Sarees

Sos Md ee pene eres >
tl ge Pe eM eS
Re pee ee RN he mh a a

oT

for
as A = os =. - RO on i <><
A > re Z .. a _». S Fe

poe
Reet a

ee
ee
- 72 PgR?
Ste iG 2

; ; ia sage ee Ee SS oone es =
r) A Oe mae = : 3 _ 2 - Sagi et- * (52 = ee Pgs —_— =. : roe
aa O —_ StS = ges SO en ne oa NN Nes At seg SIN n : <2 eT eet ape ee Og .
Seas = ioe 7 5 yt -~ a sate iat oes Ps ere ns ne eee
Fr re ~ i, f Tiotnapingt
ore

aT oh:

Tepe

eas

Sen erece

ae

ekg

lhe
LT & @4h
‘ A
CEQ Ee
4b

y& Vg

a toy o
~-— PIF Pee aS

Mgt
sets

Vv 3

1895/96

Vey

1]
Na ny

1 ENG
M

Vee ie
Me)

BUEEE TEN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

SPATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.

VOEUME It

PUBLISHED
BY AUTHORIRY. OF THE. REGENTS.
YY Re

Hc AL

GA RISE.

IOWA CITY, IOWA:
1894 - 1896.

= U

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

VoutumeE III.

EVAR ele Page.
Narrative of Bahama Expedition, by C. C. NuTTING, 1-251

PART ET:
The Saprophytic Fungi of Eastern lowa,—The Po/y-
poree,—by T. H. Macsripe, : “ ; : I

On the Larve of three Coleoptera, by H. F. WickHaMm, 31
Supplement to the List of Coleoptera of Iowa City

and vicinity, by H. F. WickHam, ; 2 $36
New Iowa Fungi, me B. Exxis ‘and 'E. W. D. Hon
WAY, : é , ‘ : : eer
Description of American Uredinee, by J. C. ARTHUR
and E. W. D. Hotway, ; upd
Nicaraguan Orthoptera, by LAWRENCE BRUNER, ; 58
Lichens of Iowa, by Bruce Fink, . 3 : : 70
A Study of North American Parasitic Awoascee, by
Mrs. F. W. PatTTErRson, ; E : ; a 89
Notes on the Aquatic Phenogams of Iowa, by R. I.
CRATE. ; , ; ; ‘ ; : eeneG
A List of some Coleoptera from Northern New Mex-
ico and Arizona, by H. F. WickHam, . : AME ASS
‘7 County Parks, by T. H. Macsripg, , oe ye

Read before the Iowa Academy of Sciences, Jan. 2nd, 1896.

Notes on the Cretaceous Flora of Western Iowa, by

, Paut BartTscu, : : : : . 178
The Le Claire Limestone, by SAMUEL CALvIN, Senos
Nicaraguan Be ae by I B. Evuis and T. H.

MACERIDE;. —; : : : © EEOO

a Notes on the Flora of Iowa, by B. SuimExK, . + \3O5
~ An Interesting ae ae Puff-Ball. by T. H. Mac-

See ERIE. : ; > 256

m4

is
re
a |

: Vol. 1, Nos. dand me ie

fe bY

Pe,

Dropping Anchor off Spanish Wells. G.L. H.

WGI. ELI, INOS rT. 2’,

bw LEE PEN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OR GniE

SPATE UNIVERSITY: OF OW A.

PUBLISHED

Bye AUTHORITY OF “THE REGENTS:

IOWA CITY, LOWA:

JANUARY, 1895.

s
a He Fe

.
Tweet i-
i 4 Lt ‘
- -
- ' ‘ -
*, l
' -~
4 ‘
,
i
~ *
: ? ,
é
i
e
‘
+
4 14
- “ - * wy
. i
J
ra i ad
1 - F
+ P |
‘
‘ve ' a
aj ~ <i
- .
“< |
ny q ’
_ >)
= * ‘ = J .
7 ee

NARRATIVE AND
PRELIMUNARY REPORT OF
BATA A SEXOPE DITION:

Bays

Ox Ce NEU Een NG:

Secretary Wm. J. Happocx:

We take pleasure in submitting herewith Bulletins Nos. 1,
2, Volume III, from the Laboratories of Natural History,
State University-of Iowa,

Tue EDITORS.

PREFACE.

Tue following pages contain the history of an educational
and scientific experiment. That this history is deemed
worthy of publication is in itself a proof that the experiment
is considered a success, and the various letters of inquiry
which have been received by the author have been taken as
an indication of the interest which has attended the cruise of
the «Emily E. Johnson.” The narrative is intended to give
all the information drawn from our experience that would be
of benefit to any one who in future might desire to undertake
a similar cruise at the minimum of expense. To the zodlo-
gists who may read this account the writer desires to say
that he has endeavored to treat the faunz of the various.
regions visited from the standpoint of the general zodlogist
only, with a view to giving an idea of the facies of the collec-
tions from the several localities. The limitations imposed by
the somewhat meagre literature at the disposal of the writer,
as well as those necessitated by the routine of his official
work in connection with the University, must be a partial
excuse for the errors which the specialist will undoubtly find
in the identifications of the species noted. A fair degree of
accuracy in this respect is claimed only in the following gen-
eral groups, namely,—the birds; the insects, which have been
worked up by the various parties named on the last page of

the narrative; that part of the Crustacea which is being

vi PREFACE.

reported on by Mr. James E. Benedict and Miss Mary J.
Rathbun, of the National Museum, who have kindly sent the
author the names of the species which he desired to mention;
and the Hydroida, a group for which the author is respon-
sible. The Echini and reef corals are probably identified
correctly. It is hoped that there is an approximately correct
naming of the greater part of the Mollusca. Concerning
the remaining groups the identification of species can not
be relied upon to any great extent. Practically no attempt
has been made to discuss the worms, actinians and sponges.

Species known to be new have not, with the exception of a
few hydroids, been described or figured.

The author is greatly indebted to Mr. H. F. Wickham for
constant assistance during the preparation of this narrative,
and in the necessary drudgery involved in proof reading, a
task which has also been shared with Professor ‘i. H.
McBride.

To my father, Dr. Rufus Nutting, I am indebted for the
unusually complete index at the end of this volume. The
illustrations are from the excellent series of photographs
taken by Mr. Gilbert L. Houser, and the pen-drawings by
Miss Mary F. Linder speak for themselves.

C. C. Nugine:

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.

Fanuary r7th, 1895.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER FeePEAne AND WOULPMIEND.. .. 5. sce 0S otyueatete | -nm se ae
CHAPTER IJ. From BALTIMORE TO EGG ISLAND, BAHAMAS, Se 20
CeaArrer III. EGe IsLanp AND THE BAHAMA BANKS, . . . . 37
Green Ree TECAIOAINA: 5 0 0) ce N50 ia ne EP ce cot bcs 59
CHAPTER Ve sre Drv TORTUGAS Sia ot) Cae, CoM een eee age TO?
CHAPTER VI. Kry WEST AND THE PouRTALES PLATEAU, . . . 136
CHaprer VII. Harsor IstAND AND SPANISH WELLS, . . . . 182
CHAPTER VIII. LirrLe Cat IsLAND AND HOMEWARD BounpD, . . 217
APPENDIX A. -LisT oF COMMISSARY STORES ACTUALLY USED, . . 231
Spero Bb. DREDGING. AND SHORE STATIONS, %—-.. 4° 5. = 232
ES a See As Ol eet thirteen, oy UNUM Tere Se | ae Veh DaR

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION,

CHAPTER I:
PLANS AND EQUIPMENT.

KNOWING, as we now do, the immense wealth of biological
material awaiting investigation in the depths of the sea, it is
hard to realize that this new world to science has been prac-
tically discovered and occupied during the last forty years.
It seems strange that the significant discoveries of Torell in
the waters of the far north, proving the existence at consider-
able depths of animals belonging to every group of inverte-
brates ordinarily found in shallow salt water, did not attract
more attention at the time of their announcement. Nearly ten
years later the two Sars, father and son, became interested in
deep sea forms of life, and accumulated a number of speci-
mens which were destined in time to fire the zeal of Sir
Wyville Thomson. The science which has since become
known as “’'Thalassography ”” may have had its birth in the
mind of that grand zoologist when he went to Norway and
examined the Sars’ collection, in which he found much food
for reflection. As is usual with such men, reflection bore
fruit, and we next find him, in conjunction with his associate,
Dr. Carpenter, applying to the Admiralty, through the Council
of the Royal Society, “to place the means at our disposal to
go into the whole question of the physical and biological con-
ditions of the sea bottom in the neighborhood of the British
{slands.” The “ Lightning,” a “somewhat precarious little
gun-boat,” was placed at their disposal for two months. They
found that there was “ abundance of animal life at the bottom
of the sea, to a depth of six hundred fathoms at least, and that

2 NatTuRAL: History BULLETIN.

the life there was not confined to the more simply organized
animals, but “extended very irrespectively through all the
invertebrate classes, and even included some true bony fishes.”
Next a more suitable vessel was furnished by the Admiralty,
and the “ Porcupine” in 1869 and 1870 carried the investiga-
tion of the sea bottom down to a depth of 2,435 fathoms, at
which depth a fair representation of animal life was found.

Having been so largely instrumental in opening up this
new field of scientific activity, Sir Wyville Thomson and his
colleagues were determined that “Great Britain should be
‘Mistress of the Seas’ in this as in other matters,” and pro-
ceeded to organize the most remarkable and successful under-
taking for the acquisition of knowledge concerning marine
physics and biology that the world has ever seen.

Through the influence of the Royal Society the Admiralty
was induced to send the “Challenger” a spar-decked corvette
of 2,306 tons, on a four years’ cruise for the purpose of exam-
ining the physical and biological conditions in the great oceanic
basins of the globe. Sir Wyville Thomson was placed in
charge as director of the civilian scientific staff, consisting of
five eminent naturalists, besides the director himself.

The “« Challenger ” Expedition marked a new era in marine
investigation. Notable as were the discoveries made during
the four years’ absence of the “Challenger,” the splendid
series of Reports, by which the results were laid before the
scientific world, will ever be the most imposing monument to
perpetuate the fame of the director and his associates, and
also an exhibit of the manner in which Her Majesty’s Govern-
ment completes work once undertaken.

Alexander Agassiz is to America what Sir Wyville Thom-
son was to England, in the domain of « Thalassography.”! In
1849, although but a boy, he accompanied his father, Profes-

or Louis Agassiz, in the “ Bibb,” and in 1851 we find him
aiding his father in the survey of the Florida Reefs.

In 1867-8 Count Pourtalés made memorable discoveries

1‘*The need of some single word to express the science which treats of oceanic
basins has led to the construction of this term.’’—Agassiz.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 3

while dredging off the Florida Keys, and Agassiz reported
on a portion of the collection: secured at that time. “And,”
says he, “since that time I have been engaged, with little
interruption, more or less directly in deep sea work.” Under
his direction the “Blake,” a United States Coast Survey
steamer of 350 tons, made three cruises in 1877 to 1880,
which have been the means of demonstrating that we have
in the neighborhood of our own southern coast a field for
marine investigation which offers more attractions to the
zoologist than any other in the world, with the possible
exception of the Japan Sea. The amount of material col-
lected, and the number of new species obtained, was in many
groups greater than was secured by the “ Challenger,” a much
larger vessel, equipped at greater expense. The Reports
from these cruises are contained in the Bulletins and Memoirs
from the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge.

Not the least important work done by Agassiz and _ his
associates has been in the line of improvements in instru-
ments for deep-water sounding and dredging Piano wire
has been introduced for sounding, and the expense and labor
of dredging in deep water have been amazingly reduced by
Agassiz’ introduction of iron instead of hemp rope, constitut-
ing, perhaps, the most important advance in method since
the birth of the science of thalassography.

The ‘*Blake” was followed by the United States Fish
Commission steamer, the ‘‘ Albatross,” which is probably the
best equipped dredging ‘vessel in existence. She has made
three cruises in the West Indies with Mr. James E. Benedict
as naturalist in charge, and is now at work in the Pacific.
The results of these cruises have not yet been worked up,
but an immense amount of material was secured.

These expeditions, with many others, only less notable, _
have resulted in discoveries of immense importance to zodlog-
ical science. The classification of many groups of marine
invertebrates has been profoundly modified in order to accom-
modate the host of new species, genera. and even families,
which are now known to inhabit the deep waters of the globe

4 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

Teachers of zodlogy have found themselves almost bewil-
dered by the demolition of old classifications and the erecting
of new ones, often as incomprehensible to them as primeval
chaos. The original material collected by these expeditions
was placed. very properly, in the hands of the most noted
specialists in the various groups, and the scientific laity was
forced to be content with an exceedingly misty idea of these
multitudinous forms which have so thoroughly disturbed old-
fashioned classifications. The splendid monographs constitut-
ing the Challenger” Reports are too expensive to be attain-
able save by the favored few, and so the average teacher of
zoology has been forced to content himself with placing
before his unfortunate pupils a succession of rearrangements
of zodlogical classifications. of which he himself can secure no
rational basis for comprehension.

Aside from the insects, by far the greater part of the
animal life of the globe is marine. Several of the great sub-
kingdoms are almost exclusively inhabitants of salt water.
The investigations carried on of late years in the deep sea
have probably more than doubled the number of known
marine species. It will thus be evident that all but a very few
naturalists and teachers of zodlogy have been deprived of the
opportunity of studying perhaps half of the forms a knowl-
edge of which is necessary to any broad understanding of
the subject of marine invertebrates.

When we come to consider the case of students in our
colleges and universities, the possibilities of their understand-
ing the relationships of marine animals seems remote indeed,
as under no circumstances, except at Harvard, Johns Hopkins
and a few other eastern institutions, have they access to any
considerable number of deep-water forms of life, and only in
isolated cases are they permitted to study these animals when
fresh from their native depths.

It was such considerations as the above that gave the
original impulse to the plan which culminated in the Bahama
Biological Expedition from the State. University of Iowa.
Western institutions are particularly hampered in their
attempts to impart zoological knowledge by the remoteness of

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 5

salt water, with its myriads of animal forms. No adequate
conception of zoology can be obtained without a study of
marine organisms, and the western teacher is sadly handi-
capped by the misfortune of geographical position.

Even where a tolerably fair representation of marine types
is included in museums, they are as a rule either dried and
distorted objects, or repulsive and shriveled specters of their
true selves, immersed in alcohol. Few forms are found in any
western museum in sufficient abundance to admit of dissection
in the class-room.

In the spring of 1888, the writer made a szological recon-
naissance in the Bahama Islands, and obtained a vivid impres-
sion of the exceptional value of that region as a field for study.
Even with the most limited facilities, two months spent around
the coral reefs and shores is bound to result in an enthusiastic
appreciation of the great advantage of studying in such a
region, and a longing to place such advantages within the reach
of students who will use them aright.

In the fall of 1891, the idea of the Bahama Expedition
began to take a more definite shape, and an organization of
those most interested in the project was effected. It was
decided that a vessel be chartered and fitted up for the use of
a party of twenty biological students and instructors during a
three months’ cruise in the West Indies. It was further
decided that this enterprise should differ materially from those
previously attempted, in the fact that provision would be
made, not only for the study of pelagic and shoal water forms,
but also for obtaining a fair idea of characteristic deep sea
types. It was a peculiarly unfortunate time to apply to the
University for financial aid, as all departments were almost
crippled on account of a recent cutting down of legislative
appropriations. In spite of the scarcity of funds, however,
there was much that the University could do to help along the
enterprise. It could give leave of absence to the necessary
instructors, furnish from its laboratories the microscopes and
other appliances requisite to good work in marine biology,
and provide a working library of reference from the general

6 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

University library. President Schaeffer could, and did,
interest himself most efficiently in the enterprise, and secured
letters from our Department of State which proved of great
service in foreign ports. In addition to all this, a sufficient
amount of cash was squeezed out of meagre appropria-
tions to pay for the necessary appliances for dredging at a
considerable depth, and for the preservation and transporta-
tion of the collections.

As soon as the plan of this expedition was announced,
applications for membership began coming in, and there
arose a question of considerable importance. Several young
ladies of excellent standing as students applied for member-
ship. After mature consideration, it was agreed that it
would be doing violence to the co-educational principles of
the University to deny privileges to competent ladies which
were accorded to young men.

This matter being settled, the organization of the expedi-
tion was soon effected, there being more applicants than
could be accommodated. The management was left to an
executive committee consisting of three professors of the
University. Professor Samuel Calvin was to undertake all
preparations for the biological work in the field, including labo-
ratory supplies and material. To Professor L. G. Weld was
entrusted the planning of appliances for effective work down
to at least one hundred fathoms, the matter of economy being
regarded as of prime importance. ‘The selecting of a suitable
vessel, and the direction of all matters pertaining to the col-
lecting and preservation of specimens, was placed in charge
of the writer.

Owing to his appointment as State Geologist in the early
summer of 1892, Professor Calvin was obliged to relinquish
all hopes of accompanying the expedition, much to his and our
disappointment. He very kindly consented, however, to act
on the executive committee until the departure of the party,
and planned the very effective laboratory equipment which
added so much to the success and profit of the enterprise.
Professor Weld, also, found himself unable to accompany the

NARRATIVE! OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 7

expedition, and for a time it looked as if the scheme was going
to pieces. Mr. William Powell ultimately filled Professor
Weld’s place, so far as seeing to the dredging equipment was
concerned. A commissary committee was appointed, with
instructor G. L. Houser as chairman, whose duty it was to
attend to the provisioning of the expedition, and later he had
charge of the equipment for laboratory work. This equipment
consisted essentially of twelve dissecting microscopes and ten
compound microscopes, provided with three-quarter and one-
fifth objectives, and a high grade Zeiss instrument with immer-
sion objectives, for any special investigation in which a good
instrument was necessary. A quantity of reagents, glass ware,
chemicals, dissecting tools, etc., was also provided. In addition
to these microscopes and their accessories, a good photographic
outfit was secured, with an abundant supply of films and dry
plates for hand and tripod cameras. Experience proved that a
much smaller number of microscopes would have been sufli-
cient. It rarely happened that any considerable number of
the party made use of the instruments at the same time.
While we were dredging almost every one had his or her
specified duties to attend to, in the way of watching the
dredge, assorting or caring for the quantities of material com-
ing up with almost every haul, and making rough and hasty
notes of the specimens which seemed to be of the most
interest. Again, when we were in port, all hands were eager
to go on shore and see the characteristic sights of foreign
lands. A half dozen compound microscopes would doubtless
have answered all requirements, and at the same time left
more room for other things.

Professor Weld had a difficult task before him in the plan-
ning of equipment which should come within the exceedingly
limited means at our disposal, and at the same time do effect-
ive work of a kind hitherto attempted only by government
vessels with equipment costing thousands of dollars.

Correspondence was entered into with various gentlemen
whose experience could help our cause. It is worthy of grate-
ful record that in every case the response was prompt, and the

8 NaTurRAL History BULLETIN.

desired information given with great care and courtesy.
Among those who kindly rendered aid in this direction were
Hon. Marshall McDonald, United States Commissioner of Fish
and Fisheries; Mr. James E. Benedict, who was naturalist in
charge of the « Albatross” during her first cruise in the West
Indies; Captain J. W. Collins, Commander of the United
States Sailing Dredger “Grampus;” and especially Doctor
Alexander Agassiz, whose long experience as a naturalist in
charge of the various “ Blake” expeditions in the West Indies
and Florida Keys made his advice of the utmost value. The
amount of trouble this gentleman took to help entire strangers
with detailed plans of equipment best suited to their wants,
was almost as astonishing as it was gratifying. He alone, of
all our kind advisers, thought Professor Weld’s plan of using
iron instead of hemp rope practicable. The others advised
the use of Italian hemp rope. The final adopting of the iron
instead of the hemp proved a most valuable and practical idea.
After once having used it, we felt that the success of our
deep water work was assured. Of course iron rope had
already superseded hemp in deep-sea work with steamers;
but our vessel must necessarily be a sailing craft, and scien-
tific dredging had never before, so far as we could learn, been
attempted with iron ropes on a sail vessel. ‘The many points
of superiority of iron over hemp will be noted further on.

It soon became evident that even the simplest sort of
donkey engine for working the dredge was beyond our
means, and a device that could be worked by hand was
substituted. This consisted in a hoisting machine, technically
known as a “crab,” constructed after plans by Professor Weld.
It consisted essentially of a horizontal drum, fifteen inches in
diameter and thirty inches long, resting on a heavy iron
frame bolted to the deck. This drum was provided with a
single and double purchase for cranks, by which a sufficient
degree of power could be applied to meet any demands
likely to be made upon the machine. The lowering of the
dredge was regulated by a powerful friction brake, which
kept the speed of the descending dredge under complete con-

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 9

trol. This simple machine was found to be entirely adequate
to meet all demands which were made upon it during the
cruise, and was constructed by the Yale & Towne Manufactur-
ing Company of Stamford, Connecticut, at a very reasonable
price. One thousand nine hundred and twenty feet of 7% x 7
cast steel rope was purchased of John A. Roebling’s Sons &
Company, of Newark, New Jersey, the drum of the hoist-
ing machine being designed to comfortably accommodate that
length of cable. The single purchase only was used in hoist-
ing, unless the dredge hung on the bottom, when the double
purchase furnished enough power to bend the strongest
dredge frames used, or even the heavy iron bar of the
tangles. After leaving the bottom, the dredge or tangles
came up easily, the single purchase being used. We found
that a single haul, including lowering the dredge until all the
rope was out, dragging on the bottom for twenty-five
minutes, and reeling in again, usually took about an hour and
a half. Experience proved that four or five hauls of this
kind was about all that we cared to attend to in a day, and
even that amount was at first no child’s play, in tropical heat.

In order to have something to fall back upon, should the
iron rope prove a failure or be lost, 225 fathoms of 2%
inch Italian hemp rope was purchased of the Sewell & Day
Cordage Company of Boston, Massachusetts. Although this
rope was never used for dredging, we found it useful,—indeed
indispensable,—in making tangles, our most effective instru-
‘ment, and actually used about half of this rope for that and
other incidental purposes, such as hanging the trawls, painters
for boats, etc.

The trawls and dredges were all made in the University
machine shop, by Mr. William Powell, an engineering stu-
dent who accompanied the expedition, and proved an exceed-
ingly useful member of the party. The trawl frames were
made after the “ Blake”! model, so far as shape is concerned,
but gas pipe was used as the easiest material to manage and
join securely. Agassiz says, “The trawl is by far the most

1 Agassiz, ‘‘ Three Cruises of the Blake,” page 26.

IO NatTurAL History BuLuLeEetIn.

useful instrument in deeper water, where the bottom generally
consists of ooze or fine mud.” In our work we found the
bottom down to our deepest dredging, about two hundred and
sixty fathoms, almost invariably rock, and the trawl nets were
quickly demolished by the severe usage. It is evident that
the trawl can safely be omitted from the equipment of a ves-
sel, unless really deep dredgings (say five hundred fathoms) .
are to be made.

The dredges were of two patterns. The “naturalist’s ”
dredge, for use in shallow water with row-boats or small sail-
boats, was made in three sizes, with the frames 15 by 6
inches, 18 by 8 inches, and 21 by 10 inches. The largest of
these sizes is small enough for any sail-boat work, and still
larger sizes would be better for any but the smallest boats.
The « Blake”! dredge has the advantage of a frame to pro-
tect the dredge net or bag. In both kinds of dredges it is
necessary to punch a series of small holes around the lower
edge of the frame, by means of which the dredge nets can be
seized to the frames.

Nets for dredges and trawls can be ordered in any dimen-
sions or size of mesh, or in any quantity, of the Gloucester
Net and Twine Company, of Boston, Massachusetts, whose
long experience enables them to understand the requirements
better than any other firm in this country, perhaps.”

In order to protect the dredge nets, it is necessary to make
a canvas bag for each, using good new canvas. (We used
second hand canvas, to our sorrow.) The mouth of the bag
should be as large as the outside of the dredge frame, to
which it is securely seized with marline. The bag should
be bottomless, so that the water can pass freely through the
dredge. It is surprising how soon this dredge covering will
be worn out and require renewal.

At the suggestion of Captain Flowers, we also took along a

1 Agassiz, ‘‘ Three Cruises of the Blake,” page 24, Fig. 22.

2So much difficulty was encountered in finding just where the various items of
equipment for marine dredging could be bought, that the author has decided to be ex-
plicit in such matters for the benefit of others who may desire to secure similar equip-
ment.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. II

small oyster dredge, such as is used in the Chesapeake. This
we found of excellent service on shallow, sandy bottom, such
as the Bahama Banks, but it will not do to use it on rocky
bottom, as the teeth get sucha firm grip on the rocks that
there is danger of disastrous breakage of some part of the
dredging equipment. Such a dredge with the teeth broken out
would probably do good service if lined with netting, to prevent
the loss of the smaller and more delicate objects. No matter
what kind of dredge is used, it should be strongly built, and
hung so that it will “trip” before breaking the dredge rope.
This is effected by fastening only one of the iron arms of the
dredge frame directly to the dredge rope, the other arm being
lashed to the first by marline, which, when the dredge fouls
on the bottom, will usually break, allowing the dredge to be
extricated without breaking the dredge rope, involving a loss
both of dredge and rope. We found in practice that the
tendency is to underestimate the strength of the marline,
making the lashing so strong that the dredge frame itself
bends in order to slip by the obstruction, instead of the tension
being relieved by the breaking of the marline.

The necessity of heavily weighting the trawls and dredges
is obviated by use of the iron rope, which tends by its own
weight to take the dredge to the bottom. We found, how-
ever, that a forty or fifty pound weight attached a short
distance in front of the dredge facilitated matters consider-
ably, and usually insured successful hauls at the depth at
which we worked. When the “Blake” dredge is used, a
couple of twenty pound weights attached to the lower end of
the frame will tend to keep the front edge from digging into
the bottom. Lead weights at eight cents per pound are
rather expensive material for sinking dredges or tangles. If
-any considerable amount of work is to be undertaken, it would
be cheaper in the end to have a number of castings made in
the shape of iron balls, with rings for lashings. These
could be provided in various sizes, and thus save considerable
expense. In spite of every precaution, a number of weights
will be lost. In using lead sinkers we were surprised to see

I2 NaturAL History BULLETIN.

the rapidity with which they were worn away by scouring
over the sandy bottom.

In dredging, there is a tendency on the part of beginners to
use too little rope. It is best in the long run to be generous in
paying out the line, twice the amount needed to go straight
to the bottom being none too much as a general thing. The
oyster men have a saying to the effect that “the man with a
long line has the biggest pile by night.”

Perhaps three-fourths of our specimens from deep water
were brought up with the tangles. We found the bottom rocky
almost everywhere at depths of from sixty to two hundred
and sixty fathoms. Large patches of smooth bottom would
be encountered, but the peculiar jerking of the line, which is
soon recognized as the danger signal, indicating rocks and
trouble with trawl or dredge, was a frequent occurrence, so
that we were always uneasy until the dredge left the bottom.
The tangles are by far the most efficient instrument for such
moderate depths, and we finally came to rely almost entirely
upon them. These tangles were made after a pattern
suggested by Mr. James E. Benedict, of the Smithsonian
Institution. A four foot length of one by two inch iron bar is
bent in the middle at nearly a right angle. Five iron rings
are bolted at regular intervals to the inner side of this bar.
The ends of five two foot lengths of chain are fastened to
these rings, and through each link is passed a six foot strand
of two and three-fourths inch Italian hemp rope. Each strand
is tied to the link at the middle, and then carefully unravelled
throughout its entire length on each side of the knot. There
are six such strands to each six foot length of the rope. The
dredging cable is attached by a hook to a ring bolted to the
outer side of angle bar. ‘*Mousing” should be placed over
the hook to keep it from slipping out of the ring when in use.
This tangle differs from that previously used, in the fact that
the bar is bent and not straight, and in the use of the chains
instead of fastening the ropes directly to the bar. This latter
feature we found to be an excellent one, as the chain weighted
the swabs sufficiently to insure their dragging closely to the

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 13

bottom. The angle in the bar, however, is rather a disadvan-
tage than otherwise, as it seems prone to cause the affair to
become securely wedged in between rocks, in which case a
tangle will foul quite as badly as a dredge, It is advisable to
provide a considerable number of extra tangle bars and a
quantity of suitable rope for the tangles, as the bars will often
be lost, in spite of every precaution, and the tangles will wear
out every two or three days, and have to be renewed. We
were advised to use o/d Italian hemp rope, and were told that
it made much more effective tangles than new rope. In
practice, however, we did not find any very perceptible differ-
ence, a fortunate thing for us, as the supply of old rope taken
was not sufficient for us to do our actual work.

Our sounding line was two hundred fathoms in length,
twelve thread, furnished by the Gloucester Net and Twine
Company, of Boston, Massachusetts. Not expecting to dredge
below one hundred fathoms, we thought this sufficient. In
fact, however, much of our work was done in water nearer
two hundred than one hundred fathoms, and we found our
line of little use. Soundings made by hand at such depths are
at best unreliable, owing to the currents and drift of the
vessel. Hence we were forced to depend largely on the
charts to estimate the depth before putting over the dredge,
which itself proved more reliable in indicating the depth than
did our sounding line. Our experience indicates that sound-
ing at any considerable depth cannot be managed with accu-
racy with an old-fashioned line and lead. Piano wire and
detachable sinkers are now used in all deep-sea work.
Another device which is used on many steamers records the
depth by barometric pressure, and can be used when the
vessel is under full headway. Ido not know whether or not
this method has been used for very deep soundings.

For dredging it is necessary to provide some device for
carrying the iron rope over the bulwarks without friction,
and hoisting the dredge high enough to clear the side of the
vessel. This was effected by stepping a dredging spar to
the foremast above the galley, so that it would swing aft of

v4 NaTurRAL History BULLETIN.

the mast. The hoisting machine was placed about six feet in
front of the mainmast. The iron rope led from the reeling
drum to a twelve-inch iron block fastened to the centre of the
deck just aft of the galley, thence to a similar block hooked
to the ends of the dredging spar, and then overboard. When
in use the spar is guyed fore and aft so as to be practically im-
movable. These guys should be sufficiently strong to bear
the entire strain of the dredge line. Indeed, great strength
is necessary in all parts of the equipment when a sail-vessel is
used, as it is impossible to back, and the strain is something
terrible when the dredge suddenly fouls. This strain could
doubtless be materially lessened by the use of some sort of
accumulator, such as was used on the “ Blake.”! This does
not seem to be an actual necessity, however, for, as Alexander
Agassiz says, “the curve made by the wire rope. as it leads
from the vessel to the trawl, is of itself the best accumulator.
as a comparatively slight strain will constantly tend to change
7 2?

the form of the catenary

equipment used by us, it is necessary for some one to guide

With the primitive dredging

the line so that it will coil properly in reeling in under tension.
Our means of doing this was crude, but effective, consisting
of a strip of inch plank about four feet long, provided with a
slot through which the rope ran, by which it was kept from
slipping horizontally. The end of the board was placed on
the deck, and leverage exerted to the right or left, as the
reeling demanded.

Each day, when the dredge, trawl, or tangles were let
down for the first haul, the entire length of the iron rope
was oiled by hand, In addition to this, the whole coil was
thoroughly sopped with oil whenever it was dry.

In addition to the trawls, dredges, and tangles a number of
simple appliances were provided for surface and shoal water
collecting. Convenient and cheap dip nets can be secured by
purchasing crab nets at any sea-port, and replacing the net by
silk bolting cloth, cheese cloth, or mosquito netting, thus
securing a series of netting from the finest to a sufficiently

‘lA gassiz, '' Three Cruises of the ‘Blake,’” page 31.

Winding in the Dredge. G.L.H.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 15

coarse mesh. Some of the crab nets should be left in the
rings as they are, for use in dipping up sea-weed, or large
objects of any kind. Surface nets should also be provided
for towing astern. They are essentially the same shape as
the dip nets, but the net itself is much longer, and the ring is
hung to a line instead of being attached to a long handle.
When a sail vessel is used, the surface wofk must be done
almost exclusively in small boats, as pelagic animals as a rule
come to the surface only during calms and at such times there
is, of course, no headway on a sailing vessel. The remaining
portions of the equipment can best be discussed in connection
with the description of the actual work of the expedition.

A matter of the most vital importance was the selection of
a suitable sailing master. It was essential that he should not
only be trustworthy in all matters pertaining to the navigation
and safety of the vessel, but acquainted with the general
features of the region to be visited, and perfectly familiar
with practical dredging with a sail vessel. Such a man was
found in the person of Captain Charles B. Flowers, with
whom the writer had sailed on his previous visit to the
Bahamas, during which time there was ample opportunity to
form an estimate of his abilities as a sailor and character as a
man. ‘That this estimate was entirely satisfactory is proved
by the fact that one of the first things attended to after the
‘Bahama Expedition” was decided upon, was to write to
secure the services of Captain Flowers. His experience as a
practical oyster dredger in the Chesapeake during the winters,
and as skipper for Bahama fruiters during the summers for
many years, was exactly such as best to fit him for sailing
master on such a cruise as ours. The result proved that a
better selection could not have been made. He seemed to
meet every requirement with excellent judgment, and his
consummate skill in handling the vessel while dredging in
deep water was a constant source of remark to all on board.
It is simple justice to acknowledge that the success of our
enterprise, so far as deep water work is concerned, was due
very largely to his ability as a practical dredger.

16 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

The vessel selected for our cruise was a two masted, double
top-sail, centre-board schooner, the ‘“ Emily E. Johnson,” of
Baltimore, owned by Captain C. C. Paul. We were no less
fortunate in our selection of a vessel than in our choice of
sailing master. The “ Emily E. Johnson” had a net tonnage
of 116 tons, was 95 feet long, with 26 feet beam, and with 7
feet depth of hold. The extra beam made her unusually
staunch and “dry” in rough weather. She had a small cabin
aft, into which four state-rooms and a toilet room opened.
This furnished excellent accommodations for the seven ladies
of our party. The vessel was solidly ballasted with pebbles,
most of which was placed well aft. Over the ballast a tongue
and groove flooring was put in. The hold was painted on the
sides, bulk-heads and sides of well, and white-washed over-
head. The after hatch was covered with a glass skylight
made of four sashes, all of which could be raised to admit air
when desired. Movable steps secured to hooks on either
side of the hatch led from the skylight into the hold.
Although the glass in these skylights was protected by iron
grating, and when necessary by stout reefing boards, every
pane but one was broken long before the cruise ended. The
hatch leaked badly, and, like most of the joiner work done by
a Baltimore firm in refitting the vessel, was botched, in spite
of the exorbitant prices demanded.

A series of shelves placed against the after bulk-head on
the starboard side accommodated the microscopes and other
laboratory instruments and supplies. A book-case was
extemporized by fitting shelves on the port side of the same
bulk-head, a door leading from the cabin to the hold being
between the “ library ” and “laboratory.”

A small, dark-room for photographic work was built on the
starboard side next the laboratory shelving. Eight bunks
were fitted along each side of the vessel, there being two
tiers of four each. These bunks were extra wide, and
furnished with good matresses. Cheese cloth curtains were
hung in front of the bunks, so that they could be concealed
when necessary. Two tables, each twenty feet long and four

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. a7)

feet broad, were placed under the after hatch, one on each
side. These tables were covered with white oil-cloth, and
were used for dining tables, and between meals for laboratory
work with the microscopes, or for writing or drawing. A
large lamp with a reflector was hung over each.

‘The stores were stowed forward. As boxes and barrels
were emptied by the consumption of their contents, they were
refilled with specimens of natural history, which seemed to
accumulate just about as rapidly as the provisions were eaten.

The hold was thus made as comfortable as circumstances
would admit. Asa matter of fact, however, very little time
was spent below after we reached a tropical climate. The top
of the cabin made a commodious work table during the day,
and was usually occupied at night by a double row of sleeping
men. When the vessel was at anchor, awnings were stretched
from the foremast to the stern, making a grateful shade
under which to study or to work.

The wisdom of commencing our preparations eighteen
months before the party sailed, became apparent as the time
drew near for the departure of the expedition. The number
of items which required consideration, and questions which
demanded decision, was astonishing. Meetings of the mem-
bers of the expedition were held from time to time, at which
reports from the various committees were presented and ques-
tions asked and discussed. Each member of the party heart-
ily attended to any duty assigned by the executive committee,
and willing hands made comparatively light work.

At the beginning of the collegiate year 1892-3, the members
of the party were organized as a regular University class, to
pursue studies preliminary to the work of the expedition.
Previous to that time the personnel of the party had been
practically determined. It was made a prerequisite to admis-
sion that the applicant should have demonstrated special apti-
tude for biological work.!

By this plan it became practicable to divide the party for

1 This rule was departed from in two cases only, when individuals were especially
adapted to be useful to the expedition,—in one case as an engineer, and in another as
a special correspondent.

1s NatTurRAL History BULLETIN.

more effective work, giving each one a special group of marine
animals to study, it being understood that each person should
be prepared to care for and keep track of his or her special
group, when dredging or collecting was in progress. This
method worked excellently, and resulted in larger and better
cared for collections, as well as more effective concentration
in the work of each member of the party.

The ‘‘commissary committee,” in charge of Mr. G. L.
Houser, had by no means a light task before it in determining
the amount and variety of stores which would be needed. It
was decided to take a sufficient supply from Baltimore to last
through the entire cruise, as it would not do to take chances
in the matter of securing stores in out of the way ports. It
was estimated that twelve dollars per month for every person
on board would furnish good wholesome food in adequate
abundance and variety. The result proved this estimate to be
very nearly correct. Mr. Houser has kindly furnished a list
of these supplies, amended so as to include changes which our
experience would suggest as desirable.!

An important item was the matter dof transportation from
lowa City to Baltimore and return. We found that the Chi-
cago, Rock Island & Pacific, and the Baltimore & Ohio Rail-
roads were inclined to be generous in the matter of rates, and
when the party went over their roads, it was treated with great
courtesy, and everything within reason was cheerfully and
voluntarily done to make the trip pleasant and comfortable.

Early in April, 1893. the writer went east to complete the
arrangements and have everything in readiness for the recep-
tion of the party on May rst. Persistent rainy weather delayed
the painting of the vessel, and, as usual, various unforseen
complications arose at the last. In spite of these drawbacks,
however, the vessel was in readiness for occupancy in four days
after she was turned over to us. The party arrived on the
evening of May 4th. The next day water was taken aboard
and stowed in the hold, twenty-seven barrels being the orig-
inal supply, and they were refilled three times during the

1See Appendix A.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 19

cruise. After a delay of several hours in getting our clear-
ance from the Custom House, on the account of the wariness
of the Spanish Consul in view of a reported revolution in
Cuba, the long looked for hour of departure arrived, and
the “Bahama Expedition” set sail for Havana, its first port
of entry. The members of the party, as it was finally organ-
ized, were as follows:

Executive committee: Professor C. C. Nutting, instructors
G. L. Houser and H. F. Wickham. Members: Professor
M.F. Arey, State Normal, at Cedar Falls; Professor Steven
Stookey, of Coe College, Cedar Rapids; Professor Gilman
Drew, Oskaloosa; Mrs. H. F. Wickham, Mrs. Gilman Drew.
Doctor Leora Johnson, Miss Margaret Williams, Miss Bertha
Wilson, Miss Minnie Howe, Miss Edith Prouty, Messrs. A. G.
Barrett, E. G. Decker, Henry Ditzen, W. P. Powell, William
Larrabee, Jr., A. M. Rogers, Edwin Sabin, Webb Ballord.

The crew consisted of Captain Charles B. Flowers, mate
George Murrill, a cook. steward, and three ordinary seamen.

CHAPTER Il.
FROM BALTIMORE TO EGG ISLAND, BAHAMAS.

It is doubtful if any skipper ever started on a three months’
cruise with a more inexperienced lot of “land-lubbers ” than
Captain Charles Flowers had on board the “ Emily E. John-
son,” as she was towed out into the stream on the evening of
May 5th, 1893. Only a small percentage of those on board,
aside from the crew. had ever so much as seen salt water
before. Everything pertaining to the sea, the vessel, and
marine life, was novel, and the more experienced members of
the party awaited developments with no little anxiety.

It would be hard to suggest a more severe test of character
than was involved in the necessary close quarters and mutual
forbearance and concessions of a three months’ cruise. From
the very nature of the case, the true character of each person
was bound to be manifest, and each viewed his companions as
they really were, and not as they simply seemed. The educa-
tional and disciplinary value of such a test, especially when,
as in this case, the results are creditable, can hardly be over-
estimated.

The sail down the Chesapeake was a delight to every one
on board, and it would have been pleasant to indolently enjoy
the beauties and novelties of the first few days; but there was
much that it was necessary to accomplish before getting to
sea, and work was commenced at once.

According to agreement, the assignment of work was left
to the executive committee, and it is a pleasure to state at the
commencement that the entire party promptly and efficiently
attended to the work assigned, and that the amount of grumb-
ling over obnoxious tasks was surprisingly small.

Some were put to work at unpacking and arranging the

3 Be
7 . . 2 sy y
A ty) 2, wa
x Cs a: <,, °
1D
3 4
2 0
2°
° -
‘ ae
- .
aes r

A &
e

q
*
endl
~

Ne : 7 ; é fe

4
8 4 f
A s lt uv
ea
a,

tL

Cape |
Canahera

H, F. W., DEL.

CUBA AND THE FLORIDA KEYS, SHOWING COURSE AND DREDGING STATIONS OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION.

CHART OF THE BAHAMAS,

* NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 21

microscopes and other laboratory material; others unpacked
the books and placed them on the shelves of the “ Library,”
fitting a movable wooden bar in front of each row, so that no
movement of the vessel could displace the books. Before
leaving home, all of the larger and more expensive volumes,
such as the “ Challenger” Reports and monographic works,
had been carefully covered with oil-cloth, lettered on the back
with white paint.

A convenient place was found under the cabin floor, for the
‘twenty-four ten gallon alcohol tanks, where they helped trim
the vessel and were safe from accident. Then the three
hundred fathoms of iron rope had to be reeled upon the drum
of the dredging machine under tension, and at the same time
thoroughly oiled to prevent corroding in the sea air. All of
the stores had to be carefully re-stowed before we got out into
the Atlantic, a work accomplished under the superintendence
of the mate, who directed the young men in disposing of the
various packages so as to properly distribute the weight, and at
the same time be accessible when wanted. ’

Many of the party, although warned against it, had brought
along an excessive amount of baggage, which caused consider-
able annoyance before it was finally disposed of. In spite of
this, however, it was astonishing to see how satisfactorily the
baggage and stores were accomodated in the hold of the
““ Kmily E. Johnson,” room being found for everything, leav-
ing sufficient space for comfortable sleeping, eating and work-
ing quarters.

Another matter of great importance was the appointment
of two committees. One of these, known as the “ steward’s
committee,” had in charge the matter of issuing supplies to
the cook, and looking out for any waste or loss of water or
provisions. It was the duty of this committee to know where
everything in the line of eatables was stowed, how much had
been consumed, and what quantity remained, at any given
time. It can readily be seen that, with such a long cruise
before us, it would not do to guess at the condition of the
stores, neither could any waste be tolerated.

NaturaL History BULLETIN.

bo
i)

Another committee was the “bill of fare committee,”
whose province it was to make out the daily bill of fare, using
the various articles of food so as to give as great a variety as
possible, and at the same time to make them “ come out even,”
so far as practicable. It may be of interest to note that
throughout the cruise it was an actual fact that more provis-
ions were consumed each week than had been the preceding
week. The appetites of the party seemed to increase in a
compound ratio from first to last, so that a shortage seemed
imminent during the last few days.

These duties being successfully disposed of, considerable
time was left to enjoy the really delightful passage down
the Bay. The weather was bright and fairly warm for the sea-
son, and every passing sail or steamer was of interest to these
young men and women from the prairies. Indeed, a long
familiarity with the sea does not diminish the interest of a
thoughtful person in all that pertains to ships and shipping,
although the sea has lost a considerable proportion of its
romance with the advent of the ponderous machines, working
with the regularity of clock work, and almost regardless of
wind and waves, that have replaced the sailing craft of the
past. The modern traveler fails to catch the spirit of Old
Ocean, unless he has the hardihood to “ go shipmates” with
some rough but congenial skipper on board a sailing vessel.

On Sunday morning, May 7th, the “ Emily E. Johnson ”
passed between the capes, and was at last fairly atsea. The
wind was brisk and the white caps on, and, as might have
been anticipated, it was not long before the terrible and famil-
iar ** mal de mer” made itself apparent.

Although generally regarded with little concern except by
its victims, there is no doubt that this distressing complaint is
a fatal bar to any comfort in sea travel for perhaps a majority
of persons. There seem to be no criteria by which one can
judge as to the likelihood of its attacking any particular indi-
vidual. The semi-invalid seems as apt to escape as the man-
in the most robust health. The idea entertained by many
persons that, like the measles, a single attack of seasickness

Low | ar

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION.

bo

exempts from further visitation, is without any foundation in
fact. The writer knows a sea captain who has followed the
sea for over fifty years, and suffers more or less from sea-
sickness every time he commences a voyage.

It seems evident that the cause of this complaint is not
understood, and equally evident that no cure is known,
although innumerable “sure preventives” are given with the
most entire confidence. These means of avoiding seasickness
are often taken with such absolute assurance of their success,
that the downfall of the victim is all the more trying when it
does come. After considerable opportunity to observe the
workings of the various remedies proposed, I am of the opin-
ion that they are all equally useless. One thing is fairly evi-
dent, however, and that is, that the man or woman who keeps
on deck and in the open air, and makes a-brave fight in spite
of his or her distress, will recover sooner than the one who
gives up to the malady and takes to his berth.

Of the twenty-one passengers on board the “ Emily E.
Johnson,” three escaped entirely; one had so slight an attack
as to be considered practically exempt; eleven were tempo-
rarily sick, —that is, they recovered within a week and were
not afterward incapacitated by seasickness; and six were more
or less affected all of the time when the vessel was at sea.
Two of the latter class were so distressingly afflicted by this
malady that thev were forced to leave the vessel at Key West.

Of the four who practically escaped, three were men of
good constitution and robust health, and one was a lady who
had been in rather poor health before starting.

Of the eleven who were temporarily sick, there were eight
gentlemen, all but one in robust health, and three ladies in
good health.

Of the six who were persistently sick, there were three
gentlemen in good health, and three ladies, one of whom was
in poor health.

In comparing the sexes, it would appear that the ladies as a
whole suffered somewhat more than the men, and that they
were more apt to be persistently affected.

24 NatTurRAL History BULLETIN.

One of the best proofs of Darwin’s moral greatness is the
fact that, during the voyage ot the “ Beagle,” he was always
seasick when the weather was at all rough, and yet had the
sublime force of character to keep constantly at work, accom-
plishing more in the way of collecting and observing than any
other naturalist has done in the same length of time.

On Monday, May 8th, the Gulf Stream was entered. The
wind having been high during the night, the water was decid-

> in the morning, much to the distress of the

edly “lumpy ’
miserable seasick victims.

Sir Wyville Thomson! calls the Gulf Stream “one of the
most marvelous things in the ocean” and “ probably the most
glorious natural phenomenon on the face of the earth.”? It
forms the subject of some of the most interesting chapters in
the modern science of thalassography.?

To quote from Sir Wyville Thomson’s “ Depths of the
Sea.” “Mr. Croll calculates the Gulf Stream as equal to a
stream of water fifty miles broad and a thousand feet deep,
flowing at a rate of four miles an hour; consequently convey-
ing 5.575:080,000,000 cubic feet of water per hour, or 133.-
816.320,000,000 cubic feet per day. This mass of water has
a mean temperature of 18° C. as it passes out of the Gulf,
and on its northern journey it is cooled down to 4°.5 C.
The total quantity of heat therefore transferred from the
equatorial regions per day amounts to something like 154,-
959-300,000,000,000,000 foot pounds.” This, he says, is
enough heat to equal the entire amount received from the sun
by the arctic regions.

It has been my fortune to cross the Gulf Stream ten times
between longitude 70° and 76° W. On at least six of these
occasions, the weather was decidedly squally, and on three
severe storms were encountered. Sailors always feel a decided
relief when they get across “the Gulf,” as it is called. This
great volume of warm water coming into cooler latitudes thus

1‘* Depths of the Sea,”’ page 366.

2 Loc. cit. Chapter VIII.

3 ** Three Cruises of the Blake,’’ Chapter XI; ‘‘Voyage of the Challenger,” Atlan-
tic, Vol. I, Chapter 5. The condensed statements which follow are based on facts
taken from these sources, unless otherwise indicated.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 25

creates atmospheric disturbances which are a constant source
of anxiety, and often of peril,to the sailor. The vast area of
warm water being covered by a thick stratum of warm air
constantly tending to rise and be replaced by the inrushing
cooler air from the edges, presents all the conditions favorable
to squalls of rain accompanied by wind, and frequent storms of
great severity, which, however, are not usually of long duration.

The edge of the Gulf Stream can always be distinguished,
especially the northwestern edge, by the long bands of sar-
gasso weed that are stretched out along the “rip,” and mark
the exact edge of the stream. In calm weather this great
oceanic river is as clearly defined as if it flowed over the land,
the deep blue of the stream showing distinctly in contrast with
the dull green of the Atlantic. Ina dead calm the stream is
clearly discernible at a considerable distance, on account of the
difference in reflection on its surface from that of the surround-
ing water, the surface being always more or less broken on
the Gulf Stream, even though perfectly smooth outside.

The surface temperature rarely rises above 89°, the general
temperature of the stream being about 81°. On one occa-
sion a large steamer was stopped so that her bows were out-
side, while her stern was inside the edge of the Gulf Stream.
Temperatures taken in the water at each end showed a varia-
tion of over twenty degrees within the length of the vessel.

This great oceanic river profoundly affects the distribution
of life and warmth over both shores of the Atlantic. England,
although on about the same latitude as Labrador, is blessed
with a mild climate and abundant moisture, while Labrador is
almost uninhabitable, one of the bleakest and most desolate
spots on earth. The Gulf Stream is the main, if not the only,
cause of this striking difference in climate between countries
approximately in the same latitude.

Corals of the reef building species grow luxuriantly around
the Bermuda Islands, which lie about six hundred miles east of
Charleston, South Carolina, this being the northernmost spot
onthe gloke where these species grow. The cold winds and
water from the north are here intercepted by the warm cur-

26 NatTuraAuL History BULLETIN.

rent from the tropics, acting as an effectual barrier for the
protection of the sensitive coral polyps. Doctor J. Walter
Fewkes speaks of a Physalia which he found carried as far
north as the Bay of Fundy, where it was doubtless surprised
by the cold reception given it by the icy arctic current.

Numerous attempts at an explanation of the Gulf Stream
have been made. Some have sought to explain it by the
different density of the water in polar and tropical regions;
others find its cause in the convexity of the earth’s surface,
and still others regard the trade winds as the prime agent in
causing the flow of the stream. However that may_be, it is
evident that the great equatorial current splits itself on Cape
St. Roque, on the South American coast, one portion going
south along the Brazilian shores, and another flowing north-
ward to the Carribean Sea. Here it again breaks, part going
to the east of the Windward Islands, and the remainder, which
is ordinarily regarded as the source of the Gulf Stream proper,
banking up in the Gulf of Mexico by way of the Yucatan
Channel, the old Bahama Channel, and the Bemini Channel.
After swirling around in the Gulf of Mexico and becoming
greatly heated in the process, this great volume of warm water
finds an outlet, and scours along between Cuba and the
Florida Reefs, and then between the Bahamas and the penin-
sula of Florida, where it is concentrated into a stream about
forty-five miles wide, with a current of at least four knots per
hour. Pouring out of this channel it widens as it proceeds
northward and eastward, finally reaching the shores of Great
Britain and Northern Europe, rendering habitable vast areas
of land which would otherwise be as bleak as Labrador. Sir
Wyville Thomson says, “I have seen no reason to modify
the opinion . . . . that the remarkable conditions of cli-
mate on the coasts of Northern Europe are due in a broad
sense solely to the Gulf Stream.”!

The beneficent work of this great hydrographic feature is
not confined to warming the northern shores of Europe. At
the very beginning of its course as the Gulf Stream, it has pre-

1 *‘ Depths of the Sea,”’ page 406.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 27

pared for the marine biologist a field for work perhaps not
excelled on the globe. Sweeping along the coast of Cuba on
the south, and over the Pourtalés Plateau off the Florida Keys,
it furnishes the conditions best suited to a profusion of marine
life, a slope leading off from a land mass and swept by a strong
steady current.

It does not seem to be necessary that such a current be of
warm water, however. The writer has seen as great pro-
fusion of marine life! in the Bay of Fundy, swept by an inrush
of the arctic current, as has been found anywhere beneath the
flow of the Gulf Stream.

It-was while crossing this marine river that our first collect-
ing was done. The crab nets, with their long handles, proved
effective instruments for dipping up quantities of the sargasso
weed. A number of tubs were filled with sea water, and glass
jars were placed on the top of the cabin. The sea weed was
first immersed in the tubs, and the larger inhabitants picked
out. Then portions were placed in the glass jars for more
careful study.

Agassiz, in his interesting chapter on ‘“ Pelagic Animals,’
gives a very complete account of the sargasso weed, and
mentions many of the animal frequenting it. Considerable
quantities of this interesting alga were encountered as we
crossed the Gulf Stream. Some of the specimens were in fruit.
The receptacles are on specially modified leaves, which they
cover in wart-shaped protuberances. The globular * floats”
are so hard, and apparently solid, that one is surprised to find
them possessed of extraordinary buoyancy. After an immer-
sion of eight months in strong alcohol, these little globes still
float on the surface of the fluid with almost unimpaired buoy-
ancy, When an opportunity is given them. The writer once
saw great patches of this sea-weed, seemingly acres in extent,
about three hundred miles to the southeast of our present
course. This was more like the accounts of old writers than
is often seen, but even there the weed offered little impedi-

1 By this I mean the quantity of marine organisms, not number of species. which is

far greater on the Pourtalés Plateau, over which warm water sweeps.
2‘ Three Cruises of the Blake,’”’ Volume I, page 2099.

28 NatTurAt History BuLueETIN.

ment to a sailing vessel. The “ Sargasso Sea” itself is said to
equal the continent of Europe in extent, and lies between 20°
and 35° north latitude, and 30° and 60° west longitude.

The inhabitants of this gulf weed form an exceedingly
interesting subject for study, the following being especially
worthy of mention: The most characteristic fish is a little
Antennarius, which has become wonderfully adapted to life
among the sea-weed, and is one of the very best examples of
protective form and coloration that could be found. The fleshy
tags streaming from the rostral spine, dorsal fins and abdomen,
resemble very closely the ends of the young leaves of the sea-
weed, while the maculations of brown, white and olive assimi-
late perfectly with the brown stems blotched with white bry-
ozoa, and the olive of the leaves. It would be a sharp-eyed
bird indeed that could see the fish surrounded by a mass of
the sargasso weed. A still more wonderful adaptation to its
environment is found in the geniculated pectorals, which look
grotesquely like arms,and hands, the terminal spines with
the membrane between them curiously resembling a hand
with widely spread fingers. These strangely modified firs
are capable of being used as grasping organs, wherewith the
fish can firmly cling to the stems of the plant.

A small Aalistes, or “file fish,’ was secured, characterized
by having one abdominal and three dorsal spines. A JZono-
canthus of grotesque shape, with its enormous head and min-
ute mouth, was especially interesting on account of its greatly
developed rigid dorsal spine, which is strongly serrated.
This spine can be erected with a snap, or laid back almost out
of sight in a groove on the dorsal surface of the animal. A
little Drodon, or “ porcupine fish,” was also taken with the
gulf weed, but seemed quite disinclined to give an exhibition
of its peculiar powers of inflating itself, and showing off its
bristling armature for our instruction.

All of the fish, it will be observed, were especially pro-
tected to meet the demands of their exceedingly exposed posi-
tion, the Axtennarzus being passively protected by its form
and coloration, and the others aggressively protected by for-

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 29

midable spines, which would surely make themselves felt, upon
any attempt to swallow their possessors.

The crustaceans were no less interesting as examples of
protective coloration than were the fishes. Sir Wyville
Thomson says, “I know of no more perfect example of pro-
tective resemblance than is shown in the gulf weed fauna.
Animals drifting about on the surface of the sea with such
scanty cover as the single broken layer of the sea weed, must
be exposed to exceptional danger from the sharp-eyed se:
birds hovering above them, and from the hungry fishes search-
ing for prey beneath; but one and all of these creatures imi-
tate in such an extraordinary way, both in form and coloring,
their floating habitat, and consequently one another, that we
can well imagine their deceiving both the birds and the fishes.”

These crustacea, several of them, are characterized by pure
white, not simply livid, markings, in sharp contrast to brown
blotches, thus resembling the Ax/fennarzus, and the sea-weed,
with its growth of silvery white bryozoa.

The following species of crustacea were noted at this time:
Latreutes ensiferus, Palemon natator, Nautilograpsus minutus,
and Veptunus sayz. A small barnacle of the genus Lefas
was found in great quantities on the sea weed. From the fact
that this species is quite conspicuous, it would seem that its
shell affords a sufficient protection against attack.

A minute gasteropod mollusk was secured, but has not yet
been identified. The most abundant mollusk, however, was
a nudibranchiate (Dendronotus), which furnished still another
excellent example of protective coloration, resembling as it did
the sea weed, the Anfennarzus, and the brachyuran Vawtzlo-
grapsus.

At that time and place but few birds were feeding on the
inhabitants of the sea weed, the only one at all abundant being
Wilson’s: petrel, a species of “mother Carey’s chicken.”
But the sargasso weed, in the course of its extensive travels,
passes through localities swarming with sea birds, which ren-
der the special protective coloration exhibited by its inhabit-
ants of vital importance.

30 NaturaL History BULLETIN.

Among the worms found on the sea weed, the most abund-
ant was a Sprrorbis, which thickly dotted the olive surface
with its minute spiral shells.

But the hydroids furnished the most interesting, or at least
most beautiful, animal forms found inhabiting the gulf weed.
Campanularians predominated, four very distinct species being
found, several of which seemed to be new. Fortunately the
reproductive buds, or gonophores, were present in each case.
Perhaps the most interesting campanularian was one character-
ized by its green color. This was the first green hydroid
which had been seen by any one on board; of course we except
the fresh water //ydra viridis. A microscopic examination
showed that this color was apparently due to the presence of
chlorophyl, which seemed to be a part of the animal itself, as
in Alydra viridis, and not an alga which is parasitic, such as is
described by Cienkowsky, Hertwig, Brandt and Geddes.! The
distribution of these chlorophyl bodies seemed to be uniform
throughout the bodies and tentacles of the hydranths, as well
as in the pedicels. Of course no physiological test was avail-
able to positively prove the nature of the green cells, but there
was no ocular difference discernible between them and true
chlorophyl bodies. The reproductive organs were enclosed
in flask-shaped gonangia, having a collar and lid. The
hydranth of this remarkable campanularian has a disk-shaped
proboscis borne on a short, rather slender pedicel, and sur-
rounded by twenty or more tentacles.

Of the remaining species, two are apparently new Cami-
panularia. One has a gonangium which is shaped like a
Chinese lantern and contains a single planoblast borne on a
blastostyle, and filling the entire gonangium. Odelia hyalina
is another very beautiful hydroid found at this time attached
to the gulf weed, its graceful branching form and triangular
calicles making it particularly elegant in appearance. Two
species of plumularian hydroids were also found attached to
the sea weed, one being Aglaophenza minuta Fewkes, grow-.
ing in the shape of delicate plumes, fairly covering the

1** Three Cruises of the Blake,’ page 214.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. pia

branches, leaves and spherical floats of the gulf weed. We
were greatly interested in watching the branching streams
of protoplasm issuing from the nematophores, which are so
characteristic of the Plumularide. A small sertularian com-
pleted the list of hydroids found on the gulf weed at this time.

To sum up, the total list of animals which we collected,
which were leading a wandering life as they followed the
fortunes of the sargasso weed, was as follows: Fishes four,
crustaceans five, mollusks three, worms two, bryozoa one,
hydroids eight, — making twenty-three in all, and affording a
study of great value to those whom the merciless seasickness
would allow to work.

On Tuesday, May oth, the wind was northeast and worked
around later to the east, the barometer sinking toward even-
ing. The weather being squally, the vessel was kept under
reefed mainsail and foresail. The study of sea weed was con-
tinued by those well enough to care for it. The occupation
of dipping up the weed took the attention of some from their
distress, and doubtless hastened their recovery. The east
wind forced us to sail in the trough of the sea, and greatly
aggravated the rolling of the vessel, although the « Emily ”
proved remarkably dry, more so than many much larger ves-
sels would have been under similar circumstances.

From this time until we reached Egg Island, the schooner
passed through large areas thickly dotted with Z7nerges imer-
curtus, a small thimble-shaped jelly-fish, which, with others,
has formed the basis of an interesting study by Dr. J.
Walter Fewkes. This afforded an excellent opportunity for
our students to become acquainted with the general structure
of the medusa, and a class was formed, microscopes being
brought up and used on the cabin top. With Dr. Fewkes’
excellent account before them, and an abundance of material’
for dissection, a very satisfactory hour was spent with Lenerges.

At night the brilliancy of the phosphorescence of the sea
claimed our attention. The dip nets were again brought into
requisition, when it was found that by far the greater part of
the phosphorescence was due to this same Lznerges.

NaturAL History BULLETIN.

bo

ios)

It was manifestly impracticable to do much studying at
night, as the motion was too great to admit of basins or dishes
of water being used on the tables in the hold, and there was
no available light on deck. Collecting of pelagic forms is
carried on at a serious disadvantage on a sailing vessel, as most
of these animals come to the surface only during calm weather,
and at such times the vessel has no headway, so that. the tow
nets cannot be used, and skippers dislike to have the boats
leave the vessel during a calm, not knowing when a favorable
breeze may spring up. Thus it happened that the amount of
pelagic material secured by us was not nearly so great in pro-
portion to other forms, as is usually secured when steam
vessels are employed.

Wednesday, May roth, latitude z9° 50’, longitude 76°5’.
The weather was still inclined to be squally, and the vessel was
kept under reefed fore and mainsail. About four o’clock Pp. M.
an ominous bank of black clouds appeared in the north, its
upper margin being regularly convex and clear cut, with a
fringe of white scud rolling on before. It came upon us with
appalling rapidity. Some of the young men proved of real
use in helping take in sail, the mainsail being too heavy and
bulky to be quickly managed by the crew. Their college
athletic training stood the young men in good stead, and they
gave effectual aid on this, as on many subsequent occasions
when prompt action was necessary. A torrent of rain came
with the squall, and a furious wind, sending the rain with
stinging force into the faces of those who remained on deck.
The execrable joining in the sky-light over the main hatch
caused the water to pour in streams into the hold, although
our effects were so stowed that no damage was done beyond
making the hold exceedingly damp. It was, however, some-.
what uncomfortable to have a stream of water trickling down
the back of one’s neck while at the table. as was the fate of
some whose places were unfortunately directly under the
hatch combing.

The squall gave rise to a heavy sea, and destroyed all com-
fort for the rest of the day. The seasick ones were made

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 3

io)

utterly wretched by the wallowing to which the * Emily ” now
abandoned herself. In justice to the unfortunates, however,
it must be said that they bore their trials stoically, and made
as little trouble as possible, although they doubtless thought
the romance of a life on the ocean wave a delusion. A trial
of the pumps showed that the vessel was remarkably tight,
not much more water coming up than had gone down the
hatches.

Thursday, May 11th, latitude 28° 25,’ longitude 76° 5’
A very “lumpy” sea was running all day, so that little “could
be done on board in the way of study or work. Some of the
stores had become shifted in the hold, and a barrel of water
upset during the storm. It was no easy matter for the men,
most of them at least semi-seasick, to go into the hold and put
things to rights while the vessel was rolling so outrageously.

Attempts were made to secure specimens of the stormy
petrels flying about near the vessel. I have never seen one
caught with a pin-hook and thread, as is so often"attempted;
neither can a net be handled so skilfully as to catch these ex-
pert flyers. The origin of the name “ mother Carey’s chicken,”
or “Carey chicken” as the sailors call it, is unknown to the
writer, but they have a “peep” almost exactly like that of a
young chicken. ‘Their manner of treading water with out-
stretched wings and feet is highly amusing. On one occasion
I saw a large flock of these birds sound asleep on the water
in the daytime during a calm in the “horse latitudes.”

Many flying-fish were seen during our outward passage,
and the students were interested in trying to solve the question
as to whether theirs’ is a true flight or not. There seems,
however, little room for doubt, as a careful ‘observer can soon
convince himself, that these fish are capable of genuine, al-
though very limited, flight. The flutter of the large pectoral
fins which serve these animals as wings, is so rapid that it
takes close watching to detect it, but it is nevertheless evident.
It takes longer watching to satisfy the observer that the ani-
mal can rise in the air by this fin motion, independent of the
impetus with which it leaves the water, but this, also, seems to

34 NatTuRAL History BULLETIN.

be a fact. In the undulating flight of the fish the water is not
always touched on the “dip.” Sometimes the vigorous flutter
of the fins lifts the animal when it does not touch the water at
all. The direction of flight can be suddenly changed without
contact with the water. These fish often fly aboard large
vessels, especially at night, when they seem to be attracted by
the lights. In one instance a man is said to have been knocked
down by being struck on the chest by a large specimen of this
species, and at another time enough flew aboard during a sin-
gle night to make a mess for the passengers of a Pacific Mail
steamer next morning.

A small squid was picked up on deck by the captain, having
probably been thrown on board by one of the high seas run-
ning during the night.

Most of the seasick people seemed nearly over their troub-
les when the weather moderated somewhat about noon, and a
number set to work putting canvas covers over the dredges.
When they came to be used, however, it was found that the
canvas provided for the purpose was so rotten that it was —
usually demolished during the first haul, exposing the nets to
wreck and ruin on the rocky bottom.

A tow-net was also put on a frame, such as was used on the
* Blake;” but the motion of the vessel was too great to admit
of its being used to any purpose at that time. In general we
found the din-net more serviceable than the drag-net.

About four o'clock in the afternoon a strong gale blew from
the eastward, and we were forced to lay to, not wishing to
unnecessarily risk our canvas. some of which was not so strong
as could have been desired. Of course this thing of lying to
in a gale and “ wallowing it out” is far from a comfortable
experience, especially to those not yet accustomed to the sea.

It seemed as if old Neptune was determined to show how
disagreeable he could make himself. It was not by any means
a bad thing, however, to have the sea do its worst in the way
of discomfort solely, as there was no danger, and thus get the
party in a proper frame of mind for enjoying its gentler moods,
which came afterward, and in abundance.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 35

Friday, May 12th, latitude 26° 3’, longitude 76° 49’. At
About seven A. M. the reefs were shaken out of the mainsail
for the first time since leaving the Chesapeake, and the light
sails were set. At ten A. mM. the cry of “ Land ahoy!” proved
a most welcome one to those whose first experience at sea had
been, after all, a somewhat unreasonably rough one. The
land sighted was the northeast end of the island of Abaco, the
northernmost of the Bahama group. The accuracy of Captain
Flowers’ navigation, as well as that of his instruments, was
attested by this excellent «land fall.” Early that morning he
had announced that we would see land at about ten o’clock, and
his prophecy was verified to the letter. We had two quad-
rants on board, one for the captain’s use and another for the
use of those students who desired a little practice in the science
of navigation. The latter instrument, however, was faulty,
although it served very well for purposes of instruction. The
sea had calmed down until! there was comparatively little
motion, and every one was in excellent spirits and developed
astonishing appetites, as might have been expected. During
the day we made the first set of tangles of Italian hemp
rope, as described on page 12, and hung our largest trawl net
on its gas-pipe frame. The mate proved of great service
in giving practical aid and suggestions in hanging our various
instruments for dredging. The novice finds himself pitifully
ignorant regarding the various peculiarities of rope, marline
and twine, as well as of the innumerable mysteries connected
with the “clove hitch,” “half hitch,’ and scores of other
hitches and knots, each of which has its proper function in the
eyes of the “sailor man,” who may have little book learning,
but will make university professors feel exceedingly insignifi-
cant when it comes to tying knots and hanging dredges, trawls
and tangles.

In the afternoon the wind died down to an almost imper-
ceptible breeze, and the barometer fell to thirty degrees, the
lowest point reached during the outward voyage. On account
of this fact, as well as a general desire to land, we decided to
make Egg Island anchorage before night if possible. About

eo
o

36 NatTuraAL History BULLETIN.

noon the higher prominences of the island of Eleuthera
appeared in the south, and we were drifted toward them by an
almost imperceptible breeze. Egg Island light was made
about four Pp. M., and the white speck of a pilot’s sail was the
center of attraction, as it grew larger and larger, until the
little craft came alongside, and most of the party got their first
sight of the natives of the British West Indies. The pilots,
as usual, asked about three times the price which they were
willing to accept, but Captain Flowers had dealt with these
worthies for many years, and soon brought them to reasonable
terms, when one of their number clambered aboard, bringing
with him a supply of the famous Bahama straw hats, which
are the best possible head-gear for that climate, and cost only
a shilling (twelve cents) each.

The light breeze held until we rounded the west end of Egg
Island, and dropped anchor in the beautiful little harbor. The
worst of the voyage was over at last.

CHAPTER III.
EGG ISLAND AND THE BAHAMA BANKS.

Egg Island is the last outlier of Eleuthera to the northwest,
and is situated, latitude 25° 30’ , longitude 76°55’. Although
it was not measured, its area is probably not far from a square
mile. In its center is a large pond, or lagoon, which was
nearly dry at the time of our visit, but in 1888 I found it filled
with water, rendering a boat necessary to cross it. This
island is of importance to the world at large from the fact that
between it and Abaco is the passage from our eastern coast
and Europe to Havana and the Florida Keys, the rapid cur-
rent of the Florida Straits between Great Bahama Island and
Little Bahama Bank on the one hand, and the Peninsula of
Florida on the other, rendering that passage impracticable for
sailing vessels.

For many years a single white house on the highest point
of the island was a noted “land fall” by day, and a light in
the window of the same house was all that warned the mar-
iner by night. Recently, however, the British government
has placed a small light-house by the side of the old house,
and now a light-keeper is regularly employed, and this im-
portant point is shorn of most of its dangers.

After dropping anchor off Egg Island on the evening of
the 12th, one of the boats was lowered and a number of the
men went ashore for their first swim in tropical waters.
Landing in a little cove hemmed in by a coral sand beach,
they were soon luxuriating in a delicious bath, with rustling
palms almost over their heads, and the soft swell of the rollers
around them. ‘The seasickness and other discomforts of the
past week were forgotten as soon as land was sighted. One
of the few redeeming features, by the way, of this dreadful

38 NaturaL History BULLETIN.

malady is the ease and completeness with which its terrors
are lost sight of as soon as relief comes.

That night there was a general overhauling of fire-arms
and other equipment for land work. Guns which had been
put away dry and new, covered thickly with oil, were found
to be rusted a bright red all over the metal work. Our
experience proved that eternal vigilance is the price of even
a measurably clean gun, and that in spite of the most scru-
pulous attention they are bound to rust more or less in the
sea air. When a weapon is laid away for several days, it is
advisable to plug up both ends of the barrels with a wad of
cotton oiled with porpoise or some equally good animal oil.

The ornithologists overhauled their kits of tools, the bota-
nists got out their collecting cans, note books and presses,
and the entomologists unpacked their nets and collecting
bottles, in eager anticipation of their first field day in the
Bahamas.

The morning of May 13th dawned clear and beautiful.
The scene from the anchorage was gratefully quiet and rest-
ful after the continuous tossing of the past eight days. The
rising sun was fiecking the ripples with fire, while the
delicious morning breeze gently waved the fronds of the
cocoanut palms which lined the adjacent beach. The water
around the vessel was clear as only Bahama waters can be,
and the crabs could be distinctly seen crawling among the
algz at the bottom, eighteen feet below the surface.

After an early breakfast, the members of the party were
assigned work for the day. One boat-load was dispatched
to Little Egg Island, a rocky reef near the entrance to the
harbor, where the numerous sea birds were seen circling
around, indicating a promising rookery. Another party was
detailed to work up the larger Egg Island, where they
beached the boat in the little cove right under the cocoanut
palms.

A path led to an empty sugar house, in which was a tank
of fresh water, rather better than is usually found in the
Bahamas. There being no streams in these islands, the in-

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 39

habitants have to depend entirely upon the rain-fall for their
water supply, unless they are content with the exceedingly
brackish water found in the so-called * wells.” The principal
products of the island seemed to be cocoanuts and manilla
plants. The immensely tall, flowering stalks of the latter we
had taken in the distance for trees, the stems being fifteen or
twenty feet high, crowned with graceful fronds of leaves some-
what resembling oak leaves, under which were clustered the
clumps of fruit, resembling miniature cocoanuts. The bay-
onet-like leaves, radiating in every direction from the surface
of the ground, proved hard to penetrate, as they easily pierced
any clothing and seemed capable of penetrating side leather.

A large palm grove near the shore had lately been sadly
damaged by fire, the beauty of these picturesque trees being
marred by blackened trunks and charred leaves.

The view from the foot of the light-house is one of the
most superb bits of marine coloring imaginable. At one’s
feet stretches a reach of dazzling white coral beach, relieved
by a fringe of glistening palm leaves. Beyond, the water
exhibits a wealth of color absolutely amazing in its weird and
bizarre contrasts, the purest of nile green alternating with
intense purple, and mottled with a bewildering jumble of
browns, pinks and terra cottas, flecked here and there with
snowy white-caps; still further out is the intense blue of the
deep sea, a blue never seen in northern waters, the blue of
stained glass, pure, deep, translucent. The clouds over these
waters present colors seldom or never seen in northern regions,
a decided purple being the dominant hue.

Mr. Pindar, the light-keeper, proved a hospitable host, and
gave us a good deal of interesting information concerning
the island and its products. The ends were deftly sliced off a
number of green cocoanuts, and several of the party had their
first taste of cocoanut. water as used by the natives of the trop-
ics the world over. The water is taken from green nuts,
each yielding from half a pint to a pint of perfectly clear,
sparkling, slightly sweetish liquid. Many persons do not rel-
ish it at first, but a taste for it is readily acquired. Being per-

40 . Naturat History BULLETIN.

fectly pure and healthful, it can be used as freely as spring
water, and without fear of bad results.

The ladies of our party were greatly interested in the house-
hold arrangements of this “Robinson Crusoe,” who lives
alone with his old father on Egg Island. This house, like all
others in the Bahamas, was scrupulously neat and clean.
Indeed, where there is neither dust nor mud, on account of the
island being composed of coral rock and pure white coral
sand, it is much easier to be cleanly than otherwise.

The ornithologists found it hot work penetrating the thick-
ets of wiry bushes which cover the greater part of the island.
One of the greatest obstacles to collecting in such regions is
the difficulty of finding a bird after it is shot. A majority of
the land birds are small, of course, and falling into the dense
thickets perhaps half of them are lost, unless the collector is
possessed of both experience and patience. A very good
aid in this kind of work is the auxiliary barrel, such as was
formerly made by the American Arms Company, of Boston.
This barrel fits into the bore of a breech-loader, having an
extractor which is worked by the extractor of the gun, and
carrying a thirty-eight calibre blank cartridge, which is shoved
in after a pledget of cotton and a small charge of dust shot.
Equipped with this ingenious device, the writer has collected
with gratifying results in the thickest jungles of tropical
America, where small birds could be shot at a distance of four
or five yards without material damage, and almost invariably
found after being dropped.

Messrs. E. G. Decker and Webb Ballord, who undertook
the ornithological collecting for the expedition, put in a good
day’s work, securing a fair representation of the avifauna of
the island, their collection embracing the following species:

Sterna anesthetus Scop., bridled tern; Sterna dougalli
Montag., roseate tern; Axouws stolidus Linn., noddy tern;
Tringa minutilla Vieill., least sandpiper; “gzalites walsonza
rufinucha Ridg., rufous-naped plover; -£gialitis semizpal-
mata Bonap., semipalmate plover; Columbigallina passerina
Linn., ground dove; Myiarchus lucaystensis Bryant, Bahama

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. AI

flycatcher; Auetheza bicolor Linn., grass finch; Loxigilla vio-
lacea Linn., grosbeak; Vrreo altiloguus barbatulus Cab., black-
whiskered vireo; Certhiola bahamensis Reich., Bahama honey
creeper; M/imus gundlachit Cab., Bahama mockingbird.

Out of seven species of land birds collected, it will be noticed
that only one, the ground dove, is a North American form.

«The most striking feature of the insect fauna of Egg
Island appears to be the great prevalence of spiders (which
are of course carnivorous in habit), combined with the apparent
absence of any adephagous Coleoptera. Nearly all of the few
beetles taken were species that afterwards proved to be of
quite extended distribution in the Bahama Islands, and almost
without exception either phytophagous or lignivorous. Among
the weevils the most common species is an Aré7pus near flor7-
danus Horn; several specimens of Pachneus opalus Oliv., a
very fine green species about half an inch in length, were
taken. Search on the beach under seaweed revealed a few
specimens of species usually found in such places and belong-
ing to the genera Cafius and Phaleria. YVhe bulk of the
captures consisted, however, of inconspicuous Hemiptera and
Coleoptera, which were beaten from leaves in the dense
brush.”!

Toward the middle of the day, the heat became somewhat
oppressive, although the thermometer registered only 78° in
the hold of the schooner. The whiteness of the coral sand
was so glaring as to be painful to the eyes. A rocky point
juts into the cove from one side, the rock being worn into
various fantastic shapes with numerous pot-holes containing
small tide- pools, and forming excellent collecting grounds.
Quantities of gasteropods were found in these pools, the most
abundant species being :*

Littorina lineata, Littorina lineata var.angulifera, Tectar its
nodulosus, Verita tessellata, Purpura hemastoma, Strophia
glans, Fissurclla sp., and a large Cfiton, which was _par-

1 For this, as for all other entomological notes, the author is indebted to Mr. H. F.
Wickham, of the State University of Iowa.

2 For the identification of most of the Mollusca here mentioned, the author is
indebted to the kindness of Mr. B. Shimek, of the State University of Iowa.

42 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

ticularly abundant, most of the individuals apparently spawn-
ing. It was no easy matter to detach these Chitons from the
rocks, if they were given time to use their wonderful powers
of adhesion. If taken unawares, however, they could be
easily and quickly removed. The shells of nearly, if not
quite. all of the species of gasteropods furnished homes for
minute hermit crabs, Strophia glans and Cerzthium being
favorite abodes for these most persistent of homesteaders.
Some of these hermits seem to be in a fair way to become as
terrestrial in their habits as the land crabs of the Bahamas.
The writer has found them considerable distances from the
water on the highest parts of some of the rocky islets near
Spanish Wells, Bahamas.

The modification of the chelz to serve as an operculum for
the individual shell chosen as a domicile, is a good instance of
what might be called the plasticity of the organism. It would
be interesting to make a study of this matter with a view to
ascertaining whether there is any tendency to inherit this
peculiar class of acquired characters, and thus adduce an argu-
ment for the Neo-Darwinian or Neo-Lamarckian school, as the
case may be. Another striking fact concerning these crus-
taceans is the brilliant color of the chela, which are about as
conspicuous as they could be made, as if the economy in color
on the rest of the body was compensated for by a concentra-
tion of pigment on the only exposed parts of the animal.

The botanists noted the following land plants on Egg
Island.

1« Jn a first view of Egg Island, the two most striking rep-
resentatives of its flora are the cocoa palms and the agave, or
American aloe plant. The characteristics of the former are
well known. Their trunks are often very crooked, bent in the
most fantastic shapes, and in color are striped alternately pale
ashen grey and dark, almost black. They are endogenous
and bear at the summit of the stem the great Cluster of mam-
moth feather-like fronds. A leaf is unfolded from its coarsely

1 Miss Bertha Wilson has kindly furnished the following list of plants. It must be
remembered that this narrative does not enter the province of a Report, and only notes
afew of the characteristic forms of each locality visited.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 43

reticulated fiber-like envelope about once a month, and a large
spadix of small cream colored flowers disclosed. On the same
tree one may see every gradation of development, from the
budded blooms at the top to the ripened nut lower down. The
nuts hang in clusters by stems about as thick as a lead pencil.

«The agaves or ‘pita plants,’ as they are called by the
natives, are much like century plants in appearance. The
great sword-like fleshy leaves grow from four to seven feet in
length, and are tipped with a sharp thorn. The flower stalk
is from sixteen to eighteen feet high, and is called a ‘ pole.’
We did not see it in bloom here. The fiber of the leaves is
used in the manufacture of cordage, a very paying industry to
the Bahamans. At Egg Island these striking plants were
along the shore, under the cocoa palms, in the

everywhere,
sandy, open places inland, and even springing among great
jagged masses of the coral formed rock. They are supposed
to be indigenous to the Bahamas, and occasionally are as pestit-
erous as weeds.

“Along the shores are the mangroves, with their glossy
leaves, and the sea grape, a shrub-like tree, with rigid spread-
ing branches, round cordate leaves, and long racemes of small
greenish flowers. It has a succulent violet calyx in which the
nuts are developed; hence the name, ‘sea-side grapes.’ The
berries are acid and pleasant to the taste. The wood dyes a
red color.

+ As we proceed inland we find thick hedges of shrub lan-
tana four to seven feet high. It is sprinkled with its small
dense heads of white flowers, and makes the air redolent with
its sagey odor. Lantanas have run wild and have become as
uncontrollable as the rankest weeds.

“The Lzppza, a small creeping relative of the Lantana,
grows near by in the sandy places. ‘There are other coarse
and woody shrubs not yet identified,— one with a small white
star-shaped flower, nestling right in the axils of its small
leaves, glossy as holly, and its stems are bristling with long
green fleshy leaves,

(Ss)

sharp thorns. Still another has tiny bright

g¢ in whorls along

scarcely one fourth of an inch long, springing

44 NatTuRAL History BULLETIN.

the coarse woody stems, and spotted with the brightest of
small orange flowers. These and some others formed high,
almost impassable thickets, and over them trailed the moon-
flower. with its delicate, evanescent white blooms, and several
varieties of leguminose climbers, and a beautiful reddish
passion-flower.

“Inthe sandy, open places, bristled the prickly-pear cactus,
with its yellow flowers and globose fruits, and near these was
found one of the most beautiful of the Legzmznose, a trailing
pea-vine with showy lavender blossoms almost two inches long.
We also recognized many of our northern ‘ weeds, — the ver-
vain, with its purple spikes, and the purslane, with its fleshy
leaves and guickly perishing yellow flowers; the Cafsella,
or common shepherd’s purse; the So/anum, or night-shade,
with its starry flowers of white or lilac or pinkish, and round,
poisonous berries; a milk-weed, with pale greenish white
blossoms, and its near relative the Afocynum, or Indian hemp;
the showy Argemone mexicana, with prickly leaves like a
thistle and a flaring yellow flower; the spider-worts, with their
purple three parted flowers and grass-like leaves, and even the
pestiferous sand-burr. The composites are also represented-

+ Among cultivated fruit trees were the lemon, lime, orange,
sapodilla, mango, papaw and guava.”

The party detailed to visit Little Egg Island returned with
abundant collections. Noddy and bridled terns were numer-
ous and tame. The former is known throughout the British
West Indies as the “egg bird,” and is far more abundant in
most regions than any other bird. Its rookeries are often
visited by the natives for the purpose of collecting the eggs,
which are fully as large as the diminutive excuse for a hen’s
egg usually found on these islands.

The coral rock of which this and all the other Bahama
Islands is composed, is worn and weathered into a bristling
array of sharp points, rendering walking a dangerous opera-
tion, and destroying the stoutest shoes in a remarkably short
time. The rocks generally overhang the water with jagged
points, making a troublesome landing for boats except in very

wees a

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 45

still water. ‘These overarching rocks are fairly alive on their
under surfaces with peculiarly hideous crabs, Grapsus macu-
latus Catesby,' called “rock crabs” by the natives, but not the
rock crabs of our northern shores. These are remarkably
flattened forms with conspicuous stripes in regular patterns
over the carapace and appendages. The facility with which
they run along, clinging to the wuzder surfaces of rocks, is
amazing. It is exceedingly difficult to catch them even witha
dip-net, so long as they are out of the water, but we found
that by forcing them to drop from the rocks they could be
scooped up with comparative ease.

The handsome gasteropod Levonza fica is found in abund-
ance, clinging to the under side of these overarching rocks, and
most of the species found on the rocks in the cove at Egg
Island were also encountered on Little Egg Island.

Six or eight species of serpent stars were collected here,
among which was a remarkably pretty blue Opfzothrix, an
exquisite object under the lens, with its glassy serrated spines
and beautifully colored disk. The genera Amphiura and
Amphiuma were also represented. Here, too, our students
first collected that striking but only too common sea-urchin
Diadema setosum, with its exceedingly long and sharp spines,
from which many a painful wound was received by our col-
lectors during the cruise.

Quite a number of Gorgonide were secured, the most con-
spicuous being the common sea-fan, /ehiprdrgorg7a flabellum.
It is hard to see what has prevented authors from separating
the red and yellow “varieties” of this gorgonian into two
species. The difference in color seems absolutely constant,
and there is also a marked difference in size, the purple form
being decidedly the larger on the average. A constant differ-
ence both in size and color would seem to be sufficient for spe=
cific distinction. It is also a fact worth noting that the two
varieties do not usually grow together, but in communities in
which one or the other is exclusively found or greatly pre-
dominates.

1 Miss Mary E. Rathbun, of the Smithsonian Institution, has very kindly identi-
fied most of the brachyuran crabs mentioned or figured in this narrative.

46 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

Plexaura dichotoma, Eunicea and Pterogorgia were also
secured. Good specimens of these with expanded polyps were
preserved by plunging the entire zoanthodeme, expanded, into
water as warm as could be borne by the hand. Plexaura
dichotoma is an excellent species for use in class work,
especially when fresh, the various characters of the family
Gorgonide being well shown.

In the evening all who were able to handle a scalpel helped
to extricate the ornithologists from the difficulties which
they had brought upon themselves by their activity in collect-
ing during the day. The top of the cabin made an excellent
table for dissecting and skinning the birds.

Specimens collected in the tropics must be promptly attended
to, and never left over night, unless an ice-box is available.
We soon found that it would not do to attempt any dissecting
below, as many specimens became tainted before they could
be disposed of.

Sunday, May 14th. Captain Flowers got the schooner
under way, bound for Havana via Stirrup Key, which bears
west northwest from Egg Island, and marks the entrance to
the « N. W. Providence Channel” of the charts. During the
entire cruise Sunday work was discouraged. When the
weather permitted, service was held at the usual hour in the
morning, and the remainder of the day was spent in reading,
writing and resting.

This Sabbath was a typical West Indian day, with a fair
wind, affording a «free sheet.” which was a delight after sail-
ing close-hauled for so long. “Hole in the Wall,” at the
southern extremity of Abaco, was sighted about noon, and at
six P. M. Stirrup Key was made, and the “ Emily” dropped
anchor for the night, Captain Flowers preferring daylight for
entering upon the “ Banks.”

The “Great Bahama Bank” is a submerged plateau or sand
flat, extending westward from Andros Island and the numer-
ous islets of the Berry group, the greatest length being over
two hundred nautical miles, and the width south of Andros
over one hundred miles. The average width is about sixty

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 47

miles, giving a total area of something like twelve hundred
square miles. The depth of water over this area varies from
one to ten fathoms. All of our soundings on the “Banks”
indicated a greater depth than was given by the chart, but our
soundings were not extensive enough to be of much perma-
nent value. On account of the shallow water, there is rarely
a very high sea running, and as good anchorage can be found
anywhere on the Banks, captains consider them the safest
place in case of severe storms, although the numerous rocks
and shoals in some parts are anything but reassuring to the
navigator. The bottom is sandy, the sand being composed
largely of triturated shells and corals, covered in patches with
alga of various kinds, anda ‘“ grass” which grows in tufts
and has long lanceolate leaves very much like certain swamp
grasses in the north.

The color of the water on the Banks is usually a clear light
green, varied by dark purplish blotches, marking the presence
of alge or gorgonians. I have often noticed that wherever
this green water prevails in the Bahamas, the clouds take on
a rich purple hue. What causes this curious coloration of the
clouds is not known to me, but the fact is striking enough to
attract the attention of even the least observant persons.

It was while anchored on the Banks that we first saw
the Southern Cross, which we had not expected to be visible
at this latitude. Truth compels the remark that this cele-
brated constellation is not so striking an object as many sup-
pose. In fact, a number of northern star groups far surpass
it in splendor.

During the next three days the prevailing wind was so
nearly dead ahead that our progress was necessarily slow, and
we decided to take advantage of the opportunity afforded by
the shallow water of the Banks to secure some practice in
the use of our dredging equipment, so that the deep water
should not find us actual novices at the business. The dredg-
ing spar was therefore stepped to the foremast above the
galley, and the men assigned to the positions which they
were to occupy during the trip while dredging. A certain

48 NatTuRAL History BULLETIN.

one always attended to the friction brake when the dredge or
tangles was being lowered; others were assigned the duty of
putting over and taking in the dredge, and seeing that it was
started properly on its downward passage; others always
oiled the iron rope as it was unreeled for the first time each
day; others attended to the assorting and labeling of the
material as it came on deck and still others saw to it that
everything was properly cared for and set aside for study or
permanent preservation, either dry or in alcohol.

It will thus be seen that there was little chance for idleness
while active dredging was being prosecuted. Each one soon
became accustomed to his or her special duties, and the work
was carried on without confusion or friction.

Three instruments for collecting were employed while on
the “banks,” — the “Blake” dredge, the tangles, and an oys-
ter dredge, which Captain Flowers had brought along for
trial in this new capacity. This latter proved the best instru-
ment for work on the * Banks,” where the bottom was sandy
and free from rocks. Its teeth tore up the largest gorgonians
with ease, and everything in its path seemed to find a sure
destiny in the net. In the beautifully clear water of these seas
we could see just how our instruments acted as they passed
over the bottom, and could correct any defect in the way they
were hung or in the speed of the vessel.

The “« Blake” dredges were covered with such poor canvas
that the nets became exposed after a short time, and we did
not find them so serviceable as they otherwise would have
been. The tangles at once proved their usefulness, sweeping
up everything from minute corals and gasteropods to the solid
round £chznanthus, and even small coral heads. Strangely
enough, fish were not infrequently brought up on the tangles
and landed in good order on deck. No class of animals
encountered seemed able to evade the sweep of the long
swabs, and were it not for the difficulty of getting the speci-
mens clear of the hempen strands, nothing better in the way
of a collecting instrument could be desired. Asa usual thing
we kept two tangles at work, using them alternately and

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 49

clearing the specimens from one while the other was over the
side. In this way an astonishing amount of material was
sometimes collected during a favorable day.

That part of our equipment about which there seemed to be
the most doubt was the iron rope. It was claimed that it was
necessary to keep it constantly under tension, and that this
could not be done except by the use of a steam vessel and
hoisting apparatus. Asa matter of fact, it was bound to be
under tension all the time the dredge was overboard, the
weight of the dredge with its sinkers, and of the rope itself,
being adequate to give a sufficient amount of strain to secure
it against kinking, the thing most to be feared. The only
danger, apparently, is in allowing the rope to pay out too fast,
thus forming a coil on the bottom, and an eventual kink.
This danger, however, is just as great where steam is used,
the dredge in either case being lowered by its own weight,
controlled by a friction brake.

The practical trial of our equipment worked entirely to our
satisfaction, and gave us good grounds for confidence in its
adequacy for dredging in deeper water. We soon saw that
there was little danger of kinking the rope if care was used in
not allowing the dredge to go down too rapidly, and that Cap-
tain Flowers was master of his vessel when it came to dredging.

We were greatly surprised at the number of specimens col-
lected on the “ Banks.” Indeed, this region would amply re-
pay a careful investigation, as it supports an interesting assem-
blage of animal forms. The most striking fish was one clearly
allied to Ceratias uranoscopus ( Murray), which was brought up
by the trawl of the “Challenger” from a depth of twenty-
four hundred fathoms. Our specimen, although closely allied
to the one secured by the “ Challenger,” differs in many matters
of detail. It is a more robust species, capable of still more’
increasing its girth by distention of the abdomen, after the
manner of the Modon. It is considerably larger than C.
uranoscopus, the length being five inches. The anterior spine
of the first dorsal is implanted right back of the margin of the
upper jaw, and is much shorter than in wranoscopus. It is

50 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

hinged so that the pear-shaped flesh-colored bulb can be hung
right above the large vertically cleft mouth, and thus serve as
a bait in securing prey, which seems to me a much more
reasonable explanation of this peculiar structure than to dis-
cover in it a “sense-organ intended to give notice of the
approach of the prey.”! The animal has good eyes, situated
so as to be effective much further than this hypothetical sense-
organ. The two short fleshy tubercles forming the second
part of the first dorsal of wranoscopus are represented in our
species by two round, rather club-shaped spines, covered with
spiny skin, and lying flat upon the dorsal surface of the head
and body. ‘The ventral fins are small and thoracic in position,
while the pectorals are geniculate and ten rayed. It agrees
with wranoscopus in being laterally compressed, of a uniform
black color, gill openings at lower axils of pectorals, the
skin being covered with minute imbedded conical spines, in
the vertically cleft mouth, “fishing rod and bait,” dorsally
placed eyes, geniculation of pectorals and number of pectoral
rays. The animal was capable of great distention, assuming
an almost globular outline. It emitted a distinct grunt when
handled.

Among the other fishes secured at that time might be
mentioned a J/a/thus. or “ bat-fish,” an exceedingly grotesque
creature with long geniculate pectorals, flat body, and a fore-
head produced into a lumpy prominence reaching in front of
the mouth. The animal doubtless lives buried in the sand,
with nothing but its staring eyes to be seen. Its color would
assimilate well with the sandy bottom, and the warty dorsal
protuberances would still further deceive by a simulation of
small pebbles or worm castings.

A small flounder belonging to the genus A/¢ropus was
secured, having the eyes sinistral, the scales cycloid on the
blind side and ctenoid on the left. A species of J/onocanthus,
or “ file-fish,”” was also secured.

Here, as elsewhere during our dredging operations, the
crustacea were constantly a source of wonder and interest.

i“ Challenger’ Narrative, the Atlantic, Volume 2, page 68.

M. F. LINDER, DEL.

Crabs from Egg Island and Bahama Banks.

Fig.1. PANOPEUS HERBSTII, M. Edw.

Fig. 2. NEPTUNUS DEPRESSIFRONS. Stm.
Fig. 3. AcTaA PALMERI. Rathbun.

Fig. 4. PETROLISTHES SEXSPINOSUS. Gibbes.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION.

Cy
Lo |

The grotesque forms which these animals assume can only be
appreciated when seen. Here is Nature’s art of protective
form and coloration carried to perfection. Scuttling among
the “ grass” might be seen a very strikingly marked species
of sVeptunus, which was conspicuous only after being brought
on board, its alternate olivaceous and light markings assimi-
lating perfectly with the grass and sand over which it crawls.
A very peculiarly ornamented species of Actea (A. palmeri
Rathbun) was secured, with the carapace and upper surface
of chelae ornamented with regularly disposed round groups of
nodules, looking like sparsely distributed cobble-stones, be-
tween which. a dense furry hairappears. The legs are greatly
flattened, the chele sharp and dentated, while each ambula-
tory leg is provided with a horny claw at its distal extremity.

The genus P/umnus was represented by an extremely
hairy species, P. carzbeus Desbonne and Schramm, with jet
black fingers to the chela, which were coarsely granulated.
Among the spider-like crabs, two species of JZacrocwloma
came up on the tangles, one of them being very closely allied
to C. camptocera, with a triangular body, parallel rostral spines,
tubular eye sockets, and prominent spines on dorsal surface of
the carapace.

Massive sponges came aboard, fairly alive with crustacea of
various species. As might have been expected, specimens of
Dromidia antillensis Stimpson,were included, each covered with
its mass of sponge, and further protected by a coloration
exactly matching that of the sponge under which it lived. The
carapace, moreover, is covered with short, dense hair, giving a
splendid means of attachment to the sponge, which is still
further prevented from being lost by the pseudo-chela: with
which the fourth and fifth pairs of legs are provided, these
latter being habitually carried over the back of the animal so
as to be available in holding on to the sponge.

But the strangest of all the strange crabs collected here was
a little fellow made to resemble a bit of shell so perfectly
that any one but the sharp-eyed young man who attended to
the crustacea would have been likely to overlook it altogether.

52 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

This is Cryplopodia concava Stimpson, having a triangular
carapace so concave on the dorsal surface as to resemble a bit
of shell, but with three prominent ridges meeting at a point
near the anterior margin of the carapace. The chela is long
and trigonal. When its various appendages are retracted,
only the closest inspection discloses the fact that this animal is
a crab at all, the real dorsal surface resembling the concave
surface of a piece of shell, a deception still further enhanced
by its color, which is whitish.

Among the macroura the only one which we will notice
was an A/pheus, which occurred in great numbers in the
various water channels of the massive sponges. They were
pale brown in color, and like others of the genus were charac-
terized by the enormous chela, which is longer and heavier
than all the rest of the animal. A number of specimens of
this species were placed together in a glass jar, and every once
in a while a noise was heard resembling more than anything
else the cracking of thin glass under the pressure of freezing
water. The animals were taken out and placed in a tin dish,
but the noise still continued. Careful observation disclosed
the fact that this peculiar noise was made by the snapping
together of the two fingers of the great chela. How this par-
ticular sound could be produced by a substance so compara-
tively soft as these organs, is a mystery, This species seems
to be on the road to losing its eyes, these organs being com-
pletely overgrown by the rostrum, which seems to actually
press upon the upper surface of the eyes.

The above are only a few of the interesting crustacea
secured on the Great Bahama Banks, but they serve to show
what a delightful experience our naturalists enjoyed at this
time. About twenty-eight species of mollusca were collected
while we were at work on the Banks, among which were
interesting species of Avzcula, Astralium, Cerithium and
Trivia. ‘The most conspicuous Echinoderm was Pendaceros
reticulatus, of which enormous specimens were secured, some
being too large to go into the collecting tubs. The dried
specimens of this star-fish usually seen in museums do not con-

M. F, LINDER, DEL,

Crustacea from Egg Island and Bahama Banks.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

we wo

CRYPTOPODIA CONCAVA. Stimp. Dorsal view.
Ventral view of same.

ALPHEUS sp. x3.

GRAPSUS MACULATUS. Catesby. x %.
PODOCHELA MACRODERA. Stimp. x 1%.
MACROCGELOMA TRISPINOSA. Latreille.

x3:

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 53

vey any adequate idea of their real beauty when fresh from
the water, the most conspicuous having a deep red body-color,
relieved by the bright yellow blunt spines arranged in sym-
metrical patterns over the surface. Others present various
shades of red, deepening into a rich maroon, alternating with
orange and yellow. The natives of the Bahamas have a way
of preserving these specimens dried, and sell them so cheaply
that, for ordinary cabinet specimens, it hardly pays the scien-
tific collector to take the time to dry them, even if he knows
how to do so successfully.

A species of Archaster and one of Lchenanthus were abund-
ant echinoderms. Of course quite an assemblage of serpent-
stars were secured. A haul is almost never made without
bringing up some of these animals, which appear to be practi-
cally omnipresent in West Indian waters. A very prettily
marked little species of Ophzocantha was noticeable from the
fact that it uniformly possessed six rays, a not very common
feature in this group. Two species of Ophzothrix were
secured, one of which had very large, jagged spines, thickly
matted over the entire dorsal surface of the disk. All of the
ophiurans secured here were of small size, and not so abun-
dant as in other regions where we dredged.

Sea-urchins, curiously enough, were scarce on these flats,
although one would think the region particularly favorable to
this form of life. Achtnanthus rosacews was secured in abun-
dance. Like most of its relatives, it seems to flourish best on
a sandy bottom.

Gorgonians of various kinds were common. Hydroids of
several species were found clinging to all sorts of objects
brought up by the dredge. A species of /Valeczwm exhibited
a new style of gonangium for this family, the reproductive
calicles being oval and surmounted by a very conspicuous
acrocyst. The gonangia contain ova, and each acrocyst con-
tains a single developing medusa. .

Another, a beautiful little campanularian, with tubular hydro-
theca, has a gonangium with regular corrugations, and a well
marked collar and lid. Three sertularians belonging to the

54 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

genus Desmoscyphus were found growing on the sea weed.
An interesting species of 7Zucarza was secured in abundance.
Its gonangia are bottle-shaped with small necks and everted
margins. These were among the largest reproductive cali-
cles which we encountered. Ag/aophenia minuta Fewkes was
found with the corbula which very much resembles those of
Aglaophenia perforata Allman.

It was at this time also that our whole party enjoyed the
exceedingly rare privilege of seeing the zooids of M/fllepora
fully expanded. A fragment of this hydrocoralline, having
been brought up by the dredge, was placed in a jar of sea-water,
Without any particular care being taken to avoid exposure to
the air or other shock. Knowing the difficulty with which the
zooids are said to be induced to expand, we were not expect-
ing to be thus highly favored, when a cursory examination of
the specimen showed a considerable portion of its surface to
be covered with what appeared to be fine white down. An
examination with the lens disclosed the fact that both the
gastrozoids and dactylozoids were fully and beautifully ex-
panded, and they remained so for nearly an hour. We did
not dare to disturb the specimen by transferring it to another
vessel for the purpose of placing it where it could be viewed
with the compound microscope. The characteristic features,
however. of the two kinds of zooids could be very well seen
with a Coddington lens, and they appeared to correspond
closely with the figures in Agassiz’ “Contributions to the
Natural History of the United States,” Volume 1, Plate xv.

On another occasion, while at the Dry Tortugas, we were
favored with a good view of expanded J/7//epora, although the
expansion was not so complete as at the time under considera-
tion. These J//lefora are known throughout the English-
speaking fegions of the West Indies and Florida Keys as
“pepper coral,” a name exceedingly appropriate in view of
the great stinging powers possessed by the animals.

At night, while crossing the Banks, we enjoyed the most
brilliant exhibition of phosphorescence that occurred during
the cruise. Every wave was flashing with light, and every

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 55

ripple luminous. The vessel seemed to be bathed in ghostly
flame, as the millions of light-emitting animals gave each its
quota to the display. Nothing is better calculated to impress
one with the infinite number of living things to which Old
Ocean yields home and livelihood. We found that here, as in
the Gulf Stream, the little thimble-shaped Lenerges mercurius
was the cause of the greater part of the luminosity, although
ctenophores, pelagic crustacea and JVoctiluca added greatly
to the general effect, while more than once we saw the ghostly
trail of what we took to be Pyrosoma, although the animal
was not secured.

The most brilliant phosphorescence seen during the voyage
of the ** Challenger ”’ was encountered in the Guinea current,
not far from the Cape Verde Islands. Sir Wyville Thomscn
says,! “The wake of the ship was an avenue of intense bright-
ness. It was easy to read the smallest print, sitting at the
after port in the cabin.” We saw no such brilliant effects as
this, but the writer has seen in the Gulf of Nicoya, on the
Pacific coast of Costa Rica, an equally intense display, dis-
tinctly lighting up the decks of a large steamer, and enabling
one to read at intervals the print of an ordinary newspaper.

The purpose of this phosphorescence is somewhat difficult
to explain on the supposition that it must be of use to its pos-
sessors. Verrill regards it as protective, at least among the
gorgonians where, he suggests, the light may act as a warn-
ing to predatory fishes. Doubtless it may be explained in
many instances as an aid to the sexes in finding each other at
night or in deep water. Again, it probably assists carnivo-
rous fishes and crustacea in discovering and capturing their
prey in deep water.

Until the physiology of the light-emitting organs in various
animals is better understood, it will perhaps be impossible to
do more than conjecture regarding their true significance.

On Tuesday, May 16th, no dredging was done, the wind
allowing us to make some headway on our course. Most of

1 Voyage of the ‘‘ Challenger,’’ Atlantic, Volume 2, Page 71.

56 Natura. History BULLETIN.

the day was occupied in taking care of the material already
obtained.

Mr. James E. Benedict, of the Smithsonian, had suggested
a means by which alcoholic specimens could be saved in good
condition without using anything like the ordinary amount of
alcohol. His plan was to use large tin pans in pairs, the rim
of one being slightly wider than that of the other. The wide-
rimmed pan is filled with specimens which have been in alco-
hol for two ot three days. The specimens are heaped up as
high as they can conveniently be placed, and then the pan
with the narrow rim is inverted over pan number one. The
rims are then carefully soldered together all around, so as to
be air-tight, and the specimens are safe for transportation, the
pans being much lighter, of course, than vessels of equal
capacity filled with alcohol in the old way.

We found this plan to work admirably to the great saving
of alcohol and weight. Large crinoids, especially, came
through in much better shape than if they had been allowed
to swash around in tanks. One important point, however,
should be remembered. The pans must be of good heavy tin
or they will rust through. Our collection suffered slightly
from the fact that part of our pans were of cheap tin, and
were rusted through before the end of the voyage. Thé dam-
age was not from the specimens drying or decomposing so
much as from the rust making unsightly spots upon the speci-
mens with which it came in contact.

We tried both square and round pans, but preferred the
latter when of good quality, because they are easier to solder
together than square pans, and are not so apt to leak from
careless workmanship. The pans, when filled, were crated
for transportation, in sets of five, but we found it necessary to
examine them occasionally, so that any leakage could be
stopped with solder.

On Wednesday, the 17th, a head wind again gave us an
excuse for dredging, with the result that many good speci-
mens were added to our collection. On the 18th and 1gth the
vessel was delayed by squally weather, although some head-

"ADY AIBA ‘AJIYOOY OY} JO MTA IBON

‘HTD

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 7

Lo al

way was made, and the western edge of the Banks reached.
On the morning of Saturday, May 20th, we found the Double
Headed Shot Cays in sight. Water Cay, the westernmost
and largest of these, is in latitude 24°, and longitude 80°, 15.’
Reading in the book of instructions that this island contained
a “natural well of excellent water,’’ we determined to cast
anchor and send a boat ashore, in hopes of refilling some of
our empty barrels. ‘The captain, with praiseworthy caution,
anchored several miles out, thus necessitating a long and heavy
pull in a rough sea before we reached the Cay. There is no
landing place for boats on the north side, but a little agility
will enable one to make a flying leap onto the jagged over-
hanging rocks with which the coast on this side is fringed.
We found the “ well of excellent water” to be a delusion as it
was almost unbearably brackish, although used by the native
spongers, who consider anything good that will sustain life.
The island is about two miles long and half a mile broad, and
is the home of countless sea-birds, particularly man o’ war-
birds, bridled and noddy terns. Both the latter species were
remarkably tame, the noddies in particular, being apparently
oblivious of our presence, and allowing themselves to be taken
from their nests by hand. A large number of the eggs of
both species were secured. Considerable quantities of gor-
gonians and sponges were found dried upon the rocks, having
probably been cast up by the waves, and then blown inward
by the wind. The rocks seem to be extensively excavated
beneath the centre of the island, and in several places were
openings through which the roar of the underlying sea could
be heard. Near the north shore was a picturesque amphi-
theatre carved in the coral rock, at the bottom of which was
a round pool of deep blue sea-water, in which many gor-
geous fish could be seen. The highest point of the rocks is:
about fifty feet above the sea level. On the south side isa
very pretty stretch of sand beach around the margins of a
semi-circular cove, affording a good landing for boats.

Mr. Wickham furnishes the following note: «The three
hours’ work on Water Cay served to give an idea of the some-

5 NatTurRAL History BULLETIN.

cnt

what limited insect fauna supported by this barren rock.
The space under loose stones which in more northern climates
would be occupied by numerous beetles of various species,
was here given over to hermit crabs, a number of which
would scarry away when the protecting cover was disturbed.
A single scorpion was seen, but escaped, and a species of
Phrynus was captured. No butterflies were seen, and only a
few inconspicuous moths, none of which were taken. Ants
were rather numerous, and some of the species appear not to
have been met with elsewhere during the trip. A Tabanid fly
was seen, and a few flesh flies were attracted by the carcasses
of birds shot for skinning.

«“ The coleoptera were not numerous eitherin specimens or
species, the most remarkable capture being a Cetoniid, which
I take to be Euphoria sepulchralis Fabr., though it is not
exactly like those found in the United States. It was at rest
under a spreading yellow-flowered plant, which grew quite
commonly wherever a little soil was to be found in hollows of
the rock. A Mordellid was beaten from another species of
plant (not then in flower, I think), and with it several speci-
mens of a minute black weevil, totally unlike anything with
which Iam acquainted, and a few Arfzpus near floridanus.
The sea-weed along the beach covered a number of PAilerza,
of course. They seem to occur on sandy sea-shores every-

where.”

CHAPTER IV.

HAVANA.

Early on the morning of Sunday, May 21st, we found our-
selves in view of the Cuban coast, off the city of Matanzas,
back of which loomed high mountains, one raising its majestic
top, flat and massive, above the clouds which hung over the
island. All day long the « Emily E. Johnson” sailed along
this picturesque coast with a light but fair wind, just a little
more than holding her own against the strong current of the
Gulf Stream, which sweeps the coast at the rate of three, and
in places perhaps four, knots per hour. An occasional village
was seen nestling at the foot of the hills, each hamlet with its
inevitable church on the one hand and barracks on the other.

One who travels far from home is constantly reminded of
how little we realize the magnitude of countries, rivers, etc.,
of which we seldom hear. Few persons, for example, are
aware of the fact that the island of Cuba is over seven hun-
dred miles long, and that one could travel in a straight line,
theoretically at least, a distance equal to that from New York
City to eastern Illinois, or from New Orleans to Quincy, Hli-
nois. in going from one end of Cuba to the other.

As we neared Havana, the towns along the coast became
larger and more pretentious. Then came charming country
villas. where the aristocracy of Havana retreat from business
cares. Telegraph lines, and perhaps telephones, connected
the metropolis with these suburban retreats. Finally the light-
house tower on Morro Castle loomed up in the misty atmos-
phere, and the long line of fortifications came into view.

As we neared the harbor entrance a little steam launch with
officials in uniform made its appearance off the point. A
fierce and sudden rain squall drove them back, and sent the
‘“‘ Emily ” several miles to the eastward and southward. The

60 NaTURAL History. BULLETIN.

squall over, we again made the harbor entrance, and this time
secured our pilot and passed a brief examination on the part
of the health-officer of the port,a courteous and affable gentle-
man, whose object in life seemed to be not to make himself
disagreeable in the course of official duty.

