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BULLEALIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OP VHE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.

VOLUME IV.

PUBLISHED

BY “AUTHORITY “OF THE REGENTS:

IOWA CITY, LOW:A:;

eee Be al
‘

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

VoLumME IV.

Actiniaria Collected by Bahama Expedition of the State. University
of Iowa, 1893, Reporton the, . . . McMurrich, F. Playfair,
American Uredinez, Description of, Pt. II., iia ee Set
Arthur, F. C., and Holway, E. W.D.,

Areas I. C, eed es E. W2D.,
Ashmead, Wm. H., MS heey tanta. tk Psy Se
Beetles of eeythiocn Arizona, ‘The, set ate SS ac ORIEN ET (a

Brachyura of the Biological Expedition to the Florida Keys and the

Bahamas in? 1803, “Fhe; 2 “D>. . . Rathbun, Mary F.,
Coleoptera of the Lower Rio Grande V Stier. The, Jiickham, H. F;
Cratty, R.1.,

Dall, Wm. H.,
Ellis, J. B., and Ev orheee b. Nig : : :
Ferns of eae o The, Sm a : Se ae Shimek, B.
Fishes Collected on the Bahama Expedition: Beer on the,
ay? Garman, S.
Seinit. Ss che te 2
oenopiera of the Banna ‘Bipedition, Ruth on the, Sh poy te
EN es Roce ae quiet nek sone “a Ashmead, Win. H.,
Iowa [ee The. eis PM aOR aMPEEN Oy (774 Pence
Macbride, T. H., and Smith, C. PS :
Macbride, T. H., and Allin, Norra,
MecMurrich, J. Playfair,
Mollusks and Brachiopods of the Belcins Expedition, T Be :
are ; . : Dall, Wm. UW.
plewaeaan My xomycetes ith one on Certain Mexican Species,
’ Macbride, T. H., and Smith, C, ss
iekiaeuan Shell-bank, "Pah ianS Seaee aie ed iy ee eee yy as ae

’

Nutting, C. C., a Se ah Si end sg Fa cic nn ee, gy es ate:
Plymouth Hydroids, Notes GR RS alc AE iene , Bie Ff Ges

Rathbun, Mary J., sees fe
Saprophytic Fuugi of Eastern ian: The Puk Balls, : :
Macbride, T. H., and Allin, Ne orra,

TOT oe a ea ane

Tropical Fungi, New Species of, . Ellis 5. LB. and Everhart, B. M.,

i A IPE a A ai, i ce CS Soa Cee ney Gea eee 8

Oo
NM OS ST om
MN OW GW WwW

to

12

BULLETIN

FROM THE

| LABORATORIES OF NATURAL, HISTORY

=>

:

VII.

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.

NOTES ON PLYMOUTH HYDROIDS, C.C. Nvttrine.

THE MOLLUSKS AND BRACHIOPODS
OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION, Wo. H. Dati.

NOTES ON THE HYMENOPTERA OF

THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION, Wo. H. ASHMEAD.

THE SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EAST- T. H. Macsripbe,
ERN IOWA: THE PUFF-BALLS, NorrA ALLIN,

J. B. Extis.

NEW SPECIES OF TROPICAL FUNGI, ih Me Beurdaee

T. H. MacBripDeE-

WITH NOTES ON CERTAIN MEXT- C. L. Smita.

CAN SPECIES,

REPORT ON THE FISHES COLLECT-
ED BY THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION, S. GARMAN.

A NICARAGUAN SHELL-BANK,. B. SHIMEK.

THE NICARAGUAN MYXOMYCETES,

PUBLISHED

BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS.

IOWA CITY, IOWA:

DECEMBER, 1806.

ues
; tes

vou. IV. No. 1.

BULLE TIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.

PUBLISHED

BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS.

LOWAS CEEY, TOWLE’:
DECEMBER, 1896.

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Secretary Wm. J. Happock:

We take pleasure in submitting herewith Bulletin No. 1,
of Volume IV, from the Laboratories of Natural History, of
the State University of Iowa.

Tue EpIrors.

NOTES ON PLYMOUTH HYDROIDS.
By C. CC; NUMRING:

REPRINTED FROM THE JOURNAL OF ‘THE MARINE BroLoGicaL ASSOCIATION, OF THE UNITED
Kincpom, N. S., Vo. 1v, No. 2, FEBRUARY, 1896.

Tue following notes are based upon observations made
during April and the first half of May, 1895. Although the
Plumularide were the special objects of study, a number of
facts concerning other forms were noticed, which, together
with the discussion of certain matters brought out in the
special study of the P/umularid@, were considered by the
Director to be of sufficient interest for publication in this
Journal. It will be understood that no general discussion of
the hydroids at Plymouth is attempted, nor is it my purpose
to give a list of the hydroid forms of that exceedingly rich
field, no species being mentioned unless some new fact has
been observed concerning it.

EuUDENDRIUM ALBUM, nN. sp.!

Flabitat. On stones in shallow water near Millbay Chan-
nel. The stones are often covered with a dense growth of
this hydroid, which appears to the unaided eye like white
cottony tufts or downy patches. The gonophores were abun-
dant in April. :

The distinguishing features of this species are the minute-
ness of the colony and of the individual hydranths, both of
which are less than half the height of any other Eudendrium

1This is the species referred to by Allen, Vol. 1v, No.1, p. 49, of this

Journal. A full description, with figures, will shortly be published in Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist.

IV—t A

2 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

from British waters, and the very striking white colour of the
hydranths, a feature not found in any other Eudendrium in
that locality. Audendrium album is one of the most abundant
hydroids at Plymouth during the spring, where it has here-
tofore been regarded as Eudendrium capillare Alder. It
seemed, however, so different from the descriptions and
figures of that species given by Alder, Hincks, and Allman,
that specimens were sent to the veteran authority on hydroids
—Professor Allman—who regarded it as probably new, and
advised the writer to describe it as such. |

CLYTEA JOHNSTONI Alder. Medusz of this species were
produced in the aquaria in May.

OBELIA GENICULATA Lznz. Numbers of the medusz of
this species were bred in the tanks and bottles of the Labora-
tory during the latter part of April. They may be readily
distinguished from the medusze of Obelra dichvtoma, which is
very abundant at Plymouth, by the fact that the former have
24 marginal tentacles, while the latter has but 16 at the time
of liberation. These small medusz are readily preserved
with the tentacles well expanded by stupefying with cocaine
and passing through three or four grades of alcohol.

OBELIA LoNGIssIMA Palias? A specimen brought to the
Laboratory early in April is referred with some doubt to this
species, which it closely resembled in all respects, except in
the fact that the hydrothecee were marked with regular longi-
tudinal flutings, the ridges between the adjacent hollows
terminating in blunt teeth at the margin. This beautiful
ornamentation was quite constant in the hydrothece, and
formed so striking a feature as to suggest a new species.
The close agreement, however, of the specimen with Hincks’
description and figures of O. /ongissima, taken together with
the great delicacy of the hydrothece of the latter, render it
probable that the form under consideration was O. dongiss¢ma,
with the delicate hydrothece shrunken so as to be thrown
into longitudinal flutings. ‘The gonosome was not present.

Secured in Millbay Channel from a depth of about eighteen
fathoms.

NOTES ON PLYMOUTH HYDROIDS. 3

CAMPANULARIA NEGLECTA Alder. This very minute Cam-
panularian was found growing on the stems of Zuwdbularda
mdivisa. There were several gonangia present, but the
acrocysts were not developed. So far as I can ascertain, C’,
neglecta has not been reported from Plymouth by previous
observers, probably having been overlooked on account of
its small size. It is only occasionally that the bimucronate
ornamentation of the margin can be made out. The stem in
its manner of branching and flexuose habit resembles a
miniature C.. flexuosa.

CAMPANULARIA FLEXUOSA f/icks. This beautiful species
was found with gonosome well developed, on May ist. The
gonangia differed from Hincks’ description in being orna-
mented with shallow but regular annulations throughout their
length. At first glance no indication of this annulation is
seen, but with proper treatment of light the markings are
plainly made out, and appear to be as symmetrical as those so
beautifully shown in the gonangia of C/ytea ‘fohnstont.

CAMPANULARIA FRAGILIS /Z/zncks. Not before reported
from Plymouth. The single specimen secured from the rocks
near Millbay Channel was destitute of gonosome, but showed
the characteristic tubular plain-rimmed hydrothece of the
species. The hydranths have about twenty tentacles, and the
proboscis is ovate in outline when the hydranth is expanded,
thus differing from most of the Campanularide.

GONOTHYR#A LOVENI Al/man. This is one of the most
abundant species at Plymouth. A number of specimens of
the genus that were brought in from time to time during
April and May differed so materially from G. /ovén7, and
agreed so closely with the descriptions of G. hyalina Hincks,
that I regarded them as belonging to the latter species, and
had so labelled them, when another batch of specimens was
brought in which showed completely intergrading forms join-
ing the typical G. Jovénd with almost typical G. hyalina.
There is a strong probability that these two so-called species
are but varieties of one form, which should bear the name of
G. lovént Allman. ot be

EV a! tAr2

4 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

OPERCULARELLA LACERATA Yohnston. Found growing
on young stems of Zudbularia indivisa from Millbay rocks, on
April 26th. Other specimens were creeping over the stems
of Eudendrium. This is, I believe, the first recorded occur-
rence of the species at Plymouth.

OPERCULARELLA HISPIDA, n. sp 1

This species bears some resemblance to Calycella syringa
Linn., from which it differs in having a much shorter pedicel,
a not strictly tubular hydrotheca, a greater number of seg-
ments to the operculum, in the absence of the tubular exten-
sion of the operculum, and in a much thinner structure, the
hydrothece being of glassy transparency in O. hzspzda but of
a decided brownish or yellowish horn colour in C. syrznga.
The most striking feature, however, of the present species is
the remarkably hispid appearance of the tentacles, which
appear to be made up of series of triangular segments on
account of the formidable array of large nematocysts with
which they are armed. While examining the expanded ten-
tacles with a 14 objective, I was so fortunate as to see these
batteries of projectiles suddenly explode, sending out a per-
fect maze of barbed threads, which appeared to be larger and
longer than those of any hydroid that I have seen, except
LVematophorus grandis Clarke.

In the absence of the gonosome, it is impossible to say with
any certainty to which genus this interesting little species
belongs. The genera! form of the hydrothéca, the cylindrical
hydranth with conical proboscis together with the convergent
teeth, give a facies like that of the genus Ofercularella, in
which it is provisionally placed.

CADYCELLA SYRINGA Zeun. Found growing abundantly
on young stems of Zubularia indivisa. The pedicels are
often much longer than one would judge from Hincks’ figure.
The mass of root-stalks from this species running along in
approximately parallel lines on the host and giving off the

1 A detailed description, with figures, will appear in the Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Fist,

NOTES ON PLYMOUTH HYDROIDS. 5

peduncled hydrothece, affords a good idea of how the fascicled
stems of hydroids may have arisen. In some of the specimens
the aggregation of root-stalks would doubtless be sufficiently
rigid to support themselves in an erect position after the stem to
which they cling had died, and we should then have a loosely
put together, fascicled stem, which a little further differentia-
tion would convert into a typical polysiphonic hydrocaulus.
The tubular extension of the hydrothece reminds one of
similar structures in the genus Cryftolarza, which contains
several species further related to the one under discussion, in
having the operculum composed of convergent segments.

CusPIDELLA GRANDIS A/incks. In looking over my Ply-
mouth series of hydroids after returning to America, I found
specimens of this species growing over the stems of Aalecrum
tenellum. A careful examination of the stems of the larger
hydroids is frequently repaid by the discovery of one or more
species of minute parasitic forms which escape the casual
observer, and it is quite likely that a number of new species
would reward the patience of any one who vould devote him-
self for a time to a search for these forms on British coasts.

HaALECIUM TENELLUM //éncks. A number of colonies with
female gonangia were taken from a depth of 18 fathoms on
April 19th. These specimens closely resemble in several
points miniature colonies of A. /abrosum Alder, especially in
the shape of the gonangia and the wrinkled appearance of the
stems, which, however, are monosiphonic. Indeed, one can-
not wonder that Alder mistook A. ¢ene:/um for the young of
Hi. labrosum. Out of a large number of colonies of A. ¢ene/-
Jum from Plymouth, there are none over half an inch in
height, and they very generally show the reduplication of the
margins of the hydrophores, which Hincks mentions asa char-
acteristic feature.

PLUMULARIA PINNATA Zinn. This is by far the most
abundant Plumularian at Plymouth, and afforded an excellent
opportunity to study the morphology and reproduction of the
group.

6 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The Nematophores. There is a great deal of confusion of
terms regarding these structures. The name properly applies
to both the sarcodal process and the chitinous receptacle into
which it retracts, although it is often used to denote either one
of these structures. The terms “‘sarcostyle,” denoting the sar-
codal process, and “‘sarcotheca,” denoting the chitinous recep-
tacle, have now come into general use. Hincks’ description
of P. pinata is incomplete, in that it does not notice the sar-
costyles which occur without the investing sarcothece. One
pair of these naked sarcostyles is found in the usual position
of the supracalycine nematophores, and another pair is in the
axil of each hydrocladium.

The structure of the nematophores has been the subject of
much discussion, particularly by Hincks, Allman, Reichart,
Merejkowsky, Weismann, and Jickeli. With the excellent
facilities afforded by the Plymouth laboratory, and the valu-
able suggestions of its director, I secured a number of fortu-
nate serial sections of the expanded sarcostyles of P. pznnata,
and have been able to satisfy myself concerning the main points
of their structure. The results of this study have corrobo-
rated the statements of Merejkowsky up to a certain point,
including the following facts—

1. The greater part of the sarcostyle is composed of
ectodermal cells.

2. There is a central endoderm core (or cylinder?)

3. The cells on one side of this core are very large and
quadrangular, while the cells on the other side and of the
entire terminal portion of the sarcostyle are of ordinary size.

4. There are pseudopodia-like processes from the free sur-
face of the sarcostyle.

On the other hand, I have been entirely unable to find any trace
of the “interstitial protoplasm” described by Merejkowsky, in
which he claims that the ectodermal cells are imbedded.
Weismann? boldly suggests that this “interstitial protoplasm”

1 While at Naples, the writer was able to demonstrate that this structure,
in another species, has a central cavity.

2 Die Entstehung der Sexuailzellen bei den Hydromedusen, p. 176.

NOTES ON PLYMOUTH HYDROIDS. 7

is owing to an assumed necessity for free sarcode to explain
the pseudopodia-like processes on the free surfaces of the
sarcostyles. It seems to me that there is no logical demand
for free protoplasm to explain the great extensibility of these
organs. The possible tenuity of the walls of ectoderm cells
can be appreciated by any one who has made a study of
nematocysts, and a careful examination of the sarcostyles, both
living and in serial sections, has failed to afford any evidence
of free protoplasm, and this negative result isnot antagonized by
any physical necessity for free protoplasm in organisms which
can construct endoderm cell-walls of the marvelous tenuity
and extensibility of the nematocysts.

The function of the nematophores is in more doubt than
their structure, and is not yet understood. It is practically
certain that they are more or less degraded “persons” of the
colony which have come to subserve definite functions of great
service, judging from the prevalence of these structures
throughout the Plumularide. So far as the species under
consideration is concerned, it is safe to say that the sarcostyles
are not “fighting persons” or “‘machopolyps,” because they
are not armed with any considerable number of nematocysts,
the special weapons of hydroids. - An examination of the living
and active sarcostyles establishes the following facts—

1. The almost incredible extensibility of these organs
which wind around the stem, branches, hydrothece, and go-
nangia, in a perfect maze of threads, or even flattened lobate
masses.

2. In retraction, the movement is not comparable to the
flowing of pseudopodia, but is effected by decided, quick,
jerky retraction, giving an idea of definite outlines and cohe-
sion. To use a crude comparison, the sarcostyle contracts
much as if it was made of stretched india-rubber and not of a
fluid. It is also worthy of note that there is no mechanical
entanglement of the various extensions of the sarcostyles,
although they appear to be hopelessly intertwined.

3. The sarcostyles are particularly active in the vicinity of
mutilated or dead hydranths and gonophores, particularly the

8 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

latter, and seem to have a definite object in climbing over the
sides and into the interior of hydrothece and gonangia.
There is no evidence that they are able to repair damaged
parts.

4. An examination of living sarcostyles, under a high
magnification, disclosed certain cells on the distal surface
which had the characteristic outlines and movements of
amoeboid cells, and contained foreign particles.

It would seem from the foregoing observations that the
sarcostyles of P. pzunata are primarily neither fighting per-
sons, nor persons concerned in the repair of mutilated or
diseased parts. It is probable, on the other hand, that they
do remove extraneous matter, or dead organic material from
the interior of the hydrothece! and gonangia, and that they
may aid in the capture and ingestion of food for the colony.

Origin of the sex-cells. This species is an excellent one
for the demonstration of the ccenosarcal origin of the sex-cells
in the Plumularide as first announced by Weismann.? The
gonangia are so excessively numerous that a single series of
sections may often be obtained which will show nearly all
stages of this interesting process. The course of events in
P. pinnata agrees very closely with Weismann’s description
of the origin of the sex-cells in P. echinulata, both ova and
spermatoblasts, arising in the endoderm of the stem and after-
wards migrating into the gonophores, ultimately appearing as
ova, or sperm-masses in the matured structures. The ova
break through the “stutzlamella” and are fertilized and under-
go segmentation between the stutzlamella and the ectoderm.
Although the ultimate division of the spermatoblasts may
take place in the ectoderm, the primary divisions occur in the
endoderm. I have been unable to find any cells recognisable
as spermatoblasts in the ectoderm, although very satisfactory
serial sections were made of the male gonophores. It may
be, however, that my specimens were too near maturity to

1E. METSCHNIKOFF, Quart. Four. Micr. Sci. No. 93.

2 See Die Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen, by Dr, August
Weismann. The first announcement was in Zool. Anzetg. No. 75, 1880.

NOTES ON PLYMOUTH HYDROIDS. 9

furnish conclusive evidence in this matter. In living speci-
mens a division of sperm-cells with partially-developed flagella
was observed in the ectoderm.

Asexual multiplication of P. pinnata. On April 23rd several
colonies of this species were brought in, which were peculiar
in having the ends of a number of hydrocladia greatly elon-
gated, destitute of hydrothecz and nematophores, and dis-
tinctly clavate at the tips. Such specimens were brought in
almost daily for some time, whenever the boat went out for
collecting. The first colonies found were isolated and kept
under observation. They rapidly increased in length, and
the terminal turgescence became more prominent. In three
or four days it was noticed that these enlarged ends were
forking and commencing to branch.

In about a week after the first specimens were noticed, it
was found that the side of the jar in which the colonies were
confined was marked with closely adhering thread-like fila-
ments, which, on examination, proved to be the greatly pro-
duced hydrocladial extensions mentioned above, and they
were still connected with the colonies from which they sprung.
From these adherent extensions were growing new colonies
of P. pinata in various stages of development.

After a time the connection between the parent colonies
and the young was severed by atrophy of the connecting
hydrocladial extension, rootlets were put forth from the
adherent portion or end of the original hydrocladia, and thus
young and perfectly independent colonies were produced
which grew rapidly during the next few weeks. Another
group of colonies showing the hydrocladial extensions was so
placed that the extensions could not touch the sides of the
bottle in which they were kept. In this case the hydrocladia
grew and forked as before, and new colonies arose from the
forked ends of the hydrocladia. The parent stalks afterwards
died and fell to the bottom, giving the young colonies a chance
to attach themselves to the glass.

This process reminds one so forcibly of the sending out of
stolons from which new shoots arise, as seen in many plants,
that I have proposed the name of stoloniferous reproduction

IO NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

for the asexual multiplication of P. pzunata as above des-
cribed.t It is the first recorded instance of the kind among
the Hydroida so far as I can find, although it bears consider-
able resemblance to the fissiparous formation of frustules as
recorded by Allman.?

PLUMULARIA HALECIOIDES A/der. This minute Plumu-
larian was found parasitic on Antennularza. The gonosome
was not present.

PLUMULARIA ALLENI,? n. sp.

Fflabitat. Found growing on Antennularia ramosa. This
delicate species bears considerable general resemblance in
size, form, and parasitic habit to P. haleciordes. It differs,
however, in having a non-fascicled stem, smaller hydrothece,
more numerous nematophores, and especially in the gonangia,
which are greatly unlike the annulated structure of P. haleciordes.

AGLAOPHENIA PLUMA Linn. In studying the development
of the corbulz of this species, an interesting fact regarding
the sarcostyles was noticed. A young corbula was under
examination, the leaves or ribs of which had not vet coalesced,
and the sarcostyles of one leaf were seen to stretch across and
attach themselves to the next leaf in front, and remain for
some time in that position. It appeared as if these sarco-
styles served as temporary attachments to hold the edges of
the two leaves together, while they were connected by trab-
iculz of ccenosarc, which rapidly formed a stronger and per-
manent connection. The perisarc of the edges of the leaves
seemed exceedingly thin, and in places appeared to be want-
ing. A contact having been established between the edges
of adjacent leaves, the permanent attachment was soon formed,
and the ccelomic cavities of the leaves established connections
at these points. A little later, currents of water bearing
granules were seen to flow in active streams from one leaf to

1 See American Naturalist, November, 1895.
2 Gymnoblastic Hydroids, p. 152.

8 Named in honour of the Director of the Plymouth Laboratory, an
enthusiastic worker in marine zoology. Detailed description with figures
will be published in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.

NOTES ON PLYMOUTH HYDROIDS. II

the other. In their incipient stages it is difficult to tell the
difference between sarcostyles and gonophores, and they
make their appearance at about the same period in the devel-
opment of the corbule.

AGLAOPHENIA HELLERI Jlarktanner- Turneretscher.1 This
is the form collected by Mr. Allen from Eddystone Rocks,
and mentioned by him on page 49, Volume iv, No. 1, of this
Journal. This being the first record of A. hellerz on British
shores, the following description is given for the benefit of
those who may not have access to the original—

Trophosome. Colony unbranched, attaining a height of three-
quarters of an inch. Stem monosiphonic, divided by very
deep nodes into short internodes, each bearing a hydrocladium
springing from its anterolateral aspect. Hydrocladia alter-
nate, closely-set, divided into internodes each bearing a hydro-
theca, and partly divided by two imperfect transverse septa.
Nodes very distinct. Hydrothecz obconic, about as deep as
the aperture is wide. Marginal teeth nine, unequal in size,
the anterior one often being slightly incurved, and rather
longer and more pointed than the others; the second and
fourth teeth, counting from behind, are larger than the first
and third. There is no apparent intrathecal ridge. Supra-
calycine nematophores rather small, stout, reaching to the
level of the hydrothecal margin; the mesial nematophore
springs from just below the margin of the hydrotheca, and
projects straight upward and outward, its truncated end reach-
ing to the level of the longest marginal teeth. There are two
modified nematophores on each hydrocladium near its base.

