, fovez in a line with
the posterior margin of the eyes, mutually one-half more
distant than either from the eye; sulcus very convergent, thin,
and obsolete anteriorly. Antenne very short, slightly longer
than the head, second joint sub-globular, thicker than the first;
the other joints transverse; the tenth more than four times
wider than long, lenticular; the last as long as the four pre-

Tue PsELAPHIDA OF NorTH AMERICA. 57

ceding together, ovoid, obtuse at the apex, and very hairy.
Prothorax widest in the middle, slightly wider than the head
and one-fourth wider than long, sides, anteriorly, arcuately
convergent, less so posteriorly, and feebly sinuate; disk mod-
erately convex, evenly punctulate, with a nearly straight,
deeply impressed sulcus one-fifth of the length from the base,
connecting the round, pubescent, lateral fovez with the nude
puncture of the middle. AZytra nearly quadrate, the sides
evenly arcuate, a little wider across the shoulders than the
prothorax; disk closely punctulate, convex, darker at the base
and tip, sutural lines straight, fine; base with two punctures;
from the external one emerges an ill-defined line, arcuate
externally, and converging toward the suture; one-fifth of the
length from the tip it becomes obsolete. Abdomen with the
sides nearly parallel, convex, closely punctulate, the first two
dorsals each with short, divergent, widely distant carine.
Legs long. Last palpal joint large, conical.
Habitat. Texas.

E. cavico.uis, Lec. Reddish brown, abdomen paler, ely-
tra, legs, and antenne, red; surface polished, punctate, pubes-
cence coarse, conspicuous. Length 1.4 mm.

flead large, slightly wider than long; eyes large, tempora
slightly arcuate, very convergent; occipital foveze wanting, the
circumambient sulcus deep, straight, convergent, arcuate
behind the frontal margin, the enclosed surface very convex;
occiput punctate at the sides, carinate at the middle, antennal
tubercles strong, angulated. Aztenne robust, as long as the
head and prothorax together; third to eighth joints monili-
form; ninth slightly transverse; tenth twice as wide as long,
not longer than the ninth; the last is as long as the three
preceding together, slightly longer than wide. Prothorax
widest at about one-third the length from the neck, slightly
wider than the head, and wider than long; sides arcuately
convergent, strongly sinuate anteriorly, nearly straight and
less convergent posteriorly; neck about two-thirds as wide
as the base; disk punctulate, the punctures deep and far

58 NaTurRAL History BULLETIN.

apart; the median longitudinal impresssed line is obsoletely
indicated, and, near the base, is a very large, nude, transverse,
fovea; lateral impressions deep, irregular, no transverse
sulcus. /ytra, across the large, prominent, shoulders, a little
wider than the prothorax, sides arcuate, nearly parallel; disk
one-half longer than the prothorax, punctured in rows near the
suture; sutural lines strong, straight, the basal punctures deep,
the outer two nearly behind one another; discal lines short,
obsolete. Abdomen at the base, slightly narrower than the
elytra, the first three segments increasing in width, impunc-
tate, strongly margined; first two segments with two distant,
divergent, basal carine. Legs short and strong, tarsi stronger
in the distal half, and with a long curved claw.
Habitat. Florida.

E. pesiLis, Lec. Slender, light brown or darker, elytra
darker, pubescence short. Length 0.8 mm.

Head small, wider than long; eyes small, convex; tempora
‘small, acutely rounded, shorter than the eye; base very slight-
ly sinuate, not impressed in in the middle, vertex impunctate,
sides declivous; foveze mutually as distant as either from the
eye, deep, connected by a parabolic, slightly impressed, very
narrow sulcus or line; frontal margin convex, feeble; supra-
antennal tubercles small, angulate, not prominent. Antennee
two-thirds longer than the head, eighth to tenth joints gradu-
ally and uniformly wider, sub-equal in length, last joint ovate.
Prothorax widest just before the middle, as wide as long,
slightly wider than the head, nearly straight posteriorly, base
two-thirds and neck one-half as wide as the prothorax; disk
strongly convex, median sulcus fusiform; one-fourth from the
base is a transverse, narrow sulcus, angulated in the middle,
and terminating in two large, lateralfovee. /ytra, across the
shoulders, distinctly wider than the pronotum, longer than
wide, sutural line deep, discal line rudimentary. Addomen
narrower than the elytra, basal half with the sides parallel, no
basal carine. Legs short, slender. Habitat. Florida.

THE PsELAPHID# OF NorTH AMERICA. 59

E. FrossuLATus, Brend. Dark brown, polished, sparsely
pubescent. Length 1mm. Plate XII, Fig. 124.

Head wider than long, or, excluding the eyes, as wide as
long; eyes prominent, tempora nearly straight, convergent
toward the base, neck as wide as the front; sides anteriorly,
very slightly sinuate, convergent to the supra-antennal tuber-
cles; frontal space between the tubercles depressed; frontal
margin, a thin, convex ridge; disk uneven, the impression very
deep, the fovez circular, mutually as far apart as either from
the eye; the grooves are wide, parallel, ending in the large
frontal depression; intervening space high, convex between the
foveze. Antenne from the first to the tenth joint, as long as
the head; first and second joints respectively as large as the
tenth and ninth, intervening joints equal, transverse, very small,
eleventh ovoid-acuminate, half as wide as the entire front.
Prothorax wider than the head and wider than long, sides
slightly sinuate near the large lateral fovee, disk minutely
punctulate; median sulcus fusiform, nearly reaching the large,
triangular fovea, which is connected with the lateral ones by a
nearly straight, transverse sulcus about one-third of the pro-
notallength. /Zytra, with high and prominent shoulders, the
humeral width equal to the length of the suture and slightly
greater than that of the prothorax; sutural lines very deep;
three basal punctures; discal lines half the length, deep, and
broadly impressed near the humeri. Addomen longer than the
elytra, the first and second segments with minute carine.

Habitat. Illinois. (Peoria). Differs from £. pumzlus in
the deep sculpture of the head and in the long discal lines of
the elytra.

E. pumitus, Lec. Yellowish brown, pubescence thin, fine
and short. Length 0.7 mm.

Head small; eyes large, prominent; tempora as long as the
eye, not prominent, interocular surface rough, abruptly elevated
far above the eyes, nearly flat above, narrower anteriorly; base
sinuate, occipital foveze minute, mutually one-half more distant
than either fromthe eye and connected by a slightly impressed

60 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

parabolic sulcus; antennal tubercles small, prominent. Antenne
not much longer than the head, slender, ninth joint as long as
the tenth and twice as wide; tenth one-third wider than the
eleventh; the last joint is much wider, as long as the four
preceding together, elongate, ovate-acuminate. Prothorax
widest before the middle, a little wider than the head and
slightly wider than long; base two-thirds of the pronotal width,
the neck one-half of that measure; disk convex, granular, with
a deep, median, fusiform sulcus, transverse sulcus one-third
from the base, but slightly dilated in the middle, connecting the
large, pubescent, lateral foveee. A/ytra, at the shoulders,
wider than the pronotum, sides arcuate, disk quadrate, convex,
impunctate, shining, discal lines short, not conspicuous. Aé-
domen narrower than the elytra, impunctate, shining convex,
the first two dorsal segments with two short, distant, carine.
Legs short and slender.

Habitat. Louisiana, Georgia.

E. PLANIPENNIS, Brend. Piceous brown, abdomen and
prothorax paler; much depressed, densely pubescent with fine,
appressed hair. Length 1.25 mm. Plate XII., Fig. 118.

ffead triangular, anteriorly truncate, posterior angles
strongly arcuate, eyes very prominent, as long as the tempora,
base entire, across the posterior angles twice as wide as the
straight frontal margin; frontal tubercles small, space between
them and behind the frontal margin deeply concave, occipital
fovez large and connected with the frontal excavation by a
very short sulcus, leaving in the middle of the vertex a short,
acute, triangular elevation, posteriorly continuous with the
occiput. Antenne one-half longer than the head, joints one
and two nearly equal, rounded, longer than wide, third to
eighth very transverse, equal, narrower than the second, ninth
one-third wider, tenth twice as long and wide as the ninth;
last joint ovate, truncate at the base, one-third longer than
wide, slightly wider than the tenth, pubescence denser at the
tip. Palpz short, yellow. Prothorax very broadly convex,
nearly plane, punctulate, sides evenly rounded with the basal

THE PsELAPHID2 OF NorTH AMERICA. 61

angles, broadly arcuate, as long as the width of the head, the
prominent eyes included, and less than one-fourth wider; disk
nearly flat in the middle, an oblong fovea before the middle
and large lateral fovea just behind the middle, connected by a
fine, straight sulcus, running through a very small median
fovea. Elytra one-half longer, across the high shoulders slight-
ly wider, across the tip one-fourth wider than the prothorax,
sides behind the middle nearly parallel; disk flat, depressed,
with declivous sides and tip, very densely pubescent, discal
lines two-thirds of the length, very sharp and fine, sutural lines
the same and entire; basal punctures three. Addomen with the
first and second dorsals bicarinate in the middle, carine includ-
ing one-fourth of the segmental width. Legs short, yellow.
é with the last ventral nearly circular and an inconspicuous
transverse impression at the base of the penultimate segment.

Habitat. Linn County, Iowa.

Very distinct by the small head and the form and sculpture
of the prothorax.

E. ROTUNDICOLLIs, rend. Piceous brown throughout, legs
paler, pubescence fine, not dense; stature robust, compact.
Length 1.33 mm. Plate XI., Fig. 113. Plate XII, Fig.
116.

Hfead narrower than the prothorax, one-fifth wider than long,
tempora prominent, angulate with the base, nearly parallel be-
hind the moderately prominent eyes; frontal margin two-thirds
as wide as the base, which latter is emarginate and visibly
impressed in the middle of the occiput; the outlines of the head
resemble those of &. confiuens; occipital fovee large, in a line
with the posterior margin of the eyes, circumambient sulcus
deep, parallel to the sides of the head, the frontal part transverse,
deeper; frontal margin thin and straight. Axtenxe rather long,
reaching the transverse thoracic sulcus; first and second joints
larger, oblong; third to sixth equal, globular, small; seventh
to tenth gradually increasing in length and width, transverse;
tenth four times wider, and twice as long as the seventh, the
last ovate, truncate at the base, wider than the tenth, one-half

62 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

longer, and as long as the three preceding ones; pubescence
long. Prothorax transverse, oval, evenly rounded, as long as
the width of the head behind the eyes, and one-fifth wider
than long, convex; discal fovea, or abbreviated sulcus, less
than one-fourth of the length of the prothorax, situated just
before the middle; transverse sulcus one-fourth from the base,
deep, doubly arcuate, deeper in the middle, ending in a large
lateral fovea, the enclosed basal space granulated. Zlytra
moderately convex, just visibly broader than the prothorax
across the high, narrow shoulders; the length of the suture is
one-half more than that of the prothorax; basal fovee deep,
sutural lines parallel, discal lines dilated towards the shoul-
ders, reaching one-third from the base; sides divergent, some-
what arcuate behind the middle. Addomen narrower than the
elytra, broadly margined, with extremely short carine on the
bases of the first and second segments and a mere indication
of them on the third. Legs rather strong and moderately
short. ¢, fourth ventral with a fine, transverse line at the
posterior margin, laterally hooked; the base of the fifth is
transversely depressed in the middle third, and bears a trans-
verse linear impression behind the middle; last ventral finely
punctured, not carinate.
Habitat. Linn County, lowa.

E. sPINIFER, Casey. Brown, impunctate, polished, pubes-
cence inconspicuous. Length 1.2 mm. Plate XI., Fig. 111.
Plate XIE; Fis, 277:

Hlead \arge, and, excluding the eyes, as long as wide, some-
what quadrate, sides slightly divergent, eyes moderately prom-
inent, tempora prominent, arcuately divergent, longer than the
eye; base sinuate, with a median occipital impression; occipital
foveze pubescent, moderately large, mutually two-thirds more
distant than either from the eye, and connected by a parabolic
sulcus, which is deeper behind the arcuate frontal ridge; the en-
closed surface is very convex; supra-antennal tubercles strong,
transversely and obliquely oblong. Antenne one-half longer
than the head, robust, the first two joints stout; the joints of the

THe PsELAPHID2 OF NorRTH AMERICA. 63

funicle half as wide, transverse, ninth and tenth longer and
wider, transversely oval; eleventh larger, little longer than
wide, annulated, acuminate. Last joint of the maxillary palpi
short, conical. Prothorax as wide as the head, widest on the
anterior third, about one-sixth wider than long, sides arcuate
throughout, more so anteriorly, base continuously and slightly
arcuate with the sides, neck one-half as wide as the pronotal
width and two-thirds as wide as the base; disk slightly convex,
with an oblong fovea before the middle, and one-third from the
base, is a deep, angulated, sulcus connecting the large, pubes-
cent, foveee. Llytra, across the high shoulders, as wide as
the prothorax, sides slightly and arcuately divergent, the disk
nearly quadrate, not very convex; the sutural lines are close,
nearly parallel, discal lines half the elytral length, emerging
from the outer basal fovez, which are large and pubescent; a
third intermediate basal puncture is also present. Addomen
narrower at the base than the elytra, wider across the third
segment, the first two basal segments with short divergent
carine. Legs strong, the tibiz of the male dilated on the
discal half. The third ventral in the male is sinuate in the
middle, tumefied at the sides of the posterior limit; beyond
this, on each side, is a long, externally arcuate spine, contigu-
ous to the fourth segment, which is transversely impressed at
the base; the fifth ventral has a transverse impression in the
middle; last segment punctate and with a median carina.
Habitat. Illinois, Louisiana, Georgia.

E. sEXUALIS, Casey. Brown, legs paler, pubescence thin,
very long, erect, coarse; surface polished, with a few feeble,
minute, punctures. The general form is that of &. spzndfer.
Length 1.6 mm.

Head large, little broader than long, eyes large, moderately
prominent, tempora as long as the eye, not prominent, con-
vergent; base strongly sinuate, the pubescent fovee three-
fourths more distant than either from the eye, connected by a
deep, parabolic sulcus passing from the tempora through the
fovez to the front, where it is wider and deeper; intermediate

64 Natura. History BULLETIN.

space very convex, supra-antennal tubercles very large, angu-
late externally; frontal ridge strong, feebly notched in the
middle; labrum with the lateral angles acute, transverse.
Antenne as long as the head and prothorax together, formed
like those of Z. spinifer. Elytra, across the high shoulders
slightly wider than the prothorax, sides more arcuate, disk
more convex, more nearly quadrate compared with 4. spz-
ifer. Abdomen as wide as the elytra, sides straight, parallel,
carinz on the two basal segments more distant, parallel, and
three-fourths as long as the segment. Legs slender and
rather long. The ¢ characters resemble very much those of
E. spinifer, except that the fourth and fifth segments are
emarginate posteriorly for their entire width.
Habitat. South Carolina, Georgia.

E. iNTERRUPTUS, Zec. Form more robust, shoulders
broader, pubescence not dense. Color, rust red. Length 1.4
tor1.6mm. Plate XI., Fig. 108. Plate XII., Fig. 122.

lead large, eyes large, tempora as long as the eye, arcu-
ately convergent, occiput not sinuate nor impressed, frontal
margin straight, sharp, fovee large, in a line with the middle
of the eye, connecting sulcus deep, parallel to the sides,
broader and arcuate behind the frontal margin, inclosed space
very convex, smooth. Sides, external to the sulcus, some-
what punctured, lateral frontal tubercles strong. Antenne
not quite as long the head and prothorax together, first joint
larger than the second; third to eighth joints much narrower
than the second, equal in width, gradually more transverse;
ninth longer, nearly twice as_wide, obconical, truncate at the
base; tenth of the same form, larger; eleventh slightly wider
than long, annulate near the acute apex. Prothorax widest
before the middle, where it is arcuately rounded, and slightly
sinuate anteriorly, sides, toward the base, nearly straight, con-
vergent; near the lateral fovee they are imperceptibly sinu-
ate; the basal angles are rounded; disk convex, minutely
punctulate, with a small central fovea; basal sulcus one-fourth
from the base, deeply arcuate, lateral fovee large and deep.

Tue PsELAPHIDA OF NorTH AMERICA. 65

Elytra minutely and sparsely punctulate, rather convex, as
wide across the shoulders as the prothorax, and nearly one-
third wider across the middle; the length of the suture is one-
fifth greater than the width of the prothorax, the sides evenly
arcuate; the sutural interval is slightly dilated behind the
middle, the lines deep, discal ones half the length of the
elytra. Aédomen as long as the elytra, border strong, basal
carine including one-fifth of the segmental width, very short
on the first and second segments and only indicated on the
third. Legs moderately strong. Sexual differences consist
of a lateral swelling of the posterior edge of the third ventral
segment, a transverse median depression of the base of the
fourth, and a transverse median depression before the middle
of the fifth; the last ventral is lozenge-shaped, longitudinally
_carinate in the middle and punctured.
Habitat. Florida, Virginia, Louisiana, Iowa.

E. LONGICOLLIs, Casey. Pale brown, pubescence dense and
fine. Length 1.3 mm.

f[ead as long as wide; tempora longer than the eyes, arcu-
ate; base slightly sinuate; vertex punctate at the side, fovez
small, mutually a litttle more distant than either from the eye,
the arcuate groove deeper and wider in front; supra-antennal
tubercles large, angulate, and behind each is a small puncture.
Antenne one-third longer than the head, the ninth and tenth
joints transverse, twice as wide as long, the last joint wider
than the tenth, as wide as long. Prothorax slightly narrower
than the head, widest near and before the middle, very slightly
sinuate anteriorly near the neck, posteriorly less convergent,
minutely slightly sinuate behind the middle, thence straight;
neck one-half, the base two-thirds of the pronotal width; disk
impunctate, convex, with an elongate puncture before the mid-
dle, and a slightly impressed sulcus one-fifth from the base,
connecting the three small deep fovee. /ytra, across the
shoulders, somewhat wider than the pronotum, sides slightly
arcuate, nearly parallel, disk a little longer than wide, slightly

66 NatTurAL History BuLueETIN.

depressed; sutural lines arcuate, discal lines two-fifths as long

as the suture. Addomen not longer than the elytra, two dor-

sal segments with approximate, divergent carine. The @

characters are as follows: a deep transverse impression of the

penultimate segment, the third and fourth, sinuate behind.
Habitat. Maryland, Virginia.

E. pirFiciuis, Zec. Red, feebly and sparsely punctulate,
pubescence fine, short, anddense. Length 1.2 mm. Plate
XI., Fig. 109.

FHfead large, as long as wide, eyes small, prominent, tempora
much longer than the eyes, convergent; base sinuate, with a
median impression; vertex impunctate, highly polished, occip-
ital foveze small, pubescent, situated near and behind the
middle, slightly more distant from one another than from the
eyes, circumambient sulcus narrow, the parabolic very wide
and deep behind the frontal ridge; supra-antennal tubercles
very large, angulated externally. Antenne one-third longer
than the head, slender, club large, ninth joint not longer than
the eighth, twice as wide as long; tenth one-half longer and
wider than the ninth; the last joint very slightly wider than
the tenth, nearly globular, annulate and acuminate at the tip.
Prothorax narrower than the head, slightly wider than long,
widest in the anterior third, sides, behind the point of the
greatest width, convergent and broadly sinuate; base three-
fourths as wide as the pronotum, and one-half wider than the
neck; disk convex, with a deep, elongated, median puncture
in the middle; one-fourth from the base is a narrow, feebly
impressed, transverse sulcus, connecting a large, deep, median
impression with the circular, pubescent, lateral foveee near and
behind the middle. A/ytra, across the prominent shoulders,
slightly wider than the prothorax and as wide as the head,
sides parallel, arcuate; disk longer than wide, about as long
as half of the head and the prothorax together, rather flat,
sutural lines close, the lateral ones short, broadly impressed.
Abdomen not narrower than the elytra, the first two segments

THE PsELAPHIDZ OF NorTH AMERICA. 67

conspicuously carinate; space between the carine at the base
pubescent, margin flat.
Habitat. Eastern States.

E. CONGENER, Casey. Form slender, head large, wider than
long, prothorax as wide as the head, rather longer than wide,
humeral width as great as that of the head, elytra slightly
longer than wide; color brown, legs paler, pubescence short,
coarse, dense, conspicuous. Length 1.5 mm.

Head slightly punctulate, eyes large, prominent, tempora
very convergent, longer than the eye, base sinuate, impressed
in the middle; more than one-third from the base are two
minute, pubescent foves, mutually not more distant than
either from the eye; the connecting sulcus is extended on to
the tempora, the enclosed space narrow, convex, impunctate;
frontal tubercles large, angulate, frontal ridge depressed in
the middle. Axtenne one-half longer than the head, third to
eighth joints moniliform; eighth smallest; ninth twice as wide;
tenth longer and wider, two-thirds wider than the ninth; the
last is as long as wide, slightly wider than the tenth, acumi-
nate and annulate at the apex. Prothorax as wide as the
head, widest before the middle, nearly as wide as long, feebly
arcuate at the sides anteriorly, posteriorly convergent, nearly
straight, feebly undulate; neck half as wide as the disk; disk
minutely and sparsely punctulate, convex, with a small elon-
gated puncture before the middle; one-fourth from the base a
narrow, arcuate sulcus connects the deep, triangular, median
impression with the deep, round, pubescent, lateral fovee.
Elytra, across the high shoulders, as wide as the the head;
sides arcuate; disk slightly longer than wide, convex, impunc-
tate, sutural lines parallel, lateral ones broadly impressed,
abbreviated before the anterior third. Addomen with the
sides divergent posteriorly, first three dorsals equal, the two
basal ones with approximate divergent carine. Legs slender.
é, third segment minutely produced behind in the middle,
fourth with a small tubercle in the center.

Habitat. Virginia.

68 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

E. LInEARIs, Lec. Form more parallel, pubescence coarse,
color uniformly brown; surface punctulate. Length 1.3 to
1.6mm. Plate XI., Fig. 107.

ffead trapezoidal, wider than long, eyes large, tempora
slightly arcuate, convergent, base sinuate, with a median
impression, frontal margin straight; supra-antennal tubercles
strong, angularly rounded, occipital foveze far apart, in line
with the posterior limits of the eyes; sulcus parallel to the
sides, where it is deepest, wider toward the frontal margin;
from this point it presents a surface slanting upwards to the
triangularly elevated vertex. Antenne nearly as long as the
head and prothorax together, first joint rather robust; second
much smaller, third to eighth equal, transversely globular;
ninth twice as wide as long; eleventh as wide as the tenth, and
one-half longer than wide, annulate near the acute tip. Pro-
thorax slightly wider than the head, widest before the middle,
sides slightly sinuate anteriorly, very convergent, the middle
evenly arcuate, behind nearly straight; neck not half as wide
as the middle, base two-thirds of the total width, disk broadly
convex, median sulcus fusiform, widest and deepest near the
center, connected with the transverse doubly-arcuate sulcus;
the lateral foveze are large and deep. /ytra rather flat in-
side of a triangle limited by the base and two lines drawn from
the shoulders to the posterior end of the suture, the remaining
triangles being more convex and declivous; across the shoulders
they are as wide as the prothorax, and near the tip are one-
fifth wider; sides divergent, nearly straight behind; discal lines
abbreviated before the middle, sutural lines deep, interval very
slightly dilated behind the middle, the three basal fovez rather
deep. Addomen broadly margined, sides of the first three
segments parallel; carinez of the first and second segments
short, including one-fifth of the total width. The under sur-
face of the head and abdomen more strongly punctured.
2, last ventral lozenge-shaped, punctate, carinate in the middle.

Habitat. East of the Mississippi river.

THE PsELAPHID2 OF NoRTH AMERICA. 69

E. conFLUENS, Zec. Form slender, depressed, sides of the
elytra and abdomen parallel; surface punctulate. Length 1.2
toz1.5mm. Plate XI., Figs. 110 and 112.

¢ Head broader than long, trapeziform, one-fourth shorter
from the frontal margin to the base than the width across the
very prominent tempora; base sinuate and shortly carinate in
the middle, tempora acutely rounded; eyes not prominent, sides,
from the tempora to supra-antennal tubercles, nearly straight,
slightly sinuate; frontal margin straight, slightly produced in
the middle, as wide as the head is long; disk -very coarsely
punctured, flat, the inter-ocular foveze very small, mutually as
distant as either from the eye; the groovesare parallel, broadly
arcuate in the transverse frontal portion, included space smooth
or less deeply punctured, mandibles prominent. Aztenn@one-
third longer than the head, third to eighth joints transversely
moniliform; ninth and tenth gradually wider; eleventh ovate,
truncate at the base, where it is slightly wider than the tenth
and four times wider than the funicle, the length and width
about equal. Prothorax narrower than the head, widest
before the middle, as wide as long, sides rounded in the middle,
straight and convergent toward the neck and base, slightly
sinuate opposite the lateral foveee; base broadly arcuate; disk
punctate with a deep oblong fovea before the middle, running
out into a shallow, longitudinal sulcus, reaching into the tri-
angular median fovea one-fourth from the base; lateral fovez
large, deep, very faintly connected with the median ones.
£lytra densely pubescent, faintly punctulate, as long as wide,
sides nearly parallel; disk flat, sutural lines nearly straight,
parallel, base trifoveate, discal lines deep near the base, not
reaching the middle; shoulders prominent. Addomen longer
than the elytra, the first and second dorsals carinate. The
sexual differences are conspicuous, the head of the ¢ being
shorter, the mandibles strong, prominent, the antenne more
slender, and the abdomen shorter; the third ventral segment is
bisinuate in the middle behind, the fourth depressed at the
middle of the base and covered by tufts of hair; the fifth has

70 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

two short transverse folds on each side of the middle; the} last
is lozenge-shaped, punctured, carinate longitudinally.
Habitat. Atlantic slope from North to South.

E. PERTENUIS, Casey. 92 very slender, linear, pubescence
fine and dense; surface nearly opaque. Length r mm.

flead nearly as long as wide, very large; eyes large, nearly
invisible from above, tempora arcuate, longer than the eye;
base sinuate, vertex nearly flat, distinctly punctate; in a line
through the center are two minute, pubescent fovee, mutually
equally as distant as either from the eye; connecting sulcus
deep, convergent, angulated and transverse behind the straight
frontal margin; frontal ridge sharp. Antenne very short,
third to tenth joints transverse, ninth and tenth wider; tenth
three times as wide as long; eleventh wider, as long as wide,
acuminate. Labrum bilobed. Palfz with the second joint
clavate, the third small, transverse, fourth conical, twice as
long as wide. Prothorax narrower than the head, longer than
wide, widest before the middle, feebly sinuate at the sides
anteriorly, nearly straight posteriorly; neck one-half the pro-
notal width and four-fifths that of the base; disk convex, with
an oblong puncture before the middle and cruciform impres-
sion near the base, the lateral branches not reaching the small
fovee. L/ytra, across the shoulders, not wider than the head,
sides nearly parallel; disk one-fourth longer than wide, the
discal lines very short, shoulders prominent. Addomen with
the third segment slightly wider than the elytra, the first two
carinate. Legs long.

Habitat. Virginia. Unknown to us,

E. cALIFoRNICus, Casey. Form slender, depressed; pubes-
cence fine, short, dense; body brown, polished. Length 1.3
mm.

flead wider than long, tempora rounded, convergent, not
prominent; base sinuate; vertex depressed; in a line with the
middle of the eyes are two small, nude, foveze, mutually as
distant as either from the eye, and connected by a feeble

THe PsELAPHIDZ OF NORTH AMERICA. 71

arcuate groove; frontal margin nearly straight, the lateral
tubercle small, prominent; surface rather rough, punctured.
Antenne three-fourths the length of the head and prothorax
together, the last three joints gradually wider, the last oval,
as long as the three preceding together. Prothorax punctate,
slightly shorter and narrower than the head, wider than long,
widest before the middle, sides convergent, nearly straight
towards the base, which is two-thirds as wide as the disk;
neck very slightly narrower, disk with a slightly elongate
fovea near th2 center; one-fourth the length from the base is
a deep, transverse, impression; lateral fovezee deep, rounded,
not connected with the median impression. /ytra, across
the shoulders, slightly wider than the prothorax, sides nearly
parallel, very feebly arcuate, disk as long as wide; sutural
lines deep, arcuate, discal lines fine, slightly arcuate, half the
length of the elytra; base trifoveate, punctate. Aédomen nar-
rower and longer than the elytra, sides parallel, punctate; the
base of the first two segments is impressed in the middle and
bears obsolete carinz. Legs short, tarsi short and thick.
Habitat. California. (Lake Tahoe).

E. tonersstmus, Brend. Pale testaceous, polished, impunc-
tate, sparsely pubescent, very elongate-linear. Length 1.6
mm. Plate XI., Fig. 114. Plate XII., Fig. 115.

lead, including the eyes, as long as wide, tempora slightly
convergent, straight from the rounded posterior angles to the
eyes; frontal tubercle prominent, rounded, the angular frontal
margin crenate and elevated between the tubercles; occipital
foveze large, sulcus straight to the arcuate frontal portion and
fairly wide; enclosed surface convex, occiput emarginate and
impressed in the middle; eyes small, not prominent. Antenne
one-half longer than the head, first and second joints cylindri-
cal, longer than wide, as wide as the ninth; third to eighth
very small, sub-globular; ninth not longer, tenth twice as
wide and long as the ninth, the last wider than the tenth and
one-fourth longer than wide, obliquely annulate near the sub-
acute tip. Palpi, last joint as large as the second antennal

72 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

joint, more convex inside. Prothorax as wide and long as the
width of the head, widest across the anterior third where it is
strongly arcuate; anteriorly the sides are strongly convergent,
slightly sinuate; posteriorly convergent, sinuate near the
lateral foveze, thence rounded toward the base, which is three-
fourths as wide as the disk and one-half wider than the neck;
disk convex with an oval fovea behind the apical third, and a
doubly arcuate, not very deep sulcus one-fourth from the
base, which is deeper or foveate at the angulated middle and
ends in two large lateral fovee. #/ytra, across the very high
shoulders, as broad as the prothorax, near the tip one-fourth
wider, the width here equalling the length of the suture; sides
very slightly arcuate, nearly parallel; base sinuate; tip
straight; sutural lines slightly impressed, basal punctures
three, the outer one resembling a short impression. Addomen
longer than, and as wide as the elytra, the two basal segments
carinate, border broad, parallel. Legs, (4) tibiz and tarsi
dilated, short; fourth ventral impressed at the base, fifth
transversely impressed in the middle, last lozenge-shaped,
carinate.
Habitat. South Carolina, Georgia.

Eutypuuus, Lec.

(LVicotheus Casey.)

Body elongate, linear, resembling Awplectus. The head
with large antennal fovee before and above the eyes; protho-
rax rectangular at the sides of the base; prosternum carinate;
abdomen with the fourth dorsal segment not, or very slightly
longer than the third. _ 9 with rudimentary eyes.

E. TIBIALIS, Casey. Form robust, slightly depressed, pubes-
cence short, brown conspicuous. Length (¢) 1.2 mm. (@)
r4.mm;. Plate AIL, Wig. 119,02; Big. 220, 4.

¢ Head as long as wide, eyes moderately prominent, small,
coarsely facetted, tempora convergent, feebly arcuate, exca-

THE PsELAPHIDZ OF NorTH AMERICA. 73

vated above and below the eye, sides of the vertex straight,
convergent to the frontal margin; supra-antennal tubercles
strong, angulate; frontal margin convex in the middle and
declivous at the tip; in a line with the anterior limits of the
eyes are two pubescent fovez, mutually two-thirds more dis-
tant than either from the eye, connected by a parabolic sulcus;
the included space impunctate; labrum truncate anteriorly.
Antenne not as long as the head and prothorax together, first
and second joints stout, ovate, nearly equal; third to seventh
small, gradually transverse; eighth to tenth gradually increas-
ing in width, nearly equal in length; eleventh sub-globular,
annulated near the acute tip. Last joint of the maxillary pal-
pus thick, one-sided, acute at the tip. Prothorax widest
across the anterior third where the width equals that of the
head, as wide as long, evenly arcuate at the sides; posteriorly
' the sides are nearly straight, forming a slightly obtuse angle
with the base; disk polished, impunctate, convex, with an
abbreviated, linear sulcus just before the middle and a trans-
verse, slightly angulated groove one-fourth from the base,
connecting the pubescent lateral foveze; the space behind the
transverse sulcus is rough, with a median carina. E£/lytra,
across the prominent shoulders, as wide as the prothorax,
sides divergent, moderately arcuate, disk feebly convex, indefi-
nitely punctulate, wider than long, and one-fourth longer than
the pronotum; base bifoveate, the sutural lines parallel, the
discal impression conspicuous, more than one-third as long as
the suture. Abdomen short, broad, border retuse, segments
sub-equal, the first and second with two short, divergent
carine at the base. Legs long, thighs clavate, tibiz dilated
toward the tip. 9, form more slender, longer than the male,
eyes rudimentary, consisting of three or in some cases two
ocelli; the elytra are comparatively longer, the sides more
arcuate, the abdomen longer, and the tibie not dilated.
Habitat. Virginia.

74 NaTurRAL History BULLETIN.

BrsLoporus, Zhomson.

(Faliscus, Casey.) e

Body slender; antennal club three-jointed; prosternum cari-
nate; fourth dorsal not prolonged.

B. BICANALIS, Casey. Dark brown, pubescence short and
fine; antenne and legs paler. Length 1.1 mm.

Hlead small, wider than long, eyes large, coarsely facetted,
prominent, very near the base, tempora short, nearly trans-
verse; vertex flat, polished, impunctate, with two small, deep,
naked fovee, mutually twice as distant as either from the
eye; on each side of the vertex is a very shallow sulcus run-
ning from the occipital foveze forward, near the frontal margin
turning inwards without meeting the opposite sulcus, where it
is much more deeply impressed; supra-antennal tubercles flat,
crossed by a fine impressed line; frontal margin convex.
Antenne not as long as the head and prothorax together, slen-
der; first joint larger, second oblong, conical; third longer
than wide, fourth to sixth globular; seventh thicker, globular,
eighth as thick as the seventh and slightly transverse; ninth
larger, of the same form; tenth nearly as long as the ninth,
transverse, one-half wider than long; eleventh wider than the
tenth, little longer than wide, acuminate. Maxillary palpus
with the last joint fusiform; under surface of the head with
capitate hairs. Prothorax widest before the middle, sides
evenly arcuate, straight toward the neck and the basal angles;
the neck is two-thirds as wide as the base; disk polished,
indistinctly punctulate, with a nude, oblong puncture near the
base, continued forward as a fine shallow impression, not
reaching the middle of the disk; on each side is a shallow,
longitudinal, impression, reaching the basal angle; lateral
foveze and transverse basal sulcus wanting. A/ytra, across the
shoulders, slightly wider than the prothorax, sides arcuate,
sutural lines close together, feebly arcuate. Discal lines deep,
one-third as long as the suture; disk indefinitely and closely
punctulate. Addomen shorter and narrower than the elytra,

THE PsELAPHIDA OF NoRTH AMERICA. 75

margin narrow, the segments sub-equal, the first two with
short carine at the base. Legs long, thighs robust, tibie
slender; male intermediate thighs lunate, the intermediate
tibiz with an internal tooth.

Habitat. New York.

Faronus, Azéé.

Antenne inserted beneath the moderately distant frontal
tubercles, joints moniliform, gradually slightly larger; palpi
short, the last joint oval or elongate oval; vertex trifoveate;
eyes moderately prominent, the facets not very large. Pro-
thorax commonly wider than long, with two small fovee near
the center and a transverse excavation limited laterally by a
carina which separates it from the lateral fovea, posteriorly by
a roof-shaped transverse carina which divides it from the basal
line. Elytra usually with nearly straight divergent sides, the
line of the sides if prolonged touching the sides of the protho-
rax and the eyes anteriorly, and the first three segments pos-
teriorly; the disk is depressed, with deeply interrupted or
strongly foveate lines. Abdomen, basal segment shorter than
the two succeeding ones, broadly margined, the segments
quite flexible and somewhat retractile; segments six in num-
ber. Pubescence usually very coarse and long. Legs slen-
der, short, tarsi short, the first two joints very short, the last
with two equal claws. Posterior coxz approximate, slightly
transverse. Antennz with the third joint smallest. The fol-
lowing table will enable the student to identify his specimens.

TABLE OF THE SPECIES OF FARONUS.

12 Prothorax with two fovez on the disk before the middle.

22 Prothorax nearly as wide as long, sides evenly arcuate, discal fovez faint,
not connected with the basal transverse impression by a longitu-
dinal one. - - - - - - - - - tolule.

21 Prothorax wider than long, fovez connected with the transverse basal
impression by a longitudinal one.

Sides of body nearly parallel: head very transverse, tempora
rectangular with the base. - - - - corticinus.

76 NATuRAL History BULLETIN.

Sides of the body divergent; head not much wider than long,
tempora convergent towards the base, slightly arcuate.
cavicollis.

Sides of body divergent; head very small, not much wider than
long, sculpture of vertex less deep; tempora arcuate, but not
angular to the base. - - : - - parviceps.

11 Prothorax without discal fovez, the basal transverse impression with
three deeper punctures. - - - - - - isabelle.

F, ToLuL&, Lec. Dark brown, polished, pubescence coarse,
long, abundant on every part of the body; antenne and legs
yellowish. Length 2.1mm. Plate XII., Fig. 125.

Flead without the eyes, as long as wide, eyes large, promi-
nent, tempora very convergent, nearly transverse, as long as
the eye, with the posterior part of the eyes and the base form-
ing a regular arch; sides near the eyes sinuate, frontal margin
sinuate, supra-antennal tubercles strong; in a line with the
middle of the eyes are two small, circular foveze, mutually
three times more distant than either from the eye, frontal
fovea oblong, large and deep; space separating the three
fovez slightly elevated. Antenne half as long as the entire
body, first joint cylindrical, strong, twice as long as wide, flat-
tened above; second shorter, oval, one-half longer than wide;
third to tenth gradually increasing in width, third smallest,
longer than wide, eighth slightly transverse, ninth as thick as
the first; tenth a little larger transversely oval, one-fourth
wider than long, eleventh ovate-acuminate, one-half longer
than wide. Last palpal joint twice as wide as long, oval,
somewhat more arcuate inside, the second joint larger than
the third; on the under side of the head, behind and below the
eyes each side, is a small acute tubercle. Pyrothorax sub-glo-
bose, widest in the middle, nearly as long as wide, the base
twice the width of the neck; the discal punctures are hardly
visible, the basal transverse excavation and lateral foveze deep.
Lilytra much depressed, the base, sides, and posterior limit
nearly straight; sides and tip declivous, discal and sutural
lines with deep foveole before the middle, only one interme-
diate puncture near the base; the disk, across the shoulders, is

THE PsELAPHIDZ OF NorRTH AMERICA. 77

as wide as the prothorax, across the tip one-half wider, and

equal to the length of the suture. Addomen, across the second

segment, wider than the elytra. Legs rather long and stout,

the third tarsal joint three times longer than the second.
Habitat. Virginia.

F. cavirrons, Casey. Brown, impunctate, polished; pubes-
cence long, coarse, and recumbent, especially long on the
tempora and abdomien. Length 1.9 mm. Plate XII., Fig.
126.

Ffead, behind the large prominent eyes, nearly as wide as
the distance from the frontal margin to the base, which is
continuously arcuate with the tempora; sides, for a short dis-
tance before the eyes, convergent, thence forming an obtuse
angle with the parallel antennal tuberculations; disk moder-
ately convex, deeply excavated between the antennal tuber-
cles, leaving the frontal margin very sharp in the middle; in
the eye line are two small, faintly impressed fovez, not quite
twice as distant from one another as from the eye. Antenne
very pubescent, longer than the head and prothorax together;
first joint oblong-oval, as wide as the ninth joint, nearly twice
as long as wide, second oval, shorter, equal in thickness to the
first; third smallest, globular, fourth to tenth sub-equal, mon-
iliform, slightly and gradually increasing in size; the tenth is
rather wider than long, eleventh ovate, little wider than the
tenth, and one-half longer than wide. Last joint of the maxil-
lary palpi nearly fusiform, twice as long as wide. Prothorax
wider than the head, one-fifth wider than long just before the
middle, where the sides are evenly rounded; thence nearly
straight to the neck, and slightly sinuate toward the base;
neck half as wide as the base, which is about three-fourths of
the greatest width; disk with two small, slightly impressed
fovez before the middle, and the basal structure given in the
generic description, modified by the lateral carine including
little more excavated space than one-half of the basal width.
Elytra longer than wide, slightly divergent at the sides, width

78 NATuRAL History BULLETIN.

of the shoulders but little greater than that of the thorax,
three-fourths as wide as across the tip, discal lines quadrifove-
ate; intermediate fovez two, lateral declivity slightly concave.
Abdomen with a pubescent transverse line on the basal seg-
ment. Legs short and slender.

Habitat. Middle Calfornia.

F. cortTicinus, Casey. More elongate than the preceding,
pale brown, pubescence shorter, finer, surface impunctate.
Length 1.5 mm. Plate XII., Fig. 127.

Hlead wider than long, four-fifths as wide as the prothorax,
trapeziform, eyes small, situated in the middle of the straight,
anteriorly convergent, sides; tempora rather prominent,
rounded, frontal margin slightly convex, less than two-thirds
the distance across the tempora, front deeply excavated; ver-
tex with two small punctiform fovee, mutually less distant
than either from the eye. Antenne one-third longer than the
head and prothorax together, first joint longer and little
thicker than the second; the second is nearly one-half longer
than wide, oval; third to ninth smaller, moniliform, gradually
shorter, and wider than long; tenth and eleventh slightly
larger, the former transverse, the latter wider, and a little
longer than wide, as long as the two preceding together.
The fourth joint of the maxillary palpi is longer than wide,
compressed oval, with a terminal pencil of hair. Prothorax
widest in the middle, evenly rounded, very slightly sinuate
toward the base; discal foveee just before the middle, mutually
distant one-fifth of the pronotal width; basal excavation foveate
in the middle, and limited on the angle by the lateral carine;
lateral fovee large, extending to the lateral basal angle.
Eilytra a little wider across the shoulders than the prothorax,
across the tip less than one-fourth wider, the width here being
equal to the sutural length; disk depressed, the sutural lines
punctate at the base, the discal lines with two large punctures
near the base, intermediate punctures three in the longitudinal
row. <Addomen slightly longer and wider than the elytra,
marginal border one-seventh of the segmental width; the basal

THE PsELAPHIDZ OF NORTH AMERICA. 79

segment is shorter than any one of the succeeding segments,
and bears on each side of the middle a transverse pubescent
line. Legs short, stronger than those of the preceding spe-
cies.

Habitat. Middle California.

F. parviceps, Meklin. Dark brown. Length 2 mm.

Hfead wider than long, much smaller than in any of the pre-
ceding species; the frontal impression is more transverse,
the foveze not so well impressed and situated in a line with the
anterior limits of the eyes, tempora arcuate. Anéenne longer
than the head and prothorax, the basal joint longer than in the
preceding species, the ninth and tenth joints transverse.
Prothorax widest behind the middle; the fovee before the
middle are near together, not connected with the transverse
basal impression. #/ytra with the sides straight, divergent,
half as long again as the prothorax, shoulders not prominent.
Abdomen with the sides divergent, the first segment apparently
half as long as the second. In the living specimen this pro-
portion may possibly be different.

Habitat. British Columbia.

This description is taken from a drawing made thirty years
ago from a specimen in Dr. Leconte’s cabinet. We do not
recollect whether or not it has the transverse pubescent line
on the first abdominal segment.

F. IsABELL@, Lec. Black, elytra, legs, and antenne red.
Length 2 mm.

flead large, as wide as long, the frontal fovee large and
deep. Antenne as long as the head and prothorax together,
first joint oblong oval; second of the same form, as long as
the width of the first; third smallest, as long as wide; fourth
to sixth little longer than wide, one-half wider than the third;
seventh to tenth gradually wider, not longer, the tenth being
twice as wide as the eighth; the last joint is wider than the
tenth, and one-half longer than wide, oval. Prothorax of the
same form as in /. cavifrons, without discal foveole, the basal

So NATURAL History BULLETIN.

impression less deep. Z/ytra red, of the same form as in F,
cavifrons. Abdomen with the first segment very short, and
narrower than the elytra; the second is twice as long as the
first and equal to the third or fourth segment, gradually
increasing in width from base to apex, the rest of the seg-
ments rapidly decreasing in width and seemingly so in length,
as they are retracted in dead specimens.
Habitat. San Francisco, Cal.

APPENDIX.

ANOPS, 2. ay (from a, wanting, and ow, eye.)

ANOPS AMPLYOPONICA, 7. sf. Uniform umber brown, aluta-
ceous, finely pubescent, of the general form and character of
Batrisus; eyes wanting, sides of the head with a prominent
spine; fourth dorsal segment as long as the others taken
together, not margined; posterior coxe approximate. Length
3-4 mm.

flead as wide as long, vertex quadrate, carinate at the sides,
the carinz nearly obsolete posteriorly, with two shallow fovez
less than one-fourth from the base, and mutually three times
farther distant than either from the basal carina; circumam-
bient sulcus shallow near the foveze, deeper and wider near
the frontal margin. Supra-antennal tubercles retusely angu-
late outside and separated by a notch from the arcuate frontal
margin; clypeus evenly rounded, punctured; sides of the head
continuously convex with the posterior part of the vertex and
the gular region, and with a strong, pointed, conical spine ’
(perhaps bearing an ocellus) in the position usually occupied
by the eyes; occiput carinate in the middle; gula unicarinate;
neck faintly carinate; mentum and labrum very short, emargi-
nate; antennal cavities shallow. Px/pz with the second joint
very slightly sigmoid, third quadrate, fourth not thicker than

THE PSELAPHIDZ OF NorTH AMERICA. 81

the third, fusiform, five times longer than wide, acuminate.
Antenne, excluding the last joint, as long as the head and pro-
thorax, first to eighth joints obconical, regularly decreasing in
size; ninth and tenth respectively as wide as the second and
first, sub-globose, nearly transverse; eleventh one-half thicker
than the tenth, more convex outside, as long as the three pre-
ceding. Prothorax widest across the anterior fourth, anterior
circumference semi-circular, sides straight from the anterior
third to the basal angle, rounded, not margined; disk evenly
vaulted, with a large, deep, median fovea, lateral fovez small
and shallow; on each side of the large fovea is an inconspicu-
ous tubercle, and there are two shallow impressions on each
side near the base; median basal carina present, median,
transverse, and lateral sulci wanting. /ytra rather convex,
with obsolete shoulders, as in some Californian Aatrzsz, the
sutural lines close together, discal lines wanting; there are two
shallow impressions near the base. Addomen wider than the
elytra, nearly as long as the prothorax and elytra, without a
visible line of junction between the dorsals and ventrals above,
not margined; basal dorsal segment three times wider than
long, basal fovez deep, the median twice as wide as the lateral
ones; second and third segments sub-equal, together as long
as the first; fourth half as long as the abdomen; fifth very
short, emarginate at the tip. Prosternum short, the coxal
cavities continuous, coxe large, conical; mesosternum cari-
nate, narrow anteriorly, bilobed, the posterior coxe separated
by a distance equal to the length of the last palpal joint.
Legs, coxz, and trochanters simple, not spinous, femora
strongly clavate, tibiz moderately arcuate, the posterior ones
with a very small terminal spinule inside; tarsi half as long as
the tibiz, first joint short, second longest, more than half the
length of the tarsus, thicker at the distal end, third cylindrical,
thin, with but one perceptible claw. To all appearance the
unique specimen described is a male; the ventral segments
correspond to the dorsals in length, the fourth segment bears
a large, deep, transverse fovea, and the fifth is semi-circular.

82 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

Habitat, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, with Am-
plyopone pallipes.

This insect represents the genus Amaurops of Europe, dif-
fering in the absence of the abdominal margin, and is related
to some of the Japanese Latrisz (dongicornis, Sharp, and solz-
tarius, Sharp) from which it differs in the absence of eyes
and the extreme length of the fourth dorsal segment. For
the loan of this interesting species we are indebted to Mr. P.
Jerome Schmitt, of St. Vincent College, Pennsylvania, to
whom is also due the honor of its discovery. The specimen
was received after the rest of the monograph was in press, so
we were unable to insert this description in its proper place.

Batrisus, Azdbé.

B. FURCATUS, 2. sp. Saturated red-brown, faintly punctu-
late; elytra brighter; pubescence sparse. Length 1.8 mm.

4 Head, including the prominent eyes, as long and wide as
the prothorax; lateral carine of the vertex nearly parallel,
circumambient sulcus parabolic; the perforate nude fovez are
inside the sulcus; middle portion convex, carinate from the
middle to the base; frontal margin sparsely punctate, not
depressed in the middle, anterior margin trisinuate, the median
sulcus not so deep as the lateral ones; the black, pointed
spinulee end in long yellow claws, the lateral lobes only pen-
dant at the tips; clypeus porrected somewhat in the form of
an equilateral triangle, pointed in front, edges black, sides
punctate, upper edge, limiting the sub-frontal excavation,
arcuate; the culmen bears a short black carina with two tufts
of hair, and on each side is a small emargination correspond-
ing to the outer sinuses of the frontal margin. Anfenne with
the second, third, fifth and seventh joints equal, obconical,
fourth and sixth equal, smaller, the eighth half as long as the
seventh, transverse, rounded; ninth as long as the eighth and
twice as wide; tenth three times as wide as the eighth and
nearly as long as wide, the fovea large; eleventh not wider

THE PsELAPHIDZ OF NorRTH AMERICA. 83

than the tenth, ovate-acuminate, truncate at the base. Pvro-
thorax with a very fine, nearly entire median sulcus, and
small, acute, basal spines. A/yira narrow-shouldered, the
humeri not prominent, space between the sutural lines punc-
tulate. Addomen narrower at the base than the elytra, the
foveze nearly equal in width, ventral fovee large, square;
anterior tarsi with the larger claw cleft; 9 unknown. This
species ranks next to B. virginie.
Habitat. Southern Pennsylvania. (H. Ulke.)

Since the descriptions of Batr7sc were in press we have
received specimens of B. fovercornis Cas., and B. punctifrons,
Cas., and both species seem entitled to specific distinction.
The student is therefore requested to insert in the synopsis
after B. globosus the following:

Clypeus conical, not reflexed laterally ; pronotum feebly sulcate.

Tenth antennal joint largerin the ¢thaninthe@ - /oveicornis.
Tenth antennal joint of ¢ not larger than in the 9 - punctifrons.

B. FOVEICORNIS, Casey. Red, impunctate; pubescence long,
sparse. Length 1.9 to 2.0 mm.

Head as wide as long, face nearly perpendicular to the ver-
tex, which latter is wider than long, not very convex, carinate
in the middle of the occiput and at. the sides, fovea riude,
lateral grooves arcuate, dividing the thinly punctured margin
in the middle; clypeus large, conical, not reflexed at the sides,
sub-frontal groove remarkably inconspicuous. Antenne with
the first joint sub-cylindrical, as wide as the ninth, and twice
as long as wide; second, one-third shorter and narrower, third
to seventh longer than wide, gradually shorter, eighth as long
as wide, ninth as long as the eighth, transverse; tenth
much wider, globose when viewed from above, flattened
below, with a perforate fovea, which in some specimens is very
large. Eleventh wider than the tenth and as long as the three
preceding together. Prothorax with the fovee and sulci
deep, the median sulcus short, disappearing behind the middle,
or very much shorter; basal spines small, discal carinz rather

84 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

indistinct or sometimes absent. lytra with humeral ridges
not spinous. Addomen with the basal median fovea not half
as wide as the lateral. The ? has the clypeus remarkably flat,
strongly punctured laterally, less so in the middle, not sepa-
rated from the frontal margin. Median basal abdominal fovea
wider; tenth antennal joint not modified.

Habitat. Cincinnati, Ohio.

B. puNCTIFRONS, Casey. Red-brown to black, impunctate,
pubescent, antennae, legs, and palpi dull-red. Length 1.8 to
1.9 mm.

Head carinate at the sides of the vertex, fovez nude, cir-
cumambient sulcus interrupted in front, where the frontal ele-
vation is connected with the rather flattened median arch;
between the occipital fovez is a transverse impression; the
frontal margin is densely punctured, anteriorly declivous to
the interantennal line, the declivous portion triangular, slightly
truncate in front; sub-frontal groove very narrow, sharply cut;
clypeus conical, edges not reflexed, densely punctured.
Antenne with the first joint as wide as the tenth, one-half
longer than wide, the joints gradually decreasing in size to the
eighth; eighth transversely oval, ninth and tenth not longer
than the eighth, gradually wider, shorter inside, with the usual
perforate fovea on the tenth; eleventh more than twice as
wide as the tenth, and larger than the three preceding joints
together, ovate-acuminate. Prothorax with the median sulcus
fine, perceptible only in a favorable light, stronger near the
fovea, spines very small and fine. Addominal basal fovee
nearly equal. The @ differs in the vertex being uniformly
convex and scabrous; the antenne are of the same form as in
the é.

Habitat. Southern Pennsylvania.

ERRATA.

Some typographical and clerical errors having crept into
the first part of this Monograph the student is requested to
make the following changes:

Page 224, b’, for cylindrical read elliptical.

Page 225, line 7, for absolutely read obsoletely.

Page 237, after description of C7. z¢mmermannz, add, Habitat.
Southern States.

Page 239, lines 14 and 15 should read, Habitat. Western slope
of the Sierra Nevada. Montana. (Wickham).

Page 242, line 6, after Habitat., add, Mississippi Valley,
south of 36°.

Page 266, last line, for Sauley read Saulcy.

Page 268, II, for wide read nude.

Page 271, line 2, for front read fourth.

Page 271, line 12, for a/bznica read albionica.

Page 294, line 6, for impunctuate read impunctate.

Page 294, line 17, for TRIGMA read TRIGONA.

In the explanation of Plate VI., Figs. 13 and 15 are trans-
posed; read therefore:

Fig. 13, Chennium (Atinus) monilicorne.
Fig. 15, Zmes¢phorus costalis.

PLATE X".

Fig. 78, Batrisus ferox.

Fig. 79. B. ione.
Fig. 80. #8. riparius.
Fig. 81. B. schaumiz.
Fig. 82. 2B. zephyrinus.
Fig. 83. B. cicatricosus.
Fig. 84. B. albionicus.
Fig. 85. B. occiduus.
Fig. 86. B. scabriceps.
Fig.87. B. lineaticollis.
Fig. 88. 2. frontalis.
Fig. 89. B. globosus.
Fig. 90. B&B. cephalotes.
Fig.91. B&B, triangulifer.
Fig. 92. B. spretus.
Fig. 93,a. Antenne of B. denticornts.
Fig. 93, b. Antenne of B. triangulifer.
Fig. 93,c. Antenne of B. nigricans.
1 Note. All the figures of Pselaphide are highly magnified. For the

size of the several species the student must be guided by the dimensions

quoted in the text.

BATE Xe

oy ATA.

> sae “i8k> Wepate vi eho a
if 4 : (

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s p Rica, ray why de : vr
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ivi wane vege ae Tey nid
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. nahin we eA 75 \) oe) ee i %

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Pe r - vee's Vatrivy Sa | nl a "3 aS
aK a - Ce
.4 j = aaa TA i“y =
e ae as WY Va are x uu) 5 P
lit } :
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: rs ARS yee
‘ . ‘ ‘ e: _*

{ eh estate id a1 at

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a ' oe abe ia oe eae io 2 oe
Bae pA 1 ees fcylasy Rupee ets ye
; ame .\ Folate ipuites These ey} pee
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ws ; d TEETH AAI ow TRAIN aadcor! Tyree eb Gat ‘ i
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Bi. atl mo es Rents paleniee a bitgese lr edigo.co ig! od HA Sea ied
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Bioisisiiii silt vd bobige al seyat rnsbgde nol) 2otosya iets 25 Sit -
a t i e<% te e953 Seis tii lyijetige
: . a 74 \ -
: rf - . -. 4 .
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aa : d
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Fig. 94. Tvrimium convexulum.

PLATE XP, :

Fig. 95. 7. dubium.

Fig. 96. = 7. thoracicum.

Fig.97. 7. parvulum.

Fig. 98. 7. tmpunctatum ;
Fig. 99. Actium pallidum.

Fig. 100. /thexidius granulosus.

Fig. 101. 2. canaliculatus.

Fig. 102. Oropus striatus.

Fig. 103. /hexius insculptus.

Fig. 104. Thestum cavifrons.

Pig: 105. Trimioplectus obsoletus.

Fig. 106. Luplectus crinitus.

Fig. ro7. £. linearis.

Fig. 108. £. interruptus.

Fig. 109. E. difficilis.

Fig. 110. E. confluens.

Fig. 111. 4 sexual ventral marks of Z. spinifer.
Fig. 112. ¢ sexual ventral marks of Z. confluens.
Fig. 113. ¢ sexual ventral marks of Z. rotundicollis.
Fig. 114. 4 sexual ventral marks of &. longissimus.

1 Note. All the figures of the Pselaphide are highly magnified. For the
size of the several species the student must be guided by the dimensions
quoted in the text.

XJ

PLATE

47

PLATE XII.

Fig. 115. uplectus longissimus.
Fig. 116. £&. rotundicollis.
Fig. 117. £. spinifer.
Fig. 118. £. planipennis.
Fig. 119. Eutyphlus tibialis 9.
Fig. 120. £. tibialis 6.
Male sexual ventral marks of:
Fig. 121. Luplectus crinitus.
Fig. 122. £. interruptus.
Fig. 123. Tvrimioplectus obsoletus.
Fig. 124. Huplectus fossulatus.
Fig. 125. Faronus tolule.
Fig. 126. . cavifrons.
Fig. 127. F. corticinus.
Fig. 128. Nzsaxis tomentosa.
Fig. 129. Head of 9 Macherodes carinatus; a, profile.
Fig. 130. Head of ¢ Macherodes carinatus,; b, profile.
Fig. 131. Head of M. tychoides.
Face (front, clypeus and labrum) of:
Fig. 132. Batrisus cephalotes.
Fig. 133. &.-triangulifer.

Fig. 134. B&B. frontalis,
Fig. 135. B. giobosus. L
Fig. 136. B. schaumit.
Fig. 137. £8. denticornts. q
Fig. 138. 2B. scabriceps.

Fig. 139. B. virginie.
Fig. 140. B. riparius. :
Fig. 141. B. zephyrinus. '

t Note. All the figures of the Pselaphidz are highly magnified. For the
size of the several species the student must be guided by the dimensions
quoted in the text. 2 i ’

PLATE XII.

NOTES ON TRICHINA.
S. CALVIN.

Some years ago a series of observations was conducted in
the Biological Laboratory for the purpose of ascertaining
facts concerning the prevalence of trichine among Iowa swine.
The work in the laboratory was supplemented by observa-
tions made by students and others at a number of different
localities throughout the state. Specimens of muscle taken
from some hundreds of individuals were examined, but press
of other duties interrupted the work before it was regarded as
finished. Without entering into details the results as far as
ascertained may be briefly stated as follows :—

I. Hogs kept for some time at our local slaughter yards
and allowed to feed on offal show a high percentage of
animals affected with trichine. Observations made in differ-
ent parts of the state agreed closely and showed that among
hogs so fed one in every ten or twelve contained these muscle
parasites. Only a small proportion of those having the para-
sites, however, contained them in sufficient numbers to be
dangerous to persons eating the uncooked flesh.

Il. Hogs kept in towns by private families and fed in
small close pens also show a high percentage of trichinous
individuals.

iI. Hogs coming from the farms, fed on corn and fatten-
ed in large numbers in open fields, are almost entirely free
from trichine. These are.the animals that supply the great
packing houses, and the fact is that an examination of more
than three hundred specimens from as many different individ-

86 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

uals, kindly furnished by two packing houses, showed not a
a single case containing trichine.

An animal obtains trichine only by cating the flesh of some
other individual animal already infested. If a single trichinous
hog finds its way to our local slaughter yard, it will, when
killed, transmit trichinz to all other hogs that feed upon any
of the muscular parts thrown out with the refuse; these will
in turn transmit the parasites to their successors, and thus we
may have from any given yard a continuous supply of infected
animals. Rats, from their cannibal and omnivorous habits,
are particularly subject to inoculation with trichine. Rats
often fall victims to the omnivorous appetite of the hog, and it
is quite certain that in many cases the rat is the direct cause
of infection among swine. In the case of the private family
hog that lives a solitary life in close quarters, rats are prob-
ably always the immediate source of the parasites, when para-
sites are present. Our farm-fed hogs, living on corn and not
very closely confined, rarely have opportunity to indulge their
liking for flesh, and as a rule they are wholly exempt from
trichine. The flesh of such animals may be purchased and
eaten with a sense of security from danger arising from mus-
cle parasites, that is well nigh absolute.

Neglected cats, old individuals that have been compelled to
shift for themselves in cities and villages, are almost always
swarming with trichine. The young and the well-cared-for
individuals are usually exempt.

To realize to the fullest extent the possibilities of a given
volume of muscular tissue to afford lodgment to trichine the
observer must get an old slaughter-house rat, or at least one
from some place where rats congregate in large numbers and
feed on refuse animal tissues. Such a specimen was recently
brought to the laboratory. A rat was in demand for the pur-
pose of making observations on blood crystals; but the speci-
men procured turned out to be useless, the blood being scanty,
of a peculiar ropy consistency, and having the color of pow-
dered carmine instead of the rich scarlet color of normal

Notes on TRICHIN. 87

blood. On examination the muscles were found to be literally
crowded with trichine. All muscular surfaces were distinctly
granulated to the unaided eye, and under the microscope the
parasites were found so closely crowded as practically to
occupy the entire place. In some fields of the microscope
there was not even a shred of a muscle visible — nothing but
cysts bound together by a very scanty development of connec-
tive tissue. A large proportion of the cysts contained two or
more worms. Three or four in one cyst was no uncommon
occurrence, five were occasionally seen in the same sac, and
in at least one instance observed a single cyst contained six
trichine. By moistening the fresh tissue with normal salt
solution and pressing a small piece of it somewhat vigorously
between two slides, many of the cysts were ruptured and the
worms set free. In the salt solution they could be kept active
for an indefinite period, and the observer might have at any
time a dozen or more of the free worms writhing and squirm-
ing in the field of his instrument.

The rat in question showed symptoms of being greatly en-
feebled by its enormous burden of parasites; and it, with its
fellows, exhibited signs of inordinate thirst. Water was more
attractive than any other bait, and it was the desire for water
that led to the capture of the specimen here described. This
individual would certainly soon have fallen a victim to the
appetite of its fellow rodents, and every morsel of its flesh
would have been competent to inoculate thoroughly a large
section of the muscine community. Such an individual tends
to dispel all mystery regarding the manner in which rats, cats
and swine obtain these dangerous parasites.

Rats abound in all close hog pens and are doubtless the
chief means whereby trichine are perpetuated and transmitted
to swine. The total annihilation of rats is probably out of the
question, but I doubt not if they were exterminated the dan-
gers to humanity arising from trichine would be immensely
reduced if not altogether stamped out. So long as rats per-
sist we may secure practical safety by selecting for food only

88 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

such swine as are reared and fattened under circumstances
that preclude the visits of rats in any considerable numbers to
their pens and feeding troughs. If sanitary legislation is ever
to effect anything in preventing attacks of trichinosis this is
the direction in which it must look. Systematic and concerted
warfare on rats may do some good, but much more will be
accomplished by preventing the sale of animals that have fed
on offal or animal refuse of any kind, or animals that have
been fattened in close quarters favoring the visits of large
numbers of rats. The small pens are often a mere refuge
and breeding place for rats. When swine are fed exclusively
on grains or other vegetable products and reared and fattened
in considerable numbers in comparatively large enclosures
where there are no structures that would afford a harboring
and breeding place for rats, then they may be exposed for sale
on our local markets, or sent abroad to supply the markets of
the world, with a high degree of confidence in their perfect
wholesomeness so far as trichine are concerned. If packers
and shippers handled only swine from farms, where the ani-
mals are prepared for market in large numbers, neither
France nor Germany nor any other country would have occa-
sion on sanitary grounds to enact prohibitive laws respecting
the importation of American pork. When it is remembered
that probably ninety-nine per cent. of the animals killed, by
western packers at least are from farms, it will be seen that
the danger from trichine to our foreign customers is ridic-
ulously small. As it is the Americans. take most of the risks
themselves. The swine that have been kept for some months
at our slaughter pens are disposed of in the local markets;
the family hog, with all his possibilities for harboring para-
sites, goes into the private pork barrel. It is our best and
cleanest that are sent abroad.

The risks that the Americans take are after all very small.
In the very worst cases thorough cooking of the flesh obviates
all possibility of danger, so that even if every animal were
infested to its utmost capacity, it would be a rare thing for the

TueE Lass AND ITs FossI.s. 89

parasites to escape the effects of cooking, and enter the human
body alive. If any one is barbarous enough to eat raw pork
he must be prepared to take the consequences.

THE LESS AND ITS FOSSILS.

(CONTINUED.)
B. SHIMEK.

Io) Tee) FPossits:

During the past summer the writer collected numerous
specimens of Leess fossils in eastern Nebraska and western
Iowa, concerning which the following supplemental report
may be of interest.

The species which were obtained in new localities, but do
not in any way effect the general comparisons already made,
except to emphasize what has already been said concerning
each one, are the following:

Helicina occulta, Say. From Otoe, Douglas and Sarpy
counties, Nebraska, and Pottawattamie county, Iowa.

Zonites radiatulus, Alder. Otoe county, Nebraska, and
Pottawattamie county, Iowa.

Ftelicodiscus lineatus, (Say) Morse. Douglas county, Ne-
braska, and Fremont and Pottawattamie counties, Iowa.

Patula striatella, (Anth.) Morse. Sarpy and Otoe coun-
ties, Nebraska, and Fremont county, Iowa.

Stenotrema lear, (Ward) Binn. Sarpy and Douglas coun-
ties, Nebraska, and Pottawattamie county, Iowa.

Vallonia pulchella, (Muell.) Binn. Otoe and Douglas

counties, Nebraska, and Fremont and Pottawattamie counties,
Towa.

go NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

Ferussacia subcylindrica, (Iu.) Binn. Otoe county, Nebraska,
and Pottawattamie county, Iowa.

Pupa armifera, Say. Douglas county, Nebraska, and
Pottawattamie county, lowa.

Pupa decora, Gid. Otoe county, Nebraska. These are a
trifle below the average.

Pupa muscorum, 1. Otoe county, Nebraska. These are
like the Lancaster county specimens heretofore mentioned.

Pupa alticola, Ingersoll. Otoe county, Nebraska, and
Fremont county, Iowa.

Vertigo gouldiz, (Binn.) Stimp. Otoe county, Nebraska.
These are precisely like the recent specimens from Iowa City,
Iowa.

Succinea verrilli, Bland. Otoe county, Nebraska, and
Fremont county, lowa. This is connected with S. avara by
large series of fossils, and seems to be a mere variety of the
latter.

Succinea lineata, W.G.B. Otoe county, Nebraska, and
Fremont county, lowa.

Succinea obligua, Say. The smaller, more slender form
was collected in Sarpy and Otoe counties, Nebraska, and
Fremont county, Iowa. Additional specimens from Douglas
county, Nebraska, are like modern types.

Carychium exiguum, (Say) Gld. Otoe county, Nebraska.

Limnea humilis parva, Lea. Otoe county, Nebraska.
These specimens are at the lower extreme in size and develop-

ment.

In addition to the foregoing, other species already
reported upon were collected, but as they present additional
interesting facts they are here given separately.

Zonites arboreus, Say. A much larger series of this species
was obtained from Douglas, Otoe and Sarpy counties,

Tue Lass AND ITs FossIi.s. gI

Nebraska, and Fremont and Pottawattamie counties, Iowa.
These resemble average recent specimens from Iowa and
Nebraska.

Zonites shimeki', Pilsbry. This was reported as Z. /éma-
tulus, Ward, though the propriety of considering it a distinct
species was suggested by the writer in No. 1, Vol. I, p. 62 of
this series. It certainly is not true Z. /¢matulus and should
be stricken from the lists in the former article (pp. 210 and
214) in which comparisons are made with recent shells.

Additional specimens were collected in Otoe county, Ne-
braska, and Fremont county, Iowa.

Patula alternata, (Say) Binn. Specimens from Sarpy and
Douglas counties Nebraska, fully equal recent average spec-
mens from Iowa and Nebraska.’

Merodon multilineata, (Say) Try. Additional specimens of
the small form were collected in Otoe county, Nebraska, and
Pottawattamie county, Iowa. Specimens quite equalling
average recent Iowa and Nebraska shells were collected in
Sarpy and Douglas counties, Nebraska, and Pottawattamie
county, lowa. ‘This increases the average size of the fossils
so much that this species, as well as the foregoing, should be
stricken from the list at the bottom of page 213 in the former
article.

It will be observed that this additional evidence indicates
even a less depauperate condition of the shells than was sug-
gested in the former article.

In addition to these the following additional species, not
reported in the former article, were collected:

Stenotrema hirsutum, (Say) Try. These are smaller than
average recent specimens, but are precisely like recent speci- —

1 For the description of this species see The Nautilus, Vol. 1V., No. 1, May
1890,

2 Special care was exercised in this, as in all other cases, that bleached
modern shells should not be taken for fossils. The vast majority of the fossils
in the writer’s collection were obtained by digging into undisturbed Leess.

92 NatTurRAL History BULLETIN.

mens from Benton county, Iowa. The species now occurs
throughout the eastern United States.

Mesodon albolabris, (Say) Morse. Two specimens were
collected in Sarpy county, Nebraska. These are like average
recent shells from Minnesota and Iowa, but smaller than eas-
tern specimens. The species now ranges from Canada to
Arkansas.

Mesodon profunda, (Say) Binn. Specimens were collected
in Sarpy and Douglas counties, Nebraska, and Pottawatta-
mie county, Iowa. They are like medium and small recent
shells from Iowa. The species now occurs from Minnesota to
Virginia.

Strobila labyrinthica, (Say) Morse. Only two specimens
were collected in Pottawattamie county, Iowa. These are
precisely like the recent specimens from Texas, but smaller
than Iowa and Minnesota shells. It ranges now throughout
the eastern portion of the continent.

Pupa fallax, Say. Specimens were taken in Fremont
county, lowa. These are like Ohio and Iowa recent shells.
The species occurs from New England to Texas.

Pupa contracta, Say. But one specimen was taken in Pot-
tawattamie county, lowa. It is above the average in size,
resembling large lowa and Nebraska specimens. The species
is now found throughout the eastern part of the continent.

According to their distribution these new species may be
arranged as follows:

Mesodon profunda should be added to the list at the bottom
of p. 210 in the former article, while the remaining species
should be added to the list immediately preceding it. As to
habitat Pwfa contracta should be listed with Z. arboreus, 4
minusculus, etc., on p. 213 of the former article. ‘The remain-
ing species prefer damp, wooded places in the vicinity of
streams. The presence of these latter shells in such small
numbers would not interfere with our conception of the nature

Tue Less AND ITs Fossits. 93

of the Loess surface as corresponding to our modern prairies,
since the same species now sparingly occur in the narrow
bands of timber along our prairie streams. In fact their pres-
ence only makes the .similarity of the Loess molluscan fauna
to that of the modern prairies, taken as a whole, much more
striking.

II. Discussion AND CONCLUSIONS.

The presence of the boreal species’, the prevalence of other
rather northerly forms, the presence of the larger forms of
Zonites fulvus and Vallonia pulchella (corresponding to larger
specimens from high altitudes in Montana and Nevada), the
abundance of Helicina occulta, which, though not boreal, now
prefers cool, northern hillsides (to which it has probably
retreated as a last resort in the limited localities in which it
now occurs), and the stunted form of the species specially.
referred to, all indicate that the climate was then colder than
at present’, though its severitv could by no means have been
such that ice-bound lakes and streams could exist during the
summer. The mingling of northern and middle latitude
species would rather indicate a mean between the climate of
the northern and that of the Interior Regions.

It is interesting to consider in this connection the extent of
variation and degeneration which would be induced by a dry,
as well as by a cold climate.

Certainly those who maintain that Baron Richthofen’s the-
ory (which presumes a dry climate) is applicable to the Loess
under consideration would find some support for their views
in the occurrence of Swccznea lineata, Patula strigosa coopert,
and Pufpa alticola, which now seem to be dry-climate and

1 As already noted, Pupa muscorum, while a boreal species on this conti-
nent, is not so in the old world. This reduces the number of strictly boreal
species.

2 This has already been suggested by McGee and Call in the American
Fournal of Science, Vol. XX1V., September, 1882. A comparison of large sets

vf both fossil and recent shells does not however admit of the degree of differ-
ence in climate there suggested.

94 NatTurAL History ,BULLETIN.

high-altitude species, as well as in that of depauperate Lzmuea
caperata (resembling exactly the recent shells from Nebraska
prairie ponds which often dry up), which are smaller and more
slender than specimens from colder, moister regions far to the
north.

The size and development of all of these forms must have
been governed, as it is now, by the abundance of food and the
length of the period of activity. The amount of food, as well
as the length of the warm, moist period of activity would be
less in a dry, as well as in a cold climate, and it is impossible
to state definitely whether only one or both of these conditions
were responsible for the observed variation, though the
modern habits of some of the species indicate that we should
not entirely ignore the former one of these conditions. On
the other hand the smaller, heavier forms of JZesodon multi-
Jineata and Succinea obligua, Vertigo ovata, the Limnee,
etc., are associated with an abundance or excess of moisture,
and rather point to the presence of even more moisture than
now occurs in the region under consideration. The great
majority of the molluscs, however, indicate a climate at least
as moist as that of this region, while the presence of boreal
species points to a temperature somewhat below the present in
average,—an opinion which is only strengthened by the wide
distribution (especially in a northerly direction), and the great
adaptability to climatic variations of the majority of the
remaining species.

The climate was comparatively uniform during the entire
period, if we may judge from the fossils, for the same forms
are often found from the very base, just over the drift, to the
uppermost portions of deposits one hundred feet or more in
thickness. No difference is noticeable between specimens of
the same species from the lowermost and the uppermost. por-
tions of the deposits,—a fact which warrants us in concluding
that climatic changes during the deposition of the Loess could
not have been very great. The fact may here again be em-
phasized that while a depauperation is noticeable in some of

Tue Less AND ITs Fossi.s. 95

the species, it is far from sufficient to indicate a temperature
such as would be necessary to retain lakes and streams within
shores of ice during the summer, and that consequently the
Leess was not deposited during a glacial climate, but at a time
when the temperature had moderated sufficiently to enable
many land-shells, now restricted to or abundant in middle
latitudes, to flourish in considerable numbers.

The great predominance of strictly terrestrial’ species of
molluscs in the Leess indicate that during its deposition large
areas of land-surface were exposed, at least during the greater
part of the summer, upon which these molluscs lived and mul-
tiplied under conditions which exist now in the habitats of
their modern representatives.

For the belief that the fossils as now found are not far °
removed from the localities in which they lived and developed,
a number of valid reasons exist the most striking of which
are the following:

1. Their usually perfect preservation. Such delicate
shells as many of those under consideration could not be trans-
ported far by turbulent streams without being broken.

2. Their distribution, both vertically and horizontally. In
many exposures of the Loess the species which to-day have the
habit of remaining in considerable numbers in very restricted
localities, as Helicina occulta, Patula strigosa cooperi, Meso-
don muittilineata, the Limnee, etc., are likewise similarly
restricted in their horizontal distribution to very narrow
“pockets,” though the same species may often be traced ver-

1 Inthe Sketches of the Physical Geography and Geology of Nebraska, pages
277-290, Prof. Aughey gives a long list of Leess fossils, in which are included
forty-two aquatic species, quite a number of them being fluviatile. These are_
not taken into consideration here, because, while Prof. Aughey is a close
observer and an able geologist, there is no doubt that many of his identifica-
tions of these fossils were erroneous. His method of identifying many of them
(z. e. by making sections) as given on p. 287 will at once convince anyone fami-
liar with such genera as Zonites, Helix, Succinea, Physa, etc., of the unreliabili-
ty of the entire list. It is extremely difficuit to identify many of the species
there listed even from perfect recent specimens.

96 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

tically for many feet, as though the shells had gradually accu-
mulated through many generations. Again other species are
more generally and more uniformly distributed in a manner
which recalls their present habits, and which indicates that
they have not drifted into the places in which we find them to-
day,—at least not sufficiently far to disturb the arrangement
with reference to each other, which we may observe in the
living specimens.

Drifted shells are usually either thrown upon the banks of
streams in comparatively large numbers, where they then
occur in narrow bands, or, if too heavy to float, they are
dropped long before such fine sediment as that which com-
poses the beds in which these fossils occur. Neither the hori-
zontal nor the vertical distribution indicate that these shells
had been removed to any considerable distance from their
original locations. The view which has been adwanced by
the majority of those who have worked upon the .Leess of the
Mississippi and the Missouri (2 e. Owen’, White’, Todd’,
Aughey*, McGee’, Witter’, etc.) is that it was deposited in
large lakes or lake-like expansions of rivers. While the
homogeneity and the occasional lamination of the Leess indi-
cate a sub-aqueous origin, the character and distribution of
the fossils combat the idea of large bodies of water existing
during the summer—the growing-period of the molluscs.

The writer’s conception of the climate and of the origin of
the Loess, based largely upon a careful and extended study of
its fossils, may be briefly summarized as follows:

I. The summers during the formation of this deposit were

1 On the authority of the following.

2 Report of the Geol. Sur. of the State of Iowa, by C. A. White, M.D. Vol.
I., 1870.

3 Prof. J. E. Todd in the Proc. of the A. A. A. S.. Vol, XXVIL., 1878.

4 Sketches of the Phys. Geog. and Geol. of Nebraska, by Prof. S. Aughey,

1880.
5 Am. Four. of Science, Vol. XXIV., Sept., 1882. W. J. McGee and R.

Ellsworth Call.
6 Notes on the Less, by F. M. Witter.

Tue Less AND 1Ts Fossits. 97

comparatively warm, and the glaciers had already retreated
far to the north when the deposition commenced.

II. During at least a part of the summers a large portion
of the area now covered by the Leess was elevated above the
surface of water, as indicated by the presence of the predomi-
nating land shells.

III. These shells, too, indicate that the surface was not
entirely unlike our present prairies in lowa and Nebraska,
though perhaps more moist, and more nearly level.

IV. The presence of shells of the genera Lizmnea, Physa,
Planorbis, and Pzstdium, which are principally pond species,
indicates that over this prairie surface were scattered numer-
ous ponds and that it was traversed by quiet, sluggish
streams.’

V. The distribution of the shells as well as the homogene-
ity and fineness of the material forming the deposit indicate
that the deposition was unaccompanied by violent distur-
bances, but that it took place quietly, and very slowly during
a long period. .

VI. The deposit itself was probably partly formed from
sediment carried over portions of the surface by quiet over-
flows of the sluggish streams which had not yet deeply cut
their channels.*, The numerous ponds, however, fed by the
drainage in their immediate vicinity, were also receiving with
this the finer material gathered from the glacial drift sur-
rounding them.* This material, being like that gathered by

1 This is all the more plausible if we add the fresh-water shells reported
from the Leess of the Missouri by Prof. Swallow. The additional genera re-
ported by him are Valvata, Amnicola and Spherium, and these, too, are most
commonly found in ponds and sluggish streams.

2 This idea has already been suggested by James E. Mills in the American
Geologist, Vol. III., No. 6, and also by Warren Upham (in the gtk Annual
Report of tha Geol.and Nat. His. Survey of Minn.) and others, but the extent,
duration, and violence of the flood suggested by the latter are entirely incom-
patible with the facts presented in this paper.

3. The existence of ponds directly in or upon the sand and pebbles of the
glacial drift is not remarkable, or extraordinary. In the “ Sand Hills” of Ne-
braska hundreds of ponds are now found in the sand, the fine sediment at the
bottoms of which alone seems to prevent their draining away through the
sand.