The setting sun gilded « El Morro” as we passed its frown-
ing battlements and glided beneath the muzzles of its big guns.
This fortification is one of the most historic, as well as pictur-
esque, on the American Continent. It was built about three
hundred years ago, and has seen many a bloody drama in its
day. Report has it that within its walls the massacre of the
ill-fated men of the “ Virginius” took place. The massive
walls and turrets, the old bastions and lofty tower perched on
the top of the precipitous rocks, combine to make a scene
strangely like those of medizval times.

Our captain was evidently loth to trust his vessel to a pilot
who didn’t know a word of English with which to direct a
crew that knew nothing else, but “el practico” brought us
safely inside the harbor, assigning us an anchorage opposite
the government wharves.

We had been told that the customs regulations were so
severe that it would be difficult to avoid infringement of their
intricate requirements. We found, however, that there was
nothing unreasonable about them, so far as cur business was
concerned. <A distinctly polite official looked over our passen-
ger list and manifest, said a few pleasant words regarding our
trip, and left the vessel with the assurance that all was right
and we could go ashore whenever we liked. The pilot left us
a copy of the harbor regulations printed in several languages.
Some of these rules seemed a little severe, but all were evi-
dently for the common good, with a sufficient number of fines
attached to trivial offences to enable the Cuban Govern-
ment to secure some revenue thereby, provided the fines were
collected, which seems doubtful.

No one went ashore that night, but all enjoyed the loveli-
ness of the moon-light on deck. The electric lights of the
city, the music from the parks, the ghostly forms of the white

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. OI

cruisers, were all welcome signs of civilization to those who
had been cooped up on the *“ Emily” for a week since their
run on Egg Island. In the morning a chance was given us
to view this matchless harbor by daylight. Tothe north was
the distant entrance, guarded by “ El Morro;” on the east the
fortifications extended for miles, most of them, however, show-
ing considerable dilapidation;’ to the south were large ware-
houses and freight wharves, while to the west lay the city of
Havana, “Queen of the West Indies,” with its moss-covered
cathedral towers rising here and there over the level stretch
of buildings, which are low in comparison to those in northern
cities, few being over two or three stories high. Immediately
in front of us was a government wharf with a huge iron der-
rick, capable of lifting the mainmast out of a cruiser, and a
solid stone water-front, with steps for the use of naval officers
when they went ashore.

We had heard so much about the filth of Havana Harbor
that we naturally expected to be disgusted. On the contrary,
however, we saw less that was offensive than would have
been encountered in any harbor in the United States whose
shores accomodate so large a city. The whole water-front
was scrupulously clean, and devoted to public purposes instead
of being given over to the lowest and most wretched inhabit-
ants of the city, as is so often the case.

Three Spanish cruisers lay at anchor between us and the
city. They resembled miniature editions of our own “ white
squadron.” Modern in every detail, even to machine and dyn-
amite guns, they looked to be no larger than a good many
private yachts, although doubtless admirably designed for the
purpose of cruising along the Cuban coast and suppressing
incipient rebellions, one of which was said to be under way at
the time of our visit.

It was somewhat of a disappointment to find that the
“Emily E. Johnson” floated the only American flag in this
great harbor, with its forests of masts on hundreds of vessels.
We afterward made out some American schooners, but for

some reason they neglected to show their colors We were

62 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

not allowed to enjoy this. enchanting view for long, however,
for no sooner were we on deck than the vessel was besieged
by the “bungo” men. The bungo isa little boat with an awn-
ing over the after part. like that which marked the prairie
schooner of early days at home. There seem to be hundreds
of these little harbor craft, each with its vociferous boatman,
who evidently has the insistent methods of the cabman the
world over. He is allowed by law to charge twenty-five~
cents in American money for conveying a passenger any-
where within the harbor. If he is dealing with a stranger,
however, the chances are that he will charge as much as he
thinks his patron can be bullied into paying. Having our
own boats and men, it was not necessary to patronize the
bungo man very extensively, much to his evident disgust.

The law required that our vessel be consigned to some resi-
dent firm or business man, and the representative of the firm
of Gonzales & Co. came off in a pretty steam launch to take
the captain and manager ashore. We had letters from the
United States Secretary of State to the Hon. Ramon Williams,
Consul General to Cuba, instructing him to aid our cause and
assist us in securing permission from the Cuban Government
to carry on our work without official molestation. Mr. Wil-
liams proved affable, and promised to use his influence in our
behalf, which he promptly did, securing permission for us to
carry on our dredging operations on the coast off Morro Castle,
and also at Bahia Honda, a place some fifty miles to the west
of Havana. Wishing to be released from the legal require-
ment of taking a pilot whenever we desired to go in or out
of Havana Harbor, the captain and myself went to the Cap-
tain of the Port. who was acting Admiral at the time. As is.
almost universally the case with Spanish officials, this gentle-
man was courtesy itself, and immediately promised to do what
he could for us, and sent us to confer with the “Captain of the
Pilots,” who had jurisdiction in such matters. Both Captain
Flowers and myself were deeply impressed with the courtesy
which seemed to be habitual and natural to these officials, a
courtesy so strangely in contrast with that which we had both

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 3

repeatedly encountered in dealing with similar officials in
our own country, that we could but exclaim, as did Mark
Twain in regard to the French officials, «* We are measurably
their superiors in some things, but they are immeasurably our
superiors in others.”

Havana was founded about 1519, and is thus among the very
oldest cities of the new world, and was twice visited by Colum-
bus. Some of its fortifications were built by De Soto. It
was twice captured by the English, once by the pirate Jacob
Sores, and once by Admiral Drake, since which time it has
been continuously in the power of Spain, although several in-
surrections and so-called “revolutions” have given the mother
country considerable trouble.

The architecture is Moorish, as might be expected from the
fact that for centuries the Moors dominated Spain. The old
city, or that originally enclosed within the walls, bears the
appearance of being cramped for room, so characteristic of
walled cities. The streets are excessively narrow, barely
allowing room for two wagons to pass, and are paved with
rough cobble-stones, affording anything but a comfortable
road-bed over which to ride. In many places the signs are
hung across the street, giving a decidedly oriental appearance,
but sadly obstructing the view. The sidewalks are ridicu-
lously narrow, not permitting two persons to pass. The rule
is “ keep to the right,” and if one is walking on the left side
of the street he must take to the gutter, unless he happens to
meet a pedestrian opposite a door, when it is customary for
one person to step into the doorway and let the other pass on
the walk. Most of the windows above the first story project
over the sidewalk, and are enclosed by stout iron bars. Nine-
tenths of the notices posted in the windows and on street cor-
ners are devoted either to announcements of bull-fights or of
lottery drawings. Street peddlers are constantly soliciting the
stranger to buy lottery tickets, and this evil is evidently firmly
entrenched in Havana, as in most Spanish cities. To a
stranger the lottery appears utterly demoralizing in its tenden-
cies, and more harmful in Havana than the drink habit,

64 Naturau History BULLETIN.

although a vast amount of liquor is consumed in the various
cafés.

The Cubans are not living at such a killing rate as their
brethren of the North, and it is a surprise to the latter to see
large rooms filled during business hours with men playing
dominos with the greatest assiduity. Very little drunken-
ness was seen on the streets, in spite of the great amount of
drinking indulged in, and aside from the lotteries, which of
course are legalized, there is little external evidence of vice.

The men are small and rather slender on the average, many
of them with strikingly handsome faces, particularly the eyes.
They are well dressed as a rule, and are much more graceful
and easy in their movements and attitudes than Americans.
Their negligee costume of trousers and light shirt, with a bit
of color in the woven sash gathered around the waist, is cool,
sensible and picturesque. Many of the store-keepers and
clerks appear rather indifferent as to whether they sell you
anything or not, as if they regarded the saving of trouble,
incident upon your refusal to buy, as an offset to the gain they
would realize on the sale.

Cuban ladies are seldom seen on the streets during the day-
time, and never without an escort, which is usually in the shape
of a grey-haired and solemn-looking duenna. When riding
in the city they are often seen puffing cigarettes, and in some
cases even cigars. It is doubtful, however, whether we saw
many ladies of the higher rank in walking about the city,
especially in the daytime.

Havana boasts a number of well kept and attractive parks.
The one nearest the harbor is the *“‘ Plaza de Armas,” front-
ing on the Governor’s residence. A statue of Ferdinand
adorns the centre of this beautiful little park, which is taste-
fully laid out and contains many attractive flowers. Probably
the most beautiful tree in the world for park ornamentation,
Pionciana regia is abundant in Havana, and its rich masses of
scarlet blossoms add greatly to the charm of the public
grounds.

The municipal palace itself is a not very pretentious struc-

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 65

ture of two stories, colored yellow with white trimmings.
Below, a corridor runs along the whole front under a series of
arches, which form in themselves a very characteristic and
artistic feature of Cuban architecture.

In all of the parks we recognized that familiar bohemian
and unmitigated nuisance, the English sparrow. He is now
evidently in possession of the beautiful Cuban parks, and doubt-
less finds himself in even better quarters than in the United
States. If this enterprising bird can overrun a continent with
such appalling facility as he has North America, he doubtless
finds little to prevent his ascendency in an island so well
adapted to his wants as is Cuba. A better example of man’s
folly in attempting to readjust the infinitely fine balance of
nature by importing a foreign element, could hardly be found
than his performance with the English sparrow, particularly
in the United States.

Some of the names of the streets are curious with their
foreign sound, but we were positively shocked to find that
the street running by the side of the Plaza de Armas was
eONeilly Street!”

Another attractive park, some distance west of the water
front, is “ Parka Centrale,” larger and more frequented by
people than the Plaza de Armas. In front of this park there
stood, at the time of our visit, a handsome triumphal arch,
erected in honor of the Princess Eulalia, who had just visited
Havana. This arch, although a temporary structure, was so
imposing and massive in appearance that, like the «* White
City,” it seemed a pity to tear it down. On one side of this
is the principal theatre, and on the other the building devoted
to bull-fights, the two main competitors for popular favor.

Parka Centrale is seen at its best in the evening, when the
military concerts are given, and all Havana turns out to enjoy
the refreshing promenade among the trees and flowers, illumi-
nated by electric lights. The music at such times is excel-
lent. Hundreds, and probably thousands, of chairs are placed
near the band stand, and for a “‘ medio,” or five cents, a court-
eous official sells you a ticket which secures the right to

66 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

occupy any otherwise vacant chair, and to change your seat
as often as you may desire during the evening.

Here we had a chance to see the better classes of Havana,
and found them very much like other ladies and gentlemen
the world over. Many of the men and some of the women
were strikingly handsome, and seemed to abandon themselves
entirely to the enjoyment of the hour.

The handsomest drive in Havana is along the * Prado,” or
‘Paseo Isabel.” which is probably one of the most pretentious
boulevards in Cuba, having a long line of park-like strips in
the centre and well paved carriage-ways on either side. Cabs
there are everywhere, victorias and * volantes” being always
within call. The latter accommodate two or three persons each,
and will take two, and perhaps three, passengers anywhere
within the city limits for twenty cents. Besides these. there
are street-cars and numerous omnibuses which run toward the
suburbs. The drivers seem utterly reckless as they dash
along the narrow streets and whirl around the corners. The
citizens. must be educated to keep out of the way of these
vehicles, as they are evidently expected to look out for them-
selves, the cabmen being apparently indifferent as to whether
people are run over or not.

Out west of the city are the Botanical Gardens, the most
beautiful grounds near Havana. Here tropical vegetation
may be seen in its luxuriance, and the trees, especially the
date-palms, are well kept and induced to attain their complete
development. A small stream and miniature lake, bordered
by a profusion of aquatic plants, suggested to the biological
mind that here was an excellent place for a well equipped
biological laboratory in which splendid work could be done,
with both salt and fresh water within easy reach. We found
little evidence, however, that modern biology occupied any
considerable share of the attention of the Cuban authorities.
The Gardens, being beautiful, will always receive the sup-
port of this beauty-loving people; but pure science has not as
yet obtruded itself upon the official mind.

Mr. Wickham visited the museum in the “Iglesias de

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 67

Belen,” a cathedral founded in 1704. The museum is in a
large room opening from the library, and contains collections
illustrating the products of the West Indies, particularly the
island of Cuba. There is a limited number of specimens of
birds, mammals and reptiles. One of the most conspicuous
objects is a centre piece of two large sharks, one of which is a
‘“‘hammer-head.” There is also a large collection of labeled
mollusks, and a small collection of insects, most of which are
without labels and in a poor state of preservation, having suf-
fered greatly from the ravages of moths. The library con-
nected with the museum is quite extensive, containing many
rare old works, among them Ramon de la Sagra’s « History
of Cuba,” containing descriptions by specialists of the time, of
all the Known animals of the island.

The cathedral which has been supposed to contain the
bones of Columbus was erected by the Jesuits in 1724. It is
sombre and massive, built in the conventional style of all
Spanish cathedrals, with two towers at the front containing
numerous bells. Here we were accorded scant courtesy by a
rotund and surly Padre who seemed to be in charge of this
building.

Opposite the municipal palace is a white marble chapel of
plain but classic design, built to commemorate the celebration
of the first mass held at Havana by Christopher Columbus.

The most striking feature of the city to an American is the
omnipresence of soldiery. The militia are the policemen, and
besides there are thousands of regular troops quartered in the
city. Men in uniform are everywhere conspicuous, in com-
panies, squads, and singly, and the impression conveyed is that
of a city in the grasp of a military despotism. Many of the
police wear sensible straw hats, and the almost universal uni-
form is made of a neatly fitting suit of blue cotton cloth, cool
and adapted to the climate. At the time of our visit there
were rumors of a rebellion, and it may be that a greater num-
ber of soldiers were on duty than is usually the case.

In the poorer quarters of the city the garbage is thrown into
the gutters, and the smells are horrible. Half, indeed almost

68 NATURAL ‘History BULLETIN.

entirely, naked children pick over these foul heaps in search
for edible scraps. Flies swarm everywhere, and the dirty
faces of the children are covered with them. Yellow fever is
endemic here, and it is a wonder that its ravages are not more
terrible in the squalid districts. The flies must be active agents
in spreading contagious diseases, where garbage from all
sources is left to rot in the street, and the children and the
flies carry on a struggle for existence, although living in
apparent amity.

The manufacture of tobacco into cigars and cigarettes is of
course one of the most important industries, and every vessel
that comes into the harbor is besieged by tobacco dealers, who
come out in bungos and use the most approved arts of the
peddler in disposing of their goods.

The sudden incursion of so many young men and women
from the hitherto unheard of country called “Iowa” was a
matter of considerable interest to the good people of Havana,
and they doubtless had many a hearty laugh over the attempts
of the « Americanos” to make themselves understood. One
of the most noticeable traits about Spaniards is the impossi-
bility of inducing them to laugh, or even to smile, at any mis-
take a stranger makes in attempting to speak Spanish. With
perfect courtesy they keep their countenances until they are
safe from observation. They would be other than human did
they not laugh then. But we had our turn when our laundry
bill was handed in, with a printed price list, from which I make
a few extracts:

‘‘Casimire pans, . : : : So cents.
Hand Ferchiefs, . : : : 05 cents.
Witte linen coats. : ‘ é 40 cents.
Varioss happes, . : : , 30 cents.

Nap Kins, - :
Washing will be done in feus hour.”
Although on shore the heat seemed great during the middle
of the day, the thermometer in the hold of our vessel usually
stood at about 86°, not going more than two or three degrees
above that point. The morning from ten to twelve seemed

O5 cents.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 69

the hottest part of the day, as there was usually little breeze
at that time. Just after sunrise the horizon was encircled by
solitary cumulus clouds, which had the turreted appearance so
common in the tropics. Sometimes they assumed the shape of
towering columnar masses with a spreading top. When the
wind was east or south of that quarter the clouds would gather
in the afternoon, and violent rain-squalls would pass westward
over the island. The amount of water which sometimes fell
in the course of half an hour was almost incredible. On
one occasion I saw the water reaching to the horses’ bellies in
one of the main streets. Although the drainage seemed good,
the water came so fast that it was actually unable to run off
with sufficient rapidity to prevent this accumulation. It is
said to be unsafe to use the water in the harbor for any pur-
pose after a heavy rain has washed the streets of the city, and
carried the garbage into the bay.

We remained in Havana Harbor for two days and three
nights at this time. The evenings were delightful, and most
of our party preferred to stay on board. One evening the
Spanish cruiser nearest us was going through the search-light
drill, and threw the dazzling beam on the quarter-deck of the
«“Hmily E. Johnson,” keeping it there for some time, and
throwing every object into the sharpest relief. Whether this
was a bold scheme to scrutinize the American * Senorlas,” or
an indication of some suspicion on the part of the authorities,
we never learned.

About all of the naturalizing done at Havana was accom-
plished by our indefatigable entomologists. Mr. Wickham
has handed me the following notes:

The first insects to attract attention on going ashore were
specimens of Cybzster lherminierz, and a species of //ydrophi-
/us, looking very much like our //. tvzangularis. These were
found on the ground under the electric lights which line the
harbor front, and later we found a very large Benacus under
the lamps in various parts of the city. A week later an oppor-
tunity presented itself to go across on the other side of the bay
for an hour’s work beating, by which it was hoped to add

70 NatTurau History BuLuLeETIn.

something to the stock of insects. Vigorous thrashing of the
brush over a large net brought to light two species of large
weevils, one a Pachneus, allied to P. opalus, the other not now
referable to its place in our lists.. Both of these were very
active, taking wing almost immediately on being disturbed.
In the same places a few CrypPlocephalus marginicollis Latr.
were found, and a peculiar longhorn, Huthuorus filum, which
is also known from the Floridian Islands, looking very much
like a small dry twig, the deception being heightened by the
insect keeping perfectly still when beaten from its resting
place. Locusts were quite abundant in the dusty roads, but
time was all too precious to admit of chasing them. Butter-
flies were fairly common, and a small series of them was
secured.

+ About this time a yellowish beetle with dark tips to the
elytra, Vacerdes melanura L., was very common in the hold
of the vessel, often running over the tables or crawling in the ~
bunks. It is probable that they bred aboard the schooner,
however, as it seems hardly likely that they would come in
such numbers from the city. The insect has a very wide
distribution. An example of Callichroma columbina,a beauti-
ful velvety green longhorn, was found one morning at rest on
the hull, and as it is a West Indian species, it is probable that
it flew out from the shores of the bay. A scarabeid beetle,
Scatophilus sarpedon (Burm.), was also found near Havana.”

An excellent series of photographs of Havana and vicinity
was taken by Mr. G. L. Houser, besides a great number of
more or less successful snap-shots with the Kodak and other
hand cameras, with which several of the party had provided
themseives. Films seemed to work better than glass plates in
the hand cameras, and were apparently less damaged by fungi
on account of being tightly rolled while in the camera, leaving
the surface exposed for only a very brief time. We found our
dark-room for developing so unbearably hot and stifling after
the lamp had been burning for a few minutes, that most of us
avoided developing our negatives while on the vessel.

Oa the morning of Wednesday, May 24th, we had an excit-

NarRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. et

ing adventure which might have ended disastrously. The
mate had brought along a small dog for a ship’s pet, and
+ Paul,” as he was called, soon became a general favorite,
being of an affectionate and playful disposition. He had been
moping and under the weather for a day or two, and on this
morning, while all hands were on deck after breakfast, Paul,

c

who was being fondled by one of the young men, suddenly
sprang from his arms, and gave apparently unmistakable
evidence of rabies, barking and growling at imaginary ene-
mies, trembling violently, and circling around the deck as if
seeking a hiding place, but not able to remain in one when
found. Finally foamy saliva gathered around the mouth, and
we were forced to conclude that the animal was mad. Under
the circumstances there was no time for debate. Even the
possibility of the animal’s being rabid, and free in the narrow
limits of the deck, with twenty-eight people on board, was
enough to send a thrill of horror through all who saw the
dog’s condition. One of the crew, with genuine heroism, suc-
ceeded in getting the animal by the neck and holding him
until a blow from a large iron bolt ended his life and his suf-
fering.

If the animal actually had rabies, which of course could not
be definitely proven without a more thorough investigation
than we could give, it is evident that the malady had been
latent ever since leaving Baltimore, or that this was a sponta-
neous case of madness.

At 9:40 in the morning, the ‘Emily E. Johnson” was towed
out of Havana Harbor, to attempt to secure a series of
Pentacrinus from the celebrated “* Pentacrinus Grounds,” dis-
covered by Lieut. Commander Sigsbee, of the ‘“ Blake,” in
1878, and ever memorable as the first place where the beauti-
ful ‘‘sea-lilies” were dredged in quantities. For this pur-
pose our expedition had visited Havana, although we were
told by competent authorities on marine dredging that our
plan was **too ambitious,” and that dredging at such depths
with a sail-vessel was impracticable. Moreover we were
informed that an iron rope could not be used on any but a

12 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

steam-vessel, with steam to hoist the dredge. We, on the
contrary. believed our plan practicable. and proposed to dem-
onstrate its feasibility. if possible.

This day, then, was to witness the crucial test of the expe-
dition, and of the equipment so carefully devised by Professor
Weld, from hints given by Doctor Alexander Agassiz. Mr.
Benedict, Assistant Curator of Marine Invertebrates at the
Smithsonian Institution, was naturalist in charge of the United
States Fish Commission Steamer * Albatross,” when she made
her successful hauls of Pentacrinus off Morro Light. This
gentleman very kindly pointed out for our benefit the exact
spot on the chart from which these hauls were made, and gave
us valuable suggestions as to the best methods of securing the
crinoids, strongly advising the use of tangles rather than trawls
or the dredge.

At 10:15 A. M., we made our first soundings, Morro Castle
bearing S. W. by W., distance one mile. The lead did not
reach the bottom. At 10:43 we made a second sounding,
with the same bearings from Morro Castle, and distant about
one and one-half miles. finding a depth of one hundred and
ten fathoms. The tallow at the bottom of the lead was eagerly
scrutinized for indications of the nature of the sea-bottom at
this point. and we found, among fragments of coral, a fresh
arm-plate of acrinoid. This was good evidence that we were
over the pentacrinus ground, and the tangles were immediately
lowered, rapidly at first, until they were presumably nearing
the bottom, and then slowly, until the jerking on the rope
proved that the tangles were dragging. The wind was N.E.,
and just about enough of it for our purpose. The vessel was
headed about N. W., the current running east about three
knots per hour. We were thus dredging almost directly off
shore, or down the submarine declivity which leads somewhat
rapidly into deep water off the Cuban coast. Just enough
headway was kept to drag the tangles without their jump-
ing and hitching over the bottom.

After allowing the tangles to drag for about twenty minutes,
the crank to the crab was manned, and our first haul in deep

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. The

water was on its way to the surface. The number of willing
hands on board made it possible to work short shifts, the men
working in pairs in regular rotation, each pair making thirty
turns of the crank, the next pair immediately taking their
place at the thirtieth turn.. It was necessary for one man to
stand in front of the machine with a stick as a lever to guide
the rope so that it reeled regularly and did not pile on the
drum. Others got out buckets, tubs, sieves and jars, in which
to assort the proceeds of the haul. As the tangles neared the
surface an anxious group of watchers stood along the rail. It
must be confessed that this was a time of very great but sup-
pressed excitement. We hardly dared hope that the first haul
would be successful, and were indeed prepared to work for a
week, if necessary, before giving up our cherished hope of
obtaining the much prized “sea-lilies.” Although assuring
each other that success must not be expected on this first
attempt, there was eager expectancy on every face that leaned
over the rail to catch the first glance of the returning tangles.
At last a dim yellowish blotch appeared way down in the blue
depths, then one of the sinkers, and finally the bar broke above
the surface amid breathless silence. The next moment a
shout of triumph, for there, clinging to the hempen strands,.
were over a score of the graceful pentacrini. It was well
that no phonograph recorded the wild rhapsodies with which
we fondly and caressingly disentangled our prizes from the
hempen meshes, placing them as soon as possible into sixty
per cent. alcohol, as advised by Mr. Benedict.

During the four days spent on the pentacrinus grounds we
made fifteen hauls, mostly with the tangles, dredging down
the slope from one hundred and twenty-five to two hundred
and sixty fathoms, and securing about one hundred and fifty
specimens of these handsome crinoids. Pentacrinus muller?
and P. decorus were the most abundant, but two beautiful
specimens of P. asferza were secured, besides a very small
Pentacrmmus which may be new.t'— When fresh, P. mzidler7 is

1 Dr. Charles Wachsmuth, the veteran authority on crinoids, kindly identified
these species for us.

VA NATURAL History BULLETIN.

darker colored than P. decovus, and is a handsomer species on
account of the greater number of arms. /. decorius when first
out of water usually had the head gracefully drooping and the
arms not greatly recurved, the outline of the whole being very
much like that of a lily. Pentacrinus miiller?, on the con-
trary, came up with the head erect and the numerous arms
very greatly recurved, usually meeting below the calyx as do
the leaves of some tiger-liies. . decorus is much more
fragile than the other species, both the cirri and arms being
more slender and liable to injury.

Lieutenant Commander Sigsbee reported that the colors of
these pentacrini were light brown, white and yellow. We
saw none that were either white or yellow, all being of some
shade of light brown, usually with a purplish or violet tinge,
and sometimes approaching a flesh color. Bright yellow
Comatule were fairly abundant, and white or nearly white
Comatule were also secured at this place. It occurs to me as
possible that Lieutenant Commander Sigsbee may have had
these in mind when giving the colors of the pentacrini.

Several specimens lived some little time after coming on deck.
The P. decorus would gracefully expand its arms until they
assumed a reflexed attitude, similar to that of P. mzler7.
The cirri were also waved about as if seeking support, and
there was some motion of the stem. We did not observe any
independent motion of the pinnules.

A majority of the specimens came on deck in good condition.
Some were broken in the operation of disentangling from the
hemp strands, and a few, not very many, were ruined by their
noted proclivity to “fly all to pieces” when displeased, a
shocking habit, especially in crinoids worth twenty dollars
apiece.

‘The method of preserving in pairs of pans soldered together,
as described on page 56, worked admirably, the specimens thus
cared for reaching Iowa City, after three months’ tossing about
on the * Emily E. Johnson,” in excellent condition, not having
suffered the slightest damage so far as we could see. The
remainder were transported in a large square tank of alcohol,

A Bouquet of « Sea Lilies.”

' Ys
y 1 ay
= z ¥ 7 «
wht
1
‘ eee .
. ae 4
=! ~
_ ] >
ae
¥
! ;
att
» y
;
‘
j
.
.
Ne

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. Vhs
and these also came through with remarkably little damage.
The first specimen of modern Penfacrinus brought to the
attention of the scientific world was secured from the vicinity
of the Island of Martinique, and sent to Paris in 1775. During
the next century only a few isolated specimens found their way
to Europe, and none of these had the soft parts sufficiently
well preserved for satisfactory investigation. The “ Chal-
lenger” secured quite a series, comprising several new species,
but nowhere were they found in any considerable quantities
during that memorable expedition. It remained for the United
States Coast Survey Steamer “ Blake” to discover that there
are still spots on the earth’s surface where these graceful
forms grow in almost as yreat profusion as during past geo-
logical times.

So far as the writer can discover, only two vessels dredged
over the pentacrinus grounds previous to the visit of the “ Emily
FE. Johnson.” ‘These were the “ Blake ” and the “ Albatross,”
the latter vessel being, as Agassiz says, “the best equipped
dredger for deep sea work in existence.” Both of these
expeditions secured magnificent series of Pentlacrznus, which
enriched the collections at the Smithsonian, Harvard, and a
few other Eastern Institutions. _No Western museum had any-
thing like a good series of these interesting animals until our
expedition secured an abundance of stalked crinoids for the
State University of Iowa.

One attempt to use a dredge on the pentacrinus ground
came near resulting disastrously. The dredge caught on the
rocky bottom and hung so solidly that it seemed that our
dredge rope would certainly part. The strain was evidently
tremendous, but the rope held, and after great labor and
anxiety the dredge was broken from the bottom, and came up
bent out of shape and with little in it to pay for our trouble.
The tangle bar is the instrument par exce//ence to use on rocky
bottom, such as we found at this station.

‘The labor of continuous dredging was rather severe on the
young men, most of whom were still inclined to be seasick.
The heat at times seemed oppressive, and our tacks ached

76 NatTuraL History BULLETIN.

long before the evening of each day spent on the pentacrinus.
grounds. We had the great satisfaction, however, of feeling
that we were attaining a marked success, and stuck to the work
every day, and all day, until our ambition was satisfied in the
matter of crinoids. Besides the pentacrini, a number of species.
of Comatule, including several Actsnometra, served to enlarge
our series of crinoids.

At this station we reaped a rich harvest of marine inverte-
brates of almost every class, and found the ground well worth
working over, even had there been no “ sea-lilies” secured.
Among the crustacea there were fewer individuals than we
encountered elsewhere, and yet those secured were almost
invariably of peculiar interest. The macrourans were rep-
resented by two striking forms, one a species of J/wnzda, having
greatly elongated chelipeds and long antennz widely separated
at the base. The eyes are greatly enlarged and deeply pig-
mented, indicating a constant functional use of these organs..
which could doubtless discern both prey and enemies as the
animal wandered around the patches of phosphorescent gor-
gonians so abundant in this locality. What a weird and ghostly
world it must be down there! A world of fitful phosphor-
escent gleams amid the eternal night and unbroken silence, a
land tenanted by grotesque shapes wandering among the
miniature palm-groves of pentacrini, each living but to kill and
eat, and in turn to be killed and eaten. The struggle for
existence must be as sharp down there as elsewhere in nature,
but it seems to our notion more grim, with less of joy because
with less of light and sound, and less of pleasure because with
less to impress the senses.

Another still more interesting macrouran was a little fellow
with his tail flexed tightly beneath the thorax, and enormously
lengthened chelipeds and chelz, these organs being no less.
than four times the entire apparent length of the body. The
chelze are. moreover, distinguished by having one large tooth
on the inferior cutting edge of the forceps, and anterior to
this a number of minute nodules. They are provided, more-
over. with conspicuous tufts of hair which project like a cam-

M. F. LINDER, DEL.

Crustacea from ‘‘ Pentacrinus Ground.”

OSACHILA TUBEROSA. Stimp.
THRYOLAMBRUS ASTROIDES. Rathb.
Macrouran with elongated chelipeds.
Chela of same.

. Munipa (?) sp.

WW he
ye ewes

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. ru
el’s hair brush in front of these organs. The eyes are small
and entirely devoid of pigment, giving the impression that
they were not much used. Probably the brushes on the
‘chele were tactile organs pushed out far in front of the animal
on the enormously lengthened chelipeds.

Among the brachyurans the myioids greatly predomi-
nated. One species of Lzésnza is characterized by a great
horse-shoe-shaped depression on the carapace, as if the ani-
mal had been very deeply branded. The concave surface of
the depression is glistening and smooth, as if it were in some
way artificially produced. This mark is perfectly symmet-
rical, however, and placed exactly on the median line of the
carapace. In other respects this specimen is not remarkable.
A species of Zhryolambrus was secured, with a transverse
and triangular carapace, an exceedingly long cheliped and
small chela with conspicuous spines. All the legs are covered
with spines and nodules, and the carapace is marked with
curious reticulations of ridges and grooves, as if waterworn.
There is no rostrum, and the inconspicuous eyes have the
appearance of being functionless. A slender-limbed species
probably belonging to the genus Podoche/a is characterized by
its long and slender forceps, exserted eyes, and two dark
marks on the carapace above the bases of the walking legs.

Among the oxystomata, Osachila tuberosa Stimpson was
secured. It has the tender mouth-parts well protected by a
leaf-like expansion of part of the maxilliped, which forms a
triangular plate exactly fitting over the mouth-parts, and, with
its fellow, making a sort of operculum which effectually pro-
tects all of the appendages engaged in feeding.

One of the interesting things about the macroura is the
nicety with which the antennule is folded up like a pocket
rule, and tucked away out of sight when not inuse. A novice
might hunt in vain for this organ in the species in question
without discovering it packed out of harm’s way in a special
pocket hollowed out under the rostrum for its reception.

The most abundant animals at this station were the various
classes of Echinodermata. Of these the star-fish were the

78 Naturaut Hisrory BULLETIN.

least numerous, although one striking species was secured,
which seems to belong to the family Asterinide, but cannot
be accommodated in any genus, the description of which is
accessible to the writer. The abactinal surface is covered
with small rectangular plates arranged in regular rows.
These plates bear spines closely resembling paxille in their
arrangement. The papule, or dermal branchie, are found
on the dorsal surface only. The most striking feature of this
species is the peculiar ornamentation effected by conspicuous,
irregularly disposed rounded prominences scattered over the
dorsal surface, and resembling huge warts. I have seen no
similar arrangement of tubercles elsewhere among the
Asteroidea.

Among the thirty-odd species of serpent-stars and basket-
fish dredged on the pentacrinus grounds, were many forms of
unusual interest to the zoologist, a considerable proportion
being probably new species. This portion of the collection
is particularly worthy of careful study in the hands of a compe-
tent specialist. The writer can do nothing more than indi-
cate the general nature of the collection, mentioning a few of
the more notable and striking forms. such as catch the atten-
tion in a hurried examination of the material.

The Ophuride are represented by species of Ofphzura,
Ophiomusium, Ophiozona, Ophiolepis, Ophiomitra, Ophio-
pepale. Ophiothyreus, Ophiocantha, Ophioglypha, and Ophio-
CaMAX.

A very striking form allied to Ophzomustum has the entire
dorsal surface covered with rounded, greatly projeeting nod-
ules like cobble-stones of several colors in striking contrast.

a6 . . a
Similar nodules cover the dorsal surface of the arms, from which

they pass on to the disk, forming five large bulging ridges
which meet at the centre of the back. Alternating with these
ridges are the broad. granulated and widely separated radial
shields. Below are seen the roughly pentagonal mouth-
shields. with conspicuous side mouth-shields, both being set
back a considerable distance from the angles of the jaws.
Each upper arm-plate alternates with a series of three promi-

NarRRATIVE 07 BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 79

nent * cobble-stones,” and a still more prominent accessory
piece is placed in front of each side arm-plate, the latter being
considerably less conspicuous than the accessory piece.
There are two short, stubby arm-spines to each side arm-
plate, and a large tentacle-scale apparently soldered down to
the lower arm-plate, there being no visible tentacle-pores.
The mouth-papillz are six on each side of each jaw, and they
too are apparently soldered together, a character of the genus
Ophiomusium. Another interesting fact is that the arms roll
in a vertical plane, a feature heretofore, I believe, observed
only in the Astrophytida, or basket-fish. This resemblance
is further helped out by the prominent ridges on the top and
sides of the arms, these ridges wo¢ being formed by the upper
and side arm-plates. Indeed it is doubtful that this strange
ophiurian is an Ophromuszum at all, and it may be regarded as
the first of a series of no less than eight species secured at
this station, which lead from the true serpent-stars on the one
hand to the true branched Astrophytidz on the other.

The species above described would seem to be on the
serpent-star side of the line, still retaining the characteristic
mouth-parts, i. e.. mouth-shields, side mouth-shields and mouth
papilla, combined with several features characteristic of the
Astrophytide.

Next in our progress toward the typical basket-tish, we
come to a species of Szesbeza, with a highly vaulted disk
covered with harsh granules, and exhibiting pronounced
radiating ridges, and, in addition, raised ridges which form
concentric pentagonal markings, crossing the radiating ridges
at right angles. The bases of the arms are swollen, and the
arms throughout are ringed as in the next genus. The radiat-
ing ridges on the disk are formed not by radial shields, but by
series of nodules or small plates. The arms are harsh with
rough granules arranged in ridges as in the next genus, and
roll naturally in a vertical plane, forming a stiff coil which can
hardly be unrolled after the animal is dead without breaking
the arm. There are large and prominent accessory plates on
the sides of the arms. This species differs from Svesbera

So NATURAL History BuLietTi.

murrhina in having a highly vaulted instead of a flat disk, as
represented in Agassiz’ “Three Cruises of the Blake,” and
described in the “ Blake” Reports. The arrangement of the
dorsal plates is also different.

Next we have the genus Ophzomyxa, which is placed on the
basket-fish side of the line. Our collection seems to contain
at least two species of this genus. Here we have forms with
the arm-plates and disk markings of the serpent-star replaced
by a tough, leathery membrane. The mouth-papille are
furnished with serrated edges. an approach to the spines in
this region characteristic of the basket-fish. The tentacle-
scales are obliterated, and the arm-spines are reduced to in-
conspicuous stumps. The radial ridges are not prominent.
A step farther is reached in the genus Opfzocreas, of which
we secured at least three species at this station. This genus
has the astrophyton-like characters of Ophzomyxa, and, in
addition the spiniform mouth-papille and prominent radial
ridges reaching in some cases clear to the middle of the dorsal
surface. The arms are immensely lengthened, reaching the
maximum of length to diameter to be found among ophiurians.
The three species secured may be differentiated as follows, the
writer not being willing to risk naming them:

(a) <A form in which one radial shield of each pair over-
laps its fellow. Length of arms to diameter of body is as
twelve to one. The color in alcohol is a decided brown.

(b) An exceedingly slender form, with prominent but
narrow radial plates which do not touch each other. Length
of arms to diameter of disk as twenty-five to one. This is a
small and delicate species, of a light pinkish brown color,
highly vaulted disk, and remarkably attenuated arms.

(c) A small but stouter form, with radial shields not reach-
ing to center of disk, but extending not much more than half
that distance. Disk flat; segments of arms very distinct,
much more so than in any other Ophzocreas which | have seen.
Length of arms to diameter of disk as eight to one.

Last of all we come to two species of Astrogomphus, a genus
discovered by the “Blake” near the Florida Keys. This

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. SI

genus seems to exhibit nearly all of the characters of an
astrophyton except the branching arms, and is probably nearer
that genus than any other specimen secured by us. Neither
of our two species can be referred to Astrogomphus vallatus.
They may be briefly diagnosed as follows:

(a) Radial ridges broader than in A. val/atus; spiniform
mouth-papille much smaller. The ventral surface is not
smooth, but bears anumber of regularly but sparsely distrib-
uted granular nodules. There is no “fence of pickets” sepa-
rating the mouth region from the interbrachial spaces. Color
in alcohol almost white.

(b) Radial ridges not continuing to near center of disk,
and apparently five instead of ten in number, owing to the
fact that each pair of radial plates is soldered together by their
apposed faces, forming one broad elevated ridge instead of
two, as in other species. The ridges on disk and arm bases
resemble those of Astrocnida tsrdis. Spines on radial ridges
smaller than in Astrogomphus vallatus, and the mouth parts
much as in the latter species. The ventral surface is crowded
with spiny granules, but there is no “ fence of pickets.”

It is seldom that such an array of species of simple armed
ASTROPHYTID# is found in any one locality. Most of these
forms appear to be new, and are certainly well worthy of care-
ful study.

Among the great number of typical serpent-stars our space
will admit of but the briefest mention of afew. Ophvothyreus
goes is a short-armed species having the disk covered with
swollen plates. The first upper arm-plate is split in two and
interposed between the radial shields. Each half of the split
arm-plate bears on its outer side a row of minute scales re-
sembling genital scales. Ophiopepale goesiana is a daintily
marked slender-armed species, with divided under arm-plates
and prominent radial shields. Disk brown, conspicuously
spotted with white.

A very conspicuous species is an Ofphiocantha (7), with a
disk colored light brown, with five broad radiating bands of
pure white and long glassy spines. There are few more

82 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

beautiful objects under a low power of the microscope than
these glassy spined ophiurans. For some reason they are
particularly apt to be provided with conspicuous radiating
bands of color, giving a remarkably elegant pattern against
which the pure transparent spines are outlined. Another fact
worth noting is that. so far as the writer has been able to
discover, these glassy spines are never colored, as are the
gorgeous calcareous spicules of the GoRGONID, for instance.
Nature has infinite resources, and the contrast of color is
probably just as effective in the one case as in the other.
There may belittle significance in the fact that a deep violet
or purple is perhaps the commonest color in spicules of gorgo-
nians, and is also found in the conspicuous color bands on the
disks of many species of glassy spined ophiurans.

Perhaps the most remarkable spines possessed by any
species dredged from the pentacrinus grounds, are those of
an Ophiocamax (7), in which some of the arm-spines are six
times the diameter of the arm in length. These beautiful
spines are beset with symmetrically arranged spinelets sharp
as needles (how poor the comparison!), and set nearly at
right angles to the main shaft. The disk of this species is.
remarkable for being highly vaulted and sharply divided into
five swollen lobes. The mouth-papillae are arranged in
rosette-shaped tufts. and tooth-papillae are present. Taken as
a whole the OpHiuRID secured at this station are character-
ized by the paleness of their colors, although bright pigment
is by no means wanting.

Among the Echini a number of striking forms were
secured. Perhaps the handsomest species was Porocidar?s
sharreri, one specimen being a truly magnificent one, with
spines about seven inches in length, and the peculiar serrated
radioles resembling some of the ivory spear-heads used in
Africa. Dorocidaris bartletti exhibited remarkable variation
in its radioles or primary spines, those in young specimens
being conspicuously banded with scarlet and white, and
coarsely serrated, while the older and longer spines appear to
have lost both their color and their serrations.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 83

It seems to me that such striking coloration in regular
pattern as is often found among the deep-sea echinoderms is
good presumptive evidence that there is a considerable quan-
tity of light at the sea bottom, whether the illumination comes
from the upper world or is furnished entirely by the various
phosphorescent animals.

Celopleurus floridanus, a beautifully colored species allied to
the Arbacea of our coasts, made a pleasing display with its
brilliant crimson and white spines. The four triangular anal
plates of this species is usually given as a family character of
the ARBACEIDA, but among our specimens of Celopleurus

flortdanus was one with three plates, others with four, and
one with five. In examining the series it so happened that
the writer found the three in the order named, much to his
astonishment. Sa@/enza pattersonz, another species with spines
banded with vermilion and white, is rendered still more at-
tractive by bands of deep viclet following the ambulacral
furrows, and outlining the plates of the apical system, the
ground color being a dove or cream color. The anal opening
is quite eccentric in this sea-urchin, and Alexander Agassiz
thinks that the suranal plate is the homologue of the centro-
dorsal of star-fishes and crinoids. A beautiful specimen of
Aspidodiadema may represent a new species, the spines being
ringed with rich purplish violet and white in striking contrast.

Some small specimens of Echini probably belonging to the
genus Zemnechinus were secured, and also a few small Petal-
osticha which have not yet been identified.

The ccelenterates of the pentacrinus ground are little less
interesting than the echinoderms. ‘The assemblage of forms
belonging to this subkingdom embraced almost nothing that is
familiar to the naturalist whose work has been confined to
shallow water.

The corals are almost all of the simple old-fashioned type,
not one of the familiar West Indian reef-builders being found
at this station. Pourtalés, who had the honor of first calling
the attention of the scientific world to the deep-sea corals of
the Gulf Stream, says, “The total of sixty-four species is

84 NatTurRAL History BULLETIN.

nearly as large as the total of the shoal water or reef corals of
the same region, if we reduce the number of the latter to its
proper proportions by the rejection of merely nominal species. '
Probably the most beautiful simple coral secured by us was a
Deltocyathus ttalicus. This exquisite little disc-shaped coral is
noted for being a living fossil, as it were, being found living
on the Portalés Plateau and other parts of the Gulf Stream,
and fossil inthe Miocene rocks of Italy. We found excellent
specimens of both forms figured by Agassiz in “Three
Cruises of the Blake.” None of our specimens showed any
indication of a base of attachment. Other genera represented
were Lthizotrochus, Caryophyllia, Paracyathus and Thecopsam-
mia. A small branching form was also secured with slender
costate calicles, from the upper walls of which other individual
calicles spring. The most conspicuous coral here was a pro-
fusely branching form which appears to be Axohelia mirabilis,
although the original description of this species is not at hand.
The specimen secured has a remarkably hispid surface, with
calicles having ten to twelve exserted septa, giving it the ap-
pearance of an Ocudina. An unusual character is the preva-
lence of ten septa to each calicle, the number twelve appearing
to be exceptional. The corallum is buffy or creamy white,
with brown polyps.

To those accustomed to the shallow-water Hydrocoralline,
the deep-water forms are a revelation. The daintiest “coral”
secured was the Sty/aster filogranus, with its exquisite lace-like
tracery of delicate branchlets and its rosy hue. Unfortunately,
the beautiful color had altogether disappeared before we
reached home. P/robathus symmetricus is, as its name implies,
a form characterized by unusual symmetry, being fan-shaped
with a number of regularly disposed palmate branches. Lzs-
tichopora contorta has curiously bent branches, along the
edges of which are double ridges with deep furrows between.
The gastrozoids inhabit large pores arranged in an irregular
double row along the bottom of the furrow, while the dactylo-

1 Report on Corals and Antipatharia by L. F. Pourtalés, Bulletin Mus. Comp.
Zool., Vol. V1., No. 4.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 85

zoids inhabit smaller slit-like pores placed on either side along
the edge of the two ridges. The specimens of this form
secured by us attain a height of about two inches.

Two other species of this genus were found which attained
a considerable size. Both were profusely branching forms,
with the branches in the same plane. One, J). sulcata (?),
had the edges cut by deep grooves, which were continuous
and included large pores, and ill-defined nodules scattered
rather freely over the broad surfaces of the branches. Color,
light buffy. The other species was characterized by very
shallow, discontinuous grooves along the edges, small pores,
comparatively smooth surface, and a white color.

So far as we discovered, these deep-water Hydrocoralline
did not possess stinging powers at all comparable with their
shallow-water relatives, which have an uricating effect hardly
surpassed by any ccelenterates which we encountered, with
the exception of certain Siphonophora.

The Alcyonaria were no less interesting than the hard
corals, and were in a better state of preservation, making
their approximate identification possible. The classification
used is the one adopted in the “ Challenger ” Report on the
Alcyonarva.'

Two beautiful crimson species of Gorgonia were found, with
sub-flabellate system of branches and slightly raised calicles.
The Curysccorcip were represented by species of the
genera Dasygorgia and Chrysogorgia. The former does not
have the branches spirally arranged, and the branches are
sparse and do not break up into branchlets, as is usual in this
genus. On the other hand, the calicles are long and at an
acute angle to the branch, and have the spicules arranged as
in the genus mentioned. The specimens of Chrysogorgza are
branched in an exceedingly profuse dendritic manner, giving
an unusually delicate and pleasing appearance to the colony.
The calicles are much smaller than in the preceding species,

1 It is surprising how greatly these magnificent Reports differ in the convenience
with which they may be used by the general zoologist, the Report on the Alcyonaria

being particularly satisfactory inthe synopsis of classification in the introduction,
which greatly enhances the utility of the work to the non-specialist.

86 NaturaAL History BULLETIN.

and conform to the definition of C/rysogorgza in the disposition
of the spicules.

A beautiful Acanthogorgia, apparently complete, but only
two inches high, is symmetrically flabellate and very profusely
branching, with lengthened columnar calicles and bristling
with thorny spicules, two layers of which protect the included
polyp. the inner layer closing over the distal end and forming
a complete operculum. Two species of Paramuricea, both
brown in color, flabellate in form, and very profusely branch-
ing, differ in size and in the arrangement of the verruciform
calicles. one being characterized by distinctly separated cali-
cles. and the other by having the branches covered with a
dense mass of crowded calicles with their bristling spicules.
A bright crimson species probably belongs to this genus, and
bears a striking superficial resemblance to the beautiful colored
plates of S7phonogorgza in the “Challenger” Report. Under
the lens this species is exquisitely beautiful, with its coating of
large crimson spicules.

These extremely hispid species get so involved in the fine
hempen strands of the tangles, that a great deal of patience is
required to separate them from their unnatural environment,
and it is almost impossible to pick off all the threads that wind
in and out among the myriad thorny points of the spicules.

The family GoRGONELLID& is represented by a slender whip-
like Scar pearella, with irregular rows of verruciform calicles
arranged on two sides of the unbranched colony. The general
surface is smooth, and the color orange in some specimens and
light vellow in others.

Among the most interesting of all was a representative of the
family CORNULARID#, which gives an idea of the stock from
which the primitive TUBULARID&, or organ-pipe coral, and also
the original GorGoniIp&, may have sprung These speci-
mens, which are fragmentary, appear to belong to the genus
Telesto, although I am not aware that representatives of this
genus have heretofore been reported from the Atlantic. It is
characterized by having a long axial polyp-tube, in our speci-
mens, about four inches long. A cross section of this polyp-

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 37

tube reveals a central cavity surrounded by the eight mesen-
terial chambers, which reach from the base of the branch clear
up to the terminal polyp. The ridges indicating these mesen-
teries can be seen externally running along in parallel lines to
the extremity of the axial polyp. At rather short intervals
lateral polyp-tubes appear, ending distally in calicles with eight
longitudinal ridges. The polyps can be partially, and per-
haps wholly, protracted from the calicles. Color of entire
colony, orange. The specimen closely resembles 7Ze/eséo
arborea, as figured and described in the “ Challenger ” Report.

Two other species of the Alcyonacea belong to the widely
distributed genus Sfongodes. ‘The colony at first glance seems
to be nothing but an agglomeration of spicules. ‘The polyps
are in dense, short clusters or clumps, and are so compactly
surrounded by large jagged spicules that the calicles are
almost concealed. One species is brown and about an inch
high, and the other is brilliant scarlet and somewhat smaller.

The difference between this assemblage of Alcyonaria from
the pentacrinus ground and those from shallow water in the
same general region, is probably as great as would be found
in specimens from the polar and tropical seas, and forcibly
illustrates the revelations that await us when investigations are
undertaken in the science of bathymetrical distribution of
animals, a science which bids fair to be as productive of
suggestive facts as is that of geographical distribution, as
first conceived and elaborated by Alfred Russell Wallace.

One or more species of Anézpathes was collected here, all
being of the branching type. They were at first taken for
plumularian hydroids, to which they bear considerable super-
ficial resemblance.

In this locality about twenty-one species of hydroids were
dredged from depths averaging from one hundred to two
hundred and fifty fathoms. Of the eight campanularians,
five appear to be new. The heretofore described species are
Obelia marginata, 7) hyroscyphus ramosus, and Cryptolaria
conferta. 'Vwo parasitic campanularians were secured, one
being characterized by a more robust calicle than its nearest

88 Naturat History BULLETIN.

ally, Lafwa venusta, and also by the fact that the margin is
very slightly, if at all, everted. The other species is still
more robust, and perfectly smooth, the annulations which
make Z. venusta so attractive being entirely absent.

Two new species of Cryptolaria were added to this inter-
esting genus. One was among the most graceful forms of
hydroids secured, having exceedingly large and long hydro-
thecee gracefully curved with their bases twisted together, a
very distinct and striking species. Another form is distin-
guished by profusely annulated hydrothece which are nearly
opposite on the polysiphonic stem. Another interesting find
was a species which bears a very striking resemblance to
Lafea convallaria, but'a closer examination shows that each
calicle is separated from the stem by a distinct partition or
septum, a character which, according to Allman, must throw the
Havana species into the genus Zecfore/la. The gonangia are of
the peculiar anchor shape described by Clarke, but the top is
produced into a tube through which the ova apparently
escape, and not through the lateral flukes of the anchor.

Some novel forms were encountered among the sertularians.
One species, growing to a height of about six inches, was pro-
vided with the largest hydrothece the writer ever saw.
These were further remarkable in being in the form of a
parallelopipedon, with a square aperture and an operculum
composed of four flaps. The margin is ornamented with
a number of false margins, -as if produced by successive
periods of growth. Sertularia tntegritheca has very large
cylindrical hydrothecee without opercular flaps. The gonan-
gia of this species are almost unique in springing apparently
from the side of the hydrothece. An exceedingly delicate
Sertularia is characterized by having the hydrothece in pairs
with their backs contingent, and borne on the side, not the
front, of the stem as in the genus Desmoscyphus. Sertularia
tubitheca completes the list of sertularians from this region.

A number of interesting PLUMULARID were dredged on the
pentacrinus ground. Plumularia megalocephala and Anten-
nella gracilis were found. A fragmentary specimen, with

M. F. LINDER, DEL.

Hydroids from ‘‘ Pentacrinus Ground.”

Fig. 1.
Fig. la.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2a.
Fig. 2
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3a.
Fig. 4.

SERTULARELLA GAYI VAR. ROBUSTA. Allman.
FILELLUM sp., a parasitic Hydroid.

SERTULARELLA FORMOSA. Fewkes.

Gonangium of same.

LAFGA VENUSTA. Allman.

OBELLA HYALINA. Clarke (found on floating sea-weed)
Magnified hydranth of same,

LICTORELLA CONVALLARIA (?) (Allman).

Fig. 4a, 6,c. Details of same.

Fig. 5.
Fig. Sa.
Fig. 5d.

SERTULARELLA QUADRATA. Nutting.
Magnified hydrotheca of same.
Parasitic campanularian.

PA ee pe te Ge
’ t

et
'

M. F. LINDER, DEL,

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Hydroids from ‘‘ Pentacrinus Ground.’

1. SERTULARELLA GAYI VAR. ROBUSTA. Allman.
la, FILELLUM sp., a parasitic Hydroid.

2. SERTULARELLA FORMOSA. Fewkes.

2a. Gonangium of same.

26. LWAFG@A VENUSTA. Allman.

3. OBELLA HYALINA. Clarke (found on floating sea-weed)
3a. Magnified hydranth of same.

4, LICTORELLA CONVALLARIA (?) (Allman).

4a, b,c. Details of same.

S, SERTULARELLA QUADRATA. Nutting.

fa. Magnified hydrotheca of same.

Fig. 54. Parasitic campanularian.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 89:

four supracalicene nematophores, two of which were exces-
sively elongated, is not far from the genus D7plopteron of All-
man, but may require a new genus for its accommodation.
Aglaophenia rhynchocarpa and A. lophocarpa were accom-
panied by a probably new species of Agvaophenra, character-
ized by having the mesial nematophores long with the distal
portion projected at a large angle from the anterior face of the
hydrotheca. Corbule with eight perfectly free leaflets, each
bearing two rows of nematophores. The distal ends of the
leaflets from opposite sides meet each other above, rather
than alternating as in other species. A new iVematophorus
is remarkable for the possession of ** double barrelled” mesial
nematophores, which are very long and project forward and
slightly downward. An apparently new Cladocar pus is allied
to C dolichotheca, from which it differs in having much shorter
and more closely approximated hydrothece, in having the
gonangia in pairs instead of single, and in less profusely
branched phylactogonia.

Too much cannot be said in praise of the manner in which
Captain Flowers handled his vessel while dredging. He
amply demonstrated the practicability of working at consider-
able depths with a sail-vessel, and it was evident that with
sufficient iron rope we could have done successful work at a
depth of five hundred fathoms or over. The captain staid at
the wheel during the entire four days of our work on the
pentacrinus ground, and also stood his watch at night while
the vessel was standing off and on, in order to be on the
dredging ground early in the morning. Even his endurance,
however, was not sufficient for such a continued strain, and
on Friday evening, May 26th, we decided to return to Ha-
vana in order to getarest. But this was easier said than done.
The wind held fair but close, until the «Emily E. Johnson”
Was right in the narrowest part of the channel, when it sud-
denly drew around, blowing directly out of the harbor and in
our teeth. There was room neither to tack nor to bring the
vessel about, and the situation was decidedly precarious.
Then it was that our captain showed his judgment and sea-

go NATURAL History BULLETIN.

| manship, for he succeeded in dacking the schooner out of the
channel as neatly as though she had steam propulsion. With
consummate skill his orders were given and executed, every
pull at the halliards and sheets having the exact effect upon
which he had calculated. A glance at the sea-wall opposite
Morro Castle showed that it was black with people, who real-
ized that a wreck was imminent. Slowly and steadily the
‘Emily ” glided stern first, back past the grim port-holes of
« E] Morro,” until she reached blue water and put about.

It being impracticable to get into harbor that night, it was
decided to spend one more day on the pentacrinus grounds,
and then we tried the channel with better success, the
«Emily ” being forced to make almost the entire circuit of
the harbor on account of a big steamer blocking the direct
way to our anchorage. A stiff breeze sent the schooner cut-
ting through the water like a yacht, as she dodged in and out
among the various craft, and at last dropped anchor, as
before, among the Spanish cruisers.

Sunday, May 28th, was passed in resting and in visiting the
city and Botanical Gardens. This is the day on which one
sees the people of a Spanish city to the best advantage. In
the evening, especially, the military concert in Parka Centrale
seemed to attract a multitude of citizens of the better classes.

The next day was spent in preparation to leave for our next
station. The American Consul General-had requested us, in
case we were successful in securing Penfacrinus, to present
one to each of three or four prominent officials, in recog-
nition of courtesies extended to us. This we were perfectly
willing to do, and five superb specimens of Pentacrznus were
selected and placed in separate jars bought for the purpose.
Three of these were taken to the office of the Consul, in
order that through him they might be presented to the Goy-
ernor General and Secretary General of Cuba. One was
taken for the Consul himself, who had incidentally mentioned
that a similar favor was extended by the “ Albatross” when
she dredged pentacrini off Morro Castle. The gentleman
who delivered these specimens returned with the report that

*y9q UO HOOUJa}}y ABpuns

h

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. gI

the representative of the United States Government had
received this really splendid donation with open contempt,
asserting that the specimens were not crinords. What mental
picture of the crinoid had established itself in the brain of this
official we never discovered, but we left with the conviction
that our representative might ignorantly discredit our attempted
courtesy in the eyes of the Cuban officials. From this time
on an abrupt change was noticed in the attitude of the author-
ities toward the expedition, which was at least suggestive of
adverse influence. Certain it is that no more superb specimens
of these rare and beautiful forms are possessed by any museum
in America than those which were thus wasted on account
of the misconception of the Consul General.

Our schooner was thoroughly examined by the United
States Examining Physician, who gave a clean bill of health,
but told us that we would probably be quarantined at Key
West, for which we cleared, although this was not the next
station at which we designed to work.

All our empty water barrels were filled at Havana, we
being assured that the water supplied was excellent, as indeed
it seemed to be. A few barrels full were caught during a
heavy rain-squall, when all hands turned to and had a regular
wash-day, resulting in a good clean stock of towels and clothes.

The next morning, May 30th, we left Havana for the last
time, well satisfied with our visit to the ** Queen of the West
Indies,” and yet anxious to try our fortunes in other fields.
We could not resist the temptation to make one more haul at
the pentacrinus grounds before leaving the region for good,
and sent down the tangles, which came over the rail with five
good “sea lilies” and a number of fine serpent-stars, after
which we set sail for the port of Bahia Honda, situated on a
bay of that name, about fifty miles west of Havana, in lati-
tude 23°, longitude 83° 13’. The wind was very light, although
fair, and the heat more oppressive than it had been thus far
while we were at sea. The deck was newly oiled and the tar,
liquid with the heat and mixed with the oil, made a pasty
stickiness that was anything but a happy combination. ‘That

92 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

night we saw numerous large fires along the coast, which we
concluded were from kilns of some sort. For a while the
wind gave out almost entirely, and it was a question whether
we were going forward or being carried back by the current
of the Gulf Stream, which is here much less perceptible than
off the coast near Havana. ;

In the morning we found ourselves near an exceedingly
picturesque coast, with high mountains towering above the
low-lying clouds. Some of the peaks were really imposing,
although clothed to their summits with thick forests, with here
and there great patches of bare rocks showing in reddish
blotches among the green.

No sign of human habitation was to be seen. The shore
was as desolate as a Patagonian coast, and we were at a loss
to krow where Bahia Honda was, having pictured to our-
selves a village, at least, to mark the opening of the bay. A
small coasting schooner was creeping down from the east, and
we decided to hail her, in hopes of securing a pilot acquainted
with the channel into the bay. a place of ill repute to naturai-
ists since the * Blake” was run aground there in the attempt
to get into the harbor under the guidance of an ignorant
native pilot.

The coasting schooner being tinally within hailing distance,
we found that our port had been passed in the night, and
were forced to put back a few miles. Encountering another
native vessel, we fortunately secured a pilot who knew the
channel into Bahia Honda. He certainly earned his money.
The writer was the only person on board with any practical
knowledge of the Spanish language, and hence was expected
to act as interpreter between the pilot and the crew. Unfort-
unately, however, although able to get along moderately
well under ordinary circumstances, his vocabulary did not
embrace a single word of nautical Spanish. Not a sail or
halliard, sheet, jib, or command of any kind could he name or
express or understand in Spanish. The pilot was soon on the
verge of insanity, and the mate completely beside himself at
the extraordinary commands delivered with apparent assur-

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 93

ance by the perspiring interpreter. The more serious the sit-
uation, the more utterly incomprehensible the language of the
pilot, and the more completely at sea was the mate, until the
hapless interpreter saw with consternation that either his rep-
utation or the vessel was to be wrecked, and promptly aban-
doned the former. The pilot then, thanks to a really good
knowledge of seamanship, flew from the wheel to the hal-
liards, back to the wheel, and then sprang with marvelous
agility to the fore-sheet, main-sheet, jib-sheet, or what not,
and thus ran the vessel by himself with a dexterity which cer-
tainly could not be surpassed, and a skill that amazed us all.
‘This acrobatic performance ended in our dropping anchor
about noon in a quiet little harbor at the end of a deep bay,
affording an excellent protection against storms from any
direction except due north.

The scene was one of ideal tropical beauty. To the west
were high banks and rolling grassy hills, dotted here and there
with tall palms. Eastward was a sombre mangrove swamp,
with its mysterious shades and skeleton network of sprawling
roots rising from the still water. To the south were undulating
hills, with immense sugar plantations, and beyond, the noble
chain of mountains, their sharp peaks piercing above the heavy
and ominous bank of dark clouds, from which the mutterings
of the coming storm could be heard. Soon the rain was fall-
ing as if the “ windows of heaven were opened,” and all hands
were driven below to escape a drenching.

As is usual with these fierce squalls, the storm soon passed,
and was succeeded by a calm and the Cuban mosquitoes, which
came in swarms to sample the blood of the Iowans.

But other matters soon demanded our attention. A small
boat made its appearance, with a man who introduced himself
as the second in command at that port (there was only one
habitable house visible), and politely informed us that our
party could not land without a permit from the Captain of the
Port, who resided in a village “una legua” distant. Previous
knowledge of the Spanish league had taught me that it might
be anywhere from two to eight miles, but Captain Flowers and

94 NatTurRAL History BULLETIN.

I decided to visit “« E] Capitan” at once. Landing at an old
dock leading to an abandoned sugar-house, we passed on to
an inhabited house and inquired for horses. There were none
to be had. We glanced at the road and knew that we were
in for an experience with such roads as only Cuba can furnish.
The mud was knee-deep in places, but we plunged in and
started on a tramp of unknown length, through sloughs and
puddles of unknown depth, with just enough concealed stones
and jagged rocks to break the monotony of the walk. The
mosquitoes enjoyed the excursion, however, and our counte-
nances were soon covered with mud splashes, and blood from
the slain insects. Clean collars and shirts were wilted before
half a mile was traversed. Our “ good clothes” were fairly-
plastered with mud as sticky as putty, and our good temper
was completely gone.

At this juncture a turn in the road revealed a horseman in
uniform, who proved to be “ El Capitan” himself, who spoke
about as much English as we did Spanish. He was extremely
affable, but the utmost persuasion, and even an official letter
from the authorities at Havana, could not extract his per-°
mission to send a land party for the purpose of exploring the
fauna of the mountain slope before us. His hands were tied,
he said, by strict orders, and it had been reported that a vessel
from the United States with three hundred revolutionists on
board was expected to land somewhere on that coast, and the
unmistakable inference was that he was by no means certain
that the “Emily E. Johnson” was not that vessel. The fact
of ladies being on board failed to convince him of our inno-
cence. We would be permitted to work on the water or in
the water, but not to go more than thirty yards from the shore
line. Thus our cherished plan of doing some naturalizing on
the Island of Cuba was blocked, and we were forced to con-
tent ourselves with the meagre concessions granted. During
the whole of our stay the party was under constant suspicion,
and subjected to repeated visits by the officials and soldiers,
who were always polite, but evidently under orders to scruti-
nize everything and every one on board the schooner.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 95

Upon our return to the vessel we found all hands engaged
in a desperate battle with the mosquitoes. There was little
sleep that night, as a number of the party, finding sleep im-
possible, tramped the deck till morning, making repose out of
the question for those who had learned to endure the pests
from past and oft-repeated experiences. In the morning all
hands, except those whose presence was needed on board,
were detailed for work along the shore and in shallow water.

The entomologists and botanists found that the thirty yard
strip of land conceded by * E] Capitan” well repaid careful
exploration. Those interested in Conchology discovered in
the mangrove swamp a splendid field for their favorite pursuit,
and crustaceans and echinoderms were discovered in consider-
able abundance in the quiet shallow water near the shore and
in the swamp. Only three species of birds were secured be-
fore the authorities put a stop to our shooting. Garzetla
candidissima, the little white Egret, was found breeding in
the swamp, several fledgelings being secured and placed in
alcohol. J/eter?s hypomelas (Bonap.), an oriole, was found.
The body was black, shoulders, rump, lower wing coverts and
upper and lower tail coverts bright yellow. ‘The sexes were
colored alike, bit a young specimen had the black of the lower
parts behind breast, and entire upper parts replaced by yellow-
ish green. Sfindalis pretred (Less.),a brightly colored tana-

ger, was the only other bird secured.

\

It was a decided aggravation to one interested in Orni-
thology to be within sight of the densely wooded slopes of the
Cuban hills, imagination peopling the dense jungles with
abundant bird-life of new and interesting forms, and still be
forbidden by what seemed official stupidity, from exploring the
region at all, although we had been informed that the Goyern-
ors of the provinces had been expressly instructed to permit
the landing of parties of our naturalists for just such purposes.
The Governor of this particular province, being, we were told,
some sixty miles distant, was as inaccessible to us as if he had
been at the North Pole.

Mr. Wickham furnishes the following entomological notes:

96 NATURAL History BuLueEtTIn.

“Our knowledge of the Entomology of Bahia Honda, as
of other branches of shore work, was necessarily confined to
the strip of thirty yards’ width bordering the shores of the
bay. The first attempts were directed toward an examina-
tion of an old fallen banana stem. ‘The results were three or
four myriopods and a large scorpion. As soon as beating
was commenced, however, a little better luck was had, espe-
cially in the line of weevils, which form here, as in the Baha-
mas, quite a respectable proportion of the fauna. This may
be owing in great part to the difficulty with which these
insects are drowned, and the consequent ease, comparatively
speaking, with which they may thus be carried from place to
place by currents of water. If we add to this the fact that
the larve of many of them live in fruits or nuts, or in the
stems of plants, all easily transported by the waves of ocean,
reasons seem not wanting why they should abound. It is
also remarkable that in the West Indies the same~species of
weevil may be found on many different sorts of plants.

« Among the weevilS may be mentioned Baris chalybea
Boh., a very fine steel-blue species beaten from bushes near
the beach; Larzs guadrimaculata Boh. from a plant resem-
bling our jimson-weed, higher up on the hills which skirt the
bay. The latter is a very striking species,—black with two
very large reddish yellow spots before the middle of the
elytra, and two smaller ones at the tip. A Lachnopus, which
may be florzdanus Horn, was found in some numbers,—a black
beetle with numerous golden spots on the elytra. Under a
log by the beach a number of Anchonus were found, but the
species has not yet been picked out from the formidable lot
described by Suffrian in his papers on the Rhynchophora of
Cuba.

«The ELATERID# were represented chiefly by a species of
Monocrepidius. The CHrysoMELiD# were not especially nu-
merous, but specimens were obtained of two species belonging
somewhere near J/etachroma and of Luperus malachiordes
Chevr. besides a very pretty little halticid with red thorax
and green elytra. No Adephaga were found near the

—a

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 97

anchorage, but near the mouth of the bay, while on a trip for
turtles, Czczndela tortuosa and C’. olivacea were both taken.

“‘ Spiders were tolerably numerous, the Arrip# forming a
conspicuous feature among them. <A few Lepidoptera, chiefly
micros, were taken on a little island in the bay.”

The most interesting crustaceans were the land-crabs. A
large species of Geocarcinus, common here, is of a bluish
grey color, and esteemed a delicacy by the natives.

The modifications of the crustacean anatomy, to subserve
the purposes of an essentially terrestrial life, form an interest-
ing study. The whole structure connected with respiration is
specialized for the purpose of making a little water go a long
way. Externally we notice the unusally hard and dense shell
covering the gill-chamber. Below, the branchial region is
covered with a dense spongy mass of matted hairs, excellently
adapted to the retention of moisture, and preventing evapora- -
tion through the carapace. The openings around the maxil-
lipeds are lined with similar hairy brushes for the same pur-
pose. Opening the branchial chamber, we find it lined with
a thick, smooth membrane bearing in texture a remarkable
resemblance to India-rubber, and apparently just as impervi-
ous to water. The eight pairs of gills are stiff and erect, and
do not collapse or mat together when out of the water, as do
those of ordinary crabs. A beautiful contrivance exists for
keeping these structures moist so long as even a little water
remains in the bottom of the branchial chamber. Attached to
the third maxilliped is a long thin curved plate bearing a
brushy fringe on its edge. This plate is directed backward
and fitted perfectly over the outer surfaces of the gills, so
that the animal, by a motion of the maxilliped, can dip this
curved brush in the water at the bottom of the branchial
chamber, and apply it in the most effective manner to the
outer surfaces of all the gills. On the inner surfaces of the
gills two smaller brushes similarly arranged serve to apply the
water. ‘These inner brushes are attached to, and worked by,
the second and third maxillipeds, the larger of the two being
attached to the first, and the smaller to the second maxilliped.

98 NatTurauL History BULLETIN.

A small crab belonging to the genus Sesarma was very
abundant on the pilings of an old wharf and on the sprawling
roots of the mangroves. The carapace is an oblong square,
wider in front, and with straight lateral and anterior margins
the latter being suddenly deflected between the widely sepa-
rated eyes. The rather small chele have bright red fin-
gers, and are haired on their external surfaces. A large num-
ber of specimens were secured, but they were all females.

Around the spreading aquatic roots of the mangroves a
large assemblage of mollusks finds a secure and congenial
abiding place. At low tide our conchologists, Messrs. Drew
and Rogers, reaped a rich harvest by exploring the mangrove
swamp in one of the boats. The sprawling roots were then
above water, and were fairly bristling in places with mollusca
of many kinds. Among the gasteropods the following genera
were represented: Murex, Natica, Nerita, Cerithium, Littor-
ana, Potamides, Fissurella, and Bulla.

The Lamellibranchiata were very abundant in individuals,
although the species were not numerous. Arca noe and A.
transversa were secured in quantities. J/eleagrina meleagris
formed large clumps of shells attached to the mangrove roots.
We could not learn that they were ever collected by the
natives, or that pearls were found in them. A very fine Pinna
was abundant with the costae ornamented with rows of long
tubular spines. A species of Asaphis was secured which has
the umbo colored a delicate pink.

The most abundant echinoderm found here was Toxopneus-
tes variegatus, which furnished ample material for our students
to undertake a careful study of the echinoid anatomy. Micro-
scopes could be used to advantage while our vessel was float-
ing on the quiet waters of the bay, and the cabin-top proved
as good a laboratory table as could have been devised.
Arbacea punctulata was the only other echinoid found «in
abundance.

Several species of serpent-stars were found, but these forms
seem to prefer purer water than that of this bay.

A few corals of the reef-building species were collected at

M. F, LINDER, DEL.

Crabs from Egg Island and Bahia Honda.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

1
>
2.
a,

By

t

PODOCHELA RIUSEI. Stimp.

ARATUS PISONI. M. Edw.
PILUMNUS (?) CARIBEUS,

Desbonne and Schramm,

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 99

this station. Oculina varicosa, Porites clavaria, Siderastrea
valaxea, Meandrina sinuosa, and M7. clivosa, were found attain-
ing a respectable size and apparently thriving in water that
was very impure, so much so that the occurrence of reef-build-
ing corals was a surprise to us.

At night the water was alive with a large and beautiful
species of ctenophore. It would be hard to find more beauti-
ful objects than these animals as they appeared in the collecting
tubs, with the luminous waves of light pulsating rhythmically
along the ambulacral zones. When free on the surface of the
waters of the bay these acalephs move with considerable
speed, tracing curves and circles of fire which intersect each
other in a bewildering maze of brightness.

A large number of very fine actinians were found at Bahia
Honda. Indeed these beautiful forms were more abundant
here than at any other station at which we collected. Various
experiments were made with a view to ascertaining a satis-
factory method of killing these animals with the tentacles fully
expanded. ‘The best success attended the use of water heated
to a point just bearable with the hand. A sudden immersion
in this water killed a number of specimens expanded in a very
satisfactory manner. One species with exceedingly long non-
retractile tentacles was found to have stinging powers much
more pronounced than was possessed by any other species.
The tentacles not being able to seek safety in retraction, had
evidently secured immunity from attack by unusually effective
nematocysts.

Miss Bertha Wilson has kindly furnished the following
notes on the flora of this region:

“The plants found at Bahia Honda were similar to those
secured at Egg Island. Along the shore the sea-loving cocoa-
nut spread its feathery tops, and underneath bristled the
Agave or Pita-plants as before, intermixed with the prickly-
pear cactus.

«The mangrove swamps are quite extensive, and we were
given a good opportunity to study these curiosities, which
year by year are stealing the land from the ocean. They

Too NatTuRAL History BULLETIN.

grow not only at the water line but in the water itself with
their trunks often immersed to some length. Their appropri-
ation of land from Neptune’s realm as well as the continua-
tion of the species is accomplished in two ways; frst —By
the growth and spreading of the roots, which issue from the
parent trunk even at some distance above the water, and
arching downward establish themselves in the mud. Roots
also issue from the branches above in the manner of the
banyan tree. As a result there is an intricate tangle of
slender twisted roots in the mazes of which is lodged ulti-
mately a wealth of mollusks, crustaceans and sea-mosses
swept up by the waves. Second— By aerial germination of
the seed, which pushes down its long radicle before it leaves
the parent tree, and is already well started on its career
before it finally drops down into the water, and sinks into
the mud. The flower is small and pale yellow; the fruit is a
bean-like pod.

“The Fan-palms also grow in the tangles along the
shore, overshadowed by the round fleshy leaves of the ‘sea-
grape’ with its inconspicuous panicles of greenish flowers.
Further inland are the same tall hedges of sage-brush or
lantanas, with white moon-flowers and blazing passion-vines
trailing over them. A little further from the shore in an old
sugar-cane field, we found the small orange-flowered lantana
of our green-houses, and the coarse and gaudy Zznnza cher-
ished in our old-time gardens. There were several species
of Solanums with blue-black berries and flowers varying
from a small white star-like affair to a pinkish lavender wheel.

“The Leguminosz are omnipresent in one form or another,
and the showy pea-vine twined in among some wild tomato
plants. A species of milkweed with greenish white flowers
was common.

«The Composite, numerous and showy and, for the most
part, low-growing forms, have not yet been identified.

“One peculiar tree noted along the banks had a tough,
corky bark and when bruised exuded a milky, resinous fluid.
The flowers were fragrant and not unlike those of the orange

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. IOI

in general appearance. Unfortunately we did not succeed in
satisfactorily classifying this either. Ona small island in the
harbor was an oleander conspicuous with its load of pink
blossoms, and we also found there a single cotton plant, show-
ing every phase of frutition from the curiously shaped lemon-
colored flowers to the fluffy cotton seeds. Though both were
in this instance probably planted by man, they often grow
wild in this climate. The hibiscus also flourishes here. At
Havana we saw great bush-like affairs with gorgeous rose-
red blooms as large as a tea-cup.

“There are common to this region also, trees remarkable
for their gorgeous blossoms and the beauty of their foliage.
Possibly the most noticeable is Ponczana regia, the common
park tree at Havana. It grows about thirty feet high, having
delicate fern-like foliage, and is crowned with great masses of
flaming scarlet blossoms that make the tree a blaze of color.
muotten tree, called by the natives the “Geiger tree, has
clusters of wheel-shaped flowers, vivid orange in color.

«“ Along the banks at Bahia Honda we also saw the broad,
waving, banner-like leaves of the banana, unfolding like a
mammoth Indian maize, the leaves sheathing the stem till a
stout trunk is formed; and hanging down almost within our
reach was a bud-shaped bunch of blood-red leaf-life bracts, a
velvet covering for the tiny flowers within, destined ultimately
to develop into the yellow bananas of our markets. The plan-
tain is similar in growth. We saw here also the bright green
ribbon-like leaves of the sugar-cane, and the ‘pines’ with
their whorl of slender, spiny leaves growing to a height of
three to four feet, and a single pineapple at least nestled
snugly in their midst.

“A great variety of fruits are common in the island. Man-
gos were brought us. They grow on a tree from thirty to
forty feet high, with dense, glossy, spreading foliage. The
fruit is about the size of an apple, a little oblong in shape. and
mottled green and brown and yellow or reddish without, and
a fine golden yellow within, not unlike a peach. There is
often a strong flavor of turpentine, and a relish for them must

Io2 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

be acquired. The custard-apples, pawpaws and sour-sops
belong to the same family, though the fruits are very different
in appearance. The sapodillas are about the size of an apple
and russet colored, with a sickening sweetish taste not unlike
a pear that has ripened a day too long in the sun. The ‘rose
apples’ are about the size of a large crab, and as I remember
them are cream colored, with a rosy flush, and have a strong
flavor of rose. The ‘mameys’ belong to the same family.

‘Unfortunately many of the fruits common to the tropic
markets we did not have an opportunity to see growing, and
so the characteristics of their foliage or their individual peculi-
arities cannot be described.”

CHAPTERS Vi
THE DRY TORTUGAS.

Between the vicious attacks of the Cuban mosquitoes and
the suspicious attitude of the authorities, our stay at Bahia
Honda, although profitable from a scientific standpoint, was
attended with considerable physical and mental discomfort. A
general desire to get out of this deep landlocked bay, and a
longing for blue water, instead of the tortuous channel that lay
between the “Emily” and freedom, made itself manifest be-
fore forty-eight hours had been spent at this port.

During the second day of our stay we received a call from
the Captain of the Port of Mariel, about twenty-two miles east
of Bahia Honda. This gentleman seemed very anxious that
we should visit his bailiwick, and extended the courtesies of
the town with a cordial politeness that was tempting, to say the
least. Our plans, however, did not include any purely social
functions, nor would our appearance at that time among the
elite of Mariel tend to impress the Cuban gentlefolk with an
adequate respect for the “Americanos.” Between exposure
to sun and wind, and the bumps and blotches caused by the
mosquitoes, our faces had assumed an appearance which could
not be regarded as creditable, although it was productive of
no little mirth among ourselves. One can hardly imagine
until he has seen it, how completely a usually dignified counte-
nance can be transformed by a lump on the upper lip, or a
deeply sunburnt and repeatedly peeled nose.

Early in the morning of Saturday, June 3rd, the welcome
sound of the clanking anchor-chain proclaimed that we were
to make the attempt, at least, to leave this inhospitable bay.
The mists of the morning lay heavy on the water, and the

104 Natura History BULLETIN.

threatening clouds indicated squally weather. ‘The pilot who
had so efficiently brought us into our anchorage was on hand
to take us out again. He brought along two of his own sail-
ors, having doubtless a vivid recollection of his former un-
pleasant experience while attempting to have Spanish orders
understood by an American crew.

The channel is a dangerous one, apparently more so than
is indicated by the chart, and I would not advise any future
expedition to attempt it. It will be remembered that it was
in the effort to get into Bahia Honda that the “ Blake” was
run aground, and lost several weeks of most valuable time.
Those present on that occasion seem to have a distinct im=
pression that the misfortune was by no means accidental.

The Captain of the Port had advised us that he would come
aboard to give us our clearance or dismissal, there being no
custom-house at Bahia Honda, but finally sent word that we
could drop down to the mouth of the harbor and there await
the necessary papers. While thus detained, a boat was sent
ashore for the purpose of securing some turtles from the
fishermen who lived in a little hamlet near the harbor mouth.
The turtles, loggerhead and green turtles, were kept in a small
enclosure surrounded by a paling or fence. When one was
wanted it was killed by cutting its throat with an ax. The
boat returned with a fine specimen of each species, and the
bleached skull of a loggerhead, which Mr. Wickham picked
up on the beach. The turtles had been purchased or rather
traded, for a half-barrel of corned beef which had become a
little too pronounced in flavor to suit the Iowans, but seemed
just to the taste of the Cuban fishermen, to whom beef in any
form is a rarity anda luxury. The green turtle was found to
be a female, with eggs in all stages of development from little
yellow spheres no larger than peas to fully matured eggs
with the leathery white membrane. There were such a quan-
tity that we were surfeited with them before they were all
eaten. The meat of the green turtle is excellent, and the
amount furnished by the large specimen secured at this time
was amazing. It can be cooked in various ways, and proved a

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 105

grateful relief after the long siege of salt meat. Unfortunately
we put to sea before the party enjoyed their first meal of
green-turtle steaks, and once in rough water the capacity to
enjoy anything eatable was completely gone, so far as several
of our company were concerned.

One of the most surprising things about these giant reptiles
is the smallness of their brain, a specimen weighing over two
hundred pounds having a brain no larger than one’s finger,
reminding one of the diminutive cerebral development of the
old-fashioned mammals pictured in our geological text-books.
Portions of the viscera were saved in alcohol for future study.
One turtle was skinned and the other skeletonized for museum
specimens.

It was with no little relief that we finally found ourselves
outside the entrance to the treacherous channel into this bay,
and turned the pilot and his men adrift with many expressions
of good-will toward the man who had not only proved a com-
petent pilot, but a sailor able to manage a one-hundred-and
fifteen-ton schooner by himself.

Our main object in visiting Bahia Honda had been to
attempt to secure specimens of that rarest of crinoids, //o/opus
ranget (Carpenter). It was here that Prof. Alexander Agas-
siz had secured a specimen, and he it was who suggested the
possibility of our striking a spot rich in this interesting species,
We found, however, that the bottom dropped so suddenly
just outside the harbor that we could not find it with the
two-hundred-fathom sounding-line without going nearer to
the reefs than prudence would allow, especially with a sailing
vessel. We then put over the tangle-bar and paid out our
entire stock of wire rope, three hundred fathoms, but failed
to reach bottom. Evening was approaching, the weather
looked threatening, and above all there was a fair wind for
Key West, and we concluded it was wise to give up the
Flolopus, and set sail for American territory. It took no great
discernment to see that the moment the stern of the “ Emily
E. Johnson” was pointed squarely toward the Cuban coast
was one of intense relief to Captain Flowers, whose patience

106 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

had been sorely tried by the attitude of the officials and the
repeated visits of the native soldiery to our vessel. It was no
slight ordeal, moreover, to trust one’s schooner to a piratical
looking Spaniard who couldn’t speak a word of honest English
even to save a vessel.

On the morning of Sunday, June 4th, Marquesas Buoy was
sighted, and the whole day was spent in beating against the
wind and current toward Key West. ‘This strong current
setting westward was something of a surprise to us, as we
had expected the aid of the Gulf Stream at this time. The
westward flow is probably due largely to the backset or eddy
from the Gulf Stream moving in the opposite direction. This
westward, inshore current we found to vary considerably
during our stay along the Keys, being greatly affected by the
winds and tides. ‘The various channels between the Keys
leading from the Gulf to the Atlantic side served to compli-
cate matters, so that the currents became a perplexing prob-
lem. ‘The various “rips”? caused by these conflicting currents
would doubtless afford good collecting grounds for pelagic
material. As a general thing these currents flow from the
Atlantic to the Gulf side during the rise of the tide, and in the
opposite direction during its ebb. Late in the afternoon we
made Sand Key Light, near Key West, and stood off and on
all night, not being willing to risk running into the harbor
during the darkness.

At 8:30 the next morning a pilot came aboard, one that
spoke good American and could give us the news, such as
there was. The charge for pilotage at Key West is three
dollars per foot for the draught of the vessel each way. If
the master of a vessel is willing to risk it without a pilot, he
can do so by paying one-half the regular pilotage for the
privilege. The tariff, therefore, for a vessel the size of ours
was eighteen dollars each way, with a pilot, or nine dollars
each way without. As we eventually found it necessary to
run into Key West a number of times, the pilotage would
have been a serious matter to our slender exchequer, had it
not been for the generosity of the Pilots’ Association at Key

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 107

West, which agreed to charge us one full rate and then allow
us to run in and out without charge for the remainder of our
stay in that region, a courtesy for which we were indeed
thankful.

The run into the harbor was delightful, the day being
bright, the waters exquisitely tinted over the shoals, and the
city, guarded by grim old Fort Taylor, appearing to best
advantage in contrast with the desolation of Bahia Honda.
But our reception here was even worse than at the Cuban
port. ‘The quarantine officer came aboard, surveyed with
evident surprise the disreputable looking company, ascer-
tained that we had cleared last from Havana, and then indig-
nantly demanded why we came to Key West. We endeavored
to prove our respectability, apparently with questionable suc-
cess; but the doctor said that there was nothing for him to do
but put us in quarantine for fifteen days, according to the law
enforced after June Ist against vessels coming from Havana.
After further consideration, he concluded to send us direct to
the Dry Tortugas to be fumigated, after which we would be
detained five days and then discharged from quarantine,
provided no sickness occurred on the vessel in the meantime.
It must be confessed that our party was not particularly dis-
mayed by this decision, having been informed by the United
States Examining Physician at Havana that the Tortugas
would probably be our fate upon reporting at Key West.
Knowing that these islands, so bleak and repellent to most
people, would prove an excellent station for the study of
marine biology, we were rather pleased than otherwise at the
prospect of a few days’ visit in that region, under the protec-
tion of the United States government. The doctor was evi-
dently astonished at the equanimity with which we accepted
the situation, being doubtless accustomed to loud lamentations,
or worse, from those whom duty compelled him to send to the
fumigating station.

We remained between the yellow buoys in Key West Har-
bor until our mail could be brought aboard by the doctor’s
man. A grewsome feeling came over us at the thought of

108 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

our absolute isolation in that scene which seemed almost met-
ropolitan after our recent experiences. Our vessel was as
completely shunned as if it were the royal barge of “ Yellow
Jack” himself. Not even a fisherman’s boat or a banana-man
came within hailing distance. Two of our party had been so
persistently seasick that they longed to leave the schooner and
go overland to their home, but the doctor, backed by the
majesty of the United States law, said “No.” The situation,
although regarded good-humoredly by most of our party, was
a source of bitter trial to others, to whom the mail brought sad
news of death and sickness at home, and the utter inability to
fly to the afflicted loved ones added cruel suffering to that
necessarily caused by the sorrowful tidings.

At half past two p. mM. the anchor was shipped and the
“Emily E. Johnson” retraced her course without a_ pilot,
passed out beyond Sand Key Light, and bore away for the
Tortugas with a good sailing breeze astern, the vessel swing-
ing along with the lazy roll and gentle swish of waters under
the bows, indicating that one sail is boomed out to starboard
and the other to port, or that she is sailing ‘wing and wing.”
By six o’clock the next morning, June 6th, we were anchored
safely between the yellow buoys under the guns of Fort Jef-
ferson at the Dry Tortugas, the “ Land’s End” of the Gulf
coast, given over now to the government’s unfortunate “ Yel-
low Jack” patients and suspects.

The old fort looked grim enough from the outside, with its
row of big guns on the parapet and double row of ports below.
We little thought, as we gazed upon the huge structure, how
much of comfort and pleasure was stored up there for us, but
simply waited to see what the officials were going to do with
us next.

After waiting some time, a little sail-boat rounded an angle
of the fort and sped across the green water, bearing a gentle-
man in a somewhat faded uniform, who it seemed, was left in
charge of the quarantine station in the absence of the regular
surgeon. Having examined our papers and glanced with
something of consternation at the motley company on board,

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 10g°

he informed us that we must bring the vessel up to the dock
for the fumigation. ‘The wind would have been directly in the
teeth of a vessel trying to reach the dock by the only visible
channel, and we asked for a tug to tow us in. No tug nor
steam vessel of any kind was at the station, it seemed. ‘ Well,
then,” said Captain Flowers, “give us a kedge-anchor and we

*” This also was not .to be had at the Tor-

will ‘kedge’ in.
tugas, and we began to think that it was a trifle unreasonable
to expect a sailing vessel to get up to that dock, and indeed
further reflection has confirmed that idea. During about four-
fifths of the quarantine season the wind blows directly ahead
for any vessel trying to work up that channel to the fumigat-
ing dock. ‘The passage is too narrow to permit any but very
small craft to beat through it, and the government insists on
all vessels coming to the dock for fumigation, without provid-
ing any steam power, or even a spare kedge-anchor, where-
with to make it possible to comply with the regulation.

For our part, we were not at all concerned in hurrying
matters, but proceeded to get out our collecting gear, feeling
sure that the shores of the surrounding islets,and the extensive
sand-flats showing in brightest green beneath the water,
would afford entertainment until Providence should send a fair
wind, or the government a tug. The boats were lowered, and
a party set out for Bird Key, the largest of the uninhabited
islets of the group. We were not permitted as yet to land on
Garden Key or Loggerhead Key, upon the former of which
is the fort, and upon the latter a light-house. Captain
Flowers and I took the ship’s boat and a couple of the crew,
with the intention of enjoying a plunge in the clear water
around some low, sandy islands near the fort. Upon nearing
the shore, we noticed a number of black objects moving along
in the shallow water. We at first thought that they were
porpoises, although they did not act likethem. <A few strokes
of the oars brought us right into the midst of the creatures,
and we found with wonder, and a touch of consternation, that
the shoal was fairly alive with sharks! There must have been
at least seventy-five of these ugly animals in the immediate

ime) NATURAL History BULLETIN.

vicinity of the boat, which did not seem to alarm them in the
least. They glided under and around us with the utmost
unconcern. A number of them were in such shallow water
that their backs were uncovered, and several lay belly up,
flapping the water with their fins.

None of the occupants of the boat had ever before seen so
many sharks together, and the experience was exciting as well
as interesting. Unfortunately we had no weapons with us.
We tried clubbing the sharks on the head with oar-handles,
but one might as well attempt to smash a base-ball with a
shingle. The sharks seemed to imagine that the blows came
from their fellows, and would savagely attack the nearest
companion until we had three or four of them fighting and
struggling violently under the boat. This was more than we
could stand with any comfort, and so we left the shoals and
agreed to be satisfied with a brief dip in very shallow water
on the other side of the islet, instead of enjoying the luxurious
swim which we had anticipated.

We afterwards attacked these sharks with proper weapons,
and found them to be of an entirely harmless species called
*‘nurse sharks” ( Gznglymostoma cirratum), with small mouths
armed with blunt teeth instead of the formidable dental array
of the dangerous species. It seems that this was the mating
season for the nurse sharks, and they had resorted in large
numbers to the shallow waters for purposes of courtship. Two
specimens of this huge fish were secured, the largest being
eight feet long and very bulky, the head being considerably
broader than in any other species of shark captured by us.”
The skin was wonderfully tough, rendering it quite difficult
to penetrate it with the ordinary “grains” which we had
brought for such purposes.

The party from Bird Key returned with a quantity of shal-
low-water material, and were enthusiastic over the richness of
the field which they had visited. The ornithologists had
secured series of man-o’-war birds, noddy terns and bridled
terns. A curious fact regarding the man-o’-war birds is the
quickness with which they will desert a favorite rookery after

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. rep eye

being disturbed. On this occasion the air above Bird Key
was fairly black with these birds, but they left the vicinity
entirely after a few shots were fired, and did not return at all
during our stay at the Tortugas. This conduct is in marked
contrast with that of the noddy tern, for instance, which seems
unusually slow to realize the danger incurred by the approach
of man.’

In the afternoon the barkentine “ Robert E. Patterson” cast
anchor not far from us, and later the pilot boat “Sea Foam”
came from Key West, bringing the’ quarantine officer, Dr.
David R. Murray, and another batch of mail for us. Dr.
Murray could not relax the stringency of the quarantine laws
for our benefit, and insisted politely, but firmly, that we should
bring the “Emily E. Johnson” up to the fumigating dock.
Through his friendly offices, however, our enforced stay at
the dreaded yellow fever detention station was rendered not
only comfortable, but delightful. The old fort, no longer used
for military purposes but only as a quarantine station, was
hospitably thrown open to our party, and no pains were spared
to make us comfortable. The ladies of the expedition were
furnished with delightful quarters in rooms placed at their dis-
posal by Dr. Goodman, whose family was away. Commodious
quarters they were, especially when contrasted with those on
the schooner. Real beds with snowy linen proved a luxury,
while late periodicals, easy chairs and plenty of cool, fresh
water, were appreciated as only those who have been without
these comforts for several weeks can understand.

Fort Jefferson is said to be the second fortification in
America in point of size. Ii was built before the war, and was
expected to be of service in commanding the entrance to the
Gulf from the Florida Straits. We were told that it had cost
the United States government fifteen million dollars, and yet
not one of the great guns which surmount the parapet and point
out of the embrasures below, has ever been fired with hostile
intent. No better example could be found of the fruitless cost
of war than this colossal and dismantled fort on the loneliest
of lonely spots. Everything is going to ruin. The big guns

112 NaturAL History BULLETIN.

are toppling over on their decaying platforms; the powder-
houses and magazines are in ruins; great piles of shot and |
shell are covered with ivy and overarched with the graceful
fronds of cocoanut palms, forming a fit emblem of peace
triumphant over war. Large openings have been cut through
the walls of the fort to insure the entrance of fresh sea-air for
the benefit of the yellow fever victims, who frequently have to
fight their battles with the king of terrors within the walls.
No call of bugle or tramp of armed men is heard. The troops
have long since departed for good, leaving this great monu-
ment of a nation’s waste to the half-dozen or more persons.
who are needed to do the work of the quarantine station. It
is not probable that a single one of the several scores of big
guns will ever be removed, as no one is likely to be found will-
ing to incur the necessary expense for the sake of old iron,
however great the quantity. This originally magnificent fort
will gradually crumble away and sink with its guns and balls
and shells to the sea-level, where the drifting sands will ulti-
mately furnish a grave, and desolation reign supreme.

The members of our party found it delightful to explore the
vast ruin, and to pry into its secrets. Wandering within the
dimly lit casemates, surrounded by massive masonry, and
occasionally sighting along the big guns to the quiet waters.
without, we at length came to a gloomy cell which had a part
in a national tragedy; for here was confined the prisoner Dr.
Mudd, who was thus punished for dressing the broken leg of
Booth, the slayer of Lincoln. Several interesting stories
were told of him. Once, it is said, he crawled into the
muzzle of one of the big guns, hoping to hide until an
opportunity presented itself for escape. On another occasion,
when the dreaded “Yellow Jack” was in possession of the fort
and claiming its soldier victims, Dr. Mudd rendered such
heroic service in his professional ministrations that he was
recommended for presidential clemency, which was ultimately
exercised in his behalf. Within each of the bastions is a great
cistern of rain-mater, enough to supply a good sized army, and
in addition there is a large tank of excellent water on the fumi-

SRT

iN AIO ay
TTIW ree eee

The Soldier’s Barracks, Fort Jefferson. G.L. H.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. mI 2

gating dock. Probably the most important structure about
the fort is the light-house, which, with its neighbor on Logger-
head Key, saves many a vessel from going onto the treacher-
ous reefs and shallows abounding in the adjacent waters.

The fort is surrounded by a sea-wall enclosing a broad and
shallow moat, which we ultimately discovered was nothing
more or less than a magnificent aquarium stocked with inter-
esting marine forms. An ample supply of fresh sea-water is
brought in with every tide. The enclosed water is smooth
and unruffled by the wind, affording a sheltered home for
countless animals of the more lowly kinds, and furnishing one
of the very best opportunities tor collecting and study that we
encountered during our cruise.

Almost all of Garden Key is occupied by the fort, and from
it can be ‘seen the larger islets of the Tortugas group. A
little south of west lies the largest, Loggerhead Key, which
appears to be about a mile in length, and supports consider-
able vegetation, most of which is the result of the thrifty
efforts of the light-keepers and their families. There is a
comfortable house surrounded by fruit-trees of several kinds.
The island is bordered on the inside by extensive shallows.
The next largest Key, Bird Key, lies to the south-west of the
fort, and is much nearer than Loggerhead Key. It is almost
covered with a thick growth of wiry bushes, among which
are placed the nests of multitudes of noddy terns and “egg
birds,’ or bridled terns. The birds rise in clouds on the
approach of man, having suffered often from the incursions of
egg collectors.

Several photographs were taken of these flocks of sea-birds,
but the result was a surprise to all who had seen the birds
themselves. In one of the most successful of these photo-
graphs only about sixty birds can be counted. Those who
had seen the flock as it appeared when the exposure was
made, would have described it by saying that the birds rose
in a cloud; that there were thousands of them in the field
exposed to the camera. Any one who has fired with a shot-
gun at a flock of flying birds has noticed that he is likely to

114 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

miss bagging any of them unless he picks out a particular bird
and aims directly at that. It is probable that the rapid circling
of the birds over Bird Key had the effect of creating an
optical illusion, whereby their number is greatly multiplied.
Again, the eyes not being focused on any particular individual,
the apparent number is double the actual number. A very
simple experiment will illustrate this principle. Take a white
sheet of paper and make a number of perforations in a group
with the point of a penknife; then hold the paper between
your eyes and the light. If the sight is focused directly on
the holes, their apparent number will be twenty. If, how-
ever, the sight is directed in a general way toward the surface
of the paper, without reference to the perforations, there will
presently appear two instead of one group of holes. In other
words, their number will apparently be doubled. It is thus
evident that the number of flying birds is multiplied first by
the optical illusion caused by the motion, and again by another
optical illusion caused by the sight not being focused.

On Bird Key we found two or three graves of sailors who
had been buried in this lonely spot. There was something
peculiarly desolate in the surroundings. The glare of the
sun on the white coral sand, the swish of the wind through
the low scraggy vegetation, the rustle of the grotesque land-
crabs as they scurry away in the grass, and the screaming of
the circling gulls and terns, convey an idea of dreariness,
intensified by a lack of repose not in harmony with the rude
graves with their weather-worn head-boards.

A short distance to the east of Garden Key are a couple of
small, bare islets called Garden Key Reefs, while Bush Key
lies, almost bare of vegetation, several miles to the northeast.
East Key, the only other of the group visited by us, lies almost
directly east of Bush Key, and is barely visible from the deck
of a vessel at the fumigating dock. There seem to be no :
indigenous trees on any of the islands forming the Tortugas
group. Quite a number of cocoanut palms and other useful
trees attain a very satisfactory growth on Garden Key and
Loggerhead Key. The islands seem to be composed entirely

NarRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. II5

of sand and rock formed from the skeletons of animals of
various sorts, and also from the secretions of corallines. The
oc. Prot:

fan]

latter, indeed, are regarded by some authors, e. ¢
Louis Agassiz, as furnishing the main material for some of the
larger Keys. Of even more interest than the Keys, at least
from the naturalist’s standpoint, are the reefs which almost
encircle the whole Tortugas group. During a heavy gale the
breakers are seen to form an often interruped but still quite
distinct line around almost the entire horizon, giving one the
impression that the form is essentially that of an atoll. These
reefs, especially the one stretching to the south and east of
Garden Key, were objects of repeated visits by parties from
our schooner, affording an opportunity to observe some of the
phenomena included in the ever interesting coral-reef problem.

Although no new facts were discovered beyond those men-
tioned by the older and the younger Agassiz, we found it well
worth our while to see some of these facts for ourselves, as
they are presented in connection with one of the youngest
reefs of the whole system in process of forming an extension
of the peninsula of Florida.

We were unable to examine the outer or southern face of
the reef, as the breakers came in with great force during the
whole of our stay, although at times it was apparently quite
calm. .We enjoyed the experience, however, of wading
around on the top of the reef and seeing the manner in which
the debris is constantly being thrown inward and broken into
finer and finer fragments, until the bottom some distance in
from the exposed face of the reef is covered with a fine sand
or mud with only occasional fragments of coral of any consid-
erable size. On these mud-flats we found a few living corals
and hosts of serpent-stars, echini and mollusks.

One of our very best collecting grounds at the Tortugas
was in the extensive shallows stretching out northward from
Bird Key. The amount of coral, especially the madrepores,
which we found around these islands was not so great as we
had anticipated, on account of a considerable portion having
recently been killed by exceptionally low tides.

116 Naturawt History BuLuetin.

Two days passed after we anchored off Fort Jefferson be- -
fore we could get around to the fumigating dock. One of the
men employed at the station finally agreed to pilot us through
a channel which led around west and south of the fort, and by
skillful handling the schooner reached the buoy near the
fumigating dock, where she was compelled to wait two days
more before the vessel preceding her, the barkentine “* Robert
E. Patterson.” was fumigated and discharged. Our time
came, however, on Saturday, June gth, when Dr. Murray
took the “ Emily E. Johnson” in hand and put her through the
process required by the United States quarantine laws.

First all the baggage, equipment, stores, and in fact every-
thing movable, was taken from the vessel and placed on the
dock. Then the baggage, especially clothes exposed during
our visit to Havana, and the bedding, including the mattresses,
were placed in a car which was in effect an immense iron
crate on wheels. This crate, with its load of clothes and bed-
ding, was run into a huge vat through a door which was
hermetically sealed by screw-fastenings and clamps. The
interior of the vat was heated to two hundred degrees with a
dry heat maintained for about forty minutes. Hot steam was
next admitted, and the contents of the vat subjected to steam
heat for another forty minutes. After this the dry heat was
again introduced for the purpose of drying the clothes and
bedding. The door was then opened, the car run out again,
and its contents spread out for the purpose of completing the
drying process by exposure to the sun and air.

All of the bedding and most of the clothes came out of this
process without injury, but some of the ladies’ dresses were
ruined. Brass buttons were corroded, and a rubber fountain
pen carelessly left in a vest pocket was bent almost to a semi-
circle. It is doubtful if the germs of yellow fever or any other
living thing could go through this process and live. It is for-
tunate, however, that our party possessed very little valuable
clothing, as any but rough apparel would be liable to serious
if not irreparable, injury. The stores, more particularly the
provisions, were not subjected to the fumigating process, but
were locked up in the store-room on the dock.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 117

Meanwhile the vessel was thoroughly washed above and
below, every article on deck, as well as the entire cabin,
galley and hold, being carefully gone over with a solution of
mercuric bichloride. The hatches were then battened down
and sealed, the cabin doors and windows closed, and quantities
of dense sulphur fumes forced into the hold by means of a
steam fan. For several hours these fumes were poured in great
volumes through a large hose-pipe, after which the hatches
were kept down for about eighteen hours. <A kettle of burn-
ing sulphur was placed in the cabin and another in the galley.

This process would seem to be sufficiently thorough to
insure the destruction of any living germs, and yet there
are reasons to suppose that there is room for failure. ‘There
is no ground for assuming that the bacilli of yellow fever, if
such there be, would not find lodgment in the provisions as
easily as almost anywhere else, and yet the provisions are
necessarily exempt from the fumigating process. Aside from
this, however, the fumigation was of real benefit to us, as it
resulted in a complete cleansing of the vessel and a renovating
of our effects, besides affording us an opportunity to re-
arrange and re-stow our stores and collections, a thing which
would under other conditions have been almost impossible to
accomplish. We had here an ample dock upon which to work,
with no hangers-on to molest our effects, as would have been
the case at any other available port. We were also permitted
to fill all our water casks with excellent rain-water from the
huge tank on the dock, from which a hose was _ passed
directly into the hold of the schooner.

On the whole, we regarded the enforced visit to the Dry
Tortugas as a decided benefit to us from a sanitary stand-
point. It is exceedingly difficult to keep so small a vessel
occupied by twenty-eight persons, really sweet and clean.
while cruising in the heat of the tropics, and our complete free-
dom from sickness throughout the cruise may be largely due
to the kind although enforced ministrations of Dr. Murray
and his associates.

The Dry Tortugas is probably the best station on ou,.

118 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

southern coast for marine biological work. ‘The richness of
the surface and shallow-water fauna is astonishing. Our
expedition did no dredging in the adjacent deeper water, but
a few hours’ work in dredging across the channel on the inside
of Garden Key was amply repaid. Here, too, it is possible to
study coral islands in their incipiency, as it were, and the com-
parison of the faunz of the various Florida Keys from Cape
Florida to the Tortugas should yield a complete demonstra-
tion of some of the fundamental laws of geographicai distribu-
tion. It would be most instructive, for instance, for a compe-
tent entomologist to undertake such an examination, confining
his studies, of course, to insects.

I do not think that a single land-bird was seen on the
Tortugas, a fact somewhat surprising at first thought, as one
would naturally expect that the comparatively short spaces
between the various Keys would not serve as an effective
barrier to flying creatures.' The explanation may be found
in the newness of these islands on the one hand and, what is
probably more potent, the further fact that the ga/es rarely
blow directly from the east so as to carry the birds from the
mainland or more easterly Keys to the westward, although a
moderate breeze often blows directly from the Marquesas. It
is also important to note that there is no migration route down
the peninsula of Florida, nearly all of the land-birds taking the
route via the Mexican side of the Guif or else wintering in the
southern states. We thus find that no land-birds seem to have
established themselves on the Tortugas, although there are a
number of familiar species on the Bermuda Islands, which lie
about six hundred miles due east of Charleston, South Caro-
lina. The explanation in the latter case is thought to be to the
effect that the birds are caught while migrating southward
along the Atlantic coast, and carried by northwest gales in the
direction of the islands.

Even the sea-birds, although numerous in individuals, were

1 Agassiz says that the Tortugas are visited by a few land-birds, but does

not say what species have been found there,—“ Three Cruises of the Blake,”
Vol. I, p. go.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 11g

not represented by many species. The man-o’-war bird, the
booby gannet, the brown pelican, the noddy tern, the bridled
tern and least tern were about all that we saw. The absence
of wading birds was a surprise, as there seemed to be excel-
lent feeding for them on the shallows around the islets where
small crustaceans were particularly abundant.

No reptiles were seen except turtles. The small and active
lizards so numerous at other places visited during our cruise
were not encountered here. Two loggerhead turtles were
“turned” one evening on Loggerhead Key. The helplesness
of these animals when placed on their backs is pathetic and
yet ludicrous. We were astonished at the force with which they
throw sand with their front flippers. It seemed, moreover, as
if they had acquired considerable accuracy of aim, throwing
the sand with stinging force in the faces of those incautious
mortals who ventured too near the vanquished yet belligerent
loggerheads.

Something over twenty species of fish were collected during
our stay at the Tortugas, a much larger number than we
secured at any other station. There being no ichthyologist in
our party, no special pains were taken to secure a complete
series of fish, although all that were caught were carefully pre-
served. No one, however, could fail to be attracted by the
many brilliantly colored fishes, floating as if suspended in air,
in the wonderfuily clear waters around the fumigating dock.
Their vivid hues rival in many instances those of the gaudiest
birds, and it was hard for some of us to keep from spending
too much time lazily stretched out on the shady wharf, and
watching the procession of gorgeous creatures in the still, cool
waters below.

A number of species were caught with hook and line, but
more, perhaps, were taken in the dredge and meshes of the
tangles while we were dredging in the channel. Among the
species secured were the following :! A“ pipe-fish” Szphostoma

1The following partial identifications were made by the writer, who is
far from being an ichthyologist. It is hoped, however, that the list will

give a general idea of the facies of the collection, although the species are
in most cases not identified.

120 Naturat History BuLuETIN.

sp., about five inches long; “ goat-fish,” Upeneuws maculatus
(C. & V.), a mullet-like species with two long barbels, large
ctenoid scales, and three squarish spots on the sides. A
small specimen of pompano was marked with vertical dark
bands. A very pretty species of Serranus or sea-bass was
abundant, and an excellent food-fish. It was colored a red-
dish yellow, and marked by about eight longitudinal narrow
stripes or lines of blue. The dorsal fin was emarginate, with
eleven spines; anal spines three. Another Serranus was
characterized by very distinct round spots on sides of head,
and was much smaller than the preceding,

Probably the most beautiful fishes secured were the “angel-
fish,” of which there were several species, all characterized
by greatly compressed bodies and scaled fleshy parts of the
median fins. ‘Two species probably belong to the genus Pom-
acanthus.+_ One of these, apparently P. cz/zalus J. and G., had
the dorsal with fourteen spines, anal with three, eight spines
on the preopercle above the very long spine at its angle; anal
and dorsal produced into moderately long streamers. The
color in alcohol would indicate that the fish was originally
yellow. The surface had a peculiar velvety appearance,
owing to the ciliate scales. Another closely allied species had
longer streamers, one very large flattened preopercular spine,
general color black with three transverse curved bands of
white or yellow on the body and one on the tail. This may
be P. arcuatus Lac.

A small, probably immature specimen of sculpin was secured
with the tangles, and a curious little sea-robin, Pyrzonotus
evolans Gill? having a strongly serrated spine on first dorsal
and six small spines on the head. Pectorals with upper ray
extended into a filament, and three lower rays detached and
banded with brown and light yellow. ‘The pectorals reach to
the end of the dorsal. A small “swell-toad,” Zetrodon spen-
glert Bloch?, had two large teeth in each jaw and pectoral
fins resembling ears, giving a curious rodent-like aspect to

1The classification and names employed here are those used in Jordan &
Gilbert’s “Synopsis of North American Fishes.”

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. je

the head. There were twelve round spots in a row separat-
ing the sides from the ventral portion of the body. A small
species of flounder, a minute mackerel, an Axtennarius such
as we found in floating sea-weed in the Gulf Stream, anda
“midshipman” (Porichthys) were dredged in the channel to
the north-west of Garden Key. A_ beautiful little purple
striped species was found living a parasitic life among the
tentacles of the Portuguese man-o’-war. It was comical to
see the evident consternation of these little fellows when their
host was suddenly lifted out of the water. One specimen
was found dead among the tentacles. It would be interesting
to discover whether the fish are immune from the nemato-
cysts with which the tentacles are packed, or whether the
Physalia derives some benefit from their presence and refrains
from using its weapons. That the fish itself finds excellent
protection admits of little doubt. ‘Its colors, striped purple
and white, or at least light, assimilate admirably with those
of the tentacles among which it lives. Almost every Piy-
salia that we saw while at the Tortugas had its little company
of fish swimming along among the tentacles.