Gonosome. (Description from Naples specimen.) Corbula
thick and short, with the leaves or ribs more closely soldered
together than in other small British species. Ribs six on each
side, with a row of nematophores on their distal edges.

flabitat. Found growing on thick roots of marine plants
taken from Eddystone Rocks.

Distribution. Naples and Rovigno (Marktanner-Turn-
eretscher), and Plymouth, England.

1 Die Hydroiden des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, Vienna, (890, p.
271, plate vit.

THE MOLLUSKS AND BRACHIOPODS OF THE BAHAMA.
EXPEDITION OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL, A. M.,

HONORARY CURATOR DEPT. OF MOLLUSKS U. S. NAT. Mus. PALEONTOLO-
GIST TO THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

AT the request of Prof. Nutting I undertook to examine and
name the Mollusks collected by the Bahama expedition.
These proved to be quite interesting. The shallow water
fauna of the Bahamas is pretty thoroughly known, since for
more than two centuries these islands have been noted for their
shells, which have formed a more or less constant article of
commerce. No monograph covers the fauna, and the most
complete list yet made (in which, however, synonymy is not
attempted) is included in my “List of Marine Mollusca from
American localities between Cape Hatteras and Cape Roque,
including the Bermudas,”! which forms an index to the chief
sources of information in the literature; though doubtless
many species described without locality or with wrong locali-
ties, or in publications not nominally relating to this region,
should be added to those therein enumerated.

The original collections from the Strait of Florida and the
Pourtalés Plateau, obtained by the Coast Survey expeditions of
1864-7, were sent to Chicago, where Dr. Wm. Stimpson was
engaged in preparing a report upon them when the great fire
of 1871 destroyed his manuscripts and the collections upon
which they were based, including the unique //alrotrs, Both-
rocorbula and many other gems of the sea which have not yet

1 Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 24, Washington, the Survey, 1885, 8° pp.
336.

12

BAHAMA MOLLUSKS AND BRACHIOPODS. 13

been obtained by any subsequent collector. In my reports on
the Mollusca of the Blake expedition’ a large number of
species from the Antillean region were described and illus-
trated, while others derived from the dredgings of the United
States Fish Commission Steamer Albatross in the Gulf of
Mexico, Florida Strait and the southeastern continental pla-
teau of the United States, were described in the Proceedings
of the United States National Museum.?

The above are the principal sources of the more modern
information in regard to the marine Mollusks of this region.
Many of the Blake species were described from single speci-
mens and the value and interest of the collections of the Uni-
versity Bahama expedition arise chiefly from the fact that
quite a number of these unique forms reappear in the material
obtained from the Pourtales Plateau. The total amount of the
material dredged there by the expedition was not large, but
every specimen is precious. Among the shells, had the col-
lection been larger, a proportion of new forms might have
been expected; but, as it was, none occurred. Curiously
enough in comparatively shallow water near the Florida Keys,
a fine new species of J/urex was obtained, to which I have
attached the name of Prof. C. C. Nutting the director of the
expedition; and on Water Cay, Salt Cay Bank, near the north-
ern end of the Bahamas group, was obtained a form of Cerzox
which appears to be distinct from any yet described. Descrip-
tions of these species and a list of all the species obtained, with
localities, is appended.

MuREX NUTTINGI Nn. s.
Plate 1.—Fig. I.

Shell white with a pale straw-colored epidermis and eight
whorls exclusive of the (lost) nucleus; suture deep, whorls

1 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. v1, No. 3, Feb. 1880; 1x, No. 2, July—Dec. 1881,
and x11, No. 6, Sep. 1886.

2 Especially No. 773, vol. x11, pp. 219-362, pl. v-x1v, 1889. See also Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 37, Preliminary Catalogue of the Shell-bearing Marine
Mollusks and Brachiopods of the southeastern coast of the United States,
8° 221 pp. 74 plates, 1889.

14 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

rounded (the last) crossed by eight varices, each bearing a
rather long grooved spine at the shoulder and anteriorly about
six smaller and less conspicuous spinules, each of which cor-
responds to a more or less distinct revolving thread; at the
shoulder and behind it there is no revolving sculpture or only
faint traces of it; the apical three or four whorls show angu-
lar points, rather than spines, which are partly the result of
wear; canal rather long, shorter than the spire, with a wreath
midway of long recurved spines, each corresponding to a varix;
the siphonal fasciole imbricated by the canal-ends of succes-
sive resting-stages; pillar white, moderately callous; canal
open; outer lip modified by the sculpture, not lirate; operculum
pale-brown, kite-shaped, the nucleus at the acute end which is
nearly straight; height of shell 40, major diameter exclusive
of spines 21 mm.

ffabitat, station 41 in 15 fathoms, eight miles east of Sand
Key Florida.

Types in the University and National Museums.

This fine species is very distinct, its nearest relative being
M. tnterserratus Sby., which is a much smaller, proportionately
less elevated species of a red-brown color with one less varix
to the whorl. Both species belong to the same section of the
genus. JZ. znterserratus has been obtained from Montserrat,
so both may be regarded as belonging to the Antillean fauna.
M. pazt Crosse, for which the sectional name Pazzel/a has
been proposed, is probably only a delicate deep-water offshoot
from the same stock.

M. interserratus has been erroneously referred to the genus
Muricidea Swainson (or MJuricopsis B. D. and D.) by F. C.
Baker (Proc. Rochester Academy of Sciences, vol. 1, p. 172,
1891). From J/uricidea these species are distinguished by the
basal constriction of the last whorl by which the canal is
sharply differentiated, by the edentulous peristome and single
prominent wreath of spines about the middle of the canal. As
a matter of fact most of the named groups of Murices are so
closely connected by intermediate species that sharp lines of
differentiation can not be drawn, and the numerous sectional
names which have been proposed are not especially useful.

BAHAMA MOLLUSKS AND BRACHIOPODS. 15

CERION (MAyNARDIA ) NITELOIDES N. Ss.
Plate 1.—Fig. 2.

Shell compact solid, grayish white, with a livid brownish
lining, ten whorls of which two and and a half are nepionic
and smooth, the remainder polished and for the most part
faintly sculptured with little raised transverse lines, often obso-
lete; on the last half of the last whorl these lines are coarser,
irregular and more prominent; the aperture is rounded except
where the peristome crosses the body, with a slightly bevelled
reflected edge; the parietal tooth is nearly central, short and
low, the pillar-tooth also low, is situated about the middle of
the pillar and makes a little less than a complete turn around
the axis of the shell. Height of the shell 28; maximum
diameter 12 mm.

Habitat. Water Cay, Salt Cay Bank on the north side of
Cuba near the western end of the Bahama banks.

Types in the University and National Museums.

This species externally much resembles Cerzon (M/aynardia)
nitela Maynard, which is a species native to the west end of
Little Cayman island in the Caribbean Sea on the south side
of Cuba. As the species of Cerzon are very limited in their
distribution the wide separation of the two localities raises a
suspicion of distinctness, notwithstanding their superficial like-
ness, and this suspicion is measurably confirmed by the fol-
lowing differences: C.zte/a has a larger axis and a consider-
ably larger and perforate umbilicus; its parietal tooth is more
elevated and less elongated, the pillar tooth slightly more ele-
vated, and its inward prolongation decidedly more feeble,
lastly its aperture is narrower, more horse-shoe shaped and
less rotund than in C. ztelozdes. ‘The apex is decidedly more
pointed in the specimens of C. zzte/a before me as well as in
Maynard’s figures, but this character is variable in some of
the species.

It may be noted here that the use of the shells by hermit
crabs tends to wear away the pillar and denticulations, so
that persons working over these shells should make sure,

16 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

when estimating their characters, that the shell was tenanted
by its architect when collected, otherwise blunders are pretty
sure to be made.

The two species following have recently been received by
the National Museum and belong to the same general fauna
as the collections of the Bahama expedition. I have thought
that the paper would gain in interest by including descrip-
tions of them.

LIoTIA CENTRIFUGA DN. S.
Plate 1.—Fip. 3.

Shell small, solid, elevated, with four whorls; nucleus
smooth, flat-topped, rapidly taking on coarse imbricated spiral
sculpture comprising between the sutures five ridges, the third
being at the shoulder with two in front and two behind it; all
are crossed by fine imbricating lamelle, visible under magnifi-
cation, and by obscure radial swellings which slightly undulate
the posterior pair of spirals, while the third develops subtri-
angular radiating projecting points (eleven on the last whorl) ;
the anterior spirals on the periphery of the last whorl are
three and three on the rounded base the last of which margin-
ates the narrow barely perforate umbilicus; all these spirals
are nodulous or serially subimbricated but only the one at the
shoulder shows projecting angles; the aperture is circular,
entire, smooth inside, its margin modified by the external
sculpture; height of the shell 3.5, diameter 3.5 mm.

Habitat, United States Fish Commission Station 2,328, in
203 fathoms off Havana, 1885. United States National
Museum 107,419.

This neat little species needs no special comparisons, being
smaller than any of those allied to it from this region and
with distinctive sculpture.

CARDITELLA SMITHII DN. S.

Plate 1.-_Fig. 4.

Shell minute, ferruginous brown to pale straw-color, bleach-
ing white; inflated, with prominent subcentral beaks, evenly

BAHAMA MOLLUSKS AND BRACHIOPODS. yi

arched basal margin, and straight slopes diverging about go°
from the beaks; sculpture of 10-12 rounded nodulous radiat-
ing riblets with narrower inter-spaces crossed by rather
prominent incremental lines; internal basal margins strongly
crenulated by the sculpture; hinge line narrow and feeble, liga-
ment largely immersed; resilium small subumbonal. Height
of shell 2.0; length 2.0; diameter 1.0 mm.

Flabitat: Bermuda, received from Prof. R. P. Whitfield,
collected by Miss Peniston on the beach. Types, American
Museum of Natural History, Central Park, New York City,
and United States National Museum, No. 107,365.

The occurrence of this little shell at Bermuda is very inter-
esting as the genus was originally described from Port Rosa-
rio, Patagonia, in two to thirty fathoms, other species being
known from the west coast of South America, Tristan
d’Acunha, the Cape of Good Hope, and Australasia. The
present species, is, I believe, the first described from the
northern hemisphere and is respectfully dedicated to Mr.
Edgar A. Smith, Assistant to the British Museum, the author
of the genus.

From the Patagonian type, C. pallida Smith, (P. L. S.
1881, p. 43, pl. v. figs. 9, a—b), this differs by its more triangu-
lar shape, fewer ribs, and smaller size. All the other species
are even less similar. C. smzthz7 looks very much like a minia-
ture edition of Cardita( Pleuromer?s) tridentata Say, but a care-
ful scrutiny of numerous specimens of the latter species gives no
evidence of the existence of any separate resilium, the ligament
and resilium being joined in the ordinary way as a single organ,
rather deeply sunken and allowing only a narrow lineal portion
to be visible externally between the edges of the closed valves.
The same is true of Cardita dominguensis Orb. and the curious
Cardita radians Conrad (+ flabella Conr. 1846, non Reeve,
1843 + Venericardia obligua Bush) and it seems in spite of
their marked differences of form as if there was no ground
for referring either of the three to any group which will not
receive the others.

Vs B

18 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

LIST OF SPECIES.
BAe HiIOPOD A:

TEREBRATULA CUBENSIS Pourt. Sta. 37, Off Key West, go

fath. Sta. 51, 52, 56, 63, 64, Pourtales Plateau, off Ameri-
can Shoal, 85 to 110 fath.

‘TEREBRATULINACAILLETI Cvosse. Sta. 56, Pourtalés Plateau,
24° 16’ N. Lat., 81° 22’ W. Long., about 200 fath.

DALLINA FLORIDANA Pourt. Sta. 35, 38, off Key West,
go-125 fath: Sta. 56, Pourtales Plateau, 24° 16’ N. Lat.,
81° 22’ W. Long., about 200 fath.

PELEBCYE ODA:

PECTEN NUCLEUS Born? Bahama Bank.
Very young specimen.

PECTEN oRNATUS Lam. Tortugas.

Lima squamMosA Zam. Tortugas: Sta. 56, Pourtalés Plateau,
24° 16’ N. Lat., 81° 22’ W. Long., about 200 fathoms.
These are the adult of the young form called antillarum

by D’Orbigny.

Lima scABRA Born. Bahia Honda, Cuba?

AvicuLA RADIATA Leach. Bahia Honda, Cuba: Spanish
Wells and Harbor Island, Bahamas: Tortugas.

AvICULA ATLANTICA Lam. Tortugas.

AVICULA CROCATA Sw. Tortugas.

PERNA OBLIQUA Lam. Tortugas.

PERNA EPHIPPIUM Zam. Bahia Honda, Cuba.

PINNA PERNULA Chem. (—=CARNEA Gmel.), Tortugas.

MyTILus DoMINGUENSIS Lam. (==-EXUSTUS Linn.), Egg Island,
Bahamas; Bahia Honda, Cuba.

MytTitus LAVALLEANUS Ovd. Bahia Honda, Cuba.

MopioLa TuLipA Lzzn. Bahia Honda, Cuba.

BAHAMA MOLLUSKS AND BRACHIOPODS. 19

LITHOPHAGUS ANTILLARUM Philippi. Tortugas.
LITHOPHAGUS BISULCATUS Oré. Bahia Honda, Cuba.

Arca No# Zinn. Bahama Bank; Bahia Honda, Cuba; Har-
bor Island, Bahamas; Sta. 26, off Key West,6o0 fath. The
variety occrdentalzs Phil. occurred at Harbor Island, as well
as the typical form.

ARCA IMBRICATA Brug. Bahia Honda, Cuba.
ARCA UMBONATA Lam. Tortugas.
ARCA (BARBATIA) BARBATA Linn. Tortugas.

ARCA (ANADARA) JAMAICENSIS Gmel. Great Bahama Bank;
Bahia Honda, Cuba; Spanish Wells and Harbor Island, Ba-

hamas.
PECTUNCULUS UNDATUS Zinn. Bahia Honda, Cuba.
PECTUNCULUS sp. (young). Bahama Bank.
ASTARTE NANA Feffreys. Great Bahama Bank.

GouLDIA CERINA C. &. A. Great Bahama Bank.

Type of the genus which is closely related to Czrce. The
small forms usually referred to Gouwldza belong to Psew-
deriphyla of the Crassatellide—Crassinella Guppy non
Conrad nec Bayle.

LuUCINA PENNSYLVANICA Lun. Bahia Honda, Cuba.
LucINA TIGRINA Zzun. Bahia Honda, Cuba.

CHAMA (ECHINOCHAMA) ARCINELLA ZLznn, Sta. 66 and 67,
off Key West, 6 fathoms.

CuHama tactuca Dall. Sta. 56, Pourtalés Plateau, 24° 16’
N. Lat., 81° 22’ W. Long., 200 fathoms. Chama nicolloni
Dautzenberg from 65 fathoms off the coast of France near
Croisic, growing on Dendrophyllia cornigera, is suspiciously
close to this species.

CarDIUM MuURICATUM Lenn. Bahia Honda, Cuba.

CarpiuMm MEDIUM Linn. (young valve). Sta. 44, off Key
West, 5% fath.
IvV—1 B2

20 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.
CARDIUM SERRATUM Linn. Sta. 26, off Key West, 60 fath.:
Harbor Island and Spanish Wells, Bahamas, shallow water.

VENUS (CHIONE) CANCELLATA Ziun. Bahia Honda, Cuba;
Spanish Wells, Bahamas; Tortugas; Great Bahama Bank;
Sta. 44, off Key West, 5% fath.

VENUS (CHIONE) GRANULATA Gmel. Bahia Honda, Cuba.
VENUS sp. (young). Sta. 44, off Key West, 514 fath.

CyTHEREA ALBIDA Lam. (young). Sta. 56, Pourtalés Plateau,
24° 16’ N. Lat., 81° 22’ W. Long., 200 fathoms.

PETRICOLA ROBUSTA dy. Bahia Honda, Cuba.
Type of the genus Choristodon Jonas.

TAGELus pivisus Spengler. Sta. 44, off Key West, 514 fath.
ASAPHIS DEFLORATA Linn. Bahia Honda, Cuba.

TELLINA sp. Sta. 44, off Key West, 5% fath.
This and the following species not identifiable.

Macoma sp. Sta. 44, off Key West, 54 fath.
_ CUMINGIA TELLINOIDES Con. Great Bahama Bank.

SEMELE RETICULATA Lzuzz. Bahia Honda, Cuba.

SCA PHOPO DA.

DENTALIUM ANTILLARUM Orb. Sta. 56, Pourtales Plateau,
24° 16’ N. Lat., 81° 22’ W. Long., 200 fath.

PTEROP,OD A

CAVOLINIA TRIDENTATA Forsk. Sta. 64, off American Shoal,
110 fath.

CAVOLINIA UNCINATA Rang. Sta. 64 off American Shoal, 110
fath.

GASTROPODA:

HemiTRocHUS CARIBAA Wernland. Spanish Wells and Eleu-
thera, Bahamas.

BAHAMA MOLLUSKS AND BRACHIOPODS. 21

PLEURODONTE AURICOMA fer. Havana.

Cerion (MAyYNARDIA) CHRYSALIS Fer. Fort San Diego,
Havana.

CERION (MAyNARDIA) NITELOIDES Dall. Pl. 1, Fig. 2, Water
Cay, Bahamas.
See description for details.

CERION (MAYNARDIA) MUMIOLA P/r. Tortugas.

This species was described from Cuba and the occurrence
on Tortugas is probably the result of transportation by
sea drift. Ifliving at Tortugas it would add a new species
to the fauna of the United States.

Cerion (Maynarpia) cory! J/ayn. Egg Island, Bahamas.

BuLLA STRIATA Grug. Spanish Wells, Bahamas; Bahia Honda,
Cuba.

SCYLLAA PELAGICA Linn, 31° 31’ N. Lat., 75° 11’ W. Long.
MELAMPUS LINEATUS Say. Egg Island, Bahamas.
MELAMPUS CAFFEUS zzz. Bahia Honda, Cuba.

TEREBRA DISLOCATA Say. Great Bahama Bank.

CoNUS FLAVESCENS Gray. Sta. 25, off Key West, 60 fath.;
Sta. 56, Pourtales Plateau, 24° 16’ N. Lat.,81° 22’ W. Long.,
200 fath.

Conus vERRUCOsUS A/wass. Great Bahama Bank.
Conus mus Hwass. Loggerhead Key, Tortugas.
PLEUROTOMA ALBIDA Perry. Sta. 26, off Key West, 60 fath.

Dritiia AcEstrA Dail. Sta. 56, Pourtalés Plateau, 24° 16’
N. Lat., 81° 22’ W. Long., 200 fath.
The type specimens were previously unique.

Drituia LissoTropis Dall. Sta. 56, Pourtales Plateau, 24°
go” IN. Iuat., Su 22’ W. Long., 200 fath.
These are the first specimens obtained since the original

types.

22 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

DAPHNELLA spf. Sta. 56, Pourtales Plateau, 24° 16’ N. Lat.,
81° 22’ W. Long., about 200 fathoms.
Too imperfect for identification.

GLYPHOSTOMA GABBII Dall. Sta. 56, Pourtales Plateau, 24°
16’ N. Lat., 61° 22’ W..Long., 200 fath.
The original types have hitherto been unique.

MARGINELLA GUTTATA Dillw. Sta. 56, Pourtales Plateau,
ga" 16" IN. Lat., 81° 22" W., dooug., 200 fath.

MARGINELLA AMABILIS /tedfield. Sta. 63, off American Shoal
85 to 95 fath.
A rare and little known species.

MARGINELLA BELLA Conrad. Sta. 64, off American Shoal,
about r1o fath.
Hardly known in collections.

MARGINELLA SUCCINEA Con? Sta. 57, Pourtales Plateau, 24°
16%. IN; at... 61 227 W- Joong., 200;fath:

MARGINELLA AVENA Valenciennes. Sta. 64, off American
Shoal, 110 fath.; Sta. 56, Pourtalés Plateau 24° 16’ N. Lat.,
81° 22’ W. Long., 200 fath.

MARGINELLA sf. Sta. 56, Pourtalés Plateau, 24° 16’ N. Lat.,
81° 22’ W. Long., 200 fath.
Too poor to identify.

TURBINELLA scoLyMUs Gm. Harbor Island, Bahamas.
VasuM MurRicaTuM Born. (Label lost.)

CONOMITRA BLAKEANA Dall. Sta. 56, Pourtales Plateau, 24°
16) N- Lat. Si" 22% W. Vous; 20otath:
Only known hitherto from the types.

FAscIOLARIA TULIPA Zzun. Bahia Honda, Cuba; Dry Tor-
tugas, Florida; Egg Island, Bahamas; Great Bahama Bank.

FuLGurR PERVERSUS Linn. (Locality lost.)
LEUCOZONIA CINGULIFERA Lam. ‘Tortugas.
LEUCOZONIA LEUCOZONALIS Lam. Tortugas.

Fusus Eucosmius Dall. Sta. 26, off Key West, 60 fath.
Only known hitherto from the original types.

BAHAMA MOLLUSKS AND BRACHIOPODS. 23

TRITONIDEA TINCTA Conrad. Tortugas; Great Bahama Bank.
Nassa AMBIGUA Mont. Tortugas.

COLUMBELLA MERCATORIA Zzuz. Great Bahama Bank; Tor-
tugas.

COLUMBELLA RUSTICOIDES f/e/prin. Great Bahama Bank;
Tortugas.
This is the rast7ca of authors, not Lamarck. The original
rustica is an Old-world species.

Murex BEAU! /.d B. Sta. 42, off Sand Key, 15 fath.
Rare and interesting.

Morex casriti Bern. Sta. 44, off Key West, 5% fath.
Hardly known in collections.

MurEX FLORIFER fMeeve. Bahia Honda, Cuba.
This is probably an exuberant form of JZ. rufus.

Murex ruFus Lam. Bahia Honda, Cuba.
This is the Antillean form frequently listed as JZ. adustus,
but wholly distinct from the true @dastus.

Murex pomum Gme/. Bahia Honda, Cuba; Tortugas; Span-
ish Wells, Bahamas.