98 NaTurRAL History BULLETIN.

the streams, would form similar deposits, each pond or swamp
forming in this way a bed of Loess. The changes in the level
of water in the ponds would produce a change in the extent of -
the muddy flats along their shores, thus facilitating the distri-
bution of the terrestrial shells. ‘These ponds and streams, by
shifting about through the combined influence of floods and
drouths, extended the distribution of the sediment, and subse-
quent erosion completed the work necessary to produce the
present topography.

In this way we can best account for the remarkable differ-
ences in the level of the base of the Loess deposits, which has
always been a stumbling-block to those who maintain that the
deposit was formed in large lakes. The ponds, not
being at the same level, and each being a center of formation,
would naturally produce a combination of deposits, the bases
of which would be at different levels. Even near the tops of
ridges ponds could bodily lift themselves upward by slowly
filling up, each successive deposit during flood-time in rainy
seasons bringing both the bottom and the shores higher.

It is quite probable that a deposition of material is going on
in the same manner to-day in the ponds of the Thousand-lakes
region of Minnesota and Iowa, and the Sand Hills region of
Nebraska.

Of these conclusions the sixth is the least clearly
defined, and is offered here merely as a suggestion. The
presence of Loess on the very tops of hills would of course be
a serious objection to a portion of it, unless we make a great
allowance for erosion. It does seem clear however that all of
the Loess in any given region could not have been deposited
by the same agency (2. e. one stream or a single large lake)
but that it is rather composite in its origin.

BULLETIN

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF Lee

I. THE MYXOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA,
, By Tos. H. McBripe.

Zl. REPORT ON SOME FOSSILS COLLECTED IN THE
NORTHWEST TERRITORY, CANADA, BY NATURAL-
ISTS Linge pies’ THE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA,

* By S. Cavin.
STRATA OF IOWA, By S. CaLvin.

IV. NOTE ON EXPEDITION TO BRITISH AMERICA,
By C. C. NutrTinc.

V. PYRGULOPSIS SCALARIFORMIS, By B. SHIMER.

ies Se A GEOLOGICAL RECONNOISSANCE IN BUCHANAN
COUNTY, IOWA, By S. CALVIN. ‘

Vil. NOTES ON KARYOKINESIS. By L. B. Exvviotr.

VIII. NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF FOSSILS FROM THE
LOWER MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE FROM NORTH-
EASTERN IOWA, By S. CALVIN.

PUBLISHED
BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS.

; IOWA. CITY, IOWA:

UI. TWO UNIQUE SPIRIFERS FROM THE DEVONIAN |
JuNneE, 1892. oa

Beeibes

is Fiera =e ;
eS

ie

Vora it: Nez 2:

BULLETIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF JOWA.

PUBLISHED

BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS.

low A -Crey;, TOWA:
JUNE, 1892.

Secretary Wn. J. Happock:

We take pleasure in submitting herewith Bulletin No. 2,
of Volume II, from the Laboratories of Natural History,
State University of Iowa.

THe Epirors.

99

THE MYXOMYCETES OF EASTERN I0WA,

THOMAS H. McBRIDE.

The Myxomycetes or Slime-moulds include certain very
delicate and extremely beautiful fungus-like organisms com-
mon in all the moist and wooded regions of the earth.
Deriving sustenance, as they for the most part do, in the
decomposition-products of organic matter, they are usually to
be found upon or near decaying logs, sticks, leaves and other
masses of vegetable detritus, wherever the quantity of such
material is sufficient to insure continuous moisture. In fruit,
however, as will appear hereafter, Slime-moulds may occur
on objects of any and every sort. Their minuteness retires
them from ordinary ken; but such is the extreme beauty of
their microscopic structure, such the exceeding interest of
their life-history, that the enthusiastic student who has once
discovered and recognized the group is apt to seek widely
and to forget all else in the pursuit. In Iowa, and indeed in
all the Mississippi valley the Slime-moulds have been little
studied. Beyond the enumeration of a few species in the
plant lists of isolated localities, there has been no serious
attempt to give any account whatever of this section of our
biologic world. It is hoped that the present paper though
mainly preliminary, may yet provoke more careful collection
and contribute to a profounder investigation of these unnoticed
organisms, in some respects, at least, the most interesting and
remarkable that fall beneath our lenses.

I0O NATURAL History BULLETIN.

The Slime-moulds present in the course of their life-history
two very distinct phases; the vegedative, or growing, assimi-
lating phase, and the reproducizve. The former is in many
cases inconspicuous and therefore, unobserved; the latter,
generally receives more or less attention at the hands of the
collector of fungi. The vegetative phase differs from the
correspondent phase of all other plants in that it exhibits
extreme simplicity of structure, if structure that may be called
which consists of a simple mass of protoplasm destitute of
cell-wall, proteid in form and ameeboid in its movements.
This phase of the Slime-mould is described as plasmodial,
and it is proper to designate the vegetative phase in any
species, as the Plasmodium of the species. it was formerly
taught that the plasmodium is unicellular, but more recent
authorities have shown that the plasmodial protoplasm is, at
least in some species, multi-nuclear. Nevertheless, in this
phase, the Slime-mould is hardly to be distinguished from
any other protoplasmic mass, may be compared to a giant
amoeba and justifies in so far the views ot those systematists
who would remove the Slime-moulds from the domain of the
botanist altogether, and call them animals. The plasmodium
is often quite large. It may frequently be found covering
with manifold ramifications and net-like sheets the surface of
some convenient substratum for the space of several square
feet.

The substance of the plasmodium has about the consistency
of the white of an egg; is slippery to the touch, tasteless and
odorless. Plasmodia vary in color in different species and at
different times in the same species. The prevailing tint is
yellow, but may be brown, orange, red, ruby-red, violet, in
fact anything but green. Young plasmodia in certain species
are colorless (Chondrioderma floriforme), many have a pecu-
liar écru or creamy tint difficult to define. In its plasmodial
state, as has been said, the Slime-mould affects damp or moist_
situations, and is found during warm weather in humus, on
piles of rotten leaves, straw, but especially on and in the wet

Tue MyxomycetTes oF EASTERN IowA. IOI

tissues of rotten stumps and logs. In such a situation the
protoplasm spreads over all moist surfaces, creeps through
the interstices of the rotting bark, spreads between the cells,
between the growth-layers of the wood, runs in corded vein-
like nets between the wood and bark and finds in all these
cases nutrition in the products of organic decomposition.
Such a plasmodium may be divided, and so long as suitable
surroundings are maintained, each part will manifest all the
properties of the whole. Parts of the same plasmodium will
even coalesce again. Ifa piece of plasmodium bearing wood
be brought indoors, be protected from dessication by aid of a
moist dark chamber, not too warm, (70° F.) the organism
seems to suffer little if any injury, but will continue for days
or weeks to manifest all the phenomena of living matter.
Thus, under such circumstances, the plasmodium will con-
stantly change shape and position, can be induced to spread
over a plate of moist glass and so be transferred to the stage
of a microscope, there to exhibit in the richest and most inter-
esting and abundant fashion the streaming protoplasmic cur-
rents. As just indicated the plasmodia follow moisture, creep
from one moist substance to another, especially follow nutritive
substrata. They seem also to secure in some way exclusive
possession. I have never seen them interfered with by hyphze
or enemies of any sort, nor do they seem to interfere with
one another. Plasmodia of two common species, Hemzarcyria
clavata and Hi. rubiformis are often side by side on the same
substratum but do not mix, and their perfected fruits presently
stand erect side by side, each with its own characteristics,
entirely unaffected by the presence of the other.

Under certain conditions, low temperature, lack of moisture,
the plasmodium may pass into a resting phase, when it masses
itself in heaps and may become quite dry in lumps of consid-
erable size, and so await the return of favorable conditions
when former activity is quickly resumed. Sometimes the
larger plasmodia pass into the resting phase by undergoing a
very peculiar change of structure. In ordinary circumstances

102 NatTuRAL History BULLETIN.

the plasmodium is hardly entitled to be called a cellular organ-
ism; its only claim, the possession in certain cases of numerous
nuclei as stated above. In passing now into the condition of
rest, the whole protoplasmic mass separates simultaneously
into numerous definite polyhedral or parenchymatous cells,
each with a well developed cellulose wall. When the condi-
tions essential to activity are restored, the walls disappear, the
cellulose is resorbed, and the plasmodium resumes its usual
habit and structure.

The plasmodial phase of the Slime-mould, like the hyphal
phase of the fungus, may continue a long time; for months,
possibly for years. The reason for making the latter state-
ment will presently appear. But however long or short the
plasmodial phase continue, the time of fruit, the reproductive
phase at length arrives. When this time comes, induced
partly by a certain maturity in the organism itself, partly no
doubt by the trend of external conditions, the plasmodium no
longer as before evades the light, but pushes to the surface,
and appears usually in some elevated or exposed position, the
upper side of the log, the top of the stump, the upper surface
of its habitat whatever that may be; or even leaves its nutrient
base entirely and finds lodging on some neighboring object.
In such emergency the stems and leaves of flowering plants
are often made to serve, and even fruits and flowers afford
convenient resting places. The object now to be attained is
not the formation of fruit alone, but likewise its speedy des-
sication and the prompt dispersal of the perfected spores.
Nothing can be more interesting than to watch the Slime-
mould as its plasmodium accomplishes this its last migration.
If hitherto its habitat has been the soft interior of a rotten log,
it now begins to ooze out in all directions, to well up through
the crevices of the bark as if pushed by some energy acting
in the rear, to stream down upon the ground, to flow in
hundred tiny streams over all the region round about, to climb
all stems, ascend all branches, even leaves and flowers to the .
height of many inches, all to pass suddenly as if by magic

THE MyxomyceTEs or Eastern Iowa. 103

charm into one wide-spread, dusty field of flying spores. Or,
to be more exact, whatever the position ultimately assumed
the plasmodium soon becomes quiescent, takes on definite
and ultimate shape which varies greatly, almost for each
species. Thus it may simply form a flat cake-like mass,
@ihalium, internally divided into an indefinite number of ill-
defined spore-cases (sporangia); or the plasmodium may take
the form of a simple net, plasmodiocarp, whose cords stand
out like swollen veins, whose meshes vary both in form and
size; or more commonly the whole protoplasmic mass breaks
up into little spheroidal heaps which may be sessile directly on
the substratum, or may be lifted up on tiny stems (stipitate),
which rest in turn upon a common sheet-like film spreading
beneath them all, the AyJothallus. In any case, each differ-
entiated portion of the plasmodium, portion poorly or well
defined, elongate, net-like, spheroidal, elliptical or of whatever
shape, becomes at length a sporangium, spore-case, recepta-
cle for the development and temporary preservation of the
spores.1 The Slime-moulds were formerly classed with the
gasteromycetous fungi (puff-balls), and in description of their
fruiting phase the terms applicable to the description of a puff-
ball, are still employed, although it will be understood that the
structures described are not in the two cases homologous;
only analogous. The sporangium of the Slime-mould, exhibits
usually a distinct perzdiwm or outer limiting wall which is at
first continuous, enclosing the spores and their attendant
machinery, but at length ruptures, irregularly as a rule, and
so suffers its contents to escape. The peridium may be
double, varies in texture, color, persistence and so forth, as
will be more fully set forth in the several specific descriptions.
The peridium blends with the hypothallus below when such
structure is recognizable, either directly, when the sporangium
is sessile, or by the intervention of a sé7fe. The stipe may be
hollow, may contain coloring matter of some sort, or may
even contain peculiar spore-like cells or spores; is often fur-

1 See however Ceratiomyxa, p. 114 following.

104 NATURAL History BuLuETIN.

rowed, and in some cases shows a disposition to unite or blend
with the stalks of neighboring sporangia. In many cases the
stipe is continued upwards, more or less definitely into the
cavity of the sporangium, and there forms the columella, some-
times simple and rounded like the analogous structure in
Mucor mucedo, sometimes as in Comatricha branching again
and again in wonderful richness and complexity.

Each sporangium is at maturity filled with numerous uni-
cellular spores. ‘These are usually spherical, sometimes flat-
tened at various points by mutual contact; they are of various
colors, more commonly yellow or violet brown, are sometimes
smooth (?) but generally roughened either by the presence
of minute warts, or spines, or by the occurrence of more or
less strongly elevated bands dividing reticulately the entire sur-
face. The spores are in all cases small (.003-.020 mm.) and
reveal their surface characters only under the most excellent
lenses. Associated with the spores in the sporangium occurs
the capillitium. This consists of most delicate thread or hair-
like elements, offering the greatest variety both in form and
structure. The threads composing the capillitium are not to
be regarded, even when free, as cells, nor even of cellular
origin; they are on the other hand in such a case, simply
shreds and strands of the original plasmodium, portions that
have not been used in the formation of spores and are accord-
ingly modified in such wise as to be useful in spore dispersal.
The capillitium threads may be solid or hollow, they may
occur singly or be combined into a net, they may be terete or
flat, attached to the peridial wall or free, simple or adorned
with bands or spires and knobs in every variety, uniform or
profusely knotted and thickened at intervals, and burdened
with calcic crystals. In many cases, as remarked, the capilli-
tium contributes materially to the dispersal of the spores; in
others, it doubtless contributes mechanically to the support of
the peridial wall and renders so far persistent the delicate
sporangium. For more exact description the reader is again
referred to the specific delineations which follow.

BAe se = ‘
WAAR ee aie a te 47

q
;

THE MyxomMyYceTes OF EASTERN Iowa. © 105

The transition from phase to phase requires, as intimated,
no great length of time. TZ7/madoche gyrocephala completed
the transition from vegetative to fruiting phase in less than

18 hours.

The germination of the spores ensues closely upon their
dispersal or maturity and is unique in many respects. The
wall of the spore is ruptured and the protoplasmic content
escapes as a zOospore indistinguishable so far from an ameba,
or from the zoospore of our Chytridiaceous fungi. This
amoeboid zdospore is without cell-wall, changes its outline,
and moves slowly by creeping or flowing from point to
point. At this stage many of the spores assume each a flag-
ellate cilium and so acquire power of more rapid locomotion.
The zdospores whether ciliate or not thus enjoy independent
existence and are capable of continuing such existence for
some time, assimilating, growing, and even reproducing them-
selves by simple fission, over and over again. This takes
place, of course, only in the presence of suitable nutrient media.
In the course of time, usually not more than two or three
days (Zopf), the swarm-spores cease their activity, lose their
cilia and come to rest, exhibiting at most nothing more than
the slow amceboid movement first referred to. In the course
of two or three days more, the little spores begin to assemble
and flow together; at first into small aggregations, then
larger, until at length all have blended in one large creeping
protoplasmic mass to form thus once again the plasmodium,
or plasmodial phase with which the round began.

With such a life-history as that thus briefly sketched, it is
small wonder that the taxonomic place of the Slime-moulds is
a matter of uncertainty, not to say perplexity. So long as
men studied the ripened fruit, the sporangia and the spores,
with the marvellous capillitium there seemed little difficulty;
the Myxomycetes were fungi, related to the puff-balls, and in
fact to be classed in the same natural order. The synonomy
of some of the more noticeable species affords a very interest-
ing epitome of the history of scientific thought in this par-

106 NATURAL Hisrory BULLETIN.

ticular field of investigation. Thus the first described Slime-
mould identifiable by its description is Lycogala epidendrum
( Buxb.) the most puff-ball-looking of the whole series. Ray,
in 1690, called this Fungus coccineus. In 1718, Ruppius
described the same thing as Lycoperdon sanguineum; Dillen-
ius at about the same time, as Bovista miniata, and it was not
until 1729, that Micheli so far appreciated the structure of the
little puff-ball as to give it a definite generic place and title,
Lycogala globosum. But Micheli’s light was too strong for his
generation. As Fries one hundred years later quaintly says:
“* * * * immortalis Micheli tam claram lucem accendit ut
successores proximi eam ne ferre quidem potuerint.” Not-
withstanding Micheli’s clear distinctions, he was entirely dis-
regarded, and our little Lycogala was dubbed Lycoperdon and
Mucor down to the end of the century; and so it was not till
1790 that Persoon comes around to the standpoint of Micheli
and writes Lycogala miniata. Fries himself reviewing the
labors of his predecessors all, grouped the Slime-moulds as a
sub-order of the Gasteromycetes and gave expression to his
view of their nature and position when he named the sub-
order Myxogastres. In 1833, Link! having more prominently
in mind the minuteness of most of the species collocated by
Fries, and perceiving perhaps more clearly even than the
great mycologist the entire independence of the group, sug-
gested as a substitute for the sub-order ‘/ywxogastres, the
order Myxomycetes, Slime-moulds. lLink’s decision passed
unchallenged for nearly thirty years. The Slime-moulds
were set apart by themselves; they were fungi without ques-
tion and, of course, plants.

If the hypha (See Bulletin Lab. Nat. Hist. Vol. I, p. 32.)
is the morphological test of a fungus, then it is plain that the
Slime-moulds are not fungi. No myxomycete has hyphz
nor indeed anything at all of the kind. Nevertheless there
are certain parasitic fungi, (Chytridiace@) whose relationships

1 Raunkier, Myxomycetes Danie, p. 7, shows that Link and not Wallroth
as usually supposed, is entitled to this honor.

7

THE MyxomMycetTrs oF EASTERN Iowa. 107

plainly entitle them to a place among the hyphate forms,
that have no hyphe whatever in the entire round of their life-
history. These are, however, exceptional cases and really do
not bear very closely on the question at issue.

Physiologically the fungi are incapable of independent
existence, being destitute of chlorophyl. In this respect the
Slime-moulds are fungi; they are nearly all saprophytes and
absolutely destitute of chlorophyl. Unfortunately this physio-
logical character is identically that one which the fungi share
with the whole animal world, so that the startling inquiry
instantly rises, are the Slime-moulds plants at all? Are they
not animals? Do not their amceboid spores and plasmodia
ally them at once to the amceba and his congeners, to all the
monad, rhizopodal world? This is the position suggested by
De Bary in 1858, and adopted since by many distinguished
authorities among whom may be mentioned Saville Kent, of
England, and Dr. Wm. Zopf, of Germany, (Die Pilzthiere
1885). Rostafinski, who was a pupil of De Bary’s, and whose
monograph on the Slime-moulds (1873) must forever remain
a classic in scientific literature, adopts the title “ Mycetozoa,”
suggested by his master as indicating a closer relationship
with the animal world, but really has little to say in regard
to the matter.

Dr. Schroeter, a recent writer on the subject, after show-
ing the probable connection between the phycochromaceous
Alge and the simplest colorless forms, namely the Schizomy-
cetes, goes on to remark: “At the same point where the
Schizomycetous series take rise, there begin certain other
lines of development among the most diminutive protoplasmic
masses. * * * Through the amoebz one of these lines
gives rise on the one hand to rhizopods and sponges in the
animal kingdom, on the other to the AZyxomtycetes among the
fungi.”’!

1 Inthe quotation the present writer has aimed to give the sense rather
than an exact translation.

108 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

From the fact that Dr. Schrceter still includes the Slime-
moulds in his account of the fungi of Silesia and contributes
a description of the same organisms to Engler and Prantl’s
«¢Pflanzenfamilien,” we may conclude that to Dr. Schreeter,
at least, Sliime-moulds are plants.

Confirmatory of this view we may now call attention to
one or two facts which the foregoing description has already
brought to light. In the first place the formation of cellulose
cell-walls in the case of the resting plasmodia is certainly not
suggestive of the animal kingdom, the Tunicates to the con-
trary notwithstanding. Again, although, as has been said, the
reproductive apparatus as a whole is not homologous with
similar structures among the fungi, yet the formation of spores
is entirely consistent with plant behavior; and the subsequent
coalescence of the individual swarm-spores is not unlike the
assembling of similar motile cells in the //ydrodictyee confes-
sedly plants. This resemblance is the more suggestive if we
take into account the acrasic forms (Acraszee) described by
Brefeld, in which the amceboid bodies do not blend or fully
coalesce to form the plasmodium but simply associate them
selves together (aggregatplasmodium).

The fact is, the Myxomycetes constitute an exceedingly well
defined group and anything we may say as to their relationships
in either direction is in the light of present knowledge, prob-
lematical. Dr. Zopf’s association of the Slime-moulds and
monads appears forced, at best; and when it comes to the con-
sideration of the former, their systematic and even morphologi-
cal treatment, he is compelled to deal with them by themselves
under headings such as “‘Eumycetozoen,” “Hohere Pilzthiere,”
etc. One rather commends the discreetness of the lamented
De Bary, whose painstaking investigations first called attention
to the uncertain position of the group. After.reviewing the
results of all his labors De Bary does not quite relegate the
Slime -moulds to the zoologist for further consideration but
simply says (Mycetozoa, 1873);—-“ From naked amebe,
with which the Mycetozoa (= Myxomvycetes) are connected

THE MyxoMyceETEs oF EASTERN IOWA. 109

in ascending line, the zdologists with reason derive the copi-
ously and highly developed section of the shell-forming Rhizo-
poda, * * * And since there are sufficient grounds for
placing the rhizopods outside the vegetable and in the animal
kingdom, and this is undoubtedly the true position for the
amoebze, which are their earlier and simpler forms, the Myce-
tozoa, which may be directly derived from the same stem are
at least brought very near to the domain of zoology.”

Notwithstanding all the controversy in regard to the matter,
the study of the Slime-moulds still rests chiefly with the
botanists. The latest and simplest scheme of classification
for the Thallophytes is that offered by Goebel as follows:

je Myxomycetes.
II. Diatomacee.

c
|
|
| III. Schizophyta—includes the Schizomy-
4 cetes and Cyanophycee.
IV. Alge, excluding Diatoms and Cyan-
ophycee.
V. Fungi, exclusive of Myxomycetes and
L Schizomycetes.

THALLOPHYTA:

This arrangement commits us to no theory and enables us
to study together those forms which by common consent are
naturally associated.

About 400 species of Slime-moulds have been described.
Saccardo enumerates 443, inclusive of those denominated
doubtful or less perfectly known. These 443 species are
distributed among 47 genera of which 15 are represented by
but a single species each, (monotypic). In the United States
there have been recognized about 150-200 species. Doubtless
subsequent investigation will reduce the number rather than
increase it. Of the species described, some are almost world-
wide in their distribution, others are limited to comparatively
narrow boundaries. The greater number occur in the tem-
perate regions of the earth, although many are reported from

IIo NATURAL History BULLETIN.

the tropics and some even from the arctic zone. Schroeter
found Physarum cinereum at North Cape. Our Iowa forms
are most numerous in the eastern, that is the wooded regions
of the state. I have, however, found Physarum cinereum on
the untouched prairie, as also Physarum contextum on the
decaying stems of Calamagrostis.

As to the economic importance of our Myxomycetes there
is no long chapter to write. The kindly Fries who has a
good word to say for almost every living thing, says: * Usu
in vita communi parum admodum sese commendant, sed in
ceconomia natura certe non spernendi. Multa insectorum
genera ex eorum sporidiis unica capiunt nutrimenta.” How-
ever this may be, there is one species which has come to light
since Fries’ day which is the source of no inconsiderable mis-
chief to the agriculturist. Plasmodiophora brassice occasions
the disease known as the “club-root” in cabbage and has recent-
ly been made the subject of special discussion in the Fournal of
Mycology. Further than this; if Plasmodium malarie be
indeed a Slime-mould, and be as is alleged, the promoting
cause and agent in malarial fever, then the group entire sud-
denly springs to most unusual interest in the attention of all
mankind.? Aside from the injurious tendencies possible or real
of these two, I know not that all other Slime-moulds of all
the world, taken all together, affect in any slightest measure
the hap or fortune of man or nation. And yet, if in the
economic relations of things, man’s intellectual life is to be
considered, then surely come the uncertain Slime-moulds, with
their fascinating problems, proffered still in forms of unap-
proachable delicacy and beauty, not without inspiration.

The Myxomycetes are defined and sub-divided as follows:

1 See Journal of Mycology, Washington, D. C., Vol. VII, No. 2.

2 See inter al. U. S. Senate Misc. Doc., Report on Cholera in Europe and
India, p. 688, et seq.

—

THE MyxoMyYCETEsS OF EASTERN IowA. III

CLASS* MYXOMYCETES, Zzzé.

Chlorophyl-less organisms whose vegetative phase consists
of a naked mass of protoplasm, the plasmodium,; reproduced
by spores which are either free or enclosed in sporangia, and
which on germinating produce ciliated or amceboid zéospores
whose coalescence gives rise to the plasmodium.

The Myxomycetes are either :—

A. Parasites in cells of living plants, . . . - « «Je PHYTOMYXINE.
B. Saprophytes, when they exhibit diverse plseeandis
a. Plasmodium of imperfectly united spores, . . . ACRASIE#.

4. Plasmodium of spores completely blended, MyXoGASTERES,?

Of these three sub-orders the Acrasiee are the simplest, but
are so far unknown to our collection.

ORDER PHYTOMYXINA, Schreter.

The parasitic Myxomycetes include but few (four or five)
species, distributed among four genera. They are all (?) para-
sites in the cells of living plants; their vegetative phase is
plasmodial and their spores are formed by the simultaneous
breaking up of the plasmodium into an indefinite number of
independent cells. But a single genus need here concern us;

PLASMODIOPHORA, Woronin.

Parasitic in the parenchymatous cells of the roots of living
plants: causing noticeable enlargement of the affected organ,
producing at length galls, knots and various deformities and

distortions. Spores spherical, smooth, colorless, .o16 mm.
1 The term class is employed here for sake of symmetry. I have no quar-
rel with him who prefers some other taxonomy.

2 So Dr. J. Schreeter in Engler and Prantl’s Nattirlichen Pflanzenfamilien:
Myxomycetes. The present systematic outline is substantially his, modified
to suit the present purpose.

T7r2 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

I. PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSIC, Woronzn. ;

This species, the only one so far reported in this country,
infests the roots of cabbages, and produces a very serious
disease of that vegetable. In England the malady has long
been known under the names “clubbing,” “fingers and toes,”
etc. The roots affected swell greatly and at length resemble
sometimes the flexed fingers of the human hand, hence the
English name. As the disease progresses the roots speedily
rot away to the serious injury of the leaf-bearing portion of
the plant. In badly affected fields, sometimes one-half of the
crop is utterly destroyed. Careful search continued through
several years has not availed to bring this species to my per-
sonal acquaintance. 5

In the Fournal of Mycology, Vol. VII, No. 2, Mr. Eycles-
hymer, writing on this subject, gives Iowa as a locality for
Plasmodiophora brassice. Further authority for the state-
ment is not given. It may be said, however, that the occur-
rence of the parasite within our limits is not known to the
authorities at our Agricultural College or at the Experiment
Station.

ORDER MYXOGASTERES,! Schreter.

(MyXoMYCETEs proper.)

Saprophytic Slime-moulds. So far as known the spores in
germination give rise to zoospores, at first ciliate {cilium
single) later amceboid, which are capable of continued inde-
pendent existence, increase by fission, and finally coalesce
to form the plasmodia! phase. The fruiting phase presents
abundant minute unicellular spores, either exposed, or enclosed
in sporangia. In the latter case the spores are more frequently
attended by thread-like structures, the capillitium.

1 Fries described all the Slime-moulds known to him (Syst. Mycol. Vol.

III.) under the sub-order Myxogastres, order Gasteromycetes; Schroeter, as
above.

Tue Myxomycetes or EASTERN IOWA. EIS

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF THE MYXOGASTERES.

I. Spores not included in sporangia, . . . . . . CERATIOMYXACE#.
(Exosporee, Rostafinski.)

II. Spores included in sporangia.
(Endosporee, Rostafinski.)
A. Capillitium wanting.
1. Peridium simple, breaking irregularly, . . LICEACE#.
2. Sporangia uniting to form ethalia, inter-communicating
laterally, or on all sides, . . . CLATHROPTYCHIACE.
3. Sporangia single with net-like thickenings, CRIBRARIACE,
B. Capillitium present.
1. Fruit free from deposits of lime.
a. Columella none; threads of capillitium tubular,
TRICHIACE#.

6. Columella prominent (usually); capillitium not tub-
ular; spores violet-tinted.
* Sporangia in zethalia; spores brown,
RETICULARIACEZ.
* * Sporangia distinct; spores violet tinted,
STEMONITACZ.
2. Fruit with calcareous deposits.
a. Capillitium with lime crystals or free from calcareous
deposit.
* Capillitium without lime; columella present,
SPUMARIACE.
* * Capillitium with crystals, if lime be present,
no columella, . . . DIDYMIACEZ.
6. Capillitium containing lime in amorphous grains,
PHYSARACEZ.

I. CERATIOMYXACE#.,

Sporangia none. Spores superficial, borne on erect papille,
or even on the walls of minute depressions or pits; each spore
surmounting a delicate pedicel or stalk. The spores on
germinating give rise to amceboid zoospores which undergo
repeated divisions, later become ciliate, and at length again
ameceboid to blend into genuine plasmodia. At maturity the
plasmodium gives rise to numerous minute divisions, each of
which may lengthen in a direction perpendicular to the surface
and bear a spore at the tip.

114 NaturaL History BuLuEtIn.

CERATIOMY XA, Schreter.
(Ceratiwm, Albertini and Schweinitz.)

Plasmodium in rotten wood, white or nearly transparent;
when fruiting, forming on the substratum mould-like patches
composed of the minute sporiferous pillars, generally in clus-
ters of three or more together.

2. CERATIOMYXA MucIDA, Persson. Plate i, Figs. 7 and 7a.
(C. hyduoides, Alb. and Schw.)

Rather rare, but occuring in summer on shaded rotten logs,
especially after warm showers and in sultry weather. Easily
distinguishable from all similar moulds by the absence of
mycelium or of anything like a hypha.

II. LICEACE.

Fruit consisting of distinct sporangia, plasmodiocarps or
zethalia. Peridia membranaceous, without reticulate thicken-
ings, opening irregularly at maturity. Capillitium none.

KEY TO GENERA.

Fruit consisting of distinct sporangia, or plasmodiocarpous; spores

es 3 aD EA BERN Da Tad) ton eso CET ALS Maun RT SAL ae RTS TELUS MOD A Or
Fruit of many united sporangia.
a. Single sporangium prismatic, long tube like, . . . TUBULINA.
b, Single sporangia very short, cell-like, at maturity no
longer individually distinguishable, . . . . LINDBLADIA.

TUBULINA, Persoon.

Sporangia cylindric, or by mutual pressure prismatic, fas-
ciculate, unitedly forming a large ethalioid mass, resting upon
a strongly developed, sometimes columnar, hypothallus.

3. TUuBULINA cyLinpRicA, Bulliard. Plate I, Fig. 4, and
Plate VII, Fig. 8.

Sporangia united into a single cluster or in lesser gregari-

Ae
Sen

Tue MyxomyceTes oF EASTERN Iowa. II5

ous clusters, cylindrical, sometimes nearly half a centimeter
high, rounded at the apex, slightly iridescent. Spores rusty
brown, spherical, finely warted, .0075.1_ July—September.

The spores are described as minutely or delicately ver-
ruculose; when very highly magnified, they appear to me
netted. The same impression is given when the spore is
examined under a magnification of even 600 diameters, if the
lens be good. On moss patches. Not common.

LINDBLADIA, Frees.

Ethalium naked, formed of the irregularly polygonal coal-
escent sporangia. The outer walls of the outer peridia unite
to form a common covering, generally papillose.

4. Liypsiapia EFFusA, Ehrenberg. Plate I, Figs. 3 and 3a.

Ethalium naked, seated upon a common strongly devel-
oped hypothallus, spread in an ochraceous or olive-tinted
mass, sometimes covered with a pitch-black, shining papillate
crust. Spore-mass ochraceous-brown, the spores spherical,
bright-colored, smooth.

Following N. A. F. No. 1700, I have referred our Iowa
material to this species though not without serious misgivings.
The description given above from Rostafinski is not specially
applicable in several important particulars. In the first place
in our forms the plasmodium gives rise not to a true ethalium
but to a single series of sporangia whose peridia at maturity
remain distinguishable, are not covered by a common invest-
ment, but exhibit quite as much individuality as the similar
structures in Zubulina. Mr. A. P. Morgan (in litt.) avers the
identity of our material with Perichena cespitosa, Pk. (Rep.
State Museum, 31, p. 75) and suggests the name Zubulina
cespitosa, Pk., as recording the proper disposition of the case.

1 All spore measurements will be understood as indicating so many thou-
sandths of a millimeter.

116 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

I have also from Dr. Morgan a specimen which he designates
Lindbladia effusa, Ehr., which certainly corresponds much
better to descriptions given in the various texts at my dis-
posal, especially in that it forms an undoubted ezthalium, in
which the individual sporangia lose their identity. Neverthe-
less the spores in the two cases are identical as to surface, and
of the same size; the peridia of the same general texture,
color (en masse), etc.

The plasmodium of which I here collected the fruit was
widely effused, covering with a rather tough papyraceous
sheet (the hypothallus) the side of a log for many inches (six
by twenty-three). It was quite mature when first discovered
and has not re-appeared, so that its earliest history remains
unknown.

This is one of the numerous instances which go to show
that the Slime-moulds, or even ordinary fungi for that matter,
are by no means annuals. Some are; but most appear in a
given locality, all things favoring, only at long intervals which
cover doubtless several or many years.

Ill., CLATHROPTYCHIACEZ:.

Sporangia united to form ethalia; the walls thickened in
certain places, at maturity vanishing except where thickened.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

Walls of the mature sporangia perforate on every side, . . ENTERIDIUM.
Mature sporangia prismatic, only the apex permanent; the vertical
angles like descending threads, . . . . . . CLATHROPTYCHIUM.

ENTERIDIUM, LZhrenberg.

Sporangia in the mature ethalium inextricably confused,
and individually indistinguishable, covered by a thin cortex.
The remains of the peridia after the escape of the spores
resembling a net.

By

THE MyxomycetTes or EAsTERN Iowa. 117

5. ENTERIDIUM ROZEANUM, Wengate. Plate I., Figs. 1, 1¢@
and 16.

fEthalium, irregular, hemispherical, two to five centimeters
broad, brown, covered at maturity with a thin transparent
shining cortex, which blends below with the expanded hypo-
thallus. The united walls of the peridia forming a translu-
cent net, by reason of the numerous perforations or openings
between the several sporangia. Spores .008, brown, devel-
oped in clusters, hence exhibiting a varied surface as in
feeticularia. Sculpture, when examined under high magnifi-
cation, net-like, over about two-thirds of the surface.

One of the largest and most conspicuous species of the
group. Specimens are also from year to year quite common,
very pretty, shining and trim, as they rest upon their substratum
of rotten wood. Later in the season when the spores have all
been blown away, the papery white cortex remains in shreds
behind, covering the residua of the ragged peridia. When
highly magnified (1000-1400 diameters) the spores exhibit an
elegant net-like reticulation spread over the larger part of the
surface. In several particulars, external appearance, size and
markings of the spores, this species resembles Aetzcu/aria
lycoperdon with which it is generally confused. The capilli-
tium, however, instantly distinguishes the two, and in the
present form the spore-sculpture is more delicate.

CLATHROPTYCHIUM, Aostafnsk:.

Sporangia, sessile, cylindric or prismatic, close-packed in a
single stratum, forming a flat disk-like zthalium one or two
centimeters broad. The peridium at maturity vanishing except
the polygonal dome-like apex which is attached by a few sim-
ple filaments descending from the angles to the hypothallus.

6. CLATHROPTYCHIUM RUGULOsUM, Wallroth. Plate I, Figs.
2, 2@ and 20.

Hypothallus strongly developed, usually extending beyond

118 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

the base of the fruiting plasmodium on all sides. Sporangia
erect, prismatic, hexahedral. £thalium, olive or lead-colored,
roughened by the arched apices of the numerous peridia.
Spores ochre or ochre-brown, delicately warted, .007—.012.

An elegant and most peculiar species; perfectly finished,
firm, constant and happily not rare. The hundreds of tiny
sporangia packed so closely together might deceive the inex-
perienced collector and be mistaken for the fruit of Zrschia
chryrosperma, but the first glimpse of the dainty architecture
which the lens reveals is sufficient for immediate recognition.
Habitat; moist stumps and twigs in the denser woods.

IV. CRIBRARIACE#.

Sporangia, single, isolated and generally stalked. Peridia
with net-like thickenings which persist, the unthickened por-
tions disappearing at maturity.

«KEY TO THE GENERA.

Thickening of the peridium scalariform from base of the sporocyst
tOlaApex Nya tls Biante Whom hark echiletgtay i icets lett: tle MME) Cia Ieee

Thickenings reticulate, lace-like, . .. . .. . . . . +» CRIBRARIA.

DICTYDIUM, Schrader.

Sporangia, separate, stalked, about two millimeters high
and half a millimeter wide. The radiate veins of the peridia
parallel and equal, meridional, connected by very delicate
transverse threads forming rectangular meshes. At maturity
the walls of the peridium except where thickened vanish, leay-
ing a basket-like structure filled with spores.

7. DicTyDIUM CERNUUM, Persoon.

Sporangia numerous, small, rather long-stalked, nodding,
at first almost black, violet, then purple-brown; the spore-
case oblate or more or less depressed above, especially when
mature. Spores brown, smooth, .004-005. July—August.

Tue MyxomycETEs oF EASTERN JowA. II9

This most dainty little species is so perfectly differentiated
as scarcely to need further description. The deep red plas-
modium at first sends up the columnar stipe, up which the
plasma creeps, swells into a tiny sphere which forms peridial
wall and spores, with all the delicate tracery of the net, as if
by simple dessication. Year after year it re-appears in almost
the same locality. An old decadent apple-stump affords at
once nutrition and protection, and there, after some summer
shower the fortunate observer may witness, even in the course
of a single day, a transformation rare.

The species has a wide range, extending from Iowa to
Ceylon, and would seem cosmopolitan. The wood of various
conifers, however, is said to afford a habitat preferred, and the
range is probably conterminous with the coniferous forests

of the globe.
CRIBRARIA, Persoon.

Sporangia, separate, generally stalked. Peridia persistently
cup-shaped below, above affected by reticulate thickenings
which give rise at length to an overarching net of various
rather large polygonal meshes.

8. CRIBRARIA INTRICATA, Schrader. Plate I, Figs. 5, 52
and 54.

Sporangia stalked, globular, pale ochre or yellowish-brown;
stem subulate, tapering upwards, expanded above into the
shallow cup-like serrated base of the peridium, the so-called
“receptacle.” The net with strongly developed polygonal
nodes, joined by delicate threads two or more in number, per-
sisting. Spores pale, .006-.007, the surface slightly roughened.

A rather common species occurring on all sorts of habitats,
rotting stumps, logs, pine boards, fences, etc. The isolated
sporangia are sometimes very numerous, distributed over an
area several inches in each direction. The nodes of the
net are black, the spider-web connecting threads, transparent,

glassy.

120 NATURAL History BuLueETIN.

V. TRICHIACEZ,

Sporangia single, seldom united to form an ethalium.
Peridial thickenings, calcareous granules (usually) and colu-
mella none. Capillitium of tubular threads, simple, branching
or united in a net; free or united with the peridium or the
stipe. Spores and capillitium usually yellow or red, more
rarely whitish or brown, not violet.

KEY TO SUB-FAMILIES.

A. Capillitium plain, . . 2 ee iis, (ERICH Aa Nia,
B. Capillitium-threads with the ane: var Houaly thicened: . ARCYRIEZ.
C. Capillitium-threads furnished with spiral bands, . . . . TRICHIE.

A. Peritchenee.

This sub-family contains but a single genus, viz:

PERICHAENA, frees.

Sporangia sessile, generally opening with a lid. Peridium
simple or double; when double the outer fragile with lime
granules, the inner thin membranous. Capillitium with thin
smooth walls, the filaments springing from the upper wall
and either branched or simple. Spores yellow.

9. PERICHZNA CORTICALIS, Baisch. Plate Il, Figs. 1, 1¢@
and 16.

Sporangia sessile, gregarious, flattened, hemispherical. Pe-
ridia simple, opening by a lid (dehiscence circumscissile), the
upper part chestnut brown, the lower almost black. The
capillitum feebly developed, smooth, attached to the lid and
usually coming away with it, bringing the brilliantly yellow
spore mass, and leaving a delicate shining cupule adherent to
the substratum. Spores yellow, smooth, .oro—.o12. On and
under the bark of dead elms of various species.

A very handsome litttle species occuring rarely with us, or
g y; ?

THE MyxoMyYCETEs OF EASTERN Iowa. I21I

perhaps over-looked by virtue of its protective coloration.
Found sometimes on the inner side of the bark where the latter
has separated but not yet wholly parted company with the
wood. In such situations the tiny sporangia are so nearly
quite the color of the moist substratum as to escape all but
the closest scrutiny. The dehiscence is very remarkable, char-
acteristic, beautiful. Black, brown, chestnut and gold are
harmoniously blended, in the opening coffers. Prior to matur-
ity the future line of fission is plainly indicated by the differ-
ence in color.

B. Arcyriee.
OLIGONEMA, ostafinske.

Sporangia sessile crowded. Peridia simple, opening irreg-
ulary. Capillitium tubes free, simple or little branched, plain
or adorned with a few scattering rings. Spores yellow.

' 10. OLIGONEMA NITENS, Libert. Pilate Il, Figs. 8, 8¢ and 88.

Sporangia very small, sessile or gathered in heaps. Peridial
walls gilvous, glistening, breaking irregularly at maturity.
Capilitium tubes (elaters) free, irregular, sometimes short
and simple, sometimes branching, blunt at each end, the walls
furnished here and there with annular thickenings. Spores
yellow, spherical, covered with reticulate thickenings, in diam-
eter about .or2. On moss, sometimes escaped to twigs and
leaves.

The brilliant yellow of this species leaves it without a rival
here. In fact as to color its only rivals are other species of
the genus, Ol/gonema fiavidum, Pk., for example which dif-
fers from QO. zz¢ens in the more strongly developed capillitium,
the tubes of which carry no annular rings, but show their
Trichia relationship by faint spiral threads rather closely
wound. In QO. nteus the spores are more varied both in
sculpture and size. Plasmodia small, hardly a centimeter, at
most, in our material.

122 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

CORNUVIA, Postafinske.

Fruiting phase assuming the form either of distinct sporan-
gia or plasmodiocarpous. Peridia opening irregularly or some-
times with a lid. Capillitium, a free net, adorned with papille,
spinules, or ring-like thickenings.

rz. CorNuviA wricuTu, Berkeley and Cooke. Plate I, Figs.
7, 7a and 70.

Fruiting phase various, sometimes single, spherical, nut-
brown sporangia opening irregularly, more frequently in O-
shaped or U-shaped plasmodiocarps, or vein-like, creeping.
Spores and capillitium bright yellow. Threads of the capilli-
tium .002—.003 wide, adorned with scattered spinules about
equalling in length the thread’s diameter. Spores delicately
warted, about .or2.

The fruit of this species is like that of Perzchena corticalis
in general appearance, as in color of spore-mass, and in habitat;
is however easily distinguished by its irregular forms, as by
its capillitium and other microscopic characters. Found not
uncommon in September and October on half-rotten logs and
bark, particularly of elm-trees. The species appears to run
into C. cercumscissa Vall. by way of C. cercumscissa var. spinosa,
Schreeter.

AR YRS AY eres,

Sporangia simple, at first spherical or ovate, stalked, gen-
erally resting upon a common hypothallus. Peridium opening
by a quasi-circumscissile dehiscence, the upper part vanishing,
the lower remaining as a cup. The capillitium united to form
an intricate closed net, which at the rupture of the peridium,
suddenly springs aloft, widens and lengthens, free above but
still adherent to the peridial walls below. Spore-mass and
capillitium white, yellow or red. (Schreeter).

Tue Myxomycetes or Eastern Iowa. 123

SUB-GENERA.

I. Capillitium adherent to the margin of the Asap cup-like

base of the peridium, . . wn ee CUATIORGOIDES,
il. Capillitium closed below and Wii ecuite to ie peridium but
slightly and at buta single point, . . . . . . . ARCYRELLA.

Sub-genus Clathroides, (Micheli) Rostafinskt.

12, ARCYRIA CINEREA, (Bulhard). Plate II, Figs. 3 and 3a.

Peridia gregarious, stalked, elongate ovate; stipe simple,
straight, smooth, fuscous. Capillittum and spore-mass pale
ashy grey; tubes of the capillitium warty or spinulose.
Spores smooth, .006—.008, colorless. Plasmodium bluish-white
in very delicate reticulations.

This species although world-wide in distribution occurs
sparingly with us—has in fact been collected but once, on
decaying stumps of 7Zvlia americana, “bass-wood.” The
sporangia after the expansion of the capillitium are long per-
sistent, the capillitium itself assuming a definite and character-
istic outline, with beautiful tracery-like reticulations. The
spores extend down into the stipal cavity. July, 1886.

13. ARCYRIA PUNICEA, Persoon. Plate II, Figs. 5 and 52.

Peridia crowded, commonly stalked, more or less ovoid,
lustrous. Stipe straight, of varying length, spirally plicate.
Color of all parts various in different cases, generally flushed
with a roseate or carmine tinge, sometimes brilliant. Capil-
litium thread equal, flattened, adorned with thickenings in
form of rings or half-rings. Spores smooth, .oo6-.007. July
—December.

This is one of the commonest species of the whole list.
World-wide in distribution it seems to occur in any given
locality with a constancy and persistence that bespeaks thor-
ough adaptation to environment and present terrestrial con-
ditions generally. I find it uniformly upon fallen stems of
Populus and Tilia, possibly because in our dry season these

124 NatTurAL History BuLuetin.

woods better than some others retain the moisture. It is
readily distinguished from other species of the sub-genus;
from the preceding by its color; from A. pomiéformis, Roth.,
by its habit (crowded) and the character of the capillitium,—
spinulose in A. pomiformis. The delicate half-rings in A.
punicea form a more or less spiral series around the capillitial
thread.

Sub-genus Arcyrella, Rostafinski. ,

14. ARCYRIA ADNATA, Batsch.

Sporangia, crowded or gregarious on a distinct hypothallus,
ellipsoidal; stipe short but distinct. Spores and capillitium
ochraceous with a carmine flush; tubes of capillitium equal,
adorned with abundant half-rings, cross-piates, or often sharp
edged plates, which appear in section like spines, very vari-
able. Spores concolorous with capillitium, smooth, .007—.008.

This species resembles the preceding in nearly every par-
ticular and is distinguishable only by-observing the attach-
ment of the capillittum. Both tubes and spores may often
be traced far down into the stem. The peridia are as a rule
larger in the present species and likewise the spores. A.
adnata 1s with us much brighter colored, often a brilliant
carmine brown, vying with Hemiarcyria rubiformis. Habitat
the same as the preceding species; plasmodia white. Sep-
tember — December.

15. ARCYRIA VITELLINA, Phillips. Plate U, Figs. 4 and qa.

Sporangia crowded, large, short stipitate, ovoid or cylindric,
luteous, opening by an irregular circular fissure. Capillitium
shining luteous, elongate*clavate, nodulose; threads with
minute tubercles and distant rings. Spores concolorous, .o10
in diameter.

The specimens referred to this species occur rarely with
us. The sporangia are crowded on a distinct hyphothallus,

THe MyxomyceTes oF EAsTeRN Iowa. 125

very short- stalked, leather-yellow or ochraceous in color.
Capillitium nodulose at the intersections of the threads which
are rough with minute papille or short spines but no rings.
The peridial cup shows a margin with petaloid lobes. Too
near the ochraceous forms of the preceding species.

16. ARCYRIA NUTANS, Bullzard. Plate II, Figs. 6, 6a and 64.

Sporangia crowded, elongate, short stipitate or sessile by
an acute base. Spores and capillititum-mass, pale straw-
colored, or yellow. Capillitium lax, very long flexuous, erect-
nodding, at length decumbent; capillittum threads adorned
with distinct irregular spinules.

This elegant species is not rare in undisturbed woods
especially on fallen willows. The expanded capillitia are very
soft and plume-like, waving and nodding, very lightly attached
below to the center of the peridial cup. The capillitium
threads are rough with irregular spines and sharp- edged
transverse plates, occasionally extending to form rings. Re-
sembles the next except in color. Spores smooth, .c084-.009.
Autumn.

17. ARCYRIA CERSTEDTH, Aostafinski.

Sporangia ovoid, in typical forms stipitate with short stipe;
capilittum and spores nut-brown or fuscous; .capillitium
threads cylindric with not infrequent vesiculose expansions,
abundantly and uniformly spinulose. Spores smooth, .oo8-
.009.

A very handsome species; in size and external appearance,
save color, much resembling A. nutans. The capillitium
threads are however decidedly different, being uniformly
spinulose with rather long aculeate spinules. The vesiculose
thickenings occur rarely. Found on prostrate trunks, logs,
in marshy places. July—September. Decorah. Mr. Holway.

126 NATURAL History BULLETIN.
LACHNOBOLUS, Frees.

Sporangia sessile, (or very short-stalked), gregarious or
closely packed together. Peridium wall exceedingly delicate,
smooth, opening irregularly. Capillitium forming a loose net
attached by numerous branches on all sides to the peridial
wall. Spore-mass with capillitium delicate rose or flesh-
colored, or yellow.

18. LAcCHNOBOLUS INCARNATUS, Albertini and Schweinttz.
Plate I, Figs. 2, 2@ and 20.

Sporangia spherical or ellipsoidal, about .005 broad, rarely
distinct, usually closely agregated. Peridium membranous,
fragile, flesh-colored, shining. Capillitium of manifold branch-
ing threads united to form a loose net, the threads character-
ized by numerous expansions or nodes .o10-.018 broad, and
everywhere finely punctate. Spore-mass bright flesh-tinted;
spores .0075-—.009, smooth.

The specimens referred to this species are so placed from
description only, the author having no authenticated speci-
mens for comparison. Of the correctness of the determina-
tion there seems, however, no reasonable doubt. The capilli-
tium is absolutely characteristic. The only points in which
our material departs from the description given by Schreeter,
are the somewhat greater (average) diameter of the spores
and capillitium nodes.

LYCOGALA, Michel.

fEthalia rounded, more or less nearly spherical, single, gre-
garious, or crowded, coalescent. Peridial wall double, the
outer membrane, thick, papery, not smooth; the inner more
delicate, affording support to the richly developed, very irreg-
ularly expanded, branching and reticulated capillitium.

THE MyxomMyceTeEs OF EASTERN Iowa. 127

19. LycoGALA EPIDENDRUM, Buxbaum. Plate III, Figs. 1,
ta and 1.

fEthalia gregarious, sometimes closely packed together, a
centimeter more or less in diameter, opening irregularly at
the apex. The outer peridial wall ashen or fuscous, usually
with a flush, minutely roughened. Spores and capillitium
varicolored, rosy, purplish, ashen, clay-colored, etc., at length
fading. Spores .003-.006, smooth.

This species and the next are the “ puff-balls” of the group.
The general resemblance to the smaller forms of the gaster-
omycetes is remarkably close. The outer covering, the
abundant dusty spores, the persistent floccose capillitium, all
combine to deceive the inexperienced collector. Nevertheless
there are no hyphe here. The plasmodium of the species
named spends the period of vegetation among and between
the cells of decaying wood of various sorts, at length to
emerge in rouge-colored or scarlet masses as large as peas or
larger, which are gradually transformed into dessicated sacs
of powdery spores. The peridia when old are exceedingly
brittle, and break in every direction, but normally discharge
the spores through a cleft apex. The capillitium is very
curious, made up of irregulary branching and anastomosing
plates, with numerous free ends and slender twig-like append-
ages, all roughened by scattered papilla. The spores are
among the smallest, in mass often brightly tinted epecially
when fresh, smooth and colorless under the lens, are often
not dispersed for months after development. JL. epidendrum
is world-wide in distribution, exceedingly common at all
seasons, although developing fruit only in the summer,—July
to September. Found most commonly on apple and linden
stumps and fallen stems.

20. LycoGALA FLAvo—FuscuM, hrenberg. Plate III, Fig. 2.

fEthalia resting for the most part upon a well developed
hypothallus, large, spherical or piriform, sometimes pendent.

¢

128 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

Peridium thick, ashy or amber, generally with a roseate flush,
smooth or irregularly obscurely reticulate. Spore-mass bluish-
gray; capillitium concolorous. Spores, .0054-.006.

Not common. Found on all sorts of stems and stumps in
woods. Generally solitary, easily distinguished from the pre-
ceding by its size, shape and color. Specimens sometimes
attain the size of a walnut (2 centimeters in diameter), more
commonly of a hazel-nut.

C. Trichee.
TRICHI A, feller.

Sporangia distinct, sessile or stipitate. Tubes of the capil-
litium free, simple or rarely branching, with acuminate ends,
the walls adorned with spiral threads or bands.

21. TRICHIA FALLAX, Persoon. Plate IV, Fig 2, 2a and 20.

Sporangia single, gregarious, top- shaped or piriform,
stalked; peridium olive-brown, opening irregularly, shining.
Stipe hollow, filled with spore-like cells. Capillittum and
spore-mass dull yellow, the elaters often branched, with long
acuminate ends, and adorned with three or four smooth thin
spiral bands. Spores yellow, minutely verruculose, .o10—.012.

A very beautiful, well defined species; easily recognized at
sight by its distinct pear-shaped, stalked and shining sporan-
gia. Under the lenses the elaters with their long tapering
pointed ends are sufficiently definitive. The stipe is fuscous,
almost or quite black. The plasmodium is described as flesh-
colored, the young peridia, scarlet. The spores are described
as minutely rough by all the authorities. Under lenses of low
magnifying power this is apparently true; but under a fine
lens, Leitz’s one-sixteenth oil-immersion, for instance, the
spore shows a delicate reticulation over its whole surface.
This is not the effect of optical illusion, as might perhaps be
surmised, following analagous experience in the microscopical
examinations of Diatoms, for example. The net-work is

Tue MyxomMyceTEs oF EASTERN Iowa. 129

exceedingly delicate, but withal sharply defined. Once seen
it may be aiterwards easily discovered under lenses much
lower in magnifying power, as Leitz No. 7. The figure, Plate
IV, Fig. 2a, shows the episporic character as we believe it
really to be. TZyichia scabra shows the same peculiarities in
the surface of its spores. It may be thought that the trouble
lies in our incorrect identification, and that we have here to
do with other species than those described by European
authors. But 7. fallax is a species perfectly defined by other
characters, recognizable at sight by characters macroscopic.
We are rather inclined, as already hinted, to ascribe the dis-
crepancy to differences in lenses. Under a somewhat old-
fashioned water-immersion, one-twelfth, the reticulations
would escape notice entirely, the spores of Z. scabra for
instance appear as Rostafinski has portrayed them. We submit
the case to the arbitration of good lenses. Not rare; chiefly
found on fallen sticks of soft wood. September—November.

22. ‘TRICHIA VARIA, Persoon. Plate IV, Figs. 3, 3a and 30.

Sporangia generally sessile, gregarious or compactly placed,
of various shapes, pale yellow or straw-colored. Spore-mass
and capilitium rather bright-yellow though sometimes rusty
or brown. Elaters thin-walled, adorned with two rather dis-
tinct spiral bands, the ends acute. Spores, delicately warted,
.O10-.012.

Perhaps our most common species, to be recognized by its
usually pale color, and in the common form, depressed, poly-
gonal irregular sporangia. ‘Three varieties are recognized :—

a. genuina, as just described.
6. sessilts, Sporangia top-shaped, with a discoidal scarce per-
ceptible stipe.
n. nigripes. Sporangia piriform or turbinate with a short
fuscous or black stem.
Found on all sorts of decaying wood and bark and even
manure, from July till September. The elater bands wind in

130 NatTuraAL History BuLueEtTIN.

a direction the reverse of that usual in other species; hence
the specific name varza. The spores here are verruculose;
show no reticulations however highly magnified.

23. TRICHIA CHRYSOSPERMA, Bulliard. Plate IV, Figs. 5,
5@ and 52.

Sporangia sessile, crowded, spherical, or, by mutual inter-
ference, polygonal, dull ochraceous, or olivaceous yellow, all
on a well developed hypothallus. Spore-mass and capillitium
brilliant golden-yellow. Elaters long, simple, with tips, acumi-
nate, and with 3-5 spiral bands joined by more or less con-
spicuous secondary thickenings running parallel to the long
axis of the tube. Spores covered with a banded net-work
forming polygonal meshes, yellow in color, .o12-.015.

This species stands as the type of a series all characterized
by spores with plain band-like thickenings of the epispore.
Mr. Massee in the Aeviston of the Trichiacee creates a num-
ber of species based upon variations in the pattern formed by
these thickenings. As every gradation occurs from that in
which the thickening takes the form of simple patches on the
spore-wall to the case in which the elevations form polygonal
reticulations, enclosing the spore as in a net, it will be appar-
ent that the number of possible species is great. 7. afinis,
De Bary, following, is the type of another similar series in all
of which the episporic bands are “pitted.” Mr. Massee’s
service in establishing the fact of such series, deserves all
praise; but that the erection of new species on characters so
variable is fortunate, seems more than doubtful. The longi-
tudinal markings of the elater, for instance, are by no means
characteristic of 7. chrysosperma, as may be seen by compari-
son of the figures on Plate IV. The present author suggests
the recognition of but two species distinguished as De Bary
drew the lines. Under these two all other forms claiming
specific rank may be ranged and recognized, to such extent
as men please, as varieties. The fact is that the systematist

—_—
mem.

THe MyxomyceTes oF EASTERN Iowa. 131

will have difficulty enough to keep these two species apart, as
more and more with the progress of our knowledge inter-
grading forms come into sight. Chrysospermatous specimens
so far as discovered or examined here, all exhibit spore-reticu-
lations reasonably complete; z. ¢., we have here the typical
T. chrysosperma.

A comparatively common and most beautiful species. No
yellow more golden; no elaters, more graceful; no spores,
more finely sculptured. Zopf reports the plasmodium white.
Specimens occur in July and August on substrata of various
sorts,—logs, bark, patches of moss, etc.

24. TRICHIA AFFINIS, Ve Gary. Plate IV. Figs. 6c and 6d.

Sporangia sessile on a more or less distinct hypothallus,
spherical or ovoid, crowded together. Spore-mass and capil-
litium yellow. Elaters with several spiral bands, rough, with
short spinules, the tips more or less swollen, terminating
in an acute point. Spores adorned with reticulate bands
which are pitted along the median line, .o10-.o12.

Under this species we may recognize the varieties following:

a. T. jackii, Rost. Differs from the type only in that the spore
reticulations are less perfect, an occasional free end
appearing.

b. T.abrupta,Cke. Tips of the elaters bifurcated; z. e., exhibit-
ing generally two or more large spinules at right
angles to the axis of the elater; spirals not joined by
vertical bars; reticulation less perfect but of the
pitted order. Figs. 6, 6a and 60.

c. T. intermedia, Mass. Has spores similar to those of 7.
abrupta, but has the spiral bands connected by long-
itudinal ridges, and the elater tips are simple, not
forked. Figs. 1, 1a, 16 and Ic.

The phase common here is the 7. affinzs, var. entermedia, for
the spirals are connected; variety abrwpia also occurs, and our

132 Naturawu History BuLuetin.

forms of 7. afints would perhaps be deemed Zrichia jackit
by some authors, as the spores do not nearly all show com-
plete reticulations. Z. proxzmella, Karsten, N. A. Fungi, No.
2690 undoubtedly belongs to this series. At least in our speci-
men the spores resemble those of varieties 6 and c above.

All phases here are common in the fall, from September to
December, on decaying logs of every sort.

25. TRICHIA SCABRA, fostajinskz. Plate IV. Figs. 4, 4a
and 40.

Sporangia sessile, crowded, on a well developed hypothal-
lus, bright yellow. laters cylindrical, acute at the apex,
straight or scarcely curved; spiral bands, three or four cov-
ered with numerous short acute spinules, the intervals quite
wide and smooth. Spores minutely warted, .oo8-.ort.

Species not rare, occurring on fallen limbs, stumps, etc.,
handsome. Easily recognized by the above characters, espec-
ially those pertaining to the elaters. The color is sometimes
rusty. The papillae which cover the spore show, when highly
magnified, a distinct net-like pattern, as described under 7.
fallax; not at all rough, as hitherto described and sometimes
figured. September.

26. TricHiaA, INcONsPICUA, Aostafinski. Plate III, Figs. 5,
5@ and 50.

Sporangia small, more or less spherical, collected in heaps
or scattered (discrete), brown, shining, inconspicuous, desti-
tute of hypothallus. Elaters cylindrical, extended at tip into
spines curved to one side and twice as long as the elater-
width, sometimes also inflated near the tip. Spiral bands
three or four, not conspicuous, with narrow intervals. Spores
delicately warted, .012-.013.

Specimens have been referred to this species without com- |

parison. The form is rare, but corresponds in all essential par-

THE MyxomyceETeEs oF EASTERN Iowa. 133

ticulars to the description as above. The sporangia are as
often reniform as spherical; the elaters often bifid at tip as in
Fig. 5a referred to above. October.

27. TRICHIA I0OWENSIS, Macbride, n. s. Plate V, Figs. 4,
4a and 40; and Plate X, Fig. 5.

Sporangia sessile, gregarious, spherical or reniform, with
no hypothallus, purple-brown. Spores and spore-mass, yel-
low. Elaters with three or four spiral bands unevenly dis-
tributed, and with occasional inflations, sparingly branched,
spinulose especially where inflated; spinules long, .003-.006,
and recurved, often bifid or trifid, especially at or near the
acuminate tip. Spores delicately warted, .oog-.ort.

This species occurs rarely; is found on the bark of Populus,
so far, exclusively. The sporangia are inconspicuous until
opening by fissure they display the yellow spores and capil-
litial threads. The species is immediately recognized by its
elaters whose numerous and lengthened spinules are unlike
those of any cognate form, reminding one of the capillitium of
Cornuvia. Woods, near lowa City; October.

HEMIARCYRIA, Aostafinski.

Capillitium united into a net, either free, or by its lower
branches bound back to the stem or to the basal part of the
peridium. Peridium opening irregularly. Threads of the
capillitium spirally banded.

28. HEMIARCYRIA RUBIFORMIS, Persoon. Plate V, Figs. 1,
1a and 1d,

Plasmodial and fruiting phases alike ruby-red. Sporangia
stalked, turbinate or piriform; stems commonly coalescent so
that the sporangia are clustered. Peridium at first shining
with metallic lustre, at length duller. Spore-mass and capilli-
tium reddish-brown; capillitium net with many free, pointed

134 Natura History BuLuetIn.

tips, spinescent throughout. Spiral bands distinct, about
three. Spores smooth, .o10-.012.

Our most common Slime-mould, found on rotten wood and
bark of all sorts from June to September, easily recognized
by the color. Several varieties are recognized, of which
genuina, stalked, as described, alone occurs here. All author-
ities agree in describing European specimens with “spores
smooth.” I have not had opportunity to examine with the .
microscope European material, but a most careful observer
who has so done reports that the spores of specimens sent
him from Europe are zo¢ smooth. The material distributed
in the N. A. F. No. 1113, agrees with our Iowa material in
having the spores minutely verruculose. On the fact of rough
spores, Massee founds the species A. edlisiz. (Jour. Roy.
Mic. Soc., 1889, p. 354). If then Massee’s point were well
taken, our species must be called hereafter A. e//zszz, Mass.

29. HEMIARCYRIA CLAVATA, Persoon. Plate V, Figs. 2, 2¢
and 24, and Plate III, Figs. 6, 6@ and 60.

Sporangia single, gregarious, spherical or obclavate. Pert-
dium thin, bright, shining, yellow. Stipe generally of a darker
hue, brown or reddish. Spore-mass and capillitium yellow or
ochraceous. Capillitium repeatedly branching, with abundant
free, rounded ends, the tubes adorned with several spiral
bands. Spores minutely warted, .oo8—.00g.

Very common, occurring with the preceding, the plasmodia
of the two species being often strangely intermingled on the
same substratum. Under a good lens (Leitz ,) the capillitial
threads show themselves minutely warted. The specimen
distributed by N. A. F., 536, shows the same peculiarity.
Authorities generally ignore the fact, or say “smooth.”

The figures of Plate III, illustrate a very delicate variation
of the present species. The sporangia are much smaller,
borne on proportionately longer stipes. The capillitium is less

THe MyxomycetTes or Eastern Iowa. 135

frequently branched, shows no free ends; has in fact the gen-
eral appearance of an Arcyria except that the tubes are
spirally banded, and are generally smooth.

30. HEMIARCYRIA SERPULA, Scopoli. Plate V, Figs. 3, 3¢
and 30.

Plasmodiocarp depressed, sessile, creeping, commonly united
into a loose net, bright-yellow, as also the spore-mass and capil-
litium, branched, tubes about half as wide as the diameter of
the spores, the spiral bands armed with abundant rather stout
spinules. Spores covered with net-work, .o12—.013.

Rather common in September and October on rotten logs,
stumps, etc., in the woods. The vein-like elements of the
plasmodiocarp usually unite in every direction to form an ele-
gant net a centimeter or two in diameter, but may instead
wind aimlessly about, forming naught but loops or hooks, or
wavy lines. A very pretty and curious organism, figured by
Corda (J/cones, Plate II, Fig. 34) under the winding title of
fyporrhamma reticulatum, and described by Fries as Trichza
serpula. On maturity the peridial membrane breaks irregu-
larly along the medial line revealing the golden yellow spores
and capillitium, the latter remarkably hygroscopic, constantly
in motion. The spores are beautifully netted, reminding one
of the spores of Oligonema.

31. HeEMIARCYRIA STIPATA, Schwetnitz. Plate I, Figs. 8, 8a
and 82.

Sporangia distinct, though often crowded, stalked, cylindric,
rich brown or copper-colored, shining, borne on a more or
less distinct hypothallus. Peridium thin, the upper portion at
maturity irregularly evanescent, the base persistent as a shallow
cup. Spore-mass and capillitium reddish; capillittum united
in a loose net with many free and bulbous ends, the tubes
pale, granular within, marked without by obscure spiral bands

136 NaTurRAL History BuLuetin.

and occasional wart-like or plate-like thickenings (Arcyrioid).
Spores smooth, about .o06. Decorah. Mr. Holway.

A beautiful species, recognizable at once by its large size
and bright color, a deep brown carmine-tinged. Arcyria
adnaia shows sometimes similar tints, but the sporangia are
more crowded and much smaller. The capillitium is puzzling.
With numerous free ends it yet exhibits only faint spiral
bands; distinct enough under a Leitz No. 7, much better
under a one-sixteenth immersion. It is one of those boundary
forms which appear to belong about equally on either side of
our lines of generic demarcation. The spiral threads are
however a good character, fortunately in the present in-
stance réinforced by the indubitably free bulb-like tips. Not
to be confused with Mr. Massee’s H. st7pitata, which is simi-
lar in the specific name only.

VI. RETICULARIACE.,

Fruiting phase an zthalium, covered by a distinct papery
membrane. Spore-mass and capillitium brown or violet-black.

Spores and capillitium brown, . . .. . . . . RETICULARIA.

Spores and capillitium violet-black—not represented in
our localitys ii.0 S20 NieUisy ol ce aa oe aes, RNR aman

RETICULARIA, Sulhard.

Fructification at maturity forming a large cushion-like ztha-
lium. Spore-mass and capillitium umber-brown.

32. RETICULARIA LYCOPERDON, Bullard. Plate III, Fig. 3,
and Plate X, Figs. 7 and 7a.

Plasmodium white or yellow, branching, at length forming
a white slimy mass. Mature ethalia, three to six centimeters
in diameter, covered with a shining, silvery, paper-like, peridial
membrane, and seated on a well developed hypothallus.

THE MyxomMyYceETes oF EASTERN Iowa. 137

Capillitium flat, branching again and again. Spores clustered,
reticulate except on the contact portion, about .009.

The only species of the genus; not common here, although
reported so in other parts of the country and the world. To
be distinguished from Lxterzdium rozeanum by the capilli-
tium, less easily by external characters. The spores seem
to me very similar. In Axteridium the spores have been
described as warted. In both cases they are certainly deli-
tely and beautifully reticulate.

On rotten wood of various sorts. September. The speci-
men figured (natural size) is unusually large.

VII. STEMONITACE,

Sporangia at maturity distinct. Peridium delicate, without
lime and generally completely deciduous. Capillitium of
solid threads which spring branching from a columella or
(rarely) from the tip of the intruding stipe. No lime. Spore-
mass and capillitium violet-black.

KEY TO GENERA.

Peridium somewhat persistent, . . . . . . . . + . DLAMPRODERMA.
Peridium fugitive disappearing wholly before the maturing of
the spores—
1. Sporangia gregarious, tips of capillitium not
united torformisa net...) 2). spe. }COMATRICHA-.
2. Sporangia crowded, ultimate branches of capil-
[REVERIE Sts ok fe; fae elles plat actiuce » oS DEMON PETS.

LAMPRODERMA, Aostajinski.

Sporangia spherical or ellipsoidal, stipitate. Peridium mem-
branous, persistent, generally with a metallic lustre. Stipe
lengthened to form the columella which is hardly half as
high as the sporangium, and is cylindrical or clavate in form.
Capillitium springing from the columella, the threads dichot-

138 NATuRAL History BuLueETIN.

omously branched and becoming thinner outwardly, occasion-
ally anastomosing.

33. LAMPRODERMA ARCYRIOIDES, Sommerfelt. Plate III,
Figs. 4, 4a, 46 and 4c.

Sporangia spherical, stalked. Peridium, thin, violet or
bluish, with a metallic lustre. Stipe very short, or reaching a
millimeter in height, brown, shining, borne on a distinct hypo-
thallus. Columella cylindric, truncate in the globose forms.
Capillitial threads white or whitish, repeatedly branched and
more or less anastomosing. Spores dull violet, more or less
spinescent, .012-.016.

This species occurs rarely, usually on the bark of fallen
logs in undisturbed woodlands. Both short and long-stalked
forms have been collected. The plasmodium is at first almost
transparent, then amber-tinted, sending up tiny semi-trans-
parent spheres on rather stout brownish stalks. The sporan-
gia become deeper brown and at length gradually assume the
structure and exquisite color of maturity. The rich metallic
lustre is very attractive. Metallic steel-blue or “peacock
blue” describes perhaps the reflected colors, which, among
all the species here described find rival in Dzachea splendens
only. The spores are quite smooth in our specimens, but very
variable in size. August—September.

COMA TRICH A. Preuss.

Sporangia cylindrical or globose, not crowded, stipitate,
the stipe entering the sporangium and prolonged as a colu-
mella nearly to the top. Capillittum made up of branches
which arising from the columella repeatedly branch and unite
but not so as to form a distinct net at the surface. Peridium
a thin evanescent membrane or wholly lacking.

34. COMATRICHA TYPHINA, /tostafinski. Plate VI, Figs. 1,
ta and 16.

Sporangia gregarious, distinct and isolated, cylindrical,

Tue MyxomyceTes oF EASTERN Iowa. 139

obtuse. Stipe shorter than the sporangium, black. Colu-
mella rising to the middle or farther, then spreading into
many divergent branches; capillitium threads many times
branched, anastomosing to form an intricate net. Spores
bright violet, smooth, .004-.005.

The common species everywhere, variable in size and in
the structure of the capillitium. The anastomosing twigs of
the capillitium form a net of varying intricacy for containing
the spores, but the ultimate tips are free. In the arrangement
of species in this genus, I follow Dr. Rex, who makes the pecu-
liar surface markings of the spores diagnostic. ‘These in the
present species, are not absolutely smooth, but under a good
lens show, as in Fig. 1a, Plate VI, minute papillae with a few
larger warts distributed here and there. In the species fol-
lowing the spores are larger and more distinctly and uniformly
warted. The peridium is rarely seen.

35. COMATRICHA PULCHELLA, Bab. Plate VI, Figs. 3, 34,
36, 3c and 3d.

Sporangia elongate-ovate or cylindrical, obtuse at apex.
Stipe slender, subulate, black, extending as a branching colu-
mella almost to the apex of the sporangium, the branches
uniting to form a very intricate net. Spores pale, delicately
verruculose, .0075-—.008.

Not common; occurring in the same situations as the pre-
ceding, easily distinguished by its larger, roughened spores.
In form the sporangia vary greatly; sometimes short, cylindric
almost sessile, then as in Fig. 3, long, stipitate, and slender.
The peridium is well developed and forms an evanescent but
distinct membrane, Figs. 3c and 32.

36. COMATRICHA CRYPTA, Schweinitz.

Sporangia cylindrical, obtuse, dull opaque, closely gregari-
ous. Stipe short, rather stout, extending as columella almost,

140 NaturaAL History BuLueTIN.

if not quite, to the apex of the sporangium. Capillitium very
loose, the branches only two or three times dichotomous.
Spores brown, rough, with irregularly scattered papilla, about
.009. October—November.

This species differs even to the naked eye from both the
preceding. The sporangia are more closely placed and have a
singularly ragged chenille-like appearance and are blue-black
in color. The spores are very large for this genus and dis-
tinctly papillose under moderate magnification. The capillitium
is also much more lax, its ultimate divisions much as in the
next. Identified by comparison with specimens furnished by
Prof. A. P. Morgan.

37. CoMATRICHA LonGA, Peck. Plate VI, Figs. 2, 2@ and 26.

Sporangia cylindrical, long and slender, on a distinct hypo-
thallus, crowded, dull black in mass. Stipe delicate, black
and shining, one-sixth to one-fourth the entire length of the
fruit, extending as columella to the obtuse apex of the
sporangium. Capillitial threads branching very lax and open,
the branches comparatively short, rigid. Spores rough,
warted, .009. September.

A very remarkable and well marked species. The sporan-
gia stand nearly a centimeter high, occur in more or less
tangled mass and at first suggest a weathered Séemonatis.
The open net-work is an exaggeration of the type exhibited
in the species last named. Colonies are an inch or less in
diameter on bark of fallen trees. Rare. Identified by com-
parison with material sent by Dr. Geo. Rex.

STEMONITIS, Gleditsch.

Plasmodium at first white, at length heaped in rounded cake-
shaped mass which at maturity becomes slowly modified into
the crowded but distinct stiptitate sporangia. Stipe continued
within the sporangium as in Comatricha to form the columella

THE MyxomyceTEs oF EASTERN Iowa. 141

which gives off on all sides the branching capillitium, the ulti-
mate divisions uniting to form a superficial net, parallel to the
wall of the vanishing peridium.

The genus is closely related to the preceding from which
it may be distinguished by the crowded sporangia of usually
greater size, the less evident dichotomy in the branches of the
capillitium and the indubitable net by which all is surrounded.
In the specific determinations I have followed Dr. Rex in the
Ls 0 a

38. STEMONITIs FuscA, froth.

Sporangia cylindrical, tufted, nodding, borne on a well
developed hypothallus. Stipe rather short, extending as colu-
mella quite to the apex of the sporangium. Capillitium and
spore-mass brown-violet. Capillitium-net with fine meshes,
about equal to the diameter of the spores. Spores pale,
almost smooth, .005-.0075. September—October. N. A. F.
No. I1I9.

Rather rare here as elsewhere in this country, the next
species being the common form. Hardly distinguishable
except by the smoother spores from ZD. dictyospora, Rost.,
and S. maxima, Schw., N. A. F., No. 2697.

39. STEMONITIS MAXIMA, Schweinitz. Plate VI, Figs. 4, 4¢
and 40.

Sporangia cylindrical, long, slender, obtuse; the stipe black,
borne on a glistening hypothallus. Columella and capillitium
as in the preceding. Spores verruculose, the papille forming
a reticulate pattern, .006-.007.

Both this and the preceding present after maturity the most
dainty, airy, plume-like, ashen tufts of softness and beauty
indescribable. The chief distinction lies in the surface charac-
ters of the spores. Concerning S. dictyospora, Rost., Dr.
Rex, zz litt., says: ‘.S. dictyospora, Rost. differs from 5S.

142 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

maxima, Schw., only in the fact that in the former the bases
of the warts forming the polygons on the epispores are joined
together into reticulations, while in S. maxima they are not.
If it be said that such difference is not sufficient for specific
separation, so much the worse for Rostafinski’s species;
Schweinitz’s being the older has precedence.” The spores in
our specimens are evidently netted. The clustered sporangia
are found on stumps, logs, or even on the ground; the winds
of September soon scatter the spores but the delicate tufts
persist long, and in sheltered situations may be found at almost
any season. N.A. F., No. 2697.

40. STEMONITIS MORGANI, Peck. Plate VI, Figs. 6, 6a, 6d
and 6c.

Sporangia long, cylindrical, crowded, arising from a well
developed hypothallus, stalked, the stalks short, black, shin-
ing, extended to form a columella which scarcely reaches the
apex of the peridium. Capillitium net with meshes wide and
bearing subtriangular thickenings at the intersections. Spores
violet-brown, globose, adhesive, .008, minutely warted.

This elegant species occurs not rarely on rotten wood, usually
in protected situations, although sometimes on the exposed
surfaces of its habitat. The sporangia attain with us unusual
height, sometimes two centimeters. Plasmodia three to eight
centimeters in diameter. The clear brown tufts appear in
fall, marvels of graceful elegance and beauty.

Figs. 7 and 7a, on Plate VI, is a variety with shorter and
broader sporangia, the net-meshes coarser; otherwise perhaps
not distinct. Fig. 6a, should not have appeared on the Plate.
It is Fig. 6c, less highly magnified.

41. STEMONITIS FERRUGINEA, Ehrenberg. Plate VI, Figs.
5, 5¢, and 52.

Sporangia gregarious or ccespitose, rising from a distinct
shining hypothallus, cylindrical, obtuse; columella reaching

THE MyxomyceTEs OF EASTERN Iowa. 143

the apex of the sporangium, Stipe setaceous, black, shining,
comparatively long; spore-mass cinnamon-brown. Spores
smooth, pale, .0045-.006. September—-November. N. A.
F., No. 1118.

Not uncommon on rotten wood; August. The color is
distinctive at sight. The spores are smooth, very variable in
size. Fries reports the plasmodium yellow, and De Bary,
Mycetozoa, gives detailed account of the development of the
sporangia.

VIII. SPUMARIACE#.,

Sporangia single and distinct, or blended to form ethalia.
Deposits of lime in the peridium or stipe, never in the capilli-
tium. Columella cylindric, well developed. Capillitium radi-
ally developed from the sides and ends of the columella and
extending to the peridium, its threads branching and uniting.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

sporangia single, distinet, 200 «<5 «ep dae 2s “DEAGR AAS

sporangia, united in wthalia,. i0 2.) «0 4/4) +) @) « OSPUMARBIA.

DIACH ALA, Frees.

Sporangia simple, stipitate, stipe produced to form a colu-
mella which almost traverses the sporangium. Peridium very
thin, evanescent. Stipe and columella with fine calcareous
granules. Capillitium rising from the columella, repeatedly
branched. Spore-mass violet-black.

42. DIACHZA SPLENDENS, Peck. Plate VII, Figs. 1, 1a, 1d
and Ic.

Peridia metallic-blue or violet, delicately globose, sub-per-
sistent, irregular in dehiscence. Capillitium threads delicate,
tinted. Stipe white, scarcely entering the sporangium. Spores
clustered, black, globose, verruculose, .007-—.010.

144 NaTuRAL History BULuetIn.

This is perhaps the most showy species of the list. The
brilliantly iridescent sporangia are lifted above the substratum
on snow-white columnar stalks; these are again joined one to
another by the pure white vein-like cords of the reticulate
hypothallus. The plasmodium may spread very widely over
all sorts of objects that come in the way, dry forest leaves
and sticks, or the fruit and foliage of living plants. I am
indebted for specimens to Mr. Holway, of Decorah, who
reports that the plasmodium seemed to over-run “a whole
hillside.” The very closely related and likewise exceedingly
beautiful species, JY. /encopoda, Bulliard, is to be looked for
here as it has been found east of the Mississippi river. It
differs from the present form only in having cylindric instead
of globose sporangia. The stipe in our specimens is much
broader than the cylindrical columella. July—August.

SPUMARIA, Persoon.

Sporangia united to form ethalia, more or less branching,
covered with a foam-like calcareous cortex. Columella like-
wise branching, the capillititum passing from the columella to
the sporangium walls and forming an intricate net.