«The insects taken at the Tortugas were necessarily rather
few in number of species, since so barren a collecting ground
could hardly be very productive. So far as known, some of
the more interesting may be thus specified:

«Among the Hymenoptera, Owxybelus emarginatus Say is
the sole representative of the Aculeata. A number of ants
were found, however, in the sand or beaten from bushes,
among which Mr. Pergande has recognized Camponotus tor-
tuganus Em., Tetramorium cespitum Linn., Tetramoriune
guineense Fabr. and Pherdole megacephala Fabr. A little
Lycenid was the only Lepidopterous insect at all conspicuous.
The Coleoptera were given the largest share of attention and
consequently furnish the longest list of species. Along the
beach, under\sea-weed, were found Cafius bistriatus Er.,
Actinopteryx fucicola Allib., Phaleria longula Lec. and Pha-
leria picipes Say. The carapaces of two immense turtles
which were laid out on the beach of Bird Key to cure,

122 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

attracted, besides the two species of Phaleria above men-
tioned, a number of Safrinus ferrugineus Mars. Beating
the scanty brush brought to light a Scymnus yet undescribed
but common at various points in Southern Florida, a few
examples of Psy/lobora nana Muls. which we also took in
Cuba, a Corticaria common throughout Florida, and a lot of
Artipus floridanus Horn, a weevil extremely abundant at vari-
ous points on the mainland of this state, where it has devel-
oped lately into a nuisance by reason of its habit of attacking
various Cultivated plants for food. On Bird Key a few Cafo-
rama punctulata Lec. and Petalium bistriatum Say would be
found in the beating net after going over the bushes, while
Loggerhead Key yielded a number of a little Psewdebeus,
perhaps ob/7tus Lec. The sea-oats on Rush Key gave shelter,
in their heavy tops, to an Owac7s, while the sand and rubbish
about the roots covered numerous Ll/apstinus opacus Lec.
This Llapstinus was also tolerably common under the fallen
head-boards which mark the site of the old cemetery on Bird
Key. Mymenorus convexus Casey showed a particular fond-
ness for resting on the castor bean. Hemiptera were numer-
ous in specimens, one green species being so abundant as to
seriously interfere with successful use of the beating net,
which would be choked and covered with them after a few
moments’ work, interfering with the labor of picking out
more valuable material. J/urgantia histrionica was twice
met with in colonies—once on Bird Key and once on Logger-
head. The others so far as known are named by Mr. Heide-
mann Gonianotus marginipunctatus Wolf, Pangeus bilineatus
Say and Clorocoris loxops Uhler. Spiders were abundant,
but as yet we have none identified.””?

Here, as elsewhere during our cruise, the Crustacea were
among the most conspicuous and abundant of animal types.
About thirty species of Brachyura were collected. One of the
most interesting was Leptopodia sagittarza (Fabr.) a maioid
with exceedingly slender legs, armed with sparse, short thorns,
and having a rostrum produced into a slender point and ex-

IMr. H. F. Wickham.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. nae

ceeding the body in length. Like the ambulatory legs, this
rostrum is armed with a row of thorn-like spines on either
side. The chelineds are greatly elongated and equal in size.
Numbers of these spider-like crabs were caught on the piling
around an old wharf, which seemed to be their favorite resort.
Some dexterity was required in their capture, but a skillful
use of the crab-net resulted in an extensive series. JZacro-
céloma trispinosa (Latr.), although belonging to the maioid
group of crustacea, is as different from the last in general
appearance as it well could be, having an exceedingly heavy
body and short legs, each terminating in a strong hooked claw.
The space between the eyes is very great, and the eyes them-
selves small and bead-like.

Pericera cornuta celata (A.M. E.) has two divergent spines
on the rostrum, and the body covered with curved filaments
resembling hooklets, doubtless of service in attaching foreign
substances to the carapace for purposes of concealment. One
species of Othonza was secured, with curiously excavated
chele, and five species of the genus J/?/hrax, the largest being
M. hispidus ( Herbst.) of a rich reddish brown color, with very
strong curved spines on the lateral margin of the carapace.
Mithrax forceps Milne Edw. has very slender fingers to the
chela, and a peculiar conical tooth on the inner face of the
movable finger, in which it resembles J/. coronatus (Herbst.).
‘The habit so prevalent among maioid crabs of covering them-
selves with foreign substances for concealment, is well illus-
trated by our specimens of J/icrophrys bicornutus (Latreille),
which has the carapace covered with a dense growth of a
filamentous alga intermixed with sand and bits of broken shell.

One of the most striking crustaceans in the collection is
Platylambrus serratus (M. Edw.), a species widely distributed
in the West Indian region. The chelipeds are remarkably"
developed, each one probably equaling the body in bulk.
They are greatly flattened and armed along both edges with
sharp spines. The hand especially is greatly elongated, tri-
angular in section, and enlarged at its distal end, upon which
are inserted the small black claws. When folded, the spines

124 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

on the basal part of the hand fit exactly into those on the
meros, while the spines of the internal superior edge of the
distal portion of the hands fit between similar spines on the
anterior margin of the thorax, thus completely disguising the
shape of the animal so that no one would think it a crab at all.
Among the Cancroidea, a minute species of Panopeus may
be noted. One of the commonest and most conspicuously
marked forms is Leptodius floridanus (Gibbes), with its pol-
ished ivory-black chela terminating in white tips. P/rymo-
dius maculatus Stimpson bears considerable superficial resem-
blance to the last, but the chelz are not so deep a black,
shading distally into brown and then white. <Actewa setigera
Stimpson is another species having black chelae. ‘This char-
acter occurring among so many genera living in the same
locality seems to indicate some peculiar utility in this conspic-
uous marking. These animals live in shallow water, crawling
among the alga, corals, gorgonians, etc. A large number,
perhaps all of them, are protectively colored in the main, or
have the habit of covering themselves with sand, bits of shell,
or even with living alge and other organisms. The chele
and eyes are almost the only portions of the body not protec-
tively colored or covered. Any conspicuous marks generally
classed under the head of “attractive coloration,” for the
purpose of attracting other individuals of the same species but
of opposite sex, must therefore be placed on the chele in
order to serve their purpose. Such conspicuous markings do
not interfere with the effectiveness of general protective col-
oration, because the chele are stowed away under the cara-
pace so as to be completely concealed when not in use.
Liomera longimana A. M. E. has a comparatively smooth
carapace with short, black fingers, and a long hand which is
colored a rich brown, with distinct pits dotted over its surface.
Among the most abundant and interesting crabs is Neptunus
spinicarpus Stimpson, which has a very long, slender, spine
projecting forward from the distal end of the carpal joint, and
extending beyond the base of the fingers. This spine is
furnished with a close-set row of hairs or cilia on the side

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 125

which comes in contact with the propodite. By the normal
motion of the hand this fringe is made to sweep across the
inner surface of the propodite. There seems to be much more
than the usual freedom of motion between the carpus and the
hand. When the cheliped is folded or the fingers brought to
the mouth, the spine lies snugly between the hand and the
meros. The whole contrivance is so evidently adaptive that
one naturally seeks an explanation of the intent of the struc-
ture, but I know of no purpose unless it be defensive, and that
explanation does not seem entirely satisfactory. When the
cheliped is extended, the long carpal spine projects at nearly
a right angle with the hand. Another conspicuous character
of this species is the long spine arising from the side of the
carapace. Perhaps the largest of the Cancroid group secured
at the Tortugas was a specimen of Achelons spinimanus Latr.,
which has a spread of about eleven inches. The manus is
conspicuously striped brown and buffy, and the fingers or
claws armed with prominent nodules throughout the length of
their opposed surfaces.

Among the Ocypodoidea are the familiar Ocyfoda arenaria
(Catesby) and the brightly colored land-crab Geocarcinus
lateralis (Frem.), which is almost always in evidence on the
larger islands of the Tortugas group, scuttling around among
the dried grass and leaves, and assuming belligerent attitudes
when approached, reminding one of very large “fiddler”
crabs. These are among the most conspicuously colored of
all the crabs secured during the cruise, the chelipeds and dor-
sal surface being reaily beautiful in their livery of yellow, and
briliant crimson shading into pink and black. Their life is
almost exclusively terrestrial, and they seem to have few
enemies, at least on these islands. That they are efficient
scavengers was proved by the facility with which they cleaned-
the skeletons of two large turtles left on Bird Key for that
purpose. Several specimens of a tortoise crab, Calappa mar-
morata Fabr. were found near Garden Key, and caused con-
siderable amusement by their peculiar habit of spouting a little
fountain of water almost directly upward, the mouth-parts

126 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

being so arranged that they form a tube just in front of the
rostrum pointing upward and a little forward. The chele are
enormously enlarged, hard and expanded so as to form a com-
plete buckler when folded in front of the mouth-parts.

Very few Anomura were found, the most abundant being
a hermit crab, Cenobita diogenes (Latr.) which occupied a
great variety of gastropod shells, although it seemed to
particularly favor a large~Astralium. A very large hermit,
Eupagurus granulatus, was also common, and a truly gor-
geous object it was, with its brilliant vermilion chelz beauti-
fully ornamented with symmetrically disposed nodules. The
size of these crabs can be imagined when we say that they
sometimes occupied the shells of S¢rombus gigas, one of the
largest mollusks of the West Indies. Petrolistes sex-spinosus
(Gibbes) is the only other anomuran found at the Tortugas.

The great disparity in numbers between the Brachyura,
or crabs, and the Macroura, or lobster-like forms, at this
station is indicated by the fact that not more than a half-dozen
species of the latter were secured during our stay, while thirty-
odd species of the former have been identified. There were
four decapods, including one A/pheus. One of the most
interesting of ail the Crustacea is a Stomatopod, Gonodactylus
chiragra Latreille, much smaller than its familiar relative, and
with the chele formed by a slender but exceedingly hard and
ivory-like distal joint without spines, which fits into a groove
on the upper surface of the joint below, being turned in an
exactly opposite direction from that taken by the ordinary
dactylopodite.

Not the least attractive group included in the marine fauna
of the Tortugas is the Vermes, but unfortunately there was
no one in the party who was at all familiar with them. It
would be impossible, however, to see the many strange and
beautiful worms at this station without becoming interested
in their structure and admiring their exquisite coloring.

iMr. H. E. C. Ditzen had charge of the Vermes during the cruise, and

has located many of them in their proper genera, although the task was an
unusually difficult one, owing to the paucity of the literature at hand.

tm

M. F. LINDER, DEL.

Hermit Crab.

EUPAGURUS GRANULATUS, occupying shell of STROMBUS GIGAS.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 727

Nearly all were Annelids and most of these TuBIcoL é.
Several species of Eunrcipz: are objects of exquisite beauty,
owing to their brilliant iridescent colors, which flash and glow
like jewels when the animals are examined in the sun-light.
To those persons who regard worms as repulsive objects, such
a display is a useful revelation. Like most iridescent hues,
these are evidently due to structure and not to pigment. This
explains the fact that these species do not lose their brilliancy
in alcohol, as is usually the case where pigment is involved.
The specimens before me have been immersed in alcohol for
about sixteen months, and yet their beauty seems but little
impaired. The SERPULID were especially abundant in the
moat around Fort Jefferson, where their tubes were attached
firmly to the masonry, and the flower-like tentacles were the
objects of delight to the collector, and served as a further
illustration of the rare beauty of marine worms. ‘The tubes
were so firmly soldered to the masonry, however, that they
could not be removed without damage.

Among the Errantia, which do not construct tubes, were
some that proved really formidable on account of their severe
stinging powers. Several of our party were badly stung by
the poisonous bristles that appeared soft and silky, and yet
penetrated the cuticle and doubtless conveyed a very severe
irritant poison which caused a benumbed feeling in the hand
and arm, accompanied by intense burning pain. ‘The species
which inflicted this suffering on the incautious collector has
not been identified. It is among the larger of the worms
secured, and the bristles are in rows of tufts on the sides.
They were found among the heads of Porz/es in the shallows.

There is no place, probably, on our Atlantic coast where
Mollusca are more abundant and more conspicuous than at the
Tortugas. Messrs. Gilman Drew and Arthur M. Rogers, who
had this group in hand, had to call others to their aid in taking
care of the quantities of “‘conchs” that were brought in with
the return of each boat. The old moat, especially, was a
conchologist’s paradise, and the walls were studded with
various species of gastropods, many of them having the foot

128 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

and aperture brilliantly colored. A species of Octopus, or
devil-fish, was quite common in the shallow water. It would
be difficult to imagine a more utterly repulsive animal than
this. It is so slimy! There is something so stealthy and in-
sinuating in the crawling, gliding motion of the long and snake-
like tentacles, that even the naturalist, who has for years
contemplated without special repugnance all sorts of animals,
can hardly repress a feeling of aversion while handling these
creatures. The power of adhesion possessed by the suckers
is very great, sufficient. in fact, to permit of the suckers them-
selves being torn from the arms before their hold is released.
A favorite resort of this species seemed to be the closely
branching heads of Porvtes so abundant in the shallows around
the islands.

A great majority of the mollusks were gastropods, of which
twenty-odd species were secured. Many were among the
largest known, e. g., Fascéolaria gigantea Kiener. When
alive, this species is rendered very striking by the brilliant
red color of its immense foot, which is very conspicuous when
the animal is fully expanded. Several other species collected
here were similarly marked. It is significant that, so far at
least as I have observed, these brilliant colors on the fleshy
parts of mollusks are possessed only by members of those
groups which have functional eyes, a fact which would indi-
cate a definite connection between the possession of sight and
brilliant coloration and suggest, at least, an application of the
principle of sexual coloration. It will be remembered that
most strikingly colored mollusks are among the Prosobranch-
lata, Which have separate sexes.

The following genera of gastropods were represented in the
collection from the Tortugas: JZurex, Fasciolaria, Colum-
bella, Strombus, Cyprea, Trivia, Cyphoma, Cerithium, Tec-
tarius, Peloronta, Livonia, Fissurella and Strophia. Probably
the most conspicuous and abundant of all was S/rombus gigas,
Linn., the common “conch” of the West Indies. The exquisite
hues on the lip and aperture of these shells would cause them
to be eagerly sought after for cabinet specimens were they

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 129

less common. These animals are used for food by the
Bahamans, who make them intoa sort of chowder. They are
undeniably tough, however, and we did not regard them as
particularly palatable on the one occasion when an experi-
mental dish was prepared. Candor compels the confession,
however, that this may have been due to the fact that our cook
used condensed milk in the preparation of the chowder.

We were greatly astonished at the toleration exhibited by
some of these gastropods to immersion in alcohol. On one
occasion a number of small operculate specimens were left for
several days in moderately strong alcohol and then spread out
on the deck to dry. In a short time they were crawling
around apparently not one whit the worse for their long soak-
ing. It is probable that the operculum fits so tightly as to
exclude the alcohol, but it still remains a mystery how the
animals got air for respiration. Possibly they became narcot-
ized from the fumes of the alcohol, and were thus in a state
of suspended animation, as it were, during which the breath-
ing was practically reduced to nothing. That the alcohol does
not actually enter the shell is shown by the fact that when
small species of operculate gastropods are plunged into alcohol
and kept there, they are almost sure to decompose,—presum-
ably from the fact that the preservative does not come in
contact with the soft parts of the animal. Mr. H. F, Wick-
ham informs me that he has noticed that non-operculate forms
protect themselves when immersed in alcohol by throwing out
a large quantity of mucous, which seems to be impervious to
the fluid. A similar process may aid in protecting the opercu-
late forms.

The Lamellibranchiata were much less abundant here than
at Bahia Honda, although quite a respectable number were
collected, including Chzone cingenda Dillwyn, Avicula mar-
garitifera Linn., Arca velata Sowb., Cardium tsocardium Linn.,
Pecten ornatus Lam., Lucina tigerina Lamk, besides several
unidentified species.

The sub-kingdom Echinodermata was represented by a
splendid series of forms. Perhaps the greatest surprise was

130 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

when we found a magnificent crinoid with a spread of about
twelve inches growing in water less than three feet deep.
These specimens were of a rich golden brown color, which
has not faded in alcohol, and belonged to the genus Acfzno-
metra. ‘The mouth is even more eccentric than usual in this.
genus, and the pinnules are long and slender. ‘The arms ap-
pear to be more brittle than in other crinoids, and the ultimate
ramifications are twenty-four in number. This is probably
the handsomest species of free crinoid secured during the
cruise, and the unexpectedness of the discovery added to its
interest. t

Only two species of star-fish were found. One is an As-
terina, which is quite small, not exceeding an inch in diameter.
It is a very robust species, almost pentagonal. ‘The dorsal
surface is covered with imbricating plates with a dermal pa-
pila peeping from the upper edge of each. One specimen is
four-rayed and almost perfectly square in outline. Star-fish
seem to be much more apt to have additional rays than to
have less than the typical number of five. By far the most
abundant species at this station was a species of Astropecten,
which came up in great numbers when we dredged across the
channel near the quarantine buoys. At no other spot did we
find star-fishes so abundant in individuals as here. Like
others of the ASTROPECTINID&, this species is partial to a clear,
sandy bottom. We greatly admired the arrangement of pax-
illa, whereby these animals were able to keep their dermal
tentacles constantly bathed in fresh sea-water without the
channels becoming clogged with sand. So far as my obser-
vation goes, it would. seem that species with true paxillae
always live in sand or mud, and are as a rule flat, not vaulted,
and thus especially apt to be covered with sand.

The serpent-stars were unusually abundant in this region,
the genus Offhiura being represented by some half-dozen
species. The most abundant of these is the Ophzura cinerea

1 Professor Alexander Agassiz informs me that he has found large
Comatule in shallow water at the Tortugas. Whether it is the same spe-
cies as ours or not I do not know.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. rae

Lyman. This serpent-star, like many others, is extremely
variable in coloration, the specimens from the Tortugas being
darker and less decidedly gray than those from the Bahamas.
In O. devis Lyman, the radial shields are evident in the
adults, but are covered in, the younger specimens, the full
grown animals closely resembling O. cenerea. Another some-
what doubtful species is Ophiura appressa Say, which has the
radial shields and side mouth-shields covered, and nine arm-
spines. This species is considerably smaller than c7nerea, and
some specimens are strikingly colored, the disk being pure
white marked with dark olive-green blotches. Another spec-
imen is considerably larger, the mouth-shields are oblong
oval, the side mouth-shields are uncovered, and the radial
shields covered. One of the prettiest species secured at this
station was Ophiura rubicunda Lyman, which has the disk
beautifully mottled with lake-red and grayish, the arms being
banded with the same colors. ‘This seems to be the variety
mentioned by Lyman as ‘a so-called variety of this species
which may be said to have the under side of O. c7nervea, and
the upper side of QO. rubicunda.”+ This statement almost ex-
actly expresses the facts in regard to our specimen. The
familiar Ophzocoma echinata Agass. is very abundant here,
and is the largest Ophiurian secured at the Tortugas. It isa
form admirably adapted to demonstrate the mouth-parts of the
serpent-star before classes. Ophrocoma rvse¢ Liitken is char-
acterized by having slender arm-spines, oval mouth-shields,
and a single tentacle-scale. It seems to grade into O. echinata
in many particulars. Offzocoma sp. is of a very light yellow-
ish brown, banded with darker brown in about equal propor-
tions, and is characterized by having one tentacle-scale, four
arm-spines,—the third and fourth the longest,—disk finely
and evenly granulated, and mouth-shields almost round. — I-
am unable to place this specimen in any species described by
Lyman. Ophionerers reticulata Liitken has the upper arm-
plates furnished with supplementary plates, and is of a yellow-
ish brown color reticulated with fine lines of reddish brown,

1Tllustrated Catalogue Mus. Comp. Zodl. No. 1, page 31.

32 NatTuraAuL History BUuI.LETIN.

the arms bearing distant annulations. Ophzothrix orstedit
Liitken is the most beautiful as well as most abundant species
of Ophiuran at the Tortugas. The body color is green or
blue, the arms being crossed by pure white lines, disk beset
with long glassy spines, and the spines of the arms bearing
the characteristic spinelets of this genus. Ophiomyxa flaccida
Liitken is also common. ‘The rays are shorter than in typical
specimens, and annulated with dark olive and light buffy in
several of our specimens from that locality.

A species of basket-fish was collected here; Astrophyton
costosum Seba is of a purplish brown color, with very prominent
radial ribs bearing rounded nodules or blunt spines. ‘The
branching of the rays is not truly dichotomous except the first
few basal forkings. After this the main branches run straight
outward, giving off branchlets from time to time that are them-
selves truly dichotomous. ‘Twenty forkings can be counted
in one specimen, and this would give, according to the method
of computation adopted in the famous communication from
Gov. John Winthrop to the Royal Society, about 21,000,000
terminal tendrils or branchlets. Of course a vast majority of
these are usually lacking in museum specimens, but there are
sull enough to hopelessly entangle the mass. The arms are
closely and evenly granulated throughout, and do not have the
appearance of segmentation so strongly marked as does
Astrophyton agassizi of Lyman. Radial dark, almost black
blotches are symmetrically placed between the radial ribs, and
there is a large black blotch at the centre of the disk.

The sea-urchins were numerous individually, but the num-
ber of species was not remarkably great. Cvdarzs tribuloides
Bl. was found principally on the mud-flats just inside the reef.
The symmetrical disposition of the spines of this species and
the well marked tubercles make it an excellent one for class
use in a preliminary study of the Echini. By far the most
conspicuous echinoderm was Lzadema setosum, Gray which
was abundant on the sand-flats near Garden Key. The spines
of this species attain a length of seven inches, and are literally
as sharp asneedles. Although they appear to be as brittle as

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. E23

glass, they are capable of piercing not only the human cuticle,
but even strong leather shoes, a fact several times demon-
strated by our collectors while working in the shallows. The
wound is quite severe, and as painful as a wasp’s sting. The
tip of the spine is usually broken off in the wound, and a dark
crimson or purple fluidis injected. The spines and test of the
animal seem covered with this fluid in life, giving a bloody
appearance. Whether this secretion is poisonous or not, the
wound is so painful as to suggest it. Several of our party
suffered severely from this cause, especially while trying to
get hold on the under side of coral heads, when the hand
would often come in contact with scores of these long, cruel
spines. Almost the only profanity that I heard during the
trip was wrung from some of our best young men by the
unbearable pain inflicted by the spines of J. sefosume.

When the animal was undisturbed, resting on the bottom,
the long black spines were symmetrically arranged radiating
in all directions. Upon being touched, the points of the spines
would converge toward the disturbing object. It seemed to
several of us that the urchin had the power of imparting a true
thrust to the spines. The writer experimented by placing his
finger as lightly as possible against the tip of a spine, and
received a sting like that of a hornet. At the base of each
spine is a considerable mass of muscle fibres, but a somewhat
hasty examination does not reveal any circular muscles which
might give a thrust to the spine by compressing the bundle of
longitudinal fibres.

Etchinometra subangular’ts Desml. was common on the mud-
flats, together with a very large species, probably //:-pponoe
esculenta A. Ag., with short white spines and a much larger
test than is found in specimens of this species in the Bahamas.
Toxopneustes variegatus A. Ag. is also found here, but all of .
the specimens were of the variety having thick reddish-brown
spines, and would have been considered a distinct species from
those collected at Bahia Honda were it not for the emphasis
laid by Agassiz on the extreme variability of this urchin.
Etchinanthus rosaceus Gray was found in limited numbers, and

134 NatTurRAL History BULLETIN.

a portion of the test of .a A/Zefalia was picked up near Bird
Key.

The corals were of course the best represented group of —
Ceelenterates. We were told that most of the branching
forms had been killed a few vears previous to our visit,
probably by unusually low tides. The following reef-build-
ing forms were collected:

Siderastrea galaxea Ell. and Soland., Manicina areolata
Linn., /sophyllia dipsacea Dana, Drploria cerebriformis Lamk.,
Meandrina clivosa Verrill, Weandrina sinuosa Lesr., Porites
astreoides Lamk., Porites furcata Lamk., Porites clavaria
Lamk., Agaricia agaricites Pall., Orbicella annular7s Dana.,
Oculina varicosa Lesueur. Of these, the two species of
branching Por7tes were by far the most abundant, growing
inside the reefs and fairly covering considerable areas of the
bottom. Only one specimen of Aladrepora cervicornis Lamk.
was found, although we were told that they were formerly
very abundant.

Millepora alcicornis Lamk. was the only hydroid, if it be
a hydroid, found at this station, a fact that surprised us
greatly. Of course we did no dredging in deep water, and
thus were unable to investigate the fauna outside of the reefs.

Only two species of Medusz were found,—Lmerges mer-
curius Heck. and Polyclonia frondosa Agassiz, the latter
being very abundant in the old moat, where it rests on the
sandy bottom with its tentacles turned upward. In spots
they are closely packed together, and the waving, leaf-like
tentacles give them a semblance to a thick growth of alge.
Physalia arethusa Agassiz is the only Siphonophore found by
us at this station. It was abundant, and as before indicated,
is almost always accompanied by a little group of parasitic
fishes.

On Tuesday, June 13th, the boats were sent for the turtle
skeletons which the land-crabs had cleaned for us on Bird
Key, and the corals which had been put to bleach on Bush
Key. A strong wind was blowing, but abated somewhat in the
afternoon, and the “Emily E. Johnson” left the fumigating

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 135

dock with her passengers unanimously of the opinion that Dr.
Murray and his associates had put the expedition under great
obligation by their attention not only to the comfort and
health, but also to the pleasure of the entire party. For once,
at least, in the history of the Dry Tortugas, people left the
domain of the yellow flag with genuine regret.

The vessel remained at anchor that night within the harbor,
or rather channel, off Garden Key. <A heavy gale blew from
the S. S. W. all night, raising a sea that sent the waves dash-
ing high over the sea-wall against the old fort. Not wishing
to leave our safe anchorage in such a gale, we busied our-
selves in doing odd jobs about the vessel and in reading.
The next day a high sea was still running outside, and we
concluded to try a few hauls of the trawl and tangles across
the channel. The bottom must have been actually paved
with a species of Astvopecten, as the tangles were fairly
crowded full of them. The trawl could be used to advantage
on this smooth sandy, bottom, and we thus secured quite a
number of small fish that would otherwise have been missed.

On the morning of Friday, June 16th, we finally bade good-
bye to the Dry Tortugas, but were glad to see Dr. Murray
on board to accompany us to Key West. This gentleman has
probably had more experience with yellow fever than any
other American physician, and we were greatly interested in
the tales of the pestilence which he could so graphically
relate. His opinion was that the disease is not nearly so ter-
rible as generally supposed, and that with proper treatment
there is no necessity for a mortality greater than two per cent.
The doctor was evidently skeptical concerning the existence
of the yellow fever bacillus.

CHAPTER Vi.

KEY WEST AND THE POURTALES PLATEAU.

On Saturday, June 17th, we again put into Key West,
tying up to the government wharf, where a berth was secured
for the “Emily E. Johnson” through the kind offices of Dr.
Murray.

It was really a relief to be again allowed to mingle with our
fellow men, and not bear the stigma which Uncle Sam had so
promptly put upon us when we entered the port before.
Being tabooed by one’s kind is doubtless sometimes for the
veneral good, but it makes the victim feel as if there were
some moral obliquity involved, and tends to decidedly diminish
one’s self-esteem. Being pronounced once more fit for contact
with American citizens, we welcomed the advent of the num-
erous parties who were willing to supply us with fruits, pro-
visions, Curios, clean linen, etc., with a cordiality which must
have seemed unduly emphatic, and patronized ice-cream
saloons and soda-water fountains with a zest unknown since
childhood.

Key West is a Spanish city, with a strong Bahaman flavor,
placed on American soil. Its main industries are sponge-
curing, cigar-making, and the hatching of Cuban rebellions.
If the Spanish authorities could swoop down on that city some
night and exterminate its inhabitants of Spanish blood, it
would be safe to insure Cuba against revolutions for a gen-
eration to come. This city, of twenty-odd thousand inhab-
itants, is an anomaly. The only thing about it that is Amer-
ican is the coral rock upon which it stands, anda few of the
government officials. One can enter store after store with-
out being able to transact his business in English, and when

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 037

he does find a man who speaks English it isn’t American
English, but Bahaman English, a curious fz/o7s composed of
negro dialect and the language of the London cockney, in
which the h’s are misplaced with consummate adroitness.

The city itself lacks the picturesqueness of the Spanish
city, the cleanliness of the Bahaman village, and the push and
vim of an American town. The only really handsome build-
ing is the custom-house and post-office combined, a substan-
tial structure of stone and brick, overlooking the harbor and
embellishing an otherwise unattractive water front. Some
distance further to the south is the U. S. marine hospital,
where we found a formidable accumulation of mail for our
party. Still farther down and separated from the island by a
causeway, Fort Taylor adds a bit of romance to the scene.
.The beach is lined with cocoanut palms, trees which seem
graceful and picturesque at first, but grow commonplace and
monotonous on long acquaintance. The shops of the town
are mostly wooden structures, sadly in need of paint, and a
majority of the signs are in Spanish. One of the most pre-
tentious buildings is the Masonic building, which is three
stories high, and contains a public library and free reading-
room. <A horse-car line runs along the principal business
streets, but the horses pulling the cars usually walk. The
streets themselves have the virtue of being wide. The res-
idence part of the city is much more attractive than the
business portion, and contains quite a number of sensible and
homelike houses, with commodious verandas and abundant
shade.

A new industry has been inaugurated at Key West in the
shape of a canning factory for pine-apples. This enterprise
was started two or three years ago by Martin Wagner &
Company, of Baltimore, who ship the pine-apples from the
Bahamas to Key West and can them there, instead of trans-
porting the fruit to their factories at Baltimore, as in times
past. The misfortunes to which sailing craft are subjected
were well illustrated by a schooner that arrived during our
stay at Key West, consigned to Martin Wagner & Company.

138 NaTuRAL History BUvILETIN.

This schooner had left Eleuthera three weeks before, had
been becalmed in the Florida Straits, and carried by the Gulf
Stream clear through the straits and around north of Abaco,
which is further from its destination than was the starting
place. Of course the load of pine-apples had rotted down and
was completely ruined.

At this place two members of the expedition were com-
pelled to leave us, owing to constant seasickness, and pro-
cceded by steamer to Tampa, and thence home to Iowa by
rail.

We remained at the wharf over Sunday, but noticed an
intolerable stench arising from the hold. Our search for the
source of this foul odor was at first unavailing, but we finally
discovered that it arose from some of the potato barrels.
These were taken on deck and opened, disclosing a serious.
state of affairs. The potatoes had suddenly commenced to
rot, and several of the barrels had their contents reduced to a
disgusting, putrid mass, which we hastily pitched overboard.
Then all the other barrels were brought up and opened, and
the potatoes picked over, the small remnant of sound tubers
being spread out on the deck to dry, after which they were
again stowed below. ‘This was a serious loss, as potatoes
were too expensive at Key West to permit of our stocking up
there, although we did get a few bushels of sweet potatoes.
We also discovered at this time that our corned beef was
beginning to spoil, but succeeded in trading off some of our ~
superfluous coffee and flour for hams, bacon, eggs, and veget-
ables, on a basis that showed that the good people of Key
West knew how to drive a hard bargain when they had their
customers in a tight place. Our experience would go to
prove that about the only kind of provisions that are sure to
keep well without ice, on a long cruise in the tropics are the
various kinds of canned goods. I do not remember that any-
thing put up in this way spoiled, even the butter remaining
sweet and good to the very last.

That evening we left the dock, and dropped down to near
the entrance to the harbor, in order to get a good start for the

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 139

dredging ground in the morning. One of the most important
undertakings which our expedition had in view was a some-
what thorough exploration of the famous “ Pourtales Plateau,”
perhaps the richest field in the Western Hemisphere for the
marine zoologist. Outside of the line of reefs known as the
Florida Reefs there extends southward a gentle submarine
slope reaching out toward the trough of the Gulf Stream.
“This rocky plateau with a very moderate slope begins a
little to the westward of Sand Key, and stretches to the
northward and eastward until it reaches its maximum breadth,
of about eighteen miles to the eastward of Sombrero. It then
diminishes in breadth, and finally ends between Cary’s Foot
Inecteand) Cape Mlorida, ., .. The plateau) begms at a
depth of about ninety fathoms, and ends at about three hund-
red.”! The bottom is limestone composed of the debris from
the adjacent reefs, cemented into a sort of conglomerate. We
have here the most favorable condition for a profusion of ani-
mal life:—a gentle slope leading off from a continental mass,
for the real outline of the Florida Reefs include the whole line
of keys and reefs, bathed by a constant and powerful current.

Acting on the advice of Professor Alexander Agassiz, we
did all of our dredging on this plateau between Sand Key and
Sombrero Key. Taking our bearings from Sand Key Light,
American Shoal Light, and Sombrero Light; and frequently
getting cross-bearings from two of these, we were able to
know nearly our exact position during the whole time. With
some interruptions due to calms and a run into Key West for
a spar, we worked eleven days on the Pourtales Plateau, mak-
ing forty-four hauls of the dredge or tangles. When the
weather permitted our dredging all day, we made six or
seven hauls daily. A comparison with our record while
dredging off Havana will show that practice considerably |
facilitated our work. We also found that the labor was much
less trying when we became used to it, although the heat was
considerably greater than we found it during our dredging off
the Cuban coast. Of course the comparative absence of sea-

1Three Cruises of the Blake, vol. I, p. 286.

140 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

sickness had a great deal to do with making our Pourtalés
Plateau work seem pleasanter, and the health of the party
had been improved by our stay at the Tortugas. Practice
also increased the efficiency of each one in that particular
work which fell to his or her share, so that the material was
more quickly cared for and more intelligently disposed of. A
certain familiarity with the different groups of animals began
to make itself evident on the part of the students, showing
that the educational value of the expedition was assuming the
proportions hoped for by its projectors. Not only was each
person able to recognize at a glance the animals falling within
his particular province, but every one was able, in a general
way, to sort out the material into the proper classes as it was
dumped from the dredge or picked from the tangles. The
educational value of the mere handling and assorting of a mis-
cellaneous heap of material is perhaps greater than can be
realized in the same time in any other way, and when the
work is done where there is ready resort to the general liter-
ature of the subject, and also to the microscope and labora-
tory tools, it will be seen that our young people were enjoy-
ing unsurpassed educational facilities along biological lines,
although there was comparatively little of the time when they
were consciously studying.

We soon found that there was little use in dredging inside
of about the sixty-fathom line. the slope from the reefs to that
depth being singularly rocky and barren of animal life,
although fairly good spots were occasionally encountered at:
less depths. The first hauls we made after crossing the one-
hundred-fathom line directly south of Sand Key Light were a
revelation, at once demonstrating the exceeding richness of the
fauna and the vast difference between it and the reef fauna, and
the difference between both of these and the fauna of the
opposite slope of the Gulf Stream off the Cuban coast. No
more instructive lesson on the geographical and bathymetric
distribution of marine life could well be found. But few
species, so far as yet determined, were found common to
either two of these three faunz, and the general facies of each

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. IAI

was remarkably distinct from that of either of the others.
The trough of the Gulf Stream seems to be a most effective
barrier, fully as potent as a range of mountains on the land,
while a difference of a few score fathoms in depth zodlogically
divides the Pourtales Plateau from the reef region as effect-
ively as thousands of miles difference in latitude does the
terrestrial forms.

Taking it all in all, this was the most profitable part of our
cruise, both from a scientific and an educational standpoint.
although it was characterized by almost continuous work and
considerable discomfort from the heat, as well as a certain de-
gree of danger. The latter element came in, as usual, in a
manner.and at a time entirely unexpected.

On Monday, June roth, just when we were rejoicing over
the first splendid haul from below the one-hundred-fathom
line, and most of the party were eagerly picking the harvest
from the tangles, a serious accident happened. The large
oyster-dredge had been lowered and was dragging nicely on
the bottom, when it suddenly caught firmly on some object,
and with scarcely a moment’s warning the tremendous pres-
sure on the iron rope, caused probably more by the current of
the Gulf Stream than the passage of the vessel through the
water, created havoc unparalleled during the entire cruise,
The mate and Mr. Larrabee, who were watching the dredge
rope, were seated on the windward bulwarks just forward ot
a break in the rail. A number of others were on the oppo-
site side of the vessel picking over the tangles after the pre-
ceding haul. The first thing to give way was the two-and
three-fourths-inch Italian hemp rope which guyed the dredg-
ing spar in position while dredging, thus bringing a longitudinal
strain on the dredging spar which swung aft; next the rope
securing the throat of the spar to the foremast parted like so
much yarn; then the rope which secured the heavy iron pul-
ley-block to the deck just aft of the galley broke at both ends.
The spar fell to the deck with a crash, breaking in two as it
struck, and the pulley fell, barely missing the head of a young
woman working over the tangles. The iron rope then came

142 NatTuraL History BULLETIN.

to the deck, swept along the bulwark, and almost caught the
two men, in which case they would have been cut in half
against the break in the rail. The rope began sawing through
the rail, and the dredging machine seemed about to be torn
from its bolts and taken bodily overboard, which would have
ended our dredging once for all. All of these disasters
occurred within eight or ten seconds,—so suddenly that we
were fairly dazed, giving us the impression that everything
aloft was falling about our ears, and that the fearful strength
of our iron rope was going to wreck the vessel.

By this time the schooner was firmly anchored by the
dredge, and the danger would have been over were it not for
the strong current of the Gulf Stream and the terrible strain
caused by the rolling of the schooner. Captain Flowers was
‘equal to the emergency, however, and with the help of some
of his men and our boys, managed to get the rope under
control again, after which we succeeded in breaking the
dredge from the bottom, and finally reeled in all the rope
without the loss of a single foot of it, nor so much as a serious
kink, which is nearly as bad as a break. When the dredge
came up it contained what appeared to be fragments of badly
corroded iron plates, evidence that it had caught on a sunken
wreck. The dredge was fouled many times during the
cruise, but on no other occasion did it catch so firmly and sud-
denly as then. The coral rock and conglomerate on the
Pourtalés Plateau would have yielded more promply to the
strain.

It is the unexpected that happens, and no better illustration
could be found than in our experience. Who wouid have
thought that the only really serious dangers encountered dur-
ing our cruise would have been a mad dog on deck and an
old forgotten wreck a hundred fathoms below the surface on
the Pourtales Plateau?

That evening we ran into Key West for a new dredging
spar. The broken spar had cost two dollars in Baltimore,
but at Key West they wanted fifteen dollars for a fifteen-foot
pole without irons. Captain Flowers pronounced this pure

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 143

robbery, and said that we would mend our broken spar, which
although it was somewhat heavier and not nearly so comely.
he did, making it fully as useful and even stronger than before,

It was during this time that we experienced great discom-
fort from heat. For several successive days there would be a
little breeze early in the morning, which died out when the
sun got well above the horizon, after which a dead calm
would set in and last for the rest of the day. Although the
middle of the day was actually the hottest, we found the time
from seven to eight in the morning as uncomfortable as any,
from the fact that the sun would get into our faces under the
largest hats or bonnets, and the reflections from the water
would add very materially to the glare which hurt the eyes
and burned the face. At this time no shade was afforded by
the sails, the nearly horizontal ravs passing under the booms
and even under the awning, when the latter was up. But
when the sun reached the zenith, the tar would actually boil
from the deck, and the awnings would only slightly modify
the heat, which struck through them so forcibly that little
relief could be secured. Below it was simply stifling, and the
merciless glare of the deck, unrelieved by a particle of breeze,
seemed to sap all ambition and vitality from even the strong-
est members of the party. The thermometer registered 135°
on the deck, and well into the nineties under the awning.
The lot of our cook was, at this time, certainly far from envi-
able. He had to spend the greater part of the day in the
seven-by-seven galley, with a large range and a roaring coal
fire, which*made the deck seem cool in comparison. Here
poor Smith had to cook three meals a day for twenty-eight
people, whose appetites were, to say the least, not delicate.
One afternoon when the fire was going down after dinner the
thermometer registered 143° in the galley. Under these cir-
cumstances, there is little wonder that our cook lost flesh with
startling rapidity, and that, whereas he came on board a
rather sleek and portly darkey, he left us at Baltimore, an
emaciated and aged man. His general health seemed little
affected, however, and, let it be said to his credit, his patience

144 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

and good nature proved inexhaustible. I doubt if any white
person could have endured staying in that galley for half an
hour during the hottest times.

On several such days, seeing that the breeze was about to
fail us, we used what remained in getting to an anchorage
inside the reefs. When this was done, collecting parties
could be sent out in the boats after corals and shallow-water
forms, and any serious loss of time prevented. At such times.
we found great relief from the heat by going overboard and
swimming in the crystal clear water on the shady side of the
schooner. ‘These swimming parties were greatly enjoyed by
all who participated in them, and a number both of young
men and women learned the delightful and invigorating art of
swimming. An extra spar was hung over the side, in addi-
tion to the boarding steps and several lines, and we had a
natatorium which could not be surpassed either in cleanliness
or convenience. When a novice desired:a lesson, a rope was
attached to his or her belt, and the aspirant for natatory
accomplishment was persuaded to jump overboard-in prefer-
ence to being thrown overboard. The end of the rope was
held by some one on board. After a few such lessons, almost
every one who tried was able to float or swim without assist-
ance, although the line attachment was never omitted, in the
case of the young women at least, several of whom became
quite able to float or swim, much to their delight and profit.
It was a novel and interesting sight to see the bulwarks lined
with a row of these young men and women, who, at a given
signal, jumped or dove into the cool, clear depths together.
This healthful exercise served to break up the oppressive mo-
notony of the calm weather, and doubtless had a good deal to.
do with the continued good health of all on board. When the
calm caught us at sea, we tried our hands at fishing. The
sharks appeared to be quite numerous, and could be seen
from the deck, gliding around the vessel some distance below
the surface. On one occasion a very large “hammer-head”
was seen from the cross-trees. It was, apparently, the largest
fish observed during the cruise, but it is difficult to estimate

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 145

the size of objects in the water, which may account for the
large proportions of fish stories. The commonest shark in
these waters was the blue shark, Carcharhinus glaucus. ('T.)
Jor. and Gilb. This is one of the so-called man-eating sharks.
It was hard to repress a feeling of repugnance while watch-
ing these huge brutes cruise around and around the ‘Emily
E. Johnson,” as if they were treading a regular beat for busi-
ness purposes. At such times the boys lost their desire to
jump overboard, and conceived a still more intense longing to
catch sharks. Captain Flowers eagerly aided and abetted
them in this purpose, and their efforts resulted in the capture
of a number of the man-eaters. The largest of these seemed
enormous as we hauled him abcard, and almost any of us
would have said that he was fifteen or twenty feet long. He
measured, however, just twelve feet, a good-sized shark after
all, although specimens are rarely mentioned in the literature
of adventure which are less than twenty-five feet long. The
vitality of this great fish was wonderful. It was shot several
times through the head before being hauled aboard, but gave
an occasional flap of its tail for a long time afterward. The
heart kept up its pulsations long enough for us to make a dis-
section, affording an instructive demonstration of the gross
anatomy of the circulatory system. The lance-like sharpness
of the teeth was learned from the most practical teacher,
experience, by several of those who were engaged in the dis-
section. This specimen seemed to have the power of evert-
ing the stomach out of the mouth, a considerable portion of
that organ being in the mouth when the animal came aboard.
Some of our party conceived the idea that the flesh of a
young shark would be good eating, and tested their theory by
a gastronomical demonstration. They reported the flesh quite
palatable, as, indeed, it doubtless was.

Probably the best sport in the fishing line was dolphin
fishing. These were the fish and not the mammal known by
the same name. A school of these beautiful creatures was
seen swimming around the vessel during a calm, and all hands
got out hooks and lines for a try at this novel sport. Shark

146 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

meat was used as bait, and for a long time it seemed as if
the attempt were doomed to failure. The dolphins appeared
to be tempted, but would sheer off again in the most exasper-
ating manner. Finally one adventurous fish swallowed the
hook, and soon lay on deck, a mass of changing hues. An-
other and another followed suit, and soon the dolphins were
biting ravenously, and being hauled aboard in the most gratify-
ing numbers, until nearly all had paid the penalty of their
rashness. ‘Thev proved excellent eating, and we much enjoyed
the store of good fresh fish thus so opportunely secured.

The far-famed colors of the dolphin are not exaggerated.
Indeed they could not be, so vivid and exquisite are they.
One specimen was a monster of its kind, being four feet long
and having the frontal prominence greatly developed,—so
much so that the eye appeared to be in about the middle of
the head. A broad band running from the forehead nearly
to the tail was a real glittering gold, just as true a gilt as could
be made by laying on gold leaf. This is the largest surface
covered with this rare metallic color that I have seen in na-
ture. The dorsal fin was a rich blue, the under surface was
white dotted with small, regularly distributed “polka dots” of
blue. Yellow, red and green also entered into the coloration
of this gorgeous creature. The changing of hues while dying
consisted in flushes of color passing rather slowly from one to
another. It did not seem, however, to be so brilliant at any
time while dying as it was immediately upon coming out of
the water. In a few minutes all the richness of color was
gone forever, and nothing remained but a very ordinary fish.
A good cast of this creature made after the modern method:
and colored correctly, would be a most attractive object for a
museum, although most of the visitors would doubtless con-
sider it highly unnatural and impossible, a criticism often made
by the ignorant in the presence of faithful reproductions of
natural objects.

Of course the absence of ice on board the schooner was
something of a hardship to those who had never before been
called upon to do without it during hot weather. It would

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 147

have been impossible, however, to have carrried along a
sufficient store to keep through the cruise, and the hardship
would have been all the more severe had we taken a supply
from Baltimore, which would inevitably have failed us after
we got into a hot climate, making it necessary to go suddenly
from ice-water to the comparatively warm water of the water
casks. As it was, the water grew warm so gradually that
there was no sudden transition. We found great relief,
moreover, in the Cuban water-jars, or ‘“ollas,” as they are
called. These are almost globular jars made of a very porous
white clay, with a handle on one side, a short spout on the
other, a ring on top, and an aperture for pouring in the
water. Such a jar is filled and then hung out in the air and
sun. The evaporation going on from the damp outer surface
cools the water very perceptibly, making it quite palatable and
really better for drinking purposes than ice-water. Several
of these ollas were always kept hanging from the stern davits.
They were filled every morning from the water casks. After
we learned to utilize these very sensible contrivances, which
were bought at Havana, there was little complaint so far as
the drinking water was concerned. From a sanitary stand-
point there is little doubt that the use of the ollas is far better
than dependence upon ice.

Most of the fishes secured in this region were not taken
from the Pourtales Plateau proper, but in the shallower water
between the reefs and the one-hundred-fathom line, by far
the greater proportion coming up on the trawl or tangles
from a depth of about fifty fathoms. The assemblage of
forms as a whole was characterized by the grotesqueness of
shape so often found in aberrant groups. Of course there
were few typical deep-sea forms, the deepest haul producing
fish being one hundred and twenty fathoms. It is impcssible
to tell whether even these came from the bottom or were
caught at intermediate depths by the ascending trawl or
tangles. One species, however, a flounder, can be reasonably
assigned to that depth.

Among the more interesting forms secured may be men-

148 Naruran History Burierin:

tioned a species of sea-horse, ///fpocampus, one taken from a
depth of sixty fathoms and others from shallow water in the
Kkey West channel. The rapid vibration, resembling ciliary
action, of the fins is unlike that observed in any other fish
that we studied. The resemblace of these curious little
animals to the knights of the chess-board is rendered very
evident when the fish are erect, in their normal attitude.
Another striking form was probably a ‘flute-mouth,” - lz/os-
toma sp.? which was taken from the stomach of a dolphin and
is about four inches long, with sides covered with brilliant
silvery scales. The jaws, as the name implies, are very long
and tubular, with a small terminal mouth. The dorsal portion
of the animal is covered with scales edged with blackish, and
there are several dark blotches on the sides. Two small
species of sculpins were secured, both apparently belonging
to the genus Scorpena. One was dredged at about one
hundred and five fathoms. The scales are ctenoid, without
flaps; dorsal spines twelve; preopercular spines five; there
are five spines on the ridge over the eye. We noticed that
this, as well as other specimens from comparatively deep
water came up with the mouth open to its widest capacity, as
if the fish were suffering from strangulation. The other
sculpin was taken from a depth of sixty fathoms, was four and
one-half inches long, and had some of the ctenoid scales
armed with conspicuous fleshy flaps. The fins were barred
with brown, and the lower part of the sides marked with
small, sharply circumscribed black or brown spots. A fish
belonging to the “eel-pout” group (ZoARcID.£) was taken
from a depth of one hundred and twenty fathoms, and was
eight inches long, the anal and dorsal continuous, and the
ventrals jugular, reduced to two long, rather fleshy filaments.
A row of eight light or white spots ornamented the sides, and
there was a broad somewhat truncated muzzle projecting
over the mouth. The eyes were very large. From the same
depth a codling, Phycrs regzus (Walb.) was secured, a long,
slender fish with barbels on the chin, and ventrals reduced to
two long filaments. The first dorsal is very small, lobate with

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 149

black edgings. Both dorsal and anal are long and low. ‘Two
vertical series of dark brown or black spots are on the sides
of the head. This is the largest species dredged on the Pla-
teau, being nine inches long. “Said to exhibit electric powers
in life.’ (Jordan & Gilbert.) Another specimen from this
haul is a much mutilated flounder, which is not in a condition
for even approximate identification, as is indeed unfortunately
the fact in regard to several specimens from this station.

An interesting species of Axnfennarius was secured from
about fifty fathoms, and differed considerably from the others
seen by us. The first dorsal spine was modified into a * fish-
ing-rod,” which is exceedingly slender, bearing a small trifid
“bait” on the end. The body is covered with sharp trifid
spines, which bear considerable resemblance, superficial’ of
course, to the calcareous spicules of some of the flexible cor-
als and.sponges. ‘These spines impart a velvety appearance
to the surface when dried, but it feels much like sand-paper.
The lateral line is armed with clumps of spines, the series ex-
tending over the eye, where it is greatly accentuated. The
second and third dorsal spines are much thickened, fleshy, and
covered with the minute spines. There is a large oval black
spot surrounded by a narrow white edging just below the
middle of the long dorsal. The abdomenis greatly dilatable,
it being possible to blow up the alcoholic specimen. The pec-
toral fins are placed far back, giving a ludicrous resemblance
to hind legs, while the ventrals are much more widely separ-
ated than in the Axtfennarius which inhabits the Gulf weed.

Another strange form belonging to the order Pediculati and
dredged from a depth of one hundred and twenty fathoms, is
such a curious combination of characters that it cannot be
placed in any family defined in the only systematic work on
fishes at present accessible to the writer.' The gill-openings
are far above and considerably behind the upper axils of the
pectorals, being situated further back than in any other fish
that I have seen. They are longer and more conspicuous
than in the species just described. The animal has the gen-

1 Synopsis of the Fishes of North America, Jordan & Gilbert.

150 Natura History BULLETIN.

eral contour of the fishing-frogs, LopHup, but the position of
the gill-openings would exclude it from that family as defined
by Jordan & Gilbert. The head is enormous in proportion to
the rest of the body, and notably depressed. The mouth is
wide, opening vertically. The first dorsal is represented by a
peculiarly modified spine, which is short and fleshy. hinged
like the “fishing-rod” before described, and fits nicely, when
not erected, into a distinct oval pit between the eyes The
whole surface of the body is covered with prickly spines.
There is a.curious system of lines of pores, more extensive
than in any other fish that I have examined, reminding one
somewhat of Porrcthys. One line borders the upper lip and
curves rather abruptly backward at the corners of the mouth.
until it joins a transverse line to be described presently. A
pair of lines start from the middle of the upper lip, embrace
the pit containing the first dorsal, diverge back of the eyes,
until they attain the level of the eyes and then pass directly
backward, curving down over the gill-openings until they
reach the lower margin of the tail, along which they run as
far as the base of the tail-fin. A third series of pores starts
from the middle of the lower jaw, forming a horse-shoe with
the ends away from the jaw, and connected by a short line of
pores. . At each end of the horse-shoe a line extends outward
and backward to nearly the centre of the body, or just a little
in front, but much above, the ventral fins. At this point a
transverse line passes over the back across the dorsal lines.
and meets its fellow in the centre of the back. The ventral
line extends almost directly backward from the origin of the
tranverse line, and ends on the proximal joint of the pectoral
fin. The body of this strange fish is capable of great infla-
tion, being almost all mouth and stomach. The soft dorsal
begins above the pectorals and almost reaches the caudal.
The analis much shorter; the ventrals are very small. There
are no fleshy tags on the surface of the body except on the
first dorsal spine. The specimen is three and three-fourths
inches long and one and five-eighths inches broad, and one
and three-eighths inches in height when moderately distended.

gs aU ere

pall Se a
va

fae

M. F. LINDER, DEL.

Fig.1. A strange pediculate Fish. Pourtalés Plateau.
Fig. 2. ANTENNARIUS sp. Pourtalés Plateau.
Fig.3. NerPpruNUS SPINICARPUS. Stm. Dry Tortugas.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. ae

oa

The distance between the eyes is one-half inch, and the width
of the mouth three-fourths inch.

Of course it is altogether probable that the ichthyologist
will recognize in this a well-known form, but to the laity it is
one of the strangest of the strange fish collected by our ‘expe-
dition.

Among the most grotesque forms were two species of
‘‘bat-fish” secured from a depth of sixty fathoms. One of
these (JZalthe sp.) was less than two inches long, with a
strong, conical rostral process, which was one-third as long as
the distance from the mouth to the base of the caudal fin.
This process imparts a most ludicrous expression to the pro-
file of the fish, giving a comical resemblance to a human face
with large eyes and an enormous nose. The head is much
deeper than the body, and its top is ornamented by two series
of conical spines which unite at the centre of the back. Sim-
ilar spines are conspicuous on the margins of the body and on
the tail. The pectoral fins greatly resemble the legs of a frog,
and the ventrals are small and rather widely separated. The
other species belongs apparently to the genus //alreutichthys.
It resembles a ray in general outline, being exceedingly flat
with greatly expanded sides, the width of the body nearly
equaling the distance from the mouth to the base of the tail.
Total length three inches; mouth small; rostrum not produced.
The body is marked with a reticulate pattern of brownish
lines, and covered with blunt spines.

But the most remarkable species of all was a worm-like
creature which came up with the bat-fish just described. At
first sight we could hardly believe that it was a fish at all.
The animal was twelve inches long and only three-sixteenths
of an inch in diameter. It was scaleless, being as smooth to
the touch as an earth-worm. The head was not differentiated
from the body, and was produced into a short, pointed snout.
The eyes were large, the mouth inferior, and opening some
distance behind the end of the snout. The upper jaw was
armed with four large, sharp, slightly recurved teeth, pass-
ing in front of the lower jaw when the mouth is closed.

152 NatTuraAL History BuLuetin.

The gills open laterally. Color in alcohol, uniform light
brown, with no markings of any description.

«At Key West, as with most of the other land stations, the”
entomological work was confined chiefly to Coleoptera, and
only passing notice given the other orders. Attention was at
first naturally attracted to the beach, which here proved much
less productive than usual, the only species of note thus found
being two species of Cvcindela (marginata, Fabr. and tortu-
osa Dej.), and a few examples of 77ichopteryx (sp. incog.),
Dryotribus and Macrancylus, Phaleria being almost entirely
wanting. Later on, when opportunity offered to go into the
thickets which cover that portion of the key lying behind the
city, the insect life was found to be much more abundant and
varied than at first supposed. The two species of Czczndela
already mentioned were not uncommon in the roads and paths
which run through the brush in all directions, and under loose
pieces of bark lying near pools were taken a few specimens
of Bembidium contractum Say and of a Tachys near the Cali-
fornian 7. v7tt7ger Lec. Beating yielded Chzlocorus cacti Linn.,
Psyllobora nana Muls. (a smaller form than that taken in the
Tortugas). and an undescribed Scymmnus as representatives of
the CoccinELLip#@, while the CRyPTOPHAGID were repre-
sented by Loderus impressus Lec., and the DascyLiipa by
Scirtes tibialis Guér. Wherever the herbage was more than
ordinarily thick, or a clump of fresh sprouts had sprung from
an old trunk, we were pretty sure to find one or two JZono-
crepidius lividus De G.; in the inner recesses of the thickets,
where vines and bushes, matted together, overhung the nar-
row pathways, a few of the little Ptinids, Hlemzptychus simz-
fis Lec. and Eupactus viticola Sz. were shaken from their
leafy shelters. SCARABAZID were by no means common, and
seemed confined to two species,— 7r7chius delta Forst., which
was seen flying about flowers, and is rendered conspicuous
and easily recognizable by the triangular yellow mark on its
black thorax; and Canthon levis Drury, which was found
but once, in cow-droppings. This last species ranges from
Canada and New England to Florida and the south of Cali-

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 153

fornia, and varies in color from green and blue to bronze or
black. Those taken at Key West were of the blue form
ordinarily found in the south. The CurysomMELip@, though
few in species, were common enough in individuals, the little
Metachroma pellucida Cr. being one of the most plentiful
species on the island. Griburius larvatus Newm. and Chely-
morpha (argus? Licht.) were rare, the latter occurring on a
convolvulaceous plant near the beach. The Cistelid //ymen-
orus convexus Casey, so common in the Tortugas, was occa-
sionally beaten from leaves here, and one of them was taken
from the mouth of a large Asilid fly. The flowers of one
tree, unknown by name, were swarming with Ovaczs of
apparently three species, none of which can be identified with
those already known as members of our fauna. The Rhyn-
chophora were moderately numerous, <Arét7pus floridanus
Horn and Lachnopus floridanus Horn being the most com-
mon, while a few Anthonomus julichit Dietz were found cling-
ing to the under surface of leaves.

‘‘In the streets and on vacant lots there were a few beetles
noticed that did not come to hand in the wooded part of the
island. These were Blapstinus opacus Lec., which was com-
mon on sandy spots under old boards, rags, or anything in
fact that offered shelter from the burning sun; Zophobas
moro, a large black Tenebrionid only lately received as a
member of our fauna; a pretty Buprestid of the genus Po/y-
cesta and the unwelcome but common Lermestes vulprnus Fabr.
which on one occasion came aboard our vessel in swarms
while we were lying at the wharf. In the dusk they flew
about our hatches, no doubt attracted by the smell of the
large collections stored below, like carrion-flies about a car-
cass.

“A passing mention of some insects of the remaining orders
must suffice for the present, most of the few obtained being
still unidentified. Of Hemiptera we have the names of Thy-
anta custatur Fabr. and Luschistus crenatus Fabr. and also took a
species of Lygeus and one of /olymenra. Of Diptera, vari-
ous energetic mosquitoes were numerous, and a large Asilid

154 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

was not uncommon, being found chiefly at rest on fences, and
easily taken by hand without the aid of a net. ‘Two speci-
mens of Fyristal’s vinctorum Fabr. were captured, one of
them being taken from the clutches of the Asilid mentioned
before. Of the Hymenoptera, we might mention S¢zzés
hogardvi Latr., a very fine wasp, reddish in color, with smoky
wings, the tip of the abdomen black; a small species of Pom-
pilus; a female example of Spherophthalma ferrugata Fabr.,
which occurs also as far north as New England; and a female
Evania appendigaster Linn., a curious insect of a deep black
color, the small subtriangular compressed abdomen appearing
out of all proportion to the heavy thorax.”!

The following interesting account of pelagic I]emiptera is
quoted from an article by Mr. Wickham that appeared in
“The Entomological News,” February, 1894:

On the second of July, while at anchor near the Sand Key Light, a few
/Talobates were seen near the vessel between three and four o’clock in the
afternoon. By getting into a boat which was lying alongside, no difficultye
was experienced in capturing two or three that came within reach of the net.
The next day, while the vessel was under way with quite a pleasant breeze,
they were seen again, before seven o’clock in the morning, skimming
about the bows. Two or three were again taken by sitting in the chains
under the bow-sprit and “jabbing” at them with a crab-net lined with bolt-
ing cloth, as often as one crossed our course. By eight o’clock they were
less numerous. With the aid of the Report, previously mentioned, they
were determined as //alobates wullerstorfi Frauenf. a name afterwards
verified by Mr. O. Heidemann, of Washington.

The following day more of them were seen in Lat. 24° 24' N., Long. 70°
49 W. Immediately after dinner, when the water was still, except for a
smooth swell, a specimen was caught in a crab-net and turned loose, with-
out being touched by the fingers, into a tub of salt water on the deck. The
insect at once commenced to scud around on the surface with movements
so rapid that the eve could not follow them, and any observations on the
mode of locomotion were out of the question. In a few minutes partial
exhaustion succeeded these violent exertions, and it was then seen that the
long middle pair of feet did nearly all the work of progression, the anterior
pair being carried folded up (nearly) and projecting forwards, a little to
each side of the head. The antenne point forwards and outwards, form-
ing a Y. When the bug tires, the muscles at the insertion of the legs
appear to weaken first, and the body is let down on to the water. It there
restsin very much the position shown in Mr. Walker’s figure in the “Entom.

1H. F. Wickham.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 155

Monthly Magazine” for October, 1893, though my sketches, made on the
spot, show sharper angles at all the knee joints. The same position is not
always maintained, however, by different specimens.

The movements of a tired specimen were as follows: In making a stroke
the middle legs were brought forward until the tips were about on a line
with the head. They were then rapidly brought back so as to nearly
touch the tips of the hind pair, which were moved comparatively but little-
The posterior feet seem to be used to steer with rather than as an aid in pro-
gression. The four legs work in unison, not alternately, 7. e., the middle legs
keep time with each other and with the hinder pair. The tips of the legs
rest on the water, and are not immersed in it so that the little hollows near
each, caused by the weight of the insect, can plainly be seen. With cap-
tive specimens sunlight acted as a stimulant, and evoked activity, which
was lessened by shade.

One Halobates was then placed in a tightly corked bottle, filled, when
immersed, so as to make certain that no air was enclosed, except the thin
film which invested the insect. This was done at 1:22 P.M., and at 1:30
was witnessed what was then supposed to be the final struggle with death;
after the expiration of four minutes this recommenced, and was continued
at irregular intervals until 1:43, after which no more were seen until 1 748
at which time a tiny bubble of air made its way from the cork, and at 1:58
another of these bubbles evoked a feeble struggle, the last. When finally
removed to the alcohol bottle, not a movement could be detected, and the
insect was undoubtedly drowned. ‘This would appear to antagonize the
theory that they stay beneath the surface in stormy weather. I also
noticed, with several specimens, that they could (or would?) only dive after
being wet so that “skimming” was impossible, but this does not agree with
the observations of other naturalists, and I recognize its practical worthless-
ness as purely negative evidence.

This was by far the richest field for Crustacea that we
encountered during our work. ‘The Brachyura were, as
usual, the most abundant forms and a never-failing source of
interest to the students, who were constantly discovering some
grotesque shape or special protective modification. Between
forty and fifty species of Brachyura were secured here, hardly
a haul coming up without its quota. This collection will be
systematically treated in a forthcoming report by Miss Mary
J. Rathbun, of the Smithsonian Institution, and it is to her
kindness that the identification of these forms is due. By far
the greater number belong to the Maioid group, commonly
called *‘sea-spiders.” Three species of Podochela were found,
the first, P. gracilipes Stm., having the first true walking leg
very greatly lengthened, being about twice as long as the

156 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

next leg. It came from a depth of about sixty fathoms. P.
lamelligera Stimp. is much larger, very hairy, and has the
carapace almost completely covered with bits of shell, coral,
sand, etc. Anamathia crassa A. M. E. was by far the largest
species of Crustacean collected, some specimens being con-
siderably over a foot in “spread.” ‘They were bright red and
yellow, and the two largest specimens had the body and
appendages covered with a species of barnacle. Two stout
processes like horns extend forward from the rostrum, and
two very long, sharp spines extend laterally from the margin
of the carapace. A single specimen of Anomalothie furcillatus
Stm. was dredged from a depth of one hundred fathoms. It
has a very long body, which is produced forward into an
immense rostrum bifurcating into two divergent horns. Lzs-
pognathus thomsont Norman came up from a depth of two
hundred fathoms, and is characterized by having much larger
and longer chelipeds than most of the other Maioids. Arach-
nopsis filipes Stm. has three long cylindrical spines on the
median line of the carapace. It seems to be rather common,
as we took it at six different stations. Azaszmus latus Rathb.
is represented by a young specimen with very slender chelz.
Pyromaia cuspidata Stm. also came from a depth of two
hundred fathoms, and is aptly named from the two curved
lateral spines which project from the lower side of the long,
strong rostrum like the canine teeth from below the snout of
a pig. Pelia mutica (Gibbes) is from shallow water near Key
West, and is much stouter and shorter-legged than the pre-
ceding. Three species of Macrocwloma were secured. The
largest, J7. septemspinosa Stm., has a very stout body, armed,
as the name indicates, with seven spines,—three median, two.
lateral, and two in a line connecting the opposite lateral ones.
The rostrum is produced into an expanded plate, bifurcated
near its distal end. Perrcera cornuta celata A. M. E. was
common, being secured at several stations. Some specimens
of this species were so covered with sponge that their shape
could not be distinguished, and their antenne must have been
practically useless. The chele are unusually small in this

y 4
*

oY

Resa
VS wpe

Apa
ay

M. F. LINDER, DEL.
Crabs and Gorgonians from Pourtales Plateau.

Fig. 1. SOLENOLAMBRUS TYPICUS. Stm.
Fig.2. PLATYLAMBRUS SERRATUS. M. Edw.
Fig.3. PILruMNUS GEMMATUS. Stimp.
Fig.4. Gorgonian.

Fig. 4a. Magnified calicles.

i Vines Pre

= _ a

i fu

RH

7 \ ;

if -
tf, =i

Aang

ae

7
iw
=~

-™,
.

-

*

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 157

group, but one would think that the formidable spines would:
render concealment rather a superfluous protection from most
of its enemies. Three species of J/?¢hrax were secured from
comparatively shallow water. Indeed this genus is not repre-
sented in our collections from deep water.

The family PARTHINOPID4 is represented in the West
Indies by numerous species of Lamérus and its allies, most of
which are characterized by peculiarly shaped chelipeds, the
hand being trigonal and greatly elongated, and the fingers
very short. The old genus Lamébrus has been divided by
Milne Edwards into at least ten genera. Platylambrus ser-
ratus (M. E.) was found in shallow water both here and at the
Tortugas, white Lamérus pourtalesia Stm. was found in
abundance on the Pourtales Plateau proper, and also in deep
water off Havana, being one of the few species secured on
both sides of the Gulf Stream from deep water. Lamdbrus
agonus Stimp. has very long and slender chelipeds, and is.
one of the numerous species secured by Count Pourtales
during his memorable explorations of the Gulf Stream. The
same is true of Lambraus fraterculus Stimp., with shorter chel-
ipeds and a carapace longer than‘ broad. The genus So/en-
olambrus was separated from Lambrus on account of its
smooth, polished carapace and other more technical charac-
ters. Our specimen of Solenolambrus typicus Stimp. differs
from all the other Maioids in the collection in being colored a
bright blue, this color covering the whole of the body and
appendages, with the exception of parts of the chelipeds-.
The hand has ten very regular and conspicuous scallops on
the upper edge, and the edges of all joints of the chelipeds.
are beautifully crenulated. It came from a depth of about
fifty fathoms. In the original description of this species, the
color is not given. If our specimen is normal, we have here
a very unusual coloration for a comparatively deep-water
Crustacean, (this species having been taken in depths of from
fifty to two hundred and forty-eight fathoms.) Almost all the
other Crustacea secured by us from a greater depth than
twenty fathoms were either lacking in bright color or were a.

158 NaTurRAL History BULLETIN.

deep, pure red,! a few having yellow markings. I have no
recollection of any other species with any considerable amount
of blue. Cryptofodia concava Stimp.* is found both on the
Bahama Banks and on the Pourtales Plateau.

About a dozen species of Cancroid crabs were collected
here, representing as many genera. The largest species was
Bathynectes longispina Stimp., which derives its name from
the long spine projecting from the lateral angle of the cara-
pace. our smaller spines are found between it and the eye,
and each of the last four joints of the chelipeds bears a spine
on its upper front margin. A minute species of Calappa, C.
angusta (M. E.), was dredged in about eighty fathoms not far
from Key West. Osochzla tuberosa Stimp. is peculiar in hav-
ing the entire lower surface of the body and mouth-parts cov-
ered with irregular pits, giving a honey-combed appearance.
Probably the most abundant crab on the Pourtales Plateau is
the little Cyclodorippe nitida A. M. Edw., which came up by
the score at nearly every haul in the Gulf Stream. The gen-
eral color is bright red, varied with white, and the surface is
smooth and glossy. It is one of the species discovered by the
“Blake.” Cymopolus asper A.M. E. is another “ Blake” spe-
cies, with an exceedingly hispid surface and a considerable
portion of the abdomen visible from above.

But three species of Anomuran crabs were collected in this
region. One was the hermit crab Cenodb:ta diogenes Latr.,
almost omnipresent on the sandy keys, especially Sand Key
proper, where a bucket full was collected in a short time.
The exposed portions of these animals are most brilliantly
colored, the large claw being a clear dark blue, while the
other exposed feet are bright red. ‘Their favorite habitation
seems to be the shell of Astralium celatum Gmel., which is
abundant here. ‘This is, in fact, a hermit crab which has
adopted a terrestrial habit almost, if not quite, as complete as

1Professor Verrill thinks that the red color, on account of the actinic

properties of the pale-green light at great depths, is protective, only
appearing bright when exposed to daylight.

ZSEe€ p. 51.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 159

that of the true ijand-crabs of the Bahamas. Those from Sand
Key were most of them collected under the loose boards of
the floor of an outhouse, where they fairly swarmed. It is a
curious fact that these crabs are passionately found of offal,
which will so attract them that the vicinity will quickly be
swarming with the hermits disporting themselves much after

> Another hermit crab, Awpa-

the manner of “tumble-bugs.’
gurus discoidalis A. M. E. was brought up from a depth of
two hundred fathoms.

The Macroura of the expedition have not yet been named,
but the collection, though small, contains some striking forms.
One species closely resembles the JZunda figured on page
merole “three Cruises) of the Blake.” ~The chelipeds are
greatly elongated, the fingers slender, and the back covered
with transverse corrugations. The rostral spine is very sharp,
and is flanked by a much shorter spine on each side. The
abdomen seems to be habitually flexed, while the last walk-
ing leg is carried over the back. A number of specimens
were brought up from a depth of about eighty fathoms.
Another species apparently allied to this had a central rostral
spine with two long sharp spines on each side. There is a
row of anteriorly directed spines on the edge of the cara-
pace, and one on each side of the first abdominal segment.
The last pair of walking legs are very minute, gnd appear
at first glance to be lacking. A further investigation shows,
however, that they are tucked away out of sight under the
flexed abdomen. ‘The chelipeds are much more spiny than
in the last species. Specimens of this form were dredged
from one hundred and two hundred fathoms. :

Perhaps the most beautiful Macrouran secured from the
Pourtales Plateau was a Vematocarcinus, which was of a
brilliant red color. It differs from V. ensiferus S. 1. Smith
mainly in the much longer rostrum. This feature seems,
however, to be quite variable both in length and curvature.
In one specimen the rostrum is two and one-half inches long,
more than half the length of the thorax and abdomen com-
bined. In another it is very gracefully curved, and only an

160 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

inch long. In each case it is strongly serrated on its upper
edge. The antenne are enormously lengthened, projecting
fully nine inches beyond the end of the rostrum and nearly a
foot beyond the eyes. The walking legs are also greatly
elongated, and are furnished with tufts of hair which are said
to aid the animal in resting on the soft bottom. This species.
may be identical with Vematocarcinus ensiferus, but our
specimens came from much shallower water than those secured
by the « Blake,” which were found in from eight hundred to
fourteen hundred fathoms. Ours were taken from one hun-
dred to one hundred and twenty fathoms.

Quite a number of specimens of the genus A/pheus were
secured, belonging apparently to more than one species.
Most of them were dredged from a depth of over one
hundred fathoms, although all the specimens secured by the:
“Challenger” came from depths of less than sixty fathoms.
On a previous page I was unable to explain the clicking noise
made by the large chelz of these animals. Since that passage
was in print, however, I find that Professor W. K. Brooks
offers the following explanation: «The claw or dactyl is pro-
vided with a plug which fits into a weil or socket in the other
joint, and probably serves to prevent dislocation. When the-
forceps are opened the dactyl is raised so that the plug just
rests in the mouth of the socket. As soon as the claw is re-
leased it is suddenly and violently closed, as if by a spring, and.
the solid, bony points striking together produce a sharp metal-
lic report something like the click of a water-hammer, and so:
much like the noise of breaking glass that I have often, when
awakened at night by the click of a little A/pheuws less than an
inch long, hastened down to the laboratory in the fear that a
large aquarium had been broken.”! In speaking of their pug-
nacious habits, the same writer says: ‘ Watching its oppor-
tunity, it springs suddenly upon its enemy, instantly closing its.
claw with a violent snap and a loud report, and cutting a ver-
tical sweep with its sharp edge. I have often seen Alpheus

1The Embryology and Metamorphosis of the Macroura, W. Kk. Brooks
and F. H. Herrick, page 329.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. I61

heterochelts cat another completely in two by a single blow, and
the victim is then quickly dismembered and literally torn to
fragments.”

Among the more aberrant forms of Crustaceans may be
mentioned a Gonodaclylus found in shallow water near Key
West. A number of specimens of PycNoGONIDA were col-
lected, a group characterized by exceedingly elongated legs
which are eight in number, and thus approach the spider type.
Attempts have been made to homologize the different append-
ages with those of the ARACHNIDA, but this is considered
impossible by Mr. Edmund B. Wilson, who has studied this
group.' Several of our specimens show the egg-sacs attached
to the ovigerous legs of the male. They all came from com-
paratively deep water, eighty to two hundred fathoms, and the
eyes in all are either rudimentary or at least not well pig-
mented. ‘To the non-specialist there appears to be three or
four species in our material from the Pourtalés Plateau, one e of
which is probably an Ascorhynchus. |

Four or five species of barnacles were secured from this
region,—two of the Ga/anus type and two of the Lepas type:
One of the former seemed specially addicted to attaching itself
to the spines of a sea-urchin (Dovocedaris papillata). A very
large Lefas was dredged from a depth of one hundred and
twenty fathoms. Another and smaller form was found to be
very abundant on the body and appendages of the largest crab
taken in this region, Anamathia crassa A. M. E.

Very few worms were taken from the Pourtalés Plateau,
and these were small, tube-dwelling forms. A number of
large Brachiopods were dredged from a depth of about one
hundred fathoms. They were apparently of two species, one
belonging to the genus Zerebratula and closely resembling the
figure of 7. cabenszs Davidson. It is by far the less abundant:
of the two, at least in the series secured by us. The other
species appears to be Waldheimia floridana. The admirable
joint formed by the apposed margins of the two valves in this
species is shown by the fact that a specimen will hold alcohol

1 Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol. VIII, No. 12, page 241.

162 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

without any perceptible leakage, and a long soaking in that
fluid is necessary before the Brachiopod will become filled.
Another interesting fact is the extreme thinness of these shells
in comparison with those from shallow water.

About twenty species of mollusks were found here. Prob-
ably the most striking fact concerning them is the great pre-
ponderance of the Gastropods over the Lamellibranchs, only
two species of the latter being found, and one of these
( Chione cingenda) was a dead shell taken from shallow water
near Key West. The only living species was a small Arca,
from a depth of sixty fathoms, and hence not from the Pour-
tales Plateau proper. With the above exceptions, all the
specimens were Gastropods. A species of Zerebra has a beau-
tifully sculptured shell in the form of a greatly elongated cone,
ornamented with revolving ridges with crescentic cross mark_
ings between. Among the rarities may be mentioned two
specimens of Voluta junonia Chemn., which Tryon in his
‘Marine Mollusca of the United States,” published in 1873,
calls “the most rare and valuable American marine shell.”
Neither specimen was living, however, but one contained a
hermit crab. A small and highly ornate /usus (F. eucosmius
Dall’), is characterized by fine revolving ridges and swollen
varices. While the colors of these deep-water mollusks are
seldom brilliant, the sculpturing and ornamentation of form
renders them more beautiful. it seems to me, than their shal-
low-water representatives. A small species of Columbella,
for instance, looks as if covered with regularly disposed rows
of pearly beads, while superficial ornamentation would seem
to reach the limit of extravagance in JZurex cabrita Bernardi,
which is found in shallower water and has the added beauty
of a delicate pink color. This elegant mollusk has the an-
terior portion greatly elongated into a slender, straight spine
beset with long, curved, horn-like processes which project at
right angles. Similar spines ornament the varices of the
shell. The species was found by the Blake as deep as one
hundred and sixty-four fathoms. Three other species of
Murex were secured, all having conspicuous spines. They

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 163

x

seemed to be JZ. nodatus Reeve, A. fulvescens Sowerby, and
M. pomum Gmel. 4

The class Scaphopoda was represented by a_ beautiful
Dentalium, probably LY. fagueatum Verrill. This is a white
species, less curved than many of the genus, and marked with
deep longitudinal fluting.

A remark made by Dr. Dall, to the effect that hermit crabs
which inhabit straight shells are themselves bilaterally sym-
metrical, is illustrated by a little hermit which had taken up
its abode in one of these tube-like structures of the Denta-
‘ium. Upon removing the crab, it was found to be as straight
and symmetrical as any normal Crustacean.

The reason for the beautiful surface ornamentation of many
of the deep-water mollusks.is not piain. It seems unlikely
that the light produced by phosphorescence or otherwise
could make it possible for these beauties to be seen, even if
the molluscan eye were capable of such discernment. <A cer-
tain beauty is of course imparted to these shells by their very
delicacy, but the purely superficial lines and bead-like orna-
mentation is beautiful, aside from any quality of texture.
Perhaps the best suggestion bearing on this point is made by
Dr. W. H. Dall in the admirable discussion with which he in-
troduces his report on the Mollusca of the “Blake.” He says:
‘¢Much of the sculpture which is presented by the deep-sea
species is particularly beautiful from its delicacy. There
seems to be an especial tendency to strings of bead-like
knobs, revolving striz and threads, and delicate .transverse
waves. It is particularly notable that many of the deep-sea
forms, among all sorts of groups indifferently, have a row of
knobs or pustules following the line of the suture and imme-
diately in front of it. The representatives of the rock-purples,
or Murices, a group which in shallow water frequent the
rocks and stony places, and are then strongly knobbed or
spinous, retain a similar character in the deeps, but the pro-
cesses in question are extremely delicate or foliaceous, instead

1 The author is here, as elsewhere, indebted to Mr. H. F. Wickham for
the preliminary and approximate identification of Mollusca.

164 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

of being stout and strong. This is probably a reminiscence
of the time when their distant progenitors were shallow water
animals. ”’ +

The opinion seems quite general among those who have
studied the animal life of the deep sea, that it has been peo-
pled in a general way by a gradual invasion of forms which,
originally adapted to the conditions of littoral surroundings,
have encroached more and more upon the unoccupied terri-
tory in deeper water, where they were, for a time at least,
free from the fierce competition to which shallow water forms
are subjected. We can account, on this principle, for the
ornamentation of the deep-water Mollusca by regarding it as
merely the remnant of more conspicuous characters which
have been of use to the ancestors of these forms before they
retreated from the shallow water, where the structures form-
ing the ornamentation were of use either as protective con-
trivances or as a means to attract the opposite sex.

The broken shell of an Argonauta (argo?) was all that we
obtained during the cruise to represent these exquisitely deli-
cate and beautiful animals. Indeed, it was the only Cephalo-
pod found on the Pourtales Plateau. The whole great group
of Pteropods is also unrepresented in our collections, although
we had expected surely to encounter some of them in this
region.

Great numbers of Crinoids were collected here, but the
species were comparatively few. The two common West
Indian genera were represented, but none of the rarer forms
were obtained. We especially regretted our failure to secure
specimens of /eA7zocrinus, a genus which is represented by
abundant individuals in certain definite spots on the Pourtales
Plateau.

That there are portions of the sea bottom covered with as
dense a growth of crinoids as any that flourished in Paleozoic
seas, has been proved more than once by recent deep-sea
explorations. We had ample demonstration of this fact on
several occasions, notably when the tangles came up after a

1 Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol. XII, No. 6, page 184.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 165

haul at a depth of one hundred and twenty fathoms. As the
bar neared the surface and the tangles themselves could be
seen rising through the blue water, we noticed that a stream
of brownish objects was trailing after it, as if innumerable
mossy bits were floating away from the hemp strands. When
the tangles came on board we found them literally covered
with a mass of crinoids, all of one kind and quite small. We
estimated that at least five hundred specimens came up in
that haul, and it was evident that hundreds or thousands
had washed off during the ascent of the tangles from the sea
bottom. This was probably the greatest number of indivi-
duals of any one species obtained at a single haul during the
entire cruise. The bottom must have been actually packed
with them in spots. It appears that other expeditions secured
almost as great numbers of /A7zocrinus at a single haul,
and over a hundred specimens of Penfacrinus came up at
once on the tangles while the “Blake” was working in
the Caribbean. When we remember that these forms all
seem to occur in isolated colonies where the individuals are
very numerous, and that great areas of the sea bottom have
never been touched by dredge or tangles, it becomes evident
that the Crinoidea form a much more important element in
the fauna of the great deep than most people, even zodlogists,
suppose. This fact is still further emphasized when one
examines the splendid volumes of the “Challenger” Report
which.are devoted to the Crinoidea and finds that over two
hundred and fifty species of the ComatruLaz: and some thirty
species of the PrNTACRINID are therein described and
ficured.

Probably no group of animals secured on the Pourtales
Plateau contained more that is of interest to the general natu-
ralist than the class Asterordea.2. None of the star-fish were

'The bearing of this spot, as near as we could get it, is Sand Key Light,
fifteen miles distant, bearing N. by W. % W.
2The following approximate identifications were made mainly with the

help of the ‘Challenger’ Report on the Asteroidea, by W. Percy Sladen,

1 CRS

166 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

very large, but many were of unusual beauty. Several spe-
cies of Astropecten were secured. One was a rather small
species with a series of spines on the supero-marginal plates
and several closely crowded rows on the infero-marginals.
The abactinal surface was covered with paxillz, with their
beautiful radiating spinelets, resembling the spokes of a steer-
ing-wheel. Another Astrofecten was about as large as the
last. but had very few spines on the supero-marginal plates,
and four very small laterai spines set in an oblique series on
the infero-marginals. The paxille were crowned with a dense
cluster of partially coalesced vertical spinelets. This species
came from a depth of one hundred and ten fathoms. ‘The
interesting genus Lada is represented by ZL. a/ternata (Say).
a large, slender-rayed form bristling with long, marginal
spines, which are chocolate brown basally and pure white
distally. The paxille have each a stout, vertical spine set in
its centre. The two lateral rows of paxillz are without this
spine. Quite small specimens are white throughout in alcohol,
while larger individuals have the spines colored as in the
adult, but the disk white, as in the young. Other specimens,
possibly of a distinct species, have all the paxille bearing
comparatively short, blunt spines. Like others of the genus,
these specimens exhibited an aggravating tendency to shed
their rays, so that a really complete specimen is hard to find.
They came from shallow water near Key West.

The family GyMNASTERIUID is represented by Porogza sp..
a small pentagonal form with the lower inter-radial spaces
nearly bare, there being only a few isolated spines on the
smooth plates. ‘lhe marginal plates bear a very beautiful
ornamentation in the shape of two series of fan-shaped tufts
of spines, giving very much the appearance of the peculiar
scallops resulting from the use of the old-fashioned pinking-
iron on cloth. There are two series of interambulacral
spines. The single specimen of this pretty star-fish came
from a depth of about one hundred and ten fathoms. A spe-
cies which I take to be an Anthenordes has gracefully tapering
arms and very conspicuous marginal plates, the upper series

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 167

of which are contingent on the outer portion of the ray. The
entire dorsal surface of the animal is covered with a pavement
of polygonal plates closely set with granules.

The order Cryptozonia was instituted by Sladen to include
the star-fishes with inconspicuous marginal plates. [t con-
tains most of the prizes among the Asteroidea from the Pour-
talés Plateau. An Ophidiaster, resembling O. tuberifer Sladen
has the dorsal plates arranged in regular longitudinal series
alternating with eight rows of spaces for dermal tentacles or
papule. On the actinal surface of the rays just outside of
the spines is a row of very peculiariy modified pedicellarie,
which are large and sessile with holes countersunk in the
plates on either side. The rays are very slender and the disk
small, giving the animal a striking resemblance to Zoroaster
ackley? as figured in the narrative of the Blake. Coming to
the family SoLASTERID4:, we find several remarkable forms.
One looks like a five-armed Cyossaster, but probably belongs
to the genus Lophaster of Verrill, characterized by two rows
of marginal paxille which are long and crowned with dense
tufts of spines. The whole dorsal surface is covered with
similar but smaller tufts. Another specimen, which may be
a young individual of this same species, has only four rays,
making a cross. This seems to be normal and not the result
of mutilation. The interambulacral spines bear clusters of
minute spinelets on their summits. Several specimens of a
species probably belonging to the genus Aorethaster were
dredged near the one-hundred-fathom line. They are small,
pentagonal specimens, with a highly vaulted disk resembling
that of the last species. The actinal surface, however, was
quite different, being covered with long, flat spines. The
paxille are very long and apparently composed of agglutinated
spines whose tips are separated. It differs from the type of
the genus in having dermal tentacles on the dorsal surface.
Species of this strange genus were found by the “ Blake” at a
depth of two hundred fathoms.

It was among the AsTEerRimD, however, that the most
striking forms of star-fish were found. The most abundant,

168 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

perhaps. was a little six-rayed species with rays unsymmet-
rically developed, giving the appearance of immature speci-
mens. The largest was not over three-fourths of an inch
in diameter. There were two rows of interambulacral spines.
The most beautiful of all was a species closely related to
Asterias volsellata Sladen, which was discovered by the
«‘Challenger” near the coast of Japan. Our specimens were
small, the largest being about two and one-half inches in
diameter. This superbly ornamented star-fish has eleven arms
which are very slender and abruptly differentiated from the
disk, reminding one of the serpent-stars. Each ray has two
lateral and a dorsal series of long, stout spines, and around the
middle of each spine is packed a globular cluster of pedicel-
laria, as if a white bead were strung on each spine, giving
an exceedingly elegant and graceful style of ornamentation.
Another row of these spines, likewise ornamented with the
globular clusters of pedicellariz, is placed between the dorsal
and lateral rows on each arm. The dorsal surface bears a
large number of dermal tentacles. The interambulacral
plates bear two series of long spines. ‘The ambulacral feet
are large and greatly protruded in our specimens. One
individual had twelve instead of eleven arms, and another had
lost nine out-of its eleven, but had evidently not given up the
fight, as nine new arms were sprouting in their proper places
around the disk. Another specimen, perhaps representing a
separate species, had but ten arms and each globular bundle
of pedicellariza was borne on the summit of a spine, giving an
exceedingly elegant effect. Indeed this particular specimen
is the most beautiful star-fish that we secured during the trip.
Another Asterzas belonging, as did the last, to the sub-genus
Stolasterias, has but five rays.. The spines are ornamented
with the little globular bundles of pedicellariz. There is a
well marked median dorsal row of spines, two lateral rows
and two between the dorsal and lateral rows. On the ventral
surface there are two rows of interambulacral spines pointing
at right angles to each other. Next there is a row of simple
spines without pedicellariz, and then comes the lateral row

M. F. LINDER, DEL.

Starfish from Pourtalés Plateau.

Fig. 1. ANTHENOIDES (?) sp.
Fig. 2. OPHIDIASTER (?) sp.
Fig. 3. ASTERIAS Sp., near VOLCELLATA Sladen.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 169

bearing a half globe of pedicellaria, on their upper surfaces.
At the bases of these last are very large sessile pedicellariz.
These specimens were about four inches in diameter, and
came from a depth of seventy to eighty fathoms.

A species belonging to the PENTAGONASTERID.® agrees in
almost every detail with the unusually complete description
given by Sladen for the genus Lefptogonaster, although it also
agrees superficially with the figure given of Anthenordes
pierce’ (Perrier) secured by the Blake. Our specimen has
no pedicellarie on the dorsal surface; the disk 1s large; the
arms taper gradually to a slender point; the upper surface
is covered with polygonal plates, between which numerous
papulz appear; there is a well marked ridge on the supero-
marginal plates; the infero-marginal plates are armed on their
external edges with a row of spines; the actinal surface is
covered with granulated plates; the interambulacral plates are
armed with fan-shaped groups of spines, immediately outside
of which is another series of larger and stouter spines, and
outside of these a row of very large, procumbent pedicellarie;
diameter about five inches; depth eighty fathoms.

One of the most noticeable things about the OpHrurtpa
was their tendency to appear in great quantities of individuals
belonging to a single species, as if they lived in definite spots
of the sea bottom which were densely crowded with certain
species to the exclusion of others. Professor Alexander Agas-
siz has noted this pecuharity of the fauna of the Pourtales
Plateau, and his observation was amply confirmed by our ex- °
perience, more particularly in connection with the serpent-
stars. The number of species was not very great, but the
individuals were in surprising quantities. The most extensive
colony of any one species of Ophiuran that the writer has ever
seen was not here, however, but in the Bay of Fundy, where
in dredging the channel between two islands, the dredge came
up time after time filled to the top with Ophiopholis bellrs
Lym. and a species of coralline.

Among the OpHiurIp or serpent-stars, probably the most
abundant species was a small white Ophzog/ypha, with the disk

170 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

covered with scale-like plates, large, triangular, radial shields,
a fringe of scale-like genital plates extending around over the
bases of the arms, and very long arm-joints. The actinal sur-
face was peculiar in the round, scale-fringed pores for the
tentacles, the very large mouth-shields, the slender side mouth-
shields, and three curiously shaped mouth-papilla. There
were three very short arm-spines, the middle one being the
shortest. Another species closely allied to the last has much
longer arm-spines and differently shaped arm-plates. They
came from comparatively shallow water. A small species of
Amphiura has two mouth-papillz, one tentacle-scale, and six
unequal arm-spines. Depth about one hundred and thirty
fathoms. The genus Offzocoma is represented by a single
species and a single specimen. The disk is closely covered
with stumpy nodules or blunt spines, there are two tentacle-
scales, five or six arm-spines, five mouth-papille, and very
numerous, Closely set, tooth-papilla. The mouth-shield is very
large and roughly heart-shaped. A species of Ophiocamax
dredged from near the one-hundred-fathom line shows an
approach to Asfrophyion in its spiniform mouth-papille and
tooth-papillz, although in other respects it is a typical ser-
pent-star. The disk is symmetrically studded with spinulose
stumps, and the radial shields are small and triangular. There
are nine long arm-spines which bear spinelets over their entire
surface instead of along the sides only. A still nearer approach
to the basket-fish type is found in a species of Ophiomyxa,
which has four arm-spines that are larger and sharper than in
O. flaccida. Our specimens came from a depth of twenty to
sixty fathoms.
But the greatest surprise revealed by our dredges and
tangles while working on the Pourtales Plateau was the great
quantity of AsTROoPHY TID, both simple-armed and branched.
As in the preceding group. we were constantly struck with
the tendency on the part of single species to occur in great
numbers on definite spots of the sea bottom. Especially was
this true of the simple-armed forms, a group which none of
us had seen before our experience off the Cuban coast. On

TOM sup) pm Sb Ee aS 9) Miia
PTET ER TOTE SAPO RE aig

Plateau.

‘

Lyman.

Lyman.

PVT Ae

= OPO tid
PLE aN gt

bo

ae

yp fay ARE Nn cif

suiseassstoro™
—

i

Zi

DEL.

M. F. LINDER,

Simple-armed Basket Fish from Pourtales

OPHIOCREAS LUMBRICUS.

Fig. 1.

Fig.
Fig. 2a.

ASTROGOMPHUS VALLATUS.

De

Disk of same, ventral view.

o>

hs Lo

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 7%

the Pourtales Plateau some of these forms came up by the
hundreds, and proved that they were even more abundant
than the regular serpent-stars. ‘The most common and strik-
ing species of this interesting group was Opfhiocreas lumbricus
Lyman, in which the sharply defined radial ridges run nearly
to the centre of the disk. The spine-like tentacle-scales are
in pairs, the lower being about twice the length of an arm-
joint. The whole animal is covered with a smooth skin, and
the long arms look like earth-worms; hence the name,—
“lJumbricus.” Alcoholic specimens give no adequate idea of
these striking forms. ‘They were very conspicuous as they
came up on the dredge or tangles, being of a bright orange
color. The rays of the largest specimen were fully two feet
long, making a spread of over_four feet for the entire animal.
This is the largest measurement that I have heard of for any
Ophiuran. The disk itself is not over one inch in diameter,
seeming ridiculously small in proportion to the length of the
rays. It can easily be imagined that we were somewhat
excited when the first deep-water haul in that region brought
up a dozen or so of these brilliant creatures. It was no easy
matter, however, to extricate the long. snake-like arms from
the tangles and from each other. In fresh specimens there is
no indication of the arm-joints, giving a particularly smooth
and even polished appearance to the arms. This species
formed the type of the genus Offhzocreas described by Lyman
from specimens brought back by the “ Blake.” We secured
a large series from depths varying from ninety to two hun-
dred fathoms. Indeed this seems to be one of the most char-
acteristic forms of the plateau. Another extremely abundant
simple-armed_ basket-fish is As/rogomphus vallatus Lyman,
another generic type yielded by the investigation of the
“Blake” material. This species, although not so conspicuous,
is even more numerous in individuals than the last. The
arms are much shorter in proportion than in Offzocreas, and
the entire surface is strongly hispid. The disk is armed
with radiating lines and concentric circles of stumpy, thorny
spines, while the arms are annulated with rings of thorny

Cy p NATURAL History BULLETIN.

granules and roll in a vertical direction, a true trade-mark of
the AsTROPHYTID@. <A very prominent row of stout papil-
iz reaches between the bases of adjacent arms, separating the
upper from the lower surface of the disk. The mouth-
papillae and teeth are all spiniform. The tentacle-scales are
usually four innumber, and are crowned with a clump of
spines. There are minute hooklets on the granules on the
dorsal surface of the arms. This species is corn-color in
life, and has the most rigid arms of any Ophiuran with which
I am acquainted, and its numerous spines, together with a
habit of rolling the arms up into a tight coil, made it exceed-
ingly troublesome to extricate from the tangles.

Coming to the typical basket-tish, i. e., those with branched
arms, we have first to notice a magnificent specimen that
came up on the anchor one morning near Sand Key. This
was <Astrophyton costosum Seba, the same species as that
found at the Tortugas; but this particular specimen was a
remarkably fine one, and richly deserved our thanks for its
thoughtfulness in climbing onto our anchor and being hauled
aboard. This species does not appear to be so brittle as A.
agassizit1 Stimp. Another species was from much deeper
water, and was quite common below the one-hundred-fathom
line. This is Astrophyton mucronatum Lyman, and is charac-
terized by high radial ribs, each bearing an irregular double
row of conspicuous thorny spines. he center of the disk is
depressed and crowded with similar but smaller spines. The
proximal portions of the arms are also ornamented with spines
and marked with cross-bars of brown, the general color of the
animal being a light, buffy yellow. There is but one madre-
poric body. and the tentacle-scales are considerably smaller
than in other species. The granules on the distal branches of
the arms bear hooklets resembling those found on Asfro-
gomphus vallaius, with which it was frequently associated.
This species was brought up clinging to deep-water gorgoni-
ans.

About fifteen species of Echinoidea were secured. These,
also, were found in definite spots where there were innumer-

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. ys

‘

able individuals of certain species, apparently to the exclusion
of others.. This was particularly noticeable in the case of
Dorocidaris fpapillata A. Ag., which repeatedly came up on
the tangles by the hundred, and became a sore trial to our
patience, the serrated spines being especially difficult to disen-
gage from the tangles. Indeed, this labor became one of our
main occupations while on the Pourtales Plateau. Dovocidaris
bartlettc A. Ag. is a beautiful species with the spines banded
with red and white. Dorocedaris blaker A. Ag. is regarded
by its describer as “perhaps the most interesting of the recent
CrbaArip#.” All of our specimens, unfortunately, were with-
out the peculiar fan-shaped spines or radioles which consti-
tute the most striking peculiarity of the species. The char-
acters of the test were well marked, however. Cvrdarzs tribu-
lordes Bl. was also secured.

Celopleurus floridanus A. Ag. was probably the most beau-
tiful of the true sea-urchins collected at this time, some speci-
mens being considerably larger than those secured off Havana.
Not only are the long, slender spines brilliantly colored with
carmine and white or orange, but the test itself is equally
striking with its alternate chocolate and orange zones, making
it resemble the gorgeously colored balls in which children
delight. The largest sea-urchin secured during the entire
cruise came from a depth of one hundred and five fathoms.
This was a huge specimen of Asthenosoma hystrix A. Ag.,a
representative of an ancient group of Echini, with flexible
tests and overlapping coronal plates. This specimen was
seven inches across the test, and was swollen out, when it
came on deck, to the regulation outline for a sea-urchin,
although Agassiz says that the Challenger specimens in alco-
hol were “as flat as pocket handkerchiefs, and were naturally
regarded as flat sea-urchins, although, of course, endowed with
great mobility of test.”! Our specimen gave us a good idea
of the temperature of the bottom,.for it was inflated with
water which had not yet been warmed by the surface heat,
and felt icy cold to the hands. We soon discovered, however,

1¢ Three Cruises of the ‘Blake,’” Vol. II, p. 94-

174 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

. that it was not an animal to be handled with impunity, as its
spines, although small, were exceedingly sharp, and inflicted a
wound so painful as to suggest some poisonous properties.
The specimen was of a dull vinaceous color.

A few specimens of chinometra subangularis Desml. were
found in comparatively shallow water. Two representatives
of the sculptured sea-urchins such as flourished during tertiary
times were secured. One was 7emnechinus maculatus A. Ag..,
characterized by a single large anal plate and radiate excava-
tions around the primary tubercles, and the other, Z77gono-
cidaris albida A. Ag., having four large. unequal anal plates
and the test beautifully ornamented with radiating ridges-as if
athread had been wound around and around the test between
the spines. The pedicellarize are more conspicuous than in
most species, and the buccal membrane is set with large, ap-
parently imbricating plates. Both of these sculptured species
are very small in comparison with the others collected by us,
and are light colored, the former being light green and the
latter a buffy white. They are abundant on the Pourtales
Plateau from eighty to two hundred and fifty fathoms. chr-
nus gracilis A. Ag. is another abundant species, which is
much more conspicuous than the last, being brightly colored
and the largest species from this region excepting Asthenosoma
hystrix. It is almost globular in form, and the test is a vivid
green with vertical series of sharply defined, diamond-shaped
white markings. The spines are white, short, and somewhat
sparse. Next to Dorocidar7s patillata, this was the most
abundant species of sea-urchin found on the plateau.

Only two species of Clypeastrids were collected here.
Clypeaster subdepressus Ag. is a flat species with the centro-
dorsal region somewhat abruptly raised into a dome-shaped
eminence. ‘This species is particularly interesting from its
unusual distribution, being found on the African coast and off
the coast of Florida. I have not heard of its occurrence be-
tween these widely separated localities. It was dredged from
a depth of about sixty fathoms. Paleotropus josephene Loren
is the only representative of the Petalosticha that we secured.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 175

This is a small form with two genital openings and sparse
spines. It has also been found near the Azores. We found
it in depths from one hundred and ten to two hundred fathoms.

The Ceelenterates, with the exception of the hydroids, col-
lected by us in this region, have not as yet received more than
passing attention. It is evident, however, that the group is
richly represented in the collection, and contains many strik-
ing forms not ordinarily found in the museums of educational
institutions.

Among the Alcyonaria perhaps the most common form is a
beautiful species which I take to be a Ca//gorga perhaps C.
gracil’s M. Edw. Some specimens attain a height of two feet.
They branch in a palmate manner, the main stem giving off
alternate pinnee which may again divide in the same plane,
forming a graceful flabellate structure. The calicles are
arranged in whorls of three to seven or eight, and are bent
inward at their summits and covered with beautifully marked
scales. The color of the colony is a buffy light yellow, but
when dried it is pure white and éxceedingly brittle. The little
whorls of calicles appear like small white beads strung at reg-
ular intervals along the branches. Another common gor-
gonian seems to belong to the genus Platycau/us Wright. It
is much smaller than the last, of a bright red color, and flabel-
late in shape. The branching is very irregular, and the
branches occasionally anastomose. The calicles are on the
sides of the branches, leaving the front and back bare. The
polyps are protected with spicules and retract into verruci-
form calicles. This species is a very brilliantly colored one,
and came from our deeper dredgings in considerable abund-
ance.

Some very beautiful specimens ot /s7s were taken from a
depth of about one hundred and twenty fathoms. ‘This coral
is peculiar in having a jointed appearance, owing to ivory-
white joints composed of limestone, alternating with shorter
brown, corneous, or horny joints. The whole colony attains
a height of about two feet, and the terminal branches are
exceedingly slender and erect, giving an appearance of unu-

176 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

sual delicacy and grace. Another very strange form came up
in the shape of long, harsh, hair-like filaments which were
unbranched and seemed to have a spiral twist. They looked
so much like horse-hair that some one facetiously ventured
the suggestion that they were hairs from the sea-horse’s tail.
This is one of the Antipatharian corals, a group characterized
by having a flexible, horny axis beset with thorns, while the
polyps have the unusual primitive number of six tentacles.
Our species would belong to the genus Czrrhipathes, accord-
ing to Milne Edwards’ arrangement. Some of these speci-
mens attain a height of nearly three feet, and came from a
depth of about sixty fathoms. Another species belonging to
this family is quite different in shape, having numerous pin-
nately disposed branches, which are very long in proportion to
the height of the colony, about three inches. It came from deep-
er water than the last, and does not seem to be so abundant.

Passing now to the regular corals, we find that a number
of the simple corals of the Cyathophylloid type are included
in the collection. They cannot, however, be even approxi-
mately identified with the literature at hand, unless we except
Pehizotrochus fragilis Pourtales and Haplophyllia paradoxa
Pourtales.1. Several species were secured in considerable
quantities. One of these, probably a Zhecopsammia, was a
bright red when it came up in the dredge.

We were greatly surprised to see a number of specimens.
of Oculina, perhaps O. arbuscula Lesson, come up in the
dredge where the soundings indicated a depth of eighty fath--
oms. The specimens were fresh, and had evidently been in
place when caught by the dredge. Several cyathophylloid
corals came up at the same time. I have seen no record of
reef-building species being found at such a depth. It does.
not seem possible that there was an abrupt elevation upon:
which the Oculina was growing, as this would have been per-
ceptible by the feel of the dredge rope.

1The writer wishes to take occasion to acknowledge the great aid he has:
enjoyed in his work by constant reference to the many excellent figures im
Alexander Agassiz’ “Three Cruises of the ‘Blake.”

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA .EXPEDITION. 577

Among the Hydrocoralline were several very beautiful
forms originally described by Count Pourtales. P/robothrus
symmetricus Pourtales was dredged from a depth of one hun-
dred fathoms. Agassiz says that it was found by the “ Porcu-
pine” north of the British Islands at a depth of six hundred fath-
oms. _ Destichopora sp. is another form which assumes a flabel-
late outline and is often as symmetrical as the last. Many speci-
mens of this latter were of a beautiful deep salmon, or even
red, color, and still retain an exquisite flush. Our specimens
have the calicles placed in furrows which run along the edges
of the fronds between two small ridges. The front and back
are ornamented by peculiar swollen nodules. Another spe-
cies, which I take to be AV/opora minzacea Pourtales, grows in
foliaceous masses of considerable size. There was another
specimen, apparently of a separate species.

Several kinds of anemones were secured, some from con-
siderable depths. We were only partially successful in pre-
serving these beautiful, but untractable, forms. Repeated
attempts at narcotizing them with tobacco and alcohol met
with very indifferent success, and the several methods of
injecting with hot chemicals were no better in their results.
Even those that came out comparatively well had lost all the
glory of their brilliant colors long before they reached Iowa.

Owing to causes already referred to, we were unable to do
any satisfactory work in surface collecting while the vessel
was at sea, and this probably accounts for the almost com-
plete absence of medusx and Siphonophores from our collec-
tion. On one occasion, however, while hauling in the dredge
from a considerable depth, we noticed a long string of pel-
lucid, club-shaped bodies wound around the iron dredge-rope.
On attempting to disentangle them from the rope we received
severe stings from the nematocysts with which the creature -
was armed. ‘This we took to be Plerophysa grandis Fewkes,
a Siphonophore which was caught in the same way by the
“Blake.” We estimated that the entire colony must have
been twenty-five or thirty feet long. ‘The appendages were
eight to twelve inches apart. In the alcoholic specimen the

178 NatTurAL History BULLETIN.

central cord is so shrunken and twisted that the “tasters” are
usually less than one-half inch apart. Other sets of append-
ages are doubtless tactile organs and reproductive persons.
The anterior end of the colony is furnished with a float con-
taining a bubble of oil or gas. A microscopic investigation
showed that the nematocysts are after the pattern found in
the Portuguese man-o’-war, being almost globular and having
the thread coiled in a regular spiral. The thread-cells in the
Pterophysa were considerably larger, apparently, than those
of the Physalia. Their sting seemed to be felt more quickly,
but thé pain did not last so long. It was also noticed that
they could not effect the palms of the hands, but were quite
severe when applied to the opposing lateral surfaces of the
fingers, or back of the hand.

A rich harvest of hydroids was secured here, twenty-three
species, many of them new, or otherwise of special interest,
being noted in the collection.t Indeed nearly half of these
species are apparently new, a fact which will indicate the real
importance of this part of our work.

Flalecium filicula Allman was secured at depths of from
fifty-six to two hundred fathoms, and two new species were
added to this genus. One of these was a particularly beauti-
ful form, having the margins of the hydrophores gracefully
reflected, and showing the mysterious circles of brilliant dots
like necklaces of jewels, an ornamentation as beautiful as it
is inexplicable. Another new species of this genus is still
more striking, having very large cylindrical hydrophores
with numerous margins which are abruptly rolled outward
and have very brilliant “necklaces.” The hydranths are
unusually large and capable of great expansion. An elegant
new form of branching Campanularian, probably an Obdelia,
has very thin, glassy, sub-conical hydrothece, the upper parts
of which are thrown into longitudinal folds or pleatings, which,

1The author wishes to note the very faithful work of Professor S.
Stookey and Miss Margaret Williams in attending to the Hydroida during
the cruise. The really superb collections of these forms are due largely
to their painstaking care and perseverance.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 179

with the deeply serrate margins, impart a particularly ornate
appearance. The genera /lebella, Cryptolaria and Grammaria
were each represented by new forms.

The SERTULARID.® was but poorly represented, their being
only two species, Sertelarella gaya Var. robusta Allman, and
S. distans Allman.t The PLuMULARIDa, however, came up
in quantities, and constantly elicted exclamations of surprise
and delight at their exquisite grace and beauty. Some were
of monstrous size for this group, reaching a height of two feet
or more. Among the more notable prizes were two species
of Allman’s genus Schizotricha, a genus hitherto anrepresented .
in the West Indian region. The name is descriptive of the
fact that the pinne are divided or split into-two-branches. |
am inclined to believe that one of these branches is merely a
modified phylactogonium, a specialized branch for the pro-
tection of the reproductive organs. Two species of P/mmu-
daria, P. attennuata Allman and P. geminata Allman, were
collected from rather deep water. The beautiful genus
Aglaophenia was represented by three species originally des-
cribed by Allman, .l. a@pocarpa, A. gracilis and A. rigida.
There has been considerable discussion regarding the validity
of the last two species. They were described originally with
the reproductive portion or gonosome of A. gracilis unknown.
Afterward, Dr. J. Walter Fewkes seems to have found the
gonosome of the latter, and considered it the same as that of
A. rigida, and seemed inclined to regard the two species as
identical. Our specimens, however, show the gonosome to
be quite different from that of A. r7evda, the corbula having
about ten pairs of entirely free leaflets with a row of nemato-
phores on both sides of each leaflet. The trophosome has been
compared with specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zo6l-
ogy at Cambridge identified by Clarke, and they were found”
to agree. A new species of Ag/asphenia secured by us has a
very large and ornate corbula which varies greatly in length
in different specimens. The leaflets are numerous, twelve

IThis name is preoccupied, having been used by both LaMarck and
Lamouroux early in the present century.

180 NaATuRAL History BULLETIN.

or more, and are great!y expanded, the front edge of each
extending forward and upward over the one in front, Each
leaflet has a row of nematophores along its free margin, a
strong double process at its base, and a series of distinct nar-
row ridges leading from these nematophores directly toward
the base of each leaflet, giving a remarkably beautiful radiat-
ing style of ornamentation, making this the most ornate cor-
bula in the collection.

Two species of unusual size represent the genus Cladocar-
pus. The first, C. paradisea Allman, is well named. It is
hard to keep from using extravagant language when describ-
ing these surpassingly graceful and striking forms. The other
species was described by Allman under the name Ag/aophenra
sigma from specimens destitute of the gonosome. Our series
shows the gonosome, and demonstrates the fact that it belongs
to Cladocarpus, having the typical gonosome of that genus.
Both of these species attain a height of about two feet.

One of the prizes encountered among the hydroids is a
species of /dia dredged from shallow water near Key West.
Only one species has hitherto been known which was so
unique that it was made the type of a new family by Allman.
The original form was found near the Philippine Islands and
off Bahia. The characteristic urn-shaped gonangia were well
shown in our specimens. They are among the most beautiful
of all the various structures developed for the protection of
the reproductive zodids among the hydroids.

No attempt has as yet been made to study the deep-water
sponges of the collection, nor can the general zodlogist hope
to do anything with this dificult group. Judging from the
figures in Professor Alexander Agassiz’ “Three Cruises of
the «Blake,’” it appears that we secured among others the fol-
lowing species of silicious sponges belonging to the Hexac-
TINELLIDZ: Farrea facunda,a species formed of anastomos-
ing cylinders of the most delicate lace-work; Aphrocallistes
bocage?, with an equally beautiful network of silicious spicules
forming series of prominences like finger tips; Zzszphonza
fenestrata, which usually assumes a more or less globular

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 181

form, with long, sharp, needle-like spicules radiating from the
surface; Phakellia tenax, a flabellate form strangely resemb-
ling some of the sea-fans, with freely anastomosing branches
covered with projecting bristles or spicules, giving the appear-
ance of a furor felt. The color of this species when fresh is
brown, but this color fades out to a gray after long immer-
sion in alcohol.

This ends our hurried survey of the assemblage of animal
forms secured from the Pourtalés Plateau, and the shallower
water between it and the reefs, a region of surpassing interest
to the naturalist, or to any one else who can be interested in
Nature’s handiwork. This was probably the most profitable
part of our cruise, although there were no such striking
novelties as the Pentacrini. The collection as a whole was of
greater scientific interest than any secured from other locali-
ties. The amount of labor involved in bringing up these
thousands of specimens from the sea bottom, and caring for
them after they were secured, was at times calculated to
destroy the enthusiasm of any but the most persistent workers.
But our young men and women labored most faithfully day
after day.in the intense heat without complaint, and with
cheerful compliance with every reasonable demand made upon
their energies. The time was emphatically well spent, and
the educational value of constantly handling and observing so
many and varied animal types was incalculable.