Murex Tristicuus Dall. Sta.6o, Pourtales Plateau, 24°, 15’
IN; Lat. ‘Sr° 20°. W. Long., 130 fath.
The only specimen known except the original types.

Murex nuttinei Dall, Pl.1, Fig.1. Sta. 41, off Sand Key,
15 fath.
See description for details.

PURPURA PATULA Zzun. Harbor Island, Bahamas.
PuRPURA DELTOIDEA Lam. Egg Island, Bahamas; Logger-
head Key, Tortugas.

PURPURA BICOSTALIS Lam. (—hemastoma var. ) Bahia Honda,
Cuba.

PURPURA UNDATA Lam. (—hemastoma var.) Bahia Honda,
Cuba.

24 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

CoRALLIOPHILA DEBURGHI2 /teeve, var. Off Key West.
A rare and remarkable shell.

TRITONIUM TRITONIS Zznuz., var. (loc. lost.)

TRITONIUM TUBEROSUM Lam. Harbor Island, Bahamas.

‘TRITONIUM PILEARE Zam. Bahia Honda, Cuba.

TRITONIUM GRACILE /teeve. Egg Island, Bahamas.

SIMNIA UNIPLICATA Sowb.

OvuLumM cissposuM Linn. Bird Key, Tortugas.

CyPpR#A EXANTHEMA Linn. Tortugas.

CyPpR#A spuRCA Linn. Sta. 56, Pourtales Plateau, 24° 16’
N. Lat., 81 °22’ W. Long., 200 fathoms. Dead.

Trivia PEpicuLus Linn. Tortugas; Sta. 26, off Key West,
60 fath.

TRIVIA QUADRIPUNCTATA Gray. Tortugas; Great Bahama
Bank.

TRIVIA GLOBOsA Gray. Sta. 56, Pourtalés Plateau, 24° 16’ N.
Lat., 81° 22’ W. Long., 200 fath.

ERATO MAUGERL® Gray. Sta. 56, Pourtalés Plateau, 24° 16’
N, Lat; S1°°22" W. Long... 200) tath:

ATLANTA PERONID Lesueur. Sta. 63, off American Shoal,
85 to 95 fath.

Stromsus cicas Linn. Bahamas generally; Tortugas.
STROMBUS BITUBERCULATUS Lam. Bahamas.

CERITHIUM FLORIDANUM JZérch. Tortugas; Bahia Honda,
Cuba.

CERITHIUM ALGICOLA C.&. Ads. Tortugas; Great Bahama
Bank; Bahia Honda, Cuba; Spanish Wells, Bahamas.

CERITHIUM LITTERATUM Born. Harbor Island, Egg Island,
and Spanish Wells, Bahamas.

CERITHIUM SEMIFERRUGINEUM Lam. Locality lost.
Common in the Antilles and southeast United States coast.

©

BAHAMA MOLLUSKS AND BRACHIOPODS. 25

SISTRUM NoDULOsUM C. &. A. Egg Island, Bahamas; Tor-
tugas.

CERITHIUM NIGRESCENS Menke. Tortugas; Egg Island, Ba-
hamas.

Moputus “LENTICULARIS Ch.” (M. Moputus Zinn.) Tor-
tugas; Spanish Wells, Bahamas; Bahia Honda, Cuba.

SILIQUARIA MODESTA Dall. Sta. 56, Pourtalés Plateau, 24°
16’ N. Lat., 81° 22’ W. Long., 200 fath.
The first reported since the original types.

VERMICULARIA SPIRATA PAh7/. Harbor Island, Bahamas.

TURRITELLA EXOLETA Linn. Sta. 26, off Key West, 60
fathoms. Young specimens of what seems to be this spe-
cies were taken at Sta. 56, in 200 fath.

TURRITELLA ACROPORA Dail. (Locality lost. )
Common south of Hatteras and in the Antilles.

Lirortna ziczac Dillw. Tortugas; Egg Island, Harbor
Island, and Spanish Wells, Bahamas.

LITORINA SCABRA var. LINEATA Gwiel. Bahia Honda, Cuba.
LiroRINA MESPILUM Menke. Egg Island, Bahamas.

TECTARIUS MURICATUS Zinn. Bahia Honda, Cuba; Egg
Island, Harbor Island, Spanish Wells and Eleuthera, Baha-

mas.

EcHINELLA NODULOSA Gimel. Egg Island, Harbor Island,
Spanish Wells and Eleuthera, Bahamas.

CREPIDULA FORNICATA Zinn. Sta. 44, off Key West, 5%
fath.

CREPIDULA ACULEATA Gme/. Great Bahama Bank.
XENOPHORA CONCHYLIOPHORA orn. Great Bahama Bank.
Natica Livipa Pfr. Bahia Honda, Cuba.

NaTICA CANRENA Lam.(?) Tortugas.
Specimen in poor condition.
IV—1 C

26 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

PoLYNICEs LACTEA Guild. (Locality lost.)
Common in the Antillean and south Florida region.

ACMA CANDEANA Orb. Egg Island, Bahamas.

ACM#A PUNCTULATA Gmel. Tortugas.

ACM#A MELANOLEUCA Gmel. Tortugas; Harbor Island,
Bahamas.

ASTRALIUM LONGISPINUM Zam. Harbor Island, Bahamas;
Great Bahama Bank; Tortugas; Bahia Honda, Cuba.

ASTRALIUM AMERICANUM Gmel. ‘Tortugas.

LEPTOTHYRA INDUTA Watson, var. ALBIDA Dall. Sta. 65, off

American Shoal, 115 fath.
First specimens since the types were obtained.

OmpuHatius Fasciatus Born. Tortugas; Great Bahama
Bank.

OmpPHALIus INDusI Chem. Loggerhead Key, Tortugas.

Livona PpIcA Gmel. Egg Island, Bahamas.

CALLIOSTOMA JUJUBINUM Gmel. Tortugas; the var. RAWSONI
Dall. occurred in the same locality.

CALLIOSTOMA ASPERRIMUM Dall. Sta. 56, Pourtales Plateau,
24° £6 IN. at. 81> 22° W. Lone.,200 fath.
Rare, hardly known in collections.

EucuEvus EucASTA Dall. Sta. 56, Pourtales Plateau, 24° 16’
N: -Lat., 62° 22° W--Long:, 200 fatht
Only the types heretofore known.

LioTIA BRIAREUS var. PERFORATA Zall. Sta. 56, Pourtales
Plateau, 24° 16’ N. Lat., 81° 22’ W. Long., 200 fai:
Known only from the types hitherto.

LIoTIA VARIABILIS Dall. Sta. 56, Pourtales Plateau, 24° 16’
N. lat., 81°22" W. Lony.,:200 fath.
Only known from the original types hitherto.

NERITA PELORONTA Zinn. Egg Island, Bahamas; Tortugas.

NERITA TESSELLATA Gmel. Egg Island, Spanish Wells,
Harbor Island, Bahamas; Tortugas.

BAHAMA MOLLUSKS AND BRACHIOPODS. 27

NERITA PRACOGNITA C. B. Ad. Bahia Honda, Cuba.
NERITA VERSICOLOR Lam. Spanish Wells, Egg Island, Har-
bor Island, Bahamas; Tortugas.

EMARGINULA COMPRESSA Cantr. Sta. 56, Pourtalés Plateau,
ae 1G IN. Dat... 81° 22". W. Long., 200 fath.
Found also in the Mediterranean. Rare in the Antilles.

FisSURELLA BARBADENSIS Gmel. Egg Island, Bahamas.

FIsSURELLA DYSONI /reeve. Sta. 56, Pourtales Plateau 24°
ED. IN: ‘Lat., 8r°.22" W.. Long., 200 fath.

FissURIDEA ALTERNATA Say. Bahia Honda, Cuba.
FIsSURIDEA LISTERI Oyd. ‘Tortugas.

FIsSURIDEA FLUVIANA Dail. Sta. 56, Pourtales Plateau, 24°
16 -N: Lat., Sr°*22" W. Long... 200 fath.
Heretofore known only from the types.

CHITON MARMORATUS Gme/. Harbor Island, Bahamas; Egg
Island.

ACANTHOPLEURA PICEA Gme/. Harbor Island, Bahamas.
CEPHALOPODA.

ARGONAUTA ARGO L7ni., var. AMERICANA Dall. Sta. 41, off
Sand Key, 15 fath.
SPIRULA AUSTRALIS (ZLam.) Pelseneer. Spanish Wells and
Eleuthera, Bahamas.
See Science, New Ser., m1, No. 59, p. 243, Feb. 14, 1896,
for notes on this species.

OcToPUS ANTILLARUM Ord.? Tortugas.

This agrees fairly well with Orbigny’s figures, but, in the
absence of a revision of the Antillean Cephalopods it is
impossible to be confident as tothe accuracy of identifica-
tion of species from that region.

IV—1 C2

NOTES ON THE HYMENOPTERA.

COLLECTED BY THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION FROM THE STATE
UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.

By WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD. ©

Very little is known of the Hymenopterous fauna, of the
Bahamas, and the following list of Hymenoptera, most of which
were collected by Mr. H. F. Wickham on a visit to these
Islands in 1893, will be of interest and value to those inter-
ested in the distribution of these insects.

Mr. Wickham made no special effort to collect Hymenop-
tera, his specialty being Coleoptera and his collecting must
represent therefore, but a small fraction of the fauna.

FAMILY: APITD A.

t.. -CGLIOXys ‘sp.

One ¢ specimen, Egg Island. This is possibly one of
the numerous species described from South America. It is
parasitic or inquilinous in the nest of the leaf-cutting bees
(Megachile). I have seen no large collection of these bees
from the West Indies and South America and no effort has
been made to identify the single specimen taken.

2. NOMIA WICKHAMII sp. n.

¢ Length, 12 mm. Black; face, cheeks, superior margin
of collar, tubercles, metapleura, legs and sides of abdominal
segments clothed with a cinereous or whitish pubescence;
metascutellum with a hoary pubescence; tongue at tip piceous;
palpi ferruginous; flagellum beneath dull ferruginous. The
dilated posterior tibiz and the broadly dilated apical margin,
which is produced into a tooth within, yellow; the apical mar-
gins of the second, third, fourth and fifth segments banded
with greenish-yellow, the band on the fourth segment not
however, extending to the lateral margins. Genitalia ferru-

28

NOTES ON THE HYMENOPTERA, 29

ginous, the claspers very large, angulated at apex outwardly
and then strongly curving inwardly and produced into a curved
prong within. Apical dorsal segments medially emarginated
and fringed with black and white hairs. Ventral segments two
and three, yellowish at apex, the third grooved indistinctly,
medially, the fourth with a deep median channel, the fifth carin-
ated. Wings dusky hyaline, broadly fuliginous at apex; the
stigma ferruginous, the veins fuscous. Head transverse,
scarcely as wide as the thorax, the frons closely punctate;
clypeus smooth, slightly arcuated at apex; mandibles black,
with a longitudinal groove along the inner margin; thorax
and scutellum with rather coarse, rounded punctures, more
confluent anteriorly, but separated on the disk; metathorax
closely punctate. Last four joints of anterior tarsi and the last
joint of middle and hind tarsi, yellow. Abdomen twice as long
as head and thorax united, the first segment rather coarsely
punctate, but smooth and shining at the apical margin, and
clothed with sparse white hairs; the following segments, except
at margins, finely, closely punctate, the surface of the bands
being smooth, polished, impunctate.

Described from 2 4 specimens collected at Eleuthera, Ba-
hamas.

3. AGAPOSTEMON FEMORALIS Guér.
One é¢specimen from Eleuthera.

4. HALICTUS ALBITARSATUS sp. n.

4 length 3 to 3.5 mm. Submetallic black; face below
antenne bronzed green; scutellum and postscutellum with a
brassy tinge; tarsi yellowish-white; flagellum beneath from
second joint, brown.

Head transverse finely, closely punctate, less closely punc-
tate on the face while on the clypeus the punctures are sep-
arated. The clypeus is stightly produced and truncate anteri-
orly; mentum transversely narrowed almost entirely covered
by the clypeus, smooth, impunctate; mandibles rufous, black-
ish towards base; ocelli white; antennz 13-jointed, the first
flagellar joint quadrate, the second 1% times longer. Thorax

30 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

slightly purplish anteriorly, finely punctate, the scutellum with
some sparse punctures and an impunctate space at the middle;
mesopleura rather closely punctate; metathorax above smooth,
impunctate, except at extreme base where there are some raised
radiating lines but no enclosure; the sides are delicately sha-
greened, while the posterior face has a deep median incision
followed by a carina below. Wings subhyaline, the stigma
and veins dark brown; the first submarginal cell is about as
long as the second and third united; the first recurrent nervure
joins the second submarginal cell near its apex while the sec-
ond recurrent nervure joins the third submarginal cell a little
beyond its middle. Abdomen oblong-oval smooth, impunc-
tate, the first segment with a deep emargination at base above,
the second, third and fourth segments along their sutures at
base narrowly impressed, the extreme apical margins of sec-
ond, third, fourth and fifth segments narrowly testaceous.

Q@. Length 4.5 mm. Differs from ¢ only in its larger size,
the face below the antenne being sparsely covered with whit-
ish hairs, the clypeus fimbriate with golden hair; the antenne
12-jointed, the second and third flagellar joints equal, a little
wider than long, the first being a little longer than wide; the
tibia and tarsi, as well as the terminal abdominal segment are
covered with yellowish and whitish hairs; while the abdomen
is larger, more hairy, the apical margins of the ventral seg-
ments being fimbriate with long sparse hair.

Described from ¢ and 9 specimens, taken at Bahia Honda,
Cuba, June 1.

FAMILY BEMBICID Ai.

5. MoneEpuLA sIGNATA Lzxn.
One 2 specimen from Eleuthera. A species common in
South America and Cuba.

6. Stizus HOGARDIL Latr.
One 2 from Eleuthera. Mr. Wickham also took a large
specimen of this species at Key West, Florida. It is the
first notice of its occurrence in the United States.

NOTES ON THE HYMENOPTERA. 31
PAMILY SPHEGID A.

7. SPHEX FULVIHIRTA (Guér.

Two specimens, 1 4 from Egg Island, r @ from Spanish
Wells.

8. PELopaus FAsciaTus Lep.
Two specimens, 1 é Eleuthera, 1 9 Egg Island.

PANT LY POMBLERDeA:

9g. SALIUS (PRIONOCNEMIS) FLAVIPENNIS S727th.
One 2 from Bahia Honda, Cuba.

PAMEEY VESPID A.
10. PoLisTEs cUBENsIS S?¢. Fare.
One 2 from Egg Island, May 13.
Ir. Po.isTES AMERICANUS Fabdr.
One 4 from Eleuthera, 1 2 from Harbor Island, July 8.
12. PoLisTES MINOR Beauv.
Two ? specimens from Eleuthera, July 15.

13. PoLyYBIA CUBENSIS Sazss.
One ? from Eleuthera.

FAMILY EUMENID/.

14. ZETHUS AZTECUS Sauss.
One 2 from Eleuthera, evidently a variety of this species
with the legs, except the cox, entirely rufous.

15. ODYNERUS TIBIALIS Sazss.
One 2 from Eleuthera, July 9.

ho SLY 3s CO LIT) Az.

16. MyzineE niTIpA Smith.
One small 2 from Harbor Isl. July 8.

17. Eis TriFasciatus Fadr.
Two ¢ specimens from Eleuthera, July 9.

32 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.
BAM DY MUST UL LAs

18. SPH ROPHTHALMA FERRUGATA Fadyr.
One 2 specimen.

FAMILY. BRACONID A:

19. IpHIAULAx (BrACON) PLICATUS C*r.
One 2 specimen from Eleuthera.

20. SPATHIUS ELEUTHER&:, Sp. n.

9. Length 2.5 mm; ovipositor as long asthe abdomen. Fus-
cous; basal four joints of antennz and the legs including the
coxe pale yellowish; wings subhyaline, the anterior pair with
whitish transverse band from the stigma; stigma and nervures
brown. |

Head quadrate, the face, except the median ridge wrinkled;
frons rather coarsely transversely striated, the occiput more
feebly striated; mesonotum trilobed, rugulose; metanotum dis-
tinctly areolated; petiole long, striated, the body of abdomen
smooth, polished, with the sutures between the segments pale.

Described from 1 2 specimen, taken July 9, from Eleuthera.

BAMILY © \XCAN LED A.

21. EvVANIA APPENDIGASTER 772:
One ? from Eleuthera, July 9.

FAMILY CHALCADIDA:

22. TRIGONASPIS FLAVICOLLIS Mayr.
One ? from Bahia Honda, Cuba. A species described from
Brazil. It is found associated with fig-insects ( Blastoph-
ag@) and no doubt these insects also occur on the Island.

23. EUuPELMUS sp.
One ¢ from Eleuthera, July.

24. EUPELMUS sp.
One ? from Eleuthera, July.

THE SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA.
THE PUFF-BALLS.

By T. H. MACBRIDE anp NORRA ALLIN.

Tue puff-balls constitute an exceedingly interesting section
of our fungous flora. They include the largest forms known
to the class and are so common as to be in most of their forms
very yvenerally observed and named by the common people.
To the botanist they possess especial interest as being the
highest of their class, 7. e. as evincing the limit of differentia-
tion in the possibilities of fungal life; in diversity of form, spe-
cial adaptations for the dispersal of their spores and general
complexity of structure throughout, the puff-balls as a group
transcend all other fungi.

The most striking characteristic of the puff-ballsis the fact
that their spores are internally developed and remain in the
interior of the fructification until ready for dispersal. (See
vol. 1, p 33 and p. 181). The basidia, hyphal branches upon
which the spores finally appear, project into chambers of
greater or smaller dimension and regularity and these cham-
bers suggest for the group containing the puff-balls its scien-
tific name, Gasteromycetes (Greek, gasteron, a sac, etc.). The
form and character of the spore-chamber, its development
and final dehiscence vary greatly within the limits of the
group as will in the course of our further discussion of the
‘subject well appear, but the variations all have reference to
the one function of spore-dispersal; the general formation of
the spores is the same in all.

As to their life-history. some of the puff-balls seem to be
annuals, that is, from the spore develop to complete fructi-

33

34 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

fication in a single season. Most, however, seem to be per-
ennial; at any rate their mycelial or vegetative phase endures
for many months or possibly years before ever fruit is formed
at all. In the case of the very largest forms it is probable
also that fruiting when it does occur entirely exhausts the
mycelium and so terminates for the time the history of the
species for that locality. Some species appear in fruit again
and again in the same locality doubtless continuing as long as
the substratum continues to furnish the requisite nutrition.
Details as to spore-formation are given under each section.

The habitats are various. Many are lignatile, occurring on
logs, stumps, half-buried sticks, beards or ligneous fruits;
others are terrestrial, but even these, of course, depend for their
nutrition upon the decomposing organic matter, remains
of leaves, stems, twigs, buried in the humus. Some of the
terrestrial forms are even subterraneous, but unfortunately none
of these have so far here been brought to our attention. They
are probably overlooked.

In popular estimation puff-balls are always noxious if not
poisonous. According to Fries such is their most ancient repu-
tation. Scotch people call them ‘blin’ ba’s” alluding to the
notion apparently common that the dry spores affect the eyes.
On the other hand it may be said that in Europe, at least, espe-
cially southern Europe, several species have long been recog-
nized as suitable for food, some are even reckoned delicacies.
It is probable that few are poisonous, although tbe greater
number are inedible simply because unfit to eat, woody, bitter,
etc. The effect of the spores upon the eyes is purely mechan-
ical, and probably in no wise different from that of any other
dust. Spores and capillitium were at one time regarded as
possessed of special styptic properties, but such agencies in
surgery have fallen into disuse.

Puff-balls frequent the warmer or temperate regions of the
globe and are found in every land. Those of North America
have been less perfectly studied. Zhe United States Species
of Lycoperdon by Dr. Chas. H. Peck, Worth American Gas-
teromycetes by A. P. Morgan, and Morels and Puff-balls of

THE SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. a5

Madison, Wisconsin, by Prof. Wm. Trelease, constitute the
principal American literature on this subject.

The group Gasteromycetes as a suborder of the order
Basidionycetes may be thus defined:

GAS BIRO MY CE EES: (firzes) \Weilld.

Fungi, terrestrial or more rarely lignatile, attaining in some
cases great size, developed from more or less wide-spreading
mycelium which at the point of fructification converges to
produce the sporocarp and usually in rhizoidal fashion binds
it fast to the substratum; sporocarp consisting essentially of a
closed sac or peridium, generally double, within which is devel-
oped a variously modified hyphal structure the gleba, with
numerous hypha-walled secondary sacs or chambers lined or
filled by the basidiosporous hymenium; basidia various, bear-
ing apical or lateral spores often in fours; spores spherical or
elliptical, hyaline or variously tinted.

The sub-order is variously divided into families by different
authors according as each recognizes some special distinction
in the manner in which the hymenium is enclosed. For
instance, Saccardo divides the sub-order into four families
Phalloidice, Nidulariacee, Lycoperdacee and Hymenogastracea,
while Winter has six families, Phallordee, [1ymenogastree, Scle-
rodermee, Tulostomea, Lycoperdinee and Nidulariee. Morgan
combines these two schemes. His classification contains five
families, the Zw/ostomee and the Lycoperdinee being united
under the Lycoperdacee. Since the Tulostomee and Lycoper-
dinee are easily distinguished, Winter’s classification seems
to better subserve the convenience of the student and is
accordingly here, with slight modification, adopted.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF THE GASTEROMYCETES.

I. Sporocarp tuberous; mostly underground species; peridium concrete
with the gleba, indehiscent, cells of the gleba persistent; capillitium
wanting. : : : : : : 2 : : HYMENOGASTRE.

II Sporocarp globose, tuberous, terrestrial; peridium discrete from the
gleba; cells of the gleba subpersistent, with little or no capillitium.
SCLERODERME.

36 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

III. Sporocarp globose, long stipitate; peridium persistent, at maturity
dry, opening by a definite aperture; ciel and capillitium also dry per-
sistent; sterigmata lateral. : : : : 5 TULOSTOME®.

IV. Sporocarp traversed vertically by ‘ie well developed columella
which is an upward growth or continuation of the stipe; gleba in our
genus septate. . : : : : : : . : PODAXINE.

V. Sporocarp terrestrial, of various forms; peridium with a more or less
thickened base; breaking up irregularly, or falling away, or opening
regularly; at maturity filled witn a dusty mass of mingled threads and
SpOres:, | : : : c : : : : : LYCOPERDINE.