A single species only, and that limited to Europe and North
America.

42. SPUMARIA ALBA, Bullard. Plate VII, Figs. 6, 6¢ and 6d.

Plasmodium white; fruit-masses ashen or gray, one to two
centimeters wide, two or three long, very fragile and porous.
Columella hollow, not attaining the end of the sporangium.
Capillitium-net more or less thickened at the points of inter-
section. Spores violet-black, very rough, .o12-.014.

Not rare in July and August on various parts of living
plants. The white frothy plasmodium creeps from its nutri-
tive base up blades of grass or stems of herbaceous plants,
sometimes for the distance of a foot or more, and is scarce

THe Myxomycetes oF EAsTERN Iowa. 145

distinguishable from any frothy substance of accidental occur-
rence. Presently the whole mass undergoes internal trans-
formation, (morphosis, Fries), and becomes a mass of blue-
black, bur-like spores, covered with a dry fragile rugose
cortex, which is but slowly disintegrated by wind and rain.
The Fig. 66 hardly represents the stout, pale fuscous strands
of the capillitium.

IX. DIDYMIACE#.

Sporangia simple, single or plasmodiocarpous. Peridium
simple and calcareous or double, when the outer wall only is
calcareous. Columella short, hemispherical or wanting. Capil-
litium of thin colorless or purplish threads radiating from the
columella or base of the fructification to the peridium, gener-
ally without lime, Spores violet-black.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

Peridial lime deposits, crystalline . 00° DIDYMIUM.
Peridial lime deposits, amorphous granules, . CHONDRIODERMA.

DIDYMIUM, Schrader.

Sporangia distinct or plasmodiocarpous; peridium simple or
double, the outer wall covered usually with calcareous scales,
sometimes united to form a crust. Columella, the enlarged
head of the stipe or wanting. Capillitium lime-free, delicate.

A large genus distributed throughout the world but repre-
sented in Iowa so far by but three species.

43. Dipymrium proximum, Berkeley and Cooke. Plate X,
Figs. 4, 4a and 48.

Sporangium nodding, globose farinaceous; the stipe attenu-
ate upwards, luteous. Columella none; flocci pale, few.
Spores pale violet, smooth, .007—.009.

146 NATuRAL History BULLETIN.

Reported first as found on pine needles in South Carolina.
Rostafinski adds: Peridia spherical umbilicate below, stipitate ;
stipes straight, rigid, ferruginous, produced in the interior of
the peridium as a columella. Columella of varying shape.
Capillitium of colorless threads, united in a loosely constructed
net.

A beautiful little species occurring occasionally on dead
leaves, etc., in September and later. Perhaps too near the
next, from which it is distinguished by longer slender stem,
spherical sporangium, and pale or colorless capillitium.

44. DipyMIUM FARINACEUM, Schrader. Plate VU, Figs. 3
and 3a.

Sporangia distinct, gregarious, stipitate, hemispherical, ap-
planate, umbilicate below. Stalk short, sometimes scarce
visible. Columella hemispherical, filled with calcareous gran-
ules. Peridium thin, strewn with minute lime crystals. Capil-
litium of simple, fuscous, wavy threads. Spores spheroidal,
spinulose fuscous, .oI0-.O12.

Rare, in spreading colonies on bark of rotten stems. The
plasmodium is said to be white. Several varieties are recog-
nized according to the length of the stem, abundance of lime-
crystals, shape of sporangium, etc. August—September.

45. DipyMIuM MICROCARPON, (fries) Frostajinski. Plate
VII, Figs. 2, 2@ and 26.

Sporangia stipitate, spheroidal, covered with crystals, snow-
white, umbilicate. Stem long, twice the diameter of the
sporangium, striate black or rusty-yellow. Capillitium of
simple violet-tinted threads in a loose net. Spores violet-
tinted, nearly smooth, .005-.006.

Our specimens are very delicate and beautiful, snow white
spherules, mounted on slender stalks scarcely impressing the
base of the sporangium, hence hardly umbilicate. The

Tue MyxomMycetTes oF EAsTERN Iowa. 147

spores are minutely verruculose and larger than the size
quoted would indicate, .oo8-.oog. Rare, on fallen sticks,
leaves, etc., in the fall. Decorah. Mr. Holway.

CHONDRIODERMA, APostajinskz.

Sporangia distinct or plasmodiocarpous, sessile or stalked.
Peridium usually double, the outer wall charged with amor-
phous granules of lime or crust-like by their accumulation,
splitting irregularly or stellately to reveal the remote, delicate,
iridescent, lime-free inner wall. Columella usually present and
well developed.

46. CHONDRIODERMA GLOBOsUM, Persoon. Plate VII, Figs.

5, 5@ and 7.

Sporangia spherical or globose, attached by a narrowed
base to the substratum, or resting upon a strongly developed
hypothallus, white with lime. Outer peridium lime-white,
brittle, the inner gray or iridescent. Columella usually very
small, globoidal or ellipsoidal, snow-white as the hypothallus.
Capillitium violet-tinted, made up of anastomosing threads;
spores of the same color, minutely rough, .0o08.

The Chondriodermas are generally delicately beautiful.
The outer wall in the present species is like finest unglazed
china, softly smooth and yet not polished, absolutely white,
with porcelanous fracture. An inter-parietal space separates
the outer from the inner wall, so that the former may be
broken, bit by bit, without in the least disturbing the under-
lying structure. The inner wall is ashen or gauzy iridescent
green, sending back all colors in reflected light. The spores
are violet, deeply so when fresh, the capillitium strong and
likewise tinted, the columella passing down and blending
with the common snow-white hypothalline base. Two dis-
tinct habits present themselves, represented in Figs. 5 and 7.
In the one the distinct sporangia are associated but not

148 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

crowded; in the other all are massed together in quite ethali-
oid fashion, forming chalky masses of considerable size (two
or three centimeters) where the sporangia are regular in
shape and size by reason of mutual pressure. The plasmo-
‘dium develops in forests and orchards, among decaying
leaves. July—September. Not common.

-47. CHONDRIODERMA TESTACEUM, Schrader. Plate VU, Figs.
4, 4a and 46.

Sporangia spherical or hemispherical depressed, about 1 mm.
‘broad. Outer peridium flesh-colored, at length white; the
‘inner, very delicate, violet. Capillitium abundant, graceful,
without thickenings. Spores dusky-black, very delicately
warted, .oo08—.o10.

Differs at sight from the preceding although found at the
same season and in similar situations. Forms referred to this
species are variable in form, save that all specimens show
somewhat of flattening, or depression. The inner peridium
tends to be wrinkled or rugulose. Colonies form along the
veins and margins of dead leaves (oak) generally in a single
series; very handsome. The freshly formed peridia have a
roseate tint that lends an added charm. Decorah. Mr.
Holway.

48. CHONDRIODERMA CALCAREUM, Link,

Sporangia sessile, circular, ovate, oblong or variously curv-
ed, convex, depressed. Outer peridium pale, hyaline when
wet; white, shell-like, opaque, when dry, very fragile; at
length breaking irregularly; inner peridium ashen, somewhat
persistent. Capillitium scant. Spores black, compacted.

Recognized by its peculiar form and habit, The sporangia
are flat, whatever their shape in contour, sometimes resemble
flat plasmodiocarps. The outer peridium fits the inner closely
and is very transient, so that in an entire colony the collector
may find scarce a sign that such envelope ever had existence.

THe Myxomycetes or EAsTern Iowa. 149

In habit this species is like the preceding; the sporangia are
found commonly on leaves, living or dead, and take up their
places along the edge of the leaf or follow its venation. A
very neat little species. August.

49. CHONDRIODERMA FLORIFORME, Suilliard. Plate VIII,
Figs. 1, 1@ and 16.

Sporangia globose, stipitate, borne on a well developed
hypothallus, brown, shining. Peridium stout, at maturity
opening in irregularly stellate fashion, displaying the black
mass of spores and capillittum. Columella ovate, as if stipi-
tate. Capillitium formed of many violet-tinted threads united
as a net, with numerous nodules. Spores pale violet, with
scattered spinules, .o1o-.orT.

This is our common species, occurring in August and Sep-
tember, year by year, on oak logs and stumps far gone in
decay, generally coming to fruit in dark cavities and holes, so
that specimens are to be sought even beneath the surface of
the ground. The sporangia. are, as above described, at first
spherical on a well developed, pale, alutaceous stipe. On
exposure to the dry atmosphere of the laboratory or to the
sun, the peridium breaks into segments which curl down
about the top of the stipe and there persist long after the
wind has scattered the sooty spores. ‘The columella also
persists, is of the same color as stipe and peridial wall, and
associated with these organs offers a form to which the species
doubtless owes its name—/lor7forme—fiower-like.

X. PHYSARACEZ.

Fructification either in form of distinct sporangia, plasmo-
diocarps or zthalia. Peridium simple or double. Capillitium
of tubes or solid strands, with deposits of amorphous lime-
granules, either at special points or throughout.

150 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

KEY TO THE GENERA.
A. Sporangia distinct or plasmodiocarpous.
a. Capillitium in part with strongly thickened spiniform branches.
* All the capillitial threads uniformly thickened and colored; the
branches spine-like, . . . . . . .'. .. (CIENKOWSEER
* * Capillitium as if of two sorts, delicate, with occasional calcareous
thickenings, and stout, consisting of calcareously thickened spine-
shaped tubes, . 2... 2 2 eis «le @ PPR S Ae
6. Capillitium uniform throughout.
* Capillitium generally thin, thread-like, widened here and there into
vesicles which are charged with lime-granules.

1. Capillitial threads arising from a somewhat broad base,
dichotomously branching, Bia cua: becoming thin
at the free ends, .. . J. SEIEMADOGEE:

2. Capillitial threads irregularly branched, netted, adherent
to the peridial wall.

a. Peridium double; capillitium knots only in part
Caleareéous. je aise ey a SR OCA RIESE

b. Capillitium knots generally calcareous.

{ Peridium opening by alid, . CRATERIUM.

{ { Peridium opening variously, . PHYSARUM.

* * Capillitium calcareous throughout, . . . . . . . BADHAMIA.

B. Sporangia combined to form large cushion-like ethalia, . . . FULIGO.

CIENKOWSKIA, fostafinski.

Sporangia plasmodiocarpous. Peridia simple, opening irreg-
ularly. Capillitium with some of the branches free, these
apiculate. Calcareous granules well developed, frequently
branched. ;

30. CIENKOWSKIA RETICULATA, Albertini and Schweinitz.
Plate IX, Figs. 6, 6a and 60.

Sporangia plasmodiocarpous, creeping, reticulately inter-
woven, orange or brown. Capillitium with calcareous gran-
ules. Spores violet-tinted, smooth, shining, .009 in diameter.

Rare. Found in undisturbed woodland, in scanty colonies
on dead leaves. Our specimens are clear orange- yellow
under low magnifying power, somewhat rough. The capil-

THE MyxomMyceTEs oF EASTERN Iowa. I51I

litium is concolorous, in strong contrast to the dark black
spores. It is pretty hard to prove that some of the capillitium
branches are free, and consequently hard to see any reason
for the existence of this genus. The spores measure .o105
and are very slightly roughened. August.

PHYSARELLA, Peck.

Peridia stipitate, cup-shaped, furnished with calcareous
granules, the base, and hollow pseudo-columella persisting
after the fall of the spores. Capillitium made up of pale fila-
ments accompanied by four layers of spiniform tubes hori-
zontally radiant; tubules with lime granules. Spores globose,
smooth, brown-black.

51. PHYSARELLA MIRABILIS, Peck. Plate VIII, Figs. 4, 4a
and 46.

Sporangia stipitate, above sub-infundibuliform, slightly
fibrillose or squamulose, yellowish-rusty; the base and false
columella persistent. Stipe equal or scarcely conoid, rusty-
brown. Capillitium of delicate filaments, here and there
thickened and anastomosing, some of the tubes spiniform,
extending horizontally between the peridial walls. Spores
smooth, globose, brownish-black, .oo8 in diameter.

This species has been found here but once, on dead birch
bark. The sporangia are variable in form. Some are stalked,
cup-shaped, as described; others are entirely sessile, irregular,
flabellate, or even spherical. The calcareous thickenings are
bright yellow, especially the large very conspicuous spine-like
structures which constitute the trabecular portion of the capil-
liium. The sporangia are usually large, some as much as
one-eighth of an inch high.

P. mirabilis seems to be so far the only species and appears
to be the same as Z7/madoche oblonga, B. and C. = Tricham-
phora oblonga, B. and C. in Grevillea, 1873.

52 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

TILMADOCHE, Frees.

Sporangia simple, stalked, breaking irregularly, without
columelia. Peridium very delicate, thin-walled, usually with
calcareous granules. Capillitium lace-like, the tubules repeat-
edly dichotomously branched from the base, terminating by
very delicate points in the peridial membrane; calcareous
thickenings not numerous, spindle-shaped, small.

52. TILMADOCHE vIRIDIS, (Gmelin) Saccardo. Piate VII,
Figs. 8, 8a, 84 and 8c.

Sporangia globose, flattened or lenticular, beneath plane or
concave, variously colored, yellow, greenish-yellow, rusty-
orange, stipitate, nodding; the peridium splitting irregularly
or reticulately. Stipe variable in length and color, through
various shades of red and yellow, subulate. Capillitium
strongly developed, concolorous with sporangium, the tubes
with colorless, calcareous thickenings. Spores smooth, fus-
cous or violet-black, .008.

A very handsome and rather common lhtttle species, gen-
erally greenish-yellow in color, but occasionally brilliantly
orange without a suggestion of green. The nodding, lenticu-
lar, umbilicate sporangium, barely attached to the pointed
apex of the stipe is sufficient to distinguish the species. The
spores in our specimens seem a trifle larger, measuring .009.
August—September. On rotten logs in the woods.

53. TILMADOCHE GYROCEPHALA, (Jfont.) Fosiafiuski. Plate
VIII, Figs. 2, 2¢ and 26.

Sporangia spherical or irregular, impressed, gyrose-conflu-
ent, helvelloid, umbilicate below. Peridium thin, ashy, cov-
ered with evanescent yellow squamules, fragile. Stipe from
an expanded membranaceous base, long-subulate, yellow.
Spores smooth, violet, .oog—.or1.

A most singular species and well defined is this, occurring

THE Myxomycetes oF EAsTERN lowa. 153

in masses of decaying leaves or in rotten logs. The plasmo-
dium at first colorless; as it emerges for fructification white,
then yellow, spreading far over all adjacent objects, not spar-
ing the leaves and flowers of living plants; at evening slime,
spreading, streaming, changing; by morning fruit, a thousand
stalked sporangia with their strangely convoluted sculpture.
The evening winds again bear off the sooty spores and naught
remains but twisted yellow stems crowned with a pencil of
tufted silken hairs. August.

LEOCARPUS, Link.

Sporangia sessile or short-stipitate. Peridium double; the
outer thick, breaking stellately or irregularly, the inner very
delicate, enclosing the capillitium with the spores. Tubes of
the capillitium reticulately joined, the knots, some delicate
filled with air, others with calcareous granules.

54. Lerocarpus FRAGILIS, Dickson. Plate VIII, Figs. 3, 3a
and 30.

Sporangia gregarious or clustered, sessile or stipitate, ob-
ovoid, rusty or spadiceous yellow, shining. Peridium opening
at maturity in somewhat stellate fashion. Stipe filiform, white
or yellow, weak and short. Spores dull black, spinulose,
.OI2—.014.

The only species; distributed through all the world, Iowa
to Tasmania. Recognizable at sight by the form and color
of the sporangia. In shape and posture these resemble the
eggs of certain insects, and, occurring upon dead leaves, gen-
erally where these have drifted against a rotten log, they
might perchance be mistaken for such structures. With no
other Slime-mould are they likely to be confused. The outer
peridium opens stellately, the divisions reflected as in No. 49,
so that the entire structure simulates a flower. At center
of the capillitium is a calcareous core. The plasmodium is
yellowish-white, spread in rich and beautiful reticulations.

154 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

CRATERIUM, Trentepohl.

Sporangia stipitate, regular, cyathiform, opening with a lid,
distinct. The peridium double or three-fold; the outer, con-
tinuous with the hollow stipe, papyraceous; the inner thin,
without lime. Capillitium consisting of rigid persistent tubu-
les, calcareous at base. Columella calcareous.

88, CRATERIUM LEUCOCEPHALUM, Persoon. Plate VIII,
Fig. 5.

Sporangia ovate, stalked, the upper part rugose, mottled
with white; the lower and stipe, rusty-brown. The lid pure
white, strongly convex. Capillitium nodes and columella
white.

The tiny cups which form the fruit in this species are in
themselves sufficiently definitive. The outer peridium per-
sists long after the spores are scattered. The columella, so
called, is formed by strongly developed calcareous nodes of
the capillitium, massed at the center, just as in No. 54. Not
common; on leaves and fallen wood in forests.

PHYSARUM, Persoon.

Sporangia simple, plasmodiocarpous or zthalioid. Peridium
simple or double, irregularly dehiscent, calcareous. Capilli-
tium a uniform net, thickened and calcareous at the nodes,
adherent on all sides to the wall of the inner peridium.

56. PHYSARUM DIDERMOIDES, Acharius. Plate IX, Figs, 1,
Ia, 16 and Ie. j

Sporangia sessile or short-stalked, crowded ypon a com-
mon hypothallus, ovate or cylindric, persistent. Peridium
double; the outer thin, colorless, early deciduous, the inner
thick calciferous, white. Capillittum with white, round cal-
careous nodes. Columella none. Spores spinescent, dark-
violet, .o12-.014.

THE MyxomyceTes or HAsTern Iowa. 155

A very variable species. Our specimens do not agree in
several particulars with the description above given, which is
substantially that of Rostafinski. As will be seen from the
plate, it is the owfer peridium that is with us white and bur-
dened with lime, the inner is simple and comparatively thin.
The snowy outer peridium is however easily displaced. The
colony may not show it at all, in which case the peridia
remaining give to the fructification entire a pale lead color,
very characteristic. The nodes of the capillitium are not gen-
erally round, and the spores in our specimens measure much
larger than as quoted, viz: .o16-.018, the largest spores we
have seen. Withal a handsome and attractive species, not
common. Found on decaying wood in August. Mr. Newton.

57. PHYSARUM CINEREUM, Latsch. Plate IX, Figs. 4, 4a,
46 and 4c.

Sporangia sessile, crowded, of different sizes, spherical
elliptical or elongate, flattened. Capillitium strongly devel-
oped, richly supplied with large irregular angular calcareous
nodes. Columelia none. Spores smooth or finely punctate,
.0075—.013, violet-black.

This delicate inconspicuous species is well defined by the
characters given. It occurs not rarely on richly manured
ground, in meadows, lawns, or even on the open prairie. The
plasmodium may form rings several inches in diameter, scat-
tered here and there over a surface several square feet in
extent, in fruit ascending the blades of grass, completely
covering these with the crowded sporangia. The color of
the fruit is well described in the specific name, cznereum,
ashen-gray. The spores are very delicately papillate.

58. PHysARuM DITMARI, /Postajinskz. Plate VIII, Figs. 7
and 7a.

Sporangia sessile, crowded or heaped, spherical, ovoid or
elongate, yellow or greenish-yellow. Peridium thin, fragile.

156 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

Capillittum delicate, with rather small, irregular, yellowish,.
calcareous nodes. Coiumella none. Spores bright-violet,.
smooth, .0075—.009.

This beautiful species occurs more commonly on moss-
tufts, with which it is frequently concolorous, or escaped upon
dead leaves, etc. The peridium is flecked with calcareous
scales or grains stained with yellow or green and to these
the whole fruit owes its peculiar color. The color and
aggregated, heaped sporangia are distinctive macroscopic
characters.

58. PHYSARUM LEUCOPH£uUM, fies. Plate IX, Figs. 2, 2¢
and 20.

Sporangia stipitate or sessile, depressed, spherical, ashy--
white bordering upon blue; stipes straight, anon connected,
variable, brownish. Columella none. Capillitium delicate
with numerous nodes, few calcareously thickened. Spores
smooth, dull violet, .o08—.009.

An exceedingly variable species; hard to identify from des-.
cription merely. In Iowa a richly calcareous phase prevails,
returning in plentiful abundance year by year. Sessile and
irregular sporangia predominate, but the same plasmodium
often yields sessile and stipitate, intergrading. The stipe
when present is more often white than brown, and the spores:
are not smooth, but when highly magnified show the surface
covered with minutest points. Habitat, on fallen trees of vari--
ous sorts, chiefly and always to be found on the dead stems.
of Populus grandidentata, Mx. September—December.

59. PHysarum Leucopus, Zink. Plate IX, Figs. 7, 7a
and 70.

Sporangia spherical, ovoid or depressed, stipitate, cinereous.
Stipe snow-white, occasionally borne upon a common hypo-:
thallus, of varying lengths, tapering upward, stiff, brittle, with.

Tue MyxomyceETEs oF EAsTrerRN Iowa. 157

numerous longitudinal plications. Capillitium well developed,
with abundant and irregular angular calcareous nodes. Spores
black, spinulose, .00g—.OII.

Not common, on weather-beaten rails and stumps. Easily
recognizable by the elegant white stipe which sometimes per-
sists long after the fruit has been distributed by the winds.
August — October.

60. PHysSARUM CONTEXTUM, Persoon. Plate IX, Figs. 3
and 3a.

Sporangia distinct, sessile, densely crowded, sub-rotund or
reniform. Peridia double; the outer rather thick, calcareous,
yellow, or white, the inner thin, yellowish. Capillitium con-
taining numerous irregular calcareous granules. Columella
none. Spores deep violet, .or1—.013, covered with minute
spinules.

This singular species occurs not rarely upon the bark of
fallen twigs, upon bits of straw or grass-stems lying undis-
turbed upon the ground. In such a position the Slime-mould
covers, as with a sheath, the entire substratum. ‘The outer
peridium, especially its upper part, is entirely evanescent; our
Fig. 3, shows the sporangia with upper outer peridiumi want-
ing. Not rare in summer and autumn.

61. PHysARuM sINuosuM, Bullard. Plate VIII, Figs. 6
and 6a.

Sporangia distinct or plasmodiocarpous, the plasmodiocarp
creeping in long vein-like reticulations or curves, laterally
compressed; sometimes distinct and crowded, always sessile.
Peridium double; the outer thick, calcareous, fragile, snow-
white; the inner delicate, the dehiscence by longitudinal fis-—
sure. Capillitium strongly developed with abundant white
calcareous granules. Spores smooth, dull violet, .o08—.009.

158 NaTuRAL History BuLuETIN.

Very rare so far, but occurring now and then on the upper
side of the leaves of living plants, a few inches from the
ground; recognizable by outward characters. The two sorts
of fructification often occur side by side, or merge into one
another on the same plasmodium. Where the substratum
affords room the plasmodiocarpous style prevails; in narrower
limits the sporangia stand singly. The calcareous deposit on
the outer peridium is very rich and under a lens appears made
up of countless snowy or creamy flakes.

62. PHYSARUM ELLIPSOSPORUM, ffostajinski. Plate X, Figs.
3, 3a and 36.

Plasmodiocarp long and widely effused, anon winding, here
and there reticulate, always applanate, the peridial cortex
membranaceous, firm, thick and white. Capillitum well
developed, furnished with lime. Spores thin-walled, ellip-
soidal, violaceous, plicate-rugose, .o14—.016 X .OII-.O12.

Not common. Found occasionally in shaded situations on
piles of rotting straw. The spores are, no doubt, many of
them ellipsoidal; some are spherical; all are decidedly spin-
ulose, perhaps might appear plicate-rugulose when dry or
shrunken. Calcareous nodules very large and irregular, white.
Reported from North America only.

63. PHYSARUM AURISCALPIUM, Cooke. Plate IX, Figs. 5, 52
and 5d.

Sporangia distinct, gregarious or crowded, sessile, ellip-
soidal or compressed ovate, yellow. Peridium thin, opening
irregularly. Capillitium well developed, reticulate, with abund-
ant, yellow, calcareous, granular thickenings. Spores, .o13-
LOIS:

Specimens referred to this species correspond well with
Mr. Cooke’s description and figures except that in our mater-
ial the spores measure only .oog-.012. ‘The peridial wall is

Tue MyxomyceTes OF EASTERN Iowa. 159

very delicate above, but persists below as a cup-shaped base
after the spore-mass has entirely disappeared. The capillitium
is a beautiful yellow, strongly contrasted with the rich black
mass of spores. The curiously compressed sporangia are
narrowly sessile, but not stipitate; have no hypothallus. July.
Decorah. Mr. Holway.

BADHAMIA, Berkeley.

Sporangia simple. Peridial wall simple, thin, breaking
irregularly. Capillittum formed of abundant, richly anasto-
mosing tubules, filled throughout their entire length with cal-
careous granules; the nodes feebly represented.

64. BADHAMIA PAPAVERACEA, Berkeley and Ravenel. Plate
X, Figs. 6, 62 and 60.

Sporangia globose, short stipitate, crowded, white, rugu-
lose. Capillitium reticulate, white. Spores black, .oro, fre-
quently obovate, granulate above, in clusters of about seven.

This beautiful species is rare. Small plasmodia occur on
fallen oak in the deeper woods. The thin blue-white, rugu-
lose peridia are exceedingly delicate, and quite characteristic.
The spores are delicately warted, and tend to aggregate in
small clusters; occasionally a single one appears, much larger,
.OI2—.014.

65. BADHAMIA RUBIGINOSA, Chevallier. Plate X, Figs. 1,
ta and 10.

Sporangia globose-turbinate, stipitate. Stipe slender, twice
the sporangia, rusty-brown, smooth. Peridium smooth, some-
what shining, purplish-brown, opening by a somewhat regular
fissure as by a lid. Capillitium well developed, white. Colu-
mella more or less distinct, formed of the intruding stipe.
Spores delicately warted, violaceous, .012-.015.

160 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

Our common species and rather common Slime - mould.
Found in September and October on dead twigs, leaves, etc.,
in the woods. ‘The sporangia are rather compact, stout, per-
sistent little structures, easily recognized by the unaided eye.
The capillitium is strongly developed, rigid, snow-white, the
spores fuscous, variable.

FULIGO, Aaller.

Sporangia strand-like, intricately woven in and out among
each other to form a large cushion-shaped, zthalioid mass.
The outermost layer without spores, calcareous, forming a
thick but fragile crust. The middle layer spore-bearing, pro-
vided with a calcigerous capillitium. The lowermost layer
developed as a membranous hypothallus.

66. Fuiico vARIANS, Sommerfelt. Plate X, Figs. 2, 2a
and 20.

Plasmodium bright yellow. Plasmodiocarp brown or yel-
lowish-brown, of variable size and shape, one to five inches in
diameter, and one-half an inch to an inch thick, enclosed by a
distinct calcareous crust which varies greatly in texture, thick-
ness and color, anon brown, stout, persistent, sometimes thin,
bright yellow, scarce recognizable. Capillitium well devel-
oped but variable in color and extent. Spore-mass dull black,
sooty. Spores spherical, purplish-brown, smooth, .o07—.010.

Very common in summer, June to September, everywhere.
On sultry summer days the yellow plasmodium may be found
abundant, streaming over rotten straw or other refuse, about
barns, wooden pavements, walks, etc., even in towns and near
the homes of men. In the woods likewise abounding; on rot-
ten logs, stumps, leaf-heaps, everywhere; in fruiting, climbing
from its nutritive base and occupying some elevated position,
several feet up on the stem of a living tree, for instance. In

Tue MyxomyceETes oF EASTERN Iowa. I61

such a case the cortex and hypothallus are generally well
developed; the yellow or yellowish-green varieties are more
commonly if not always found fruiting where they grow. In
size the zthalia seem limited only by the condition of adequate
food-supply. Specimens one foot in diameter have been
reported. Our largest plasmodia spread over perhaps a foot
square; our largest fruiting mass is four inches by two and
one-half.

This completes our present list for this locality. Doubtless
its length may soon be greatly increased, perhaps be even
doubled. Much material unclassified and unarranged must
wait a wider leisure. Meantime the author will hope the
assistance of his fellow botanists, at least in Iowa, that this
long-neglected field may become, with passing seasons, better
and better known, alike to the increasing delight of those who
find pleasure in the beauty of natural objects, and to the fur-
therance of biologic science.in this State.

The following list includes the principal works of reference

to which the author has had access in the preparation of this
paper:
BERKELEY, M. J., Outlines British Fungology.
BOTANISCHE ZEITUNG, DIE.
Cooke, M. C., Myxomycetes of Great Britain.
Cooke, M. C., Myxomycetes of the United States.
Corna, A. C. I., Leones Fungorum.
De Bary, A., The Mycetozoa, Ed. 1873.
ELLIs, J. B., Morth American Fungi (Exsiccati).
Fries, Ex1As, Systema Mycologicum, Vol. II.
GeesEL, Dr. K., Outlines of Classification.
HARKNESS, R. W., Catalogue of the Fungi of the Pacific Coast.
JOURNAL oF Mycotoey, Puélished by Dept. of Agric.,Washington, D.C.
KENT, W. SAVILLE, Manual of the Infusoria.
MAsseEE, GEorGE, Aivision of Trichiacee, Four. Royal Microscopical
MasseE, GEorGE, British Fungi. [ Society, 1889.
Peck, CuHas. H., Reports of the New York Cabinet of Natural History.
PFEFFER, DR. WILLIAM, Pflanzenphysiologie.

162 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

RAUNKIGR, C., Danmark’s Slimsvampe, tilligemed et Forseg til en Myx-
omycetes Systematik.

ROSTAFINSKI, Dr. JoseF, Monografia Sluzowce.

Saccarpo, P. A., Sylloge Fungorum; Myxomycetee, Auctore Doct. A.
NV. Berlese.

Sacus, Dr. Jutius, Vegetable Physiology.

Scureter, Dr. J., Aryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien; die Pilze.

SCHRETER, Dr. J., Die Natuerlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Engler and
Prantl; Myxogasteres.

STRASBURGER, DR. Epouarp, Zellbildung und Zelltheilung.

WINTER, Dr., Die Pilze.

ZOPF, Dr. W., Die Pilzthiere oder Schleimpilze.

Special thanks are due to Mr. J. B. Ellis, whose unwearied
patience has sufficed to meet all drafts upon his kindness dur-
ing a course of years; to Dr. Geo. Rex, whose letters and
specimens have been most helpful; to Prof. A. P. Morgan,
for constant similar assistance; to Mr. E. W. D. Holway, Mr.
B. Shimek, Prof. G. W. Newton, Prof. L. H. Pammel, Miss
Mary Linder, for material collected; to Prof T. J. Burrill and
Prof. C. E. Bessey, for literature; and finally to Miss Mary
McBride, to whose artistic skill is owing whatsoever advant-
age our present effort may possess by reason of the accom-
panying illustrations.

REPORT ON SOME FOSSIES COLLECTED IN THE NORTHWEST
TERRITORY, CANADA, BY NATURALISTS FROM
THE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.

By S. CALVIN.

A party of students under the direction of Professor C. C.
Nutting, of the University of Iowa, spent the summer of 1891
collecting specimens of Natural History in the territory of the
Hudson Bay Company, north of Lake Winnipeg. In the
part of the collection submitted to me are some interesting
geologic specimens, embracing fragments of a light-colored,
fine grained dolomite, together with representatives of two
species of Havosztes, two Cyathophylloid corals one of which
is probably a Streptelasma, and one species of Pentamerus.
As usual in dolomitic limestone the fossils, when not silicified,
are preserved as casts, and for this reason the specific rela-
tions of the corals cannot be definitely determined. One
species of /avosztes however, is not distinguishable from casts
of a small-celled variety of Favosztes favosus Goldfuss, a
variety that has frequently been referred to F. xzagarensis
Hall. The other has corallites about the size of those of /.
hispidus Rominger.

The Pentamerus, which is an exceedingly interesting, sym-
metrical species, was described by Mr. J. F. Whiteaves, Pale-
ontologist of the Canadian Geological Survey, in the Canadian
feecord of Science for April, 1891, under the name Pentamerus
decussatus. It is about as large as P. oblongus Sowerby, and
like that species is very variable in shape and size. Like P.

164 NaTurRAL History BULLETIN.

oblongus too it was extremely prolific, so much so that por-
tions of the beds are crowded full of casts that interlock and
intersect with one another to such an extent as to make it
difficult to obtain a perfect specimen. One peculiarity of these
casts is that while the original shell substance has been dis-
solved and carried away, a fine grained material resembling
the dolomitic matrix has been substituted in its place, retaining
all the markings of the original surface and giving us practi-
cally perfect casts of the exterior of the shell. On some of
the specimens the thin layer that took the place of the original
shell, scales off in places and reveals the internal cast. The
species may be described as follows:

PENTAMERUS DECUSSATUS Whiteaves.1 Plate XI, Figs. 1-3;
Plate XIU, Fig. 2.

Shell rather large, very variable both as to size and shape;
average forms subovate, widest in front of the middle, moder-
ately convex; anterior margin sinuous with the middle some-
what abruptly produced.

Dorsal valve convex in the umbonal region, flattened or
even concave from side to side toward the front; beak pro-
jecting into foramen of other valve; no hinge-area.

Ventral valve much more convex than the dorsal; most
convex at the umbo, but arching somewhat regularly from
beak to front margin; middle of valve occupied by an imper-
fectly defined subangular ridge; two other ridges, one on
each side mid-way between the median ridge and the lateral
margins sometimes faintly defined, sometimes obsolete; beak
incurved; foramen broadly triangular, its base occupied by
beak of dorsal valve; hinge-area imperfectly defined.

Median septum on interior of ventral valve very short as
compared with P. odlongus, rarely extending much beyond
the umbo; V-shaped pit, moderately large; the two septa of
dorsal valve fairly well developed.

1 Pentamerus decussatus, (sp. nov.) Whiteaves, Canadian Record of Science,
April, 1891, p. 295, Plate III, Figs. 3 and 4.

FossILs FROM THE NorRTHWEST TERRITORY. 165

Surface of both valves marked by numerous, rather fine,
rounded, radiating cosiz, having an average width of about
one millimeter; coste increasing chiefly by bifurcation; radi-
ating markings crossed by finer concentric ridges averaging
about half the width of the coste, and by numerous, often
sharply pronounced, lines of growth.

The concentric striz are not equally well developed on all
individuals, nor are they always equally well developed on all
parts of the same individual. Some individuals are extremely
gibbous, others are narrow and elongate.

An average specimen has a length of two and a half inches,
with a width of a little less than two inches, and a thickness
of one and three-eighths inches. An elongate, strongly arched
form has a length of more than three inches and a width
about one and three-fourths inches.

Collected near the Hudson Bay Company’s station, Grand
Rapids, at the northern end of Lake Winnipeg, by Frank
Russell and Arthur G. Smith. The geological horizon is
Upper Silurian, the strata being probably the equivalent of
our Niagara limestone.

Since the collections made by Messrs. Russell and Smith
came to hand, I have received specimens of this species
showing slightly different characteristics, obtained from bowl-
ders in drift near Virden, Manitoba.

TWO UNIQUE SPIRIFERS FROM THE DEVONIAN STRATA OF IOWA,

By S. CALVIN.

The two spirifers illustrated on Plate XII of the present
Bulletin are already known to geologists. Descriptions of
them have for some time been before the public, but hitherto
no figures of them have been ‘published.

166 NATURAL History BuLuETIN.

SPIRIFERA URBANA Calvin.1 Plate XII, Figs. 1 and ta.

The description of this species will be found in Vol. I of
this Bulletin, page 28. The figures on Plate XII, show the
outlines and general characters very faithfully, but they do not
exhibit the obscure plications on each side of the mesial fold
and sinus as clearly as they are seen in the original specimen.

The specimen figured was found in Devonian shales, usually
referred to the age of the Hamilton group, near Iowa City,
Iowa. The species is known to occur in the central part of
Linn county.

SPIRIFERA MACBRIDEI Calvin.? Plate XII, Figs. 3, 3¢ and 36.

The following is the original description of this species,
slightly altered:

Shell medium size, more or less pyramidal or cyrtina-form;
hinge line equal to greatest width of shell, cardino-lateral
angles scarcely produced. Ventral valve sub-pyramidal, hinge
area very wide and slightly concave, the plane of the area
forming an acute angle with a plane passing between the
valves. Mesial sinus broad, shallow, with a low, rounded
ridge down the middle. Dorsal valve slightly convex, mesial
fold well defined, regularly rounded, protruding in front in
the middle line owing to the ridge in mesial sinus of opposite
valve. From twelve to fourteen low, rounded plications on
each side of the mesial fold and sinus; plications large near
the middle of the shell and decreasing in size towards the
lateral margins. Entire surface very finely granulose; the
granules in some places, particularly on mesial fold and sinus,
being arranged in close-set, radiatng lines. Imbricating
lamellz and lines of growth are crowded concentrically on
the anterior half of each valve.

1 Spirifera urbana, Calvin. Bulletin from Laboratories of Natural History
of State University of Iowa; Vol. I, p. 28. January, 1889.

2 Spirifera macbridei, Calvin. American Sournal of Science. Vol. XXV,
p. 433. June, 1883.

EXPEDITION TO BRITISH AMERICA. 167

Length 23 mm., width 36 mm., height of hinge area 16
mm., width of foramen at base 10 mm.

This fine species, which is named in honor of Professor T.
H. McBride, of the State University of Iowa, is found some-
what sparingly distributed in the Rockford shales of Devonian
Age, at Rockford and Hackberry Grove, Iowa.

NOTE ON EXPEDITION TO BRITISH AMERICA.

By C. C. NUTTING.

During the summer of 1891, Mr. A. G. Smith and Frank
Russell, and Prof. C. C. Nutting, of the State University of
Iowa, were engaged in zodlogical explorations on the shore
of Lake Winnipeg and on the lower Saskatchewan river.
The results of this expedition have not yet been worked up
for publication, but this opportunity is taken to acknowledge
the valuable aid and facilities rendered the party by the B., C.
R. & N. R. R., the various Canadian officials with whom the
expedition came in contact, Capt. Wm. Robinson, of West
- Selkirk, Manitoba; the officers in charge of the Winnipeg
Station of the A. Booth Packing Co., of Chicago, and the
various agents of the Hudson Bay Company in the regions
visited.

PYRGULOPSIS SCALARIFORNIS, (Wolf) Call and Pilsbry.
(PuiaTEe XIII.)

By B. SHIMEK.

In the American Naturalist for January, 1886, Mr. H. A.
Pilsbry reported the discovery of a form of Pyrgula scalari-
formis, Wolf, near Rock Island, Ill., for which the varietal
name mississippiensis Was proposed.

In a paper read before the Davenport Academy of Natural
Sciences,! February 20th, 1886, Messrs. Call and Pilsbry
describe the same form under the specific name méssissep-
piensis, and refer it to the new genus Pyrgzlopszs, which is
therein proposed, together with typical P. scalariformis, Wolf.

In both papers this mollusk is treated as modern, although
the statement is made in the latter that “many dead speci-
mens have been taken, but as yet, no living ones.” Acting
under this impression, the writer, some two years ago, visited
the locality in which Mr. Pilsbry made his discovery, with the
determination to find living specimens of this interesting little
mollusk, if possible.

Numerous bleached specimens were found along the east
arm of Rock River, on the sand-bar (d, Fig. 1), but the
dredge failed to bring up any living examples above this
point. An examination of the bank between the points @ and
6 (Fig. 1) however revealed a number of interesting facts,
not the least of these being the presence of great numbers of

tM Vide, Proc.) AGN? iS. Vole Ve

pty ge

ea

PyRGULOoPsIS SCALARIFORMIS. 169

the Pyrgulopsis in the loose talus of sand lying at the foot of
the bank.

It wil be observed upon an examination of Fig. 1, that the
current in this arm of Rock River impinges upon the bank
between the points a and 4, and that consequently this portion
of the bank is not now receiving, nor has it recently received,
additions, but on the contrary is being eroded by the current.

This fact led the writer to believe that the numerous
bleached shells of the species in question which were found in
the talus (d Fig. 2) were not recently deposited by the stream
but that they formed a portion of the broad alluvial deposit
which extends far to the north from the points mentioned.

A careful examination of the deposit during this and subse-
quent visits confirmed this belief. Sections were made at
numerous points between a and 4, (Fig. 1) along the face of
the bank which is here about seven feet above low water,
and three borings! were made respectively, 40, 50, and 150
feet from the edge of the bank in the vicinity of the point c,
Fig. 1. '

All of these sections gave substantially the same results,
and the one figured (Fig. 2) which was made near the point
c, Fig. 1, will serve as a type, and clearly shows the structure
of this alluvial deposit. It consists of three more or less dis-
tinctly defined strata. The uppermost stratum, (a, Fig. 2)
about three feet in thickness, consists of very fine, rich, black
alluvium in which are found a few shells of MWesodon, Suc-
cinea, Limnea, Physa, etc., the species being almost exclu-
sively Pulmonata.

The second stratum (4 Fig. 2) about two feet in thickness,
contains an admixture of the materials of the first and third
strata, the relative proportions varying however. There is
also a corresponding mixture of the shells of the two strata.

The third stratum, (c, Fig. 2) which was penetrated to a
depth of four feet, consists of pure sand and ‘fine gravel, and

1 A seven-inch post-hole auger, attached to sections of gas-pipe, was used.

170 NaturAu History BULLETIN.

contains great numbers of fresh-water mollusks, the distinc-
tively fluviatile forms such as Lamellibranchs, (Spherium,
Pisidium, and occasionally Uno), and the operculate Gastero-
poda, (Campeloma, Pleurocera, Amnicola, Pyrgulopsis, Soma-
togyrus, etc.,) forming by far the greater proportion.
Some parts of this stratum are almost entirely made up of
bleached shells.
In this stratum were found numerous specimens of the
species under discussion, and though careful search was made
“none were found in places other than those to which the
shells could easily be carried by the waters of Rock River
from this deposit.
The following list of the shells found associated with the
Pyrgulopsis may be of interest:

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Spherium striatinum, Lam. Pisidium abditum, Hald.

Spherium sulcatum, Lam. Unio———_fragments.
GASTEROPODA.
PROSOBRANCHIATA.
_Pleurocera subulare, Lea. Pomatiopsis lapidaria, Say.
Bithynella obtusa, Lea. Valvata tricarinata, Say.
Amnicola limosa, Say. Valvata bicarinata, Lea.

Amunicola cincinnatensis, Anth. Vivipara intertexta, Say.
Ammnicola sayana, (?) Anth. Campeloma subsolidum, Anth.
Somatogryrus subglobosus, Say. Campeloma coarctatum, Lea.

fo) ? ?
Somatogyrus integer, Say.

PULMONATA.

Zonittes radiatulus, Alder. Succinea ovalis, Gld.
Zonites minusculus, Binn. Limnea reflexa, Say.

PyRGULOPsIS SCALARIFORMIS. 171

Zonites arboreus, Say. Limnea caperata, Say.
Zomnites indentatus, Say. Limnea humilis, Say.
Mesodon muitilineata, Say. Limnea desidiosa, Say.
Mesodon clausa, Say. Physa gyrina, Say.
Mesodon profunda, Say. Planorbis trivolvis, Say.
Pupa contracta, Say. Planorbis parvus, Say.
Pupa pentodon, Say. Segmentina armigera, Say.
Succinea obligua, Say. Auncylus rivularis, Say.

Succinea avara, Say.
A total of thirty-eight species.

All of these species are now found living either in the im-
mediate vicinity of of this deposit, or in the Mississippi and its
tributaries not far away, the Pyryulopszs being, so far as we
know, the only extinct species which occurs in the deposit.

The fact that this species is a fossil led the writer to further
compare it with Pyrgula scalariformis, which was described
by Mr. John Wolf in 18691 as a “ post-pliocene fossil.”

The result of this comparison establishes the identity of P.
scalariformis and P. mussissippiens7s beyond all doubt.

Mr. Wolf’s description 2 is as follows:

«Shell turreted, slender; whorls six, chalky-white; suture
deeply impressed; carinate its entire length on the lower edge
of the whorls; mouth small, ovate, but slightly connected ‘with
the last whorl. Length one-half inch. Post-pliocene; abund-
ant on the Tazewell shore of the Illinois river.”

For comparison the description of P. muzssissippienszs is
added.$

“Shell minute, pupiform, elevated, imperforate; whorls
5%4-6, flattened, with a well-marked carina on lower third,
which becomes central on periphery of last whorl, body-whorl
equal to one-half entire length of shell and bluntly angulated

1 Am. Fournal of Conchology, Vol. V, p. 198.

2 Copied in Proc. Dav. Acad. of Nat. Science, Vol. V, p. 14, from the Am.
Four. of Conchology, Vol. V, p. 198.

3 Proc. Dav. Acad. Nat. Science, Vol. V, p. 13; 1886.

172 NatTuRAL History BuLuetin.

at position of carina; epidermis—-——; suture distinct, deeply
impressed only at commencement of last whorl and below,
above last whorl covered by carina; aperture narrowly ovate,
broadly rounded before and narrowly rounded behind, very
oblique; peritreme continuous, almost rimate, slightly reflected
over the parietal wall; lip simple, sharp.” (Call and Pilsbry.)

in commenting on P. mzssissipprensis, Messrs. Call and
Pilsbry say: ‘It differs in important particulars from the P.
scalariformus, Wolf, which is ‘carinate its entire length,’ has
a different aperture, and is markedly different in the character
of the sutures. Our species is ecarinate on all whorls above
the body-whorl, the carina being depressed and filling entirely
the suture. The outlines of the apical whorls are wholly
unlike the figured type of Wolf's species. The average
measurements of the four specimens upon which the preced-
ing description is based are, for iength,! 4.66 mm.; for breadth
1/60 tam.}?

The writer has collected more than 1500 of these little
snails, and a careful comparison of the specimens in this large
series shows that the characters which are cited above as dis-
tinguishing between P. mussissippiensis and P. scalariformis
are not constant and have no specific value.

Four specimens of this series are represented in Fig. 3.

Of these a and 6 are more nearly typical scalarzformzs, while
c and @ are the forms included in mssissippiensis. The series
however is an unbroken one, the species varying from the
ecarinate forms which are scarcely angled at the periphery

f the body-whorl, and in which the suture is not impressed
(d, Fig 3) to forms in which the carina is elevated and
extends quite to the apex, and in which the suture is deeply
impressed. (2, Fig. 3.) The form of the aperture also varies
with the prominence of the carina, and in some specimens the

1 The dimensions of thes? four specimens, as recorded separately, show

that the averare length is 3.46 mm. instead of 4.66mm. Probably a typo-
graphical error.

PyYRGULOPSIS SCALARIFORMIS. 173

body-whorl is somewhat detached at its termination, thus
answering to Wolf’s description.

The statement that “the outlines of the apical whorls are
wholly unlike the figured type of Wolf’s species” is only
partly true. While the latter does not accurately represent
the apex it is not “wholly unlike” that of the strongly carinate
form. The apparent difference is due to the inaccuracy of
the drawing rather than to any difference in the specimens.

In Wolf’s description as quoted above, the length is given
as one-half inch. This is evidently a mistake as Mr. Wolf
informs the writer that his specimens average ove-ezghth of an
inch, thus agreeing with the dimensions represented on the
plate with the figure of the type.

These facts collectively convinced the writer that P. scalari-
Jormis and P. mississippiensis are the same. In this opinion
he was confirmed by the receipt of a small lot of shells from
the original set which Mr. Wolf kindly forwarded. These
leave no longer any doubt concerning the identity of the two
“species.” ,

If then we adopt the new genus Pyrgwlopsis the name will
stand: Pyrgulopsis scalariformis, (Wolf) Call and Pilsbry.

The section represented in Fig. 2 is of much interest from
a geological standpoint.

As already noted in the preceding, the lowermost stratum,c,
is composed of sand and gravel, the finer sand being mingled
with great numbers of shells which belong almost exclusively
to fluviatile genera. This was evidently an old sand-bar upon
which were heaped the thousands of shells while it still lay in
the path of a strong current,—a fact indicated by the coarse
material as well as by the shells. These shells were carried
but a short distance from their muddy habitats, and are in a
fair state of preservation.

The middle stratum, 4, was probably deposited while the
strong currents of flood-times alternated with the more slug-

174 Natura. History BULLETIN.

gish currents at lower water, and we find a ,consequent
mingling of coarse and fine material, as well as of the shells
deposited under somewhat different conditions in the strata @
and c. The uppermost stratum, a, consists of very fine allu-
vium, rich in carbonaceous matter, and containing some fossils
belonging to genera which live on land, or in ponds and
shallow, sluggish waters.

This was evidently deposited during over-flows by the
stream which had previously receded from the old sand-bars
and flats now represented by J and c. During floods the
water, laden with fine silt, spread, or backed up, over the low-
lands on which it entrapped the mollusks which lived upon
the land, or in the shallow ponds, in a deposit of fine alluvium.
Very few shells other than those which occur in such habitats
are found in this deposit, and their similarity to the shells of
the Leess formation is striking. Is it not probable that a con-
siderable portion of our Loess was deposited under similar
conditions, which however were more favorable on the whole
to the deposition of larger quantities of fine silt, the country
being less eroded and hence less broken and the rivers receiv-
ing more water and spreading out over larger areas?

Like the stratum @ the Leess consists of fine material which
is usually wnstratified and unlaminated. The fossils of the two
deposits are nearly the same. The difference in color is very
marked, @ being black and the Leess.a light yellow, but is it
not extremely probable that the carbonaceous matter, which
once probably formed an equally marked constituent of the
Loess, was consumed in the deposition of ferric oxide which
occurs in spots, streaks, and bands in all of the fossiliferous
portions of the deposit °

The similarity of these two deposits is certainly striking.

NOTES ON KARYORINESIS.

By L. B. ELLIOTT.

So little comparatively is known of the process of cell-
division in the plants of our region that the following notes
may be of interest.

The karyokinetic figures described by Strasburger and
others are found in great abundance in the dividing nuclei of
the mother cells of Botrychium virginianum, Schwz. Since
the process of division is one of very short duration it is not
always possible to select a specimen of just the right age; but
by taking those of the fertile fronds which are just unrolling
it is reasonably certain that somewhere the cells will be found
in the right condition.

After thoroughly hardening by soaking in alcohol, at first
weak, then increased to the full strength, the pinne should be
picked off and placed in a mixture of equal parts, alcohol and
ether, for forty-eight hours, after which celloidin may be
added. As the celloidin slowly dissolves, the spaces between
the now somewhat shrunken mother-cells and the wall of the
young sporangium will become filled. Thin sections can then
be cut and the cells will not drop out and be lost.

Much time may be saved by mounting several pinne flat
on the same cork. A section from this mount will give all
the characters of several pinnz at once.

The youngest cells will be found, of course, in the pinne at
the end of the frond and in the sporangia at the end of the
pinna.

176 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

It seems that the sporangium is at first divided into four
compartments after the manner of an ordinary homosporous
fern, and these persist until about the time when the division
of the nuclei of the mother-cells is completed. The mother-
cell-nuclei also divide into four, each of which develops into
a spore, and it is during this division that the karyokinetic
figures appear. After a little practice the condition of the
nuclei can be estimated at a glance, even without staining, by
the presence or absence of the partition wall or the tetrads.

There are only a few stains that are at all suitable for the
demonstration of the structure of the nucleus. Perhaps the
best of these is Friedlander’s (haltbar) haematoxylin, both on
account of its permanence and the extreme delicacy of its dif
ferentiating power. In order to secure the best results the
sections should be placed in a shallow glass dish large enough
to admit of their being well separated, and washed in water
to remove the alcohol. A considerable amount of distilled
water should then be added and the stain, which has been
prepared by diluting with fifty to one hundred times its vol-
ume of distilled water, poured in and thoroughly diffused.
The amount of stain used should vary, not with the amount
of water used to immerse the sections, but with the amount of
material to be stained. Ifthe right quantity has been taken,
the vegetable tissue only will be stained and not a tinge of
color will appear either in celloidin or water, after the sections
have remained in the solution for twenty-four hours, the time
required to obtain a good clear color. Only two or three
drops of the concentrated hematoxylin solution will be required
to stain the sections cut from a single mount. If more is used
the section will be overstained. Understained sections can be
brought to the right color by adding a drop or two of stain
to the water after it has become clear.

Even slight acidity of the alcohol used in hardening or the
presence of organic impurities in the water makes perfect
staining an impossibility.

Indirect division of the nucleus is not confined to the repro-

A GEOLOGICAL RECONNOISSANCE. 177

ductive cells of ferns or flowering plants but is frequently met
with in the stalk of the sporangium (Avtrychium) ; and karyo-
kinetic nuclei in all stages of division, although not in great
abundance in any one field, may be found in the meristemic
tissue in the tips of the young shoots of conifers. The leaf
buds should be collected in the spring after growth has begun.
Sections in the region of the scale-like leaves will present
nuclei which may be studied even under the one-fifth objective.

Botanical Laboratory, S. U.1., May, 1892.

A GEOLOGICAL RECONNOISSANCE IN BUCHANAN COUNTY, 10WA.

By 8S. CALVIN.

In October, 1891, the writer in company with Mr. G. L.
Houser made a careful examination into the geological struct-
ure of portions of Buchanan county, Iowa. A part of the
same region had been rather hurriedly examined a few months
earlier, and the results of that preliminary work had been
published, September, 1891, in the American Geologist, Vol.
VIll, p. 142. A few errors were made, as usual, in the hasty
preliminary observations, the only one of any consequence
being that which is corrected in the Geologist, Vol. LX, p. 345.

The object in view in re-examining the region was to
determine more carefully than had before been done the
stratigraphical relations of the various beds of the region; to
ascertain the relative position and vertical range of the several
fossil species, the species in this locality being conspicuously
associated in groups and confined to horizons of limited verti-
cal extent; and lastly to find in place if possible the beds con-
taining fenselaria gohanni, or Vewberrya johannis as it is now
called, and so fix its horizon, a point which had been left
undetermined in the previous examination.

178 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

The work was begun at Independence, and a large number
of exposures of Devonian strata in and around the city were
examined. About a mile east of the city the beds are folded
and disturbed to a slight extent, and at one locality in the
bank of a small stream the Gyroceras beds,—No. 3 of the sec-
tion published in the Geologist for September, 1891,—were
exposed. At this locality some of the layers associated with
the Gyroceras beds were found to be completely brecciated,
and, in all respects relating to composition and structure,
identical with the breccia exposed in the bed of the river
below the city bridge. There were also here some indica-
tions, though not altogether satisfactory, of the /ndependence
shales,—No. 2 of the sections mentioned above,—cropping out
from beneath the breccia. The breccia in the bed of the river
was next examined for some distance below the bridge and
some of the fragments were found to contain Gypidula occi-
dentalis, Hall, a species that occurs often in consideral num-
bers in intimate association with the large Gyroceras from
which the assemblage of beds immediately overlying the
Independence shales was named.

From one to two miles below the city of Independence the
river turns abruptly to the east along the base of a rocky
bluff some fifty or sixty feet in height. The face of the bluff
is partly sodded over, but in general, and particularly a few
feet above the level of the water in the stream, the rocks are
well exposed. The Gyroceras beds proper appear here about
six or eight feet above the water, and may be traced for a
distance of nearly half a mile. In places these beds with the
associated layers above and below them for a thickness of
fifteen feet or more are broken into small fragments, mixed in
the most promiscuous manner conceivable, and re-cemented
into a solid bed of breccia. In other places the fragments are
several feet or even several yards in diameter and evidently
very much disarranged. For several rods in a few instances
all these strata, elsewhere so generally converted into breccia,
retain their original position without sign of disturbance.

A GEOLOGICAL RECONNOISSANCE. 179

Below the brecciated Gyroceras and Gypidula beds there are
indications in a few instances of the Independence shales.

A few quarries opened in the bluff facilitate the work of
observing the succession of strata. One of these quarries
near the western end of the exposure has been worked down
until the upper surface of the brecciated beds is now exposed.
For a distance of thirteen feet above the breccia the rocks are
made up of soft, light-colored, imperfectly stratified, argil-
laceous limestones which are practically destitute of fossils
and were therefore in the field notes designated as the Barren
beds. ‘These barren beds grade upwards without lithological
change of any importance into the Spirifera pennata beds as
described and limited in the American Geologist for Septem-
ber, 1891. No beds higher than the S. pennata beds were
seen in this locality.

As intimated above the S. pennata beds, like the Barren
beds, are composed of soft, light-colored, argillaceous lime-
stones. The layers are a little more compact and more regu-
lar than those immediately below them. Some of the layers
included in this part of the section are barren; but fossils
characteristic of the horizon are found both above and below
them. Sfirifera pennata Owen, does not range throughout
its whole thickness; but taking the assemblage of layers
together, S. pennata Owen, is its most conspicuous fossil.
The fauna of these beds contains a number of unsatisfactory
casts of two or three species of Paracycilas, one large, orbicu-
lar form being probably identical with P. e//At7ca Hall. There
are also a few Polyzoans, but the fauna is conspicuously com-
posed of Brachiopoda. The most common forms are S. fen-
nata Owen; S. dimeszalis Hall; Cyrtena hamiltonensis Hall;
Airypa reticularis Linneus; A. aspera var., occidentalis Hall,
var.; Orthts wmpressa or O. towensis Hall; O. macfarlanet
Meek; Strophodonia demissa Conrad; Productella subalata
Hall. A few straggling specimens of Gypidula occidentalis
Hall, occur at this horizon; and, occuring even more rarely,
are specimens of Athyris vittata Hall, a Ahynchonella of the

180 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

Fe. cuboides type identical with /e. zxtermedia Barris, and a
large Chonefes which I propose to call C. cancellata.

I have said that Spzrifera pennata does not range through
the entire series of beds to which its name is here attached. It
is in reality confined chiefly to the upper portion of the beds.
In the quarry at the west end of the bluffs described above,
the uppermost layers exposed are lower than the horizon of
this large spirifer. A quarry recently opened near the eastern
end of the bluff includes spirifer-bearing layers that are geo-
logically higher than any layers in the west quarry. _

The pennata beds are well developed in quarries within the
city limits of Independence, about a quarter of a mile east of
the court house. The same beds are exposed in a number of
quarries froma mile to a mile and a half farther east. It
was in one of these quarries about a mile east of the city that
the Jndependence shales were penetrated in an unintelligent
search for coal. The first shaft that reached the shales was
made by Mr. Kilduff, in the bottom of a quarry that had
previously been worked well down into the Barren beds. The
shaft before it reached the shales passed through the Gyro-
ceras beds, but at the point where the excavation was made
these beds appear not to have been brecciated.

In all the quarries about Independence the S. pennata beds
pass up into harder layers containing few brachiopods, but
holding numberless specimens, unsatisfactory for cabinet pur-
poses, of Cystiphyllum americanum Ed. and H. A few other
corals, as for example Favosites dumosus Winchell, Havosztes
placenta Rominger, Alveolites minima Davis, and very spar-
ingly Heliophyllum halli Ed. and H., are associated with Cysti-
phyllum. In some of the quarries east of Independence, beds
containing Acervularia profunda Hall, are found to occupy a
position immediately over the horizon of Cystzphyllum; and
the whole assemblage of coral-bearing layers, from the
horizon at which the Cystiphyllums begin to the summit of
the layers containing Acervularia profunda, has been called
Acervularia profunda beds. That magnificent coral, Phzl/ip-

waere..¥

A GEOLOGICAL RECONNOISSANCE. 181

sastrea gigas Owen, occurs in a few restricted areas about
Independence, in or near the horizon of Acervularia profunda.
Acervularia davidsont Ed. and H. is found occasionally in the
drift or other superficial deposits, evidently weathered out
from strata that originally held a position higher than any
seen in place in the vicinity of Independence.

At Littleton, ten miles northwest of Independence, there are
exposures on both sides of the river containing groups of fos-
sils of exceptional interest. The only rocks seen in place
between Independence and Littleton are exposed at Otterville,
and belong to the horizon of the Spirifera pennata beds. At
an old ford a short distance below the village of Littleton the
beds containing Acervularia profunda Hall, are seen above
the level of the water. They may be traced almost to the
mill on the east side of the river. A few belated individuals
of Spurcfera pennata Owen, are ,occasionally found in them,
but when found at this horizon the form differs markedly from
the average forms in the typical pennata beds. The individ-
uals are unusually large, very robust, and they have the
hinge-area disproportionately wide. The same gibbous form
with wide hinge-area was collected at the same horizon in the
quarry east of Jesup.

At the “dry run,” a mile east of Littleton, the fauna of the
A. profunda beds has been freed from its enclosing matrix by
the erosion of torrents that at certain times sweep down the
usually dry channel. In addition to A. profunda, which is
there very common, the fauna contains Cyst/phyllum amerz-
canum Ed. and H., Cyathophyllum, Aulocophyllum, Favosites
dumosus Win., three other species of Favosites, Alveolites
goldfusst Bill, a species of A/veolites with corallites larger
than in A. goldfussi, and another very unique species with
corallites less oblique than usual and a strongly developed
central tooth on the inner side of each tube. There are also
Dolatocrinus, undetermined species, Cladopora palmata H.
and W., C. prolifea H. & W:, two or three species of Stro-
matoporoids, one or two of Awlopora and a peculiar Syringo-

182 NATuRAL History BULLETIN.

pora. On the west side of the river, about a quarter of a
mile below the dam at Littleton, ewberria johannis Hall,
was found in place. It is confined to a thin layer of yellow,
shaly limestones which lies immediately above layers contain-
ing Acervularia profunda Hall, and it may be convenient to
regard this yellow calcareous shale as the uppermost limit of
the sub-division which is here called the Acervularia profunda
beds. In the same thin layer with /Vewberria johannis H.,
there occur Terebratula romingert H., and Pentamerella
arata Hi.

Immediately above the calcareous shales containing /Vew-
berrza, the fauna undergoes a very marked change. Spzrifera
parryana H., takes the place of S. pennata Owen. Atrypa
aspera is absent. A. retécularis has become more ventricose,
with cardino-lateral angles more rounded and the radiating
costes much coarser than in the A. retzcularis of the pennata
beds. Strophodonta demissa Con., becomes very large, hav-
ing in mature specimens a width of two inches at the hinge-
line with a length of more than an inch, and presents an
appearance very different from the small, short hinged, arcu-
ate, coarsely ribbed forms, rarely more than three quarters
of an inch in width, found associated with Spzrdfera pennata,
at Independence. The layers containing S. parryana are
followed by a compact reef of Acervularia davidsont Ed.
and H., with which are associated Favosites, Ptychophyllum,
Cladopora and some other genera. The beds included be-
tween the calcareous shale containing /Vewderrza and the sum-
mit of the reef of Acervularia davidson? and associated corals,
constitute the Acervularia davidson beds.

On the west side of the river at Littleton, near the end of
the mill dam and for some distance below it, the rocks above
the reef of A. davidsoni are yellow colored, indurated shales
which grade up into softer shales that readily weather on
exposure into a yellow clay mixed with harder fragments that
resist the action of the weather. The harder layers in the
lower part of this division of the section contain no fossils as

A GEoLoOGICAL RECONNOISSANCE. 183

far as observed, but the softer shales in the upper part of the
exposure, on both sides of the river, contain a number of
species all very perfectly preserved. The most conspicuous
are a spirifer with a divided mesial fold and having a hinge-
area narrower than S. parryana, a very diminutive Cyrtzna
hamiltonensis, a small Athyris vittata, a very coarsely ribbed
Atrypa reticularis having the dorsal valve excessively convex,
a large form of Strophodonta demissa, an Orthis impressa of
the type O. suborbicularis, Productella truncata, a small Aehyn-
chonella, and a Terebratula. Besides the brachiopods we find,
though rarely, Alegzstocrinus farnsworthi, and very many
specimens of Strzatopora (Cladopora) zowensis.

The following section and explanation was furnished Prof.
James Hall at his request, and was published in the Zenth
Annual Report of the State Geologist of New York. It will
illustrate the relations of the strata as they are exposed below
the mill at Littleton. 1, 2 and 3 of this section are the equiv-
alent of No. 5 of my paper in American Geologist of Septem-
ber, 1891; 4 and 5 equal 6 of that paper, and 6 and 7 equal 7.

184

NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

SECTION ON WEsT SIDE OF WaApPSIPINICON RIVER, ABOUT
OnE—QuarTER Mite BELow THE Dam,

AT

SODDED OVER.

4 or 5
7 | Feet Ex-
posed.
65 Beet
rw. ee
5 | 1 Foot.
4| 4 Feet hs Care Raed

|

A

Bol eet,

ii

Salsas
ele stele lett

EE APA

4
bo

Feet.

LirTLeEToN, Iowa.

7. Yellow argillaceous shales with
large Sirophodonta demissa, a very
coarsely ribbed Atrypa retzcularis,
asmall Cyrtina hamiltonensis, Strt-
atopora rugosa, Orthis suborbicu-
laris related to O. zmpressa, Tere-
bratula sp?, a small /ehynchonella,
Athyris vittata, rare, a well mark-
ed variety of Spirifera parryana,
probably a new species, etc.

6. A bed of indurated shales, some-
what barren of fossils.

5. Compact reef of Acervularia david-
sont, with many species of Favo-
sites, a Chonophyllum, Cladopora
prolifera and C. palmata.

4. Rather hard, dark granular lime-
stone, with Sfirifera parryana,
large, long-hinged, Strophodonta
demissa, Alrypa reiicularss.

3. Thin layer of yellow shaly lime-
stone, with JVewderria johannis,
Terebratula romingert and Penta-
merella arata.

2. Beds containing Cyst¢phyllum, Acer-
vularia profunda, a few specimens
of SAirifera pennata Owen.

1. Limestone with Cyst¢phyllum amer-
wcaniune.

LEVEL OF WATER IN RIVER.

A GEOLOGICAL RECONNOISSANCE. 185

The shaly layers last described, some barren and some con-
taining beautifully preserved remains belonging to a great
number of organic species, make up the Y¢//ow shales beds,
No. 7, of the section published in the Geologist, September,
1891. A mile or more above Littleton the yellow shales with
their characteristic fauna are exposed in the bank of the west
branch of the Wapsipinicon. The exposure is at the foot of
a bluff sixty or seventy feet in height, and outcroppings at
different elevations in the bluff show that the beds up to the
summit are yellow calcareous shales, hard enough with the
exception of a few layers near the level of the waiter, to resist
the action of the weather. No organic remains were observed
in the bluff except in the few feet of soft shales near the base.
All the strata of the bluff belong properly to the Yellow shales
beds, and when added to what is exposed below the mill at
Littleton, they give to this member of our Devonian section a
great predominance, so far as thickness is ‘concerned, over all
the others thus far noted in this paper. West of Jesup, in the
edge of Blackhawk county, the Acervularia beds are seen in
place. At Waterloo the same beds are exposed. At Ray-
mond, between Jesup and Waterloo, quarries are worked in a
hard yellowish calcareous shale which I take to be the equiv-
alent of that part of the Yellow shales beds exposed above the
base of the bluff near Littleton.

Between Littleton and Fairbank no rocks were seen in
place. A quarry on the west side of the stream at Fairbank,
contains thick bedded strata the exact relations of which were
not ascertained. The rock is an impure limestone with a con-
siderable admixture of clay. The fauna is scanty, consisting
chiefly of a CystzShyllum of unknown species and one or two
species of Vewderria. Specimens of Acervularza weathered
from higher beds were found on the surface but no diagnostic
species were seen in place. Neither the Cystiphyllum nor
the Newberrias could be said to be absolutely identical with
any known species. A mile or two up the stream, at a place
called Cedar Bluffs, rocks are exposed, but they reveal

186 NATURAL Hisrory BULLETIN.

facts that have not before been recorded, nor even suspected
in connection with lowa geology. The Cedar Bluffs are made
up of Niagara limestone, Helolites interstinctus, H1. megastoma,
Lyellia americana, Favosites hispidus, &. niagarensis and other
Upper Silurian species are here more or less common. The
rocks too have the characteristic color, texture and composi-
tion of the Niagara strata in Delaware, Jackson and other
counties in which the Niagara limestone has long been known
to be exposed.

Rocks belonging to the lower part of the Devonian in Iowa
are well developed at Fayette. The same strata are again
exposed in the southeast corner of Buchanan county. Omit-
ting the irregularities caused by erosion, a line joining the
points named, it was supposed, would coincide very nearly
with the Devonian outcrop. Such a line however would pass
at least fifteen miles to the east of Fairbank. For the facts
as now known, the only explanation thus far suggested, is that
after the close of the Niagara period, probably early in the
Devonian, an anticlinal fold was developed in the neighbor-
hood of Fairbank, having a general trend east and west.
While this Vragara uplift as we may call it, was not very
great, it will be seen, if we draw a line from Fayette to Fair-
bank and thence to the southeast corner of Buchanan county,
that it was sufficient to cause a very pronounced and unex-
pected deflection in the line of Devonian outcrop. At Fair-
bank the line will be bent at a right-angle. Sucha line may
be compared with that which marks the eastern edge of the
Devonian area in White’s Geological Map of Iowa. On the
geologic maps of lowa, Hazelton, ten miles east of Fairbank,
lies well within the Devonian area; but at Hazelton as would
be expected after the observations made at Fairbank, the
exposures are all in the Niagara limestone and Favosites
Javosus, Zaphrentis stokesi, Thecia minor, and other Niag-
ara species were collected in addition to the species found at
Cedar Bluffs near Fairbank. Near Coytown, about two
miles northeast of Hazelton, the upper part of the exposures

ee

A GEOLOGICAL RECONNOISANCE. 187

is made up of a non-fossiliferous, light-colored, fine-grained
limestone that breaks with a conchoidal fracture and possesses
characteristics of lithographic limestone.

It is quite possible that the Niagara uplift is in some way
connected with the agency that produced such extensive
brecciation in the lower beds of our Iowa Devonian.

Attention was next directed to the exposures in the south-
eastern part of Buchanan county. At Pine Creek mill,
between Independence and Quasqueton, the exposure in the
south bank of the stream embraces the Barren beds observed
near Independence, overlaid with the lower part of the S.
pennata beds Alrypa reticularis of the Independence type,
A. aspera, var., occidentalis, and casts of Paracyclas elliptica?
constitute the observed fauna.

Below the mill dam at Quasqueton the Brecciated beds
are well exposed on both sides of the river. On the east
bank the Independence shales crop out from beneath the
breccia, the line of junction being marked by a series of small
springs. At Gemmel’s quarry, up on the high land a mile
and a half east of the river the strata belong to the Acervu-
laria davidsoni beds. Spzrifera parryana H., which varies
considerably in different localities, is present with the rest and
coincides in external appearance and expression with the forms
found at Hanson’s and other typical localities in Muscatine
county.

At Troy mills, just beyond the southern edge of Buchanan
county, the strata are brecciated beds in the channel of the
river with Gyroceras, Gypidula, and the forms usually found
in such association; the breccia is followed by barren beds
that break up into angular fragments on exposure to the
weather; then come the S. pennata beds, but not very well
developed; above the last lie beds with Phillipsasirea gigas
Owen, in place; and the section here is terminated by beds
containing Acervularia davidsoni and Spirifera parryana.

At Troy mills, Acervalaria profunda H., appears to be
absent. Careful search at its usual horizon and in the weath-

188 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

ered material along the bluff failed to reveal a single specimen.
The place it occupies farther north seems to be taken by
Pihillipsastrea gigas Owen, which is here somewhat abund-
ant. #. g7gas was once very common a few miles northeast
of Troy mills, at what are known among the old settlers as
the Walton and McPike springs; and good specimens may
still be collected in the same localities. P. ezgas and A. pro-
funda were found weathered out in ravines near the river
above Quasqueton. The first is known to occur there in
place, the second may possibly occur in the same way. At
Solon, in Johnson county, Iowa, P. gtgas is found in its nor-
mal position a few feet above beds that are the equivalent of
S. pennata beds at Independence, but no specimens of A. fro-
funda are known in any part of the region. A. profunda
seems to have been confined to a limited area in Buchanan
and Blackhawk counties, its center of distribution being near
Littleton.

The rectified section of Devonian strata in Buchanan county
embraces the following members, each of which may be still
farther sub-divided:

Ca

Independence shales, with a unique fauna having a very
close relationship with the Rockford shales along Lime
Creek above Rockford, Iowa.

2. Brecciated beds, embracing the beds characterized by
Gyroceras and numerous usually detached valves of
Gypidula occidentalis.

3. Barren beds.

4. Spirifera pennata beds, characterized by the abundance of
easily recognized types of Spzrifera, Atrypa, and
Strophodonta.

3. Acervularia profunda beds, containing Cystiphyllum and
A. profunda in great profusion.

6. <Acervularia davidsoni beds beginning with the beds con-

containing .S. parryana, and including all up to the

summit of the reef of A. davidson and associated corals.

Notes ON A COLLECTION OF FossIts. 189

7. Yellow shale beds, containing a peculiar and easily recog-
nized assemblage of fossils described in the present
paper and in the. American Geologist for Sept., 1891.

The Wewberria johannis H., which in a former paper was
thought to occupy a distinct series of beds, was found at the
summit of the horizon characterized by a A. profunda. The
relations of the beds containing the undetermined species of
NVewberrzia near Fairbank, are yet undetermined. The Niag-
ara uplift near Fairbank is a fact new to Iowa geology, and
its full effects in deflecting the regular trend of Devonian out-
crop and modifying the regular succession of Devonian strata
have yet to be ascertained.

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF FOSSILS FROM THE LOWER
MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE FROM NORTHEASTERN, IOWA.

By 8S. CALVIN.

Until recently we have been accustomed to regard the
Lower Magnesian Limestone of the Upper Mississippi Valley
as destitute of organic remains. Dr. White in his report on
the Geology of Iowa, Vol. I, pp. 173-174, says that “the
only fossils that have been found in this formation in Iowa
are, so far as known, a few traces of the stems of Crinoids
found near McGregor.” Whitney in Hall’s Geology of Iowa,
P- 337, speaking of indications of organic life in the Lower
Magnesian Limestone, says that “in Iowa, indeed, we have
observed nothing of the kind.” Owen seems to have been
more fortunate than the other observers mentioned, for in his
report on the Geol. Survey of Wis., lowa and Minn., p. 60,
he enumerates a few genera that are represented in this for-

190 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

mation, but does not cite localities. The Awomphalus and
Ophileta which he mentions, may be from the horizon of the
Lower Magnesian Limestone of Iowa; the trilobites referred
to are probably from the Upper Potsdam or St. Croix group
as will be noted farther on. In the Geology of Wisconsin,
Vol. IV, Whitfield describes a number of species from the
Lower Magnesian Limestone, but it is probable that the only
species referable to the horizon of the formation in Iowa is
his Huomphalus strongi which he says occurs in cherty beds
in Richland county, Wisconsin. In the Geology of Minne-
sota, Final Report, Vol. I, pp. 222-223, Prof. Winchell men-
tions the discovery of organic remains in limestone of the
same age as our Lower Magnesian. The fossils occur only
in cherty beds and embrace the genera Orihoceras, Ophileta
and Pleurotomaria.

In all discussions relating to the fauna of the Lower Mag-
nesian Limestone of Wisconsin, lowa and Minnesota, it should
be borne in mind that for many years geologists have con-
founded the St. Lawrence Limestone, a member of the Pots-
dam or St. Croix series, with the Lower Magnesian. In the
Geology of Minnesota, Final Report, Vol. I, pp. xiv to xxi,
Prof. Winchell gives the results of the latest investigations on
this subject and points out the true relations of the long mis-
understood St. Lawrence Limestone. It is possible that all
the species of Dycelocephalus, Conocephaliies, /lenurus, and
other forms associated with them, which have been credited
to the Lower Magnesian Limestone, have come from the St.
Lawrence Limestone and belong to a horizon below that of
the Lower Magnesian.

Within the past few years Mr. F. H. Luthe, an ont iaeel
and intelligent amateur geologist, of McGregor, Iowa, has
investigated the fauna of the Lower Magnesian Limestone of
Clayton and Allamakee counties, and has brought to light an
assemblage of forms of very great interest. Mr. Luthe has
kindly placed his collection in my hands for examination. All
the recognizable species belong either to the Gasteropoda or

’ BD ie

NoTEs ON A COLLECTION OF FossILs. IgI

Cephalopoda. Indeed all the species belong to one or the
other of the above groups except some amorphous, laminated,
porous structures that recall certain forms of the Stromato-
poroidea. ;

The following species, all apparently confined to chert
layers of the formation, may be noted:

MeETopToMA ALTA Whitfield. The collection contains speci-
mens apparently identical with the species described and fig-
ured by Mr. R. P. Whitfield under the above name in his
paper on Fossils from the Calciferous Sand-rock of Lake Cham-
plain, Bulletin of Am. Museum of Natural History, Vol. HU,
No. 2. The Iowa specimens referred to this species are
larger than those from Lake Champlain. With the above
occur two or three other species of A/etoptoma.

TrisLipium, sp. There are a few forms presenting the
appearance of Capulus or Platyceras that probably belong to
this genus.

STRAPAROLLUS CLAYTONENSIS n. sp. This is by far the
most common species in the collection. It resembles Awom-
phalus calciferus, Whitfield, Lake Champlain Fossils, p. 47,
Plate VIII, Figs. 12 and 13. The volutions are four or more
in number, circular in transverse section; umbilicus wide and
deep; spire sometimes almost flat, usually slightly elevated.
From £. calciferous W., this species will be distinguished by
the fact that the volutions, in the cast, are not embracing,
scarcely touching each other, and the volutions are not coiled
in the same plane. The two forms are about equally robust
and the whorls expand at about the same rate. Straparollus
claytonensis differs from Huomphalus strongi Whitfield, in
the greater number of less rapidly expanding volutions, the
absence of carine or angles on the whorls and the pro-
nounced difference between the umbilical and opposite sides.

STRAPAROLLUS PRISTINIFORMIs, n. sp. This is a smaller
form than the preceding; volutions less robust, not embracing

192 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

or slightly separated in the cast, coiled in the same plane so
that the spire and umbilical sides are similar in appearance;
whorls nearly circular in transverse section, upper surface of
each marked by an obscure carina, with traces of another
carina still more obscure half way between the middle of the
whorl and the suture.

RAPHISTOMA PEPINENSE JZ/eek. The collection contains
many specimens of this very beautiful species. The spire is
depressed and consists of about six volutions in specimens
having a diameter of one inch. ‘The periphery is sharply
angulated and the umbilicus wide when compared with other
species of the genus. Compare A. trochiscum Meek, in U.S.
Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, Vol. IV. p. 19.

RAPHISTOMA MULTIVOLVATUM, n. sp. Shell moderately
large, more than an inch and a quarter in diameter; spire
depressed; whorls five or more in number, increasing gradu-
ally in size, each about one and a half times as large as the
preceding; each whorl bears an obtuse angular carina near
the suture; suture somewhat deeply impressed; upper surface
of each whorl concave; outer margin marked by a sharp
angle from which the convex lower surface of the last whorl
slopes downward and inward to the angle that bounds the
umbilicus.

RAPHISTOMA PAUCIVOLVATUM, n. sp. This is a small len-
ticular species having from two to two and a half very rapidly
expanding whorls.

HoLopeA TurGIDA Hal]. There are a number of speci-
mens indistinguishable from this species as it is described and
figured by Hall, Billings and Whitfield. See Paleontology of
N. Y., Vol. I, p. 12, Plate III, Figs. 9 and 10; and Lake
Champlain Fossils, by Whitfield, p. 50, Plate 9, Figs. 3-7.

Murcuisonia, sp. There are a few specimens referable
to this genus. They are characterized by an elongate spire
with many sharply angular volutions.

NoTEs ON A COLLECTION OF FossILs. 193

ORTHOCERAS PRIMIGENIUM Vanuxem. This species is well
represented by two or three specimens, all showing the char-
acteristics by which it may be readily distinguished. See
works of Hall and Whitfield already cited.