CHAPTER VII.
HARBOR ISLAND AND SPANISH WELLS.

On Saturday, July rst, our vessel cleared from Key West
for the port of Harbor Island, Eleuthera, British West Indies,
after having all the water casks refilled with good water
at a cost of one cent per gallon. The customs officials at
Key West were extremely courteous, and facilitated our
affairs so far as the law would permit. We were given a
hint by one of them that would probably have saved us many
a dollar had we been able to act upon it at the proper time.
We were told that a “yachting license” could have been
secured before starting, which would have rendered it unnec-
essary to enter and clear at the various ports at which we
desired to touch, and thus saved a really serious source of
delay and annoyance. We had, indeed, inquired at Baltimore
if there were not some way to simplify matters, but were told
by the brokers that we would have to be treated exactly as
any trading or passenger vessel. Our informant was not an
entirely disinterested party, however, and I should advise any-
one who, in the future. desires to charter a vessel for a pur-
pose similar to ours, to make every effort to find a way
to avoid a part, at least, of the endless red tape, which is
doubtless necessary for the interests of the merchant marine,
but a useless farce for a scientific expedition. As it was, life
was made a burden to some of us while in port by the exac-
tions of the custom-house regulations, which seemed to us to
bear a very close resemblance to the procedure in the “ circum-
locution office,” so well depicted by Dickens.

In the evening we dropped down the channel, but were
becalmed before passing Sand Key Light, and anchored for

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 183

the night. A boat was sent to take off a lot of coral, princi-
pally A/adrepora palmata Linn., which had been left to bleach
about ten days before on a little sand key near the Eastern Dry
Rocks. The storm of the preceding Saturday had raised a
sea, which broke clear over the little islet, and buried most of
the coral under the sand. We found that many of the speci-
mens were uninjured and beautifully bleached. One in par-
ticular was a perfectly symmetrical corallum of JZ. palmata,
with numerous broad fronds rising in whorls one above
another. This superb but fragile specimen was the prize
cabinet coral of the whole collection, and the object of much
solicitude. We hardly dared hope to succeed in getting it to
lowa City intact, but our care was rewarded by success, and
the specimen is now in the museum, a flawless, symmetrical
type of what is really one of the most beautiful of all West
Indian corals, although the fragments usually exhibited in our
museums would fail to indicate any grace or beauty. The
“long boat,” as we called the largest ship’s boat, originally
built for the navy, was placed on the deck and braced right
side up on an even keel. It was then filled with the branch-
ing corals, which were thus comparatively safe and in an
excellent place to complete the bleaching process. The plug
was taken out of the boat, and the corals drenched with salt
water several times a day, and then exposed to the full force
of the sun.

On Monday, July 3rd, light head-winds were encountered,
but some progress was made with the aid of the Gulf Stream,
which we were now crossing for the third time. Hada calm
set in, we would doubtless have been carried through the
Florida Straits to the north of the Island of Abaco. Most of
this day was spent in packing that part of the coral which was.
fairly well bleached. Several of the largest heads of J/adre-
pora were carefully wound with strands of Italian hemp rope,
so that each branch was fully supported by several others.
The specimens were then crated separately, each being slung
in its crate by ropes so that it could not touch the wood at
any point. This method had the further advantage of furnish-

184 Natura. History BULLETIN.

ing a certain degree of spring to the support, so that any sud-
den jar to the crate would be greatly lessened before it was
communicated to the coral. The effectiveness of this method
of packing was demonstrated by the excellent condition in
which these large heads arrived at Iowa City, after a journey
of about twelve hundred miles by sea and a thousand miles in
a freight car. Such specimens as were not too large we
packed with hay in barrels, using great care and not permit-
ting one specimen to be in contact with another.

While under way, the alcoholic specimens which had been
in the tanks for several days were taken out and placed in the
pans, which were soldered together, as described on page 56.
Two members of the party always attended to this soldering,
at which they soon became quite proficient, and it was sur-
prising to see the amount of material that could be safely dis-
posed of in a couple of hours. The result showed that speci-
mens preserved in this way were even safer than those kept
in alcohol. Should the alcohol be a little too weak, as is
sometimes the case, the specimens are irretrievably ruined.
As a matter of fact, none of the material in the pans was
injured, save a few specimens that were spotted with rust.

During the whole of our cruise the evenings were delight-
ful almost without exception. No matter how hot the day,
there was no discomfort from heat in the evening nor during
the night. The “dog-watch” (from six to eight P.M.) was
our time for social enjoyment, and then the whole party would
usually be seated on the top of the cabin and on the quarter-
rail, engaged in singing and story-telling. The hard work of
the day made this evening hour all the brighter, and every
one was then good-natured and happy. At such times. we
were at peace with the world, and often sat late into the night
in the stern-sheets or on the “lazy-board,” either in quiet con-
versation or in silent communion with the spirit of Old Ocean,
watching the flashing of the phosphorescence in the wake of
the schooner, or listening to the hissing of the waters along
the side. Then each would roll up in his blanket and stretch
out on the cabin top, gazing upward at the moon or watching

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 185

the sweep of the main-gaff between us and the starry heavens,
until we were lulled to sleep by the swinging of the schooner
as she “rocked in the cradle of the deep.” The writer has
been to sea in various craft, but believes that ona sailing ves-
sel alone can the real delights of sea-life be found. What
does a passenger on a modern Atlantic liner know of the
poetry of the world of waters, or of the spirit and moods of
the wind and sky and ocean?

The morning of July 4th, found us at sea, with no land in
sight. As good patriots we decided that the day must be
appropriately celebrated. At breakfast the ladies had a sur-
prise in the shape of pretty souvenir cards with designs in
water-colors, and original verses. Each wore the national
colors, secured by cutting up an old flag, and the steward was
appropriately decorated with a red, white and blue cap.
Coming on deck we found “old glory” at the mast-head, and
under it the old gold pennant of the State University of Iowa.
Every gun on the'vessel was brought up and the flag and
pennant saluted with a volley each. Cheering was indulged
in “ad libitum,’ and the sweet familiar strains of ** America,”
« Star Spangled Banner,” “lhe Red, White and Blue,” etc.,
brought the tears to many eyes. It may well be doubted
whether a profounder love for country was felt by any Ameri-
can citizens that day than stirred the hearts of the members
of the “ Bahama Expedition.” At dinner we were regaled
with the chief remaining luxury on board, i. e., a meat pie
with canned turkey as its main ingredient.

At noon a calm set in, and we experienced some of the
most intense heat met with during our voyage. It only lasted
about two hours, however, after which a light breeze sprung
up, which proved a head-wind, and of course less welcome on.
that account.

That night a sudden squall struck the schooner after we
were all asleep on the cabin top. The wind did not seem
particularly violent, but it suddenly ceased altogether, and the
schooner rolled more outrageously than at any other time
during the voyage. The heavy main-boom ‘slatted’ so

186 NatTurauL History BUuLuetIn.

violently that it broke loose and came near doing serious
damage before we again had it under control. Below could
be heard the smashing of crockery and glass-ware. Investi-
gation showed that very little damage had been done, although
we feared the loss of a considerable portion of the jars and”
dishes which were stored in racks.

On Wednesday, July 5th, the wind was at last in our favor,
and the schooner was able to hold her course across the
Bahama Banks. The clear light green of the water on the
Banks extending to the horizon on every side, forms a marine
view which is almost unique in its coloring. Again we
noticed the rich purple effects in the clouds which were so
conspicuous when we crossed the Banks the first time. Dr.
L. W. Andrews, of the State University of Iowa, suggests
that this effect is to be ascribed to the fact that the sensitive-
ness of the optic nerve to the green color becomes exhausted
by the constant contemplation of the vivid green water, and
that purple, the complement of green, appears in place of the
blue of the sky. If this were true, it would seem that pro-
longed contemplation of green trees and grass would also
make the sky appear purple. The actinic power, however,
of the green reflections from the water is shown by the
fact that such water appears almost white in a photograph.
Stirrup Key Light was sighted in the afternoon, and we once
more anchored on the eastern edge of the Banks.

The next day was spent in beating against a head-wind,
the west side of Abaco being made about noon, after which a
long tack to the southward occupied the rest of the day until
we sighted the lights of Nassau, N. P., when we came about
on the other tack for the remainder of the night. Many of
the party would have been glad to visit the city of Nassau,
which is the metropolis of the British West Indies, but our
time was getting short, and we were not on a pleasure excur-
sion. The comparative idleness of the last two or three days
had made the young men so frisky that more than the usual
amount of skylarking was indulged in that night, including an
impromptu concert, that was not greatly appreciated by those
who desired to sleep.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 187

Early in the morning of Friday, July 7th, our old friend
Egg Island was sighted. The wind was still ahead, and it
took us nearly all day to beat along the coast of Eleuthera to
Harbor Island. When opposite the town of Spanish Wells, a
small boat came out with a pilot, who proved to be an old
acquaintance of mine having been my boatman and general
factotum in 1888. He agreed to pilot us into Harbor Island.
A little boy of perhaps eight years, his nephew, had come out
with him in the sail-boat, and it was with no little surprise
that we heard Philip, the pilot, order the little fellow to take
the boat back to the port, some ten miles away. No wonder
the Bahamans make skillful boatmen, when little boys who
would, with us, scarcely be out of the kindergarten, are com-
petent to handle a sail-boat with judgment and confidence.

The entrance to the harbor at Harbor Island is about as
forbidding a looking channel as we saw during our trip. At
one place there seemed barely room for the vessel to pass
between the great masses of black rocks, where the tide was
rushing like a mill-race. The vessel got through about sun-
set, and her passengers were just congratulating themselves
on getting into harbor all right, when the schooner went hard
and fast aground on a sand-bar inside the harbor. Although
getting aground is always a serious matter with a vessel the

?

size of the “Emily E. Johnson,” it would have been hard to
select a better place than the one where she rested that night,
the keel being supported throughout its length on fine coral
sand. Captain Flowers was naturally exasperated at the pilot
for his inexcusable blunder, but did not fly into a passion, as
most skippers would have done, so that our admiration for
him was increased, if possible, by the incident. It was flood
tide again at 2 A. M., but the schooner did not budge, and
there was nothing to be done but occupy ourselves in collect-
ing until the high tide in the afternoon.

The bottom of the harbor was dotted with magnificent
specimens of Pentaceros reticulatus Linck, perhaps the most
conspicuous of American star-fishes. A large number of
these were brought on board, and a class organized under the

188 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

leadership of Professor Arey for the study of the anatomy of
these huge Echinoderms. In spite of its apparent rigidity,
this star-fish is able to turn its rays over its back until the tips
of opposite rays meet above the disk.

Others of the party took boats and went collecting around
the rocks on either side of the harbor entrance, where they
secured quite a quantity of mollusks and gorgonians, some of
the latter being afterward killed with the polyps nicely ex-
panded, by plunging the whole colony into hot, but not boiling
water.

As might have been expected, the morning light revealed
the white sails of numerous boats, all speeding toward the
‘Emily E. Johnson.” It is safe to say that ‘the occupants of
every one of them would not have been greatly disappointed
at an entire failure to get the schooner off the sand. From
the earliest times, a wreck has been regarded as a special
“‘God-send” by the natives of the West India Islands, and they
can hardly be blamed for looking at the matter in that light.
They are almost without exception poor men who have a hard
struggle for their daily bread. A wreck often means com-
parative affluence to a whole community, and men in more
favored countries are frequently only too glad to profit by the
misfortunes of others, and are often willing to bring disaster
upon others just as truly and criminally as the man who runs
a vessel on the rock. Most of the little boats that gathered
around the schooner had something to sell in the shape of
fruits or vegetables. Their occupants were nearly all negroes
of the regular Bahama type, great talkers with any amount
of time to spare, and no fools when it came to bartering.

In the forenoon a number of us went to the town of Harbor
Island to attend to various items of business. The island itself
lies north and south a little way from the main island of Eleu-
thera, and is about three miles long by half a mile wide. On
the east a range of high sand-hills separates the town from the
sea, which here breaks upon a beautiful sand-beach said to be
the finest in the Bahamas. The west side of the island is low
and much of it wooded. Here the town proper faces the

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 189

harbor, and presents an unusually picturesque view. Some
of the finest cocoanut palms that we saw in the West Indies
are found here. The quaint old houses, white like the coral
rock streets over which wheeled vehicles or horses seldom
pass, seem plunged in a perpetual sleep. At one time this
was one of the most important West Indian ports, but now the
pine-apple trade has largely departed to the east coast of
Eleuthera, and with it has gone the main industry of Harbor
Island. At the time of my former visit, a canning factory for
putting up pine-apples was in full blast, but the “ pine” season
was over now, and the inhabitants did not seem to be very
actively engaged in anything in particular, except in showing
a friendly interest in the crowd of young Americans that had
so suddenly and unexpectedly dropped down among them.

The town of Harbor Island is considered one of the most
healthful spots in the West Indies The drainage is excellent,
and the people look as if they lived better than most of the
Bahamans. A path leads from the town over the hills to the
beach on the east side, where there are a number of “wells,”
that is, holes dug in the sand at the bottom of which is water
rising and falling with the tides. The native women do most
of their washing here, beating the clothes with a sort of pad-
dle, and managing to get them beautifully clean in the process.
A great deal of water for household purposes is carried over
the hill in buckets and small tubs on the heads of the women.
Even the poorest houses are scrupulously clean, the floors
being white with frequent scouring. I was told that the floors.
are often scrubbed with the skin of a species of Ba/vstes or file-
fish, which is covered with closely set spines, giving it the feel
of sand-paper.

The people seem to be almost universally polite, greeting
the stranger with a smile and pleasant word, and offering him
their best if he entersthe door. Not only the houses, but their
clothes and persons are clean. Their garments may be scant
and tattered, but the meanest negro of them all would feel
disgraced if he or his clothes were anything but clean.

The magistrate who dispenses justice to this and neighbor-

190 NATURAL History BUELETIN.

ing communities, Mr. Solomon, is an old man now, having.
served his queen for over a quarter of a century, and is a
type of the old-time English gentleman worthily discharg-
ing his not unimportant duties, and held in respect by the
whole community, and in wholesome fear by the evil-doer.
He made our official business with him a pleasure instead of
a disagreeable task. Some of us were allowed to inspect the
jail, which, as is usual, was guiltless of prisoners, and contained
nothing more terrible than some clothes which malefactors
are compelled to wear. The place had an air of habitual
desertion that was an index of the law abiding character of
the people.

There are two churches in Harbor Island, one, the largest,
being Methodist and the other Episcopalian, these two being
the only denominations which have obtained any considerable
foot-hold in the Bahamas. On the island of San Salvador, or
“Cat Island” as it is more generally called, I once attended
service in an Episcopalian Church where the preacher, chor-
isters, and entire congregation with the exception of the
visitors, were negroes of the purest African type. As to the
morals of these negroes, from the information obtained by
me—whether reliable or net I can not say—it appears that
they are intensely religious, but as a writer once said concern-
ing them, “they are not amoral, but wnmoral,” a distinction
that is often not made, but is nevertheless a fundamental one.

The United States agent, Mr. Monroe, was exceedingly
attentive and courteous during our stay, entertaining a number
of our party in a very delightful manner, and giving a good
deal of interesting information about the place. From another
source and upon a previous visit to these Islands, I heard of
an instance of the working of our diplomatic service in obscure
places that was, and for aught I know is yet, a disgrace to the
United States Government. At that time the United States
had an alleged representative at a place called «The Cove”
on the other side of Eleuthera, who kept a low doggery in
the town, and was so illiterate that he was unable to make
out his official papers. An entirely amicable arrangement

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. Ig!

was understood to exist between this man and the British
representative, whereby the latter made out all the official
papers of the American “ Consul,” who reciprocated by supply-
ing whatever liquor was needed for the personal consumption
of Her Majesty’s representative. This story I believe to be
true, having seen and conversed with the parties interested.
The American representative was certainly as ignorant and
degraded in appearance as any man that I encountered in the
West Indies. The idea that such a person should have power
over the liberty and property of American citizens who traded
in that port to the extent of scores of thousands of dollars
annually, was enough to disgust any one who knew of the
situation. The writer has seen a good many of the repre-
sentatives of our government in out-of-the-way places, and is
of the opinion that they are usually a poor reliance in case of
difficulty, as the policy of the government is to pay them so
little that they are obliged ‘to engage in some other pursuit,
thus compelling them to have a personal business interest in
keeping on the good side of the authorities where they reside.
It is, of course, out of the question for an American to secure
justice under such circumstances, if justice conflicts with the
wishes of the local government.

At 1:30 p. M. the schooner floated off the sand-bank and
was brought up opposite the town, greatly to our relief, and
the rest of the day was spent in visiting our friends ashore
and securing fresh fish and fruit. It was with no little delight
that we found a goodly number of watermelons, which were
a decided treat under the circumstances.

Early the next morning we started with a new pilot for
Spanish Wells, which we had obtained permission to visit,
although it is not a port of entry. We took what is known
as the “inside passage,” a narrow and winding channel be-
tween the rugged coast of Eleuthera and the line of reefs, a
passage well calculated to make the skipper and his passen-
gers hold their breath. The water was, as usual around
these islands, wonderfully clear, making the dangers all the
more apparent, and revealing the ugly black heads of rocks

192 NatTurat History BULLETIN.

appearing on every side, as the schooner doubled and turned
in her course under the skillful guidance of the pilot, who
seemed to be perfectly self-possessed and confident, although
a single false turn of the wheel might have ended the cruise
and the schooner. At times it seemed that there would
hardly be room for the vessel to pass between the rocks, and
at others we were apparently rushing right on to the sunken
masses, which turned out to be many feet below the surface.

Had we been less nervous about the vessel, this run would
have been a most enchanting one. The crystal clearness of
the water made it possible to see the wonderful “sea-gardens”
over which we were passing,—gardens of waving plume-like
gorgonians, and patches of anemones rivaling the brightest
flowers in their conspicuous coloring. Great heads of coral
seemed to glide by or under us, and so clear was the sea that
they appeared just beneath the surface. Out to the right
were the patches of barrier retf, while beyond them, the
intense blue of the deep water added its pure and white-
flecked beauty to a superb marine view. On the left the
coast of Eleuthera, one of the largest of the Bahama group,
was at times within a stone’s throw of the schooner. At first
the coast was low, but later it became more rocky. A short
distance inland the country was rugged with limestone hills,
water-worn at times into fantastic shapes. On the face of one
of these cliffs a hole could be seen, which we afterward found
to be the mouth of a cave. At the water’s edge the lime-
stone head-lands were being undermined throughout their
extent, the material thus broken up being carried along the:
shore and built up into the sand beaches that gleamed daz- -
zling white in many a sheltered cove. Finally a ruggeder
headland than any yet seen came into view, and disclosed in
profile the outline which gives it its name of “ Ridley’s Head.”
Rounding this, the palm-embowered village of Spanish Wells,
with its white beach and pretty harbor where all the boats.
were drawn up or at anchor in Sabbath repose, was wel-
comed as the last station at which we intended to spend any
considerable time.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 193

The town of Spanish Wells is on the first of a chain of
islands which border the mainland of Eleuthera on the north,
and extend to Egg Island on the west. The island itself is
probably not more than a quarter of a mile broad, but ex-
tends two or three miles east and west. ‘There are no hills,
the greatest elevation being not over fifteen or twenty feet
above high water. On the north side a beautiful sand-beach
runs almost if not quite the length of the island. Here one
can see the process of converting coral sand into rock in
almost every stage from the loose sand to the hard limestone
rock. For a considerable distance the sea is undermining
some high banks of partially solidified sand. The entire
island is made up of this sand and rock. On the south a nar-
row channel divides this island from Eleuthera, and affords an
excellent refuge for small boats. The harbor itself is east of
the island, being protected on the east by a high point of
Eleuthera. The channel to the harbor is very narrow, and at
the time of our visit was partly blockaded by a wrecked brig,
which was allowed to remain directly in the centre of the
channel. Here, as elsewhere in the Bahamas, the largest
trees are the cocoanut palms, which line the beach on the
north and form quite a respectable grove to the west of the
town. This grove is noticeable from the fact that most of the
trees lean to the east or north-east, a reminder of a hurricane
that swept over the island some years ago.

The town itself consists of a number of houses, set down
with almost no regard to the points of the compass, and
jumbled together in what appears to be the most hap-hazard
confusion. They are mostly frame houses, as square as a box,
with low, pyramidal roofs. Very few of the windows were
glazed, most of them being without sashes, but protected by
heavy storm-shutters. The house itself is almost always:
raised about two feet above the ground on low posts. Back
of each residence is the oven. a sub-conical structure, about
eight feet high, and whitewashed on the outside. There is a
good-sized church, built of coral rock, where a devout con-

gregation assembles to worship after the manner of John

194 Natura. History Bul LerIn.

Wesley, and hard by is the cemetery, a desolate enough look-
ing enclosure, where the irregularly disposed mounds of coral
sand, surmounted by white head-boards, are unrelieved by
any sign of grass or turf, although some shrubbery with bril-
liant scarlet blossoms gives a touch of beauty. Upon inspec-
tion, one sees that the graves are fairly riddled with holes
made by land-crabs, and can hardly repress a shudder at the
repulsive thought of these ugly, crawling scavengers, whose
presence attests the fate of the bodies entrusted to this ceme-
tery. After all, however, this is no more repulsive than the
accompaniments of all civilized burial. Perhaps, indeed, less
so, in that the process is more rapid here than elsewhere.

But the thing which impresses the stranger as the most
peculiar about this interesting town is that it has no streets in
the part where the houses are most thickly aggregated.
although there is a wide and tolerably straight path leading
from the western part of the village toward the west end of
the island. A little reflection will show us, however, that
streets are entirely superfluous in a town which is wethout a
single wheeled vehicle of any kind. In its early history this
community, like others in the West Indies, was liable to hos-
tile incursions from piratical crews, and this may account for
the manner in which the houses are huddled together, when
there would appear to be abundant room to spread out com-
fortably. It looks for all the world like a covey of quail
bunched together in fear of the dogs.

It was the privilege of the writer to spend some months
in this unique community during a previous visit to the Baha-
mas, and thus to obtain something more than a superficial
knowledge of the life of these people. I speak advisedly in
using the word “unique,” for here isa community of some five
or six hundred souls, nearly ail of them white and descendants
of Englishmen, which seems to me to be more isolated from
the world than any other community of like character and
size that can be found. Here are adult men, speaking the
English language with a maltreatment of the h’s equal to
that of the most approved London cockney, some of whom,

‘HTD “SIP ysiueds uF aua0g

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 195

if lam informed correctly, have never seen a horse or a cow or
a wheeled vehicle; whose personal knowledge of the Mammalia
is confined to man, pigs, dogs, cats, and rats: to whom not
only the locomotive, electric light, telegraph, and phonograph
are matters of hearsay, but also the threshing machine, self-
binder, and even the common plough. Here are people who
never saw a river, mountain, two-story house, or field of
grain, and, until recently, were guiltless of a practical knowl-
edge of a pane of glass, a lamp, or an iron stove.

It is hard to imagine the effect of such a life upon naturally
intelligent people, but intercourse with them will show strange
and unexpected glimpses of the results of this environment.
For instance, | remember that while talking toa bright young
man, who was head_scholar and assistant teacher in the school.
we got onto the subject of panthers. He seemed to have
a good idea of the size, agility, and ferocity of this animal.
but upon being asked for a more particularized description,
replied that he thought it was ke a large lizard! Now. asa
matter of fact, the largest wild animal that this youth had ever
seen was the iguana, a large lizard, and his mental picture of
the panther was simply a greatly exaggerated and _ particu-
larly ferocious lizard, a perfectly natural result of his circum-
scribed experiences.

Physically, many of the men are up to the average in most
respects, except in an appearance which would indicate an
insufficiency of food. They are tall, well-formed, straight-
limbed, with bright, kindly faces, indicative of a clean moral
and physical habit. but their youth departs altogether too
soon, and a really well-fed man or woman is a rarity. They
have enough to eat to satisfy hunger, probably, but they
appear as if physiologically starved for all that; and no wonder!
Except in the pine-apple season they have very little fruit-
indeed. ‘Their principal vegetables are yams and a scant sup-
ply of bananas and plantains. The flour that they have is
poor in quality, and they can afford to buy but little of that.
Fresh meat is rarely obtained, and then usually in the shape
of green turtle. Salt beef and pork they greatly prize, but do

196 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

not alwayshave. Fish are plentiful in the surrounding waters,
but no one seems to make a business of securing them for
general consumption, and even when a good catch is made,
they will attempt to sell them. A sort of soup or chowder is
made of the “ conch,” Strombus g7yas, but the meat is exceed-
ingly tough and about as savory as India rubber. Land-crabs
are caught in a hap-hazard, spasmodic way, as are the spiny
lobsters, which they call “‘craw-fish.” Milk and butter are
only occasionally obtained by the sick. Eggs are bought and
sold singly, and are so small that one seldom sees enough
at any one time to satisfy a man with a reasonably good appe-
tite. The only.things that can be regarded as staple articles
of diet are yams, flour and conchs, the other edibles men-
tioned above being more properly ranked as luxuries and
dainties.

Our good doctor was regarded as a special Providence by
these people, and faithfully ministered to them and their little
ones during our stay at Spanish Wells. She studied these
people with some care, and came to the conclusion that the
women and girls were in worse condition than the men and
boys, not receiving the benefit of the out-door life enjoyed by
the latter. Most of the sick children and infants were suffer-
ing greatly from lack of proper nourishment, but she also
noticed so many cases of malformation and monstrosities of
various sorts, that another cause seemed at work. This, she
thinks, is found in the almost unbelievable extent to which the
people of the settlkement have intermarried. In her own
words: ‘As an explanation of this we would give the con-
stant intermarriage of near relatives, which has a tendency
not only to deteriorate the family by diminishing fertility, but
reaches the inevitable result of ill-balanced offspring. A very
good illustration of this degeneracy came under my observa-
tion. Among the twenty or more patients treated, I have
but three surnames on my case-book. With the exception
of two, all were of the same name. This family have lived
here generation after generation, marrying and intermarrying
until there is not a family on the island with more than two

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 197

or three living children, and many of these are ill-formed,
delicate, rachitic, or scrofulous. The girls told sad stories of
their sufferings, and the married women of protracted and
painful maternity. The young ladies were trained to the
idea that it was a hazardous undertaking to marry any young
man not a native of this particular island. In this village I
met three little ‘‘midgets,” all women and cousins, but of
what degree I am unable to say, as they seemed to have little
idea of degrees of relationship. The smallest of these is a
woman thirty-four years old, twenty-seven inches high, and
weighs forty-five pounds. A male dwarf that we saw in
Key West is a cousin of these Spanish Wells midgets, mak-
ing four in one family.”!

In spite of all these drawbacks, the citizens of Spanish Weils
are by no means an unhappy people. , Indeed as I look back
to my residence among them, they seem to have found con-
siderable enjoyment in life. The young men and women
were as light-hearted as the most fortunate of their cousins
across the water. They have their social gatherinys and
games. I well remember being an interested spectator one
moonlight night, when they assembled down on the pure
white coral beach and played the old-fashioned “kissing

5

games” to the tune of “ King William was King George’s
son, and he the royal race did run,” each verse ending up ina
manner which was evidently much to the satisfaction of the
parties immediately concerned. The Spanish Wells young
folks are celebrated throughout the islands for their excellent
singing. The grand old hymns of John Wesley are sung by
the sabbath congregation with a volume and swing that is
refreshing to hear after much of the emasculated congrega-
tional singing in the North. The time is perfect and the parts
well sustained, and there is a quaintness in the lining out of
the leader, followed by the ready volume of response that
makes the coral structure fairly quiver. One evening the
school-teacher brought his pupils on board the schooner to

1Pr. Leora Johnson.

198 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

sing for us, and we never heard children sing with more vim
and fidelity to tune and meter. They sang “God Save the
Queen” and “ Ring the Bell for Little Nell,” and several old-
fashioned rounds in excellent style, and there was more sing-
ing to the cubic inch of child than we would have deemed
possible. Then the young men and women came aboard and
showed the fruitage of such training in a delightful extempor-
ized concert, and won our hearty applause as they made the
shores of Eleuthera resound with the grand and quaint melo-
dies of “Somebody’s Dyin’ Every Day” and “The Old-Time
Religion is Good Enough for Me,” anda score of other favor-
ites brought over a century or more ago from Old England.
These young people were perfectly willing to admit the
superiority of their vocalistic powers, and one of them con-
fided to me with perfectly serious conviction that he “reck-
oned” that he “was about the best bass singer in the world.”
And so he was, in Avs world, and that person would be heart-
less indeed who would impair such naive confidence.

These people are intensely religious, and take more com-
fort in their religion. which is of the strictest Wesleyan type,
than do most people. It has a reality and vitality that I have
seldom seen elsewhere. Immorality is exceedingly rare, and
the graver social sins appear to be almost inconceivable to
most of them. Their shortcomings are more of the nature of
peccadillos, and such crimes as serious theft, burglary, arson,
or murder are probably as nearly unknown as anywhere else
on the globe.

The advent of a schooner-load of young folks from un-
heard of “Iowa” was an event from which to date lesser
happenings for a decade to come. They were self-contained,
however, and did not divulge their opinion of us. Perhaps
that was best. One of the leading men of the place, an old
acquaintance, informed me that he had gone so far as to tell
the folks that there were ‘some good people even among the
Americans.” The most important occupation engaged in by
the Spanish Wells men is the culture of the *‘ pine,” or pine-
apple as we call it. It seems that many years ago the Queen

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 199

gave to this colony a certain amount of land on the mainland
of Eleuthera to hold in common. Each person could claim
as much land as he cultivated, and keep possession so long as
the land was under cultivation. This system of land tenure,
although it would seem almost ideal, was, as a matter of fact,
about the most unsatisfactory that could have been devised.
and gave rise to innumerable quarrels and lawsuits. The
main point of difficulty was the definition of terms used in
the grant. Some indolent or tricky individuals claimed that
land once held by them remained theirs so long as even a
single banana stalk or pine “tree” was growing on it, while
others claimed that all of the area must be in bona fide culti-
vation before the terms of the grant could be held as com-
plied with. And so this quarrel has become a traditional one.
and is a pregnant source of strife among the colonists. When
one comes to iook at their “farms,” his chief wonder is what
there is to quarrel over. .There is not a spot on the whole
plantation where a plow could be run for a single vard. The
whole surface is not only rocky, but is solid coral rock, with
here and there a little accumulation of earth in the hollows.
Wherever a little soil has lodged, a pine-cutting is set. In
spite of the hopeless appearance of things to a man from the
Iowa prairies, they do manage to raise considerable quan-
tities of pine-apples on just such land as this. Most of the
fruit is bought by Baltimore firms and shipped to Baltimore or
Key West to be canned. The amount of money realized by
an individual worker in the Spanish Wells plantation must be
pitiably small. Indeed I imagine that not many of these men
see more than twenty-five dollars in cash ina year. So far
as I know, the school-master receives the highest regular sal-
ary of any one on the island. His pay is fifty pounds, or two
hundred and fifty dollars per year, and with this he lives
better, and dresses better, and supports a family in better
style than most of his fellows even in fortunate America. In
spite of their poverty, the people are almost without excep-
tion thoroughly self-respecting, God-fearing and honest, and
among them are some of the best types of sterling Christian
manhood that I have ever known.

200 NatTuRAL History BULLETIN.

Our main object in going to Spanish Wells. was to give
ihe students a further opportunity to study the wealth of ani-
mal life about a typical coral reef. It will be remembered
that at the Dry Tortugas we were unable to study the outer
face of the reef on account of its exposure to the swell, which
would have been dangerous to small boats. Moreover, most
of the Madrepores had been killed by unusually low tides.
My previous experience at Spanish Wells had shown what
could be seen of the reefs there, and given confidence that a
visit by our students would be of great educational value.
About a mile to the west and a little north of the entrance to
the harbor, is a rocky mass known as “Pier Rock,” and
around this the water is shallow, although the rock itself has
been excavated at the water-line into various shelves and
crannies and cool retreats suitable for occupancy by a great
variety of marine forms, especially gorgonians, mollusks, sea-
anemones and tube-dwelling worms. Although we did not
expect to find any great zodlogical rarities, we did expect, and
rightly, that there would here be excellent opportunity to
study a number of these animals at home in their appropriate
surroundings.

About a mile to the north of Spanish Wells is a patch of
genuine coral reef growing most Ivcxuriantly and protected
from the wind during a greater part of the time, so that it can
be visited safely by small boats, in which one can cruise along
the outer face of this reef and study the ever enchanting forms
’ of life in a leisurely and satisfactory manner.

Both men and boats were very cheap at Spanish Wells, and
we found it better to employ the natives with their sail-boats
than to use our own, and thus secured a greater degree of real
comfort in our work than at any other station. We had long
since discovered that the romance of puiling at the ponderous
oars of a ship’s boat was terminated by the first real experi-
ence, and were more than ready to employ the native sail-
boats and their owners, who are all skillful boatmén, thoroughly
acquainted with the surrounding coast and reef.

I doubt if anything else during our voyage was enjoyed by

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 201

the students more than these trips to the outer reefs. With

?

the aid of the “ water-glass,” which is nothing more nor less
than a glass-bottomed bucket, every detail of the sub-marine
scene could be discerned almost as clearly as if one were look-
ing into air rather than water, so exquisitely transparent is
the sea around these islands. Tbe bottom of the water-glass
is sunk just a little beneath the surface, the bucket being
held right side up. All the ripples are thus destroyed, with
their attendant confusing reflections, and every object is as
sharply defined as in the upper air. ‘The scene thus revealed
is one of such surpassing beauty that a poet, rather than a nat-
uralist, should undertake its description. Great heads of
massive coral rise almost to the surface, covered with living
and expanded polyps. Miniature trees in the form of branch-
ing madrepores, with fantastically spreading fronds, often
appear attached to the coral heads. Here and there patches
of sandy bottom reveal clumps of yellow and red sea-fans,
nestling in sheltered nooks. Long, graceful sea-feathers and
sea-whips wave their flexible branches in answer to the gentle
undulations of the water. Old masses of coral rock, carved
into fantastic similitude of castle and arch and grotto by the
action of waves and a host of rock-boring animals, are the
homes of innumerable animal and vegetable forms, draped
with the fronds of alga until they resemble some great rock-
ery overgrown with ferns. In and out of these caverns, and
through the silent groves of madrepores and sea-fans, glide
troops of strangely shaped and _ brilliantly colored tropical
fishes. Surely Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like
one of these! The most vivid reds, yellows and blues in
sharpest contrasts of bands and stripes and blotches, reveal
the very abandonment with which Nature lavishes adorn-
ment on her finny tribes. In sheltered nooks, between coral
masses, the anemones fairly revel in gorgeous mimicry of daisy
and dandelion, pink and aster and chrysanthemum, of the
upper world. In this strange realm even the worms take
shapes of grace and loveliness, rivaling the anemones in the
beauty of their flower-like whorls of tentacles. In this water-

202 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

world, as in that above, forms of beauty are strangely mingled
with repulsive and uncanny shapes. ‘The cavities of the coral
fairly bristle with the cruel black spines of sea-urchins ( Dza-
dema setosum),—spines seven inches long and sharp as needles.
Great spiny lobsters creep among the roots of the gorgonians,
and repulsive sea-spiders lurk in the recesses and among the
alge.

Another more prosaic but still good collecting ground was
a flat bar which lay between the anchorage and the mainland
of Eleuthera to the east, and was nearly bare at low tide.
This proved a good place for mollusks, especially Pzuna.
Here also were great quantities of sea-urchins, particularly
Hipponoe esculenta A. Ag. The mainland of Eleuthera itself
proved an excellent collecting ground for the entomologists
and botanists. The ornithologists found that the birds were
much the same as those collected at Egg Island. On one
occasion a party visited a cave some distance from the shore,

ecuring a number of interesting bats.

The islanders themselves were good collectors, and we
availed ourselves of the opportunity to buy a number of the
more showy specimens. such as the king and queen conchs,
and nicely prepared specimens of Pentaceros reticulatus which
these natives know how to preserve in excellent shape for cab-
inet specimens. The most enterprising dealers were from
the Current, a few miles to the west of Spanish Wells, and
they carried on a brisk trade with our party, succeeding
in selling pretty much all they brought to the schooner. We
found them sharp at bargaining, and they could apparently
spare any amount of time ina transaction involving only a few
shillings. We soon ran out of change, and were forced
to abandon further negotiations, as it took but a short time to
use up all the silver and copper that we could secure from
store-keepers in the village.

The collection drawn from these various sources grew to
be quite an imposing one before we left this locality, and the
deck of the schooner was usually piled high with a miscel-
laneous mass of zo5logical and botanical specimens.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 203

The only mammals collected during the whole cruise were
some specimens of JZacrotus waterhoust Gray secured by Mr.
Wickham in a cave on the island of Eleuthera. This is one
of the “leaf-nosed” bats belonging to the family MrGApER-
MATID4. The ears are enormous, their bases meeting at the
top of the head, and having conspicuous tragi. A fleshy
appendage projects upward from the nose, resembling the
horn of a rhinoceros in front view. The tail projects slightly
beyond the interfemoral membrane, which is supported by a
very long calcar or accessory ossicle. The dental formula is
m.°, c.4,1.4. The animal is about the size of our Atalapha
noveboracensis, or perhaps a little smaller.

The following list of the birds of Eleuthera is made up
partly from species secured at this time, and partly from a
collection made by the writer at the same place in the sum-
mer of 1888:

Larus atricila Linn., laughing gull; Gelochelidon nilotica
(Hasselq.), gull-billed tern; Sterna maxima Bod4d., royal
tern; Sterna antillarum (Less.), least tern; Sterna anethetus
Scop., bridled tern; Anozs stolitus (Linn.), noddy; Pwufinus
audubont Finsch, Audubon’s shearwater; Phaethon flavirostris
Brandt, yellow-billed tropic bird; Fregata aguila (Linn.),
man-o’-war bird; Ardez virescens Linn., green heron; /Vyct7-
corax violaceus (Linn.), yellow-crowned night heron; gva-
“itis wilsonia (Ord.), Wilson’s plover; Columbigallina passerina
(Linn.), ground dove; Speotylo cunicularia floridanu Ridgw.,
Florida burrowing owl; S¢tr7x flammea pratincola Cory, Ba-
hama barn owl; Chordedles virginianus minor (Cab.), Cuban
night-hawk; Lowxzgilla violacea bahamensis Ridgw., Bahama
grosbeak; Tyrannus dominicensis (Gmel.), grey king-bird;
Feuetheva bicolor ( Linn), grass quit; Certhrola bahamensis Reich.,
Bahama honey-creeper; and A/imus gundlachi Cab., Bahama
mocking-bird. It will be noticed that of the nine land-birds
enumerated. above, only two, the ground dove and burrowing
owl, are North American, the remainder being purely West
Indian. Perhaps the most conspicuous bird of them all, and
certainly the most attractive, is the Bahama mocking-bird,

204 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

which has an exceedingly rich and mellow song. It is seldom
molested, and individual birds habitually sing at a certain time
of day from some favorite perch, pouring out a perfect flood
of melody, evidently much to the delight of the performer.
So far as I have ascertained, the natives do not cage any of
these birds, although the children sometimes capture and play
with the young.

A few frogs and lizards are found on the island, the latter
being very abundant and known as chameleons. Some of
them have a bladder-like contrivance under or at the side of
the neck, which they expand into a bright red, globular infla-
tion. ‘This may serve to attract insects, as any bit of color is
known to do, and thus be an example of alluring coloration.

Only a few species of fish were secured, most of them
being purchased from the native fishermen. Among the food-
fishes may be mentioned a Scomber, which is locally known
as the’ “jack-tish,” but seems different from the jack-fish of
the North, and a species of /a/7stes or file-fish. Another
species which I have been unable to identify, has two very
heavy and broad incisors in each jaw, no lips, the incisors
being almost entirely bare and exposed, very large cycloid
scales, and a low dorsal which is entire and without spines.
Captain Flowers, while fishing from the schooner, caught a
- large jew-fish, Svtereolepis sp., which was probably the heav-
iest true bony fish that we secured during the voyage. It
proved excellent eating. We noticed that the scales were
carefully saved by the native who cleaned the fish. He said
that they were highly prized for working into the beautiful
shell-work baskets for which the Spanish Wells people are
noted. Another large fish caught in the harbor was the bar-
racuda, Sphyrena sp. On this and other occasions, the writer
has found it excellent eating, in spite of the belief on the part
of the natives, and even some sailors, that it is poisonous. I am
strongly of the opinion that this is a baseless slur cast upon
the reputation of an excellent food-fish. Several species of a
finely marked moray, JZuwrena melanotrs Gthr., were secured
here. The ground color is black, dotted with linear light yel-

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 205.

low markings. The teeth are sharp as needles, one or two
particularly long ones being planted in the roof of the mouth..
They are said to inflict an ugly wound, and appear quite
capable of it. This fish is eel-shaped, and will defend itself
savagely when an attempt is made to capture it. <A large
porcupine-fish, Drodon hystrix L., was bought from a fisher-
man. It is armed all over with very strong spines, and can
inflate itself into an almost perfectly spherical ball. We found
it no easy matter to skin this animal, but finally succeeded in
removing the body through the mouth, thus securing a skin
without a cut. A relative of the porcupine-fish was found in
the “swell-toad,” Zetrodon sfpenglert Bloch, a_ species that
we had already encountered at the Tortugas. Another sin-
gular form is the remora, /-cheners naucrates L., that has a
series of suckers on the top of the head which open and shut
like the slats of a window-blind. They serve to attach the
fish to the body of a shark or other large animal, and thus the
remora gets free transportation, and at the same time is always
on hand to pick up the crumbs from the shark’s table. It is.
said that some of the orientals use this animal for fishing pur-
poses, tying a line around it and letting it go forth to fasten
itself upon the quarry, after which both captor and captive
are hauled in by theline. A very small specimen of the black
fish that we secured on the Bahama Banks, which I described
as a Ceratias (?) (page 49) is included in the collection from
Spanish Wells. Since writing the former description, how-
ever, the specimen has been examined by Professor Samuel
Garman, of Harvard, who pronounces it probably a melanotic
specimen of Anfennarius tivris Poey. It is now in his hands
for description. A form which I am unable to even approxi-
mately locate with the literature at hand is a small species,
with the general facies of a Zoarces, but with the ventral fins.
united so as to form a sucking disk, and the body covered
with large cycloid scales.

We found the edible fish abundant and cheap at Spanish
Wells, and were glad to have our table supplied with this
excellent food by the native fishermen, who seemed to have
no trouble in furnishing all that we could dispose of.

206 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

«More insects were obtained in the vicinity of Harbor
Island and Spanish Wells than at any other point on the voy-
age, and as many are of interest, either because of their size,
bright colors, habits, or distribution, they are accorded a little
more space. The ants have been kindly identified by Mr.
Pergande, of Washington, and we mention the following as
being conspicuous: rachymyrmex heert Forel (var. obscu-
vior), a little species which was extremely common on the
bushes and continually fell in the beating net; Dorymyrmex
pyramicus Rog’ a long-legged ant of rather small size, com-
mon in like situations on both islands; and Pseudomyrma flav-
zdula Smith, a long, yellow ant with a wide head and a black
spot on each side of the abdomen. The remainder of the
Hymenoptera were examined by Mr. Ashmead, who furnished
the names of the entire collection. The succeeding seem
worthy of note: In the ANDRENIDA a new /Vomia and a
specimen of Agaposlemon femoralis Guér.; in the BEMBECID&
the beautiful J/onedula signata Linn., with its contrasting
black and yellow markings. The Larripa were repre-
sented by Sézus hogardi Latr., a large, reddish wasp which
was noticed carrying away a cicada at least twice its own size.
Of the SpHecipz we got Pelopeus fasciatus Lap.; of the
Vespip Polistes minor Beauv. and P. americanus Fabr., the
latter building its paper nests in the bushes on both islands.
Polybia cubensis Sauss. was also found here. Several other
things in this order were obtained, but space forbids further
mention at present.

‘Of Lepidoptera the most striking species was a beautiful
moth found not uncommonly about the sapodilla trees. The
primaries are black with numerous white spots and a large
red mark at base, the thorax black with white dots, while the
abdomen is of a velvety blue above, banded with black and
white beneath. A large “yebus was often seen flying in the
evening, while during the day it was to be noticed in caves.
Probably in this diurnal habit of concealment in such places is
to be found an explanation of the way stragglers have of
entering houses in the United States.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 207

« Asilid flies are not uncommon on the islands, and Muscids
and TABANID were common enough, though little attention
was given their capture. The Coleoptera, as usual, received
the lion’s share of notice, and in this order some very nice
things were obtained. Cvcrndela marginata Fabr. was not
rare along the white sandy beaches, but the sun was too fer-
vent to encourage a great deal of chasing after these agile
creatures. We took a Scarites like a small specimen of szd-
terraneus Fabr., also Plochionus pallens Fabr., as representa-
tives of the Carapipa@. The little red lady-bird, Coccznella
sanguinea L., was found here, as at almost every other point
in the West Indian region at which collecting was done. At
night the lights of a species of Pyrophorus could be seen
flashing in every direction through the groves of cocoa-palms,
and after many an awkward tumble, taken by running across
unfamiliar ground in the dark, it was considered easier and
more productive to depend on the native children for a supply
of these fire-flies, they catching them at night and bringing
them to the vessel for sale next day. A fine Buprestid
( Gyascutus carolinensis Horn) was found on bushes close to
the sea. The Longhorns were quite a noticeable feature
here, the most common, and at the same time beautiful, one
being £/ateropsis rugosus Gahan, the females of which have the
head, thorax and elytra ornamented with broad white stripes,
while the males are uniform black above. An dburza was
found which seems to be &. duzvalzz Chevrolat, described from
Cuba, and a nice Elaphidion occurred with it. The weevils,
of course, are comparatively numerous in species. Pachneus
opalus was common, a fine Otiorhynchid near Larynolus was
taken rarely at Harbor Island, and on Eleuthera we found a
few specimens of a beautiful form of a reddish-chestnut color,
the whole upper surface being overlaid with stripes and spots
of greenish scales. The small Curculionids were not wanting.

“The Hemiptera were numerous and conspicuous. A
large Cicada is not uncommon, and is known by the natives
under the name of “singer” or “old witch.” Zelus longtpes
Linn. is a pretty Heteropteron banded above with black and

9

208 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

red. It frequents bushes where it feeds on insects. SPphzc-
tyrtus whitec Guér. is red and bronze-green above, but wher
flying the former color alone shows. _ It is found in the same
situations as the preceding species, but no notes were made
of its feeding habits.

«None of the few Orthoptera secured are yet identified,
One large species belongs to the Acridiide and is over two.
inches in length. Another is a Mantis, which, as it was seen
in various stages, evidently breeds here. Of crickets a little
Tridactylus or ailied form was found in a well, and a large
brownish species of undetermined genus is found in the caves.
among the loose rocks on the floors or in crannies far back
from the entrance. The antenna are immensely elongate.
Cockroaches were seen in some numbers.

‘The papery nests of two colonies of white ants were seen
by the party on Eleuthera Island. One of these was built on
a horizontally projecting branch of a small tree a short dis-
tance from the ground; the other was built directly on the
ground and was of such girth as to render its packing for
transportation impracticable.”

We were confined at this station, as at the Dry Tortugas,
to shore and shallow-water collecting of marine forms. One
of the most striking facts brought out by a survey of the
Crustacea from this region is that the littoral and shallow-
water species are in a majority of cases identical with those
found on the other side of the Gulf Stream at the Dry
Tortugas. Out of about eighteen species collected at Harbor
Island and Spanish Wells. twelve are identical with species
from the Tortugas, leaving only one-third the number as.
peculiar to Eleuthera. This is quite different from the result
of a comparison between the deeper water forms from Havana
on the one hand, and the Pourtalés Plateau on the other. Out
of the thirty-odd species from the Pourtalés Plateau, only three,
or perhaps four, were found at Havana. Out of the seven
found at Havana, only two were found on the Pourtalées.
Plateau proper, one being a shallow-water form. We thus.
see that there is a much closer relation between the littoral

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 209

crustacean faune on the two sides of the Gulf Stream than
exists between the faune at a depth of eighty to two hun-
dred and fifty fathoms. Our series of forms is not sufficiently
large to justify dogmatic generalizations, but they are never-
theless significant, being borne out, moreover, by a comparison
of series of invertebrates belonging to cther groups. The
Dry Tortugas are about three hundred and eighty miles from
Spanish Wells, while the Pourtales Plateau is only about
eighty miles from Havana. The Gulf Stream interposes the
same barrier in both cases. Without discussing the question
of a previous land connection, it seems that there must be
some method by which Crustacea and other groups of inverte-
brates are distributed in a manner practically independent
of the current or depth of the Gulf Stream. Many crus-
tacean larve are pelagic, and are probably transported long
distances by the more superficial currents. <A larva starting
at the Tortugas during the prevalence of northerly winds
would perhaps be borne across the Gulf Stream before the
Bahamas were passed. Whether the eggs have any con-
siderable power to withstand dessication or not I do not know,
but if they have, it seems likely that they would often be
transported on the feet of water-birds.

All of the six crustaceans that we found near Eleuthera
which have not hitherto been mentioned, are brachyuran crabs.
Lpraltus bituberculatus M. E. is represented by a minute speci-
men with a very broad rostrum ending in two blunt points.
Acanthonyx petiveritt M. E. has the distal portion of each of
the walking legs expanded into a lamella which apposes the
hook-like dactylopodite so that a pseudochela is formed for
prehension. ‘The carapace suddenly narrows back of the eyes,
and a number of hair-like cirrhi are borne above the rostrum
and in bristle-like bunches on the inner sides of. the chele.
The rostrum itself is produced forward into a pair of flattened
and expanded teeth. J/ithran spinosissimus (Lamk.) is a very
large, dark red spider-crab, with a spread of legs of twenty-
one inches, and is characterized by having a row of smooth
round knobs on the upper edge of the hand. The carapace

2TO. NatTuraAL History BULLETIN.

is orbicular, six inches in diameter, and covered with blunt
spines, those on the margin being much the largest, and the
anterior marginal spines are bifid. The tips of the walking
legs are black. yrphia gonagra (Fabr.) has a_ broad,
rounded carapace, with an antero-lateral row of sharp, re-
curved spines. The hand and carpus are covered with very
peculiar, smooth, shining, round nodules arranged in longitu-
dinal series. The chele are bright crimson in color, and the
right finger bears a large truncated prominence on the basal
part of its cutting edge. One of the most beautiful crusta-
ceans in the entire collection is a specimen of Plagusia depressa
Say. The carapace is orbicular and covered with nodules
interspersed with round, bead-like granules. The anterior
part is strangely shaped, having a projecting lip or ridge pas-
sing under the eyes and antenna, and showing deep clefts
above for the recesses into which the antenne are folded-
The superior surface of the carapace is mottled with crimson
and grayish pink, and that of the chele and walking legs is
marked with broad, longitudinal bands of the same color.
The chele are especially gorgeous in their ornamentation,
which consists of rows of nodules and the crimson stripes men-
tioned above. The ventral surface is, as usual, without bright
markings. Carprlrus corallinus (Hbst.) is a very large,
bright-red crab, with perfectly smooth, rounded carapace and
massive chela. The fingers are jet black.

The land-crabs are very abundant on the island, and appear
to belong to three or four species. There is the small and
ever present Geocarcinus lateralis (Frem.) ,with its bright red
and yellow coloring. It was especially abundant in the cave
where the “leaf-nosed” bats were secured. Next we have
Cardiosoma suanhumi (Latr.), the common large edible
species of a grayish color, and with no bright markings. In
addition to these are what appear to be two other species
which the writer secured during his former visit to Eleuthera-
Both are about as large as C. guanhumi. One is of a deep
rich wine-color, with two round, light yellow spots near the
posterior margin of the carapace. The other is green in color,

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 20

and has the branchial region covered above with well differ-
entiated swollen lobes of the carapace marked longitudinally
with furrows and lines resembling the midrib and veins of a
lanceolate leaf. The anterior part of the rostrum between
the eyes is much narrower than in C. guanhumz7, and the car-
pus and meros of the cheliped are ornamented with prominent
rows of spines at the angles. ‘These crabs furnish a no insig-
nificant portion of the food of the natives, who hunt them at
night with torches. So completely terrestrial are they, that
they can easily be drowned in water. Another crustacean
that enters into the dietary of the Bahamans is the spiny lob-
ster, Palinurus longimanus ?,a truly gorgeous creature terrible
to look at because of its bristling spines, but like many another
with appalling mien, entirely harmless, being devoid even of
the claws so common amoag@ its fellows.

A large series of Mollusca was secured in the vicinity of
Spanish Wells, embracing most of the more familiar West
Indian species. Here again we find considerable resemblance
to the fauna of the Dry Tortugas. The following list in-
cludes not only the forms collected by this expedition, but
also those secured in 1888. While there is no claim to exacti-
tude in the determinations, such as would attend the work of
a specialist in this group, it is hoped that the list as a whole
will serve to show the character of the collection, and the
general relationship of the forms, together with some hints of
value concerning the geographical distribution of the species
mentioned. Cephalopoda: Sfrrula peronit Lam., a small
species less than an inch in diameter, with the whorls not
in contact with each other. Gastropoda: Strombus gigas
Linn., AZurex sp. (near AZ. pomum.) This is the largest
Murex found. Triton chlorostomus' Lam., Fasciolaria gigan-
tea Kiener, /. tul/ipa Linn., -. trapezium; Purpura hema-
stoma Linn., Columbella mercatoria Linn., a pretty species
ornamented with rows of square brown spots; Cyphoma gib-
bosa Linn., Cassis cameo Stimp., a species highly prized as
specimens for the cabinet and called the ‘queen conch” by
the natives; Dolium perdix Linn., Oliva reticularis Lam., a

212 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

very abundant species; Conus mus (7) Hwass; Conus sp. ¢;
Cyprea exanthema Linn., Trivia guadripunctata Gray; /Vat-
wca afinis Gmel.; Odeliscus sp. ? resembling O. szlcatus, a
Pacific and Red Sea species; Cerzthium sp., strikingly orna-
mented with longitudinal rows of round black dots; L7ttorzna
scabra Linn., L. ziczac Chemn., a very abundant form; Zec-
farius muricatus Linn.; 7. nodulosus Gmel., abundant; Archz-
tectonica granulata Lam.; Nerita peloronta Linn.; JV. tessel-
lata Say; Astralium longispina Lam.; Trochus gujubinus Linn.;
Livonia pica Linn.; Fissurella nodosa Born; F. sp. ?; Amar-
gtnula sp. ?; Crepidula fornicata Linn.; Chiton sp. 7; Bulla
occidens A. Ad.; Hemitrochus varians, a common striped land-
snail abundant on bushes near Spanish Wells; Strophia mncana
Binney. amellibranchiata: Pholas sp. 7; Thracia plicata
‘Desh.; Zellina alternata Say; Z. rastellum Hanley; Lucina
_jyamaicensis Lam.; L. divaricata Linn.; L. tigertna Linn.; Car-
dium muricatum Linn.; Levicardium serratum Linn.; Arca
noe Linn.; A. transversa Say; A. donaciformis Reeve; Mytilus
sp. ?; Pénna muricata Linn.; Jleleagrina margaritifera Linn. ;
and Pecten zrradians Lam.

The Bahamans utilize many of these shells in the beautiful
shell-work for which they are justly famous. Baskets and
breastpins, ear-rings, brooches and pendants are designed and
executed with good taste and excellent workmanship. As
before indicated, the scales of certain fishes, e. g., the jew-fish,
are worked in with good effect as petals of artificial flowers,
which are often brightly colored. A very pretty ornament is
made by decorating a large star-fish, Pendaceros, with a sym-
metrical design in shell-work.

Coming to the Echinodermata, we again find a number
of the species met with at the Tortugas. Pentaceros reticula-
‘us Linck is the most abundant and conspicuous star-fish.
A species of Astrofecten is common in the shoal water be-
tween the reefs and the island. Lada clathrata Litken
was found a little farther out on the flats. This creature is
most disheartening to the collector, from its reprehensible
tendency to fly all to pieces when not satisfied with its treat-

M. F, LINDER, DEL.

Specimens from Spanish Wells.

Fig.1. DiapEMA SETOSUM (Gray), Showing natural disposition of spines,
Fig.2. ISOPHYLLIA DIPSACEA. Dana.

Fig. 2a. Nematocyst, showing coiled thread.

Fig. 24. Nematocyst, showing thread partly extruded.

Fig. 2c. Nematocyst, showing thread entirely extruded.

Fig. 2d. End of thread, showing barb.

i oe oe
wy
-
‘

pdtere” be
=

¥

ie’

+.
id
~
¢
i

ar
.
-

2

>

1G

» * ; r
Te
a) ¥ 4
‘ ;
é . 4
” e
,
‘
= ¢ =
S
’ ae
SRS -2 ¥ a OL ¢ oie
a La
ee ; we . 5 4%
ate ? .
att BPder &
, '
awit

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 213

ment. I have watched them dismember in a large glass ves-
sel, when there appeared to be no rational incentive whatever
for such conduct. The Opnrurip4: were for some reason
almost entirely overlooked in our work at this place, Ophzura
cinerea Lyman being the only species saved.

The coral rock out on the reef was fairly riddled with
holes made by the black sea-urchin, Diadema setosum Gray,
portions of the old decomposing coral heads presenting a
honey-combed appearance after the urchins have been re-
moved. When occupying these retreats, the animals have the
spines all directed outward in a great bunch, making a defen-
sive armature that would certainly prove effective against
almost any foe. How these animals, with their exceedingly
brittle and slender spines and unusually thin, fragile tests,
manage to make these excavations is something of a mystery.
It may be noted, however, that the teeth of Deadema setosum
are very strong, and the jaws capable of much more extensive
protrusion from the test than in most other species. These
teeth can be extended at least an inch beyond the corona, and
seem to me to be the means by which the borings are made.
Hipponoe esculenta A. Ag. is found in countless numbers on
the sand-flat east of the island on which Spanish Wells is
located. This beautifully white species is an excellent one
upon which to observe the “righting movements” and other
experiments described by Romanes in his very suggestive
work on “Jelly-Fish, Star-Fish and Sea-Urchins.” Some of
the experiments made during my previous visit are perhaps of
sufficient interest to note in this connection. ‘These animals
remove their excrement, which is in-the shape of hard, rounded
bodies and is ejected from the apical region, by means of a
combined wriggling of the spines and pedicellarie. Some of
these balls were dipped in acetic acid and then placed on the
apex of the test. There ensued a violent motion on the part
of the spines and pedicellariz, and the irritating substance was
quickly passed on lines radiating from the apex along the
ambulacral areas and dropped from the equatorial region of
the test. It appeared, therefore, that these organs worked in

214 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

coérdination to pass the offending objects away from the test.
In order to show whether this action was entirely automatic
or partook of the element of choice, the following experiment
was tried. An animal was placed with the actinal pole
against the side of a large glass vessel, to which the ambu-
lacral feet soon adhered. In this position a portion of the
equator was uppermost. The balls treated with acid were
then placed as exactly as possible upon the equator. They
were promptly rolled off in the direction opposite the normal
one, that is, toward the apical system. ‘This seemed a clear
indication that choice was exercised in deciding the direction
of removal. If the action of the spines and pedicellariz had
been purely automatic, they would have removed the objects
in the’customary direction. This would have brought the
irritating substance in contact with the numerous sensitive am-
bulacral feet. which were adhering to the glass on the actinal
side. The conclusion that volition was involved was further
strengthened by placing non-irritating bails in the same position.
when they were worked off in both directions indifferently.
Another experiment was tried te determine whether there
was any rudiment of memory to be discovered in the sea-
urchins. Placing a specimen on the table, a lighted match
was held near the test. The heat caused the animal to move
away from the match. After it had progressed some distance.
another lighted match was held on the side opposite the one
originally irritated. The animal at first retreated directly
away from the second match, but upon approaching the place
where it had been burned by the first match, it /wrned and took
« course at right angles to a line drawn between the two sources
of danger! The first match was no longer burning, of course,
and we may reasonably surmise that the animal changed its
course upon remembering its former experience. ‘The other
experiments were substantially the same as those tried by
Romanes.!
_ ?“Jelly-Fish, Star-Fish and Sea-Urchins,” page 301 et seq. The student
will be well repaid should he find time for the perusal of this entire work

one of the most suggestive of the many contributions to science made by
Professor Romanes.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. pls

Among the ceelenterates a great quantity of gorgonians
were secured, most of which have not yet been identified.
Among them were Arvareum asbestinum Pall., a heavy, fleshy
species of a pink or purplish color, and without a horny axis
cylinder. This is a good form to study, as the polyps are
large and will expand freely inaquaria. P/levaurella dichotoma
is very common, with thick, fleshy branches covered with slit-
like apertures, and having the calicles included, and a well
marked axis cylinder. Aunicea tourneforti M. Edw. has thick
branches and exserted calicles. The spicules of this gorgonian
are among the most beautiful of objects under the microscope.
being unusually large and brilliantly colored with pink and
red and purple. Hunicea tourncforti M. Edw. is flabellate in
form, very dark in color, and has non-retractile polyps. The
spicules are very large and massive, without coloration. The
most beautiful of the gorgonians is /thipirdigorgia flabellum
Linn., the familiar “sea-fan.” The red variety sometimes
grows to a height of four feet, while the yellow specimens are
usually much smaller, seldom, if ever, attaining a height of
eighteen inches. .\7ph7gorgia anceps M. E. is also common,
with long branches resembling grass-like leaves of purple and
yellow. ‘The polyps are arranged in linear series.

The reef’corals at Spanish Wells were practically the same
as those found at the Tortugas, but several species were
more abundant, notably J/adrepora prolifera Lam., of which
we secured a splendid series; J/)cedium fragile Dana was
found here and not at the Tortugas. /sophyllia dipsacea Ay.
is interesting from the fact that it has enormous nematocysts
and affords, when alive, an excellent opportunity to study these
remarkable organs. The nettling cells are found in the ten-
tacles which surround the mouth of the polyp. It is hard to
determine just what kind of stimulus will cause the threads to
be projected. The writer has found that the tentacles may
be touched with a needle or buffeted by the squirmings of a
small worm without effect. On the other hand, he has seen
scores of them set off without any known cause. A careful
study makes it evident that the threads are thrown out by

216 NatTuRAL Hisrory BULLETIN.

a partial eversion. The point or barb seems to have a rotary
motion when passing across the field of the microscope
although this may be an optical delusion. A number of
actinians were secured here, and one hydroid. a beautiful new
Pennaria.

CHAPTER VIII.
LITTLE CAT ISLAND AND HOMEWARD BOUND.

On the morning of July 13th, the boats were sent to collect
the gorgonians and madrepores that had been left on the
beach to dry, and returned loaded to the gunwales with a
magnificent collection of sea-fans, yellow and red, gorgonians
of a score of species, and J/adrefora cervicornis or prolifera,
enough to supply good specimens for all the party. These
branching corals required most careful handling, as they are
perhaps as brittle a substance as one could imagine. They
were carefully stowed in the long boat, and the sea-fans and
other gorgonians were tied in large bales and bundles and
stored in the hold. The work of packing the coral was com-
menced at once, and most of the branching madrepores were
safely stowed in barrels, with a packing of coarse grass
brought from Eleuthera several days previously and dried on
deck.

In the afternoon we tried to get the schooner out of the
harbor, but failed on account of adverse winds. The next
day the wind was still unfavorable. The pilot had no desire
to put us aground again, and would not take avoidable risk.
A new species of shark was bought from the natives and
skinned, as well as a fine porcupine-fish, although handling
this exceedingly spiny species was attended with some danger
of rather troublesome wounds. In the afternoon we had a
grand swimming party over the side of the schooner, the last
event of the kind enjoyed during the cruise. Most of our
young men and women could swim by this time, and some
of the former were accomplished divers. Philip, the pilot,
demonstrated his ability to get bottom at a depth of five

218 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

fathoms, or thirty feet, and claimed to be able to go a depth
of nine fathoms. We did not have an opportunity to test this
claim, much as we would have been interested in the trial.
Another Bahaman claimed to be able to dive fourteen fathoms,
but upon being pressed for an explanation of this unheard-of
feat, confessed that he meant seven fathoms down and seven
up again! The next morning we tried to get away by taking
the inland passage around Egg Island, but again failed, being
forced to drop anchor near the condemned brig that is
allowed to obstruct the harbor entrance in a most unaccount-
able manner. ‘Thinking to improve the time while waiting
for a favorable breeze, some of us went ashore to see if we
could dig a well and fill the empty water casks. One only
has to dig three or four feet to strike water here. It is rtue
that the water will rise and fall with the tides, but some-
times it will be so little brackish as to be quite endurable
although not at all palatable. In one place we found that
two “wells” had been dug only a few feet apart. Fresh
water could be drawn from one and salt water from the
other. We had succeded in sinking an old barrel into the
good well, and had nearly filled one of the casks when we
saw the signal flying from the schooner, which meant that
all hands were wanted on board at once. On reaching the
vessel, we found that the pilot considered the wind favor-
able to get out of the harbor, and the captain decided to try
it without delay. :

The passage was a somewhat anxious one, as the jagged
black rocks on every hand were anything but reassuring,
especially as we had to beat our way through the narrow
channel between the reefs and Eleuthera. ‘The passage
through the reefs was off Ridley’s Head. Philip, the pilot,
seemed to understand his business this time, and after an
hour’s anxiety we found blue water once more under the
schooner’s keel, and breathed a sigh of relief at getting out
without accident. The pilot was discharged, and thus we
parted with the last, but by no means the least, of our good
Spanish Wells friends.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 219

The next two days were spent in beating our way against a
head- wind along the east coast of Eleuthera, our object being
to see what could be found by dredging across the shallow
ridge between the northeast end of Eleuthera and Little Cat
Island. The delay was particularly vexatious, as our time
was getting short, and the thoughts of the party were turning
homeward. After ten weeks of the cramped quarters and
necessary discomforts of sea life, it was but natural that the
romance of the situation should have been pretty well dis-
pelled, and that there should be a longing for the fresh meat
and roomy, clean beds of home. The captain, too, was get-
ting anxious to have his responsibilities come to an end. He
had given up the comfortable cabin, to which he was used, to
make room for the ladies of the party, and he was obliged,
moreover, to put up with many little annoyances and discom-
forts which must at times have severely tried his patience. It
was easy to see that most of the party would have been glad
to find the bowsprit pointed north instead of experiencing this
continual beating against a head-wind, and the monotonous
cry of ‘“‘Hard-a-lee!” as the vessel came about on another
tack. It seemed best. however, to make the most of our
opportunities, and use the vessel as near the limit of our char-
ter as possible; and so we stuck it out until the desired spot
was finally reached, about 3 o’clock in the afternoon of July
18th, our schooner having sailed along the entire coast of
Eleuthera, a distance of about eighty miles. This island is
exceedingly narrow, averaging only about three miles, and
extends northwest and southeast. About twenty-four miles
east of its southern extremity is the northwest end of “Cat

Island,” as it is known to sailors, although the world: at large
calls it by the more euphonious name of San Salvador. The
two main islands are connected by a string of rocky islets, the
westernmost of which fs Little San Salvador, or “ Little Cat.”
Between this and Eleuthera, a distance of about ten miles,
there is a submarine ridge, rising at one point to within nine
fathoms of the surface. and sinking rapidly to a great depth
on either side. At one place there is a drop from thirteen to
nine hundred fathoms within a mile.

220 NaTuRAL History BULLETIN.

We had come to this locality for the purpose of dredging
over this submarine ridge, feeling confident from the general
lay of the land and currents that an exploration carried on
here would not be fruitless. We also intended to send a party
of botanists, ornithologists, and entomologists to work on Lit-
tle Cat Island. This latter plan was frustrated, however, by
a piece of carelessness on the part of the mate, who lost his
bearings during the night, and worked the vessel so far to lee-
ward of the island that we could not afford to beat up to it
again.

We found the dredging here exceedingly difficult, owing to
the rocky nature of the ridge. We did not dare use anything
put the tangles, and they were constantly getting fouled, and
endangering our gear. We made three hauls in the after-
noon of the day upon which we arrived at that locality, and
seven the next day. The bottom must have been of the
roughest possible description, and was probably covered with
massive corals interspersed with the branching forms, J////epora
and gorgonians. The tangles wore out here more rapidly
than anywhere else during the voyage, and the strain on the
dredging spar, rope, etc., was such as to render the experi-
ence anything but an agreeable one to those who had in
remembrance the sudden catastrophe while dredging on the
Pourtales Plateau.

The collection secured here was peculiar from the fact that
it did not embrace a single crustacean. Hardly a haul of the
dredge or tangles at our other fields of work came up without
at least a few crabs. Practically all the specimens secured
here were either echinoderms or ccelenterates, and nearly all
Were serpent-stars or hydroids.

The small but exceedingly interesting series of OpHiuR- °
1b4 contains several species not met with elsewhere. There
were two species of Ofhzocoma, one of which had the arms.
banded, one tentacle-scale, almost circular mouth-shields, and
the disk conspicuously and evenly granulated. The other
was a small species related to O. ethiops Liitken, which is a
Pacific species. Our specimen was black on the dorsal sur-

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 221

face, and very light buffy, almost white, on the lower side.
Arm-spines small, the upper being the longest. Three re-
markably pretty species of Ophiothrix were collected. One
was bluish violet in color, with a disk covered with forked,
stumpy spines, and a few long, slender, needle-like spines.
This species is beautifully marked, the disk with sharp, radi-
ating lines of purple and white, and the arms with pairs of
pure white lines enclosing bands of deep cobalt blue. Arm-
spines six, the uppermost being the longest. Another Op/v-
othr?x was blue, the disk without long spines, but thickly
beset with trifid stumps. This species was ornamented by
transverse series of white blotches between the upper arm-
plates, and round, white blotches on the under arm-plates.
Arm-spines seven, the lowest furnished with hooklets. ‘The
third species of this genus is probably O. seensoni Liitken, an
exquisitely beautiful object under a lens of moderate power-
The disk is beset with exceedingly long, glassy spines,
arranged along ten radiating lines, and is of a delicate laven-
der color, with ten sharp, radiating lines of purple running in
pairs from centre to circumference, each pair enclosing a band
of light violet. There are four concentric purple lines run-
ning around near the upper edge of the disk. The lower sur-.
face is marked by similar concentric lines of white and purple
alternating. Along the upper side of each arm runs a purple
band between two fine white lines. On the under surface a
similar band extends from the tip of the arms to the mouth.
But the most striking feature of this remarkable form is the
arm-spines, which are the longest of any in the collection,
being nine times as long as the arm-joints. As usual in this.
genus, these spines are glassy, with a row of spinelets on each
side. A species of Ophiomyxa, from which the label is lost,
but which is associated with the serpent-stars from this local-
ity, is of a buffy white color, with comparatively long arm-
spines. Several specimens of a species, which can probably
be referred to the genus S7gsbeza, were secured at this time,
They were smaller than .S. murrhina of Lyman, or the Szgsbera
mentioned in the account of the Havana collections, page 79,

222 NATURAL History BULLETIN.

although the specimens from Little Cat Island may be young
individuals. The disk is highly vaulted and covered with
large plates. The radial shields are very large and promi-
nent, and alternating with them are ten series of squarish
plates. Five large radial plates form a pentagonal figure
around the center of the dorsal surface. ‘The mouth-papille
and teeth are quadrate. ‘There is a single minute tentacle-
scale and two arm-spines which are lobate and ctenate on
their edges like the mouth-papille and teeth of Ophiomyxa.
There are large accessory plates extending downward from
the upper arm-plates. The arms roll naturally in a vertical
plane. Color in alcohol buffy; the arms banded with pinkish
brown. .

Coming to the true basket-fish, or ASTROPHYTID# we find
the only representatives of the genus Astrocu7da in our entire
collection. This genus is of special interest, as it shows one
of the intergrading steps between a simple-armed species, such
as Astrogomphus, and the branched basket-fish of the true
Astrophyton type. The arms in this species, which may be A.
vsidis Lyman, are branched two or three times near their
ends. One specimen has six and the other seven arms, a very
unusual feature in this group. The mouth-parts are spini-
form; the disk closely beset with rounded nodules which form
raised concentric rings; arms swollen at base and ornamented
with raised transverse ridges of granules which bear micro-
scopic hooks as in Astrogomphus vallatus. A small specimen
of an Astrophyton was found here, of a species represented by
several larger specimens taken from the Bahama Banks early
in the cruise. The species is allied to A. costosum Seba, but
is probably not identical. The color is brighter than in any
other of that genus that I have seen, being a dark pink, which
is relieved on the outer branches and twigs of the arms with
bands of very light buffy, almost white, giving a beaded
appearance which is highly ornamental. The disk has high
radial shields beset, especially on their outer parts, with very
large stumpy spines in two series, these spines reaching to the
second forking on the arms. There is one madreporic body
situated as in A. costosum.

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. pI Ae.

But a single sea-urchin was secured here, an Asprdodiadema,
which does not agree very well with either species described
by Agassiz. The spines are very long and banded regularly
with purple and white. The characteristic sheathed pedicel-
lariz are well shown, but differ somewhat from those pre-
viously described. So far as I can ascertain, this genus has
not hitherto been found at a less depth than ninety-five
fathoms.

The comparative meagreness of the collections so far as the
higher forms are concerned, was more than atoned for by the
marvelous series of hydroids from the ridge connecting the
two islands. No less than twenty-six species were brought up
in the ten hauls of the tangles, of which eighteen are appar-
ently new. It will thus be seen that this: spot is one of
perhaps unprecedented richness in its hydroid fauna. In less
than a single day’s dredging here, we brought up a greater
number of species of this interesting group than rewarded our
week’s work off Havana, where we secured twenty-one
species in sixteen hauls, or on the Pourtales Plateau, where we
secured twenty-three species in forty-three hauls. The pro-
portion of new species was also far in excess of anything found
elsewhere.

The family HaLEecip4: was represented by //aleczum mac-
rocephalum Allman, characterized by very large hydranths
and small hydrothecz, and a new species of //a/ectm which is
very minute, and was found ona bit of sea-weed completely
buried in a growth of alga and other matter adherent to the
sea-weed. It had the curious habit of growth by which new
hydrophores sprouted from the old ones just below their
margins. The common Odelia marginata Allman was found
here, and a species of campanularian, for which a new genus
may be necessary unless it can be accommodated in the genus
Calycella of Hincks. Three species of //ebe//a, all apparently
new, complete the list of campanularians.

Among the SERTULARID# are two new species of Sertu/aria,
one of which resembles the next genus in the fact that the
hydrothece are in pairs and contingent, although they are

224 NatTuraL History. BULLETIN.

not inserted on the front of the stem. The other Sertularza
is a beautifully ornamented form, the hydrothece being long
and tubular, with close-set thin, but highly elevated ridges
giving a closely annulated appearance to the unusually large
hydrothece. Zhuzarza distans Allman, in which each inter-
node of the stem supports three shallow and distant hydro-
thecz, and another, probably new, species of the same genus,
in which two pairs of hydrothece are borne on each inter-
node of the stem, were also included. Two species of the
genus Desmoscyphus were found, neither of which can be
placed in any species described in the somewhat full literature
at my disposal. I was greatly interested in finding, while
working over this collection a species which was described
in 1786 by Ellis, one of the very earliest writers on the
hydroids, under the name Ser/ularza guadridentata, from the
island of Ascension off the African coast. The species is
figured in his ** Natural History of many Curious and Uncom-
mon Zodphytes Collected From Various Parts of the World.”
In 1821 Lamouroux, in his “Exposition Méthodique,” des-
cribes the same form under the name Pasythea guadridentata.
From that time on, this curious genus seems to have been
lost sight of up to the time when we found our specimens.
near Little Cat Island. This interesting species is peculiar in
having the calicles in groups of four. the lower pair being
larger and somewhat different in shape from the upper.

No less than twelve species of PLUMULARID# are included in
the collection made here, and two-thirds of them are probably
undescribed. he genus P/umularia is represented by two
closely related species, both apparently new. Halofteris
carinata Allman is a very pretty species which has the cup-
shaped hydrothece surmounted by a pair of fixed lateral
nematophores borne on long processes from the stem. The
name ‘“‘carinata” was suggested by the keel that runs down
the anterior face of the hydrothece. The bulkiest hydroid
secured during the whole cruise was a species which is in
some respects allied to /7ippurella; but does not show the
peculiar reproductive contrivances of that genus. The speci-

Wy}

H
Wut a) MM,

NS \ \Y AY y

NS ant ij

SS ee Z
WW

LFV (GS a Sa
Y =

M. F. LINDER, DEL.

Specimens from near Little Cat Island.

Fig.1. ASPIDODIADEMA sp.

Fig.2. Plumularian Hydroid.

Fig. 2a,24. Details of same.

Fig.3. AGLAOPHENIA PERPUSILLA (Allman) growing on seaweed.
Vig. 4. PASYTHEA QUADRIDENTATA (Ellis).

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 225

men is very massive and bushy, the main stem being over
half an inch in diameter and branching profusely, the whole
colony attaining a height of over two feet: The hydrothece
are quite small, and the pinnz much annulated. One of the
most delicately beautiful of all the Plumularians is a species
allied to Pluniularia obligua Sanders, the pinne of which are
very short and bear but a single conical hydrotheca. There
are four nematophores in the axil of each pinna. One of the
smallest of the PLUMULARID is Aglaophenia perpusilla All-
man, a species resembling a small feather, but only one
quarter of an inch high. The corbula, hitherto unknown,
resembles that of A. perforata Allman.

When Dr. 8S. F. Clarke reported on the hydroids of the
“Blake,” he found a remarkable form characterized by peculiar
processes at the bases of the pinnz, and nematophores of
a new type on the main stem of the colony. This interesting
species was made the type of a new genus and called
Nematophorus grandis Clarke. In our collection from Little
Cat Island are three species of this same genus, one being
the form described by Clarke, and the other two being new.
All three agree in having an unusual amount of very dark
or black pigment distributed throughout the colony. The
peculiar protoplasmic processes described by Clarke, as issu-
ing from the nematophores are shown in our specimens to be
the barbed threads of particularly large nematocysts. There
are many points of unusual interest yet to be studied in con-
nection with this very well-marked genus. //alicornaria
speciosa Allman was aiso secured here, together with two
apparently new species of the same genus which were found
growing on WVematophorus. A large quantity of gorgonians
and millepores came up during our work here, but were.
mostly of the species secured at Spanish Wells.

At four p. mM. July 19th, the tangles were hauled on board
for the last time, and the order given to point the schooner’s
jib-boom straight for Baltimore. Notwithstanding all the
pleasure and advantages for study that had been so thoroughly
enjoyed and faithfully embraced, there was no one on board

226 NATURAL History BUuI.LETIN.

the «Emily E. Johnson” who was not ready to join heartily
in the cheer that went up from her deck as the vessel came
about and sail was set for home. The confined quarters and
restricted cuisine and cabin-top beds had long since been shorn
of their novelty. The work for which we had come had been
accomplished, and we felt that it had been well done. It
was therefore natural that thoughts of home and friends should
once more occupy the imagination, and find vent in an impa-
tience at every lull in the breeze which bore us northward.

The homeward voyage, like the rest of the cruise, had its
full quota of work for all. The collections were to be packed
for shipment from Baltimore to Iowa City, and it was neces-
sary to thoroughly overhaul all the equipment and put it in as
good shape as possible for transportation. Personal effects
were furbished up in anticipation of once more entering into
the round of civilized life. The collection and equipment were
found eventually to necessitate the packing of one hundred
and thirty-one barrels, boxes, crates and other parcels, and the
proper disposition of all this material was a task involving no
little labor. <A list was of course kept of the articles packed.
and each parcel carefully marked and checked.

During the homeward voyage the provisions became so
reduced in variety that there was little left save flour, butter.
coffee, tea, and some canned fruits and vegetables. The meat
was almost completely gone before the end of the cruise,
owing largely to the fact.that the corned beef and pickled
pork which had been packed in barrels had become tainted
during the prolonged sojourn in a hot climate. We found
that dried apples and peaches kept remarkably well, and so
did rice and beans. The failure of the potatoes caused one
of the most serious deprivations. Of course there was no fish
to be had while we were under way, and the absence, or at
least very scanty supply, of meat was a hardship which would
have been felt more severely had we not been homeward
bound. There was no danger of actual want, however, so
long as the flour and coffee held out, and we had a super-
abundance of both of these staples. The thing most to be

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 227

feared was a long calm, which might possibly have caused our
water supply to run short, a danger never lost sight of by
those accustomed to the peculiar conditions surrounding the
navigation of sail vessels, which are, of course, absolutely
dependent upon winds and currents. On this account skip-
pers are always relieved after they have crossed the belt of
calms known as the “Horse Latitudes,” between Lat. 31 °
and 33° N. ‘Those who sail in the “fruiters” trading between
the Bahamas and Baltimore have terrible stories to tell of fruit-
laden vessels being caught in these regions by the dreaded
calms, and having to roll week after week on the glassy sur-
face of the ocean, exposed to the pitiless glare of the sun
and, worst of all, the fearful odors of the mass of rotting fruit
in the hold, which must all be thrown overboard if the calm
lasts many days. The stench from this putrid mass must
be unspeakable, if that yielded by only a few rotting * pines’
can be taken as a sample.

We were wonderfully fortunate throughout our cruise in
the matter of weather. Three months are rarely passed at
sea without encountering at least one really severe storm, and
perhaps several trying calms. We escaped them both, as.
nothing like a storm or long calm was met with during the
whole cruise. The squalls on the outward voyage were
some of them rather severe, and for one day we were com-
pelled to lay to, but neither of these amounted to what sailors
would call a storm ora gale. So wonderfully were we favored
in this matter that the captain grew uneasy, feeling that such
a stretch of fine weather was abnormal and almost uncanny.
He was evidently most anxious to get his vessel safelv into port,
having an ill-concealed fear that there was something porten-
tous in the meteorological conditions. And he was doubtless
right, as will be acknowledged when we reflect that shortly ~
after our return the West Indies and our South Atlantic coast
were visited by a hurricane of appalling force and fury,
attended by the greatest loss of life and shipping that has ever
been experienced in those regions. It seems to be the belief
of sailors that long-continued periods of fair weather are

228 NatTurRAL History BULLETIN.

*+hurricane breeders,” as they call them, although the lands-
man is apt to regard this as one of the ways in which the
sailor keeps up his reputation as a chronic “ growler.”

Another matter in which the party was most fortunate was
the continued good health enjoyed throughout the cruise. Of
course, seasickness was to be expected, and several persons
were always more or less affected when the water was at all
rough. Aside from this, however, there was apparently no
exception to the excellent physical condition of all on board.
Several of the party were materially, and we hope perma-
nently, benefited by the voyage. There was just about
enough real work to keep us well, and the sea air and out-of-
door life agreed admirably with the young people. As a
matter of information for anyone desiring to follow in our
footsteps, it may be of interest to state that the records of the
commissary Committee prove that more food was consumed
each week, after the first, than had been disposed of during
any preceding week. The appetites thus developed were in
most cases good, and in several instances really phenomenal.
Fairly hard work and good appetites, in conjunction with pro-
visions which were wholesome and abundant in the main,
brought the party home in the best of health.

The homeward voyage was uneventful, the wind being
fairly propitious, and no dead calms were experienced. A
few rain-squalls varied the monotony, but the weather was
pleasant asarule. After the packing was attended to, con-
siderable leisure was at our disposal, and, if the truth must be
told, we were inclined to thoroughly enjoy a season of rest.
A sea life offers the best of opportunities for indolence, and
possibly this constitutes a material element in the charm
which it has for many of us. On July 24th Hatteras Light
was sighted, but the wind failed soon after, and little progress
was made during the night. On the following day, however,
a good breeze sprung up. and the “ Emily E. Johnson” seemed
imbued with our longing to get home as soon as possible, for
she slid through the water at a rate not before attained,
rounding Cape Henry early the next morning. The wind

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 229

lasted to the Baltimore quarantine station, where we spent the
greater part of the night of July 26th, and the next morning
the schooner was taken to one of the B. & O. railroad
wharves, and the voyage was ended.

During the eighty-three days of her absence from Balti-
more, the vessel had sailed just about an even three thousand
miles, counting straight courses, and not the extra distance
actually involved in beating against the wind, and we were
gratified to be able to hand her over to her owners in excel-
lent condition. Not a spar nor sail had been materially dam-
aged, and she had suffered no injury beyond the ordinary and
inevitable wear and tear incident to a three months’ cruise in
tropical waters. The vessel had served her purpose admir-
ably, and we often felt grateful for the good fortune that had
led to her selection. Should a similar expedition be organized
in future, no better vessel could be secured than our old
friend, the ‘Emily E. Johnson.” I wish, also, to bear testi-
mony to the courtesy and fair-mindedness of her chief owner,
Captain C. C. Paul, of Baltimore. Our business dealings
with this gentleman were most pleasant and satisfactory.

We had some trouble in disposing of the ballast, for which
we had paid a good price before leaving, and we were finally
forced to give away the lumber used in fitting the vessel.
The lamps, dishes, kitchen-ware, range, etc., were sold to
Captain Paul and left on the schooner.

Considerable annoyance and delay were experienced in
getting our collections through the custom house. Not a
thing on board was dutiable, but some of the minor officials
were determined that each package should be carted over the
cobble-stones of the Baltimore streets to the public stores and
there opened and examined, a process which would have been
fatal to our splendid collection of corals and caused almost
irreparable damage to much of the other material. The
Chief Appraiser was finally seen and proved to be a gentle-
man able to appreciate the absurdity of such requirements,
and he readily agreed to send an inspector on board to
examine our effects at the railroad dock. This was an

230 NaTuRAL History Burvetin.

immense relief to us, as we were almost in despair over the
insistence of the minor officials. 7

This matter having been satisfactorily disposed of, the next
thing was to secure a car and attend to loading it with our
equipment and collections. This was not left to the railroad
men, but every package was handled by members of the
expedition, the car being loaded under the direct superintend-
ence of Messrs. Houser, Larrabee and Powell. The care
exercised in this matter was both demonstrated and rewarded
by the entire absence of breakage or other damage during
the transit of the car to Iowa City.

It can scarcely be a matter of surprise to any one who has
read the preceding pages, that it was with a real feeling of
sadness that we left the “« Emily E. Johnson,” which had been
our home for so many weeks and the scene of such delightful
experiences; nor is it to be wondered at that a strange mist
gathered in the eyes of more than one of the party when we
bade good-bye to Captain Flowers, who had endeared himself
to all of us and will remain in our estimation the very type
of an honest and manly man and skillful seaman. We felt
that his watchful care had averted many a danger, and that
his mastery of his calling had been, after all, one of the main
reasons for our unvaried success, especially while dredging.

Nor can the leader of the expedition close this narrative
without a word of hearty commendation for the young men
and women who placed their safety and well-being so largely
in his keeping during this novel voyage. That they have
become endeared to him is but the natural result of their
hearty and ready codperation at all times, and the zeal with
which they carried on the often arduous labors of the cruise.
No work was too trying or too disagreeable for them, and the
hardest service was always sure of prompt volunteers. It was
with the deepest gratitude that the writer learned that all
returned in health and safety to their homes.

Perhaps the most remarkable feature of this cruise was its
cheapness. The party traveled about five thousand miles, in
round numbers, and lived for three months at a total expense

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 225

of $205.00 for each individual.! The original estimate made in
1891 was $209.00 for each person. Just before reaching Balti-
more it was deemed desirable to make an assessment of $5.00
all around in order to meet some extra expenses at that place.
As a matter of fact, enough remained to give a reunion ban-
quet to the whole party in June, 1894, and still a few dollars
remain in the treasury. In addition to the privileges enjoyed
during the cruise, each member of the party is entitled toa
series of the marine forms collected, after the University has
received the first complete series from each locality visited.
Several individuals have already sold enough of this material to
realize the $200.00 originally expended, so that in these cases
the trip cost nothing at all except the time. I am inclined to
think that this is a record-breaker in the matter of cheapness.

The amount of zodlogical material collected was perhaps
as great as has been secured by any other dredging expedi-
tion in the same length of time, and the number of new forms
shows that its scientific value will ultimately prove to be equal
to that of other much more pretentious cruises. The different
groups are to be worked up by the best specialists that can be
found, and the readiness with which the masters in marine
zodlogy have undertaken to report on the groups in which
they are most proficient is in itself the best proof of the scien-
tific value of the collection. These reports will appear from
time to time in the * Bulletins from the Laboratories of Nat-
ural History of the State University of Iowa.” The following
specialists have undertaken to work up certain portions of the
material as indicated below:

Professor Samuel Garman, of Harvard, the fishes; Mr.
William H. Ashmead, of the National Museum, the Hymen-
optera (excepting the ants); Mr. Theodore Pergande, De-
partment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., the ants; Dr.
John B. Smith, Rutgers College, the Lepidoptera; Professor
Herbert Osborn, lowa Agricultural College, the Hemiptera;

1This sum provided for every necessary expense from Iowa City, the

starting point, and return, including a berth in a sleeper and a seat in a
palace car from Chicago to Baltimore, for each.

232 NatTurAL History BuLvetin?

Dr. George Marx, Department of Agriculture, the spiders,
except the Arripa; Professor George W. Peckham, of Mil-
_waukee, the Arrive; Mr. H. F. Wickham, State University of
Iowa, the Coleoptera; Miss Mary J. Rathbun, of the National
Museum, the brachyuran crabs; Mr. James E. Benedict,! of
the National Museum, the Anomoura; Professor F. H. Her-
rick, Adelbert College, the Alphei; Dr. W. H. Dall, of the
National Museum, the Mollusca; Professor A. E. Verrill, of
Yale College, the star-fish, serpent-stars, and Alcyonaria. ?
The report on the Hydroida will be embodied in a forthcom-
ing monograph of the American Hydroids, which is now
being prepared by the writer for publication by the United
States National Museum. Professor W. G. Farlow. of Cam-
bridge, has in hand the collection of marine Alge.

The report on the brachyuran crabs is the farthest advanced,
and Miss Rathbun announces that there are about one hun-
dred and thirty-one species of that group in the collection,
including a number of new forms. Among the hydroids, the
writer has found eighty-eight species, more than half of which
are new, constituting perhaps the largest single collection of
this group that has ever been made in West Indian waters, so
far as the results of the various expeditions are at present
known.®

The educational benefits of this cruise have, it is hoped,
been made sufficiently manifest in the preceding pages; but
these results must not be regarded as limited by the advan-
tages secured by the members of the party. Far more impor-
tant considerations are the increased facilities for the investi-
gation of marine forms now offered by the State University
to the students of Iowa, and the demonstration of the practi-
cability of accomplishing such results at a cost which is merely
nominal.

1Mr. Benedict will probably work up the Vermes also.

?Professor Verrill may also undertake the Crinoidea.

The collections of the “ Albatross” will undoubtedly prove to be more
extensive than this, and will be included in the monograph referred to
above.

APPENDIX A.

List or COMMISSARY STORES ACTUALLY USED DURING THE

Sugar cured hams,

EXPEDITION.

350 pounds

Canyased bacon, boneless 55 &

‘Corned beef,
Pickled pork,
Mackerel,
Boneless codfish, .
Canvased dried beef,
Canned corned beef,

<s roast beef,

as salmon,

“f oysters,

ee lobsters, .

x turkey,

“« tongue,

200 He

24 “

“SJ soups (Eluckins’) 36 ~~“

‘Wheat flour,
Graham flour, .
White cornmeal, .
Oatmeal, ‘
Cracked wheat,
Rice,
Hominy, .
Cabbage, .
Potatoes, .
Onions,
Beets, .
Navy beans,
Dried apples,

ee pe2chtes a
Prunes, ar
€anned corn, . .-

6 barrels
75 pounds
150 ae

Eo ean iy
Oa
BOM
I crate
45 bushels
GANG
2 ‘“
100 pounds

By GILBERT L. HOUSER.

Canned string beans,
" succotash,
“peas,
oi tomatoes,

-) peaches:
apples,

u cherries, .
blackberries,
raspberries,

“<) -apricots, .
gooseberries,

“apple butter,

Marmalade, .

Currant jelly,

Raspberry jelly,

Pickles,

Vinegar, .

Lemons, .

Lime juice, .

NAT SUMS a eee

Condensed milk, .

Lard, “ike

Canned creamery butter

Cheese,

Eggs, ye

Ground mustard,

f black pepper, .

ee cinnamon, .
cloves,

‘Table salt,

Granulated sugar,

— ‘
72
96“
216
360
240
96
72
48
m2
ae!
35
12
10
1) ot
} barrel
15 gallons
2 boxes
3 gallons
20 pounds
5 cases
225 pounds
200. fee
38 “
80 dozen
3 pounds
2 “
I pound
I “
112 pounds
6005 5

234

C sugar,
Maple sugar,
Baking powder,
Bi-carb. soda,
Dry yeast,
Corn starch,
Tapioca,
Extract lemon,
ss vanilla,
Catsup,

Worcestershire sauce, .

Saratoga chips,

Soup plates,
Dinner “
Dessert “
Cups,

Saucers, . j
Soup tureens, .

Cream pitchers, .

Vegetable dishes,
Steak platters,
Bowls,
Tumblers,

Range
Teakettle
Pots,
Ham-boiler
Saucepan

NatTurRAL History BULLETIN.

110 pounds

Waffle irons and muffin cups .

Drip pans,

~

Coffee (roasted & ground) 45 pounds

55 f Tea, 18 «“
32 : Cocea, «> 42 eee ify eek
I pound Coal oil, 52 gallons
I case Matches, 3 doz. boxes, 500
15 pounds Soap, 50 cakes ivory; 25 cakes rosin
1 ee Crackers, 75 pounds
I pint Pilot bread, St lite
ie Wafers, 21 e
6 pints Can-openers, ; 3 dozen
ig 5 Toothpicks, . 3} doz. packages
12 pounds
DISHES.
2 dozen Water pitchers, 1 dozen
2 Sugar bowls,” <) = |=) sae
2a ss Castors, 7. S
2 2: Knives, . =. < (2° [eee ie
2 wo Forks; (: (2), eee os
as «f Carving knife and fork
ria Se Tea. spoons,) =.= eee oh
I : Table <2) 30 eee ES
I : Teapot
DD os Coffee pot
5 ‘“
GALLEY OUTFIT.
Coffee boiler 26s,
Skillets, ... 202.5230) e eee
2 Dish-pans, . 2
Ladle .
Potato-masher
Coffee-strainer
2

mee Mer Ree 0;

Hash knife and tray

Biscuit board and

pin.

Iron spoons,
Cake-turner

NARRATIVE OF BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 225

APPENDIX B.

List OF DREDGING AND SHORE Stations, S. U. I. BAHAMA
EXPEDITION, 1893.

I. DREDGING STATIONS.
1. May 17th. Bahama Banks, 3 fathoms.
2, 3,4. May 24th. Off Havana, Morro Castle bearing S.W. by W., about
2% miles. 110 fathoms.
5, 6, 7,8. May 25th. Off Havana. Morro Castle bearing S.W. by W.
about 2% miles. 140 fathoms.
$%,9, 10, 11. May 26th. Off Havana. Nearly same ground as No. 5.
200 fathoms.
12, 13,15. May 27th. Off Havana. 200 fathoms.
14. May 27th. Off Havana. 260 fathoms.
16. May 29th. Off Havana. Nearly same ground as No. 12.
[7 USO w20, 2) 22,623) June sth. Off. Portletterson, Tortucas. 132
to 8 fathoms.
24, 25. June roth. Off Key West. Sand Key Light bearing W.N.W.,
Key West Light bearing North. 60 fathoms.
26. June 19th. Nearly same ground as No. 24.
27. June rgth. Sand Key Light bearing N.W. by N. Key West Light
N. % E. 50 to 60 fathoms.
28. Juneigth. Sand Key Light bearing N. about 6 miles. 116 fathoms.
2g. June 19th. Near last station.
320, 31. June 20th. Off Key West. Sand Key Light bearing N.N.W.
About 100 fathoms
32. June 20th. Sand Key Light bearing N. by W. about 8 miles. 126
fathoms.
33. June 20th. Sand Key Light bearing N. % W. about 6 miles. About
105 fathoms.
34. June 20th. Sand Key Light bearing N. about 8 miles. About 120
fathoms.
35. June 21st. Off Key West. Sand Key Light bearing N.N.W. about
5 miles. About go fathoms.
36. June 21st. Bearings about same as No. 35: distance, 7 miles; depth,
about 100 fathoms.
37- June 21st. Bearings as in No. 35; distance, 8 miles; depth, 125 faths.
38. June 21st. Bearings and depth about as in No. 37. ’
39. June 24th. Off Key West. Sand Key Light bearing W. % N., about
6% miles. 20 fathoms.
40. June 24th. Sand Key Light bearing W. about 8 miles. Depth, 15
fathoms.
41, 42, 43. June 24th. Sand Key Light bearing W. about 8 miles. Depth,
15 fathoms.
44. June 26th. Off Key West, about 1 mile from light. 51% fathoms.
45,46. June 26th. Off Key West, shallow water.

236 NaturaAL History BULLETIN.

wn UN WN
A

at yl ATC IE te it!

June 26th. Key West Light bearing N.W. by N., Sand Key Light
W. by N. About 80 fathoms.

June 26th. Key West Light bearing N.W. by N., Sand Key Light W.
by N. % N. About 80 fathoms. © j ;

June 26th. Sand Key Light bearing W:N.W., American Shoal Light
N.E. 85 to 95 fathoms.

June 26th. Sand Key Light bearing N.W. by W. % W., about 15
miles. About 120 fathoms.

June 27th. American Shoal Light bearing N. by W. 10 miles. Depth
about 100 fathoms.

June 27th. American Shoal Light bearing N. by W. % W., about 10
miles. 105 to 110 fathoms.

June 27th. American Shoal Light bearing N.W. by N. ¥% N., about
10 miles. 110 fathoms.

June 27th. Bearings as in No. 53, distance 15 miles. About 130 faths.

June 27th. About same ground as No. 54.

June 27th. Pourtalés Plateau, 24° 16’ N. Lat., 81° 22’ W. Long. Depth
about 200 fathoms.

June 27th. 24° 18' N. Lat., 81°18’ W. Long. 200 to 225 fathoms.

June 28th. 24° 19' N. Lat., 81° 19’ W. Long. About same depth as
No. 57-

June 28th. 24° 20’ N. Lat., 81° 20' W. Long. About 130 fathoms.

June 28th. 24°15’ N. Lat., 81° 20’ W. Long. About 125 fathoms.

June 29th. Key West Light bearing N.W., American Shoal Light N.
E. 75 to 80 fathoms.

June 29th. American Shoal Lignt bearing N.E.*by N., 8 miles. 70 to
80 fathoms.

June 29th. American Shoal Light N. by E. % E., about 8 miles. 85
to 95 fathoms.

June 29th. American Shoal Light N. by W., about 8 miles. About
110 fathoms.

June 29th. American Shoal Light bearing N. by W. % W., 10 miles.
About 115 fathoms.

June 30th. Key West Light bearing N., depth, 6 fathoms.

June 30th. Off Key West.

to 78. July 18th, 19th. Off Little Cat Island, on the submerged bank

connecting it with Eleuthera. 3 to 13 fathoms.

Il. SHORE STATIONS.

Egg Island, Bahamas, May 13th.

Water Cay, Bahamas, May 2oth.

Havana, Cuba, May 21st to 28th.

Bahia Honda, Cuba, June Ist to 3rd.

Dry Tortugas, Florida, June 7th to 13th.
Key West, Florida, June 17th to July rst.
Harbor Island, Bahamas, July 8th.
Eleuthera, Bahamas, July gth to 15th.

INDEX.

Abaco Island, 46.
Acanthogorgia, 86.
Acanthomyx petiverii, 209.
Accident on Pourtalés Plateau, 141.
Achelons spinimanus, 125.
Acridiidz, 208.
Actza palmeri, 51.
spetigera, 124.
Actinians at Bahia Honda, 99.
method of killing, 99.
Actinometra near Havana, 76.
Actinopteryx fucicola, 121.
¥gialitis semipalmata, 4o.
wilsonia rufinucha, qo.
Agapostemon femoralis, 206.
Agassiz, Alexander, 2, 169, 173, 180.
introduction of iron rope in
dredging by, 3.
advises dredging on Pourtalés
Plateau, 139.
Agassiz, Louis, 2.
Agave, 43.
at Bahia Honda, gg.
Agaricia agaricites, 134.
Aglaophenia, 89, 179.
apocarpa, 179.
gracilis, 179.
lophocarpa, 89.
minuta, 30, 54.
pertorata, 54, 225.
perpusilla, 225.
rhynchocarpa, 89.
1igida, 179.
sigma, 180.
Aground, 187.
Aid rendered by Alexander Agassiz,
8.

Aid rendered by Capt. J.W. Collins, 8,
Jas. E. Benedict, 8.
Hon. Marshall McDonald, 8.
Alcohol, storage of, 21.
A'‘coholic specimens, method of
preserving, 56.
“Albatross,” 3.
Alcyonaria, comparison of forms
from deep and shallow water,
87.
near Havana, 85.
of Pourtalés Plateau, 175.
Allopora miniacea Pourtalés, 177.
Alpheus, 52, 126, 160.
heterochelis, 161.
American flag, absence of in Ha-
vana harbor, 61.
American Shoal light, 139.
Amphiuma, 45.
Amphiura, 45, 170.
Anamathia crassa, 156, 161.
Anasimus latus, 156.
Anchonus, 96.
Anchorage inside the reefs, 144.
Andrews, Dr. L. W., 186.
Andros Island, 46.
Andrenide, 206.
Angel-fish, 120.
Anemones, 177.
Annelids, 127.

_ Anomalot sie furcillatus, 156.

Anomouran crabs, 158.
Anous stolidus, 40, 203.
Antenella gracilis, $8.
Antennarius, 28, 29, 121, 149.
Anthenoides, 166.

piercei, 169.

238 INDEX.

Antipatharian corals, 176.
Antipathes, 87.
Anthonomus jiilichii, 153.
Amts,; 121.
Aphrocallistes bocagei, 180.
Apocynum, 44.
Arachn da, 161.
Arachnopsis filipes, 156.
Arbacea, 83.

punctulata, 98.
Arbaceide, 83.
Arca, donaciformis, 212.

now, 98.

transversa, 212.

velata, 129.
Architecture of Havana, 63.
Archaster, 53.
Architectonica granulata, 212.
Ardea virescens, 203.
Arey, Prot: i: 19, 188.
Argemone mexicana, 44.
Argonauta (argo?), 164.
Artipus, 41, 58.

floridanus, 122, 153.
Asaphis, 98.
Ascorhynchus, 161.

Ashmead, Mr. William H., 206, 231.

Asilid fly, 153, 207.
Aspidodiadema, 83, 223.
Assignment of work, 20.

to duty while dredging, 47, 48.
Asterias, 168.

volsellata, 168.
Asteriidz, 167.
Asterinide, 78.
Asteroidea, 165.
Asthenosoma hystrix, 173.
Astralium, 52, 126.

coelatum, 158.
Astrocnida, 222.

isidis, 81, 222.
Astrogomphus, 80, 81, 222.

costosum, 222.

vallatus, 81, 172, 222.
Astropecten, 130, 135, 166, 212.
Astropectenidez, 130.
Astrophytide, 79, 81, 222.
Astrophyton, 170, 222.

Astrophyton agassizii, 132.
costosum, 132.
mucronatum, 172.

Attidz, 97.

Attractive coloration, 124.

Aulostoma, 148.

; Avicula, 52.

margaritifera, 129.

| Awnings, 17.

|

|
|
|

|

|

Axohelia mirabilis, 84.

Bahama Banks, 37, 186.

Bahama expedition, assignment of
work in, 18.
equipment of, 7.
help rendered by the Univer-
sity, 5.
incipiency of, 5.
laboratory of, 7.
ladies admitted to, 5.
management of, 6.
origin of, 4.
personnel of, 19.
requisition for admission to, 17.
Bahama fly catcher, 41.
Bahama Islands, zodlogical recon-
noisanéce of, 5-
Bahia Honda, actinians of, 99.
birds of, 95.
botany of, 99.
channel at, 104.
corals of, 98.
difficulties at, 93-95.
insects, 96.
mollusks of, 98.
plants of, 99.
restrictions imposed by officials,
94-
scenery near, 93.
Balistes, 28, 189, 204.
Ballast, 17.
Ballord, Webb, 19, 40.
Baltimore to Egg Island, 20.
Banana, 101.
Barnacles, 161.

| Baris chalybea, 96.

quadrimaculata, 96.
Barrett, A. M., 19.

Barynotus, 207.
Basket fish, 78, 132.
Bat fish, 50, 151.
Bathynectes longispina, 158.
Bearing of crinoid ground, 165.
Becalmed in Florida Straits, 138.
Bembidium contractum, 152.
Benacus, 69.
Benedict, James E., 8, 56, 72, 232.
Bermuda Islands, land birds, 118.
Berry Islands, 46.
Bibb, 2.
Bill of fare committee, 22.
Bird Key, 109, 113.
Birds along Gulf Stream, 29.

at Dry Tortugas, 118.

of Bahia Honda, 9s.

of Egg Island, 4o.

of Eleuthera, 203.
Black chelez of crabs, 124.
Black-whiskered vireo, 41.
‘SBlakeves, 92, LOS.
Blapstinus opacus, THe
Boats at Spanish Wells, 200.
Booby gannet, 119.
Botany of Bahia Honda, 99.

of Egg Island, 42.

I22

“ay

Brachymyrmex heeri, 206.

Brachyurans, 77, 122, 155.
report on, 232.

Brain of turtles, 105.

Briareum asbestinum, 215.

Bridled tern, 40, 119.

INDEX.

Brooks, Prof. W. K., on Alphei, 160. |
|

Brown pelican, 119.
Bungo, 62.

Bunks, 16.

Buprestid, 153, 207.
Butterflies at Havana, 7o.

Cactus, 44.
Cafius, 41.
bistriatus, 121.
Calappa angusta, 158.
marmorata, I25.
Caligorgia gracilis, 175.
Callichorma columbina, 7o.
Calms, 185, 227.

Calvin, Prof. S., 6.
Calycella, 223.

Campanularian hydroids, 30, 53, 178,

225
Camponotus tortuganus, 121.
Cancroidea, 124, 158.
Canned goods, 138.

Canning factory, 137.
Canthon levis, 152.
Canvas covering for dredges, 10.
Cape Henry, 228.
Captain, selection of, 15.
of port, 94.
Carcharhinus glaucus, 145.
Cardiosoma guanhumi, 210.
Cardium isocardium, 129.
muricatum, 212.
“Carey chickens,” 33.
Car, loading of, 230.
Carpillius corallinus, 210.
Caryophyllia, 84.
Cassis cameo, 211.

| Cat Island, 219.

Catorama punctulata, 122.
Cenobita diogenes, (26, 158.
Cephalopod, 164, 211.
Ceratias uranoscopus, 49, 205.
Cerithium, 42, 52, 98, 128, 212.
Certhiola bahamensis, 41, 203.
“Challenger,” 2.

reports of, 4, 165.
Channel at Bahia Honda, 104.

off Eleuthera, 218.
Chelez, modification of

crabs, 42.

Chelymorpha (argus?), 153.

| Chesapeake Bay, sail down, 22.

| Chief appraiser, 229.

Children at Spanish Wells, 197.
Chilocorus cacti, 152.

Chione cingenda, 129, 162.

Chiton, 41, 272.

Chordeiles virginianus minor, 203.
Chrysogorgia, 85.

Chrysogorgidz, 85.
Chrysomelide, 96, 153.

Cicada, 207.

Cicindela marginata, 52, 207.

239

in hermit

240

Cicindela olivacea, 97.
tortuosa, 97, 152.
Cidaridz, 173.
Cidaris tribuloides, 132, 173.
Cirrhipathes, 176.
Citizens of Spanish Wells, 197.
Cladocarpus, 89, 180.
dolicotheca, 89.
Clarke, S. F., 179.
Clorocoris loxops, 122.
Cocoanuts, 99.
palms, 42, 193.
Coccinella sanguinea, 207.
Coccinellidz, 152.
Codling, 148.
Ceelenterates, near Havana, 83.
of Pourtalés Plateau, 175.
of Egg Island, 45.
Celopleurus floridanus, 83, 173.
Coleoptera of Egg Island, 41.
of Eleuthera, 207.
of Key West, 152.
of Tortugas, 121.
of Water Cay, 58.
Collecting in Gulf Stream, 27.
Colors of dolphin, 146.
of water and clouds, 186.
of crustacea, 124, 158.
Columbella, 128, 162.
mercatoria, 211.
Columbigallina passerina, 40, 203.
C.omatule, 76, 165.
Commissary committee, 18.
Composite, 100.
Conus mus, 212.
Cook suffers from heat, 143.
Corallines, 115.
Coral reef, description of, 201.
rock, 44.
Corals at Bahia Honda, 98.
near Havana, 83.
northern limit of reef-building
species, 25.
Cornularida, 86.
Corticaria, 122.
Cost of cruise, 231.
Cotton plant, 1c1.
“ Crawfish,” 196.

INDEX.

~

Crepidula fornicata, 212.
Crinoids, 164.
actions of, 74.
great abundance of, 165.
near Havana, 71.
near Tortugas, 131.
preserved in sealed pans, 56.
Crustacea, at Bahia Honda, 97.
Tortugas, 122
Pourtales Plateau, 155.
Egg Island, 45.
lack of, at Little Cat Island, 220.
protective form and coloration
in, SI.

| Cryptocephalus marginicollis, 7o.

Cry ptophagida, 152.
Cryptopodia concava, 52, 158.
Cry ptozonia, 167.
Ctenophore, 99.
Cuba, coast of, 59, 92.
Consul general of, 62, go. -
officials, 60, g1.
size, 59.

| “Current,” the (Eleuthera), 202.

Currents off the Florida reefs, 106.
Curculionids, 207.
Custard apples, 102.
Custom house, 229.
Customs regulations at Havana, 60.
Cyathophylloid corals, 176.
Cybister lherminieri, 69.
Cy mopolus asper, 158.
Cyphoma, 128.
gibbosa, 211.
Cypreza, 128.

Dall, Dr. W. H., mollusca, 232.
deep sea mollusks, 163.
symmetrical hermit crabs, 163.

Dascyllide, 152.

Dasygorgia, 85.

Decker, E. G., 19.
ornithologist of expedition, 4o.

Deep sea, coloration in, 83.

Degeneracy from intermarriage, 196.

Deltocyathus, 84.