VI. Sporocarp cup-shaped or cyathiform, open at the top, containing one
or more persistent hymenial chambers, the peridiola. . NIDULARIE#.

VII. Sporocarp at first ovate, consisting of the stipe, gleba and peridium;
peridium complex, of several distinct layers, at length irregularly rup-
tured in such way as to form a volva out of which rises a peculiar stipe
or receptacle displaying the mucilaginous gleba. . . PHALLOIDE#,

I. HYMENOGASTREZ.

(This family is not represented in our collection. )

It. -SCLERODERME:.

Sporocarp depressed globose, with a thick, leathery, perid-
ium breaking irregularly; the gleba cellular; at maturity the
walls of the hymenial chambers drying up but persisting as
such; capillitium lacking or scant. The only genus is

ie SCLER ODE RM Ay

Peridium dry, leathery or corky, simpie, gleba at first elastic
fleshy, white, at length becoming dry and dark colored. The
hymenium filling up the cells of the gleba as with hyphal
tissue, at length dissolving so that only the spores and indis-
tinguishable remnants remain of a capillitum which originally
consisted of single cells or rows of cells derived from the
hyphe of the trama. The trama when dry perists as a frag-
mentary, easily perishing network.

SCLERODERMA VULGARE /Fforneman, Flora Dan.

Sporocarp depressed globose, of various forms and sizes,
sessile or umbilicate below, tough, hard, corky or woody;

THE SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. 7

peridium variable in color, yellow, orange, reddish, or chest-
nut-brown, smooth, scaly, or warty, at length breaking irregu-
larly at the top; gleba in young specimens pallid, soon becom-
ing blue-black; capillitial remains gray; spores in mass blue-
black, by transmitted light brownish, globose, spiny, 9-14 u
in diameter.

Very common, and easily recognized by the characters
cited. Our specimens are usually an inch or two in diameter
and about half as high, attached by mycelial strands remark-
ably resembling roots. In pastures, woods and fields. August—
October.

It. TULOSTOME~.

Sporocarp globose, at maturity surmounting a long slender
cylindric stipe; peridium double, the outer verrucose or squa-
mose, deciduous, the inner thin, papery, opening by a regular
apical mouth; gleba not cellular but made up of an almost
undifferentiated mass of uniform basidia-bearing hyphe, de-
veloped from and adhering to the inner peridum; capillitium
of delicate interwoven branching hyphe appearing at the time
of the deliquescence of the basidia, the ends sometimes cla-
vate; spore-mass ochraceous-yellow; spores laterally produced,
rough, small.

Easily distinguished from all other puff-balls by the stipitate
habit, especially by the character and insertion of the stipe,
which is long and slender and covered above by the base of
the sporocarp proper as by a cap.

PO EUL OS TOMA:

The only genus.
I. TULOSTOMA MAMMOSUM (Michelz) Winter.

Sporocarp globose, light-brown on a long slender stipe, with
a fibrous mycelium; outer peridium of minute brown scales soon
disappearing; inner peridium thin, membranaceous, smooth,
white or light brown, opening by a small, circular, prominent
ostiole; stipe bulbose at base, cylindrical, stuffed, of uniform

38 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

thickness, straight, brownish, more or less squamulose, at length
smooth and glabrous, grooved and hollow; gleba yellowish,
loose; capillitial threads long, slender, hyaline, about as thick
as the spores, branched; spores globose, with scattered warts,
yellow, 4—5 » in diameter.

Common in sandy places by streams and in alluvial soils,
September—October. Especially abundant along the sandy
banks of the Iowa river, where hundreds of specimens may be
seen with each recurring autumn. Other species have been
reported east and west of us, but so far this is only form in
Iowa.

IV. PODAXINEZ.

Sporocarp of various shapes, stipitate, the stipe percurrent;
capillitium variable, often entirely wanting; the gleba also
variable in structure sometimes septate, cellular, sometimes not.

The forms here included constitute a somewhat hetero-
geneous aggregation. In some of the species we are reminded
at once both of the Hymenomycetes and the Gasteromycetes.
The characteristic feature, however, distinguishing this family.
from all others, is the percurrent stipe.

Lose Ord i:

Sporocarp stipitate, at first everywhere closed, at length
breaking irregularly at its lower margin into segments, cen-
tral stipe distinct, not cellular, reaching the apex of the perid-
ium; the gleba cellulose, spongy, divided into chambers by
anastomosing, membranaceous plates; capillitum wanting,
spores for the most part ovate, colored, appearing in groups
of from two to four upon obovate, clavate or cylindrical basidia.

I. SECOTIUM WARNE! Peck.

Peridium subglobose, ovate, or oblong, squamulose with
thick roundish scales, white, gray or brown, sessile or short-
stipitate, base at length breaking longitudinally, into 4-6 parts;
gleba at first white, then yellow, at length brownish-ochrace-
ous; spores sub-globose or ovate elliptical, 6-10 long.

THE SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. 39

A remarkable species, little resembling any thing else and
yet perhaps sometimes mistaken for some brown-spored
agaric which has failed toopen or expand. First described by
Dr. Peck from Illinois, it has since been reported from several
States from Nebraska to Pennsylvania, Very common here
in autumn about drift-wood in low places, alluvial meadows, etc.

YT: EYCOPERDINEA:.

Sporocarp globose or turbinate; in habitat, terrestial or lig-
natile; peridium double, at maturity dry, breaking up irregu-
larly or opening regularly with characteristic well defined
mouth. Gleba consisting generally of two parts, a sterile
basal portion and a fertile cellular portion with a capillitium.
At maturity all internal structures disappear except the capil-
litium and the spores so that that the interior of the sporocarp
presents simply a dusty flocculent mass. Spores borne at the
apex of the basidium.

The peridium in the Zycoferdinee consists of two separable
membranes generally very different from each other. These
are distinguished as the outer and inner peridia. The outer
is sometimes a stout thick coat, sometimes a delicate fragile
structure, breaking up into warts. spines, scales, etc., or entirely
evanescent. The inner, generally more delicate, is often
papery and thin especially at maturity.

In the gleba two sorts of hyphe may be distingushed. The
first make up the chamber-walls and consist of thin, delicate
walled, richly protoplasmic, septate threads, whose ultimate
branches constitute the basidia. Developed partially in the
trama, partially diagonally through the cells of the sporocarp
run the hyphe of the second form; these are thicker, firmer
walled, rarely septate tubules rising as modifications of the
more delicate tramal hyphae. The tramal hyphe at maturity
almost entirely disappear, often with considerable effusion of
water, as do also the basidia and there remain only the hyphe
of the thick walled form which constitute the so-called capil-
littum. The capillitial threads subsequently become larger,
their walls more thickened and commonly distinctly colored. 1

1C, F. Winter Crypt. Fl. Deutschlands, Vol.1, Pt. 1, p. 893.

40 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.
TABLE OF GENERA OF THE LYCOPERDINEZ.

A. Peridium sessile, base more or less thickened.
1. Peridium opening irregularly by the breaking up of its walls.
: : ; ; : : : . ; : I. CatvatTia.
2. Peridium opening by a definite apical mouth.
a. Threads of the capillitium long, delicate, simple or rarely branched.
- : : : 3 : : ; A Il. LycorperDoNn
6. Threads of the capillitium short, several times dichotomously
branched. : : - : : : - é V. BoviISsTELLA.

B. Peridium sessile, base not thickened nor stem like.
Peridium plainly double.
a. Peridia stellately reflexed.

* Inner peridium stellately reflexed. : VI. MycENASTRUM,
** Outer peridium stellately reflexed. 2 - VII. GEASTER.
6. Peridia not stellately reflexed.
* The dehiscence basal. . : 2 : : IV. CaTastToma.
** Dehiscence apical, definite or irregular; capillitium abundant
dichotomously branched. : : : : III. Bovista.°

LCA LNA Te (fries) Morgan.

Sporocarp large, globose and sessile or turbinate with a
well developed stem-like base, terrestrial, attached to the
ground by mycelial strands often thick and cord-like; peridia
distinct, the outer thin smooth or granular often soon dissi-
pated, the inner thick but fragile, after maturity breaking up
into fragments from above downwards and so disappearing;
the gleba, capillitium and spores, dense, persistent finally dissi-
pated by the wind, the columella in some cases long remain-
ing, definitely limited above; capillitial threads long, slender,
abundantly branched and intricately interwoven; spores glo-
bose, minute.

This genus as now defined includes the largest puff-balls
of the order. Specimens are often solitary, at most gregarious.

The genus founded by Fries to receive the Bovista cranii-
Jormis of Schweinitz, has no features which are not equally
characteristic of several other species heretofore assigned
usually to the genus Lycoperdon. We accordingly follow
Morgan in abstracting from the old genus Lycoferdon all the
the species opening by a deciduous inner peridium.

THE SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. 4I

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CALVATIA.

I, Peridium entirely sessile.
a. Outer peridium covered with fine white granules or smooth.
: : : : : : Lee : : : 1. C€. BOVISTA.
6. Outer peridium areolate with white patches. . 2. C.PACHYDERMUM.

II. Peridium with a short thick stem-like, base.

A. Spores purple. : : : : : : 3. C. CYATHIFORMIS.
B. Spores olivaceous.
a. Peridium breaking stellately. . : : : 4. C, C#LATUM.

6. Peridium breaking irregularly.
1. Outer peridium areolate with abundant brown scales.
; : : : : ; : 5. C. HIEMALIS.
2. Outer peridium granular. : : é 6. C. CRANIIFORMIS.

1. CaLvaTiA Bovista (L72n.) Jlachride.

Sporocarp sessile, mycelium-attached, globose or subglobose,
large, 10-20 inches in diameter; outer peridium a delicate,
scarce distinguished, closely adherent layer; inner peridium
thin, at first tough, leathery, at length exceedingly fragile,
breaking from above downwards, white then olivaceous or
brownish; capillitium comparatively scant, the threads long,
septate, much branched, greater than the spores; spore-mass
dark olivaceous-brown, long persistent; spores minute, nearly
smooth, 3-4.5 ,.

This is the “ giant puff-ball” of all the world. It occurs
on meadows, lawns, pastures and sometimes in open wood-
lands, and might be rather common save for the perversity of
some people who take pleasure in destroying natural objects,
especially such as are large enough to attract the attention
of their obtuse faculties. When young the gleba of speci-
mens of this species is perfectly white, clean, rich in proto-
plasm and when properly cooked, delicately flavored and nutri-
tious. The peculiar power of self-restoration possessed by
the sporocarp may be made use of in such way that slices for
the table may be taken from a specimen day after day with-
out serious injury to the fungus, and this may be continued as
long as the tissues continue growing. Once deliquescence
sets in the tissues are, of course, no longer edible.

Specimens often occur in groups, gregariously, as many as
twenty or thirty within the limits of an acre. In such cases

Vos D

42 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

no one specimen is very large, the largest perhaps ten inches
in diameter. Isolated individuals, on the other hand. reach
remarkable dimensions. Our largest specimen was 16 inches
in diameter; specimens three feet in diameter are reported.

By the ancients the giant puff-ball was denominated dovrséa,
doubtless because of supposed medicinal value in veterinary ©
practice. “*Pulvere maturo hujus et afinium cum lacte mixto
Borussi Fennones in diarrhoea boum utuntur.” yes, Syst.
Myc. 11, 30. Linnzeus wrote Lycoperdon bovista; Scheffer,
L. maximum; Morgan Calvatia maxima, etc.

_2. CALVATIA PACHYDERMUM (Peck) Morgan.

Sporocarp subglobose, 4—6 inches in diameter the rooted
base somewhat pointed; outer peridium thin, smooth, whitish,
the upper part cracking into small, irregular, persistent, spot-
like scales or areas; inner peridium thick, sub-corky, some-
what brittle above, at length breaking up into irregular frag-
ments; capillitium and spores ochraceous-brown; threads
long, flexuous, somewhat branched; spores subglobose or
broadly elliptical, 4-6 » x 5-7 ».

Growing on the ground.

Our best specimen is very large being about 16 inches in
diameter or 4 feet in circumference. The thin, white, outer
peridium breaks first and shrinks back in patches somewhat
smaller than the fragments of the inner peridium which fol-
lows, in breaking, the same lines. We have one specimen
from Guthrie County about 12 inches in diameter and one
from Muscatine about 16 inches in diameter, both much larger
than the description would seem to warrant, but the species is
so well marked that there can be no doubt of correct reference.

Rare. Therange seems westward. Reported so far here-
tofore from Dakota and Arizona.

3. CALVATIA CyATHIFORMIS (Bosc) Morgan.

Sporocarp 2—4 inches wide, broadly obovoid or turbinate,
depressed or flattened above, with a short, thick base and cord-
like root; outer peridium smooth, thin fragile, easily peeling off,

THE SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. +3

whitish-brown to brownish-purple, upper part often cracking
into areas; inner peridium thin, pale to dark purple, fragile,
velvety, at maturity breaking up into fragments and falling
away: base occupying nearly half of the peridium, cup-shaped
above, persisting a long time: capillitium and spores brownish-
purple; threads very long, thinner than the spores, scarcely
branched; spores globose, rough, spiny, 4.5—5 ,, in diameter.
Growing on the ground in meadows and pastures, common
and widely distributed. The persistent sub-gleba or base is
a curious structure, often enduring through the winter and
often collected as a perfect specimen. It is a cushion-like
object, stands sometimes eight inches high, surrounded by a
projecting frill, the remains of the vanished peridium; the
upper surface smooth, having been always structurally distinct
from the gleba proper. Small forms of the present species
seem to represent the Lycoperdon fragile of Vittadini. The
fresh mature spore-mass in all is purple, richly beautiful.

4. CaLvaTIA C@&LATA (Sull.) Morgan.

Sporocarp large, obovoid, obconic or turbinate, depressed
above, about 5 inches in diameter, the base stem-like, stout,
thick and with a cord-like root; outer peridium thick, floccose
breaking irregularly into large areas covered with large wart-
like scales, dull brown in color; inner peridium thinner, fragile,
at length irregularly ruptured, chiefiy along the lines suggested
by the breaking of the outer peridium finally showing a large.
irregular, lacerate aperture; both peridia at length fall away
above leaving a cup-shaped base with a lacerate margin, per-
sistent; capillitium and spores dense, greenish-yellow, changing
to amber; threads very long, much branched, brittle; spores
globose, smooth, yellowish-brown, sometimes with a minute
pedicel, 4—5 « in diameter.

Growing on the ground chiefly in open woods. Easily dis-
tinguished from other similar forms by its peculiar dehiscence.
Not common.

5. CALVATIA CRANIIFORMIS (Schw.) Fries.

Sporocarps large, 3—7 inches in diameter, gregarious, obconic
Iv—1 Dz

44 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

or turbinate with stem-like base; strongly depressed-flattened
above; the stipe often short, generally from one-half to two-
thirds the entire height, coarsely cellular within, stout, thick,
contracted below and mycelium attached; outer peridium thin,
furfuraceous, transparent, breaking up into rather small areoles;
the inner peridium thicker, velvety, extremely fragile; after
maturity all the upper parts of both peridia deciduous; gleba
bright yellow or greenish-yellow, becoming darker with age,
‘compact, persistent; capillitial threads long, branching freely;
‘spores smooth, short-pedicellate, about 3.5 up.

Formerly not uncommon in undisturbed woodlands, where
in autumn great numbers of individuals could be found within
quite narrow limits; now much less seldom seen. As in cog-
nate species, it sometimes happens that a single large speci-
men occupies the ground; usually, however, several are found
plainly the product of one mycelium. ‘The stipe is but an
exaggerated columella or sub-gleba remarkable for its coarse
cellular structure. The entire gleba at length disappears,
leaving only the sterile, now cup-shaped base.

Delaware, Johnson, Muscatine counties.

Il. LYCOPERDON (TZourn.) Morgan.

Sporocarp globose or pear-shaped, generally more or less
distinctly stalked, or furnished with a stem-like base; perid-
ium double, the outer usually, at least partially, deciduous,
often consisting chiefly of warts, spines or granules; the
inner thin, papery, persistent, dehiscent by a regular apical
mouth; gleba variously tinted, purple, olivaceous or olivaceous
brown, the capillitium of slender delicate threads arising both
from the peridium and the columella; the sub-gleba usually
coarsely cellular.

The Lycoperdons are at first white or yellowish-white, soft
and moist within, and in this condition are said to be edible.
The upper surface is nearly always rough, warted or spines-
cent at first, later, generally smooth. The spores mature
with liquefaction of some of the hyphal elements after which
they assume the color characteristic in the several groups.

THE SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. 45

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LYCOPERDON.
I. Spores at maturity purplish brown.

a. Outer peridium of long convergent spines. 1. L. PULCHERRIMUM.
6 Outer peridium of short convergent spines or hairs.

2. L. ATROPURPUREUM.

c. Outer peridium of minute spinules. - 3. L. ASTEROSPERMUM.
d. Outer peridium a furfuraceous persistent coat. . 4. L. ELEGANS.

II. Spores at maturity olivaceous brown.
A. Sporocarp turbinate, usually with stem-like base.
a. Outer peridium furfuraceous or with very small warts or spines,

inconspicuous.

I. Sporocarp terrestrial. ‘ : : : : 5. L. MOLLE.

2. Sporocarp lignatile. : ; : z 6. L. PYRIFORME.
6. Outer peridium showing conspicuous wart-like spines some long,

some short. : : : : : ; : 7. L. GEMMATUM.
ce. Outer peridium showing conspicuous spines convergent at the tip;

spores pedicellate : - : : : 8. L. PEDICELLATUM.

B. Sporocarp more or less globose.
a. Outer peridium inconspicuous. : : : 9. L. PUSILLUM.
6. Outer peridium of conspicuous converging spines. 10. L. PECKII.

I. LyYCOPERDON PULCHERRIMUM B&B. c& C.

/

Sporocarp obovoid, 1-1% inches in diameter, with a short
stout more or less pointed base; outer peridium consisting of
very long white spines, converging and generally coherent at
the apex, at length deciduous; inner peridium smooth, or fur-
furaceous, brown, sometimes slightly reticulate: sub-gleba one-
third of the entire fructification; gleba at first white then oli-
vaceous then purplish-brown; threads of the capiilitium much
branched, main stem thicker than the spores, branches long,
slender, tapering; spores globose, minutely warted, usually
stalkless, about 5 » in diameter.

Very common everywhere in low grounds. The species
easily distinguished by the character of its spines. No other
comes near to it in shagginess. The spines are deciduous
and at maturity, especially in wet weather, all fall off from above
downwards, leaving the bald, brown inner peridium to open,
somewhat irregularly, at the apex.

2. LycOPERDON ATROPURPUREUM V7.

Sporocarp sub-globose, 1—2 inches in diameter, often irregu-

46 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

lar, with a plicate base and fibrous mycelium; outer peridium
white, cinereous or brownish consisting of soft slender spines
or hairs, which at length fall away leaving the smooth, shining
brownish-purple surface of the the inner peridium; sub-gleba,
broad about one-third of the peridium; mass of spores and
capillitium olivaceous then purplish-brown; capillitial threads
about equal to the spores with long, acuminate branches;
spores globose, spinescent, pedicellate, 5—7 v.

Rare. Found occasionally in woods or sandy pastures.

The warts of the outer peridium are something like those of
L. gemmatum, and from their color, immature specimens
might possibly be mistaken for that species. The present
species is, however, solitary and sessile and the peridial warts
are nearly uniform, all of one size, generally with a reddish
tinge when the plant grows in the shade.

3. LycopERDON ASTEROSPERMUM Dur. & Mont.

Sporocarp obovoid or short-turbinate, 1-1 % inches in diam-
eter, short and pointed below with a fibrous rooting mycelium;
outer peridium a thin coat of closely set minute spinules pre-
senting a granular appearance to the naked eye, yellowish or
brownish above, paler below, at length deciduous; inner
peridium dull yellow, smocth, shining, very thin but papery
and persistent; sub-gleba obconic, about one-third the height
of the peridium; gleba at maturity, brownish-purple, the capil-
litial threads about equalling the spores, the branches, long
acuminate, spores globose, warted, 5—6 u.

Not rare on the ground in open woods and orchards. Dis-
tinguished from the preceding by its much more delicate outer
peridium, by the thin, shining, persistent inner peridium and the
bright brown capillitium, persisting after the spores are blown
away.

. LYCOPERDON ELEGANS JVorgan.
4 iS

Sporocarp large, 1%~3 inches in diameter, depressed glo-
bose, plicate beneath, and sometimes with narrow unboniform
base. which is continuous with the thick root; outer peridium
at first flocculose, white or yellowish, drying up into a dense

THE SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. 47

furfuraceous coat, which becomes brownish in color, and
sometimes obscurely areolate; sterile base occupying nearly
one-half of the peridium: mass of spores and capillitium olivace-
ous, then purplish-brown; threads much branched, main stem
thicker than the spores, branches long and tapering; spores
globose, distinctly warted, 5-6 « in diameter.

This species was described by Mr. Morgan from a speci-
men collected in Muscatine County, lowa, several years ago.
The locality which furnished the specimen is a peculiar one,
its entire flora in many respects unique. Probably a dozen
species of the higher plants here occur not seen elsewhere in
the State.

The chief distinguishing characteristics are the smooth,
evanescent outer peridium, the curiously evenly plicate base,
and the largely developed, coarsely cellular sub-gleba. The
latter remains yellow or yellowish-gray in strong contrast with
the rich brown gleba above. Two other smaller specimens
since taken in the same locality seem to confirm the original
diagnosis. Under the pine trees on the same hill-top which
furnishes these specimens ZL. cran7iformis is year by year
abundant.

5. LycoPERDON MOLLE Pers.

Sporocarp an inch or two in diameter, turbinate, depressed
above, below abruptly contracted into a short, thick, stem-like
base, mycelium-attached; outer peridium a thin mealy-furfura-
ceous, sub-persistent coat, white or yellowish in color, at length
deciduous; inner peridium smooth, shining, olivaceous or
brown, thin and comparatively fragile; sub-gleba, about one-
third of the peridium; mass of spores and capillitium dull olive;
becoming brownish; threads, branching, equal to the spores,
very minutely roughened, with a small distinct pedicel,
about 4 u.

On the ground in open woodland. This species is distin-
guished by the mealy character of its warts. It is the smooth-
est turbinate species we have. In wet weather the inner
peridium has a tendency to crack in areas. Fries referred
this species as a variety to L. gemmatum, var. furfuraceum,

48 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

and Winter followed his classification. It differs essentially
from ZL. gemmatum in the the character of the warts.