CYRTOCERAS LUTHEI, n. sp. Shell rather small, elliptical
in transverse section, only moderately curved; length of an
average specimen from two and a half to three inches, great-
est diameter of body chamber three-fourths of an inch; septa
very numerous, ten chambers occupying the space of half an
inch; septa oblique to the axis, rising highest on the convex
side, the obliquity increasing as the septa approach the cham-
ber of habitation; siphuncle large for the genus, situated close
to the inner or concave margin, tapering more rapidly in pro-
portion to size than the shell, and expanding to a trifling
extent between the septa. Outer chamber long; margin of
aperture and surface markings unknown. This species will
be readily recognized by its elliptical section, its oblique,
closely crowded septa, and its large, internal, rapidly tapering
siphuncle.

The specific name is given in honor of Mr. F. H. Luthe, of
McGregor, Iowa, to whose skill and enthusiasm science is
indebted for valuable additions to our knowledge of the fauna
of the Lower Magnesian Limestone in the valley of the
Upper Mississippi.

The collection contains fragments of other species that will
sometime, we hope, be represented by identifiable specimens.

In general aspect this fauna resembles that of the Calcifer-
ous sand-rock about Lake Champlain. The identity of the
species in some cases and the close resemblance in others,
leaves little doubt as to the exact equivalency of the Lower
Magnesian Limestone of Iowa with the Calciferous series of
northeastern New York.

GEOLOGICAL LABORATORY,

UNIVERSITY OF Iowa,
May 25, 1892.

metab

a

AG | An

vA
NY GU ig, Ce
SRT Od €

heh,

Vy

Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Enteridium rozeanum, Wing., p. 117.
/Ethalium, natural size.
Spore of the same species X 1400.
Capillitium of the same species X 420.
Clathroptychium rugulosum, Wallr., p. 117.
/Ethalium, natural size.
Sporangia and spores X 50 (after Schreeter).
Persistent apices of the peridia.
Lindbladia effusa, Ehy., p. 115.
A group of sporangia X 30.
A single spore X 1400.
Tubulina cylindrica, Bull., p, 114.
A group cf sporangia X 5.
See also Plate VII., Fig. 8.
Cribraria intricata, Schrad., p. 119.
Three sporangia, X 15.
A single sporangium, to show reticulate thickening, 60.
A spore, X:-1400.
Dictydium cernuum, Pers., p. 114.
Sporangium, X 30.
A part of the peridial wall, seen irom within, x 84.
Ceratiomyxa mucida, Pers., p. 114.
Three sporiferous pillars, K about 40.
Tip of a single pillar, x 84.
Hemiarcyria stipata, Schw., p. 135.
Sporangia, xX 6.
The capillitium of the same species, X 750.
A single spore, X 1000.

et

fon = yp <a
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Sy eh

PLATE !.

MARY P. McBRIDE, DEL.

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A

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So Wrad ohh. TUE, PEWOTAA Bar

a 7 4 Mii tes 4 : way Wu HINIG .
J f cont » ee H anit iiita ot) Wh dole Vv. Di

nn
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7 a.
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mes Ore on ) ih et ity ;
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oy Ae ry od
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ie ae ads
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EXPLANATION OF PLATE IL,

Perichena corticalis, Batsch., p. 120.
Fig. 1. Sporangia, X 10. -
Fig. 1a. <A single spore, as if in section, X goo.
Fig. 16. The capillitial thread X 750.

Lachnobolus incarnatus, Alb. and Schw., p.

Fig, 2. The sporangia X 8.
Fig. 2a. A portion of the capillitium x 750.
ies 205) SPOres C750:
Arcyria cinerea, Bull., p. 123.
Fig. 3. The expanded fructifications x 5.
3a. Tipof a single capillitium mass X 4o.
Arcyria vitellina, Phillips, p. 124.
Fig. 4... A clusterof sporangia X 3.
Fig. 42. Capillitium x 740.
Arcyria punicea, Pers., p. 123.

Fig. 5. Sporangia, two expanded, one still closed, & 20.
Fig. 5a. A part of the capillitium of the same species X 750.

Arcyria nutans, Bull., p. 124.

ig. 6. Expanded capiillitium, etc. 10.
Fig. 6a. Capillitium xX 740.
Fig. 64. <A. piece of the capillitium thread Xx 1400.

Cornuvia wrightit, B. and C., p. 122.
Fig. 7. A single sporangium 8.
Fig. 7a. A node of the capillitial thread 750.
ig. 75. A spore X 750.

Oligonema nitens, Lib., p. 121.
HiT ou enesinelerclaten >< 750.
Figs. Sa and 86. Spores x 1000.

a) Oa) un

MARY P. McBRIDE, DEL.

ae au atk 10 wortan ,

«

gy q ooxud i Reece i 4s:

ey yy ake ee Teity.izy. bo |

a pal oot. Ge | ieee hee i
at, , ye ioe fan) Whee A BN ity

vit 2h Fe - oe.
I af

la Sener zy 4 he.
: r 4 cingt tical’ >) atyaly, ‘. ve bed hs oe }
‘ wes Ig ts Paes RE ae a Fog. A) ei ‘a
ah = hip tees 5 igen ty shedaes abagrcie Ae - aePis ee

G doh Saas a i ae #] axis ots, WAU ae Ye : tiie,

~ J 3 / bet

Hipage eel © ie a +
ELA a wy ae

s a
‘ iin eh avvoge. * _ ai? ig
5 OE g Sisstiboursreed, va ie oF. pees a P| by eae J
CE) AT EO. pave ewe ny CyRonai Z ; <f
; alee 2 Ge Mea a ee a ee ‘:
Ee : tote? Je
ie) Ee aetaly yn to git | oe Ba :
/ : eet Keer ston A Gael f
f 4 4 pthc: TA vaste d / ;
a, Pe Bet ol pire 2) a uht :
8 « *
‘ | tie = ¥ cctiripull jibes hn, exc ih i
4 COL 4 ny (Serta edt *Y 7 ay ie -
¥! ‘
: - er *
‘ bt ay
r yin ‘
. ~~ if
Rs - Dy P
ee ' fh fr
‘aes oe. "
Py ’ me , 2
’ vos —e
vs, f
a
- es, ate
a ‘ Cie Bh }
* Lee cup

"MARY 7 shcgeitis tek

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IIf.

Lycogala epidendrum, Buxb., p. 127.
peli A group of cethalia, natural size.
. 1a. A single spore X 1500.
. 16. A capillitium branch X 1000.

Lycogala flavo-fuscum, Ehy., p. 127.

2. <A single ‘halium, natural size.
Reticularia lycoperdon, Bull., p. 136.
3. <A single athalium, natural size.

See also Plate X.

Lamproderma arcyriotdes, Somm., p. 138.
ig. 4. Three sporangia & about 30.

*. 4a. Capillitium mass and stipe x 75.

. 46. Spores X 500.

. 4c. Capillitium to show branching and anastomosin

S228
Trichia inconspicua, Rost., p. 132.
Sa: Sporangia X 12.
g.5a. Tip of an elater & 1400.
. 50. A single spore X 750.
Hemiarcyria clavata, Pers., var.

r. 6. A single sporangia X 15.

‘igs. 6a and 6b. Spore and capillitium 750.

6c. A part of the capillitium x 200.

PEATE Ill:

MARY P. McBRIDE. DEL.

2a.

Bie:

Fig. 6

a.

Fig. 66.

Fig. 6
Fig. 6

a

d.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE WV. - - |

Trichia affinis, De By., p. 131.

Var. ¢ntermedia X about 6.

Spore of same species X 1400.

A second spore to show varying episporic net-work.

Tip of elater, shows vertical connecting bands.
Trichia fallax, Pers., p. 128.

Sporangia X about 8.

A spore of the same species X 1400.

gs. 2b and 2c. Elaters of the same species X about 225.

‘Trichia varia, Pers., p. 229.
Sporangia X about 8.
A spore of the same species X 1000.
An elater of the same species X 750.

Trichia scabra, Rost., p. 132.

Sporangia X about 8.
A single spore of the same species X 1400.
An elater-tip of the same X 1400.

Trichia chryrosperma, Bull., p. 130.
Sporangia X about 8.
A single spore of the same X 1400.
A single elater-tip of the same X 1400.

Trichia affinis var. abrupta.
An elater-tip & 1400. It will be noticed that the spirals are con-

nected by vertical bars. See p. 131.

A single spore of the same variety X 1400.
A single spore, from the same sporangium as 6a.
Trichia afjints, var. affinis, a single spore X 1400.
Tip of an elater from the same, X 1400.

PEACE TV.

MARY P. McBRIDE, DEL.

4 Tk

ey “

2 recaweasth : p.}
<“ algae irebls 26 zateule F bget >
pei opts or spt am es um
ee 4 ab Pasi a giqin® toque nv FS Bias
} i wv P (orl a tne $3)" you Hu oe
i, aM 2: Se Kens “Ws aa ; *
ae GHrifiin ye veal a my wt. ‘
wee wl i ae, ql) TP we it Ae

! " ~. my a } cee
‘ ; aie: BEE viame alpiida d, ae yt hy Al ie ;
\ a “a * ‘ Mod a rn ee

ae

a

Li ae

ee.

=)

= >
4- =
=~, %

—
' i - ¥ Leait Tu 4 os ans |
/ : ‘ ; r Mi . »>
; 5 a was: ion ctity 3% % San Say V Aiea

4 + 4 id i] 5
‘4 4 + f 5 Vk? ePimiod ito Saal eget , Pen
* | 4 iA 4 &
_' sR qe he Bend 4 ti
sy rey : j ; f Wi 5 ‘ Ea
. ane " 7” A ein MN) Wauvoim Say a : one : 4
een ave ee uuriye pagan;

> ' salt ‘ vie anil wot ie Be | ; fe,
: ns yey / My ‘ »- f= r

ra 4 ( ied Wie ‘be
4 bt
ae a # ‘
‘ ¢/
is
<
*
pe : F
eT) a d
‘ - * . rn d
’ i
’ 54 i A 9
< ‘
- ae vg
‘ rp
‘ «
Pre
+

EXPLANATION OF PLATE Y,

Hlemiarcyria rubiformis, Pers., p. 133.
A cluster of closed sporangia X 15.
Tip of an elater X 1400.
A group of empty sporangia X 15.
A single spore X 1400.
Hemiarcyria clavata, Pers., p. 134.
Three sporangia X 8.
The tip of an elater x 1400.
A single spore X 1400.
Hemiarcyria serpula, Scop., p. 135.
A single plasmodiocarp X 5.
Tip of elater x 1400.
A spore X 1400.
Trichia iowensis, Macb., p. 133.
Sporangia X 5.
Tip of a branching elater X 750.
A spore X 750.
See also Plate X., Fig. 5.

PLATE V.

MARY P. McBRIDE, DEL,

ye one

AP:

on ret aie atlases

b: : P i 7) ; q get cere ub ms
ANS ; 1 acl pe ab gai
‘ “

int irae) alee aod ats

hate rahi ferm

' ed ~ ' ee ’

| ‘ : t & yep: iit way. o Re A
J

;

nue rnc brig filvenvias: AMT

i a =- 4 iia is syria baie! é ’ Rai + : anit

yi ‘ie

. zvaha re

7,

y

x u 2 + mythic im [NOTE * "ay Pek as ,

bag |

- a aay oy
A, ~ me eerie a 7 jingapiliga 97)? mq A wi} ate Aka r t
Pe Cokes oes fen A oy we: al ; cere

Ee ee \aeeitet SAY,
x Biyralenge to quai A 2 wae i
maa) oe Lys Wqvieh P 42 Mae
AL > vith noni Hib ahh ee taal fa rae a

{DSM + pete ta ¥ ; , .

* Reactant query he aa oy nN

ogy x satin + sit? ayo ane Ae ie Ba ix va
Oo tougid fit alloans ie p pats 24/3 y Fxg gE
if

*
As a 7 LA . nfl) : ~~ = “aA Ia 2 f
aifqes «2 itt apie ehh) Psi be. 607 9 lela aryp ds : [wt es)
4 A > i ey y
i : ; i ine ft tts i "
ris _ , ~
Pe 1 i Reo bas aenhiloa sAigo dK; a
: EV Tp Mae 7
mine - am? 1,4
vag - Be - .
a 7 ’ ll ‘a
- ae , a
Le aes 5 LD!
. ae > F ) 7 rm
\ é
¥ AY Py 4 - Mi
yay bd 8 ve 04 bach ae
see - i ~?
‘ : Aa
i x : : }
we, §
<. a ay HE < we
Fae! LN, UE, * ;
2 oe q ote, " 7
| :
: 4 ; +
“4 ‘ ‘ ia Ny

Fig.

3b.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Comatricha typhina, Roth., p. 138.
A group of sporangia X 5.
A single spore X 1600.
Tip of the columella with its branches 50.
Comatricha longa, Pk., p. 140.
A single empty sporangium X 6.
A part of the same taken near the apex, X 60.
A spore X 1400.
Comatricha pulchella, Bab., p. 139.
A single sporangium X Io.
The columella and capillitium X Go.
A single spore X 1600.

Figs. 3c and 3d, sporangia to witich the peridium still adheres although in 3c,

in shreds.
Stemonitis maxima, Schw., p. 141.
A group of sporangia X 3
A part of the columella and capillitium x 60.
A single spore, X 1400.
Stemonttis ferruginea, Ehr., p. 142.
A group of sporangia 3.
A single spore & 1400.
A part of the capillitium with columella x 60.
Stemonitis morgani, Pk., p. 142.
A group of sporangia X 3.

6a and 6c. Single spores, the latter x 1400.

. 68.

S$. 7a.

A part of the columella and branches X 60.

A shorter variety of the same species with coarser meshes in capilli-
fim x 3.

A part of the columella and net x 60.

PLATE Vi.

MARY P. McBRIDE DEL

ia | Ar ate We. ar a Rio potee

a f

ay ys a! | ade "2 3) : ene a i ey at ‘Felt,
ee a Te Pee om /. et Laie Oe

Pies if erat Se ee a

te

i <a
og
, eh
V »
>
Vat TOE OO A ae Ae
ee ee ie ee ain as pont cgestpenilly

£ Fives . v
7

aed te v4 me *% lawson: © i Jad e
san with oe mre got yi? Folge jenit- i apc ry
e fal

4 is vs aril:
Ne sal yor ony nr te orgy
' : aes
A Sotho P23
mr hn tite 50 rod neil ioe Pap ss

Et X Hoge A
Haba yrnaddiljaed

‘a ‘o n

3 I p: - j

; ’

Reet <i Seco
heptane (ae penne mliperte 4: ¥ pS Ls OP 7 eee! We Se ee
wRY, h pica whi :
m i"
me tv 2 "
4 “a
> , 3 4

cats

Lo «|

56:

ig. 6a.
ig. 6.

ie)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

Diachea splendens, Pk., p. 143-
Sporangia and hypothallus X 25.
Capillitium XX 50.
Spores X goo.
Portion of the capillitium x 150.
Didymium microcarpon, Fr., p. 146.
Sporangia X 30.
A spore X 1400.
Calcareous crystals from the peridial wall & 750.
Didymium farinaceum, Schrad., p. 146.
Sporangia X 10.
A single spore X about 1000.
Chondrioderma testaceum, Schrad., p. 148.
Sporangia; the first exhibiting the two peridial walls and the spore-
mass X I0.
Spore X 750.
Capillitial threads « 750.
Chondrioderma globosum, Pers., p. 147.
Sporangia; the first with the outer peridium broken away X 10.
A single spore X 750.
A mass of clustered sporangia, to show habit of aggregation, natural
size.
Spumarta alba, Bull., p. 144.
An ethalium, borne on a grass-stem,y natural size.
A spore X 750.
Capillitium, with surface calcareous crystals & 750.
Tubulina cylindrica, Bull., p. 114.
A single spore X 1400.

Reike Vil.

MARY P. McBRIDE, DEL.

Ad?

att ® ns dala ie ee,

ws ny Ry Dye?

Nitin vil 30 age. wor at Po Pal.
i ee ‘> hs feline Uiffacs Ir. &i ad : 4 « "
a : A ‘+ ij br ap ¥ st lags Aediwe " . i \ ; ' : ri

f re Wak 4 ‘ke Ea iv

| bey ae wR,

i Ly af or val ae ed eae 2

i 4 i342 wid pnt i Yew twa geen Fs na

ae
ye ~ 7 2 7 * WON EMNT Cee ), eta |

96 0 } hi Pay a) ee, On Woh / eae he | on mes

he ee

3 rt it-g some shut LM eae
A, 2 , i ¥ 7 edt Po —
wat a > = A doin S : \y oe ae SPs ey n J
5 ¥ ts vy ye A, bag L, = ae

a ee j c ty

1B ee ee, © oe “s)

iio = = / an * ° mn ie -

- . Viiv UT Be | st? ner rie Je iat -

» - Fee: , : - ree ‘ ; se a
Fie Cet adh Qectrnws aan ey «-
ee ' ag ne Levendzeahy tpeevgphemlagent yg Pee a
= + . x 7 Pe a x
im. < ; 5 ;.
: | bk | gh.’ Tveb SS) ole be
J > 7 i. . wi y
i Rs : fe BO Dire Ss ARR itp TT aes Ate ne "

7 . tue ; wi a ~- q ‘

ae PvSn ‘vt Ree a reatiealtrgie at? Qe id ist yt wy abot h. Se “s

by - rel > Ae? ‘ (pas

’ Jidtrii t Tit se =
. “1 ve ; *
; Pt | ~

: . oa " . \ ore ' al, he ie

= py A tab i ad PS iy 1M iS ’ : P ei ne

a we Rai si bt dro shui. 6 eat ‘ih

x :
OFT A ee Lay ix e) ¥v i 2
Pa é —
’ 5 - 7 2 s
-_ > ‘
1° rr)
# ” al .
wg f Py
Y © an ee,
fl w - J a <>
A ~ , my iG ~ 4
CS al i, 4, am
p a j ; Lied a
= hes P aa Ts
: j ° hy : x
. = Pi
; ve ;
7 -
*
-
# ‘
‘
”

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

4.

7)

JT ~J

8d.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

Chondrioderma floriforme, Bull. p. 149.
Sporangia of various ages X I5.
Spore of the same species X 1000.
A capillitial thread X 1000.

Tilmadoche gyrocephala, (Mont.) Rost., p. 152.
The sporangia X 10.
Spores X 750.
Capillitium X 750.

Leocarpus fragilis, Dicks., p. 153.
Sporangia X 6.
A group of sporangia, natural size, to show habit.
A single spore & 1800.

Physarella mirabilis, Pk. (Tilmadoche oblonga, B. and C.), p.1 57.

A single sporangium X 8.

.4a@and46, Capillitium and spore respectively XX goo.

Craterium leucocephalum, Pers., p. 144.
Sporangia, the first closed Io.

Physarum sinuosum, Bull., p. 157.
Plasmodiocarp, natural size; 6a, & 4.

Physarum ditmart, Rost., p. 155
Groups of sporangia X 3 and by 8.
Spores X 750.
A drawing illustrative of the capillitium of this species was by acci-
dent unfortunately omitted.
Tilmadoche viridis, Gmel., p.-152.
A single sporangium XX 25; 8a, reverse.
The same after spore-dispersal.
Capillitium xX 750.

PEATE Vil.

\ |
q
y
ty,

AR TENET

MARY P. McBRIDE, DEL.

r

hols 404

Re :

a“ he,

a et

= — =

= [a

ht F sf
Mia 2
ees
a ~ Ae
i aa >»:

7 ;

=

~ » &-=

Oa arate

ros
cyl

ae 5
a

r. Ob,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Physarum didermoides, Ach., p. 154-
Sporangia X I5.
A single sporangium open; shows calcareous capillitium x 15.
Spores X goo.
Physarum leucopheum, Fr., p. 156.
A cluster of sporangia X 15.
A single sporangium, open X I5.
Spores X goo.
Physarum contextum, Pers., p. 157.
A group of sporangia x 15.
Spores of the same X 600.
Physarwm cinereum, Batsch., p. 155.
A group of sporangia X 4.
A single sporangium X 20.
Capillitium of the same X 240.
Spores X 450.
Physarum auriscalpium, Cke., p. 158.
Sporangia X 5.
Spores of the same species x 450.
Capillitium of the same X 240.
Cienkowshia reticulata, A. and S., p. 150.
Plasmodiocarps about natural size.
A bit of the plasmodiocarp showing structure X 6.
A spore of the same species X 1400.
Physarum leucopus, Link., p. 156.
A single sporangium X 15.
A spore of the same species X 900.
A fragment of the capillitium.

ly ie EX.

MARY P. McBRIDE, DEL.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Badhamia rubiginosa (Ehr.), Cke. p. 159.

Fig. 1. <A group of sporangia & 5.
Pig. ra. ‘lwo sporangia, same species X 18 to show persisting capillitinm.
Fig. 16. Capillitium-fraginent & 240.
Fig. 1c. Spore of the same species & 750.
Fuligo varians, Somm., p. 160.
Fig. 1. An ethalium, natural size.
Fig. 2a. A section of the same Io.
Fig. 26. A spore of the same X 750.
Physarum ellipsosporum, Rost., p. 158.
Hig. 3) An ethalium borne upon a blade of grass, natural size.
Fig. 3a. Capillitial fragment from the same specimen X 450.
Fig. 36. Spores of the same x about 750.
Didymium proximum, B., and C. p. 145.
Fig.4. A single sporangium x 25.
Fig. 4a. The capillitium and fragment of the peridium of the same species,
X 380.
Fig. 42. A spore of the same species < tooo.

Trichia towensis, Macb., p. 133.
Tip of an elater X 1400.
See also Plate V, Fig. 4.

mn

Badhamia papaveraceay B. and R., p. 159.

0: Sporangia, a cluster x 8.
. 6a. A cluster of spores & 400.
g.66. Asingle spore of the same 1400.

Reticularia lycoperdon, Bull., p. 136.
7. A fragment of the capillitium x 240.

. 7a. A single spore of the same species X 1400.

hie ie

PiAine xX

SOOT

MARY P, McBRIDE DEL,

"F

j

Pa ea ener
meee a sey

to

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

PENTAMERUS DECUSSATUS. PAGE 164.
Front view of one individual with portion of a second individual
attached.
Dorsai view of a specimen of average size.

Profile view of individual illustrated in Hig. 2.

PLATE Xl.

McBRIDE, DEL.

P

MARY

aol
apeincti
Se

on

~

a rs
2

ay ae Rt INDY ieee » Ri am

LS)

to

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

SPIRIFERA URBANA. PAGE 166.
Dorsal view of type specimen.
Profile of same specimen.

SPIRIFERA MACBRIDEI. PAGE 166.
Profile of average individual of this species.
Cardinal view.
Dorsal view.

PENTAMERUS DECUSSATUS. PAGE 164.

Profile view of ventral valve of an elongate narrow individual.

PLATE XIl.

i

pk
ot

ile

A) I,
0 ivgrd (od Kate
Atanas wes cA sie 2d Qe nrosgertl -
aly ee il 3 ’ A Ren 4b. Regn
ern ae at Tis
= Lay : é PO co ele ie tpl;

5
19a) ehh

| gpg Nitody ae EMMaNE OE ef >
— a] a inde: fae eHasle SAM ADL OA iene

; ee | 73H Herault rrotsoe

india ” ify? welts WR HIS 4°: Rigi ssi! SPT

S sy
“brine geo #0 reno

week SIGUC

+

Sle Wel se yi £907. Jere
if ;

- bam Riga tater +7) SWAN atibo ae eo h seers!
yo .

st rr A eT

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.

Fig. 1. Diagram map of Rock River near its mouth. The lower part of the
diagram is not correct, as it represents the river as too nearly
westerly in its course.

a. and 6. Points between which sections were made.

c. Point near which the section represented in Fig. 2 was taken.

d. Sand-bar on which the shells are washed up in great numbers.
Fig. 2. Section taken at c, Fig. 1.

a, b,c. The three strata; 6 and c are stratified and laminated.

d. Deposit of loose sand.

e. Surface of water in Rock River at low water.

Fig. 3. @,6,c,d. Pyrgulopsts scalariformis (Wolf), Cail and Pils. & about 5.

PLATE XIil.

SINAN le FN A

BULLETIN

| LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

YH ON THE EARLY STAGES OF THREE NORTH AMERI-
CAN COLEOPTERA, By H. F. WickHAmM.

‘JI. REPORT ON AN ENTOMOLOGICAL RECONNOIS-

STATE UNIVERSITY OF JOwA.

SANCE OF SOUTHERN ALASKA,

FROM EUROPE, ; By H. F. WickHAM.
IV. REPORT ON ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS ON THE

LOWER SASKATCHEWAN RIVER,
By C. C. NuttTine.

PUBLISHED

By H. F. WickHAM.

Il. ON TWO SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA INTRODUCED

BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS.

IOWA CITY, IOWA:
JANUARY, 1893.

Var. Ef. ING: 3.

BELLE TIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF JOWA.

PUBLISHED
BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS.

1OW A CITY, IOWA:

JANUARY, 1893.

Secretary Wn. J. Happock:

We take pleasure in submitting herewith Bulletin No. 3,
of Volume II, from the Laboratories of Natural History,
State University of Iowa.

Tue Eprrors.

ON THE EARLY STAGES OF THREE NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA,
By H, F. WICKHA)

So little is known regarding the biology of our native bee-
tles that the writer considers no apology necessary in offering
the present contribution. The three species belong to as
many different families, and two of them to genera of which
the metamorphoses have not been made Known in our litera-
ture—Apipocus and Hilychnia.

Attempting to avoid that insufficiency of detail so noticeable
in many of the earlier descriptions, the writer hopes to be
pardoned if he has gone to the other extreme, and trusts that
the skeiches of dissections and the comparisons with allied
forms will not be useless. He also wishes to express his in-
debtedness for references, to Mr. Wm. Beutenmueller’s «“Bib-
hographical Catalogue of the Described Transformations of
North American Coleoptera,” an OE ee aid to students
of the life history of insects of this order.

DicLUS SPLENDIDUS, Say.

Color of larva dark blue-green, subopaque, space between
ends of scutes and the lateral margins of abdominal segments
brownish yellow; head reddish yellow; ventral surface more
blue than the dorsal, the parts of the integument not covered
by scutes, brownish-yellow.

Form rather elongate, fusiform, narrower anteriorly.

Head not deeply inserted in thorax, a little concave above,
beneath convex, slightly flattened, somewhat narrowed from
the point of the insertion of the antenne to the base. The

196 Natura History BULLETIN.

upper surface has a rather vague median groove, the remain-
ing points of sculpture corresponding tolerably well to the
description given of a Dicelus larva by Dr. Horn in the
Trans. Amer. Ento. Soc., VII., p. 37, though the lines are
well impressed. ‘The triangular impression on the under sur-
face of the head is well defined and extends quite to the basal
margin.

Eyes consist of six ocelli, around a raised dark spot imme-
diately behind the insertion of the antenne.

Antennz four-jointed, inserted immediately behind the man-
dibles, first joint shorter and stouter than the others, glabrous,
second more than twice as long, also glabrous except for a
few hairs near the tip, third a trifle longer, fourth a little more
slender and also longer; the last two joints are pubescent.

Mandibles rather long, arcuate, with a strong tooth at base
and with minute serrations internally.

Maxille with stout basal piece and two terminal appendages,
the outer the larger and having the basal joint as broad as
long, bearing stout bristles; second joint more slender, about
twice as long as broad, slightly bristled; third joint still more
slender and tipped with a tubercle, probably really a fourth
joint. Inner piece two-jointed, proportioned as in figure. Just
posterior to this is a third appendage, very small, two-jointed
(the second joint being very minute), the first joint bearing
a stout bristle.

Mentum broader than long, bearing short two-jointed palpi,
the joints nearly equal, the second oval.

Prothorax longer than wide, narrowed in front, angulate
behind the middle, and with a longitudinal well impressed me-
dian line for the entire length, on each side of which is a feeble
oblique impression. Except for one or two long bristles near
the posterior angles it is naked.

Mesothorax shorter and broader than the prothorax but
with about the same sculpture, metathorax still broader.

Abdomen. First segment shorter than the others, second to
eighth subequal. The dorsal surface of each bears a scute sim-

NortH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 197

ilar to the thoracic pieces but a little narrower, each scute hav-
ing a distinct median line and a large lateral fovea with raised
center, as well as the oblique impressions shown on the thorax.
The ninth segment is narrower than the others and bears two
long processes which apparently originate on the dorsal sur-
face of the segment near its base. Unfortunately they were
accidentally broken off in my specimen and I can judge only
from the broken surface as to the exact point of attachment.
These processes are seen under a high power to be minutely
rugose and are sparsely armed with small points. The
lateral margin of each segment of the abdomen is armed with
a corneous, tooth-like plate, bearing bristles. In ventral as-
pect each of the segments from the first to the seventh bears
six corneous plates arranged as shown in the figure, the large
anterior ones bearing sete which are directed backwards.
On the eighth segment all the plates except the lateral ones
are united, on the ninth they are all joined. Anus prolonged,
corneous, grooved beneath.

Spiracles nine on each side, the first pair situated under the
anterior angles of the mesothorax, the remainder in the dorsal
portion of the connecting membranes of segments one to
eight of the abdomen.

Legs gradually longer from the first to the third pair, coxee
conical, prominent, femora longer, larger towards the tip and
with a well defined oblique impression on the proximal half,
tibie about half as long, slightly enlarged towards the tip,
tarsal piece of the same length as the tibia and bearing two
equal claws.

This larva resembles very closely that described by Dr.
Horn (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., VII., p. 37) as either Decelus
splendidus or D. costatus, but from the fact that the present
specimen differs from his description in many details | infer
that in all probability the Doctor’s insect was of the latter
species, the resemblance of the larve being no greater than is
to be expected in forms so closely allied. Among the main
points of difference to which I would call attention are the

198 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

following—the stronger sculpture of the head, the apparently
stouter maxillz, the longer second dorsal segment of the ab-
domen and the difference in the ventral scutes—the two mid-
dle plates of the Doctor’s specimen coalescing to form one in
mine, the line of demarcation being simply impressed. In his
figures these plates are divided by a considerable space. The
difference in locating the spiracles is due, I think, to a slip of
the pen, when, on page 39 of the work cited, the remaining
eight spiracles (after mentioning the mesothoracic one) are
said to be placed in segments 1-7 instead of 1-8. For the
sake of lessening the labor of students who may wish to com-
pare specimens for identification with both, I have modelled
my description after that of Dr. Horn, and where his words
applied to my insect have not changed them.

The pupa, of which two views are given in the plate, is
remarkable chiefly for the great size of the head. The entire
length of the pupa is 16 mm., or excepting the protruding
hind tarsi, 15 mm. The palpi are very long and the sides
of the body, as well as the back, armed with numerous stout
bristles. Though nearly white at first, the eyes and jaws
soon darken. In fig. 1°, of the plate, the head is drawn a
trifle too smail.

Described from one of two specimens found under stones
on a damp hillside near lowa City, August roth. They were
fed in captivity on snails (Patiala alternata), which they at-
tacked, devouring nearly the whole animal, pushing their
bodies into the shell until only the tips of the long caudal
processes could be seen. In a few days one of them died,
the other pupated August 19th or 20th and the perfect insect
appeared ten or eleven days later.

Epipocus ciNctTus, Lec.

Color of larva, blackish brown above, yellowish beneath,
both on the thorax and abdomen.

Form sub-elongate rather depressed, the younger larve
proportionately longer than those about to be transformed into

NortH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 199

pup; the figure shows one somewhat extended, in life they
hunch up the back and appear relatively shorter, the head
being scarcely visible. Length g-r1o mm.

Head small, concave in front, somewhat narrowed behind,
thickly clothed with rather long compound scales of the form
afterwards described, each situated in a distinct puncture.
The intervening spaces are minutely roughened.

Eyes. After careful search I find only two ocelli situated
a little behind the base of the antenne.

Antenn@ inserted rather far back, at the sides of the head,
four-jointed, the basal joint large, wide, second joint about as
wide as long, third joint more than twice as long as wide and
tipped with a small sharp pointed tubercle which constitutes a
fourth joint. The third joint also bears, close to the tip, a
small bristle-tipped appendage which is drawn a trifle too
large in the figure. Excepting a few bristles close to the tip,
the antenne are quite naked.

Mandibles rather stout, arcuate, pointed at tip, armed on
the inner or cutting edge with five small teeth, the distal one
of which is the largest. -The outer portion is prolonged into
along, sharp, fang-like tooth. In the lower inner angle of
the mandible is a body of very fine consistence, extremely
thin and plate-like, fringed around the edge, it is shown in
fig. 2°.

Maxille with the inner part sub-triangular in outline, the
tip somewhat deflected outward, and covered with very small,
thick bristles, they might almost be called cusps. Palpus
three-jointed, the joints increasing in length and decreasing in
width from the first to the third. Mentum with short, two-
jointed palpi, the basal joint thick, the second more slender
and tapering.

Prothorax a little wider than long, angulate behind the
middle and bearing on each side of the median line a large
scute which is covered with scales or bristles of the form
shown in fig. 2'. The remainder of the surface is nearly
naked, presenting the appearance, under high power, of being

200 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

minutely roughened. Meso- and metathorax subequal, a little
shorter than prothorax, also with impressed median line and
scutes, the latter somewhat elliptical in form and depressed
at centers; the vestiture is the same as that of the prothorax
except that the scales are more numerous over that part of
the segment not covered by the scute. Each of the thoracic
segments bears a large lateral appendage which is covered
with long scales (fig. 2").

Abdominal segments 1-8, each with a central raised spot,
surrounded by a channel, and two pairs of lateral appendages
one dorsal and one ventral. The ninth segment has but one
pair. These appendages are clothed, like those of the thorax,
with long scales, the rest of the segment, excepting the ante-
rior and posterior margins, with short scales.

Spiracles. The first is situated on the under surface of the
mesothorax not far from the anterior angles; the remaining
eight pairs being situated near the anterior margin between
the lateral appendages of segments 1-8 of the abdomen.
Under the high powers of the microscope each spiracle is
seen to be surrounded by a ring of smooth, rounded spots
which I took, at first, to be additional apertures. The margin
of each spiracle is fringed with cilta.

Legs of nearly equal length, all rather short, bristled rather
heavily. The coxe are very long, the full length not being
shown in the sketch at fig. 2), though the proportion of the
other parts are well given.

This is a most remarkable larva, resembling, in many par-
ticulars, that of Aphorista vittata Fab., described by Prof. J.
B. Smith in the second volume of Entomologica Americana,
page 85, from which it presents, however, a number of curi-
ous divergencies. The vestiture, in the larva of Afzpocus,
consists of the remarkable scales figured, while that of Aphor-
tsta is composed, according to Prof. Smith, of numerous fan-
like clusters of hairs. In each case the scales or clusters
arise from distinct punctures.

The pupa is of the shape shown in the figure.’ The gen-

Nortu AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 201

eral color is a dirty yellowish white with two slightly darker
spots on the back at the base of the mesothorax, the series of
five spiracles on each side near the base of the lateral pro-
cesses being shining brown. ‘The processes are annulated by
a series of constrictions, and bristly; the wings pass under
the anterior and median legs and over the posterior pair, the
antenne overlying. the wings and hardly passing under the
anterior and median legs. Length 8 to 0 mm.

Larve and pupz were found under logs, in damp places,
in company with perfectly fresh specimens of the perfect
insect, at Columbus, Texas, a little before the middle of July.
The larve were of various sizes and are gregarious in habit,
emitting a milky fluid when disturbed or handled — they
vary somewhat in their proportions, those about to pupate
being shorter and broader. The pupz were attached by the
posterior extremity to the bark of the log, the larval skin ad-
hering as shown in the figure.

ELLYCHNIA CALIFORNICA, Mots.

Color of alcoholic specimen of pupa dirty yellowish white,
tinged with rosy on the middle of the prothorax, meso- and
metathorax, and all but the three of the dorsal segments.
The ventral segments also show this tinge.

Form rather broad, dorso-ventrally compressed; a fair idea
of the general appearance of this insect may be had from the
plate, of which fig. 3 represents a front, and 3* a side view.
The front and side margins of the prothorax are thin and some-
what widely explanate, covering the head; wings tucked
under the antennz and two pairs of legs but passing over the
posterior pair. Tarsal joints indistinctly marked. Sides of
abdomen doubly serrate, the points diverging.

Described from a specimen found by me under a log at
Fort Wrangel, Alaska, in June, 1891. As the pupa is some-
what shrunken from immersion in spirits, a description of the
depressions and elevations of the surface is apt to be rather
misleading ‘than useful.

REPORT ON AN ENTOMOLOGICAL RECONNOISSANCE OF SOUTHERN
ALASKA AND ADJACENT PORTIONS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.

By H. F. WICKHAM.

In the summer of 1891 the writer made a trip to the North
with the intention of making collections of the Coleoptera of
such portions of Southern Alaska as might prove accessible
with the few weeks of time and limited means at hand, believ-
ing that an examination of that region would be productive of
much of interest bearing upon Geographical Entomology.
Since the Russian explorations, made before the middle of the
present century, the results of which are embodied chiefly in
the writings of Eschscholtz, Mannerheim and Motschulsky,
but little has been added to our knowledge of the insect
fauna of our great northern territory. Even these works are
accessible to but a small minority of our American Entomol-
gists, and as a considerable proportion of the species enumer-
ated in the present paper are not mentioned elsewhere as
native to the Alaskan fauna it is hoped that this contribution
will prove acceptable.

The Coleopterous fauna of the Stikine River, on which sey-
eral days were spent, was heretofore practically unknown to
the world at large, the collections made by members of the
Telegraph Survey having been apparently, never worked up
for publication though many Coleoptera, part of which must
have been taken near the river, were distributed to different
collections. A list of Lepidoptera taken in the more or
less immediate vicinity of the river by Dr. G. M. Dawson
and his assistant Mr. J. McEvoy is published by Mr. James

ENTOMOLOGY OF SOUTHERN ALASKA. 203

Fletcher in the Report of the Geological and Natural History
Survey of Canada for 1887-88.1 If any Coleoptera were
taken they are not included in the enumeration of insects.

To students wishing to see material from the region treated
of, the following list of cabinets wherein more or less complete
sets of them have been placed by the writer may be of interest.
First in importance is the series contained in the National
Museum, complete or nearly so, in all orders but the Coleop-
tera; that of Dr. Geo. H. Horn in Philadephia for Coleoptera;
several of the larger New York collections and the Museum
of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada
also contain considerable series in this order, while a set, com-
plete except about half a dozen species, has been retained in
the cabinet of the writer, now deposited in the Museum of the
State University of Iowa.

To many friends, the writer is under obligation for aid in
correctly identifying the material brought back and for valua-
ble notes on distribution. Dr. Horn has kindly gone over a
very large part of the collection and Capt. Thos. L. Casey
has named the material in some groups of Staphylinide to
Which he has given special attention. To Dr. John Hamilton,
thanks are due both for determinations and notes, while
Messrs. Leng and Brendel have helped on the Cerambycidz
and Pselaphides. For an examination of the Aleocharini and
some other Staphylinide I am indebted to the distinguished
European writer, M. A. Fauvel, of Caen, France. Dr. Sel-
wyn has very kindly sent me the Reports of the Survey of
which he is Director and they have proved valuable in the
preparation of this paper.

1 Annual Report (New Series), Vol. III., 1887-88. The Report B, “On
an Exploration in the Yukon District, N. W. T., and an adjacent northern
portion of British Columbia,” by Dr.G. M. Dawson, contains a good map of
the Stikine River and has been consulted and followed in giving geographical
data.

204 NaturAL History BULLETIN.

Leaving Tacoma on the 17th of June, by the steamer
“Mexico” the first stopping place in Alaska was reached on
the 21st—the cannery at Yes Bay. Here, while the freight
was being discharged, I went ashore hoping to find some
good insects, but discovered that work in the Alaska forests
was going to be a different thing from that in the States.
The land is rugged and hilly, the ground damp and covered
with a rank growth of moss while the heavy growth of coni-
fers and dense underbrush made it almost an impossibility to
penetrate far from the beach. Any branches or other pieces
of wood that may fall or be left lying on the ground are soon
so firmly bound down by the network of roots which pene-
trate or moss that binds as to be nearly immovable, and any
insect resting beneath is safe from pursuit. All that could be
found were a few Pterostichus castaneus, some Staphylinide,
twenty or thirty littke moths and a fly or two. The moths
were flying about the flowers of the “devil’s club” (/a/sia
horrida) a rank, heavy plant, covered with prickles, scratches
from which sometimes cause considerable irritation; it is said
to be used by the natives in the treatment of venereal dis-
eases. The stop here was a short one and soon afterwards
the steamer touched at Loring where I got two or three
species of Scolytide flying around newly cut timber.

The next morning we reached Fort Wrangel which lies at
the upper end of Wrangel Island, almost directly opposite the
mouth of the Stikine River, in latitude about 56° 28’ N.
The village lies along a long narrow strip of beach while
back of it rise hills of considerable height covered with a
growth of conifers and the usual underbrush. Close to the
beach are dense thickets of salmon-berry and thimble-berry the
fruits of which are used for food though of rather poor flavor
compared with berries of more southern‘climates. These
thickets are plentifully interspersed with high nettles which
make collecting a rather arduous task.

At Fort Wrangel a cabin was secured and preparations
made for a stay of some length as this place was to be my

ENTOMOLOGY OF SOUTHERN ALASKA. 205

headquarters from which I hoped to make excursions to the
surrounding country. Investigation showed that the Coleop-
terous fauna of the island presented nothing very remarkable,
compared with other points in the North Pacific and was by
no means varied. The Carabide, Staphylinide, Elateridz
and Lampyridz were the families best represented, not, how-
ever, because of an unusual development of these families,
but because of a fading out of others more characteristic of
warmer climes.! A list of the species taken is appended to
this report so that a few more general notes are all that need
be chronicled here.

Along the beach, the debris cast up by the sea yields some-
thing, but not very much, an occasional example of A/eochara
sulcicollis Mann, with here and there an HYomalota being about
all. A little higher up, out of the reach of the high tide,
Cryptohypuus musculus Esch. was taken rather commonly,
resting under “shingle,” seldom under driit-wood. This
species does not occur in colonies of any size, usually only
from one to four specimens being sheltered by the same piece.
The pieces of drift cast high up afford protection to Cychrus
marginatus and a few Trichopterygide while the very few
Pselaphide taken occurred mostly in the same places.

Just outside of the village was a spot where a considerable
space, clear of bushes, was rendered almost a marsh by water
running over it from the adjacent hills. Many little blocks
and logs of wood were resting on the soft ground, half over-
grown with grass, and this proved the best place for Carabidze
that I found on the island. The following species occurred
in no other kind of situation: Pterostichus vitreus Dej., P.
riparius Dej., Loricera to-punciaia Esch., Bembidium jiavo-
pictum Mots., Bembidium cautum Lec., Patrobus septentrionts
Dej., and Platynus erastis Lec. Nearly all the water beetles
I got came from this little spot, searching the streams with
water nets yielding nothing.

1 See Dr. Leconte’s paper—“Report upon Insects collected on the Survey,”
page2. (U.S. P.R.R. Exp. and Surveys.)

206 NatTurAwu History BULLETIN.

Along the outskirts of the forest, flying slowly around, may
be seen Athous ferruginosus Esch., the most plentiful Elaterid
in this part of Alaska; any disturbance of the vegetation or
even the sound of footsteps seemed to start them up and they
flew aimlessly around, often alighting on my clothes or hands
and easily captured. When a log, deeply imbedded in moss
and grass, was turned over, these insects would come out
from resting places on or near the ground, running up the
stems of plants until a favorable place for starting was reached,
when they took wing. Occasionally a Corymdztes tarsalis
Melsh., or a C. caricinus Germ., might be seen with the Athous
and Podabrus piniphilus Esch., frequents the same situations.
In the deep forest but little could be found, the first half day’s
work yielding only six specimens, all of Pzerostichus castaneus
Dej.; these occurred under pieces of wood ina path. Care-
ful search among the deep moss proved fruitless.

The most productive plan of collecting proved to be set-
ting baits for carrion beetles, and with the object in view of
collecting such insects I piled up, in a little patch of brush a
few yards from my cabin door, all the bodies of birds whose
skins had been utilized for museum purposes. Every day this
heap of bodies was looked over carefully and all the loose soil
beneath taken up and sifted. In this way I managed to get
many good things, numbers of Staphylinide, some Choleva
egena Horn., Cercyon fulvtpenne Mann., C. adumbratum
Mann., Péilium columbianum Matth., and occasionally other
Trichopterygide. The Longicorns and Chrysomelide evi-
dently did not thrive on the island; two specimens of Opsemus
guadrilineatus Mann., and a single Phymatodes constituted the
entire representation in the former family while the latter did
not appear at all. Beating trees was tried but the only result
proved to be Dlagdalis enescens Lec., and this very rare.

Little can be said here regarding the other orders of insects,
a list of which will very probably be published later by the
authorities of the United States National Museum. Lepi-
doptera were not common, neither were Hymenoptera though

ENTOMOLOGY OF SOUTHERN ALASKA. 207

one species of Humble-bee was seen in some numbers around
a little patch of white clover. Diptera were numerous in
individuals but apparently not in species, the Orthoptera
were not represented at all. A fine Dragon-fly was not par-
ticularly rare but I got no specimens of it.

On the 27th of June I left with two men and a canoe for
the mainland, intending to run into a bay about twenty-five
miles distant, send the men up the mountain after goats while
I collected insects. Two days’ hard and steady work brought
us to our destination where we camped in an old deserted
cabin, glad enough of any shelter after forty-eight hours spent
almost entirely in the rain. Not feeling equal to the work of
ascending the mountains next morning, as I was stiff and sore
from the previous exposure, I sent the men across the bay
after the goat while I made preparations to collect where I
was. Rain soon stopped me though, with little to show but
a Liparocephalus brevipennis Makl., a nice Staphylinid found
under seaweed. The morrow was clear and some very inter-
esting additions were made—Syneta simplex Lec., Leptalia
macilenta Mann., Pachyta monticola Rand., Corymbites carici-
nus Germ., C. tarsalis’ Melsh., and Anaspis rufa Say., on flow-
ers. A number of flies and bees, with a few Lepidoptera,
completed the day’s-catch and in the evening my men came
back without the goat. They had shot one high up on the
mountain but as the pelage was in poor condition and the labor
of bringing down the specimen so great, they abandoned it.
One of them brought me a specimen of Donacia femoralts
Kirby, taken from a snow bank at a high altitude, and one
each of Aros stmplictpes Mann., and LRhyncholus brunneus
Mann. We started back early next day, and with a favorable
wind for part of the distance reached Fort Wrangel about
midnight.

Sunday morning, the 12th of July, I took passage on the
steamboat “ Alaskan” for Telegraph Creek, the head of navi-
gation on the Stikine River. This boat was a small vessel of
about seventy tons burden and of very light draught, well

208 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

calculated to stem the current of a swift river like the one we
were to ascend. ‘Trips are made occasionally for the purpose
of carrying provisions to supply the miners between Tele-
graph Creek and the Yukon.

The Stikine is a large river flowing into the Pacific a little
north of Fort Wrangel; for a distance of about twenty miles
from the sea the general trend of the valley is east and west,
then the river bends in a quadrant of arc and assumes a nearly
due north direction which it maintains for about sixty-six
miles. Beyond this, the valley is continued in a nearly direct
northeasterly course to the vicinity of Dease Lake, but the
upper portion is occupied by the Tanzilla, the main river
entering this continuous valley from the southward.t The
stream is subject to annual freshets which make navigation at
times rather dangerous. It was just at the time when the
high water was supposed to be subsiding that I left Wrangel
for the upper river.

All went well for two days; we ran up, with an occasional
stop for wood, passed magnificent mountains and numerous
glaciers, some close to the river, others distant, reaching the
lower end of the Little Canon on the evening of the second
day. The water had been steadily rising again and it was
not without misgivings, that on the morning of the 14th,
the captain decided to make the attempt to run through this
gorge—dangerous at such a stage of water. A line was
taken ashore and both the wheel and capstan made to do duty
in propelling the boat up stream. Two-thirds of the way
through the canon an eddy swung the boat against a rock
and a very short time sufficed to sink her. Before she went
down, however, the captain had run her out of the lower end
of the canon, and the vessel sank, close to the bank, in almost
the exact spot where we had tied up the night before.

This place was my camp for several days and collecting
was resumed immediately. I was situated in a grove of wil-
lows and cottonwoods, with heavy undergrowth, and the high

1 Dr. G. M. Dawson, loc. cit., p. 47 B.

ENTOMOLOGY OF SOUTHERN ALASKA. 209

water seemed to have driven the insects pretty well together.
Wherever a lot of leaves had drifted into a hollow there were
plenty of Carabidz and a few beetles of other families. These
are enumerated farther on. The tents of the party seemed
to be quite attractive to insects, probably on account of the
large expanse of light colored surface exposed, and in the
mornings I often took a number of species at rest in such
places. These were mostly small species, Staphylinide,
Cryptophagide and the like, part of them such as are found
around houses and it may be that some of them were attract-
ed by the smell of food. The high hill close to the camp did
not support the same fauna as the river bottom—but little
was taken upon it besides a few Cvypiohypnus nocturnus,
which occurred under logs resting on nearly dry moss.

Here I stayed for five days, collecting while it was light
and retiring at night to my tent, made of a large quilt
stretched over three willow arches. It was impossible to
sleep except under shelter on account of the swarms of mos-
quitoes, which also made the work of collecting far from
pleasant. A little farther up the river some of the few white
residents wear hats with a bag-like gauze veil attached, after
the fashion of those used by bee-keepers; I tried wearing
mosquito netting over my face, but could not see through it well
enough to collect small insects and so had to go without other
protection than that afforded by smearing the face with a
mixture of oil of pennyroyal and alcohol. This will keep them
off for a time, but a fresh application has to be made every
few minutes.

Early on the morning of Sunday, the roth of July, I started
on up the river with a canoe-load of Indians who had been
camping near us for two or three days. They pulled their
large canoe (which would hold twenty men and was hollowed
out from a single tree trunk) through the canon by means of
a line, two them remaining in it to keep it off the rocks.
Meanwhile, after seeing them fairly started, 1 made my
way across the hill to the upper end of the canon through

°

210 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

one of the roughest and meanest pieces of woods it has ever
been my misfortune to see. Though the distance could not
have been more than two miles it took nearly as many hours
to walk through the brush before I struck the “blazed” trail
that I knew led to the place of meeting.

The Indians were there ahead of me and the trip up to
Glenora took very nearly two days of hard work, much of it
in the way of “poling” the canoe or by dragging it forward
with long hooked poles made by the natives to catch hold of
bushes or branches and so aid in the progress of their craft by
pulling. Running so close to the banks, which were over-
grown with brush, we could use only half of our large sail
except in making crossings where we often lost in a few min-
utes what had taken much hard work to gain. It was a wild
ride, many a time the water was so rough that we shipped a
good lot of it, and but for the perfect familiarity of the Indians
with the river we could have made no headway at all.

About five o’clock on the afternoon of the 21st we reached
Glenora, where, by the courtesy of Mr. George Pritchett,
the customs officer, I was installed in the old customs house
which has not been used as such since the time of the mining
activity several years ago. The village itself is almost de-
serted, except for afew Indians—of whose morals the less said
the better. Just above Glenora and for some distance up the
river is a famous berrying ground, and the Tahl-tan Indians
gather the berries for winter use, preparing many also to be
disposed of to the Coast Indians at Wrangel. Back of the
village, which is built on a flat close to the river, rise terraces,
and in the distance ranges of mountains are to be seen. The
climate is very different from that of Wrangel, being much
warmer in summer and colder in winter, the rainfall also much
less. The forest is not so dense, the trees smaller and the
underbrush not thick enough to oppose any great obstacle to
a man on foot. Berries of many kinds grow in great profu-
sion and of good flavor, contrasting with the insipid, water-
soaked fruits of the coast.

ENTOMOLOGY OF SOUTHERN ALASKA. 211

The Coleopterous fauna shows now more of an inland
character, reminding me closely of the Coeur d’ Alene district
of Idaho, not so much on the account of the identity of the
species as the general facies. Along the bank of the river, a
few species of /Vebria occur in more or less abundance be-
neath debris, in company with Patrobus aterrimus Dej., and
Platynus piceolus Lec. A few Sembidia may be found near
the water, and refuse matter on the sandy beach furnished a
number of A/eochare and flomalote. From under the bark
of a stranded log I took a number of Dryocetes affaber Mann.,
Polygraphus rujipennis Kirby, and Omalium pusillum Grav.
The hill fauna was entirely different, the proportion of Cara-
bide being much smaller; here were found Cy¢zlus trivittatus
Melsh., under burnt logs in company with Lemb:dium morulum
Lec., and an occasional Crypiohypuus nocturnus Esch. In
fungi a number of things were taken, Aleochara merens Er.,
Oxypoda sp., Gyrophena bihamata Vhoms., Tetratoma conco-
lor Lec., and Hallomenus punctulatus Lec. Iwas much sur-
prised to find a specimen of Platycerus depressus Lec., in this
high latitude (about 57° 50’ north) and so far inland as to be
comparatively little subject to the modifying influence of the
warm current which bathes the coast of Southern Alaska.
The altitude of Glenora must be near five hundred feet above
the sea level, and in the far North a slight difference in eleva-
tion has its effect on the temperature.

Unfortunately the bad food on which I had been living for
several days (all my provisions having been submerged in the
sinking of the steamer and thus rendered hardly fit for use)
had the effect of weakening me so much that I thought it
best, after two or three day’s work here, to accept the offer of
some prospectors, who were returning to the coast after a trip
in the Cassiar District, to descend the river with them. With
favoring wind and current we made the run to the mouth of
the river without further difficulty than a broadside collision
with a tree that had been washed across a channel usually
open.

212 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

The few days left before taking passage back to the States
were productive of nothing new, insects being much scarcer
than they were a couple of weeks earlier; and on the last day
of July I left again for Tacoma. A stop for freight at the
Indian village of Metlakahtla or Port Chester gave an oppor-
tunity for a little collecting, duly improved; the results being
a number of Pierostichus validus De}., and Pt. amethystinus
Dej., found under logs, a Batrisus zephyrinus Casey, Alega-
penthes stigmosus Lec., and Anaspis rufa Say, the last two on
flowers. A few examples of Vachinus debilis Horn, and
Quedius capucinus Gray., were taken under rubbish near the
beach. A few hours spent at Hunter’s Bay brought to light
species of much interest, some of which had not occurred
before on the trip. Among them were the rare Scydmenus
biformis Makl., Pedilophorus acuminatus Mann., and Tachinus
crotch Horn. From a cedar log a number of Xyloterus bi-
vittatus Kirby, and a very few Omalium lesicolle Makl., were
taken, just under the bark. This was the last stop made in
Alaska, and Tacoma was reached again on the 8th of August.

The following list of insects includes all the species of Coleop-
tera taken by mein Southern Alaska and the Stikine River
Valley of British Columbia. Great pains have been taken to
insure correctness of identification and all specimens in any
way doubtful have been submitted for examination to some of
the best specialists of this country and Europe, whose names
will be found on a preceding page. Each locality has been
taken up separately, and it will be seen that this mode of
recording captures has not entailed a great deal of repetition.
Some comparisons of this list with others-are give at the
close of the Report.

~

—

ENTOMOLOGY OF SOUTHERN ALASKA. 213
FORT WRANGEL, ALASKA.

CARABIDZ.

Cycurus ANGusTICOLLIS /7sch. in the heavy woods, some
distance back from the beach, in rotten logs. Occurred
at only one point on the Island.

CycHRUS MARGINATUS fisch. More common along the
beach, just above high water mark, under logs and
stones.

LorICERA I0-PUNCTATA Esch. Rare; two specimens from
a swampy spot near the beach.

NEBRIA MANNERHEIMIL fisch. One specimen with C. mar-
ginatus.

BEMBIDIUM FUNEREUM Lec.
BEMBIDIUM FLAVOPICTUM JZots.

BEMBIDIUM cAUTUM Zec. Found in company with the two
preceding species in wet places along the beach, where
fresh water has come down from the hills.

PATROBUS SEPTENTRIONIS Dey. Under logs, in wet places,
chiefly just back of the beach.

TRECHUS OVIPENNIS JJots. ‘Two specimens on the beach.

PTEROSTICHUS CRENICOLLIS Lec. Rare under logs near the
beach.

PTEROSTICHUS CASTANEUS ej. Only in the heavy woods,
especially along paths, under pieces of wood.

PTEROSTICHUS VITREUS Je. Near the beach, in wet spots,
in company with the next. ;

PTEROSTICHUS RIPARIUS Dey. Rare.
AMARA LITTORALIS Mann. Along the beach, not common.
Puatynus ERAsus Lec. In wet grassy places, under sticks.

Harpauus tnnocuus Lec. One specimen without record of
habitat.

214 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

DyTISCIDZ.

Hyproporus opiitus Lec. Found only under stones or
logs, in very wet places. Not common.

Acasus pisstmitis Sahlb. Inhabits with the preceding.

HypDROPHILID.

HELopHoRUS ANGUsTULUS Jann. One specimen without
record.
CERCYON FULVIPENNE (Zann. Rather common in decaying
flesh and in filth, with the next species. |

CERCYON ADUMBRATUM Jann. Not common.

CERCYON LuGUBRIs Payk. One specimen.

SILPHIDZ.

PELATES LATUS Jann. One specimen.

CHOLEVA EGENA /forn. Rather rare, except in one spot
where I took a number on and under a mass of decaying
flesh.

ANISOTOMA LATERITIA JZann. One specimen, found with
the preceding, is rather doubtfully referred to this spe-
cies.

PSELAPHIDA.

Tycuus PuBERULUS Lec. One example near the beach.

BryAxis ALBIONICA JZots. On the beach, under logs. The
reference to this species is not very certain, the speci-
mens differing somewhat in color from the types.

Faronus PARVICEPS J/ek/. Rare, occurs with the preced-
ing.
STAPHYLINID.
ATHETA CAPTATA Fauvel (in litt.). On and under decaying
flesh, with the following species of the genus.

ATHETA INGRATA Fazvel (2m lilt.).

ENTOMOLOGY OF SOUTHERN ALASKA. 215

ATHETA ALASKANA Fauvel (in litt.).

ATHETA OPACIPENNIS J/anzn.

ATHETA QUADRILLUM Fauvel (in lit.).

HoMALOTA PLANARIS J/ek/.

ALEOCHARA SULCICOLLIS Jann. On the beach, under sea-
weed.

ALEOCHARA CALIFORNICA Fauvel (zn litt.). No record of
the manner of occurrence was made.

MyYRMECOPORA PHYTOSINA Fauvel (zu ftt.). Found along
the beach. Rare.

BoLiTocHARA sp? Several specimens were obtained by sift-
ing over earth from beneath decaying flesh. .

QUEDIUS LIMBIFER Hforn. A few examples, seemingly a
variety of this species were found. -

QuEDius Lz&vicaTus Gy//l. Rare.

CREOPHILUS VILLOsUs Grav. In rotting flesh. Rare.

PHILONTHUS NEUS /foss7. Taken in filth and decaying
flesh. Not by any means common.

PHILONTHUS SIEGWALDI JZann. In excrement. Not rare.

PHILONTHUS MICROPHTHALMUS /forn. A female specimen
rather doubtfully referred to this species was taken here.

BAPTOLINUS MACROCEPHALUS /Vordm. Under bark of coni-
fers.

STENUS ADsPECTOR J/ek/. Under logs along the beach,
close to the edge of the woods. With it occurred the
following mentioned species and two unnamed ones. |

STENuS juNo Fabr. One female.

STENUS PTEROBRACHYS G. & H. Rare, two specimens
only.

STENUS MARITIMUS JMo/s. One example.

STENUS sf. One near venustus Casey and two indeterminata
are contained in the collection.

TACHINUS NIGRICORNIS J/aun. Common around decaying
flesh and other dead matter.

216 NaATuRAL History BULLETIN.

BoLETopius pimipiatus 4y. One specimen, the determina-
tion of which is a little doubtful.

OXYTELUS FUSCIPENNIS J/ann. In filth, not rare, occurs also
in decaying flesh.

LATHRIMAUM FIMETARIUM JZeki. Three or four specimens,
without special record.

OMALIUM FORAMINOSUM J7e@k/. Rare, found in rubbish under
decaying flesh.

Protinus sf. Two or three examples without record.

MEGARTHRUS ATRATUS J/ek/. Two specimens were taken
in rubbish.

SIAGONIUM PUNCTATUM Zec. One specimen in old wood.
This species has a very wide distribution as follows:

Pennsylvania, North Carolina, New Mexico (Collection
Hamilton), Arizona and Alaska (Wickham). In all these
cases it has occurred in mountainous districts.

TRICHOPTERYGID:.
PTiLIuM CoLUMBIANUM J/atih. Common in rubbish taken
from the ground under carrion.
Prinium coLuaANnt Jfekl, With the preceding.

Prenipium puLLUM ‘Zeki. In rubbish and on chips or logs
along the beach.

TRICHOPTERYX PARALLELOPIPEDA J/atth. Not common,
found more especially on the under surface of logs near
the beach.

TRICHOPTERYX Sf. Under logs.
CoccINELLID.

CoccINELLA NOVEMNOTATA /Zerbst. Three or four exam-
ples were taken on herbage.

CucujID&.

Cucujus CLAvipEs var. PuNIcEUS JZann.. One specimen
given me by Mrs. Millmore.

ENTOMOLOGY OF SOUTHERN ALASKA. 217

LATHRIDID.

LATHRIDIUS PROTENSICOLLis Mann. A number of specimens
were taken on the walls of my cabin, nearly all gathered
in a spot back of an old mirror.

CorTICARIA sf. One specimen.
ELATERIDZ.
EprpHANuS CorRNuTus #sch. Running on wood. One speci-
men.

CrRYPTOHYPNUS MUsCULUS “sch. Common on the beach,
under “shingle,” seldom under drift wood.

ELATER NiGRINUS Payk. One specimen from herbage.
ATHOUS FERRUGINOsUS “sch. Common on herbage and fre-
quently seen flying, especially when logs were moved.
CoRYMBITES LoBATUS sch. Rare, with the Adhous.
CoRYMBITEs TARSALiS JZe/sh. Rare, found with the preced-
ing.
CoRYMBITES CARICINUS Germ. Also quite rare in the same
situations.
LAMPYRIDZ.

Eros HAMATUS JZann. One specimen, at rest in the forest.

Eros AurorA /fferbst. A single example, also taken in the
forest.

ELLYCHNIA CALIFORNICA Mots. Rare on herbage along the
edge of the woods.

PoDABRUS PINIPHILUS Asch. On herbage, or flying, both in
the woods and along the edge. Rather common.

SCARABAIDA.

ApuHopius ALEuTuS “sch. Rare, found in dung.
AEGIALIA CYLINDRICA #sch. Found rarely along the beach.

CERAMBICYCID®.

OPSIMUS QUADRILINEATUsS J/ann. Rare. One specimen was

218 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

taken on the piling of the wharf, another on a fence
picket, in the evening.

PHyMATODEs ANEUS Lec. A specimen which may belong
here was found dead upon a window.

TTENEBRIONID A.

TRIBOLIUM FERRUGINEUM fabr. One specimen.
PHELLOPSIS OBCORDATA var. PORCATA Lec. Occurred once
on old wood.
MELANDRYIDZ.

Microscapua (?) arctica Horn (in litt.). Two specimens
of an insect closely allied to Mrcroscapha were taken
under a piece of bark resting on moss in the deep woods.
Owing to the activity of the insect (which resembles
Orchesia in its movements), a third specimen escaped.

CURCULIONID.

PLINTHUS CARINATUS Boh. One specimen from a sapling.

Hyxosius conrusus Arby. A single example was found
crawling on the door of my cabin.

Erycus morio Jfanu. One specimen from the beach.

TRACHODES PTINOIDEs Germ. One example near the beach.

MacpaALis AiNESCENS “ec. Very rare. Two or three speci-
mens were beaten from a small tree, called there the
“wild crab.”

MAINLAND NEAR WRANGEL ISLAND:

CARABIDZA.

Prerosticuus virreus Dej. Two or three specimens near
the beach.

HyYDROPHILID&.

CERCYON FULVIPENNE Mann. One or two specimens in
dung.

ENTOMOLOGY OF SOUTHERN ALASKA. 219

STAPHYLINID 2.

LIPAROCEPHALUS BREVIPENNIS J/ek/. On the beach, under
sea-weeds, very rare.

OXYTELUS FUSCIPENNIS J/ann. Rare, in dung.

ANTHOBIUM PoTHOS J/ann. Common on flowers.

ELATERIDZ.

ATHOUS FERRUGINOSUS F sch.
CoRYMBITES LOBATUusS sch.

CorRYMBITES CARICINUS Germ. All three species of Elateri-
dz were found on flowers, none of them commonly
however.

LAMPYRIDZ.

Eros stmpuicipes J/Zann. A specimen was brought by my
men from the high mountains, among the snow-banks.

PopABRUS PINIPHILUS “sch. On herbage, taken by sweep-
ing, not common.

CERAMBYCID.

LEPTALIA MACILENTA Jann. Very rare on flowers with the
variety frankenhausert.

PACHYTA MONTICOLA /tand. One specimen on flowers.

CHRYSOMELID.

SYNETA SIMPLEX Lec. Quite rare, on flowers of a large
bush.

DonaAcIA FEMORALIS Azrby. From snow bank on the high
mountains.

MorDELLID&.

ANASPIS RUFA Say. Common on flowers.

CALANDRID&.

RHYNCHOLUS BRUNNEUS JZann. From the high mountains,
under bark.

220 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

YES BAY, ALASKA.

CARABID.
PTEROSTICHUS AMETHYSTINUS Jey. Under logs in the forest.
PTERosTICHUS CASTANEUS Dej. With the preceding. —

STAPHYLINIDZ.
QuEDiIus FuLGIDUs Faby. One specimen, under a board.
STENUS ADSPECTOR J/ek/. One example.
ANTHOBIUM PoTHOos JZann. Two or three specimens on
flowers of the “ Devil’s Club.”
LAMPYRID&.

ELLYCHNIA CALIFORNICA JZ/of/s. One specimen on herbage.

LORING, ALASKA.

CARABID.
PTEROSTICHUS CASTANEUS Dej. One specimen.

ELATERID&.
ATHOUS FERRUGINOSUS /sch. One specimen, flying.

BuPRESTID&.
MELANOPHILA ATROPURPUREA Say. An individual of this
species was captured on the side of the cannery.
SCOLYTIDA.

XYLOTERUS BIVITTATUS Azrby. One specimen was taken on
the side of the cannery, in company with the two follow-
ing.

HyLASTES CAVERNOsUuS Z7mm. One specimen.

HyLuRGOPS RUGIPENNIS J/ann. ‘Two specimens.

HUNTER’S BAY, ALASKA.

CARABIDA.

CycHRUS ANGUSTICOLLIS /7sch. One specimen, under loose
bark and moss at foot of tree.

ENTOMOLOGY OF SOUTHERN ALASKA. 221

NortiopHitus sytvaAtTicus “sch. One specimen, under rub-
bish.

PTEROSTICHUS AMETHYSTINUS Yey. Under slabs of wood,
not common.

PTEROSTICHUS CASTANEUS Jey. Rare, with the preceding.

ScyYDM ZNIDZ.

SCYDMENUS BIFORMIS Mek/l. Very rare, found under chips
in the deep forest.

STAPHYLINIDA.
BAPTOLINUS MACROCEPHALUS /Vord. Under bark of conifers.
TAacuHiNus crotcHit Horn. ‘Two specimens, under filth.

OxXYTELUS FUSCIPENNIS J/ann. Rare, in filth.

OMALIUM PUSILLUM Grav. (/esicolle Makl.). Two specimens
under bark.

NITIDULID.

EpuR4A TRUNCATELLA JZann. One specimen, under bark.

BYRRHIDZ.

PEDILOPHORUS ACUMINATUS J/aunx. A single specimen was
taken at rest upon a freshly cut spot on the trunk of a
large conifer.

ELATERIDZ.

ATHOUS FERRUGINOSUS “sch. One specimen.

MorDELLIDZ.

ANASPIS RUFA Say. Two or three examples were taken on
flowers.

CURCULIONID.

PLINTHUS CARINATUS Bok. One example, on a log.

CALANDRIDZ.

RHYNCHOLUS BRUNNEUS Mann. One specimen, under bark.

222 NATURAL Hisrory BULLETIN.

SCOLYTID.

XYLOTERUs BIVITTATUS A7rby. Rather common; a number
of specimens were taken under the bark of a fallen
conifer.

PORT CHESTER, ALASKA.

CARABIDZ.

PreRosticHus vALIDus Yey. On the hills, under logs and
slabs of wood.

PTEROSTICHUS AMETHYSTINUS Dey. Not common.
PTEROSTICHUS CASTANEUS Dey. Quite rare.
HyYDROPHILID.

CERCYON FULVIPENNE JZann. One or two specimens, among
refuse near the beach.

PSELAPHIDZ.

BaTRISUS ZEPHYRINUS Casey. One specimen under a log.

STAPHYLINIDZ.

QUEDIUs CAPUCINUS Grav. Several specimens were taken

along the beach, in refuse, also a few higher up, among
the hills.

TACHINUs DEBILIS //orm. Rare; found with the preceding.
ELATERIDA.

MEGAPENTHES STIGMOosuS Lec. One specimen on flowers.
MorDELLID.

ANASPIS RUFA Say. One or two specimens on flowers.

STIKINE RIVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA.

All captures given under this heading were made, unless
otherwise noted, at the lower end of the Little Canon.

f
i
q
1

ENTOMOLOGY OF SOUTHERN ALASKA. 223

CICINDELID®.

CICINDELA OREGONA Lec. Three or four specimens of C.
repanda, referable to this variety, were found on a little
sand bar. They were so sluggish as to be easily capt-
ured by hand.

CARABIDZ.

CyCHRUS ANGUSTICOLLIS /7sch. One specimen of this species,
taken beneath a log, does not differ from the Coast form.

CyYCHRUS MARGINATUS /isch. A few examples found here
are less metallic and have the elytral margin less brilliant
than those found on the Coast, resembling in these par-
ticulars the variety I have elsewhere recorded from
Montana (Ento. News, I. p. 33). The thorax is also
apparently a trifle broader in proportion to its length.

ELAPHRUS PALLIPES form. Rare under leaves and sticks on
the flats.

OPISTHIUS RICHARDsSONII Azydy. One or two specimens were
washed out of the river bank just above the Canon.
NoTIopHILus syLvATicus #sch. One example, under leaves.
NEBRIA METALLICA Fisch. Several specimens of a very

pretty color variety were found, usually in hollows filled
with dead leaves but sometimes under sticks.

BEMBIDIUM FUNEREUM Lec. Not rare, under leaves.

BEMBIDIUM QUADRIFOVEOLATUM JZann. Taken with the
preceding.

TRECHUS CHALYBEUS J/anun. Common under leaves and
sticks, all over the bottom. |

PTEROSTICHUS VITREUS Dey. Rare, under pieces of wood,
with the next. -

PTEROSTICHUS LuczoTIT Ley. One specimen.
PTEROSTICHUS RIPARIUS //c7. Rather common; a very agile
little species, taken mostly under leaves. A single speci-

men was also found at a camp several miles farther up
the river.

224 NaturaL History BuLietin.

CALATHUS INGRATUS Dej. One specimen.

PLATYNus PicEoLus Lec. Not rare, may be found in damp
spots under any shelter.

HyDROPHILID.

CERCYON FULVIPENNE Mann. One specimen, in dung.

SILPHIDA.
SILPHA LAPPONICA /Zerdst. Rare, found running about the
camp.

ANISOTOMA LATERITIA Jann. Two or three specimens
taken here are doubtfully referred to this species.

AGATHIDIUM REVOLVENS Lec. Two specimens under dead
leaves.

STAPHYLINIDA.

ATHETA FUNGI Grav.
ATHETA DENTICORNIS Fauvel (22 litt.).

HETEROTHOPS DENTIVENTRIS Fauvel (772 litt.). Occurs with
the following species.

HETEROTHOPS FUMIGATUS var. CALIFORNICUS Lec. Rather
rare under damp leaves in little hollows.

QUEDIUS LIMBIFER fforn. Rare, under rubbish.
QUEDIUS HYPERBOREUS 7. One specimen only.
QueEbius L&vicatus Gyl/. One specimen.

CREOPHILUS VILLOsUs Grav. Found about the camps but
by no means abundantly.

PHILONTHUS SIEGWALDI J/ann. Not common, occurs under
rubbish.

BAPTOLINUS MACROCEPHALUS /Vordm. Rare, under bark.

STENUS SECTATOR Casey. Rare, on the river bank.

STENUS MAMMOpPs Casey. One specimen.

TACHINUS NIGRicoRNIS Jann. Around filth and camp
refuse, not rare.

ENTOMOLOGY OF SOUTHERN ALASKA. 225

BoLETosius sp. One or two specimens, presumably of an
European species, were taken here.

MYCETOPORUS SPLENDIDUS Grav. Rare, in fungi.
Oxyporus styeicus Say. One specimen, from a fungus.

PORRHODITES FENESTRALIS Ze¢/. Rare. Taken in the early
morning from the tent covers.

LATHRIM£UM ATROCEPHALUM Gy//. Rare, found with the
preceding.

DELIPHRUM BREVICOLLE J/ef/. Rare.

OLoPpHRUM PARCUM Lee. (77 Uitt.). Two or three examples,
with Lathrimeum. Captain Casey writes me that the
species is known by the above name in the Leconte
cabinet.

ANTHOBIUM POTHOS J/ann. Not common, occurs on flowers.
CucujID&.
Pepiacus Fuscus &r. Rare, found on the tents in early
morning.
CRYPTOPHAGID.

HENOTICUS SERRATUS Gy//. On the tents, in the morning,
with the next two species.

C:NOSCELIS CRYPTOPHAGA /tett. One specimen.
AToMARIA sf. Not common.
DERMESTID.
DERMESTES LARDARIUS Zinn. Taken in the camp, somewhat
rarely.
NITIDULID.
Epur@A AVARA ftand. One specimen, from my tent.
LATHRIDIID.

CoRTICARIA SERRICOLLIS Lec. One specimen, from the
tents.

CorTIcaRIA sf. One example, with the preceding.

226 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

TROGOSITID.

CaLitys scABRA Zhunb. One example, smaller than the
average, was taken from an old stump.

ELATERIDZ.
Tuarops RUFICORNIS Say. Found running over a_ fallen
trunk of cottonwood. One example.

CRYPTOHYPNUS NocTURNUS “sch. Several examples were
found under a dry log, on top of the hill at the lower end
of the Canon.

ELATER BEHRENSII (Zorn. One specimen was given me by
a miner.
ATHous FERRUGINOSUs Asch. Rare, on herbage or flying.

CORYMBITES UMBRICOLA Asch. One specimen, without notes.

BuPRESTID A.

MELANOPHILA ATROPURPUREA Say. Rare, in the camp.

BupRESTIS FASCIATA var. LANG JZann. A specimen of this
species was given me by Jules Carle, a miner; he took it
somewhere on the river, but whether at the Canon or
farther up is uncertain.

LAMPYRIDZ.

PoDABRUS SCABER Lec. One example.

MALACHIID A.

DasyTEs Hupsonicus Zec. Two or three specimens were
found on the tents.

SCARABAIDA.

ARGIALIA RUFESCENS //orn. One specimen at the Canon,
under leaves; three or four more were found farther up
the river, beneath a chip of wood half buried in the sand. ,

ARGIALIA CYLINDRICA sch, Rare, among dead leaves in
the river bottom.

ENTOMOLOGY OF SOUTHERN ALASKA. 227

CERAMBYCID.

AsEMuM McstuM fa/d. A specimen, in very bad condition,
was among the insects brought back by Mr. Carle.
XYLOTRECHUS UNDULATUS Say. One specimen, Mr. Carle.

LEPTALIA MACILENTA Jann. One example, in the camp.

PACHYTA LITURATA Azrby. To this species I refer three
examples, given me by Mr. Carle. They are much
larger than a specimen from Laggan, Alberta, given me
by Mr. Bean, and with the dark markings of the elytra
much more distinctly defined.

LEPTURA CANADENSIS fad. One specimen, on tent cover.

MoNOHAMMUS SCUTELLATUS Say. Three specimens, from
Mr. Carle.

TENEBRIONIDZ.
PHELLOPSIS OBCORDATA var. PORCATA Lec. Two specimens
were found on a woody fungus.

Upis CERAMBOIDES Lzmm. From Mr. Carle. Two speci-
mens. ,

SCAPHIDEMA PICTUM AHforn. An individual was found here,
with the upper surface of a uniform greenish black, very

different from the variegated form found in Northern
Idaho.

CEPHALOIDZ.

CEPHALOON TENUICORNE Lec. One specimen, at rest in the
camp.

CALANDRIDZ.

RHYNCHOLUS BRUNNEUS JZanun. One specimen, under bark.

GLENORA, BRITISH COLUMBIA.

CICINDELID2.

CICINDELA REPANDA var. OREGONA Zec. Along the river
bank, here, and also a little farther up, at Buck’s Bar.

228 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

CARABID.
OPISTHIUS RICHARDSONII Azrby. Rare, on the river bank.

NEBRIA METALLICA Fisch. Under logs and debris along the
bank of the river, in company with the three following:

NeEBRIA HUDSONICA Lec. Very rare.

NEBRIA SAHLBERGI /7sch. More numerous in specimens
than either of the preceding, but still not common.

NEBRIA MANNERHEIMII Fisch. Three specimens.

BEMBIDIUM PLANATUM ZLec.. Two specimens, on the river
bank.

BEMBIDIUM PLANIUSCULUM JZann. Rare.

BEMBIDIUM QUADRIFOVEOLATUM J¥/ann. Under debris, in
wet places.

BEMBIDIUM sTRIOLA Lec. A single specimen, varying from
the typical form, is referred here.

BEMBIDIUM LUCIDUM Lec. One specimen.

BEMBIDIUM MORULUM Lec. <A very few of these were found
well up on the hills, under burnt logs.

PaTROBUS ATERRIMUS Ye. Along the river bank under
rubbish not common.

PTEROsTICHUS LUCZoTU Ley, One specimen, with the pre-
ceding.

PTEROSTICHUS RIPARIUS Dey. Rare, near the river.

AMARA REMOTESTRIATA Ley. One specimen, under a log.

AMARA BRUNNEA Gyl/. Two or three examples, with the
preceding.

CALATHUS IMPUNCTATUS Say. One specimen.

PLATYNus PICEOLUS Lec. Not common, along the river.

Harpatus cautus Ley. Two or three specimens, under
pieces of wood.

HARPALUS RUFIMANUS Lec. One specimen.
SILPHIDZZ.

SmrpHA LAPPONICA fferést. I did not see many specimens,

ENTOMOLOGY OF SOUTHERN ALASKA. 229

though it is said to be at times very destructive to dry and
drying salmon, which forms an important article of food
all along the river. It is called by the residents and
miners, the “Salmon bug,”

CHOLEVA LURIDIPENNIS J/ann. One specimen in dung.

STAPHYLINID.

ATHETA SUSPECTA Fauvel (in itt.). Common in fungi.
ALEOCHARA MCERENS £7. In fungi, not rare.

Oxypopa sf. In fungi.

GYROPHZNA BIHAMATA Thoms. Not common, in fungi.
Srenus Bipunctatus Er. One example, near the river.

TACHINUS SEMIRUFUS Horn. In refuse on the river beach,
rare.

OXYPORUS RUFIPENNIS Lec. One individual, in a fungus.
PLATYSTETHUS AMERICANUS Zr. Very common, in dung.
OMALIUM PUSILLUM Grav. Taken under bark, in company
with some Scolytide. Rare.
CRYPTOPHAGID.
AToMARIA sf. Rare, on wood.

ByRRHID.

CYTILUs TRIVITTATUS Welsh. Rare, on the hill-sides, under
burnt logs. This apparent preference of Byrrhide for
burnt wood has been noticed by me elsewhere. (Ento.
News, I., p. 34).

ELATERID.

CRYPTOHYPNUS NocTURNUs Esch. Rare, on hill-sides, under
burnt logs.