Dendronotus, 29.

Dentalium, 163.

INDEX. 241

Department of State, letter from, 6.

Dermestes vulpinas, 153.
Desmoscyphus, 54, 88, 224.
Diadema setosum, 45, 132, 202, 213.
Diodon, 28, 49.

hystrix, 205.

Diplomatic service, working of, 190. |

Diploria cerebriformis, 134.
Diplopteron, 89.
Diptera, 153.
Distichopora, 177.
contorta, 84.
sulcata, 85.
Ditzen, Henry, 19.
in charge of vermes, 126.
Diving of Bahamans, 218.
“Dog watch,” 184.
Dolium perdix, 211.
Dolphin fishing, 145.
Dorocidaris bartletti, 82, 173.
blakei, 173.
papillata, 161, 173 ,174.
Dorymyrmex pyramicus, 206.
Double Headed Shot Cays, 57.
Dredge, anchors the schooner, 142.
Dredge, 10, 11.
effectiveness of, 48.
Dredging machine, first trial of, 47.
management of, 73.
Dredging off Little Cat Island, 220.
on Pourtales Plateau, 139.
Dredging rope, 9.
care of, 13.
reeling of, 13.
rigging of, 13.
Drew, Prof. Gilman, 19.
Mrs., 19.
Dry Tortugas, 103, 108, 117.
fumigation of vessel at, 107.

Eburia, 207.
duvalii, 207.
Echinanthus, 48, 53.
rosaceus, 133.
Echeneis naucrates, 205.
Echinodermata of Bahia Honda, 98.
of Spanish Wells, 212.
Echinoderms of Egg Island, 45.

Echinoderms of the Great Bahama
Bank, 52.
of Havana region, 77, 78.
Echinoidea of Pourtalés Plateau, 172.
Echinometra subangularis, 133, 174.
Echinus gracilis, 174.
Educational value of expedition, 140°
benefit of expedition, 231.

lob eR out, urs:

Egg Island, anchorage at, 15.
birds of, 4o.
botany of, 42.
coleoptera of, 41.
ceelenterata of, 45.
crustacea of, 45.
description of, 37.
echinoderms of, 45.
entomology of, 41.
harbor of, 36.
insects of, 41.
mollusca of, 41, 45.
plants of, 42.
products of, 39.
view from, 39.

Elateride, 96.

Elateropsis rugosus, 207.

Eleuthera, first seen, 36.
coast of, 192, 219.

Ellis, 224.

El Morro, 60.

Emarginula, 212.

“Emily E. Johnson,” description of,

16.
condition of at end of cruise,
229.

| Entomology of Bahia Honda, 96.

of Egg Island, 41.
Epialtus bituberculatus, 209.

| Erebus, 206.

Eriphia gonagra, 210.
Eristalis vinctorum, 15q.
Errantia, 127.
Etropus, 50.
Euetheia bicolor, 41, 203.
Eunicea, 46.

tourneforti, 215.
Eunicide, 127.
Eupactus viticola, 152.

242

Eupagurus discoidalis, 159.
granulatus, 126.

Euphoria sepulcralis, 58.

Euthuorus filum, 7o.

Euschistus crenatus, 153.

Evania appendigaster, 154.

Evenings on shipboard, 184.

Examination of schooner by health
officers at Havana, g1.

Excavations made. by
213.

Executive committee, 19.

Expedition, cheapness of, 230.

Eyes of Alpheus, 52.

sea-urchins,

Fan palms, 100.
Factory for pineapples, 189.
Farlow, Prof..W. G. (algz), 232.
Farming on Eleuthera, 199.
Farrea facunda, 180.
Fasciolaria, 128.

gigantea, 128, 211.

trapezium, 211.

tulipa, 211.

Fauna, richness of at Pourtales Pla-
i

teau, 140.
Fewkes, Dr. J. Walter, 179-
Fiddler crabs, 125.

File-fish, 50.
Fish at Tortugas, 119.
brought up on tangles, 45.
flying, 33.
vivid hues of, 119.
Fishes at Spanish Wells, 204.
of Gulf weed, 28.
of Pourtalés Plateau, 147.
Fissurella, 41, 98, (28.
nodosa, 212.
Flocks of sea-birds, optical delusion
concerning, I14.
Flounder, 50, 121.
Flowers, Capt. Chas., 11, 15, 89, 105.

109, 142, 143, 230.
Flute-mouth, 148.

Flying-fish, 33.

Fort Jefferson, description of, 111.
Fort Taylor, 137.

Fourth of July, 185.

| Garman, Prof. Samuel, fishes,

INDEX.

Fregata aquila, 203.
Frogs, 204.
Fruits of Egg Island, 44.
Fumigation. of vessel at Tortugas,
116.
benefit of, 117.
Fusus (F. eucosmius /), 162.

Gale, 34, 135.
Games at Spanish Wells, 197.
Garden Key, 113.
reefs at, 114:
205,
231.
Garzetta candidissima, 95.
Gastropods of Gulf weed, 29.
at Eyg Island, 41.
at Tortugas, 128.
toleration of immersion in alco-
hol, 129.
Geiger tree, 101.

| Gelochel don nilotica, 203.

Geocarcinus, 97.
lateralis, 210.
Geographical distribution of marine
life, 140.
Ginglymostoma cirratum, 110.
Goat fish, 120.
Goodman, Dr., 111.
Gonangia (of I Jia), 180.
Gonianotus marginipunctatus, 122.
Gonodactylus, 161.
chiragra, 126.
Gorgonellide, 86.
Gorgonia, 85.
Gorgonians of Spanish Wells, 215.
Gorgonide, 82, 86.
of Egg Island, 45.
Grammaria, 179.
Grapsus maculatus, 45.
Grass finch, 41.
Graves at Tortugas, 114.
Great Bahama Bank, 46.
animals of, 49.
color of water on, 47.
crustacea of, 50.
dredging on, 47.
echinoderms of, 52.

Great Bahama Bank, fish of, 49.
geography of, 46
hydroids of, 53.
mollusca of, 52.

Griburius larvatus, 153.

Grosbeak, 41.

Ground dove, 4o.

Gulf Stream, 24.
beneficent work of, 26.
collecting in, 27.
course of, 26.
list of animals of, 31.
off Cuba, 92.
temperature of, 24, 25.

Guns, care of at sea, 38.
for tropical shooting, 40.

Gymnasteriide, 166.

Gyascutus carolinensis, 207.

Halecide, 223.
Halecium, 53.
filicula, 178.
macrocephalum, 223.
Halicornaria speciosa, 225.
Halieuticthys, 151.
Halobates, 154.
Halopteris carinata, 224.
Hammerhead shark, 144.
Haplophyllia paradoxa, 176.
Harbor Island, 182, 188, 189.
churches in, 199.
harbor at, 187.
houses in, 189.
jail at, 190.
magistrate at, 189.
Hatteras light, 228.
Havana, sg.
astrophytide near, 79.
alcyonaria near, 85.
basket fish near, 79.
business at, 68.
cathedrals of, 67.
climate of, 69.
celenterates near, 83.
corals near, 84.
crustaceans near, 76.
danger at, 71.
drives of, 66.

INDEX. 243

|

Havana, echini near, 82.

echinoderms near, 77.

English sparrows in, 65.

harbor of, 60, 61.

night scene in, 61, 62.

heat at, 68.

history of, 63

hydrocoralline near, 84, 85.

hvdroids near, 87.

insects of, 69.

leaving, gr.

museum in, 66.

natives of, 64.

ophiuride of, 78.

parks of, 64, 65.

photographs of, 70.

poorer quarters of, 67.

reception of party at, 62.

return to harbor of, 89.

serpent-stars near, 78.

sights of, 63.

soldiers in, 67.
Health throughout the cruise, 228.
Heat at Egg Island, 41.

off Cuban coast, 91.

on Pourtales Plateau, 143.
Hebella, 179, 223.
Heidemann, Mr. O., 122, 154.
Hemiptera, 297.

at Key West, 153, 154.

at Tortugas, 122.

of Egg Island, 41.
Hemiptychus similis, 152.
Hemitrochus varians, 212.
Hermit crabs, 42.
hernick Prot ois s160
Heteropteron, 207.

2R2:

Hexactinellidie, 180.
Hippocampus, 148.
HipponGe esculenta, 133, 202, 213.
Hippurella, 224.

Hoist, 8.

Hold, arrangement of, 17.
“Hole in the wall,” 46.
Holopus rangei, 105.
Holymenia, 153.
Homeward voyage, 226.
“Horse latitudes,” 227.

244 INDEX.

House at Egg Island, 4o.
Houser, G. L., 7, 18, 19, 70.
Howe, Miss M., 19.
Hurricane, 227.
Hydra viridis, 30.
Hydrocoralline near Havana, 84, 85.
Hydroida, 232. |
Hydroids, from Little Cat Island, |

223.

from near Havana, 87.

of Bahama Banks, 53.

of Gulf weed, 30.

of Pourtaleés Plateau, 178.
Hydrophilus triangularis, 69.
Hymenoptera, 154.
Hymenorus convexus, 122, 153.

Ice, absence of on board, 146.
Icteris hypomelas, 95. :
Idia, 180.
Insects at Bahia Honda, 96.

at Egg Island, 41.

at Havana, 69.

at Key West, 152.

at Spanish Wells, 206.

at Tortugas, 121.

at Water Cay, 57.
Iridescent colors of vermes, 127.
Iron plates brought up in dredging,

142.

Iron rope, equipment of, 4g.

strength of, 142.

successful use of in dredging, 49.
Isis, 175.
Islands, composition of, 114.

coral in incipiency, 118.
Isolated life, effect of, 195.
Isophyllia dipsacea, 134, 215.

Jelly fish, 31.
Johnson, Dr. Leora, 19.
work of at Spanish Wells, 196.
observations on people, Spanish
Wells, 196.

Key West, buildings at, 137.
canning factory at, 127.
description of, 136.

Key West, harbor of, 107.
Kodak, use of at Havana, 7o.
Korethaster, 167.

Laboratory, fitting of, 16.
Lachnopus, 96.
floridanus, 153.
Ladies, accommodations for at Tor-
tugas, III.
admitted to party, 6.

| Levicardium serratum, 212.
| Lafoéa convallaria, 88.

Lambrus, 157.
agonus, 157.
fraterculus, 157.
pourtalesia, 157.
Lamellibranchiata, 212.
at Tortugas, 129.
Lamouroux, 224.
Land crab, 125, 159.
anatomy of, 97.
of Eleuthera, 210.
Lantana, 43, 100.
Larrabee, Wm. Jr., 19, 141, 229.
Larride, 206.
Larus atricilla, 203.
Latreutes ensiferus, 29.
Least sandpiper, 40.
Leguminose, 44, 109.
Lepas, 29, 161.
Lepidoptera at Bahia Honda, g7.
at Spanish Wells, 206.
at Tortugas, 121.
Leptodius floridanus, 124.
Leptogonaster, 169.
Leptopodia sagittaria, 122.
Library, fitting of, 16.
Lictorella, 88.
“Lightning,” the, 1.
Linerges mercurius, 31, 55, 134-
Liomera longimana, 124.

Lippia, 43.

Lispognathus thomsoni, 156.
Littorina, 98.

scabra, 212.

ziczac, 212.
Little Cat Island, 217, 219.
Little Egg Island, 38, 44.

Little Egg Island, gastropods of, 41.

Livonia, 128.

pica, 45, 212.
Loberus impressus, 152.
Locusts of Havana, 70.
Logger iead Key, 113.

=

Loggerhead turtles, he'plessness of,

119.
Longhorns, 207.
Lophaster, 167.
Lophiide, 150.
Loxigilla violacea, 41.
bahamensis, 203.
Lucina divaricata, 212.
jamaicensis, 212.
tigerina, 129.
Luidia, 166.
alternata, 166.
clathrata, 212.
Luperus malachioides, 96.
Lycenid, 121.
Lygeus, 153.

Mackerel, 121.
Macrocceloma, 51, 156.
trispinosa, 123.
septemspinosa, 156.
Macroura near Havana, 76.
Macrotus waterhousii, 203.
Mad dog on deck, 71.
Madrepora cervicornis, 134.
palmata, 183.
prolifera, 215.
Maioid crabs, 155.
Malthe, 50, 151.
Mameys, 102.
‘Man-eating” sharks, 145.
Mangos, 101.
Mangroves, 43.
Mangrove swamps, 99.
Manicina areolata, 134.
Manilla plants, 39.
“ Man-o’-war” bird, 57.
at Tortugas, 111, 119.
Mantis, 208.
Mariel, 103.
Marine Hospital, U. S., 137.

Marine mollusca of U. S., 162.

INDEX.

Martin Wagner & Co., 137.
Marx, Dr. George, 232.
Meandrina clivosa, 99.
sinuosa, 99.
Melagrina meleagris, 98.
margaritifera, 212.
Memory in sea-urchins, 214.
Metachroma, 96.
pellucida, 153.
Metalia, 134.
Microphrys bicornutus, 123.
Midgets at Spanish Wells, 197.
Millepora, 54.
expanded zodids of, 54.
alcicornis, 134.
Mimus gundlachii, 41, 203.
Mithrax, 123, 157.
forceps, 123.
hispidus, 123.
spinosissimus, 209.
Moat at Fort Jefferson, 113.
Mocking bird, 41.

| Modern crinoid fauna, 164.

Modifications of chele, 42.
Mollusca of Bahia Honda, 98.
of Egg Island, 41.
of Great Bahama Bank, 52.
of Gulf weed, 29.
of Pourtalés Plateau, 162.
of Spanish Wells, 211.
of Tortugas, 128.

| Mollusks, colors of, 128.

Monedula signata, 206.
Monocanthus, 28, 50.

| Monocrepidius, 96.

lividus, 152.
Monroe, Mr., U. S. Agent, 1go.
Moon flower, 100.
Morals of negroes, 190.
Morro Castle, 54, 60.

245

Mother Carey’s chickens, 29, 33.

Mudd, Dr., 112.

Munida, 76, 159.

Murgantia histrionica, 122.

Murex, 98, 128, 162.
cabritii, 162.
fulvescens, 163.
nodatus, 162.

246

Murex pomum, 163, 211.

Murices, 163.

Murena melanotis, 204.

Murray, Dr. David R., 111, 117, 135.
Murrill, George, mate, 19.

Muscids, 207.

Musquitoes at Bahia Honda, 93, 95.
Myiarchus lucaysiensis, 40.
Mycedium fragile, 215.

Myriopods, 96.

Nacerdes melanura, 70.
Nassau, N. P., 186.
Natica, 98.
affinis, 212.
Nautilograpsus minutus, 29.
Negroes, 188.
morals of, 190.
Nematocarcinus, 159.
ensiferus, 159.
Nematophorus, 89.
grandis, 225.
Neptunus, 51.
sayl, 29.
Nerita, 98.
peloronta, 212.
tessellata, 41, 212.
Nets, 10.
Nettling cells, observations on, 215.
Noctiluca, 55.
Noddy terns, 110, 119.
Nomia, 206.
Nurse sharks, 110.
Nycticorax violaceus, 203.

Obelia hyalina, 30.
marginata, 87, 223.

Obeliscus, 212.
sulcatus, 212.

Oculina arbuscula, 176.
from great depth, 176.
varicosa, 99.

Octopus, 128.

Ocypoda arenaria, 125.

Ocypodoidea, 125.

Officials, customs, at Havana, 60.

“ Ollas,” 147.

Oliva reticularis, 211.

INDEX.

Ophidiaster, 167.
tubifer, 167.
Ophiocamax, 78, 82, 170.
Ophiocantha, 53, 78, 81.
Ophiocoma, 131, 170, 220.
zthiops, 220.
echinata, 131.
FiIsel Late
Ophiocreas, 8o.
lumbricus, 171.
Ophioglypha, 78, 169.
Ophiolepis, 78.
Ophiomitra, 78.
Ophiomusium, 78, 79..
Ophiomyxa, 80, 221.
flaccida, 132, 170.
Ophionereis reticulata, 131.
Ophiopepale, 78.
goésiana, 81.
Ophiothyreus, 78, 81.
Ophiothrix, 45, 53, 221.
orstedii, 132.
suensonil, 221.

| Ophiozona, 78.

Ophiura, 78, 130.

appressa, 131.

cinerea, 130, 131.

levis, 131.

rubicunda, 131.
Ophiuride, 78, 82, 169, 213.

near Havana, 78, 81.

of Pourtalés Plateau, 169.

of Spanish Wells, 212.
Orbicella annularis, 134.
Oriole, 95.
Origin of deep-sea fauna, 164.
Ornithology of Bahia Honda, 95.

| Ornamentation of deep-sea shells,

163.

| Orthoptera, 208.

Osachila tuberosa, 77, 158.
Osborn, Prof. Herbert, 231,
Otiorhynchid, 207.
Othonia, 123.

Oxacis, 122, 153.

Oxybelus emarginatus, 121.

| Oyster dredge, 11.

INDEX.

Pachneus opalus, 41, 70, 207.
Palemon natator, 29.
Palzotropus, josephene, 174.
Palinurus longimanus, 211.
Pangeus bilineatus, 122.
Panopeus, 124.
Pans, as receptacles, 56.
Paracyathus, 84.
Paramuricea, 86.
“Parka Centrale,” of Havana, 65.
Parthinopide, 157.
“ Passage, inside,” 191.
narrow to Spanish Wells, 192.
Passion vines, 100.
Pasythea quadridentata, 224.
aml Capt... ©, 220.
Pawpaws, 102.
Peckham, Prof. Geo. W.., 232.
Pecten ornatus, 129.
irradians, 212.
Pediculati, 149.
Pelagic forms, difficulty of collect-
ing, 32.
Pelagic hemiptera, 154.
Pelia mutica, 156.
Pelopzus fasciatus, 206.
Pennaria, 216.
Pentaceros reticulatus, 52, 187, 202
212)
Pentacrinide, 165.
Pentacrinus, asteria, 73.
deconus) 73i74-
miilleri, 73, 74.
Pentacrinus ground, 71, 165.
first haul of, 73.
first specimen of, 75.
transportation of, 74.
Pentagonasterida, 169.
Pepper coral, 54.
Pergande, Mr. Theo., 12¢, 206, 231,
Pericera cornuta ceelata, 123, 156,
Petalium bistriatum, 122.
Petalosticha, 83.
Petrel, stormy, 33.
Wilson’s, 29.
Petrolisthes, sex-spinosus, 126.
Phaéthon flavirostris, 203.
Phakellia tenax, 181.

247

Phaleria, 41, 58, 152.
Pheidole megacephala, 121.
Philip, the pilot, 218.
Pholas, 212.
Phosphorence of sea, 31, 54, 55.
Photography, arrangements for, 16.
Photographs taken by Mr. Houser,
TS),
Phrymodius maculatus, 124.
Phrynus, 58.
Phycis regius, 148.
Physalia, 121.
in Bay of Fundy, 26.
arethusa, 134.
“Pier Rock,” 200.
Pilot at Bahia Honda, g2, 104.
at Harbor Island, 187.
Pilotage at Key West, 106.
Pilots’ Association at Key West, 106.
Pilumnus caribzus, 51.
Pindar, Mr., 39.
Pineapple, culture of
Wells, 198.
Pines, 101.
Pinna, 98, 202.
muricata, 212,
Pipe fish, 119.
Pita plant, 43, 99.
Plagusia depressa, 210.

at Spanish

Plans and equipments, r.

| Plants of Bahia Honda, 99.

of Egg Island, 42.
Platycaulus, 175.
Platylambrus serratus, 123, 157.
Plexaura dichotoma, 46.
Plexaurella dichotoma, 215.
Pliobothrus symmetricus, 84, 177.
Plochionus pallens, 207.
Plover rufous-naped, 4o.

semipalmate, 4o.
Plumularia, 224.

attenuata, 179.

geminata, 179.

megalocephala, 88.

obliqua, 225.
Plumularians of Gulf weed, 30.
Plumularide, 88, 179, 224.
Podochela, 77, 155.

245°

Podochela gracilipes, ‘155.
lamelligera, 156-
Porocidaris sharreri, 82.
Polistes americanus, 206.

minor, -206.
Polybia cubensis, 206.
Polyclonia frondosa, 134.
Polycesta, 153.

Polyps, method of killing, expanded,

46.

Pomacanthus, 120:

arcuatus, 120.

ciliatus, 120.
Pompilus, 154.
Ponciana regia, 101.
“ Porcupine,” the, 2.
Porcupine fish, 217.
Poricthys, 121, 150.
Porites; 127-~-

astrzoides, 134.

clavaria, 99, 134. °

-furcata, 134.
Poronia, 166.
Potamides, 9S.
Potatoes, rotting in hold, 138.
Pourtalés, Count, 2, 157-
Pourtales Plateau, 139, 161.

alcyonaria of, 175.

anemones Of, 177-

corals of, 176.

crinoids of, 164.

crustacea of, 155

fishes of, 146.

hydroids of, 175

location of, 139.

mollusks of, 162.

pelagic hemiptera from, 154.

sea-urchins of, 173

serpent-stars of, 16g.

sharks of, 144.

simple armed basket fish of, 170.

siphonophores of, 177
sponges of, 18o.
star-fish of, 165.
vermes, 161.
Poweik W. P.,7, 1
Prionotus arcuatus, 120.
evolans, 120.

INDEX.

Protective coloration in crustacea,
29. ;
in fishes, 28.
Prouty, Miss Edith, 19.

| Provisions grow scarce, 226.

Pseudebzus oblitus, 122.
Pseudomyrma fiavidula, 206.

| Psyllobora nana, 122, 152.

Pterogorgia, 46.

Pterophysa grandis, 177.
Pteropods, 164.

Puffinus auduboni, 203.
Purpura hemastoma, 41, 211.

| Purslane, 44.

Pycnogonida, 161.

Pyromaia cuspidata, 1 <6.

Pyrophorus, 207.
Pyrosoma, 55.

Quarantine officer, 107.

Rain squall, 32, 6g.
Rathbun, Miss Mary J., 152, 232.

Reef corals at Spanish Wells, aus
Reefing boards, 16.

_

_ Reefs at Tortugas, 115.

description of, 201.
Richness of fauna, 118.
“Ridley’s Head,” 192, 218.
Rhipdigorgia flabellum, 45, 215.
Rhizocrinus, 164, 165.
Rhizotrochus, 84. ‘

fragilis, 176. :
Rhynchophora, 153.

_ “Robert E. Patterson,” the, 111.

Rock crabs, 45.

, Rock purples, 163.

Rogers, A.
Romanes, 2

M., 19.

Lz ab
Rope, length needed in dredging, 12.
Rose apples, 102.

Sabin, Edwin, 19.
Sage brush, 100.

Sand burr, 44.

Sand Key light, 139.
San Salvador, 199, 219.
Sapodillas, 102.- fea Ra

INDEX, 249

Saprinus ferrugineus, 122.

Sargasso Sea, 28.

Sargasso weed, 27.
inhabitants of, 28,

Sars’ collection, tr.

Scaphopoda, 163.

Scarites, 207.

Scatophilus sarpedon, 7o.

Schaeffer, Pres. Chas. A., 6.

Schizotricha, 179.

Scirpearella, 86.

Scomber, 204.

Scorpion, 58, 96.

Sculpin, 120.

here)

Scymnus, 122, 152.
Sea birds at Tortugas, 118.
Sea-fan, 45.
“Sea gardens,” 192.
Sea grape, 43, 100.
Sea-horse, 148.
Sea-oats, 122.
Sea-robin, 120.
Seasickness, 22.
freedom from, 139.

Sea-spiders, 155.

Sea-urchins, experiments with, 202%

Serpent-stars at Bahia Honda, 98.
of Great Bahama Banks, 53.
of Havana, 78.
of Little Cat Island, 220,
of Pourtales Plateau, 169.
of Tortugas, 130.

Serpulide, 127

are
Serranus, 120.

Sertularella gayi, var. robusta, 179,

distans, 179.
Sertularia, 88, 223.
integritheca, 88.
quadridentata, 224.
tubitheca, 88.
Sertularidz, 179 223.
Shark, 217.
flesh of, palatable, 145.
dissection of, 145.
Sharks at Tortugas, 109.
during calm, 144.
Shell-work, 212.
Shore collecting, appliances, rq.

Siderastrea galaxea, 99, 134.
Sidewalks of Havana, 63.
Sigsbee, Lieut. Commander, on col-
ors of pentacrini, 74.
Sigsbeia, 79, 221.
Simple-armed basket-fish, 170.
Simple corals, 176.
Singing at Spanish Wells, 197.
of children at, 198.
Siphonogorgia, 86.
Siphonophores, 177.
Siphostoma, 119.
Skylights, 16.
Sladen, W. Percy, F. L. S., 16s.
Smith, Dr. John B., 231.
Solomon, Mr., 190.
Sombrero light, 139.
Sounding line, 13.
methods, 13.
Soundings on Bahama Banks, 47.
off Havana, 72.
Southern Cross, 47.
Spanish consul at Baltimore, 19.
Spanish cruisers, 61, 69.
Spanish Wells, 192, 193.
birds of, 203.
cemetery at, 194.
children at, 197.
citizens of, 197.
corals of, 215.
crustacea of, 208.
experiments with echinoderms
at, 212.
fishes of, 204.
food of inhabitants at, 195.
gorgonians of, 215.
insects of, 206.
men of, 195.
mollusks of, 211.
reefs at, 200.
unique community at, 194.
Specimens, alcoholic, management
of, 184.
Speotyto cunicularia floridana, 203.
Spherophthalma ferrugata, 154.
Sphegide, 206.
Sphictyrtus whitei, 208.
Sphyrena, 204.

250

Spiders at Bahia Honda, 97.
at Egg Island, 41.
at Tortugas, 122.
Spider worts, 44.
Spindalis pretrei, 95.
Spines of Diadema setosum, (32, 133-
of Ophiuridz, colors of, 82.
Spirorbis, 30. ~-
Spirula peronii, 211.

Sponges, deep-water, of Pourtales

Plateau, 18o.
Spongodes, 87.
Squall, 32, 185.
Squid, 34.
Star-fish, at Tortugas, 130.
of Pourtales Plateau, 165.
Start home, 225. or ace
Stench from rotting pineapples, 227.
Stereolepis, 204. .
Sterna anesthetus, 40, 203.
dougalli, 4o.
maxima, 203.
Stinging power of worms, 127.
Stirrup Key, 46, 186.
Stizus hogardii, 154, 206.
Stolasterias, 168.
Stookey, Prof. Stephen, 19.
Stores removed from vessel, 116.
restowed, 117.
shifting in hold, 33.
storage of, 17.
Stormy ; etrel, 33.
Strix flammea pratincola, 202.
Strombus gigas, 126, 128, 196, 211.
Strophia, 128.
glans, 41, 42.
incana, 212.
Students, difficulty of access to deep-
sea forms, 4. i
Study at night, impracticability df,
32.
Stylaster filogranus, 84.
Submarine ridge, 219.
Sugar cane, IOI.
Sulphur fumes, applicatlon in- fumi-
gation of vessel, 117.
Surface collecting appliances, 14.
Swell-toad, 120.

INDEX.

Swimming, 144. «

| Tabanide, 207.

Tachys, 152.

i]
| Tangles, 12.

effectiveness of, 48.

making of, 35.

suggested by Mr. Jas. E. Bene-
dict, 16.

used on pentacrinus ground, 72.

| Tanks for alcohol, 21.
| Tectarius, 128. ee

| Telesto, 86. J

muricatus, 212. + ox
nodulosus, 41, 212.

Tellina alternata, 212. ;
rastellum, 212. +

_ Temnechinus, 83.-.

maculatus, 174. - -
Tenebrionid, 153. :
Terebra, 162.
Terebratula, 161.

cubensis, 161.

| Tern, bridled, 40, 44,575,. 27

least, 119.

noddy, 40 44, 57-

roseate, 40.
Tetramorium czspitum, 121.

guineense, 121.

_ Tetrodon spengleri, 120, 205.

Thalassography, birth of, 1.
“The Core,” 190. :
Thecopsammia, 84, 176.

| Thomson, Sir Wyville, 1, 2.

Thracia plicata, 212.

“Three Cruises of the ‘ Blake,” 176.
Thryolambrus, 77. 3
‘Thuiaria, 54.

Thyanta custator, 153.
Thyroscyphus ramosus, 87.

Tin pans as receptacles, 50.
Tisiphonia fenestrata, 180.

| Gorell

Tortugas, 116. ape
birds of, 118.
coleoptera of, 121.
corals of, 134.
crustacea of, 122.

INDEX. 2

Tortugas, description of, 113.
description of Fort Jefferson at,
Tele
fauna of, 118.
fishes of, 119.
fumigation of vessel at, 117.
insects of, 121.
mollusca of, 128.
sea-urchins of, 132.
serpent-stars of, 130.
star-fish of, 130.
Tow-net, failure of, 34.
Toxopneustes variegatus, 95.
Transportation, 18.
of crustacean larve, 209.
Trawls, 9.
Trichius delta, 152.
Trichopteryx, 152.
Tridactylus, 208.
Tringa minutilla, 4o.
Triton chlorostomus, 211.
Girivians2, 020.
quadripunctata, 212.
Trochus jujubinus, 212.
Tryon, Marine Molltisca ‘of U.S., 162.
Tubicole, 127.
Tubularide, 86.
Tug, absence of at Dry ‘Tortugas,
109.
Turtles at Bahia Honda, 104.
Typical coral reef, 200.
Tyrannus dominicensis, 203.

United States Agent, 190.
University class, members organ-
ized for expedition, 17.

Upeneus maculatus, 120.

Vermes at the Tortugas, 126.
Verrill, Prof. A. E., 232.
on colors of deep-sea animals,
158.
Vervain, 44.
Vessel, description of, 16.
View from light house, 39.
Vireo altiloquus barbatulus, 41.

U1
al

Voluta junonia, 162.

Waldheimia floridana, 161.
Washing clothes by beating, 189.
Water Cay, description of, 57.
birds of, 57. .
insects of, 57.
Water, clearness of at Egg Island,
38.
“Water glass,” 201.
Water supply, 13.
Weather during cruise, 227.
Weevils, abundance of in West In-
dies, 96.
of Bahia Honda, 96.
Weights for dredges, It.
Welds Brot Ib3\Ga 1657.
White ants, 208.
Wickham, He Ee) 19;
154, 161, 163, 232.
Migsepelaahyee TO:
Williams, Hon. Ramon, 62.

122)

95, 129,

aid rendered by, 62.

strange mistake of, 90, 91.
Williams, Miss Margaret, 19.
Wilson, E. B., on Pycnogonida, 161.
Wilson, Miss Bertha, 19, 42, 99.
Wilson’s petrel, 29.
Worm-like fish, 151.
Worms on Gulf weed, 30.

Xiphigorgia anceps, 215.

Yachting license, 152.

Yams, 196.

Yellow fever, Dr. Murray’s opinion
ON, TI.

Zelus longipes, 207.

Zinnia, 100.

Zoarces, 205.

Zoarcide, 148.

Zoological material collected during
cruise, 231.

Zophobas, morio, 153.

Zoroaster ackleyi, 167.

ERRATA.

Page 19, fifth line from bottom, for A. G. Barrett read A. M. Barrett.
Page 45, foot-note, for Mary E. Rathbun read Mary J. Rathbun

Page so, fourteenth line from bottom, for Malthus read Malthe.

Page 51, twentieth line from top, for C. camptocera read M. camptocera.
Page 77, seventh line from top, for Libinia read Temnonotus.

Page 84, seventh line from bottom, Plobathus read Pliobothrus.

Page 88, first and thirteenth lines from top, for Lafwa read Lafoéa.
Page 125, fifteenth line from top, for Achelons read Achelous.

Page 179, fifth line from top, for gaya read gayi.

Page 215, ninth line from top, for £. tourneforti read E. muricata.

<i

PRICE, FIFTY CENTS.

Vous TI:

BULLETIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL, HISTORY

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.

I. SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA,
T. H. McBripe.

Il, ON THE LARVZ OF THREE COLEOPTERA,
H. F. WickHAM.

UI. SUPPLEMENT TO THE LIST OF COLEOPTERA
OF IOWA CITY AND VICINITY,
H. F. WickHam.

J. B. ELiis and
IV. NEW IOWA FUNGI, 15 Se a ae
V. DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN J. C ARTHUR and
UREDINEZA, f, E. W. D. Hotway.
VI. NICARAGUAN ORTHOPTERA, LAWRENCE BRUNER.
/VIitT. LICHENS OF IOWA, Bruce FINK.
VIIT. A STUDY OF NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC
EXOASCE 4, Mrs, F. W. PATTERSON,

PUBLISHED

BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS.

IOWA CITY, IOWA:
MARCH, 1895.

w

how. DTT. IN'O:3:

pres IN

FROM TEE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL, HISTORY

OF DHE

Seve UNIVERSITY OF LOW »

PUBLISHED

BY AUTHORIDY OF THE REGENTS.

IOWA CITY, LOWA:
MARCH, 1895.

i)
bh
‘
‘

Secretary Wn. J. Happock:

We take pleasure in submitting herewith Bulletin No. 3,
of Volume III, from the Laboratories of Natural History,
of the State University of Iowa.

Tue Eprirors.

aN

THE SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA.

T. H. McBRIDE.

THE POLYPOREZE.

In Iowa as elsewhere in the world, the Polyporee rank
next to the Agaricinez in numbers and general importance.
They resemble the Agarics, too, in habit; are lovers of the
forest and occur chiefly, though by no means exclusively, in
the wooded sections of our state. The species are both ter-
restrial and lignatile. In our experience the terrestrial forms
are entirely confined to our woodlands and groves, while, as
will appear later, lignatile forms are everywhere, wherever
wood under suitable conditions is suffering decay. Thus
typical forms may be found on almost every stump, on pros-
trate logs and trees, on bridges, posts, and piers. The economic
importance of the family is accordingly for the most part
negative. A few of the terrestrial forms are edible although
Americans have never learned to eat them, and not a few
do service to the farmer by slowly pulling down the stumps
which otherwise might prove a serious obstacle. The very
habit, however, that makes such fungi serviceable, renders
them the omnipresent foe of architect and engineer. They
everywhere attack our beams and sills, cut off all posts
set in the earth and are very generally the agents which
bring to nothing railway ties and wooden structures resting
on the ground. Some knowledge of this particular group of
fungi would seem almost essential to the civil engineer. No
members of the group are purely parasitic; some, however,
are partially so. These, as noted farther on, take advantage

!
2 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

of some external injury to insinuate themselves into even the
living tissues of standing trees to their ultimate destruction.t

Species of the Polyporea are generally easy of recognition,
characterized as most of them are by their more or less dis-
tinctly tubular hymenium. ‘The various forms may also with
little difficulty be distinguished from each other usually by
characters largely superficial. Nevertheless, when any large
series is taken into account, the resemblance of contiguous
species and even genera is often puzzling enough. The
variations shown in well developed species are often consider-
able, especially among the Polypores proper.

For the family the character already mentioned is reckoned
definitive, but in several genera the tubules are of such rudi-
mentary development that a definition somewhat more ample
seems necessary. Following the homology of the Agarics we
may use the term #c/ews to designate all that expanded part of
the sporocarp or fructification which is distinct from the hy-
menium. With this understanding we may define the family—

POLYPOREEZ.

Pileus polymorphic sometimes entirely wanting; the hymen-
ium superficial, inferior, exposed as a lining on the inside of
open-mouthed tubules, pores or excavations variously devel-
oped, various also in shape, round or angular, isodiametric or
elongate; the basidia four-spored, the spores, as in the Agarics,
varying in form and color.

The family Polvporez includes several genera. Those
here to be discussed may be distinguished as follows:

A. Tubules not forming a stratum distinct from the body of the fructification,

I. Sporocarp effused, membranaceous, pores mere

pits formed by reticulating folds, . : . MERULIUS.
II. Pileus expanded, membranaceous; tubules at
first papilliform, becoming elongate, . . PoOROTHELIUM.

Ill. Fructification consisting of tubules only, the
receptacle entirely wanting; the tubules gre-
garious on the sub-stratum, and at first closed, SOLENIA.

1See the works of Hartig, Sorauer, Frank, et al., especially R. Hartig,
Lehrbuch der Baumkrankheiten.

SAPROEEY DiC HUNGITOE VASE RIN, OW A: gz

IV. Sporocarp semi-stipitate, pores alveolar; arranged
in radiating series from the stipe, . ‘ . FAVOLUS.
V. Sporocarp agaricine; tubules lamellose, disposed
in circles concentric to the s ipe, E : TE CMELOMYVCES:
VI. Sporocarp dimidiate, coriaceous; pores sinuous,
labyrinthine, ; : : : ; ‘ . D#DALEA,
VII. Sporocarp usually woody or corky; tubules une-
qually sunk into the substance of the pileus,
round or elongate, entire, : P ; . TRAMETES.
B. Tubules forming a stratum distinct from the pileus.

VIII. Fructification wholly resupinate; pileus obsolete, Porta.
IX. Tubules at first punctiform, developed from the
center of fructification outwardly; hymeno-
phore coriaceous or membranaceous, . ~ POLYsSEIcruUs:
X. Tubules pre-formed, often in successive layers

or stratose; woody, sessile fungi, 4 ; . FOomeEs.
XI. Tubules pre-formed, not stratose; fungi fleshy or
pliable, stipitate or sessile, c : : . POLYPORUS.

XII. Tubules not easily separating from the hymen-
ophore nor from each other, formed by numer-
ous radiating broader lamella everywhere con-

nected by narrower anastomosing plates, BoLETINUS.
XIII. Tubules longer, with difficulty separating from

the hymenophore, not radiate, 4 : . STROBILOMYCES.
XIV. Tubules long, easily separable alike from the

hymenophore and from each other, : . BOLETUS.

PoE ULES:

Pileus generally resupinate, sometimes with free upturned
edges or even dimidiate, soft, mycelioid; hymenium waxy
spread over shallow pits and obtuse reticulate folds which
ultimately form more or less distinct, tortuous, denticulate
pores.

1. MeERuLIUS LACRIMANS ( Facguin) Wenter.

Pileus widely resupinate, often a foot or more in length and
breadth, membranaceous, leathery, yellow, ferruginous or
brown with a white tomentose border; pores shailow, irregular
meshes, at first orange-yellow, at length brown from the
abundant spores; these by transmitted light, tan-colored yellow,
about 10X6.

This is the far-famed “Dry rot” of the northern world,
found everywhere attacking sills and joists in cellars, or beneath

4 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

barns, or bridges affording us the one surprising instance
of a domesticated fungus. It is not reported in its wild
condition, i. e., from the forest, but is apparently entirely
restricted to the wooden structures of civilized man! Further-
more, it is said that the spores although abundantly produced,
have never been made to germinate artificially. It appears
also that the presence of considerable quantities of ammonia
is a necessary condition to the development of the fungus. It
loves a close, damp, motionless atmosphere. All these con-
ditions are unfortunately satisfied under the floors of stables
and in filthy unopened cellars, and it is in such places that
the “Dry rot” reaches its highest perfection. The remedy is
cleanliness and ventilation. Once started in a building it is
hard to get rid of.

In its perfection the free edge and the surface of the fructifi-
cation are generally moist by reason of abundant minute drops
of some watery fluid, perhaps excreted, hence the specific
name, /acrimans, weeping. The first external appearance
of the fungus is apt to be in form of small white radiating
patches of silvery mycelium. ‘These rapidly enlarge until
they coalesce often to cover the entire surface of the timber
they destroy so that leathery strips several feet long may be
pulled off. Furthermore, on old sills, and in undisturbed
situations the fungus sometimes puts on surprising shape, form-
ing all sorts of tubercles, knobs and lumps as if deformed,
distorted pilei.

2. Merru.ius corium F/7ezes.

Resupinate effused, soft, sub-papyraceous at length reflexed
with the margin free, beneath villous, white; hymenium reticu-
late-porose flesh-colored becoming paler, spores oblong lanceo-
late hyaline, 8x 3.

Our commonest woodland species, when fresh noticeable
by its delicate tints and soft velvety snow-white margin.
Usually found in patches of several inches extent on the
under side of fallen sticks and on ranked cord-wood in the
forest. The color changes with maturity and somewhat with
drying. ‘The pores, small and shallow.

SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. 5

3. MERULIUS TREMELLOSUS Schrader.

Pileus resupinate, at length free and reflexed, fleshy, tremel-
line, tomentose, white, the margin denticulate, radiate; pores
rather large, irregular, at first red, then brownish; spores
cylindric, curved about I x 4.

Very variable in form and size, distinguished by its gelatin-
ous texture from the preceding as well as by its tendency to
form reflexed, even imbricated pilei. On various trunks, not
uncommon.

ie FOR Or Lb LUM.

(This genus is reported but is not in our collection.)

Iie -SOLENEA.

Pileus none. Hymenium bearing tubules distinct, discrete,
more or less scattered; the mouth of the tubules at first closed
by the connivent edges.

A very singular genus with the habit of the Pezizas, the tiny
sporocarps more or less hygroscopic, 1. e., opening and closing
according to the state of the atmosphere, differing, of course,
from all Pezizas and ascomycetous forms, in the abstriction
of the spores. Were each individual tubule reckoned a
sporocarp the Solenias might be included with the genus
Cyphella. Species of this genus are few in the United States,
in our district so far but one.

I, SOLENIA OCHRACEA S/offmann.

Tubules clavate or cylindric, immediately sessile upon the
substratum, cespitose or gregarious, externally ochraceous-
yellow, silky or appressed hairy, within white, about %
millimetre high.

Not uncommon, frequently collected in various quarters
and sent in as a slime-mould which the species to the naked
eye somewhat resembles. The tiny tubules suggest the
sporangia of some Trichia or Hemiarcyria. The entire absence
of mycelium or subiculum contributes to the plausible mis-
take. Found on decaying tree-trunks of various sorts.

6 NATURAL HISTORY BULEETIN:

IV eA OLIUS:

Pileus dimidiate, or orbicular and substipitate, annual, soft,
fleshy; pores reticulate-cellular, alveolate, the alveoli, formed
of rather densely anastomosing lamella, radiating from the
point of attachment.

I. FaAvo.Lus EUROPAUS /7ies.

Pileus fleshy soft, thin, orbicular, smooth, white; stipe short,
lateral; alveoli deep, reticulate subrotund; spores 12 x 4.

Our specimens agree perfectly with those distributed in
N. A. F., No. 604; nevertheless they are not exactly m con-
cord with the above description. Our specimens are: yellow
or orange above, white below and while not scaly yet might
be described as appressed-squamose or fibrillose, and in these
respects conform to descriptions of /”. boucheanus Wlotsch.
The latter species again seems not to differ from /”. canadensts
of the same author. Winter however recognizes the N. A.
F. specimens as /. ewropeus of Fries, figures it as typical; so
that it becomes doubtful whether or not all the species men-
tioned, with /* a/utaceus Berkeley and Montagne, should not
be called by the same name, /% ewropeus. Our specimens vary
greatly in size and general characteristics; from one to Six
centimeters in width. Some are dimidiate or nearly so; most,
obsoletely stipitate; some are entire, orbicular, others lobed.
One is infundibuliform with the stipe almost central. The
size of the alveoli seems also subject to much variation, also
the size of the spores. The fibrille are adolescent characters;
old, weathered specimens are white or, as Winter puts it,
whitish (weisslich ).

Common everywhere on fallen twigs and branches, chiefly
on hickory and oak.

2. Favotus rurpipium Lerkeley.

Pileus coriaceous, reniform, concentrically sulcate, alutace-
ous or white, cuticle seceding in small furfuraceous areoles;
stipe lateral, short, tapering downward, pruinose, becoming
yellow when dry; pores small, white, angular, denticulate.

SAPROREY LG yh UNGIVOn SEAS PERN LOW-A: ,

We have seen but a single specimen, from Mr. Holway,
Decorah. It agrees so well with the description as to leave
no doubt as to identity. The species is said to have the
habit of Panus stipticus, i. e., it occurs in little densely cespi-
tose tufts. It is also said to be common in its wide range,
from New England to Borneo.

Our specimen is about 2 cm in each extent, stipe about
6 mm long.

Ve Ove POMC Hs:

Pileus coriaceous-membranaceous with stipe central or lat-
eral, or sometimes resupinate, velutine, fuscous or cinnamon;
lamella, concentrically arranged, never radiating.

Referred to the Polyporez and not to the Agaricinee

chiefly because of the marginal pores from which seem to be
characteristic.

I. CYCLOMYCES GREENI Lerkeley.

Pileus orbicular, undulate, sublobate, zonate tomentose,
cinnamon, marked with a few furrows near the edge; stipe
central, obconic; lamellz thin, acute, at length ashy.

A fungus very remarkable in more ways than one. The
concentric lamella are very curious and beautiful. The whole
sporocarp is obconic or turbinate and except the ashen lamelle,
rich brown in color, softly velutine above.

Rare, one specimen only so far collected. On the ground
in mossy woodland. Iowa City.

WT... 1D AS DALI A.

Pileus generally dimidiate, sometimes reflex-resupinate,
corky, leathery, persistent. Substance of the pileus descend-
ing unchanged into the trama. Pores elongate, labyrinthi-
form i. e., tortuous winding, limited by correspondent dry
winding lamelle.

A difficult genus midway between Zyametes and Lenzites.
From the first it differs in the more elongate winding pores;
in Lenzites the lamellz anastomose but little. Our few spe-
cies are perhaps easily recognized.

8 NA UATE, HUSTROR 4 BiUinICn AVN:

1. DADALEA UNICOLOR (Bullard) Fries.

Pileus leathery, tough, flexible, villous-strigose, ashy zonate,
the zones concolorous; pores labyrinthine, flexuous, acute, at
length lacerate, dentate; lamella white, sometimes yellowish.

Very common everywhere on all sorts of stumps and logs,
railway ties, bridge timbers, etc. Older specimens yellow,
concentrically furrowed, generally imbricated and even resu-

pinate reflexed. N. A. F. 924.

2. D&DALEA PALLIDO-FULVA Lerkeley.

Pileus suberose, four cm long by eight or more wide,
dimidiate, sub-shining, rugose, azonate, pallid; hymenium pale
fulvous; pores narrow, one half a millimetre wide, straight,
here and there sinuate.

Very common on stumps and logs of various species. On
railroad ties common. Seems to be the same as Lenzztes
vialis Pk. N. A. F. 703. Specimens generally smooth, but
often rough and exhibiting obscure zonations; becoming dark
with age. More or less imbricate and laterally concrescent-
Half an inch to an inch long by an inch or two wide.

3. D&DALEA CONFRAGOSA FPersoon.

Pileus sessile, dimidiate or resupinate, convex, corky-leath-
ery or woody, more or less rough, rosy-brown with some-
what more deeply tinted zones; within wood color, becoming
brown; pores at first trametoid then labyrinthiform, gray
passing to brown or fuscous, hymenium convex.

On dead stems of Cratwgus, fallen branches of willow and
other deciduous trees, common. A very handsome finished-
looking fungus, varying considerably in color, degree of rough-
ness, etc., generally very symmetrical, centrally attached and
with an even margin, sometimes imbricated, two or three
together. Includes Lenzztes crategus, L. cooker, L. corrugata
L. bicolor. Almost any Dedalea seems to take on with age
lenzitoid characters. N. A. F. 1928.

SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. en

4. D&paLEA AUREA Fries.

Pileus corky coriaceous, golden yellow, gibbous, velutine
sub-zonate, yellow within, hymenium porose or narrowly
sinuate-labyrinthiform.

Not common; specimens before me are thickish, about six
centimeters wide, pale yellowish-brown, only slightly velutine.
The color deepens much with age.

5. D2DALEA QUERCINA Persoon.

Pileus pale wood color, corky, rugulose, uneven but smooth,
zoneless, concolorous throughout; pores at first small, round,
then sinuate, contorted labyrinthine, the edge obtuse; perennial.

On oak, not common. Our specimens are small, not
exceeding 1% inches. The pores are not yet fully developed,
but seem sufficiently characteristic. The context is soft sube-
rose like the finest cork. N. A. F. 315.

6. Da&paLEa AmBIGUA Lerkeley.

Pileus suberose, thick, convex, azonate, dealbate, glabrous;
hymenium sub-alutaceous; pores small, sinuous, edge obtuse..

On maple trunks, not common; found in Missouri, just south
of the Iowa line and certainly to be found as part of our flora.
An elegant, fragrant species. Our specimens, about five
inches in diameter, very smooth and soft to the touch, white
above (dealbate—whzte-washed), below pale buff, or yellow.
Width five to seven inches; length about the same. Thick-
ness about one inch.

Vik PRAME'T ES:

Pores subrotund, obtuse, entire, frequently unequal in depth.
and not forming a heterogeneous stratum, but as if sunk in the
substance of the pileus; trama of the same substance as the
pileus. Lignatile fungi.

This genus merges on the one hand with Dedalea and on
the other side with Polyporus and Polystictus; from Dedalea:
it is distinguished by the shape of the pores; from the Poly—

Io NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

pores generally by the fact that in these the pores unite to form
a distinct horizontal stratum.

1. TRAMETES SERPENS /7es.

Fungus dry, closely adnate, at first erumpent, tuberculiform,
orbicular, then confluent, white with a determined pubescent
border; pores roundish and angulate, unequal, obtuse; spores
large 6X14.

Specimens referred to this species occur not infrequently on
elm logs, especially those dry and decorticate. The general
appearance is that of a Porza with very large pores. ‘The
general structure, however, is clearly that of Trametes, and
details correspond with the description. Specimens are from
one to two cm wide and from ten to fifty in length, at first
pure white, alutaceous with age. N. A. F. 1707.

2. 'TRAMETES SCUTELLATA Schweznitz.

Pileus pulvinate, narrow, zonate, yellowish-white, tomen-
tose, but at length laccate-glabrate, context thin, almost con-
colorous; hymenium concave, white; pores punctiform, dis-
sepiments wide, rigid.

Rare. Wehave only a single specimen about one inch each
way, pale yellowish-white, but within nearly pure white and
finely suberose. The pores are small and very unequal in
length. Same as 7. ofzens7s Berk.

3. TRAMETES PINI /72es.

Pileus suberose-lignose, very hard, ungulate pulvinate, con-
centrically sulcate, rough from rusty-fuscous becoming black,
within yellowish; pores large, roundish-oblong, yellowish or
reddish.

Found on the wood of coniferous trees in various parts of
the world. Pines in Iowa are very rare, found only in isolated
localities. One of these is ona small hill-top in Muscatine
county, and from this locality comes our solitary specimen of
the present species. N. A. F. 602.

4. TRAMETES PECKIT Aalchbrenner.

Pileus suberose, dimidiate sessile, sub-decurrent, hirsute,

SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. Teli

azonate, ferruginous-fuscous, at length faded, margin acute;
pores rather large, rotund-angulate, concolorous with the
pileus, becoming fuscous with age; context wood-colored.
Rather common; chiefly on stumps of Populus monilifera
and Acer saccharinum. Easily recognized by its seal-brown
covering of rather abundant harsh stiff hairs. The context in
well developed specimens is distinctly suberose within but
passes by imperceptible transitions into the matted hirsute
outer coat. In form our specimens are from crescentiform-
dimidiate to irregular, several inches long by an inch wide.

VIP PORTA,

Fungi, resupinate and indeterminately effused; tubules form-
ing a stratum distinct from the hymenophore but not separ-
able nor stratose; the pileus obsolescent, ceraceous, coriaceous
or membranaceous.

This genus has been erected simply for the reception of the
resupinate Polypores, and includes forms otherwise referable
to either of the succeeding genera.

t.. PorRIA XANTHOLOMA Schweitnitz.

Widely but definitely effused, very thin, the margin mem-
branaceous-fimbriate, rather wide, elegantly luteous, sterile;
pores with rather thick walls, somewhat sinuous, pallid, minute.

Not common, though spreading, when it does occur, as on
the underside of some leaning log, for many inches in the
form of long cream-colored ribbon-like patches. The pores
small, hardly visible to the naked eye, quite thick-walled,
forming but a single thin stratum with little or no subiculum
visible.

2. PortA SALMONICOLOR Lerkeley and Cooke.

Fructification entirely resupinate, arising from a thin white
mycelium; pores at first subcarneous, then elongate, nigrescent.
Such is the original brief description of a specimen sent by
Ravenel from South Carolina. It is said to form strata several
inches in extent. Our specimens are about eight cm long and

12 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN:

three wide. When fresh they were of a rich salmon color
which is still noticeable, though now obscured by darker
tints. The pores are quite even, medium sized, thin walled and
inclined to be oblique. First reported from charred surfaces,
and, strange to say, our specimens are from a similar habitat!

3. PorIA BARB#ZFORMIS Lerkeley and Cooke.

Fungus wholly resupinate, the margin thin, white; the
hymenium, fulvous; the pores small elongate with thin dissepi-
ments.

Reported first, it seems, from Alabama on stems of the
grape, but doubtless on many other sorts of wood and bark.
Dry specimens show the whole fungus fulvous, the margin
paler and distinctly hirsute, barbate, whence, doubtless, the
specific name. The last mentioned character is especially
noticeable in smaller colonies. Pores by no means the small-
est, irregular and uneven.

4. PORIA VAPORARIA F/77es.

Effused, innate, the white flocculent mycelium creeping in
the wood; pores large, angulate, whitish-pallid, crowded in a
firm, persistent stratum.

World-wide in distribution, this is the type of the genus and
the commonest of the species. Its habitat, rotting wood of
many sorts, in lumber piles, and even on heaps of rotting
leaves. According to Hartig, the great student of forestry,
timber and its diseases, the present species is very destructive
of fir and pine trees, invading them not through wounded
surfaces only, but even assailing the roots and rootlets in the
ground and spreading thence to all parts of the stem to its
ultimate entire destruction. The effect of the action of the
parasite on the wood of the tree is like that produced by
«« Dry rot” on seasoned timber, the wood is presently reduced
to powder. Less noticed here, owing to the almost universal
and lamentable ignorance of the American people on all sub-
jects pertaining to forestry.

Herbarium specimens are pale brown in color, the placente
of varying length, an inch (2 cm) or more in width. N. A. F.9.

SAPROPEY TIC UNG OF EASTERN LOW A: 1

5. Porta RUFA Schrader.

Fructification resupinate, effused, thin, adnate, smooth, de-
terminate sanguineous-rufous; pores small, thin, sharp.

Rare on rotten sap-wood of various sorts, distinct from all
here listed by its bright.red color. It adheres tightly to the
‘substratum and is developed from the center outwardly, the
formation of pores preceded by a thin reddish mycelial web
which has a definite border, but shows no tendency to become
reflexed. Pores in our specimens are pretty large and the
reference so far doubtful.

6. Portia vincta Berkeley.

Entirely resupinate, the center quite thick, the margin
almost free, thin, reddish above; pores very small, pallid; con-
text wood-colored.

A very delicate beautiful little species distinguished by its
small thin regular pores forming an even, uniform fruiting sur-
face, this girt with a narrow sterile band of white. Our speci-
mens are several centimetres in extent, but very thin. They
correspond exactly with N. A. F. 921.

4, PORIA OBDUCENS Persoon.

Fructification effused, forming a crust, innate, firm, white,
altogether formed from very small, crowded, equal, distinctly
stratose pores; older strata alutaceous-pallid; spores ellip-
soidal, minute and hyaline.

Not common. Found occasionally on old oak rails where
specimens may persist several years adding stratum after
stratum of minute pores, each layer completely concealing that
of the previous year asin Fomes ulmarius for example. The
pores are very short, about five strata make up 3 mm in
thickness, although this probably varies. Whole fungus
about 15-18 mm in diameter. N. A. F. 503.

8. Porta MOLLUSCA /A7zes.

Fructification effused, thin, soft, white with a byssine, radi-
ating-fibrillose border; pores developed from various centers,
small, thin, round, unequal, lacerate, fading.

14 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Rather common on rotten wood, especially Sa/zx; easily rec-
ognized by its byssine border and abundant soft (when fresh)
small roundish thin-walled pores. These tend to become by
virtue of position, oblique at length, their size and depth vari-
able.

Thickness 1-6 mm; width 1-6 cm; length 10-50 cm or
more. N. A. F. 1706.

IX POLYsitcTrUe

Pileus coriaceous, membranaceous, or fibrillose; pores
evolved successively from the center toward the margin, at
first superficial, punctiform, discrete, open, then more deeply
excavated, crowded, always vertically opposed to the substance
of the pileus. Trama formed from the hymenophore.

This genus is generally easily distinguished from the two
next following by the peculiar manner in which the tubules
take rise; with Zrametes (VII) it is closely related but is dis-
tinguished by the fact that in the latter the pores are unequal
in depth, and follow the direction of the structure of the hymen-
ophore. With all this the distinction is not always clear,
and species seem to be by authors rather arbitrarily assigned.

1. Potysticrus arcticus Aries.

Pileus coriaceous, thin, effuso-reflexed, villous, obsoletely
zonate, white; pores obtuse, entire, fuscous the edge pubes-
cent.

Reported by Saccardo from arctic America and Asia, but
certainly here although not common. Moreover the descrip-
tion applies to younger specimens only. With age the pores
become lengthened, lacerate, so that the whole hymenium
except the margin takes on the appearance of an /rfex. The
margin remains always polystictine and pubescent. On dead
standing trunk of Quercus.

2. PoLysTicTus HIRSUTUS //7es.

Pileus suberose-coriaceous, convexo-plane, rough with rigid

SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. 15

hairs, of one color, whitish, but zonate with concentric fur-
rows; pores round, obtuse, whitish or sub-fuscous.

A very widely distributed species and apparently quite vari-
able, on wood of all sorts, perhaps our most common Polypore.
The hirsuteness here is very soft not at all “ Prlis rigzdis,”
suggesting rather velvet, as if P. velwtinus, from which it is
said to be entirely distinct on account of obtuse margin and
pores. The pilei are dimidiate more or less imbricate, at first
thick, the pores luteous. With age the pileus becomes thinner
and the hymenium passes through sooty to pallid. Specimens
on limbs occasionally occur completely orbicular attached by
the apex. The color is some shade of brown becoming yel-
lowish and pallid. N. A. F. 311.

Ga POLVSTICTUS ZONATUS //77es-

Pileus suberose-coriaceous, convex, tuberculose and gibbous
behind, subzonate villous, opaque; margin becoming white;
pores minute, round or angulate, obtuse, whitish.

Resembling somewhat the last species but having much
larger pores. In habit this species resembles P. adustus; it is
often imbricate and sometimes wholly resupinate. The color
is pallid above, below at first white, at length slaty or bluish.
A very distinct and handsome fungus, not common.

4. PoLYSTICTUS VERSICOLOR (Linneus ) frites.

Pileus coriaceous, thin, rigid, applanate, depressed behind,
smooth, velvety, shining, marked by diversely colored zones;
pores minute, round, acute, lacerate,.white then pallescent-yel-
lowish.

This is another cosmopolitan species and is at the same time
subject to widest variation even in the same district. Our
typical form is thin, semi-circular in outline, lustrous-silky above
with concentric bands of various shades, among which blue-
black and brown predominate. In some cases the pilei are
flabelliform, cespitose, forming rosette-like tufts several inches
in diameter. Other specimens lack the darker tints entirely.
Again, old plants are collected which are hoary hirsute, quite

16 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

thick, reminding one of P. hzrsutus, except that the yellowish
pores have now become lengthened and lacerate.

Very common on stumps, half-buried roots, etc. Pileus
I~3 cmindiameter. N. A. F. 7, 919, 2509.

5. PoLysTIcTus CINNABARINUS ( Yacguin) Fries.

Pileus suberose convexo-plane, subzonate, rugulose, from
‘pubescent glabrate, cinnabar-red, fading, within floccose,
brighter; pores round, medium, bright cinnabarine.

This beautiful species is easily recognized among our native
forms by its brilliant coloration. Nothing else comes near to
it. P. sanguineus L. from farther south resembles it, but has
smaller pores and is substipitate. This species likewise has
been assigned now to the genus 7vametes, now to Polystzctus
and is in any comparison doubtful. The polystictine develop-
ment of pores is well shown. In cross-section the pileus is
very delicately zonate. Very common on soft woods. In
width the pileus reaches 4-8 cm; in length 4-12 cm. N. A.
Wf. 502.

6. PoLyYSTICTUS PERGAMENUS /Yies.

Pileus coriaceous-membranaceous, rigid, tomentose, concen-
trically sulcate, white; pores seriate, pallescent, produced at
length in the form of very thin dentate lamella.

Common on trunks of all sorts; generally abundant, imbri-
cate and effused; at first very scft, tomentose. Not sericeous
as in No. 4, becoming smooth and merely pruinose with age.
The hymenium at first richly violet or purple soon fades,
especially on exposure to strong light, and shows at last but
various shades of pallid brown with little to remind us of its
characteristic color. The pores stand in more or less evident
concentric series, show their porose character at the outset
only, soon become denticulate, then strangely sinuous-lamel-
late, and reflexed. In form the pilei are dimidiate, flabelli-
form, depressed behind and where not effused, scutate or
substipitate. 3-6 cmx4-8. N. A. F. 312, 1934.

7. PotysTicrus BIFORMIs //ofz.

Pilei imbricated, effused-reflexed, fibrous coriaceous, soft

SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. Ty.

villous, white, azonate at first smooth, then concentrically sul-
cate; margin entire, acute; pores quite large, pallid, acute then
lacerate-dentate.

Specimens doubtfully here referred are obsoletely zonate at
first, are inclined to be scutate-attached, are less fibrous than
is to be expected. Our form may prove to be a Trametes.
Entered provisionally.

8. PoLySTICTUS CONCHIFER Schweznzitz.

Small, thin, spongy-coriaceous, white; pileus conchiform,
very smooth, shining; pores medium, dentate.

This is a very curious, very variable but very common little
species. Immediately recognized by its shape which recalls
that of a Peziza mounted on a short base-like pedicel.
Smaller specimens are crucible-like and remind one of the
little cups of Crucibulum. larger specimens (2 cm) are more
or less whorled or helicoid, or spirally imbricate from a com-
mon central base, shading off toward forms of P. verszcolor.
In color alutaceous, pallid or white, always marked by several
handsome, concentric, fuscous zones. The hymenium is yel-
lowish; pores large with thin dissepiments.

Very common on dead branches of U//mus americana, but
perishing after the twig falls to the ground. P. wrgineus, of
the same author, is here included. Pileus 1-2 cm. N.A.F.
1303.

Xe EO NESS:

Pileus from the outset woody-indurate (rarely soft), with a
floccose interwoven context, covered by a rigid crust, azonate
but at length concentrically sulcate, perennial, producing suc-
cessively new strata; reviving in every case by the activity of
the stratum latest formed.

I. Fomes RENIFoRMIS Morgan.

Pileus sessile or substipitate, reniform or dimidiate, ascend-
ing, concave above and convex below, concentrically sulcate
and subzonate; the margin thin and acute. Pores minute,
ferruginous, the mouth whitish.

8 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Rarely collected, probably because it is overlooked as being
no more than P. applanatus with which it has a general
resemblance. The cuticle is similar but more deeply colored,
the context is the same in structure but softer, the pores are
identical in size, length, coloration. The difference lies prin-
cipally in the mode of stratification. Both are stratose, the
present species rarely and then only by an innovation of the
hymenophore, so that the successive strata are separated
even by the crust that is so characteristic of the genus.

2. Fomes r1imosus Lerkeley.

Pileus woody, very hard, pulvinate-ungulate from annual
strata, at length rimose, sub-umbrine, deeply sulcate, the
growth of the year velutine-pruinate, cinnamon; context very
hard, fibrous; pores very long, thin, fulvous-ferruginous with
the mouth indistinct, darker.

Not common. Easily recognized by its checked and deeply
sulcate surface, which, when weathered looks dead and black.
Found mostly on oak, about 6-8 cm in width and half as thick,
indistinctly stratose, the annual increment marked rather by
the deep concentric furrows. A fungus of wide range, from

Australia to Iowa.

3. Fomes 1Gniarius (Liuneus) Fries.

Pileus at first tuberculose-globose with a thin light cover-
ing, appressed-flocculose, canescent, then ungulate, blackening;
the margin rounded; the context zonate, ferruginous; pores
very small, convex, stratose, cinnamon, at maturity white-
stuffed, at first canescent.

Somewhat like the preceding in outward appearance, check-
ing and cracking with age, but much more slowly developed;
the pores comparatively short, about four mm and much more
deeply colored, dark cinnamon brown, /. rzmosus having a
rhubarb tint.1. The white-stuffed pores almost all continuous
from year to year is another distinguishing character. Very
common on various trees, especially on oak, where it forms
hard discoidal excrescences, often quite symmetrical. This

1 This species is also a Mucronoporus; see note under Polyporus gilvus.

SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASEPERN IOWA. 19

species is also one classed by Hartig among those specially
destructive as parasites on timber trees, and it appears that
fungi flourishing on a tree readily infect trees of entirely dif-
ferent species. Hartig, Lehrbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, p.
3. N.cA. Fo 915:

4. Fomes FOMENTARIUS (Linueus) Fries.

Pileus ungulate-pulvinate, thick, glabrous, remotely concen-
trically sulcate, from sooty canescent, within soft floccose
fulvous; the crust thick, hard and persistent; margin and
pores prolonged, the latter minute, distinctly stratose, at first
glaucous-pruinose, then rusty.

This is the type of the genus. The soft context seems
from time immemorial to have been used as touchwood, Latin
fomes, punk or spunk. Comparison of the last word with
the word sponge or even fungus is also interesting. The
specific name of the species preceding likewise contains an
allusion to the earlier use of such fungi for the development
or preservation of fire. The present species is not only the
type but is also the most elegant of the series. The smooth
surface, the pale ashen hymenium and the even regular pores
all combine to make a very handsome fungus. Said to
flourish best on species of Fagus. As beeches do not occur
in Iowa we must be content with the smaller more cylindric
form that affects the birch. In fact our specimens are all
from a single species of the latter tree, Betula papyracea,
occurring in our north-eastern counties only. N. A. F. r1o2.

5. Fomes appLanatus (Persoon) Waltroth.

Pileus dimidiate, flat, somewhat thickened behind, nodose,
indistinctly zonate and sulcate, glabrate or pulvinate, at first
brown then gray or ashen with a rigid but fragile crust; con-
text soft, flocculose; margin tumid; pores very small ferrugin-
ous the mouths whitish, brown when rubbed.

Everywhere common on trees of all sorts, extending some-
times half a meter in width and one third of a meter in length.
In protected situations the sporocarp continues growing many
years, adding stratum after stratum each immediately on the

20 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

preceding although sometimes showing traces of an interven-
ing hymenophore as in No. 1. The context is brilliantly
ferruginous, radiate in all directions with exceedingly hard,
black, corneous fibres in substance similar to the crust. The
lower surface is usually white, pruinose, sometimes sulphur-
yellow. IN> A Fasoar

6. FoMES ULMARIUS //7ies.

Pileus expanded, sessile, thick, lignose-suberose, very hard,
white the first year, later blackish with a yellowish rim, within
whitish, pores small, even, stratose, yellowish.

This species seems to be confined to species of U//mus; here
on U. americana only, forming singular discoid lumps, more
or less irregular, in outline. There is no internal evidence of
stratification, the pores seemingly continuous from the first,
but on the outside are deep sulcations each bounded by the
thin reflexed outer edge of a year’s increment. The growth
is apparently very slow. Specimens showing eleven such
sulcations are no more than three cm thick. The pores at
first whitish become with time brownish or rusty. It seems
probable that /. fraxinophilus Pk. is the same thing.

7. Fomes concLospatus Lerkeley.

Pilei suberose, erumpent, closely imbricate, forming a globose
mass, arcuate, rugose, fusco-purplish the margin pallid, some-
what laccate behind; the hymenium brownish; the pores
punctiform with obtuse dissepiments. ;

A very peculiar species, not common, forming obconical
nodose masses on the sides of standing trees, which in series
sometimes spread for several meters. The narrow deflexed
pileoli spring from a well developed central core or trunk, are
very numerous and become obsolescent below. At first
purple with pallid margin and ashen hymenium, the pileoli
wih age become blackish without, ferruginous, concolorous
with the trunk beneath, and lose many of their peculiar
external characteristics. Diameter 4-6 cm.

SARPROPHY TIC FUNGI OF HASTERN LOW A. 21

8.. Fomes Lucipus (Leys) fries.

Pileus from suberose lignose, flabelliform, sulcate-rugose
and with a lateral stipe, laccate as is the stipe, shining, at first
yellow then sanguineous-chestnut; pores determinate, long,
minute, from white becoming cinnamon.

Widely distributed from the tropics to the arctic circle.
Common with us, but exceedingly variable. Stipitate forms
occur, but the specimens usually brought in are dimidiate,
merismoid, irregular, distorted. The polished surface is always
characteristic, the color from red to jet black. The context
is pale, coarsely floccose and zonate. ‘The size is also variable.
Stipitate forms are 4-8 cm in diameter with a stipe some-
times 12 cm. Habitat, the ground about the base of stumps
especially in low, marshy ground. The stipe is sometimes

central. > NY ALF. 5.

i PORN POR WS. Mickel:.

Pileus fleshy, soft then indurate (sometimes caseo-floccose,
fragile), free from zones and furrows without, but having the
context fibrose-radiate and often zonate. The hymenophore
descends as a trama between the pores which are accordingly
inseparable from the context as from each other. Neverthe-
less the pores form a very distinct stratum, are developed
from the outset as round tubes, becoming later angulate and
lacerate.

A, Pilet sessile, dimidiate; lenatile.

: ores when fresh concolorous . . 2, 3, 12, 13, 14-

a. Context white, bis z J Nore a oleae
| pores when fresh not concolorous, . . . 4,5, 0.

‘ allid. ee ee .

b. Context not white, \? ae a Nes
| shades of brown or yellow, . . . 9, 10,75.

I. PoLYPORUS RESINOSUS (Schrader ) Fries.

Pileus from fleshy suberose, flocculose-pruinate, rusty-fus-
cous, the cuticle adnate, rigid, wrinkled, resinaceous; within
azonate, pallid; pores minute, equal, pallid.

A common species, found everywhere on fallen trunks of
Zilia americana especially in moist shades, nearly always

22 NATURAL HISTORY BULLEERIN:

imbricate, reaching 15 cm in diameter, soft, watery when
growing, pure white beneath, with smoky tints where bruised,
rich brown, variously-shaded, above. When mature the
whole structure becomes dry and brittle, the upper surface
wrinkled, the context smoky, pallid, wood colored, the
hymenium dull. Said to exude at first drops of a resinous
consistency, whence the specific name. N. A. F. 406.

2. PoLyPORUS PUBESCENS (Schumacher ) Fries.

Pileus from fleshy-tough, suberose, soft, convex, sub-zonate,
pubescent, white throughout; margin acute, at length yellow-
ish; pores short, small, nearly round, even.

Rare. Our specimens belong to the variety grayz Ellis
and Everhart. ‘The variety differs from the above description
chiefly in that the pores are elongate and the pileus propor-
tionately thin. When dry the whole fungus takes on a
yellowish, lutescent tint, and the thin margin becoming
retracted has the appearance of being very obtuse; very
fragile. In form the pilei are flabellate or dimidiate or
irregular; usually about 2—3 cm long and of indefinite width,
effused or extended. When fresh and white rather elegant
and showy. On dead birch. N. A. F. 1933.

3. Potyporus ostusus Berkeley.

Pileus thin, puivinate, fleshy, spongy, soft, tomentose, white;
the margin obtuse; the pores wide, unequal, irregular, sub-
gyrose, brown when dry.

Such is Berkeley’s brief description of one of our most
interesting species. Perhaps no one at first sight would con-
sider a specimen as a Polyporus at all; it looks more like a
Dedalea perhaps. The pores are very large, irregular,
almost labyrinthine, and very long,as muchas 2cm. Further-
more the hymenophore descends as a trama between the
pores in such fashion as to suggest 77ametes, and the context
is delicately zonate. In form the pileus is dimidiate, thick,
the margin incurved, obtuse, at first almost white and shaggy
tomentose above, at length glabrate and yellowish through-

SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. 29

out, when growing soft, when dry suberose. In size from
4-6 cm long by 8-12 wide. Habitat oak trees, especially
standing trunks of young bur-oaks that have been killed by
fire, in which case the pileus almost surrounds the trunk.

4. Potyporus GaLacrinus Lerkeley.

Pileus dimidiate or reniform, fleshy, uneven, strigose-tomen-
tose, whitish, within zonate-fibrous, effused behind; the hymen-
ium explanate or slightly concave; the margin thin; the pores
small, scarce visible to the naked eye, silky-whitish; dissepi-
ments very thin.

On rotting logs, usually near the ground, not common.
At first white and soft, but drying very hard and tough,
the margin incurving. The pores are very small and when
dry have a peculiar flesh-tint not observed elsewhere. Our
specimens are obscurely marked by numerous concentric
furrows. Sometimes resupinate.

5. -PoLyporus picHrous Fyzes.

Pileus fleshy soft, thin, effused, reflexed, smooth, silky,
white; the margin concolorous, straight; pores short, small,
round, fuscous-cinnamon, obtuse.

A small, rather delicate species. Our specimens belong to
the variety zzgro-purpurascens Schw., the pores when fresh
dark purplish, only towards the margin brownish. Usually
about 1 cm long but extending and effused for a much greater
distance. Sometimes flabelliform and as if cespitose.

6. PoLyPoRuS ADUSTUS ( Willdenow) Fries.

Pileus fleshy, soft, thin, villous, ashy-pallid, effused-reflexed
behind; margin straight, blackening; pores small, short, round,
obtuse, from whitish-pruinose presently ashy-fuscous, the
marginal obsolete. .

Very common especially on fallen stems of species of Pop-
wus. Our specimens are not villous, unless when young,
generally soft velvety or pulverulent. Easily recognized by its
habit, widely effused or resupinate, and by the peculiar slaty
color of the hymenium. Very near the next species in some

24 NATURAL HISTORY- BULLETIN.

particulars but much thinner,smaller and more widely effused.
No AGE: 6:

7. Polyporus FuMmosus (Persoon) Frves.

Pileus fleshy, corky, azonate, sericeous becoming glabrate,
sooty-pallid, dilate-adnate behind, within fibrose, sub-zonate;
pores small, short, round, entire, whitish-smoky, becoming
darker if rubbed.

Much like No. 5 incolor and general shape, but thick, corky,
pallid, showing sooty or smoky tints chiefly where bruised or
rubbed.

8. PoLyPporRuS FRAGRANS Peck.

Pileus fleshy, tough, effuso-reflexed imbricate, 2%-5 cm
long 5-10 cm wide, rather thin, but sometimes thickened at
the base, velvety to the touch, clothed with minute innate
tomentum; margin thin, sometimes sterile; context sub-fibrous,
zonate; pores minute, unequal, angulate, the dissepiments thin,
acute, dentate or lacerate, whitish, duller with age and darker
when bruised.

Very near the preceding, but distinguished by its larger
and especially unequal denticulate pores. When fresh the
pleasing odor is characteristic. Rare.

9. Potyporus citvus Schweinitz.

Pileus corky, woody, dimidiate-sessile or effused behind,
yellow-ferruginous, azonate, rough, uneven, the margin tomen-
tose, acute; pores very small, crowded, entire, brownish,
changeable; context yellow-ferruginous.

Very common, chiefly on oak, and very variable. Some-
times thin, effused, almost resupinate, it anon assumes dimidi-
ate, imbricate form extending up and down a limb bracket-
fashion, for several inches. The pilei are sometimes thin, the
margin abruptly deflexed, and then again are thick, almost
triangular in section, sometimes rough and sometimes smooth
and sometimes obscurely zonate. Withal persists the peculiar
pale yellowish-ferruginous context which is not like the color
of anything else in this parish.

SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. 25,

This is the type of a new genus proposed by Mr. Ellis,
Fournal of Mycology, Vol. V, p. 28, Mucronoporus, a genus
founded to contain those species of Polyporus in which the
tubules are lined with projecting spinules. This genus is no
doubt as well founded as is /Vymenochete, which is in a sim-
ilar way separate from S/eveum; but as the intent is here to
distinguish forms if possible by external characters, it was
thought best to leave species of JZucronoporus in their usual
place with this recognition, especially as we have but one or
Eworsuch species: IN. A. BF. 370.

10. PoLyporus RUTILANS (Persoon) Fries.

Pileus fleshy-tough, thin, at first villous then glabrate
azonate, from fulvous-cinnamon fading, within concolorous;
pores short, small, thin, equal, cinnamon.

Not common; on oak limbs occasionally a solitary specimen,
pale cinnamon throughout, at first slightly pubescent then
pulverulent. The pores are remarkably even and regular,
angulate, the whole hymenium with a Trametes look; the
margin blunt; about 3x5 cm in extent.

11. PoLtyporus pryopuiLus Berkeley.

Pileus thick, rigid, ungulate-scabrous, corky within, ferru--
ginous-yellow; the context cinnamon; pores small, angular,
brownish-fuscous, the mouth at first whitish, pruinose.

A large and rather handsome species, not common, on
species of oak. Easily recognized by its rich brown color
long tubules with whitish mouths. Specimens are 6-8 cm
long and 10-15 wide, 3-5 thick, often imbricated.

12. PoLYPORUS CHIONEUS /7zes.

Pileus white, fleshy, soft, smooth, glabrate, azonate, fre-
quently extended behind; the margin incurved; pores short,
slender, round, equal, very entire.

Collected on willow, rare, The pilei are dimidiate, decur-
rent behind with the pores. The texture when dry is soft,
fragile, the color dull whitish. When wet the whole fungus.
becomes hyaline. in diameter about 2 cm.

26 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

13. Potyporus EPILEUCUS /Yves.

Pileus dimidiate, semi-circular, concave below, at first
cheesy-soft, later firm, but not fibrous within, shaggy-rough,
whitish, subzonate; pores small, round, entire, whitish.

Not uncommon on birch and willow, not likely to be mis-
taken for any other species; when fresh soft, rather echinate
above, when dry very hard and heavy like dry putty.

14. PoLyPORUS TEPHRILEUCUS /77es.

Pileus fleshy-cheesy, triquetrous, obtuse, villous, unequal,
grey, within white, zonate; pores round, elongate, obtuse,
entire, white.

Distinguished by its rough, grey, upper surface and its
snow-white hymenium and context. The pores are longer
than in any other of our white-pored species, one cm at the
maximum. Not uncommon on rotten logs in marshy places,
where it sometimes extends many centimeters.

15. Potyporus ENDocRocINUS Lerkeley.

Pileus thick, fleshy-fibrous, rough-bristly brown, the con-
text rich yellow; stipe short or none; hymenium golden brown,
the pores medium sized thin and lacerate.

This is our most gaudy, showy Polypore. When fresh and
growing the surface is richly tinted in various shades of red-
dish brown and yellow, the hymenium also shaded from
yellow to brown. Specimens attain 12 cm in length and an
equal breadth and are 6 cmthick. The whole mass is spongy,
watery, shrinks one-half in drying when also the colors
change. In dry sections the context is suffused with red, the
tubules darken and there are indistinct zonations. ‘There is
no stipe; the form is ungulate-dimidiate. On old oak logs,
not very uncommon.

B. Prilei imbricate, developed from one side of a common
amor phic tubercle; at first soft cheesy, then dry and fragile.

16. Potyporus CINCINNATUS Morgan.
Consisting of numerous cespitose-connate, imbricate, more
or less stipitate pileoli. Pileoli very broad, reniform, undulate

SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. 27

and rugose, nearly glabrous, reddish yellow, subzonate towards
the margin; pores minute, angular, milky-white. Spores
4X5.

Not uncommon in damp woods, growing on the ground at
the base of some stump or decaying tree. The tufts are
sometimes very large 12 cm high, 12~—20 or more in extent.
The pileoli are flabelliform, very fragile, thin becoming grey
or tawny when dry; pores very small.

17. Potyporus sutpHuREus (Bullard) Fries.

Cespitose, multiple, moist cheesy; pileoli very wide, imbri-
cate, undulate, smoothish yellow wlth a tinge of red; pores
small, plane, sulphur-yeliow; spores ovoid, papillate 7X5.

Very common and. very variable on rotten logs of all sorts,
generally yellowish or pale, but sometimes with quite bright
red stains above, below always when mature bright yellow.
When old the colors all disappear the lower surface becoming
brown. Much the same in texture and size as the preceding,
but easily known by its color, undulate margin and larger thin
walled pores. ‘This species also has a bad reputation in the
forest. While not exactly a parasite it can yet destroy living
tissues on occasion, and once having found access through
some wound or break soon brings a living tree to naught.

INRA F907

18. PoLyPporus pbistortTus Schweinitz.

Pilei confluent, distorted, ear-shaped, cervine, everywhere
covered with the soft, minute, white or pallid pores.

Specimens here referred are shapeless; simply irregular
masses of fungal tissue where lobes and knots and tubercles
are covered by a porose hymenophore. Larger masses appear
stratose while smaller give indications of being made up of
many concrescent imbricate pileoli. The pores at first whitish
soon become cervine or brownish, at length also dentate or
lacerate.

On and in the ground at the bases of stumps, dead apple-
trees etc.; not common.

28 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

19. PoLYPORUS FRONDOSUS Fries.

Very much branched, fleshy, somewhat tough; the pileoli
very numerous, dimidiate, extended, at length spatulate, yel-
lowish fuscous; stipes all united into a very short trunk; pores
firm, whitish.

This is the fungus distributed N. A. F. 2103; found here not
rare every autumn from year to year. The pileoli form unit-
edly a frondose mass, conic in outline, quite symmetrical seated
upon the ground, slightly rooting. The prevailing color
above is some shade of gray or slate, below white where the
rather large pores run down the multifid branching stipes.
The ultimate pileoli 1-2 cm wide, the entire fructification
sometimes as much as 30 cm in diameter.

C. Pilei stipitate, the stipe central or lateral.
a. Stipe entire or at the base, black.
20. Potyporus ELEGANS (Bulliard) Fries.

Pileus fleshy but soon hardened, becoming woody, explanate,.
smooth; the stipe eccentric or lateral, glabrate, pallid, becom-
ing abruptly biack below, rooting; pores small roundish even,
white becoming yellowish.

Very handsome, but not common on trunks of various
species. Recognizable by its abruptly black foot, thick mar-
gin, non-decurrent pores and flat or only slightly depressed
disk. Probably, however, in all these species when the stipe
is very eccentric, there is a tendency to decurrent pores. N.
Ah 2363)

21. PoLYPORUS VARIUS /77es.

Pileus variously formed, of tough fleshy consistency soon
becoming woody, then glabrous, feebly virgate; stipe eccentric
or lateral or obsolete, smooth, becoming gradually black at
base; pores decurrent small, round, unequal, at first whitish
then brownish.

Not very common. Our specimens offer two types, that
which is perhaps normal, has the margin irregular, lobate or

SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. 29

crenate, the stipe very short; the other seems to be more like
the variety ‘¢wbeformis, the stipe is longer, the pileus thin
especially at the margin and infundibuliform. Very handsome
little fungi requiring further investigation.

22.' PoLYPORUS PICIPES, /7es.

Pileus from fleshy, becoming rigid, thin, glabrous, smooth;
depressed behind; stipe eccentric or lateral, firm, at first velu-
tine, then nude, punctate, black to meet the decurrent pores;
pores round, thin, small, white then yellowish or gilvous.

Rather’common much larger than the preceding, reaching
ro cm, generally imbricate or two or three together. Young
specimens chestnut-brown above, changeable velvety below,
the pores on the lower surface of the stipe decurrent, the
upper surface black and minutely punctate. With age the
-margin becomes pale, the depressed disk black. N.A.F. 705.

23. PoLtyporus squamosus (f/udson) Fries.

Pileus tough-fleshy, flabelliform, ochraceous, variegated with
broad, appressed, spot-like scales; stipe eccentric or lateral,
thick, reticulate above black at base; pores thin, at first small,
then ample, lacerate, pallid; spores 5 x12.

Our single specimen is from the western part of the state
where the species is said to be not rare. The pores are at
maturity very large, larger than in any other species in this
section.

24. POLYPORUS RADICATUS Schweznitz.

Solitary; pileus pulvinate, applanate, the margin inflexed,
umbilicate, pale, sooty, sub-tomentose; stipe arising from a
long, fusiform, corky root, cylindric, dilate into the obconic
hymenium; pores short, regular, rather large, obtuse.

Rare; on the ground in woods in autumn (September).
In making the original description a small plant was used “3—
4 cm wide, 3-5 cm high.” Our specimens are about eight
times as large. A small one has not yet been found here, so
that this species is recognizable among our black-footed forms,
simply by its great size. The context white, soft corky.

30 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

b. Stipe at base not black.
25. Potyporus ARcuLARIUS (Batsch) Fries.

Pileus coriaceous, tough, convex, sub-umbilicate, azonate,
brown scaly at first, then glabrous, vellowish the margin
strigose; stipe short, slightly squamulose, brownish; pores.
oblong, thin, entire whitish, pretty large; spores 3x8.

Lignatile, not rare in early summer in wooded regions, easy
to recognize by the depressed pileus, thin context and large
rhomboidal pores at first whitish then on drying yellowish.

26. PoLyporRus CUPULIFORMIS Berkeley and Cooke.

Pileus cupuliform, at length reflexed, rufous, tomentose;
stipe very short; pores very small concolorous.

Found at Decorah. Mr. Holway. A very peculiar form,
only about 2 mm in width, ona stalk no longer, dull brown
in color, said to whiten with age. On bark of Carpzinus”
anvericanus.

27. PoLyporus BRUMALIS (Persoon) Fries.

Pileus from fleshy-tough becoming coriaceous, subumbili-
cate, azonate, sooty, villous, thin, squamulose then glabrate,
fading; stipe thin, hirsute, squamulose; pores oblong, angu-
late, thin, acute, denticulate, white; spores 2x6.

Rather common about stumps in pasture fields. At first
peculiarly dark brown, villous, then fading it becomes almost
glabrate. The small even pores meanwhile change from
white to yellowish. Diameter 2-5cm. Height2cm. N. A.
F..914.

28. PoLyporus SUBSERICEUS Peck.

~ Pileus coriaceous, sub-umbilicate silky-shining with soft
appressed ferruginous radiating fibers; stipe slender concolor-
ous, tomentose; pores small, concolorous, angular.

On the ground in the woods. Specimens from the same
locality vary so much in size, habit, as of growing together,
color, size of pores, that we have been unable to separate this
from P. parvulus Klotsch.

[TO BE CONTINUED.]

ON THE LARVZ OF LUCIDOTA, SINOXYLON AND
SPERMOPHAGUS.

By H. F. WICKHAM.

In offering descriptions of the hitherto unknown or unde-
scribed larve of three species belonging to the above genera,
it is intended to add something to the scanty knowledge of the
transformations of American Coleoptera; the difficulty, often
amounting to a practical impossibility, of rearing larve of this
order, has had the effect of discouraging many would-be
breeders of Coleoptera after the first attempt. It is perfectly
evident that a distinct benefit to science must result from a
careful description with detailed drawings of such as come
under notice, since it is often only through an acquaintance
with the early stages that we are enabled positively to pro-
nounce upon the affinities of an insect. Hence the present
contribution is submitted to the entomological public.

Eucmora AGRA Fas. PLATE 1, Pies 1.

Color of living larva, whitish with a rosy tinge beneath,
intensified at the sides. Back with piceous-brown scutes, a
rosy longitudinal and curved lateral line on each segment
except the last two. The sides of the dorsum are also rosy.
Mouth parts brownish, prothorax maculate with brown be-
neath, meso- and metathorax with a brown triangular spot
between the coxe. Legs annulate with brownish and white.
The first to sixth abdominal segments each bear a subquadrate
brownish spot near the base beneath, the remainder are nearly
white below. Region of abdominal spiracles brownish.

Form somewhat elongate, flattened above. The length of
my specimen (not quite full grown) is 12 mm.

32 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Head small, covered by the thorax when at rest, but
extended when the insect is in motion.

Antenne four-jointed. the first three joints stout but gradu-
ally decreasing in thickness, the fourth very short and thick.
All are bristly.

Mandibles rather slender. very sharp, curved, the inside
with a double tooth beyond the middle. Near the base they
are rather densely bristled internally and appear to be perforate
through the entire length as shown in the figure.

Maxillz with a very large basal piece bearing internally a
bi-articulate appendage, the terminal joint of which is small.
The external portion is four-jointed, the first joint apparently
entirely membraneous, the second smaller, chitinized, the third
extremely short and thick, the fourth slender. These are all
more or less bristly.

Mentum bilobed, palpi very short, two-jointed. The sub-
mentum is elongate and bears two long bristles before the
middle.

Prothorax rounded in front, finely canaliculate at middle of
disk and slightly emarginate anteriorly. Disk uneven, rugose,
and with a large fovea on each side near the rounded posterior
angles. Margin reflexed all around.

Mesothorax broader than long, sides reflexed, angles round-
ed, disk vaguely canaliculate at middle, excavated and rough-
ened near the sides. Metathorax similar to mesothorax.

Abdomen of nine segments about equal in length, side
margins reflexed, disk elevated at middle, depressed and
roughened at sides. The eighth segment is luminiferous and
is more broadly white on the sides above than are the others.
The ninth is used as a prop-leg and is ordinarily bent nearly
at right angles to the others when the animal is in motion.

Legs rather short, coxe prominent, the suture between the
femur and trochanter distinct, tibize shorter than femur, claw
single. All the joints are bristly except the claw.

Several of these larva were found together under the bark
of a decaying oak log about the middle of April and were
kept (refusing animal food offered them) for about a month

ON THE LARVZ OF THREE COLEOPTERA. 23

before the first one pupated. They were luminous at times,
especially when disturbed or handled, but apparently only
after passing the last moult.

The larva mentioned, which pupated on the 14th of May,
produced the perfect insect on the rgth of the same month.
The pupa was six mm in length, measured in the curved
position habitual to it, and was distinctly luminous. The
prothoracic disk and the sides of the body were rosy, the mid-
dle of back, legs and tip of abdomen clear white.

SINOXYLON DECLIVE LeEc. PLATE 1, Fic. 2.

Color of larva (in spirits) nearly white, head dark chest-
nut.

Form robust, convex, broader and thicker in the thoracic
region, the abdomen slightly recurved.

Head small, somewhat inferior in position and _ partially
immersed in the thorax.

Antenne very short, four-jointed, the first joint very short,
thick and heavy, the second short and thick, the third rather
long and more slender, the fourth minute, tipped with two
bristles.

Mandibles thick, heavy and strong.

Maxilla with a large basal piece bearing an an oval inner
lobe thickly beset with fine bristles. Palpus three-jointed,
the two lower joints heavy, the terminal slender; the entire
organ is bristly except the last palpal joint.

Mentum short, bilobed, the sub-mentum transverse, with
rounded sides. Ligula narrow, broader at tip, palpi two-
jointed, the terminal joint slender, cylindrical, the basal almost
globular. All parts are hairy.

Prothorax broad, imperfectly chitinized, with numerous
irregular plications or rugosities, spiracle large, lateral in
position, between two ridges.

Meso- and metathorax shorter, soft, without spiracles.

Abdomen of nine segments, which are transversely plicate
making the matter of locating the divisions rather difficult.

34 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN,

The oval scutiform pieces on the sides are minutely hairy at
the broad end.

Spiracles in nine pairs, the first (and largest) placed in the
prothorax as described, the remainder in segments 1 to 8 of
the abdomen.

Legs moderate. the femora and tibiz about equal in length,
the former straight, with a few small bristles, the latter
curved, furnished with long hairs and a well-marked longitud-
inal ridge. Claws single, long and slender.

This larva resembles in some respects that of Dénapate
wright as figured by Dr. Horn in the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.
XIII. p. 1, pl. I. The antennz are very much alike in the
species as are also the maxillz so far as essential structure is
concerned. The cleft claw of the D¢napate larva has, how-
ever, no representation in our species.

The material studied was sent me by Dr. F. E. Blaisdell,
from Calaveras Co., California. The pupa, which accompan-
ied the larva, is yellowish white, 8 mm in length and broader
across the abdomen. The posterior legs are covered by the
wing-pads, except the extreme tips.

SPERMOPHAGUS ROBINL® ScH. PLATE 1, Fic. 3.

Color of larva white, head chestnut.

Form robust, convex, in life broader across the metathor-
acic region, the abdomen somewhat recurved. A dead spec-
imen is sack-like in form. Length curved 4 mm, extended,
7 mm.

Head very small, anterior margin emarginate, clypeus dis-
tinct, transverse, labrum sinuate and ciliate anteriorly; these
parts are exceedingly minute and the description is drawn from
a preparation in Canada balsam — the appearance is precisely
that shown in the figure and I have little doubt that they are
correctly homologized as above.

Antenne contained in cavities, three-jointed, the basal joint
larger, short and thick, the second smaller, third exceedingly
minute, visible only under high powers such*as are obtained

:

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Fic. 1. Lucidota atra Fabr., larva.
a. pupa, side view.
b. maxille and mentum of larva.
c. mandible.
d. antenna.

Fic 2. Sinoxylon declive Lec., larva.
a. pupa, side view.
b. pupa, tront view.
c. mandible of larva.
d. antenna.
e. mentum.
f. maxilla.
h. posterior leg.

Fic. 3. Spermophagus robinie Sch., larva.

a. mandible.
b. maxilla.
c. front margin of head showing antenne and labrum.

FEATE-T.

7
ds 4
»
f 5
.
:
«
+
.
«
>
*
/ -
4
.
-
we
~-
*
’
é
a
’ be
# '
,
A
' ‘

ON THE LARVA OF THREE COLEOPTERA. ae
by the use of a ¥% inch objective. The first two joints are
finely bristled.

Mandibles heavy, somewhat triangular in outline, the tip
thinner, striate, the middle portion (shaded in the figure)
thicker than the remainder and more perfectly chitinized.

Maxillz with a large basal piece bearing an inner bristled
lobe and a two-jointed palpus, of which the first joint is
remarkably short and thick, the second rather slender, bristled
at tip. I have shaded the more perfectly chitinized portions.

Prothorax a simple ring of soft consistence and without
special marks.

Meso- and metathorax larger but of practically the same
structure.

Abdomen soft, nine-jointed, the segments gradually smaller
to tip, the spiracles lateral, nearer the anterior than the pos-
terior margins.

Legs tuberculiform.

These larve were. taken in October from the seeds of
Honey-locust. They were so badly infested by a little
Hymenopterous parasite (C@nophanes spermophagt Ashm.
MS.) that I could use but very few for study. Each larva
that was attacked contained four or five grubs of this parasite
which spun up in fine white cocoons before transforming. A
lot of little naked black pupz found in cells with fragments of
Spermophagus larve produced four-winged flies ( //o/copelte
popenoet Ashm.) which Mr. Ashmead considers secondary
parasites. They probably prey on Cenophanes.

The figure of this larva is a mere sketch from an old out-
line of mine and while representing the general shape very
well has never had the details filled in because of the unex-
pected death from parasitism of my only good specimen.

SUPPLEMENT TO THE ‘“‘ LIST OF THE COLEOPTERA OF
IOWA CITY AND VICINITY.”

By H. F. WICKHAM.

In the year 1888 the first list of the beetles of this vicinity
was published in Zhe Bulletin and all the species then known
to occur here were recorded—871 in number, if we include
ten “catalogue varieties.” The pressure of duties since that
time, most felt during the best portion of the collecting sea-
son, has combined with the absence from home every sum-
mer, to prevent any but desultory and unsystematic attempts
to increase our knowledge of the local fauna. Such being
the case, the fact of the appended list of additions being no
longer is explained, and that it is not shorter is due in great
part to the aid in collecting given by Mr. B. Shimek and by
my wife, who has also gone to much trouble in the work of
preparation for the press.

The identifications are, for the most part, my own, though
many doubtful or more difficult species have been referred to
specialists in various families. In this way I have become
under obligations to Drs. Horn and Brendel, Capt. Casey,
and Messrs. Leng and Fauvel for aid. On the authority of
the last named gentleman, the European Aledius opacus
Block, is added to the list.

A few errors, which occur in the first list, are herein cor-
rected, thus reducing the number of species somewhat, but
the 258 additions now made raise the total to 1121 names for
the immediate neighborhood of Iowa City. Those marked
with an asterisk are new to the State List.

SUPPLEMENT LO) Ay List OR COLEOPTERA.

CICINDELID®.

Cicindela lepida Dej.
CARABID.®.
Carabus limbatus—Say.*
Elaphrus clairvillei—Kirby.*
Clivina impressifrons—Lec.*
Bembidium dorsale—Say.
Evarthrus sodalis—Lec.*
Pterostichus scrutator—Lec.
Diplochila laticollis—Lec.
¥ v. major—Lec.

lec

Platynus pusillus—Lec.

obtusa

nutans—Say.
placidus—Say.*
crenistriatus.—Lec.
Olisthopus micans—Lec.
Galerita atripes—Lec.*
Lebia scapularis—Dej.
Metabletus americanus—Dej.
Callida punctata—Lec.*
Pinacodera limbata—Dej.*
Cymindis americana—De].
Helluomorpha bicolor—Harr.*
Brachynus americanus—Lec.
perplexus—De}j.
conformis-—De}j.
Chlenius difinis—Chaud.*
prasinus—De}j.
tomentosus—Say.
Harpalus testaceus—Lec.*
Anisodactylus discoideus—Dej.
Hf YDROPHILID®.

Hydrochus excavatus—Lec.
Berosus pantherinus—Lec.
Philhydrus cinctus—Say.
Cercyon naviculare—Zimm.

SILPHID.®.

Necrophorus v. melsheimeri—Kby.*

Prionochxta opaca—Say.*
Ptomaphagus pusio—Lec.*
parasitus—Lec.
SCYDM £NID 2.
Scydmenus flavitarsis—Lec.*
rasus—Lec.*
Eumicrus motschulskii—Lec.*

37
PSELAPHID.®.

Adranes lecontei—Brend.
Ceophyllus monilis—Lec.
Ctenistes zimmermanni—Lec.*
Decarthron exsectum—Brend.
Verticinotus cornutus—Brend.
Batrisus frontalis—Lec.
globosus—Lec*
cephalotes—Casey.
Bryaxis divergens—Lec.
bicolor—Brend.
Euplectus confluens—Lec.*

STAPHYLINID.
Homalota festinans—Er.*
Oxypoda sagulata—Er.

Polylobus gratellus—Fauyel.*
Myrmobiota crassicornis—Casey.*

Myrmedonia calignosa—Casey.*
Dinopsis americana—Kraatz.*

Quedius capucinus—Gray.*
peregrinus—Grav.*
Staphylinus maculosus.—Gray.
mysticus—Er.*
Philonthus micans—Gray.*
quisquiliarius—Gyll.*
Actobius sobrinus—Er.*
Xantholinus hamatus—Say.
Stenus juno—Fabr.*
colonus—Er.*
egenus—Er.*
annularis—Er.*
Cryptobium y. latebricola—Nordm.
Lathrobium punctulatum—Lec.
armatum—Say.*
Scopus picipes—Casey.*
Stilicus dentatus—Say.*
Platymedon laticolle—Casey.*
Tachyporus maculipennis—-Lec.*
Conosoma crassum—Gravy.
~ scriptum—Horn.*
Boletobius instrusus—Horn.
cincticollis—Say.
Bledius semiferrugineus—Lec.
assimilis—Casey.*
opacus—Blk.*
Oxytelus placusinus—Lec.*

38 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Oxytelus suspectus—Casey.*
Trogophleus lepidus—Casey.*
Geodromicus cesus—Er.
Arpedium cribratum—Fauv.*
tenue—Lec.*
ScCAPHIDIIDZ.
Scaphidium y. piceum—Melsh.
Beocera apicalis—Lec.
Scaphisoma convexum—Say.
PHALACRID#.
Phalacrus politus—Melsh.*
Stilbus obscurus—Casey.*
CoRYLOPHID.

Corylophodes truncatus—-Lec.

CoccINELLID&.

Hippodamia glacialis—Fabr.
Coccinella oculata—Fabr.

Adalia bipunctata v. humeralis—Say

Hyperaspis pratensis—Lec.*
ENDOMYCHID®.
Symbiotes ulkei—Cr.*
EROTYLID.
Mycotretus sanguinipennis—Say.*
CoLyDIID®.
Colydium lineola—Say.*
Cucujip.
Silvanus bidentatus—Fabr.
Pediacus depressus—Hbst.*
MycETOPHAGID.

Litargus 6 punctatus—Say.

DERMESTID.

Dermestes vulpinus—Fabr.
Anthrenus scrophularie—Linn.
varius—Fabr.*

HIsTERID#.

Hister harrisii—Kirby.*
depurator—Say.*
americanus—Payk.*

Heterius brunnipennis—Rand.*

Paromalus equalis—Say.*

Saprinus pensylvanicus—Payk.

Saprinus conformis—Lec.
Acritus exiguus—Er.*
NITIDULIDZ.

Colastus semitectus—Say.*
truncatus—Rand.*

“Epurea helvola—Er.

erichsonii—Reitt.*
Nitidula ziczac—Say.*
Amphicrossus ciliatus—Oliv.*
Ips sanguinolentus—Oliv.*

TROGOSITID#.
Alindria cylindrica—Serv.*
Tenebrioides castanea—Melsh.
BYRRHID.

Limnichus punctatus—Lec.*
PARNID#.
Macronychus glabratus—Say.*
DASCYLLID#.

Eucinetus terminalis—Lec.*
Helodes fuscipennis—Guer.*

ELATERID.

Deltometopus ameenicornis—Say.
Dromeolus cylindricollis—Say.
Fornax orchesides—Newm.
Elater pedalis—Germ.*
obliquus—Say.
Agriotes pubescens—Melsh.
Limonius nimbatus—Say.*
Athous brightwelli—Kirby.
Corymbites tessellatus—Linn.*
rotundicollis—Say.

THROSCID.
Throscus validus—Lec.

BUPRESTID&.
Dicerca divaricata—Say.
Cinyra gracilipes—Melsh.*
Agrilus anxius—Gory.*

politus—Say.
LAMPYRID£.

Eros thoracicus—Rand.*
Plateros canaliculatus—Say.*
Podabrus basilaris—Say.

SUPPLEMENT TO A LIST OF COLEOPTERA. 39

MALACHIDA.
Attalus otiosus—Say.*
CLERID,
Clerus quadriguttatus—Oliv.
Hydnocera pallipennis—Say.
Orthopleura damicornis—Fabr.*
Necrobia rufipes—Fabr.*
PTINIDZ.
Ptinus fur—Linn.
Sitodrepa panicea—Linn.
Ptilinus ruficornis—Say.*
Sinoxylon basilare—Say.*
Dinoderus porcatus—Lec.*
punctatus—Say.

LUCANID.

Lucanus placidus—Say.
Dorcus parallelus—Say.
SCAR AB EID.
Ataenius strigatus—Say.
Aphodius ruricola—Melsh.
Odontzus cornigerus—Melsh.
Geotrupes semiopacus—Jek.*
Trox suberosus—Fabr.
scaber—Linn.
Dichelonycha subvittata-—Lec.*
Diplotaxis frondicola—Say.
Lachnosterna grandis—Smith.
marginalis—Lec.*
fraterna—Harr.*
Say.
Anomala binotata—Gyll.
Chalepus trachypygus—Burm.*
‘Trichius piger—Fabr.*

balia

CERAMBYCID#.

Phymatodes varius—Fabr.
Elaphidion incertum—Newm.*
Arhopalus fulminans—F abr.
‘Xylotrechus colonus—Fabr.
Neoclytus capraa—Say.
Typocerus badius—Newm.*
Leptostylus aculiferus—Say.
Liopus fascicularis—Harr.

cinereus—Lec.*
Lepturges facetus—Say.*
Hyperplatys maculatus—Hald.

Saperda cretata—Newm.
vestita—Say.
Oberea flavipes—Hald.*
CHRYSOMELID®.
Donacia v. torosa—Lec.*
flavipes—Kirby.*
Cryptocephalus quadruplex—New.
Bassareus y. luteipennis—Melsh.*
Pachybrachys othonus—Say.
Nodonota tristis—Oliv.
Blepharida rhois—Forst.*
Ill.*
Disonycha y. limbicollis—Lec.*
Say.*
abbreviata—Melsh.

Ilypolampis pilosa

crenicollis

Glyptina cerina—Lec.*
Longitarsus testaceus—Melsh.*
Psylliodes punctulata—Melsh.
Odontota rubra —- Web.
BRUCHID.
Bruchus obsoletus—Say.
TENEBRIONID.
Merinus levis—Oliy.*
Haplandrus femoratus—Lec.*
Tenebrio molitor—Linn.
Blapstinus interruptus—Say.*
Tribolium ferrugineum— Fabr.*
Uloma impressa—_Melsh.
mentalis--Horn.*
Paratenetus fuscus—Lec.
Hoplocephala viridipennis—Fabr.*
Platydema picilabrum—Lap & Br.*
Phylethus bifasciatus—Say.*
Meracantha contracta—Beauv.
Say.*

Strongylium tenuicolle
CISTELID®.
IHymenorus pilosus—Melsh.*

MELANDRYID.

Newm.*

Synchroa punctata
Hypulus 4 maculatus—Lec.
Eustrophus repandus—Horn.*
Hallomenus scapularis—_Melsh.*
Nothus varians—Lec.*

ANTHICID&.

Corphyra labiata—Say.

40 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Tomoderus interruptus—Laf.*
Anthicus cinctus—Say.t
fulvipes—Laf.*

PYROCHROID®.

Pyrochroa femoralis—Lec.

MELOIDS.

Epicauta lemniscata—Fabr.

OTIORHYNCHID#.

Hormorus undulatus—Uhler.*

CURCULIONID#.

Ithycerus noveboracensis—Forst.

Listronotus tuberosus—Lec.
appendiculatus—Boh.*

Macrops solutus—Boh.
indistinctus— Dietz.
delumbis—Gy]ll.
porcellus—Say.

Lixus concavus—Say.

Dorytomus mucidus—Say.

Otidocephalus chevrolati—Horn.
perforatus—Horn.°
Anthonomus sycophanta—Walsh.*
bolteri—Dietz.*
Conotrachelus posticatus—Boh.
Ceutorhynchus cyanipennis—Il1.*
Baris umbilicata—Lec.
confinis—Lec.*
Pseudobaris nigrina—Say.
Barilepton lineare—Lec.
BRENTHID2&.
Eupsalis minuta—Drury.
CALANDRID#.
Sphenophorus pertinax—Oliv.
sculptilis—Uhler.
melanocephalus—Fabr.
Calandra oryze—Linn.
SCOLYTID#.
Xyleborus pubescens—-Zimm.
Hylesinus opaculus—Lec.*

The following names should be erased from the original
List, having been inserted through erroneous determination:

CARABID®.

Dicelus dilatatus—Say.
Pterostichus sculptus—Lec.,
Lebia vittata—Fabr.
Callida decora—F abr.
Harpalus rufimanus—Lec.

HISTERIDA
Hister remotus—Lec.
TENEBRIONID.
Uloma punctulata—Lec.
CURCULIONID&.

Otidocephalus myrmex—lHbst.

NEW IOWA FUNGI.
JB HGS AND» Bs We D2 seIOmWeAW-

‘THE following new species of fungi are from Iowa, with two-
exceptions, which as noted in proper connection, come to us
from California.

CRYPTOSPHERIA JUGLANDINA Ellis & Holway.

Stroma effused, continuous or interrupted, extending for 2—4
cm, slightly raising the overlying epidermis which is also of
a lighter color than the surrounding parts; margin definite.
Perithecia numerous, ovate-globose 4-34 mm in diameter,
crowded in dense patches and covered by a thin continuous,
black stratum extending along just below the surface of the
inner bark which is of a dirty white color below this stratum,
but on the surface the color is unchanged. Ostiola obtuse,.
erumpent, mostly 4-6 together, piercing the epidermis but
scarcely rising above it. Asci clavate, long-stipitate, 110,
long, p. sp. about 60X10, 8-spored, obscurely paraphysate.
Sporidia irregularly crowded, allantoid, yellow-brown, con-.
tinuous, moderately curved, obtuse, 15-20 3%—4 Mun.

A horizontal section through any prominent part of the
stroma shows a black circumscribing line in the bark but there
isno black line penetrating the wood, though the surface of
the wood especially around the margin of the stroma is more
or less blackened. This comes near C. sepulta Nits, but
that species has smaller perithecia buried in the unaltered
substance -of the bark and rather longer sporidia.

On dead limbs of uglans cinerea, Decorah, Iowa, June,

1892.

42 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

VALSA (CALOSPORA) APATELA (araryioc) Ellis & FHolway.

Stroma cortical, orbicular, 2-3 mm, perithecia 6-10 subcir-
cinating %4-'% mm, their stout, rough, black conico-cylindric
subtruncate and imperfectly quadrisulcate ostiola, about—in
long diameter the perithecia, bursting through the bark ina
compact fascicle but scarcely rising above it. Asci oblong
fusoid or broad lanceolate, 75-80 x 14-16,. Paraphyses?
Sporidia irregularly crowded, fusoid, 4-nucleate, becoming
3-septate and slightly constricted at septa, hyaline ends rather
obtuse, 25-40 x 6-8, , mostly between 30 and 40, long.

The stroma though black outside seems to be composed
within of the scarcely altered substance of the bark. Cryftos-
pora carye Pk.

On dead hickory limb, Decorah Iowa, March, 1888.

‘CERCOSPORA (CERCOSPORELLA) PROLIFICANS Allis & Folway.

Amphigenous, but more abundant on the lower side of the
leaf. Hyphz densely fasciculate, short, 25-30 4,, continu-~
ous, hyaline; tufts effused forming subindefinite, suborbicular,
rufous-gray patches, 3-5 mm in diameter. Conidia clavate-
cylindrical, granular, hyaline, faintly 1-3-septate, 30-75 X 3—4u.

This is quite distinct from C. depazeordes Desm. which has
longer hyphe and is on definite dirty white spots.

On leaves of Sambucus glauca, San Bernardino, California,
August, 1893; S. S. Parish.

FUSICLADIUM PEUCEDANI Fllis &- Flolway.

Amphigenous, forming abundant, small, olive-black spots,
resembling the sori of Pwaccimza. Conidia oblong, slightly
narrower in the middle, ends obtusely rounded and the lower
end mostly a little narrower, olive-brown and minutely rough-
ened, terminal on olivaceous, continuous hyphe shorter than
the conidia.

On leaves of Peucedanum simplex, Modoc county, Cali-
fornia, June, 1894; Frank P. Nutting.

NEW IOWA FUNGI. 43

DraporTHE (EuporTHE) CorRNICOLA Ellis & Holway.