6. LyCcoPERDON PYRIFORME Scheff.

Sporocarps %4~1 inch in diameter and of about equal height,
usually densely cespitose or crowded, lignatile, obovoid or
obconic with short pedicel, mycelium-attached with abundant
white strands; outer peridium of scattered, dark brown warts
or short spines, persistent and sometimes areolate; inner perid-
ium pale, thin, tough; gleba olivaceous, capillitial threads thicker
than the spores, branched; sub-gleba white felt-like of very
small cells, spores globose, smooth, about 4 .

Abundant on old logs or stumps, or more rarely on the
ground; usually cespitose, and sometimes extending several
feet, hundreds together! “The commonest of all puff-balls;
distributed throughout the whole world.” It is easily dis-
tinguished by its shape, the persistent character of the warts
and by its reddish appearance when dried. Some specimens
collected here resemble Z. mo//e, but are smaller and distin-
guished by the character of the warts, which are those of Z.
gemmatum. From the latter species L. Ayr?forme is distin-
guished by its shape and by the white sub-gleba.

7. LyCOPERDON GEMMATUM Satsch.

Sporocarps more or less cespitose, turbinate-stipitate, flat-
tened above, plicate and abruptly tapering beneath, lignatile or
sometimes terrestrial, from a fibrous mycelium; outer peridium
consisting of numerous spike-like warts with many smaller ones
interspersed, brownish or reddish, the larger first deciduous,
leaving a spotted, as if reticulate, surface; inner peridium thin,
tough, persistent, opening by a well-defined mouth; gleba at
first greenish-yellow, then brown, the capillitial threads arising
from the peridium and sub-gleba, generally simple, equalling
the spores; sub-gleba well developed arising within the perid-
ial cavity as a spherical columella; spores, globose, minutely
roughened, about 4 vu.

A very common species, usually on rotten stumps, logs,
etc., in great crowded colonies, their thick, elongate cylindric

THE SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF -EASTERN IOWA. 49

stipes raising the sporocarps an inch or two above the sur-
face. The peculiar brown translucent conical spines consti-
tute the “gems” with which the upper surface is clothed.
These fall off so as to leave white round scars. which to the
naked eye assume a reticulate pattern. A form occurs in
which the spines are sharper, more abundant, black or dark
brown in general effect against a gray inner peridium, but
otherwise as above. This appears to be Z. perlatum Pers. It
may be esteemed a recognizable variety.

8. -LyCOPERDON PEDICELLATUM Peck.

Sporocarp globose or broadly ovoid, 34—2 inches in diameter,
narrowed into a stem-like base, with a slender fibrous mycelium.
Outer peridium gray changing to smoky brown, consisting of
long rather dense spines convergent at the apex; these at length
fall away, leaving a wrinkled or obscurely reticulated surface to
the pale glabrous inner peridium; sterile base small, occupying
about a fourth part of the peridium; mass of spores and capilli-
tium greenish-yellow then brownish; threads much branched,
main stem thicker than the spores; spores globose, smooth,
3-4.5 » in diameter, with persistent pedicels three to five times
as long.

Growing on the ground and decaying wood in the woods.
Instantly recognized by the long, persistent, pedicels of the
spores. Superficially the species resembles some phases of
the preceding species but is distinguished by the converging
spine-tips. Not uncommon. September.

9: LyCOPERDON pPUSILLUM JSatsch.

Sporocarp small, less than an inch in diameter, globose ses-
sile, rooted; the outer peridium a thin coat of minute granules
or scales; furfuraceous, inner peridium pale, exceedingly thin,
papery but tough withal; gleba greenish-yellow or olivaceous
becoming darker, the capillitial threads abundantly branched
about equai to the spores; sub-gleba small but distinct, coarsely
cellular; spores globose, nearly smooth, 4 uv.

Not common; occuring occasionally in old fields or undis-
turbed woods in small colonies, half a dozen individuals in a

50 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

place. The surface is like that of Z. molle though more
delicately roughened. The globose form will distinguish it
from any other species in this list except the next; LZ. peckzi
exhibits converging spines.

10. LycopERDON PECKIL Alorgan.

Sporocarp small '%~—1 inch in diameter, clustered or solitary;
depressed globose with a short stem-like base, mycelium-
attached; outer peridium of short, close-set spines clustered
and convergent at the apex, long persistent but at length
deciduous; inner peridium smooth, fragile especially above;
gleba at first olivaceous yellow, then brownish; sub-gleba
coarsely cellular and concolorous; capillitial threads about
equalling the spores, with few branches; spores globose,
warted, 4.5 pu.

This is a common little species on the ground in thinly cov-
ered meadows, pastures, etc. It seems to affect our loess (clay)
soils. We have never seen it anywhere else nor growing on
good soil. The spore-mass in some of its transitional shades
might be called purple and would suggest with the warted
surface small specimens of L. pulcherrimum from which spe-
cies the smaller shorter spines readily distinguish it.

IW: “BO: VS Tee sees:

Sporocarp globose sessile, without columella or sterile sub-
gleba; peridium double, the outer almost completely decidu-
ous; capillitium threads distinct, separable, each consisting of a
short thick, stem-like portion which branches more or less
regularly dichotomously, the ultimate branches acuminate.

This genus is sharply distinguished from Lycoperdon by
the character of the peridia as well as by the capillittum. The
number of species is small; in Iowa not more than two, so

far reported, but these are exceedingly common.
1. Bovista pita B&B. & C.

Sporocarp globose or depressed, sessile, attached by a cord-
like mycelial strand; outer peridium thin, white, at length

i

THE SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. 51

squamulose, deciduous; the inner peridium tough, rigid, long
persistent, at first reddish or reddish-brown, at length sil-
very, perfectly smooth, the dehiscence irregular, more or less
apical; sub-gleba none; spore-mass at first ochraceous then
brown, compact; capillitial threads short, much thicker than
the spores, branched, the branches acuminate; spores brown,
globose, nearly smooth, sometimes short-pedicelled, 5 ye

Exceedingly common everywhere throughout the wooded
portion of Iowa and even in planted groves over the prairie.
The inner peridium persists indefinitely and becomes dehis-
cent only after long weathering and tossing about on the sur-
face of the ground, in this respect unlike any other puff-ball
of this region.

B. nigrescens Pers. to which the present species is closely
related has pedicellate spores; otherwise just the same. It
may be fairly questioned whether 4. fr/a is entitled to specific
rank.

2. BoviIsTA PLUMBEA Fers.

Sporocarp globose, 34-114 inches in diameter, sessile, my-
celium-attached; outer peridium thin, smooth, falling away in
scales, only that part near the base remaining attached; inner
peridium papery, flexible, lead-colored. with a narrow ostiole;
capillitium and spores soft, loose. ochraceous then brown;
threads three to five times branched, branches long, straight;
spores long-pedicelled, rough especially toward the apex,
oval, about 5X7 u.

Very common on meadows, pastures and lawns, at first
white, the inner peridium clear lead-color, dehiscent by a
definite. but lacerate apical aperture, at first white-bordered.
Differs from the preceding in the color of the inner peridium
and in the spores rough and long-pedicellate.

IV. CATASTOMA Morgan.

Mycelium filamentous, proceeding from all parts of the
surface. Peridium subglobose, without a thickened base;
a fragile coat of loosely interwoven hyphe, after maturity

52 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

torn asunder, leaving the lower part in the ground and a cup-
shaped portion adherent above; inner peridium subcoriace-
ous, dehiscent by a basal aperture. Capillitium originating
from the inner surface of the peridium; the threads long,
branched, sub-hyaline, after maturity gradually breaking up
into short pieces, which appear among the spores as free,
short, simple or scarcely branched threads with blunt extremi-
ties; spores globose, warted, pale-brown, sessile or pedicellate.

Puff-balls growing beneath the surface of the ground and
connected immediately with it by filamentous threads, which
issue from every part of the cortex; after maturity, when the
peridium breaks away, the lower part of the outer coat is
held fast by the soil, whiie the upper portion, which has
attained the surface, remains covering the inner peridium like
a cap or inverted cup; consequently the apparent apex at
which the mouth is situated is the actual base of the plant as
it grows. The capillitium threads are similar to the densely
interwoven hyphe, which form-the inner peridium and are
evidently branches of them radiating into the interiur.—A. P.
Morgan, Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. xit, p.' 142.

From Aovrsta this genus differs chiefly in its inverted habit.
Aside, however, from the circumstance that it grows mouth
downward it is peculiar in its mycelial attachment to the sur-
rounding soil. To form the outer peridium soil and hyphe
blend in about equal proportions.

I. CATASTOMA SUBTERRANEUM (Peck) J/forgan.

Fungi subgregarious; sporocarp subglobose, immersed in
soil, about one inch in diameter; outer peridium white or grey
from the adherent soil, fragile, circumscissile; inner peridium
smooth as in Bovrsta, pale, becoming brown and then weath-
ering to white again, dehiscent at length at the base by an
irregular aperture; spore-mass and capillitium brown, lax;
capillitial threads usually long and flexuous, sparingly branched;
spores globose, sessile, rough, 6-8 u.

This little species was first sent from South Dakota by Mr.
C. W. Irish to Dr. Chas. H. Peck, and by him described as

THES SAPROPHAYLIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. 53

Bovista subterranea, Bot. Gaz., v. 216, 1879. It does not
appear so far in our collections from eastern Iowa, but has
been sent in from our western counties. It is an inhabitant of
dry prairies and in some parts of South Dakota literally covers
the ground, as, for instance, in the valley of the Cheyenne.

Vie BO V5 Tb iol Ae Morgan.

Mycelium funicular, rooting from the base. Sporocarp
subglobose, with a well developed base; outer peridium a
dense floccose sub-persistent coat: inner peridium membrana-
ceous, dehiscent by a regular apical ostiole. Sterile portion
cellulose, cup-shaped above and definitely limited, persistent;
capillitium originating within the tissue of the gleba; the
threads free, short, several times dichotomously branched, the
main stem thicker than the diameter of the spores, the branches
tapering; spores small, globose cr oval, smooth, pedicellate.

A puff-ball of moderate size, growing in fields and open
woods; it has the peridium of a Lycoperdon and the capilli-
tium of a Bovista. The threads of the capillitium originate
within the tissue of the gleba, along with the spores, and after
deliquescence are left perfectly free within the peridium;
they are altogether different from the slender sub-hyaline
hyphz which compose the wall of the inner peridium and
have connection with them.

I. BovisTELLA OHIENSIS /llis & Morgan.

Sporocarp globose or broadly ovoid, 1%~3 inches high and
about the same in diameter, sometimes much depressed, pli-
cate underneath, with a thick cord-like root; outer peridium
a dense floccose coat, sometimes segregated into soft warts or
spines, white or grayish in color; this dries up into a thick
buff-colored or dirty brown layer, which gradually falls away,
leaving a smooth, shining, pale brown surface to the inner
peridium; sterile portion broad, ample, occupying nearly one-
half of the peridium, a long time persistent; mass of spores
and capillitium lax, friable, clay-colored or pale brown, threads
pale brown , 3-5 times branched, the branches tapering, main

54 NATURAL HISTORY RULLETIN.

stem much thicker than the spores; spores globose or oval,
smooth, 4-5 » X 3.5—4.5 », long, persistent pedicels hyaline.—
Cin. S@c. Nat. Hist., Vol. xm. ‘p. 141:

Rare, on the ground in pastures and open woods. Resem-
bles Lycoperdon but differs at sight from any of our local
species by its short conical stipe, solid sub-gleba and flat or
depressed shallow gleba. N. A. F. 3306.

VI MYCENAS TRU Mex

Sporocarp depressed-globose, sessile mycelium-attached;
peridium double; the outer envelope thin, white, fragile, break-
ing up into squamose fragments, deciduous; inner peridium,
thick, tough, coriaceous, at length dividing stellately from the
apex and becoming reflexed as the outer in Geaster ; sub-gleba
scant or none; gleba brown, persistent; capillitium of short,
thick, sparingly branched threads.

« Puff-balls of considerable size, growing in sandy soil in
dry regions. A very distinct genus, in no way related to
Scleroderma and resembling it only in the thick, corky inner
peridium. The threads of the capillitium originate within the
tissue of the gleba, along with the spores, and are set free by
deliquescence as in Lovista.”—Morgan

MycENASTRUM SPINULOSUM feck.

Peridium globose, sessile, two or four inches in diameter,
thick, firm, whitish, externally cracking into rather large areas,
the whole brown when mature and stellately splitting from
above into six or seven unequal, spreading or reflexed rays;
capillitium and spores in mass dark-brown with a slight pur-
plish tinge; flocci rather short, pale, usually branched, armed
with scattered unequal spinules which are more numerous near
the acuminate extremities; spores globose, colored, minutely
warted, 10-12 ,» in diameter,

A very curious plant, appearing first in fructification as a
group of solid white spheres, each three or four inches in
diameter. As these progress toward maturity the color
within becomes darker until it finally assumes a rich brown-

THE SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA.

on
G1

purple tinge and a section of the sporocarp suggests a
Scleroderma. Meanwhile the outer peridium breaks up and
falls off in silvery scales, the inner peridium shows signs of
cleavage and finally throws back four or five principal seg-
ments each of which is more or less deeply cleft at the apex.
As the dehiscence becomes complete, the sporocarp is de-
tached at base and, driven by the wind, goes rolling over the
ground spilling the dry purple spores. The basal capillitium
persists a long time even under these circumstances. No
specimen before us is quite empty.

The habitat is rich ground, as around unused cattle-sheds,
where the plant is found not rarely in autumn from year to
year, generally a dozen or more at a place.

Vil. GEASTER Mcheli.

Sporocarp at first globose, closed, outer peridium at length
dividing into several stellately formed segments, disclosing
the globose inner peridium which then opens by one or more
distinct definite mouths, or irregularly. Capillitium consist-
ing of threads, branched or reticulately united or, more com-
monly, of well differentiated threads simple and separable.

The genus Geasfer is readily distinguished through the
peculiar behavior of its peridia at the time when the sporo-
carp matures. According to Winter the unopened sporocarp
exhibits the following structure:! the peridial wall consists of
six different layers; (1) the outermost a flocculent, brownish,
fibrous envelope connected on the one hand with the mycelial
threads below, on the other with the second layer; (2) a
thick, dry, brown membrane enclosing the entire sporocarp.
Next comes (3) a white envelope which is especially devel-
oped at the base of the sporocarp and here passes immedi-
ately into the inner peridium and gleba. The two last
named layers form the fibrous envelope. The white layer is
lined on the inside by the (4) colloid stratum, a somewhat

1 Winter uses here G. hygrometricus as type; in other species the succes-

sive layers are less distinct. The principal layers in the type can be made
out even with dry specimens.

56 NATURAL HistORsY, BU haMEN:

gelatinous hyphal development. From the (6) inner perid-
ium the collenchymatous layer is separated by a soft, loose
hyphal tissue which may be called (5) the layer of cleavage.
At maturity in consequence of the swelling of the colloid
layer the outer peridium breaks up in stellate fashion, while
the cleavage layer remains hanging in form of deciduous flakes,
partly to the colloid layer and partly to the inner peridium.
In some cases. as in G. fornicatus the outermost mycelial
envelope becomes strongly developed enclosing in its growth
particles of surrounding earth and various fragments of organic
matter as in Cafastoma, and, at the separation of the peridium
from the fibrous envelope, becomes detached and forms
beneath the latter an open empty sac. Upon the hygrosco-
picity of the colloid layer, which is very great in the case of
G. hygrometricus, depends the peculiar property which some
species possess of expanding in moist weather and closing up
again when it becomes dry.

TABLE OF SPECIES OF GEASTER.
A. Inner peridium pedicellate.

a. Mouth sulcate-plicate. : 5 5 : : 1. G. FORNICATUS.
6. Mouth ciliate-fimbriate. ee re ee

Bb. Inner peridium sessile.
a. Mouth ciliate-fimbriate.

I. Segments 4-6. : : - ‘ : : ; 3; (Gorrie E ss
2. Segments 6-9 . é ; : : : : 4. G. SACCATUS.
6. Mouth sulcate-plicate. é : : : ; 5. G. SprRTAgUS:
c. Mouth lacerate. . . . : : : 6. G. HYGROMETRICUS.

1. GEASTER LIMBATUS /7.

Outer peridium deeply parted into several segments, at
length reflexed, dry, leathery, within dark brown at length
yellow or grayish brown, about 4-5 in. in diameter; inner
peridium about one inch in diameter, on a short, thick, gen-
erally compressed pedicel gradually widening into the apophy-
sis which appears at the base of the globose, generally de-
pressed, brownish inner peridium; mouth ciliate-fimbriate,
depressed conical in a paler circular areole; capillitium and
spores dark brown; columella prominent; capillitial threads

THE SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. 57

thicker than the spores, long and tapering; spores globose
minutely warted, 2.5—5 » in diameter.

Formerly common about the stumps of our primeval trees,
now rare although met with occasionally; generally more or
less gregarious. One of our largest species, when expanded
somewhat resembling G. hygrometricus, but easily distinguished
by its pedicellate sac, as by other particulars. N. A. F. 1309.

2. GEASTER FORNICATUS /A/ids.

Outer peridium divided normally into 4 nearly equal seg-
ments, which bend backward almost perpendicularly and rest
by their tips on the sac- or salver-shaped open outer envelope,
without pale or yellowish, within brown and smooth; inner
peridium about 34 of an inch in diameter, borne upon a short,
pallid, generally constricted pedicel, broadly ovoid or globose,
at base with a sharply defined apophysis, grayish or brownish
with a yellowish or yellowish-white areole at the top con-
tinued into the fimbriate ostiole.

Rare. On the ground in woods, especially among pine
leaves. A very curious and remarkable plant, easily recog-
nized when open by the manner in which the vaulted inner
layer of the outer peridium is poised upon the expanded tips
of the outer layer of the same. A more elegant device for
exposing the fruit for spore-dispersal can hardly be imagined.

EM GSs
3. GEASTER TRIPLEX Fungh.

Outer peridium 4-6 parted, the thick fleshy layer breaking
away about the middle and separating into two retreating
parts the proximal forming a cup; the inner peridium about
an inch or more in diameter, depressed-globose, sessile, pallid
or brownish, the mouth broadly conic, ciliate-fimbriate, seated
in a definite circular area; columella clavate, reaching to the
center; capillitium and spores brown, the threads much
thicker than the spores; spores globose, minutely warted,
4.5-5.5 “in diameter.

Rather common. Growing gregariously in luose soil about
old logs or stumps in the woods. The species resembles

Ua E

58 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

the next but has more widely expanded segments, 3-4 inches.
Distinguished also by the peculiar secondary cup formed as
described by the retraction of the inner layer of the outer
peridiam.. IN, A. Fuv2735:

4. GEASTER SACCATUS /7es.

Outer peridium multifid, segments 6-8; inner peridium
from % to I inch in diameter, globose, sessile, pallid or
brownish; the ostiole conic, ciliate-fimbriate, seated in a defi-
nite, circular area, the areole; columella prominent, clavate,
reaching the center; capillittum and spores brown; threads
much thicker than the spores; spores globose, minutely
warted, 3-5 » in diameter.—J/organ.

Not common. Distinguished by the less widely expanded
segments of the outer peridium, whence the inner peridium
remains semi-enclosed, even at maturity. The curious splitting
of the outermost layer of the outer peridium so that the rays
are vertically lined or striate is also characteristic.

5. GEASTER sTRIATUS DC.

Outer peridium expanded, at length reflexed, tough, leath-
ery, smooth within, brown, outer cuticle pallid or yellowish,
parted to beyond the middle into 6-8 rather uniform seg-
ments; inner peridium %4-34 inches in diameter, globose,
usually sessile, or with a very short pedicel, smooth, bluish-
brown or light amber color, with a conical, prominent, sulcate-
plicate ostiole, not in a definite areole; capillitium and spores
brown; threads much thicker than the spores; spores globose,
minutely warted 3.5—5 u in diameter.

Not uncommon in undisturbed woods, at the base of well-
rotted stumps or beside rotten oak logs. A very pretty, uni-
form, little species; recognizable by its elongate, striate peri-
stome.

6. GEASTER HYGROMETRICUS ( 27e7s.) Fries.

Outer peridium deeply parted, segments 7-20, very thick
and rigid, within brownish, at length deeply fissured, without
gray or grayish-brown, about 2-3 inches in diameter, when

THE SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. 59

fully open; inner peridium sessile, depressed-globose, floccose-
reticulated, gray or brown, with an irregular, lacerate or
stellate ostiole; capillitium and spores brown; threads hyphal,
long, branched, interwoven, thinner than the spores, hyaline;
spores globose, distinctly warted, 5-10 » in diameter.

This, our most common species, differs so much in many
details from other species that Mr. A. P. Morgan thinks
proper to use it as type of anew genus. The peculiarities of
the species pertain to internal structure, especially the capilli-
tium which is poorly differentiated. It seems to us, however,
that the genus Geas/er is so naturally and easily limited by
the peculiar dehiscence of its peridia, that our convenience is
more conserved by maintaining the old genus with the limits
set by all mycologists from Micheli to Winter.

The variation in the size of the spores is remarkable, but
there is no doubt of it, even when spores from one plant are
compared. The hygroscopicity of the outer peridium is
always marked, and is long retained, even after the inner
peridium with its spores have entirely blown away.

VI. NIDULARIE 2:

Spores developed in definite distinct peridioles or sporangia,
few in number formed within the peridium of a larger sporo-
carp, which is cylindrical or cup-shaped, and at length opens to
set free the sporangia.

The /V:dularzee constitute a group of highly differentiated
fungi, small, terrestrial or lignatile, beautiful, distinguished from
all others in that the ordinary glebal chambers of gasteromy-
cetous fungi are here specialized and developed to form sec-
ondary receptacles or conceptacles for the production and
retention of the spores. The sporocarp is at first globose or
clavate, but presently takes on a characteristic form almost for
each genus; at first closed entirely, it at length opens, some-
times irregularly, generally regularly by a definite lid-like
structure, the epiphragm. The interior of the sporocarp is at
first filled with a gelatinous hyphal mass in which one or
more spherical or lenticular bodies, the forming sporangia, lie

Vis Tf) 2

60 NATURAL HISTORY. BULLETIN.

imbedded. In some cases, from each sporangium passes a
hyphal strand or cord, the fwnzcu/us, binding the sporangium
back to the peridial wall.

Ly CYeAT TH US! aver.

Sporocarp at first obovate or fusiform, closed by a white
epiphragm or membrane, then widely open at the top; perid-
ium consisting of three layers; conceptacles eight to eighteen,
thick-disk-shaped, umbilicate beneath and attached to the walls
of the peridium by a compound funiculus.