BUPRESTIDZ.
BuPRESTIS STRIATA var. LANGI J/aun. One specimen was

taken on a building, another was given to me as coming
from Buck’s Bar, six miles farther up the river.

230 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

MALACHIDA.

DasyTEs HuDsoNIcus Lec. One specimen, without record.

LUuUCANIDZ.

PLATYCERUS DEPREssuS Lec. One specimen was found
beneath a log.

CERAMBYCIDA.

LEPTURA SUBARGENTATA Azrby. A single specimen, on
flowers.

CHRYSOMELID&.

ADIMONIA EXTERNA Say. One example of this fine species
was found beneath a log.

MELANDRYID&.
TETRATOMA cCoNcOLOR Lec. Found rarely, in fungi.

HALLOMENUS PUNCTULATUS Lec. Found rarely, in fungi.

CuURCULIONID.

TRICHALOPHUsS ConsTRICTUs Lec. A specimen, without head
or thorax, was found on the hill-sides, and is doubtfully
referred here.

CEUTORHYNCHUS sp. Several specimens of a small species
were beaten from herbage.

ScoLyYTIDA.

DRYOCETES AFFABER J/ann. Dug from a log, in some
numbers.

POLYGRAPHUS RUFIPENNIS Avzrby. With the preceding, but
rare.

In order to show some of the geographical relations of the
Coast and Stikine River I have made out the subjoined table;
and while the deductions made therefrom cannot be considered

1

ENTOMOLOGY OF SOUTHERN ALASKA. 231

mathematically exact they are at least approximately correct,
and, it is hoped, will save those interested much weary labor
in searching for data. Some of the lists were not easily com-
pared, one or two being encumbered with much synonymy
that had to be unraveled before any definite results could be
arrived at. The following have been used, as the best expo-
nents of the faunz to which they relate.

The Coleoptera of Michigan. H.G. Hubbard and E. A.
Schwarz. Here are listed 1231 species and varieties from
Lake Superior, and 1786 from the lower peninsula of Mich-
igan.

List of Ottawa Coleoptera. W. H. Harrington.

List of Coleoptera by Dr. A. S. Packard in his work on
“The Labrador Coast.”

Vega-Coleoptera und Hemiptera. I have used the list
given by Dr. Bergroth in Entomolog. Nachrichten, 1885.
This relates to the insects brought back by the Vega from
Behring Strait and the Chuck-chee peninsula.

Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Mt. Washington, N. H.
E. P. Austin.

Notes on Coleoptera found at Fort Simpson, Mackenzie
River. Dr. J. L. Leconte. I owe to the kindness of Dr.
John Hamilton, 2 manuscript copy of this list.

The Coleoptera of the Alpine Rocky Mountains, Parts I
and II. Dr. J. L. Leconte.

With this mention, the following table explains itself: The
first column of figures shows the number of species, of that
part of the Alaskan Coast treated of in the foregoing pages,
which are found also in the localities set opposite: the second
and third columns dealing in the same way with those of the
Stikine Canon and Glenora. The fourth, fifth and sixth col-
umns show what percentage of the fauna of their respective
headings is derived from, or common to, localities of which
lists are compared.

232 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

TABULAR COMPARISON OF LISTS.

ee O—K—e

Found | Vo. of
Found | also at | Found \ Percent.|Percent| Percent \species
also in |} Little | also at im at Little| at in

Alaska. \ Canon. \ Glenora.\ Alaska. | Canon.| Glenora.| List.

es f YS | |

Ieake Op... (22.3 5.f22. 2 EZ 2/22 37... .\42/50 aheee
Mich.Pen. 24...) (T5902 fh Osa sna 25 20 1786
Opa wef s8 (Ue eoclba ss. One thy 23 15 1022
abradors. 53. sn) Orieccl aes é lro...|r0 53
Behring St..| 1. re ee Fare Me I O. O (Oe
Wihite (Mis..|f0::|.)) ADE. A, Se eet LO 18.12 5.6) eee
PML Sim psoas) "Ose e AL tla ne fo) Wo otl. 7. See
Rocky Mits.|02\46.O..510O, ine 17..:|40° 2.)0eae
So. Alaska1|—....|20....] 4... .|— 33....{10° 3s eee
Stikine Gauls alee ED sic e «(2020's ss «3 27s
Glenora.i.) 4a. Ere eno) Doe 46

These figures would seem to indicate:

1. That the fauna of Southern Alaska is less closely
related to our alpine, northern inland, or north-east coast
faunz than is that of the Stikine Canon or of Glenora.

2. That the Stikine Canon fauna is more closely allied to
that of the North and East than is that of the coast, and
about the same as is that of Glenora.

3. That the chief relations of all three are in the direction
of Lake Superior: with larger lists this affinity might turn to
the Rocky Mountains, especially in the case of Glenora.

Regarding the affinities of the faunz of the Coast, the Stik-
ine Canon and Glenora among themselves we find:

4. That one-sixth of the Coast species extend up to the
Canon while only one-thirtieth reach Glenora. |

3. That the last-named fauna is much more nearly allied
to that of the Canon than to that of the Coast; nearly one-

1 In making out percentages, this and the two following have been reckoned
at 100, 60and 40 respectively, as several of the Aleocharini are not available
for comparison with other lists on account of bearing only manuscript names,
and of this group not having been worked over in compiling most of the cata-
logues consulted.

:
9
{

ENTOMOLOGY OF SOUTHERN ALASKA. 233

fourth of the Glenora species are found also at the Canon
while only about one-eleventh extend to the Coast.

6. That the fauna of Glenora is apparently less related to
that of the Coast than to that of the interior or of the North-
east; and

7. That the fauna of the Canon is more closely related to
that of the Coast than to that of the interior or the East.

Reference to the accompanying maps will throw some
light on the problems here suggested. Glenora is on the
inside of the great Coast Ranges while the Little Canon is
regarded by Dr. Dawson as marking the head of the old salt-
water inlet that has been silted up. This would account for
much in the distribution of the species in question. The cli-
mate of the country above the Canon is also much dryer and
with greater extremes of heat and cold than on the Coast.
Aside from the influence of the barrier of the Coast Mountains
interposed between faunz which might tend to intermingle,
the change of plants consequent upon difference in climate on
opposite sides must also have its effect on the insects depend-
ent on vegetation for foqd.

These, then, are the conclusions as to probable faunistic
affinities to which our figures seem to lead us; and while
they may be modified with larger collections before us, it is
hoped that these notes, made before the hand of civilization
has swept away the native fauna and replaced it by one of its
own, will not lose their value.

ON TWO SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA INTRODUCED FROM EUROPE,

By H. F. WICKHAM.

During the summer of 1887, a specimen of the common
European Aphodius fossor Linn. was captured at lowa City.
This species was introduced into the New England States
many years ago and has thus far been reported from New
Hampshire, Vermont, Canada (Ottawa and Trenton), and
Detroit, Michigan. I have not heard of its occurrence farther
west than Iowa City and it has been taken here but once. It
will be interesting to note whether it will increase in numbers
to such an extent as its relatives, A. granarius, A. inguinatus
and A. jfimetarius—all originally European though now more
common than any of the native species in this part of the
State.

After a recent visit of his to the South-western part of
Iowa, Prof. Shimek handed me, among other Coleoptera
which he had taken there, a species of A*hinoncus. ‘This I
sent to Dr. Wm. G. Dietz, of Hazleton, Pa., a competent
authority on Rhynchophora, and he pronounced it a typical
specimen of /thinoncus inconspectus Hbst., a species well
known in Europe, but not until now noticed as a member of
our fauna. Two other European species of this genus are
already naturalized in America and it is likely that this also
has come to stay.

PLATE I.

Dicelus splendidus Say.

1. Larva, full grown, about natural size

. Ila. Pupa, front view.

= to) Pupa;(sidesview:

pote. Maxilla,

. Id. Mandible.

. te. Surface of ventral segment showing arrangement of plates.

Epipocus cinctus Lec.

ae Larva, from above.

. 2a. Pupa, dorsal view.

. 26. Antenna.

. 2c, 2d, 2e, and 27. Mouth parts, dissected.
. 2g. Abdominal spiracle, much enlarged.
. 2khand 27. Scales, highly magnified.

. 27. Leg, anterior.

. 2k. Mouth parts zw situ.

Ellychnia californica Mots.

. 3. Pupa, front view.
. 3a. Pupa, side view.

A i ae c a a mh
, 7 Me
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4 .
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cate Teh Swen
capo aby
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FPLEATE

H. F. WICKHAM, DEL.

od eo |

oS

ea :
PRINCE DPF WALER of aa

= LAGO A id 5}
OP rai
ras Dee
‘Kap of Southern loka St f}

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And ayacent portvon

~ Ofter Pe-Gm Dawson's May of 1885 - uv |
baanvorré

. Reer. Geou. Sun. CaxaDA - QUEEN y

ort 27 ae

soos
British Columbia. Soc ee vA a

H, F. Wickham, Del.

PLATE Ill.

———

COURSE or THE
STIKINE RIVER.
Adap Fea from bday
. te accompany Repack
- OF VEG Mt DAaGa -
Geok-.Guc. | Cauca
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REPORT ON ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS ON THE LOWER
SASKATCHEWAN RIVER,

By G2 o:, NULLING:

During the months of July and August, 1891, the writer,
accompanied by Messrs. Frank Russell and A. G. Smith, was
engaged in collecting and studying the animals, particularly
mammals and birds, of the lower Saskatchewan River. Few
persons who have not visited that region have an accurate
conception of the extent of the water systems in British
America. Here is a river, navigable for fourteen hundred
miles, emptying into a lake nearly three hundred miles long,
and both are little more than names to most people. Lake
Winnipeg receives most of its waters from two sources, the
Red River of the North flowing from the south into its
southern end, and the Saskatchewan River, flowing in an
easterly direction from the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains
to the northern end of the lake, a distance of almost two
thousand miles, as the river winds. Lakes Winnipegosis and
Manitoba, a short distance to the west of Winnipeg, are con- |
nected with each other by the Waterhen River, and with
Lake Winnipeg by the Little Saskatchewan River. Lake
Winnipeg is connected with Hudson’s Bay by Nelson River,
the whole forming a water system of vast extent, draining a
region from the Rocky Mountains to Hudson’s Bay; a system
almost comparable in extent to that of the Mississippi River.
From the Saskatchewan River to the Polar Sea is one inex-
tricable maze of lakes, rivers and marshes, one of the great-
est palustral regions in the world, perhaps, and the breeding
piace of most of our migratory birds.

236 NatTurRAL History BULLETIN.

The American Continent, from the Gulf of Mexico to the
Arctic Ocean, offers no barrier to distribution or migration,
thus presenting an exceptional opportunity for the study of
geographical distribution unimpeded by barriers, as well as an
almost unequalled field for the investigation of the problem
of the migration of birds, a migration which in some species, at
least, extends through a distance of sixty degrees of latitude,
or over four thousand miles on the American Continent.

The region which forms the subject of this report is one
of unusual zodlogical interest, being to a certain extent char-
acterized by an intermingling of eastern and western, arctic
and temperate faunez. So far as I was able to ascertain, no
naturalist had ever worked in this immediate region before
our advent. Two main stations were occupied, from which
side excursions were made. Our first station was at the Hud-
son’s Bay Company’s Post, at Grand Rapids, where the Sas-
katchewan River empties into Lake Winnipeg, at about lati-
tude 53°, 10’; long. go° 30’. Besides the Hudson’s Bay Post,
there is a station of the A. Booth Packing Company of Chi-
cago, whence the famous Lake Winnipeg white fish are sent
to the markets. Our party was indebted to the agent of this
company for the comfortable house in which we lived and
worked while at Grand Rapids. The whole region is covered
with dense forests of conifers and poplar. ‘There is quite a
high ridge of rock which reaches the lake about three miles
north of the mouth of the Saskatchewan River. The forma-
tion is Upper Silurian and the principal paleontological feature
is a fine brachiopod Pentamerus decussatus, of which our party
secured a large series.

In the vicinity of the fort, and for some distance to the
south-west, the land is at least not under water, but to the
south, back from the river, the country is what is locally
termed “muskeg,” a region harder to penetrate and work in
than any other ever seen by the writer, who has had some
experience both in the Rocky Mountains and the Tropics.

1 See Vol. II, No. 2, of this Bulletin.

ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 237

Imagine a perfectly flat region covered with a dense forest of
dead conifers, which have fallen over each other in a perfect
maze, here piled up and there scattered as if by a cyclone
among the still numerous standing trees. Imagine a thick
growth of wiry bushes and rank grass to have interlaced itself
with the fallen tree tops, stumps and trunks, the ground being
covered with standing water from six inches to three or four
feet deep. Such is the muskeg, a country offering almost
insurmountable difficulties to the explorer or hunter. The
inanimate obstacles are bad enough, but when dense clouds
of vicious mosquitoes, swarms of “black flies,” and hordes of
immense horse-flies, called “bull dogs,” are added, it will be
seen that naturalizing in such a region is no holiday sport.
The stoutest clothes are torn to tatters after a few hours of
plunging through the half submerged bushes and snags,
the stoutest heart quails before the onslaught of the mosqui-
toes!, and the staunchest morality grows shaky under the
attacks of the terrible black flies, which draw blood at every
bite.

On one occasion we were forced to spend a night trying to
work a canoe down a stream which ran through the muskeg,
and a more pitiable lot of naturalists could not be imagined
than appeared at our camp next morning. Mr. Russell’s face
was so swollen that his eyes were’ shut tight, incapacitating
him for work. Mr. Smith and myself came near meeting the
fate of the last survivors in Byron’s “Dream of Darkness:”
«Even of their mutual hideousness they died.” I dwell upon
this for the purpose of giving some idea of the most charac-
teristic feature of the region, and the severe hardships which
must be endured by the naturalist in the muskeg, which
covers thousands of square miles in the North-West Territories
of Canada.

1S. H. Scudder, in his “ Winnipeg Country,” grows eloquent on the subject
of these mosquitoes, which he calls “ The yellow-jackets of Culex land, illim-
itable in numbers, ubiquitous, insatiable, indomitable, hot-tongued, with all the
spirit of the Furies.”

238 Natura. History BuLuetin.

The Hudson’s Bay Company is all powerful throughout
the entire Saskatchewan country, and indeed all of Northern
British America. It has absolute control in fact, if not in
name, of every Indian in that domain, and the result is highly
creditable to the company. I had my tent pitched in the
middle of a settlement of the Swampy Cree Indians for sev-
eral weeks. I could speak no Cree, and very few of them
any English. In my tent was wealth, in their eyes, in the
shape of ammunition, camping outfit, guns, provisions, etc.,
which was daily left unprotected, and not a cent’s worth was
taken. I could not help the reflection that such a procedure
would not be safe in any American village of my acquaint-
ance. ‘The Hudson’s Bay Company has always kept tts word
with the natives, correctly representing the quality of all goods
sold to them. Absolutely no liquor is sold to the indians
so far as we could ascertain, and the result is that the Swampy
Cree, although shiftless and improvident to the last degree, zs
honest, and his word can be depended upon. During hard
winters the company will tide over the Indians by supplying
them with provisions on trust, and I was told by the com-
pany’s agent that these debts were almost never repudiated.

Our second station was the Cree village of Chemawawin,
about sixty miles to the west of Grand Rapids. To reach it
we went around the Rapids by a portage, and up the Sas-
katchewan River to Cross Lake, about ten miles wide, and
then to the “Narrows,” near the spot where Cedar Lake
finds an outlet via the Saskatchewan. Clear Lake is said to
be forty miles wide, and Chemawawin is near the spot where
the Saskatchewan enters the lake. This latter point, by the
way, is regarded by the inhabitants as the true mouth of the
Saskatchewan River, although Grand Rapids is doubtless

1 Of course it can be said that the Indians are completely in the Hudson’s
Bay Company’s power, and so are forced to pay; but it is equally true that
our western Indians are completely in the power of ihe United States Gov-
ernment, but a comparison of the results would be a sad commentary on our
Indian policy.

‘i

ZoO6LOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 239

better entitled to the honor; for here the magnificent stream
at last debouches into the broad expanse of Lake Winnipeg.

There was considerable excitement at the time of our visit,
over the discovery of amber on the shores of Cedar Lake.
Amber certainly is found there, but so far in such small pieces
that its value cannot be very great; but the amber fever was
raging fiercely, and an otherwise sensible gentleman calmly
informed me that he thought there was half a million dollars
worth of amber on his claim, and was living in constant terror
lest said claim be jumped.

Excellent examples of the power of ice to transport rock
are found on the southern shore of this lake, where masses
of boulders have been shoved up on the bank in wild confu-
sion.

The village of Chemawawin is composed of, perhaps,
twenty tepees or lodges of Indians, who subsist largely on
the white-fish and sturgeon, abounding in the river. In win-
ter they hunt and trap, exchanging the proceeds for blankets,
clothing and provisions at the Hudson’s Bay Post, about a
mile from the village. They have their own school taught
by Mr. Bear, an educated Cree Indian, and religious truth
is dispensed to them by the Rev. Mr. Sinclair, of the
Church of England. A more simple minded and honest set
of people I never saw. Improvidence, as before indicated, is
their besetting sin, and they often go hungry in consequence.
They are skilful in canoe building, the most beautiful canoes
that I have ever seen being the work of these Indians. Iwas
told that a good canoe could be bought for ten or fifteen dol-
lars. The immense swamps and marshes around Chemawa-
win, and for many miles up the river, are the homes of
myriads of water birds. Ducks and geese are in incalculable
numbers, together with various less useful species. Swamp
loving Jcter7de are there in force, and the mosquitoes are
simply appalling.

240 NatTurRaL History BULueETIN.

CLass MAMMALIA.

Nothing more than a fragmentary list of the mammals of
this region can be given. Indeed, it may be regarded as
merely a preliminary list, which it is hoped will be greatly
extended in the near future by the researches of Mr. Frank
Russell, who is now working in that region in the interests of
this University.

OrvER RODENTIA.

LEPUS AMERICANUS Erxleben. A hare described by the
natives is either this or ZL. campestris.

ERETHIZON DoRSATUS (L). Porcupine. The quills of this
animal are used by the Canadian Indians to ornament their
birch bark work. The Iroquois especially, are skilled in dye-
ing these quills in brilliant colors, and working them into
fancy patterns in their birch bark baskets, mats, etc.

CALOYMS MICHIGANENSIS (Aud. & Bach.). Mouse. One
specimen secured at Chemawawin.

CasToR FIBER (L). Beaver. It is somewhat doubtful
whether the beaver occurs at present in the region under con-

sideration. One Indian seems to think that it is still to be .

seen, but Hudson’s Bay officers consider it scarce, and it does
not figure in their yearly returns of furs.

FIBER ZIBETHICUs (L). dusk Rat. ‘Musguash” of the
Indians. This is really the most important fur-bearing animal
of the lower Saskatchewan. We saw immense bales of their
skins packed for shipment. The skins are stretched on
frames to dry, the frames being fitted inside the skins, which
are stretched fur side in and packed in bales, each bale con-
taining, apparently, thousands of skins. The vast extent of
swamp and muskeg must be a veritable paradise for this ani-
mal, which seems to fairly hold its own in spite of the yearly

Zo6LOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 241

wholesale slaughter. The “musquash” plays a prominent
part in the Swampy Cree account of the creation, and appears
in much of the folk lore of that region.

Tamias ASIATICUS Gmelin. Chipmunk. Common. One
specimen secured.

Scrurus Hupsonius Erxleben. Chickarce or red squirrel.
So far as we could ascertain, the only representative of the
genus in the Saskatchewan country, and the most conspicuous
rodent around the Post of Grand Rapids, where it is even
more impudent and inquisitive than our common species.
Being seldom shot or molested by the natives, and spry
enough to keep out of the way of the pine marten, it thrives
and multiplies with little let or hindrance. Hawks are not
numerous, and so the little chickaree, free from the competi-
tion of the larger squirrels, and not greatly persecuted by
enemies, is getting along very well in the struggle for exist-
ence, and will doubtless survive nearly, if not quite, all the
larger mammalia of that region, even the “musquash,” which
is so unfortunate as to be useful to man in furnishing an
important item in the Hudson’s Bay Company’s annual ship-
ment. A fit example of the swrvzval of the insignificant.

OrpvpER UNGULATA.

CERVUS CANADENSIS” Erxleben. Wapiti. - American
Elk. Mr. Angus McLean, of the Hudson’s Bay Company,
informed me that these animals were to be found within about
thirty miles of Grand Rapids, and Mr. Hine, of Winnipeg,
said that they were most numerous “between the lakes,” that
is, between Lake Manitoba and Lake Winnipeg.

Auce atces (L). Moose. This noble animal is the
most common herbivore in the Saskatchewan region. Num-
bers are killed yearly near Grand Rapids, and two speci-
mens, male and female, have been sent to our museum by
an Indian hunter employed at the time of our visit. The

242 Naturat History BuLuetin.

writer made every effort to successfully stalk the moose
in summer, but met with complete failure. The Indians
claim to be able to do this, but although the most noted
hunters were employed by me, they failed as complete-
ly as I did. Indeed, I cannot see how it is possible to trail
these wonderfully alert animals through the woods in summer,
without making some noise. The ground is usually boggy,
and even an Indian will make a noise when withdrawing his
foot from a mud-hole. Concealed dry twigs are everywhere,
and being hidden in the moss with which the ground is car-
peted, it is impossible to avoid cracking them, and then away
goes your moose! During the hottest weather in July, and
early August, the moose are fearfully tormented by the large
horse-fly, called by the English speaking residents “bull dog.”
These blood-thirsty insects are said at times to actually worry
the huge mammals to death. At such times the moose spend
the heat of the day in the water of the numerous lakes,
where they wade around up to their flanks in water, and
graze off the aquatic plants, which grow in great profusion
at the bottom of the lakes. This is a time when the moose
can be successfully hunted in summer. It is not a very diffi-
cult thing for an ordinarily skilled sportsman to get between
the game and the shore, and have the moose practically at his
mercy. Several were killed in this way at the time of our
visit, but, unfortunately, the Indians cut them up at once and
spoiled them for specimens. The man who acted as my cook,
a French Canadian by the name of Antoine,! told me a num-
ber of interesting facts about the moose, and as these facts
were generally corroborated by the Hudson’s Bay men, they
are all well worth recording. .

The moose, although an animal of very acute hearing,
starting at the breaking of the smallest twig, has not yet

, Antoine, by the way, was one of the party that thirty years ago, under
the direction of Dr. Lea, succeeded in finding most of the relics of the lament-
ed Sir John Franklin and party. Many an intensely interesting yarn he had to
tell of that remarkable and historic expedition.

9 ee SS Ah

ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 243

learned to fear the report of a gun. If the hunter can keep
himself concealed, he may get several shots at the same ani-
mal before it realizes the situation. A moose will sometimes
stand and unconcernediy look at a man for some moments, if
the latter is to the leeward and remains motionless. At the
slightest movement, however, the huge brute is off in a
twinkling.

During a wind-storm these animals often “get crazy” as
the Indians say. That is, they will start to run and keep
going, not in any particular direction, but hither and thither,
as if they had actually lost their senses. When they once
commence this sort of performance, the Indian hunter refuses
to attempt to trail them, regarding it as a waste of time. At
such times the senses of the moose seem unusually acute, and
although branches may be breaking ail around them by the
force of the wind, they are said to imstantly detect the snap-
ping of a twig under a hunter’s foot.

The oft repeated story of the manner in which the moose
attempts to elude the hunter is corroborated by every Indian
I have talked with. Briefly, it is as follows:

The moose, after finishing his browsing for the day, betakes
himself to the deep woods or muskeg, and having penetrated
some distance, will make a long circuit leeward, and come
back to within a short distance of his own trail where he lies
down, thus making it sure that he will get the scent of any
one following on his trail. The hunter, knowing this ingen-
ious ruse, will, upon finding that the trail is quite fresh, make
long detours to the leeward, until he finally strikes the loop
made in the trail by the moose before lying down, and thus
get the wind of his game.

The Cree hunter always cuts out the liver, heart and as
much of the other viscera as he can carry, immediately after
the moose is killed. This is eaten, often raw, the first
thing after reaching camp, no salt even being used. This
eating of the viscera seems to partake of the nature of a
religious ceremony. To allow a dog to eat a portion of the
heart of a moose is bad luck, and a friend of mine seriously

244 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

offended his Cree hunter by throwing a bit of a moose heart
to his dog. The cartilaginous mass forming the greatly en-
larged muzzle is considered a great delicacy; that and the
tongue being especially prized. In winter these animals are
hunted on snow-shoes, as in other parts of Canada.

RANGIFER TARANDUS (L). American Reindeer. Common.
Not so numerous in summer as in winter. I saw their horns
in the possession of natives, and on one occasion struck their
trail in the muskeg. The destruction of this animal in the far
North must be very great. A postmaster, as those in charge
of Hudson’s Bay Posts are called, who is located in the Great
Slave Lake region, told me that during the winter of 1890-
gt, over ten thousand reindeer tongues had been brought into
his post.

Before leaving the notes on Ungulata, it may be advisable
to mention the fact that a gentleman, who has for years been
a missionary in the far North-west, arrived at Grand Rapids
while we were there, and announced that he had seen, a few
days before, on the shore of Cedar Lake, the freshly dropped
manure of an animal belonging to the family Bovide. Of
course the first thought was that it was simply an evidence of
the recent presence of the domestic cow, but it seemed, upon
inquiry, that such a thing was deemed next to impossible by
Hudson’s Bay men. The gentleman said that there were the
trails of two animals, neither deer, elk, moose nor caribou,
with all of which he was perfectly familiar. The question
arises whether or not there is any possibility of the survival
of a few buffalo in that region. They were common not far
from there only a few years ago, and Mr. McLean thought it
about as likely that the droppings spoken of were those of
buffalo as of the domestic cow,

OrvER CARNIVORA.

Although we did not meet with a single carnivore except
esquimaux dogs, the following species occur in that region,
according to the reports of the natives.

ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 245

Ursus AMERICANUS Pailas. Black Bear. Common. A
large number of skins are brought in every year. I heard
also of a brown species which some hunters claimed was the
cinnamon. It could hardly have been Ursus arctos, which
inhabits Arctic America, but has never, so far as I know, been
reported in the Saskatchewan region. I suppose it is merely
a color phase of the ordinary black bear.

Lutra HupsonicA (Lacipede). American Otter. Said
to be common.

MEPHITIS MEPHITICA (Shaw). Common Skunk. This is
one of the standard fur-bearing animals of the region, and
this, perhaps, may account for the fact that the name is not
held in such disrepute as in more civilized localities. One of
our most distinguished Indian friends, a councillor of his vil-
lage, rejoiced in a title, which being interpreted is “ Councillor
Skunk.”

GuLto cuLo (L.). Wolverine. Formerly common, but
now rarely found. ‘The Indians corroborate the story of this
animal’s habit of defiling any carcasses or provisions which it
is unable to devour, and thus rendering it inedible for all other
animals. This seems not to be a malicious destruction of food,
but a provision for the future needs of the wolverine, which is
said to return and eat the food thus preserved. This animal
bears the reputation of being among the most cunning of all
mammals, and its intelligence in stealing bait and avoiding the
traps is the basis of many astounding camp fire-stories.

MusTELA AMERICANA ‘Turten. (Sable. Pine Marten.
Common. One of the “fur animals” of the region.

PuTORIUS VISON. (Schreber). Mink. Common.

PuTorius ERMINEA (L.). (?) Weasel. Ermine. This ani-
mal was mentioned as occurring ‘in the region, but I am unable
to state whether it is common or not.

Vuupes vuLPes (L.). Med Fox. Apparently, the com-

246 NatTuraAL History BULLETIN.

monest fox of the region. I saw beautiful skins of this animal
at Winnipeg, and was told that the Indians received five dol-
lars apiece for them.

URocYON CINEREO-ARGENTATUS. (Schreber). Gray Fox.
Common, but known under several names to the hunters; for
example: “oray fox,” “cross fox,” silver fox,” * black fone.
etc. The Indians are said to get fifty pounds for a good silver
fox skin. If I remember rightly, only one of these rare skins
was brought in to Grand Rapids during the season of ’90-91.

Canis Lupus. (L.). Wolf. The wolves of this region
are certainly much larger than in more southerly countries.
Mr. Hine of Winnipeg has some huge specimens which look
fully a third larger than the largest of our timber wolves.

CANIS FAMILIARIAS. (L.). sguimaux Dog. Although
not an indigenous species, the esquimaux dog, or “Huskie,”
is such a conspicuous feature of the region, that an account of
the fauna is not complete without some notice of this interest-
ing and useful animal. The impression usually conveyed by
the description of travellers is that the esquimaux dog is not a
handsome animal, but some of the “ Huskies” seen by us were
among the noblest looking and finest developed dogs we ever
saw. ‘They are often pure white, and as large and heavy as
the average Newfoundland, with erect ears and sharp muz-
zles, giving them an air of intelligence, which does not belie
the real character of the animal when he has a chance to cul-
tivate his wits. The Indians club and abuse their dogs merci-
lessly. I have repeatedly seen the squaws throw ladles of
boiling water over the dogs when the half-famished creatures
looked too longingly at the “toski,” or kettle. The dogs are
the only draft animals throughout an immensé stretch of terri-
tory in British America, and are used as pack animals in the
summer. We passed a family of Swampy Crees “on the
move,” and a strange procession it was, wending its silent
way through the sombre forest. First came the old man,
about seventy years of age, apparently, with his canoe on his

7
fe
’
t
q

ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 247

back; then the faithful squaw with a huge pack of household
goods; next a dog, with a kettle on one side, balancing a
couple of blankets on the other; then two children trudging
along, each with his pack; and, bringing up the rear, another
dog, bearing a bundle on either side, the contents of which I
could not make out.

Many of the “Huskies” show evidence of wolf blood, par-
ticularly in a stiff mane, sharp muzzles, and the “ wolf mark,”
a dark streak on the fore leg. In summer they subsist on the
refuse of the camp, but in the winter are barely kept from
starving by an occasional fish. Their habit of howling in
chorus is also wolf-like, and a concert of this kind will make
the air fairly quiver. They do not, however, bark so gener-
ally at a stranger as does the ordinary domestic dog. In hot
weather they are much distressed by the attacks of the “bull
dogs,” which get into their hair, and seem to cause them
almost unendurable discomfort.

BIRDS.

The primary object of the expedition was to get series
ot birds is summer plumage, and also the downy young.
Owing to the lack of any barrier between the Arctic Circle
and the Gulf, the summer residents in the region visited are,
nearly all of them, species familiar in Iowa as winter residents
or migrants. About ninety per cent of the entire list of spe-
cies collected by us on the lower Saskatchewan are birds
included in the avifauna of Iowa. All the specimens were
secured between July 6th and August 25th. They are thus
all summer residents, and it will be understood that they are
such without any furthur notice of the fact. A full series of
the winter residents is expected from Mr. Frank Russell, who
is spending the present winter (1892-3) in that region. When
his report is published, we may hope for a fairly complete
list of the birds of this interesting locality.

Mr. Ernest E. Thompson, of Toronto, has given a full
account of the “ Birds of Manitoba,” published by the Smith-

Dae aie NatTurRAL History BuLueEtTIn.

sonian Institution; and Roderick Ross MacFarlane, Esq., of
the Hudson’s Bay Company, has published a valuable paper
on the “Land and Sea Birds nesting within the Arctic Circle,”
published by the Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba.
Transaction 39; season 88-9. ‘The region treated of in the
present report is situated between the two regions included in
. the publications above referred to.

OrpvER PYGOPODES. Divine Birps.

FAMILY PODICIPID. GREBES.

CoLtymBus AuRiTus Linn. Horned Grebe. Common at
Chemawawin, where it was associated with the pied grebe.
The male did not have the prominent ear tufts characteristic
of this species, but the rufous streaks on the sides of neck
formed a conspicuous marking.

Description of summer plumage: Head below post ocular
stripe ashy, darkening above and lightening below, where
there is a sharp line of demarcation with the cinnamon of the
fore-neck; stripe from base of upper mandible over eye nearly
to occiput, yellowish brown; top of head and hind neck, sooty
brown; back sooty black; front of neck, fore breast and sides
of body cinnamon; rest of under parts white. A phase of
coloration not described in works to which I have access.

Young of the year: abovg sooty brown; head sooty black
on top, streaked with white and brown on sides; cheek, chin
and throat pure white; neck sooty black behind, light gray or
ashy in front, the slightest possible indication of cinnamon
on sides; under parts silvery white; bill dusky above for three-
fourths its length, the terminal portion of both mandibles
being whitish, the upper with a subterminal dusky band;
sides of lower mandible dusky above, yellow below.

Breeding in an open pond near the river, opposite Chema-
wawin. Habits much the same as those of the pied grebe.
Iris bright red, surrounded by a white ring. Breeds within
the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane.)

Three specimens secured, I ¢, I 2, I juz.

ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS... 249

PopiILyMBuUs PoDICcEPs(Linn.). Pzed-dilled Grebe. Abund-
ant on the pond just mentioned. The wonderful expertness
exhibited by these birds in diving was a constant source of
interest to us. I question the possibility of hitting them if
they are so situated that they can see the flash of the gun.
The method recommended by Dr. Coues of aiming imme-
diately in front of these birds did not prove a conspicuous |
success. The best chance is to shoot them as they come up
after diving, and before they have time to get their bearing.
I was interested ‘on one occasion in seeing a young grebe dive
down some distance, and then hold with its bill to a plant at
the bottom of the water, which was clear and shallow at that
place. The conspicuous stripes on the head and neck of
young grebes is hard to account for. The pattern is a bold
one, and certainly renders the young birds more conspicuous
than the parents, which is an exceptional thing among birds.
Perhaps this peculiar streaking is for protection while the
young remain on the nest, and in among the reeds, where the
streaks would assimilate well with the shadow of the reeds;
but out in the open water this coloration certainly seems un-
fortunate.

Four specimens secured; I 9; I juv. and 2 in the down.

FAMILY UKINATORID.&. Loons AND AUKS.

URINATOR IMBER (Gunn). Loox. Common, especially
along the south side of Cedar Lake, where the weird, mock-
ing laugh of this uncanny bird was often heard, especially
toward evening and in threatening weather. One day, while
sitting in the camp on the bank of a stream, one of these
birds popped up from the water in front of me. I remained
motionless until it dived again, and then ran for my gun.
Returning without being seen, I shot the instant it came up
again, not giving the bird a chance to get the water out of its
eyes. My experiences with loons and grebes are alike. They
will almost always dive in time to save themselves if they can
see the flash of the gun.

I have noticed that the flesh of the loon is very dark, almost

250 Naturai History BuLuetin.

black in color, and the amount of blood seems excessive. The

same may be said of sea/s. That is, the most thoroughly

aquatic birds and mammals are characterized by exceptionally

dark flesh, and an excess of blood. There is doubtless, a

physiological reason for this, although I am unable to say

what itis. Breeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane.)
One specimen secured, ¢ ad.

OrpER LONGPIPENNES. Lonc-wincep SwimMErs.

FAMILY LARID. GULLS AND TERNS.

LARUS ARGENTATUS SMITHSONIANUS Coues. American
flerring Gull. Abundant on Lake Winnipeg and all large
bodies of water. Most of the specimens secured by us were
shot at a lake called “Crow-Duck Lake” by the natives,
which is not indicated on any map. It is about eight miles
south-west of Grand Rapids, is nearly circular in shape, and
perhaps fourteen miles in diameter. It empties by a rapid
stream into Lake Winnipeg some ten or fifteen miles distant.
We were told that both pelicans and cormorants had breeding
places on an island in this lake, but found neither. Our
visit to “Crow Duck Lake” was a long to be remembered
experience, involving the night spent in the muskeg without
any protection from mosquitoes, mentioned in a former part
of this report. We found a small rookery of herring gulls
on a rocky islet in the middle of the lake, and were fortunate
in securing some of the downy young, which are light gray,
spotted with blackish brown, a coloration harmonizing well
with the rocks. Upon our approach they tried to conceal
themselves among the rushes bordering the islet, and when
driven out of these, took to the water, where they were easily
caught by the Indians from a canoe. This gull is considered
good eating by the half breeds, great quantities being killed in
the fall, as 1 am informed in a recent letter from Mr. Russell.
I have been unable to find in any work on coloration of ani-
mals, a satisfactory theory to account for the white color of the
under parts of many sea birds. It has occurred to me, how-

ZOGLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 25%

ever, that it may be dzrectzve, not, however, in the usual sense
of that word. These birds are constantly patrolling the water,
as it were, in search of fish. The fish, when found at all, are
usually in schools or shoals, being sufficient in numbers to
feed many gulls. When a gull finds good fishing, it dives,
exposing the pure white of the breast and under surface of
the wings, which flash a signal afar to other gulls. All collec-
tors know how soon a large number of these birds will gather
when one of them has found good fishing. Thus we can see
a possible utility to the species in the possession of the white
under parts, this utility being, at the same time, zo dzsadvant-
age to the individual who unconsciously gives the signal.

Breeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane.)

Six specimens secured; 2 6 ads., I @ ad., I 7uwv. and 2 in the
down.

LARUS DELAWARENSIS Ord. iug-billed Gull. Common
around the large bodies of water, such as Lake Winnipeg and
Cedar Lake. They do not, however, seem to frequent the
marshes and rivers to any great extent. We did not see any,
so far as I remember, around Chemawawin, nor did we dis-
cover any breeding places of this gull; but from the great
numbers seen near “Dog Head,” at the narrowest part of
Lake Winnipeg, I should judge that breeding grounds were
not far distant.

Mr. Arthur Smith, one of my companions, came near losing
his life in his eagerness to secure a wounded bird of that spe-
cies. The gull dropped into the water near the shore, and
commenced swimming away, and Mr. Smith jumped in after
it, with all his clothes and a belt with forty loaded cartridges.
This load proved too much to swim with, and my impetuous
friend came near not getting out of the ice cold water of Lake
Winnipeg.

Four specimens secured; 1 4, I 9, 2 juv.

LaRUS PHILADELPHIA Ord. Bonaparie’s Gull. Rather
common on the lake shore, near Grand Rapids. Immense

252 : NaturavL History BULLETIN.

numbers of this species were seen near Dog Head, and a
breeding place is undoubtedly not far distant. Breeds within
the Arctic Circle, (MacFarlane.) and winters as far south as
South America.

Two specimens secured; both males in full summer plumage.

STERNA TSCHEGRAVA Lepech. Caspian Tern. One spe-
cimen of this magnificent tern was shot by Mr. Smith on
Crow-Duck Lake. Ido not think we saw any others. The
specimen secured was in high breeding colors, with the bill an
intense coral red. Thompson does not record this species
from Manitoba; neither does MacFarlane include it in his
species nesting within the Arctic Circle.

STERNA HIRUNDO Linn. Common Tern. Very abundant
on Cedar Lake, where I found a breeding place on a small
rocky islet near the south shore. As we approached these
rocks in a canoe, we saw that there was some unusual excite-
ment among the terns, which were wheeling around in the air
with fierce screams. We soon discovered that the cause of
the disturbance was a couple of herring gulls, which were
hovering over the water near the rocks with evil intentions, in
the shape of a determination to capture some young terns, not
yet able to fly, taking their first lesson in swimming. The
courage with which the terns fought off the gulls, with savage
thrusts and angry cries, excited the admiration of the Indians,
but did not prevent them from capturing the young terns. On
the rocks were eggs and young birds in every degree of devel-
opment, from individuals just out of the egg, and not yet dry,
to birds nearly ready to fly. There was no nest, the eggs being
deposited in depressions of the rocks. The protective colora-
tion of both eggs and young was highly efficacious. Too lit-
tle attention has, in my opinion, been paid to the coloration of
young birds as having been rendered protective by natural
selection. It is highly improbable, for instance, that the col-
ors of the downy young of gulls and terns represent the
ancestral forms. A much more rational view, it seems to me,
is that they were attained by natural selection for protective

_
ei

4

ZoGLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 253

purposes. The downy young collected on this occasion pre-
sent two perfectly well marked color phases, as follows:

(a) Upper parts mottled with black and buffy in nearly
equal proportions, the latter predominating on the wings,
crown, and sides of head; gular space from gonys to below
hinder margin of eye in the ventral line, and from the gape to
below occiput, and base of upper mandible dusky; bill light,
clear yellow, with a broad terminal band of dusky. Feet pale
yellow.

(b) Entire dorsal surface light buffy, with little or no
black showing; otherwise like (a).

These two phases are perfectly well marked in my series
including five of the first and three of the second, and do ot
indicate sexual differences; neither are they characteristic of
age. Three juvs. about ready to fly present the following
coloration:

Top and sides of head colored as in downy young; back
mottled with brownish tips of pearl-blue feathers; scapulars
dusky; rump and entire under parts pure white, without trace
of the pearl-gray of the adults; bill, upper mandible light
brown, darkening to a black tip. Feet, flesh color.

This species “breeds extensively on the shores of the
Arctic Sea.” ( MacFarlane.)

Nineteen specimens secured; 4 ¢ ad., 1 Q ad., 5 3 juv., 4
downy young, 5?

STERNA ForsTERI Nutt. Forster’s Tern. 1 saw speci-
mens of what I took to be this tern flying over a slough near
West Selkirk, Manitoba. Thompson gives it as common on
Lake Winnipeg.

HYDROCHELIDON NIGRA SURINAMENSIS. (Gmel.). lack
Tern. This species was very abundant in the immense
marshes near the mouth of the Red River of the North.
We encountered it again in countless numbers in the marshes
around Chemawawin, where it was breeding among the reeds
in the sloughs back from the river, not associating with other

254 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

terns. I did not see a single instance in which the black tern
was diving for fish, as all other terns do. On the contrary, it
was constantly circling around in the air in pursuit of insects,
which it caught with great dexterity. Its position in flight
was more like that of a gull than a tern, the bill usually being
pointed out in front of the bird, rather than directly down-
ward, as is characteristic with terns in general, especially
when feeding. This latter position would be assumed when
they circled with angry cries around the collectors, but not,
so far as I saw, when engaged in their ordinary pursuits.

Found from Hudson’s Bay to Chili. Breeds in Northern
United States and northward.

Fifteen species secured; 9 4, I 2, 5 suv.

OrpER STEGANOPODES. ‘ToTirALMATE SWIMMERS.

FAMILY PHALACROCORACID. CORMORANTS.

PHALACROCORAX DILOPHus. (Sw. & Rich.). Double-crested
Cormorant. Called « Crow-Duck” by the natives. Not seen
in large numbers at any one place, but a few were always
about Grand Rapids, their favorite resting place being on
some rocks in the middle of the river above the fort. We
were assured that they formerly bred in great numbers in
Crow-Duck Lake, which we visited without seeing any
considerable number of these birds. If they ever bred there,
I can see no reason for their leaving, as the place is seldom
visited even by the Indians, and it is unlikely that they have
been seriously molested by man, although egg collectors may
have invaded even this spot. The Indians seem acquainted
with their breeding habits, which indicates that there are, or
have recently been, rookeries not far distant. The two speci-
mens secured were shot while perching on a tree near the
portage just above the Rapids. ~

FAMILY PELECANIDZ. PELICANS.

PELECANUS ERYTHRORHYNCHUs. Gmel. White Pelican.
Common on and near Lake Winnipeg and Cross Lake. Not

ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 255

seen at Chemawawin. Above Grand Rapids was a favorite
resting place of these birds, a flock of about thirty being seen
almost daily standing on the rocks in the middle of the river.
There are said to be extensive breeding places of this pelican
on Lake Winnipeg, one of the islands in the lake being called
‘Pelican Island.”

I have never seen this species dive from any considerable
height above the water, as does the brown pelican, and it
seems to make greater use of its gular pouch for storing fish
than does the latter species.

One specimen shot while resting on the rocks had a fish
twenty inches long in its pouch. Among a large number of
brown pelicans collected by me in Florida, not a single one
had a fish in its pouch,-and I have frequently seen them swal-
low fish immediately upon catching them.

One specimen of the white pelican shot at Grand Rapids
had the inside of the gular pouch fairly swarming with para-
sites.

During the last summer, I saw the pouch put to a use
which was new, to me at least. On a very hot day I was
watching the pelicans in Lincoln Park, Chicago, and saw that
they had the pouches considerably distended, and their mouths
open, while the birds seems to be panting much as an over-
heated dog would. At the same time I noticed a rythmic pul-
sation, if I may use the word, of the pouch. By taking a
position which placed one of the birds between a very bright
reflection of the sun on the water and myself, I could see
numerous large blood vessels, which seemed greatly distended,
in the walls of the pouch. The question arose: Were not the
birds using the pouch as a dog does his tongue in panting, to
cool the over-heated blood? Neither pelicans nor dogs can
perspire, and the birds may have been cooling themselves by
a constant application of fresh air to the intensely vascular
inner surface of the pouch. Both the white and brown peli-
cans were going through the performance above described.

Three specimens secured: all 4; none of them, however,
had the peculiar excresence on the bill.

256 Natura History BuLuetin.

OrvpER ANSERES. LAMELLIROSTRAL SWIMMERS.

FaMILY ANATID&. Ducks, GEESE AND SWANS.

LopHoDYTES CUCULLATUS (Linn.). //ooded Merganser.
A flock of these birds were seen resting on a sluggish creek,
which enters the Saskatchewan near Chemawawin; they were
all apparently females and young.

A single specimen, ? ad., was seen and secured on Crow-
Duck Lake.

Anas BoscHAs Linn. Jfallard. “Stock duck” of the
natives. Abundant in the sloughs above Chemawawin, where
they breed. The number of ducks in this region is astound-
ing. The Indians could easily secure and salt down enough
ducks in the fall to last them all winter, but, with their usual
improvidence, they allow this grand source of supplies to pass
southward, without any thought of the cold and hungry win-
ter months. Among all the ducks that we secured near
Chemawawin in August, there was only one adult male. The
Indians say that the drakes go off by themselves to some
secluded place on or near Lake Winnipeg, to moult their wing
feathers, and remain away from the females until their wings
are full grown. Thompson quotes the MS. of Nash as fol-
lows: “About the middle of May the females commence to set;
the drakes then moult, losing their brilliant plumage; whilst
undergoing this change, they gather together in small flocks
of about five or six, and hide themselves in the rushes, from
which it is very hard to dislodge them, even with good dogs.”

Breeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane).

Nine specimens secured: 8 9, I @.

ANAs opscuRA Gmel. Dusky Duck. A duck was described
to me by the natives as the “black duck,” a very large species
and excellent to eat, which was said to be common on the
Saskatchewan between Cedar Lake and Grand Rapids. If
their description was at all correct, it must have referred to the
dusky duck.

1 The Birds of Manitoba, by Ernest E. Thompson, page 476.

ey

ZoOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 257

ANAS STREPERA Linn. Gadwall. Rather common, breed-
ing along with the mallard, in the sloughs near Chemawawin.
MacFarlane thinks that this species breeds within the Arctic
Circle.

Anas pviscors Linn. Slue-winged Teal. Abundant at
Chemawawin, especially in a slough frequented by grebes
and coots. “It seems to prefer the smaller ponds, leaving
the large sheets of water to the: mallard and other large
ducks.” (Thompson.)

Six specimens secured; 5 9 and I ¢ juv.

SPATULA CLYPEATA (Linn.). Shoveller. Common, asso-
ciated with the blue-winged teal. Breeds within the Arctic
Circle. (MacFarlane.)

Four specimens secured; all 9.

AYTHYA AMERICANA (Eyt.). Ated-head. Common around
Chemawawin, where it was breeding in the slough along with
the mallard. About twenty miles above the village there is
a lake of considerable size, through which the southern
branch of the Saskatchewan runs. On this lake, and the
connected marshes and sloughs, countless numbers of the red-
head breed. At the time of my visit, these ducks outnum-
bered all others. In paddling through the sloughs, small
flocks of females and young would come into view at every
turn. ‘This must be the hunter’s paradise in autumn or spring.
The arts that the old females would exercise to decoy us
away from their broods were laughable. They seemed even
more expert than other ducks in hiding. I have seen them
dive and swim to the edge of a patch of rushes, and then
stick their heads only above the water, remaining perfectly
motionless in this position until the canoe was within a paddle’s
length of them. They are skillful divers, and will elude even
the Indians at times, after being seriously wounded.

Downy young: Above olive brown, darkening to dusky
on rump and scapulars. Buffy spots arranged as follows:
One on each side of rump, one on each wing, and one on each

258 NaturAL History BUuLueTIN.

side of back, some distance behind the wings; top of head
olive brown, which color extends down to the back of neck;
sides of head bright yellow buff, with a streak of brown be-
hind the eye; sides of body a more reddish brown than the
back. Below, buffy white to middle of belly, behind which
the color is greyish brown. Jill slightly broader near end
than at base.
Seven specimens secured; 3 9 and 4 downy young.

AYTHYA VALLISNERIA (Wils.). Canvas-back. Apparently
rare. ‘The single specimen obtained was the only one cer-
tainly seen. Iam confident that this species enjoys altogether
too high a reputation as a market bird. Indeed I have seen
large numbers of its relatives, the red-heads, marked and sold
for canvas-back. When it comes to telling the difference
between the latter and half a dozen other species after they
reach the table, I doubt if one person in five hundred can
distinguish with any certainty between them, at least in the
West, where the canvas-back does not live on Vad/isnerza.

AYTHYA COLLARIS (Donov.). /ting-necked Duck. ‘Two
young specimens just attaining the contour feathers on the
sides and belly, I refer with some doubt to this species. The
bill is suspiciously slender, wider at end than at base, but not
long enough to be A. vallisnerta. They may possibly be A.
maria nearctica. The coloration is close to that of A. collaris
as described by Ridgway,! but the brown on top of head
invades the circum- and post-ocular regions, and the seven
buffy spots are somewhat obscure.

GLAUCIONETTA ISLANDICA (Gmel.). Larrvow’s Golden-eye.
Two immature females secured, which must be referred to
this species, although the bills are considerably smaller than
the descriptions of adult birds would indicate. It is exceed-
ingly difficult to tell young birds of this genus apart, but an
application of the key in Ridgway’s Manual would place the
birds under discussion as G. islandica.

Breeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane).

1 Manual of North American Birds, page 104.

ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.. 259

CHARITONETTA ALBEOLA (Linn.). Lufie-head. Rather
common, according to the natives, but we only saw a few.
One small flock I discovered asleep on the sluggish waters of
a bayou near Grand Rapids. Three were killed, but not
saved. Two downy young only a few days old were secured
at Chemawawin. Coloration is as follows:

Above rich seal brown, lightening on forehead, and darken-
ing to almost black on rump; an indistinct buffy spot behind
each wing on side of back; a buffy spot in front of the eye,
narrowing into a superciliary streak; a brown band running
from side of mandible through eye, and joining the brown at
back of head. Below brownish buffy, darker across breast,
and lighter on belly; flanks rich brown, an extension of the
general color of the back.

I 2 was killed at Chemawawin.

ERISMATURA RUBIDA (Wils.). /tuddy Duck. Common at
Chemawawin, breeding in the sloughs. The breeding season
for this duck seems to be later than for most other species, as
we secured a good series of downy young, from specimens
only a few days old to those almost full grown and nearly
covered with contour feathers. This series is of exceptional
interest, and will be described with some minuteness.

Youngest specimens: Above seal brown, rather darker on
head and rump, the almost black cap extending on the sides
of head, including eyes; a conspicuous very light (almost
white) spot behind wings. Below white, with a very slight
buffy tinge, a white streak running from bill immediately
below the brown cap to occiput; below this a sharply defined
brown streak, commencing under front of eye and joining
brown of occiput; chin and malar region white, behind which
is a broad band of rich brown but a little lighter than the back,
with a pointed extension toward bill on median line below:
Breast white; belly, flank, and crissum grayish white; under
surface of wing buffy white.

In slightly older specimens the brown on the back becomes

260 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

lighter, that of the rump and top of the head remaining a seal
brown, and the brown collar becomes lighter and less distinctly
defined.

In still older specimens, which, however, are almost entirely
downy, the sides and flanks are closely and regularly barred
with dark brown and brownish buff. The throat and breast
are gray, the collar being a yellowish brown. The stripes
about the head are less clearly defined, although the white
dorsal spots are still conspicuous.

In a specimen which has attained the greater part of its
contour feathers, these changes in the direction of the obliter-
ation of primitive markings have progressed still further, the
white dorsal spots being almost the only remnant of the con-
spicuous markings described above. In this specimen the
down still remains on the head, neck and interscapular region,
and extends ventrally in a wedge-shaped mass, broadest anteri-
orly, and running to a point in the median line of the belly.

In still older, but not full fledged specimens, the white dor-
sal spots have finally disappeared. The development of the
peculiar stiff tail feathers of this genus is well shown in the
series before us. In the youngest specimens they project
slightly beyond the general downy covering, and show sparse-
ly scattered filamentous barbs, springing from a comparatively
stiff shaft. These barbs bear no hooklets. In larger speci-
mens these sparsely barbed ends project beyond the growing
ends of the full webbed rectrices, a considerable length of the
shafts between the sparsely barbed and fully webbed parts
being devoid of barbs. In the largest of the downy speci-
mens the tail feathers are long and well-formed, but still bear
the original sparsely barbed ends on their tips. By holding
these up to the light, a series of punctures are seen to mark
the points where the tips will finally break off, leaving the
normally developed feather.

Fourteen specimens secured; 1 9, 13 downy young.

CHEN HYPERBOREA (Pall.). Lesser Snow Goose. Exceed-
ingly numerous during migrations, but none seen by us. The

ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 261

natives know them as “waveys,” and do not consider them as
geese at all, reserving the latter name for the Canada goose.

BrRANTA CANADENSIS (Linn.). Canada Goose. Abund-
ant. Breeding in Cedar Lake, and also above Chemawawin
on some extensive flats. The broods of immature birds take
to the water when pursued, and dive with great skill and per-
sistence. I pursued one in a canoe with two Indians, and it
gave us a lively chase, finally coming up within a few feet of
the canoe, when its head was blown off witha rifle, my only
weapon at the time.

Otor sp. (?) Swan. Common during migrations. I
could not distinguish the species from the Gescription of the
natives.

OrDER HERODIONES. Herons, Etc.

FAMILY ARDEID&. HERONS.

BoTAURUS LENTIGINOsuS (Montag.). American Bittern.
A single specimen seen but not secured. No other heron
was seen, nor could I find that the natives had any knowledge
of them. I was never more deceived than by the stake-like
appearance of this bird, as it stood erect by the rushes as we
paddled by, after which it flew up with its sudden “gwa-ak,”
causing me to nearly overturn the canoe in my efforts to
cover it with my gun.! On another occasion, I saw one
standing in the same position, and determined not to be be-
fooled again, I motioned to my companion, an old Indian hun-
ter, to paddle noiselessly toward it. I noticed a grin of what
I took to be satisfaction on his not particularly handsome
countenance as I carefully got my bird covered, and pulled
the trigger. When the smoke cleared away, the bird had

1 “ When alarmed, the bittern, instead of rising, frequently erects its head
and neck and depresses its tail between its legs, until the whole body is almost
vertical, and so stands perfectly still until the danger is past.” (Nash) Thomp-
son—Birds of Manitoba, page 489.

262 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

not even changed its position. /¢ was a stake! and the old
Indian’s satisfaction was complete.
Breeds in Manitoba. (Thompson.)

OrvER PALUDICOL. Cranes, RAILs, ETc.
FAMILY GRUIDA. CRANES.

GrRUS AMERICANA (Linn.). Whooping Crane. Abundant
around Grand Rapids during migration. The natives describe
the crane dance as a well known performance.

Breeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane.)

Grus CANADENSIS Linn. Little Brown Crane. Also
common during migrations, according to the natives. None
seen by us.

FAMILY RALLID.. Raius, Coots, ETC.

RALLUS VIRGINIANUS Linn. Virginia Rail. Common
around the sloughs of Chemawawin. Although several of
the specimens secured by us seem to be adult, none of them
agree in coloration with the normal adult, being irregularly
blotched and barred below with black, rufous and white, the
rufous predominating on the throat and forebreast.

So far as I have been able to ascertain, this is the most
northerly point where /. vwirginianus has been known to
be common. Found around the edges of a slough, where
the following species was abundant.

Five specimens secured; 4 ¢, I 2.

PorZANA CAROLINA (Linn.). Sora. Abundant at Chema-
wawin. Like the previous species, all specimens secured
showed a very different coloration from that of the typical
adult. One only, and strangely enough, this was a young
bird, showed an approach to the black head and fore neck
and blue-gray breast of full plumaged birds. The remaining
specimens were clear olive-brown above, more profusely
streaked with white than is usual. Top of head olive-brown,

ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 263

with median longitudinal band of black. Below, chin brown-
ish white; breast ochraceous brown, lightening to white on
fore parts of belly; no black about the face or fore neck, nor
gray on the breast. The young bird in high plumage before
referred to had not achieved its wing and tail feathers. I
have never heard that rails shed all their quills at nearly the
same time, as do the ducks, and so am forced to regard this
specimen as one having attained an adult plumage before the
wings and tail are fully developed. The breast is gray with
some white blotches; face in front of eyes dusky black; throat
mottled with black and white; fore breast with a black patch.
Fifteen specimens secured: 5 4, 7 2, 3 (?)

FULICA AMERICANA Gmel. American Coot. Abundant in
sloughs around Chemawawin. Only one nearly mature speci-
men, the rest being evidently young birds with considerable
white about the face, front of neck and breast. ‘The migra-
tion of the coot is very singular. Late in the autumn I have
seen these birds in countless numbers in the marshes at the
south end of Lake Manitoba; for a few days before their
going they keep up a constant chatter and row, apparently
discussing the propriety of leaving. On my going out some
morning after this has gone on, not a single solitary coot has
been seen, except perhaps a wounded one that cannot fly.”
(Nash.) Thompson—Birds of Manitoba.

OrpEerR LIMICOLA. SuHoreE Birps.

FAMILY SCOLOPACID. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC.

GALLINAGO DELICATA (Ord.). Walson’s Snipe. Appa-
rently rare. One specimen secured near Grand Rapids.
Breeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane.)

TRINGA MINUTILLA Vieill. Least Sandpiper. Rare. One
specimen shot at Grand Rapids. Common during migra-
tions. (‘Thompson.)

Breeding abundantly at Fort Anderson. (MacFarlane.)

264 Naturau History BuLierTIn.

ToTANUs MELANOLEuCUS (Gmel.). Greater Yellow-Legs.
Common above Chemawawin where there are some sand
flats, about which a few of these birds may usually be seen.
They do not seem to be much hunted in this region, and hence
are quite fearless, calmly regarding a canoe with hunters only
a few yards distant. Although we secured no young speci-
mens, they doubtless breed somewhere in this vicinity.

ToTANus FLAVIPES (Gmel.). 2cllow-Legs. Apparently
rare. Shot on the sand flats above mentioned.
Breeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane. )

ACTITIS MACULARIA (Linn.). Spotted Sandpiper. The
most abundant scolopacine bird in the region of Grand Rap-
ids, where it was always to be seen running along the rocky
shore of Lake Winnipeg, or “teetering” on the summit of a
boulder. Breeds in that locality. A young specimen just
attaining its first plumage shows no spots on the breast or
abdomen, although the down has almost entirely disappeared
from that region, and the olive-brown patch on the sides of
breast has appeared. The wing-coverts are tipped with white.
The series collected shows a great variation in the spotting of
the breast, one specimen having very sparse but well defined
oval spots, regularly distributed, over the lower parts, while
others have the spots almost as thick as they can be planted
without being extensively confluent. The younger specimens
have the barring of black on the scapulars much more dis-
tinct than the others.

The efficacy of the protective coloration of shore birds is
always a source of wonder to me, and if the spotted sand-
piper only knew enough to keep still, it would require sharp
eyes to see it on a pebbly or stony beach. On the contrary,
however, many shore birds, notably this one, seem insanely
bent on making themselves as conspicuous as possible, both
with voice and movement, until one is almost tempted to shoot
them to stop their noise, especially when listening for the
notes of other birds. I suppose the “teetering ” is a part of

ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 265

their call, like the wag of a barking dog’s tail, but nothing
could make the bird more conspicuous nor more surely attract
its enemies, and this must largely offset the advantage of its
protective colors.

Breeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane.)

Eight specimens secured; 6 4, I 9, I juv.

AEGIALITIS VOCIFERA (Linn.). A7z//deer. Not common.
Seen only along the shore of the lake, where the previous
species was abundant. The above remarks in regard to
the protective coloration being nullified by conspicuous vocif-
erations and actions, are even more applicable to this species.
Killdeers are constantly making as much noise as possible, and
inviting destruction by following up the collector with their
incessant clamor. They are said to warn ducks and other
game birds of the approach of the hunter, a case of disinter-
ested interference with other people’s business that no collec-
tor or hunter will regard with favor.

But one specimen secured, although several were seen.

AEGIALITIS SEMIPALMATA (Bonap.). Semzpalmated Plover.
Rare. Only one specimen secured. I do not recollect seeing
others.

Breeds on coast of Arctic Ocean. (MacFarlane.)

OrpvpER GALLINA. Gatuinaceous BirDs.

FAMILY TETRAONID.2. GROUSE, PARTRIDGE, ETC.

DENDRAGAPUS CANADENSIS (Linn.). Canada Grouse. Two
specimens secured, male and female. The male is an inter-
esting specimen, as it intergrades, apparently, with D. frank-
Zinit, having the characteristic white tipped tail-coverts of that
species in connection with the broad orange-brown tips of
the rectrices of D. canadensis. The following is a detailed
description of this specimen:

Above, head and neck closely barred with black and rusty;
back with broader bars of black and grayish brown; super-

266 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

ciliary crest scarlet; a vertical white bar on either side of the
base of culmen. ‘Tertials tipped with white, with a more or
less distinct white shaft-line. Rump barred with black and
gray. Upper tail-coverts grayish white, the middle pair hav-
ing a slight orange-brown suffusion. Rectrices. black, the
lateral ones with a large oval spot, the others with a broad
terminal band of orange-brown. Below black, solid on fore
breast, broken by broad, quadrate white bars elsewhere.
Under tail-coverts white tipped.

BoNASA UMBELLUS (Linn.). Auffed Grouse. While storm-
bound on the south shore of Cedar Lake, my hunter shot a
grouse with a rifle and brought the headless body to camp
for food. Upon examining the bird, I found it an adult with
the characteristic reddish brown tail of B. wmbellus. As this
feature is apparently the crucial specific test in this genus, I
am forced to enter it here, although from geographical con-
siderations I should regard it as of exceedingly doubtful
occurrence in the region under discussion.

BoNASA UMBELLUS TOGATA (Linn.). Canadian Fuffed
Grouse. Abundant in the woods along the river above Grand
Rapids, where the chicks were just attaining their first per-
manent plumage. Of the five adult specimens secured, three
have the tail feathers clear ashy-gray, while two show a rusty
wash over the gray. The gray of the back is distinctly
marked in only two specimens. Seven young chicks killed
from the same brood exhibit every gradation between &.
wmbellus and B. umbellus togata in the coloration of tail feath-
ers, some being as rusty as any “pheasant” from Iowa, and
others being a clear gray. In the youngest specimens there
is no sign of the black ruff externally, although by pushing
aside the feathers of the shoulders, the underlying black can
be seen. The black feathers are at first tipped with rusty,
these tips remaining until just before the bird has attained the
highest plumage, when the rusty tips disappear, and the black
assumes a rich metallic green iridescence.

Fifteen specimens secured.

ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 267

TYMPANUCHUS AMERICANUS (Rich.). “Prairie Hen.” A
letter just received from Mr. Frank Russell, who is
now! collecting for our museum in that region, speaks of the
“ pratrie chicken” as common around Grand Rapids. He is
surely too experienced to mistake his bird, and hence I place
the species on the list. I wish, in this connection, to enter a
protest, on behalf of western hunters and naturalists, against
calling this bird the “prairie hen.” “ Prairte chicken!” it is
throughout the west and north-west United States, and prairie
chicken it will be so long as it is hunted, the A. O. U. check-
list to the contrary notwithstanding. Pedzocetes phasianellus
goes by the name of “shkarg-tatled grouse,” and is not the
“prairie chicken,” except in the vernacular of the more igno-
rant hunters of the north-west.

PEDIOCZTES PHASIANELLUS (Linn.). Sharp- Tailed Grouse.
Abundant near Grand Rapids, especially in a dense tangle
above the fort. The large series of young secured by us is
interesting as illustrating the color phases between the downy
stage and maturity. In the youngest specimens, still retaining
the down on the head, the coloration is as follows: Top of
head irregularly spotted with black and ochraceous white;
throat white; feathers of back black, with white shaft-lines
and dusky bars; below, each feather white, with a large dusky
spot on each side near tip; rectrices with shaft-lines white, the
rest of each feather being blotched with buffy and marked
with zigzag black lines. Quills; inner webs dusky, outer
webs with broad ochraceous blotches which are confluent
along outer edge.

The next phase is characterized by the bright rufous top of
head surrounding a black crown patch; sides of head, throat
and fore neck bright ochraceous; auricular spot black. Feath-
ers of back with sharp, white shaft-lines and rusty tips, other-
wise mainly black. Tail feathers with broad, white shaft-line,
bordered by angular blotches of black, tending to form bars
which alternate with clear bay bars.

1. October, 1892.

268 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

A third stage is characterized by having the head above, and
back as before, chin and throat white; breast with round,
black spots; tail feathers with terminal portion of white shaft-
lines interrupted by black bars; quills of rectrices black for
basal two-thirds, contrasting sharply with white central por-
tion, which is itself bordered by a sharp longitudinal stripe of
black. External tail-feathers nearly pure white.

From this stage to the adult, there is a gradual obliteration
of the clear rufous top of the head by small black and ochra-
ceous bars; the feathers of the back lose their white shaft-
lines, becoming barred with black and ochraceous. The
central recirices become lengthened and linear, and all the
tail feathers assume a barred pattern of dusky and ochraceous
brown. The original ochraceous blotches on outer web of
primaries become more restricted and sharply defined, and
assume a pure white color. These birds, when young, inva-
riably take to the trees when hard pressed.

Twenty-three specimens secured.

OrDER RAPTORES. Brreps oF Crew

FAMILY FALCONID. VuLTuREs, FALCons, HAwks, ETC.

Circus Hupsonius (Linn.). Afarsh Hawk. Abundant,
especially in the great marshes near the mouth of the Red
River, where dozens of these specimens were seen. Com-
mon, also, near a slough below Chemawawin, where I shot
three specimens and only secured one, a female which had
evidently been nesting, as its breast was almost bare of
feathers.

Breeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane. )

HALLZETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS (Linn.). ald Hagle. Com-
mon in this region. One specimen, a “black eagle,” was
secured from an Indian hunter. Two others were taken
from the nest by Messrs. Smith and Russell under circum-
stances involving a degree of pluck which I have seldom
seen surpassed. The nest was discovered on the shore of

ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 269

“Crow Duck Lake” on the occasion of the trip before alluded
to, involving such hardships and torment as is seldom experi-
enced even by old and tried collectors. We could not stop
to investigate the nest at the time, but during my absence on
a moose hunt, these young men determined to repeat the
terrible experience of the former trip, for the sake of getting
the eagles, and went alone on that sixteen mile tramp through
the muskeg, cut down a tree, and secured the eagles. Con-
sidering the fact that it sometimes took an hour of the sever-
est labor to penetrate a mile of this fearful country, and the
danger of being forced to spend a night with no protection
against the insect pests, this tramp amounted to genuine hero-
ism. I must confess that I wouldn’t have undertaken it for
all the eagles in the Saskatchewan country, and I am no
novice in the matter of roughing it, either.

Two specimens thus secured had attained their contour
feathers all over, with the exception of the down about the
neck and breast, which gives them a striking resemblance to
vultures, a fact that suggests the possibility of the downy ruff
of the condor being nothing more nor less than the persist-
ence of an immature plumage, an “‘embryonic character,” so
to speak.

Breeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane).

Fatco coLuMBARIUS Linn. Pigeon Hawk. One speci-
men, a female, secured at Grand Rapids.

FaLco RICHARDSONID Ridgw. Stichardson’s Merlin. One
specimen, male, secured at Grand Rapids.
Breeds within theArctic Circle. (MacFarlane).

Fatco spARVERIUS Linn. Sfarrow Hawk. Very abund-
ant near Grand Rapids, where it subsists largely on insects,
darting after them from a perch on a dead tree, just as do the
flycatchers.

Six specimens secured.

270 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

FAMILY BUBONIDZ. HorNnNED OwLs.

SYRNIUM NEBULOSUM (Forst.). Barred Owl. One speci-
men seen flying over our camp at Chemawawin.

NycTea NyYcTEA (Linn.). Szowy Owl. One specimen
seen near Crow-Duck Lake.

OrDER COCCYGES. Cuckoos, ETc.

FAMILY ALCEDINIDA:. KINGFISHERS.

CERYLE ALcyoNn. (Linn.). Belted Kingfisher. Common
at Grand Rapids, where they were nesting in the river bank.

Breeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane).

Three specimens secured; all ¢.

OrvpER PICI. WoopPrEcKERs, ETC.

FAMILY PICID. WooDPECKERS.

DRYOBATES VILLOSUS LEUCOMELAS. (Bodd.). Vorthern
flairy Woodpecker. Common at Grand Rapids. The lateral
rectrices of the specimens secured are a pale, clear, sulphur
yellow below; under tail-coverts deeply stained with brown-
ish yellow.

Breeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane).

PicoiDEs ARCTicus (Swains.). Arctic Three-toed Wood-
pecker. Rather common at Grand Rapids. The male has a
distinct buffy wash on the breast and on the under side of
rectrices. The third pair of rectrices bear two white bars
near tip in the male, while these feathers are entirely black in
the female.

reeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane).

‘Two specimens secured.

CoLaPpTEes AuRATUS (Linn.). iicker. The commonest
woodpecker at Grand Rapids, although none were seen at
Chemawawin.

Breeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane.)

Six specimens secured; 4 4, I 9, I é uv.

ZO6LOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. re

OrpeER MACROCHIRES. Goartsuckers, SWIFTs, ETC.

FAMILY CAPRIMULGID.®. GOATSUCKERS.

CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS HENRYI (Cass.). Western Night-
Hawk. Exceedingly abundant on pleasant evenings near our
camp at Grand Rapids. The specimens secured are referred
with some doubt to this species. They average much grayer
on the upper surface, especially on upper wing-coverts, than
C. virginianus, but we have one specimen of the latter from
Towa that is as gray as any collected on the Saskatchewan.
The pattern of the mottling is much finer in the northern
specimens, and the white at bend of wing considerably less
conspicuous.

Eight specimens secured: 3 4, 4 9, I (?)

OrpDER PASSERES. PeErcurne Birps.

FAMILY TYRANNID.®. TYRANT FLYCATHERS.

Tyrannus Tyrannus (Linn.). <Azng-dird. Common at

rand Rapids and Chemawawin. This is the only species
that we found that has a concealed crest. That this crest in
the flycatchers is useful as a decoy to insects has been demon-
strated by the observations of Beckham and of the writer,!
and yet a recent study of all the specimens of the family at
the Smithnonian has failed to establish any generalization that
will throw light upon the distribution of this concealed crest
among the Tyrannide. Judging from the North American
forms, I was led to think that the size of the birds had some-
thing to do with the matter, but some of the smallest Central
American genera, é. 9. tyrannulus, have the crest, while some
of the largest are without it. It was thought, also, that it
was a constant generic character, but this also fails as a
theory, because several genera have some species with and
some without the crests. It thus appears that these interest-
ing structures are merely specific in character, and sometimes
not even that, e. g. Milvulus forficatus.

1 Proceedings U. S. National Museum Vol. V, p. 396.

272 NatTuraut History BuLuetin.

The pugnacity of the king-bird is a constant source of
wonder. But wherefore this pugnacity? Its food is insects,
and rapidity and dexterity are valuable in securing them,
but pugnacity for this purpose is about as necessary as
in quail-shooting. It seems to me that the explanation
may lie in the fact that the bird derives a pleasure in its
skill and dexterity, and enjoys exercising them on larger and
more formidable animals than its accustomed prey. In other
words he is a little bully, and delights in it. Incidentally, of
course, this may be a protection, but rapidity and dexterity
alone would, it seems, serve to keep it out of danger. The
writer is a strong believer in the intensity and variety of the
emotion of birds, and is confident that they do a great many
things merely for “the fun of it,” in which they resemble
children. and other young mammals.

SAYORNIS PHBE (Lath.). Phebe. Apparently not com-
mon. One specimen secured.

EMPIDONAX FLAVIVENTRIS. Baird. 2¢/low-bellied Fily-
catcher. One specimen secured.

EMPIDONAX DIFFICILIS Baird. Baird’s Flycatcher. Com-
mon at Grand Rapids in the dead timber of the muskeg.
Three specimens secured.

EmpimpoNAX MiNiIMus Baird. Least Flycatcher. Common
at Grand Rapids. The small flycatchers collected by us are
somewhat difficult of identification. Indeed, I am unable to
see how any one can identify them at sight while alive in the
woods, and yet such expressions as “Saw least flycatcher in
scrub along the river”! is by no means rare in reports and
collectors’ notes. In my opinion, notes on these small and
little differentiated species are of doubtful use unless the speci-
mens themselves are secured.

EMPIDONAX PUSILLUS TRAILLU. (Aud.). TZrazill’s Fly-
catcher. Very common at Chemawawin, especially in the

1 The Birds of Manitoba. Thompson, Page 562.

ZoOLOGIcAL EXPLORATIONS. 273

trees bordering a slough, where they seemed to have excel-
lent hunting. They perched on the lowest branches and
bushes, and evidently lived on the insects flying over the
water. None secured at Grand Rapids, where it is replaced
by £. minimus.

Seven specimens secured.

FamMILy CORVID4. Crows, JAys, ETC.

CYANOCITTA CRISTATA (Linn.). Siluwe Fay. I saw, in
the Post Residence near Chemawawin, a mounted specimen
of this species, which was killed by the Indians and mounted
by Mrs. King, the wife of the Post Master.

PERISOREUS CANADENSIS. (Linn.). Canada Fay. “ Whis-
key Fack.’ Abundant at Grand Rapids. The whife on fore-
head and head is much more restricted than in Colorado
specimens, although this may be due to immature or summer
plumage. In the series of ten specimens of various ages,
which we secured, the change from the uniform dusky young
to the adult plumage seems to progress as follows:

The first white to appear is on the tips of the rectrices and
primaries and the malar stripe; next a white band appears on
the breast, and the malar stripe is continued into an ill-defined
light patch on sides of neck; the neck band broadens and
extends around the neck, and forward on throat and chin; the
white on forehead appears and gradually extends backward.
The average measurements of the specimens secured are:
Length 10.9, wing 5.5, tail 6.3, tarsus 1.2. The Indians
accuse this bird of warning the moose of the approach of the
hunter.

Breeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane).

Corvus CORAX sINUATUS (Wagl.). American Raven.
The call of the raven was heard by Messrs. Smith and Russell,
and we were told by Mr. McLean that a species of raven was
not uncommon at Grand Rapids.

274 NatTuRAL History BULLETIN.

Since writing the above, a letter received from Mr. Russell
informs me that he has secured two specimens of this species
at Grand Rapids.

Corvus AMERICANUS (Aud.). Amertcan Crow. Abund-
ant and surprisingly tame. Young crows made themselves at
home on the houses and in the door yards at Grand Rapids.
The Indians do not seem inclined to molest them, and appear
rather to like to have them about.

Breeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane.)

Three specimens secured.

FAMILY ICTERID.®. STARLINGS, BLACKBIRDS, ETC.

XANTHOCEPHALUS XANTHOCEPHALUS (Bonap.). JYellow-
headed Blackbird. Abundant at Chemawawin, breeding in a
slough. Large numbers of these birds were also seen near
the mouth of the Red River of the North.

Four specimens; I 2, 3 2.

AGELAIUS PHCNICEuS (Linn.). ed-winged Blackbird.
Common. An adult female from this region differs consider-
ably in coloration from others secured at the same time. It is
not streaked above, except in the possession of slight indica-
tions of streaks in the interscapular region. Below, the pre-
vailing color is dark brown streaked with buffy white; throat
a deep ochraceous buff. The bill is short and very stout.

Seven specimens secured; 3 é, 2 9, 2 4 uv.

ScoLecopuHacus cCARoLINuUS (Miill.). Austy Blackbird.
Common at Chemawawin.

Breeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane.)

ScOLECOPHAGUS CYANOCEPHALUS (Wagl.). Brewer’s Black-
bird. Apparently rather common, although we secured but
two, both @.

QUISCALUS QUISCULA NEus (Ridgw.). Bronzed Grackle.
Very abundant at Grand Rapids and Chemawawin.

Fourteen specimens secured.

ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 275

FaMILY FRINGILLID2. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC.

‘

CARPODACUS PURPUREUS (Gmel.). Purple Finch. The
single male secured agrees with this species in measurements,
but has the bright crimson on crown which characterizes C.
CaSStNE.

LoxIA CURVIROSTRA MINOR (Brehm.). American Cross-
Bill. A specimen was brought by fishermen to Mr. McLean.
It was not seen by us.

Spinus pinus (Wilson). Pzne Siskin. ‘Two specimens
secured at Grand Rapids; both 9.

PoocATES GRAMINEUs (Gmel.). Vesper Sparrow. Com-
mon at Grand Rapids. Five specimens secured; all ¢.

AmMopRoMus BAIRDII (Aud.). Saird’s Sparrow. One
specimen secured the first time we went collecting at Grand
Rapids. Shot on a high grassy plain between the fort and
the lake.

ZONOTRICHIA ALBICOLLIS (Gmel.). White-throated Spar-
row. One of the most abundant birds at Grand Rapids,
where its cheery note was often heard in whichever direction
we went. Thompson gives this bird, which he calls the
“Peabody,” as a migrant in Manitoba, but it breeds in great
numbers near Grand Rapids.

Fourteen specimens secured, some of which are quite
young birds.

SPIZELLA SOcIALIs (Wils.). veld Sparrow. Very abund-
ant both at Grand Rapids and Chemawawin. At Chema-
wawin this species was feeding largely on the seeds of aquatic
plants on the margin of the slough east of the village.

SPIZELLA PALLIDA (Swains.). Clay-colored Sparrow.
Three specimens secured.

JuNnco HYEMALIS (Linn.). Common Snow Bird. Abund-
ant at Grand Rapids, where it was breeding. Nests in thick
bushes along the river bank opposite the fort.

276 NaturAL History BuLuetin.

Young: Above, olivaceous brown heavily streaked with
black, the latter predominating on top and sides of head; sec-
ondaries black, edged with rusty brown. Below, ochraceous
on breast, and white with sulphur wash on belly; legs very
pale brown; bill dusky. As the birds grow older the feet
become darker and the bill lighter. The youngest of these
specimens are so unlixe juncos in general appearance that one
would hardly suspect their true identity, were it not for the
white lateral tail feathers. Fourteen specimens secured.

ME.ospizA FASCIATA (Gmel.). Song Sparrow. The most
abundant sparrow both at Grand Rapids and Chemawawin,
wherever the shrubbery was thick. The central tail feathers
in all of the fourteen adult specimens secured were very nar-
row and pointed, almost linear, much as in the genus Ammo-
dromus. This appearance is pernaps produced by the wearing
away of the barbs, although why this pair of rectrices alone
should be thus worn is a puzzling question.

Young much darker than adults. Breast with a buffy suf-
fusion, and more finely streaked than in adult, these streaks
not aggregated into a spot. Top of head very dark brown
or dusky; no pure white anywhere; wings and tail feathers
dark brown, almost black, edged with rufous. The malar
stripe is the first distinctive adult marking to appear.

Twenty-six specimens secure

FAMILY HIRUNDINID.®. SWALLOWS.

TACHYCINETA BICOLOR (Vieill.). Zree Swallow. While
on a moose hunt about twenty miles above Chemawawin, I
saw apparently thousands of these birds on a few dead trees
standing out in the marsh. Some of these trees were so
crowded by the perching swallows that there seemed literally
to be no more room.

FAMILY AMPELIDA. WaAxXWINGS.