Perithecia scattered or 2~4 valsoid-aggregated, globose,
whitish or gray inside, %—34 mm in diameter, buried in the
inner bark, their bases slightly penetrating the wood and their
stout, short-cylindrical, perforated ostiola, piercing‘and slightly
raising the epidermis but hardly rising above it. Asci oblong-
fusoid, p. sp. 40-45 X 8u, 8-spored. Sporidia oblong, hyaline, 4—
nucleate, uniseptate and constricted, obtuse, 10-14 3%—4 Mp.

When the epidermis is peeled off the tips of the scattered
ostiola resemble small perithecia. There is no discoloration
of the bark or wood. ‘This is very different from 1). albocar-
nis &. and &. on the same host.

On the larger, dead limbs of Cornus paniculata, Decorah,
Iowa, June, 1892. :

METASPH4RIA CORYLINA,Fillis & Holway.

Perithecia gregarious, sunk in the bark, about 1% mm in
diameter, white inside, globose, raising the epidermis into
slight pustules which are pierced in the center by the papilli-
form, perforated ostiolum. Asci clavate-cylindrical, p. sp.
130-140 20,, with’a short stipe and abundant jointed, stout
pseudoparaphyses. Sporidia biseriate, oblong, subinequilat-
eral, hyaline 3-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, 25—
30 X 10-12, ends rounded and obtuse.

Allied to JZ. /evostega, but asci and sporidia larger.

On dead limbs of Corylus, Decorah, Iowa, May, 1892; E.
W. D. Holway.

DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN UREDINEA4, I.
By J. C. ARTHUR AND E. -W. D. HOLWAY.

Tue following descriptions and synonyms of species and
accompanying critical notes are based upon the distribution of
dried specimens by the authors, issued under the title, URE-
DINE ExsiccATAE ET Icones. This is intended to furnish a
convenient text for use in connection with the dried specimens
and illustrations, the latter being here reproduced, and it is in
no sense a monograph or revision. It is hoped that it will
also promote in other ways the study of this particularly inter-
esting group of plants.

The series, of which this is the first number, will be con-
tinued until, it is hoped, all or nearly all the species of rusts of
North America have been included. The present installment
includes only Lepto-uredinee.

The numbers refer both to the packets of exszccate@ and to
the illustrations, the drawings being made in all instances
directly from the material of the distribution.

1. URoMyYCEs RUDBECKLA Arth. d& Holw. (1884. Bull. Ia.
Agl. Coll., p. 184.) On Feudbeckia laciniata L., Decorah,
la., Holway. Plate I., Fig. 1.

Oric. Descr. “Sori on the under surface of the leaf, compact, confluent
into raised, mostly rounded, masses with a depressed center, naked,
light brown; encircling epidermis obscure; teleutospores elliptical
to pear-shaped, smooth, pale golden brown, 9-15" by 20-304; wall
thin; apex about 6 thick, narrowed into a broad obtuse point, or
more rarely rounded, or broadly conical; pedicel ratner broad, but
delicate, colorless, once to twice as long as the spore.”

ills., Burrill; Wis., Trelease; Neb., Bessey and Webber;
N. Dak. and Mont., Seymour.
Exsic. Ellis, NADP. 1430.

DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN UREDINE 2. 45

2. Puccinta circasas Pers. (1797. Disp. Meth., p. 39.)
2a. On Curcea lutetzana L., Decorah, Ia., Holway.
2b. On Crrcea alpina L., Ann Arbor, Mich., Arthur.
ORIG. DESCR. ‘P. Circa, cespitosa, globosa dilute badia,—clavulis ovato-
acuminatis. tab. III. fig. 4. [In fol. Circ. lutet.]”

Spots definite, purple or brown; sori of two kinds; those
formed early in the season, firm, round, pulvinate, at first yel-
lowish, then brownish; those formed later (particuiarly on
the stems and midribs) large, dark-brown, elongated. Spores
of both similar in form, but in the former pale yellowish, with
a thin membrane, germinating at once; in the latter, dark
brown, with a thick membrane, germinating only in the
spring. Spores oblong or fusiform, with thick, 4—6, conical
apices, slightly constricted, narrowed toward the pedicel; 10-15
by 23-40 ; pedicel hyaline 1 to 1% the length of the spore.
Plate-I., Pigs. 2a, 2b.

Burrill gives the length of the spores up to 66,, but we
find none over 40x, mostly 28-32.

Europe; N. Am. On Crrcea pacifica Asch. & Mag., Cal.
and Wash.

3. PUCCINIA LOBELIZ Ger. (1873. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat.
science, Vol. I.) p. 68:) On Lobelia, syphiitica L-
Decorah, Ia., Holway.

ORIG. DEscR. “Sori minute, scattered or confluent, tawny brown, spores
oblong-elliptical, slightly constricted at the septum, and easily
separating into two parts, pale, .oo13—.0016 in. long; pedicel short
or obsolete. Lower leaves of Lobelia syphilitica. Poughkeepsie.
Gerard.”

Sori small, scattered or irregularly and rather loosely clus-
tered, cinnamon brown; spores very deeply constricted, frag-
ile, segment equal, or the lower narrower, 15-18 by 30-40»;
pedicel very fragile, shorter than the spore.

Plate I., Fig. 3.

Exsien YN Ag F:-253°

INE Yo: Inds) -Wiiss, lai, Neb:

Syn: P. microsperma B. & C. (Grevillea 3, 55:)

46 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN:

4. Puccinia sitpui Schw. (1834. N. A. Fungi, p. 296.)
4a. On Silphium laciniatum L., Decorah, Ia., flolway.
4b. On Silphium perfoliatum L., Decorah, Ia., Holway.
4c. On stems of S7/phium perfoliatum L., Decorah, la.,
Flolway.

ORIG. DESCcR. “2929—25. P. Silphii, L. V. S., ex Carolina missa in foliis S.

trifoliati ab amico Denke.

P. maculis minoribus purpureis. Acervis crassis pulvinatis, con-
fluentibus aggregatis, nigris. Sporidiis compactis, concoloribus.”
Spots scabious, numerous, scattered, concave, with a raised
rim; sori prominent, wart-like, compact, dull grayish-brown;
spores irregular, oblong-clavate, apex much thickened, con-
spicuously and angularly pointed, firm, dark-colored, but not
thick-walled, smooth, contents granular, 12 by 30-40; pedicel
tinted, firm, about the length of the spore. On the stems the
sori are large, black and confluent. Plate I., Figs. 4a, 4b, 4c.

From the Atlantic west to Kansas.
Exsic. Ellis, N. A. F. 1033—1462. Carleton eame=

AAT. ATs

5. Puccinta concreGTA Ell. & Hark. (1884. Bull. Calif.
Acad., p. 26.) On Heuchera micrantha Cascade Gulch,
Marin'Co., Cak, W.*C. Blasdale.

ORIG. DEscR., from page 6, of reprint: Hypophyllous, but sta ning the
upper surface; sori densely clustered in the middle of a brown
spot, 4-6mm. in diameter, with a distinct subhyaline papilla at
apex, 13-15 by 38-45. Living leaves of Heuchera micrantha, Ber-
keley, Cal.”

Our specimens are not quite the typical form, judging from
this description and specimens in N. A. F. 1463, which have
the spots red, and the sori circinate on brown spots, and not
confluent. The spores, however, are identical.

Our description includes both forms.

Hypophyllous; spots small, gray or brown, sometimes large
and reddish; sori brown, scattered, or sometimes crowded
and confluent, or circinate in the middle of a brown spot;
spores yellowish brown, oblong, slightly constricted, striation
extremely faint, apex thickened and rounded, 16-20% by

DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN UREDINEE. AT

34-404; pedicel hyaline, fragile, 1 to 11%4 the length of the
spore. Plate I, Fig. 5. |
There is no sub-hyaline papilla as given in the original
description, but the apex is the same color as the spore.
Exsic. Ellis, N. A. F. 1463, on Heuchera cylindrica (Wash-
ington). Also reported to occur on A/itella nuda, Lake Nipi-
gon, Canada.

6. PuccrniA HEUCHERA (Schw.) JDrvet. (1891.) Ber. d.

deutsch bot. Ges. 9, p. 42.
6a. On Mitella diphylla L., Decorah, la., Holway.

6b. On Mitella nuda L., Syracuse, N. Y., Underwood.

Oric. Descr. “479-21. Heuchere Sz. U. orbicularis maculae lutes-

centi insidens, peridiis subconcentricis, densis nigro-spadiceis, pul-

vere nigro-fusco, Passim in foliis Heuchere americane et villo-

se. Peridia primum clausa, demum pulverem spargentia minuta.
Affinis U. anemones.” ;

Amphigenous. Spots small, distinct, reddish brown; sori
scattered, circular, prominent, on the petioles more or less
elongated and sometimes confluent, chestnut brown; spores
elliptical, constricted slightly at the septum, vertex much
thickened, rounded or prominently pointed, base mostly ob-
tusely rounded, epispore rather thin, perfectly smooth, ILO
by 24~36; pedicel nearly hyaline, very slender, once to twice
the length of the spore. Plate I., Figs. 6a, 6b.

Spores are often quite irregular in shape.

The authority for this name is the comparison by Wm. C.
Stevenson, Jr., of the specimens in N. A. F. 1049, on Zzarella
cordifolia 1. with the original specimens of Uredo heuchere@ in
Herb. Schw. See the label in N. A. F.

Syn: Uredo heuchere Schw. (1822. Syn. Fung. Car., p. 71.)

Puccinia tiarelle B. and C. (1874. Grevillea, 3, p. 53.)

Puccinia spreta Pk. (1878. 29th Rep., p. 67.)

Exsic. Sydow: Uredineen, 338. Ellis, N. A. F. 1049, 1464.

From the Eastern States west to Minn.

Reported on Ffeuchera americana, H. villosa, Mitella di-
phylia, AT. nuda, Tiarclla cordifolia.

48 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

7. Puccinia curTIPEsS Howe. (1874. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club.
5: p- 3. On Heuchera americana L., Madison, Wis.,
Trelease.

Oric. Descr. “1. , Puccinia curtipes, n. sp. Spots pallid or brownish;

sori scattered, more or less confluent, roundish or oblong, sur-

rounded by the broken epidermis. Spores light brown, elliptic-

apiculate, usually marked with delicate striae: Pedicels short or
wanting. Both sides of the leaves of Saxifraga. May, June.”

Mostly hypophyllous; spots pallid or none; sori brown.
scattered, more or less confluent; spores elliptical, pale brown,
with occasional spores much darker, strongly striated, slightly
constricted, apex with a small hyaline papilla, 16-20: by 28—
32u; pedicel hyaline, very fragile. Plate I., Fig. 7.

Very near Puccinia saxifrage Schlechtd., differing from
typical specimens in the more prominent striation of the
spores, which are mostly darker and shorter.

Syn: Puccinia saxifrage Schliechtd. var. curtipes (Howe)
Dietel. (1891. Ber. d. deutsch. bot. Ges. p. 40.)

Exsic. Ellis, N. A. F. 1034, 1465, Rabenhorst-Winter-
Pazschke, Fungi Europzi, 3817.

N. Y., Wis., Penn., Cal.

8. Puccrnta payi Clinton (1876. Peck, 28th Rep. p. 60).
On Sterronema ciliatum Raf. Decorah, la., Holway.

Or1G. Descr. “ Puccinia dayi Clinton n.sp. Spots suborbicular, brown,
sori prominent, scattered or confluent, brown: spores oblong, cla-
vate, slightly constricted, .o015-.0023 in. long; peduncle slightly
colored, one-half to wholly as long as the spore. Leaves of
Lysimachia ciliata. Buffalo, Clinton. Very closely related to P.
gerardii, differing chiefly in the darker color of the spots and sori.
Dedicated to Mr. D. F. Day.”

Spots brown, often concave; sori brown, prominent, scat-

tered or clustered, at first covered by the epidermis, then
naked; spores oblong, slightly constricted, apex pointed, much

«thickened, 16-20 by 40-50; pedicel tinted, rather firm, about

the length of the spore. Plate I., Fig. 8.

The thickened apex is usually missing in the spores which
have germinated. On the older leaves the affected spots fall
out.

t

DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN UREDINEE. 49

Exsic. Ellis N. A. F. 1453. Rabenhorst-Winter, Fungi
Europei, 3206.
Apparently a rare species. N. Y., Ind., Ia.

9g: PucciniaA VERONICa (Schum.) Wint. (1881. Die Pilze,
i; p- 166. )
ga. Forma fragilipes, on Veronica virginica L., Decorah,
Ia., Holway.
gb. Forma persistens,on Veronica virginica L., Decorah,
Ila., Holway.

Winter (Die Pilze, 1, p. 166) assuming that Uyedo ver-
omce Schum. (1803, Enum. Plant. Seell., 2, p. 228.) was a
Puccinia-identical with P. veronicarum DC., united the forms
occurring on J’eronica in the region covered by his work under
the name P. veronice (Schum.). Schroter (etrige zur
Biologie der Pflanzen, von F. Cohn, Bd. III., p. 88) uses the
name P. veronice (Schum.) for the Puccinia on Veronica
montana, and P. veronicarum DC. for the species occurring
on the other Veronicas. But Rostrup had already shown in
1885 in Sdudier ¢ Chr. Fr. Schumacher’s efterladte Svampesam-
linger, that the Uredo veronice Schum. in the Herb. on leaves
of Veronica officinalis did not belong to the Uredinez, the
leaves being uniformly covered on the under side with a sul-
phur-yellow growth. So Magnus, in Ueber die im Europa
auf.der Gattung Veronica auftretenden Puccinia-Arten (Ber.
d. deutsch. bot. Ges., VIII, p. 188), uses the name P. veronice
Schroéter, for the European Puccinia on Veronica montana,
which has sori mostly circinate, spores with firm pedicels,
somewhat thickened at the apex, pale brown, smooth, 10-12
by 40u (39-7u by toy, Magnus.). In accordance with this
decision our specimens should bear the name Puccénia veront-
carum DC., forma fragilipes Keke. and forma fpersistens
Keke. as first described by Fr. Koérnicke in Hedwigia 1877,
p. I., who also reports finding both forms of spores in the
same sorus.

OriG. Desc. Puccinia Veronicarum DC. (1805. Fiore Fr. Additions et

Corrections du Tome II, No. 586%, p. 594.)
“Cette espéce est l’une des plus caractérisées que nous possédions

co NATURAL HISTORY’ BULLETIN.

parmi les puccinies; elle nait ala surface inférieure des feuilles, et
y forme des anneaux bruns, arrondis et réguliers, au milieu desquels
Pépiderme de la feuille reste sain; les puccinies qui composent
ces anneaux, sont trés-remarquables par leur petitesse; elles adheé-
rent fort peu au réceptacle, lequel est peu apparent, et sont portées
sur un pédicelle tres-court. Ces 3 caracteres semblent rapprocher
cette espéce des uredo, mais ses péricarpes sont trés-certainement
divisés en 2 loges par une cloison transversale. Je l’ai trouvee sur
la véronique de Pona, et sur la véronique a feuilles dortie.
Forma fragilipes: spots dark, deeply concave; sori pul-
vinate, scattered or sometimes confluent along the veins, red-
dish brown, pulverulent; spores 12-18 by 32—40 4, oblong or fusi-
form, constricted, with a conical thickened apex which is paler
than the spore; membrane smooth, light brown, pedicel hya-
line, fragile, about the length of the spore. Plate II., Fig. ga.
Forma persistens; spots yellow to dark, deeply concave;
sori scattered or sometimes clustered, pulvinate, at first light
brown, then grey with the germinating spores. Two forms
of spores are found in the same sorus; brown, thick-walled
spores, which fall readily from the slender pedicels and which
have not germinated, the forma fragilipes described above,
and thinner walled spores, 12-14 by 36—40,, with broad per-
sistent pedicels, which have germinated. Often a large cen-
tral sorus is found, grey with the germinating spores, and
surrounded by minute sori of the forma fragilipes. Plate IL.,
Fig. gb.
Reported in Farlow’s Host Index on Veronica alpina.
Wisc.. Ta:

10. PUuccINIA XANTHU Schw. (1822. Syn. Fung. Car., p. 73.)
toa. On Nanthium canadense Mill. Ann Arbor, Mich.,
Slolway.
rob. Pine Ridge, Fresno Co., Cal., Mamwaring.
toc. Decorah, Ia., Holway.

Oric. Descr. “500. 15. Xanthii Sz. P. macula tenui orbiculari pallida,
subtus fusco-brunnea pallide marginata, sporidiis oblongis bilocu-
laribus pedicellatis. In aversa pagina foliorum Xanthii strumarii,
locis arenosis. Subtus primum pallidas vesiculas, cellularum folii
wmulas, exhibet, quibus disruptis et epidermide orbatis, coheren-

tem pustulam fuscam exhibent sporidia, sub lente lutea, pedicello
longiore quam sporidia.”

DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN UREDINEZ. oT

Mostly hypophyllous, but occasionally with minute sori on
the spots on the upper surface of the leaf; spots brown to
black, sometimes surrounded by a yellow margin; sori mostly
clustered in spots or patches, which are frequently sur-
rounded by yellow rings; spores smooth, oblong, evidently
constricted; apex slightly thickened and rounded, or much
more thickened and beak-like, 15-20 by 36-52 (mostly 16
to 44); pedicel slightly colored, usually shorter than the
spore. Plate II., Figs: 10a,-10b, roc:

Common. Probably occurs wherever the host is abundant.

Exsic. Ellis, N. A. F. 264. . Rabenhorst-Winter, Fungi
Europei, 3124.

Thuem. Mycotheca Univ. 33. Seymour and Earl, Econ.
Fungi, 322a and 322b. Carleton, Ured. Am. 34.

Also occurs on species of Amédrosia. Ellis, N. A. F. 1853.

tr. Puccrnta ASTERIS Duby. (1830. Botan. Gall. 2, p. 888.)
tra. On Aster macrophyllus L., Bayfield, Wisc., Holway.
trib. On Aster chamissonis Gray, Berkeley, Calif., Plas-
dale.
ric. On Senecio sp., Ann Arbor, Mich., Afolway.

On our labels this date is given as 1828, but the second

oD

part of Botan. Gall. was not published until 1830.

OriG. Descr. “17. P. asteris (Dub. mss.) maculis supra lutescentibus,
acervulis magnis fuscis orbicularibus elongatisque convexis, com-
pactis pulvinatisque, sparsis, hypophyllis epidermide rupta cinctis;
stipite albo, filiformi; sporidium elongato-ellipticum medio con-
strictum subequante, articulo inferiori elongato-turbinato, superi-
ori obtuso, elliptico aut ovato-globoso. Ad Asterum salignum in
agro Lezurenzi detexit cel. Prost.”

Mostly hypophyllous. Spots often yellow, or stained with
red, purple, or brown; sori sometimes scattered and distinct.
or crowded or confluent, brown or black, surrounded by the
ruptured epidermis; spores clavate, gradually narrowed to the
septum and toward the base; upper segment broadest; apex
much thickened, rounded, or pointed, 12~20 by 32-52: pedi-
cel nearly hyaline, usually somewhat shorter than the spore.
A. variable species. Plate II., Figs. 11a, 11b, 110.

52 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

11a. On Aster macrophyllus, has the sori scattered, mostly
not confluent, with the spores dark brown, 16-20 by 32—40u.

t1b. On .4sterx chamizssonis, has the sori more densely crowd-
ed, the spores paler, longer, and narrower, 12-16 by 40-52p.
This is the form called Puccinia gerardiae Pk., but there
seems no good reason for separating it, as both forms have
been found on the same leaf on Aster sagittifolius.

t1c. On Sevecio sp. The sori occur on dead spots, which
fall out, leaving more or less round holes. The sori are small,
brown, with spores poorly developed, the walls thin, and the
apices much less thickened.

P. asteris var. purpurascens C. & P. (25th Rep. p. 118.),
has the spots plane, mostly purple, and occupied by a few dis-
tinct sori, with spores 12 by 40z. Mycotheca Univ. 2030.

Exsic. Ellis, N. A. F. 1035, 1045, 1046. Rabenhorst-
Winter, Fungi Europei, 3413. On Avigia virginica Willd.
Thuemen, Mycotheca Univ. 2029, 203

Europe, Siberia, N. Am.

12. PUCCINIA ANEMONES—VIRGINIANZ Schw. (1822. Syn.
Fung. Car., p. 72.)

12a. On Anemone cylindrica Gray, Decorah, Ia., Holway.
12b. On Anemone patens L. var. nuttallana Gray, De-
corah, la., Hlo/way.

OrIiG. pesc. “486. 1. Anemones-virginiane Sz. P. punctiformis, sparsa
badia; sporidiis clavatis; in pedicellum confluunt, ut hujus initium
non possit distingui.”

Spots dark brown or purplish; sori generally hypophyllous,
epiphyllous on some hosts, small, scattered or clustered, often
in dense crust-like clusters, blackish-brown, or black; spores
variable in shape, mostly oblong-linear or clavate, thickened
at apex, truncate, rounded or acute, mostly narrowed to the
pedicel, slightly constricted, 10-16 by 40-60%, mixed with
brown paraphyses; pedicel very short. Plate II., Figs. 12a, 12b.

Syn: Puccinia solida Schw. (1834. N.Am. Fungi, p. 296.)
Puccinia compacta DeBary (1858. Bot. Zeitung, p. 83.)

DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN UREDINE.

3
Exsic. Ellis, N. A. F. 1456, 1847. ‘Thuem. Myc. Univ.

1525.
Europe, Siberia, N. Am.

13. PUCCINIA MESNIERIANA Thuem. (1877. Flora p. 175.
Myc. Univ. No. 834.)
13a. On Rhamnus crocea Nutt. Near Camp Badger.
Calif., AZolway.
13b. On PRhamnus crocea Nutt. Pasadena, Calif., J7Zc-
Clatchie.

Oric. Descr. “483. Puccinia mesnieriana Thuem. nova spec. P. acer-
vulis amphigenis, plerumque hypophyllis, sepe marginalibus et
petiolicolis, sparsis, orbiculato-elevatis, verruceformibus, induratis,
epidermide tectis, dein erumpentibus, sine macula, vel in pagina su-
periore maculum nigro-violaceum formans, nitido-atris; sporis fas-
ciculatis, longe-clavatis, medio constrictis, cellula superior oblique
quadrangula, 15mm. crass., apice imposita, obtusa, sepe subcoro-
nata ut in P. coronata Cda.; cellula inferior duplo longiore, basi,
angustata, 12mm. crass., episporio levi, tenui, vertice subincras-
sato, 5omm. long., pedicello basi verticeque dilatato, medio angus-
tato, 35mm. long.,
nullis. Lusitania: Coimbra ad /ehamni alaterni Lin. folia viva.

3-4 mm. crass., hyalino; fuscis; paraphysibus
WOU, “SIG, INewroe leer, 17. (Go Nilesiouiere,”

Spots pale or dark, depressed; sori amphigenous, mostly
hypophyllous, large, round, or on the midribs, elongated, black,
surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores reddish-brown,
persistent, clavate, lower cell longer and paler, apex thickened
and mostly terminating in 1-7 digitate processes, 48—76u by
£2169; pedicel short, stout, persistent. Plate I1., Fig. £3.

In the original specimens, Thuem. Myc. Univ., the spores
are occasionally 3-celled, the digitate processes are not as prom-
inent, and many of the spores lack them entirely.

An allied species found in Abyssinia on ?Rhamnus staddo R.,
Puccinia schweinfurthi (P. Henn.) P. Magnus, causes the so
called “ witches’? broom” distortion of the host.

14. PUCCINIA PORPHYROGENITA Curt. (1876. In Thuem.
Myce: Univ. INo.-545..)

14. On Cornus canadensis L., Vermilion Lake, Minn.,
Arthur & Holway.

54 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

So far as we can find, Curtis never published a description
of this species. It was first described by Professor Peck,
(1872. 23rd Rep. p. 57.), under the name of Puccinza acum-
vnata Peck, but this name had already been used by Fuckel
(1869. Sym. Myc. p. 55.) for a different Puccinia. It was
distributed in Thuemen, Mycotheca Universalis, No. 545, as
Puccinia porphryrogenita Curt. sec. Peck in litt. ad me.

Spots orbicular, brown or purplish, often deeply depressed;
sori black, confluent, the larger ones forming a circle around
a free central space, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis;
spores oblong, strongly constricted, 16-20 by 48-56”; apex
thickened, mostly acute; pedicel tinted, shorter than or equal-
line theyspores). ‘late, Li. sag. 4:

Under pressure of the cover glass, the spores quite readily
separate at the septum.

The acumination at the apex is quite often oblique, some-
times quite long and almost beak-like.

Exsic.. Ellis, N. A. F. 1032. Seymour and) Mach eon:
Fungi, 208. Thuem. Myc. Univ. 545.

Ne WSN BL Wises MinngtCalk:

I5. PUCCINIA MALVACEARUM Mont. (1852. In Gay, Hist.
fisica y politica de Chile, 8, p. 43-)
Our labels give the date as 1845, but the 8th Vol. of Gay’s
History was not published until 1852.

t5a. On Althea rosea Cav., Berkeley, Calif., Blasdale.

5b. On JIalva borealis Wallm., Berkeley, Calif., Blas-
dale.

tse. On IMalza parviflora L., San Bernardino Valley,
Calif., Parzsh.

OriG. Descr. “5. Puccinia Malyacearum. P. hypophylla, confertim
sparsa, acervulis hemisphericis initio epidermide persistente cen-
tro velatis, ambitu nudis rufis, subtus umbilicatis; sporidiis dense
congestis, ovoideo-oblongis, lavibus, fuscis, medio subconstrictis,
obtuse acuminatis, longissime pedicellatis, pedicello hyalino. P.
malvacearum Bertero, Mss., Coll. No. 730.”

DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN PREDINE. 55
_sori mostly. round, pulvinate, at first yellowish-red, then
brown, gray, with the germinating spores generally thickly
scattered over the leaf; spores fusiform, narrowed at each
extremity, sometimes rounded at the apex, slightly con-
stricted, 36-60” by 16-24”; membrane smooth, light brown,
thick, slightly thicker at apex; pedicel hyaline, up to 1204
fone) Plate IIl., Figs: 15a, 15b:

This Puccinia, first described in 1852, from a specimen
found in Chile, is remarkable for the rapidity with which it
has spread nearly all over the world. In 186g it appeared in
Spain, in 1873 in France and England, in 1874 in Italy and
Germany, and in the course of a year or two it had spread all
over Europe, attacking the hollyhocks so virulently that they
almost disappeared for a time from the gardens.

Erickson has noted in Sweden that of young plants of
Althea rosea, the red and white-flowered varieties suffered
the most, while the yellow-flowered ones nearly or entirely
escaped.

In the United States it has been found in N. Y., Mass.,
Mich., New Mex., and is very abundant in California.

Bxsic: “Ellis, N> A. F: 1850:

16. Puccinra vARIOLANS Hark. (1884. Bull. Calif. Acad. p.
5)
16. On Aplopappus sguarrosus Hook & Arn., Pasadena,
Calif. 1893., WceClatchie.

(ORIG. DESCR. “Sori solitary, oval, dark brown, 1 mm. in length; spores
brown, oblong, or slightly clavate, constricted,; epispore smooth,
thickened above, pedicels hyaline, 1-2 times as long as the spore,
4o-7ou X18-24u. On leavesand twigs of Tetradymia canescens. Mt.
Davidson, Nevada, 7000 ft.

Sori, round or oval, brown, scattered, solitary, or crowded
and confluent; spores oblong, constricted, reddish-brown, 16—
24 by 40-602; epispore smooth, rather thick, apex mostly
rounded, somewhat thickened; pedicel hyaline. up to 160z long.
One-celled spores are not uncommon. Plate III., Fig. 16.

56 NATURAL HISPtORY BULLETIN:

Rabenhorst-Winter, Fungi Europei 3216, on Tetradymia
CANESCENS.

Also reported on Afplopappus spinulosus DC.
Cailit.; Ment: Nev:; Utah.

17. PuccrniA HOLBELLU Rostr. (1888. Fungi Greenl., p.
534:)
17a. On Aradbis arcuata Gray. King’s River Cajion,
Calif., Holway.

17b. Same, with germinating teleutospores.

OriG. DESCR. “51, Puccinia Holballii Rostr.—.cidium Holballi Horn, F}.
Dan. t. 2220.

Paa Blade af Arabis Holbellii: Ameralik, Vahl; Stivek, Warming
and Holm; Majorkak, i. s. Isortok, S. Hansen.

Svampen blev forste gang beskrevet i 1836 af Hornemann i FI.
Dan. som Afcidium; men de i Bot. Mus. opbevarede Expl. vise at
det er en Puccinia, af Gruppen Leptopuccinia, som endog ganske
mangle Aécidier. Alle Blade paa de angrebne Vaertplanter ere
helt bedekkede paa Undersiden med de regelmessig halvkug-
leformede, r6dbrune Puder af Teleutosporer. Disse ere glatte, tykt
KGlleformede, med afrundet fortykket Ende, 35-38u 1. 15~-20p t.:
Stilken, lang og farvelbs, 70-So0u |. 6 t.

Mange Teleutosporer vare spirede og det Gvre Rum fik da et eien-
dommeligt Udseende, som mindede om P., coronaza idet der danne-
des 2-4 korte vorteformede Flige i Spidsen. Den bley i 1885
funden af E. Warming i Finmarken paa Erysimum hieracifolium (se
Bot. Tidskr. 15 Bd. S. 236.) Maaske synonym med P. ¢hlaspeos
Schub., som dog er et yngre Navn.

TRANSLATION.

“This fungus was first described in 1836 by Hornemann in FI.
Dan, as an Kcidium, but the specimens preserved in the Botanical
Museum show that it is a Puccinia of the group Leptopuccinia,
entirely without an AZcidium. All the leaves of the affected host-
plants are thickly covered on the underside with the regular,
pulvinate, red-brown sori of teleutospores. These are smooth,
stoutly clavate, with rounded thickened apices—35~—38u by 15-20;
pedicels long, and hyaline, 7o-Sou by 64. Many teleutospores had
germinated and the upper ceil acquires then a peculiar appearance
reminding one somewhat of P. coronata, since 2-4 short wart-
shaped corners are formed at the apex. It was found in 1885 by
E. Warming in Finland on Erysimum hieracifolium (see Bot. Tidskr.
15 Bde. S. 236). Perhaps a synonym of Pwccinia thlaspeos Schub.,
which is a still more recent name.”

.. i.

‘y ym} i te Ve Bt,
ipitiennt ft Hiei tis Ate panseaet ay leGitwarris gia tii) erie A 4
% Neegeerea ge: Re LS TRO WER SATO BROT Tete

hes f. NA
7a IT USA Oe -—_
: }
5 LARS EAS burt’ bs aa viens a. i ye
ree) ah eet ho Perr: not Ws :
bicin O diez “ios Fi Se eee) i i ;

" et de ao ff vedas eesge'h ee 1

Dj i iD ae) he [raiser i) aE a pares ap hy r
ie 7 es a Search: y ah POPEW Ce ites’, eat eS LE: Bere | ov 1
i 7 qereatay ts sabia Um inte ee ricp ewhe! a ype. ] caret <n ae

4 f a ae

7" - aibereahen 4 a ei nd wt it e ASD 4 Ch a ve a! Ue ba ¥
Beeman tremssieghteyate ils Abe a Id 4 pobutth ances fi ers
. mike WA Large tals TT. it net be M een Agee iT ia
as a Paro 1 78 td fiait aa Shady"? at.
seer |e
rE Bt

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

All figures uniformly magnified 470 diameters (drawn under a magnifica-
tion of 625 diameters, and reduced to 470 diameters in engraving).

LEPTO-UREDINE.

UrRoMYCES RUDBECKI

PUCCINIA CIRC Pers.
PUCCINIA CIRC Pers.
PUCCINIA LOBELL#® Ger.
. PUCCINIA SILPHII Schw.
. PUCCINIA SILPHII Schw.
PUCCINIA SILPHII Schw.

Arth. & Holw. on Rudbeckta laciniata.

on Circea lutetiana.

on Circea alpina.

on Lobelia syphilttica.

on Silphium lacinialum.

on Silphium perfoliatum (leaves).
on Silphium perfoliatum (stems).

PUCCINIA CONGREGATA Ell. & Hark. on Heuchera micrantha.

. PUCCINIA HEUCHER (Schw.) Diet. on Mitella diphylla.
. PUCCINIA HEUCHER (Schw.) Diet. on Mitella nuda.

PUCCINIA CURTIPES Howe on Heuchera americana.
PuccINIA DAYI Clinton on S/eironema ciliatum.

PISA Teale

ee CS | oe

eZ ; wy
pa

oe “4
\ yy O

y

‘Ape

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

All figures uniformly magnified 470 diameters (drawn under a magnifica-

ga.
gb.

10a.

10b.

1c.
Ila.
11b.
TG:
Zan
12b.
13.

neh

tion of 625 diamet=rs, and reduced to 470 diameters in engraving).

PUCCINIA

PUcCINIA
PUCCINIA
PUCCINIA
PUCCINIA
PUCCINIA
PuUccCINIA
PUCCINIA
PUCCINIA
PUCCINIA
PuccINIA

LEPTO-UREDINEZ.

VERONIC (Schum.) Wint. f. /ragilipes on Verontca virginica.

PUCCINIA VERONIC# (Schum.) Wint. f. fersistens on Veronica virginica.

XANTHII Schw. on Nanthium canadense (Michigan).
XANTHII Schw. on Nanthium canadense (California).
XANTHII Schw. on NXanthium canadense (lowa),

ASTERIS Duby on Aster macrophyllus.

ASTERIS Duby on Aster chamissonis.

ASTERIS Duby on Senecio, sp. indet.
ANEMONES-VIRGINIAN# Schw. on Anemone cylindrica.
ANEMONES-VIRGINIAN® Schw. on Anemone patens, var.
MESNIERIANA Thiim. on /Aehammnus crocea.

MESNIERIANA Thiim. on /?hamnus crocea.

PLATE:

a

| aie SS

meee

f a Le, @ad
} -Rogtii Bhim 7
+

q P rt. of -
- Ta) urs
‘ Bp ee MET at fli 4

hae

‘ 4

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

All figures uniformly magnified 470 diameters (drawn under a magnifica-
tion of 625 diameters and reduced to 470 diameters in engraving).

LEPTO-UREDINE#.

14. PuccCINIA PORPHYROGENITA Curt. on Cornus canadensis.
15a. PUCCINIA MALVACEARUM Mont. on Althea rosea.

15b. PUCCINIA MALVACEARUM Mont. on Malva borealis.

15c. PUCCINIA MALVACEARUM Mont. on Malva parviflora.

16. PUCCINIA VARIOLANS Hark. on Aflopappus squarrosus.
17a. PUCCINIA HOLBGLLI Rostr. on Aradis arcuata.

17b. PUCCINIA HOLBELLI Rostr. on Arabis arcuata (germ tel ),

BEARE TI:

Gee \
\

Seeres se oN
> —s EL A Le sae ae SS ee See \ \

S\S

N
‘
\

oo ae

— * ee =|
x a: S se eee
ero ae we 3 = ——— SSS

v4

DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN UREDINE, 57

Sori at first reddish brown, then grey from the germinating
spores, round, pulvinate, mostly thickly covering the under-
side of the leaf; spores oblong, constricted, apex mostly
rounded, thickened 6-8; epispore brown, smooth, 16-201
by 32-44,3 pedicels persistent, hyaline up to 100y long, 6-8
wide. Plate III., Figs. 17a, 17b.

The apex of spores that have germinated, is occasionally torn
so as to leave a few projections, somewhat resembling the
processes on the spores of Puccrnza coronata.

Dr. Dietel has compared specimens of this species collected
in California by L. B. Parish on Arabrs holbellit with the
original specimens from Greenland and found them identical.

Some of Mr. Parish’s specimens were accompanied by an
#cidium, which probably has no connection with this species.

The specimens 17a and 17b were collected on the same
plants, the latter being on older stems, which were quite dry
and dead.

As stated in the quotation above from /ung? Groen. the
original specimens described as 4crdium holbellid Horn. were
found by Rostrup to have.no trace of an .#c7diwm—only this.
Leptopuccinia.

It is different from Puccinia thlaspeos Schub. which Ros-
trup at first thought was perhaps a synomym.

NICARAGUAN ORTHOPTERA.

By LAWRENCE BRUNER, PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY,
UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA.

Tue following annotated list is a report on a small collec-
tion of Orthoptera, incidentally made by Professor B. Shimek
while engaged in botanical work in Nicaragua, Central
America, during the months of February and March, 1893.

Although the 59 species of Orthoptera that are included in
the list are the result of random collecting during a very
brief period at an unfavorable season, they form a very inter-
esting example of what might be accomplished at the right
time of the year, and by a specialist on the group.

It is quite interesting to note the coniparatively large per-
centage of South American forms that are represented here—
a feature that demonstrates the fact that many other species
which were originally described as inhabiting that country
will probably be found to belong in North America also.

While the identity of several of the species is here pro-
visionally questioned, one at least has been described as new.

It is to be hoped that, should other expeditions be made to
the same region, more attention will be given to the collection
of this and other orders of insects with a special view to
studying the relationship of the faunas of the two continents.

In conclusion, I might add that no other lot of these insects
containing a similar number of species has ever caused me so
much hard work in my efforts in naming them as has the
present collection. This has been due chiefly to the many
South American forms, and also to the scattered nature of
the literature describing them.

NICARAGUAN ORTHOPTERA. 59

Ham. BLATTIDZA::
1. ANAPLECTA LATERALIS Lurm.

A single specimen of this little cockroach was taken in the
“deep woods” in the neighborhood of Castillo. It is pretty
well distributed over the warmer portions of America, both
North and South, but nowhere seems to be abundant.

22 (BLATTA BIVITTATA briuiner.

I have placed a single specimen that was taken in the vicin-
ity of Greytown here. There are several very closely allied
species of cockroaches that very closely resemble our com-
mon house form lalla germanica. Some of these are known
to occur within the tropical or warmer parts of Mexico and
Central America.

a5. BATA ZAPOTECA Sauss.

As with the two preceding species, but a single specimen
of this species occurs among the material that was secured in
Castillo, where it was taken at lights after night.

4. PsSEUDOPHYLLODROMIA ANGUSTATA Latr.

Another single specimen from the “deep woods” in the
vicinity of Castillo, represents this insect. It has been taken
before in several parts of Mexico and Central America.

5. IscHNOPTERA MARGINATA Brunner, or I. AZTECA, Sauss.
A specimen of a cockroach collected at lights after night in
Castillo is placed here. It seems to agree, to some extent at

least, with both of these insects. Can they be synonyms?

6. ISCHNOPTERA RUFA Brunner, or 1. MEXICANA Sauss.
This insect is represented by five specimens. It is a rather
common form throughout the greater part of all warm Mexico
and Central America.

¥. PERIPLANETA AUSTRALASIA ZL.
This almost cosmopolitan cockroach was taken at lights

after night in the town of Castillo. Originally from the
islands of the Pacific, this insect has been spread over much

60 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

of the civilized world by means of commerce, much as have
two or three other species of roaches. It is, however, some-
what more closely restricted. to the warmer portions of the
globe, and at the same time to the sea coast, where it is
found in towns and cities. It also works out into the woods
to some extent.

8. EpmmLAMPRA BURMEISTERI Guer.

Several specimens of a species of cockroach that were
taken at random in the country about Castillo are referred
here.

g. NAvpHOETA L&VIGATA Pal. de Beauv.

A species of cockroach that is quite common at many points.
in the tropical portions of America is represented by several
immature specimens from the forests of Nicaragua, the exact
locality of which is not given. Like a closely related species,
Leucophea surinamensts, it has become somewhat widely dis-
tributed by means of commerce.

10. BLABERA MARMORATA S/o//, (PI. IL, Fig. 1.)

Seven specimens of this giant cockroach in different stages
of growth were taken on the island of Ometépe, under pros-
trate logs. Several kinds of these large cockroaches are to
be met with in the region visited by the professor, and it is
quite a coincidence that he should find only the one, and this
a species that belongs properly to South America and the
West Indies.

Fam. MANTIDA.,

II. STAGMOMANTIS VICINA ,Sauss.

There are four specimens of this mantid contained in the
collections made on the slopes of Mt. Ometépe. It is much
smaller than our .S. carolina, which is found from the middle
states southward to Mexico.

12, CHG:RADODIS RHOMBICOLLIS Lair. (PI. Il., Fig. 2.)

A single specimen of this very peculiar, leaf-like mantid is

NICARAGUAN ORTHOPTERA. 61

in the collection. It was taken at the edge of a clearing near
Castillo. It is a South American species that seems to reach
far into North America
has come into my hands from Central American pcints.

this being the second specimen that

Fam. ACRIDIDZ.

Fe. Cora saxosA Bol. (7)

I find among the few specimens of small ‘‘ Grouse locusts,”
of which there are several species, a single specimen which
was collected in the dense forests near Castillo, that is referred
with some doubt to Bolivar’s Cota saxosa.

I might add here that the group to which these small,
rough-bodied locusts belong has been but poorly studied and
little collected. This is especially true with reference to the
group as represented in this country, and more particularly in
the tropics. Then, too, the habits which these little insects
have of hiding away among fallen leaves, grass etc., about
the margins of ponds and along the banks of water courses,
and even of frequenting swamps where they live among and
upon the vegatation growing there, renders them difficult of
being seen and captured.

sp. (Pl Til Fic a.)

There is a single specimen of another of these little “Grouse

14. CRIMIsUS

locusts” in the collection which evidently belongs to the genus
Crimisus. ‘Thus far the species has not been determined. It
may be new, but I do not think it best to describe a single
individual. It was collected in a swampy locality.

Spt Cela eho.)

Still another genus of the sub-family to which the preceding
insect belongs, is represented by two specimens taken in the
vicinity of Greytown. It does not appear to agree with any
of the described species mentioned in Bolivar’s « /ssaz sur les
Acridiens de le Tribu des Tettivide.” I hesitate, however,
to describe it as new, since Bolivar’s monograph does not
appear to include all the described forms of the group.

15. AMORPHOPUS

62 NATURAL -HISTORY BULLETIN:

16. PARATETTIX TOLTECUS Sauss.

A single specimen of this species occurs among the material
from Ometépe. The species occurs throughout the greater
part of Mexico, and also reaches far into the United States
where it is especially abundant in the southwestern territories.

17. PARATETTIX scHocHi Boliv.

Five specimens of a second Paratett7x from the same region
with the preceding are referred here. It is said also to occur
in various localities further north in Mexico. In fact I have
it from the vicinity of Jalapa.

18. PARATETTIX CAUDATUS Sauss.

There are also two specimens of a third species of this genus
among the material from the same locality. It seems to agree
with the description of P. caudatus, from Guiana, thus giving
us another South American insect for our fauna.

Ig. SCARIA HAMATA Serv.

A single specimen of this very slender grouse locust was
taken in a swamp upon aquatic vegetation. It was found
along the Los Sabalos River, northwest from Castillo.

20. TETTIGIDEA NICARAGUZn. sp. (PI. IIL, Fig. 3a, and 3b.)
About the size of 7. /ateralis Say, but without the lon-
gitudinal ridges upon the dorsum of pronotum as in that
species. Its general color is much darker than in any des-
cribed species except 7. mu/ticostata Bolivar, from Brazil.
Eyes a little larger and more prominent than usual in the
genus, separated by a space about equal to their diameter, the
vertex more bulging than in the described species known to
me, viewed from the side projecting considerably above the
upper edges of the eyes, but little constricted in the middle,
the front angles broadly rounded and only slightly carinated
just in advance of the constriction; median carina prominent
and forming with the frontal costa a well-rounded projection
in advance of the eyes when viewed from the side; the frontal
costa quite wide, sulcate from the fastigium to the ocellus and

NICARAGUAN “ORTHOP TERA. 63

tuberculate as is the rest of the face. Pronotum with its front
edge well-rounded and advanced upon the occiput, the lateral
angles or shoulders broadly rounded and the posterior edge
longly and acutely produced, extending beyond the tips of
the hind femora, the median carina sharp and prominent
throughout, the dorsal surface rather coarsely granulate and
lacking the usual longitudinal ridges found in the other species
of the genus. Posterior femora moderately heavy and slightly
surpassing the tip of abdomen in both sexes.

General color, dark brown, inclining to dull black. The
legs and slender apical portion of pronotum mottled with
lighter and darker shades, the former with a decidedly
banded appearance.

Length of body: Male, 9.5mm; female, 13.5mm; of pro-
notum: male, 10.25mm); female, 15mm; of hind femora: male,
5.3mm; female, 7.85mm:; width of pronotum: male, 2.5mm;
female, 3.5mm.

Types, 1 male and 1 female, in collection of L. Bruner.
Nicaragua, Central America, Lohumil Shimek.

21. MeTracerta (TryXALiIs) Norocuioris Pal. Beauv.

Several specimens of a locust taken in the vicinity of Grey-
town are referred to 7ryxalis notochloris of Palisot de Beau-
vois. The generic name 77yxalis has recently been limited
to Old World species, and the name J/efalepia proposed for
American forms that formerly were placed here. (See Brun-
ner Wattenwyl’s Syst. OrthoPt. |

22. ORPHULA TEPANICA Sauss.

Several specimens of what appears to be S¢lenobothrus
lepanicus of Saussure are among the materials taken at Grey-
town. This, as well as a number of other American insects
formerly classed in the genus .S¢enobothrus, have been referred
to the genus Orphula of Stal by Brunner in his /eveszo.
Henceforth our species of Stenobothrus should be placed in
the genus Orphula.

‘64 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

23. ORPHULA MEXICANA Walk.

Other specimens from the same locality as the preceding
are referable to Walker’s Stenobothrus mexicanus, and should
therefore be placed in the genus Orphula, as stated above.
24. AMBLYTROPIDIA FERRUGINOSA Stal. (?)

I refer three specimens collected at Greytown to this spe-
‘cles with some doubt. They may be another, and even
undescribed, species.

25. SCYLLINA VIATORIA Sauss.

A single specimen of this locust was taken along the line
of the canal near Greytown. It is an insect that is very com-
mon in various parts of Mexico, and sometimes even suff-
‘ciently numerous to become a pest.

26. HELIASTUS VENEZUELZ Sauss. (PI. Ill., Fig. 4.)

The collection made in the vicinity of Greytown contains
several specimens of this insect. As the name implies, it is a
South American species, but the present material would indi-
cate that it also reaches far into North America.

27. TROPIDONOTUS ROSULENTUS Séa/. (PI. III., Fig. 5.)

This is another South American locust that also occurs in
North America. Several specimens are found among the
material from Greytown.

28. ‘TANIOPODA (?)—sp.

Two rather young individuals of some large, undetermined
species of locust are referred, with some hesitation, to this
genus. They were taken along the line of the canal near
Greytown.

29. LEPTYSMA OBSCURA J7hunb.

A single specimen obtained in miscellaneous collecting is
placed here. I do not find any locality given.t The species
is described as occurring in tropical America.

1Undoubtedly from Nicaragua, and probably from Greytown. B.S.

NICARAGUAN ORTHOPTERA. 65

30. SCHISTOCERCA—sp.

Some specimens of a large, undetermined locust belong in
this genus. It occurs over the greater portion of Central
America and the warmer parts of Mexico. Like our Schzsto-
cerca americana, it also occasionally becomes sufficiently
numerous to commit injury to growing crops.

I wish to take this opportunity to say that in America we
do not have a single species of the genus Acrzdium, and that
all the species that have been placed in this genus by writers
on American forms will have to be removed to Sch7stocerca,
and perhaps one or two other genera. Very likely it will
become necessary to erect one or two new genera for the
reception of some of the forms.

31. OSMILIA FLAVO-LINEATA DeGeer. (?)

There are several specimens of a locust that has been
determined doubtfully as belonging here. They were col-
lected in the vicinity of Castillo. This same species, how-
ever, occurs much farther northward in Mexico, where the
writer has taken it in the vicinity of Orizaba, Cordova, and
near Vera Cruz.

Eame = LOCUS LID Zz;

32. HORMILIA TOLTECA Sauss.

Two female specimens of a katydid that I determine as this
insect were collected near Castillo.
33.. HorMILia FASCIATA Brunner.

A second species of F/ormelia that seems to belong here
was collected in the same locality, and at the same time with
the preceding.

34. HorMILIA GRACILLIMA runner.

I find still a third species of this genus from the same local-
ity, and refer it to Brunner’s graci/ima on account of its very
graceful form.

66 NASA EUS ORY ee Upc EAN

35. ANEPSIA CONSPERSA Brazier.
A katydid that was taken at San Carlos is placed here. It
is represented by two male specimens.

36. ANEPSIA TESSELLATA Sauss.

This insect is represented by a specimen from the slopes of
Mt. Ometépe near the summit.

37. ANEPSIA MEXICANA Sass.

I find a single specimen of still a third species of the genus
from the same locality as the preceding. It, too, was taken on
the volcano.

38. "TETRAGOMERA MARMORATA: Burm. (7)

There are four specimens of an insect from the ‘deep
woods” near Castillo that I place here doubtfully. The
group to which this insect belongs is rather poorly worked as
yet, and it is difficult to run over all of the literature necessary
to settle absolutely all species belonging to it. .

39. OXYPRORA——Sp.

A single immature specimen of some species of this genus
is contained among the material collected about Castillo. ‘The
genus is a South American one, but seems to come into Cen-
tral America also.

40. CAULOoPpsis cusPipaTa Scudd. (Pl iii igaas

Another South American insect that occurs in this country
is the one here referred to. It was taken in the neighbor-
hood of Castillo in random collecting. It is an interesting
form with very long and slender vertex.

41. CONOCEPHALUS MEXICANUS Sauss.

I also find a single specimen of Conocephalus mexicanus
among the specimens taken at Castillo. It is one of the com-
monest, and at the same time, most widely distributed species
of the genus in America. Specimens in my collection come
from various United States and Mexican localities, ranging
from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It also oceurs in some
South American countries.

NICARAGUAN ORTHOPTERA. 67

42. XMIPHIDIUM MEXICANUM Sauss.

A single specimen of this common Mexican insect is repre-
sented in the collections made in the vicinity of Greytown. It
is so much damaged that it is barely recognizable, but is
thought most likely to belong here, since it occurs pretty mnch
over the entire tropical portions of North America.

43. ‘THYSDRUS VIRENS 7hunb.

Four specimens of this peculiar litttle conocephalid were
taken at Camp Menocal, on the Nicaraguan Canal, near Grey-
town.

Fans GRYLLIDZ:

44. GRYLLOTALPA HEXIDACTYLA Perty.

The collection contains two specimens of the Six-toed Mole-
cricket. One was taken at Greytown and the other in the
woods near Castillo.

45. TRIDACTYLUS FISSIPES Sass.

A number of specimens collected in swampy places repre-
sent this species. It is common over all the central portions
of America.

AG: “PRIDACTYLUS——=sp.

A second species of this genus is represented by several
specimens that are immature. Collected in the same region
with the preceding.

47. NEMOBIUS LONGIPENNIS Saéss.

A single specimen from the “deep woods” near Castillo
is placed here.

48. NrEMOBIUS CUBENSIS Sadss.

This species is also represented by a single specimen taken
at the same place with the preceding species.
49. GRYLLUS BICOLOR Saiiss.

One specimen from Ometépe. This cricket also occurs in

68 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

various parts of Mexico, at no locality, however, is it con-
sidered at all common.

50. ODONTOGRYLLUS SETOSUS ,Sauss.

There is a single specimen that is supposed to belong here,
from the jungles near Castillo, a region that appears to abound
with these insects.

51. DyscopHus SALTATOR Sauss.

I find among the orthopterous insects collected in Castillo
at night two specimens, male and female, of this wingless
cricket. This would indicate for the insect a habit of fre-
quenting nooks about houses and like localities, since they
could not be drawn to the lights from the woods.

52. CEcaNTHUS TENUIS Walk.

Another single specimen from Ometépe is made out to be
Walker’s species. It differs from our G*. xzveus and allies in
the antennal markings.

53. CYRTOXIPHUS AZTECUS Sauss.
I find two specimens of this little cricket among the speci-
mens collected at lights in Castillo.

54. CyRTOXIPHUS GUNDLACHI Sauss.

A single specimen of another species of the genus Cyrtox7-
phus is placed here. It is from the same locality as the pre-
ceding.

55- CyRToxIPpHUS—— sp. |

I also find among the material collected at Camp Menocal,
on the canal, three specimens of a third species of the genus
which I cannot definitely place. It may be new, but the
specimens are too poor for describing.

56. PARCCANTHUS NIGER Sauss.

A single specimen of this black tree cricket occurs among
the material collected at Greytown, It is a peculiar looking
species that reminds one not a little of another species from
Japan.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Fic. 1. Blabera marmorata Stoll. Xi.
Fic. 2. Cheradodis rhombicollis Latr. Xt.

EEATE Ws

2 i 7

t
; :
, 4 . i 7
ee 7 ee ‘ | . .
| | war =. %
: . | | |
s 7 ‘ ‘ j ¥ Ma nae oT =
id : x ‘ :
v i bd . “= ae )
: a
5 a
ie , ' : : . 7 ys
j | | 7
a : x |
- '
’ | | | ;
| ; * f
| | nr nw io
: , 7s cr
A ee

=¥

ul

Aacedinggticy sh

=a

“Dbuse AAMRRIG ab ibn)

Re) ee a
Syraaasicl salfeieaiiebe Ga! 08) NS
12 evecwwn 2S) aye X

ed fewvoCt- yh

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Fic. 1. Crimisus.

Fic. 2. Amorphopus.

Fic. 3. a. Tettigidea nicarague,n.s. Dorsal view.
b. Tettigidea nicarague,n.s. Side view.

Fic. 4. Heliastus venezuele Sauss.

Fic. 5. Tvrofpidonotus rosulentus Stal.

Fic. 6. Caulopsis cuspidata Scudd.

_ All the figures are natural size.

PEATE tt.

NICARAGUAN * ORTHOPTERA. 69

57. APITHES QUADRATA Scudd.
A single specimen from the jungles of Castillo is placed
here provisionally as it seems to agree with the description of

this species.

58. APITHES AZTECA Sauss.
Another cricket taken at lights in Castillo is referred to
Apithes azteca.

59. PoposcirTus——sp.

There is still another species of cricket among the material
that was taken at Greytown during the month of March. It
seems to belong to the genus Podosc7rtus, but has not been
determined specifically.

LICHENS OF IOWA.

By BRUCE FINK.

PREFACE.

Ir seems that lichens have been neglected somewhat in
Iowa up to the present time. This becomes apparent when
we consider that there are quite as many species of lichens as
of most other kinds of cryptogams, and that not more than
twenty-four species have thus far been listed for the State.

Surely the lichens are not more obscure than most other
cryptogams. The trees are covered with them the State
over, giving them a most beautiful appearance, especially
after a rain. The writer has counted twenty species of
lichens on a single tree. ‘The rocks too are in some instances
so completely over-run with them that the rock itself can
scarcely be seen, and here they display even greater beauty
of form and color than on the trees. One large rock in
Fayette county doubtless bears as many species of lichens as
are given for a single tree.

The enumeration of Iowa lichens herewith presented is so
far as the writer is able to ascertain the first extended attempt
to classify these plants in our State. In 1884 twenty-four
species of lichens were included in the Agricultural College
Bulletin with the other known plants of the State. If other
lists have been made in the State,a good deal of investigation
has not enabled me to find them.

The writer collected in Fayette county for two years and
made excursions during the time into Bremer, Winneshiek
and Clayton counties. Mr. T. J. Fitzpatrick collected in
Shelby and Johnson counties. Prof. L. H. Pammel, Mr. F.

LICHENS .OF IOWA. 71

C. Stewart and Prof. J. C. Arthur furnished the material
from Story county. Prof. T. H. McBride and Mr. Bohumil
Shimek sent in collections from Johnson, Linn and Muscatine
counties. Professors H. M. Kelly and G. W. Newton sent
collections from Linn county. Prof. J. C. Arthur loaned me
the. collections made by himself in Floyd and Dickinson
counties and those of Dr. Geo. E. Ehinger in Lee county, Mr.
R. I. Cratty in Emmet county and Mrs. E. W. D. Holway in
Winneshiek county.

Iam sure that I have been very fortunate in securing the
cooperation of other collectors, and I wish to very heartily
thank those who have contributed material.

Of the first seventy-five determinations made by the writer,
about fifty were examined by Mr. W. W. Calkins, of Chicago,
and twenty-five by Miss C. E. Cummings, of. Wellesley,
Mass. To both of these persons | am greatly indebted.

Later I had access to the Tuckerman Herbarium of Har-
vard University for the purpose of comparing material, and |
wish to thank Dr. W. G. Farlow very heartily for this privi-
lege and for other aid in some dithcult determinations.

Through Mr. E. W. D. Holway I learned of some good
collections, and my thanks are due to him for this help.

Sets of the species and varieties herein listed are deposited
in lowa at the State Agricultural College, at the State Univer-
sity, at Grinnell College, at the Upper Iowa University, and
in the herbarium of Mr. E. W. D. Holway at Decorah. A
complete set will be found in the writer’s herbarium, except
two species indicated in the list. These sets have all been
carefully compared, and it is hoped that they may be useful
in the further study of the Iowa lichens.

This list doubtless is not even approximately a complete
one of the lowa lichen flora. A few species are reserved
from those already collected for further study, and a careful
effort at collecting in any part of the State will surely bring
to light others not given in this list.

CAMBRIDGE, Mass.,
Feb. rst, 1895.

NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

“I
bo

LIST.

Since it is generally admitted that a typical Lichen is a
dual organism, a’ fungus and an alga, the classification of
Lichens is not an easy matter. The fungus portion in our
known Iowa Lichens*is ascomycetous and we might without
great impropriety classify them as ascomycetous Fungi. Yet
it has seemed best to the writer to follow Tuckerman’s Syz-
opsis and treat them as a distinct class as follows:

LAC ELEN, BS,
FAMILIES USNEEI, PARMELIES, Exc, Exc:
As the list is not in any sense descriptive, save as indicating
habitat, it has not been thought advisable to introduce a key.

It will be understood that families not quoted are not repre-
sented so far in Iowa collections.

Fam. USNEEI.
RAMALINA Utch., De Wot.

R. cavicaris’(L.) #r, Trees. Payette; rears

R. cauicaris (Z.) /r., var. FRAXINEA, Fr. Trees. Fayette;
Bremer, Clayton, Winneshiek, Sheiby, Johnson, Story, Linn.
R. cauicaris (Z.) /7., var. FASTIGIATA Fr. Trees. Fayette,
Bremer, Clayton, Shelby, Johnson, Story, Winneshiek, Linn,
Emmet. This evidently passes into the var. canaliculata Fr.

« , ‘ ° .
R. caricaris (Z.) #7., vay. FARINACEA, Scher. Sandstone. .
Clayton.

CETRARIA (Ach.) Fr. Mull.

C. ciuraris (Ach.). Dead wood. Fayette, Bremer, Clayton,
Winneshiek, Johnson.

LICHENS OF TOW A; 73
EVERNIA <Ach., Mann.

EK. PRUNASTRI (Z.) Ach. A single collection was made on
Funtperus virginiana. Fayette.

USNEA (Dil) Ah:

DBARBATA (L.\ #7: Trees. Fayette. Very nare, only
three or four specimens of the typical papillate-scabrous
form being found.

US BARBATA (Z.) #7., var. FLORIDA, “yr. Trees. Fayette,
Bremer, Clayton, Shelby, Johnson, Linn, Story, Winneshiek.

UR BARBATA ((2.) /7., var. WIRTA, Jr.” |Trees. "Bayette:

VE BARBATA (.)\ 23., Var. PLICATA, £7.. Trees. Story,

U. ANGULATA Ach. On SFuniperus virginiana growing along
bluffs. Fayette, Winneshiek.

U. cavernosa Juck. Collected by E. W. D. Holway, and
now in herbarium of Dr. John W. Eckfeldt.

Fam. PARMELIEI.
THELOSCHISTES Worm., Emend.

T. CHRYSOPHTHALMUS (Z.) Vorm. Trees. Fayette, Bremer,
Clayton, Winneshiek, Shelby, Story, Dickinson. This is
especially abundant on Fun7perus virginiana, growing along
bluffs.

T. PARIETINUS (Z.) /Vorm. On trees Winneshiek, Bremer,
Fayette, Shelby. The last collection contained the only
good specimen of the species, the others approaching too
nearly the next.

T. potycarrus (Z#frh.). Dead trees. Fayette, Bremer,
Clayton, Shelby, Johnson, Linn, Story, Floyd and Dickinson.

T. tycuneus (/Vy/.). Trees and rocks. Fayette, Bremer,
Clayton, Shelby, Story, Floyd and Dickinson. Ours is the
large form. Probably we also have the variety /acznosa.

74 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN:

T. concoLor (Dicks.). Trees and rocks. Winneshiek, Fay-
ette, Bremer, Clayton, Shelby, Linn, Johnson, Floyd.

PARME LTA. ( Ach.) Deva.

P. perLATA (Ach.). Shelby, Story. Ours is not very good,
though it seemed to belong here after careful comparison.

P. PERFORATA { Facg.) Ach. Trees. Fayette, Bremer, Clay-
ton, Linn, Johnson. Sterile specimens of what seems to be
the variety hypotropa were collected.

P. cETRATA Ach. Trees and rocks. Fayette, Bremer, Clay-
ton Johnson, Linn, Floyd, Emmet.

P. crintita Ach. Trees and rocks. Clayton, Bremer; Fay-
ette, Johnson, Linn, Story, Floyd, and Dickinson.

P. Tir1acEA (Hoffm.) Floerk. Trees and rocks. Fayette,
Clayton, Bremer, Shelby, Johnson, Linn, Story, Winneshiek.

P. BORRERI Zurn. Trees. Fayette, Bremer, Clayton, Win-
neshiek, Shelby, Story, Dickinson.

P. BORRERI Zurn., var. RUDECTA Tuck. Trees. Fayette, ,
Shelby, Johnson, Linn, Floyd, Dickinson.

P SARA TITAS (Z.) Fr. Trees and rocks. Fayette, Bremer,
Clayton, Winneshiek, Johnson, Linn, Story.

P. ottvacea (Z.) Ach. Trees. Fayette, Dickinson. This
Species seems to be very rare in the State, and the small
amount of material seen was all sterile.

P. CAPERATA (Z.) Ach. Trees and rocks. Winneshiek,
Fayette, Clayton, Bremer, Shelby, Johnson, Linn, Story,
Floyd, Emmet.

P. conspersA (Hhrh.) Ach. Rocks. Fayette, Bremer,
Story, Emmet.
Apparently rare and usually sterile.

LICHENS OF IOWA. 75

EEY SiC VA. (DC e Lhe L7:

P. speciosa (Waulf., Ach.) Vyl. Trees and mossy rocks.
Fayette, Bremer, Clayton, Linn.

P. wypPoLeucA (Muhil.) Tuck. Trees. Fayette, Bremer,
Clayton, Johnson.

P. GRANULIFERA (Ach.) Tuck. ‘Trees. Fayette, Bremer,
Shelby, Johnson, Linn, Story.
Apparently common and always sterile.

P. comosa (F'schw.) Nyl. Funiperus virginiana, along bluffs.
Fayette.

P. aquita (Ach.) WVyl. Rocks. Fayette.
Probably the variety dztonsa occurs, but the specimens are
not sure.

P, PULVERULENTA (Schreb.) Vyl. Trees and rocks. Fay-
ette, Bremer. Clayton, Shelby, Johnson, Linn, Story.

P; srecuaris (Z.). ‘Frees and rocks. Fayette, Clayton,
Bremer, Winneshiek, Shelby, Johnson, Linn, Story, Floyd
and Dickinson.

P. TRIBACIA ( Ach.) Tuck. Fayette, Bremer, Clayton, Shelby,
Johnson, Linn, Story.
The apothecia are sub-pedicellate as are some in the Tuck-
erman herbarium, though not agreeing with the description in
this respect.

P. casita (Hoffm.) WVyl. Stones. Fayette, Johnson, Bremer.
Some of the material collected agrees quite as well with P.
astrovdea.

Pe OBSCURA (t2hirh.) /Vyl. “Vrees: andi rocks. Bayette,
Bremer, Clayton, Winneshiek, Shelby, Johnson, Story, Linn.
We have one form approaching P. agua and another

approaching P. sefosa with no intermediate conditions. Some

sent by Mr. H. M. Kelly runs into P. adglutmnata.

76 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

P. ADGLUTINATA (//oerk.) (yl. Trees. Winneshiek, Fay-
ette, Bremer, Clayton, Shelby, Johnson, Linn, Story, Dick-
inson and Floyd.

PY XUN EP Tuck.
P. sorEDIATA /y. Rocks. Johnson, Fayette.
Fam. PELTIGEREI.
STC TA Senre.) slime
S. PULMONARIA (L.) Ach. Trees. Clayton.
PELTIGERA (Willd, Hojm.) waz

P. HORIZONTALIS (Z.) Hfoffm. From the lowa List of 1884-

P. potyDAcTYLA (JVeck.) Hoffm. Earth along shady hill-
sides. Fayette, Linn.

P, PULVERULENTA ( Zayl.) Vy/. Earth along shady hillsides.
Fayette.

P. RuFESCENS (JVeck.) /Hfoffm. Earth along shady hillsides.
Fayette, Bremer, Clayton.

P. canina (L.) Hoffm. Earth. Winneshiek, Fayette, Bre-
mer, Clayton, Shelby, Johnson, Linn, Muscatine, Story, Lee.

P. canina (L.) Hoffm., var. spurtA Ach. Clay banks. Fay-
ette, Bremer, Johnson.

P. cantina (L.) Hoffm., var. soREDIATA Scher. Earth in
moist shady places. Fayette.

Fam, PANNARIEI.
BEPPIA Wace.

H. pEspREAUXI (Jont.) Tuck. Calcareous earth. Fayette-

LICHENS OF: IOWA. 77

PANNARIA Delis.

P. LANGuINosA (Ach.) Karb. Shaded calcareous rocks.
Fayette, Winneshiek, Bremer, Clayton, Johnson, Linn.

P. MICROPHYLLA (,Sw.) Delis. Sandstone. Clayton.

P. PETERSID Zuck. Calcareous rocks. Iayette.

P, niGRA (//uds.) /Vyl. Calcareous rocks. Fayette, Bre-
mer, Clayton, Winneshiek.

Fam. COLLEMEI.

OMPHALARIA Dur. Mont.

©. puLtvinaTa /Vy/. Calcareous rocks. Fayette, Johnson.

QO. UMBELLA Tuck. Calcareous rocks. Fayette.
WONG MEA © (7fajam.\) Er.

C. pycnocarpuM /Vy/. Dead trees in moist wooded ravines.
Fayette, Bremer, Clayton, Winneshiek.

C. FLACcIDUM Ach. Trees and calcareous rocks. Fayette,
Clayton, Linn.

C. putposum (erhn.) Vyl. -Calcareous earth and rocks.
Fayette, Clayton, Bremer.

C. TENAX (Sw.) Ach. Calcareous earth and rocks. Fay-
ette, Floyd.

C. crispum Garr. Earth. Fayette, Winneshiek.

C. PLICATILE Scher. Calcareous rocks. Fayette, Clayton,

Johnson.
C. rurvum (Ach.) WVvi.. Calcareous rocks. Fayette.

C€. pustrutatum Ach. Calcareous rocks. Fayette.

18 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.
RE PTOGIV M. (772) Wye

L. LACERUM (Sw.) #y. Calcareous rocks among mosses,
and also on dead wood. Fayette, Bremer.

L. PULCHELLUM ( Ach.) Vyl. Dead trees in moist wooded
ravines. Fayette, Bremer, Clayton, Linn.

L. TREMELLOIDES (L.) “#7. Calcareous rocks. Fayette.
This lichen seems to .be rare in Iowa. and was always
found sterile.

L, CHLOROMELUM (Sw.) /Vy/. Calcareous rocks. Fayette,
Clayton.

L. myocuroum (hrh., Scher.) Tuck. Trees. Fayette,
Clayton.

Fam, LECANOREI.
PLAGODIUM (DC.) aes. and Hage

P. ELEGANS (Liuk.) DC. Calcareous rocks. Fayette, Clay-
ten, Winneshiek, Johnson, Linn.

P. CINNABARINUM (Ach.) Anz. Calcareous rocks. Fay-
ette, Clayton, Johnson, Linn, Winneshiek.

P. MICROPHYLLINUM TZzck. Dead wood. Fayette, John-
son, Floyd. Placodium certnum var. pyracea grows in the
same habitat, and it is often very difficult to distinguish
between the two.

P. crrrinum (Aoffm.) Lezght. Calcareous rocks. Fayette,
Johnson, Linn.

P. aurantiacum (Lighif.) Vaeg. and Hepp. Trees and
rocks. Fayette, Bremer, Clayton, Winneshiek, Dickinson,
Story, Shelby, Johnson, Linn.

P. cerinum (Hedw.) Naeg. and Hepp. Trees. Fayette,
Clayton, Bremer, Shelby, Johnson, Linn, Story, Winne-
shiek.

One form of this species seems to be quite widely distrib-

LICHENS OF IOWA. 7

uted in Iowa, which must be rare elsewhere. Only one

specimen like it was.found in the Tuckerman herbarium.

The apothecia are usually white pruinose and the exciple is

whitish. It is quite common on C//mus.

P. cerinum (ffedw.) Waeg. and Hepp., var. PYRACEA JVy/.
Old boards. Fayette, Floyd.

P. cerinum (/ledw.) Nacg. and Hepp., var. sipeRitTis Tuck.
Granitic rocks. Fayette, Bremer, Johnson.

P. FERRUGINEUM (//uds.\ Hepp., var. PoLninti Tuck.
Trees. Fayette, Johnson.

P. vITELLINUM (F&rh.) Naeg. and Hepp. Dead wood and
rocks. Fayetie.

P. virELLInNuM (4hrh.) Waeg. and Hepp. var. AURELLUM
Ach. Calcareous rocks. Fayette, Johnson, Linn.

LECANORA (Ach.) Tuck.

L. ruBINA ( Vill.) Ach. Granitic rocks. Fayette, Bremer.

L. rupina ( Vill.) Ach., var. HETEROMORPHA Ach. Gran-
itic rocks. Fayette, Bremer.

L. murauis (\Schreb.\) Scher., var. SAXICOLA ‘Scher. Gran-

. )

itic rocks. Fayette, Bremer.

L. murauis (,Schreb.) Scher., var. VERSICOLOR /7. Gran-
itic rocks. Fayette, Winneshiek.

BeeaELinA (Scired.\Scver, )iVrees.. (Payetté,Clayton.

Pecuppusca*(2.\) Ach. Trees and rocks. Fayette, Bre-
mer, Clayton, Shelby, Johnson, Linn, Winneshiek.

E. suprusca (ZL.) Ach., var. ALLOPHANA Ach. ‘Trees.
Fayette.

Is. supruscA .( 7.) Ackh., var. ARGENTATA: Ack. “Drees:
Fayette, Linn, Johnson.

So NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

L. susrusca (Z£.) <Ach., var. coiLocaRPA Ach. Trees.
Fayette.

L. HAGENI Ach. Calcareous rocks. Fayette, Johnson, Linn.

L. varia (E&rh.) WVyl. Trees and dead wood. Fayette,
Clayton, Bremer, Johnson.

L. varia (Fhrh.) WVyl., var. sapincoLa Fr. Dead wood.
Fayette, Floyd.

L. ERysIBE /Vy/. Calcareous rocks. Fayette. Apparently
rare. Specimens agree with the European forms. The
same has been collected in Illinois by W. W. Calkins. If
elsewhere in North America, I do not know of it.

L.-punicea (Acf.). -Trees. Story.. This is, a southern
lichen, and doubtless extremely rare in Iowa.

L. CINEREA (Z.) Sommerf., var. GipBosA JVy/l. Granitic
rocks. Fayette, Bremer.

L. CALCAREA (Z.) Sommerf. Calcareous rocks. Fayette.
Like that in the Tuckerman herbarium, collected in Kan-
sas by Hall; but the spores are rather small, and the speci-
mens differ otherwise from the usual form of the species.

L. CALCAREA (L.) Sommerf., var. CONTORTA Fr. Cal-
careous rocks. Fayette. Like that from Texas in the
Tuckerman herbarium, collected by Wright.

L. cervina (Pers.) yl. Calcareous rocks. Fayette.

L. priviena (Ach.) yl. Calcareous rocks. Fayette, Bre-
mer, Clayton.

L. privicNa (Ach.) Vyl., var. pRUINOSA Auct. Calcareous
rocks. Johnson. :

RINODINA (dMass., Stizenb.) Tuck.

R. oREINA ( Ach.) Mass. Granitic rocks. Fayette, Bremer,
Johnson.

LICHENS OF IOWA. Sr
R. sopuopes (Ach.) Ny/. Granitic rocks. Fayette, Johnson.
R. sopHopEs (Ach.) Wyl., var. ExicuA Frees. Old boards.
Fayette.
R. siscuorriu (//epp.) Averb. Calcareous rocks. Fayette.
PEW USA RLAy vc.
P. vELATA (Zurn.) WVyl. Trees. Fayette, Bremer, Clay-
ton, Winneshiek, Shelby, Johnson, Linn, Story.

Ps MULTIPUNCTrA ( Zurn.) Vyl. Trees. Fayette, Bremer,
Johnson, Linn, Story.

P. AMBIGENS (/Vy/.) Tuck. ‘Trees. Fayette.
P. communis DC. Trees. Fayette.

P. LHEIOPLACA (Ach.) Scher. ‘Yrees. Fayette. Spores
smaller than those of P. commun7s and four in each ascus,
a character denied to P. communis by Crombie.

PB. pusrucara ( Ach.) Vyl. Trees. Fayette, Linn, Floyd.
GM Ee © ae (ach Anz.
G. LuTEA (Dicks.) Tuck. Trees. Fayette.
WRC E OAA REA.
U. scruposa (Z.) Vy/. Sandstone. Clayton.

U. scruposa (¢Z.) Wy/., var. Gypsacea JVy/. Calcareous
earth., Fayette.

U. actrnostoma Pers. Granitic rocks. Fayette.
CLADONIEI,
CLADONIA Floffm.

C. SYMPHYCARPA Fy. Earth. Favette.

8> NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

C. sYMPHYCARPA /Y7., var. EPIPHYLLA (Ach.) (Vy. Earth.
Fayette.

C. mirruLa 7uck, Earth. Fayette, Clayton, Bremer, John-
son, Linn.

C. cartosa ( Ach.) Spreng. Johnson.

C. pyxipaTa (Z.) #r. Earth. Fayette, Bremer, Clayton,
Winneshiek, Johnson, Linn, Lee, Muscatine, Story.

C. FIMBRIATA (L.) Fr., var. TUBZFORMIS Fr. Earth and
old logs. Fayette, Winneshiek. Bremer, Clayton, Linn,
Johnson.

C. craciuis (Z.) iVy/. Earth. Fayette, Johnson, Winne-
shiek. Some of the material approaches C. degenerans.

C. cracitis (Z.) Wyl., var. VERTICILLATA #7 Earth.
Fayette, Emmet.

C. eraciuis (L.) WVyl., var. HyBRIDA Fy. Earth. Fayette.
C. squamosa //offm. Rotten logs. Fayette, Clayton, Lee.
C. pevicata (Zkrh.) #7. Rotten logs. Fayette.

C. caspiticia (Pers.) #7. Johnson.

C. rurcatTa (f/uds.) Fr. Earth. Fayette, Winneshiek.

C. rurcata (//uds.) Fr., var. RACEMOSA Fr. Earth. Fay-
ette. Some specimens of this could not be distinguished
from C. sguantosa.

C. RANGIFERINA (Z.) //offm. Earth and dead wood. Fay-
ette, Clayton, Muscatine.

C. RANGIFERINA (L.) -Hoffm., var. syuvaTica Z. Farth:
Clayton.

C. unctautis (Z.) #r. Earth. Clayton.

‘

C. CORNUCOPIOIDES (Z.) #r. 'Earth. Claytom

C. MACILENTA (Eiuhrh.) Hoffm. Old logs. Fayette, Win-
neshiek, Linn.

Sd
LICHENS OF IOWA. 82
C. pULCHELLA Schwem. Old stumps. Johnson.
C. cRISTATELLA Zuck. Old logs. Fayette, Winneshiek,
Bremer, Clayton, Johnson, Story, Linn.
Fam. LECIDEET:
BAGCATK OUR ASS ier
B: russELLU Zuck. Calcareous rocks. Fayette, Clayton,
Bremer, Winneshiek.

B. pecipiens (/krh.) Fr. Calcareous earth. Fayette, Win-
neshiek, Bremer, Dickinson.

B. GRANuLGSA (Ff%rh.) Poetsch. Sandy soil. Clayton.

B. peviaspis Zack. Trees. Fayette.

B. myriocarpoiwEs (/Vy/.) Zuck. Old boards. Fayette,
Floyd.

B. varians (Ach.) Trees. Fayette, Winneshiek.

B. HYPNOPHILA ( Zurn.) Mosses. . Fayette, Bremer, Clay-
ton, Winneshiek.

B. TRAcCHONA //ot. Granitic rocks. Fayette.

Be RUBELLA (Z/rh.) SFtabenh. Yrees. Fayette, Bremer,
Clayton, Shelby, Johnson, Linn, Winneshiek, Story.

B. FUSCO-RUBELLA (f/offm.). Trees. Fayette, Bremer, Clay-

ton, Winneshiek, Johnson, Linn, Dickinson.

B. surrusa-/7. Trees. Fayette, Winneshiek, Bremer, Clay-
ton, Floyd.

B. ATROGRISEA (Delis.) Hepp. Trees. Fayette.

B. scHweErnirzi /r. Trees. Fayette, Bremer, Winneshiek.

B. InuNDATA fr. Wet or inundated rocks. Fayette, Bre-
mer, Clayton, Johnson.

B. BFFUSA (\S7.) Aiepp.. Trees. Fayette:

84 NATURAL HISTORY BUELEDDY
B. muscorum (.Sw.). Earth. Fayette.
B. umprina (Ach.). Calcareous rocks. Fayette, Linn.

LECIDEA. (Aés.) ~ #1) Gae

L. ENTEROLEUCA fy. Trees. Fayette, Dickinson, Floyd,
Shelby.

L. ENTEROLEUCA /Y%., var. THEIOPLACA Zuck. Dickinson.
L. MELANCHEIMA Zuck. Old boards. Fayette.

L. acciinis Flot. On Populus. Fayette.
BUELLIA De Wot; Suge

B. spurtaA (.Scher.) Arn. Granitic rocks. Fayette, Bremer.

B. avBo-atra (ffofim.) Th. Fr., var. saxicoLa, Fr. Cal-
careous rocks. Fayette.

B.-parasEMA (Ach.) Th. Fr. Trees. Fayette, Bremer,
Clayton, Shelby, Linn.

B. pARASEMA (Ach.) Th., Fr., var. TRIPHRAGMIA, NVyl.
Trees. Fayette.

B. putLatTa Zuck. Granitic rocks. Fayette. A Californian
lichen, but ours agrees best here.

B. myrtocarpa (DC.) Jludd. Wood. Fayette, Dickinson,

Johnson.
Fam, OPEGRAPHEI.
OPEGRAPHA (fiumo.) Ach., LVyl.

O. pemissA Tuck. Trees. Fayette.
O. varia (Pers.) Fr. Trees. Fayette, Johnson, Dickin-
son and Floyd.

O. varia (Pers.) Fyr., var. puBiicaris (Hoffm.) Fr.
Trees. Fayette.

LICHENS: OF IOWA: 35

O. PULVINATA PRehm. On Endocarpon miniatum. Wayette.

This plant has not been collected before in America so far
as I can ascertain. The spores are 15 to 18 long and 5
to 6, wide, thus being a little wider than those of the Euro-
pean plant.

GikvA P 1S ieee

GeccrrpTA (Z.) Ack, Trees. Fayette, Clayton, Bremer.

Johnson, Linn, Shelby, Winneshiek, Story and Floyd.

A variety of forms was collected as to length, color and
form of apothecia, and color and amount of thallus. One
form with spores from four- to eight-celled seems to be near
O. dendritica, which has been reported from Illinois and
Minnesota.

Gascripva, (23) Ach., var. SERPENTINA Ach, ~ Vrees-

Fayette, Shelby, Winneshiek.

GemurEcrRA. /vck. ‘Urees. Payette, Clayton.
Fam. ARTHONIEI.

AC RSM HO uN GAS Achz., JV yi.

A. LECIDEELLA /Vy/. Trees. Fayette, Bremer, Clayton,
Story, Linn, Johnson.

A. DISPERSA (.Schrad.) /Vyl. Trees. . Fayette.

RADIATA. (/2ers.) 2h. Fr. Wrees. Bayette, Bremer,
Clayton, Story, Floyd, Linn, Johnson.

A. punctTiForMis Ach. Trees. Fayette, Bremer.

A. specTABILIS Flot. Trees. Fayette, Bremer, Clayton,

Story, Linn.

A. potymorpPua Ach. Trees. Fayette. Usually considered
to be a tropical lichen, but ours agrees with specimens in
the Tuckerman herbarium.

S6 NATURA HISTORY. (BUI iuNe
Fam GCALICLIET.
Au OT U4 ( Fee.) D LN.

A. TIGILLARE (Ach.) D WV. Old fences. Fayette, Bremer,
Clayton, Johnson, Story.

CONIOCE Y BE, Ae
C.oPpAtaapa ( Pers.) fre!) Trees, Payee
Fam. ENDOCARPEI.

ENDOCARKRPON Pega

E. mintatum (Z.) Scher. Caleareous rocks. Fayette,

/

Clayton, Linn.

es

. MINIATUM (L.),.Sch@r., var. MUHLENBERGIU Ach. Calcare-
ous rocks. Fayette.

E. mintatum (Z.) Scher., var. COMPLICATUM Scher. Wet
calcareous rocks. Fayette, Johnson.

E. ARBOREUM Schwein. Dead trees. Fayette.

E. nepaticum Ach. Calcareous earth. Fayette, Dickinson.

E. pusittum ffedw. Calcareous rocks. Fayette, Bremer,
Clayton, Johnson. The thallus varies from three millimeters
wide to very minute forms.

E. pustttum Hedw., var. GAROVAGLIL AA. On earth.
Clayton.
Fam. VERRUCARIEI,

STAUROTHELE LVorm:

S. UMBRINA ( Wahl.) Calcareous rocks. Fayette, Clayton,
Linn, Johnson. The spores were not colored, but may
have been immature. Ours seems also near \S. deffractella.

VERRUCARIA (ers.)) 7am,

V. NIGRESCENS Pers. Calcareous rocks. Fayette, Johnson,
Linn.

EICHENS= OF TlOMW:A.

Mm
~~

V.FUSCELLA “fr. Calcareous rocks. Fayette, Johnson.

V. RUPEsTRIS /7.* Calcareous rocks. Fayette.

V. MURALIS Ach. Calcareous rocks. Fayette, Johnson.

V. pyRENoPHORA (Ach.), Vy/. Calcareous rocks. Fayette.
PY REN bAs (Ach)? Neo. & Hepp:

P. punctirormis (Ach.) Veg. Trees. Fayette, Bremer.

P.'GEMMATA (Ach.) Veg.’ Trees. Fayette, Clayton.

P. HYALOSPORA /Vy/., Trees. Fayette.

EP EEUCOPLACA, (Wall) Kor. Lréees> - Fayette:

P. GLABRATA (Ach.) Afass. Trees. Fayette. The thallus
is not typical.

PewumipA Ach.. ‘Trees? * Wayette, Linn.
PawHEbENA “ich. Trees.» Fayette, Bremer:
Ee UACEEA (.ass-) Trees. Fayette.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT OF IOWA LICHENS.

As to state distribution little can be written, for while the
list contains collections from twelve counties, well distributed
over the state, only one county has been carefully studied.
The writer collected 180 species and varieties in Fayette
county. The number from no other county exceeds 75, and
eleven counties only furnished 16 lichens not found in Fayette
county. It is probable that the prairie portions of Iowa have
not the rich lichen-flora of this broken and wooded county.
But the counties along the eastern border of the state are
doubtless all as interesting, and no doubt would furnish some
interesting lichens. A careful study of the lichens of southern
Iowa should bring more sub-tropical forms, and the western
part of the state doubtless contains a few western species.

One interesting feature of habitat shown in the list is the
large number of species found on calcareous rocks and earth.

88 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Endocarpon, Pannaria, Omphalaria, Collema, Verrucaria,
are genera which illustrate this feature, nor should two rare
Lecanoras be omitted here.

Of the 196 forms listed, g2 were found only on wood, 57
only on rocks, and 26 only on earth; while 15 were found on
both wood and rocks, 2 on wood and earth, and 3 on rocks
and earth. From this it ‘appears that about 47 per cent. are
distinctly wood lichens, 29 per cent. distinctly rock lichens,
and 13 per cent. distinctly earth lichens.

Of those growing only on rocks, 32 were found on calcare-
ous rocks, 17 on granitic, 4 on both, and 4 on sandstone.
Of those growing only on wood, 71 grow on trees, 140n dead
wood and 7 on both. Again counting those found in two
habitats twice, 109 grow on wood, 76 on rocks, and 31 on earth.
On this basis 55 per cent. grow on wood, 39 per cent. on rocks,
and 16 per cent. on earth.

Of the genera, Cladonza is largest with 21 forms, Lecanora
being next with 20, and Avatora following closely with 18.
The total number of genera represented in the list is 34. The
absence of the genera Umbilicaria, Pyrenopsis, Stereocaulon,
and Calicium which are so well represented at the east should
be noticed. Also the genera Cetraria and Sticta, so common
in the eastern states, are each represented by a single species.

Of the lichens herein listed 120 are generally distributed
over the United States, 49 are Atlantic, 15 Western, 5 Arctic
and sub-Arctic, 4 Southern and 3 Pacific. The small number
of Arctic, Southern and Pacific forms is to be explained by
climatic, geographical and geological causes. Long continued
connection with the regions east, as well as the absence of
great mountains, are causes which conspire to give us so
many Atlantic forms. It needs to be stated that in the above
estimate lichens extending from the Atlantic toward the interior
are called Atlantic and those extending from the Pacific toward
the interior Pacific, while those found only in the interior are
considered western. This explains the small number of west-
ern forms given from a western state.

Re oLhuUDY OF ‘NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC
EXOASCE Al.

By Mrs. F. W. PATTERSON.

In the winter of 1894 it was suggested to me that the
amount of American literature treating of the forms of this.
group was quite limited and not of recent date, and, the for-
eign publications not always being available for students, it
might prove useful to prepare a paper upon North American:
species.

Iam greatly indebted to Prof. R. Sadebeck of Hamburg,
for several most kindly letters containing replies to questions
which arose in the systematic determination of some doubtful
forms, as also for the gift of his monographs upon the group
and a number of herbarium specimens.

I append to this paper the bibliography of literature con-
sulted. In this list is given author’s name, title of paper and
date of publication. In these citations an attempt has been
made to follow the rules of the bibliography committee of
American botanists. In the description of each species, under
its name, is given the synonomy chronologically arranged,
with reference to the bibliography. Both in these and in the
other parts of the text, reference is made to the bibliograph-
ical list simply by the author’s name and date.

While the species under consideration have met with many
vicissitudes at the hands of various authors as regards their
nomenclature, the majority have united in placing them in the
order Gymnoascacee, containing the simplest ascomycetous
forms and constituting the lowest family of the Dyscomycetes.
According to Saccardo we find this classification:

90 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.
DISCOM YC E Tis

Family Il. GYMNOASCE/# Baranitz.
Sub-family I. EXOASCEZ Sadeb.
TAPHRINA. <Asci polyspori, cellula basilari carentes, rarius instructi.

Exoascus. <Asci sub-octospori, cellula basilari instructi, rarius carentes.

In a recent publication (Zopf, ’90) I find:
ORDER GYMNOASCACE A:
Family 1: (SACCHAR OMY CERES:
Family Il. EXOASCE A.
Hamily LMNs GYNINOAS Ci

With some systematic mycologists these species have not
been so definitely located. De Bary, ’87, recognizing a mor-
phological relationship between them and the ascogenous
Saccharomycetes, unites both in an ‘“ Exoascus Group” and
classifies them with his “ Doubtful Ascomycetes.” ‘The struct-
ure and course of development of the Awoascew vary widely
from those of typical ascomycetes, and the acceptance of this
supposed phylogenetic affinity requires the assumption that ~
they are forms in which by retrogression, all traces of archi-
carp and antheridial branch have been lost. A parallel case
is found in some species of Saprolfegnie, obspores continuing
to be formed after antheridial branches have ceased.

Asci and spores are found in the Axoascee, but although
there is an hymenium, there is no gathering together into a
distinct fructification with an investing membrane. Individual
asci are independent in the discharge of spores, which act is
continual and gradual, never simultaneous, hence the phenom-
enon of puffing, so common in other genera of the Discomy-
cetes, is absent; it is probable the ejection takes place through
a minute apical opening.

The cell wall of the spores is a simple hyaline membrane
incapable of being separated into exosporium and endosporium.
The germination of the spores is by sprouting, which in a
number of species takes place prior to their liberation from
the asci. Small bud-like germ-tubes sprout from any portion

NORTH AMERICAN “PARASITIC EXOASCE ZZ. gt

of the spore, which, becoming elliptical, are abjointed. More
may follow until the protoplasm is exhausted. Irom such
sprouts, in many cases, new sprouts develop until the ascus
may become so filled by these conidial formations as to render
it impossible to determine the original number of spores.
Brefeld has suggested the division of the species upon the
basis of the number of spores. While eight may be regarded
as the typical number, and asci with a smaller number or with
conidial formations may be considered deviations from the
type, nevertheless so frequent and wide variations occur in
even a single species, and these too have been observed in
such a number of species, that one must conclude that upon
the number of spores or the development of ascus-contents
no argument for the classification of the species can be based.

I find the parasitic North American forms number 18 spe-
cies, affecting 48 hosts, distributed as follows:

t fungus species upon I species Sapindacee.

7 ‘< ‘ ‘6 iE “ Anacardiacee.
6 6c 6s e il 5 =e feosacee.

I HY: ry: 6 Tt ‘e Urticacee.

4 és “ 992 “ Cupulifere.

2 ‘ « ‘i 8 ss Salicacea.

This tabular view illustrates the importance of the group
from an economic standpoint. Our valued shade trees suffer
severely and of the affected Arosacee ten species are fruit trees.
The parasitic presence is manifested upon some hosts by
simple spots on the leaves, where. unless they occur in size or
numbers sufhicient to interfere with their physiological func-
tions, they may bring about no serious results. The form:
Magnusiella potentille (Farlow) Sadeb. serves as an example.

Exoascus deformans ( Berk.) Fuckel will serve to illustrate
the species causing destructive leaf and branch deformations;
the fungus excites increased activity in the host tissues, and
the unusual size and number of cells produce folds or arches,
giving a blistered appearance to the leaves, and twists them
into the familiar “leaf-curl” of the peach. Young twigs and

fo)

g2 NATURAL HISTORY Bivie asin

buds become thickened and distorted, in some instances into
the ‘witches’ brooms.” ‘The fungus never attacks the fruit,
but the latter falls from want of nourishment.

In the care of trees liable to this disease hygienic pre-
cautions are highly valuable, especially when dealing with
peach trees, as they are particularly susceptible to injury
from the acrid reagents of fungicides. However, as a pro-
phylactic measure for trees previously affected, an early spring
spraying with an ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate is
advised. The employment of Bordeaux mixture appears to
be rather hazardous. (McCarthy, 83)

Climatic conditions without doubt exert a marked effect
upon the spread of fungus disease, and a sudden fall of tem-
perature has been observed as particularly conducive to an
epidemic outbreak of this species. (Smith, ’92. )

A third and very serious class of diseases is caused by such
forms as /woascus prunt Fuck., Awoascus communis Sadeb.
Taking Hwoascus pruni as a type, the mycelium of the fungus
is perennial in the spring attacking the young ovaries. It
stimulates their tissues to great activity, which results in
producing peculiar malformations called “Bladder Plums,”
“Plum pockets” (‘ Taschen”). These are hollow, with per-
haps shreds of tissue stretching across the cavity and in some
instances show signs of an aborted ovule. A tree having
borne a crop of pockets seldom recovers, the recurrence of
such malformations being the rule. Rigorous cutting back of
diseased branches and removal of the pockets, before the ma-
turing of the spores, seems to be the most effectual course of
treatment, together with the topical use of probably the
same fungicides as before advised. This disease is of ancient
lineage. Cesalpin described it three centuries ago. without,
however, attempting to account for its cause.

Until 1861 it was supposed to be occasioned by insect dep-
redations. At that date a European mycologist, Fuckel,
discovered and described the fungus as Avoascus prunt,
‘densely covering the epidermis of the immature fruit of
Prunus domestica.”

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCE A, 93

I shall classify the parasitic Exoascee according to the de-
cisions of Professor Sadebeck subsequent to his exhaustive
researches into their life-history, as set forth in his latest mon-
ograph (793). Prior to his publication in 1883, uniting all
forms in one genus, /’xoascus, they were divided into the
three genera. Zaphrina Fries, Ascomycces Mont. et Desm., and
F-xoascus Fuckel. It remains to be stated what these generic
distinctions were.

According to Johanson (°85), their union in one genus was
advisable, but he preferred applying to it the oldest name,
Taphrina Fries, which considering the rules of priority gen-
erally observed in botanical nomenclature, it must be acknowl-
edged seemed the most fitting.

Dr. B. L. Robinson (87) thought best to follow Johanson.
Rostrop (°90) also, in his studies of Danish forms, makes use
of the same name, and other authors have done likewise
(Fr S.’91). But from the data of Professor Sadebeck and
his logical conclusions therefrom they must again be divided,
the basis of re-classification being their comparative structure
and life-histories. The species whose asci arise from no uni-
versal hymenium are to be separated generically from those
whose asci arise only from an universal hymenium. ‘Those
whose asci develop singly from the terminal branches of the
mycelium defween the epidermal cells are to be united into a
new genus called J/agnusrella. In the genus A woascus are
placed all the species possessing a perennial mycelium and
which cause a deformation of entire twigs. While in the
genus Zaphrina will remain only those species which have no
perennial mycelium and cause only local affections.

The old genus Ascomyces is absorbed, there remaining no
logical grounds for its existence. It has been proven when
studied under Ascomyces tosquinetii West. (Magnus, °74) and
Ascomyces endogenus Fisch. (735) that these are mycelial fungi,
the entire mycelium being exhausted in the formation of the
ascogenous cells; and that what was figured by Magnus as an
epidermal cell from the interior of which he supposed the
ascus to spring, ‘“‘each ascus being an individual plant,” was

94 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

no cell belonging to the host-plant, but merely a very much
swollen stalk-cell. This was demonstrated as described by
Sadebeck, by a comparative investigation into the historical
development of the species and by the use of the reagents
and stains which produce different effects upon host and
pgrasite. Although the possibility remains that a mycelial
Exoascus exists which develops zz the epidermal celis and
forms no sub-cuticular hymenium, still the probability is great
that there is no Ascomyces in the sense of Magnus.

For the comparative history of development and biology of
the parasitic H.woascee | must simply accept the results of
various authors. My work has been almost entirely upon
material collected when mature and preserved either in alco-
hol or dried for the herbarium. A most interesting research
could be made by the use of artificial cultures and by arti-
ficially infected host-plants. This has been attempted, but I
have learned of no entirely satisfactory results. Brefeld, who
has had the most experience in these lines. could keep the
germinating spores of Evoascus deformans, for example, upon
culture media for months, but they refused to form mycelial
threads until transferred to young shoots of living plants.
Sadebeck with spores of Axoascus tosguinetii ( West.) Sadeb.
was able to witness the entrance of mycelial threads through
stomata of the young leaves of A/zus: he also was successful
in inoculating A/uus cana with the spores of Fwoascus
epiphyllus, which he considers the easiest species to produce
disease in this manner.

The results of inoculation not being entirely satisfactory,
Sadebeck worked out the history of development of the
majority of the species upon the naturally diseased hosts.
For the genus J/agnusrella he referred to the researches of
Rostrop. The biological history of Axoascus pruni has been
given by de Bary (’87). and that of 7Zaphrina aurea Fries, by
Magnus (°75).

It may be of interest to indicate the limits and divisions of
all the A.xoascew as set forth by Professor Sadebeck. Bre-
feld had pointed out that the so-called “ Gymnoasci” belong

NORTI AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCEZZ. 95

to the Carpoasc’, and Ascomyces being such a doubtful genus,
it seemed to him correct to exclude it as well as the Sacchar-
omycetes, whose status as independent plants is still a subject
of controversy.

EXOASCE®.

Ascomycetes whose asci are not united in a fructification.

A. Those whose asci arise as swellings in the ends of mycelium threads or
their branches.

z. EndomycesVulasne. Asci containing 4 spores, not conidia-forming ;.

the sterile threads forming chlamydospores and monilioid conidia.

2. Magnusiella Sadeb. Parasitic. Asci with more than 4 spores and

generally conidial formations in the asci.
B. The asci arise from a hymenium more or less loose.

3. <lscocorticium Bref. Saprophytic on bark. The asci arise from a

mycelium, which forms a loose hymenium.

4. Taphrina Fries. Parasitic. Without perennial mycelium. <A differ-
entiation of material occurs in the formation of the uscogenous
cells. Appearance localized.

Exoascus Fuckel. Parasitic. With perennial mycelium. In the

ies

formation of the asci no differentiation of mater.al. Vhe sub-cuti-
cular mycelium turns directly into the ascogenous cells. Causes
deformation of infected twigs.

I shall now make use of a translation of Professor Sade-.
beck’s generic description and classification of species, omit-
ting the forms that are not American and adding, in the places
which appear proper to me, species of whose existence he was.
in ignorance; these are enclosed in brackets.

A SUMMARY OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF
PARASITIC EXOASCE.

ExXOAS CUS. Fuckel.

The continuance of the species is insured by the direct
infection of the spores and also by a perennial mycelium in
the host-plant; from this mycelium there develops at the time
of new vegetative growth, in the leaves of the infected plant.
a thread-like mycelium, which spreads out in many branches
between the cuticle and the epidermal cells, so that quite
directly, 7. ¢., without any previous differentiation whatever, it
breaks up into separate pieces, while single cells or aggrega-
tions of several cells are set free from their connections; all

‘96 NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCE/#.

these cells swell uniformly in the course of further develop-
ment and become. either immediately or after a further divi-
sion and individualization, ascogenous cells, which, for the
most part. stand closely pressed against one another and form
a sub-cuticular fruit-bearing layer or hymenium. The sub-
cuticular mycelium is used up completely in the formation of
‘the ascus. The disease affects either branches or branch sys-
tems, and therefore, through the influence which the parasite
exerts, a more or less considerable hypertrophical deforma-
tion in the leaves and also in part of the stem is produced.
Pocket-formations in the floral envelopes, and the witches’
broom (in the widest sense of the words) on leafy twigs are
the appearance of disease by which this genus is charac-
terized.

A. The mycelium is perennial in the inner tissue of the
organs of the stem and at the time of new vegetative growth
sends out its branches into the developing leaves. These
branches spread themselves out in the inner tissues and
thence take the first steps towards the formation of a sub-
cuticular hymenium.

1. The development of the hymenium occurs only in the
floral envelopes of the host-plant, pocket-formations. (Tas-
‘chenbildungen ).

Asci with stalk-cells:

E-xoascus pruni Fuckel.
E-xoascus communis Sadeb.

E-xoascus farlowii Sadeb.

2. The development of the hymenium occurs only in the
foliage leaves of host-plant. ‘Witches’ broom” forms. (Hex-
enbesenbildungen. )

a. Asci with stalk-cells.

E-xoascus cerast (Fuck.) Sadeb.

6. Asci without stalk- cells.

Exoascus purpurascens (Ellis & Everhart) Sadeb.

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCE. 97

B. The mycelium is perennial in the buds of the host-
plant and develops, at the time of new growth in the young
leaves, only between the cuticle and epidermal cells. Branch
distortion and *‘ witches’ broom” formation present.

1. Asci with stalk-cells.
E-xoascus deformans ( Berk.) Fuckel.

bo

Asci without stalk-cells.
a. On foliage leaves.
Fexoascus bacteriospermus (Johans.) Sadeb.

b. On floral envelopes.
E-xoascus amentorum Sadeb.

C. The resting mycelium spreads intercellularly, causing
distortion of the leaves. | No American form. |

T AGP AUR TN AG -Friés.

“

A mycelium perennial in the host-plant does not occur.
The continuance of the species is insured only by the infec-
tion of the spores. After the germination of the spore a
sub-cuticular mycelium develops, which spreads over a larger
or smaller part of the leaf and very soon, in a succession
of a great number of swellings and protuberances, part apical
and part lateral, the hyphe are differentiated into a fertile and
sterile part. The fertile hyphze develop, on taking up rich
nourishment from the host-plant, into the hymenium, while
the sterile remaining part gradually loses its contents, becomes
shiny, and finally entirely disappears. The entire sub-cutic-
ular mycelium is not used up in the formation of the asci.
The external visible signs of disease are limited to larger or
smaller spots on leaves, only 7uphrinopsis causing greater dis-
tortion.

A. ‘Phe mycelium and the hymenium formation is always
sub-cuticular (Hutaphrina).

1. The fertile hyphz are entirely used up in the formation
of the asci.

98 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

a. Asci with stalk-cells.

Taphrina aurea ( Pres.) Fr.

6. Asci without stalk-cells.
a. on floral organs.

Taphrina johansoni Sadeb.
Taphrina rhizophora Johanson.

3. on foliage leaves.
Taphrina carnea Johanson.
Taphrina cerulescens (Mont. & Desm.) Johanson.
| Taphrina virginica Sadeb. |
| Zaphrina esculi Ellis & Everhart. |

2. The fertile hyphae not completely used up in the for-
mation of asci.

Asci with stalk-cells.
Taphrina ulmi | Fuckel) Johanson.

B. Mycelium and hymenium development only within the
epidermal cells ( Zaphrinopsis)._ | No American form. |

MAGNUSIELLA, nov. gen. y

The vegetative mycelium spreads particularly in the inner
tissue of the infected parts of the plant and sends thence
branches to the surface of the host-plant. The ends of these
branches swell very considerably and each develops into an
ascus. The hyphal form from which the asci arise occurs
between the epidermal cells or intercellularly still deeper in
the inner tissue of the host-plant. The differentiation of the
stalk-cell has not yet been noticed in these asci. The asci
arise from no universal hymenium but stand szzg7y: they have
more than four spores and develop cozzdia in their interior
while the ascus is still closed. The conidia of most species
are very small. The infection is confined to larger or smaller
spots on leaves and occurs only seldom on the stems. Many

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCE. 99

things are needed to complete their life-history. Here belong
the following species formerly put in the genus 7aphrina,

Magnusiella potentilla (Farlow ) Sadeb.
Magnusiella fava (Farlow) Sadeb.

From this classification some species are omitted hitherto
considered American. For example, Axoascus tosguinetit
West which Sadebeck claims only causes leaf and sprout de-
formation (Hexenbesen) of Alnus species, and which has not
been observed here; /woascus a/ni De Bary, in part absorbed
by a European form, 7aphrina sadebeckit Johanson, (causing
spots on Alnus leaves) in part by /’woascus fosguinetit (West )
Sadeb. and in part by Axoascus amentorum Sadeb. which is
the cause of the affection of Alnus catkins frequent in Amer-
ica. Frxvoascus tosguineli ( West.) Sadeb. also absorbs 7uph-
rina alnitorgua Yul.

A description of each species that I have examined follows,
with a chronological arrangement of its synonymy and _bibli-
ography.

Pe OLA SiC WS. —Luckel.
Exoascus pruNI fuckel. Plate}. Fig. 1.
Bibl. and Syn.:

E-xoascus prunt Fuckel ’6r.

Farlow ’76. Saccardo ‘89.
Trelease °84, (pp. ?) Ilalsted °g2, pp.
Bessey ‘86. Ellis & Everhart ’93.

Scribner °87.

Taphrina prunt Vulasne ’66.

Robinson °87, pp. Ilalsted °92.
Ellis ’89 (pp. *) Halsted My. ’92.
Smith 91.

It has been customary until a recent date to consider this
species the cause of the “pocket formations” upon all fruits.
wild or cultivated, but by the present classification it is limited
for hosts to Prunus domestica and Prunus virginiana in
America. The disease is very wide spread and destructive.

Ioo NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The mycelium of the fungus is perennial in the fruit-bearing
branches of the hosts, and in the spring it attacks the young
ovaries, which continue to develop but in an abnormal manner;
the tissues apparently stimulated to great activity by the para-
sitic presence, become spongy: no seed is formed, and across
the hollow interior shreds of tissue may be stretched. There
is also a hypertrophic affection of the floral envelopes which
in some instances remain attached to the diseased ovaries.

+ Pockets” are sometimes found upon the same branch with
normally developed fruits.

The asci densely packed together, when mature protrude
far beyond the cuticle, giving the fruit a hoary appearance;
they are long, somewhat slender and cylindrical, usually with
rounded apices, slightly tapering below; they are 40-50 long
and 8-10. thick; stalk-cells 10-16. high cover the epider-
mal cells with a base about 8» broad, and do not penetrate
between them. The nearly ball-shaped spores approximate
4-54 in diameter. Conidia are often seen in the asci, but they
develop only when the protoplasm of the ascus has not been
exhausted in the formation of the normal 8 spores.

I have examined Prunus domestica from Wisconsin, collected
by Mr. A. B. Seymour, and one specimen from Seuth Caro-
lina. These specimens agree well with the foreign exsiccati
used in comparison, as Eriksson, Fungi Parasitici Scandina-
vici 218. and Briosi e Cavara, I. Fungi Parassiti delle Piante
Coltivate od Utile. 103. The only Prunus virginiana 1 have
was collected in New York. This species seems to be iden-_
tical with Rabenhorst-Winter, Fungi Europzi, 3473, upon
Prunus padus var. americana, which Prof. L. H. Bailey
writes me he thinks is very probably P. wrginzana. Sade-
beck states that &. prunt may be the species affecting the
fruit of Prunus padus, Bird Cherry. I have examined speci-
mens of this host from the herbariums of P. Magnus and
from Eriksson’s Fungi Parasi. Scand., 79; the microscopic
appearance is very similar to P. domestica and P. virginiana.
Upon P. padus the stamens remain adherent to the diseased
ovaries.

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCEZE. IOL

The following references include specimens on various
hosts and it is impossible to determine with certainty to what
species of the present classification they should be referred.

Bessey °85. Webber ’go.

Galloway ’S9, Halsted ’g2a. pp.
ITalsted °920. pp.
Davis ’93.

EXxoascus COMMUNIS Sadebeck. Plate I. Fig. 2.
Bibl. and Syn.:
Fexoascus prunt Auct. Amer. pp.
Kellerman ’85c. Peck °86.
Kellerman °85¢. Kellerman & Carleton °87.

Smith & Pammel.

Taphrina prunt Auct. Amer. pp.
Robinson ’87. Ellis & Everhart.
James 788. Seymour & Earle ’go.

E-xoascus communis Sadebeck ’93.

The microscopic appearance of fruits affected by this species
is very similar to that of those suffering from the presence
of &. prunz just described. The asci are densely packed
together, rather slender and club-shaped with the upper ends
rounded or truncated 30-40. in length, 3-4u in diameter.
The stalk-cells are 15-20. high, more slender than the asci
and somewhat pointed at the ends; they do not extend
between the epidermal cells. The size of the asci and the
size and shape of the stalk-cells are quite different, it will be
observed, from those of &. prunz. The spores are ball-
shaped or oval 3—4u in diameter, normally eight in number,
but frequently the asci are filled with conidia. This species
occurs upon Prunus americana, P. maritima, P. pumila, P.
nigra, P. sub-cordata, and the De Soto plum a cultivated
variety of P. amerzcana. Upon these hosts it causes the for-
mation of pockets or bladders usually after the fall of the floral
envelopes. The specimens I examined upon P. americana
were collected in Wisconsin by Mr. A. B. Seymour, in Kansas
by W. A. Kellerman, in-lowa by L. O. Williams and Dr. A.

IO2 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN:

B. Dennis; the P. maritima at Dartmouth, Mass., by Dr. W.
G. Farlow. PP. nigra sent me by Prof. L. H. Bailey was
collected at Alma, Mich., and the De Soto plum from Utica,
Wis., was sent me by Prof. Wm. Trelease.. Prof. Harkness
sent me the specimens upon P. seb-cordata. He reports that
owing to the prevalence of the disease, the California Wild
Plum is seldom fit to eat.

I have had no opportunity to study the species upon P.
pumila.

IE-XOASCUS FARLOWII (.Sadebeck) Saccardo. Platel. Fig. 3.
Bibl. and Syn.:

E-xoascus pruni Auct. Amer. pp.

Ellis *79. Farlow ’83.

Taphrina pruni Auct. Amer. pp.

Robinson °87.

Taphrina farlowit Sadebeck ‘go.
E-xoascus farlowii (Sadeb.) Sacc. ’92.
Exoascus farlowi Sadebeck ’93.

The ovaries of Prunus serotina are deformed by this spe-
cies much in the same manner as those of the hosts of 4.
prunt and £. communis. ‘There is a hypertrophic affection of
the entire carpels; the fruits become elongated and pointed;
the floral envelopes are persistent.

Sadebeck ’go first described the species as with ‘asci com-
paratively far apart,” size, S-gu x 15-254. I have examined
material collected at Cambridge, Mass., by Dr. W. G. Far-
low; at London, Canada, by J. Dearness, and sent me from
Iowa by Prof. T. H. McBride. My results do not in any
instance entirely correspond with Sadebeck’s description.! I
find the asci measurements to be 10-11 X25—32y with stalk-
cells 8-10 11—16y and also the asci almost without exception
are closely crowded together. The latter can be no very con-
stant feature nor important ground for specific determination,

1Sadebeck, R. Die parasitichen Exoasceen, etc., p. 47.

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCEE. 1023

‘

but the size and shape of the stalk-cells would alone warrant
separation from the other Exoasci affecting fruits, each of
which also has stalk-cells and develops an hymenium only in
the floral parts. The asci are cylindrical in shape, with
rounded or truncated apices; the stalk-cells are sometimes a
little pointed, and may extend slightly between the epidermal
cells, though they generally have the effect of forming a
continuous layer above them. The spores are almost spher-
ical, 3—4.5 in diameter. Conidial formations sometimes occur
in the asci.