Species of Cyathus bear, at the top of the vasiform perid-
ium within, a delicate projecting rim or corona (sawm) the
remains of the membranaceous epiphragm. In Cruczbulum this
rim is lacking.

SPECIES OF CYATHUS.

I. Peridium obconical, striate within. : : z 1. C. STRIATUS
II. Peridium bell-shaped, smooth. . ; : : 2. C. VERNICOSUS.

1. CyatTuus striatus (Huds.) Hoffm.

Sporocarp obconical, dark-brown, short stipitate, with a
fibrous mycelium; outer peridium persistent, rough, hairy,
brown; inner peridium longitudinally plicate, lead-colored or
brownish, glabrous; at length opening at the top by the de-
tachment of a lid; 8-10 mm. broad at the mouth; conceptacles
at first almost circular, with a broad funiculus, at length angu-
late, becoming whitish; spores broadly cylindrical, obtuse at
both ends.

Common in the woods on old tree-trunks, moss, between
fallen leaves, on nut-shells. An elegant little plant, easily
recognized by its brown tubular shape, hirsute, outer perid-
ium, white epiphragm and plicate inner surface. Sometimes

ananeh bhieh:> (NjAu hy 720.
2. CyATHUS VERNICosuS (Luz//.) VOR Ge

Sporocarp bell-shaped, with wide-expanded mouth, short
stipitate, with a fibrous mycelium; outer peridium silky-hairy,

THE SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. 61

ochre-yellow or ashy-gray, at length almost smooth; inner
peridium smooth, dark gray to lead-color; conceptacles black-
ish, smooth, 24%4—-3 mm. broad; spores broadly oval, 13 <7 u.

An American species.

Not uncommon on all sorts of decaying bits of vegetable
matter buried or half-buried in the ground. Not seldom
found in corn-fields, on lawns, about wood-yards, etc. Dis-
tinguished from the preceding by the flaring campanulate
peridium and absence of plications. N. A. F. 308.

ir CRUCIEB U EU MM. Silasze.

Sporocarp at first globose then short-cylindric, closed by a
furfuraceous lid-like structure, at length crucible-form the
lid disappearing; the peridium simple, of but one layer; con-
ceptacies numerous, disk-shaped, smooth, white, each with a
globular process beneath, which may be prolonged into a long
slender funiculus.

t. CRUCIBULUM VULGARE Zui.

Sporocarp globose, at first closed, sessile, white or ochrace-
ous, with fibrous mycelium; peridium thick, furfuraceous with-
out, satiny shining within, the lid of the peridium at length
disappearing, exposing the numerous, circular, flattened, yel-
lowish- white conceptacles from 11%-2 mm. broad; spores
elliptic 5 x9 pn.

Common everywhere, especially in the crevices of our
wooden side-walks, which still abound, the conspicuous and
unhappy evidence of a new and unfinished civilization. N. A.

F. 728.

Pie NEIL ART AF rzes.

Sporocarp subglobose, saccate, reticulate, pale brown, ses-
sile; peridium simple, thin, at length breaking up from the
top downward, vasiform; conceptacles numerous, disk-shaped,
lying ina gelatinous mass, without funiculus; spores globose.

?

62 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

1. NIDULARIA PULVINATA (Schw.) Fries.

Sporocarps 6-12 mm. wide, scattered, orbicular, pulvinate,
closed, testaceous, sordid-brown, pulverulent; the sporangia
of various shapes, compressed, at length, cinereous black.

Specimens referred to this species may prove to be new to
science. ‘The description from Schweinitz, here quoted from
Saccardo, is too brief for positive identification. Still with
the descriptions our specimens correspond fairly well. The
peridia are gregarious, often confluent, pale ferruginous, the
walls exceedingly thin and evanescent, at first dusty or floccu-
lose, disappearing irregularly from above downwards. The
peridioles are very numerous, heaped, at first pale, at length
dull-black, oblately spherical, polished, shining.

Collected only once in Johnson county, Iowa, on a rotten
oak log.

Vil. ; PHALLOIDE 2.”

Sporocarp at first ovoid, solid, white, subterranean, attached
below by root-like mycelial strands; peridium three-fold, an
outer and inner coat with a gelatinous intermediate layer;
gleba chambered, at first surrounding then surmounting the
central columnar receptacle; peridia dehiscent irregularly above
by the upward expansion of the receptacle, the gleba thus
borne aloft; capillitium none, the gleba deliquescing and
falling from the receptacle in drops; plants generally of offen-
sive odor.

Piants of this family, commonly called in English, “ stink-
horns,” are widely distributed, perhaps throughout the world.
In Europe few, in North America more abundant, they reach
their highest development and show the greatest diversity of
form and habit in the southern hemisphere, more especially in
Africa and Australia. Their curious forms, often brilliant colors,
and above all the pungently offensive odor, as of carrion,
characterizing most of them, brings them into general notice;
while to the naturalist they possess especial interest as evinc-
ing the most complex structure, the highest degree of differ-

THE SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. 63

entiation or specialization found among fungi. Color, odor,
and mucilaginous spore-mass have reference doubtless all to
insect aid or agency in the dispersal of the spores. In this
respect therefore these fungi stand related to most others as
the entomophilous flowers to those which are anemophilous,
and exhibit correspondent economy in the production of repro-
ductive cells with more abundant outlay in other directions.
Our species are all included under two genera—

Pileus attached to the receptacle at the apex only. . ; I. PHALLUS.
Pileus wholly adnate to the top of the receptacle. . ble Miia EN ES:

i~ PLA EL US.

Receptacle spongy, cylindric, the pileus attached to the
receptacle at the apex only and bearing the gleba; gleba
dark or olive-green in color, the spores elliptic.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHALLUS.

A. Receptacle bearing an indusium or veil.

a. Apex bare and perforate. . - : ; - I. P. DHMONUM.
6. Apeximperforate. . . - : : : : 2 PS DUPLICATUS.
B. Receptacle without indusium or veil. . : : 3. P.IMPUDICUS.

I. PHALLUS D&MONUM /tumphius.

Volva just at the surface of the ground, irregularly lacerate,
its segments inflexed or erect; receptacle when fully expanded,
6-10 inches long, erect, white, loosely cellular, one inch to an
inch and a quarter in diameter, perforate and annulate at the
apex; indusium white, coarsely reticulate, dependent but a
short distance; pileus campanulate, short; gleba at first smooth
dark green or black, at length reticulately pitted, spores trans-
parent, colorless, elliptic 2 x 4 uz.

This is our common species; not abundant, but with us
from midsummer to October every year. Sometimes solitary,

1 Nothwithstanding the unpleasant odor, it is hoped that persons who
may discover specimens of this group will take pains to preserve them and
transmit them to the University. The interest attaching to all species is

great and there can be small doubt that the number of Iowa species is
really much greater than would appear from our present list.

64 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

it is generally pretty closely gregarious, six or eight sporo-
carps coming sometimes to light within a very narrow area.
It comes to fruit often under board walks, steps, and in similar
inacessible localities, where it speedily makes its presence felt
to the annoyance of a household or whole neighborhood.
Carrion-flies assail the gleba, no sooner it is expanded, and
sometimes seem to denude the pileus in very short time.
May not Phallus ravenelli? be a phase of this species? We
often find specimens in which the veil simply emerges below
the pileus, and the perforation is much more marked in some
specimens than in others. At least, we have otherwise failed
to identify the last named species in this locality.

2. PHALLUS DUPLICATUS Bosc.

In all respects like the preceding except that the pileus is
more conical, generally closed at apex, and is without the
naked apical annulus; the indusium long and laciniate, extend-
ing beyond the middle of the stipe or receptacle, plicate;
spores elliptic 2x4 xu.

Less common than the preceding species, similar to it but
smaller and probably distinct. Found occasionally in the
borders of woodlands, hazel-thickets, etc., and pungently
odorous.

3. PHALLUS Impupicus Lzun.

Volva as in the preceding, the segments usually fewer,
two or three; the receptacle white or yellowish, destitute of
indusium; pileus with gleba conic-campanulate, at first closed
at the apex, later perforate, spore-mass greenish or brownish,
spores translucent 2X4 vu.

Rare. Smaller than the preceding, usually 4—5 inches high
when expanded and proportionately slender. Occasionally
met with in umbrageous woods where leaves accumulate from
year to year. The odor characteristically pungent.

iH. 2 EOIN ws:

Volva thin, ruptured irregularly; receptacle stipe-like, but

THE SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI OF EASTERN IOWA. 65

without a definite pileus; the gleba adnate directly to the
summit of the receptacle.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MUTINUS.

A. Stipe thickest below. c : : - ; : 1. M. BovINus.
B. Stipe thickest above.
a. Sporiferous apex acute, inodorous. - : : 2. M. CANINUS-.
6. Sporiferous apex blunt, odorous. . - - - 3. M. BREVISs.

1. Mutinus sovinus Morgan.

Volva oblong-ovoid, pinkish; segments two or three; stipe
cylindric tapering to the apex, white or pinkish below, bright
red above; apex conic-acuminate, perforate; spores 4 or 5X2 u.

This remarkable species occurs, rarely indeed, but constantly
in all the eastern part of the State. It has been collected
many times but only a single specimen at a time in May or
June. It rises as a bright red sharp-pointed pillar out of the
grass in pastures or woods and soon to the distance of several
rods proclaims its emergence. The apex is covered by the
jelly-like spore-mass which does not seem to flow down read-
ily and rather dries up and turns brown or black if not re-
moved by insects. About six inches in height. Figured by
the author of the species, Czn. Soc. at. Hist. Fournal, Janu-
ary, 1889.

2. Mutinus caninus ( Huds.) Fries.

Volva ovoid, opening irregularly, segments two or three;
receptacle long, slender, tapering downward, white or pink,
the apex a little darker, acute, at first imperforate, later perfor-
ate or imperforate; spores 4X5 uz.

Very rare. One specimen from Johnson county so far is
the extent of our collecting. Much smaller and more slender
than the preceding and almost entirely without odor. Fig.
173, Grevillea, Vol. 17.

3. Mutinus Brevis B. & C.

Volva as in the preceding; receptacle dull red, tapering
downwards, small, about four lines thick and two or three

66 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

inches high; the spore-bearing apex blunt or clavate, livid,
becoming black when dry; spores sometimes spherical 3 1, or
elongate 2X5 p.

Apparently rare. Seldom collected, more often reported.
Small objects as they are, they are possibly even more pun-
gently odoriferous than any of the rest. They seem to rise
in colonies in fields and gardens, even in cellars!’ Some speci-
mens before us are not more than an inch high.

NEW SPECIES OF TROPICAL FUNGI.
By J. B. ELLIS AND B. M. EVERHART.

I. CONIOSPORIUM SUBSERIATUM &. c& &.

Acervuli erumpent, subhysteriiform, 1-2 mm. long, sub-
confluent-seriate, black. Conidia globose-elliptical, brown,
about 5x3-3% #, abundant.

C.L.Smith. On bark, Castillo, Nicaragua, February, 1893.

2. UreEpo cuTicuLosa £. & £.

Sori gregarious, thin, pale flesh-color, 144-2 mm. diam., sur-
rounded by the thin white epidermis, soon confluent, forming
a thin, light, flesh-colored stratum elliptical in outline and %-1
cm. in the longer diam. Spores globose, 15-20, or obovate,
18—23x15-204, with a thick, hyaline epispore, coarsely tuber-
culose above, becoming smooth below.

A very well marked and curious species.

An uredo badly infecting the pods of a species of Bignonia
at Ometepec, Nicaragua. I am not aware that this species of
Bignonia has any economic value. C. Z. S.

Collected in January, 1893.

3. THELEPHORA SUBLILACINA £. & EZ.

Orbicular, 2-4 mm. diam., dirty lilac-color. Hymenium
thin, fragmentary around the margin, supported on numerous
erect, dark colored, pedicel-like fibers as in 7. fedrcellata
Schw. These fibers arise from a round, dark colored, mem-
branaceous, scale-like subiculum, 2-3 mm. diam., adnate to
the bark, or with the margin partially free. Each of these
erect fibers soon develops at its summit a small, light colored

67

68 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

horizontal membrane, and these becoming confluent form the
hymenium. Possibly this should be considered a mere var.
of 7. pedicellata Schw.

On small live twigs. Collected at Castillo, Nicaragua, 1893.

4. Hexaconia vittaTa Ellis & Macbride.

Pileus membranaceo-coriaceous. expanded, 2—3 cm. wide,
6-10 cm. long, subresupinate, the margin free and more or
less reflexed, somewhat sulcate-plicate, thin, undulate, acute
above, concentrically vittate, almost glabrous, black, the
edge paler and sterile for only a very short distance; the al-
veoli pallid brown or fuscous, sometimes when young bluish
or ashen, lustrous, the walls rigid, acute, the margins entire
500-700 v in diameter, somewhat irregular or elongate.

On the lower surface of fallen stems and branches of de-
ciduous trees, Castillo, Nicaragua. C. L. Smith, 1893.

Judging by description of the compared species, //. vittata
would seem near //. carbonarzia B. & C. but differs in its free
margin. From //. frzescana Speg. the present species seems
to differ in being never dimidiate‘and in the peculiar, vittate,
upturned margin. <A very beautiful species. Like a Poria;
but its dry rigid dissepiments, large and comparatively regu-
lar alveoli would seem to justify reference rather to the genus
flexagonia.

5. PoLtyporus opoLtus £llis & Macbride.

Pileus fleshy, soft, white or pallid, glabrous, thin delicate,
wrinkled, and with repand margin when dry; above plane or
only slightly convex, in diam. 2 cm. or less; stipe cartilagin-
ous, delicate, slender, even or slightly enlarged at base, brown,
translucent, I-3 cm. in length, 2~3 mm. in thickness; pores
minute, scarcely visible to the naked eye, round, not decur-
rent, white, the dissepiments thick and obtuse.

An extremely delicate and beautiful little species, distin-
guished by its delicate waxen non-umbilicate pileus, as by its
graceful, slender, corneous stipe. Most of the specimens are
very small, about 1 cm. in diameter, the stipe about the same
ength.

NEW SPECIES OF TROPICAL FUNGI. 69

6 PEZIZA (SARCOSCY PHA ) STRIISPORA FE. & EE.

Stipitate, thin, cup-shaped, 4-6 mm. across (Io mm. when
pressed out flat), yellow outside and clothed with scattering,
brownish, continuous hairs 1-1% mm. long and 35-40. thick
at base, tapering above, composed of compacted, parallel
fibers. Hymenium pale orange. Asci cylindrical, sessile,
120-130X15y. Paraphyses filiform, branched above, tips
slightly swollen. Sporidia oblong-elliptical, uniseriate (end
to end), hyaline, 22-27x12u, ends subacute, endochrome
constricted in the middle and faintly uniseptate, distinctly lon-
gitudinally striate. Stipe cylindrical, subequal, about 5 mm.
long, % mm. thick.

Much resembles P. floccosa Schw. but differs in the struct-
ure of the hairs and the larger striate sporidia.

On decaying wood, Castillo, Nicaragua.

7. KARSTENIA SUBLILACINA &£. & £.

Ascomata 2—4 mm. diam., flat, thin, of a light glaucous lilac
color, at first enclosed and covered by a thin, light colored,
membranaceous veil, soon erumpent and bordered by the
remains of the ruptured veil and the lobes of the ruptured
epidermis. Asci clavate-ellipsoid, subsessile, 110-120 25-—
304. Paraphyses abundant, simple, longer than the asci,
bearing above a layer of yellowish subglobose conidia 4,4 in
diameter. Sporidia conglobate, fasciculate, vermicular-fusoid,
hyaline, 75-35 long, subundulate or slightly curved, about
12 thick in the middle, tapering to each end, with 15-24
elliptical nuclei lying transversely.

On the green bark of a small tree at Castillo, Nicaragua.

8. Hypocrea cusisporaA Z£/ll. & Holway. Fourn. Mycol. /,

Dp: 4:

Specimens collected by Mr. C. L. Smith, No. 5, Indian
River, Nicaragua, March, 1896, have the stromata smaller
(1%4-4 mm. diam.) and flatter, and seated on a thin crustose-
tomentose, lemon-yellow subiculum. Asci 65—75x4. cylin-
drical, paraphysate. Sporidia oblong, composed of 2 pale

70 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

brown, oblong-ellipitical cells not very readily separating, con-
stricted between the cells, 7-93. Occasionally the cells
are subcubical. Contents of the mature perithecia black.
This differs from the Iowa specimens in the presence of a
subiculum, smaller, flatter stromata, and rather larger sporidia,
but can hardly be distinct. The Iowa specimens were not
fully matured.

9. SCHIZOSTOMA STUPEUM &. ¢& £.

Perithecia gregarious, ovate-conical, 34 mm. high, % mm.
thick, erumpent-superficial, brown, attached to the matrix by
radiating, straight, tow-colored hairs; ostiolum thick, stout,
short-cylindrical, obtuse, scarcely compressed, or with a short,
narrow, erumpent, compressed beak, the black tip rising from
the subtruncate apex; asci cylindrical, 75-85 x4“, paraphysate,
8-spored; sporidia uniseriate, oblong, brown, uniseptate and
slightly constricted, straight or very slightly curved, g-12x
3-3% H.

On rotten wood, Black Water River, Nicaragua; March,
1896. (C. L. Smith, No. 6.)

10. NECTRIA CHATOSTROMA ZZ. & Macb.

Perithecia cespitose, globose, % mm. in diam., glabrous,
dull red, becoming reddish brown, collapsing above, surrounded
by a subiculum of brown, septate, crooked hairs 100—200u
long and about 3. thick; ostiolum distinctly papilliform; asci
clavate-cylindrical, 50-60x8-—10™, subsessile, paraphysate,
8-spored; sporidia biseriate, oblong, slightly curved, 2-nu-
cleate, constricted-uniseptate, pale brown, obtuse, 13-16x5-—
5%. The first appearance isa tuft of dark brown hairs,
which are finally hidden and almost obliterated by the densely
crowded perithecia 10-40 in number in a compact group 1-4
mm. across.

On bark of some undetermined shrub or tree, Ometepec,,.
Nicaragua.

NEW SPECIES OF TROPICAL FUNGI. 41

Ir. KRETZSCHMERIA SPINIFERA £Z//. & Mach.

Stromata oblong-ovate, 3-6 mm. in diam., and 4-6 mm.
high, superficial, crowded and subangular from mutual pres-
sure but not confluent, rough, black, carboraceous, rounded
above, bearing considerable resemblance to the stromata of
Hypoxylon coherens.

Perithecia 1-3 in a stroma, large (1% mm.), globose;
ostiola at first strongly papillose, soon prolonged to short-cyl-
indrical; asci not seen; sporidia broad, navicular-fusoid, con-
tinuous, opaque, compressed, 25—35x1I0-124 and 6-8» thick;
viewed edgewise mostly narrowed in the middle.

Resembles A. cenopus Mont., but differs in its prolonged
ostiola and larger sporidia. ‘The stromata also are sessile and
connected at base by a slight stromatic crust.

On decaying bark. Mexico. (C. L. Smith.)

12. DriaTrype Triripa Ell. & Macb.

Stroma placoid, 2%4-3 cm. across and 2%4~3 mm. thick, of
tough, hard, carbonaceous texture, not projecting much above
the surface of the wood, bearing the oblong-ovate Ix % mut.
perithecia closely packed in a single superficial layer and cov-
ered by a thin, black, carbonaceous sheet, pierced and rough-
ened by the projecting, short, conic-cylindrical, rough ostiola.
The perithecia rest on a dirty yellowish, grumous layer about
¥Y% mm. thick and subtended by a thin, hard, black, carbonaceous
layer joined at the edges to the superficial sheet and prolonged
below, in the central part, into a short, hollow stem (elliptical
in outline on a cross section), and 2~3 mm. long, the cavity
filled with a substance of the rotten wood into which it pene-
trates. Asci (p. sp.) I5-20X3-3%u, with a filiform stipe.
Sporidia partly biseriate allantoid, hyaline (with a yellowish
tinge), 3x14. Has the outward characters of Hypoxylon.

On rotten wood. Tehuantepec, Mexico. (C. L. Smith.)

13. HyPoOxYLON FIBULIFORME &£.¢ £.

Stroma lenticular or button-shaped 2-5 mm. in diam., black,
sessile, roughened by the papilliform ostiola. Perithecia

72 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

elongated, subcylindrical, 1-144 x 4% mm., penetrating nearly
to the bottom of the stroma; asci cylindrical, (p. sp.) 605 #3
sporidia elliptical, brown, uniseriate, 6-7 x 3-3 % vu.

On dead wood. Indian River, Nicaragua, March, 1896.
CC. ale.tomith, < No: 12)

14. HypoxyLon Lucipum £. & £.

Effused, subpulvinate, 2 or more cm. long, 1% cm. broad,
black, surface shining as if varnished. Perithecia oblong-
cylindrical, 11%4 mm. long, 34 mm. broad, closely packed, the
conic-hemispherical, subsulcate ostiola roughening the surface
of the stroma; asci cylindrical, short-stipitate, paraphysate,
75-85 x 7-8», 8-spored; sporidia obliquely uniseriate, semiequi-
laterally oblong-elliptical, becoming opaque, 12-14X6—7»#.
Differs from //. vernicosum E. & E. in its larger sporidia and
different ostiola, and also quite distinct from HZ. /ucidulum
Mont.

On dead wood. Nicaragua. (C. L. Smith.)

THE NICARAGUAN MYXOMYCETES.

WITH NOTES ON CERTAIN MEXICAN SPECIES.
(CONTINUED.)

By THOS. H. MACBRIDE anp C. L. SMITH.

TuE following list is based upon collections made during
the year 1893-6 by Mr. Charles L. Smith acting for the State
University of lowa The list may be regarded as supple-

mentary to that of Vol. m, p. 377. Some species are repeated
here for the sake of showing distribution.

In reference to localities named it may be premised that
Cerro de San Felipe is in Oaxaca, Mexico, and Indian River
is the name of a small stream discharging into the Gulf of
Mexico near Greytown, Nicaragua.

CERATIOMYXA MUCIDA Pers.
Indian River, and Momotombo, Nicaragua.

TUBULINA STIPITATA /rost.
Momotombo, Nicaragua.

ARCYRIA CINEREA (Bull.) Schum.
Not rare along the Indian River, Nicaragua.

ARCYRIA PUNICEA (Bull.) Pers.
Plentiful; Indian River and Momotombo, Nicaragua, and
Jalapa, Mexico.
ARCYRIA DIGITATA (Schw.) Fost.
Collected but once; Indian River, Nicaragua.