AMPELIS CEDRORUM Cedar Waxwing. Abundant and

ma
4

ua)

ZOOLOGICAL HXPLORATIONS.. 277

nesting at Chemawawin and Grand Rapids. Nest well made
of rather coarse twigs. ‘The cedar birds were usually seen in
small squads of three to six. They often frequented the
limbs of dead trees, from which they swooped down after the
manner of flycatchers. Out of eleven adult specimens, only
three have the waxy tips to the secondaries, two of these
being females and one a male. An Indian woman brought
me a nest and eggs of this species, upon which a fairly
mounted bird, prepared by herself, was placed. How she
conceived the idea I could not discover.

FAMILY VIREONID. VIREOS.

ViREO OLIVACEUS (Linn.). ed-eyed Vireo. Abundant.
Breeding at Chemawawin. One of the most conspicuous
songsters at Grand Rapids.

ViREO SOLITARIUS (Wils.). One specimen secured.

FAMILY MNIOTILTID42:. Woop WARBLERS.

MNIOTILTA VARIA (Linn.). Llack-and-White Warbler.
One specimen found dead in the woods at Grand Rapids.

HELMINTHOPHILA PEREGRINA (Wils.). Zennessee Warb-
Jer. Common at Grand Rapids, where it doubtless breeds.

Four specimens secured, one of which was evidently a
young-of-the-year.

DENDROICA 4sTIVA (Gmel.). 2¢/low Warbler. Common
at both stations. Breeding in a thicket near Chemawawin.
Nestling, a dull olivaceous brown above; below dull yellow,
washed across the breast and throat with color of the back.
Breeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane).

Eight specimens secured.

DENDROICA CORONATA (Linn.). AZyrtle Warbler. Abund-
ant at Grand Rapids and Chemawawin. Breeding in the
latter place. Young with no yellow anywhere; above oliva-

278 NaTUuRAL History BULLETIN.

ceous brown, obscurely streaked with black; below white,
thickly streaked with black, with an indistinct wash of buffy
across the breast. Youngest specimens almost clear olive
brown above, light olive or buffy brown below; crissum yel-
low. At a little later stage the yellow patches on sides of
breast are indicated by a brightening of the buffy brown in
these regions.

Breeds within the Arctic Circle. (MacFarlane.)

Six specimens secured.

DENDROICA MACULOSA (Gmel.). Magnolia Warbler.
Abundant at Chemawawin. Six specimens secured.

DENDROICA STRIATA (Forst.). Black-poll Warbler. One
specimen, male, secured at Grand Rapids.

SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS (Gmel.). Water Thrush. Two
specimens from Chemawawin agree more nearly with this
species than with S. xoveboracensis notabilis.

GroruLypPis sp? The single specimen (male) secured is
a striking combination in color characters of G. macgillivrayi
and G. philadelphia, having the white spots on eyelids and
black lores of the former, and the black chest and throat of
the latter. The white spots on the eyelids are composed of
about three minute perfectly white feathers.

Measurements: Length 5 inches; wing 2.50; tail 2.10;
tarsus .85; thus agreeing with G. macgzllivraya. Mr. Ridg-
way, to whom I gave a verbal description of this bird, is
inclined to pronounce it a hybrid. ‘This is, perhaps, the more
probable supposition; but it might possibly be a specimen of
the original species from which both the present species took
their origin.

The hybrid question is a most important and interesting
one, and it is to be hoped that some one with abundant mater-
ial at command, e. g. Mr. Ridgway himself, will attack it in
earnest.

ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 279

SYLVANIA PuUSILLA (Wils.). Waeson’s Warbler. Found
at Grand Rapids and Chemawawin.
Three specimens secured.

SYLVANIA CANADENsIS (Linn.). Canadian Warbler.
One specimen secured at each station.

FAMILY TROGLODYTID2. WRrRENs, THRUSHES, ETC.

CisTOTHORUS PALUSTRIS (Wils.). Long-billed Marsh
Wren. Three specimens of this species were secured at
Chemawawin. They agree in having the tail feathers very
distinctly barred, and the tail-coverts above and below with no
trace of bars. ‘This coloration is a combination of that of C.
palustris and C. palustris paludicola Baird; the former hav-
ing tail-coverts unbarred, and the latter showing distinct bars
on the rectrices.

FAMILY PARIDZ:. NuTHATCHEsS and TITs.

Parus uHupsonicus Forst. MHudsonian Chickadez. Two
specimens secured at Grand Rapids.

PARUS ATRICAPILLUS SEPTENTRIONALIS (Harris). Long-
tailed Chickadee. One specimen from Grand Rapids.
FAMILY SYLVIID. KINGLETs, GNAT-CATCHERS.
REGULUS SATRAPA Licht. Golden-crowned Kinglet. Seen
near Grand Rapids. None secured.
FAMILY TURDID&. THRUSHES, ETC.

TURDUS USTULATUS SWAINSONI Cab. Olive-backed Thrush.
One specimen secured at Grand Rapids.

TurRDUS AONALASCHK PALLASI Cab. Hermit Thrush.
Abundant at Grand Rapids. The ventriloquial powers of
this bird are unsurpassed in my experience. Its rich liquid
warble comes from every side inturn. This is partly from

280 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

the habit the bird has of circling around the hunter, stopping
in each tree long enough to beguile him into thinking the
songster is at last located, and then flitting slyly to the next
and repeating the performance. In addition to this, however,
the voice is exceedingly difficult to locate, even when the bird
remains in one spot.

Eleven specimens secured.

MERULA MIGRATORIA. (Linn.). American Robin. Very
abundant at Grand Rapids, although none were seen at
Chemawawin.

A reference to the appended tables shows that the great
majority of the species secured by us are familiar migrants
in Iowa and are winter residents in the southern part of
North America, or in Central America. It is still more inter-
esting to note that a majority of the species breeding within
the Arctic Circle are winter residents of sub-tropical or tropi-
cal America. This implies a biennial migration of about three
thousand miles on the part of a large proportion of our North
American birds.

The fact of this migration is now pretty generally under-
stood. ‘The origin of the migratory habit is very happily and
tersely explained by Dr. Leonhardt Stejneger.1 It might be
questioned, however, whether this habit is solely an instinc-
live one, or partly, at least, the result of a direct stimulus or
suggestion afforded by external conditions coming with the
return of the season of migration.

If a direct and immediate incentive or stimulus to migration
can be found, a stimulus reasonably competent to start the
birds and keep them moving to the end of their migratory
journey, it would be more satisfactory to many minds than

1Standard Natural History, Vol. IV., p. 17.

ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 281

“‘zstinct”? even if explained as a no more comprehensible
“hereditary habit.”

Of course lack of food is recognized as the prime factor in
causing migration, but we have still to answer the question:
How do the birds know when and tn what direction to start on
their migrations ?

According to the generally accepted theory, the journey is
taken in response to an impulse which comes from within, an
unconscious seeking for an unknown good.

According to the view held by the writer this impulse
comes in the shape of a stimulus from without and the act is
a conscious seeking for a more suitable clime, on the part of
the adults at least, the young simply following or imitating
their elders.

There is much to indicate that this stimulus comes in the
form of the wind.

Any field ornithologist knows that in temperate North
America, a warm rainy night in spring will bring a host of
new bird arrivals. The wind of course is southerly on such
a night.

It is an equally patent fact that a cold windy night in the
fall will bring the birds south, the wind of course being
northerly.

It has been claimed that birds do not migrate with the wind.
This is a mistake, at least so far as central North America is
concerned. Birds in this region certainly migrate north with
a southerly wind and south with a northerly wind. The most
favorable winds for migration in the spring are from the
south-west or south-east, not often directly from the south.
In the fall our strongest cold winds are from the north-west.
In both cases the birds are favored by a “quartering breeze,”
unquestionably the best to sail or fly by, and facilitating erial
navigation to a very considerable extent.

We can readily imagine that as food becomes scarce in
northern regions in the fall, the birds become restless and
uneasy, as has often been observed. A cold wind coming on,

282 NaATuRAL History BULLETIN.

the older birds are reminded that they have on previous years
obtained comfort and food by moving southward aided by
this favorable breeze. The younger birds may go south in
imitation of their elders, or the “inherited habit” idea may
enter in here.

I do not see that either of the above theories is necessarily
exclusive of the other, but will venture the prediction that it
will ultimately be found that we have altogether underrated
the psychological activities of birds, and that they are con-
scious of the intent and result of many acts which we have
been in the habit of regarding as purely instinctive.

The following table shows at a glance the more important
features of the geographical distribution of the birds of the
Lower Saskatchewan.

ZOOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS.

to
(ee)
oo

2
# se
.|s1212 |£-|e8
S|/2/8)8| 2 /eele2
B18 12/218 Slee
4/al/e|a]e lealas
Colymbus auritus Zimm,. . . . «sell sx | |e
Podilymbus podiceps (Zzmu.) . .. . sw |x| ele
Urinator imber (Gunn.) . . . . . -lale x || x
Larus argentatus smithsonianus Cowes . .|#|x wx |x| x
Larus delawarensis Ord. . .. . . .|/#/l#/alale
Larus philadelphia (Ord.) . . . . «. .|a@le se | se
Sterna tschegrava Lefech. ~ + 6 © fae] el ae | el ae
pacers forsters Jee. iis fac sn) Yel) SON ale | | x
Sterna hirundo Zzmm . . . . . . -/elaelale
Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gwmzel/.) wll ae | x
Phalacrocorax dilophus (Sw. & fich.) . lx bs
Pelecanus erythrorhynchus Gmel. . . . wll sx]
Lophodytes cucullatus (Zzmm.) . . . . sel] |
munas paschas -Lzun. 6h iad ete 1 Aa ae se | ae | se
Pens OSTA | Gnelo ibs oan) ee) if se se a
nas strepera) L7ins we OAS) 2 ea es
Anas carolinensis Gmel. . .. . . ./#/e se | se |
kas eiscors! Ws en Wetrel Tal\ tah pak 1 2 se | a | x
mpatule clypedta \Lempi ey yells 21 se | xe | se | x
Aythya americana (#y?.) . . . . .): a we | ae |

Aythya vallisneria (Wis.)... . . . 3 se
Aythya collaris (Donov.) . . . . . . se se | ae | x
Glaucionetta islandica (Gmel.) . . . «|x

is
Charitonetta albeola (Zzmn.) . . . . . se x

a

Erismatura rubida, W7ls. on baie)

Chen hyperborea (Pall.) . . . «. + «le

i&
as
ae

cs
i

se

ae

284 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

. \z
Elz] 2 lee
S|/2ilea|ele Zola z
Ele le| 2) 8 \gelee
2|aru|ale |szlac
Branta canadensis (Zzmm.) . . . «+ «lala x | ae | xe
Olor sp? SAN MeN he Uetliel] ipileciiore yuan) Mi ied hi Heslt elk Res 9) Rea tik Nes su
Botaurus lentiginosus (Montag.) . . . we | | ae |
Grus americana (Lamm.) . . . . « -falelalele
Grus canadensis (Zzmm.) . . . «. « «|elaelaelaeye
Rallus virginianus Zzmm, . 2. 1 2 ws x | a | xe |
Porzana carolina (Zimn.) . . . . . . | e|e
Pulica vamericana WG 972el 05). oi) ie ahh ales x |e |e] &
Gallinago delicata (Ord.) . . . . . «.|ale rar ae

Tringa minutilla Vee. . . 2. 1. 1. wll se | & | a
Totanus melanoleucus Gmed. . . . . . sk x | | &
Totanus flavipes (Gmel.) . . . .-. oti
Actitis macularia (Zzmm.) . . . .

fEgialitis vocifera (Zimn.) . 2. . . .

a Om
se a
a 6%

SZ =

fiigialitis semipalmata Bonap. . . . .|aele a | ae | &

Dendragapus canadensis (Zzmn.) . . .|ael a * &
Bonasa umbellus (Zzmn.) . . . . . “| %|2

Bonasa umbellus togata (Linn.) BS vee Oh a % | & %
Pediocztes phasianellus (Zznz.) . . - | ae] a | & *
Circus hudsonius (Lznn.) Ta eevee be Pe Hh |
Halizetus leucocephalus (Zzmm.) . . «| a|alal|a@|e
Falco columbarius Zimm, . . . . . .lelalalele
Falco richardsonii Ridgw. . . . . . we lelale %
Falco sparverius Zinn. . . . . . . wlawelaelalele

Syrnium nebulosum (Forst.) ais
Nyctea myctea (Za. ) 00) heii.
Ceryle'alcyon (V2.3 ieee in

ae
ae
ax
*

ZoéLocicaL ExPLoRaTIONs. 285

Fe <
yal EPPS AS ee He
-1s12412 les|os

a = % zs
2is|/8)] ea] 8 |<ElezZ
= & & = a |ROlEY
215/28) 2] 2 lege
<aqj/alal/al lszilae

Dryobates villosus leucomelas (Bodd.) 2 | x =

Picoides arcticus (Swams.) . . . . -|#|/e

Colaptes auratus (Zzmnm.) . . . . . -lalelele
Chordeiles virginianus henryi (Cass.) . . * 2 s
Tyrannus tyrannus (Zznm.) |x| 2

Sayornis pheebe (Za/h.) . . . . =. we |x| x

Empidonax flaviventris Baird.) . . . . ge x 2
Empidonax difficilis Bazrd. . . .. . ze | x et
Empidonax pusillus trailii (Aud.) we | | x
Empidonax minimus Baird. . . . . . sel | &
Cyanocitta cristata (Lzum.) wlele
Perisoreus canadensis (Zzn.) se | ge ss

Corvus corax sinuatus ( Wag/.) . e|x|2 se st

Corvus americanus Aud. . .

a
oe
ae
He
ae

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonap.) &
Agelaius pheeniceus (Lzun.) .

as
ate
ae
ie

Scolecophagus carolinus (M/uv/l.) . . .lelelele
Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (Wagi.) . | & i: %

Quiscalus quiscula eneus (Adgw.) x | | &
Carpodacus purpureus Gmel.. . . . . z| els
Loxia curvirostra minor ( Brehm.) #lelale
spinus pmus (Wes.) 2. we elelels
Poocetes gramineus (Gme.) . x | “leis
Ammodramus bairdii (Awd.) . a: |e | | ew

Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmel.) . . . . %
Spizella socialis (Wils.) . . 2... & x:

—_—————:. Oo nn hk _=~—

a al

286 -_ Naturau History BuLuetin.

BS ,2

a/a/8 |e |e lSZlasd
Spizella pallida (Swacs.) . . . 1... se | se oh
Jamco hyemalis (Za. ay Wavy nee eel ae se
Melospiza fasciata (Gmel.) . . .. . se | ae | a
Tachycineta bicolor CLAN Aa Cane se | ae | ae |
Ampelis cedrorum ( Viedll.) ENVIS a se | ae | se | 88
Vireo olivaceus Lemmy a eh Me eel Oi gee aaa ee ae
Vireo solitarius ( Wits.) ENED PSY ND ear we | me |
Moiotita varia (gan) 2s es se | % | a
Helminthophila peregrina CHGS) Silty aly | |
Dendroica estiva (Gmel.) . . . 1. ola lal ae | el om
Dendroica coronata ( Linn.) 5! (Gdns) Gen alice Phe amen dae ae | ae | a
Dendroica maculosa (iG ACeT Ni pea tina wee maine EO % %
Dendroica striata (Forst.) ail Phe Neola ih ted ona Pm RGME hae x &
Seiurus noveboracensis (G MD ec vial Soa % ae
Geothlypis sp? PDE Le he bah Chub eany ota peas se | & | 2%

Dy lyania: pusilla (MGs) 0) Gy ela enc % % %
Sylvania canadensis (Lenn.) se BTN ORS EAR aE & a %

Cistothorus palustris (Wils.). . 2. ae | 36 | ae | ae

Parus atricapillus septentrionalis (Harris. ) % % *
Parus budsonicus, Porst..))'. 6)! gy *% % a
Regulus satrapa Licht. . SGA RUM Ona * a | oe | a
Turdus ustulatus swainsonii (Cab) % w | & | &
Turdus aonalaschke pallasii (Cabri as * a %
Merula migratoria (Linn.) . «1. ofall ae]

DOA PECIES ye is) AN

Percentages ee a a ve CS a 98 | B74) 88 ieee
Pee eA PROB YL Cra CM UPON Wo UNI |

a

ZOGLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 287

CLASS REPTILIA.
OrpER OPHIDIA.

EvuTAnIA sIRTALIS Linn. A single specimen with dorsal
and lateral stripes very distinct, spots not evident.

CLass BATRACHIA.*
OrverR SALIENTIA.

FAMILY RANIDZ.

RANA VIRESCENS TRACHYCEPHALA Cope. One specimen,
showing no marked differences from the typical form.

RANA CANTABRIGENSIS CANTABRIGENSIS Baird. Two speci-
mens, one of which has an irregular row of dark spots on
each side of the light median dorsal line.

RANA CANTABRIGENSIS EVITTATA Cope. Two specimens,
differing from the preceding in the absence of the light stripe,
are referred to this variety.

CLass PISCES.

FAMILY ACIPENSERID.®Z. STURGEONS.
ACIPENSER RUBICUNDUS Le Sueur. Lake Sturgeon.
FAMILY CATOSTOMID.®. SUCKERS.

CATOSTOMUS LONGIROSTRIS Le Sueur. Long-nosed Sucker.
FAMILY SALMONID.®. SALMON.

CoREGONUS CLUPEIFORMIS (Mitch.). White-Fish,

1 Unless otherwise noted, all of the remaining species in this Report were
identified by Mr. H. F. Wickham, of the State University of Iowa, at the
request of the author. Mr. Wickham also kindly secured the identification
of the insects by the gentlemen whose names appear in connection with each
Order.

288 NATURAL Hisrory BULLETIN.

FAMILY ESOCID@. THE PIKEs.
Esox Lucius L. Fack-Fish. Prke.
FAMILY PERCID.Z. THE PERCHES.

STIZOSTEDIUM VITREUM (Mitch.). Wall-Eyed Ptke.

CLAss INSECTA.
ORDER HYMENOPTERA.
The only specimens brought back were a few larve of
Saw-Flies.
OrDER LEPIDOPTERA.

Only a few larve obtained.

OrpER DIPTERA.

The material in this order being alcoholic it has proved
impossible to fully identify all the species. The names of
such as are available for study have been kindly furnished by
Prof. J. M. Aldrich, of Brookings, S. D.

FAMILY MUSCID A.

CALLIPHORA near ERYTHROCEPHALA Meig.

FAMILY TABANIDA.

TaABANUS (THERIOPLECTES) SP.

TaBANuUS (THERIOPLECTES) SP.

TABANUS (THERIOPLECTES) EPISTATES O. S.

FAMILY TIPULID 2.

TipuLa sp. One specimen.

FAMILY CULICIDA.

Only females obtained. The genus and species cannot be
determined.

ZoOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 289

FAMILY BIBIONID.
DILOPHUS SP.

OrDER COLEOPTERA.

FAMILY CHRYSOMELID&.

TRIRHABDA LUTEOCINCTA Mann. Several specimens were
obtained. They differ from Californian examples in the
smaller size.

OrverR TRICHOPTERA.

FamMiIty PHRYGANEIDZ.

A single specimen brought back by the expedition seemed
to belong to the genus /Veuroua but is badly damaged by
immersion in alcohol.

OrpDER HEMIPTERA.

The report on these insects is kindly supplied by Prof.
Herbert Osborn, of Ames, Iowa.

SusB-OrpER HETEROPTERA.

FAMILY PENTATOMID 2.

PERILLUS EXAPTUS Say. The single specimen of this
species seems to agree more perfectly with the original des-
cription by Say than any other I have seen hitherto.

FAMILY CAPSID.

HADRONEMA PULVERULENTA Uhler. I have specimens of
this insect from Illinois, through Mr. C. W. Stromberg, which
ciffer in no particular from the single specimen in this col-
lection.

Bracuytropis (?). Two specimens of Capside belong-
ing to the sub-family Miraria appear to fall in this genus and

290 NATuRAL HisTory BULLETIN.

are of a species new to me. However it would be rather
unsafe to describe them from alcoholic specimens without
other species for comparison.

Sus-OrpvER HOMOPTERA.

FAMILY MEMBRACID2.

CERESA MELANOGASTER Osborn n. sp. Greenish-yellow,
frontal horns short. Body black beneath. Legs marked
with black. General form of Ceresa brevicornis Fitch.

Head yellow in front, no conspicuous freckles, margin
whitish and contrasting strongly with the black beneath.
Face black beneath, narrowly margined with yellow, beak
black. Pronotum with rather short blunt horns, the lateral
margins of front curving out to base of horns and the space
between the horns slightly convex; greenish-yellow with a
paler line running from the eyes along the anterior lateral
margin of pronotum to base of horn, thence along front to
dorsal ridge and extending in a somewhat broken line to near
the tip of the pronotal spine. Elytra immaculate, veins pale
yellow, wings with brown veins. Tergum yellow. Body
beneath pitchy black. Legs yellowish, the femora more
or less completely banded with black, or at least with a black
patch or stripe on the upper side.

This species approaches very closely in general form to
Ceresa brevicornis Fitch, but the lateral margins of pronotal
front curve outward instead of being rectilinear and the horns
are shorter and more obtuse, while the deep black color of
the entire under surface of the body distinguishes it from any
species known to me. Compared with éudalus it is smaller,
the pronotal horns are very much shorter and the pronotum
is as a whole narrower.

Described from three alcoholic specimens, all females, col-
lected by Mr. Frank Russell at Grand Rapids, Lake Win-
nipeg, N. W. T.

=
-
Dents —

ZooLoGiIcAL ExpLoRATIONs. 291

OrpDER ORTHOPTERA.
FAMILY ACRIDIID.

MELANOPLUS BIVITTATUS Say. A single specimen of this
common insect was brought from Grand Rapids, N. W. T.
The determination is due to Mr. Lawrence Bruner, of Lin-
coln, Nebraska.

CLass ARACHNIDA.
OrvDER ARANEZ.

FAMILY EPEIRID#.
EpPEIRA PATAGIATA Clerck. One example, male.
EPeIrA sTRIX Hentz. Several specimens, mostly females.
EPEIRA TRIVITTATA Keys. One example, female.

TETRAGNATHA LABORIOSA Hentz. Three young speci-
mens are doubtfully referred here.

FAMILY ATTIDZ.

PHIL2@us MILITARIS Hentz. Several specimens, male,
female and young.

OrpvER ACARINA.
FAMILY TROMBIDIID.

A single specimen is referred here by Mr. Nathan Banks
who has kindly furnished names of all the Arachnids.

CLASS CRUSTACEA.

FAMILY ASTACID.

CAMBARUsS sp. Several specimens of a Cray-Fish were
obtained at Grand Rapids.

FAMILY LIMNIADIAD&.

EsTHERIA sp. Three pairs of the bivalve shells were
obtained at Grand Rapids.

292 NATURAL History BuLUETIN.

SuB-KINGDomM MOLLUSCA.
CLAss GASTEROPODA.

FAMILY RISSOIDA.

BITHYNELLA OBTUSA Lea.

FAMILY VALVATIDZ.

VALVATA TRICARINATA Say.

FAMILY SUCCINID&.
SUCCINEA OVALIS Gould.
SUCCINEA AVARA Say.

FAMILY LIMNZID.
LIMN4A STAGNALIs L.
LIMNZA PALUSTRIS Muell.
LIMN4A DESIDIOSA Say.
LIMN4@A CAPERATA Say.
PHYSA GYRINA Say.
PLANORBIS TRIVOLVIS VAR. MACROSTOMUS Whiteaves.
PLANORBIS BICARINATUS Say.
PLANORBIS ALBUS Muell.
PLANORBIS PARVUS Say.

SEGMENTINA ARMIGERA Say.

CLAss LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

FAMILY CYRENIDAZ.
SPH4RIUM SULCATUM Lam.

SPHAZRIUM STRIATINUM Lam.

1 Identified by Mr. B. Shimek, of the State University of Iowa.

Zo6LOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. 293

SPHRIUM OCCIDENTALE Prime.
SPHZRIUM PARTUMEIUM Say.

Pistp1um sf. indet.

FAMILY UNIONID2.

Unto LUTEoLUs Lam.
MARGARITANA COMPLANATA Barnes.

ANODONTA FERUSSACIANA Lea.

On page 167, Vol. Il., No. 2, of this Bulletin, will be found
an acknowledgment of favors rendered the expedition by
various persons and corporations. The author desires, how-
ever, to make as emphatic as possible his sense of indebted-
ness to the officials of the Hudson’s Bay Company for their
unfailing courtesy and generosity to the representatives of
this University.

It is proverbial that Science has found its strongest sup-
porters in great commercial corporations. An expedition now
working in the far North in the interest of this University
was made possible by the liberality of Sir Donald Smith,
Governor of the Hudson’s Bay Company, and his associates at
Winnipeg and in the Northwest Territories.*

C. C. Nuttrine.

1 The conception of the undertaking referred to is due very largely to the
appreciation of its scientific importance on the part of Roderick Ross Mac-
Farlane, Esq., Chief Factor at Cumberland House, who has spent over thirty
years in the service of the Company within the Arctic Circle, and whose
work on “ Birds nesting within the Arctic Circle” is constantly referred to in
the preceding pages.

Any

y
AN 4
‘4

iy Ae
ee Nea
ie Ht “hy

This ® Bulletin, as the preceding is Puc free to.

ee

“BULLETIN |

&; eek “FROM. THE

be ULT IN THE DOMESTIC CAT,
an By F. 8. Any.

TOWA CITY HOSPITAL, tn. By F.S.Asy. ¢

sn eon ON. THE MALE TARSUS IN SOME ADEPH-
} Pe Nate COLEOPTERA, ‘ ’ By H. F. Wickuam.

“NORTH AMERICAN y COLEOPTERA,
4: By HF. WickHam.

a: A BOTANICAL EXPEDITION TO NICARAGUA,
: By B. SHIMEK.

ee ¥ biog By Tuos. H. McBrIDE.
1X. or NEW CYLCADAI SY: ; By Tuos. H. McBripe.

! i “et SOME CENTRAL AMERICAN PYRENOMYCETES,
Views By Cuas. L Smirn.

_ PUBLISHED BY Be OF THE REGENTS.

UPR AT “TOWA cIry, IOWA:
a _ Novemser, 1893.

OL. IT. No. 4.

PU TC KIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF JOWA.

PUBLISHED

BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS.

IOWA CITY, IOWA:
NOVEMBER, 1893.

Secretary Wn. J. Happocx:
We take pleasure in submitting herewith Bulletin No. 4,
te of Volume II, from the Laboratories of Natural ene
a State University of Iowa.

i

Tue Epirors.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HYPOPHYSIS
CEREBRI AND PROCESSUS INFUNDIBULI IN
THE DOMESTIC CAT.

By FRANK 8. ABY.

These observations were made and recorded in 1889. The
photographs from which the accompanying illustrations were
prepared were made at that time, and all the statements that
are to be found in the Summary at the close of this paper
were recognized and recorded then.

Partial arrangements were made for publishing these obser-
vations, but from various causes the work has been delayed.
The recent attempt of embryologists to homologize through-
out the Vertebrata the structures that form the subject of this
paper have urged the publishing of my observations, from the
belief that the facts of observation here presented may be
useful to future attempts in this direction.

The matter of nomenclature is becoming a serious question
to the Biologist, especially with regard to the central nervous
system. The vocabulary suggested by Wilder and Gage!
has many features to recommend it, but there are some diffi-
culties in the way of its universal adoption. With regard to
the embryological terms the recent work of Minot? employs a
set of words radically differing from those used by Balfour
and other embryologists who used the English language.
Whether it is better or not, to supplant terms such as efzdlast,
mesoblast, and hypoblast, by such words as ectoderm, mesoderm,

1 Anatomical Technology, by Wilder and Gage. A.S. Barnes & Co., New
York and Chicago. 1882. ;
2 Human Embryology, by C. S. Minot. William Wood & Co., New York

1892.

296 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

and entoderm is a question concerning which there may reason-
ably exist a wide difference of opinion.

In this paper the nomenclature is that of Balfour, with but
few exceptions. No new terms are introduced, but an attempt
is made to give a more exact meaning to certain words. This
seems necessary in order to enable these observations to be
used advantageously in attempts to trace homologies. These
four terms are pituitary body, hypophysis cerebri, infundibulum
and processus tnfundibuli, Throughout the literature on this
subject, pzluztary body is used synonymously with hypophysis,
or hypophysis cerebri. The synonymous use of these terms
is not desirable or justifiable; for the hypophysis cerebri in
Mammalia does not develop into what is usually known and
described by anatomists as the pituitary body. The pituitary
body is the product of both hypophysis cerebri and processus
infundibuli.

Equally erroneous is the statement that the infundibulum
enters into the formation of the pituitary body. The infun-
dibulum in the embryo kitten passes down on the ventral side
of the hypophysis cerebri, while the process given off from
the infundibulum higher up passes to the dorsal side, as may
be seen in figure 6. It is this latter structure, the processus
infundibuli, which, uniting with the hypophysis cerebri assists
in the formation of what is known in the adult as the pituitary
body.

The term pztuztary body should be reserved for the struct-
ure which in higher Vertebrates results from the the union of
the hypophysis cerebri and the processus infundibuli.

The word itself, and its application to the structure under
consideration, is of some historic interest. It is from the
Latin fetwita, given thus in the Century Dictionary: [L.,
mucus, phlegm; prob. with loss of initial S, < spuere pp.
sputus, spit out.] The old idea of the function of this pitui-
tary body is still expressed when it is called the pzetuctary
gland, and probably the idea will be perpetuated in the use of
this word, just as old notions are preserved to us by such
words as artery and courage.

Tue Hypopuysis CEREBRI. 297

HISTORICAL.

The mode of origin of the pituitary body has been an inter-
esting problem to embryologists from the time of its discovery.
Since the solution of this problem, the much more difficult
one of its function or functions, and of the homologies of the
two structures entering into its formation, have engaged the
attention of embryologists. The very name Pztuztary body, by
which these combined structures are known, is a curious
vestige of an old belief, as pointed out previously.

In the Atlas of Histology, by Klein and Noble Smith,
Chapter XLIII is devoted to what are commonly but erro-
neously called Ductless Glands. The opening paragraphs are
as follows:

“These are: the frontal or large lobe of the pituitary gland
or hypophysis cerebri, the thyroid gland, the carotic gland of
Luschka, the suprarenal body and the coccygeal gland of
Luschka. These organs have the same developmental history
and resemble each -other in many respects. They are all
derived from the hypoblast forming the wall of the feetal
alimentary canal in its earliest stage, and are therefore of
epithelial origin. The hypophysis is an outgrowth of the
cephalic extremity of the alimentary canal (the upper wall of
the pharynx), the thyroid gland and carotic gland of its cervi-
cal part, the suprarenal body of the trunk part, and the coc-
cygeal gland of the caudal end of the alimentary canal.

In all of them the epithelial structures, derived from the
hypoblast, and the vascular connective tissue, derived from
the mesoblast, form the two chief constituent elements, and
in this respect they resemble other secreting glands. Unlike
these latter they do not possess any special ducts to carry
away the secretion, but this is probably effected by their
lymphatics.”

In an old edition of Foster and Balfour’s Elements of
Embryology? is a brief review of the earlier literature on the

1 Atlas of Histology, by Klein and Noble Smith. Smith, Elder & Co.,
London. 188o.

2 Elements of Embryology, by Foster and Balfour. Macmillan & Co.,
London. 1874. Page 91.

298 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

hypophysis cerebri. Here, as elsewhere, pituctary body is
used for hyphophysis cerebri. As a thorough knowledge of
the opinions of previous observers is necessary to an under-
standing of this paper, it is thought best to introduce the

entire review.

The development of the pituitary body or hypophysis cerebri has been the subject of considerable
controversy amongst embryologists. Von Baer (loc. cit.) and Smidt (Zeztschrift fuer Wiss. Zoolo-
gie, 1862, B. XI, p. 43) believed that the base of the fore-brain, or vesicle of the third ventricle,
became produced into a downward process, the ‘‘infundibulum,” which subsequently became
expanded at its termination to form the pituitary body.

Rathke (Archiv fuer Anatomie und Phystologie, 1838, Bd. v.) states that very early a diverticu-
lum is produced from the upper end of the alimentary canal, which passes backwards and meets
the process of the brain called the infundibulum. This diverticulum subsequently loses all con-
nection with the epithelium of the digestive canal, and, uniting with the infundibulum, forms the
pituitary body.

Dursy (Extwicklungsgeschichte des Koffes, Tiibingen, 1869) states that both the end of the
notochord and the epithelium of the alimentary canal take part in the formation of the pituitary
body. The apparent diverticulum of the alimentary canal is not so much a true diverticulum, as a
part of the alimentary canal constricted off from the remainder by the cranial flexure.

Reichert (Exutwicklungsleben tin Wirbelthierreich, Berlin, 1840) states that the pituitary body
is formed from the remains of the front end of notochord.

Subsequently however (Der Bau des menschlichen Gehirns) he supposed that it was formed
from the pia mater.

Rathke also subsequently (Extwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbelthiere, Leipzig, 1861) gave up his
former view, and believed that the diverticulum of the alimentary canal disappeared, but that the
pituitary body was formed from the mesoblast in front of the clinoid process.

Wilhelm Miiller (Ueder die Entwicklung und Bau der Hypophysis und des Processus infun-
adibuli cerebri, Fenatsche Zeitschrift, Bd. vi. 1871) has recently written an elaborate memoir on
the development and anatomy of the pituitary body and infundibulum in all the orders of Verte-
brates, of which the following is an abstract.

In order to understand the formation of the diverticulum from the alimentary canal which forms
the pituitary body, we must remember that at first the hypoblast of the throat closely underlies the
notochord, and beyond the end of the notochord is almost in contact with the base of the vesicle of
the third ventricle. When the cranial flexure occurs, which it will be remembered takes place
about an axis coinciding with the end of the notochord, the hypoblast, which closely underlies the
base of the brain, becomes at the same time bent; and as the angle of the flexure becomes an acute
angle, a wedge-shaped space lined by hypoblast is as it were constricted off from the alimentary
canal, In this way there is formed a diverticulum of hypoblast which passes forwards from the
alimentary canal to the base of the fore-brain—a diverticulum not produced by a forward growth
from the alimentary canal, but solely due to the cranial flexure constricting off a wedge-shaped
portion of the alimentary canal. This we may call the pituitary diverticulum. When the cranial
flexure commences the end of the notochord becomes bent downward, and, ending in a somewhat
enlarged extremity, comes in contact with the termination of the pituitary diverticulum. The
mesoblast around and at the front of the end of the notochord increases and grows up, in front of
the notochord and behind the vesicle of the third ventricle, to form the posterior clinoid process.
The base of the vesicle of the third ventricle at the same time grows downwards towards the pitui-
tary diverticulum and forms what is known as the infundibulum. «This state of things may be
observed on the third day. On the fourth day the mesoblast tissue around the notochord increases
in quantity, and th: end of the notochord, though still bent downwards, recedes a little from the
termination of the pituitary diverticulum, which is still a triangular space with a wide opening into
the alimentary canal,

On the fifth day, the opening of the pituitary diverticulum into the alimentary canal has become
narrowed, and around the whole diverticulum a formation of mesoblast-cells has commenced.
Behind it the clinoid process has become cartilaginous, while to the side and in front it is enclosed
by the trabeculz. At this stage, in fact, we have a diverticulum from the alimentary canal passing
through the base of skull to the infundibulum. The end of the notochord has at this stage become
atrophied, so that it is separated by a considerable interval from the pituitary body.

THe Hyporuysis CEREBRI. 299

Qn the seventh day the mesoblast around the pituitary diverticulum has grown into a complete
investment of spindle-shaped cells, and the communication between the cavity of the diverticulum
and that of the throat has become still narrower. The diverticulum is all but converted into a
vesicle, and its hypoblast walls have commenced to send out into the mesoblastic investment solid
processes, which form the first commencement of the true pituitary body. The infundibulum now
appears as a narrow process from the base of the vesicle of the third ventricle, which approaches,
but does not unite with the pituitary vesicle. The latter lies in the space between the basi- and the
pre-sphenoid, and is completely surrounded by a ring of cartilage. The mesoblast-cells immediately
around it do not, however, exhibit any signs of becoming cartilaginous.

By the tenth day the opening of the pituitary vesicle into the throat becomes almost obliterated,
and the lumen of the vesicle itself very much diminished. The body itself consists of anastomosing
cords of hypoblast-cells, the mesoblast between which has already commenced to become vascular.
The cords or masses of hypoblast cells are surrounded by a delicate membrana propria, and a few ot
them possess asmall lumen. The infundibulum has increased in length.

On the twelfth day the communication between the pituitary vesicle and the throat is entirely
obliterated, but 2 solid cord of cells still connects the two. The vessels of the pia mater of the
vesicle of the third ventricle have become connected with the pituitary body and the infundibulum
has grown down along its posterior border.

In the later stages, all connection is lost between the pituitary body and the throat, and the
former becomes connected with the elongated processus infundibulz,

Such is Wilhelm Miller's account. Goette, however, (Archiv. Micr. Anat. 1x. p. 397) has
recently given reasons for thinking that the pituitary diverticulum arises not from the closed fore-
gut, lined with hypoblast, but from the buccal cavity lined with epiblast. He states that in its
earlier stages it may be seen to start on the oral side of the partition, which for some time divides
the secondarily formed buccal cavity from the primarily formed foregut, and therefore, belonging
to the former, cannot be regarded as the natural anterior termination of the latter.

Another view is presented by Balfour.t “The pituitary
body is in fact an organ derived from the epiblast of the
stomodeum. This fact has been demonstrated for Mammalia,
Aves, Amphibia, and Elasmobranchi, and may be accepted
as holding good for all the Craniota.”

In Gray’s Anatomy? we find a very curious statement of
the development of the pituitary body. A footnote on page
120, presumably by Prof. John A. Ryder, gives a much
clearer and more exact account. ‘The epiblast of the back
part of the roof of the oral invagination, where a hollow,
saccular portion of the oral epiblast is constricted off and fuses
with the median infundibular process of the floor of the brain,
is developed into the pituitary body or hypophysis. The
fusion of the infundibulum with the involution from the epi-
blast of the upper and posterior part of the oral cavity leads
to the formation of the pituitary body or hypophysis. This,
therefore, is entirely of epiblastic origin, and its relations indi-

1 Comparative Embryology, by F. M. Balfour. Macmillan & Co., London

1880. Vol. II., page 358.
2 Gray’s Anatomy. Lea Brothers & Co., Philadelphia. 1887. Page 119.

300 NATuRAL History BULLETIN.

cate that at one time the oral cavity and the brain may have
been more intimately connected than at present.”

In a recent work on Embryology! this sentence occurs:
«The pituitary body arises in most Vertebrates as a tubular
invagination of the roof of the mouth (stomodzum) approach-
ing the infundibulum.” In Minot’s Human Embryology? we
find the following: “The hypophysis cerebri, Rathke’s pocket
or pituitary body (//zrnanhang ) is a structure of very problem-
atical significance, which has been much studied and specu-
lated upon by embryologists.. It arises in all Vertebrates as
an evagination of the ectoderm near the dorsal border of the
oral plate, but is separated from the plate by a fold of the
ectoderm.” Again, oa page 574, we find,—* The infundibu-
lum also contributes to the production of the adult hypophysis
of mammals, although in lower Vertebrates it persists as an
integral portion of the brain, and is differentiated into gangli-
onic tissue.”

But on page 687 he says, under the head of Infundibulum,
—‘“In rabbit embryos of 12-16 mm. and in human embryos
of five weeks there is found developing a small cylindrical
outgrowth of the brain, which is known as the #rocessus
infundibuli. The outgrowth takes place in the median line
immediately in front of the tuber cinereum and behind the
optic chiasma. It very soon comes in contact with the hypo-
physal outgrowth of the mouth, and is ultimately transformed
into the posterior lobe of the pituitary body as already
described.” This is the nearest approach to the exact use
of terms that I have found in the literature bearing on this
point.

Arranging these various opinions in order, we find that
the following ideas have prevailed with regard to the region
under discussion.

1 An Introduction to the Study of Embryology, by A.C. Haddon. P. Blak-
iston, Son & Co., Philadelphia. 1889. p. 110.

? Human Embryology, by C. S. Minot. William Wood & Co., New York.
1892. p. 571.

THe Hypopuysis CEREBRI. 301

1. The terms pztuztary body and hypophysis, or hypophysts
cerebri, are used interchangeably.

Elements of Embryology, Foster and Balfour, 1889, p. 119.

Introduction to the Study of Embryology, Haddon, 1889,
p. II.

Anatomical Technology, Wilder & Gage, 1882, p. 480.

Comparative Embryology, Balfour, 1889, Vol. II, p. 358.

Gray’s Anatomy, 1887, p. 120.

Human Embryology, Minot, 1892, p. 571.

Quain’s Anatomy, 1890, p. 68.

2. The expanded termination of the infundibulum forms
the pituitary body.

Von Baer and Smidt, Zeztschrift fuer Zoologie, 1862, B.
XI, p. 43. (Original not in hand.)

3. The end of the notochord and the epithelium of the
alimentary canal take part in the formation of the pituitary
body.

Dursy, Entwicklungsgeschichte des Kopfes, Tubingen, 1869.
(Original not in hand.)

4. The hypophysis cerebri is developed from the entoderm
of the alimentary tract.

Rathke, Archiv. fuer Anatomie und Physiologie, 1838, Bd.V.
(Original not in hand.)

Wilhelm Miller, Veber die Entwicklung und Bau der Hypo-
physis und des Processus infundibult cerebri. Fenaische Zeit-
schrift, Bd. V1, 1871. (Original not in hand.)

Atlas of Histology, Klein and Noble Smith, 1880, p. 431.

5. The pituitary body is formed from the remains of the
front end of the notochord.

Reichert, Eutwicklungsleben im Wirbelthrerreich. Berlin,
1840. (Original not in hand.) .

6. The pituitary body is formed from the pia mater.
Reichert, Der Bau des menschlichen Gehirns. (Original not
in hand.)

302 NatTurAL History BuLueTIN.

7. The diverticulum of the alimentary canal disappears,
but the pituitary body is formed from the mesoblast in front
of the clinoid process.

Rathke, Eutwichlungsgeschichte der Wirbelthiere, Leipzig,
1861. (Original not in hand.)

8. The formation of the hypophysis is mechanical, due to
the cranial flexure constricting off a wedge-shaped portion of
the alimentary canal.

Wilhelm Miieller, Fenische Zeitschrift, Bd.V1, 1871. (Origi-
nal not in hand.)

g. The hypophysis arises not from the closed foregut,
lined with hypoblast, but from the buccal cavity lined with
epiblast.

Goette, Archiv. Micr. Anat., 1X, p. 397. (Original not in
hand.)

Comparative Embryology, Balfour, 1880, Vol. II, p. 358.

Human Embryology, Minot, 1892, p. 571.

Gray’s Anatomy, 1887, p. 120.

Introduction to Study of Embryology, Haddon, 1889, p. 110.

Elements of Embryology, Foster and Balfour, 1889, p. 119.

Quain’s Anatomy, 1890, pp. 68 and too.

Thus each of the three layers of the blastoderm has been
described as forming the hypophysis cerebri. The end of the
notochord, and even the pia mater, has been thought to give
rise to this structure. What may be called the mechanical
theory at one time prevailed, and is not entirely abandoned
even now. (Human Embryology, Minot, 1892, page 574.)

METHODS.

The technique employed in 1889 during these investiga-
tions would now be considered somewhat antiquated, but
the results compare favorably with those obtained by more
refined methods.

The embryos were hardened in increasing strengths of

THe Hypopuysis CEREBRI. 303

alcohol, 50%, 70%, 90%, and had been in ordinary com-
mercial alcohol several years when they came into my pos-
session. No especial pains had been taken to fix or harden
them, but the entire uterus, without being opened, had been
in each case placed in alcohol.

The uterus was opened, and the embryos, still within the
amnion, were taken out and placed in equal parts of sulphuric
ether and 95 per cent. alcohol for several days. They were
then transferred to a thin solution of Schering’s celloidin in
equal parts of sulphuric ether and 95 per cent. alcohol, where
they remained for several days. The embryos were then
transferred to a thick solution of celloidin, prepared as before.
After several days of this treatment, the embryos were im-
bedded on cork in the usual manner, and the cork placed in
50 per cent. alcohol.

The embryos were allowed to remain in the several solu-
tions mentioned much longer than is usually deemed necessary,
in order to insure a thorough impregnation of the embryo by
the imbedding material.

After being thus imbedded, the embryos were sectioned
in a large Bausch & Lomb microtome, the sections being
made svov of an inch thick. The sections were then stained in
Grenacher’s hamatoxylin.

After the sections had been stained, they were cleared with
oil of bergamot, and mounted in Canada balsam, each section
on an ordinary 1x3 slide. Care was taken to place them
in the same relative position. After the entire number of
sections from one embryo had been mounted, the slides were
carefully arranged in serial order, labeled, and the labels num-
bered serially.

This method necessitated the expenditure of a vast amount
of time, which might have been avoided by using any one
of the various methods of serial sectioning. Moreover, the
hematoxylin readily stains celloidin, and it was impossible to
remove the stained celloidin from the sections by the use of
oil of cloves, and still retain the cells in their relative positions.

304 NatTuraAL History BuLuetin.

The photographs were made with Bausch & Lomb Student
objectives, in an Atwood camera. Ordinary 4x5 inch dry
plates, made in Iowa City, were used. They were developed
by the usual ferrous oxalate developer.

OBSERVATIONS.

The first studies were made on an embryo about five
millimeters in length. A series of longitudinal sections was
prepared in the manner described. Figure 1 is from a section
very near the median plane of this embryo.

At this stage the embryo of the cat does not correspond
very closely to any particular hour or day in the development
of the chick. The circulatory system resembles in some
respects that of a chick of the fourth day, the heart being a
curiously twisted tube, five visceral arches being present.
The first aortic arch is broken; the second almost obliterated;
the third and fourth quite large and conspicuous; but the fifth
has not yet appeared, although the fourth visceral cleft is
present.

The nervous system is somewhat like that of a chick of the
second or third day, the three primary cerebral vesicles being
present, the cranial flexure quite pronounced, and the cephalic
end of the embryo having much the appearance of a retort.

In this embryo the primitive ocular vesicles have just made
their appearance, and the primitive otic vesicles are also form-
ing; but nothing has been observed that would indicate that
the vesicles of the cerebral hemispheres are begun.

Figure 2 gives an enlarged view of the cephalic extremity
of the section from which figure 1 was taken. The meso-
blastic axis in this region is covered by the epiblast lining the
coeliz of the encephalon. Most of the mesoblastic cells are
branched, far apart, each with a large nucleus and a con-
spicuous nucleolus. The cells forming the long projection
between the anterior and posterior cerebral vesicles are ar-
ranged in curves, as if they had been compelled to arrange
themselves thus by the flexure of the cephalic end about this

THe Hypopuysis CEREBRI. 305

axis of mesoblastic cells. Blood channels, containing nucle-
ated blood cells, are seen lying in this mass of branched cells.

Upon the dorsal surface of this mesoblastic axis are five
prolongations, reaching almost to the ccelia of the posterior
cerebral vesicle. Between these prolongations the epiblast is
arranged in pockets. Upon the ventral side of the mesoblastic
axis is a projection, containing a nest of mesoblastic cells (N)
which will be described later. This projection (N) marks
the position of the oral plate, or septum which, previous to
this, separated the stomodzeum from the mesenteron.

On the pharyngeal side of the nest just described is a sinus
known as Seessel’s pocket (S. P). On the oral side of the
nest is another pocket, which is the earliest indication of the
hypophysis cerebri (H. C). Projecting from the ccelia of the
middle cerebral vesicle towards the hypophysis cerebri and
almost touching its apex is a conical space, the infundibulum,
(1). In figure 2 it appears to be formed by the proliferation
of cells on its ventral side, but a study of other sections in this
series demonstrates that these epiblastic cells are a portion of
the constriction between the anterior and middle cerebral
vesicles.

From the infundibulum another broad shallow sinus is given
off, which pushes into the mesoblastic axis. This is the earliest
indication of the processus infundibuli (P. 1).

Figure 3 is from another section of the same embryo. It
shows the region of the constriction between the posterior

‘and middle cerebral vesicles, and also indicates the line of

boundary between the middle and anterior cerebral vesicles.
The section was not from the median longitudinal plane, and
for this reason the structures under consideration in this paper
are not clearly shown.

Figure 4 is an enlarged view of the region under consider-
ation, taken from another section in the same series. Just
above Seessel’s pocket, in the mesoblastic axis, is a mass of
rounded cells closely aggregated, and enclosed by a thin
membrane (Not). This mass is the cephalic extremity of the

306 NatTurAL History BuLLETIn.

notochord. The notochord in this embryo is not a straight
rod, but is somewhat undulating, and for this reason but a
small portion appears in this section. The cells of the noto-
chord are usually spherical, but many are irregular, owing to
mutual pressure. Many of them contain two nuclei.

Lying on the ventral side of the notochord, and forming
the prominence between the Seessel’s pocket and the hypo-
physis cerebri, is the peculiar nest of mesoblastic cells to
which reference has been made. The cells forming this nest
are nucleated, and are not crowded, although they are not so
far apart as the branched mesoblastic cells. This nest of
cells very strongly resembles an epithelioma nest. From the
appearance of the branched mesoblastic cells immediately sur-
rounding this mass, it seems that the cells forming the nest
have been proliferating quite rapidly. The formation of
Seessel’s pocket and apparently the initiatory step in the
formation of the hypophysis cerebri are due to the growth of
this nest of cells. The next section to the one from which
figure 4 was taken shows very distinctly a connection between
the notochord and this nest of cells.

The epithelium lining the posterior pharynx consists of a
single layer of cells. As the epithelium passes up to line
Seessel’s pocket it becomes thickened, and as it is reflected
over the nest it ceases to be simple and becomes several cells
in thickness. In the apex of the invagination for the hypo-
physis cerebri the epithelium is thickest.

Nothing has been found in any of my ‘sections indicating
the remains of the oral plate, or the point of juncture of
the hypoblast and epiblast; but from previous observations
(Minot, Human Embryology, figures 107 and 170) there
seems little room for doubting that the nest (N) indicates the
position of the dorsal attachment of the oral plate.

In figure 2 the infundibulum appears as a long finger-like
process of the middle cerebral vesicle. Figure 4 shows the
infundibulum as a broad sinus (1). At the upper end of the
main sinus is another sinus, which, from the arrangement of

Tue Hypopuysis CEREBRI. 307

the mesoblastic cells of the mesoblastic axis, seems to be
invading the mesoblast. This is the processus infundibuli
erat).

The epiblastic cells of the ccelize of the encephalon are not
branched, are crowded closely together, and have taken a
deeper stain than the mesoblastic cells. The epiblastic lining
of the processus infundibuli is many cells in thickness, the
cells are columnar, with large oval nuclei and with nucleoli.
The epiblastic lining decreases as it approaches the lining of
the stomodzum. At the very apex of the hypophysis cerebri,
the two epiblastic layers of the middle cerebral vesicle and
the stomodzeum come in close contact, no mesoblastic cells
intervening. For some distance these two layers lie side
by side.

The second series of observations was made on sections
of an embryo about seventeen millimeters in length. At this
stage a number of important changes have taken place; but,
as in the five millimeter embryo, when compared to the
embryo chick, the nervous system and sense organs are not
developed in proportion to the other organs. The cerebral
hemispheres are formed, the eyes in many respects resemble
those of a chick of the fourth day, the internal ears are well
developed, the nasal pits are mere invaginations of the epiblast,
somewhat like those of a chick of the third or fourth day.

From figure 5 it will be seen that the cceliz of the encepha-
lon are continuous, one with another; and that the ccelie of
the anterior cerebral vesicle is prolonged downward, forming
a long funnel-shaped cavity, the infundibulum (I). The apex
of the infundibulum comes in contact with a flask-shaped
body, the hypophysis cerebri (H. C). Resting upon the
base of the flask-shaped hypophysis cerebri is an irregular
elongated body, the processus infundibuli (P. 1). -

Figure 6 is an enlarged view of the same section from
which figure 5 was taken. The hypophysis cerebri is here a
large flask, the walls being formed of epithelium of consider-
able thickness, which is continued as the neck of the flask

308 Natura History BuuLueETIN.

down toward the pharynx. The neck of the flask has sepa-
rated from the epithelium lining the pharynx, owing to the
separation of this lining from the mesoblast. Within the
lumen of the flask is a mass of structureless matter, without
evidence of nuclei. The haematoxylin has stained this to
some extent, one patch taking rather a deep stain. The neck
and the lower portion of the lumen in this flask contain
many cells, so that the open communication which previously
existed between the cavity of the flask and the pharynx is
now obliterated.

Surrounding the hypophysis cerebri is a structureless mem-
brane, which is quite conspicuous between the flask and the
infundibulum, and also between the flask and the processus
infundibuli. The mesoblastic cells are crowded back by the
growth of the hypophysis cerebri.

The peculiar nest of mesoblastic cells so clearly seen in
figure 4, has entirely disappeared in this embryo, and with it
all traces of Seessel’s pocket.

Resting on the flattened side of the hypophysis cerebri,
and separated from it by a thin membrane, is the layer of
cells which forms the boundary of the infundibulum. The
membrane which separates these two epiblastic layers is
probably derived from the mesoblast, but beyond this the
two epiblastic layers are in contact. In figure 4 these two
layers are in actual contact, no membrane intervening.

Above the hypophysis cerebri, and resting on its base, is
an elongated body, the processus infundibuli (P. 1). This is
also separated from the hypophysis cerebri by the membrane
previously mentioned. The processus infundibuli has ad-
vanced into the mesoblast until it approaches the nervous
lining of the posterior cerebral vesicle. From all that can be
seen in figure 6, the processus infundibuli is separated from
the infundibulum, but this appearance is due to the fact that
the section did not lie in the median plane.

Figures 7 and 8 are taken from the same embryo as that
from which figures 5 and 6 were taken. Figure 7 shows the
communication between the ccelie of the anterior cerebral

|
}

Tue Hypopuysis CEREBRI. i, 4 $ ag

vesicle and the cceliz of the cerebral hemispheres. Figure 8
shows the walls of the processus infundibuli in connection
with the walls of the infundibulum. The walls of the pro-
cessus infundibuli resemble those of the hypophysis cerebri.

The lumen of the processus infundibuli is best shown in
figure 6. It contains the same kind of structureless matter
as the lumen of the hypophysis cerebri. It is probable that
this structureless matter is of the nature of a secretion, and
its behavior with hematoxylin leads to the impression that it
is of the nature of mucous, or petzzta.

SUMMARY.

In this paper attention is called to the following points :—

1. Theterm pituztary body is not synonymous with hyfo-
physis, or hypophysis cerebri.

2. The term czfundibulum should not be used for processes
enfundibule.

3. The epithelium lining what is known as Seessel’s pocket,
is but a single cell in thickness.

4. The epithelium lining the first appearance of the hypo-
physis cerebri is several cells in thickness.

5. The projection between Seessel’s pocket and the hypo-
physis cerebri is formed by a proliferation of mesoblastic cells
forming a nest, and is not necessarily the remains of the oral
plate, although it indicates the position of the oral plate.

6. The cephalic extremity of the notochord is in close
connection with this nest, and does not approach the hypo-
physis cerebri. :

7. The epiblast lining the encephalon, and the epiblast
lining the stomodzeum lie in close contact in the region of the
hypophysis cerebri.

8. The hypophysis cerebri is developed from epithelium
on the cephalic side of the oral plate, hence is of epiblastic
origin.

310 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

g. The processus infundibuli is also of epiblastic origin.

10. The hypophysis cerebri is the direct result of cell pro-
liferation, and is not a mechanical constriction.

11. The processus infundibuli is also the direct result of
cell proliferation.

12. The further development and union of the hypophysis
cerebri and processus infundibuli form the structure known
in adult Mammalia as the pituitary body; the hypophysis cere-
bri developing into the anterior lobe, the processus infundibuli
developing into the posterior lobe, both being assisted by the
proliferation of cells from the mesoblast.

fistological Laboratory,

State University of Iowa.
March, 1893.

REPORT ON THE MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF BLOOD FROM A
PATIENT SUFFERING FROM SPLENIC MYELOGENOUS
LEUKAMIA,

By FRANK S. ABY.

E. O. C., age forty-one, was admitted to the Hospital of
the State University of Iowa, March 4th, 1893. An examin-
ation showed that the patient. was suffering from splenic
myelogenous leukemia. A microscopic investigation of the
blood was instituted by the writer, the results of which are
embodied in the following report.

NORMAL HUMAN BLOOD.

Before proceeding to the report proper, a brief preliminary
description of the microscopic characters of normal blood that
are used for clinical purposes, will be useful. At least three
varieties of corpuscles are found,—coloured, leucocytes, and
blood plaques.

CoLOURED CORPUSCLES.

Sztze.—The average size is usually taken as about 8» (about
sou inch). In Heitzmann’s Microscopical Morphology of the
Animal Body,! we find the following: ‘More recently he
(Richardson) measured corpuscles of individuals of fourteen
different nations, one hundred of each. Of the 1,400 cor-
puscles measured, the average was s#sz (.007878 mm.), the
maximum 2777, the minimum avss of an inch; 1158, or 83 per
cent., measured between s7ss and svsv of an inch in diameter,
and consequently under a power of two hundred would
appear about the same magnitude; the total number of cor-

1 Microscopical Morphology of the Animal Body in Health and Disease,
by C. Heitzmann. J. H. Vail & Co., New York. 1883. p. 77.

.

312 NaturAL History BuLveEtIn.

puscles of minimum measure was only six, or less than one-
half of one per cent; and the total number which measured
the maximum was ten, or less than one per cent.”

As the result of a number of measurements made by
myself, I take as the average size of coloured corpuscles 8p,
or about sb0 of an inch.

JVumber.—F rom a number of estimates made by the writer,
the average number of coloured corpuscles in each cubic mil-
limeter of blood from a healthy male somewhat exceeds five
millions. My enumerations were made with the Thoma hem-
acytometer, made by Reichert, and with another of the same
kind made by Zeiss, as described by Limbeck.1

Shape.—As they exist in the vessels, each coloured corpus-
cle is a biconcave disc, with smooth circular outline. After
being drawn for a few minutes, many become crenated. The
coloured corpuscles of some individuals become crenated
immediately on leaving the vessels, no matter how rapidly
the blood is brought between the cover and the slide. Usually
this change takes place only after several minutes.

feouleaux.— When healthy human blood is placed between a
slide and cover glass properly, usually the coloured corpuscles
will tend to adhere to each other by their concave sides, form-
ing rolls very much like piles of coin. To these rolls the
term rouleaux is applied. Sometimes in blood that, aside from
this, appears to be normal, the coloured corpuscles do not
form rouleaux.

Hemogtlobin.— Although not a microscopic character, for
clinical purposes an estimation of hemoglobin should accom-
pany every enumeration of coloured corpuscles. The instru-
ment used by the writer in these observations is the ordinary
Fleischl hemoglobinometer, as described by Limbeck on page
17 of the work cited. This instrument is direct-reading, and
the standard of normal blood is 100 per cent.

' Grundriss einer Klinischen Pathologie des Blutes, von Limbeck. Gustay
Fischer, Jena. 1892. p. 28.

Microscopic EXAMINATION OF BLoop. 313

LEUCOCYTES.

Varieties —In normal human blood, Ehrlich recognizes
five varieties of leucocytes. As quoted by Osler they are as
follows: (Quotations from Osler slightly modified. )

1. Lymphocytes. Small cells about the size of a red
blood-corpuscle, and probably derived from the lymphatic
glands, which leave a single large, round, deeply staining
nucleus, surrounded by a narrow rim of non-granular pro-
toplasm.

2. Mononuclear. Cells several times as large as the red
blood-corpuscle, with an oval or elliptical nucleus and a rela-
tively larger amount of ungranulated protoplasm.

3. Transitional. Cells which resemble the last variety,
but have indentations and irregularities in the nucleus.

4. Polynuclear. These are about the same size or a little
smaller than the last variety. The nucleus is a long, deeply
staining body which is bent and twisted on itself into irregular
shapes. The protoplasm of these cells is filled with granules,
which are stained, not by acid or basic colouring matters
alone, but only by a combined fluid. The granules are there-
fore termed neutrophilic, and the name “neutrophiles” is
given to these cells.

5. Eosinophiles. Cells about the same size as the last, but
containing large, highly refractile, fat-like granules, which
have an affinity for acid colouring matters. On account of
their affinity for eosin, Ehrlich terms them eosznophiles.

In normal blood these cells occur in definite proportion to
each other.

Lymphocytes; ....«./)6..+),, 15 to. go. per eent.
iGHOniClede ani. }-3) 0s 6 per cent.
Transitional, Rieter tis 6 per cent.
Polynuclear, Sah aealta pis, OF LO) GO) DErcCene.
Eosinophiles, aa ae 2to 4 per cent.

Limbeck! gives but four varieties.

1 Principles and Practice of Medicine, by William Osler. D. Appleton &
Co., New York. 1892. p. 699.

314 NaturaL History BuLietIn.

Die im. menschlichen Blute kreisenden weissen Blutkoerperchen werden in
morphologischer Hinsicht meist in folgende Formen getrennt (vgl. die farbige
Tafel) :

1. Kleine Lymphocythen; an Groesse den rothen Blutkoerperchen
ziemlich gleichkommend, besitzen sie meist einen grossen sich mit Anilin-
farben intensiv faerbenden Kern, um welchen das Protoplasma einen schma-
len Saum bildet.

2. Grosse Lymphocythen; ihr Durchmesser ist durchschnittlich
doppelt so gross, als der der kleinen, ihr Kern relativ etwas kleiner, ihr Proto-
plasmakoerper entsprechend groesser. Beide Formen stammen nach V ir-
chow aus den Lymphdruesen und soll 1. der Vorlaeufer von 2. sein.

3. Die sogenannte mononucleaere Uebergangsform. Der Kern dieser
Zellen zeigt bereits eine mehr oder minder ausgesprochene Einbuchtung, und
ihr Koerper schon die ersten Zeichen der sogenannten neutrophilen Koer-
nung (s. u.).

4. Die polynucleaeren Leukocythen. Dieselben sollen eine
Entwicklungsstufe von 3) darstellen; sie besitzen meist mehrere oder einen
vielfach zerkluefteten Kern, sind meist groesser als die rothen Blutkoerperchen
und machen nach Ehrlich ca. 70% der weissen Elemente des normalen
menschlichen Blutes aus.

Ein zweites Eintheilungsprincip der im Blute vorfindlichen weissen Blutzel-
len ist in der von Ehrlich entdeckten differentiellen Faerbung derselben
mit Anilinfarbstoffen gegeben.

Ehrlich unterscheidet 1. die a- oder eosinophile Granulation,
das heisst weisse Blutzellen, deren Zellleib durch eine relativ grobe Koernung
ausgezeichnet ist (grobgranulirte Zellen M. Schultze’s), welch letztere
aus eimen Gemisch saurer, basischer und neutraler Anilinfarben (im Sinne
Ehrlich’s) die saueren aufnimmt. Sie besitzen meist einen grossen, mit-
unter auch zwei, seltener drei Kerne. Sie stammen bei Saeugern vorwiegend
aus dem Knochenmark.

2. Die B-Granulation, weisse Blutkoerperchen, deren Zellleib eine
feine Koernung besitzt. Diese Koerner sind mit saueren und basischen Farb-
stoften tingibel (amphophil) ; sie kommen im menschlichen Knochenmarke vor.

1 Grundriss einer Klinischen Pathologie des Blutes, von Limbeck; Gustav
Fischer, Jena, 1892. p. 132.

3. Die y-Granulation oder die Mastzellenkoernung, Zellen mit feiner
Granulation, welche basophil ist, das heisst aus einem Gemisch von Anilin-
farben nur die basischen aufnimmt.

4. Died-Granulation, basophile Zellen, welche meist mononucleaer
sind.

5. Die e-Granulation oder die neutrophile Koernung, die haeufigste
Form von allen, zeizhnet sich gewoehnlich durch einen unregelmaessig ein-
gebuchteten oder auch mehrere unregelmaessig contourirte Kerne aus, und
nimmt aus einem Farbengemisch nur die neutralen Farbkoerper auf.

Size.—The average size of leucocytes in normal human
blood may be taken as about 10u (about zsv inch). They

Microscopic EXAMINATION OF BLoop. 315

vary in size exceedingly, some being smaller than the aver-
age coloured corpuscle, while others are more than twice as
large.

LVumber.—The number of leucocytes in each cubic milli-
meter of normal blood varies widely in the same individual at
different times of the day, and from day to day. From a
number of observations made by myself with great care, ] am
led to take from 6,000 to 10,000 as the average in health,—
rather a wide range. Limbeck, as cited, on page 134, gives
the collated results of various estimates, ranging from 4,800
to 10,590. Osler, Principles and Practice of Medicine, 1892,
page 699, takes 6,000 as the average in health. I think this
estimate rather low. :

JVuclet.—As mentioned before when describing the varieties
of leucocytes, the number of nuclei varies, some leucocytes con-
taining a single nucleus, others being multinuclear. Schafer,
in Quain’s Anatomy,! speaking of the nuclei of leucocytes,
says, “Thus a nucleus not unfrequently becomes elongated
and either irregular in outline or folded on itself, so that when
the ends are turned up, the appearance of two nuclei is pro-
duced, where in reality there may be but one. In fact the
occurrence of several nuclei in the pale corpuscle is much
more rare than is generally supposed, for it will be usually
found that even when there appear to be several nuclei
in a corpuscle they are united together by long strands of
chromoplasm.”

This is not in accordance with my observations; for, during
an investigation of the nuclei of leucocytes of normal blood,
undertaken in the fall of 1892, I found by staining that many
leucocytes were multinuclear. This accords with what has
been observed previously, as before quoted from Osler, who
gives the polynuclear as 65 to 80 per cent. of all leucocytes,
Probably in this estimate transitional forms were included.

1 Quain’s Elements of Anatomy. Longmans, Green & Co., London and
New York. Tenth Edition. 1891. Vol. I., Part II., p. 214.

316 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

As to the classification of the nuclei of leucocytes, there are
at least four varieties.

1. The ordinary single nucleus, with regular outline, circu-
lar or slightly elongated.

2. Single nucleus, with slight indentations.

3. Long moniliform nucleus, sometimes with as many as
four constrictions. Some of these moniliform nuclei strongly |
recall the endoplast of certain Protozoa.

4. Several small nuclei in one cell. These leucocytes
resemble ordinary pus cells, with three and sometimes four
nuclei, much smaller than the nuclei of mononuclear leuco-
cytes.

Bioop PLAQUEs.

These are usually called “third blood corpuscles.” They
are small colourless bodies, usually angular, varying in size
from 2 to 4x. They are said to occur in proportion to the
coloured corpuscles as I to 20.!

EXAMINATION OF LEUKAEMIC BLOOD.

In all the examinations of the blood of the patient referred
to on page 311, great care was exercised in order that the facts
here recorded may be exact and reliable, and of use in future
investigations. More than the usual number of observations.
were made in each case.

COLOURED CORPUSCLES.

Szze.— One hundred coloured corpuscles were measured,
the average size being zv'ss of an inch, more than 8z.

The largest were zs: of an inch, more than 11. Only
three of these were found after an extended search.

The smallest was roo0o of an inch, more than 3x. It was
regular in outline, appeared plainly bi-concave, and had the
usual colour. I kept it under observation for some time,
under the impression that it was the result of the disintegra-

1 Gray’s Anatomy, Lea Brother & Co. Philadelphia. 1887. p. 38.

Microscopic EXAMINATION OF Buoop. 317

tion of a coloured corpuscle, ana it is quite probable that it
was such a body. Eight were found whose size was svsv of
an inch, or about 5x.

Number and Hemoglobin—A careful enumeration of the
coloured corpuscles was first made March 4th, counting the
corpuscles in fifty squares. This resulted in 4,132,000 per
cubic millimeter, or about 80 per cent. The estimation of
hemoglobin at the same time resulted in finding 40 per cent.
Another enumeration made March 7th, counting one hundred
squares, gave 4,188,000 per cubic millimeter, or about 80 per
cent. The estimation of hemoglobin at the same time gave
40 per cent. The number of coloured corpuscles then was
about So per cent., and the hemoglobin 4o per cent. of the
normal number, and quantity.

Shape.— In certain blood diseases many of the coloured
corpuscles are very irregular in outline, assuming very peculiar
shapes; not amoeboid, but quite constant for any particular
corpuscle. To these queer coloured corpuscles the term
porkilocytes is applied. ‘The writer looked long and carefully
for poikilocytes, but not more than a dozen rewarded his
search. The few irregular cells that were seen were shaped
somewhat like Rupert’s drops with short tails. One peculiar
corpuscle was cigar-shaped, 5 long and Iv wide. A striking
peculiarity was the absence of crenated forms. After making
a number of examinations, none of the slides showed a single
crenated corpuscle. One slide was kept one and one-half
hours. At the expiration of that time the coloured corpuscles
moved freely in the plasma when the slide was tipped, but
none of the corpuscles were crenated.

feouleaux.—In every examination of the blood by itself, with-
out the addition of any reagent, rouleaux were formed as in
normal blood. In one field two stationary leucocytes were so
situated that when currents of plasma carrying coloured cor-
puscles flowed between them, the coloured cells were com-
pelled not only to pass through in single file, but to squeeze

318 NatTurRAL History BuLueETIN.

through, sometimes becoming stuck for some seconds. Rolls
of coloured corpuscles. would float up to this strait, detach
themselves one by one, squeeze through the narrow way, and
go floating away in the plasma stream. Soon some obstruc-
tion would check the journey of these coloured corpuscles,
and as soon as they approached one another, rouleaux were
formed, in many instances the corpuscles taking the same
relative position that they occupied before entering the nar-
now strait.

LEUCOCYTES.

Szze.—One hundred leucocytes were measured. The aver-
age size was zzss of an inch, or about 11».

The largest were r7s0 of an inch, or about 18. Three of
these were found.

The smallest were scov of an inch, or about 54. Two of
these were found.

LVumber.—An enumeration of leucocytes was made March
4th, at the same time that the coloured corpuscles were
enumerated. The leucocytes in fifty squares were counted,
and the estimate of 294,800 leucocytes per cubic millimeter
was made. Another enumeration was made March 7th, at
the time of the enumeration of coloured corpuscles. At this
time the leucocytes in one hundred squares were counted,
and the result was 340,000 leucocytes per cubic millimeter.
These estimates give the proportion of leucocytes to coloured
corpuscles as 1 to 13. The writer’s first glance through the
microscope at this blood, led him to exclaim that the leuco-
cytes were as numerous as the coloured corpuscles. Prof.
Calvin’s first observation led him to make the same exclama-
tion, and Mr. Houser also entertained the same idea. As
shown by the hemacytometer, the proportion of leucocytes
to coloured corpuscles was as I to 13. The illusion was due
to two facts. First, we are accustomed to see but a few leuco-
cytes in any one field; and second, the coloured corpuscles
were in rouleaux, and only the edge of each was seen.

ne!

Microscopic EXAMINATION OF BLOoop. 319

Nuclei.—Time would not permit a thorough examination
by the use of stains, and in order to gain as much information
as possible in the time which could be devoted to this part of
the investigation, a weak solution of acetic acid was employed.
This fact must be held in mind in making the application of
my observations on these nuclei.

The three largest leucocytes seen, those mentioned before
as being r@svof an inch, or about 18», in diameter, were mono-
nuclear, the nuclei being of the first variety. The nuclei
were zscc0 of an inch, or about rou, in diameter. Thus it will
be seen that the nuclei of these three immense cells were as
large as the average leucocyte.

The leucocytes containing nuclei of the second variety were

of large size, all exceeding scsv of an inch, or about 13u.

The leucocytes containing nuclei of the third and fourth
varieties were of medium size, and ranged from sso of an
inch, about 10y, to sv of an inch, or about 13..

The lymphocytes were much smaller, the largest not ex-
ceeding ssbo of an inch, about 1ov. Some were but seco of an
inch, about Su; in other words about the size of the nuclei
of the mononuclear and transitional leucocytes.

As to the relative Humber of the various varieties, no
attempt was made to estimate the percentages. Occasionally
every cell in a field was examined, and almost every one
would be of the large mononuclear type. Again, other fields
contained almost an equal number of the larger mononuclear
and the transitional leucocytes. The lymphocytes were by
no means very numerous. It is to be regretted that oppor-
tunity was not afforded to make a thorough investigation of
the nuclei of this blood, and estimate the per cent. of the
various varieties of leucocytes, but the patient left the hospi-
tal March 8th, and the writer was not permitted to complete
his studies by the use of stains and various reagents.

Ameboid Movement.— The blood was examined on the
warm stage, March 6th. The temperature was maintained
at about 35° C. The movement was quite sluggish as com-
pared to that of leucocytes in normal blood.

320 NaTuRAL History BuLietin.

Another more extended examination on the warm stage
was made March 7th. At first very little amceboid move-
ment of any kind was visible, probably because of the shock
and the altered environment. After about ten minutes had
elapsed, sluggish movements began to take place. All sizes
of leucocytes showed amceboid movement. The larger cells
moved much more rapidly than smaller, and all cells showing
any considerable degree of locomotion were of large size, the
small cells showing slight changes of outline.

BLoop PLAQUES.

In every preparation examined without reagents, many
leucocytes seemed to contain coarse granules in one hemi-
sphere. Sometimes these aggregations of granules appeared.
to be crescentic, from the turning of the leucocyte. A number
of these granule-like bodies were seen lying in masses in
the plasma. At first I thought these independent masses of
granules were. the result of disintegration of leucocytes. A
higher power revealed the fact that these granules were
blood plaques. The coarsely granular appearance of one por-
tion of certain leucocytes was due to the fact that blood
plaques were adhering to the surface of the leucocytes. In
no other specimen of blood examined by the writer have
these blood plaques been so numerous or so conspicuous.

SUMMARY.

In the leukzemic blood the average diameter of one hundred
corpuscles was svss of an inch, which, although slightly larger
than the average usually taken for coloured corpuscles, can
not be considered to vary much from those in a state of health.
The largest were z¥zz of an inch, the smallest, aside from the
minute corpuscle described, were svov of an inch.

The number of coloured corpuscles per cubic millimeter,
estimated by counting those in one hundred squares of the
hemacytometer, was 4,188,000, about 80 per cent. of the
number found in normal blood. The haemoglobin was esti-

Microscopic EXAMINATION OF BLoop. 32%

mated as 40 per cent. of the quantity found in normal blood;
about one-half the quantity that should occur in the number
of coloured corpuscles in this blood.

Very few poikilocytes were found. ‘The lack of tendency
of the coloured corpuscles to become crenated, even when
such change was invited, was a peculiar phenomenon. Roul-
eaux were formed as in normal blood.

The average diameter of one hundred leucocytes was z#'ss of
an inch, which is somewhat larger than the average of those
in normal blood. The largest were z#s0 of an inch, the small-
est sv'vo of an inch.

An estimate of the number of leucocytes, made by counting
one hundred squares of the hamacytometer, resulted in find-
ing 340,000 per cubic millimeter. The numer of leucocytes
to the number of coloured corpuscles was about as I to 13.

The study of the nuclei of the leucocytes was not as

thorough as could be desired. Nuclei of the four varieties
were easily recognized.

The largest leucocytes predominated. Whether or not
some of these were what are called myelocytes was not
determined.

The amceboid movement on the warm stage was much
more sluggish than that exhibited by the leucocytes of normal
blood. The movements were usually a mere change of out-
line, and not that lively locomotion indulged in by certain
leucocytes of normal blood. .

Blood plaques were especially numerous, sometimes uniting
to form masses of large size. Frequently leucocytes were
seen with blood plaques adhering to one hemisphere, under
medium powers giving the impression that the leucocytes
contained coarse granules in one portion of their substance.

Fistological Laboratory, ,

State University of Iowa.
March, 1893.

STUDIES ON THE MALE TARSUS IN SOME ADEPHAGOUS
COLEOPTERA,

By H. F.. WICKHAM.

Among many of the families of Coleoptera the tarsi of the
males are modified in various ways, the better to secure their
hold upon their mates during the act of copulation. In many
genera of terrestrial Adephaga the joints of the middle or
anterior tarsi, or both, are dilated and furnished beneath with
pubescence, quite possibly glandular, which must aid them
greatly in maintaining their place. When, however, we come
to the Dytiscidz, we find the most wonderful and beautiful
transformations undergone by this sexual pubescence; it often
takes the shape of expanded palettes, or “suckers” as they
are sometimes called, which offer a large and mobile surface
for the spread of a peculiar viscid fluid which secures immedi-
ate and firm attachment to any smooth surface to which they
may be applied. The polished surface of the females of these
insects, necessary for freedom of motion through the water in
which they live, offers a perfect basis to which these disks
may be made to adhere.

A very interesting article on the structure of the foot of
Dytiscus has been given by Mr. B. T. Lowne in the Trans-
actions of the Royal Microscopical Society for 1871. He has
demonstrated the presence of a gland in the interior of the
foot, which secretes a viscid fluid which is carried by ducts to
the nipple-shaped attachment on which the base of the colu-
mella of the large palette rests. This columella is apparently
hollow and open along one side; it is enclosed in the elastic

MALE Tarsus IN ADEPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 323

pedicel which supports the disk and is kept straight and the
slit closed by the elasticity of this pedicel. When, however,
pressure is applied against the surface of the disk, the pedicel
is shortened and the columella bent, thus opening the slit and
allowing the fluid to escape into the general cavity of the
pedicel whence it is distributed over the surface of the disk.
The small palettes, he says, have no columella, the pedicel is
pointed, while the disk is cup-shaped and obliquely attached
to the pedicel when at rest. When pressure is applied the
disk is brought at right angles to the pedicel and opens com-
munication with the secreting sac.

It is not my intention however to discuss the mechanism by
which these sexual hairs are rendered serviceable, but rather
to bring before the student some of the many patterns of
arrangement of the disks and to figure as many as may be
available for the purpose. It is quite possible that this struct-
ure might be used with profit in the identification of species in
many cases, though in others, where the species are easily
differentiated by other characters, the feet are almost indis-
tinguishable. ;

Any classification founded on these hairs must necessarily
be artificial, since it is a principle generally accepted among
naturalists that those organs which are brought most into
contact with the peculiarities of the life of an animal are those
which are likely to undergo to the greatest extent the process
of adaptation and change; and will consequently offer no
reliable index of true fundamental or homological affinity
though often valuable for defining groups among species
closely allied.

The short note regarding generic peculiarities is taken
from Dr. Sharp’s great work on the Dytiscide.! The de-
scriptions and drawings are original, the latter made after
photo-micrographs, which, with the exception of two by Mr.
L. B. Robinson, were all made by Mr. Edw. G. Decker, to
whom I am greatly obliged for this kind aid. It is hoped to

1 Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society. Vol. II, Series II.

324 Natura History Bu.vetin.

continue the work until at least all of our most interesting
American species have been figured, and any good material
for the purpose will be very welcome.

CYBISTER.

Three basal joints of the male anterior tarsi dilated, form-
ing a disk somewhat regularly transversely elliptical in shape,
furnished with four rows of palettes, similar among them-
selves; the first joint bearing also a patch of pubescence of
varying size.

CyYBISTER EXPLANATuS Lec. Plate VI, Fig. 4.

Three dilated joints nearly equal in width, the basal one a
little wider than both the others taken together. Palettes in
four transverse series, the first situated just in front of the
pubescent area, consisting of fourteen palettes and not extend-
ing quite across the joint; the second extends quite along the
distal margin of the joint and consists of nineteen palettes; the
third and fourth series occupy a corresponding position on the
second and third joints respectively, and contain twenty-one
and twenty palettes. The pubescent area occupies the base
for a little more than one-half the length of the joint. Speci-
mens studied from Yuma, Cal.

CyYBISTER FIMBRIOLATUs Say. Plate V, Fig. 2.