Exoascus cERAsI (/uckel) Sadebeck. Plate l. Fig. 4.
Bibl. and Syn.:

Fexoascus wiesner’ Auct. Amer.
Meehan ’S6. Ellis & Everhart 89.
Farlow ’86.
Taphrina deformans Auct. Amer. pp.
Robinson ’87.
E-xoascus deformans Auct. Amer. pp.
Saccardo *89.
Briosi e Cavara ’g1

F¢xoascus cerast (Fuckel) Sadebeck 93.

For a part of the determination of this species | am indebted
to the kindness of Prof. Sadebeck, who examined diseased
leaves of Prunus serotina and decided that they were infected
by /woascus cerast. We had previously considered it solely
European. There is a deformation of the leaves and branches,
the latter becoming thickened and forming * witches’ brooms”
(Hexenbesen). The perennial mycelium at the beginning of
spring penetrates into the inner cells of the leaves and de-
velops, generally upon their under side, a sub-cuticular hyme-
nium, which produces the asci. The leaves become curled or
twisted and wrinkled and somewhat dark, but not cartilagi-
nous like leaves affected by Axvoascus deformans. The asci
are normally club-shaped, rounded at the top and rather
slender, in size 7—-10xX30—50z, but their variability is de-

104 NATURAL HISTORY -BULLETIN-

scribed as “exceeding that of any other Exoasci.” The stalk-
cells are 5-8 x10-16u. Mature spores, of which there are
eight to an ascus, are ellipsoidal in form and measure 5-7 x 6—
gu; their large size is a distinguishing character of the spe-
cies. I understand this to include all species formerly con-
sidered as FH woascus wiesnert. 1 have examined it upon
leaves of Prunus serotina collected at Cambridge, Mass., by
Dr. W. G. Farlow and Economic Fungi No. 128 from Ala-
bama, and also upon deformed leaves of “cultivated cherry.”
(Prunus avium?) distributed as No. 2286 of Ellis, North
American Fungi. I think to this species can be referred
specimens of Prunus americana showing both branch and leaf
distortion; some were collected in Illinois by Prof. L. H.
Bailey, and several were sent me by Prof. L. H. Pammel,
which had been found in various localities in lowa. I am also
indebted to Prof. Pammel for the opportunity of examining
Prunus hortulana collected at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, by A. B.
Dennis, and leaves of the Miner plum, a cultivated variety of
P. hortulana, collected at Amana, Iowa, by A. Noe, both of
which are doubtless affected by this species. It is also found
upon several specimens of Prunus pennsylcanica from New
Hampshire. I believe it proper to refer to this species the
disease of Prunus virginiana leaves collected at Ute Pass.
Col., and sent me by Prof. Wm. Trelease; in some respects
‘it resembles E.wvoascns deformans, but the spores are larger,
being 5 7u. Prunus demissa, the western choke-cherry col-
lected in Nebraska by Mr. T. A. Williams and sent me for
examination by Mr. B. T. Galloway, shows the characteristic
leaf and sprout deformation and agrees microscopically v —
the fungus upon P. wrginiana.

For comparison of these American forms with authentic
exsiccati; I have examined Krieger, Fungi Saxonici, 621.
Fxoascus deformans ( Berk.) FcklL, syn. &. wéesner?, Rathay
on P. avium, Mycotheca Universalis, cura F. de Thimen
2265. Exoascus wiesnert? Rathay, on living leaves of P.
ceras?, and several others.

There are upon some of the hosts here referred to this spe-

NOR@TH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCE 4. TOS

cies considerable variations from the typical form and size of
the asci and stalk-cell, as well as divers spore measurements.
But these phenomena which might be occasioned by climatic
influences upon the hosts, through them affecting the nutri-
tion and development of the fungus, seem not suflicient to
warrant the splitting up into new species; still it is not improb-
able that a more intimate acquaintance with the conditions of
the hosts occasioned by the presence of the’ parasities and a
‘closer study of the life-history of the latter may justify an
increase of species

Exoascus PURPURASCENS ( EV/’s d&- Hverhart) Sadebeck.
Plate Us Mig sor.

Bibl. and Syn.:

FE-xoascus deformans var. Farlow 783.

Farlow ’85.

Ascomyces deformans var. purpurascens Ellis & Everhart
a7
Tabhrina purpurascens Robinson °87.
Ellis 89.
Sadebeck ’go.
Seymour & Earle ‘92.

E-xoascus purpurascens Saccardo °89.
E-xoascus purpurascens (Elis & Everhart) Sadebeck ’93.

This fungus has so far only been definitely reported as
occurring in America and appearing upon the leaves of A’Aus
copallina, the dwarf sumach. It has been observed in Mas-
sachusetts, New Jersey and Connecticut. The macroscopic
appearance of the leaves is characteristic; what are at first
round purple spots flow together irregularly until the entire
upper surface is covered and wrinkled. when the leaves hang
loosely down. The wrinkles are caused by the swelling up
of the softer parts of the leaf-tissue between the nerves, the
swollen parts becoming convex above and concave below.
The mycelium is perennial in the infected branches and from

106 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN:

them penetrates to the inner cells of the leaves. Dr.- BL.
Robinson! has called attention to the remarkable changes of
the cellular structure as revealed by microscopic study; the
spongy parenchyma and epidermal cells becoming compact
and palisade-like.

The asci mature in the early summer. ‘They are amphig-
enous; 24~32v in length and approach dumb-bell-shape, being
constricted at the point of exsertion through the cuticle to
6-11 while the lower part is 9-21 and the external upper
portion g-14 4 in width.

The differentiation of a stalk-cell is wanting which separates
it from Fxoascus deformans of which it was formerly con-
sidered a variety, while the size and shape of the asci are also
quite different. The spores are elliptical in form, from 2.5—
5/in diameter. While yet within the asci numerous yeast-
like conidia are found.

I have examined Zaphrina purpurascens Robinson; Eco-
nomic Fungi 120 a., on leaves of Athus copallina, collected at
Manchester, Mass., by W. C. Sturges; Economic Fungi 120
b., collected at Pigeon Cove and Magnolia Mass., by A. B.
Seymour; Ascomyces deformans var. purpurascens, North
American Fungi, No. 1886, collected at Newfield, New
Jersey.

EXOASCUS DEFORMANS ( Berk.) Fuckel.
Bibl. and Syn.:

Ascomyces deformans Berk.

Harkness & Moore ’8o.

Ellis 785.
Rieck ras:

Taphrine deformans Tul.
Farlow °78. Bailey °go.
Robinson 787. - Smith ’gt.
Smith ’88. Scribner ’gt.
Ellis ’89. Smith ’92.

Seymour & Earle ’go.

1 Robinson, B. L. Notes on the genus Taphrina. Anzals of Botany, Vol.
L Nos DE Nowe tS874pa 70:

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCE Zz. 107

Fvxoascus deformans Vckl.

Bessey 785. Knowles °$7.
Kellerman ’85c. Saccardo ’89.

us 850. Webber ’go.
Arthur 785. Pazschke ’go.
Bessey ’86. Briosi e Cavara ’gt.
Scribner ’87. ITalsted ’g2.

Kellerman & Carlton °87.
Fixoascus deformans Berk.
Ellis & Everhart ’93.
E-xoascus deformans (Berk ) Fuckel.

Sadebeck ’93.

This species causes the familiar “leaf curl” of the peach.
Until a comparatively recent date it has been customary to
refer all leaf and sprout affections of fruit trees to the defor-
mans, as has been the case with diseased carpels and &. prez.
In both instances variations sufficient to render necessary fur-
ther specific separation are now recognized. To the species
FE-xoascus deformans ( Berk.) Fuckel, Sadebeck refers all dis-
eases of Prunus persica, which, at the time of writing his last
monograph, he considered to be the only American host. I
sent him leaves of Prunus chicasa, which he has decided was
suffering from an attack of the same fungus. The mycelium
is perennial and is found in the young shoots of early spring,
in the bark, but never in the medullary rays; it penetrates
among the parenchyma of the leaves and develops a sub-
cuticular hymenium. In consequence of the parasitic influ-
ence very striking abnormal growths occur; infected leaves
become curled and often cartilaginous. The microscopic
changes of leaf-structure are well illustrated in an article by
E. L. Knowles, mentioned in the bibliography of the species.
The “ witches’ broom” formations have been described in a
previous page. Sadebeck says the fungus does not spread in
the leaves of the later sprouts. June and July twigs always
have a perfectly healthful appearance, even if the disease has
been very violent in the spring.~ The asci are cylindrical,
usually rounded at the top, in size g-10x 35~-407. The stalk-

to8 NATURAL EU SOR Nes BiG miei lelINe

cells are 6—8,high and may be 6~g» thick; they are more or
less pointed at the base and may sometimes extend slightly
between the epidermal cells. A typical ascus is octosporic,
but there are two departures from this state; in one, by divis-
ion they become much more numerous; in the other a fewer
number develop, sometimes not more than four; in this case
the spores may be quite large; their usual size is 3-4 in
diameter. An appearance of the disease may be expected
wherever the peach-tree is cultivated. Methods of preven-
tion and treatment are topics of great importance and subjects
of experimentation at the various agricultural stations. I
have examined the species upon Pranus persica from locali-
ties too numerous for enumeration. My specimens of Pranus
chicasa were collected in Alabama by Prof. G. F. Atkinson;
in California by Prof. H. W. Harkness, and sent me from
Iowa by Profs. T. H. McBride and L. H. Pammel.

EXOASCUS BACTERICSPERMUs ( Yohanson) Sadebeck. Plate I.
Bio. 63:
Bibl. and Syn.:

Taphrina bactertospermus Johanson.
Rostrup ‘88.
ic lone

E-xoascus bactertospermus (Johans.) Sadebeck °93.

This species has been reported as occurring in Greenland
upon Petula nana only. IJ have found what well agrees with
the original description of Johanson ’87 upon leaves of Betula
glandulosa, collected at Lake of Clouds, Mt. Washington, by
Mr. Kingo Myiabe.

Large areas are affected, becoming dark reddish brown,
and causing a curling of the leaf. The asci, densely packed,
are generally upon the lower side of the leaves, but some-
times upon the upper; they are rather smaller than the meas-
‘urements of Johanson, being 14-16 x 37—46; the apices are
rounded or truncated, as also are the basal portions, which are
frequently dilated to 18-32. The spores are globose 3.5—
4.5", but asci soon fill with minute conidia.

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCEZ:. 109.

iS)

EXOASCUS AMENTORUM Sadebeck. Plate Il. Fig.

Bibl. and Syn.:

Ewoascus alnitorguus var. alni-tncane Wihn 773.

o>)

Taphrina alnitorqua Auct. Amer.

Farlow 778. Robinson ’$7.

Peck (53) Ellis ’89.
E-xoascus alnt De By., var. strobilina Vhiimen °79.

Rehm. ’81.

Ascomyces tosguineti? Auct. Amer.
lis 779: Harkness 785.
Farlow 783.

E-xoascus alnitorguus Auct. Amer.

Arthur & Holway ’87. Saccardo ’89.

>
E-xoascus amentorum Sadebeck.
Farlow & Seymour 799.
Sadebeck ’93.
Taphrina alni-incane (WKihn) Magnus.
Farlow & Seymour ’go.
Economic Fungi ’92.
Taphrina amentorum (Sadeb.) Briosi e Cavara ‘gt.

This species causes the very common affection of bracts
subtending the fertile catkins of A/nus cncana, Alnus serrulata
and Alnus rubra, causing them to become enlarged and
twisted, and when mature covered by escaping spores as with
a hoary frost. The mycelium is perennial. The asci borne
upon all parts of the bracts are densely crowded together,
measuring 9-10 X 35-41, clavate in outline, with sometimes
slightly flattened apices; there are no stalk-cells; the spores
are from 4-5 in diameter, with seldom any conidial forma-
tions. I have examined A/nus tncana from Newton, Mass..,
collected by Dr. W. G. Farlow; from Plainville, Conn.,:and
Granville, Mass., by Mr. A. B. Seymour; also A/uas serru-
fata from Auburn, Ala., collected by Prof. G. F. Atkinson,
ard from Jamaica Plain, Mass., by Mr. A. B. Seymour.

IIo NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN:

These all were affected by the species in question. The only
specimen upon A/nus rubra that I have seen was kindly given
me by Prof. H. W. Harkness and collected in California.
The distortion occasioned by the parasite seems here a little
more severe than upon the other hosts. These all corre-
spond well with A.xoascus alni De Bary on catkins of Alnus
glutinosa, distributed as No. 1366 Mycotheca Universalis cura
I. de Thiimen.

LAP ER eae
TAPHRINA AUREA (Persoon) Fries. Plate Il. Fig. 4.

Early American botanists considered this to be the cause of
a disease common upon the fertile aments of Populus species;
that is now accounted for elsewhere, and Johanson and Sade-
beck unite in naming this as found upon Populus leaves only.

I have examined several cultivated species of Populus from
Ames, lowa, collected by L. H. Pammel! and F. C. Stewart,
which bear a fungus agreeing in the main with the descrip-
tion of the European species. Upon Populus betulrfolia occur
vellow spots, changing to dark brown, 2-1omm. in size, which
become blisters bearing asci on their concave side, which is
generally upon the under surface, but sometimes upon the
upper.

P. petrovsky had the diseased areas larger, and patches
confluent. P. certnens7s was still more largely affected, and
P. fastigiata had the smallest spots of any, 2-Ilomm.

Prof. H. W. Harkness has sent me, from California. leaves
of P. dilatata having blisters 20mm. in diameter.

The principal points of departure from the descriptions of
the authors before mentioned lie in the location and the size
of the asci. They are described as hypophyllous. I find in
every instance some epiphyllous. My asci are 18-25 x 55-
7ou. This brings them within the minimum limits of the spe-
cies. The mycelium arising between the cuticle and epi-

‘See Pammel, 93. This reference had been inadvertently overlooked
ina former statement. See Bot. Gaz., Sept., 1894.

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCE. ion

dermis is entirely used up in the formation of the ascogenous:
cells; these are distinguished, especially after breaking through
the cuticle, by their golden-yellow contents.

The shape of the asci is very remarkable; they are either
slender, and penetrate deeply between the epidermal cells; or
thick, and round at the bese, which is slightly immersed;
they are clavate, rounded usually at the apex, somewhat
attenuated at the point of extrusion through the cuticle. At
the base of the slender forms there is sometimes a stalk-cell,
but in the thicker ends this is generally absent. I have never
observed them in the American specimens, and but seldom in
the European.

The spores may reach a diameter of 4x, but are said
to never all develop. For the determination of this species,
having no American exsiccati, I made comparisons with
affected leaves of P. nigra, sent me by Prof. Sadebeck, with
Taphrina aurea 'Tul., Rathay Flora Austro-Hungarica 1178,
E-xoascus populi de Thiimen Mycotheca Universalis 80,
Ascomyces aureus (Pers.) Magnus, Saccardo Mycotheca ven-
eta 1500. Rabenhorst Fungi Europzi 2350 and others.

TAPHRINA JOHANSONI! Sadebeck. Plate II. Fig. 1.

Bibl. and Syn.:

Ascomyces aureus Auct. Amer.
Thiimen °79.

Harkness 85.

Taphrina aurea Auct. Amer.

Farlow 78. Ellis & Everhart ’$7-
Ellis ’79. Robinson °87.
Farlow ’83. Ellis 89.

Peck ’86.

Taphrina rhizophora Auct. Amer.
Farlow & Seymour ‘go. Dayis ’93-
Seymour & Earle ’92.

Taphrina johansonit Sadebeck "go.
Sadebeck °93.

= 5 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The fungus attacking the fertile catkins of Populus species
had recently been published as Zaphrina rhizophora Johanson.
After very careful study of its description in Sadebeck’s pub-
lications and the original one of Johanson, together with com-
parison of my microscopic preparations with their plates, I
feel justified in adopting the above classification, and in
expressing a doubt if the genuine Zaphrina rhizophora occurs
in America.

Wishing authoritative advice, I sent some diseased catkins
of Populus tremuloides to Prof. Sadebeck; he very kindly
replied, giving the classification as herewith presented, to-
gether with material for comparison. The parasite causes
hypertrophy of the carpels, which become about double their
normal size, and when the asci are mature appear covered
by a yellow frost. In shape the asci are more or less clavate,
and generally rounded at the top.

They are 14~20u in width of the part that is above tne epi-
-dermis, in length 46-105”; the narrower portion penetrates
between the epidermal cells and even a short distance below;
‘it is very irregular in shape, and in width about 8u. The asci
are remarkable for their golden-yellow contents, and in that
respect resemble Zuphrina aurea (Persoon) Fries on Popu-
Jus leaves. The spores are 4” in diameter, and have many
conidial formations. A brief outline of the microscopical feat-
ures of Zuphrina rhizophora Johanson may serve to indicate
the lack of resemblance of the species under discussion. The
asci of Taphrina rhizophora are the largest of all, being 120—
160u in length; an immersed portion of 40-80 extends into
the interstices between the cells of the host even to the third
or fourth row, and this portion may be divided into two pro-
cesses. Such extreme length of asci, their deep penetration
and division into processes I have in no instance found in
American material. I have examined Populus trenitlordes,
collected at Medford, Mass., by Mr. A. B. Seymour, the
material from Newfield, N. J., distributed as N. A. F. No.
1885 and the same host sent me from Racine, Wis., by Dr.
J.J. Davis; the Populus grandidentata specimens were from

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCEZ. EI?

Newton, Springfield, and Weymouth, Mass., and Mr. F. L.
Stevens has kindly contributed material collected by himself
in Wisconsin, which he believes to be P. grandidentata.

The ovaries of Populus fremontit are reported as affected
by the same disease as some of the above material, but I have
had no opportunity for its study upon that host.

‘TAPHRINA CARNEA Yohanson.

Bibl. and oyn.:

Johanson ’85. Rostrup ’88.
tf $7. if (Ome
Sadebeck ’93.

This species, reported in Greenland upon leaves of Petula
nana, is described as forming blisters conspicuous both for
their size and reddish color. The asci, borne only on the
upper side of the leaves, have rounded or truncated apices,
and are in diameter 14—30u, in length 44-80; they are filled
with conidia; stalk-cells are not formed. I have had no
opportunity to study the species except by its bibliography.

TAPHRINA CCERULESCENS (J/ont. & Desm.) Tulasne. Plate
Mi ic...
Bibl. and Syn.:

Ascomyces caerulescens Mont. & Desm.
Trelease 84.
Ellis 85.

Taphrina cerulescens Tul.
Robinson ’87. Sadebeck ’go.

Ellis *89. Seymour & Earle ’92.
Sadebeck ’93.

Alscomyces guercus Cke.

Cooke ’78. Harkness ’8s.

Ravenel ’78. Ellis & Everhart ’87.
/ i

Thiimen ’8r. Langlois ’87.

Cooke ’83.

Taphrina guercus Sacc.

Saccardo ’$9.

114 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

This species is one of very frequent occurrence in North
America. The spots found upon some of its hosts are of
rather definite outline 2-6mm; on others irregular and conflu-
ent, covering perhaps 1% of the leaf’s surface, which appears
deeply blistered and of a bluish-gray color.

There is no uniform development of the asci, but upon a
number of hosts they are amphigenous; they are club-shaped,
rounded at the top; size, 15-25 40-80; they have one or
more processes, which penetrate between the epidermal cells
from 10-201; the longer ones are quite slender, and have two
or three to one ascus; the short are somewhat blunt, and
have only one to an accus.

There is no differentiation of a stalk-cell. The spores are
very numerous and minute, the presence of yeast-like conidia
in great numbers renders the measurement of the spores very
uncertain and of little value. I have found this species upon
Quercus coccinea var. tinctoria from Massachusetts, collected
by Mr. A. B. Seymour and from Mississippi by S. M. Tracy.
2. falcata, Auburn, Ala., Geo. F. Atkinson. 2. alba. Con-
necticut, Prof. R. Thaxter. 2. coccinea, Wisconsin, Mr. Sey-
mour. Y. phellos, Alabama, Geo. F. Atkinson. 2. doug-
fasiz, California, Dr. H. W. Harkness. 2. aguatica and Q.
lerifolia, Starkville, Miss.,S.M. Tracy; and 2. nzgra, Illinois,
F. S. Earle. It is reported upon 2. cimerea and Q. rubra,
Prof. L. H. Pammel sent me what is supposed to be the latter
collected at Kirkland, Wis., and Dr. H. W. Harkness 2. agr7-
folia which douptless bears 7. ce@rulescens, but the fungus is
not in good condition for determination. Dr. H.W. Harkness
has also sent me diseased leaves of Castanops7s; upon the
affected areas which may constitute % the leaf surface, the
asci are closely crowded together; they are in size near the
minimum measurements of 7. cavu/escens and have only one
process extending very slightly between the epidermal cells,
but there seems to be no differences of sufficient importance
to constitute even a var7ely of the species under consideration.

Upon Quercus macrocarpa, collected at Brandon, Wis.. I
hoped to find the Zaphrina cxtensa described by Peck °87.

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCE. 1a

This corresponded with that description in the occurrence of
asci upon both sides of the leaves and in those of the under
being rather larger and more slender than the asci on the
upper surface; yet the essential characteristics were identical
with those of 7. carulescens.

TAPHRINA VIRGINICA Sadebeck & Seymour Plate III.

tip. 3.

This seems without doubt to be a species indigenous to
North America. It appears upon leaves of Ostrya virginica
collected at Temple, N. H. and Wellesley, Mass., by Mr.
Seymour, and at Greencastle, Ind., by Prof. L. M. Under-
wood. The fungus bears several points of resemblance
to Exoascus purpurascens, Ellis & Everhart. but in this in-
stance there is no perennial mycelium ramifying through the
host-tissues.

The asci are upon both sides of the leaves, in form very
like that of #. purpurascens, some are almost dumb-bell
shaped, though the medial constriction is not so strongly
marked; at the lower extremities they are uniformly trun-
cated, the upper may be the same, yet in some instances they
are rounded and of much less diameter. The spores are
rather large and ball-shaped, but before their release from the
asci divide into numerous conidia.

TAPHRINA ULMI (/uckel) ‘fohanson. Plate IV. Fig. 3.
Bibl. and Syn.:

FEv-xoascus ulmi Fuckel.
Sadebeck 784.

1] have collected this form in quantity in several localities and compared
the material with all available descriptions and authentic specimens, but
find it like none of them. More recently at my request Mrs. Patterson has
sent it to Professor Sadebeck, who also thinks it undescribed. He proposes
the name Jafhrina virginica, Seymour & Sadebeck, but as his name is pre-
eminent in connection with this group, I take the liberty of suggesting the
above form, A. B. SEYMOUR.

I16 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Tathrina ulmi Fuckel.

Johanson ’85. Sadebeck ’go.
33 7: % 93:
Saccardo "89.

This species has not before been credited to North Amer-
ica. I find it upon the leaves of U/imus americana collected
at West Hann, Conn., by Mr. R. Thaxter.

Upon comparison with European forms and Sadebeck’s
description there seems no doubt of the identity of the species.
Upon the material which had been collected from May—July
the spores were fully formed, but the hyphe had not yet
been used up in the formation of the ascogenous cells, and
their attachment could be plainly observed. The asci are
rather small, 8-10 x 12~20u the length not being more than
twice the breadth.

The height of the stalk-cells may be only 3-6y but their
breadth may equal that of the asci. The normal number of
spores is eight, though often there are only four. Their
diameter is about 3u. Conidial formations occur in the asci.
For the comparison of this species I studied Zaphrina ulmz
upon leaves of U/mus campestris from Prof. Sadebeck and
material from several foreign herbaria as well as the fol-
lowing exsiccati: E’xoascus ulmi, Rabenhorst-Winter, Fungi
Europei 3264, and C. Roumeguere, Fungi Gallici exsiccati
3060, each upon living leaves of the above host; and 4. wlmz
upon U/mus effusa. (Krieger, Fungi Saxonica, 622.

I. MAGNUSIELLA. Sadebech:

MAGNUSIELLA POTENTILL (farlow) Sadebeck. Plate IV.
Hic, 2.
E-xoascus deformans, var. potentille Farlow. ,
Ellis *79.
Farlow ’83.
Taphrine potentille Johanson °85.

Robinson ’87.
Ellis ’89.
Sadebeck ‘go.

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCE. ay

FE xoascus potentilla Saccardo °89.
Magnustella potentille (Warlow) Sadebeck ’93.

This species causes yellowish and purple spots upon the
leaves. I have seen no distortion of petioles as described by
Johanson on Potentilla tormentilla. The vegetative myce-
lium spreads within the inner tissues and sends as branches to
the surface the ascogenous cells. There is no stalk-cell
although what has a very similar appearance is but a pro-
longed stem-like portion of the ascus below the swollen upper
part containing the spores. The asci are amphigenous, club-
shaped, generally rounded at the apex, size 8-10 & 40-55,
one half of this length may be below the cuticle. The spores
are about 4 in diameter; conidia numerous.

This species is common in Massachusetts. I have examined
affected Potentilla canadensts collected at Hull, and Sherburne,
Mass., by Mr. A. B. Seymour; Manchester, Mass., by W. C.
Sturges; and at Newton, Mass., by Dr. W.G. Farlow. Mr.
B. L. Galloway sent me similar material that had been col-
lected at Glen Echo Falls, Md.

MAGNUSIELLA FLAVA (Farlow) Sadebeck. Plate IV. Fig. 4.
Bibl. and Syn.:

FE-xoascus flavus Farlow,
Ellis *79.
Farlow 783.
Taphrinua flava Farlow.
Farlow ’83. Saccardo ’8g.
Robinson °87. Sadebeck go.
Seymour & Earle ’g2.
Magnusiella fava (Farlow) Sadeb.
Sadebeck 793.

This species causes early in the summer small light yellow
spots to appear upon the leaves. The asci are upon both
sides closely pressed together, rectangular in shape with trun-
cated ends; they are attached to the sub-epidermal mycelium
by very slender pedicels, not cut off as stalk-cells; the upper

:

Tr18 NATURAL HISTORY BUEN:

enlarged portion filled with numerous bacteria-like conidia is
in size 17-25 X 30-50%. I have only examined specimens on
Betula populifolia collected at West Roxbury, Mass., and
Cape Ann, by Mr. A. B. Seymour, and at Newton, Mass., by
Dr. "W..G. Farlow. The same species is reported jupor
Petula papyracea Ait. in Mt. Washington.

ADDENDA.

The following species was placed under Zaphrina in the
summary (p. 98) but later iyformation shows it to be an
E-xoascus. It will be found in its proper place in the list at
the close of this paper.

Exoascus ascuui (Zils & Everhart). PlatelV. Fig. 1-
Bibl. and Syn.:
Ascomyces deformans Hark.
Harkness ’8s5.
Ascomyces deformans var. esculd Ellis & Everhart.
Ellis & Everhart 787.
Ilarkness ’go.

This species and Zaphrina lethifer are the only ones:
recorded upon any member of the Sapindacee. Dr. H. W.
Harkness has sent me material from California and I have
examined that distributed as No. 1887 of North American
Fungi, also contributed by Prof. Harkness. It appears upon
Esculus californica “affecting the young shoots and leaves,
which are quickly killed, therefore not much distorted.” The
smaller leaves bear spots from 2-5mm in diameter which
soon become yellowish blisters involving almost the entire
tissue, which later thickens and turns a dull red color. The
asci are amphigenous, densely packed together, extremities
rounded, length 16-18, width at upper and thicker portion
7-9", spores elliptical 3x6. There are no stalk-cells.

Later (Zoe 1: 87, 88,) Harkness states that dense bunches
of distorted twigs one foot in diameter are found and the
mycelium is evidently perennial.

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCE. 11g

INQUIREND-.

This embraces several reported species which I have been
unable to secure for examination.

zst. Upon leaves of Quercus macrocarpa Michx.
~ 'TApHRINA EXTENSA (Peck) Sacc.
Bibl. and Syn.:
Ascomyces extensa Peck 87.
Taphrina extensa Saccardo 89.
Sadebeck ’g2.
2nd. Upon leaves of Quercus rubra L.
TAPHRINA RUBROBRUNNEA (Peck) Sacc.
Bibl. and Syn.:
Ascomyces rubrobrunneus Peck ’88.
Taphrina rubrobrunnea (Peck) Saccardo *89.
E-xoascus guercus-lobata Mayr. ’go.
jrd. Upon the leaves of Betula odorata Auct.

TAPHRINA BETULINA Leostrup QT.

gth. On leaves of Acer spicatum Lam.
TAPHRINA LETHIFERA (Peck) Sace.
Ascomyces letifer Peck 788.
Taphrina lethifera (Peck ) Pace. SG:

SPEGIES EXCLUDED.
Exoascus FULGENS (Che. & Hlark.) Sacc.
Bibl. and Syn.:
Ascomyces fulgens Cooke & Harkness ‘So.

Cooke & Harkness ’84.
785.

Exoascus fulgens (Cke. & Hark.) Saccardo ‘89.

120 NATURAL HISTORY BUELEDTIN:

It has been decided that the original supposed determina-
tion of this species must have been erroneous. - The diseased
leaves show no evidence of the presence of a fungus.

During this series of investigations the usual laboratory
methods have been followed. For the dissolution of the cell-
walls of the host and certain inter-cellular substances a satu-
rated solution of chloral hydrate or potash was used. The
differentiation of the mycelial threads of the fungus was
then readily accomplished by the aid of some suitable stain;
an aqueous solution of eosin giving very satisfactory results.

In conclusion, I wish to express to Mr. A. B. Seymour my
very sincere thanks for his most generous treatment in regard
to material and literature. I also wish to acknowledge my in-
debtedness for material to Dr. H. W. Harkness, Prof. L. H.
Pammel, Prof. B. D. Halsted, Dr. J. J. Davis; andesite
Stewart. Prof. Wm. Trelease sent me the entire collection of
the Missouri Botanical Garden for examination; and Mr. B.
T. Galloway granted me the same privilege with the collec-
tion of the Agricultural Department at Washington. These
herbaria are especially rich in foreign forms, and by this exami-
nation I was enabled to become familiar with a large majority
of all Exoascee, an enumeration of which would not come
within the scope of this paper.

CAMBRIDGE, Fune, S94. ,

It may be advisable to give a list of the fungus species, with
their American hosts:

EXoOAscus PRUNI //uck. deforming the fruit of —
Prunus domestica Linn., Common Plum.
>. virginiana Linn., Choke Cherry.
P. padus var. americana is probably a synonym of P. wrginiana.

EXxoascus COMMUNIS Sadeb. deforming the fruit of—
5

Prunus americana Marsh., Common Wild Plum.

P. maritima Wang., Beach Plum.

P. pumila Linn., Dwarf or Sand Cherry.

b] ~
P. nigra Ait.
P. subcordata, Pacific Wild Plum.
)
De Soto Plum, a variety of P. americana found wild in Wisconsin-

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCE. I21

EXoaAscus FARLOWIL Saded. deforming the fruit and-floral envelopes of —
Prunus serotina Ehrh., Wild Black Cherry.

EXxoAscus CERASI (fuck.) Sadeb. causing “ witches’ brooms” and deforming
leaves on—
Prunus pennsylvanica Linn., Wild Red Cherry.
P. hortulana Bailey, Wild Goose Plum.
P. demissa (Nutt.) Walp., Western Choke Cherry.
P. avium Linn., Mazzard and Sweet Cherries.
Miner Plum, Wild Plum of the Central States.
P. serotina Ehrh.
P. virginiana Linn.
P. americana Marsh.

EXOASCUS PURPURASCENS (4//. &@ Ever.) Sadeb. affec ing leaves of—
Phus copaliina Linn., Dwarf Sumach.

EXOASCUS DEFORMANS (Lerk.) /ruckel affecting leaves and sometimes sprouts
of-—
Prunus persica Sieb. & Zucc., Peach.
P. chicasa Michx., Chicasaw Plum.
HXOASCUS 42SCULI (Ellis & Everhart) affecting leaves and twigs of—
.Esculus californica Nutt., Californian Horse Chestnut.

EXOASCUS BACTERIOSPERMUS (Yohkans.) Sadeb. affecting leaves of —
Betula nana Linn.
B. glandulosa Michx.

EXOASCUS AMENTORUM Saded. affecting the bracts of fertile catkins of —
Alnus incana Willd., Speckled Alder.
A. serrulata Willd., Smooth Alder.

A.-rubra.

TAPHRINA AUREA (Pers.) Fries. causing spots on leaves of —

Populus dilatata, | Sek
P. fastigata, j Lombardy Poplars.

P. betulifolia.
P. petrovsky.
P. certinensis.

TAPHRINA JOHANSONII Sade). attacking ovaries of —
Populus tremuloides Michx,, American Aspen.
P. grandidentata Michx., Larger American Aspen.
P. fremont Wats.

TAPHRINA CARNEA Yohans. causing spots on leaves of —
Betula nana Linn.

TAPHRINA C@RULESCENS (Mont. & Desm.) Tul. causing spots on leaves of
Quercus macrocarpa Michx., Bur Oak.
Q. coccinea Wang., Scarlet Oak.
Q. coccinea var. tinctoria Gray, Yellow-barked or Black Oak.
Q. falcata Michx., Spanish Oak.

I22 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

2. phellos Linn., Willow Oak.

Q. cinerea Michx., Upland Willow Oak.
Q. douglassi.

Q. agrifolia.

Q. lerifolia.

Q. aquatica Walt.

2. rubra Linn.

2. nigra Linn.

Castanopsis sp.?

TAPHRINA VIRGINICA Sadebeck & Seymour causing spo‘s on leaves of—
Ostrya virginica Willd., American Hornbeam or Ironwood.

TAPHRINA ULMI (Fuck.) Fohans. causing spots on leaves of—
Ulmus americana Linn., American or White Elm.

MAGNUSIELLA POTENTILL& (Farl.) Sadeb. causing spots on leaves of —-
Potentilla canadensis Linn., Wild Cinquefoil.

MAGNUSIELLA FLAVA (farl/.) Sadeb. causing spots on leaves of—
Betula populifolia Ait., American White Birch.

INQUIREND 2.

TAPHRINA EXTENSA (Peck) Sacc. on—
Quercus macrocarpa Mich.

TAPHRINA RUBROBRUNNEA (Peck) Sacc. on—
Quercus rubra L.

TAPHRINA BETULINA On leaves of—
Betula odorata.

TAPHRINA LETHIFERA (Peck) Sacc. on leaves of—
Acer spicatum.

I am under great obligations to Prof. Geo. F. Atkinson for
the gift of specimens of the new species described in his recent
‘Contribution to the Knowledge of the Prunicolous Exoascez
of the United States”; to include them within the main body
of this paper would have required more time for critical study
than was at my command. He also sent me leaves of Populus
monilifera Ait. affected by 7. aurea and Carpinus americana
Michx., from Auburn, Ala., upon which occurs a new species
as described in “Notes on some Exoascez of the United
States” in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 21, No. 8, p. 372-380,
August, 1894. The latter species Axoascus australis, is of
considerable interest as being the first number of the group re-
ported upon this host in America, and quite different in several
respects from £. carpinus, Fost, upon Carpinus betulus, Linn.

fl

+

ok
4 4 we Lx
er ¥ Ne! re %

— :

’ FI TT 2 ”
+... aot. Med rs)
ae ee
~~ 4 ‘Zz 3 >

: i 5
> *

ne

Bob!

i t ay!
:

Le ae
#

Pe irks

.]
, fer ds
: ~*~ < _ <é
Ey
wt Ce Gabe
i
s- ot,
var ant, ep
i ae be | A
. Oat 4
he Here og ha,
PPS incey wes?
AL. =)

ta

3

3a
a

a
257

=
oe !
a

a

——'<.

+ ©
eg

ih
ot

~

9
rE .]

weer

wast ‘

: <a

Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.

oe ea

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

EXOASCUS PRUNI Fuckel on fruit of Prunus domestica Linn.
EXOASCUS COMMUNIs Sadeb. on fruit of Prunus nigra Art.
EXOASCUS FARLOWII Sadeb. on fruit of Prunus serotina Ehrh.
EXoOASCUS CERASI (Fuck.) Sadeb. on leaves of Prunus serotina Ehrh,

oe ae ol ee i. oT a a ie
a j -

i 4 a
ee 7 ot ’ i

>

BG:
Fic.
Fig.

Fic.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

EXOASCUS PURPURASCENS (Ell. & Ever.) Sadeb. on leaves of Rhus
copallina Linn.

EXOASCUS AMENTORUM Sadeb. on fertile catkins of Alnus tncana
Willd.

EXOASCUS BACTERIOSPERMUS (Johans.) Sadeb. on leaves of Betula
glandulosa Michx.

TAPHRINA AUREA (Pers.) Fries on leaves of Populus certinensts.

PEATE i

BS
s

2)

Oo

SER /)
OOoX ce)

ES),

SEES mee

=— =
an \ .
— a" =
| ay 3
BP Deal
wo :
;
a ri
he

a
rs

7 ’ a i ee
- Pl A —_ :
. wai i =_ xe
= ib = ay nat a

= : et pare ie

a a
as

a ee r

t
: f
}

|

Ft

Ail Bras AO vatrine

m

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Fic. 1. TAPHRINA JOHANSONII Sadeb. on fertile catkins of Populus trem-
uloides Mich.

Fic. 2. TAPHRINA CG@RULESCENS (Mont. & Desm.) Tul. on leaves of
Quercus phellos Linn.

Fic. 3. TAPHRINA VIRGINICA Sadebeck & Seymour on leaves of Ostrya
virginica Willd.

PEATE:

‘O

2.
Og non

:O

Kenom
DO idyO.2Q
NORD

fe}
One

2. BOs ae

YN

se oe a

ann aig re avs 5 Ta; A:

Biss rl pers? rs
: a

Fic.

Fic.

Fic.

PaxG:

to

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

TAPHRINA ZSCULI (Ell. & Ever.) on leaves of £sculus califor-
nica Nutt.

MAGNUSIELLA POTENTILL# (Farl.) Sadeb. on leaves of Potentille
canadensis Linn.

TAPHRINA ULMI (Fuckel) Johanson on leaves of Ulmus americana
Linn.

MAGNUSIELLA FLAVA (Farl.) Sadeb. on leaves of Betula populifo-
lia Ait.

All the figures in Plates I., II., II]. and IV. are X 590 diameters and

drawn by the aid of a camera lucida.

Le Sine

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCE 45. [2

,
we

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN
EXOASCE.

* Not American. + Not seen.

Arthur, J.C. Report of the Botanist to the New York Ag-
ricultural Experiment Station. Rept. N. Y. Exp. Sta. 3:
Ane 205./. 1-5. 5. 1895-

Contains on p. 373 notice of Hxoascus deformans on peach.

Arthur, J. C., Holway, E. W. D. and others. Report on
botanical work in Minnesota for the year 1886. Bull. Minn.
SUVs tek 50. T'O 1837.

Various groups of fungi on pp. 26-31, 32-36, 39, 40. Hvoascus alnitorquus

on Alnus incana mentioned on

—

9: 35:

Atkinson, G. F. Notes on some Exoascexe of the United
States. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 21: 372-379. 20 Ag 1894.
Contains descriptions of fourteen species upon Rosacez, 8 of which are

new, also Exoascus australis n. sp. on leaves of Carpinus betulus, 7aphrina

aurea on leaves of Populus monilifera and 7. rhizophora on fertile aments
of Populus tremuloides.

Atkinson, G. F.. Leaf curl and plum pockets. Bull. Cornell
xp. Sta. 73: 319-355. pl. 20. S 1894.

A further elaboration of the species found upon fruit-trees as described
in the preceding paper.

Atkinson, G. F. The Exoasceez of stone fruits. Gard. &
Mon«/s 403; 4040. 20)N 1894.

A popular account of species published by the same author in Bull. Torr.

Bot. Club.

Bailey, L. H. Report upon the condition of fruit growing in
Western New York. Bull. Cornell Exp. Sta. 19: 45-58.
jf. 1-9. Ag 18go.

On pp. 53, 54, an account of Taphrina deformans with remedies.

Bailey, L.H. Impressions of the peach industry in Western
New York. Bull. Cornell Exp. Sta. 74: 361-386. f. 2-72.
O 1894.

Mentions the disease of peach leaves [Axoascus deformans}.

124 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Bailey, L. H. The native dwarf cherries. Bull. Cornell Exp.
Sta. 7O: 250-265. p/, 7,2. Ag 1604.

Notes the occurrence of Lxoascus communis on fruits of sand cherry
[Prunus pumila}.

Bailey, L. H. The cultivated native Plums and Cherries.
Bull. Cornell Exp. Sta. 38: 1-73. Je 1892.

Upon p. 54 mentions the frequent formation of plum-pockets or bladders
by Zaphrina pruni on fruits of native plums, and adds that in the Southern
States it is common on the shoots, rarely attacking the fruits.

Benton, L.E. A Japanese plum disease. Pacific Rural Press
39: 505.7, 17My 1890. (Jour. Myc. 6: 80. 1890.)+

Records Zaphrina pruni on fruit of Japanese plum cultivated in California.

Bessey, C. E. Preliminary lists of Cryptogams. Bull. lowa
Agr=Coll, 1884: 133-150. ~ Ja 1885:

Contains Evoascus deformans and Exoascus pruni on p- 142.

Bessey, C. E. Injurious fungi in their relation to the diseases
of plants. Am. Pomol. Soc. 1885: 35-43. 1886.

On p. 42 mentions Ewoascus pruni and EF. deformans.
4 4

Briosi, G. e Cavara, F. | Fungi Parassiti delle Piante Colti-
vate od Utile. fasc. 1-10.+ nos. 1-250. "1888-1894.

Each species is illustrated by specimen, description and figure. Fasc. 5
no. 104, 1891, is Hxoascus deformans on peach from Tennessee.

Britton, N. L. Catalogue of plants found in New Jersey.

Final Report State Geologist, 2: 28-642. 1889.

Fungi contributed by J. B. Ellis, with additions by W. R. Gerard, pp.
465-602.

On p. 507 are listed Zaphrina pruni on plums, 7. deformans on peach
leaves, 7. purpurascens on Rhus copallina, 7. potentille on P. canadensis, 7.
aurea on leaves of Populus tremuloides, 7. cwrulescens on Quercus coccinea
and Q. alba, 7. al/nitorqgua on alder catkins.

Comes, O. Crittogamia Agraria. La scienza e la practica
dell’ Agr. 1: 1-600. p/. 7-17. 1891.4

On p.550 mentions that Awoascus cerulescens occurs upon American hosts.

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCEZE. 2

Cooke, M.C. Ravenel’s American Fungi. Grev. 6: 129
MAG prerOr 7. 10... Je 1378.

On p. 142 describes lscomyces quercus, Cke. on Quercus cinerea. The

figure (plate 101) was issued in March, 1879, and mentioned on p. 96 of vol. 7.

Cooke, M.C. North American Fungi. Grev. II: 106-111.
Mr 1883.

On p. 107 mentions -Iscomyces guercus, Cke.

Cooke, M. C. and Harkness, H. W. Californian Fungi.
Grev. 9: 6-9. 5 1580.

On p.8 describes Ascomyces fulgens on Arctostaphylos. See Harkness ‘55.

Cooke, M. C. and Harkness, H. W. Fungi of the Pacific
Coast) bull. Cak-Acad. 12 24—20. (127) Iorss4e

On p. — (6) mentions Ascomyces fulgens on Arctostaphylos pungens,
repeated from Grev. 6:8. S 1880.

De Bary, A. Comparative Morphology and Biology of the
Fungi, Mycetozoa and Bacteria. Translation. 8vo. pp.
1-525. f. 7-198. London, 1887.*

Davis, J. J. Supplementary List of Parasitic Fungi of Wis-
) S 5
consin. ‘l'rans. Wis. Acad. 9: 153-188. Ag 1893.
,
On p. 163 mentions Zaphrina deformans on Prunus virginiana and Taph-
rina rhizophora on Populus tremuloides.

Ellis, J.B. See Britton, N.. L:

Ellis, J. B. and Everhart, B. M. North American Fungi.
Cent. 1-32. Nos. 1-3200. 1878-1894. Cent. 1-15 by J.

B. Ellis. Cent. 16-32 by Ellis and Everhart.

A series of specimens of which the following are Exoascex:
296 Ascomyces tosquinetii on catkins of Alnus incana.
297 Taphrina aurea on catkins of Populus grandidentata.
298 Exoascus pruni on fruit of Prunus serotina.
299 LE. deformans (Berk.) var. potentille on leaves of Potentilla canadensis.
300 &. flavus on leaves of Betula nana. 296-300 issued 1879.
561 Ascomyces anomalus on bark of old pine logs. Issued 1881.
1499 Ascomyces cwrulescens on Quercus coccinea.
1500 -1. deformans on living peach trees. 1499, 1500 issued 1885.

126 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

1885 7. aurea on catkins of Populus tremuloides.

1886 A. deformans var. purpurascens on leaves of Rhus copallina.
1887 A. deformans, forma esculi on leaves of Asculus californicus.
1888 A. guercus on various Quercus species. 1885-1888 issued 1887.
22852 7. pruni on plums.

2285b 7. pruni on plums.
2285) (bis.) on leaves of Prunus serotina.
2286 /. wiesneri on leaves of cultivated cherry trees. 2285-2286 issued 1889.

Ellis, J. B. and Everhart, B. M. Fungi Columbiani. Cent.
I, 2, 1893.—3, 4, 1894.

No. 65 is called Exoascus pruni on fruit of Prunus virginiana; No. 139,
Exoascus deformans on peach leaves.

Ellis, J. B. and Harkness, H. W. Some new species of
North American fungi. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 8: 26-28,
51-52. Mr—My 1881.

Mentions on p. 26 Ascomyces anomalus on bark of old pine logs. Not
parasitic.

Fairchild, D. G. and others. Index to North American My-
cological Literature. Jour. Myc. 6: 42-44. 14 My 1890.—
80-87. 10S 1890.—128-135. 6Ja1891.—184-191. 30 Ap
1891.—7: 52-63. 105 1891.—153-194. Ap 1892.—291-
331. 15 My 1893.—399-430. N 1894.

Contains titles of various articles in which Lyvouscee are mentioned,

Fairchild, D. G. Bordeaux mixture as a fungicide. Bull. U.
Sy Aer, G15; « O84:
Describes (p. 41) method of treatment for peach trees affected by Taph-
vind deformans.

Farlow, W.G._ List of fungi found in the vicinity of Bosion.
Bull. Bussey Inst. I: 430-439. 1876.—2: 224-252. Ja 1878.

Mentions in 1: 438, Exoaseus prunt on plums and in 2: 227, Taphrina
aurea on catkins of Populus grandidentata, 7. a/nitorgua on catkins of Alnus
and 7. deformans on peach leaves.

Farlow, W.G. Notes on some species in the 3rd and 11th
centuries of Ellis’s North American Fungi. Proc. Am.
Acad. 18: 65-85. Jl1883.

Contains (pp. 83-85) notes on Exoascee distributed in N. A. F. 296-300.
(see under Ellis & Everhart, ’79.) on p. 83 notes on Ascomyces tosquinetii and

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCE. 127

Laphrina aurea. Exoascus flavus referred to Taphrina flava with description
(p. 84). Also on p. 84 notes on Exoascus wiesnert and £. deformans, var.
potentile. On p.8s5 descriptive note of a form parasitic on Rhus copal-
lina thought to be a variety of BE. deformans.

Farlow, W.G. Notes on fungi. Bot. Gaz. 10: 220. F 1885.

Mention is made on p. 220 of Exoascus deformans, var.on Rhus copallina.

Farlow, W.G. | An #woascus on cultivated cherry.| Proc.
Socewl rom Nero 7. 25. Los.

Note on Exoascus wiesner?. The author considers this fungus to be a
form of &. deformans. (Compare Meehan.)

Farlow, W. G. and Trelease, W. A List of Works on
North American Fungi. Bibl. Contr. Library Harvard
Winnv. 2 No. 25> 2-36. 1887.

Comprises titles of various articles relating to Exoascex.

Farlow, W. G. A supplemental list of works on North
American Fungi. Bibl. Contr. Library Harvard Univ. 2
Non3t: I=9-. 1388.

Comprises titles of various articles relating to the Exoascee.

Farlow, W. G. and Seymour, A. B. A provisional Host
Index of the Fungi of the United States. 1-52. Ag 1888.—
53-134. 5 1890.—135-219. Ju isogI.

States synonymy and hosts of all American forms as then recognized.

Taphrina alnitorqua, Auct. Amer. is referred to 7. alni-incane (Kiihn) Mag-

nus (p. 106) and 7. aurea, Auct. Amer.io 7. rhizophora. Johans. (p. 130).

Fisch, C. Ueber die Pilzgattung Ascomyces. Bot. Zeit.
) g J 5

43: 33-39. (1-4). 16Ja 1885. 49559 (4-9). Bis Ts 228
Ja 1885.

No specific American form described.

Fuckel, L. Enumeratio fungorum Nassovie collectorum.
Series 1: Ann. Nat. Nassau. 15:29. 1861.*+

Gerard, W.R. See Britton, N. L.

T28 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Halsted, B. D. Influence upon crops of neighboring wild
plants. Lecture. N. J. Hort. Soc. 18 D 1891. Pam. 8vo.
pp- 13. Newark, N. J. 1892. (a)
Mentions (p. 8) Zaphrina prunt on fruit and stems of cultivated and sev-

eral species of wild plums, and Ascomyces deformans upon leaves of peach,
dwarf almond, common garden plum, and three species of cherries.

Halsted, B.D. Some fungi common to wild and cultivated
plants. Bot Gaz. 17. 113-118. 15 Ap 1892. (d)
(Rept. N. J. Exp. Sta. 12: 235-240. 1892.)

Mentions Exoascus pruni and E. deformans on various hosts.

Halsted, B.D. Fungi of the stone fruits with treatment.
Rept. N. J. Exp. Sta. 1892: 273-386. 1893.

Includes Exvascus deformans on peach leaves and £. pruni on fruit: and
tips of the branches of plums.

Halsted, B. D._. See Smith, [2 G-

Harkness, H. W. and Moore, J.P. Catalogue of the Pacific
Coast Fungi. Pam. 8vo. 1-46. 1880.

Includes (p. 39) Ascomyces deformans on peach leaves.

Harkness, H. W. Curled leaf. Zoe. 1: 87, 88. Mr 1890.—
(Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 17: 182. Jl 18go.)

Mentions parasite of d#sculus californica as possibly identical with
Ascomyces deformans.

Harkness, H. W. Dangerous fungi. Zoe. 1: 150. Jl-18g0.

Gives localities where certain fungi, including Vaphrina (Exoascus)
pruni, are destructive.

James, J. F. Diseased Plums. Bot. Gaz. 13: 193. Jl 1888.

Mentions 7uphrina pruni on ovaries of Prunus americana,

Johanson, C. J. Om svampslagtet Taphrina och dithérande
svenska arter. Ofversigt K. Vet. Akad. Foérhandl. 1885:
29-48. pl. 7z. 14Ja 1885.

Notes on p. 38 the synonymy of 7aphrina flava and on p. 35 describes 7.
potentille.

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCE. 129

Johanson, C. J. Studier 6fver Svampslagtet Taphrina. Bi-
hang till K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Elandl ong? No. 4.7 1-29. D2. 7
1887.

Mentions as American species, Zaphrina pruni, T. deformans, T. potentil-
le, T. alnitorqua, T. cwrulescens, and 7. rhizophora on Populus tremuloides.

To the latter he refers 7. aurea No. 1885 of North American Fungi.

Johanson, C.J. Studier iiber die Pilzgattung Taphrina. Bot.
Centralb. 33: (1-10). 1888.

On p. 284 describes Taphrina rhizophora.

Kellerman, W. A. A partial list of the Kansas parasitic
fungi, together with their host plants. Bull. Washburn
Coll; Wab. 1: 72-81. Fx1885. (Tr. Kans. Acad:.9: 79—86-
1855.) (az)

Mentions on p. 79 (84) Exoascus pruni on fruit of Prunus americana, and
E.. deformans on peach leaves.

Kellerman, W. A. Some parasitic fungi that infest orchards
and gardens. Rept. Kans. Hort. Soc. 14: 111-115. 1885.

(4)

Compare preceding paper.

Knowles, E.L. The curl of peach leaves; a study of the
abnormal structure induced by /woascus deformans. Bot.
Gaz 222 210. PLig je 2-9. 3 1807.

Kuhn, J. See Rabenhorst, L.

Langlois, A.B. Catalogue provisoire des plantes phanéro-
games et cryptogames de la Basse Louisiane. _8vo. I-35.
1887.

On p. 27 mentions Alscomyces guercus.

Magnus, P. | A life history of Ascomyces tosquinetii Wes-
tendorp.| Hedw. 13: 135-136. S 1874.*

Gives as synonyms of this species Taphrina alnitorqua, Tul. and Exoascus
alni, De Bary.

130 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN:

Magnus, P. Zur Naturgeschichte der 7aphrina aurea Pers.
Hedw. 14: 97-99. pl. r. J11875.*
Contains description of the species upon catkins of Populus alba ard
upon the leav s of P. . igra.

Magnus, P. Bemerkung iiber die Benennung zweier auf
Alnus lebender Taphrina-Arten. Hedw. 29: 23-24. Ja—
F 1890.*

Mayr, H. Die Waldungen von Nordamerika, ihre Holzarten,
deren Anbaufahigkeit und forstlicher Werth fir Europa im
Allgemeinen und Deutschland insbesonders. 8vo. 1890.
Miinchen.+

On p>. 274 and 436 mentions Exoascus Querci-lobate, n.>p. Quercus lobata.

McCarthy, G. The diseases and insects affecting fruit trees
and plants, with remedies for their destruction. Bull. N.
Car. Agr. Exp. Sta. 92: 65-138. 22 Ag 1893.

On p. 103 mentions 7aphrina deformans on peach leaves, and on p. tI:

Taphrina |Exoascus) prunt on various p!um species.

Meehan, T. Formation of crow’s-nest branches in the cherry
tree. Proc. Phil. Acad. 1886: 273. 1 Je 1886.

Notes the occurrence of Exoascus wiesneri on escaped cherry trees near
Germantown, Pa.

Millspaugh, C. F. . Flora of West Virginia. Bull. W. Va.
Agr. Exp. Sta. 24: 313-538. Je 1892.

On p. 512 mentions 7aphrina pruni on plums and 7. deformans or. neach
leaves.

Pammel, L. H. Notes on some fungi common during the
season of 1892 at Ames, Iowa. Agr. Sci 7: 20-27. 27F
1893.

Describes Taphrina deformans on peach leaves, 7. pruni on Prunus

chicasa? and P.americana, and 7. aurea on leaves of Populus certenensis
and P. monilifera.

Patterson, F. W. Taphrinze on Populus. Bot. Gaz. 19:
380. 15 S 1894.

States that American forms upon Populus catkins should be referred to

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCE4. 131

T. johansonii and that 7. aurea had been observed upon Populus leaves
from Iowa.

This is not, as was supposed, the first mention of the latter. See Pam-
nail, Cleh

Peck, C.H. Report of the Botanist. Rept. N. Y. Mus. 21-
47. plates. 1869-18094.

Peck’s first official report, in Vol. 21, was not issued until 1871. His
second report, in Vol. 22, was issued in 1869. He published articles unoff-
cially in earlier volumes.

The reports contain the following references to Exoascee -

33: 11-49. pl. r-2. issued O 1883. Zaphrina alnitorqua on catkins of alder.

35: 125-164. issued 1885. Ascomyces deformans on peach.

32: 17-72. plutes. issued 1886. Exoascus prunion ovaries of Prunus pumila
and P. americana, 7aphrina aurea on catkins of Populus grandidentata.

39: 30-73. fl. z-2. issued $1887. Ascomyces extensa, n. sp. on Quercus
macrocarpa.

40: 37-78, issued My 1888. Ascomyces letifer on leaves of Acer spicatum
and A rubrobrunnea on Quercus 1ubra.

47: (1-48) issued 1894. Exoascus potentille on living leaves of Potentilla
canadensis.

Pound, R. . See Smith, J. G.

Rabenhorst, L., Winter, G. and Pazschke, O. Fungi Euro-
pxi Cent. 1-40. 1859—1893.*

In 1873 J. Kithn contributes no. 1616 as Exoascus alnitorquus, var. alni-
iucaneé and is thus the first to distinguish this form.

Ravenel, H. W. and Cooke, M.C. Fungi Americani Exsic-
Cane) (Cent. 1S. , 1o7o—1602-

No. 72 (1878) is Ascomyces guercus on Quercus cinerea.
7 7 4

Rehm, H. Ascomyceten in getrockneten exemplaren_her-
ausgegeben. Ber. Nat. Ver. Augsburg 26: 1-132. 1881.

On p. 125 states that North American Fungi 296 is not Exoascus alni, DeB,
var. strobilina, Thiim.

Robinson, B. L. Notes on the genus 7Zaphrina. Ann. Bot.
Eto 3—8 76. Ni1e87.

Contains déscriptions and synonymy of eight species. States that 7.
pruni occurs on the fruit of Prunus domestica and a form, probably the
same, upon P. maritima, P. virginiana and P. serotina; that 7. deformans
affects leaves of peach and probably cherry trees. Describes 7. purpuras-

132 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

cens,n. sp. on leaves of Rhus copallina, 7. fava on leaves of Betula alba
and B. papyracea, 7. alnitorqua on Alnus catkins, 7. aurea on Populus cat-
kins, and 7. cwrulescens upon various Quercus species.

Rostrup, E. Fungi Groenlandiz. Oversight over Groen-
lands Svampe. Meddelelser om Groenland 3: 517-590.
1888.

Describes Taphrina carnea and T. bactertosperma, both on leaves of
Betula nina.

Rostrup, E. Tilleg til “Groenlands Svampe (1888).” Med-
delelser om Groenland 3: 593-643. 1891.

Records (p. 604) Taphrina betulina on B. odorata, T. carnea on B. glandu-
losa and 7. bacteriosperma on B. nana and B. odorata.

Saccardo, P. A. and others. Sylloge Fungorum omnium
hucusque cognitorum. 10 vol. 8vo. Patavii. 1882-1892.

Vol. 8 (20 D 1889) by Saccardo, pp. 812-820, describes (p. 813) Taphrina
flava, (p. 814) 7. guercus, T. cerulescens, (p. 815) T. extensa, (p. 816) Exoascus
‘deformans, (p. 817) Z. pruni, E. alnitorqua, (p. 819) E. potentille, E. purpuras-
ceus, (p. 820) E. fulgens and E.anomalus. The hosts are incorporated in
Farlow & Seymour’s Host Index.

Vol. 10 (20 Je 1892) by Saccardo, describes (p. 67) Taphrina lethifer on
Acer spicatum and 7. rubrobrunnea on Quercus rubra.

Sadebeck, R. Untersuchungen iiber die Pilzgattung Exoas-
cus and die durch dieselbe um Hamburg hervorgerufenen
Baumkrankheiten. Jahrb. Wis. Anstalten Hamb. 1883:

93-124. pl. 3. 1884.*

Sadebeck, R. Kritische Untersuchungen iiber die durch
‘aphrina-Arten hervorgebrachten Baumkrankheiten. Jahrb.
Wis. Anstalten Hamb. 8:—(1-37.) pl. 5. 1890.

Mentions 7aphrina purpurascens on leaves of Rhus copallina, 7. rhizo-
P~hora? on ovaries of Populus tremuloides, 7. fava on leaves of Betula alba,
T. potentillg on \eaves of Potentilla canadensis and on p. 30, fl. z/. 3, de-
scribes 7. farlowii, n. sp. on ovaries of Prunus serotina.

Sadebeck, R. Die parasitischen Exoasceen. Jahrb. Wis.
Anstalten Hamb. 10?: 1-110. f/. 1-3. 1893.

An elaborate monograph. 1 new genus, 41 species, of which 11 occur in
North America, viz: Exoascus pruni on fruits of Prunus virginiana, £. com-

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCE. 233

munis, on fruits of P. americana, P. pumila and P. maritima, 2. purpuras-
cens on leaves of Rhus copallina, 2. deformans on leaves of Prunus persica,
E. bacteriospermus on leaves of Betula nana, 7. carnea on Jeaves of Betula
nana, 7. cerulescens on Quercus species, 7. exfensa on Quercus macrocarpa,
Magnusiella potentille on leaves of Potentilla canadensis, and MZ. fava on
leaves of Betula populifolia.

Sadebeck, R. [A new Taphrina on Ostrya.| Forst. Nat.
Beite 4:67. F 1895.+

Mentions Zaphrina virginica on Ostrya virginica from America.

Scribner, F. L. Report of the Mycological Section. Rept.
U.S. Agr. 1886: 95-138. p/. 1-8. 3 maps. 1 diagr. 1887.
A list of injurious fungi includes Lxoascus pruni on plum (p, 134) and
Exoascus deformans on peach (pp. 132, 134, 135-)

Scribner, F. L. Fungous diseases. © 12mo. De: I-134. 1890.
(issued 1891) J. T. Lovett & Co., Little Silver, N. J.+

On p. 126 gives an account, w ith figures, of Zaphrina deformans on peach
leaves.

Seymour, A. B. See Farlow, W. G.

Seymour, A. B. and Earle, F.S. Economic Fungi. Fasc.

1-8. No. 1-400. 1Ja 1890-1 My 1893.

Fasc. 1. contains (13) Taphrina pruni affecting young ovaries of Prunus
americana, (14) 7. deformans on leaves of P. persica and (15) 7. deformans
on leaves of P. pennsylvanica.

Fasc. 3-4. 1 S 1892 contains (120) 7. purpurascens on leaves of Rhus
copallina, (128) 7. deformans on leaves of P. serotina, (129) the same fungus
upon leaves of P. chicasa.

(1672 ) 7. alni-incane on catkins of Alnus incana.

167) ) 7. alni-incave on catkins of A. serrulata.

180) 7. cwrulescens on Quercus aquatica.
1842 ) 7. cwrulescens on Quercus coccinea, var. tinctoria

185) Z. cerulescens on Quercus falcata.

(
(184> ) 7. caerulescens on Quercus coccinea, var. tinctoria.
(189) 7. ca@rulescens on Quercus phellos.

191) 7. rhizophora ou ovaries of Popu'us tremuloides.

Smith, E. F. Peach Yellows: a preliminary report. Bull.
UPS, AST. Oo: 1=254.. 1688:
Mentions on p. 165 7aphrina deformans on leaves and young shoots of
peach trees.

134 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Smith, E. F. Field notes. 1890. Jour. Myc. 6: 107-110.
6 Ja 1891.
Contains (p. 107) notes on Taphrina deformans on peach leaves and (p.
108) 7. prunz.

Smith, E. F.. Field notes. 1891. Jour. Myc. 7: 88-95.
Ap 1892.

Observations on an outbreak of “peach curl” on peach trees in Mary-
land, and accompanying circumstances.

Smith, E. F. Field notes. 1892. Jour. Myc. 7: 373-377.
15 N 1894.

Mentions (p. 375) Zaphrina deformans on peach leaves.

Smith, J. B. and Halsted, B. D. Spraying for insect and
fungous pests of the orchard and vineyard. Bull. N. J Agr.
Coll. Ex. Sta. 86: 1-20. 4Ap 1892.

On p. 17 mentions Exoascus deformans on peach leaves.

Smith, J. G. and-Pound, R. Flora of the Sand Hill Region
of Sheridan and Cherry Counties and list of plants collected
in a journey through the Sand Hills in July and August,
1892. Bot. Surv. Nebr. 2: 5-30. 15 Ap 1893.

On p. 29 mentions Lxoascus pruni on Prunus pumila.

Thumen, F. de. Mycotheca Universalis. Cent. 1-23. 1875-

1884.

No. 1366, issued 1879, contains Exoascus alni De B. var. strobilina on cat-
kins of Alnus.

No. 1461, issued 1879, contains Ascomyces aureus on catkins of Populus
tremuloides from N. Y., and No. 2055, issued 1881, contains Ascomyces quer-
cus on an American specimen of Quercus cinerea.

Trelease, W. Preliminary list of the parasitic fungi of Wis-
consin. Trans. Wis. Acad. 6: 106-144 (1-40). N 1884.

Mentions Exoascus pruni on fruits of Prunus and Ascomyces cerulescens on
Quercus coccinea and Q. rubra.

Williams, T. A. Common fungous and insect foes of farm
and garden. Bull. S. Dak. Exp. Sta. 35: 79-87. My 1893.

Describes Exoascus prunt on fruit, leaves and twigs of plums and sand

cherries

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCE. 135

Webber, H. J. Catalogue of the Flora of Nebraska. Rept.
Neb. Board of Agr. 1889: 175-302 (1-162). 18go.

On p. 215(75) mentions Exorscus deforms ‘on peach leaves and plums.”

Webber, H. J. Appendix to the Catalogue of the Flora of
Nebraska. Tr St. Louis Acad. 6: 1-47. 12 Mr 1892.—
(Contr., Bot. Dept. Univ. Neb.n.s. 3: 1-44. 14 Je 1892.).
Mentions on p. 15 Lxouscus prunt on common wild plum and Prunus

pum la.

Zopf, W. Die Pilze in morphologischer, physiologischer
biologischer und systematischer Beziehung. large 8vo. pp.
500. figs. 163. 1890.*

- ‘
‘
. >

|

“ i

7 .
,
s ‘
.
-
7
.
\
,
‘
» '
f .
A 4
> "
.
a5
« . *
‘
7 .
. ’
~

first

this and the

.
128

cents,
of

pu
oe
num

sup

4 ¥
ae

MY

will
earlier
be

- The
longer to

es
price

tions
r . %
the

PRICE, FIFTY CENTS.

Vou, III.

BULLETIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

VIL.

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF

IOWA.

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA,

R. I. Cratry.

A LIST OF SOME COLEOPTERA FROM NORTHERN

NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA,

COUNTY PARKS,
Read before the Iowa Academy of Sciences, Jan.

H. F. WicKHAM.

T. H. MAcsrIpDeE.
2nd, 1896.

NOTES ON THE CRETACEOUS FLORA OF

WESTERN IOWA,
THE LE CLAIRE LIMESTONE,

NICARAGUAN HYMENOMYCETES,

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA,
AN INTERESTING PUFF-BALL,

PUBLISHED

PauL BARTSCH.
SAMUEL CALVIN.

J. B. Eris and
T. H. Macsripe.

B. SHIMEK.

T. H. Macrripe.

BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS.

IOWA CITY, IOWA:

FEBRUARY, 1896.

|

‘

vs

ry

Vor. 11]; No. 4.

Beene rN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL, HISTORY

One Aas

SAE UNIVERSITY OF TOW:

PUBLISHED

BY AUTHORIDN OF THE REGENTS.

IOWA CITY, IOWA:

FEBRUARY, 1896.

Secretary Wn. J. Hapvock:

We take pleasure in submitting herewith Bulletin No. 4,
of Volume IV. from the Laboratories of Natural History,
of the State University of Iowa.

THe Epirors.

oy

NORTH AMERICAN PARASITIC EXOASCEZ. E35

Webber, H. J. Catalogue of the Flora of Nebraska. Rept.
Neb. Board of Agr. 1889: 175-302 (1-162). 18go.

On p. 215 (75) mentions Exoascus deformans “on peach leaves and plums.”

Webber, H. J. Appendix to the Catalogue of the Flora of
Nebraska. Tr. St. Louis Acad. 6: 1-47. 12 Mr 1892.—
(Contr. Bot. Dept. Univ. Neb. n. s. 3: 1-44. 14 Je 1892.).
Mentions on p. 15 Exoascus Pope on common wild plum and Prunus

pumila.

Zopf, W. Die Pilze in morphologischer, physiologischer,
biologischer und systematischer Beziehung. large 8vo. pp.

500. figs. 163. 18g90.*

Por=4> 7A.

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA.
By R. I. CRATTY.

So large a proportion of our state is suitable for cultivation
that our native flora is being rapidly swept away, and while
most of the species may survive along roadsides, in hilly and
stony localities, and along streams, yet many which are rare
or local must eventually disappear entirely. Most of the land
too rolling for plowing is valuable for pasturage, and here the
destruction of the indigenous flora is nearly as rapid, the
introduced grasses, clovers, and weeds appropriating the
ground. While the marsh and aquatic plants have a better
chance in the struggle for existence than the prairie flora, yet
the draining of ponds and marshes, thus greatly restricting
the area frequented by such plants, is certain to sweep away
some species which were formerly quite common. Those
who have lived many years in the state, now see the former
haunts of muskrats and aquatic birds covered with waving
grain, and while from an economic point of view this change
may be desirable, yet to the naturalist it brings the conviction
that if we are to secure a full representation of what our
flora was, there is no time to lose.

The following list of plants, all marsh or aquatic except our
two species of Ar7sema, while probably not complete, is an
attempt to record in one paper a list of the species of the fol-
lowing orders found within-our limits, giving as far as possible
the geographical distribution of each. Free use has been
made of Dr. Arthur’s //ora of Jowa (1876), and of its several
additions, and of Prof. A. S. Hitchcock’s Ames Flora, as pub-
lished in the Transactions of the St. Louts Academy of Science,

136

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. iedsd

Vol. V. (1891). Much help has also been derived from Prof.
Macmillan’s J7elasperma of the Minnesota Valley (1892).
Dr. Morong’s WVaiadacea of North America and J. G. Smith’s
Revision of the North American Species of Sagittarta and
Lophotocar pus have been followed in those groups. In the
remaining portions the treatment, with a few exceptions, is
essentially that of Gray’s JZanual, 6th edition.

Thanks are due Dr. J. C. Arthur, of Purdue University,
Lafayette, Indiana, Mr. E. W. D. Holway, of Decorah, Iowa,
Prof. A. S. Hitchcock, of the Kansas Agricultural College,
Edmund P. Sheldon, of the University of Minnesota, and
Prof. B. Shimek, of the Iowa State University, for valuable
assistance. Mr. F. Reppert, of Muscatine, lowa, has greatly
aided me by the loan of specimens, literature, and by furnish-
ing many valuable notes. Prof. W. A. Kellerman, of the
Ohio State University, kindly looked over for me a portion
of Dr. Arthur’s collection now in the herbarium of the late
Dr. Townshend. Prof. L. H. Pammel, of the lowa Agricul-
tural College, kindly loaned me for study the collection of
Iowa aquatics in the herbarium of that institution. Finally, I
desire to thank Prof. T. H. Macbride, of the Iowa State Uni-
versity, for his kindness and the efficient aid he has rendered
me in many ways.

POI CN Ce ee
ARES ANA Mart. Flora, W459 (1330 ).

PRI VL MUM (./22007.) Lor. Bl N,N. 1.) ( 1843).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 549; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames Fl, 521; Macmillan, Metas. Minn.
Valii132.

Common throughout; preferring low, rich ground in woods.
Flowering in May or June, the fruit maturing late in August.

Decorah, /fo/way; lowa City, JZacbride; Ames and Charles
City, Arthur; Emmet county, Cratiy; Le Claire, frol/s;
Muscatine, /eeppert; Winnebago county, Shzmek.

INP

138 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

2. A. DRACONTIUM (Linn.) Schott. Melet. (1832).
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 549; Upham, FI.
Minn., 134; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames FI., 521.
Low damp woods; less common than the preceding species.
Decorah, Holway; Ames, Hitchcock; lowa City, Mlacbride;
Charles City, Arthur; Muscatine, Reppert; Keokuk, /ro/fs.

Note.—Calla palustris Linn., Spec. Ed. 2, 1373 (1762), has been found just
eutside our limi:s in southeastern Minnesota. It may be looked for inthe .
northeastern part of our state.

SYMPLOCARPUS Salish. Nutt., Genii aos aeie)-

I. S.Fatipus Salish. Nutt., Gen. L, ro5 (1618).
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 551; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 30; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 131.

A homely plant with a most disagreeable odor. Bogs and
very moist ground; eastern and southern portions of the state.
Rather rare.

Decorah, Holway; Muscatine county, JZacbhride, Feeppert.
ACORMUS. Zinn. Spec: PEs

zr. A. CALAMUS ZLimn. Spec. Pl 324 (ieee

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 551; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 30; Upham, Fl. Minn., 135.

Well distributed throughout the state. Usually only a
small percentage of the plants flower. ' Marshes, June, July.

Decorah, Ffo/way; lowa City and Cedar Rapids, J/acbride ;
Emmet county, Crafty; Ames, Hitchcock; Hancock county,
Arthur; Jewell Junction, fo//s; Winnebago county, Shzmek.

LEMNACE-.
LEMNA Zen. Spec, Pl Gaga

r., L. minog’ Lia. Spec Fl. o70 (75 ae
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 553; Arthur, Fl.

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 139

Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames FIl., 522; Macmillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 133:

Proliferous like the rest of our Lemnacee, the flowers and
fruit being rarely seen. In stagnant water; rarer than the
two following. ‘

Ames and lowa City, //¢tchcock; Marshalltown, Stewart;
Muscatine, Reppert; Linn county, Shemek; Ames (near the
var. orbiculata Austin), Bessey.

Pee L. wERISULCA °£77%... SpeCs bls O70 (1753 )=
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 552; Arthur, Fl.
Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames FI., 522; Upham, Fl. Minn., 135.
Common throughout the state, floating on stagnant water,
among other vegetation, often in dense mats. June, July.
Emmet county, Crafty; Iowa City and Cedar Rapids, J/ac-
bride; Decorah, Holway; Ames, Arthur, Bessey; Spirit Lake,
Hitchcock; Muscatine, Reppert; Hancock county, Shzmek.

3. L.protyrruiza Linn. Spec. Pl., 970 (1753).
Spirodela polyrrhiza Schleid, Linnez, XIII., 392 (1839).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 552; Arthur, FI. .
‘Towa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames FIl., 521; Macmillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 134.

Very common throughout, floating on stagnant or slow
flowing water. July.

Muscatine, Areppert; Spirit Lake, flitchcock; Ames, Arthur;
Decorah, Holway; Cedar Rapids and Iowa City, Jlacbride;
Emmet county, Cratty; Winnebago county, Shzmek.

NotEe.—L. ferpusilla Torr., Fl. N. Y., I1., 245 (1843), should be looked
for in the eastern part of the state.

WOLFFIA Horkel. Linn. XIII, 389 (1839).

1. W. Brasitiensis Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser., 3, XII., 157
(1849).
Grantia brasiliensis (Wedd.) Macmillan, Metas. Minn.
Val., 134 (1892).

140 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN:

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 553; Upham, FI.
Minn., 135; Beal and Wheeler, Fl. Mich., 144.

Floating as little grains on the surface of the water.

Iowa City and Cedar Rapids, where it is very common
some years, Mlachride, Shimek; Mississippi River near Oquaw-
ka, Ill., Patterson; Muscatine, /teppert.

TY PHACE As.
TYP H A Linn. Spec. Pi geen

1: T. vaTiroLid Zann. Spec. Pl. 972 (agagne

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 547; Arthur, Fl. lowa,
30; Hitchock, Ames FI., 521; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 31.

A well known plant of wide distribution throughout the
northern hemisphere. Fertile portion of spike when mature
often I in. or more in diameter, and 5 to 8 in. long. Common
in marshes and edges of ponds. July, August.

Decorah, Hlolway; lowa City, Macbride: Emmet and Kos-
suth counties, Cratty; Ames, Arthur, F[itchcock; Hamilton
county, /ro/fs; Muscatine, Areppert; Charles City, Arthur;
Cedar Rapids, Keokuk, Taylor county, Shzmek; Henry,
Scott, Delaware, Jackson counties, A/acbride.

SPARGANIACE:,
SPARGANIUM Linz. SpecaPiaiagsane

I. ©. SIMPLEX Ff/uds. F]. Angl. Eid. 2; 40x (agmege
S. stmplex Huds. var. nuttaliz Englm. in Gray’s Man.,
5th ed., 481 (1867).
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 548; Arthur, Fl. lowa,
30; Hitchcock, Ames FI. 521; Upham, FI. Minn., 135.
Marshes and edges of lakes; rare or local. July, August.

Ames, four miles southwest of College, MW7chcock.

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 141

2. S. anpRocLapuM (£ugelm.) Morong, Bull. Torr. Bot.
Clap xV.,.78. (168s)
S. simplex Huds. var. androcladum Engelm. in Gray’s

Man., 5th ed., 481 (1867).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s, Man. 6th ed., 548; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 30; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 33.

Heads when mature about one inch in diameter, being
intermediate in size between the preceding and the next.
Ponds; rare. July, August.

Davenport, Arthur’s Fl. Iowa, No. 775; Wilton, Hitchcock.

3. S. EURYCARPUM Fingelm. Gray’s Man., 2nd ed. (1852).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 548; Arthur, Fl. lowa,
30; Hitchcock, Ames FI]. 521; Macmillan, Metas, Minn. Val., 33.
Frequent throughout the state on the margin of ponds and

lakes, usually being found among a rank growth of grasses
LZ

and sedges. Mature heads of fruit are often 1% in. in diam-
eter. July, August.

Emmet county, Cratty; lowa City, JZacbride; Ames, Fitch-
cock; Humboldt, Bessey; Hamilton county, Ao/fs; Dickinson
county, ff7tchcock; Washington and Winnebago counties,

Cedar Rapids, SAzmek.
NATADACE AS:
NASA Lam. spec: Pl, Tors (1753).

tr. N. riexiuis ( Willd.) Post. & Schmidt, Fl. Sed. 384 (1824).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 59; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 566; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 40; Hitchcock,
Ames F]., 523; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 30.

A homely little plant, growing entirely under water, and
widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere. Ponds
and slow streams. July, August.

Lake Cairo, Bessey; Emmet county, Cratty; Story and
Dickinson counties, //7tchcock; Muscatine /eeppert; Hancock
county, Shzmek.

142 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

ZANNICHELLIA Zinn. Spec. Pl., 9692753):

1. Z. PALUSTRIis Lenn... Spec. Pls, 9609 (275 ae

Morong, Naiad., N. A. 57; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 565; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 30; Hitchcock, Ames FI.,
523; Upham, FP Minn., 136.

A graceful aquatic with capillary stems, sparsely branched;
flowering and ripening its fruit under water. Cosmopolitan.
Ponds, and slow streams.

Ames, not uncommon, //ztchcock; Muscatine, /reppert;
Storm Lake, Bessey.

POTAMOGETON Zin. Spec. Plgrr2Gupaysae

i. PeNATANS..270m. Spec. Pl. 426 (ssa

Morong, Naid. N. A. 13; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 558; Arthur, Cont. Fl. Iowa, III.; Macmillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 34.

Ponds and slow-flowing streams; fruit maturing in August
which should be especially collected of all species of the genus.

Lake township, Muscatine county, Aeppert; Linn county,
Shimek; Lake Okoboji and Fort Dodge, Hitchcock.

2. P.aAmpiironius 7uck. Am.Jour. Sci, 2, Vigg25u tenes

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 16; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 561; Upham, Fl. Minn., 136; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 30;
Beal and Wheeler, Fl. Mich., 146.

Slow flowing streams; rather rare.

Emmet county, Cratty; Muscatine, Aeppert; Spirit Lake,
Hitchcock; Tama County, Szrrzne; Charles City, Arthur.

3; P.nutTaLtty Ch. & Sch... Linnea, ll 2200
P. pennsyivanicus Ch. & Sch. Linn., H., 227 (1827).
P. claytonit Tuck. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts. Ist Ser.,
XLV, Sou 164a she
Morong, Naiad. N. A., 18; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 559; Beal and Wheeler, Fl. Mich., 145.

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 143

Not before reported from Iowa. Ponds and slow streams
along Cedar River near Muscatine, June 25, 1894. Not
common. fferb. Reppert, Wo. 73

48. LONCHITES Suck, Aim. Jour: Sci. and Arts, 2nd Ser.,
VII., 348 (1849).
P. fluitans Auc. Amer.
(?)P. flustans Roth, Fl. Germ., I., 72 (1785).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 20; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 560; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 34; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 30.

Slow-flowing streams; common. Forms of this species
with the petioles of the submerged leaves 6 to 8 in. long were
collected by Mr. Reppert in the Mississippi River near Mus-
catine.

West Fork of the Des Moines at Estherville, Cra¢ty; Ames,
streams around Cairo Lake, //tchcock; ponds and sloughs
along Cedar River, /reppert; Iowa City, Linn and Lee coun-
ties, Shimek; Charles City, Arthur; Storm Lake, Bessey;
Waterloo and Spirit Lake, //7/chcock; Hamilton county, Polfs.

See ELEROPHYLEUS Ockreb. Spic. Wil Lips, 20 (1771 ).
P. gramineus, var. heterophyllus Fries. Nov. 2nd ed.,
35 (1828).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 23; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 561; Hitchcock, Ames Fl., 522; Macmillan, Metas.
Minn. Val, 35.

An extremely variable species, preferring quiet water; rare
within our limits. When the ponds and sloughs dry up this
species often sends up shoots bearing several broad green
leaves, in this respect resembling P. ¢//znoenszs.

Sloughs near Armstrong, Emmet county, Cratty; Ames,
rare, H7tchcock.

6. P. ILLINoENsis Morong. Bot. Gaz, V., 50 (1880).
Morong, Naiad. N. A., 27; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s
Man., 6th ed., 561; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 36;
Arthur, Cont. Fl. Iowa, V.; Hitchcock, Ames, FIl., 522.

144 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN:

Ponds and margins of lakes. This species has the floating
leaves more crowded and of a stockier growth than P. /on-
chites with which it is often confounded. ‘The plant confines
itself mostly to rather shallow water on the margin of sloughs
and ponds. The plants are often left exposed in the mud, in
which, if it does not become too dry, the roots survive and
produce short shoots bearing 3 to 4 leaves.” —/reppert.

Emmet county, rare, Crafty; Ames, infrequent, //ztchcock ;
Muscatine, the most common of the large-leaved species,

Leeppert.
7. P. Pra Loneus Wulfen. Roem. Arch., II., 331 (1803-5).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 32; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 562; Upl am, Fl. Minn., 136;- Arthur, Fl. lowa, 30;
Beal and Wheeler, Fl. Mich., 146.

Deep water, lakes and ponds. July, August.

Clear Lake, Arthur; Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, rtchcock ;
Iowa Lake, Cratty.

Notre.—P. lucens Linn, Spec. Pl., 126 (1753). Specimens without flow-
ers or fruit of what appears to be this species were collected by Professor
Hitchcock near Ames andare in the herbarium of the Agricuitural College.

8. P. PERFOLIATUS L7u., var. RICHARDSONI A. Bennett.
Jour. Bot., XXVII., 25 (1889). PP. lanceolatus Sm. Eng.
Bot., 1985 (1808). P. perfolzatus var. lanceolatus Rob-
bins in Gray’s Man., 5th ed., 488 (1867).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 33; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 562; Arthur, Cont. Fl. Iowa, V.; Upham, FI. Minn.,
ep

Shallow water in lakes, ponds, and streams —a most beau-
tiful plant. July. I have not seen the typical P. perfoliatus
from Iowa.

Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, AM7ichcock; Emmet county.
Cratty.

9. P. zosTERaFoLiIus Schum. Enum. PI. Sael,I., 50 (1801),
P. compressus Fries. Nov. ed. 2, 44 (1828), non Linn.

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 145

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 37; Wats. and Coult., Griy’s Man.,
6th ed., 562; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 39; Arthur,
Cont. Fl. Iowa, III.; Hitchcock, Ames, FI., 522.

A beautiful plant with bright, smooth leaves. Shallow
water in lakes or slow streams. July, August.

Vinton, Arthur's Cat.; lowa Lake, Emmet county, Cratty;
Lake Okoboji and Ames, //7tchcock; Muscatine, /eeppert;
Cedar Rapids, Iowa City, Hancock county, Shzmek.

10. P.rFoxiosus af. Med. Rep., II., Hex. V., 354 (1808).
P. pauciforus Pursh. Fl. Am.,I., 121 (1814), non Lam.
Bi rane, Pi.) 209 (1775).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 39; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 563; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 30; Macmillan, Metas. Minn.
Wial.5330.

A very variable species, usually growing entirely under
water, and widely distributed throughout the United States
and Canada. Morong in his /Vazadacee of North America
says, “spikes about 4-flowered.” Emmet county, lowa, speci-
mens determined by him have the spikes 4- to 6-fruited.
Some of Mr. Reppert’s specimens vary from the type in
having the spikes 6- to ro-fruited, in this respect approaching
the var. niagarensts (Tuck.) Gray. Similar forms were also
collected at Ames by Prof. Hitchcock. June, July.

Shallow water in ponds and lakes, Emmet county, Cratty>
Muscatine, /repfert; Iowa City, Lee, Hancock, and Linn
counties, Shimek; Mt. Pleasant, JZ/7//s; Charles City, Arthur >
Grand Junction, Zessey; Dickinson and Woodbury counties,
flitchcock.

Notre.— P. obtusifolius Mert. and Kock. Deut. FI., I., 855 (1823), has
been reported from this State, but I have not seen it Plants so labeled
which I have seen are forms of another species.

11. P. major (Frzes) Morong, Naiad. N. A., 41 (1893).
P. rutilus Auc. Amer. in part, non Schult., Mant. IIl.,
2622(1S27 )..

P. pusillus Linn., var. major Fries. Nov. 48 (1828).
P. compressus Sm. Eng. Bot., III, 418 (1794), non Linn.

146 NATUR ANE Ets TOR Yar BiGiiain iH aali

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 41; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 563; Upham, Fl. Minn., 137.

A graceful little plant with delicate, bright foliage, some-
what resembling P. fusllus but larger. Rare in America.
Ponds and shallow lakes. July.

Iowa Lake, Emmet county, Cyratty; Muscatine, Herd.
Peeppert, No. 746 i part; Spirit Lake, Aitchcock.

12. P. rusmius Zam. Spec. Pl, 127°(2753)-

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 45; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 563; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 36; Hitchcock,
mimes Tl, 522.

A delicate species preferring shallow ponds and lakes. July.

Ames, abundant at Cairo Lake, A7tchcock; Muscatine,
Herb. Reppert, No. 746 in part.

ae be SPIRILLUS Zuck. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2nd Ser.,
, 220 (848).

Ptah Naiad. N. A., 49; Wats, and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 560; Beal and Wheeler, Fl. Mich., 145; Bot. Death
Vialy Boxee:

This interesting little plant, not before reported from the
State, was collected in August, 1889, at Carnsforth, Iowa, by
Prof. Hitchcock, and again in July, 1894, by Mr. Kenneth
McKenzie in ponds along the C., R. I. & P. R. R., between
Muscatine and Fruitland. The specimens approach P. diver-
sifolius Raf. (P. hybridus Michx.) in some characters, but are
quite clearly distinguished by the submerged spikes being
sessile or nearly so; by the broader submerged leaves, and by
the curious snail-like fruit which shows the coiled embryo
very conspicuously, even in the dried specimen.

14. P. PecTinaTus Linn. Spec. Pl., 127 (1753):

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 51; Wats and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 564; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 35; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 30.

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 147

One of the most widely distributed species of plants, occur-
ring in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the greater part
of North America. Ponds and quiet streams. July, August.

West Fork of the Des Moines, Estherville. Cratty: Musca-
tine, Aeeppert; Woodbine, Burgess; Storm Lake, Bessey;
Lake Okoboji, //¢tchcock ; Hancock and Linn counties, Shzmek.

JUNCAGINEZ~.

RGA OS TENE 27. Opa 349 (1753 )-

m1. MARITIMA “2m. Sp. Pl.,-339 (7753)-
tiielata Nutt Gen. j.,.237 (IS 18).
T. maritima, var. elata Gray’s Man., 2nd ed., 437 (1852).

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 8; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 553; Arthur, Cont. Fl. lowa, V.; Macmillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 41; Hitchcock, Ames FI., 522.

Widely distributed throughout Canada and the northern
half of the United States. Most common in salt marshes, but
in the interior it is found in fresh water bogs. Our plant 2
o 3 ft. tall. July, August.

Ames, very rare, [zfchcock: bogs near Armstrong, Emmet
county, infrequent, Cvatty.

Se Ley UCLA RA Zn. Spec. Pl, 338.2753).

i. ©. PALUSTRIS Lam. ‘Sp. Pl., 338 (1753)

Morong, Naiad. N. A., 9g; Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man.,
6th ed., 558; Arthur, Cont. Fl. lowa, V.; Macmillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 42.

A rush-like perennial plant growing in cold bogs, and flow-
ering early in the spring, the fruit maturing in July. Only
one species is known.

Emmet county, two miles north of Armstrong, very rare,
Cratty. This is about its southern limit in the United States.

148 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

ALISMACE Z:.

ALISMA Linn. Sp. Pl. (x75ane

z. A. PLANTAGO Lin. Sp. Pl, 342-( 1953).
A. plantago var. americana, R. and S8., Syst. Ill. (1818).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 554; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 31; Hitchcock, Ames FI1., 522; Upham, Fl. Minn., 138.

Common throughout the State. The plant varies greatly,
especially in regard to size and foliage, the result of different
conditions of its place of growth. June, July.

Emmet county, Craity; Iowa City and Cedar Rapids, Mac-
bride; Decorah, Holway; Ames and Charles City, Arthur;
Boone, Bessey; Muscatine, /teppert; Webster City, Pammel;
Marshalltown, Stewart; Hamilton county, /to/fs; Fremont,
Washington, Lee, Jackson and Scott counties, Shzmek.

ECHINODORUS Aichard. Mem. Mus., 365 (1815)

1. E. rostratus ((Vutt.) Engelm. Gray’s Man., 2nd ed.,
438 (1856).
Alisma rostrata Nutt.
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 556; Hitchcock,
Bull, Tor: Bot ClubXV 1, -7e:
Ditches and swamps. Illinois to Iowa and southward;
rather rare. August, September.
Hamburg, [tchcock; Yowa City, MJacbride; Muscatine,
Reppert; Sioux City, Pammel; Keokuk, Shimek.

.2 E. pARvuLUs Auge/m. Gray’s Man., 2nd ed., 438 (1856).
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 556; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 31; Upham, FI. Minn., 138; Beal and Wheeler, FI.
Mich., 145.
Rare or local. No. 786 of Arthur’s Flora of Lowa, but
without locality.

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. 149
SG) AeA zn Sp. Pl (1753).

I. S. ARIFOLIA /Vutt. in Herb. J: GeSmuith; Rev. No A.
Sag. and Loph., 6 (1894).
S. sagittefolia minor Pursh., Fl. Am., I., 395 (1814).

A species widely distributed in the western half of the
United States, but probably rare within our limits. In general
appearance closely resembling form c. of \S. latifolia Willd.,
but the fruit very different, long, winged on both sides, with
a very short upright beak, and (in our plant) a prominent
vertical sub-epidermal resin passage. Collected at lowa City
by Prof. Hitchock. Herbarium of Iowa Agricultural College.

to

SRA TEPOLIAG M7. oSp..P 1. 1Ve,7409: (2806).
S. variabilis Engelm. Gray’s Man., 1st ed., (1848).
S. sagittefolia Auc. Amer.

(?).S. sagittefola Linn. Sp. 993 (1753).

Smith, Rev. N. A. Sag. and Loph., 8; Wats. and Coult.,
Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 554; Macmillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 45;
Arthur, Fl. lowa, 31; Hitchcock, Ames FI., 522.

Very common throughout the State in sloughs and edges
of ponds, lakes, and streams. Excessively variable in size,
foliage, shapes of the achenia, etc. The typical plant has
achenia obliquely or horizontally beaked, both of which forms
are common within our limits. J.G.Smith in his recent mon-
ograph includes five forms of which form a, the var. obtusa
Engelm., and form c, including the varieties hastata, angusti-
Solta, gracilis, and diversifolia of most collectors are frequent.

Several species of Sagvttarva produce tubers, especially S.
latifolia and its various forms. These tubers are called Wab-
es-i-pin-ig, or swan potatoes, by the Chippewa Indians, because
they furnish nourishment for the larger aquatic fowls. “These
tubers sometimes attain the size of a small hen’s egg and are
then eaten by the Indians with whom they are a great favor-
ite. In their raw state they contain a bitter, milky juice, but
in boiling become sweet and palatable.” —Parry.

Decorah, HYo/way; Emmet and Kossuth counties, Cvatty;

150 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Jones county, Cedar Rapids and lowa City, Macbride; Ames,
Arthur; Hamilton county, /ro/fs; Muscatine, /teppert; Mar-
shalltown, Stewzrt; Davenport and Waterloo, AWrtchcock >
Winnebago and Lee counties, Sh7mek.

3- ©. RiciDA Pursh. Fl. Am., 397 (1814).
S. heterophylla Pursh. Fl. Am., 396 (1814), not of
Schreb ely Ral. 1 119, (1808)

Smith, Rev. N. A. Sag. and Loph., 23; Wats. and Coult.,
Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 555; Hitchcock, Ames FI., 520; Arthur,
Cont. Fl. Iowa, III.

Edges of lakes or streams; rather common in the eastern
and southern portions of the State. Very variable, especially
in regard to size and foliage, July, August.

Clinton county, Autler; Ames, abundant at Cairo Lake,
flitchcock; Muscatine, in Muscatine slough at the upper
bridge, five miles below the city, Ateppert; Waterloo, Hitchcock ;
Linn county, Shzmzk. Specimens collected at lowa City by
Prof. Hitchcock have the submersed foliage closely resembling
that of S. feres Wats.

4. S.GRAMINEA Michx. FI. N. A., I., 190 (1803).

Smith, Rev. N. A. Sag. and Loph., 24; Wats. and Coult.,
Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 555; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 31; Hitchcock,
Ames, Pla 522: . Webb th Neb: -o7-

Southeast portion of the State; ponds and streams. July.

Ames and Boone, Bessey; Hamilton county, /tol/fs; lowa
City, Macbride ; Muscatine, eppert; Nevada, Fragier ; Carns-
forth, /fitchcock, a form approaching |S. créstata. °

5. S.cristata Ange/m.in Arthur, Cont. Fl. lowa,V., (1882).
Proc. Day. Acad) Sciz,1V 5 29 18860);
S. vartabilis var. (?) gracilis, S. Watson in Gray’s Man., 6th
ed., 555, in part, not of Engelm.
Smith, Rev. N. A. Sag. and Loph., 27; Sheldon, Minn. Bot. -
studies, Bullio. pty TE

Moneecious aquatic, rooting in the sand or mud in water a

NOTES ON THE AQUATIC PHENOGAMS OF IOWA. I51

few inches to several feet deep, 6 in. to 2 ft. high; petioles
about equaling the scape in height, the leaf slightly resemb-
ling the petiole in form and structure, 3 to 5 in. long, linear
or linear lanceolate, thick, spongy, somewhat triangular in
cross section, and when flattened in the herbarium specimen,
appearing more nearly lanceolate in form. Submerged phyl-
lodia linear or linear lanceolate, acute or obtuse. 4 to 8 in. long,
rigid, with about five principal and many intermediate nerves,
coarsely reticulated, clustered at the base of the plant, and
appearing in tufts from the nodes of the stolons by means of
which the plant is propagated, and which extend for a con-
siderable distance along the muddy bottom. Scape slender,
bearing 4 to 6 whor'is of flowers, rarely more than the lower
whorl fertile; pedicels of sterile and fertile flowers about equal,
34 to x in. long, bracts connate, acute or slightly obtuse; petals
white, delicate, wavy; filaments pubescent, thickened below,
longer than the anthers. Fruit heads % to 34 in. in diameter,
shrinking much in drying; achenia obovate with a conspicuous
horizontal style, and crested back and sides.

The type specimens of this plant with flowers and mature
fruit were collected by the writer in a small lake, since dried
up, one mile east of Armstrong, Emmet county, Iowa, in
August, 1881, and were sent to Dr. Geo. Engelmann for
determination. In his reply he stated that while it was closely
allied to S. graminea Michx., he could not decide definitely
in regard to it without thoroughly revising the genus. How-
ever, under date of March 5, 1882, he sent to Dr. Arthur the
provisional name 5S. cyv7stata, which was published with a few
lines of description in Arthur’s Contribution to the Flora of
fowa as above noted. The late Dr. Morong, who studied the
plant critically, considered it a good species, and it is so re-
garded in J. G. Smith’s recent monograph. Plants collected
at Ames and Carnsforth, and conjectured to be this species,
are best considered as forms of .S. gram7nea Michx.

Besides the locality above given, the plant has also been
found in several places in Minnesota. See Sheldon in J/7nn.

Bot. Stud., Bull. 9, pt. VW.
IlI—4. B

152 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

LOPHOTOCARPUS TZ. Durand. Index Gen.
Pl., 627 (1888).
1. L. carycinus (Eugelm.) F. G. Smith in Mem. Torr.
Bot. Club, V., 25 (1894).
Sagittarta calycinus Engelm. in Torr., Bot. Mex. Bound.,
212 (1858).
Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 556; Cont. to U.
S. Nat. Herb., IL, 455-
Not before reported from the State and very rare within
our limits.
Muscatine, margin of a pond just above the city, Aeppert.

HYDROCHARIDACEZ..

ELODEA A&ichard. Mich., Fl. Bor. Am., I., 20 (1803).

1. E.canapensis /tich. and Michx. F\.N. Am.,1., 20 (1803).
Anacharis canadensis Planch. Ann. Mag. and Nat. Hist.,
2nd Ser., I., 86 (1848).

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 496; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 31; Upham, Fl. Minn., 139.

Frequent throughout the State in slow-flowing streams. The
staminate flowers are very rarely seen. A few were collected
by the writer near Armstrong, in July, 1882.

Emmet county, Cratty; Iowa City, MJachride; Decorah,
Holway; Ames and Charles City, Arthur ; Ft. Dodge, Bessey;
Spirit Lake, Wtchcock; Muscatine, Reppert; Hancock county
and Cedar Rapids, Shzmek.

VALLISNERIA LZimn. Sp. PL (2753)-

1. V.sprravis Linn. Sp. Pl., ror5 (1753)-

Wats. and Coult., Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 496; Arthur, Fl.
Iowa, 31; Macmiilan, Metas. Minn. Val., 46.

Rather rare in ponds and lakes, or slow streams. August.

Independence, Bluffton and Iowa City, JJacbride; Lowa
Lake, Emmet county, Cratty; Ames and Storm Lake, Bessey;
Mud Lake, Story county, Hitchcock; Mason City, Shemek.

A LIST OF SOME COLEOPTERA FROM THE NORTHERN
PORTIONS OF NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA.

By H. F. WICKHAM.

Tue region from which the Coleoptera listed in the follow-
ing pages were obtained, lies along the route of the Atlantic
and Pacific Railroad and stretches from the vicinity of Cool-
idge, which marks very nearly the top of the Continental
Divide, westward to the valley of the Colorado River. As in
this distance the railroad cuts two great mountain chains at
nearly right angles, we find that a considerable diversity of
plant and animal life manifests itself along the route and the
results of collections made give us a very instructive lesson in
the influence of altitude upon faunz. ‘The valleys and lower
foot hills are covered with the ordinary “scrub” of sage-
brush characteristic of like arid areas in the west, while higher
up this gives way to nut-pine and junipers which in their turn
are replaced upon the highest altitudes by forests of pine yield-
ing timber of sufficient size for commercial purposes. Each
of these “zones,” if we may thus designate them, is the home
of some species not found in the others, though a number of
forms extend over the whole or nearly the whole distance.
As a rule the more mountainous districts have furnished those
genera and species which seem to some degree characteristic
of northern latitudes while the valleys are peopled by repre-
sentatives of the great Sonoran fauna which reaches such a
high degree of development on the plains of the Southwest.

In order to facilitate an understanding of the work, a few
remarks on the altitude and general features of the collecting
grounds may not be out of place. It may also be stated that

Bee 153

154 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

a great part of the researches were carried on at a time when
the writer was in the employ of the Railroad Company and
had little leisure for observations on the fauna. The collec-
tions thus made during the season of 1887 were supplemented
a year later by additions made on a trip undertaken for the
purpose and represent between them the fruits of his first
experience in the west.

Of the localities which furnished specimens, Coolidge and
Gallup are in New Mexico, The Needles is in California while
all the remainder are in Arizona. Coolidge lies at an altitude
of 6975 feettabove sea-level, on the western slope of the great
Continental Divide, and is situated in a pass with high hills on
each side. Close to the station there are no trees, the vegeta-
tion consisting chiefly of Artemisiz and other scrubby brush,
intermixed with stunted junipers, but the adjoining heights are
covered with coniferous growths. A few miles to the west-
ward lies Gallup, which owes its importance to the coal fields
underlying the surrounding region and here, though the alti-
tude is less by 500 feet, there is a better growth of pines than
at Coolidge. At neither point is any permanent stream of
water present.

Holbrook lies on the Little Colorado River in eastern Ari-
zona, 5047 feet above the sea-level. There is no coniferous
growth here, but in the river bottom are a few cottonwoods in
groups of various size. Some collecting was done here as
early as April, which may account for the presence of certain
species not recorded from the other localities in this valley,—
Hardy, which is a few miles to the westward and 137 feet
lower, and Winslow still farther west with an altitude of 4825
feet. The last place proved a very good ground for insect
life, the flats along the Colorado Chiquito being especially
productive of interesting forms, owing perhaps to the abun-
dance of underbrush and to the fact that the natural growth of
cottonwood had not been interfered with.

Leaving Winslow, the track rises gradually until at Walnut

1The altitudes herein mentioned are all taken from Henry Gannett’s
“Dictionary of Altitudes in the U. S.,” Pull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 5.

COLEOPTERA OF NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA. 155

it has reached the zone of the nut-pine and juniper, at an alti-
tude of some 6000 feet or perhaps a litthe more. At Cosnino
(6434 feet) the timber is of some considerabie size and a col-
lection made in the famous canon where the cave-dwellers
had their homes was productive of much interesting material.
A few specimens taken at Flagstaff (6862) by my brother are
characteristic of the pine regions and include several specimens
of Phagtum lineatum which extends northward into the British
possessions. Descending again on the western slope, Wil-
liams is reached at an altitude of 6727 feet, before leaving the
belt of heavy coniferous timber. The collections of insects
made here show a considerable affinity to those of Coolidge
but with perhaps a higher percentage of forms which may be
considered as belonging more properly to the boreal fauna.
The next stop was made at Seligman, where the vegetation
has again taken on a stunted appearance and consists chiefly
ot sage-brush. At Peach Springs, however, though lower,
there is a slight growth of conifers on the hills while the valley
is sandy with a sprinkling of soap-weed, cactus and mescal.
The altitude of Peach Springs is given as 4759 feet. No
more collecting was done until the valley of the Colorado was
reached at East Bridge, which is on the Arizona Bank, while
The Needles lies just across the river in California at an alti-
tude of less than 7oo feet. Here the broad bottom is over-
grown with willows and tall reeds, while a little farther back
they are replaced by the screw-bean and various shrubs of a
dry or resinous nature, such as might be calculated to resist
the fierce heat and the drying winds which blow off the
parched Colorado Desert. ‘The fauna of this valley is, to a
large extent, quite different from that of any other point
touched upon the route and some species show depauperate
and bleached forms not easily recognizable as mere variations
of those found in more hospitable climes farther east.

_ Regarding the identifications of species listed, it should be
said that much aid has been derived from various sources, and
those friends who have received series of the insects collected
on the trips referred to, will note that a few of the names un-

156 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

der which certain forms were distributed do not appear, owing
to the fact that in the writer’s early inexperience mistakes of
determination were accepted by him without question. It is
believed that these errors have been mostly eliminated, and
where doubt existed the species has been left out altogether.
Special credit is due to Drs. Horn and Dietz for aid in difficult
cases, as well as to Messrs. Leng, Ulke and Roberts for vari-
ous courtesies. Many of the Rhyncophora and Tenebrion-
ide have received the attention of Capt. Casey, and some of
them were described as new by him. To all of these and to
other friends whose help aided him in the enterprise the writer
would return his sincere thanks.

LIST OF SPECIES.

CICINDELID 4.

TETRACHA CAROLINA Linn. Needles, August.

CICINDELA OBSOLETA var. frasina Lec. Seligman, July.

C. vuLearis var. obliguata Kirby. Coolidge, June.

C. HIRTICOLLIS Say. Needles, August, not uncommon.

C. CINCTIPENNIS Lec. Winslow. July, common; the green form only oc-
curs here.

. PUNCTULATA var. micans Fabr. Winslow, Seligman, July, not at all rare.

. SPERATA Lec. Winslow. July, the brown form is rather common.

. TENUISIGNATA Lec. Needles, common about pools, July.

la) elig'

CARABIDZ,

CARABUS TZDATUS Fabr. var. Cosnino Cafion.

CALOSOMA SCRUTATOR Fabr. Winslow, rare.

C. PROMINENS Lec. Coolidge, Winslow, Peach Spring, June to August,
not common.

C. PEREGRINATOR Guér. Peach Spring, August, September.

C. LUGUBRE Lec. Peach Spring, Winslow.

C. cALIpUM Fabr. (?) Coolidge, one specimen without golden spots may
perhaps belong to this specics.

PASIMACHUS DUPLICATUS var. costifer Lec. Coolidge, June; Williams, July.

P. CALIFORNIcUS Chd. Selizman, July.

SCARITES SUBTERRANEUS Fabr. Needles, August, not rare.

DyscHIRIUS n. sp near ¢ridentatus Lec. Holbrook, April.

D. TERMINATUS Lec. East Bridge, August.

D. ANALIS Lec. Needles, August.

D. pumiLus Dej. Winslow, July, not rare.

CLIVINA DENTIPES Dej. Needles, July.

COLEOPTERA OF NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA. E57

BEMBIDIUM EROSUM Mots. Williams.

B. BIMACULATUM Kirby. Williams.

B. tucipum Lec. Winslow, Coolidge, Williams.

B. FLAvopictuM Mots. Winslow, Williams.

B. AFFINE Say. Winslow.

‘Tacuys NANuS Gyll. Williams, common under bark.

‘T. vonAx Lec. Winslow.

T. INCURVUS Say. Winslow, July, not rare.

PTEROSTICHUS SUBSTRIATUS Lec. Coolidge, common in May and June.
P. La&tuLus Lec, Coolidge, Winslow, Williams, not rare.

P. TEXANUS Lec. East Bridge.

AMARA JACOBIN Lec(?). Gallup, Walnut, Williams.

A. CARINATA Lec. Coolidge, June, common.

A.LATIOR Kby. Coolidge, rare.

A. CONFUSA Lec. Coolidge, common, May.

A. PoLITA Lec. Coolidge, May, rare.

A. TERRESTRIS Lec. Coolidge, common.

A. RECTANGULA Dej. Williams, August.

DIC2LUS L#VIPENNIS Lec. Williams, Peach Spring.

CALATHUS DuBIUS Lec. Coolidge, Williams, May and September.
PLATYNUS LARVALIS Lec. Williams, under logs in November; Gallup.
P. JEJUNUS Lec. Walnut.

P. EXTENSICOLLIS Say. Winslow, September.

P. TEXANuS Lec. Needles, August, not common.

P. FRATER Lec. Coolidge, May, common.

‘GALERITA LECONTEI Dej. Needles, not common.

“*THALPIUS HORNII Chaud. Needles, rare.

EGA L&TuLA Lec. East Bridge, common on banks of pools in August.
TETRAGONODERUS PALLIDUS Horn. Needles, rare, August.

LEBIA ATRICEPS Lec. Winslow, rare.

L. viripis Say. Seligman, rather common.

L. FURCATA Lec.* Gallup.

L. GurTTuLA Lec. Seligman, Coolidge, Winslow, July and August.
AXINOPALPUS BIPLAGIATUS Dej. Winslow, rare.

METABLETUS AMERICANUS Dej. Peach Spring, common, September.
‘TECNOPHILUS CROCEICOLLIS Mén. Coolidge, Winslow, Needles, not com-
PHILOPHUGA AMGNA Lec. Williams. [mon.
CYMINDIS LATICOLLIS Say. Coolidge, Peach Spring, common.

C. PLANIPENNIS Lec. Williams, common,

APENES NEBULOSA Lec. ‘“ Arizona,” the exact record lost.
BRACHYNUS KANSANUS Lec. East Bridge.

CHLENIUS RUFICAUDA Chaud. East Bridge, August.

C. VIRIDIFRONS Esch. Needles, not common.

‘C. LEUCOSCELIS Chevr, East Bridge, not rare, August.

‘C. NEBRASKENSIS Lec. Williams.

P1osoMA SETOSUM Lec. Coolidge, Gallup, May.

NOTHOPUS ZABROIDES Lec. Coolidge, Winslow.

‘CRATACANTHUS DUBIUS DeG. Coolidge, Gallup.

158 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

HARPALUS RETRACTUS Lec. Coolidge, Winslow, Walnut, Williams, Peach
Spring, common.

H. ampuTATus Say. Coolidge, Gallup, Winslow, Walnut, Williams.

H. caLticNosus Fabr. Gallup; Williams, August, not rare.

H. optitus Lec. Coolidge, Williams, Walnut, common, June to August.

H. LusTRANS Casey. Coolidge, common in May.

H. optiquus Horn. Peach Spring, rare, August.

SELENOPHORUS PEDICULARIUS Dej. Coolidge, not common.

STENOLOPHUS CONJUNCTUS Say. Coolidge, in spring.

S. OCHROPEZUS Say. Winslow.

ANISODACTYLUS POROSUS Mots. Williams, August, not rare.

DYTISCIDZ.

LACCOPHILUS DECIPIENS Lec. Winslow, Peach Spring.

L. MExIcANuS Aubé. East Bridge, Needles.

DESMOPACHRIA LATISSIMA Lec. Peach Spring, very numerous in one lit-
tle pool; August.

BIDESSUS AFFINIS var. macularis Lec. Winslow, very common,

CC@LAMBUS MEDIALIS Lec. Winslow, East Bridge, July, August.

DERONECTES STRIATELLUS Lec. Cosnino, not common.

HyDROPORUS TENEBROSUS var. rusticus Sharp. Cosnino.

CoPpTroTOMUS INTERROGATUS Fabr. East Bridge, Needles, common in Aug-

AGABUS GRISEIPENNIS Lec. Cosnino. [ust.

(CYBISTER EXPLANATUS Lec. Needles, not common.

GYRINIDZ.

GYRINUS PLICIFER Lec. Peach Spring, common.

HYDROPHILIDZ.

HELOPHORUS LACUSTRIS Lec. Cosnino.

H. opscurus Lec. Williams, August.

OCHTHEBIUS LINEATUS Lec. Needles, common in August.

O. scuLptus Lec. Winslow, common in September.

O. sp. near rectus Lec. Winslow, common in September.

HYDROPHILUS TRIANGULARIS Say. Needles, common.

TROPISTERNUS LIMBALIS Lec. Needles, East Bridge, common.

BEROSUS SUBSIGNATUS Lec. East Bridge, common.

B. 1nFuscaTus Lec. Winslow, East Bridge, Needles, common.

Laccopius AGILIS Rand. Coolidge. [mon.
CRENIPHILUS SUBCUPREUS Say. Coolidge, Peach Spring, Needles, com-

SILPHID 2.