LYCOGALA EPIDENDRUM Auxd.

Cerro de San Felipe, Mexico, and Momotombo, Nicaragua.

eV BD, 73

74 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

LycoGaLa conicum Pers.
A few specimens from Indian River.

TRICHIA FALLAX fers.
Cerro de San Felipe, Mexico.

TRICHIA CHRYSOSPERMA ( Bull.) Pers.
Cerro de San Felipe, Mexico.

TRICHIA VERRUCOSA Berk.
Cerro de San Felipe, Mexico.

HEMIARCYRIA RUBIFORMIS Pers.

Jalapa, Mexico.

Fine specimens of the botryoid form from Indian River,
Nicaragua.

HEMIARCYRIA CLAVATA Pers.
Indian River, Nicaragua.

HEMIARCYRIA CLAVATA Pers. var. PLUMOSA Jorg.
Jalapa, Mexico.

HEMIARCYRIA SERPULA Scopolt.
Indian River, Nicaragua, and Cerro de San Felipe, Mexico.

COMATRICHA TYPHINA ( Pers.) frost.
Jalapa and Indian River.

COMATRICHA PULCHELLA Sab.
Cerro de San Felipe, December, 1894.

STEMONITIS MAXIMA Schw.
Young specimens from Indian River.

STEMONITIS smMiITHII JZacd.
Jalapa, Mexico; Momotombu and Indian River, Nicaragua.

Dipymium prRoximum B. & C.
On a banana peel; Greytown, Nicaragua.

DipyMium squamuLosum (Alb. & Schw.) Fr.
On the living leaves and small stems of a piperaceous plant;
Greytown, Nicaragua.

THE NICARAGUAN MYXOMYCETES
PHYSARELLA MIRABILIS Peck.
Some beautiful specimens from Indian River.

TILMADOCHE CoMPACTA Wing.
Indian River and Momotombo, Nicaragua.

PHYSARUM GALBEUM Wing.
Indian River, Nicaragua.

PHYSARUM LEUCOPH2:UM /”. var. VIOLACEUM fost. ( ?)
Cerro de San Felipe, Mexico.

FULIGO VARIANS Somme.
One specimen from Jalapa, Mexico.

Wie Oe

75

REPORT ON THE FISHES COLLECTED BY THE BAHAMA
EXPEDITION, OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF
IOWA, UNDER PROFESSOR C. C.
NUTTING IN 1893.

By PROFESSOR S. GARMAN.

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZO6LOGY AT CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS.

THERE are representatives of sixty-five species of fifty-
three genera, in this collection. Five of the species are de-
scribed as new. The great majority of the individuals are
small; many of them are so young as to make it evident that
the spawning beds are not far from the places of capture.
Much the larger number of the species are such as frequent
the shoal waters near the shores, or such as habitually remain
near the surface in the open sea. The few, of genera like
Chaunax, Halieutichthys, Phycis, Leptophidium, and Mono-
lene, to which the terms deep sea fishes may be applied bear
indications that their haunts were not beyond the reach of the
effects of sunlight, but rather that they dwelt in an intermedi-
ate zone at the edge of complete darkness, in a twilight belt
of which a more thorough knowledge is one of the great
desiderata in marine science. There is a general interest
attaching to this region in connection with our oceanic food
supplies, but, beyond that, specialists in various departments
eagerly await any addition to knowledge of conditions inside
the borders of the shadowy zone through which sunlight is
not supposed to reach. The warmth of their desire for such
information will be more readily appreciated when it is under-
stood that they have great hope that by means of efforts
within its limits, toward the determination of the structure, of

76

FISHES COLLECTED: BY,BAHAMA EXPEDITION. vy

the affinities, of the daily and periodical migrations, or in
other words of the life histories of its inhabitants, they will be
able to solve questions connected with the origin, relationship,
modification and habits of denizens of the regions farthest
removed from sunlight in the greatest of the depths.

The present collection includes few duplicates for compari-
sons, and the number of deep-sea types is hardly sufficient
for purposes of generalization; yet what were secured, locat-
ing by inference the feeding -places of multitudes of other
forms usually found in their company, would at once establish
the importance of research in the localities from which they
were obtained. Beside the comparatively large number of
the better known fishes, the expedition was fortunate in being
able to secure a number of new and rare species, especially
so since the waters had already been pretty thoroughly trav-
ersed by ichthyologists. Determination of the species has
necessitated frequent comparisons with types collected by the
Cuban naturalist, Poey, around his island, types first made
known by descriptions in his great works on the natural his-
tory of Cuba. In passing it may be mentioned that in
repeated:instances during the preparation of this report the
specimens have borne most favorable testimony to the excel-
lence of Professor Poey’s contributions to ichthyological
literature.

While all the parties interested in the expedition are to be
heartily congratulated upon its success, consideration of the
importance of what it has brought to light, and of what is yet
remaining, occasions sincere regret that it was not blessed
with a great deal more time and with more numerous and
more convenient appliances. The following is the list of the
fishes submitted for examination.

EPINEPHELUS GUATIVERE.

Serranus guativere Cuv.,Val., 1828, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 11, 383.
Young specimens. With ten or eleven small spots of black
scattered over the sides of the head behind the eyes, other-
wise uniform reddish brown. This fish is not to be identified

78 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

with Linné’s Perca punctata; that species was based on Cates-
by’s plate 7, figure 1, which has fifteen dorsal spines and is
closely sprinkled with small spots of blue over head and body.
£. guativere is closely allied to /. ouatalibi of Cuvier and
Valenciennes.

Tortugas, Florida.

POMADASYS BILINEATUS.

Pristipoma bilineatum C. V., 1830, V, 271.

On some of the young of this species the median band, that
on the lateral line, is quite as distinct as that through the eye.
Possibly this is common on specimens of an inch or less in
length.

Tortugas.

H AMULON SCIURUS.
Sparus sciurus Shaw, 1803, Gen. Zodl., tv, 439, pl. 64.
Tortugas.

H.2MULON PLUMIERIIL.

Labrus plumierit La Cépede, 1802, Hist. Poiss., m1, 480, pl.
een ane
Tortugas.

HA@MULON CANNA C. V., 1830, Vv, 253.

Tortugas.

GERRES CINEREUS.

Mugil cinereus Walb., 1792, Art. Pisc., 228.
Spanish Wells.

AMIA PUNCTICULATA.

Apogonichthys puncticulatus Poey, 1868, Rep. Fish. Nat.
@ubay 15233:

Living specimens are probably red. In alcohol the appear-
ance is very light, more or less blackish toward the outer
portions of the fins. In cases darker centres on the scales
form longitudinal vitta. Ventrals long, blackish. One indi-

FISHES COLLECTED BY BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 79

vidual of the collection is very light in the ground color
and has black puncticulations, with light centres, on the sides,
among which are scattered small blotches of brownish; its
fins have black tips.

Spanish Wells and Tortugas.

HoLACANTHUS CILIARIS.
Chetodon ciliaris Linné, 1758, S. N., 1, 276.
Tortugas.

PoMACANTHUS ARCUATUS.

Chetodon arcuatus Linn., 1758, S. N., 1, 273.
Tortugas.

UPENEUS MACULATUS.

Mullus maculatus Bloch, 1793, Ausl. Fische, vu, 95, pl. 348,
set.

to]

Tortugas.

SCORPENA DACTYLOPTERA De la Roche, 1809, Ann. Mus.,
mua: pl. 22, f.2.

From European specimens Dr. Giinther gives this species
twenty-four vertebra; each of two individuals in this collec-
tion has twenty-five. The occipital excavation and the subor-
bital spines are hardly noticeable, and the general appearance
approaches that of Sebastes.

Taken in 105 fathoms, six miles S. % E. of Sand Key
Light, Station 33.

ScorRPNA PLUMIERII Bloch, Schneider, 1801, Syst. Ichth., 194.
Off Key West, in 60 fathoms.

HoLocENTRUs coruscus Poey, 1860, Mem., 1, 158.

This species is somewhat close to H/. longzpinne C. V. in
form and proportions, but is distinguished by the smaller
number of fin rays and the black spot on the first dorsal. It
is intermediate between that species and H. vewxzllarius Poey,
being more elongate than the latter. The Museum of Com-
parative Zodlogy has specimens from the Bahamas.

Spanish Wells.

80 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

HEPATUS HEPATUS.

Teuthis hepatus Linn., 1766, S. N., 507.
Spanish Wells.

CARANX FALLAX C. V., 1833, Ix, 95.

Young specimens, with four to six vertical bands, much
affected by a wormlike parasite which attaches itself in much
the same manner as a myxinoid fish.

Tortugas.

CARANX HIPPOS.

Scomber hippos Linn., 1766, S. N., 494.
Tortugas.

CARANX BARTHOLOM!I C, V., 1833, Ix, 100.

Tortugas.

CARANX RUBER.

Scomber ruber Bloch, 1793, Ausl. Fische, pt. 7, p. 75, pl. 342.
Spanish Wells,

SERIOLA LALANDI C. V., 1833, 1x, 208.

In shape and proportions young of this species bear resem-
blance to S. fasczata of Bloch. 5S. laland? is readily distin-
guished by the length of the maxillary, which quite reaches a
vertical through the middle of the eye, and by the different
arrangement of the transverse bands. The bands are rather
faint. ‘That from the nape to the eye is moderately distinct.
On the body there are five pairs; the first, hardly separated,
passes from the nape across the bases of the pectorals; the
second crosses from the space between the dorsals to the
space between the ventrals and the vent; the third pair goes
from the notch in the soft dorsal to the vent; the fourth is
just back of the middle of the soft dorsal; and the fifth, the
most faint, is at the end of the dorsal. The edges of the fins
are darker. The back has a bluish iridescence.

Tortugas.

FISHES COLLECTED BY BAHAMA EXPEDITION. Sr

POMATOMUS SALTATRIX.

Gasterosteus saltalrix Linn., 1766, S. N., 491.
Very young. ‘From the stomach of a dolphin.”
Florida Reefs.

CoRYPHNA Sp. ?, juv.
Off Key West, in 6 fathoms.

NOMEUS GRONOVII.

Gobius Gronovi, Gmel., 1788, Linn. S. N., 1, 1205.

Apparently these are common attendants on Physalie, as if
for protection. On several occasions Physaliz have been taken
with partially digested Nomei in their grasp, which would
indicate that the little fishes were sometimes preyed upon by
the “men of war.”

Tortugas.

ECHENEIS NAUCRATES Linn., 1758, S. N., 261.

Tortugas.

PoORICHTHYS PLECTRODON J. & G., 1882, P. U. S. Mus., 291.

Above the silvery band on the flank there is a row of about
nine large spots, as large as the eye or larger; above this
row, at each side of the base of the dorsal, there is a sec-
ond row of a dozen of smaller spots; and on the dorsal fin
near its margin a third row of much smaller ones appears.
The upper half of the head is thickly sprinkled with small
spots. This maculation is a.common pattern on specimens
from the shoals of the West Indies and the Gulf of Mexico.
The luminous organs are very distinct; they recall those of the
Chauliodontide and the Sternoptychide.

PTEROPHRYNOIDES GIBBUS.

Lophius gibbus Mitch., 1815, Trans. Lit. Phil. Soc. N. Y.,
Hy. pl. 45/£.'9.

The description and figure of Lophizus raninus by Tilesius
do not apply to these specimens. They bear some resem-

82 NATURAL -HISTORY BULLETIN.

blance to ZL. hzstrio of Linné but differ markedly in certain
respects. The bait on the first dorsal spine, for instance, is
bulbous and covered with slender fleshy filaments in our
individuals, but in ZL. Avstrzo it is bifurcate. P. gibbus is
fairly represented by Cuvier, 1817, in his Chrronectes leviga-
tus. The formula, for the individuals at hand, is D. 3+12;
Pict Vos ket Oe e710:

Tortugas; South of Key West Light, in six fathoms; Lat.
21-930" None 75° 11! Wi. davGoll Weed:

ANTENNARIUS OCELLATUS.

Lophius histrio var.ocellatus Bl. Schn., 1801, Syst. Ichth., 142.

A few items concerning this species are taken from museum
specimens for purpose of comparison with the forms described
below. The species was tolerably figured by Parra but has
not been recognized by some of the subsequent writers. On
five specimens before me the amount of variation in markings
is comparatively small. The three large ocelli, on dorsal,
caudal and middle of side, are present on each, as is also the
case with the numerous small spots of black on the ventral
portions of the body and on the outer portions of dorsal and
caudal. ‘The dorsal ocellus lies between the sixth and seventh
rays, on the middle of the fin; that on the flank is situated
above the vent; and that on the caudal between the fourth
and fifth rays, from the top, near the middle of the fin. The
black portion of either of these spots is larger than the orbit,
which latter is rather small when contrasted with that of other
species. The white circle around the black, again, is sur-
rounded by a narrow one of brown. On the caudal, at each
side of the ocellus, there are transverse streaks. The first
ray of the dorsal is as long as the second, and is covered by
scales. The bulb apparently is simple and bears numerous
lacinie. The second dorsal spine is shorter than the third;
both are club-shaped. The space behind the second dorsal
spine is covered by scales.

ANTENNARIUS MULTIOCELLATUS.

Chironectes multiocellatus C. V., 1837, XII, 420.

FISHES COLLECTED BY BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 83

This species is distinguished by the trifid bulb and the long
first dorsal ray, near twice as long as the second and quite as
long as the caudal, by the high nape, by the large third dor-
sal ray, much larger and more swollen than the second, and
by the coloration. The eye isvery small. The black centres
of the largest of the ocelli are smaller than the eye. Besides
the ocellus on the soft dorsal that on the anal and the three
forming a triangle on the caudal, there are others scattered
over the caudal and other fins, and over the sides of the body.
Below the eye on the cheek and under the chin and the chest
the spots are little more than black dots. Over the sides a
specimen in hand, the type of A. corallinus Poey, is freckled
with lighter rounded spots. Behind the pectoral on the side
there is a small ocellus with a black center. On each side in
the same position, a short distance above the pectoral there is
a brown ocellus, larger than the orbit, in the center of which
there is a white dot. A brown streak passes back from the
upper part of the orbit and curves down toward the anal
ocellus; another passes back from the middle of the eye and
curves down toward the pectoral; and a third below the third
dorsal spine runs down and then forward toward the lower
end of the maxillary. The forehead is comparatively narrow;
behind the second dorsal ray the bare space is hardly large
enough to receive the bait.

It may be stated here that the species A. scaber C. V. and
A. tigrts Poey are closely allied, but if placed side by side the
squamation and filaments suffice to distinguish them, great
similarity in color notwithstanding. A. scaber has coarser
scales, with shorter, rougher spines and the scales are farther
apart; and the cutaneous flaps appear on the body much as
figured by Cuvier. On A. ¢egr7s there are few of the cutane-
ous appendages, the scales are closer together, the spines are
longer and more slender, giving rise to an appearance more
like velvet, and the head and body are more compressed.

ANTENNARIUS NUTTINGI sp. n. Plate u.

eee An VN. 53, Pp. 215)C..9.

In form this species is shorter, more massive anteriorly, and

84 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

less compressed than either A. ocellatus or A. radiosus. A
transverse section across the middle of the body is a nearly
equilateral triangle. Caudal region short. Head nearly as
wide as high; cheeks swollen; forehead rather broad, con-
verging forward on the edges. Occipital concavity wide and
deep, free from scales in a.large space below the ends of the
first and second dorsal rays, this bare space being app arently
for the reception of the fleshy bait bulb, which latter has two
elongate lobes. Snout as long as the orbit, broad, truncate.
Chin vertical; symphyseal knob prominent. Mouth wide,
subvertical. Eye small; orbit twice as long, hardly more
than half the interorbital space. First and second dorsal rays
equal in length, not inclusive of the two elongate fleshy fringed
lobes surmounting the first. The base of the first ray stands
forward prominently over the mouth, being free for some dis-
tance. The greater portion of the second ray is free, while
the third is connected with the dorsum, by the skin, from base
nearly to tip. This last ray is larger than either of its fellows.
Soft dorsal large; middle rays longest, as long as the distance
from the maxillary to the hind edge of the operculum, or as
long as the rays of the caudal fin; fin not reaching “back to
the bases of the caudal rays, fringed. Hind margin of caudal
convex, fringed. Anal moderate, rays prominent in the mar-
gin, fin with a blunt angle on the outer edge, subtending,
when laid up against the tail, one-fourth or more of the length
of the caudal rays. The rays on the pectoral fins extend out
beyond the margins more noticeab'y than those of the other
fins. Ventrals small, in most instances with six points on the
outer margin, in one case having but five. Greatest length
of the caudal nearly one-fourth of the total length. Length
of each maxillary two-thirds of the caudal. Scales short,
small, close set, harsh to the touch, having none of the velvety
appearance.

Uniform black; inside of mouth black; bait white.

Great Bahama Banks.

This species is readily separated from A. princzpfis of auth-
ors by the short first dorsal spine. The specific name is

FISHES COLLECTED BY BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 85

given in honor of Professor C. C. Nutting, to whom science
is so much indebted for the origination and successful accom-
plishment of the expedition. Besides the specimens in his col-
lection there are several others in that of the Mus. Com. Zodl.

ANTENNARIUS RADIOSUS sp. n. Plate 1.

Antennarius sp. Nutting, 1895, Prelim. Rep., 149, pl. x1v, f. 2.

Meare. A. 85.55 P. 113 Coo:

Resembling A. ¢7zgr7s Poey in shape, squamation, etc., but
differing in coloration and in possession of a much longer
first dorsal ray. The staff in this ray is very slender, much
longer than the second ray, and bears a small trifid bait.
Second and third dorsal rays shorter than the first, the third
well tied down by the skin. Scales uniform, sharp. No
cutancous fringes, on large specimens.

Greyish or brownish white, darker on nape and dorsal fin,
with numerous spots of light color, as large as the orbit, sur-
rounded by more or less complete edgings of brown, producing
a semblance to reticulation, or to spotting by drops of liquid.
Seven streaks of brown radiate from the eye, as in A. /7g77s; they
are continued upon the head and down toward the ventrals.
A large spot of black, white edged, a little larger than the
orbit, half on the fin and half on the muscles of the body,
occupies the space between the eighth and the tenth rays of
the soft dorsal fin. The light areas vary in intensity and lie
close together over nearly the whole of body and fins. Belly
lighter, with faint indications of lines of browish, radiating
from the head. Caudal with oblique transverse cloudings of
brownish; hindmost one-fourth light. The color in life was
probably reddish or yellowish.

Secured off Key West, in about fifty fathoms.

A young individual, of less than an inch, taken opposite
Havana 1s of lighter gray and has a large ocellus, of light
color in the center, between the black one at the base of the
dorsal and the upper end of the humerus. There are small
cutaneous fringes on the flanks.

86 NATURAL HISTORY RULLETIN.

CHAUNAX NUTTINGII sp. n. Plate m1, fig. 2.

B26) De orgs AL Re Vas ma eo:

This is the specimen referred to by Professor Nutting in
his preliminary report .of the expedition (p. 149, pl. xiv, fig.
1) as “ta strange pediculate fish.” His artist overlooked the
anal fin; otherwise the form resembles that of Chaunax pictus,
but is shorter, broader, and possessed of more fin rays. An-
teriorly it is broad and depressed, posteriorly compressed.
From head to soft dorsal on the nape it is arched very little.
Head broader than high, flattened or slightly concave on the
occiput, nearly vertical on the chin. Snout short, broad,
truncate. Eye medium; the length of the scale less area cover-
ing it equals the width of that between the canals on the
interorbital space, or about two-thirds of the space itself; the
distance from the maxillary is about the ocular width. The
niche in which the first dorsal spine is received is subelliptical
and about three-fourths as long as the eye; the tentacle is
little more than half as long as the niche, is broad near the
base, tapers rapidly, and bears a two-lobed bait with slender
fringes. Mouth wide, oblique; maxillary about three times
as long as the eye, widened and rounded at the outer end;
intermaxillaries alone forming upper border of mouth. Teeth
small, slender, sharp, in viliform bands. Origin of soft dorsal
in the middle of the distance from the rostral tentacle to the
base of the caudal fin, fourth ray above the gill opening,
anterior rays shorter. Vent below the seventh ray of the
second dorsal. Pectorals short, broad, rounded. The canals
of the lateral system are in the main like those of C. prctus,
but have stronger curves; they begin to curve outward im-
mediately behind the niche, not remaining parallel or converg-
ing as in Lowe’s species. Scales very fine, sharp and close
together.

In life this fish was probably red or yellowish with transverse
cloudings or blotches of brownish; it is now dingy brownish
white. One of the blotches lies just behind the eye, another
lies below the orbit, and apparently three transverse bands
cross the back through the soft dorsal. Orbit blackish. Ten-

FISHES COLLECTED BY BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 87

tacular niche black. The coloration of the individual described

indicates a habitat within reach of the effects of sunlight.
Nearly eight miles south of Sand Key Light; about 120

fathoms.

ONCOCEPHALUS VESPERTILIO.

Lophius vespertilio Linn., 1758, S. N., 236.
Snout one-sixth of the total length. Without brown bands

or reticulations. Light colored.
Off Key West, south, in 60 fathoms.

ONCOCEPHALUS RADIATUS.

Lophius radiatus Mitch., 1818, Am. Month. Mag., 11, 326.
Lophius (Malthe) cubifrons Rich., 1836, F. B. A., Fish., 103.
Great Bahama Banks.

HALIEUTICHTHYS ACULEATUS. PI. Iv, fig. 1.

Lophius reticulatus Mitch., 1818, Am. Month. Mag., 1, 325.

Peay: A. 42 VRS Pe 2751s: C. 9.

As in Halicutea, Dibranchus, and allies, a rostral ten-
tacle is present in this genus. Among specimens belonging
to the Museum of Comparative Zodélogy there is evidence of
the existence of a couple of distinct forms in the West Indian
waters. The true 4H. aculeatus is much the lighter in the
ground colors and has brownish reticulations across the back.
Two or three narrowish transverse bands of the same color
cross the pectorals, and two or three similar bands appear on
the caudal, the posterior being darkest. -The margins of the
fins are light in color. The rostrum is acute; it ends in a
spine which turns upward; and seen from above, it is hardly
long enough to cover the tentacular niche. Evidently this
type belongs to the shallower waters. The localities noted
carry its distribution from the Bahamas to the Yucatan Banks;
in depths of forty fathoms and less.

HALIEUTICHTHYS CARIBBZUS sp.n. PI. tv, fig. 2.