A little larger than the preceding, but resembling it very
closely in details. The first and second series have respect-
ively fifteen and twenty palettes, while the third and fourth
contain the same number as the corresponding rows in C.
explanatus. Specimens studied from Iowa City, Iowa.

CyYBISTER TRIPUNCTATUs Oliv. (africanus Lap.)

A prepared anterior tarsus of this species differs from either
of the preceding as follows: The first series consists of nine-
teen palettes, the second of twenty-two, the third of twenty-
two and the fourth of twenty-three. The pubescent area is

Mate Tarsus IN ADEPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 325

also considerably larger, extending much farther forward on
the joint. Algeria.

It is perhaps worthy of note that there appears, with the
scanty material at hand, to be a direct correlation between the
size of the dilated tarsi and the number of palettes; thus in
C. explanatus which has the smallest foot of the three species,
I find only seventy-four palettes; in C. jimbriolatus with a
somewhat larger foot there are seventy-six, while on the still
larger one of C. ¢rzfunctatus there are eighty-six. The ar-
rangement by series is given below.

I 2 3 4 Total
| C. explanatus, | 14 | 19] 21| 20| 74
| C. fimbriolatus, | 15 | 20 | 21 | 20| 76
| C. tripunctatus, | Ig | 22 | 22 | 23 | 86

There may be a variation within specific limits as well as
that which I have noted above, but material is not now at
hand for the discussion of the question.

THERMONECTES.

Anterior tarsi of male dilated, the first three joints forming
a nearly circular plate, furnished beneath with several palettes,
the three basal often larger. Intermediate tarsi simple.

THERMONECTES ORNATICOLLIS va7. NIGROFASCIATUS Aubé.
Plate VIII, Fig. 7.

Patella equal in length and breadth, the basal joint longer
than both the others. The palettes are arranged as follows:
Three large ones forming a triangle, and six smaller, marginal
on the basal joint; seven on the second and six on the third
joint, arranged along the anterior and side margins and of
about the same size as the smaller palettes on the basal joint.
Fringing hairs, few in number, interrupted at the articulation
of the tibia and of the fourth joint.

The palettes resemble those of Dyt/scus much more closely
than those of Cyézster. It exhibits a high type of specializa-
tion in the reduction of the number of palettes, while on the

326 NAaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

other hand there is little differentiation zz¢er se. Studied from
specimens taken at Albuquerque, New Mexico.

ACILIUS.

Anterior tarsi of male dilated, basal joint with three large
palettes and patch of very small ones. Fringing hairs usually
long. Intermediate tarsi little or not at all dilated.

A. FasciaTus De G. Plate VIII, Fig. 8.

Basal joint of anterior tarsus much larger in proportion to
the others than in any other species thus far studied. The
sexual hairs are also very differently arranged, as follows:
Basal joint with a very large palette near the proximal angle,
two smaller palettes just beyond this, and a patch of very
small long-stalked ones crowded together in the other angle.
The second and third joints of the tarsus bear only the small-
est size of palettes, a median space equal to somewhat less
than one-third of the width of the joint being quite bare. The
fringing hairs are very long and beautiful, reaching their
greatest length in the vicinity of the large palette and becom-
ing shorter and stouter as they approach the articulation of
the fourth joint.

The differentiation of the palettes into three sets is very
interesting and is the most characteristic feature of this foot.
Prof. Nutting to whom I showed the drawings and notes has
suggested that this indicates a high degree of specialization,
the development of three sets differing widely among them-
selves, more than offsetting the great reduction in number of
palettes with little difference zzter se as shown in Thermonec-
tes ornaticoll’s. One of the species of Aczlius (A. mediatus
Say) seems to show that quite possibly these two very dif-
ferently appearing feet may be elaborations of a common
type—that in the more typical species of Zhermonectes the
tendency has been along the line of reduction in number of
the palettes with maintenance of comparative equality in size
while in Acz/us the three large palettes seem rather to have

Mate Tarsus IN ADEPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 327

been developed at the expense of complete suppression of all
the glandular hairs in their neighborhood.
Studied from specimens sent from Switzerland, by Mr.

Fritz Ruhl.
DYTISCUS.

Anterior tarsi of male with three basal joints dilated and
forming a large nearly circular patella, having two large
palettes and numerous small ones on the first joint, and small
palettes only on the second and third. Middle tarsi with the
three basal joints dilated and clothed beneath with glandular
or spongy pubescence. This is a large genus, and, with a
pattern which is on the whole very constant, shows many
minor variations. Of the five species I have been able to
study, four are figured.

D. MARGINALIS Linn. Plate VII, Fig. 6.

Two large palettes on basal joint and about forty-three
small ones, the latter arranged in five tolerably regular trans-
verse rows of which the marginal one contains eighteen
palettes. Second joint with two complete transverse rows of
small palettes and a few intercalated— one at one end, five at
the other—forty-three in all. Third joint with confused rows
of small palettes, about sixty-eight in number.

Studied from European specimens. Resembles very closely
the foot of J. fasciventris Say. A large palette of this species
is shown on Plate VIII., Fig. 11.

D. FASCIVENTRIs Say. Plate V, Fig. 1.

Very closely resembling the preceding species, the patella
however being a little more elongate, the basal joint compara-
tively narrower and longer. The marginal row on the basal
joint consists of only fourteen palettes and there are but eleven
others on the joint besides the two large ones. The second
joint bears an anterior and posterior marginal row of respect-
ively twelve and fifteen palettes with a single marginal one
intercalated. Third joint with forty-two small disks arranged
in somewhat regular transverse rows.

328 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

The foot is of smaller size than that of D. margialis and
offers another example of the correlation between size of
patellz and number of palettes spoken of in the remarks
under Cydister tripunctatus. ‘This parallel does not however,
hold good in such forms as J. harrisit and others where the
small palettes are comparatively much less developed, and
will probably apply only between closely allied species.

Dytiscus crrcumcinctus Ahr. Plate VII, Fig. 5.

Patella nearly circular in outline, not elongate. The pal-
ettes are smaller and more numerous than in either of the
preceding species, the marginal row of the first joint contain-
ing twenty-one, while the angle bears thirty-five others. The
second joint bears five illy defined series of them instead of
the two seen in D. fasciventris and D. marginalis, while the
third joint has a great number placed confusedly with scarcely
a tendency to arrangement in lines.

DytTiscus PUNCTULATUS Fabr.

Resembles D. circumcinctus, but the small palettes are still
more numerous, especially on the second joint where about
eight much confused rows can be made out. It approaches
the next species in structure.

Studied from European specimens.

Dytiscus HARRIsH Kirby. Plate VI, Fig. 3. Plate VIIL,

Fig. 9.

Patella slightly elongate, third joint more deeply notched
at apex than in the other species. The small palettes are
minute, very closely placed and extremely numerous. There
are two nearly complete rows on the basal joint, the second
has about ten, very much confused, for the greater part of
the width.

This species shows a slight indication of a bare median
space on the third joint, reminding us of the structure shown in
the foot of Acilius. The middle tarsus as figured shows very

Mae Tarsus IN ADEPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 329

well the structure of these parts in all the species of Dytzscus
which I have studied, the chief difference lying in the density
of the vestiture. There seems to be no direct correlation
between the number of palettes on the anterior feet as com-
pared with the intermediate.

COLYMBETES.

Composed of species with very heterogeneous male charac-
ters—anterior tarsi either dilated or compressed, with or
without palettes and glandular pubescence.

CoLYMBETES SCULPTILIS Harris. Plate VIII, Fig. 10.

Anterior tarsus dilated, not compressed, basal joint with
twelve palettes in two rows of six each, those in the marginal
one with longer stalk than the others; a median irregularly
Y-shaped patch of pubescence. Second joint with a single
submarginal row of six; third joint with one of four palettes
all alike.

No true palettes are visible on the tips of the sexual hairs
in my specimens, but I suspect they may have been acci-
dentally removed, either in preparation of the slide or before
the insect came into my hands.

Studied from specimens from Michigan. This foot recalls
that of Cydzster in the arrangement of the rows of palettes as
well as in the possession of the patch of pubescence on the
heel.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EARLY STAGES OF SEVERAL NORTH AMERICAN
COLEOPTERA.

By H. F. WICKHAM.

The following notes refer to the transformations of several
Coleoptera which have not heretofore been described in the
literature of the subject, and are offered as a continuation of
the series begun in the preceding number of the Bulletin.
While it is to be regretted that the works of Schiddte and
Perris are not accessible in order that these insects might be
compared with their near European relatives, I have tried to
make the descriptions and figures clear enough to serve, if
necessary, as a basis of comparison in treating of others in the
future. The preparatory stages of American beetles have
been sadly neglected, in consequence probably of the difficulty
of successfully carrying larve to their full growth and
through their final transformations.

PTEROSTICHUS LUCUBLANDUS Say. Plate IX, Fig. 5.

The larva of this species has been carefully described by
Schaupp in the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Soci-
ety, III, p. 88. A figure of the pupa drawn only an hour
before the emergence of the beetle is given herewith to com-
plete the history. The length is Io mm.

A larva found at Independence, Ia., on the first of Septem-
ber, pupated on the sixth and the perfect insect appeared on
the sixteenth.

BRACHINUS JANTHINIPENNIS Dej. Plate IX, Figs. 1 and 2.

Color of living larva clear white with a dark dorsal line

EARLY STAGES OF COLEOPTERA. 331

caused by the internal organs showing through. Mouth-
parts castaneous.

Form short and thick, cylindrical, tapering at the ends.
Length, 9 mm.

Head small, sides rounded.

Prothorax broader than the head, margins crenated, sepa-
rated from the disk by an impressed line. Surface very con-
vex.

Meso- and metathorax shorter and narrower than prothorax.
Abdomen broader than prothorax, the segments bulging con-
siderably, bristled at the sides beneath. The general shape
of the larva is shown by the figure in which however the
head and thoracic rings are drawn a trifle too broad in pro-
portion to the abdomen—the result of attempting to correctly
represent a living and moving specimen.

Legs in the form of an elongate cone, the joints regularly
decreasing in diameter from base to tip. There are no true
claws, but on three of the legs I can make out, with a three-
fourths objective, two diverging bristles near the tip of the
tarsal joint which may be the homologue of the claws. As
the possession of two claws has been looked upon as char-
acterizing the larve of Adephaga, this is an important point.

The larva shows to a remarkable degree, the profound
modifications which a change of habit may bring about. Be-
longing to a family the larve of which are mostly active and
strong, living by rapine and murder, the larva of Brachinus
is a parasite on insects of its own order and is subject to
the many degradations of structure brought about by this
habit. Living in the cells or “cocoons” of Dineutes assimilts,
where it is perhaps brought as a very young larva clinging
to its host, it is without need of hard chitinous covering to
protect it from enemies or strong limbs to bear it in search of
prey. Its covering is consequently soft and yielding, resem-
bling rather that of a Hymenopterous larva than a Carabid, the
legs become mere props and seem not to be used in drawing
the body along when the insect makes the little progress of

332 ~ NaTurAL History BuLuetin.

which it is capable. The abdomen is unwieldly in size and
the long caudal processes so often seen in this family are re-
duced to mere tubercles. The ambulatory bristles are weak.
The mouth parts are minute and it is to be regretted that the
scanty material does not permit of dissections which ought to
be made. ‘Transformation to the pupal state takes place in
the cell of its host. The pupa is white in color, 7 mm. in
length, the posterior tarsi exceeding the tip of the abdomen.
The antenne are passed under the anterior and middle legs,
the tips meeting at the point of origin of the posterior tarsi.
The posterior legs are covered as far as this point by the
wing-pad.

Two of these larve were found in the cells of Dzneutes
assimilis feeding on the pup and sucking the juices. One of
these, perhaps an account of the partial decomposition of the
Dineutes pupa on which it it was originally feeding, consented
to complete its growth ona pupa of 7ropisternus glaber which
I killed and opened for it. Taken on the first of September,
the change to pupa was made on the seventh, the perfect in-
sect appearing on the sixteenth. The larva had a curious
habit when disturbed of lifting the fore part of the body so
that all the feet were in the air—much after the attitude taken
by Sphinx larvee—and maintaining this position for some min-
utes.

SCARITES SUBTERRANEUS Fab. Plate IX, Figs. 3 and 4.

Color of larva, black above, excepting the side margins of
the metathorax and of the abdominal segments which are of
a dirty white. Sides of abdomen white with a longitudinal
series of small brown spots. Legs brown.

Form elongate, subcylindrical; length about 33 mm.

Head about as wide as the prothorax, bristly, frontal mar-
gin tridentate.

Eyes situated behind the antennae, composed of six ocelli,
in two transverse rows of three each. If there are other
ocelli I am unable to demonstrate them, as the details have to
be made out from the cast skin of the larva after pupation.

Earty STAGES OF COLEOPTERA. - 333

Antenne four-jointed, inserted on a tubercle, first joint
short, the second a little over twice as long, the third a trifle
longer than the first, the fourth only about one-third as long
and tipped with three long bristles.

Mandibles stout, curved, with a double median tooth, blunt
in the full-grown larva.

Maxillz with a long basal joint equal to the first two joints
of the antennz. This joint is slightly curved, does not taper,
and is very densely spinose on the inner surface but with long
bristles on the other. The outer appendix is four-jointed, the
first joint stout, about half the length of the second and some-
what exceeded by the third, the fourth joint being very small
and pointed at tip. The inner appendix is two-jointed, the
first joint stouter and a little longer than the second.

The mentum is small, broader at. apex, extremely bristly.
The palpi are two-jointed, the first joint stouter and about
one-half longer than the second.

The separate description of the segments cannot be taken
up as all form was of course destroyed by the process of cast-
ing the skin in transformation.

Legs stout, the coxe conical and prominent, the femora a
trifle shorter, the suture of the trochanter distinctly marked.
The tibia is much shorter, not being equal to the tarsal joint
with claws.

Pupa dirty white, 15 mm. in length, the head and jaws
very large. It is remarkable chiefly for the large bunches of
bristles which adorn the first five segments of the abdomen.

Gyrinus Picipes Aubé. Plate IX, Fig. 6.

Color of larva dirty white, with a shade of yellow and an
indistinct dorsal brown line. Eye-spots black, filaments clear
white.

Form elongate, tapering to both ends, in section elliptical.
Length 1o mm.

Head elongate, sides nearly straight.

Prothorax wider than the head, narrowed and rounded in
front, with a distinct longitudinal slightly oblique impression.

334 NaATuRAL History BULLETIN.

Mesothorax broader than the prothorax, with an entire
transverse impressed line anteriorly and two lateral ones, the
inner plainer.

Metathorax resembles the mesothorax.

Abdominal segments 1 to 8 with a transverse impressed
line at the base, sides margined.

Antennz situated behind the mandibles, four-jointed the
first joint short and stout, the second long and slender, the
last two decreasing in length. Bristles wanting.

Mandibles as in Dineutes.

Maxille as in Dineutes, the palpi proportionately a little
shorter.

Labial palpi also as in Deneutes.

Abdominal hooks as in Dineutes.

The pupa somewhat resembles that of Dzneutes and is 4
mm. in length, white, the antennz projecting at right angles
from the sides of the head. The labrum is very distinct and
the head has a large prominence on each side just above the
antenne.

As to the method of pupation I find there is a great deal of
contradiction among different writers. Letzner' states that
pupation takes place in the leaves of water-plants, reeds, etc.,
in a cocoon. Schaupp? says that they “make a gray paper-
like cocoon under the bark of old willow-trees, etc.,” while
Packard*® remarks that they “spin an oval cocoon.” The
discrepancy between these last statements is very marked, my
observations going to uphold rather that of Schaupp since the
cells I found were of mud without any intermixture of silk and
so can hardly be said to have been “spun.” Probably the
larva uses any readily accessible matter in the formation of its
cell and when under stones would use mud, while if under
bark might there utilize wood or bark fibre thus giving the
“cocoon” a papery consistence. A cell in my possession is

1 Zeitschrift fuer Entomologie. Breslau, 1855. p. 4.
2 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Ento. Soc., II, p. 22.
8 Guide to the Study of Insects. 8th edition, p. 437.

EARLY STAGES OF COLEOPTERA. 335

elliptical in longitudinal section and measures 5 mm. in length
by 2.5 mm. in breadth.

The figures of the larve are also apparently defective, the
head, in the figures given by Packard and Letzner being out
of all proportion to the body. Schaupp has correctly des-
cribed the head as small.

Some doubt attaches to the specific determination of this
larva as two or three species of Gyrznus may often be found
in the same school. The specimens of beetles which I took
from the cells, though immature, seem to be G. fucifes and I
have accordingly described the larva under that name. I
consider it very doubtful if the larve of Gyrznus can ever be
specifically distinguished.

I have given on Plate IX, Fig. 7, a representation of an un-
known larva of this family, 16 mm. in length. I am unable to
make a probable conjecture as to its identity unless it is possi-
ble that the larve of this family pass through a semi-pupal
metamorphosis, and in that case it may be a feeding larva of
Dineutes asstmilis or possibly one of the other species of the
same genus. It was captured close to the river bank at Inde-
pendence, Iowa, on the first of September, and has lived five
weeks in a tin box without food—refusing everything offered.

DINEUTES AsstMILis Aubé. Plate IX, Figs. 8 to 12.

Color of larva dirty yellowish white, the meso- and meta-
thorax and dorsal portion of abdomen light slaty blue. The
head, especially the mouth parts, and the prothorax are tinged
with reddish yellow. Eyes black. The only distinct mark-
ings of any kind consist of two dark brown lines on the pro-
thorax, one curved, sub-basal, the other shorter, basal.

Form, fusiform, not, or only very slightly flattened dorso-
ventrally. Entire length 25 mm. of which 3 mm. belong to
the abdominal appendages.

Head subquadrate, somewhat narrowed anteriorly and pos-
teriorly, a V-shaped mark between the eyes. Frontal margin
(corresponding to labrum, but not separated by a distinct

336 NaTurAL History BULLETIN.

suture) with three teeth, the middle one large and rounded,
the lateral ones smaller and pointed.

Eyes on a raised black spot, posterior to the antenne. The
appearance is of six ocelli, of which four are situated on the
upper surface of the head as shown in the figure, while the
two larger ones are rather anterior and inferior to them in
position.

Antenne inserted immediately behind the base of the man-
dibles, on a tubercle, four-jointed, the first joint short and
stout, the second long, third and fourth shorter, the fourth
being shorter than the third. There are no bristles.

Mandibles curved, acute, moderately stout and without
teeth, the inner margin showing only a slight roughening
even under a one-fifth objective.

Maxillz very stout and heavy. The first joint is long and
heavy, the second joint heavy but much shorter, having three
appendages; internally a long slender tooth, notched at tip,
externally a long four-jointed palpus of which the first joint is
short and the remaining three longer but nearly equal among
themselves, though the second is the longest, and between
these two appendages is situated a third, two-jointed one.
The only bristles visible are two in number and situated at
the base of this last-mentioned appendage.

Mentum. I think I am correct in describing this as small
and covered at base by a lobe of the under surface of the
head. The palpi are very long, three-jointed, the basal joint
stout, the remaining ones more slender. It is possible that
what I have described as the basal joint may be a supporting
piece, like that found in the larva of Oms.1 |

Prothorax narrowed in front and having on the dorsal sur-
face a corneous scute, the posterior margin of which is bound-
ed by a dark brown line. Disk convex, sides nearly straight,
base and apex slightly sinuate.

Mesothorax somewhat broader than prothorax, narrowing
anteriorly from a point quite near the base.

1 Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., VII, p. 33.

EarLy STAGES OF COLEOPTERA. 337

Metathorax similar to mesothorax. There are no bristles
of any size on any of the thoracic rings so far as I can discover.

Abdomen very long, the segments 1 to 8 approximately
equalin length. Each of these bears, near the posterior angle,
a long white filament or process, which, when the larva 1s
curled in its cell is applied close to the body. In the water
they presumably move about quite freely. The ninth seg-
ment is smaller and bears a pair of these appendages on each
side; between and inferior to these appendages is borne a
small additional segment which in turn is surmounted by a
smaller one, armed at tip with four long curved hooks.

Spiracles cannot be found. It is quite possible that true
stigmata do not exist and that the filaments form the only
external respiratory organs. This is rendered more likely
from the fact that each filament is again covered by much
smaller ones visible only under high powers of the microscope.

Legs with prominent conical coxe, femora a trifle shorter,
tibiz about half the length of the femora, tarsal pieces a little
longer and bearing two nearly straight equal claws. The
coxe are slightly bristled, the other joints have all strong
spines on the outer edge.

The pupa is 8 mm. in length, yellowish in color and the
eyes are nearly black. The abdomen and nearly the entire
dorsal surface are brown. It is much more quiescent than
usual with the coleopterous larve, and I have never seen
more than the faintest perceptible movement of the abdomen.
It is preyed upon in its cell by two different parasites—one
the larva of the Brachinus before described and the other a
minute Hymenopterous insect of the family Chalcidide. A
specimen which was about to disclose the perfect insect in-
creased in length and the limbs became more free.

Several specimens of larve and pupe were found in their
cells or “cocoons” along the bank of the Wapsipinicon River
near Independence, Iowa, during the last of August and
beginning of September. The larve, on coming out of the
water, repair to the under surface of a stone or a board, close

338 NaTuRAL History BuLueETIN.

enough to the water’s edge to insure continued dampness, and
there construct an oval cell of earth, without any admixture
of silk so far as I can find. These cells are not simple exca-
vations of earth beneath the stone, but are built upon it like
the cells of some of our mud-wasps and are not very unlike
them in shape. A cell in my possession measures 12 mm. in
long diameter and 8 mm. across, outside. In it the larva lies
curled somewhat in the form of a letter C until changing into
a pupa which rests upon its back—a position also assumed by
the perfect insect when it is at last disclosed. Escape seems
to be made by forcing out one end of the cell as nearly all the
empty ones I saw were broken in that fashion.

The drawings and descriptions are made from full grown
larve taken from their cells but not from those so far advanc-
ed as to be unable to run. All students of Coleoptera know
that in the active species the larve undergo considerable
change of form just previous to transformation.

TROPISTERNUS GLABER Herbst. Plate IX, Figs. 13 to 15.

Color brown above, tubercles and a stripe down the back
lighter. Beneath yellowish, the tips of the femora and tibie
brown. Head, above brownish with a yellow stripe each side,
beneath brownish, with a median and two pairs of lateral
stripes yellow, the outer one broader. Prothorax with a
crescentic yellow mark on the under surface.

Form depressed, tapering to both ends. Length 14 mm.

Head subquadrate, a little narrowed posteriorly, not contin-
uing the axis of the body but directed somewhat upward.
The upper surface is convex between the eyes but with a flat
space near the base; below convex but with a well-marked
flattened semicircular area immediately posterior to the men-
tum. Frontal margin entire.

Eyes situated behind the antennz, consisting of six ocelli on
each side, arranged in two transverse rows of three each.
The outer ocellus of the posterior row is undeveloped in some
specimens.

Earty STAGES OF COLEOPTERA. 339

Antenne inserted just behind the mandibles, three-jointed,
the first joint very long and heavy and bearing numerous bris-
tles internally. Second joint short, more slender, third still
shorter and slenderer, tipped by a long bristle. I have a
carefully prepared dissection of the top of the head of this
species and am positive that there is no basal joint “gros et
court”? such as M. Eug. Duges? has credited to the larva of
T. lateralis. The antennal tubercle has the appearance of a
joint in the natural specimen but when cleared and examined
under the microscope it is seen not to be a true joint since
there is apparently no suture.

Mandibles strong, curved, with a large and strong tooth
about the middle, below which is a much smaller blunt one.

Maxille longer than the antenne, five-jointed,? first joint
long and heavy, only slightly bristly. Second joint shorter,
bearing internally at the tip a small bristle-tipped tubercle.
Third joint about one-third the length of the second, fourth
about the length of the second, fifth again shorter and pointed
at tip.

Mentum transverse, the anterior angles prominent and pro-
duced, bearing four spines on the under surface near the base
of the ligula, which is sub-oval narrowed to the base, apex
bearing the two-jointed palpi of which the second joint is
about three times the length of the first and tipped with one
long and two short bristles. Between the palpi is an appendix
or process, probably the latter, as I can find only a mere indi-
cation of suture—which is about twice the length of the first
joint of the palpi.

Prothorax narrowed in front, apex arcuate and sinuate,
partly covering the base of the head. The anterior margin is
depressed and longitudinally striate, the posterior margin
smooth, while the disk is covered with granules.

Mesothorax shorter and broader than the prothorax and

1 Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXVIII, p. 8.
* Duges (loc. cit.) calls them six-jointed in 7. /ateralis. I cannot find a basal
joint in my species.

340 NaTurAL History BuLuetin.

covered with granules, except on two spots, one on each side
of the middle posteriorly. Just external to this spot is an
oblique elevation extending downwards and forwards, while
exterior to this is another larger lateral one, bearing on its
summit three tubercles.

Metathorax similar but lacking the two smooth spots.

Abdomen composed of rings which in dorsal aspect much
resemble the metathorax but which are so plicate transversely
as to be with difficulty separated from each other. The seg-
ments continue of about the same width until the third or
fourth is reached, when they decrease to the tip. A prepared
skin shows each segment except the last to bear two scutes,
a smaller anterior and a larger posterior one.! All the scutes
are covered with tubercles, conspicuous among which are a
series of larger ones down the middle of the back, consisting
for the greater part of the distance of two tubercles placed
one behind the other on each side of each large scute. Lat-
erally the segments are longitudinally plicate, and bear each a
bristle-tipped tubercle. The under surface of the segments,
except the last two, are marked by four transverse ridges,
limited on each side by a longitudinal depression outside of a
high ridge.

Legs moderate, coxz large, conical and prominent, femoral
piece with a distinct trochanter and longer by a trifle than the
coxe. The tibia is shorter‘than the femur, and the tarsal
piece still shorter, being in fact merely a long claw.

The pupa is white, eyes a light chestnut and a spot on the
abdominal dorsum, black. The pronotum is armed at the an-
terior margin with a number of long curved bristles—three
near each angle and two on each side of the middle; there
are also two near each of the posterior angles and several on
the disk. The abdomen is armed with stiff bristles placed in
rows as follows: two dorsal, one on each side dorso-lateral in
immediate proximity to the spiracles, and one lateral just
below the spiracles. The tip bears two fleshy curved pro-

1 Duges considers the larger one anterior. (J. c., p. 9.)

Earty STAGES OF COLEOPTERA. 341

cesses without evidence of segmentation. The wings are
overlaid by the anterior and middle legs, and partially overlap
the posterior ones. The palpi are directed away from the
head, pointing towards the tip of the abdomen, but the anten-
nz are directed from the neighborhood of the eyes to the pos-
terior angles of the prothorax under which the club is receiv-
ed. Length ro mm.

Larve and pupz were found under stones along the banks
of the Wapsipinicon River, at Independence, late in August.
‘The larve repair to the under side of a stone arid excavate a
gallery at the end of which a smooth cell is formed by the
squirmings of the insect. In this cell the transformations take
place. Larve which I brought home with me pupated on the
6th or 7th of September and the perfect insects appeared on
the 11th.

CRYPTOBIUM BICOLOR Grav. Plate IX, Fig. 16.

Length of pupa, as it rests slightly curved 4.5 mm. Color
white, eyes very light brown. The head is flexed upon the
thorax, the antennz being tucked in between the knees of the
anterior feet and the thorax, curving around again so as to be
visible just posterior to the knees of the middle legs when the
pupa is viewed ventrally. The most striking character how-
ever is found in the extremely long and slender bristles of
which the majority project nearly on a plane passing from
side to side of the body and keep the pupa always on its
back. Three pairs of the abdominal bristles project nearly
at right angles to this plane and these seem to be the main
factors in producing the rapid motions of which the pupa is
capable, the others serving chiefly to hold the body steady.

One specimen was found under a stone on the banks of the
Wapsipinicon River, near Independence, Iowa, Sept. 2nd. It
was exceedingly sensitive to the touch, and by means of the
wonderful bristles with which it is armed was able to move
about in a very lively way. —

The perfect insect was disclosed Sept. 8th.

342 NatTuraL History BULLETIN.

APHORISTA MOROSA Lec. Plate IX, Fig. 18.

The figure of the pupa of this species is introduced for
comparison with that of others of the family already figured.
These are (in American literature) only two in number, viz:
Aphorista vittata Fabr., described and figured by Prof. John
B. Smith in Entomologica Americana, II, p. 85, and Epzpocus
cinctus Lec., of which I have given figures and descriptions
in the current volume of this Bulletin. A marked similarity
will be seen to exist between all three.

In one of my specimens the anterior pair of lateral append-
ages are black. The material was sent me from California
by Dr. Blaisdell.

CHAULIOGNATHUS PROFUNDUS(?) Lec. Plate IX, Figs. 17,
17a, and 176.

Color of larva dark velvety brown above, almost black, a
rosy line running from apex of prothorax to the tip of the sev-
enth abdominal segment. The prothorax is margined with
creamy white, narrowly at apex, more broadly at base, very
broadly at the four angles. The mesothorax and metathorax
are broadly bordered at base with delicate rose pink, while
the segments 1 to 5 of the abdomen are tipped with the same
color. The remaining segments have the tips and prominent
posterior angles of a cream color, which in the last two
extends up the sides as well. Viewed from below the pro-
thorax is cream colored with two longitudinal brown stripes
on each side of the middle and a round spot between the cox
which are brown at base. The meso- and metathorax are
rose pink beneath, with brown markings of which the most
prominent are as follows: one rounded,. almost divided by a
longitudinal white line, slightly anterior to the inter-coxal
space and a large curved one on each side just anterior to the
coxee, which are brown at base. In addition to these, the
metathorax has a pair of large brown spots on each side near
the anterior margin which are not found on the mesothorax,
and between these pairs a rather indistinct geminate spot.

EARLY STAGES OF COLEOPTERA. 343

The abdominal segments I to 5 are rosy beneath, with a large
quadrate median basal brown spot and on each side of this a
large sub-orbicular or oval one. The remaining segments
have as ground color a creamy white, the markings on the
sixth and seventh segments being the same as the preceding
ones. The last twoare plain. The legs are creamy white
except the bases of the coxe and some longitudinal stripes on
the other joints, which are brown.

Form elongate, somewhat depressed, tapering behind.
Length 36 mm.

Head very small, covered in great part by the prothorax.
Most of the mouth parts and a quadrate mark reaching from
near the base to the frontal margin are castaneous. The
form of the head is peculiar, the appearance being as if a
tube were extended from the prothorax, the mouth parts and
antenne protruding from the end of this. I presume that the
head is strongly retractile.

Antennz with the basal joint immensely thick, the second
shorter and much more slender, the third approximately equal
in length to the second but of less diameter, the fourth very
minute. All bear bristles. In color the first joint is white,
the second is of the same color but with a brown band at
about the middle of its length, the remaining two being cas-
taneous.

The mandibles are strong at the base, curved, extremely
slender and acute towards the tip. There is a strong sub-
basal tooth, directed slightly upwards.

Maxille very thick, short, bristly, the joints decreasing rap-
idly in diameter. Without dissection I do not feel able to
pronounce upon details.

Mentum apparently quadrate with the anterior angles pro-
duced. The palpi are short, bristly, and very thick.

Prothorax longer than wide narrowed and rounded in front,
with a slight apical emargination, hind angles rounded. Sur-
face minutely rugose, a patch of large deep punctures being
arranged in irregular lines on each side of the middle. Near
the base is a vague transverse impression, more evident at

344 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

the angles. Behind this is a fine transverse impressed line,
not attaining the angles.

Mesothorax subquadrate, angles obliquely subtruncate, disk
with a longitudinal elevated line on each side of the middle,
not attaining the base. On each side of this line are large
punctures, arranged in lines near the margin which has a
coarse bead. Base with fine, distinctly impressed transverse line.

Mesothorax almost exactly the same but shorter.

Abdomen with the first and second segments nearly equal,
though the second is a trifle longer, the third and fourth still
longer. The posterior angles of all the segments are promi-
nent, the prominence becoming more pronounced as we ap-
proach the terminal pieces. The ninth segment bears a fan-
shaped pro-leg, with scalloped edges, on its under surface,
while the eighth carries four bristle-tipped locomotive tuber-
cles beneath.

Spiracles situated in the lateral brown spots previously
mentioned. The mesothoracic pair are anterior to the coxe,
the abdominal pairs being situated a little nearer the base than
the apex on segments I to 7.

Legs moderate, femora long, suture of trochanter tolerably
well marked, coxe and tibiz about equal in length, shorter
than the femora. ‘Tarsal piece, a mere claw.

One specimen was collected by me in the Santa Rita. Mts.,
Arizona, during August. The mouth parts are difficult to
examine without dissection which does not seem warranted
by such scanty material. The specific assigment is somewhat
doubtful and is based on the fact that C. profundus is the only
species of sufficient size in the imago state to warrant the sup-
position that it is produced from such a large larva, and occurs
not uncommonly in the same region. The colors are all
present and bright in an alcoholic specimen. Some structural
divergencies may be noticed between my specimen and the
figures given by Dr. Riley! of C. pennsylvanicus, a much
smaller species. .

1 American Entomologist, III, 249. Fourth Rept. U. S. Ent. Com., 96.

A BOTANICAL EXPEDITION TO NICARAGUA.

By B. SHIMEK.

This expedition was sent out by the State University of
Iowa under the auspices of the Nicaragua Canal Construction
Company. ‘That it was possible to send out such an expedi-
tion, and that it was successful, is due in a large measure to
Hon. Warner Miller, of New York, President of the Nicara-
gua Canal Construction Company, who extended every aid
possible by placing the resources of the Company in Nicara-
gua at the disposal of the expedition. Letters from President
Miller secured transportation from place to place in Nicara-
gua, and quarters and other valuable aid in Greytown and
Castillo.

The officers of the Company in Greytown, Castillo and
elsewhere treated the members of the party with uniform
kindness and courtesy, and furthered the objects of the expe-
dition in every possible manner.

Thanks are also due to Hon John F. Duncombe, of Ft.
Dodge, Iowa, and Assistant President John Dunn, of the Illi-
nois Central Railroad, who kindly assisted the party in the
matter of transportation.

The writer, accompanied by Mr. C. L. Smith, left Iowa
City for New Orleans, December 16th, 1892, going thence by
steamer to Greytown, Nicaragua, by way of Bluefields.

After a most delightful journey which brought about a
gradual change from the snows of Iowa to the summer sun of
the tropics, the party landed at Greytown on the 29th day of
December. Inasmuch as the dry season begins earlier in the

346 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

interior than it does on the eastern coast, it was decided to
push on to the island of Ometépe in Lake Nicaragua, the
most distant point of the proposed route.

This journey was accomplished by steamer on the San Juan
River from Greytown to Ft. San Carlos, and by the lake
steamer “ Victoria” to Ometépe.

As the “Victoria” was being repaired, a delay was occa-
sioned at Ft. San Carlos from the 31st of December to the
5th of January. The time so spent was utilized in making
observations on the topography of the vicinity, and on the
customs of the people, and in collecting Phanerogams and
Fungi, the latter being found principally on the wood which
was stored for fuel on board the steamer.

OMETEPE.

The village of Moyogalpa, on the northwestern shore of
Ometépe, was reached in the evening of January 5th, 1893,
and active preparations for work were at once made.

Ometépe is a volcanic island about twenty miles long, lying
near the west coast of Lake Nicaragua. Its general form is
that of a figure 8, each loop consisting of a volcano surround-
ed by a plain of varying width. The explorations were all
made on the northern portion of the island which is occupied
by the volcano Ometépe, and were limited to its western half.

Surface Features.

On the north the volcano slopes abruptly to the lake, but on
the west and north-west are broader areas of comparatively
low lands which are covered with dense forests interspersed
with numerous plantations. To the north of Moyogalpa the
coast is swampy.

The broad lower lands rise gradually to the foot of the vol-
cano and are cut by occasional deep gullies in which are
found numerous ferns, Gymnogramme calomelanos, Kaulf. be-
ing the most common, in some places also covering the other-
wise almost bare surface of the volcanic ridges.

A BoTANnicaL EXPEDITION To NICARAGUA. 347

Neither streams nor springs are now found on the Ometépe
portion of the island; the rock and soil are everywhere volcanic.

The volcano itself is an almost perfect cone rising 5,240 feet
above the surface of the lake which is about 110 feet above
sea-level. Evidences in the form of tree trunks and stumps
indicate that it was formerly covered with dense forests to
the very summit, but the eruption of 1883, (the first in his-
toric times) destroyed the vegetation on the volcano, and even
to-day the surface of the south-west quarter of the volcano is
covered with loose volcanic sand and boulders, with no other
trace of recent vegetation, than a few stunted, struggling mos-
ses. The remainder of the volcano is again covered with low
masses of tangled vines and shrubs, larger trees occurring only
near the base, and on the eastern and south-eastern slopes.

As a clearer idea of the exact character of the surface of
the western half of the volcano can perhaps be obtained from
a detailed description of an ascent of the volcano made on the
24th of January, 1893, a portion of the notes which were taken
by the writer at the time is here inserted:

«We started on horse-back with our guide at about seven
o’clock, A.M. After passing a number of plantain plantations
we entered a dense tropical forest by a narrow path over-
hung with branches and vines, a constant menace to our safety.
We tried to reach San Marco on the north-western slope, the
point from which the volcano is usually approached, but a fal-
len tree prevented this. After collecting for a short time in a
deep gully which was washed out in the volcanic sand, at the
foot of the volcano, and which was lined whith numerous spe-
cies of Pteris, Polypodium, Asplenium, Blechnum, Gymmno-
gramme, etc., we passed to one of the long, comparatively
barren tongues of volcanic matter which extend out into the
more fertile portions of the island, ana gradually ascended to
a point at an elvation of about 1,000 feet, beyond which horses
could not be used. Leaving our horses at this point we com-
menced the ascent on foot about 10:30 A.M., and reached the
summit in four and a-quarter hours. The line which we fol-

348 NaTurRAL History BULLETIN.

lowed is almost exactly due east from Moyogalpa, and is the

dividing line which separates the bare sandy part of the vol-
cano on the south-western slope from that on which vegetation
has again obtained a foot-hold.

«Above the point at which we left our horses, for about
2,000 feet, the slope is about 30°; the surface is grassy with
some shrubbery in the upper half of this portion, and with an
abundance of boulders everywhere.

“Beyond this, in the last 2,000 feet, the slope becomes more
abrupt, being about 45°.

“The lower part of this portion contains an abundance of
small shrubs and a few young trees, and everywhere dead
trunks of trees are standing erect, or lying where they were
overwhelmed by the mass of volcanic sand which was hurled
from the mouth of the crater. The upper part is almost bare,
and as the soil is made up of fine, loose sand and small boul-
ders, climbing is exceedingly difficult, the great exertion caus-
ing my (the writer’s) pulse to reach 160.

“In the last 1,000 feet the sides of the gullies which have
been produced by erosion since the eruption, show that this
fine volcanic sand is regularly stratified, the lines of stratifica-
tion being parallel to the slope,—evidence that the sand was
deposited by the hot water which was ejected from the crater.

‘The few herbs and shrubs which are found on this portion
of the volcano are clustered together in patches in true alpine
fashion, but the clouds which usually hang over it keep it con-
stantly moist, and it is evident that a luxuriant vegetation will
soon again creep out over the now barren surface.

“The summit of the volcano is somewhat obliquely trunc-
ate, the northern portion being the highest, and the eastern
the lowest, while the crater is rather regularly obconical, and
probably 1,000 feet in diameter, and about 500 feet deep. Its
inner slope is about 45°, the surface being made up of the same
kind of sand and boulders as occur on the outer part of the
volcano, so that, were it not for the sulphur-fumes, a descent
into it would not be more difficult than the ascent of the vol-

A BoranitcAL EXxPEvITION To NICARAGUA. 349

cano. A rift on the north-eastern side toward the Indian vil-
lage Alta Gracias, mars its symmetry; the space at the top
between its inner slope and the outer slope of the volcano is
very narrow, being not more than one to three yards in width.
On the eastern side there is considerable burning sulphur, the
fumes of which greeted our nostrils 500 feet below the sum-
mit. Ordinarily the summit is capped with clouds, but to-day
it is clear, and a magnificent view of the island, the lake, the
mountains of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and the Pacific
Picea Is PLeSGuLed sn 0 see).

“A few Coleoptera and Orthoptera were collected quite
near the summit of the volcano. The Coleoptera were easily
picked from the white blouse of our guide to which they were
attracted by its color, while the Orthopiera were found princi-
pally on the bare volcanic sand.

“The descent to the camp was made in a little more than
one hour, the loose sand enabling us to slide down rapidly.”

Here, then, in a few hours travel we may pass from the
swamps of the coast to an elevation of over 5,000 feet. This
variation in the surface features,—the swamp, the forest, the
mountain,—all within easy reach from Moyogalpa, affords a
variety of habitats for plants, a fact which makes Moyogalpa
an excellent base of operations for the collector. Madera, the
volcano on the southern portion of the island, 4,190 feet above
sea-level, would no doubt offer many superior advantages in
higher altitudes as its surface has not been disturbed by erup-
tions within the memory of man and is consequently covered
with dense primeval forests.

The forests however which cover the greater portion of the
island are scarcely as dense as those along the lower San Juan
River, probably because of the longer and more clearly de-
fined dry season. They also differ from the latter in the
greater variety of valuable woods, but in other respects are
like the forests at Castillo, of which a more detailed descrip-
tion is given below.

The comparative scarcity in these forests of sticks and logs,

350 NaATuRAL History BuLueEtIn.

favorite habitats of Slime-moulds and Fungi, and the conse-
quent comparative scarcity of the forms of life with such hab-
its is striking. This can perhaps be partly explained by the
fact that Termites are exceedingly abundant and soon destroy
all of the fallen softer woods which are most favorable to the
growth of these low plant forms. .

Ometépe is more thickly settled than any other section in
which collections were made. With the exception of a short
visit to Granada on the west shore of the lake, which was
made by Mr. Smith for the purpose of purchasing needed
supplies and hence resulted in but few additions to the collec-
tions, no other portion of Nicaragua in which well-travelled
roads and numerous cultivated tracts occur was visited by the
expedition. Hence the collections from this island show a
proportionately larger number of cultivated and introduced
plants than those from any other locality.

Climatic Conditions and their Effect.

The dry season usually begins on Ometépe in the early part
of December and continues about six months, only occasional
light showers falling during this period.

Of the 36 days, from the 5th of January to the roth of Feb-
ruary, which were spent on the island 20 are recorded as
“clear and windy,” 6 as “threatening, and cloudy during part
of the day,” and 10 show some rainfall. Of the latter only
four were really rainy days, the remaining six having but light
showers after which the day was again “clear and windy.”
None of the rains were more than ordinary summer showers.

The wind is almost constantly from the north-east, the
North-East Trade often being a gale.

The temperature ranges from about 70° to go® Fahr.

During January the vegetation on the island was luxuriant,
and showed no effects of the dry season. Most of the Phan-
erogams flowered during this month, and were at their best
during the first three weeks.

Toward the close of January and in February the general

-

A Botanical ExpepiTion To NicARAGUA. 351

appearance of the vegetation changed. Fruits appeared in
place of the more showy flowers, the leaves of many plants
began to fade and fall, and a thick coat of volcanic dust re-
placed the freshness of the earlier vegetation, all this giving
the landscape a gray and barren appearance.

The advantages and disadvantages which the period spent
on the island offers to the collector may be summed up as fol-
lows: Phanerogamia were at their best in flower during the
first half, and in fruit during the latter part of this period.

The entire period was good for Pyrenomycetes, Polyporee,
etc., and Ferns among plants, and for terrestrial Molluscs
among animals. It was fair for Slime-moulds (which proba-
bly appear to better advantage later in the season); too late
for Agarics, etc., which evidently thrive better during the
rainy season; and rather early for aquatic Molluscs and most
Insects.

The almost entire absence of Parasitic Fungi on leaves was
striking.

On the whole the months of December and January are the
best for the botanist.

Method of Work and Results.

As this was the first practical experience in tropical parts
which both Mr. Smith and the writer had, no division of labor
‘was made, but both collected and studied all accessible plant-
forms for the purpose of gaining a general knowledge of the
flora.

Collecting trips were made on foot, on horseback, or by
canoe, and when necessary native help was secured. For the
most part only short trips were taken, the greater part of the
time being given to the study and preparation of material ob-
tained within a mile from Moyogalpa.

Notwithstanding this fact so much material was accumu-
lated that in order that it might be properly studied and cared
for it was necessary to work late into the hours of the night,
much to the surprise of the natives, whose “ working day” is

352 NaTuRAL Hisrory BuLLeETIN.

from 6 A.M. until 12 M., and who could see neither reason nor
advantage in crowding two days into one.

The study and preparation of the material required more
than twice as much time as the field-work. Where it was
possible a good series of each species of the Phanerogams
and Ferns was collected, and each species was numbered and
described from the fresh specimens. Seeds and fruits of most
of the species were also collected. These were dried and
packed in boxes or paper. The Fungi, Slime-moulds, etc.,
were dried, and either glued in small boxes which had been
brought for the purpose, or, when not friable, they were simply
wrapped in paper.

The specimens were then packed in wooden boxes which
were lined with oil-cloth to exclude moisture. This method
of packing proved very satisfactory, the specimens passing
safely through the ordeal at Castillo, Greytown and on board
the ship.

A number of obstacles interfered with the work to a greater
or less extent: the poor, narrow quarters, infested with nu-
merous insect-pests, scorpions, rats, etc., not only caused per-
sonal discomfort, but increased the difficulties of preparing the
material and saving it intact.

The suspicion with which the natives at first viewed the
work of the expedition also contributed somewhat in the same
direction, the use of a more comfortable hut being refused the
party for this reason, and other minor evidences of distrust
being apparent. Later however many of the natives became
somewhat interested in the work, which was a source of con-
stant speculation to them, some thinking that the specimens
were to be used for medicines, others that they were to serve
as patterns for calico-prints, etc.

Insects, particularly ants which swarm in countless numbers
everywhere, freely attacked specimens when these were not
protected by naphthaline or camphor, and a vigorous warfare
had to be waged against them.

The frequent high winds, and occasional showers, also in-

A BoTANIcAL EXPEDITION TO NICARAGUA. 353

creased the difficulty of caring for the material, as it was nec-
essary to dry much of it in the open air, while the boldness of
various domestic animals and the simple curiosity of the na-
tives likewise proved annoying at times.

The collections which were brought from the island may
be summarized as follows:

Phanerogamia—300 species, represented by about 2,000
specimens. In addition to these the dried seeds and
fruits of more than 200 of the species were taken.

Filices—18 species represented by numerous specimens.

Afusci—only a few specimens and species.

Polyporee—about 25 species and numerous specimens.

Pyrenomycetes—about 20 species represented by numer-
ous specimens.

Specimens of a number of other species of Fungi were
also collected.

Myxomycetes—numerous specimens belonging to 15 spe-
cies.

In addition to these about 100 species of Coleoptera, 30 spe-
cies of JZollusca, and a few specimens representing other
groups, were taken from the island.

The profitable, and for that reason pleasant, sojourn on
Ometépe was terminated February roth, when the party left
for Castillo Viejo by way of Ft. San Carlos.

San CARLOS.

Three visits in all were made to San Carlos, and while only
a short stop was made during each of these, and compara-
tively few additions were made to the collections, the point
offers certain advantages to the collector a brief discussion of
which may be of interest.

San Carlos, village and fort, is located on a somewhat ele-
vated ridge which forms a rather narrow point running out
between the left bank of the San Juan River and Lake Nica-
ragua, at the outlet of the lake. On either side the ridge
slopes somewhat irregularly to the swamps which here line

354 NatTurau History BuLvetin.

the shores of both river and lake, those along the river being
broader and of greater extent. On the side toward the inte-
rior of the mainland the heavy forests, which evidently once
covered the entire ridge, have been cleared away for some
distance to facilitate the defense of this important point in war.

For several miles below San Carlos the shores of the San
Juan are low and swampy, and directly opposite and below
these marshes are very broad, and extend for several miles
along the south-east shore of the lake. Through these exten-
sive marshy flats, which are made up of the silt brought down
by its own floods, the Rio Frio, a large stream having its
source in the distant mountains of Costa Rica, empties into
the lake from the south-east. Inasmuch as the San Juan flows
from the lake in almost exactly the opposite direction the two
streams are nearly parallel for some distance, and near the lake
are separated only by a narrow swampy spit. These streams
are engaged in a constant struggle for mastery, the Rio Frio
persistently striving to close up the outlet of the lake, and the
San Juan equally persistently cutting its way through the
banks and bars of fine mud. ‘The result is a gradual filling
up of the lake on this side, and unless the Rio Frio is turned
from its course (as it probably will be when the great canal is
completed) the lake shore will ultimately recede from San
Carlos leaving it an inland point.

Because of the character of the surrounding country San
Carlos is an excellent locality for various swamp-species, but
for deep-forest collecting it is inferior to all the points along
the lower San Juan. It is an important locality to the collector
however because it is from here alone that he can make ex-
cursions up the Rio Frio, along the east shore of the lake, or
across the lake to the more densely populated districts beyond.

Three stops in all were made at San Carlos: the first from
December 31st to January 5th, the second on the 11th of Feb-
ruary, and the third on a special trip made by the writer from
Castillo Viejo, March r2th.

The first of these visits was made soon after the opening of

A BotTanicaAL EXPEDITION TO NICARAGUA. 355

the dry season. The water in the lake, the river, and the
swamps was still at its maximum, and the surrounding coun-
try was verdant with the vegetation whose vigor had not yet
been diminished by the dry season. During this time Phan-
erogamia could have been collected to the best advantage,
since here as elsewhere they were found to be in the best con-
dition early in the dry season.

Before the second visit the waters of the lake had receded,
the swamps were becoming drier, and the evidences of a dry
season were more numerous.

The third visit brought out these characteristic changes
still more distinctly. Slime-moulds and numerous Molluscs
were collected on the mud-flats which were now exposed and
quite firm, many of the trees and shrubs were losing their
leaves, birds were congregating in flocks preparatory to their
Spring migrations to northern countries, and all in all, though
the conditions were in some respects exactly reversed, one
was reminded of Spring in the Mississippi Valley.

Because of the short stay made during each of these visits
only about 35 species of Phanerogamia were collected. Be-
side these a number of species of Fungi, Slime-moulds, Mol-
luscs, Beetles, Orthoptera, etc., were added to the collection.

Thorough, systematic work in this vicinity would however
without doubt yield rich returns to the student and collector.

CasTILLo VIEJo.

After waiting one day at San Carlos for the river steamer,
the party continued its journey down the San Juan River to
Castillo Viejo, and reached the latter point on the 12th of
February. After securing comfortable quarters above the
office in the Canal Company’s building, the writer made a
three days’ flying visit to Greytown for the purpose of pur-
chasing additional supplies, while Mr. Smith secured two
rooms in a native’s house for a workshop, and made other
necessary arrangements for work.

356 NaTurRAL History BuLuetin.

Castillo Viejo is the first Nicaraguan port of entry on the
south-eastern or Greytown side, Greytown, or as it should be
called San Juan del Norte the Nicaraguan government rec-
ognizing no other name, being a free port, and hence it was
expected that there would be trouble in passing some of the
supplies both on the first trip up the river, and on the return
from Greytown, but on both occasions the Collector of Cus-
toms admitted the supplies free of duty, for which kindness
and many other subsequent ones, the party was largely in-
debted to the efforts of Mr. E. F. Harris, the Company’s agent
at Castillo Viejo.

Surface Features.

The old fort, Castillo Viejo, or as it is commonly called,
Castillo, is situated on a rounded hill which commands the San
Juan River at the Castillo Rapids about 35 miles below San
Carlos, and at the foot of which, on the right bank of the
river, winds the single street of the village of the same name.

The hill on which the fort stands is cleared of all coarser
vegetation, as are the hills and narrow river-valley in the im-
mediate vicinity. There are but few clearings other than
these for miles around. An occasional small plantation or a
cattle-ranch, is all that breaks the brilliant monotony of the
dense tropical forest which almost undisturbed here flourishes
in all its pristine glory.

The vicinity of Castillo is quite hilly, the hills on both sides
hemming the San Juan River in its narrow valley which is
more or less swampy near the village. These hills are mostly
separated by deep ravines the bottoms of which frequently
show exposures of rock, which is evidently volcanic in its ori-
gin, over which dance the clear waters of pretty little streams
whose banks are lined with ferns, and overhung with masses
of vines and other plants.

With the exception of the few clearings heretofore noted
the entire region is covered with typical tropical forests. These
forests are almost impenetrable, except with the aid of the

A BotTanicAL ExpEDITION To NICARAGUA. 357

machete, a long knife, with which the traveller must literally
tunnel his way in many places through the walls of vegetation.
The trees, many of which are very tall and 8 to 14 feet in
diameter, are scarcely as closely placed together as are those
in our northern forests, but the intervening spaces are crowd-
ed with shrubs, and vines, and numerous other plants so that,
particularly in lower places, dense jungles are formed. More-
over each tree is a veritable garden in itself. The masses of
parasites and epiphytes which cover the larger branches of
the trees, and often extend down the trunk and along the
smaller branches to their very tips, form a perfect canopy
overhead through which the sun’s rays never penetrate.
Ferns, Bromelias, Orchids, Mosses, and many other plants
crowd their hosts with a dense mass of multi-colored vegeta-
tion. In their active struggle for existence with their more
powerful neighbors of the forest these plants have probably
gradually ascended, in their search for the sun’s light, to the
upper branches of the very neighbors who sought to crowd
them out, thus transferring the struggle from the surface of
the soil to the air above. So firmly is this habit fixed how-
ever, that even where a tree stands alone its trunk and branch-
es are almost invariably covered with these plants. Their
abundance and variety may be judged from the fact that upon
a single “Jicara-tree,” not over 20 feet high, which stood in a
clearing near Castillo, the writer counted 40 species of epiphy-
tes, mostly Ferns, Orchids, and Bromelias.

On some of the higher grounds the vines, which in the
lower jungles hang in such profusion from every limb, and
the underbrush which with these renders progress so difficult
to the traveller, are less abundant at least near the ground,
and hence it is possible for one to move about more freely,
the underbrush being in reality placed overhead, for the num-
ber of epiphytes remains undiminished even in places of this
kind.

But whether the locality is high or low, the same deep,
dark, reeking forest, whose profound silence is scarely broken

358 NaturaAL History BuLietin.

except by the dripping of the water from the dome of vegeta-
tion overhead, spreads over all. No roads cut its compact
mass, and only the paths of the hunter or rubber-poacher
serve to guide, or more frequently to confuse, the bewildered

traveller. It is folly to enter these forests without a guide or

a compass, the safest and most pleasant mode of travel, where
it is possible, being by canoe along the numerous water-courses.
Two facts strike the observer as peculiar, at least during
the season which the party spent at Castillo, namely, the com-
parative scarcity of brilliant fowers, and the failure of plants
of one species to mass together. The comparatively small
number of conspicuous flowers is a disappointment to him
who expects to find a mass of brilliant bloom in these tropical
forests, not so much because these flowers are really wanting,
but because the flowering period of most of the species is
rather long, and comparatively few flowers appear at any one
time, and for the further, and perhaps more important reason
that the flowers which do appear seem insignificant when
compared with the sea of green which covers everything.

No less striking is the fact that as a rule specimens of any
one species do not mass together to the exclusion of other
species, excepting sometimes along the water-courses, particu-
larly in swampy places. Different kinds of trees are mingled
together in endless confusion, and no “groves” of any one
species, such as those with which we are familiar in the North,
occur, nor can any species as a rule even be said to predomi-
nate. The same is true of smaller plants, and the collector is
not only often bewildered by the variety of plants which
comes in his way even in a restricted locality, but is also pro-
voked by the scarcity of specimens of most of the species.
Along the low river-valleys however this is not true, for often
palms, grasses, etc., take possession of large tracts, the rivers
no doubt facilitating the distribution of their seeds during
overflows.

The same scarcity of old sticks and logs suitable to the
growth of Slime-moulds, etc., which was noticeable on Ome-

A BoTAnicAL EXPEDITION To NICARAGUA. 359

tépe is apparent here, both Termites and the excessive moist-
ure no doubt hastening their decomposition.

Inasmuch as numerous specimens were collected along the
La Juana and Los Sabalos rivers, and hence these names fre-
quently occur in the locality lists, a brief description of the
streams may be desirable.

The La Fuana Fiver is a small tributary which empties
into the San Juan from the north about one mile below Cas-
tillo. It is navigable by canoes for less than two miles from
its mouth, and along this portion its valley is a rather wide,
high (i. e. not swampy) river-bottom, the hills nowhere ap-
proaching to the banks, which are mostly muddy. Its valley
is covered with dense jungles, its waters literally flowing be-
tween high walls of vegetation. Numerous trees lean out
from the banks, and from their branches hang great festoons
of vines, which often meet and form an archway over the
dark, sluggish stream.

The Los Sabalos River empties into the San Juan about 12
miles above Castillo. Like the La Juana it flows from the
north, but it is a much larger stream, and near the mouth is
very deep. A short distance from its mouth the hills approach
quite to the water’s edge, and in the five miles of its course
which were explored the river valley is quite narrow, and
the banks are muddy, or rocky. The adjacent hills, so far
as could be judged, are similar in their vegetation to those
near Castillo, and the jungles of the river-valley are even
more dense than those along the La Juana, being occasionally
broken however by a banana-plantation or a cattle-ranch.

The largest of these, the cattle-hacienda “Los Sabalos”
situated at the mouth of the river, is the property of Captain
John S. Augustine, of the river-steamer “ Managua,” to whom
the party is indebted for much valuable information, and many
other courtesies. On this ranch, on the low bottom-land only
a short distance from the mouth of the Los Sabalos, is found
an interesting warm spring whose waters seem to be impreg-
nated with sulphur, and in which were collected numerous

360 NatTuraL History BuLuetin.

specimens of a small fresh-water Prosobranchiate Mollusc,
probably Potamopyrgus, and several small fishes, etc. Only
one trip was made to the Los Sabalos, namely on the rst of
March, 1893, the journey to its mouth being made by steamer,
and beyond that by canoe. The return trip to Castillo was
made by canoe on the San Juan River.

The collections along both the La Juana and Los Sabalos
were made along the banks in close proximity to the water,
neither time nor circumstances permitting an exploration of
the deep forests beyond.

Climatic Conditions and their tif ect.

In the vicinity of Castillo the dry season begins much later
than it does at Ometépe, nor is it as sharply defined. It usu-
ally begins about the end of January, but this year it was de-
layed so that the end of February passed before it fairly set in.
This gave the party a slight taste of the rainy season at its
close, and suggested the difficulties which the naturalist would
encounter when this season is at its height.

Of the 41 days, from February 12th to March 23rd, which
were spent in Castillo and vicinity, 21 were more or less rainy,
4 were cloudy, and 16 were clear. Of the 21 rainy days 7
were quite stormy, while only light showers fell during the
remaining fourteen days. Of the 16 clear days, 11 occurred
in March, which was decidedly drier than February. The
dews and morning fogs were heavy during this period, and
the atmosphere was very humid.

The North-east Trade-wind was felt daily. It usually com-
menced to blow at about ro o’clock A.M., and continued until
evening, the nights and mornings being calm.

The range of temperature was about the same as on Ome-
tepe. The days were very warm, and the nights quite cool,
particularly toward morning when heavy blankets were al-
ways acceptable.

No diminution in the freshness and vigor of the vegetation
was observable up to the time of leaving Castillo, though no

A BotTanicAL ExPEbITION To NICARAGUA. 361

doubt as the dry season advances many changes take place.
Still it is said that at no time does it become as dry in this
vicinity as it does in the western or interior portions of the
country, and that the forests do not lose at any time much of
the character described above.

The period spent at Castillo proved good for most Phane-
rogamta, the Ferns, Mosses, Polyporee, and Pyrenomycetes,
too early evidently for Orchids and Slime-moulds, and prob-
ably too late for Agarics and other Fungi. The absence of
leaf-parasites was again noticeable.

Method of Work and Results.

Essentially the same method of collecting, studying, mark-
ing, and packing plants that was employed on Ometépe was
followed at Castillo, but to facilitate work a division of labor
was made, Mr. Smith collecting and studying Fungi, while the
writer gave his attention to the Phanerogamza, Ferns, Moss-
es, and Slime-moulds. Excursions were made on foot and by
canoe, these being the only possible modes of travel since
there are no roads in the vicinity of Castillo, and hence
horses cannot be used. In the work of collecting, preparing
material, etc., a native hunter, who was regularly employed by
the party as a guide and factotum, proved of much assistance.

The abundance and variety of the local flora is so great
that no difficulty was experienced in collecting plenty of ma-
terial; in fact it was impossible to properly care for all that
was obtained, partly because of its great abundance, and also
because of the ravages of ants and other insects, but principally
because of the prevalence of mould. Mould was found every-
where. Scarcely an object was free from it, the moist atmos-
phere rendering almost any surface a fit nursery for its devel-
opment, but when this natural humidity was reinforced by the
moisture belonging to a plant the result was truly astonishing.
Plants which were put into press were covered with the deli-
cate hyphez and tiny sporangia in a few hours; the driers
were soon so laden with spores that they could not be used

362 NatTurRAL History BULLETIN.

until they had been washed with alcohol and dried in the sun;
seeds and fruits, Fungi and other specimens which were ex-
posed for the purpose of drying were soon lost in the dense
coat of mould, and this was true not only of the fresh mate-
rial which was collected at Castillo, but also of many of the
Ometépe specimens which had not been permanently packed
in the hurry of leaving the island. Indeed it seemed for a
time as if the fruits of several weeks’ labor were to be lost,
but the specimens were finally saved by thorough washing in
alcohol by which the spores and hyphe of the mould were
destroyed. The alcohol was applied mostly with a small
bulb-pipette, and the specimens were again dried. Many of
the pressed plants were treated in this way three or four
times, which necessitated the handling of each one six or
eight times oftener than would. otherwise have been the case.

The last 18 days at Castillo were given entirely to such
overhauling of the material, and to packing, much of the work
being done on improvised tables in the open air on the lee-
ward side of the work-shop under the direct rays of the trop-
ical sun, this being the only possible method of thoroughly
drying the specimens with the facilities at hand. At times
the struggle seemed almost hopeless, but it may be well to
remark here that the material finally reached Iowa City in
good condition, neither the mould nor the alcohol affecting
the specimens to any appreciable extent.

As the first 6 days at Castillo were non-productive because
of heavy rains, and the last 18 were devoted to the struggle
with the mould, and to packing, only 17 days remained for
active field-work and study. This, coupled with the fact that
some specimens of Phanerogams and a few Ferns were ruined
in press by the mould and moisture, accounts for the compar-
atively small number of pressed specimens from this locality.
The latter portion of the collecting period was consumed by
the writer principally in collecting Ferns as it would have
been impossible in the short allotted time to care for all the
plants which could have been obtained.

A BoTanicaAL EXPEDITION To NICARAGUA. 363

The collection from Castillo and vicinity consists of the fol-
lowing material:

Phanerogamta—t65 additional species, and 75 of the spe-
cies collected on Ometépe, all represented by about 600
specimens. The seeds and fruits of many of these
were also collected.

Filices—60 species represented by about 600 specimens.

Musci and Hepatice—about 20 species, each represented
by several specimens.

Polyporee—numerous specimens of about 100 species.

Agaricinee—about 50 species; Mr. Smith obtained and
preserved the spores of a considerable number of these
and other Hymenomycetes. |

Pyrenomycetes—about 35 additional species, and numer-
ous specimens.

Myxomycetes—i16 species in all, of which 10 were not
found on Ometépe.

A number of species of Déscomycetes, Lichenes, etc., was
also added.

Comparatively few zodlogical specimens were collected. A
few species of Coleoptera, Orthopiera, Mollusca, and strag-
gling representatives of other groups were incidentally picked
up, but no systematic effort to obtain material of this kind
was made. It is needless to say that this locality was not ex-
hausted, and that the party left Castillo with feelings of regret
that so much unfinished work must remain behind.

On the 23rd of March the party resumed the journey down
the river San Juan to its mouth, this time being compelled to
go by way of the Colorado branch on account of the low
stage of water in the old San Juan bed. The trip from the
mouth of the Colorado branch to Greytown was made by
steamer on the open sea.

THe SAN JuAN VALLEY.

While portions of the San Juan valley have already been
described in the preceding account, a few additional notes may

364 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

be of interest. From San Carlos to the mouth of the Los
Sabalos River, a distance of over 20 miles, the river valley is
broad and low, in most places swampy, and the river is com-
paratively sluggish—in fact it is here but an estuary of the
lake. That the lake itself omce extended much further east
seems certain. The fact, already noted, that the Rio Frio is
now crowding the lake shore westward indicates this, and an
additional bit of evidence was obtained by the writer on the
last trip from Castillo to San Carlos. This is a shell-bank on
the cattie-ranch of Manuel Vargas on the right bank of the
San juan River about 12 miles below San Carlos. Vhe river
here flows almost due east, and has cut away a portion of the
shell-bearing stratum, thus forming an almost vertical bank
which, in the portion under consideration, varies from 12 to
15 feet in height, the general surface graduaily rising from
this toward the south and south-west. For a distance of
about 100 yards this bank is literally packed from top to bot-
tom with the shells of two small species of Uvzzo (species not
yet determined), many of them being cemented together and
imbedded in calcareous tufa. The shell-deposit extends south-
ward from the river-bank for an unknown Gistance; it was
traced back by the writer for at least 50 yards, but as he was
not provided with the necessary implements for making exca-
vations, the limit could not be ascertained. Many of the
shells were found in their natural vertical position, and many
more were still united by the ligament, all this, coupled with
the fact that the species are now living in abundance in both
the river and lake, indicating that the shells were deposited 7
situ. The facts noted above indicate that the deposit was
formed by ordinary natural methods, but it is only fair to state
that sharp chips of flint, rude and probably merely accidental
fragments, are associated with these shells. However no
other evidence (if this may be considered evidence) that the
deposit was formed by other than ordinary means was found,
and until stronger evidence is secured we must look upon it
not as a shell-mound but an ordinary geological stratum. It

A BoranicaAL ExpEpDITIon To NICARAGUA. 365

is probable that at one time the lake extended over this por-
tion of the river-valley, and that its waters were at least 12
or 15 feet higher than at present before the river had cut
down to its present bed through the barrier near or below the
mouth of the Los Sabalos River.

Below the Los Sabalos the San Juan River is much more
rapid, and a number of rapids, of which those at Castillo are
the most formidable, offer a serious impediment to navigation
during the dry season. From the Los Sabalos River to Cas-
tillo the river valley is quite narrow, the low rounded hills
approaching close to the river. Below Castillo to the Ma-
chuca Rapids, a distance of about 15 miles, the river valley is
somewhat broader, the hills being mostly rather low and only
in some places approaching the river. For a short distance
below Machuca on the Costa Rica side the hills are close to
the river, and higher, some of them probably reaching 500
feet in height. Beyond this and continuing about 25 miles
to Ochoa, the proposed site of the great dam by which the
waters of the San Juan are to be brought to a level with the
lake, the course of the river lies between low hills which alter-
nately approach the river on either side, those on the Costa
Rica side being rather higher and more numerous. Below
Ochoa the river is wider and contains more islands, and its
valley becomes broader and flatter and in many places is
swampy, particularly below Colorado Junction, the point at
which the greater part of the water in the river leaves the
San Juan river-bed and forms the Colorado branch. This
point is over 30 miles below Ochoa, and about 20 miles above
the mouth of the Colorado. Both the old San Juan branch
and the Colorado branch flow through low swamps which
extend from Colorado Junction to the sea, and which are uni-
formly covered with an inextricable tangle of tropical vegeta-
tion. |

The San Juan valley, with the adjacent country, forms a
great depression which cuts the Cordillera, “the back-bone of
the continent,” and widely separates the segments, the moun-

366 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

tains nowhere approaching the river. Mountainous country
may however be reached by following any of the larger tribu-
taries of the San Juan, particularly on the Costa Rica side.

The bed of the San Juan is mostly muddy in its upper
course above the Toro Rapids, rocky in the middle portions,
and sandy below. ‘The hills and valley are everywhere cov-
ered with vegetation of the same character as that at Castillo,
though almost no large trees are found along the river below
Ochoa, the vegetation in this part forming low tangles. Nu-
merous species of palms predominate, particularly on the low-
lands, and their great feathery leaves, often 45 feet in length,
sometimes line the shore for miles. The same bewildering
mass of vegetation however greets the eyes of the naturalist
everywhere, and causes him to long for more time and better
opportunities to delve more deeply into the matchless riches
which Nature has so lavishly bestowed upon this long-known
and yet comparatively unexplored region.

The San Juan valley is rather sparsely settled. Compara-
tively few plantations are found along the river, and Castillo
is the only village between Greytown and San Carlos. There
is consequently but little change in the natural features of the
country, and the ambitious naturalist would find it well worth
the time and trouble to fully investigate this region which
still retains its virgin purity untainted by civilization.

SAN JUAN DEL Norte.

San Juan del Norte, or Greytown, was reached in the even-
ing on the 24th of March, after a two days’ voyage from
Castillo. As no steamer was to leave for Bluefields until the
2nd or 3rd of April the party again located at the Canal Con-
struction Company’s headquarters in America, two miles
north of Greytown. The first two days were spent in mak-
ing observations on the great canal, and in studying local
plants and collecting Molluscs and Insects.

Greytown is located at the mouth of the San Juan River on
the left bank of the San Juan branch. Its immediate vicinity,

cay

A BotTanicAL EXPEDITION To NICARAGUA. 367

particularly along the coast, is sandy, and the town is closely
hedged in by a great jungle-covered swamp.

The so-called dry season begins in January and continues
until May, but rains are frequent during this period, as the
moisture-laden North-east Trades constantly sweep over the
region from the sea, and consequently there is no such mark-
ed change in the appearance of the vegetation as was noticed
on Ometépe.

The fact that Greytown is the only port on the south-
eastern coast of Nicaragua, and that it is surrounded by an
almost unexplored region of unusual interest to the naturalist,
makes it an exceptionally important point, especially to the
botanist who would visit this portion of the continent.

Through the kindness of Mr. Frank P. Davis, Chief En-
gineer of the Canal Construction Company, who, with his
associate officers, did so much to promote the success of the
expedition and whose many favors will be long remembered
by the recipients, the party was enabled to visit the Divide,
the ridge about 16 miles distant from Greytown through
which the deepest cut along the route of the proposed canal
is to be made. The party left Greytown on the morning of
March 27th, and travelled by hand-car along the railway,
which crosses the great swamp west of Greytown, to Camp
Seven, a distance of 12 miles, thence along the Deseado River
by canoe to Camp Menocal, a distance along the river of
about 4 miles, at which point the night was spent. On the
following day the journey was continued on foot along the
Deseado River by slippery paths through dense jungles to
the Divide, a distance (as the party was compelled to travel)
of about 5 miles.

Of the region traversed the immediate vicinity of Greytown
is sandy; the portion from Greytown to a point near Camp
Seven is, as has already been stated, a great swamp which is
now cut by the railroad built by the Canal Construction Com-
pany for the transfer of supplies and material needed in the
construction of the canal. Beyond Camp Seven the country

368 NaTuraL History BuuLuerin.

becomes more rolling except immediately along the Deseado
River. This stream is small and winding, and filled with
numerous snags so that progress by canoe was exceedingly
slow, the boatmen often being compelled to get into the water
and push or drag the canoe over logs and shallows. In the
character of the vegetation lining its banks this stream does
not differ materially from the La Juana, already described.
Its banks are rather high and mostly nearly vertical, and its
bottom is sandy or muddy.

For some distance beyond Camp Menocal the character of
the country remains unchanged, but as the Divide is ap-
proached the country becomes much rougher, the paths
become more nearly vertical, and travel is more difficult.
Near the Divide the Deseado, here scarcely more than a large
brook, dashes over ledges of rock forming two beautiful
waterfalls, the Saltos Louisa and the Saltos Laura. Between
and below these falls the stream flows through a deep canon
or ravine whose sides are covered with a splendid carpet of
luxuriant vegetation, the whole forming a charming picture.
This valley is to form a portion of the proposed canal, and it
is indeed a pity to ruin this beautiful picture even by such a
magnificent undertaking. ‘The return to Camp Menocal was
made in the afternoon of the same day through a heavy rain
which equally soaked the clothing and dampened the spirits
of the party. The night was again spent at Camp Menocal
and on the following morning the trip to Camp Seven was
made on foot by a shorter route across country; the return
to Greytown was made by hand-car.

Notwithstanding the heavy rams the trip was very profita-
ble. As it was evident that it would be impossible to care for
much material which required pressing, but few Phanero-
gams were collected, namely about 20 species, the principal
attention being given to Ferns of which about 30 species
were added to the list. The pressed specimens which were
collected at Greytown and vicinity were subsequently dried
on board the steamer which carried the party from Bluefields,

A Botanica, ExpepiTion To Nicaracua. 369

to New Orleans. A few Fungi, seeds and fruits of Phanero-
gamia, and alcoholic specimens of various plant-tissues were
collected. A number of Orthoptera, Beetles, Reptiles, Batra-
chians, etc., were added to the zodlogical collection.

The region between Greytown and the Divide would, if
properly explored, yield an abundance of valuable material.
Many species which are not found on the upper San Juan
appear here in abundance. The variety of Palms and Ferns
is much greater, and many other forms, not seen in the inte-
rior, occur. ‘The superficial observations made in the vicinity
of Greytown showed 45 Phanerogams and 12 Ferns identical
with species which were found at Castillo. The great hu-
midity of the atmosphere, coupled with the fact that there is
no very well defined dry season, is productive of greater luxu-
riance in vegetation, but it also interferes seriously with the
preparation of material. This difficulty, however, could no
doubt be largely obviated, here as well as in the interior, by
using a portable oil-stove with a sheet-iron oven. As kero-
sene-oil is generally used, and can be obtained almost any-
where in the country, this would be practicable, particularly as
the oven could also be made with handles and of such shape,
size and strength as to be serviceable as a trunk or packing-
box.

The return to Greytown from Camp Menocal was made on
the 29th of March, and the remaining days, until the 3rd of
April, were given to the care of material already collected, to
local study, sight-seeing, packing, etc.

On this as well as on the two former visits to Greytown,
the members of the party received much important informa-
tion and many valuable suggestions and other aid from the
following gentlemen: Chief Engineer Frank P. Davis, Mr.
E. U. Hunt, Mr. Crowninshield, Mr. H.V. Mielly, Dr. De Soto,
Mr. Ehle,—all officers of the Canal Construction Company;
the American Consul at Greytown, Mr. Braida, and the Vice-
Consul, Mr. Von Phul; Mr. Walter Ingalls and others.

370 NATURAL History BuLuetin.

MiscELLANEous NOTEs.
Zovlogy.

While the expedition was mainly a botanical one, a number
of zodlogical specimens were secured, and a few observations
were made which may be of interest.

A disappointment was experienced in the comparative scar-
city of animal life in the jungles, the deep and oppressive
silence of which has already been alluded to. It is true that
in the deep forests one may occasionally come upon a hand of
Howling Monkeys which make the woods resound with their
hoarse cries, or a parrot flying overhead may break the pro-
found silence with its harsh chatter, but after all, these are
exceptions, and one may often spend hours in these forests
and scarcely hear a sound of any living thing. To find the
numerous chattering, noisy, gaudy representatives of animal
life, and for that matter the brightly colored representatives
of the plant kingdom, which are generally associated with the
tropics by the uninitiated, one must go to the more settled
districts, to the edges of the forests, to the vicinity of villages
and plantations. There, close to the habitations of man, one
will usually find the representatives of various animal groups
more numerous, and more striking than in the deepest, purest
virgin forests.

A few brief notes on various groups of animals represented
in southern Nicaragua, on which observations were made, are
here presented:

Mammalia.—But little attention was given to this class, and
but one specimen, the head and vocal apparatus of the Howl-
ing Monkey, was brought. On Ometépe two rather common
species of Monkeys, a small Deer, a Lepus, and a Sciurus
were the only Mammals observed, and along the lower San
Juan an additional species of Monkey, a Peccary, and a Tapir
were seen. The cries of other species were heard in the for-
ests at night, but no effort was made to trace them.

Aves.—This class was likewise neglected, no specimens

A BotTanicaAL ExpepiTion To NICARAGUA. 371

being collected. Birds were quite abundant in the vicinity of
Moyogalpa, and at San Carlos where water and swamp spe-
cies were abundant, but farther down the river and away
from its immediate shores comparatively few appeared, and
these skulked about singly or in pairs in the dense woods or
among the jungles which line the smaller tributaries. A few
species were found nesting at all the points which were visit-
ed, but the nests were not disturbed.

feptilia— Only three species of venomous snakes: occur,
and specimens of all these were secured. The species are:
the Coral Snake, and the two species called by the natives
the Tomagog, and the Toboba, as nearly as the writer could
get the names. The first of these was the only one found on
Ometépe; it is not common, and is sluggish and not at all
vicious. The second species is generally found on or near the
plantations, and the third, perhaps the most savage and deadly
of all, occurs in the woods most commonly. Fortunately for
the traveller they are nocturnal in their habits, and quite lazy,
but one must be careful not to plunge his hand carelessly into
any dense clump of vegetation, as it is in such places that
these snakes spend the day.

A number of harmless species were observed, but none
were collected on Ometépe because of the scarcity of alcohol.
A small Boa, which had been engaged in catching rats was
killed on Mr. Smith’s cot in Moyogalpa, and was sadly missed
soon after when the rats took possession of the room. A
very few specimens were collected along the San Juan, and
but few were seen.

Lizards are exceedingly common everywhere and several
species were taken. It was nothing uncommon to hear the
Iguana plunge into the water from some overhanging tree-
top, or go crashing through the underbrush when disturbed.
Small lizards are particularly plentiful, especially in and about
houses, and it is an ordinary sight to see a number of these
graceful little fellows gliding up and down the walls, and over
tables and other objects in the room. Alligators are also very

342 NaTuRAL History BuLuetin.

common, and their awkward bodies may frequently be seen
on the mud-flats along the shores of both lake and river, or
floating like so many logs among the waves of the lake.

Batrachia.—A number of species belonging to the Order
Anura were collected; they seemed to be most common in
the low forests along the San Juan River, and some very
brightly colored species were taken.

Pisces—The waters of eastern Nicaragua abound in fishes,
but only a few small species were taken. The occurrence of
Sharks in these fresh waters is interesting. They are found
in abundance both in the lake and in the San Juan River, and
are said to be man-eaters. A shark was reported to have
been caught at San Carlos, a short time before the second
visit of the party, with the remains of a human body in its
stomach; also, when during the stay at Castillo, a little child
fell into the Rapids the natives fished for sharks with long
lines in the hope of securing at least the fragments of the un-
fortunate little one.

Arthropoda.—A few Crustacea, all belonging to the Order
Thoracostraca were collected. Crabs are found in both the
lake and river, and one or two terrestrial species were found
above Camp Menocal.

Of the Arachnida Scorpions and Ticks are common; the
former are particularly so, and often find their way into houses
where they have a habit of hiding in one’s shoes and clothing.
A number were collected. Ticks are common in the woods
during the dry season, and are said to be very troublesome at
times. Spiders were not rare but none were collected. An
interesting species of this group, which probably belongs to
Phalangium, occurs in the woods on Ometépe in great num-
bers, and often collects in clusters a foot or more in diameter.

Insects were scarcely as common as they were expected to
be, yet a number were collected. About 30 species of Or-
thoptera, principally from Ometépe, Castillo and Greytown,
were taken and at once forwarded to Prof. Lawrence Bruner,
of Lincoln, Nebraska, who will report on them. Of Coleofte-

A BoTanicAL EXPEDITION To NICARAGUA. 373

va about 175 species were collected, mostly on Ometépe, and
have been referred to Mr. Wickham, who will report on them.
No doubt a sweeping net would have greatly increased the
number of species and specimens, but it is well to remember
that this and all other zodlogical collecting was subordinate to
the botanical work, and was purely incidental. Hemiptera
and Jzptera were not common and none were collected.
Lepidoptera were abundant on Ometépe, but no collections
were made. They probably become more plentiful along the
river as the dry season advances. Hymenoptera, especially
Ants, were everywhere very plentiful, both in the number of
species and individuals. The description of the curious archi-
tecture and remarkable habits of many of the species would
form a volume in itself, and cannot be undertaken by those
whose attention was directed to other work. Several species
of stinging ants make life a burden to the collector, and the
sting of the alligator ant, a species nearly an inch in length, is
said to often produce a fever; the writer was stung in the
fore-finger by one of these ants, and the finger remained par-
alyzed for nearly two hours.