NECROPHORUS MARGINATUS Fabr. Coolidge, not common.
N. GUTTULA var. melsheimeri Kirby. Walnut, rare.

SILPHA RAMOSA Say. Coolidge.

S. TRUNCATA Say. Winslow, rare.

COLEOPTERA OF NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA.

PSELAPHID.

FuSsTIGER FUCHSII Brend. Williams, several in an ants nest.
TyYRUS ELONGATUS Brend. Wiiliams, one specimen

BRYAXIS ELEGANS Brend. Williams, rare

SCALENARTHRUS HORNII Lec. Needles.

STAPHYLINID Zz.
FALAGRIA sp. near cing wlata Lec. Coolidge, May.
F.sp. Williams, August.
MiIcRoODONIA occIPITALIS Casey. Walnut,

159

HoMALoTaA spp. Species belonging to this genus, in its more comprehen-

sive sense, were taken at Coolidge and Williams.

ALEOCHARA BIMACULATA Grav. Coolidge to Peach Spr.ng, common.

robs
CREOPHILUS VILLosus Gray. Williams, one specimen.

PHILONTHUS SEMIRUBER Horn. Coolidge, Winslow.
P. VARIANS Payk. Coolidge.

P FLAvoLIMBATUS Er. Coolidge, Gallup, Winslow, Williams.

P.1nNocuus Horn. Coolidge.

AcTOBIUS GRATUS Lec. Needles.

A. P42DEROIDES Lec. Winslow, Peach Spring.
XANTHOLINUS CEPHALUS Say. Williams.

X. HAMATUS Say. Winslow.

STENUS ARIZON Casey. Coolidge.

S. ALACER Casey. East Bridge, common.
CRYPTOBIUM MELANOCEPHALUM Er. East Bridge.
C. vacctem Lec. Winslow.

LITHOCHARIS OPACICOLLIS Horn MS. Williams.
L, speciosa Fauvel MS. Williams.

PINOPHILUS DENSUS Lec. Needles.

TacHyporus jocosus Say. Coolidge.

T. BRUNNEUS Fabr. Coolidge.

ERCHOMUS PUNCTIPENNIS Lec. Williams.
CONOSOMA CASTANEUM Horn. Cosnino.
BOLETOBIUS CINCTICOLLIS Say. Williams.
BRYOPORUS RUFESCENS Lec. Peach Spring.
BLEDIUS PLEJRALIS Lec. Winslow, Holbrook.
PLATYSTETHUS AMERICANUS Er. Williams, Needles.
APOCELLUS SPHRICOLLIS Say. Winslow.
DELEASTER CONCOLOR Lec. Coolidge, one specimen.
SIAGONIUM PUNCTATUM Lec. Williams, rare.

TRICHOPTERYGIDZ.

LIMULODES PARADOXUS Matth. Walnut, one specimen in an ant’s nest.

SCAPHIDIID&.

SCAPHISOMA DESERTORUM Casey. Williams, common.
S.RUFULUM Lec. East Bridge, common.
S. pusILLUM Lec. East Bridge, August.

Bbleas a

160 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

PHALACRIDZ.

PHALACRUS PENICILLATUS Say. Walnut, common.
P. say Casey. Coolidge.
OLIBRUS WICKHAMI Casey. Coolidge, Walnut.

COCCINELLID 4.

HIPPODOMIA 5-SIGNATA Kirby. Coolidge, Walnut, Seligman.

H.LeconTE! Muls. Coolidge, Winslow, Seligman.

H. CcONVERGENS Guér, Coolidge, Winslow, Seligman.

H. PARENTHESIS Say. Coolidge.

COccINELLA DIFFICILIS Cr. Coolidge, June. Common.

C. NOVEMNOTATA Hbst. Coolidge.

C. SANGUINEA Linn. Cosnino.

C. ABDOMINALIS Say. Needles, Winslow.

HARMONIA PicTA Rand. Coolidge, July.

Mysia HoRNII Cr. Coolidge, not common, June.

ANATIS RATHVONI Lec. Coolidge, Winslow, June and July, not common.

EXOCHOMUS MARGINIPENNIS Lec. Needles, common in August.

E. MARGINIPENNIS var. &thiops Bland. Coolidge, Seligman, rare.

HyYPERASPIS FIMBRIOLATA Muls. Coolidge, Walnut.

H. LATERALIS Muls. Coolidge, Walnut, Needles, quite common.

H. uNDULATA Say. Extremely variable. Coolidge, Winslow, Seligman,
Walnut, not rare.

H. QUADRIVITTATA Lec. Winslow, Coolidge, not common.

HYPERASPIDIUS TRIMACULATUS Linn. Winslow, not common. Coolidge.

ScYMNUS PALLENS, Lec. Williams, rare.

S. MARGINICOLLIS Mann. Seligman, Williams.

S. ARDELIO Horn. Coolidge, Winslow, Williams.

EROTY LID Z.

EROTYLUS BOISDUVALI Chevr. Coolidge, July. Williams, common in
August and September.
COLYDIIDZ.

LASCONOTUS sp. near pusillus Lec. Williams, rare.

AULONIUM LONGUM Lec. Williams, not rare, August.

COLYDIUM LINEOLA Say. Williams, August. Rather commonin pine logs.
BOTHRIDERES MONTANUS Horn. Williams, rare.

CERYLON CASTANEUM Say.(?) Williams, rare.

CRYPTOPHAGID 2.
C:NOSCELIS sp. Coolidge.
MYCETOPHAGID.

MyYcETOPHAGUS CONFUSUS Horn. Williams, not common.
LITARGUS BALTEATUS Lec. East Bridge.

COLEOPTERA OF NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA. 161

DERMESTID 45.

DERMESTES MARMORATUS Say. Winslow, very abundant.

D. rALpiINus Mann. Williams, several specimens.

TROGODERMA STERNALE Jayne. Needles, Coolidge.

ANTHRENUS SCROPHULARI4 var. flavipes Lec Coolidge.

A varius Fabr. Williams, Walnut, common on flowers.

OrPHILUS GLABRATUS Fabr. My specimens are marked simply Arizona
but are from either Walnut or Williams.

HISTERID 4.

HisTER ULKEI Horn. Coolidge, Winslow.

H. punctiGer Lec. Williams, common under bark.
EPIERUS REGULARIS var. vicinus Lec. Holbrook.

E. NAsuTUS Horn. Williams, rather common.

HeET4RIUS TRISTRIATUS Horn. Coolidge, one specimen.
SAPRINUS LUGENS Er. Coolidge, Winslow, very common.
S. PENNSYLVANICUS Payk. Gallup, rare.

S. OREGONENSIS Payk. Coolidge.

S. LARIDUS Lec. Needles, not rare.

S. PARUMPUNCTATUS Lec. Peach Spring.

S. PLENUS Lec Gallup, common.

. FIMBRIATUS Lec. Gallup, Winslow, Peach Spring, very abundant.

op)

PLEGADERUS TRANSVERSUS Say. Williams, common under bark.
P. FRATERNUS Horn. Williams, also common.
AELETES sp.n. Williams, not rare under bark.

NITIDULIDZ.

CARPOPHILUS NIGER Say. Gallup.

C. piscorpEus Lec. Gallup.

C. PALLIPENNIS Say. Winslow.

MELIGETHES MuUTATUS Har. Gallup, Walnut, common on flowers.
NITIDULA ziIczAc Say. Winslow, Coolidge, Peach Spring.

CYBOCEPHALUS CALIFORNICUS Horn. Seligman common, Needles, less so.
RHIZOPHAGUS SCALPTURATUS Mann. Williams.

R. pimrpratus Mann. Williams.

TROGOSITID 4.

TROGOSITA VIRESCENS Fabr. Williams, not rare under pine bark.
TENEBRIOIDES SINUATA Lec. Williams, not rare. Gallup.

T. SINUATA var. californica Horn. Williams.

CALITYS SCABER Thunb. Williams.

MonoToMA MuUCIDA Lec. Needles, not common.

HESPEROBNUS sp. n. Coolidge.

LATHRIDIIDA.

CorRTICARIA CAVICOLLIS Mann. Coolidge, not common.

162 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

PARNIDZ.

Dryops stR1ATUS Lec. Winslow. Also at Bluewater, New Mex.,a few
miles east of Coolidge.

HETEROCERIDZ.

HETEROCERUS GNATHO Lec. Holbrook.
H. pALLipus Say. Common at Winsiow in July.
H. co_yaris Kies. Peach Spring.

DASCYLLIDZ.

CYPHON VARIABILIS Thunb. Needles, not common.
ELATERIDZ.

ANELASTES DRURII var. /atreillei Lec. Coolidge, Winslow.

ADELOCERA PYRSOLEPIS Cand. Coolidge, Williams, rare.

CHALCOLEPIDIUS WEBBII Lec. Peach Spring, rare; Needles, common in
August about willows.

CARDIOPHORUS PUBESCENS Blanch.(7) Coolidge.

C. opscurus Lec. “Arizona,” exact record lost.

C. sp. Gallup, early in May.

HoRISTONOTUS SIMPLEX Lec. Peach Spring, August.

H. GraciLtis Horn. Peach Spring, rare.

MonocrEPIDIUSs sorpDIDUS Lec. Hardy.

ELATER RUBRIVENTRIS Lec. Coolidge, rare in June.

E. apicarus Say. Williams.

DRASTERIUS ELEGANS Fabr. Coolidge, Hardy, Winslow, very abundant.

GLYPHONYX TESTACEUS Melsh. Peach Spring.

MELANOTUS FISSILIS Say. Winslow.

Aruous apparently cucullatus Say. Williams, Walnut; one specimen from
each locality.

A. NIGRIPILIS Mots. Williams, rare.

ASAPHES CARBONATUS Lec. Walnut, Williams, not rare under logs in July.

BUPRESTIDZ.

GYASCUTUS PLANICOSTA Lec. Needles, abundant.
G. oBLITERATUS Lec. Winslow.

BUPRESTIS CONSULARIS Gory. Walnut.

B. NUTTALLI K. Walnut, Williams, Yampai.
ANTHAXIA VIRIDIFRONS Lap. Walnut, Williams, common.
A. DELETA Lec. Williams, on flowers in July.
CHRYSOBOTHRIS CUPRASCENS Lec. Coolidge.

C. TExANA Lec. Coolidge,

C. CALIFORNICA Lec. Coolidge, Walnut.

C. sp. indet. Williams.

ACMZODERA PULCHELLA Hbst. Coolidge.

A. GIBBULA Lec. East Bridge.

A. sp.indet. Winslow.

COLEOPTERA OF NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA. 163

CHRYSOPHANA PLACIDA Lec. Coolidge, rare.
AGRILUs PpoLitTus Say. Williams, common, July.
A. WALSINGHAMI Cr. Winslow, rather scarce, July.
A. couEsiiI Lec. Seligman, July.

LAMPYRID 4.

Eros AuRoRA Hbst. Williams, one specimen.
PLATEROS sp.n. Williams.

PYROPYGA FENESTRALIS Melsh. var. Needles.
CHAULIOGNATHUS BASALIS Lec. Williams, August.
C. tewisir Cr. Cosnino.

PODABRUS sp. indet. Williams.

MALTHINUS sp. indet. Williams.

MALACHID 4.

COLLOPS HIRTELLUS Lec. Coolidge, June; abundant on bushes,

C. BIPUNCTATUS Say. Seligman, extremely common on flowers in July
and August.

C. QUADRIMACULATUS Fabr. Williams, Winslow, Coolidge.

C. virratus Say. Williams, Winslow.

ANTHOCOMUS VENTRALIS Horn. Gallup, Williams, common.

ATTALUS C@&LESTINUS Gorh. Gallup, Coolidge, not rare.

A.sp.n. near LOBULATUS Lec. Needles, August.

A. LOBULATUS Lec. Gallup.

PRISTOSCELIS ATRICORNIS Lec. Seligman, abundant.

P. sorpipus Lec. Walnut, July.

P. SERRICOLLIS Lec. Winslow, September. Several other species of this
genus were obtained but they seem to be undescribed.

LISTRUS INTERRUPTUS Lec. Holbrook, abundant in April.

DoLICHOSOMA NIGRICORNE Bland. Walnut, July.

ESCHATOCREPIS CONSTRICTUS Lec. Walnut.

ALLONYX SCULPTILIS Lec. Coolidge, rare.

DASYTEsS PUSILLUS Lec. Williams, Walnut, not common.

MECOMYCTER OMALINUS Lec. Cafion near Winslow, several specimens.

CLERIDZ.

CYMATODERA PUNCTATA Lec. Winslow, Needles.

TRICHODES BIBALTEATUS Lec. Winslow.

CLERUS 4-GUTTATUS Oliv. Winslow. :

C. aBRupTuS Lec. Gallup, Winslow, Williams, Seligman, Peach Spring.
Inordinately variable in color.

C. NIGRIVENTRIS Lec. Gallup.

C. SPHEGEUS Fabr. Coolidge, Williams, Seligman.

HyYDNOCERA SUBFASCIATA Lec. Coolidge, Winslow, Walnut.

PTINID As;

NIPTUS VENTRICULUS Lec. Winslow. <A colony was taken under a log.
TRYPOPITYS SERICEUS Say. Winslow, rare.

Pilea DD

164 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN:

HEMIPTYCHUS GRAVIS Lec. Winslow, one specimen.

HI. sp.n. Needles, common on bushes.

DINopERUS PoRCATUS Lec. Gallup, Winslow, Walnut, Williams, nowhere
abundant.

LUCANID 2.
LucANUS MAZAMA Lec. Williams, July, several specimens.
SCARAB 4IDZ.

PsSAMMODIUS 5-PLICATUS Horn. Holbrook, common in Apri:; Winslow.

RHYSSEMUS CALIFORNICUS Horn. Peach Spring, common in August.

ATANIUS CALIFORNICUS Horn. Needles, East Bridge, common.

APHODIUS COLORADENSIS Horn. Williams, Coolidge, Gallup.

A. virTaTus Say. Common from Coolidge to Williams

TROX SCUTELLARIS Say. Winslow, not uncommon in July, crawling about
at dusk; Coolidge.

T. PUNCTATUS Germ. Winslow, Holbrook, common.

T. sonor Lec. Williams, Winslow, Holbrook, common.

T. aTrox Lec. Coolidge, Winslow, rare.

DICHELONYCHA PUSILLA Lec. Coolidge, one specimen.

SERICA CURVATA Lec. Walnut.

Orsonyx ANxIiuS Lec. Needles, East Bridge.

DIPLOTAXIS BREVICOLLIS Lec. Coolidge, Williams.

D. ATRATULA Lec. Seligman.

D. puNCTATA Lec. Winslow.

D.sp. n. Holbrook, April.

LACHNOSTERNA LENIS Horn. Winslow.

L.sp.indet. Williams, one female.

L. sp. indet. Walnut, one female.

POLYPHYLLA HAMMOND! Lec. Holbrook. ’

P, DECEMLINEATA Say. Williams, Flagstaff.

CoTALPA PUNCTICOLLIS Lec. Flagstaff.

CYCLOCEPHALA IMMACULATA Oliv. Winslow, abundunt.

C. LONGULA Lec. Needles, rare.

LIGYRUS RUGINASUS Lec. Winslow.

STRATEGUS CEssuS Lec. Peach Spring, one specimen.

EUPHORIA INDA Linn. Williams, rare.

CREMASTOCHILUS CRINITUS Lec. Coolidge.

C. NiTENS Lec. East Bridge, one specimen, August.

SPONDY LID 42.

SPONDYLIS UPIFORMIS Mann. Flagstaff.

CERAMBYCID 42.

ERGATES SPICULATUS Lec. Williams, not common, July.

MALLODON MELANOPUS Lnn. Needles, two specimens.

PRIONUS POCULARIS Dalm. Winslow, not common.

P. CALIFORNICUS var, curvatus Lec Winslow, Walnut, Williams, not rare
under logs in July.

COLEOPTERA OF NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA. 105

P. PALPALIS Say. Coolidge, Winslow, rare in June.

HoMASTHESIS EMARGINATUS Say. Coolidge, rare.

TRAGOSOMA HARRISII Lec. Williams, not common.

CRIOCEPHALUS PRODUCTUS Lec. Coolidge.

C. ASPERATUS Lec. Coolidge, Gallup.

C. MONTANUS Lec. Williams.

C. opsoLEeTus Lec. Coolidge, Gallup, Williams, not common.

TETROPIUM CINNAMOPTERUM Kirby. Williams, a few only.

CALLIDIUM JANTHINUM Lec. Coolidge, rare.

C. vILE Lec. Coolidge, one specimen.

ROMALEUM SIMPLICOLLE Hald. Ash Fork, Arizona.

ELAPHIDION sp. indet. Gallup.

RHOPALOPHORA LONGIPES Say. Walliams, July.

Oxop us jocosus Horn. Williams, not rare; Winslow, August, Sept.

TYLOSIS MACULATUS Lec. Seligman, not rare.

CROSSIDIUS INTERMEDIUS Ulke. Winslow, one specimen.

C. PULCHELLUS Lec. Williams, common; Winslow, Peach Spring, August
and September.

C. pISCOIDEUS Say. Williams, rather common in September. ‘

RHAGIUM LINEATUM Oliv. Flagstaff.

ACM-EOPS PRATENSIS Laich. Coolidge.

LEPTURA CANADENSIS Fabr. Coolidge.

L. cHRysocoMA Kirby. Coolidge, one specimen.

MONOHAMMUS TITILLATOR Fabr. Coolidge, Williams.

ACANTHOCINUS OBLIQUUS Lec. Coolidge.

POGONOCHERUS MIxtTUS Hald. Winslow.

TETRAOPES RUBROCINEREUS Thoms. Williams.

T. CANESCENS Lec. Winslow.

T. FEMORATUS var. oregonensts Lec. Williams.

CHRYSOMELIDZ.

AULACOSCELIS PURPUREA Horn. Walnut, Needles, not common.

LEMA NIGROVITTATA Guér. Holbrook, common.

EURYSCOPA LECONTEI Crotch. Williams.

BABIA 4-GUTTATA Oliv. var. Needles, rare.

EXEMA CONSPERSA var. dispar Lec. Peach Spring, Walnut, not rare.

CRYPTOCEPHALUS sp. n. Coolidge.

PACHYBRACHYS LITURATUS Fabr. Cosnino, on willows.

P. c#Latus Lec. Seligman, July.

P. HEPATICUS Melsh. Peach Spring.

P. aromARIvs Melsh. This, or a closely allied form, occurred at Coolidge,
Walnut and Williams.

P. sp. near zzfaustus Hald. Williams, one specimen.

P.sp.n. Coolidge, common in June.

Diacuts AURATUS Fabr. Williams, very common in July.

XANTHONIA VAGANS Lec. Walnut, on junipers.

X. DECEMNOTATA Say. Williams, rare.

GLYPTOSCELIS SQUAMULATA Cr. Winslow, Holbrook, under rubbish along
river bottom. Not common. :

166 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Myocurous squaMmosus Lec. Coolidge, extremely abundant under dry
dung in early summer.

M. LtoncuLus Lec. Needles.

METACHROMA spp indet. Two species were taken not uncommonly along
the river bottom near Winslow.

DoRYPHORA IO-LINEATA Say. Coolidge, not common.

CHRYSOMELA CONJUNCTA Rog. Coolidge.

LUPERODES WICKHAMI Horn Peach Spring, rather common.

DIABROTICA TRICINCTA Say. Johnson’s Cafion, Seligman, not rare.

ADIMONIA EXTERNA Say. Williams.

MOoONOXIA PUNCTICOLLIs var. evosa Lec. Winslow, common.

M. sorpipA Lec. Winslow.

M. consputa Lec. Winslow, July.

BLEPHARIDA RHOIS Forst. Walnut, July.

HALTICA CARINATA Var. forguata Lec. Coolidge Walnut, Cosnino, not rare.

H. OBLITERATA Lec. Peach Spring.

H. Fot1acea Lec. Winslow.

CREPIDODERA HELXINES Linn. Cosnino, on willows at bottom of cafion.

SYSTENA TZNIATA Say. Winslow (var. lixgata), Seligman, Winslow (vars,
ochracea and blanda).

GLYPTINA CERINA Lec. Seligman, Winslow.

LoNGITARSUS sp. East Bridge.

PHYLLOTRETA PUSILLA Horn. Gallup, Coolidge, common.

STENOPODIUS FLAVIDUS Horn. Winslow, one pair.

BRUCHID&.

Brucuus Amicus Horn. Gallup, one specimen.
B. SEMINULUM Horn. Seligman, not rare,
ZABROTES SPECTABILIS Horn. Arizona, no definite record.

TENEBRIONID#.

EURYMETOPON RUFIPES Esch. Needles.

E. SERRATUM Lec. var. Holbrook.

E. DEBILE Casey. Peach Spring.

EMMENASTES CONVEXUS Casey. Peach Spring, common; Winslow.

E. acutus Horn. Holbrook.

E. nitipus Casey. Seligman, Cosnino.

EPITRAGUS CANALICULATUS Say. Seligman, common in July.

E. PLUMBEUS Lec. Coolidge.

BATULIvs seEtosus Lec. Holbrook, April.

ANEPSIUS DELICATULUS Lec. Holbrook.

CRYPTOGLOSSA VERRUCOSA Lec. Needles, not rare in August; also found
in the vininity of East Bridge.

ARZOSCHIZUS COSTIPENNIS Lec. Winslow.

ZOPHERUS ELEGANS Horn. Winslow, rare.

Z.opacus Horn. Williams.

Z.GRACILIS Lec. Seligman, Peach Spring.

Z.TRISTIS Lec. Peach Spring.

COLEOPTERA OF NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA. 167

Z. GRANICOLLIS Horn. Coolidge.

OLOGLYPTUS ANASTOMOSIS Say. Winslow, not common.

AsIDA sorpIDA Lec. Winslow, very common; Walnut.

A. AactuosA Horn. Peach Spring, not rare in August.

A. CONFLUENS Lec. Needles.

A. WICKHAMI Horn. Peach Spring.

A. CONVEXA Say. Williams, Walnut.

A. CONVEXICOLLIS Lec. Winslow, Walnut, Seligman, Peach Spring, very

common, July and August.

A. MARGINATA Lec. Peach Spring; at Winslow and Walnut the var.

rimosa was obtained

A. ELATA Lec. Peach Spring, Winslow, Walnut, not common.

EUSATTUS RETICULATUS Say. Winslow, common; Coolidge.

E. pirriciLtis Lec. Coolidge, rare.

E. MURICATUS Lec. Winslow, rare.

ELEODES OBSCURA Say. The var. disfersa is common at Coolidge, while at
Winslow, Walnut, Seligman, and Peach Spring the var. salcrpennis
occurs in numbers.

. TRICOSTATA Say. Coolidge, Gallup, Holbrook.

. OBSOLETA Say. Coolidge, Gallup, Winslow, Walnut, Peach Spring.

.EXTRICATA Say. Coolidge to Peach Spring, usually common.

. ARMATA Lec. Needles, not rare in August.

. LONGICOLLIS Lec. Coo idge, Gallup, Holbrook.

. NIGRINA Say. Williams, Walnut, Holbrook, not rare.

. HISPILABRIS Say. Coolidge, Williams, Peach Spring, Walnut.

. SPONSA Lec. Coolidge.

. CAUDIFERA Lec. Coolidge, Holbrook, Winslow.

LONGIPILOSA Horn. Holbrook, one specimen in April.

prLosA Horn. Coolidge, rare.

PLANIPENNIS Lec Coolidge, Williams.

. OPACA Say. Cosnino, Coolidge.

. FUSIFORMIS Lec. Coolidge, rare.

EMBAPHION CoNTUSUM Lec. Coolidge, Winslow, Walnut, Peach Spring.

E. ELONGATUM Horn. Coolidge, Holbrook, not rare.

TROGLODERUS CosTATUS Lec. Winslow.

ARGOPORIS COSTIPENNIS Lec. Peach Spring.

Pe oe eee eee eee

IPHTHIMUS SERRATUS var. sublevis Bland. Williams, common.

Ca@LOCNEMIS PUNCTATA Lec. Winslow (striate form), Coolidge (smoother),
Williams (smoothest form).

ALPHUS sp. near pallidus Horn. Needles.

EvUPSOPHUS CASTANEUS Horn. Winslow.

Mecysmus ANGusTuS Lec, Winslow.

M. pARVULUS Casey. Coolidge, not rare in early summer.

BLAPSTINUS INTERMIXTUS Casey. Winslow, very abundant; Peach Spring.

B. NIGER Casey. Peach Spring.

B. LECONTEL Muls. Coolidge, common.

B. sp. near sulcatus Lec. Holbrook,

NoTIBIUS PUBERULUS Lec. Needles.

RE ass E

168 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

CNEMEPLATIA SERICEA Horn. Holbrook.

TRIBOLIUM MADENS Charp. Williams.

CyYN-£US DEPRESSUS Horn. Williams, not common.

PLATYDEMA OREGONENSE Lec. Williams, rather common.

P.jaNnus Fabr. East Bridge, not rare, August.

HYPOPHLGUS SUBSTRIATUS Lec. Williams, rather common under pine bark.

HELops ATTENUATUS Lec Coolidge.

H. sp. near arizonensis Horn. Winslow. Many dead specimens were found
in spring.

H. sp. near discretus Horn. Coolidge, Winslow, Holbrook, not common.

CISTELID 4.

HyYMENORUS PROLIXUs Casey. Winslow, Peach Spring.

H. puNCTATIssiIMUS Lec. Winslow.

H. APACHEANUS Casey. Walnut.

TELESICLES CORDATUS Champ. Winslow, Gallup, not rare.

MELANDRYIDZE.

CAREBARA LONGULA Lec. Williams, not rare.
ANISOXYA GLAUCULA Lec. Williams, one specimen.
EUSTROPHUS ARIZONENSIS Horn. Williams.
MycTERUuS CoNCOLOR Lec. Coolidge

CDEMERID.

OxacIs PALLIDA Lec. Winslow, Needles, common.
O. BIcoLor Lec. Coolidge, Winslow.

MORDELLIDZ-.

PENTARIA FUSCULA Lec. Gallup.

ANASPIS PuUsSIO Lec. Very common at Winslow, less so at Walnut and .
Williams. Those from the first place are smaller than the others.

MOoRDELLISTENA NIGRICANS Melsh. Williams.

M. untcotor Lec. Winslow, Gallup.

ANTHICID 2.

NOTOXUS BIFASCIATUS Laf. Walnut, Williams, common.
N. SERRATUuS Lec. Walnut, Winslow, Gallup.

N. MONODON Fabr. Needles.

SCANYLUS PRUINOSUS Casey. Williams.

ANTHICUs opscuRUS Lec. Gallup, very abundant on flowers.
A. TENUIS Lec. Coolidge, Winslow.

A. CALIFORNIcUS Lec. Holbrook.

A. CONFINIS Lec. Peach Spring.
A.EPHIPPIUM Laf. Winslow.

A. BIGUTTULUS Lec. Williams, Coolidge.
A. NANUS Lec. Peach Spring.

A. BELLULUsS Lec. Holbrook.

A. FULVIPES Lec. Coolidge.

COLEOPTERA OF NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA. 169

A.MELANCHOLICUS Laf. Coolidge.

A.LUTEOLUS Lec. East Bridge.

TANARTHRUS BREVIPENNIS Casey. Winslow and Holbrook, not rare.
Usually found under dry dung.

MELOID 42.

MEGETRA VITTATA Lec. Gallup, Coolidge.

MELOE SUBL-EVIS Lec. Peach Spring, not common
NEMOGNATHA PIEZATA Fabr. Walnut, common.

N. PUNCTIPENNIS Lec. Walnut, common.

N.SPARSA Lec. Walnut.

N. BrcoLor Lec. Giullup.

GNATHIUM TEXANUM Horn. Winslow, rare.

G. NiT1puM Horn. Peach Spring, Winslow, rather common on flowers.
EPICAUTA FERRUGINEA Say. Williams, not uncommon,

E. MACULATA Say. Coolidge, Williams.

CANTHARIS BIGUTTATA Say. Walnut, Seligman, not rare, July.

OTIORHY NCHID 42.

EPIC4RUS IMBRICATUS Say. Coolidge, common.

OPHRYASTES VITTATUS Say. Coolidge, Gallup, Winslow, not rare.

O. sutcirostRIs Say. Winslow, Peach Spring, Gallup, Holbrook, very
abundant, July to September.

O. LATIROSTRIS Lec. Winslow, Peach Spring, Gallup, Holbrook, not
common.

O. sp.nov. Winslow, September, rare.

EUPAGODERES SoRDIDUS Lec. Winslow, rather common: Coolidge, rare.

E. pEsERTUS Horn. (?) Winslow, abundant; Hardy, rare.

E. varius Lec. Winslow, rare.

E. sp. indet. Coolidge, June.

DIAMIMUS SUBSERICEUS Horn. Winslow.

MINYOMERUS LANGUIDUS Horn. Winslow, Peach Spring.

M. tNNocuus Horn. Peach Spring

PERITAXIA HISPIDA Horn. Walnut.

AMNESIA sp. nov. Winslow.

PANDELETEJUS CINEREUS Horn. Peach Spring.

Cypuus LAutus Lec. Walnut, Seligman, Peach Spring.

ScyYTHROPUS CALIFORNICUS Horn. Williams.

CURCULIONIDZ.

APION WALSHII Smith. Williams

A.MODESTUM Smith. Walnut.

A.TYPICUM Smith. Needles.

Macrops HIRTELLUS Dietz. Coolidge, common in spring.
M. wicKHAMI Dietz. Coolidge.

Lrxus sp. indet. Coolidge, one specimen.

DINOCLEUS DENSUs Casey. Winslow, abundant in July.

D. DENTICOLLIS Casey, Peach Spring, abundant in August.

170 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

CLEONOPSIS PULVEREUS Lec. Coolidge, Peach Spring.
CLEONUS MopDESTUS Mann. Seligman, July, not rare.

C. QUADRILINEATUS Chevr. Winslow, Coolidge, Peach Spring.
C. LOBIGERINUS Casey. Peach Spring, common.

C. virGcatus Lec. Peach Spring, August.

C. GRANDIROSTRIS Casey. Coolidge, not common.
Dorytomus sp. Holbrook, Winslow.

SMICRONYX FULVUS Lec. Seligman, not rare, July.

S. constrictus Say. Seligman, August.

BAGOus sp. near magister Lec. Peach Spring.
OTIDOCEPHALUS Nivosus Casey. Peach Spring, Winslow.
ANTHONOMUS. Several unidentified species were obtained.
THYSANOCNEMIS GRAPHICA Casey. Winslow, several specimens, July.
Tycuius seTosus Lec. Needles, not rare.

L.£MOSACCUS PLAGIATUS Fabr. Williams, one specimen.
CONOTRACHELUS AFFINIS Boh. Coolidge.

ACALLES TURBIDUS Lec. Peach Spring, August.
ZASCELIS IRRORATA Lec. Peach Spring, August.
TACHYGONUS CENTRALIS Lec. Williams, July.
CEUTORHYNCHUS RAP Gyll. Coolidge.

C. sp. near syuamatus Lec. Coolidge.

CENTRINUS EXULANS Casey. Gallup, one specimen.

CALANDRID £4.

SPHENOPHORUS VOMERINUtSs Lec. Holbrook, common; Gallup, Needles.
S. uLKEI Horn. Coolidge.

S.ocuHREvus Lec. Hardy, three specimens.

CossoNus CRENATUS Horn. Williams, extremely abundant.

C. sp. nov. Winslow, in cottonwood logs.

RHYNCOLUS OREGONENSIS Horn. Williams.

SCOLY LL);

PiITYOPHTHORUS CARINULATUS var. kamatus Lec, Coolidge.
XYLEBORUS sp. Common at Williams.

ToMICUS PLASTOGRAPHUS Lec. Coolidge, Williams, common.
CHRAMESUS IcoRI# Lec. Coolidge.

C. cHapuisit Lec. Williams.

HYLESINUS ACULEATUS Say. Coolidge.

DENDROCTONUS TEREBRANS Oliv. Coolidge, Walnut, Williams.
HyYLAsTEs Loncus Lec. Gallup, Coolidge, Williams.
HYLURGOPS RUGIPENNIS Mann. Coolidge, rare.

H. suscosTuLATus Mann. Williams, common.

ANTHRIBIDZ.

ANTHRIBULUS ROTUNDATUS Lec. Coolidge.

COLEOPTERA OF NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA. fT

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE.

While the above catalogue is passing through the press, a copy of
the sixth part of “Coleopterological Notices,’ by Captain Thos. L. Casey,*
has come to hand. The family Anthicidz is subjected, in its entirety, to
complete revision, and among other changes we note that the author advo-
cates the dismemberment of the old genus Anthicus, and the establishment
of a number of smaller genera at this expense. The characters upon
which this proceeding is based are found primarily in the form of the
mesosternum, after which the shape of the prothorax, in combination with
antennal and palpal structure, is chiefly employed. As the result, several
of the species in our list are made members of his new genera; A, /enuis is
the type of Baulius, A. obscurus is removed to Lappus, A. californicus to
Thicanus, A. confinis to Vacusus, and A. fulvipes to Sapintus, the rest remain-
ing in Anthicus, which, even as restricted by Captain Casey, is a genus of
great size. From our collections several species are described as new.
These are as follows:

LAPPuUS CURSOR Casey. Peach Spring, Walnut.
L. suBTILIS Casey. Gallup.

THICANUS MIMUS Casey. Coolidge.

VACUSUS DESERTORUM Casey. Holbrook.

V. PROMINENS Casey. Peach Spring.
ANTHICUS PARALLELUS Casey. Coolidge.

A. INNOCENS Casey. Peach Spring.

Means are not now at hand for determining the facts with certainty,
but it seems probable that the name swd¢ilis has been applied to the form
heretofore distributed as obscurus, while innocens is likely that which is
recorded as anus.

* Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., VIII., July, 1895.

IlI—4. F

COUNTY PARKS.

By T. H. MACBRIDE.

Tue title of this paper would seem to require little definition.
By county parks are meant simply open grounds available for
pubtic use in rural districts as are city parks in towns. There
is nothing new in the idea; it is simply an effort to call back into
public favor the once familiar public “common.” This does
not, however, refer simply to public land such as government
land, to be claimed and plundered by the first comer, nor indeed
to land to be used by the public indiscriminately at all, but to land
devoted to public enjoyment, purely to the public happiness, a
holiday ground for country- and city-folk alike.

The general features which should characterize such public
play-ground as is here discussed, will also quickly suggest
themselves to any one who chooses at all to consider the mat-
ter. In the first place the county-park should be wooded that
it may afford suitable shade and shelter for those who frequent
it; it should be well-watered to meet other patent needs; it
should be romantic in order by its attractiveness to be as far as
possible efficient. Above all it must be under wise control, be
at all times suitably warded and kept, that its utility be trans-
mitted from generation to generation. All this is plain enough
and will be disputed by nobody. It is my purpose here to
show that such parks are needed, that they are needed now;
that they should have the highest scientific value, and that in
Iowa they are everywhere practicable.

The necessity for such parks in Iowa seems to me to be
threefold:

1st. As directly affecting public health and happiness.

2d. For proper education.

172

COUNTY PARKS. 173

3d. To preserve to other times and men something of
primeval Nature.

Let us consider these points briefly in the order named.

All of us in one way or another know something of the mo-
notonous grind which makes up the life-long experience of by
far the larger number of our fellow-men. On the farm, in the
shop, in the mine, day after day, one unceasing round of toil
into which the idea of pleasure or freshness never enters.
How many thousands of our fellow-men, tens of thousands of
our women see nothing but the revolving steps of labor’s tread-
mill, day in, day out, winter and summer, year after year, for
the whole span of mortal life. This is especially so here, in
these western states where the highest ideal is industry, the
highest accomplishment, speed. Our rural population is wear-
ing itself out in an effort to outwear “labor-saving machinery.”
If you do not believe it take a journey across the country
anywhere through Iowa and see how our people are actually
living. They know no law but labor, their only recreation is
their toil. Now it is needless to say how abnormal all this is.
We are as a people entrapped in our machines and are by
them ground to powder. ‘The effect of it is apparent already
in the public health and will be the most startling factor in the
tables studied by the man of science in the generations fol-
lowing. Not to paint too darkly the picture, attention may
be called to the fact that rural suicides are not uncommon and
that the wives of farmers are a conspicuous element in the
population of some of our public institutions. There must be
something done to remedy all this, to preserve for our people
their physical and mental health and to this end, as all experi-
ence shows, there is nothing so good as direct contact with
Nature, the contemplation of her processes, the enjoyment of
her peaceful splendor. If in every county, or even in every
township there were public grounds to which our people might
resort in numbers during all the summer season a great step
would be taken, as it seems to me, for the perpetuation, not to
say restoration, of the public health. We are proud to call
ourselves the children of “hardy pioneers,’ but much of the

174 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

hardiness of those pioneers was due to the fact that they spent
much of their time, women, children and all, out of doors. All
the land was a vast park in which that first generation roamed
and reveled. They breathed the air of the forest, they drank
the water of springs, they ate the fruit of the hillsides where
plum-thickets were the orchards, and all accounts go to show
that hardier, healthier or happier people never lived. Such
conditions can never come again, but we may yet by public
grounds for common enjoyment realize somewhat of the old
advantage.

Again such parks as are here discussed are an educational
necessity. Our people as a whole suffer almost as much on
the esthetic side of life as on that which is more strictly sani-
tary. How few of our land-owners, for instance, have any
idea of groves or lawns as desirable features of their hold-
ings. If in any community a farm occurs on which a few
acres are given over to beauty the fact is a matter of
comment for miles in either direction. A county park well-
kept and cared for would be a perpetual object lesson to the
whole community, would show how the rocky knoll or deep
ravine on one’s own eighty-acre farm, might be made attract-
ive, until presently, instead of the angular maple groves with
which our esthetic sense now vainly seeks appeasement, we
should have a country rich in groves conformable to Nature’s
rules of landscape-gardening if not to Nature’s planting.

I am aware that at the first the right appreciation of a public
park might be meagre. The first instinct might be to use the
park as a convenient source whence to draw one’s winter’s fire-
wood, or as a free cow-pasture for the adjoining farmer, but
such abuse would soon be rectified when the better idea of pub-
lic ownership came to be understood. This leads also to the
remark that such parks in Iowa are to-day absolutely needed
to teach our people the first lessons in forestry; to advise them
how and when to cut timber; the economic value of different
kinds of trees and the value of woodland as such; the kind
of soil which should be left to trees and such as may be profit-
ably given over to tillage. We are soon asa people to be

COUNDY BARICS: 175

sent all toschool in matters of forestry and arboriculture; sent
to learn the value of the forest in the dear school of experience
where we are to be taught the arithmetic of cost.

In the third place county parks would tend to preserve to
those who come after us, something of the primitive beauty of
this part of the world as such beauty stood revealed in its
original flora. I esteem this from the stand-point of science,
and indeed from the stand-point of intellectual progress, a
matter of extreme importance. Who can estimate the intel-
lectual stimulus the world receives by the effort made to
appreciate and understand the varied wealth of Nature’s living
forms. In this direction who can estimate how great has been
our own advantage as occupants of this new world! But such
is the aggressive energy of our people, such their ambition to
use profitably every foot of virgin soil that, unless somewhere
public reserves be constituted, our so-called civilization will soon
have obliterated forever our natural wealth and left us to the
investigation of introduced species only and these but few in
number. It is a fact lamented, grievously lamented by all
intelligent men, that in all the older portions of the country,
species of plants once common, to say nothing of animals, are
now extinct. County parks, if organized soon, would enable
us to preserve many of these in the localities where originally
found.

The objection to all this is that such parks as here broached
are impracticable. Such objection can lie in two directions
only: (1) the lack cf suitable sites, and (2) the lack of suit-
able control. As to the first it may be said that in a great
number of our counties, especially eastward, such sites exist and
have in many cases been long used, and I am sorry to say,
abused, by our people;

“The Caves,” in Jackson county,

‘©The Backbone,” in Delaware County,

« Wild Cat Den,” in Muscatine County,

‘‘Gray’s Ford,” in Cedar County,

«“ Pinney’s Spring,” in Allamakee County,

“The Palisades” in Cedar and Johnson Counties, may be

176 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

cited as illustrations both of the fact that sites exist and that
people need and appreciate them. The “ Backbone,” in Dela-
ware, is ideal. Here are cliffs and rocks, woods, rivers and
bountiful springs and, what is rare in Iowa, clusters of native
pine. Hundreds of people visit the locality every year, and
hundreds more would do so were the roads leading to the
park in more passable condition, and especially were the
grounds a park properly managed and controlled instead of,
as now, a cow-pasture, so crowded as to jeopardize everything
green it contains. The “Den,” in Muscatine County might
be referred to in thesame way. I believe it is not yet too late
to find in possibly three-fourths of our Iowa counties, suitable
sites, grounds, for the purposes contemplated in this argument.

The second count in the way of objection is a real difficulty
whose gravity I do not for a moment attempt to minimize.
How to secure, own and care for several hundred, or for that
matter, several thousand acres of land to be used by all the
people is a problem, especially under our form of government.
Were we in the old world we should find no difficulty. Such
localities are owned by the king or his equivalent and are
cared for and guarded with the same assiduity as any other
private property. Nevertheless the people have free use of
the most splendid parks and beautiful woods in the world.
The same thing can be true of the United States, of Iowa,
hopeless as the task may now seem. In the eastern states a
movement to this end is even now discernible. What Mr.
Vanderbilt is doing in North Carolina at Biltmore, will doubt-
less be done presently in all our mountainous and forested states.
This is another opportunity for our millionaires, and forest-
foundations properly established will prove for future genera-
tions rich in benediction as any University endowment left in
the name of whatsoever state or sect. In Massachusetts five
years since a movement was inaugurated for the accomplish-
ment of similar purposes in New England. A board of trus-
tees, by legislature authorized to act, becomes the legatee of
suitable property donated for public use, becomes the curators
of such grounds, andthe custodians of funds bequeathed for the

COUNTY PARKS. 177

care of such lands or for their purchase. The result in Mas-
sachusetts of a very simple effort has in five years proved most
gratifying to the projectors as to every lover of his native land.
Thousands of acres have already been rescued from spoliation
and subjected to intelligent management such as will eventu-
ally result in the attainment of all the beneficent ends for
which public parks exist. In Iowa nothing is done; nothing
will be done until somebody or some association of our citizens
makea beginning. That the effort will one day be made there
is no doubt. Whether it shall be made in time to save that
which Nature in this direction has already committed to our
hands is a question. Is not the problem worthy the considera-
tion of the Iowa citizen and legislator and does it not open to
us a field where by practical activity we may again show
before the world our practical sense and wisdom.

NOTES ON THE CRETACEOUS FLORA OF
WESTERN IOWA.

By PAUL BARTSCH.

A YEAR ago I received from the State University for iden-
tification a quantity of material containing fossil leaves. The
rock containing the fossils is a very hard ferruginous aren-
aceous shale, belonging to the Dakota group of the Creta-
ceous strata. It was taken from the Holman Cut, Woodbury
Co., NE. qr., Sec. 30, Twp. 88, R. 47.

Mr. Bain gives the following table of the strata in the locality

concerned:

12 Léess with some concretions . . , : - - : 20 feet

11 Sandstone, yellow to white “oa : : , : , 2005
1o Shale, lignite in part : : : ; . : : : EZ mee
9 a white to yellow or gray . : : : - ; ood
8 «dark gray, argillaceous ; : : : - : aes
a S white, very silicious : : : : : E = zee
6 « dark gray ; : : : : : : : : zane
5 (<. «gtay to yellow: /- : : ; : : - : 2) Ome
4 «black to gray . : : : : ; ; regis
3 “grayish yellow with ferruginous diss€minations . on Be
2 * fireclay . : : : : : : . : 4 Site
I «gray to yellow, iron stained . : : : : =) Oy ee

Number 5, he continues “bears a great many crystals of
selenite, also large ferruginous boulders of sandstone in which
numerous imprints of Dakota leaves are imbedded.”

The mode of occurrence of these leaves is somewhat vari-
able. At times they appear horizontally flattened, parallel to
the plane of deposition. Then again we find them bent,
twisted, torn, and mixed up in general confusion.

Occasionally the rock seems composed entirely of fossil

178

CRETACEOUS FLORA OF WESTERN IlOW A. 179

leaves for a thickness of several inches as if the wind had piled
them up and they had become fossilized in this state. Some
of the leaves are preserved in such a perfect state that they
must have grown at, or at least very near the place where
they were found; transportation from a distance would cer-
tainly have more or less damaged them.

If we may take the character and perfection of the fossils
as evidence we can picture to ourselves the surroundings of
Sioux City in the early Cretaceous as a scene of swamps and
bayous with an occasional strip of high land which was cov-
ered by a mixed forest. The autumn winds that shook the
leaves from the trees carried them to the marshes where they
became water-soaked, sank, and were buried under the sedi-
ments borne in by streams swollen with autumnal rains. Vhe
finer silt sifted through the coarser sand and thus softly cov-
ered and preserved the leaves in the minutest detail to the
present day.

The following species have been authentically determined:
1. PopuLus KANSASEANA Lesg.

Resch. Dak Gr, Us 5. Geos Sur.. Mon, XVI v2,
Pie XV Il. Figs. 1-7.

Three specimens in a fair state of preservation are in the
collection,

2. PopuLus HYPERBOREA Zeer.

eer, Hi oss. Arct., vol. 3. pt. 2, p- 100, dl exX., Bigs:
Go eE lx OV IE hige Od wb l. OX X., Nise 2bs vol.6, A bth. 2,
puoi ue). SAV i Bios: 6,7: Pl. XXL Miowma. IWesq., Bl.

Dak. Gr. U..S:.Geo: our... Mon. XVIEYp: 43, Pl WL; Figs.
Gtr EVI. Pig er eS UV i, iio .n;

A single good specimen is listed.

3. SALIX PROTEA¥FOLIA var. LoNGIFOLIA Lesg.

Wesq:, Els Dak.Gr.7 Ui. 5.Geo. Suc.,. Mon. XVIL., 1p. 50,
EEOC Vi Bag Os

Several fragments occur most of which show characteristic
details well.

IlI—4. G

tT8o NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

4. Myrica Lonca Fleer.

Proteoides longus Herr, Fl. Foss. Arct., vol. 3, pi. 2, pene,
Pl. XXXI., Figs. 4,5;~Pl. XXIX., Fig. 8 b; 7267p
Abth; p. 65, Pl XVIIL., Fig. 9 b; Pl: XXII) Wigs eg.
Pl. XXXII, Fig.10; Pl. XLIL, Fig. 4b, d. Besazeiaie ae
Gr., U. S. Geo. Sur:, Mon. XVII., p. 67, Pl. HUEY Bimeme—a:

One specimen was found.

5. Frcus MAGNOLL@FOLIA Lesg.

Cret. and Tert. Fl., p..47, Pl. XVIL, Figh 5; Gas eeaqeeee
Dak. Gr. U.S. Geo. Sur., Mon. XVIL., p. 79, PRS Vile eee

One specimen listed.

6. Ficus Inzqua.is Lesg.

Lesq., Fl. Dak. Gr., U.S. Geo. Sur., Mon2 evi gees,
Pl. ALIX, Figs. 6-8; Pie. Mie 23:

A single specimen listed.

7. DAPHNOPHYLLUM DAKOTENSE Lesg.

Lesq., ‘Fl. Dak. Gr., U.S. Geo. Sur.,, Mons 26) Tipe.
Pl. El; Bigs<124; Pl, EI, Wiest,

Only one specimen listed.

8. CINNAMOMUM ELLIPSOIDEUM Sap. & Mar.

Lesq., Fl. Dak. Gr., U.S. Geo. Sur., Mon? 2oV Tiaroee
Pl. Ll; Piss: 829:

A single specimen very nicely preserved, listed.
9g. CINNAMOMUM SEZANNENSE Watelet.

Daphnogene sezannensis ( Wat.) Sap. & Mar., Fl. de Sezanne,
p- 369, PI. VIL, Fig. 5, (fragment) ; Sap. & Mar., Veg. Marne’s
Heers. de Gelinden, p. 47, Pl. VI., Figs. 5, 6. Cznnamomum
sezannense Sap. & Mar., Revis. Fl. Gelinden, p. 60, Pl. IX.,
Figs. 2-6. Heer., Fl. Foss. Arct., vol. 6, 2)¢3%stiyepeeeme
Pl. XIX., Fig. 8; Pl. XXXIIL, Figs. 11, 12, vole gee @uae

LXI., Fig. 1 a. Lesq:, Fl. Dak. Gr., U. S. Geasiouneeyiam
XVIL, ps TOF ur Lee, ies 161-7

CRETACEOUS FLORA OF WESTERN IOWA. Sr
A single incomplete specimen was found making the deter-
mination somewhat doubtful.
to. Diosrpyros pRIMAVA //eer.

Phyliy@ret. du. Neébr., p»ig, Pll, Figs. 6,7; Fl. Foss.
rc. volo, 2-Abth., p. 80, Pili XViIL, Fig; 1; vol:.7, p- 31,
PP xX), Vies. 5a, b,c; Newberry, Later Ext. I, p. 3,
iilnser, Cret. and. Lert. Pl., Ill., Fig, 83) Lesg.,Cret. and Tert.
Hl peso) Wesq., FlDak. Gr, UlS..Geo.Sur., Mon. XVII.,
peleo, Pl. XX., Figs: 1-3.

A single specimen listed.

Ir. DiospyrRos PSEUDOANCEPS Les:

Report of the Geological State Survey of Minnesota, by
Prof. Winchell, unpublished. Lesgq., Fl. Dak. Gr., U. S. Geo.
Sur, Mone x Vis p. 111, PL XAT. "Pie. i,

A single specimen listed.
12. DtIospyROS ROTUNDIFOLIA Lesg.

Cre, pc, rl. oN, ie ts Llesq.. Fl Dak Gr, U:
Se ecu. ous, Mon. XVI. p.a12,.Pl XVII, Kiss. 8-1

A single specimen was listed.
13. INGA CRETACEA Lesgq.

Eesq: fap OaewGr, WU.) 5. Geo. Sur.,. Mon. X VIL, p. 153;
Pele No Hig cit.

A single specimen was listed.
14. RHAMNUS TENAX Lesq.

Cret i PalOg el el wig, 4. esa. PL Dak. Gre Us
Saco, pour. Mon; XV Ui». c7o0, Pl. XXX VIIL, Fig.o:

Two well preserved specimens were found.

15. RHAMNUS IN AQUILATERALIS Lesg.

iesq-. Hl Dake GraeUs.5. Geo. Sur., Mon. XV U.cp.orzo,
Bio Xx VIL; Figs. 427.

Two good specimens were obtained.
G2

132 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

16. LIRIODENDRON GIGANTEUM Lesg,

Cret. F1.; p. 93, Pl. XXIL., Fig. 2; Cret. and Tere age
Lesq., Fl.\Dak. Gr., U.S. Geo. Sur.,, Mon: XV Ue ipags:
Pl. XXV,, Fig. 1; Pl. XXVI, Fig. 5; Ploy

A single fragment was found which appears to represent
. . f
this species.

A number of complete specimens not yet determined are
in the collection, besides hundreds of fragments, some (mono-
cotyledonous), too fragmentary to permit of positive identifi-
cation.

Thanks are due F. H. Knowlton, of Washington, D. C.,
for assistance in making the determinations here recorded.
The locality has never been adequately worked by the col-
lector. It is hoped that future effort may result in bringing
to light a much larger list of these most interesting organic
remains.

THE LE CLAIRE LIMESTONE.

By SAMUEL CALVIN.

Tue Le Claire limestone constitutes the second stage of
the Niagara formation as it is developed in Iowa. The first
or lower stage has been called the Delaware from the fact
that all its varying characteristics are well exhibited in Dela-
ware county. The Delaware stage embraces many barren
beds, and presents a very great number of phases, but at cer-
tain horizons it abounds in characteristic fossils. The typical
faunas of this lower stage embrace such forms as Pentamerus
oblongus Sowerby, flalysites catenulatus Linneeus, Favosites
favosus Goldfuss, Strombodes gigas Owen, Strombodes penta-
gonus Goldfuss, Ptychophyllum expansum Owen, and Diphy-
phyllum multecaule Hall. The beds of the Delaware stage
furthermore contain large quantities of chert.

The Le Claire stage of the Niagara follows the Delaware.
The exact line of separation between the two stages has not
been, and cannot be, definitely drawn. There are massive,
barren, highly dolomitized aspects of both stages that, taken
by themselves, cannot be differentiated in the field. Under
such circumsances the observer must work out the strati-
graphic relations of the particular group of strata under .con-
sideration before referring it to its place in the geological
column. In general the Le Claire limestone is a heavy bed-
ded, highly crystalline dolomite. It contains scarcely any
chert, and in its lower part there are very few fossils. There
are occasionally a few specimens of Pentamerus of the form
described as Pentamerus occidentalis Hall, and the principal
coral is a long slender, tortuous Amplexus which is represented

183

184 NATURAL HES TOR 4 Bie Barn:

only by casts of the vacant or hollow parts of the original
corallum. On account of the complete solution of the original
structure the spaces occupied by the solid parts of the corallum
are now mere Cavities in the limestone. In the upper part of
the Le Claire stage small brachiopods abound. ‘They be-
long to the genera Homeospira, Trematospira, Nucleospira,
Rhynchonella, Rhynchotreta, Atrypa, Spirifer, and probably
others. In most cases the fossils have been dissolved out, and
they are now represented by cavities in the limestone. The
calcareous brachial apparatus of the spire-bearing genera is
often perfectly preserved, and is the only part of the original
structure left. No statement can well give any idea of the
numbers of the small shells that crowded the sea bottom near
the close of the Le Claire stage, nor of the corresponding
number of minute cavities that are now so characteristic a
feature of this portion of the Le Claire limestone. In some
localities in Cedar county the small brachiopods of this horizon
are represented by very perfect casts that were formed by a
secondary filling of the cavities left by solution of the original
shell. The external characters are thus fairly well reproduced.

Compared with the beds of the Delaware stage, the Le
Claire limestone as a rule lies in more massive ledges, it is
more completely dolomitized, and its fracture surfaces exhibit
a more perfect crystalline structure. It contains an entirely
different fauna, a fauna in which small rhynchonelloid and
spire-bearing brachiopods are conspicuous. Its fossils are
never silicified, and, in marked contrast with some portions of
the Delaware, its upper part at least is notably free from
chert. The Le Claire limestone is the lime-burning rock of
Sugar creek, Cedar Valley, Port Byron and Le Claire.
Wherever it occurs it furnishes material for the manufacture
of the highest quality of lime.

With respect to their distribution the strata of this stage are
well developed at Le Claire in Scott county. They are seen
in the same stratigraphic relation at the lime kilns on Sugar
creek, and at Cedar Valley in Cedar county. They occur
beneath the quarry stone at, and near, Stone City, Olin, and

THE LE CLAIRE LIMESTONE. 185

Hale in Jones county. They are again seen at numerous
points west of the Jones county line in Linn. Indeed they are
somewhat generally, though by no means universally, distri-
buted in the east central part of Scott, southwestern parts of
Clinton, western Cedar, the southern parts of Jones, and the
southeastern parts of Linn. They seem to be limited to the
southwestern corner of the Niagara area. A line drawn from
the mouth of the Wapsipinicon through Anamosa would mark
approximately their northeastern limit.

The Le Claire limestone is in some respects unique among
the geological formations of Iowa. In the first place it varies
locally in thickness, so much so that its upper surface is exceed-
ingly undulating, the curves in some places being very sharp
and abrupt. In the second place it differs from every other
limestone of lowa in frequently exhibiting the peculiarity of
being obliquely bedded on a large scale, the oblique bedding
often affecting a thickness of fifteen or twenty teet. The
phenomena suggest that during the deposition of the Le
Claire limetone the sea covered only the southwestern part
of the Niagara area, that at times the waters were compara-
tively shallow, and that strong currents, acting sometimes in
one direction and sometimes in another, swept the calcareous
mud back and forth, piling it up in the eddies in lenticular
heaps or building it up in obliquely bedded masses over areas
of considerable extent. The oblique beds observe no regular-
ity with respect to either the angle or direction of dip. Within
comparatively short distances they may be found inclining to
all points of the compass. (Plate I., Fig. 1.)

The masses of sand, heaped up by currents, and forming
the well known shoals and bars that are so common a feature
of certain bays and other bodies of water along the Atlantic
coast of the United States from New Jersey to Florida, illus-
trate the origin and structure of the ridges of calcareous
material piled up by the Silurian seas during the Le Claire
stage of the Niagara. The shoals and sand-bars of the mod-
ern coasts alternate with areas covered by comparatively deep
water. The sea bed, in regions presenting these phenomena,

186 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

is undulating and irregular. If subsidence, followed by quiet
deposition, should take place in any such region, the new
strata would conform to the irregularities of the bed; they
would stand at a high angle on the flanks of the ridges;
they would bend down into the intervening troughs, and in
general they would exhibit a number of sweeping undulations
that would be simply the visible expression of the irregularity
of the surface upon which the new beds were laid down. The
Le Claire stage was a time of forming shoals and bars, with
intervening channels, by the heaping up of obliquely bedded
masses of calcareous material. The Anamosa stage that fol-
lowed represents a time of relatively quiet deposition when
evenly laminated beds were laid down, so as to conform to the
very irregular surface which the previous conditions had de-
veloped.

Professor Hall accurately describes some of the variations in
the inclination and direction of dip in the Le Claire lime-stone
as seen at Le Claire,! but he assumes that the inclination of
the beds is due to folding and uplift subsequent to their deposi-
tion. On this assumption the Le Claire limestone would have
a thickness of more than six hundred feet, whereas the
maximum thickness does not exceed eighty feet, and the
average over the whole area is very much less. Professor A.
H. Worthen? studied this limestone at Port Byron, Illinois,
and Le Claire, lowa, and describes it as “‘ presenting no regu-
lar lines of bedding or stratification, but showing lines of false
bedding or cleavage.” In White’s report on the geology of
Iowa® the oblique bedding seems to have been taken as evi-
dence that a line of disturbance crossed the Mississippi river
at Le Claire with a direction nearly parallel to the Wapsipin-
con valley. This apparent disturbance was last recognized
about three miles west of Anamosa, The angle of dip it is
said has reached in some places twenty-eight degrees with

1 Rept. on the Geo. Surv. of the State of Iowa, Hall and Whitney. Vol.
iy bat Le app osc itoelose:

2 Geo. Surv. of Ill. Vol. I., p. 130. 1866.

3 Report on Geol. Surv. of the State of lowa. Charles A. White, Vol. I.,
Pp. 133. 1870.

THE LE CLAIRE LIMESTONE. 187

the horizon. McGee in discussing the /regular Deformations
of Lortheastern Lowa! quotes Dr. White on the Wapsipinicon
line of disturbance and accepts the observations on which the
statement is based as evidence of a synclinal fold extending
from Le Claire to Anamosa. White’s observations appear to
have been made only at the two points mentioned. At both
places the strata seem to be inclined ata high angle. On the
assumption that the inclination of the strata indicates orogenic
disturbance, the conclusion that the disturbed beds were parts
of the same fold was very natural. There is, however, no
fold, nor is there any line of disturbance. In the whole
Niagara area southwest of the line which marks the limit of
the Le Claire limestone, the phenomena seen at Le Claire
and west of Anamosa are repeated scores of times and in
ways that defy systematic arrangement. The beds incline at
all angles from zero to thirty degrees, and even within short
distances they may be found dipping in every possible direc-
tion. Twenty miles southwest of the line supposed to be
traversed by the synclinal fold, for example at the lime kilns
on Sugar creek, along the Cedar river above Rochester, at
Cedar Valley, as well as at many intermediate points distri-
buted promiscuously throughout the area of the Le Claire
limestone, the beds stand at a high angle, and the multiplicity
of directions in which they are inclined, even in exposures that
are relatively near together, is wholly inconsistent with the
idea of orogenic deformation. The beds are now practically in
the position in which they were laid down in the tumultuous
Niagara sea. The principal disturbances they have suffered
have been the results of epeirogenic movements which affected
equally the whole region over which these limestones are distri-
buted, as well as the adjacent regions of the Mississippi valley.

The exposures at Port Byron and Le Claire present some
interesting features that are not seen so well at any of the
exposures farther west. In the first place the lime quarries
at Port Byron show the characteristic oblique position of the
strata and at the same time they demonstrate that the oblique

1 Pleistocene History of Northeastern Iowa, p. 340. 1891.

188 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

bedding is real and not a mere deceptive appearance due to
cleavage of a mass of sediment that was originally built up
regularly and evenly on a horizontal base. Asin other groups
of strata there are faunal and lithological variations when the
beds are compared one with another. ‘These varying character-
istics do not intersect the beds in horizontal planes as they
would if the present bedding were due to cleavage of a mass
that had risen vertically at a uniform rate, but they follow the
individual layers in their oblique course from top to bottom of
the exposure. The facts confirm the statement that the beds
were deposited one by one in the position in which we now
find them.

On the west side of the Mississippi south of Le Claire,
the usual oblique bedding is shown in remarkable perfec-
tion in the bank of the river, below the level of the plain
on which the lower part of the town is built. (Plate L.,
Fig. 2.) The individual beds, as in all the characteristic
exposures of this formation, range from eight to twelve inches
in thickness. Above the level of the beds exposed in the
river bank there is another series of Le Claire beds that de-
part somewhat from the ordinary type. Near the base of
this second series the layers are thick and the rock is a light
gray, porous, soft, non-crystalline dolomite. These grade up
into thinner and compacter beds, but the lithological characters
are never quite the same as those ot the more typical beds
at a lower level. The soft, porous, gray, colored beds con-
tain casts of Dinobolus conradi Hall. The same species ranges
up into the harder beds, but the characteristic fossils above
the soft, porous layers are casts of small individuals of Atrypa
retrcular?s and a small smooth-surfaced Spirifer. The layers
become quite thin in the upper part of the Le Claire. They
show many anomalies of dip, but, so far as observed, they do
not as arule stand at as high angles as do the harder and
more perfectly crystalline beds of the lower series. The
existence, however, of tumultuous seas is no less clearly indi-
cated in this horizon than in the lower beds that pitch at
greater angles. In the town of Le Claire, on the west side of

EXPLANATION OF PLATE lI.

Fic. 1. Exposure of LeClaire limestone at the Sugar Creek lime quar-
ries, Cedar county, Iowa. The limestone is obliquely bedded in the lower
part of the section and horizontally bedded above. The same fauna occurs

in both sets of beds. Oblique beds dip southeast.

Fic, 2. Oblique beds of LeClaire limestone, dipping northeast, in west
bank of Mississippi river, one-half mile below LeClaire, Iowa.

PEATE 1:

FIGURE I.

FIGURE 2.

OR ee

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Fic 1. Thin-bedded LeClaire limestone overlying the phase represent-
ed in Plate 1, Fig. 2, as seen on west side of Main street, LeClaire, lowa
At this point sub-marine erosion removed portions of certain beds, and the
space so formed was subsequently filled with a second set of beds which
overlapped obliquely the eroded edges of the first.

Fic. 2. View in the Cedar Valley quarries, near Cedar Valley, Cedar
county, lowa. The quarry stone belongs to the Anamosa stage, which
overlies the LeClaire Here we have a good illustration of the uneveness
of the floor upon which the Anamosa limestone was deposited; for only a
fourth of a mile up stream from this quarry the LeClaire beds rise to an
altitude of thirty feet above the level of the river. while at the quarry the
Anamosa beds descend fifty or sixty feet below the same level.

PEATE

FIGURE 2.

THE LE CLAIRE LIMESTONE. 189

the main street, there is evidence of the erosion of the sea
bottom by currents, and subsequent filling of the resulting
channels with material of the same kind as formed the original
beds. In eroding the observed channel some of the previously
formed layers were cut off abruptly, and in refilling the space
that had been scooped out, the new layers conformed to the
concave surface and lapped obliquely over the eroded edges
of the old ones. (Plate II., Fig. 1.)

The angle at which the lower, more highly inciined beds
stand never exceeds twenty-eight or thirty degrees, that is it
never exceeds the angle of stable slope for the fine, wet cal-
careous material of which the strata were originally composed.

The Le Claire limestone is, as a whole, sharply set off from
the deposits of the Delaware stage by its hard, highly crystal-
line, structure, its freedom from chert, its easily recognized
fauna, and its record of anomalous conditions of deposition.
In the field the distinction between the Le Claire and the
Anamosa stages are even more easily recognized. though
aunally the two stages are intimately related. In the Ana-
mosa stage oblique bedding is unknown, lithologically the
rock is an earthy, finely and perfectly laminated dolomite, not
highly crystalline in its typical aspect, and too impure for the
fmanufacture of lime. It may be quarried in symmetrical
blocks of any desired dimensions, while the Le Claire lime-
stone breaks into shapeless masses wholly unfit for building
purposes. The quarry beds of the Anamosa stage are quite
free from fossils, but along the Cedar river in Cedar county
the brachiopod fauna of the upper part of the Le Claire re-ap-
pears in great force in a stratum four feet in thickness, up
near the top of the formation. The beds of the Anamosa
stage are very undulating and dip in long graceful sweeping
curves in every possible direction. The knobs and bosses
and irregular unduiations developed on the sea bottom as a
result of the peculiar conditions prevailing during the Le
Claire age, persisted to a greater or less extent after the age
came to an end, and it was upon this uneven floor that the
Anamosa limestone was laid down. (Plate II., Fig. 2.)

NICARAGUAN HYMENOMYCETES.

By J. B. ELLIS AND THOS. H. MACBRIDE.

Tue plants here listed form part of a collection made by
Messrs. Shimek and Smith who, as collectors for the State
University of Iowa, spent in Nicaragua the winter 1891-2.
Most of the species are represented by a liberal number of
specimens in the Herbarium of the State University of Iowa.
Every species is also represented by one or more specimens
in the Herbarium of Mr. J. B. Ellis, Newfield, New Jersey.
The classification and nomenclature adopted are those of Sac-
cardo’s Sylloge Fungorum except that certain species gener-
ally referred to Polyporus, Polystictus. etc., are here put down
under the generic name J/ucronopforus Ellis and Everhart.
(Journal of Mycology, Vol. V., p. 28).1

AURICULARIA Sul.

AURICULARIA LOBATA Sommif.
STEREUM Pers.

STEREUM PAPYRINUM JZont.
STEREUM PURPUREUM fers.
STEREUM VERSICOLOR (Schw.) Fries.

THELEPHORA £irf.

THELEPHORA RETIFORMIS B. and C.

1 Valsa (Calospora) apatela Ell. & Holw., p. 4¥ of this volume should not
have been published. The species in question is Cryptospora carye Peck.
The MS.copy went to the printers by mistake and was printed without the
revision of the authors.

190

Se

NICARAGUAN HYMENOMYCETES. Ig!

RADULUM Fyres.
RADULUM RHABARBARINUM J#., and C.
LRPEX: Fries.
IRPEX CORIACEUS B&B. and Fav.
GLG@OPORUS
GLCOPORUS CANDIDUS Speg. |
PE XAGONITA 77s.

HEXAGONIA POLYGRAMMA JVont.

HEXAGONIA VARIEGATA Serk.,
TRAMETES Frees.

TRAMETES HYDNOIDES (Szwz.) Fries.
‘TRAMETES MULLERI Berk.

TTRAMETES VERSATILIS Berk.

PO) Rol AL *Pers:

PORIA VAPORARIA /7 es.
PorRIA CARNEO-PALLENS SLerk.
PorRIA NITIDA A. and SS.
Portia FULIGO B&B. and Br.
Var. AURANTIO-TINGENS F£. and Mach.

This differs from the type in that the subjacent wood is
stained a deep orange-red.

PoRIA VULGARIS //Yzes.

POLYS fre tus

POLYSTICTUS ALBO-INCARNATUS Fat. and Gall.
PoLysTIcTus ByRSINUS JVJout.

192 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

PoLysTICTUS SARTWELLIU B. and C.
PotystTictus piInsitus /yzes.

PoLYSTICTUS GIBBERULOsUs Lev.

PotystTictTus semMI-PLicaTus £&. and Macb., n. s.

Pileus fan-shaped, or often resupinate with margin reflexed,
very thin, membranous 1-1% cm. wide and long, white,
obscurely zonate behind, margin plicate-striate. Pores white,
sub-angular, very shallow, about the same as those of P. ver-
sicolor, only smaller.

The distinguishing character is the pileus zonate behind and
radiate plicate-striate towards the margin.

Collected by C. L. Smith in Castillo, Nicaragua.

PoLysTICTUS SUB-GLABER £. and Macb., n. s.

Pileus thin, rigid when dry, 3 cm. long, 6 cm. wide, dirty
yellow, zonate and radiate-striate; margin spreading, and like
the fibrous flesh and the pores, rhubarb-yellow; flesh very thin,
less than I mm.

Pores minute, hardly visible to the naked eye, I-2 mm.
long, mouths stuffed with a white material which gives their
surface a grey tint. The smaller pores and the absence of
spines in the hymenium will distinguish this from /ucrono-
porus licnoides Mont., which it in other respects resembles.

PotystictTus ALBIDUS JMJassee.

PoLysTIcTus HiIRsSUTUS /77es.

POLYSTICTUS LUTESCENS Pers.

This differs in color only from ordinary specimens of P.
hirsutus, and is probably no more than a variety of that familiar
species. |

POLYSTICTUS OBSTINATUS Cooke.

PoLysTICTUS CAPERATUS Berk.

Po.tystictrs PRUINATUS Berk. and Klotz.

PoLyYSsTICTUS TRICHOMALLUS Berk. and Mont.

PoLySsTICTUS SANGUINEUS F/7ies.

PoLYSTICTUS RENATUS Berk.

a

NICARAGUAN HYMENOMYCETES.
POLYPORUS Mcheh.

Potyporus ZONALIS Perk.
PoLYPORUS SALIGNUS //i7es.
Potyporus Fissus Perk.
PoLyporus PIcIPES /77es.
PoLYPORUS BRASILENSIS //7es.

PoLtyporus simiuis Lerk.
MUCRONOPORUS E£illis and Everhart.

Mucronoporus RuFI-TINCTUS (LB. and C.) &. and
Poria rupi-tincta B. and B. Grev. xv. p. 25.
Mucronoporus TABAcINUS (JJount.) E. and Mach.

Polystictus tabactnus Mont.
Mucronoporus Gitvus (Frves.) &. and £.
Polyporus giulvus Fries.
Mucronoporus ticnorEs (JVont.) &. and £.
Polyporus licnoides Mont.

FOMES frees.

FomEs oBLiquus (Pers.) Fries.
FomMeEs PECTINATUS /AJotsch.
FomeEs LINTEus Lerk.( ?)
FoMES MELANOPORUS J/ount.
FOMES APPLANATUS /7es.
FomeEs rimMosus Perk.

FoMES AUSTRALIS //77es.
FomeEs LIGNEUS Jerk.

FoMES SENEX /Vees.

Fomes opacus £&. and Mont.
Fomes Lucipus (Leys.) fives.
FoMES RUFO-ATRATUS Berk.

FoMES VEGETUS /7es.

193

Mach.

194 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

SCHAZ OP AVL NE fires:

ScHIZOPH¥LLUM MULTIFIDUM Patsch.
Var. picItatuM £&. and Macb. n. var.
Gregarious, small, 3-6 mm. in width, divided digitately into
three or four linear divisions, fuscous; otherwise as S. mz/t1-

jfidum.
LENZITES : /72es:

LENZITES STRIATA Swe2.
LENZITES REPANDA JVont.

LENZITES CINNAMOMEA //zes. var. CROCATA Saccardo.
LEN TIN-U S: fies:

LENTINUS LECONTEI //772es.
LENTINUS BLEPHARODES B. and C.

LENTINUS CASTANEUS £. and Macb. n.-s.

Pileus sinuate-depressed, central portion broad cup-shaped,
the margin broadly revolute; stipe stout, solid, white inside,
gradually enlarged from the base upwards, 4-5 cm. long, 5-6
mm. thick below, 9-10 mm. thick above, clothed like the
pileus, with a dense, bright chestnut-colored, velutinous coat.
Lamellz also chestnut color., scarcely crowded, mostly equal
or branched from the base, with some shorter ones inserted
towards the margin, not toothed or incised, scarcely decurrent,
but with distinct decurrent lines running down the stipe. The
margin of the pileus (at least when dry) is distinctly striate,
the striz plainly visible, through the velutinous coat which
appears to be persistent. Differs from Z. d/epharodes, B. and
C. in its stouter growth, shorter stipe and its persistent, vel-
vety coating.

Nicaragua C. ZL. Smith.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA.

By B. SHIMEK.

Tue following paper contains a number of additions to the
published lists of the flora of Iowa, together with notes on the
occurrence in new localities of species already listed.

The notes are based wholly on material in the Herbarium
of the State University of lowa which was contributed by the
following named persons: Professors T. H. Macbride, A.
S. Hitchcock, and T. J. Fitzpatrick; Messrs. J. H. Mills, R.
I. Cratty, Fred. Reppert, E. W. D. Holway, John E. Cam-
eron, Charles Atwood, Henry L. Berry, C. W. Weidner, and
Paul Bartsch; Hon. B. F. Osborn; Misses Mary F. Linder,
Mabel Berry, Minnie Howe, and Lucy M. Cavanagh; the
pupils of the Oskaloosa High School through Professor Stover;
and the writer. Where the collector’s name is not mentioned
in connection with the locality the specimens were collected
by the writer.

A list of species, long known to the collectors of the State,
is here included for the purpose of adding more exact infor-
mation concerning geographical distribution within the State.

The object of this list is to add, if possible, to the knowledge
of the plants of the State, not to the volume of the nomencla-
ture literature. Therefore, without regard to the present
controversy, the nomenclature of the latest edition of Gray’s
Manual is followed, as the plants will readily be recognized
by the names therein given.

Pw Ee CiES NEW TO LHE SPATE
Sek KM AvP ER YS DA.

NyMPHAA ODORATA A7t.
Allamakee Co. (/%tzpatrick) ; Winnebago, Linn and John-
05 ey ee 95

196 NOTES ON THE FLORA OF 10WA.

son Cos. This species, though not uncommon, does not
seem to appear in the published lists.
Dianthus armeria L.
Johnson Co. Introduced, but seemingly well established.

CALLIRRHOE INVOLUCRATA Gray.
Shelby Co. ( Fitzpatrick) ; Scott Co. Not rare near Dav-
enport. ;
Aidlanthus glandulosus Desf.
Lee Co. Well established in and near Keokuk.
POLYGALA. CRUCIATA, 7;
Muscatine Co. (/reppert.)
POLYGALA VERTICILLATA L. var. AMBIGUA Gray.
Johnson Co. Not always clearly distinct from the type.
BAPTISIA TINCTORIA ft. Br.
Johnson Co. Rather common. d
BaptTisiA ALBA /. Br.
Shelby and Winneshiek Cos. (Fitzpatrick) ; Fremont Co.
LuPINUS PERENNIS Z.
Winneshiek Co. (//olway.)
HosACKIA PURSHIANA Benth.
Henry Co. (J/7lls.)
DESMODIUM NUDIFLORUM DC.
Muscatine Co. (eppert.)
DEsMopIUM RIGIDUM DC.
Des Moines Co. (Sartsch.)
Rosa HumMILIs JZarsh.
Henry Co. (d/lls) ; Johnson Co. Common.
frosa rubiginosa L.
Henry Co. (JZils.) Introduced.
CRATGUS CRUS-GALLI ZL.
Louisa and Muscatine Cos. (Aeppert); Allamakee Co.
(Fitzpatrick) ; Johnson and Lee Cos. Frequent.
POTENTILLA SUPINA ZL.
Woodbury Co. ( Hitchcock.)

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. 197

CoRNUS STOLONIFERA J7/x.

Emmet Co. ( Cratty) ;Johnson Co. Other specimens marked
C. stolonifera are found in the collection, but as their
identity is somewhat uncertain the localities are here
omitted. The species is very common near Iowa City.

TRIOSTEUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM ZL.
Johnson Co. (Macbride) ; Lee Co.
LINNZA BOREALIS ZL.
Winneshiek Co. ( Molway.)
DIERVILLA TRIFIDA Moench.
Winneshiek Co. ( Fitzpatrick.)
ASTER CORYMBOSUS A/Zt.

Muscatine Co. (/teppert.) “Scarce.”

ASTER PATENS var. PHLOGIFOLIUS JVees.
Winnebago Co. Rather common near Forest City.
LEPACHYS COLUMNARIS Zorr. and Gray.

Henry Co. (A/7lls) ; Page Co.
CoOREOPSIS INVOLUCRATA JVutt.

Henry Co. (JZ//s) ; Johnson}Co. (Miss Linder.)
CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA ZL.

Jones Co. (Macbride; Cameron); Jackson Co. The type

form. The variety arctrca has already been reported.
PyROLA SECUNDA JL.
Winneshiek Co. (/o/way.)
PHLOX PANICULATA ZL.
Johnson Co. ( Hitchcock.)
HypDROPHYLLUM MACROPHYLLUM JVutt.
Johnson Co. (J&@ss Berry.) This species was formerly
quite common near lowa City.
Lpomea hederacea Facgq.
Henry Co. (A@ills) ; Lee Co. Introduced.
IPOMG@A PANDURATA JZeyer.

Muscatine Co. (/tepfert); Johnson Co. Not rare. Mr.

Reppert also reports it from Louisa county.
CuscuTA ARVENSIs Beyr.
Emmett Co. Growing’on”Artemuzsza, etc. Rare.

198 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

CuUsCUTA CHLOROCARPA Eugelm.

Henry Co. (J/i/s) ; Johnson Co. (Hitchcock) ; Emmet Co.
Abundant 1n September, 1895,in Emmet Co., along the
shores of Iowa Lake where it was associated with C.
tenuiflora Eng.

CHELONE OBLIQUA L.

Des Moines Co. ( Bartsch.) Some of the specimens in the
Herbarium marked C. glabra probably also belong to
this species, but they are mostly poor and difficult to
determine satisfactorily. True C. glabra, however, is
in the collection from several localities in lowa.

DIANTHERA AMERICANA ZL.
Henry Co. (JZil/s.)

BLEPHILIA CILIATA /eaf.
Henry Co. (J/ZiU/s.)

Amarantus chlorostachys Willd.

Henry Co. (JZills.)

Amarantus chlorostachys var. hybridus Wats.

Johnson Co.

SHEPHERDIA ARGENTEA JVutt.

Woodbury Co. (/ztchcock.)

ACALYPHA VIRGINICA var. GRACILENS JZuell.
Lee Co. Not common.
Urtica dotcia L.

Emmet Co., near Iowa Lake.
Salix fragilis L.

Johnson Co. Escaped from cultivation.
Salix alba var. vitellina Koch.

Johnson Co. Escaped from cultivation.
Populus alba L.

Johnson Co. Escaped from cultivation.
Liparis La@sELi /Atichard.

Emmet Co. ( Cratty.)

GoopYERA PUBESCENS Ff. Br.

Jones Co. (Cameron); Johnson Co. Formerly not rare
near Iowa City, but becoming very scarce.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. 199

SMILAX ECIRRHATA Wats.
Henry Co. (JZ@l/s) ; Johnson and Winnebago Cos.

1 Wig DSS OM ale Read Bye

OSMUNDA REGALIS ZL.
Muscatine Co. (/teppert.)

ALG Ai.)

STIGEOCLONIUM LONGIPILUS “A‘g.
Johnson Co. (JZiss Cavanagh.)
CLADOPHORA CANALICULARIS Ag.
Johnson Co. (JZiss Cavanagh.)

CLADOPHORA OLIGOCLONA /¢g.
Johnson Co. (Miss Cavanagh.)

MouGEOTIA SPH4ZROCARPA Wolle.
Minn Co:

EucGuena viripis £hré.
This enigmatic form is very common at Iowa City, Cedar
Rapids, and other points, but seems not to have been
reported in the published lists.

Ii NEW LOCALITIES.
Sip E.Re Ve AG ESE Yee.

CLEMATIS PITCHERI 7. and G.
Lee and Johnson Counties.
ANEMONE CAROLINIANA Weald.

Hardin County.

RANUNCULUS MULTIFIDUS Pursh.
Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Johnson and Hardin Cos.

1 The Alge were identified by Miss Lucy M. Cavanagh.

200 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

RANUNCULUS RECURVATUS Po7r.
Johnson Co. (Miss Linder.)
RANUNCULUS SEPTENTRIONALIS Pozr.
Henry Co. (Jills); Mahaska Co. (Oskaloosa H. S.);
Shelby Co. (Fitzpatrick) ; Emmett Co. (Cratty); Lee
Co. (Bartsch) ; Johnson Co.
RANUNCULUS REPENS ZL.
Johnson Co.
DELPHINIUM AZUREUM J7/~x.
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Shelby Co. (Fitzpatrick) ; Cerro
Gordo, Fremont and Page Cos.
DELPHINIUM TRICORNE JZ/x.
Shelby Co. (Fitzpatrick. )
IsoOpYRUM BITERNATUM JZ. and G.
Henry Co. (dfs) ; Emmet Co. ( Cratty); Johnson Co.
NyMPH4A RENIFORMIS DC.
Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Hancock Co.

CoRYDALIS AUREA Wild.
Hardin Co.
DENTARIA DIPHYLLA ZL.

Hancock Co. Collected in 1882.

CARDAMINE RHOMBOIDEA vay’. PURPUREA 7. and G.

Johnson Co. Very common.

NASTURTIUM PALUSTRE DC.

Emmet Co. (Cratty); Winneshiek Co. (Fitzpatrick) ;
Henry Co. (Jills) ; Lee Co. (Bartsch) ; Johnson, Win-
nebago, and Ringgold Cos.

NASTURTIUM SINUATUM JVutt.
Henry Co. .(JZ/s) ; Fremont, Page and Pottawattamie Cos.
DRABA CAROLINIANA Walt.
Hardin and Johnson Cos.
CLEOME INTEGRIFOLIA 7. and G.
Linn Co.
CERASTIUM NUTANS LRaf.
Henry Co. (Zils) ; Johnson Co.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. 201

HYPERICUM ASCYRON ZL.
Henry Co. (J@ls) ; Allamakee Co. (Fitzpatrick) ; Johnson
and Winnebago Cos.

HYPERICUM MUTILUM ZL.

Johnson Co.
HypeERICUM PROLIFICUM Z.

Henry Co. (JZills) ; Fremont Co.
ELODES CAMPANULATA Pursh.

Emmet Co. (Craity.)
HIBISCUS MILITARIS Cav.

Des Moines Co. (Bartsch) ; Johnson Co.
Sida spinosa L.

Fremont Co. (/Z/7tchcock) ; Henry Co. (Mills. )
Linum suLcatTumM /ezd.

Henry Co. (J/il/s) ; Allamakee Co. (Fitzpatrick) ; Wood-
bury Co. (fiitchcock) ; Johnson, Floyd, and Emmet Cos.

GERANIUM CAROLINIANUM ZL.

Muscatine Co. (/teppert); Johnson and Lee Cos. Quite

common near lowa City.
XANTHOXYLUM AMERICANUM J/711,

Des Moines Co. (Bartsch) ; Winneshiek Co. (Fitzpatrick) ;
Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Winnebago, Linn, Johnson, Jack-
son, and Lee Cos. Very common near lowa City.

PTELEA TRIFOLIATA L.

Scott Co. (Macbride); Henry Co. (J@ills) ; Johnson Co.

(Miss Linder.)
RHAMNUS LANCEOLATA Pursh.
Henry Co. (Jills); Boone Co. (/fitchcock) ; SUNS ea Ca;
(Fitzpatrick) ; Lee and Johnson Cos.
VITIS CINEREA £ng.
Lee Co. Not rare.
ZESCULUS GLABRA Willd.
Henry Co. (JZzlls.)
AESCULUS OCTANDRA Marsh.
Jasper Co. Collected in 1882.

202 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

RuHUuUS TYPHINA L.
Jones Co. (Macbride) ; Emmet Co. ( Cratty) ; Jackson Co.
Ruus CANADENSIS Marsh.
Henry Co. (d/7lls) ; Lee Co.
TEPHROSIA VIRGINIANA Pers.
Winneshiek Co. (/7tzpatrick) ; Johnson Co. Not common.
GLYCYRRHIZA LEPIDOTA JVutt.
Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Pottawattamie Co.
DESMODIUM CANESCENS DC.
Clayton Co. (Fitzpatrick) ; Lee Co.
DEsMODIUM DILLENII Dar.
Lee Co. (Bartsch) ; Muscatine Co. (/%tzpatrick.)
LESPEDEZA VIOLACEA Pers.
Henry Co. (M/s) ; Johnson Co.
PsoRALEA ARGOPHYLLA Pursh,
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Winnebago, Cerro Gordo and Fre-
mont Cos.
PsORALEA ESCULENTA Pursh.
Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Shelby Co. (/72tzpatrick.)
LatTuyrus vENosus M/uhl.
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Floyd and Winnebago Cos.
LATHYRUS OCHROLEUCUS Hook.
Emmet Co. (Cratty.)
AMPHICARPA MONOICA JVutt.
Johnson and Winnebago Cos.
AMPHICARP4A PITCHERI 7. and G.
Johnson Co. Not rare.
CaASSIA MARILANDICA ZL.
Muscatine Co. (/teppert); Dubuque Co. (Fitzpatrick) ;
Linn "Co:
SPIRAZZA ARUNCUS ZL.
Lee Co.
PHYSOCARPUS OPULIFOLIUS JZaxim.
Henry Co. (A/ills); Jones Co. (Cameron) ; Winneshiek
Co. (#itzpatrick) ; Jackson and Johnson Cos.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. 203

POTENTILLA PALUSTRIS Scop.
Hancock Co., near Lake Edwards.
AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS va7. ? OBLONGIFOLIA 7. aud G.
Johnson Co. Here a small shrub less than two feet in
height. Not common.
SULLIVANTIA OHIONIS 7. and G.
Jones and Delaware Cos. (Jacbride) ; Jackson Co.
HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA L.
Clayton Co. (MUiss &. Fe. McGee.)
EPILOBIUM ADENOCAULON /Zazssk.
Floyd and Hancock Cos.
EPILOBIUM COLORATUM Juhl.
Winnebago, Jackson, and Johnson Cos.
SICYOS ANGULATUS ZL.
Des Moines Co. (Bartsch) ; Scott Co.

VIBURNUM OPULUS Z.
Allamakee Co. (MJacbride.)

SYMPHORICARPOS VULGARIS J/x.
Henry Co. (Jfills, Atwood); Lee Co. (Bartsch) ; Shelby
Co. (Fitzpatrick. )
SYMPHORICARPOS OCCIDENTALIS //ook.
Fremont and Dickinson Cos. (//iéchcock); Shelby Co.
(Fitzpatrick) ; Winnebago, Emmet and Page Cos.
HousToNnIA MINIMA Beck.
Johnson Co. Common.
HOUSTONIA ANGUSTIFOLIA J7/x.
Fremont Co.
GALIUM APARINE L.
Henry Co. (A7/7ls) ; Johnson Co.
GALIUM CIRCZANS Jn.
Henry Co. (Jills) ; Lee and Johnson Cos.
GALIUM BOREALE ZL.
Jones Co. (Macbride) ; Dickinson Co. (//ttchcock) ; Jack-
son, Floyd and Cerro Gordo Cos.

IlI.—4. I

204 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

GALIUM TRIFIDUM Z.
Linn Co. (Macbride); Henry Co. (Mills); Emmet Co.
(Cratty) ; Lee Co.
GALIUM TRIFIDUM va7. PUSILLUM Gray.
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Johnson Co. (dZiss Linder) ; Win-
nebago Co.
GALIUM TRIFIDUM var. LATIFOLIUM TZorr.
Linn Co.
GALIUM CONCINNUM 7. and G.
Henry Co. (J/lls) ; Johnson and Ringgold Cos.
GALIUM ASPRELLUM JZ.
Jones Co. (Cameron) ; Lee Co.
GALIUM TRIFLORUM J7Zx.
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Jones Co. (MMJacbride); Johnson
Co. (Miss Linder) ; Winnebago and Jackson Cos.
VERNONIA NOVEBORACENSIS Wild.
Cass Co. ( Weidner) ; Des Moines Co. (Bartsch) ; Lee Co.
EuUPATORIUM ALTISSIMUM JZ.
Henry Co. (J/l/s); Des Moines Co. (Bartsch) ; Johnson
Co. Very common.
LIATRIS SQUARROSA Wd.
Cass Co. ( Wezdner.)
LIATRIS PUNCTATA Hook.
Emmet Co. (Cratty.)
Liatris scAriosa Willd.
Emmet Co. (Craéty) ; Johnson, Floyd and Winnebago Cos.
LIATRIS PYCNOSTACHYA JZ/x.
Henry Co. (Afills) ; Cass Co. ( Werdner) ; Lee Co.
GRINDELIA SQUARROSA Duznal.
Henry Co: (Wills. )
SOLIDAGO RIDDELLIL Frank.
Hancock and Floyd Cos. Common.
SOLIDAGO LANCEOLATA Z.
Henry Co. (Atwood); Johnson Co. Common.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. 205

ASTER PANICULATUS Lam.

Lee Co. ( Bartsch.)

ASTER OBLONGIFOLIUS /Vutt.
Des Moines Co. (Bartsch) ; Johnson Co. ( Hitchcock.)

ASTER PRENANTHOIDES JZwhl.
Henry Co. (JZ/ls) ; Johnson and Jackson Cos.

ASTER VIMINEusS Lam.
Des Moines Co. (Partsch.)

ANAPHALIS MARGARITACEA #&. and F1.
Delaware Co. (Macbride) ; Johnson Co. (ALiss Linder.)
SILPHIUM TRIFOLIATUM Z.
Winnebago Co.
IvA XANTHUFOLIA /Viitt.
Emmet Co. ( Cratty) ; Winnebago Co.
EcuipTA ALBA /Zassk.
Johnson, Linn and Muscatine Cos.
HELIANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS /e7d.
Henry Co. (fills); Lee Co. (Bartsch) ; Johnson Co.
HELIANTHUS LATIFLORUS Pers.
Johnson and Jackson Cos.
HELIANTHUs RIGIDUS Desf.
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Winnebago, Hancock and Floyd
Cos.
HELIANTHUS MAXIMILIANI Schrad.
Floyd Co.
HELIANTHUS TUBEROSUS ZL.
Henry Co. (Jfills); Cass Co. ( Weidner); Winnebago,
Floyd and Lee Cos.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.
Johnson and Page Cos. Introduced.
ARTEMISIA DRACUNCULOIDES Pursh.
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Floyd and Hancock Cos.
ARTEMISIA CAUDATA J7/x.
Muscatine, Emmet, Winnebago and Johnson Cos.

206 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

ARTEMISIA SERRATA JVut¢t.
Jackson and Winnebago Cos.

CACALIA SUAVEOLENS ZL.
Jackson Co.

CACALIA RENIFORMIS JZ/nAl.
Cass Co. ( Weidner.)

CACALIA ATRIPLICIFOLIA ZL.

Henry Co. ( J///s) ; Muscatine Co. (Macbride) ; Des Moines

Co. (Bartsch) ; Johnson Co.

CACALIA TUBEROSA /Vutt.

Emmet Co. (Cratty); Johnson Co. (Mss Linder) ; Page

and Ringgold Cos.

Cunicus arvensis Hloffm.

Johnson, Lee and Linn Cos.
HIERACIUM LONGIPILUM Torr.

Muscatine Co. ( JZacbride.)
PRENANTHES RACEMOSA J7/x.

Emmet Co. ( Cratty) ; Hancock and Floyd Cos.
LyYGODESMIA JUNCEA Don.

Emmet Co. (Cratty); Fremont Co.
TROXIMON CUSPIDATUM Pursh.

Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Marshall Co.
Lactuca scariola L.

Jackson, Winnebago and Johnson Cos.
LOBELIA SPICATA var. HIRTELLA Gray.

Emmet Co.
CAMPANULA APARINOIDES Push.

Emmet Co. (Cratty); Johnson Co. (diss Berry.)
PyrROLA ELLIPTICA /Vutt.

Winneshiek Co. (/tzpatrick) ; Johnson Co.
MoNOTROPA UNIFLORA ZL.

Jones Co. (Cameron); Johnson Co. (Macbride.)

common near Iowa City.

STEIRONEMA LANCEOLATUM Gray.
Linn Co.

Very

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. 207

STEIRONEMA LONGIFOLIUM Gray.

Emmet Co. (Cvatty.)

GENTIANA CRINITA Froel,

Muscatine Co. (eppert) ; Chickasaw Co. (J@iss Howe) ;

Johnson and Linn Cos.
GENTIANA PUBERULA JVZ/x,

Enmet Co. (Cratty); Johnson Co. (Berry); Winnebago
and Floyd Cos.

HypDROPHYLLUM APPENDICULATUM J/vx.

Henry Co. (J7ls) ; Johnson Co. (AZiss Linder) ; Winne-
shiek Co. (/7tzpatrick) ; Jackson Co.

ELLISIA NYCTELEA ZL.

Henry Co. (dfs); Delaware Co. (Macbride); Shelby
Co. (/itzpatrick) ; Calhoun Co. (/ezg¢") ; Linn and John-
son Cos.

ECHINOSPERMUM REDOWSKIL Lehm. var OCCIDENTALE Wats.
Woodbury Co. (/fitchcork) ; Johnson Co.
MyosoTis VERNA JVutt.

Johnson Co. Not rare.
ONOSMODIUM CAROLINIANUM DC.

Shelby Co. (/%tzpatrick) ; Pottawattamie and Page Cos.
SOLANUM ROSTRATUM Dynal.

Johnson! Co. (JZacbride) ; Emmet Co. ( Cratty) ; Greene
Co. (Hon. B. F. Osborn.)

Verbascum blattaria L.

Johnson Co.

PENTSTEMON GRANDIFLORUs /Vutét.

Pottawattamie Co. (J/iss Flickinger.)

VERONICA ANAGALLIS ZL.

Emmet Co. ( Cratty) ; Winneshiek Co. (/#tzpatrick) ; John-

son Co.

GERARDIA ASPERA Dougi.
Emmet Co. (Craity) ; Delaware Co. (Macbride.)

1 Already reported by Prof. Macbride in Bull. from the Lab. of Nat. Hist.
SS} Whe Ia, WIG IES INIOS 3, ja Ei

IlI]—4. K

208 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

GERARDIA PURPUREA ZL.

Emmet Co. (Cratty.)

GERARDIA TENUIFOLIA Vahl.

Delaware Co. (Macbride); Emmet Co. (Cratty); Henry
Co. (Mills); Des Moines Co. (Bartsch) ; Winnebago
and Johnson Cos.

GERARDIA TENUIFOLIA var. MACROPHYLLA Lenth.

Fremont Co.

CASTILLEIA SESSILIFLORA Pursh.

Delaware Co. (Macbride); Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Shelby

Co. (#itzpatrick) ; Hardin and Hamilton Cos.
PEDICULARIS CANADENSIS ZL.

Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Shelby Co. (Fitzpatrick) , Calhoun

Co. (/tzge¢); Johnson Co. Very common.
PEDICULARIS LANCEOLATA J7Zx.

Emmet Co. (Cratty); Hancock, Winnebago and Johnson
Cos.

APHYLLON UNIFLORUM Gray.

Johnson Co. Not common.

TECOMA RADICANS Fuss.

Lee Co. Very common in the vicinity of Keokuk, and

certainly native.
VERBENA ANGUSTIFOLIA J7Zw.

Allamakee Co. (Fitzpatrick) ; Johnson Co. Common near

Iowa City.
MoNARDA PUNCTATA ZL.

Des Moines Co. (Bartsch); Dubuque Co. (/%tzpatrick) ;

Muscatine and Cedar Cos.
SALVIA LANCEOLATA Willd.

Page Co.

SCUTELLARIA LATERIFLORA ZL.

Emmet Co. (Cratty); Lee Co. (Bartsch); Jackson and
Johnson Cos.

SCUTELLARIA VERSICOLOR JVuit.
Henry Co. (J@ls) ; Johnson and Lee Cos.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. 209

ScCUTELLARIA PARVULA J/x.

Emmet Co. ( Cratty) ; Chickasaw Co. (Miss Howe) ; Henry

Co. (Mills) ; Shelby Co. (/itzpatrick) ; Johnson Co.

ScUTELLARIA GALERICULATA ZL.

Emmet Co. (Cratty.)
OxYBAPHUS HIRSUTUS Sweet.

Adair Co. ( Fames EF. Gow) ; Shelby Co. ( Fitzpatrick.)
CyYCLOLOMA PLATYPHYLLUM Jog.

Fremont Co. ( Aetchcock) ; Henry Co. (Mills) ; Lee Co.
Chenopodium botrys L.

Johnson Co. (MMitchcock); Dubuque Co. (Fitzpatrick) ;

Lee Co.

Salsola kali var. tragus DC.

Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Calhoun Co. (/zgg’); Floyd Co.
RUMEX MARITIMUS ZL.

Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Calhoun Co. (/zgg) ; Hancock Co.
DrirRca PALUSTRIS L.

Henry Co. (Jills) ; Jackson and Johnson Cos.
EuPHORBIA HETEROPHYLLA ZL.

Johnson and Linn Cos. Common.
CROTON GLANDULOsuUS ZL.

Lee Co. Not rare.
CROTON CAPITATUS JZx.

Lee Uo. Not rare.
UxLMus RACEMosA Thomas.

Henry Co. (JZills) ; Lee Co.
Morus RUBRA ZL.

Polk Co. (4. Des Moines H. School) ; Johnson Co.

BceHMERIA CYLINDRICA Willd.
Des Moines Co. (Bartsch); Johnson Co. ( Mess Linder.)
PARIETARIA PENNSYLVANICA Juhl.
Henry Co. (Alls) ; Shelby Co. ( Fitzpatrick.)
Carya sutcatTa Willd.
Scott, Clinton and Wayne Cos. (J/acbride); Van Buren
Co. (Spraker.)

210 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

CAaRYA SULCATA + OLIV:FORMIS.

Muscatine Co. (/reppert.) The fruit, though seemingly
well developed and showing characters of both species,
contains no seed. It seems undoubtedly a sterile cross
between the two species.

CARYA AMARA JVutt.
Shelby Co. (/vtzpatrick) ; Lee and Johnson Cos.
BETULA NIGRA L.
Des Moines Co. (Bartsch) ; Polk Co. (£. Des Momes Fi.
School) ; Johnson Co. Common.
ALNUS INCANA Wlld.
Jones Co. (Macbride.)
OsTRYA VIRGINICA Weld.

Emmet Co. ( Cratty) ; Winneshiek Co. (/%tzfatrick) ; Cal-
houn Co. (/t7gg); Lee and Johnson Cos. Very com-
mon near Iowa City.

CARPINUS CAROLINIANA Walt.

Emmet Co. (Cratty); Henry Co. (ills); Lee Co:

(Bartsch) ; Johnson Co.
QUERCUS MUHLENBERGIL Aungelm.
Lee, Jackson and Johnson Cos.

QueERCus PALUsTRIS Du feo.

Reci@a:

QUERCUS IMBRICARIA Jw.

Henry Co. (M/s) ; Des Moines Co. (Bartsch) ; Ringgold,
Washington and Johnson Cos. Found only in the south-
ern part of Johnson Co.

e

SALIX AMYGDALOIDES Anders.

Johnson Co. Quite common.
SALIX LONGIFOLIA JZuhl.

Henry Co. (Jills) ; Winnebago, Lee and Johnson Cos.
SALIX DISCOLOR JZuhi.

Johnson Co. Common.

SALIX HUMILIS JZarsh.
Henry Co. (Zils) ; Johnson Co.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. 211

SALIX TRisTiIs: Az.
Johnson Co.
SALIX SERICEA JWVarsh.
Johnson Co.
SALIX PETIOLARIS. Smzth.
Johnson Co. Rare.
SALIx CANDIDA Willd.
Hancock Co.
SALIX CORDATA MWuhl.
Henry Co. (Mills); Calhoun Co. (/t7gg); Johnson Co.
Common.
SALIX CORDATA var. ANGUSTATA Anders.
Henry Co. (JZiUs) ; Johnson Co. Common.
PoOPULUS TREMULOIDES J7/x.
Emmet Co. ( Cvatly) ; Winnebago and Johnson Cos. Com-
mon.
POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA J7/x.
Johnson Co. Very common.
JUNIPERUS ComMUNIS L.
Des Moines Co. (artsch) ; Allamakee Co. (Fitzpatrick) ;
Lee and Johnson Cos.
JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA ZL.
Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Dickinson Co. (/fitchcock) ; John-
son Co.
Taxus CANADENSIS Willd.
Jones Co. (Macbride); Winneshiek and Dubuque Cos.
(Fitzpatrick) ; Jackson Co.
MIcROSTYLIS OPHIOGLOSSOIDES /Vite.
Johnson Co. (erry.) Rare.
LIPARIS LILIFOLIA /tcch.
Johnson Co. Not rare.
APLECTRUM HIEMALE /Vutt.
Johnson Co. Not rare.
SPIRANTHES GRACILIS B7ge/.
Johnson Co. (Macbride.) Not rare.
Thea a06

212 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

CALOPOGON PULCHELLUS /t. Br.
Howarp Co. (Macbride.)
PoGONIA PENDULA Lindl.
Johnson Co. (J/iss Linder.) Formerly not rare.
ORCHIS SPECTABILIS ZL.
Johnson Co. Still quite common.
HaABENARIA BRACTEATA ft. Br.
Delaware Co. (Macbride); Johnson Co. Formerly quite
common.
HABENARIA LEUCOPHAA Gray.
Emmet Co. (Crattv); Johnson Co. Formerly common
but now almost extinct.
Cypripepium CANpipuM Juhi.
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Benton and Johnson Cos. Once
quite common in Johnson County, but now very rare.
CyPRIPEDIUM PARVIFLORUM Sadlisd.
Johnson Co. Common.
CYRIPEDIUM PUBESCENS We//d.
Johnson Co. Less common than the preceding.
CyYPRIPEDIUM SPECTABILE Sa/l7sb.
Winnebago and Johnson Cos. Formerly very common in
Johnson Co., but becoming rare.
PoLYGONATUM BIFLORUM £/Z//.
Henry Co. (J/i/s) ; Lee, Winnebago and Johnson Cos.
PoLYGONATUM GIGANTEUM Jze?r.
Johnson Co.

OAKESIA SESSILIFOLIA Wats.
Johnson Co.
TRILLIUM RECURVATUM Beck.
Henry Co. (J/il/s); Louisa Co. (Helmick) ; Johnson Co.
Quite common in the southern part of Johnson Co.
TRILLIUM ERECTUM L.
Shelby Co. (Fitzpatrick); Delaware Co. (Aacbride) ;
Jones Co. (Cameron); Calhoun Co. (/ezgg) ; Johnson

Co. Common.

NOTES ON. THE FLORA OF IOWA. 213

TRILLIUM NIVALE /e7d.

Henry Co. (M/s); Chickasaw Co. (Miss Howe); Linn
and Johnson Cos. Common. A form with pink-veined
petals is common near Iowa City.

MELANTHIUM VIRGINICUM ZL.

Lee and Johnson Cos. Formerly rather common in John-

son Co., but now very rare.

Pore Re Pe yar A.

EQUISETUM ARVENSE L.

Emmet Co. (Cratty); Henry Co. (4@s) ; Lee, Johnson,

Linn and Winnebago Cos. —
EQUISETUM LIMosUM JZ.
Emmet Co. (Cratty); Delaware Co. (MJacbride) ; Hamil-
ton Co. .
EQUISETUM HYEMALE JZ.
Lee, Johnson, Linn and Winnebago Cos.
EQUISETUM LA:VIGATUM /raun.
Emmet Co. (Cratty) ; Shelby Co. (Fitzpatrick) ; Page Co.
POLYPODIUM VULGARE JL.
Allamakee, Muscatine and Clayton Cos. (J/acbride )
PTERIS AQUILINA L.
Johnson Co.
ADIANTUM PEDATUM ZL.
Jones and Allamakee Cos. ( /acbride) ; Emmet Co.( Cratty) ;
Shelby Co. (Fitzpatrick); Calhoun Co. ° (ftigg); Polk
Co. (£. Des Motnes H. S.); Lee and Johnson Cos.
PELLZA GRACILIS Fook. :

Cedar and Delaware Cos. (J/acbride) ; Dubuque Co. CE:
M. Irish); Johnson Co. (Dr. C. JL. Hobby); Johnson
and Jackson Cos. This species was collected in Scott
Co. by Dr. Parry in 1860, but has not been found there
since.

PELLAZA ATROPURPUREA Link.
Jones Co. (Macbride) ; Johnson Co. Common.

214 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

ASPLENIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM J7x.

Delaware Co. (Macbride); Jackson Co. Specimens from
Jackson Co. were successfully transplanted to Johnson
Co. two years ago.

ASPLENIUM FILIX-F@MINA Bernh.

Jackson Co. (Macbride); Jones Co. (Cameron) ; Calhoun
Co. (Rigg): Polk Co. (£. Des Moines H.S.); Ring-
gold Co. Common everywhere eastwardly.

ASPLENIUM THELYPTEROIDES J/x.
Jones and Jackson Cos. (Macbride.)
CAMPTOSORUS RHIZOPHYLLUS Lzwk.
Des Moines Co. ( Bartsch.) Not uncommon eastward.

ASPIDIUM SPINULOSUM S7ziz.
Johnson Co. Some years ago this species was quite com-
mon near Iowa City, but the locality in which it was most
common is now under cultivation.

ASPIDIUM GOLDIANUM Zook.
Jackson Co. ( Macbride.)
CYSTOPTERIS BULBIFERA Lernh.
Allamakee and Jones Cos. (J/acbride.) Very common in
Johnson Co.
CYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS Bernh.
Emmet Co. ( Crafty): Calhoun Co. (Azgg); Ringgold and
Johnson Cos. Very common in Johnson Co.
ONOCLEA SENSIBILIS ZL.
Ringgold and Johnson Cos. Very common in Johnson Co.,
and almost always growing in wet meadows.
ONOCLEA STRUTHIOPTERIS //foffm.
Muscatine Co. (Reppert) ; Shelby Co. ( Fitzpatrick. ) Quite
common in Johnson Co.
OsMUNDA CLAYTONIANA ZL.
Jones Co. (Cameron.) The most common of the larger
Ferns in Johnson Co.

BoTRYCHIUM VIRGINIANUM Swiz.
Jones Co. (Machride; Cameron); Chickasaw Co. (AZfiss

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF IOWA. 215

Howe); Henry Co. (Js) ; Shelby Co. (Fitzpatrick) ;
Johnson Co. Quite common.

SELAGINELLA RUPESTRIS Spring.
Winneshiek Co. (Bartsch. )

ALG.

DRAPARNALDIA PLUMOSA Ag.
Johnson Co. ( Mss Cavanagh.)

OscILLARIA IMPERATOR Wood.
Linn Co.

CLADOPHORA CRISPATA Ag.
Linn Co.

To the species new to the State the following should be
added:

CoORALLORHIZA ODONTORHIZA JVutt.
Johnson Co. (Mss Linder.) Rare.

The foregoing is a preliminary report chiefly on flowering
plants. A complete catalogue, so far as it can be made with
the information at hand, which will include the cryptogams, is
in course of preparation.

After the first part of this list had gone to press collections
of plants were received from Mr. G. B. Rigg from Calhoun
Co., and from the East Des Moines High School through
Miss Julia E. Rogers from Polk Co.

Notes on some of these are added in the latter part of the
list, but the greater number will be reported upon in the sub-
sequent catalogue.

AN INTERESTING NICARAGUAN PUFF-BALL.

By T. AH. MACBRIDE.

Amonc the fungi brought from Nicaragua by Mr. C. L.
Smith are half a dozen puff-balls unlike anything seen in this
part of North America. They are brick-red in color, cespi-
tose, and probably represent the species established by Berke-
ley from the study of a specimen sent him undetermined by
Montagne. In the London ‘fournal of Botany, May, 1888,
the species is thus noticed by Massee:

‘ BovIsTA LATERITIA Berk. In Herb. No. 4593. Subglo-
bose; cortex evanescent; peridium pale, thin; mass of spores
and exceedingly dense capillitium bright rust-color; threads
thick-walled, brown, branched, acute spores spherical, coarse-
ly warted, pale brown, 8 w in diam. (Type in Herb. Berk.
4593. Sent as a queried specimen by Montagne). About
1¥% in. in diam. Locality not known.”

Our specimens may be thus described:

Peridium sessile, rootless, mycelium-attached, becoming
free, cespitose, globose or more or less compressed by mutual
interference, two to four centimeters in diameter, smooth,
tough, persistent, opening irregularly, dull red; capillitium, in
mass cottony or felt-like, elastic, dull brown with a purplish
tinge, crowded with spores; columella none; capillitial threads
under the lens, pale brown, delicate, long, slender, branching
freely, hardly larger than the diameter of the spores; spores
in mass reddish, under the lens opaque, globose, spinulose,
5-6.25 We

It will be seen that the descriptions agree generally except
in the spore-measurements. It is probable therefore that we
216

NOTES ON THE FLORA OFIOWA. 217

have rediscovered Berkeley’s species which has been repre-
sented, apparently, so far by but a single specimen of unknown
origin.

It should be remarked, however, that the outer peridium, as
such, was probably not noticed by Berkeley. It is extremely
delicate and very persistent as a red covering of the peridium
proper. In older and weathered specimens the outer peridium
resembles simply a tinge or stain, and its true character
would not be apparent from such a specimen; but in younger,
fresher specimens the two peridia are sufficiently distinct.
The capillitium is very delicate and shows a tendency to
become discrete from the peridium suggesting so far Fries’
genus Lanopila.

Saccardo for some reason does not have B. /ateritia. Tam
indebted to Mr. A. P. Morgan for calling my attention to
Berkeley’s description.

This Bulletin, as all the preceding, is sent free to all insti-
tutions and individuals from whom the University of Iowa
receives similar publications in exchange; to other recipients
the price will be fifty cents, about the cost of publication.

The earlier numbers of this and the earlier volumes are
no longer to be supplied.

vy)
( wh
Wie
yy pi i

“a
'
th

x e

An Dy
TR
ge deag

PO ee

es : Saar : : j . : Sra —— . epee feat tees x

~ Nee eg

atm af

Se ea ge ae wee
a Ne OS oe

ye : r \ >

Mpa ee garrett : ; : > ay — _ ae . : tet

CoE SS 7 2 “ : Renee rh ones gt . . 22
a bck : : .

Ne

*
wa
tre”
. Sars
ans 88

. *
ars
ey

ne
Saban