Moillusca.—About 35 species of J/ollusca were collected on
Ometépe, at San Carlos, and at Castillo. Terrestrial molluscs
were rare along the San Juan, and of the fresh-water forms
but few were taken as the water had not fallen sufficiently to
enable the party to collect these without dredging apparatus.

Reports upon all of the groups in which collections were
made will be presented in this Bulletin as soon as the material
in the respective groups is worked up.

ffealthfutness.

The safety with which the naturalist may venture into a
region which is new to him is always a matter of much con-
cern. The eastern coast of Mexico and Central America has
an unsavory reputation as to healthfulness, but however true
this may be of some portions of this coast, it is safe to say
that, so far as the region visited by the expedition is con-

374 NaturaL History BuLueEtin.

cerned, a little attention to hygiene will render one’s health
quite as secure as in most of our northern states.

The traveller in these tropical regions should invariably
provide himself with flannel underclothing; aside from this the
clothing should be light, airy, and strong if he is to do much
travelling in the jungles. In case of a wetting, which is not
unusual in this region, the wet clothing should always be
removed as soon as possible, and a cup of hot tea or other
drink taken. Hard work in the hot sun is dangerous, and
excessive exercise should be avoided. Plenty of sleep, bodily
cleanliness, close attention to the digestion, and care as to the
kind of water used for drinking purposes, will usually secure
immunity from fevers and other diseases which attack those
who are careless in these matters.

Sickness often prevails among the natives, but it is not due
so much to the climate as it is to their own carelessness, for
in their homes they are not cleanly, living in blissful compan-
ionship with their domestic animals; they are careless about
food, and their drinking water is usually taken from the lake
or rivers in places which serve as general dumping grounds
for offal, or as bathing places for both man and beast. At
Moyogalpa the water was at times very filthy, and the party
found it necessary to boil it before using. This should always
be done until one becomes accustomed to the water even
where this is taken from clear streams. <A good plan, if one
is stopping at one place for any length of time, is to collect
rain-water for drinking purposes.

Liquor as a beverage should be avoided. The climate is in
itself sufficiently enervating, and the habitual use of alcohol
soon wrecks the best constitution. ‘Those who drink to keep
off fevers soon find that they have exposed themselves to a
much greater danger.

The damp night air should be avoided, and warm blankets
should always be carried, as the nights are often quite cold.
A small medicine-chest should not be forgotten. This should
contain remedies for disorders of the digestive system, for

A BoTanicAL EXPEDITION TO NICARAGUA. 375

fevers, and for diseases which are likely to attack the weakest
point in the constitution of the would-be traveller.

Supplies.

Clothing, mosquito-bars (so essential in this region), um-
brellas, blankets, oil-cloth, lanterns, paper, twine, small tools,
such as saws, hatchets, files, etc., can be purchased at reason-
able prices at Greytown, Bluefields, or Boca del Rama.
Large packing-boxes, oil, and minor supplies can be obtained
in almost every village. Alcohol can be purchased at Grey-
town and Bluefields for about 55 or 60 cents, gold, per gallon,
but it cannot be taken into the interior of Nicaragua without
a special permit from the government, which is also required
if the traveller desires to carry a rifle or other arms of precis-
ion. Side arms are admitted without hindrance.

It is safest for the collector to carry small paste-board box-
es, vials, and other small receptacles for specimens, as these
are not easily obtained. Naphthaline, which is almost indis-
pensable, and various reagents used in microscopic and other
work should also be brought from home, nor should the col-
lector forget the small articles necessary for the repairing of
clothing, shoes, etc., as it is often impossible to get these when
most needed. Metallic boxes, or other receptacles which per-
mit absolutely no circulation of air, should not be used as the
moisture condenses in these and often ruins the specimens.
Paper is the best packing material, and if the larger packing
boxes are lined with oil-cloth, and the specimens are put in
when dry and the boxes are at once closed, the material may
be transported with safety.

BLUEFIELDS RIVER.

The party left Greytown April 3rd for Bluefields, where a
fruit steamer was to be taken for New Orleans, but upon
arrival at Bluefields it was found that the steamer Gussie was
to make a trip up the Bluefields River before leaving for
New Orleans. Rather than wait at Bluefields, the party took

376 Natura History BuLueEtin.

passage at once, and enjoyed a delightful sail to Boca del
Rama. The valley of the Rio Escondido, or Bluefields River,
is broad and low below Boca del Rama, and the river is lined
with banana plantations on both sides. Back of these the
valley is covered with dense jungles which would no doubt
prove an excellent collecting ground. Near Boca del Rama
a few rounded knobs appear, and beyond this the country is
said to be rougher.

Boca del Rama is the first port of entry on Bluefields River,
about 40 miles from its mouth, and being situated at the head
of navigation for large vessels on this stream, and at the
junction of the Rio Mico and Rama River, by either of which
the interior may be reached, it is, next to Greytown, the most
important point in eastern Nicaragua, at least for the naturalist.

But few specimens were taken on this trip, but the observa-
tions which were made indicate that a very profitable excur-
sion could be made into the great forests of the interior of .
Nicaragua by this route. The mahogany camps in the inte-
rior would be particularly favorable both on account of the
accommodations and the protection which they offer, and be-
cause the men are compelled to cut roads through the jungles,
and travelling is thus made easier.

The party is indebted to Mr. Henry Brown, of Bluefields
for an opportunity to examine his banana plantation “ Mango,”
one of the finest on the river, and for other kind favors.

The Gussie returned to Bluefields Harbor in the morning
of April 6th, and at 8 o’clock of the same morning. the party
bade farewell to Central America and set sail for “home and
native land.”

NICARAGUAN MXYOMYCETES.
By THOS. H. McBRIDE.

The species here listed or described are all from material
collected in January and February, 1893, by members of the
Nicaraguan Expedition, i. e., either by Mr. C. L. Smith or by
Mr. B. Shimek. The difficulties of collection and preserva-
tion, owing to climatic conditions, were very great. Many spe-
cies collected in good condition in the mountainous interior,
were more or less seriously affected with mould as soon as
they reached the humid atmosphere of Greytown. The speci-
mens as soon as taken were fastened by thick glue to the
bottoms of shallow but covered paper trays. But for this
precaution it is doubtful whether a single Slime-mould would
have made the journey from Nicaragua to Iowa. Many of
the species are represented by rather scanty quantities of ma-
terial but all herein described are in good condition for study,
as our figures in the case of the new species plainly show.

Contrary to all expectation, the Nicaragua Slime-moulds,
so far at least as may be determined from material now at
hand, are strikingly like those of our northern United States.
Of the twenty-five species collected nineteen are identical with
those found commonly in eastern Iowa. Six only are new and
these represent familiar genera. On the other hand, our most
common genus 7Zrichia is wholly unrepresented. This can
hardly be an accident as the collection represents a wide area
as to habitat, and the most favorable period of the year as
regards season.

378 NatTurRAL History BuLuetin.

Iowa and Nicaragua are extremes as far as concerns climate
and the Phanerogamic flora, ferns, larger plants generally are
totally unlike; yet here are these minute saprophytic ila
isms substantially the same in both latitudes.

One explanation of the enigma probably lies in the fact that
Slime-moulds are essentially plants of the summer season,
flourishing in summer months the world around. The plas-
modial phase thrives and grows in wet warm weather, but for
fruiting a certain modicum of dry weather is necessary. In
Iowa the alternations of moisture and drouth occur during the
months from March to September inclusive, the later months
being dry. Nicaragua differs from this only in that her wet
and dry seasons in periods of about six months each fill up the
entire year. Winter in our climate comes upon the Slime-
moulds in fruit, i. e., in their dry condition when they experi-
ence little injury from our excessive cold. ‘Too much wet in
any case is not good, and it seems that certain parts of Nica-
ragua are for this reason almost destitute of Myxomycetous
plants. The species common to both countries show in Iowa
better types than in Nicaragua, and the best Nicaraguan
specimens are from Ometépe where the dry season is most
pronounced in character. From the number of species com-
mon to both latitudes we may also infer that Slime-moulds are
after all well established organisms, little susceptible of any
great variation. They have responded but feebly to changes
of environment, and the forms they now wear are old.

The Nicaragua species of Myxomycetes as collected by
Messrs. Shimek and Smith are as follows:

I. CLATHROPTYCHIUM RUGULOSUM Weallroth.

Typical. Collected at Ometépe by Mr. Shimek where it
was comparatively common. ;
2. CRIBRARIA EXILIS Macbride. n.s. Plate X, Figs. 6 and 6a.

Sporangia gregarious, very small but very long-stalked,
nodding, spherical, purple-brown, not at all flattened above, the

NICARAGUAN MxyYoMyYCETEs. 379

calyx proper small, its ribs extended upwards Dictydium-like
and connected at intervals by very delicate transverse bars
which are also extremely regular. The net is comparatively
limited, but well-formed with angular nodes connected with
each other in all directions by delicate threads which form
sometimes a network in the intervals of the larger net, no free
ends; stipe very long about eight times the diameter of the
sporangium borne on a small hypothallus and tapering very
slightly upwards, purple by transmitted light; spores 5-6,
smooth, pale purple.

This species belongs to Rostafinski’s genus Heterodictyon,
a genus by Massee, properly I think, united with C7rzbrarza.
The present species is accordingly to be compared with C.
mirabilis (Rost.) Mass. and C. breniazzit (Racib.) Mass.
From both these it is instantly distinguished by the color and
great length of stem, as well as by all microscopic characters.

Collected by Mr. Shimek on rotten wood near Castillo Viejo.

E? PERICHANA DEPRESSA Libert.
Typical. Collected in abundance by Mr. Shimek at Ometépe.

4. COoRNUVIA wricHTi Berkeley and Cooke.

Typical. Common at Ometépe. Collected by Mr. Shimek.

5. ARCYRIA CINEREA Sulliard.

Typical, though rather large. Common at Castillo. Mr.
Shimek.

6 ARCYRIA PUNICEA FPersoon.

Typical. Castillo and Ometépe.

7. ARCYRIA DIGITATA /fostafinski.

Typical. San Carlos, on River San Juan.

8. LycoGALA EPIDENDRUM Auxbaun.

Referred to this species is a single specimen from Castillo.
The specimen is very small, only 5 mm. in diameter. The

380 NatTurAuL History BuLueEtTin.

spores typical, rough and 6 in diameter. The peridium rough
with minute blick points. By mistake the spores of this am
cies were on page 127 described as smooth.

9: HEMIARCYRIA RUBIFORMIS Persoon.

Rather poor specimens of the type 7. genuzna. From Ome-
tépe and Castillo. Mr. Shimek and Mr. Smith.

10. HEMIARCYRIA CLAVATA fersoon.

Spores reticulate. Capillitium smooth as in a single Iowa
specimen referred to on page 134 of this volume. Found
only on Ometépe. Mr. Smith.

11. HEMIARCYRIA SERPULA Scopolt.

Typical and abundant. Remarkable for its uniformly reticu-
late form. Collected at Ometépe and Castillo.

12. COMATRICHA LONGA Peck.

Fine specimens of this species. Sporangium an inch or
more long.

13. COMATRICHA SHIMEKIANA AZacbride. n.s. Plate X, Figs.
3, 3a and 30.

Sporangia depressed-spherical or spherical, covered at first
as usual with a thin iridescent peridium. Stipe slender, taper-
ing from an indistinct hypothallus, branching immediately on
entering the sporangium into several uniform divisions which
support the very dense net. Spores smooth pale 7-9 fle

“On a log projecting above the water of the Savalos River
12 miles above Castillo el Viejo.” Collected by Mr. Shimek.

This is a beautiful species. The spherical sporangia resem-
ble spherical forms of C..frzestana R., but are very much
larger, two or three times as large; the capillitium of the
present species is also to be distinguished by its immediate
and symmetrical branching. The branching of C. frzesiana R.,
even in spherical forms follows the type of the cylindrical
forms and shows something of a central columella.

NIcARAGUAN* MxYOMYCETES. 381

14. COMATRICHA TYPHINA /rostafinskt.

Typical specimens from San Carlos. Mr. Shimek.

15. STEMONITIS FUSCA /roth.

Typical specimens from Castillo. Collected by Mr. Shimek.

16. STEMONITIS SPLENDENS /tostajinskt.

Specimens from Ometépe correspond well with specimens
of this species received from Europe although I find little if
any difference between this and the American form SS. morganz
of Peck.

17. STEMONITIS FERRUGINEA Lhrenberg.

Typical specimens from Ometépe. Collected by Mr. Shimek.

18. STeMonitTis smiTHu MZachride. n.s. Plate X, Figs. 4,
4a and 46.

Sporangium in scattered clusters, springing from a well-
developed but not continuous hypothailus, cylindric, short,
about 2.5 mm.; stipe about as long as the sporangium proper;
peridium evanescent; columella stout, rod-like, extending
nearly to the apex; capillitium formed of the rather stout,
sparingly divided branches of the columella, which only at the
periphery break into twigs to form the very narrow-meshed
net; meshes about equal to the spores in diameter; spores
pale, smooth 4-5 z.

This species is allied to S. ferruginea R., from which it dif-
fers by its minute stature, 5 mm.; from S. carlylez Mass., it is
distinguished by its much smaller spores. The present species
is the most delicate Stemonitis Lhave yet seen.

Ig. STEMONITIS CASTILLENSIS Afacbride. n.s. Plate X, Figs.
5, 5¢ and 50.
Sporangia crowded, stipitate, springing from a well devel-
oped hypothallus, about 15-18 mm. including the stipe which
is about one-third; columella prominent, extending nearly to

382 NaTuRAL History BuLuETIN.

the apex and giving off on all sides, as to the apex, abundant
branches to form the capillitium; capillitium open, the meshes
coarse and the nodes, especially within strongly dilated through-
out; spores globose, brown 7-8», strongly reticulate.

To be compared with |S. maxima Sz., from which it differs
in size, our species being much the larger, but also and espe-
cially in the loose coarsely meshed inner net with its strongly
dilated nodes.

20. DIDYMIUM BARTERI JZassee.

I have referred specimens to this species guided by descrip-
tion only, the author of the species having failed to figure it.
The correspondence seems sufficiently close except that in our
species the spores are only 8» in diameter instead of 10-11 as
recorded. Reference provisional. Collected at Castillo by
Mr. C. L. Smith.

21. TILMADOCHE OBLONGA /Srostafinski.
Typical.
Collected by Mr. Shimek on low grounds at Ometépe.
The plasmodium of this species was collected. The color
is bright yellow.

22. PHYSARUM POLYMORPHUM /Postafinski.

My specimens correspond well with material identified by
the author of the species.
Collected at Ometépe by Mr. Shimek.

23 PHYSARUM NICARAGUENSE Jacbride. n.s. Plate X,
Figs. 2, 2@ and 20.

Sporangia multilobate or compound contorted, below ob-
conic, grey, ribbed with calcareous thickenings; stem short,
fuscous, longitudinally wrinkled; columella none, although the
lime massed at the center of each sporangium simulates one.
Capillittum white, densely calcareous, with heavy angular
nodules connected with comparatively short threads; spores
violet, globose, very rough, about 12, in diameter.

‘Se
:
+f
Me
"

NiIcARAGUAN MyxoMyYCETEs. 383

Seems to be near P. edaucum Phillips, but differs at sight in
the shape, aggregation and general character of the sporangia.

The species is more calcareous than any Physarum I have
seen. ‘The lime sometimes occupies far more space in the
sporangium than the spores.

Collected at Ometépe by Mr. Shimek.

24. PHYSARUM MACULATUM JZacbride. n.s. Plate X, Figs.
I, I@ and 1d.

Sporangia scattered or gregarious, very small, dull gray,
thin-walled, dotted with minute calcareous granules, stipitate;
stipe long, stout, attenuated upwards, striate longitudinally or
wrinkled, stuffed with irregular yellow masses of lime and
accordingly bright yellow in color; columella none; capillitium
forming a dense net with comparatively small yellow nodular
thickenings; spores globose, purplish, each minutely papillose
and displaying several scattered spots occasioned by local
development of papillae; diameter of the spores 9-10.

Collected at Castillo by Mr. Shimek.

Near P. scheter7 R., from which it may by distinguished by
shape of sporangium, absence of columella, etc.

25. FUuLico VARIANS Sommerfelt.

Typical. Said to be rare.
Collected by Mr. Shimek on Ometépe.

THE MYXOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA.

[CONTINUED. ]

By THOS. H. McBRIDE.

To the list of species concluded on page 161 of the present
volume may be added the following:

1. PHysaRruM oBLATUM JZacéride. n.s. Plate XI, Figs. 3,
3a and 36.

Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, small, bright yellow, de-
pressed globose, rough; stipe reddish brown or fulginous,
even, slender, hypothallus none; columella none; threads of
the capillitium yellow, delicate connecting the rather dense
and abundant yellow lime granules; spores minutely rough-
ened under high magnification, g-10,, black in mass, under
the lens violet.

A very delicate and beautiful little species collected by Mr.
Shimek near Iowa City; to be compared with P. citrinellum
Pk., from which it differs in its yellow capillitium and larger
spores; and with P. chrysotrichum B. & C. from which it dif-
fers in being stipitate as well as in other particulars.

2. PHYSARUM COLUMBINUM MZacbride. n.s. Plate XI, Figs.
2. 2a ana 2p.

Sporangia thin-walled, stipitate, gregarious, dove-colored
or ashy, delicately flushed, when fresh, with rose, dotted very
sparingly with minute white calcareous granules; stipe snow-
white, about equal to the diameter of the capsule or a little
longer, even; hypothallus none; columella none; threads of
the capillitium white, very delicate, with abundant calcareous

THe MyxomycetTes oF EASTERN Iowa. 385

nodules which are rather small and rounded; numerous fila-
ments near the sporangium wall contain no lime; spores pale,
unequal, dull violet or sooty, minutely papillose, 9-14 x.

This species is near P. leucopus Rost., but is I believe dis-
tinct. The marks of difference are seen in the uniformly thin
smooth wall of the globular capsule, the delicate capillitium
with small lime nodules and the pale, almost smooth spores.

3. CRATERIUM PEDUNCULATUM Trentepohl. Plate XI, Fig. 4.

Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, each a wine-glass-shaped
cup or urn, dull brown in color, brighter at base and rim,
closed by a thin white operculum which is flat or only slightly
convex and lies a little below the level of the rim; stipe short,
about equal to the cup or less, wrinkled with longitudinal plica-
tions which pass upward, appearing slightly on the base of the
cup, brown or amber colored, resting upon a small but dis-
tinct hypothallus; columella less distinct; capillitium crowded
with rather uniform snow-white lime nodules; spores black in
mass, pale violet by transmitted light, minutely roughened,
IO-I2 yu.

Our specimens of this species seem to correspond well with
Rostafinski’s figures of C. vu/gare, and it must be admitted that
specimens from the same plasmodium sometimes show equally
well the characters thought to be distinctive of C. mcnuium.
If then C. vulgare Ditm., C. minutum R., C. pedunculatum
Trent., C. Ayrzforme Ditm., are all synonyms, it is only a ques-
tion of priority which specific name shall be adopted. ‘Trente-
pohl seems to have referred the species to its appropriate
genus and Raunkier has, it seems, properly acknowledged the
fact by returning to the old specific name. If Trentepohl’s
specific name be not adopted, then Rostafinski’s should stand
and there would seem to be no reasonable excuse. for rejecting
all the synonymy of the past and introducing at this date a
new specific name (once varietal), as confusum Massee, and
thus increasing the confusion instead of relieving it. The lit-
erature is burdened with synonyms as it is, and it certainly

386 NatTurRAL History BuLuetin.

behooves every working systematist to avoid increasing the
number, even if by reason of imperfect description justice to
earlier students requires the exercise of a little charity.

4. DipyMIuM sQUAMULOSUM (Alb. and Schwein.) Fries.
Plate XI, Figs. 5, 5@ and 50.

Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, hemispherical, flattened and
umbilicate below, irregularly dehiscent above, about one mm.
wide; stipe variable, but entering the sporangium and there
forming a distinct spheroidal usually snow-white columella,
longitudinally striate, white or pale; capillitium of slender bi-
furcating filaments radiating from the tips of the columella to
the peridial wall; spores minutely papillose, pale violet, g—12 p.

This species is rare with us, occurring occasionally on rot-
ting straw heaps, smothering strawberry vines, or decaying
herbaceous stems in an over-crowded flower-bed.

Exteriorly with the appearance of a Physarum it is easily
distinguished from species of that genus by its entirely differ-
ent and un-physarum-like capillitium. The stems are usually
snow-white when the columella is the same, but sometimes,
owing probably to local surroundings, the stipe and columella
seem as if stained, pale brown or tawny. The peridium at
maturity breaks up into irregular patches white with lime and
in this condition presents a uniformly characteristic appearance.

5. Dracnyaa LEuCoPoDA /fostafinski.

Sporangia cylindric, obtuse, stipitate, iridescent or purple;
stipe white, tapering upwards, borne on a white spreading
hypothallus; columella cylindric, about two-thirds the height
of the peridium white with enclosed lime granules; capillitium
of numerous branching and anastomosing threads which are
rather thick as they leave the columella but become thinner
outwards and support the peridium; spores minutely verrucu-
lose, pale violet, about 9p.

This species occurs rarely in our forest-lands usually on
undisturbed beds of drifted leaves. It is a beautiful thing, one

THE MxyoMycETEs OF EASTERN Iowa. 387

of our handsomest forms; differs from D. splendens Pk., chiefly
in the relative proportions of the stipe and columella. The
whole sporangium is in the present species cylindric, in the
former, globose. For these reasons we have not thought nec-
essary to figure D. leucopoda. For character of the genus in
general the reader is referred to Plate VII, of the preceding
number.

6. TILMADOCHE NUTANS /rostafinski.

Sporangia gregarious, depressed, spherical, stipitate, grey
or white, thin2 walled, nodding; stipe long, tapering upwards,
brown or ashen, striate, graceful; capillitium abundant, threads
delicate, intricately combined in loose net-work with occasional
minute, rounded, calcareous nodules; spores minutely rough-
ened, globose, about 10x.

Differs from 7. wridis Gmel.= 7. mutabilis R., chiefly in
color. Cf. description of 7. vzridis on p. 152. Rare. The
only specimens found on a dry bark-less log in the woods near
Iowa City.

7. CRIBRARIA DICTYDIOIDES Cooke and Balfour.

Sporangia globose, stipitate, gregarious, dull ochraceous,
calyculus wanting; peridial ribs broad below tapering up-
wards, everywhere laterally connected by delicate transverse
threads and blending in the net above; net convex with nu-
merous granular nodes, connected in all directions by most
exquisite colorless filaments; stipe concolorous; spores small
minutely roughened, about 7 v.

Differs from C. zutricata Schrader, p. 119, by the absence
of a calyculus, and by the fact that the nodes of the net are
joined by simple lines, i. e., by simple threads or filaments.
The species are sometimes hard to separate.

8. HEMIARCYRIA INTORTA Luster.

Sporangia simple, gregarious, short, stipitate, erect, golden
yellow, globose-turbinate or pyriform rupturing irregularly at

388 Naturau History BuLuetin.

the top leaving a short funnel-shaped receptacle; sporangium
wall thin, translucent, shining; height of the sporangium,
including stipe, 1.3 mm.; stipes dark red-brown, longitudinally
rugose; capillitium composed usually of single long threads
not branched or very sparingly branched; tubes of the capil-
litium 3.5-4 in diameter, provided usually with four spirals,
sparsely spinulose with short sharp spines, winding evenly
_and regularly and separated by wide interspaces, two or three
times their width, adjoining spirals connected by conspicuous
longitudinal filaments. Capillitium and spores concolorous,
orange yellow in mass; spores delicately warted 9-10n.

This is Hemzarcyrza longifila Rex, whose description I have
abridged as above from Proceedings of Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, 1891, p. 396 (published in 1892).
Mr. A. Lister, of England, published in Journal of Botany,
September, 1891, a description of the same species, hence the
American name becomes a synonym.

The species is with difficulty distinguished from HY. clavata,
but differs under high magnification in the markings of the
elater, and in the elater tips. The elaters are plainly hollow
and bulbous at the tip but I fail to find in my material the lon-
gitudinal filaments “ conspicuous.”

Not common.

BREFELDIACE.

Sporangia united to form large zthalia which are generally
covered with a thin loosely-constructed veil. Single sporan-
gia at maturity without distinguishable peridium hence difficult
of individual determination, with or without columella; capilli-
tium arising either from the columella or, in absence of this,
from the peridial wall, consisting of stout or well-developed
threads, repeatedly branching; without limé; spore mass,
deep violet.

BREFELDIA Rostajinski.

Sporangia occupying in the ethalium several layers, those
of the median, and especially of the lowest layers furnished

Tue Myxomycetes oF EasTErRN Iowa. 389

with columella which blend beneath: capillittum threads in
the lowest layers arising from the columella, in the upper ex-
tending radiately between the individual sporangia and united
at the sporangial limits by means of rather large inflated cells.

9. BREFELDIA MAXIMA (Pr, } Leostajinski.

/Ethalium large, two to ten inches, papillate above, violet black
at first, then purple or purple-brown, developed upon a wide-
spread, silver-shining hypothallus; sporangia not distinct, per-
haps indicated above by the papille; capillitium abundant, the
threads uniting by multifid ends to surround as with a net the
peculiar vesicles; spore mass dark violet black, the individual
spores paler by transmitted light, distinctly papillose, 12-15 u.

A very remarkable species and one of the largest, rivalled
by Fuldigo only. To be compared with eticularia, which it
resembles somewhat externally, and with some of the larger
specimens of Hxteridium. The plasmodium at first white
with a bluish tinge is developed abundantly in rotten wood,
preferably a large oak stump, and changes color as maturity
comes on, much in the fashion of Stemonttis splendens, leaving
a wide-spread hypothallic film to extend far around the per-
fected fruit-mass. The capillitium is very peculiar. Large
irregularly formed columellz in the lower strata of the etha-
lium rise as ascending branches of an intricate but rather
clumsy frame work which lies close upon the hypothallus.
From these columella, as far as they go, the capillitial fila-
ments radiate. Only above, as it appears, do the filaments join
their distal, peripheral ends by network enclosing vesicles.
The spores are very large, distinctly, rather coarsely spinulose,
nucleated. By both capillitium and spores one is reminded
constantly of some large Stemonitis. It is a Stemonitis whose
sporangia have never been perfectly differentiated.

A figure of the species will appear in some subsequent plate.

Muscatine County, Iowa. Reported hitherto from Great
Britain and Germany.

Lowa City, Iowa, September, 1893.

390

A NEW PHYSARUM FROM COLORADO.

By THOS. H. McBRIDE.

PuysARUM NEWTONI Macbride. n.s. Plate XI, Figs. 1, 1@
and 10.

Sporangia simple, gregarious, short stipitate or sessile, glo-
bose or flattened, when not globose depressed and deeply um-
bilicate above, purple, smooth, thin-walled, stipe when present
very short and concolorous; columella none; hypothallus
none; capillitium abundant, delicate, with more or less well
developed nodules, which are also concolorous; spores by
transmitted light, dark brown, thick-walled, rough, nucleated,
about 10x.

A very handsome little species collected by Prof. G. W.
Newton in Colorado at an altitude of several thousand feet.
Easily recognized by its almost sessile, rose-purple generally
umbilicate sporangium.

Iowa City, Iowa, September, 1593.

A NEW CYCAD.+

By THOS. H. McBRIDE.

In 1868, Mr. W. Carruthers described under the generic
name Lennettites certain fossil cycadaceous plants from the
Lower Green Sand of the Isle of Wight.?- The most striking
and apparent feature of the genus Bennettites would seem to
be its elliptical outline and the circumstance that the flower
buds arise irregularly from the inner bark and from among or
between the leaf bases. Certain fossils obtained by the writer,
near Minnekahta in South Dakota seem not only to belong to
this genus but to illustrate its character unusually well. The
specimens described, were found (in company with forty or
fifty more) weathered out on a hill-top. The rocks below
and above are sand, and if I may judge by such knowledge
as I have at present, the fossils under discussion are from the
Jura-Trias or lower Cretaceous.

BENNETTITES DACOTENSIS Jacbride. n.s. Plate XII.

Plant for the most part silicified, plainly elliptical in section,
the measurements for the specimen before me are: girth three
feet six inches, height thirteen inches, longer diameter fourteen
inches, shorter eleven and one-half. The pith large, simply
cellular, punctate where weathered, destitute of fibro-vascular
bundles, surrounded by a woody cylinder which is from an
inch to one inch and a quarter in thickness. The wood is
divided at regular intervals by numerous medullary rays

1 Reprinted in part from the American Geologist for October, 1893.
# See Trans. Linnzan Society, Vol. 26, p. 675, seq. London, 1868.

392 NaTurAL History BuLueETIN.

about one-half inch in width. A thin rind or bark surrounds
the woody cylinder and supports the bases of the leaves and
leaf structures. Leaves are not known: their bases as pre-
served are fusiform or lozenge-shaped in cross-section, half an
inch by one inch in dimensions, and show the remains of nu-
merous equally developed fibro-vascular bundles. Between
the leaf bases are numerous intervals filled up with structures
(perhaps pale) imperfectly preserved. Where the surface
of the fossil is best preserved, the leaf bases appear to have
rotted away to a considerable distance inwardly, and the en-
tire surface is pitted, and presents a clathrate or reticulate
appearance. Rising through the outer conglomeration of
tissues, leaf-bases and adhering structures, appear numerous
buds (flower-buds?); these are about two inches in diameter
and of equal height, attached to the rind by a short cylindrical
stem, and made up, outwardly, at least, of rather slender,
scale-like leaves arranged in circular whorls.

In habit the plants were solitary or in groups or clusters of
two or three apparently from the same base, and sometimes
reached much greater dimensions than those recorded—being
sometimes at least two feet high.

The present species is near Bennettites gibsonianus Carr.,
from which it may be distinguished by greater size and by
the fact that in our species the fibro-vascular bundles of the
leaf-stems are of uniform size and distribution, and do not
form a horse-shoe shape in cross-section as is said to be the
case in the English species.

In Vol. XV, Monographs of the United States Geological
Survey, 1889, Mr. W. M. Fontaine records and describes
certain Cycad fossils from the Potomac Beds in Maryland.
These fossils are referred to a proposed ‘genus 7Zysonza
thought to be intermediate between Pennettztes Carr., and
Mantella Brongn. I have no doubt but that our Dakota
specimens belong to the genus Bennettites, whatever may be
the case in reference to the Maryland fossils, although I may
be permitted to suggest that these latter also belong to the

A New Cycap. 393

same genus, as Mr. Carruthers has already concluded. As
far as species is concerned, the Dakota form differs at sight in
the relatively small number of leaf-scars and their very much
greater size, as well as in the fact that the flower-buds(?) are
few, large, pedicellate, and almost entirely exterior to the leaf-
base armament. As, for the Maryland species, no microscop-
ical characters are given, no comparison relative to the fibro-
vascular bundles can now be made. Furthermore there is in
the Dakota species no indication of a lateral terminal bud. As
to the geologic age to which the Dakota fossils belong, the
great similarity between the eastern and western specimens
would seem to indicate practical identity of horizon so that
B. dacotensis indicates for us the equivalent in Dakota of the
Potomac formation, whatever that may be.!

In external form, the perfect specimens of this fossil remind
one very suggestively of the pitted stems of a modern JZacro-
zamia spiralis Miquel, from Australia. The most conspicuous
external difference lies in the peculiar character and position
of the fruit- or flower-buds in the fossil species. It is to be
regretted that in this part of the world material is not just now
at hand for more exact comparison. Australia is a Mezozoic
land and a close resemblance between our fossils and existing
Australian species would not be surprising.

Special thanks are due Hon. Thos. Wright, of the C., R. I.
& P. railway, and Mr. J. Francis, Gen. T. & P. Agt. of the
B. & M. railway in Nebraska, for special assistance in the
conauct of these investigations.

Iowa City, Iowa, September, 1893.

1 More recent investigations of the question of geological horizon lead to the
undoubted conclusion that the fossils are Cretaceous and come from the sand-
stone beds called by Meek and Hayden the Dakota group.— Nov. 16th, 1893.

SOME CENTRAL AMERICAN PYRENOMYCETES.

By CHARLES L. SMITH.

The Pyrenomycetes are readily distinguished, for the most
part, from other cryptogamous plants. The name signifies
“fire fungi” and many species do give the appearance of be-
ing charred to parts of branches, bark and pieces of decaying
wood. This distinguishing character will not do for all, for
many are small and scattered so that no such appearance is
produced on the substratum, yet one soon learns to distinguish
such forms to be Pyrenomycetes. As the name might indi-
cate, they are generally black, or nearly so. But we must
notice two groups which are noted either for being usually of
a bright color or for developing generally an abundance of
mycelium.

The Hypocreacee are distinguished by being of some other
color than black, often of some bright color as red, blue, etc.,
and by being fleshy or leathery-membranaceous with a waxy
or, at least, soft stroma, when one is present. The Hypocrea-
cez are never carbonaceous whereas the rest of the Pyreno-
mycetes generally are quite perceptibly so. The blights
(Erysiphee) produce commonly a conspicuous white myce-
lium sprinkled over with small black or dark brownish bodies
(the perithecia) and are commonly found parasitic on the
leaves of many species of phenogamous plants. .

Saccardo defines the Pyrenomycetes as,—Fungi furnished
with asci-bearing perithecia, generally growing on plants, sel-
dom on animals and never truly terrestrial. They have many
secondary or metagenetic phases composing families of the
Spheropsidez, Melanconiee and Hyphomycetes.*

i Sacc. syll.T, p. x.

CENTRAL AMERICAN PYRENOMYCETES. 395

The perithecia are small cases, so to speak, exhibiting usu-
ally a spherical or flask-shaped form, and are lined with hy-
menium in the lower part and are generally pierced at the
apex, the opening being called an ostiolum. The perithecia
are often prolonged around the ostiolum into a neck, or beak,
the better probably to disperse the sporidia. The perithecia
may be superficial or sunk more or less into the matrix or more
or less sunk in a body like the perithecia in substance and
varying in size and shape, known as the stroma. The stro-
ma may consist of a transformed part of the matrix. The
hymenium consists of two kinds of elongate cells. One is sac-
like, the asci, in which are produced the sporidia. The
sporidia are reproductive bodies, generally eight in number,
and in many cases they have proven to be the product of fer-
tilization. The cells of the other kind are rather slender and
often are much like the asci, among which they are situated.
They are thought by some to be abortive asci and are called
paraphyses.

The secondary or metagenetic phases often cover the form-
ing stroma, forming on the aérial branches of the mycelium
conidia (gonidia) or in the forming perithecia or similar con-
ceptacles, at the apex of hyphe, so-called pycnidia. It is
commonly conceded (although in but few cases proven) that
their growths are a part of the plant on which they appear,
although in some cases a parasite form of some other fungus
appears on the growing Pyrenomycete. The conidia, gonidia
and pycnidia are asexual reproductive bodies.

The Pyrenomycetes given in this paper were collected in
Nicaragua by the expedition sent out last December by the
State University of Iowa. (See Mr. B. Shimek’s article in
this Bulletin. )

The name of the locality is given with each species follow-
ed by the initials of the person or persons collecting it. If
the species was collected in two localities, the names of the
two places are given.

A large majority of the species were collected during the

396 NatTuraL History BULLETIN.

stay at Castillo Viejo, within a radius of a few miles of the
little village. When it is known that the species enumerated
in this article, constitute less than one fifth of the species col-
lected at this one place, some idea of the richness of the my-
cological flora of a tropical region may be formed.

It is to be noted that about two-fifths of the species collected
are new species and that two genera and thirteen species are
not given in North American Pyrenomycetes.

The species and genera mentioned in this paper and not
described in North American Pyrenomycetes, are here de-
scribed. The descriptions are translations from Prof. P. A.
Saccardo’s Sylloge in all cases, for I discovered, in the few
in which I had the opportunity to compare the original descrip-
tions with those of the Sylloge, that those of the Sylloge are
fuller. This is done for the benefit of those who may not
have a more comprehensive treatise upon this very interesting
group of plants than Mr. J. B. Ellis’ valuable work, North
American Pyrenomycetes.

All the species have been identitied and the new species
described by Mr. J. B. Ellis, who has also re-written the de-
scriptions of \ylarza guyaniensis, X. obovata, X. pumila and
Glaziella vestculosa. Nothing could be made of a few speci-
mens, because they were old or immature.

I have followed the classification given by Mr. Ellis in North
American Pyrenomycetes.

ORDER PYRENOMYCETES.

i PERISPORLA CE A

FAMILY ERYSIPHEZ.
No species collected.

FAMILY PERISPORIEA.
MetioLa Horripa &. & £. n. sp.

Hypophyllous. Mycelium black, forming orbicular patches
2-4 mm. dia., and consisting of much branched and anasto-

CENTRAL AMERICAN PYRENOMYCETES. 397

mosing-prostrate hyphe, with small, 2-celled, capitate hypho-
podia about 127-8», the upper cell rounded, often oblique,
and an abundance of black, straight, simple bristles about
200-270 long, 6-7 thick, sparingly and obscurely 3—5-sep-
‘tate, arising from the prostrate threads. Perithecia ovate,
small, about 100.4 dia., bald or with a few short bristles simi-
lar to those from the mycelium. Asci obovate, sub-sessile,
about 60-70 X 15-20, 2-spored. Sporidia oblong-cylindrical,
4-septate, scarcely or finally slightly constricted, brown, nar-
rowed towards each end, 25-34 X1II-I4».

Differs from JZ. microspora Pat. & Gail., in its anastomos-
ingly branched mycelium which lacks the mucronate hypho-
podia, in its more slender and more abundant bristles, and in
its sporidia more attenuated at the ends. JZ. polytricha Kalch.
& Cke., has longer, flexuous bristles and longer sporidia not
attenuated at the ends and has both capitate and mucronate
hyphopodia.

Parasitic on the leaves of guava, Jan., ’93, San Carlos.

(TiS)
ll. HYPOCREACE.

Hypocrea sicotor £. & £., J. Myc. IV, p. 58.

On decaying wood, Ometépe. (B. 58.)

H. Frsuta De /Vot.

Stroma cervine becoming fuscous, convex-disk-form, cen-
trally adnate below, with obtuse margin, fleshy within. Peri-
thecia quite numerous, small, globose, discrete, separating
from the stroma, a little prominent at the apex, dehiscing by
a minute, rotund pore. sci, cylindrical, very plentiful.
Sporidia didymous, globose joints, equal.

On trunks of trees in South America. | Sacc. Syll. II, p. 527. |

A few immature specimens on a fallen tree, Castillo Viejo.

(GL: S.)

Hi: Harsuta £.¢é.2. nn. sp.
Stromata gregarious or crowded, sub-hemispherical, coriaceo-

398 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

carnose, 2~3 mm. across, discoid, obsoletely margined, brown,
yellowish-white inside, contracted below, centrally attached,
clothed with brown, bristle-like, septate hairs, 100-200 x 4 p,
convex or plane above and slightly roughened by the papilli-
form ostiola. Perithecia buried in the stroma, sub-distichous,
ovate, about % mm. high. Asci, clavate-cylindrical, swollen
at the tip, 100X104 (or about that). Sporidia navicular-ob-
long, or inequilaterally elliptical, brown, 7-8 x 3-3% p.

On bark, Ometépe and Castillo Viejo. (C. L. S.)

NECTRIA EPISPHRIA (Zode) Fr.

On Xylaria corniformis Fr., Castillo Viejo. (C. L. S.)

N. SANGUINEA (.Szdth.) Fy.

On bark of decaying tree with Poronia turbinata E. & E.,
Castillo Viejo. (C. L.S.)

N. strusporA &£. & &. n. sp.

Cespitose. Perithecia narrowed-ovate, about 1x % mm.,
clothed with a yellow, granulose-furfuraceous coat, crowded
in tufts, 2-3 mm. across, 20-100 together. Ostiolum obtuse,
broad-papilliform, amber-colored, soon perforated. Asci cla-
vate, p. sp. 80-100 12-15, with evanescent paraphyses,
8-spored. Sporidia irregularly crowded, large, broad-oblong-
fusoid, 30-38 x 8-10 x, yellowish-brown, uniseptate and slightly
constricted, each cell 3~-5-nucleate, finally assuming a striate
appearance, from being filled, apparently with linear-cylin-
drical bodies.

This seems to be a well marked species; on account of the
nuclei, sometimes apparently 3-5-septate, but there is only
one true septum.

On bark, Castillo Viejo. (C. L. S.)

N. opscurATA &. & E. na. sp.

Perithecia scattered or 2-3 together, ovate, 250-300 u dia.,
dull dirty red, smooth. Ostiolum papilliform, soon perforated.

ee

CENTRAL AMERICAN PyRENOMYCETES. 399

Sporidia oblong-elliptical, hyaline, uniseptate, not constricted,
7-83. The asci in the specimens examined had disappeared.
Possibly this might be considered a variety of /V. sanguinea
but the perithecia are rather larger and lack the bright red
color of that species and the sporidia are smaller.
On bark, Castillo Viejo. (C.L.S.)

GLAZIELLA #Serk.'

A genus embracing certain species which have been refer-
red to Xylarza and Hypoxylon,

Stroma sub-globose, carnose, brightly colored. Perithecia
pallid, for a long time filled with a hyaline jelly (at length in
G. abnormis ascophorous; asci cylindrical; sporidia very mi-
nute, monostichous). A genus with a manifestly hyprocrea-
ceous mode of life, but doubtful because the fructification is
unknown in many of the species. [Sacc. Syll., Il, p. 581. |

G. vesicuLosA Lerk. (pro tem.)

Stroma obovate, about 3% cm. high and broad, short stipi-
tate, hollow and inflated, consisting of a mere shell, 1%—2 mm.
thick, orange yellow, entirely closed without any apical or
other opening. Perithecia immersed, numerous, immature,
without any distinctly formed asci or sporidia.

On a dead tree, Ometépe. (C. L. S.)

Il. SPHAERIACE 2.
FAMILY CHATOMIEZ.
No species collected.

FAMILY SORDARIE.
No species collected.

FAMILY TRICOSPHARIEZ.

TRICOSPHARIA HORRIDA &. & &. n. sp.

Perithecia gregarious and cespitose, superficial, membrana-
ceous, globose, 34 mm. dia., collapsing above, clothed with

1 F, Brazil in Meddel. Naturh, Kjobenhavn, 187¢-8o, p. 751.

400 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

coarse, brown hair and abundant stout, straight spines, 100 -
250x8u. Asci clavate, short stipitate, 45-50 7-8», obscurely
paraphysate, 8-spored. Sporidia bi-seriate, acutely elliptical,
hyaline, 2-nucleate, 6-8 x 2% yu.

Tr. pulchriseta (Pk.)! has about the same sporidia but the
perithecia are more scattered and much smaller. Tyr. pilosa
(Pers.) has also much smaller perithecia and the sporidia (see
Winter’s fig.) are different.

On bark, Ometépe. (B. S.)

HERPOTRICHIA DIFFUSA (Schw.) E. & E.
On decaying bark, Castillo Viejo. (C. L. 8.)

H. nicaracuENsis &. d& £. n. sp.

Perithecia superficial, densely gregarious, ovate, 4-34 x
Y%-¥% mm., rough, pruinose-pilose at first, soon bald. Ostio-
lum broad-papilliform, soon broadly perforated. The asci, in
the specimens seen, had disappeared. Sporidia oblong-eilip-
tical, uniseptate, not constricted, hyaline at first, then olive-
brown, 8-105 p.

On rotten wood, Ometépe. (B. 5.)

FAMILY MELANOMME£z.
ROSELLINIA PROTUBERANS Aarst.

Perithecia more or less scattered, sub-innate, finally more or
less emergent, the free part hemispherical and concrete with
the dark-fuscous-tinctured wood, spheroidal, dark-fuscous,
fragile, 0.5-0.7 mm. wide, furnished with a papillate, minute,
slightly prominent ostiolum. Asci cylindrical, 78x6-8» (p.
sp.), stipe 30-40 long. Sporidia 8, monostichous, ellipsoidal,
soon inequilateral, 2-guttulate, fuscous, 10-12 x 5-64. Para-
physes numerous, coalescing.

On willow wood, Fennia and on the wood of Cornus san-
guinea in northern Italy. [Sacc. Syll., I, p. 262. |

1 This is Mr. Ellis’ use of the parentheses.

CENTRAL AMERICAN PYRENOMYCETES. 401

On decaying wood, Castillo Viejo. (C.L.S.) In one case,
the substratum of the wood was very darkly colored and in
another scarcely colored at all.

R. eicasporA £. & &. n. sp.

Gregarious, superficial, conic-hemispherical, 1-1 %4 mm. dia.,
sessile, with a broad, flattened base, surrounded apparently at
first by a thin, brown, hairy subiculum spreading over the
surface of the wood and clothing the lower part of the peri-
thecia. Ostiolum globose-papilliform, black and smooth.
Sporidia broad-fusoid, brown, 55-62 10-12”. The speci-
mens were past their prime and the asci had disappeared.

On dead cane (?) stalk, Castillo Viejo. (C. L.S.)

R. GIGANTEA £. & £. na. sp.

Perithecia gregarious, globose, sessile, 214-314 mm. dia.,
covered with a granulose-pruinose coat at first, except the
black, conical ostiolum, at length bare and reddish-brown,
often marked around the base of the ostiolum with short, sub-
radiate furrows; wall double, outer carbonaceous, firm, 4% mm.
thick, inner membranaceous. ‘The perithecia are surrounded
by a growth of dark-brown, bristle-like fascicles of closely
compacted, reddish-brown, rather distantly septate hyphe
about 2 mm. high, arising from a sub-crustose subiculum;
oblong-elliptical, hyaline, 5-6 2-3, conidia were associated
with the bristle-like fascicles of hyphe, but the mode of at-
tachment was not seen. Asci cylindrical, p. sp. 250-2708 x,
paraphysate, 8-spored. Sporidia overlapping uniseriate, fus-
oid, slightly curved, acute, with two large oil globules, oliva-
ceous at first, then opake, 40-62 x 6-8 u.

fe. desmaziertt (B. & Br.) has smaller perithecia and spor-
idia, and A. dunodes (B. & Br.) has the perithecia rather
smaller, the sporidia more attenuated at the ends, and conidia
moniliform.

On bark, Castillo Viejo. (C. L.S.)

402 NatTurau History BuLuetin.

R. MELALEUCA £. & #. na. sp.

Perithecia gregarious, or crowded, sub-obovate, 4-34 mm.
dia., obtusely rounded and white pruinose above, except the
minute, papilliform, black ostiolum, black below and connected
by a thin, black crust. Asci (p. sp.) cylindrical, about 50x54,
paraphysate, 8-spored. Sporidia uniseriate, inequilaterally
elliptical, brown, finally opake, continuous, 8-10 X 4 p.

On wood, Ometépe. (C. L. S.)

i

Old specimens without fruit. This might be a Laszosphe-
ria. On bark, Castillo Viejo. (C. L. S.)

— ?

MELANOPSAMMA SHIMEKII £. & &. n. sp.

Perithecia gregarious, superficial, ovate-conic, about 34 mm.
dia., brownish-black, and, except the smooth, black, conic-
papilliform ostiolum, muricately roughened and clothed with
scattered, short, pale, glandular hairs. Asci clavate-cylin-
drical, short stipitate, 150-180 x 12-15 1, 8-spored, overtopped
by the abundant, filiform paraphyses. Sporidia crowded-
biseriate, fusoid, uniseptate and constricted, slightly curved,
48-57 X 10-12, yellowish-hyaline, ends at first acute, then
sub-obtuse.

M. papilla (Schw.) and JZ. obtusissima (B. & C.) come
nearest this but both have smooth perithecia.

On dry, hard wood, Ometépe. (B. S.)

MELANOMNA suBCoNIcUM &. & £. n. sp.

Perithecia depressed-conic-hemispherical, erumpent-super-
ficial, covered by the blackened epidermis, scattered, about
q mm. dia., sub-angular; ostiolum papilliform. Asci cylin-
drical, 100X104 (p. sp. 600-70 » long), with abundant, filiform
paraphyses, 8-spored. Sporidia uniseriate, oblong-elliptical, ob-
tusely pointed and with a small hyaline protuberance at each
end, obscurely 3—4-pseudo-septate, 12-15 X 6-7 », olive-brown.

On bark, Castillo Viejo. (C. L. S.)

CENTRAL AMERICAN PYRENOMYCETES. 403

FAMILY CERATOSTOME#.
CERATOSPHERIA CASTILLENSIS C. ZL. Smith. na. sp.

Perithecia crowded-gregarious, superficial, ovate, about
% mm. dia., clothed with a thin, brown, pilose-tomentose
coat; ostiolum cylindrical, stout, rough, black, %-34 mm.
long. Asci oblong-cylindrical, short stipitate, 75-85 x 8-10 u,
8-spored. Parapyhses(?) Sporidia fasciculate, fusoid, slightly
curved, hyaline, 3-septate, 25-28 3% uz.

Differs from C. fuscella Karst., in its tomentose perithecia
and curved, fasciculate sporidia.

On bark, Castillo Viejo. (C. L. S.)

FAMILY AMPHISPHAERIE.

No species collected.

FAMILY LOPHIOSTOME£.
LopHiosTOoMA OvINUM &£. ¢&--£. n. sp.

Gregarious, superficial, sub-globose, clothed, except the
convex-prominent, elliptical, longitudinally cleft ostiolum, with
a dense, white, tomentose-squamose, closely adherent coat, so
as to resemble Lasospherza ovina (Pers.) Asci clavate,
short stipitate, about 60x10, with abundant filiform para-
physes. Sporidia biseriate above, narrowed-oblong-elliptical,
or sub-conical, uniseptate and constricted, 15-20x4-5,, at

first hyaline and nucleate, becoming at length pale brown.
On a decaying part of a live tree, Castillo Viejo. (C.L.S.)

FAMILY CUCURBITARIE#.
No species collected.
FAMILY SPHARELLOIDE&,
No species collected.
FAMILY GNOMONIEZ.
No species collected.
FAMILY PLEOSPORE#.
No species collected.

404 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

FAMILY MASSARIE&.,
No species collected.

FAMILY CLYPEOSPHAERIES.
No species collected.

FAMILY VALSEZ.

DIAPORTHE CRINIGERA &. dé Z&. ?

A specimen having the outward appearance of Déaporthe
crinigera, E. & E. Ometépe (B.S. & C. L. S.)

EvuTYPELLA STELLULATA (/7.) Sace.
In the bark of a dead branch, Ometépe. (C. L. S.)
FAMILY MELANCONIDEZ.
PsEupovaLsa smiTul £. d& Z. n. sp.

Perithecia 4-8 together, ovate, about % mm. dia., connate
so as to form a sub-hemispherical tubercle 1-1% mm. dia.,
and crowned in the center with the tuft of short ostiola which
is finally deciduous, leaving the stroma perforated. These
stromata are gregarious or sub-confluent and appear to have
been at first covered by the epidermis, but, in the specimens
examined, this had entirely disappeared, leaving the stromata
superficial. Asci not seen. Sporidia fusoid, slightly curved,
deep brown, almost opake, 52-62 X 10-14 », 3-septate, the two
end cells small and paler. No appendages were visible but
these may have disappeared.

Ps. bicornis (Cke.) differs in its separate (not connate) peri-
thecia. The sporidia are much like those of Ps. s¢gmoidea
(C. & E.), but the habit is different.

On bark of dead tree, Castillo Viejo. (C. L. S.)

FAMILY MELOGRAMMEZ#.,
No species collected.
FAMILY DIATRYPE#.
DIATRYPELLA PAUPERA £. ¢& £&. nz sp.

Stromata tuberculiform, small, 1-114 mm. dia., black out-

CENTRAL AMERICAN PyYRENOMYCETES. 405

side, dirty greenish-yellow within, closely embraced around
the base by the appressed margin of the ruptured epidermis.
Perithecia only 2-4 in a stroma, globose, about 4% mm. dia.,
ostiola papilliform, slightly prominent. Asci clavate, p. sp.
55-60 X 10-11 u, stipe 45-504 long, slender. Sporidia numer-
ous, allantoid, hyaline, moderately curved, 2-nucleate, varying
in length from 5-94 and 114-2 wide.

The stromata are of about the size and shape of those of
Diatrype prominens Howe.

On dead limbs, Castillo Viejo. (C. L. S.)

IV. DOTHIDEACE.

MyrIANGIUM DuRIEUI Mont. & Berk.

On bark, Castillo Viejo. (C. L. S.)

FAMILY XYLARIEZ.
NUMMULARIA REPANDA ( F7.) Vits. var. Zonata E. & E.
n. Var.

This is probably a new species differing from JV. repanda
in its elongate, cylindrical perithecia and more prominent,
rugose-zonate stroma. But it is immature and entirely with-
out asci or sporidia.

On bark of a tree, Castillo Viejo. (C. L. S.)

N. HyYPOPHLEA (B. & Fav.) Che. ?*
On bark of a tree, Castillo Viejo. (C. L.S.)

N. RuMPENS Che. ?°

The specimens were old and no sporidia were found.
On bark, Castillo Viejo. (C. L. S.)

N. TINCTOR ( Berk.) Che.

The specimens collected at Ometépe had not tinged the
adjacent bark and wood orange red. The specimens from
Castillo Viejo were typical in this respect. (C. L.S.)

406 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

N. vERNicosA /#. & &. n. sp.

Stroma effused, thin, rather less than 1 mm. thick, oblong
or elliptical, 2cm. or more long, margin broadly sterile,
smooth and shining black. Perithecia monostichous, short-
ovate, 4%—'% mm. dia., entirely immersed, and occupying the
central part of the stroma; ostiola papilliform, surrounded by
an annular depression as in Hypoxylon annulatum.

The surface of the stroma over the part occupied by the
perithecia is without luster.

In the specimens examined the asci and sporidia had en-
tirely disappeared but the species seems so well marked oth-
wise, that we have ventured to give it a name.

On thin bark of a small dead limb, Castillo Viejo. (C.L.S.)

NN. RopA Wid £2. nz isp.

Effused, thin, 1 mm. or less in thickness, somewhat irregu-
lar in outline, %4—2 cm. across, or interruptedly sub-confluent,
reddish-brown, at first very thin and entirely sterile with an
even surface, then somewhat roughened in the center by the
slightly projecting apices of the perithecia with their minute,
black, conic-papilliform ostiola. Perithecia about % mm. dia.,
sub-globose. Asci cylindrical, 60-70 x 3 », 8-spored. Sporidia
uniseriate, navicular-oblong, pale brown, 34-41% x 2-2% u.

Differs from JV. hypophiea (B. & R.), in its color, its slightly
prominent perithecia and smaller, paler sporidia; and the sub-
jacent wood and bark are blackened but not stained yellow or
olive as in that species.

On bark, Ometépe. (C. L. S.)
HypoxyLon coccinEuM Bull.
On bark, (Ometépe.. \(B.'S. &/C. LS _)

H. ANNULATUM (Schw.) Mont.

On bark, Ometépe. (B.S.) Also the variety depressa Fr.,.
was collected at Castillo Viejo. (C.L.S.)

CENTRAL AMERICAN PYRENOMYCETES. 407

H. PpoLysPERMUM J/ont.

Collected several times on bark of dead limbs and trees,
Ometépe. (B.S.&C.L.S.) Castillo Viejo. (C.L.S.)

H. CALLOSTROMA (Schw.) Berk.

On the fire-wood of a steamboat, near Castillo Viejo. (B.S.)

H. FossuLATUM JVZont. ?

Erumpent, long and widely effused. Stroma carbonaceous,
applanate, sub-undulate, black-fuscous, pitted. Perithecia
oblong-ovoid, concolorous, with a little prominently punctiform
and central ostiolum in each pit which is at first white-prui-
nose, finally nude.

On the bark of trees, Cayenne (Leprieur). | Sacc. Syll. I,
p- 380. |

The specimens agree with the description of 17. fossulatum
Mont., and tolerably with specimens of that species from the
Orinoco river, only the perithecia are more scattered.— (Ellis. )

On bark of rotten stick, Castillo Viejo. (C. L.S.)

H. cyLinpRopHORUM £. & Z. on. sp.

Stroma pulvinate, elliptical, 21cm. or by confluence larger
and more irregular, consisting of a thin (1 mm.), carbona-
ceous, rusty black, superficial layer covering the cylindrical,
flesh-colored, 3-4 mm. long, carbonaceo-membranaceous peri-
thecia, and slightly roughened by the conic-papilliform, sub-
umbilicate ostiola. The perithecia extends down to the wood.
Asci cylindrical, p. sp. 22-2534, or including the slender
stipe 35-40. long, paraphysate, 8-spored. Sporidia uniseri-
ate, often oblique, oblong-elliptical, pale brown, 3-3 % x 2.

When the stroma is broken in two, the elongated perithecia
remind one of the peridia of 7wdu/ina.

On dry, hard wood, Ometépe. (C. L. S.)

H. NICARAGUENSE £&. & &. nz sp.

Stroma discoid, 2-3 cm. dia., convex, reddish-purple, becom-

408 NaturaAu History BuLetin.

ing black outside, of light and corky substance, umber colored
within; margin reflexed, sub-lobate or undulate. Perithecia
monostichous, peripherical, narrowed-ovate, I mm. high, 4-34
mm. broad, crowded; ostiola papilliform. Asci cylindrical,
p- sp. about 607 », with filiform paraphyses, 8-spored. Spor-
idia navicular-oblong, pale brown, uniseriate, 8-12 x 31%4—-5 u.

Allied to H. petersit B. & C., from which it differs in the
reflexed margin of the stroma and the monostichous perithecia.

Ometépe (B.S. & C. L. S.); and on firewood of a steamer,
near Castillo Viejo (B. 8S.)

H. PERFORATUM (Schw.) Fy?

A few specimens having the appearance of A. perforatum
(Schw.) but the few sporidia only 6—7 x 3 u (Ellis).
On bark of decaying branch, Ometeépe. (B. S.)

H. RUBIGINOSUM ( Pers.') Fy.

Many specimens of this species were collected. One speci-
men of this species apparently, on a rotten “*bamboo cane,” is
a very thin form. On wood, Ometépe (B.S. & C. L.5.);
and Castillo Viejo (C. L. 8.)

H. paPILLATUM £. dé £. on. sp.
(H. TEREs B. & C., in Herb. Berk. sec. Ces)

Stroma pulvinate, irregular in shape, 4-6 cm. long, 2-4 cm.
wide, 3-4 mm. thick, clothed at first with an olive-yellow
conidial layer which becomes reddish-ferruginous and finally
disappears, leaving the stroma black. Perithecia monosti-
chous, peripherical, oblong or cylindrical, 1-11%4 mm. long,
their apices prominent, slightly flattened, with a papilliform
ostiolum, finally perforated. Asci cylindrical, 7o-go long
(p. sp.), with a slender stipe 30-354 long, paraphysate, 8-
spored. Sporidia narrowed-elliptical, nucleate, olivaceous, be-
coming opake, 10-12x4%-6u. Conidia globose, minute.

This is certainly different from /Z. feres Schw.

CENTRAL AMERICAN PYRENOMYCETES. 409

On decaying wood of various deciduous trees, Kansas (Cra-
gin), Canada (Dearness), Ohio (Morgan), Delaware (Com-
mons), Louisiana (Langlois), Nicaragua (C. L. Smith). Mr.
Ellis had received specimens of this species from different
localities before he received my Nicaraguan specimen.

H. insiwens (Schw.) #. & EB. ?

A few old specimens were collected which were thought to
be very close to this species. On wood, Ometépe. (B.S.)

H.

A number of specimens which were too old to show their
true color and the asci were gone. The sporidia were too
large (27x10) for 1. argillaceum Pers., which it might oth-
erwise have been.—( Ellis.)

On rotten wood, Castillo Viejo. (C. L. S.)

—— sp. “ti

KRETZSCHMARIA /Y.

Densely cespitose, effused; capitula short, black, carbon-
aceous, sometimes a little divided and stipitate, sometimes on
short, much divided branches. Asci cylindrical, generally
8-spored. Sporidia ovate-fusoid, continuous, sooty.—A genus
between Xy/aria and Hypoxylon.—-| Sacc. Syll. 1, Add. p. xxix. ]

Kr. caenopus (Mont.) Sace. ( Vide Sacc. Syll., Il, Add. p.
XXIX. )

Black. Tubercles plane, sub-stipitate, narrowed below,
crowded on an undulate crust. Perithecia sub-immersed,
with a punctiform osticlum. Asci...... Sporidia 10x long.
—( Berk.)

On decaying wood and bark, Cuba, Surinam, Ceylon, Brazil
and Borneo. Perithecia large, ovoid, few in a tubercle. There
is an apodous variety and a large variety in Brazil. [Sacc.
Syll. I, p. 388. |

On bark of decaying trunk, Ometépe and Castillo Viejo.
(C. L. S.)

410 Narturau History BuLuetin.

Kr. PusiLtA £.d¢ 2. n. sp.

Stroma clavate, stipitate. Head depressed-spherical, brown-
ish-black, mostly not over 2 mm. dia.; stipe slender, 3-4 mm.
long and about 1 mm. thick, branching from near the base
two to four together. Perithecia entirely buried, sub-globose,
about 34 mm. dia., 8-12 in a stroma; ostiola minutely papilli-
form. ‘The asci in the specimens examined had disappeared.
Sporidia navicular-fusoid, opake, 20-226 p.

Differs from A. clavus Fr., in its diminutive size and more
numerous perithecia.

On fallen tree trunks, Castillo Viejo. GG Bc
PORONIA HELIscus JVont.

Cespitose, small, wedge-shaped, corky, more or less scaly
or scabrous, black, white within, with a placentiform disk.
Perithecia globose, immersed, colliculose; ostiolum a little
prominent, umbonate. Sporidia apparently 1-seried, navicular-
pyriform, 714-10 long, black-fuliginous.

On trunks of dead trees, Cayenne (Leprieur). Montagne de-
scribes the sporidia as bilocular, but Currey figures them, from
the original specimens, as continuous. _ [ Sacc. Syll. I, p. 349: |

On bark of tree trunks, Ometépe and Castillo Viejo. (C.L.S)

P. TuRBINATA £. & £Z. n. sp.

Stromata gregarious, or sub-cespitose, carnose-coriaceous,
top-shaped, about 3 mm. broad and high, black outside, white
within, convex above and slightly roughened by the papilli-
form ostiola, immarginate, sub-discoid, abruptly contracted
below into a short, sub-compressed stipe. Perithecia periph-
erical, monostichous, globose, 4-34 mm. dia.,-buried in the
stroma, with the apex scarcely prominent, about 20 or 25 in a
stroma. Asci clavate-cylindrical, 75 x6-7,, swollen at the
apex, paraphyses none, 8-spored. Sporidia uniseriate, navicu-
lar-oblong, 2-nucleate, hyaline at first, then olivaceous and
finally opake, 12-14 x 5-6.

The stroma is sub-plicate below and easily breaks away
from the bark. Spheria intermedia, Schw., Syn. N. A. 1166,

CENTRAL AMERICAN PYRENOMYCETES. 41

is described as “pulvinate-cupulate,” i. e., a pulvinate Spheria
sessile on and inseparable from the subrepand cup; which
does not seem to apply to the present species.

On thin bark of dead limbs, Castillo Viejo. (C. L. 5S.)

DALDINIA CONCENTRICA (Bolt.) Ces. & De Vot.
On dead trees, Ometépe and Castillo Viejo. (C. L. 5.)

- UsTILINA vuULGARIS Zul.
Castillo Viejo. (C. L. S.)

CAMILLEA TURBINATA (JSer&.) Five FE.
(HyPoxyLON TURBINATUM Berk.)

Varnished, erumpent, coffee-colored then black, at length
entirely free; receptacle turbinate, attenuated downwards, with
convex apex, in the center slightly depressed over the oblong,
membranaceous perithecia. Asci ellipsoidal, short pedicellate,
paraphysate. Sporidia oblong, 12-14 x8-10,, slightly later-
ally compressed, pale sooty.

On wood and fallen tree trunks near Apiahy, Brazil. Stro-
mata 7-14 mm. high, 8-14 mm. wide, within at base white-
flocculose, in the middle part compact, chestnut brown and
sub-fibrous, and bearing the perithecia above. [Sacc. Syll. I,
p: 372. |

The specimens collected at Castillo Viejo by myself, are
almost sessile. Mr. Shimek collected specimens of this species
at Ometépe, on bark, which are like the specimens from Cas-
tillo Viejo and some on wood which are on branching stipes.

C. BILABIATA Seg. F. Puigg, No. 259.

Superficial, black, rather small, sub-conical, 4-5 mm. wide,
2%-3 mm. high, deeply excavated at apex; the pit with ob-
tuse margin, navicular-bilabiate. Perithecia cylindrical,-wholly
immersed in the stroma, 1%4-2 mm. high, 0.2-.3 mm. dia.
Asci and sporidia not seen.

On fallen, decaying branches in the woods near Apiahy,
Brazil. [Sacc. Syll. IX, p. 541. |

The Nicaraguan specimens were without fruit, as were

412 NATURAL History BuLLetIn.

Spegazzini’s Brazilian specimens. On decaying tree trunk,
Castillo Viejo. , (C. L..5.)

XYLARIA OLOBAPHA Berk.

Growing on small, fallen, dead trees, Castillo Viejo. (C.L.S.)

MM arran £2..0-C;

On dead tree, Ometépe. (B.S. &C.L.S.) Some imma-
ture specimens which I collected at Castillo Viejo were thought
to belong to this species.

X. opovaTA Berk. Cuban Fungi, No. 785.

Gregarious, sessile or with a short, thick, smooth stipe 2-10
mm. long, globose or ovate, smooth, 10-13 X13-20 mm., about
the color of dark, weather-beaten wood, covered with a thin,
separable crust, texture of the inside of the stroma spongy-
fibrous, pale rose-color. Perithecia peripherical, buried in the
stroma just under the crust, monostichous, ovate, about 34-1
mm.; ostiola punctiform, minute. Asci (p. sp.) cylindrical,
I00-I110X6,, with a slender stipe, paraphysate, 8-spored.
Sporidia uniseriate, oblong-navicular, obtuse, opake, 20-23 x
5-6 pu.

The stroma finally becomes more or less hollow by the
shrinking and decay of the inner substance and the perithecia
then adhere to the inner surface of the thin, enclosing crust.
The Nicaragua specimens agree perfectly with Wright’s
Cuban specimens.

On the bark of a live tree near the ground, Castillo Viejo.
(Gye) |

X. SCHWEINITZI B. & C.

Capitulum elliptical, obtuse, corky, compact, sparsely rimose,
with an elongate, discrete, very smooth, varnished stipe.
Perithecia globose; ostiola scattered and scarcely prominent.
Sporidia cymbiform, 30. long.

On decaying wood, Surinam and Ceylon. The Ceylon
specimens had shorter stipes than the Surinam specimens. A

CENTRAL AMERICAN PyRENOMYCETES. 413

species rather closely related to AX. polymorpha. [Sacc. Syll.
Ep. 323-|

The Nicaraguan specimens do not have a varnished stipe.
Camp Menocal (about 15 miles from Greytown.) (B.S. &
Crt S:)

X. GUYANIENSIS Mount.

Simple. Club-clavate-cylindrical, brown, solid, white inside,
about 2% cm. long and %-34 cm. thick, smooth, obtuse and
rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed below into the con-
colorous, smooth, stout stipe nearly as long as the fertile head.
Perithecia large (1 mm.); sub-globose, peripherical, entirely
buried, ostiola erumpent, papilliform, situated in the center of a
depressed, dark-colored, circular disk 1%4-34 mm. across. Asci
slender, 1505-6, p. sp. 80-go long, with abundant para-
physes. Sporidia 8 in an ascus, uniseriate, oblong-fusoid,
slightly curved, dark, obtuse, 15—20x 3-4 #.

The ostiola at first raise the cuticle into a distinet papilla
which falls off with a circumscjssile dehiscence, leaving the
circular disk aforesaid.

On dead wood, Ometépe. (B.S.) Castillo Viejo. (C.LS.)

X. PuMILA (f/7.) Sace.
Spheria pumila Fr., in Linnza, 1830, p. 538. Aylaria pu-
mila, Sacc. Syll. I, p. 313.

Small, %-—2 cm. high (including the short, 1-2 mm. stipe),
3-4 mm. thick; obtuse at the apex, black and colliculose-
roughened from the large (1-14 ~), prominent, sub-globose,
perithecia. Asci clavate-cylindrical, 150 x 8-94, p. sp. 80-90 u
long, paraphysate, 8-spored. Sporidia uniseriate, oblong-
fusoid, slightly curved or inequilateral, dark, 18-25 x6—-7u.
Stroma dull white or rufous inside, dull black and granulose-
squamulose outside. The specimens agree perfectly with
South American specimens from Mr. Gaillard, but they are
not glabrous as in the original diagnosis, though they may
become so with age.

414 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

On bark of decaying tree, Castillo Viejo. (C. L. 8.)

X. CORNIFORMIS /7”.

On fallen tree, Ometépe (B.S.) ; and Castillo Viejo (C.L.S).
The specimens from Castillo Viejo were mostly immature.

X. HYPOXYLON (Lzmn.) Grev.
On dead trees, Ometépe (B.S.); and Castillo Viejo (C. L.S).

X. RHYTIDOPHLGA JZont.

Simple. Stroma indurate, horny, compressed-terete, obtuse
or horn-shaped, black, opake, very finely rugulose-reticulate,
sooty within and very short stiped. Perithecia peripherical,
globose, immersed, black stuffed, with slightly prominent osti-
olum. Asci as in the genus. Sporidia very small, oblong-
ovoid, fuscous.

On denuded wood Cayenne (Leprieur), Melbourne, Aus-
tralia (Mueller). [Sacc. Syll. I, p. 319. |

On dead tree, Castillo Viejo. (C. L. 8.)

X. CYLINDRICA #.\d Z. n.'sp.

Simple, erect, small (1% cm. high), stipitate, dark-brown.
Head cylindrical, white inside, smooth except for the slightly
prominent papilliform ostiola, about 8 mm. long and 2 mm.
thick, abruptly narrowed at the apex into a short (1 mm. or
less), erect, mucronate tip. Stipe erect, straight, slender, hir-
sute-tomentose (becoming sub-glabrous), about as long as
the head. Perithecia buried, sub-globose, about % mm. dia.
Sporidia uniseriate, navicular-oblong, brown, often 2-nucleate,
sub-obtuse, 8-11 x 3%-4u.

Smaller than A. mucronata Sch., with Hitenent sporidia.
The buried perithecia and even surface of the stroma will
distinguish this from A. hypoxylon.

On bark, Ometépe; and Castillo Viejo (C. L.S).

CENTRAL AMERICAN PYRENOMYCETES. 415

ADDENDA.

NUMMULARIA GLYCYRRHIZA (LB. € C.) Sace.

The sporidia were elliptical, dark, 9-11 X5-5¥% wu.
On the bark of a rotten branch, Castillo Viejo. (C.L.S.)

HyYPoxYLON HZZMATOSTROMA JMVout.

Irregularly effused, confluent, convex, purplish-black. Peri-
thecia peripherical, elongate-clavate, immersed and a little
prominent, crowded in a blood-red stroma, stuffed within with
a griseous-cellular nucleus, at length perforated by an apical
pore. Sporidia navicular, hence gibbous.

On fallen bark, Cuba. [Sacc. Syll. I, p. 376. |

One specimen was collected on Ometépe The sporidia
were 10-11X3%-4u. (C.L.S.)

ao. eT
ayy A2*
pA

reer eB
ae ce '

ERRATA IN VOLUME I.

Page 113, for Stemonite, read Stemonttacee.
118, after Persoon, No. 7, read Plate I, Figs. 6 and 6a.
127, in line 26, for rough, read smooth.
137, in line 8, for delitely, read delicately.
144, for lencopoda, read leucopoda.
144, for 42, read 42a.
156, for 58, read 58a.

oN,

ae

As4rnon

Hypophysis eS
Infundibulum.

Processus infundibuli.
Anterior cerebral vesicle.
Middle cerebral vesicle.

Posterior cerebral vesicle.

Nest ‘of mesoblastie cells. ;
De Seesel’s pocket. eo

ohn k eae ee Ey.

PLATE 1

BXPLANATION OF PLATE IL.

Pee fartpcaph of cephalic extremity of another section of t
_ millimeter embryo from ge ee I ee 2 were made.

section of the five Pia SS embryo.
ian plane.

Nest of mesoblastic cells.
Seesel’s pocket.
Hypophysis cerebri.
Infundibulum.
Processus infundibuli.
Notochord.

FEAGTE ‘il.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IL.

ef Bho ieteerach of section of cephalic extremity
_ about seventeen millimeters in length. |
; Infundibulum.
Processus infundibuli.
Hy pophysis cerebri.
Anterior cerebral vesicle.

Middle cerebral vesicle.
Posterior cerebral vesicle.

Pharynx. ;
Fig. 6. Photomicrograph of the region under consideration, from the ee
re section, enlarged. f : 2
I. Infundibulum.
_ P.I. Processus infundibuli.
H.C. Hypophysis cerebri.

PEATE Ul:

Pyro

i

_ EXPLANATION 0 ee ve

Ano oes millimeters in rat
series as Figures 5 and 6.
Processus infundibuli.
_Hypophysis cerebri.

Anterior cerebral vesicle.
Middle cerebral vesicle.
Posterior cerebral vesicle.

eye

sectiou, Cateeeeul
P. I. Processus infundibuli.
H.C. Hypophysis cerebri.

PLATE 1.

fh

From DRrawiNcs BY By F. Wickn:
Fig. 1. Patella of Dytiscus fasciventris Say,
Fig. 2. Patella of Cydister fimbriolatus Say.

1
2 ’
4
-
~
w a
’
‘
‘
am >

PEATE. Vv.

N >

\
it

EAA

ito
Sy NN

‘ah

a ee
=. Lf oD

t
f : ‘a
i ae ie
i

ee fe U

PLATE VI.

From DRAWINGS BY H. F. WICKHAM.

Fig. 3. Patella of Dytiscus harristi Kirby, with small palettes removed,

ithe}

showing arrangement of the sexual hairs.
Fig. 4. Patella of Cydister explanatus Lec.

PEATE Vi

Wf
hee,

|
\
hh. YER

\ MI Ay

\\\ ) |
NW

aK

ISS 26
i=J=s-) epee
a9 |
)
ee
8:

B30 oe COT OD CO G0 08
QW sasae9 egogeoosoa seen

2. O
\ 9200 2208 35 PoGeSeo 52, =
‘ 26005520 OSI OBS eCY, OO oe Booed
: Zi Pe 29%0509 092 e0 00.95 od! 2 % OP |
% 12099, oP 9 0980580505 2,300 5 9 200 Dear.

oss 2
Cory 2000)

By TERS
Fog Ge meal WAN AS
ZNO
/ HAA “\
j (ili NY

it eivek PLAT: Ate
From ‘Dr AWINGS BY H. F. WiIcKHAM.

Fig. 5. Patella of Dytiscus circumcinctus ‘Abr., with palettes remo
Pigs. 3 esi Te ep) ;

Fig. 6. Patella of Dytiscus marginalis L., with small palettes removec ‘

} ; ac 2

PEATE ViE

PLATE VIII.

FrRoM DRAWINGS By H. F. WICKHAM.
Fic. 11. BY Miss Mary P. McBrIbDeE.
Patella of Thermonectes ornaticollis var. nigrofasctatus Aube.

7
‘ig. 8. Patella of Acilius fasciatus De Geer, with small palettes removed
. g. Middle tarsus of Dytiscus harrisit Kirby, with small palettes removec.

ig. 10. Anterior tarsus of Colymbetes sculptilis Harr.
g. 11. Large palette of Dytiscus marginalis Linn.

FEATE Vill.

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(/32,3.0
20009
050 002

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°
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029

ihe

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Brachinus janthinipennis \)ej., larva.
Brachinus janthinipennis Dej., pupa.

Scarites subterraneus Fabr., larva.

Scarites subterraneus Fabr., pupa.

Pterostichus lucublandus Say, pupa.

Gyrinus picipes Aube, (?) larva.

Gyrinid (?) larva.

Dineutes assimilis Aube, larva.

Dineutes assimilis Aube, leg of larva.

Dineutes assimilis Aube, head of larva
Dineutes assinilis Aube, anal segment of larva.
Dineutes assimilis, Aube, pupa.

Tropisternus glaber Ubst., larva.

Tropisternus glaber Hbst., diagram of head from beneath.
Tropisternus glaber Ubst., pupa.

Cryptobium bicolor Grav., pupa.

ae
Chauliognathus profundus Lec., larva; a, antenna; J, matdibias
Aphorista morosa Lec., pupa.

PEATE EX.

H. F. WICKHAM, DEL.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Physarum maculatum Macb., p. 383.

" Stipitate SPOrAL EN x about. i

| Physarum nicaragucuse Macb., p. 382.

Sha x oer 14. oe sporangia are all stipitate.

i
i

Comatricha shimekiana Macb., p. 380.

LY ae x about 10, ee 5%

py Stemonitis smithiz Macb., p. 38.

_ Fig. 4. Sporangia x re ; ag cies
Fig. 4a. Capillitium > about 30. : pe
_ Fig. 44. Spore X 1000. a

Stemonitis castillensis Macb., p. 381.
yg. §. Sporangium X about 6. Bien
g. sa. Capillitium X about 40. ‘ Bak:
g. 56. A single spore X 1000. aes

Cribraria exilis Macb., p. 378.
| Fig. 6. The sporangium x 50. The drawing rather diagrammatic. F
- Fig. 62. A single spore X 1000.

=

PEAPE SX:

heer

Wo Lay)
pie Wrens:

pe ance EXPLANATION OF PLATE ue

Physarum newtont Macb., p see ae
Mas '

T - Sporangia x 20.
la. Capillitium highly magnified. —
raed iSpors XX 1000.

\

Physarum columbinum Macb., p. B64L 6) ah

ot
*y

ig. 2. Sporangia X about 20.
2a. Capillitium highly magnified. .
26. Single spore X 1000.

ii ess Physarum oblatum Macb., p. 3 aise

Fig. 3. Sporangia X 24. ug
_ Fig. 3a. Capillitium highly magnified. ;
A Bigh 36." fe single spore X 1000.

; . Craterium Sideco a gies: Trent., p. 385.
ARAB. A. Sporangia 14. ; aes o
ones Didymnitiin squamulosum (ake &e S.) Fries, ». 3868
_ Fig. 5. Sporangia X 14.

7 ae 5a. Tips of capillitial threads adhering to the inner surface of

wall.
Fig. 54. A single spore 1000.

PEWS.

"EXPLANATION OF PLATE Mil.

“Bennetlités dacotensis Macb.

| Fig. 1% Daten view of a good specimen x ly. BNA ho
_ Fig. 2. Surface view of an abraded specimen; shows the leaf-bases in

and in the section the distribution of the fibro-vascular bundles.

Puate XII.

BENNETTITES DACOTENSIS Macbride.

ions

c wil be

NY, I

ty cents, hae Hes pen ane
this and the first vel

ho ooee RG
UP un aed

ina

rete en Poe; : See
a ere Ge | = = wat eae > & > 5 neta Soc
ae I $ a = : . ss - —s % Ae 6. a

Sie iP
eae
Sal
Pe
yates 3

WTAE

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a

an ceed om, ; SF She PS we 2 wale 7 oe es
ee eae — : PoP oP ge Gna nea
- 4 ee es

heat
Te

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- a
el
hy = =f

ten

re ee