Mee er a VRS aye: Cg.
This type is darker than the preceding; the reticulations

88 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

are not present; the outer half of the pectoral, except at the
margin, is black; and, excepting the narrow posterior margin,
the hinder fifth of the caudal fin is black. The upper surface
is clouded brownish without traces of the net-work pattern
common to //. aculeatus. On the specimens described the
rostrum is acute, and the spine extends forward to cover the
cavity receiving the tentacle so that it is not visible on speci-
mens viewed from above. As now known this species ranges
from Jamaica to Barbados in depths of seventy to a hundred
and fifty fathoms or more.

PRrIONOTUS TRIBULUS C. V., 1829, Iv, 98, pl. 74.

On specimens of less than an inch and a half the head is less
than one-third of the total length, the pectoral reaches farther
back than to the base of the anal but not quite as far back-
ward as to the tip of the anal fin. The transverse bands are
very distinct and reach across the entire flank. The tip of
the caudal is dark, as also the spot at the base, and there is a
fainter band across the middle of the fin. A light band
between two darker ones crosses the interorbital space into
the eye, giving the appearance in the latter of radiating bands
or streaks of dark and light. From the eye a dark patch
extends down upon the cheek; at each side of the symphysis,
on both jaws, there is a small spot, and midway between it
and the angle of the mouth there is another. The pectorals
are blackish, with white upper margins; the spot on the dorsal
is brownish.

Tortugas.

GoBIUS EIGENMANNI sp, n. Plate 11, fig. I.

Dy tres Amt beso; fel; 273° Lge. 7:

Body rather stout, body cavity more than half the length
from snout to base of caudal. Head two-ninths of the total
length or two-sevenths of the distance to the caudal base,
blunt and rounded anteriorly, very narrow between the eyes,
slightly compressed. Eyes large, one-third of the head, very
close together. Snout short, littke more than half as long as
the eye. Mouth wide; maxillary reaching a vertical from

FISHES COLLECTED BY BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 89

the middle of the eye, moderately oblique. First dorsal higher,
anterior three rays prolonged in the filaments, third ray long-
est and reaching to the eighth ray of the second dorsal.
Origin of anal fin midway from edge of preopercle to base of
caudal. Pectorals nearly as long as the head. Caudal as
long as the head, pointed. Scales large, thin, deciduous,
twenty seven in a longitudinal series, two rows above the
lateral line.

Yellowish, with a few puncticulations of black near the
bases of the caudal rays, with a light-edged black spot on the
outer halves of the fourth to the sixth rays of the first dorsal,
and with a black streak around the mouth immediately above
the maxillary. The long body, the large eye, the dorsal spot,
and the streak above the mouth serve to distinguish this spe-
cies from its nearest allies of the same locality. The specific
name is given in honor of the distinguished ichthyologists who
have added so much to our knowledge of the American
Gobiide, C. H. and R. S. Eigenmann.

Off Key West, in 60 fathoms.

GOBIUS SOPORATOR C. V., 1837, x1, 56.
Spanish Wells.

BLENNIUS PILICORNIS C. V., 1836, XI, 254.

Small subhexagonal reticulations on each cheek present the
appearance of scales. Anal fin darker toward ends of rays,
which are white. Dorsal fin darker in the outer half. A few
dots of black scattered along the sides. Basal portions of dor-
sal and anal light. Median rays of caudal longer; outer mar-
gins dark. Caudal, pectorals and ventrals lighter than the
other fins.

Tortugas.

MyxopeEs Macropus Poey, 1868, Syn. Pisc. Cub., 399.
Tortugas.

ATHERINA STIPES M. & Tr., 1848, Schomb. Hist. Barbad., 671.
Tortugas.

Ve G

(oa NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

GOBIESOX RUPESTRIS Poey, 1860, Mem. Cub., m1, 283.
Egg Island.

PoMACENTRUs LEucosTicTus M. & Tr., 1848, Schomb. Bar-
bad., 674.

Tortugas; Spanish Wells.
LACHNOLAIMUS MAXIMUS.

Labrus maximus Walb., 1792, Art. Gen. Pisc., 261.

Young individuals of less than two inches differ so much
from the adult as to be hardly recognizable. The anterior
rays of the dorsal are little longer than those back of them;
the filaments extend little if any beyond the points of the
spines; the outer rays of the caudal are not elongate; the
rays of soft dorsal and of anal have not developed into
sharp angles on those fins; there are a couple of silvery
spots below the eye; and there are vertical narrow bands of
brownish separated or edged by white or silvery on the flanks.
The anterior of these bands passes from the anterior rays of
the dorsal to the bases of the ventrals; two fainter ones farther
back pass down from the spinous dorsal; and a more distinct
one runs from the soft dorsal to the anal fin. Behind this
last on both dorsal and anal there are two dark spots the inner
of which rests on the base of the hindmost rays. The caudal
is marked around the edges with dark.

Tortugas.

PLATYGLOSSUS BIVITTATUS.

Labrus bivittatus Bloch., 1791, Ausl. Fische, v, 133, pl.
DOA sie die
Tortugas.

PSEUDOSCARUS CCERULEUS.

Coryphena cerulea Bl., 1786, Ausl. Fische, 1, 148, pl. 176.
Tortugas.

PHYCIS REGIUS.

Blennius regius Walb., 1792, Art. Gen. Pisc., 186.

FISHES. COLLECTED BY BAHAMA EXPEDITION, gi

About eight miles south of Sand Key Light; near 120
fathoms.

LEPTOPHIDIUM CERVINUM G. & B., 1885, P. U. S., Mus., vim,
422.

Rufous with puncticulations of black, and with a series of
eight to ten or more faint spots of light color, hardly as large
as the eye, above the median line of the flank, from the upper
angle of the opercle backward. Edges of vertical fins blackish.

Nearly eight miles south of Sand Key Light; about 120
fathoms.

FIERASFER DUBIUS Put., 1874, P. B.S. N. H., 344.
Tortugas. 7

PLATOPHRYS OCELLATUS.

Pehombus ocellatus Ag., 1829, Spix. Pisc., 85, pl. 46.

76-33; A. 57-02; V. 6; P. ir upper, 9 lower;, L178;
PL T.:80.

Bahama Banks; Tortugas.

HEMIRHOMBUS ARAMACA.,

Pleuronectes aramaca Cuv., 1829, R. An., I, 341.

The formula given this fish by Giinther is D. 85; A. 65;
Ll. 70. From some of these examples we find it to be about
Dror; A. 67; V. 6; P. upper 11, lower 9; Li.56; Ltr. 18--18-

Off Key West.

MOoNOLENE SESSILICAUDA Goode, 1880, P. U. S. Mus., 338.

Mene4; As oa; V6; P. 11 upper, o lower; Ll. 935; Ltr,
22+24.

The description of the coloration given by Goode (‘Color
on the left side ashy brown, with numerous more or less dis-
tinct darker brown spots. On the blind side white. Pectoral
blackish, with traces of lighter transverse bands,”) applies
to deep sea specimens. As if they had lived within reach of
the light, in shoaler water, Professor Nutting’s specimens
are much more distinctly marked. They are greyish brown,
with numerous spots of darker to blackish over head and body,

TV—t Gag

92 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

the spots being half as large as the eye or smaller, arranged
in greater part in broad transverse bands, as wide as the inter-
spaces, of which bands the foremost and narrowest passes
from the nape to the opercle, the second lies immediately
behind the pectoral, the third just in front and the fourth just
behind the middle of the total length, and the fifth, more
indistinct, crosses near the ends of dorsal and anal. The
caudal is crossed by two rather indefinite narrow streaks.
The pectoral is white at its base and bears three or four nar-
row curved transverse bands of white separating three or four
similar bands of black, which, with the white, are more distinct
in the lower half of:the fin.

Off Key West. *

Specimens from depths of 150 fathoms or more agree well
with these in the formuiz and to some extent in marks, but
not in the distinctness of the latter. The difference is evi-
dently not due to age, since the sizes are the same. The
caudal of the deep sea examples is light at the base and on
the upper and lower margins, and blackish on the inner rays
to the posterior extremity.

SYMPHURUS PLAGUSIA.

Pleuronectes plagusia Bl. Schn., 1801, Syst. Ichth., 162.
Off Key West, in about 20 fathoms.

SyYNODUS INTERMEDIUS.
Saurus intermedius Ag., 1829, Spix. Pisc., 81, pl. 44.
Off Key West, in about 60 fathoms.

HEMIRHAMPHUS BALAO Les., 1821, J. Phil. Ac., 11, 136.
Florida Reefs.

Exoc@Tus OBTusIROsTRIS Gthr., 1866, Cat., v1, 283.
«‘ South of the Gulf Stream,” off the Bahamas.

GyYMNOTHORAX MORINGA.

Murena moringa Cuv., 1829, R. An., 1, 352.
Spanish Wells.

FISHES COLLECTED BY BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 93

OPHICHTHYS sp., larva.
Bahama Bank.

SPHAGEBRANCHUS SCUTICARIS G. & B., 1880, P. U. S. Mus.,
Il, 343.
Off Key West, in about roo fathoms.
SIPHOSTOMA ELUCENS.
Syngnathus elucens Poey, 1868, Rep., 443.
Tortugas.

HIPPpocaMPUS PUNCTULATUS Guich., 1855, Pec. Cub., 239,

pls, -£.°2:
Off Key West in 20 to 60 fathoms.

BALISTES BUNIVA La C., 1803, v, 669, pl. 21, f. 1.
mat ps4: A: 30; P: 15; Li.64; Ltr. 30.
Spanish Wells.

BALISTES FULIGINOSUS DeK., 1842, N. Y. Fish., 339, pl. 57;

f. 188.

estos A. 273 133 Li. 403 Lir. 17.

Lat. 31° 30’ N.; Lon. 75° 11’ W. in Gulf Weed.
BALISTES MACULATUS Gmel., 1789, Linn. S. N., 1, 1468.

meee sa- A. 207 Po 145. LI. 50; Ltr. 36.

iat ge 30’ N-;. Lon. 75° 31° W., n-Gulf Weed.
MoNACANTHUS Hispipus Linn., 1766, S. N., 1, 405.

Great Bahama Bank; off Key West.

TETRODON TuRGIDUs Mitch., 1815, Tr. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N.Y.,

£473, pl. 6, f. 5:
Spanish Wells.

TETRODON SPENGLERI Bloch, 1785, Ausl. Fische, 1,135, pl. 144.

DiopoN HYSTRIX Linn., 1758, S. N., I, 335.
Lat. 31° 30’ N:; Lon. 75°. 11’ W., in Gulf Weed.

DRoMICUS ANGULIFER Bibron, 1843, Rept. Cuba, 222, pl. 27.

In one of the jars of fishes there is a small snake with the
legend « Key West, in the Schooner.” Very likely the spe-
cimen was taken on board while the vessel was off the coast
of Cuba as it is abundant on that island.

A NICARAGUAN SHELL-BANK.

By B. SHIMEK.

THE peculiar exposure of which notice is here made is
found on the Manuel Vargas ranch, east of San Carlos, Nica-
ragua, on the south bank of the San Juan River. The river,
here only twelve miles from the outlet of Lake Nicaragua,
flows due east and cuts into a terrace on the southern shore,
forming a vertical bank which gradually rises from the low
river-bottom at its eastern extremity, and reaches a height of
more than fifteen feet at the western extremity of the shell-
bearing portion. This bank, for one hundred yards from its
eastern extremity, consists of fine alluvium which is literally
packed with Unio shells, frequently cemented together by
calcareous tufa into large masses.

The shell-bearing portion of the exposure averages about
twelve feet in height, but the surface of the ground gradually
rises back from the river, and shells were traced along the
surface to a point more than one hundred and fifty feet from
the shore, this point being fifteen or twenty feet above the
river which had then (March r2th, 1892) not yet reached its
lowest stage. This indicates a total thickness of the deposit
of more than fifteen, and probably not less than twenty feet.

There are three species of Uo in the series of shells col-
lected from the bank, and they are identical with living species
found now in the mud of the river at the foot of the exposure.
Many of the fossil shells still have their valves united by the
ligament, and not a few are in a vertical position, showing
that the shells had been deposited ¢z stu. These species are

now found living in abundance in the river in the mud.close:

De

A NICARAGUAN SHELL-BANK. 95

to the shores, and the fossil shells no doubt were developed
under similar conditions.

The conclusion naturally follows that at one time the San
Juan River and, of course, Lake Nicaragua, of which it is the
outlet, had their low water mark more than fifteen feet above
the present level; that the river has since cut through the
eastern barriers to its present level, in its downward progress
gradually depositing an oblique sheet of shell-bearing alluvi-
um; and that the level of the lake has correspondingly fallen.
Lake Nicaragua is to-day more than one hundred feet above
sea-level. The San Juan River therefore has sufficient fall
for further effective erosion, which is, without doubt, going
on at an increasing rate, and the conclusion seems irresistible
that the lake is destined to a further reduction of its level, and
a still further contraction of its area, and that within no distant
future; since it is evident from the comparatively perfect pres-
ervation of the shells above mentioned that the whole shell-
bank is a very recent affair indeed, as terrestrial changes go.

In view of the attempted construction of vast public works
along the valley of the San Juan River, the importance of this
conclusion is sufficiently obvious.

While the lake cannot be wholly drained, its greatest depth
being about two hundred and forty feet and the elevation of
its surface above sea level being one hundred and ten feet, its
average depth is such that a comparatively slight fall in its
general level must cause a great contraction of its area,—a
circumstance of much importance to the cities and towns along
its shores.

The building of the proposed great Ochoa dam across the
lower San Juan River in connection with the construction of
the Nicaragua Canal is probably the only thing that would
arrest this erosion, and would secure the retention of this vast
and important inland reservoir of fresh water.

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.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Fic. 1. Murex NUTTINGI Dall (drawn from specimen 107,372, U. S. Nat.
Mus.) Height of shell 56 mm.; page 13.

Fic, 2. CERION NITELOIDES Dail (drawn from specimen 107,411, U. S.
Nat. Mus.); height of shel] 28 mm. ; page 15.
Fic. 3. LioriA CENTRIFUGA Dali drawn from specimen 107,419, U. S.

Nat. Mus.); height of shell 3.5 mm.; page 16.

Fic. 4. CARDITELLA SMITHII Dadi (drawn from specimen 107,365, U.S.
Nat. Mus.) Height of specimen 2 mm.; page 16.

BawAMA Exrep. Mo.LuLusca.—DaALL. Prater E

Pear:

Bauama ExpeEp. FisHEs.—GARMAN.

MA ows
Lt SSS as:

arian,

7

ANTENNARIUS RADIOSUS G

. A. KING, del.

C

PLATE II,

AN.

BaHAMA ExpeEpD. FisHES.—GARM

arian.

G

ANTENNARIUS NUTTINGII

Kine, del.

CUA.

Puate If.

arman.,

G

GoOBIUS EIGENMANNI

ie re

arman.

G

CHAUNAX NUTTINGII

2

Fic.

Some te
Re

6

Bauama Expep. FisHEs —GARMAN.

<ING, del.

Ce oc

Prare TV.

BauHAMA ExXpEpD. FISHES.—GARMAN.

Garman.

HALIEUTICHTHYS ACULEATUS CG

BIG. e 1.

arman,

Tr

HALIEUTICHTHYS CARIBBUS G

Fic. 2.

CinG, del.

Gavan

FROM THE

o . OF NATURAL. f eo -

RIO GRANDE MAL PET cas pecs ee WIcKHAM.

io

eal THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA,. ... . B. Suimex.

PUBLISHED

BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS.

IOWA CITY, IOWA:
DECEMBER, 1897.

Men. iV. Ne. 2:

BULLETIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.

PUBLISHED

BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS.

IOWA CITY, IOWA:
DECEMBER, 1807.

Secretary Wn. J. Happock:

We take pleasure in submitting herewith Bulletin No. 2,
of Volume IV, from the Laboratories of Natural History, of
the State University of Iowa.

THE EpITors.

“ei

A NICARAGUAN SHELL-BANK. 95

to the shores, and the fossil shells no doubt were developed
under similar conditions.

The conclusion naturally follows that at one time the San
Juan River and, of course, Lake Nicaragua, of which it is the
outlet, had their low water mark more than fifteen feet above
the present level; that the river has since cut through the
eastern barriers to its present level, in its downward progress
gradually depositing an oblique sheet of shell-bearing alluvi-
um; and that the level of the lake has correspondingly fallen.
Lake Nicaragua is to-day more than one hundred feet above
sea-level. The San Juan River therefore has sufficient fall
for further effective erosion, which is, without doubt, going
on at an increasing rate, and the conclusion seems irresistible
that the lake is destined to a further reduction of its level, and
a still further contraction of its area, and that within no distant
future: since it is evident from the comparatively perfect pres-
ervation of the shells above mentioned that the whole shell-
bank is a very recent affair indeed, as terrestrial changes go.

In view of the attempted construction of vast public works
along the valley of the San Juan River, the importance of this
conclusion is sufficiently obvious.

While the lake cannot be Wholly drained, its greatest depth
being about two hundred and forty feet and the elevation of
its surface above sea level being one hundred and ten feet, its
average depth is such that a comparatively slight fall in its

general level must cause a great contraction of its area,—a

circumstance of much importance to the cities and towns along
its shores.

The building of the proposed great Ochoa dam across the
Jower San Juan River in connection with the construction of
the Nicaragua Canal is probably the only thing that would
arrest this erosion, and would secure the retention of this vast
and important inland reservoir of fresh water.

Vir

THE COLEOPTERA OF THE LOWER RIO

GRANDE VALLEY.
ie

By H. F. WICKHAM.

THE material on which the following report is based, was
for the most part, collected by the writer ona trip to Browns-
ville, Texas, in the year 1895. Owing probably to the com-
parative inaccessibility of the region, which lies far away from
all ordinary routes of travel, and to a lack of knowledge of
the means by which it might be reached, practically no col-
lections of Coleoptera had, until recently, been received from
this part of the country and the authenticity even of the few
records in our possession was often questioned.

A short time previous to tht writer’s initial move in this
direction, the Entomological Division of the U.S. Department
of Agriculture stationed as Field Agent at Brownsville, Prof.
C. H. Tyler Townsend, who was engaged in the study of the
cotton weevil (Anthonomus grandis), and who also devoted
much time to making a general collection of the insects found
in this vicinity. Later, he was joined for a few days by Mr.
E. A. Schwarz, who was sent by the same bureau on a like
mission. To these gentlemen, naturalists are indebted for our
first real knowledge of the insect fauna of the lower Rio
Grande valley. Prof. Townsend remained at Brownsville
throughout the writer’s stay, and rendered a great deal of
kind aid in the way of pointing out good localities with which
he had become familiar in past experience. His mission was
not terminated until some months later.

Two routes are open to the intending visitor; one by water,

96

COLEOPTERA OF THE LOWER RIO GRANDE. 97

via the steamers of the Morgan Line, which touch at Brazos
de Santiago, off Point Isabel, about once in ten days. The
other is by stage from Alice, a station on the Mexican Na-
tional and the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railroads. This
stage, running daily between Alice and Brownsville, covers
the intervening distance of about one hundred and sixty miles
in thirty-six hours. There is no means by which the trip can
be made by rail.

Going south from Alice, the soil is for the most part sandy,
the vegetation not unlike that of the major portion of south-
ern Texas. Only after reaching the low lands extending
back from the Rio Grande does any change appear and then
only in spots. Here and there along the river-bottom, or
along the sioughs or *‘resacas” are found, as Mr. Schwarz
has elsewhere! stated, “isolated stripes of larger or smaller
extent, covered with a dense forest having a thick under-
growth of varied shrubbery and a rich vegetation of lower
plants, the like of which is not seen in any other place in
southwestern Texas.” It is, in the main, to these little jun-
gles that the tropical forms are confined, while the elevated
or more sandy portions in the neighborhood support generally
only the ordinary flora and fauna of the region.

As to the nature of the vegetation in these jungles, little
can be said except that it is quite unfamiliar in appearance to
a traveler accustomed to the forests of any other portion of
the United States. The palmetto here grows to the size of a
tree, vines of various sorts bind the bushes into an almost im-
penetrable mass, brilliant abutilons and salvias gleam here and
there in open spots. Often, however, the mesquite and allied
Leguminose mingle freely with the curious isolated tropical
growth and serve to render it still more unique. From one
to another of the jungles stretches the “chaparral” of the
Texas of literature—mesquite, huisache, two or three species
of Opuntia and legions of thorny plants of gnarled growth and
with scanty foliage. ‘Toward the Gulf of Mexico, on the line
of the little narrow-gauge road connecting Brownsville with

1 Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, Vol. Iv., p. 2.
IV—i11 H2

98 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

its port, Point Isabel, lies a range of low hills—the “yucca
ridges”—on which the growth of vegetation is that charac-
teristic of the arid regions of the Lower Sonoran, great yuc-
cas mingled with the usual legumes, mesquite, huisache and
screw-bean. Here the insect-fauna takes on a character befit-
ting its surroundings and we find the genera, often indeed the
species, which occur in like situations in Arizona and Mexico.

Between these hills are wide valleys, salt in character and
either baked dry and hard or covered more or less completely
by the peculiar succulent plants common in such situations
elsewhere in the west. These salt-flats extend in a somewhat
broken sequence completely to the sea-coast at Point Isabel
and support a few forms of insect life more or less peculiar to
themselves. Reaching the Point, the long sand-beaches here
and on Padre Island (across the narrow bay) are inhabited by
a true maritime fauna, part of which may be called tropical in
in its nature while the remainder is identical with that of the
Gulf coast further north. All of the localities mentioned were
visited by the writer, and some description of them is essential
to a real understanding of the complex character of the
Brownsville insect-fauna.

Regarding the true affinities of the Coleopterous fauna and
the claim of the region to be considered tropical in its nature,
opinions are more or less divided. Mr. Schwarz has stated,
in the paper previously quoted, that ‘no one can doubt the
existence of a semitropical insect-fauna along the north bank
of the lower Rio Grande.” Prof. Townsend! classes the
Brownsville fauna as Lower Sonoran—with a considerable
touch of Austroriparian and about twenty-five per cent trop-
ical. Dr. Merriam? has included it in his Tropical region.
Dr. LeConte,* writing thirty-seven years ago, speaks of it as
a ‘sub-tropical province.”

Looking through the list of species belonging to the five
families treated in the present portion of this report, it seems

1 Transactions of the Texas Academy of Science, 1895, p. 85.
2 Proc. Biological Society of Washington, Vol. vit., p. 33 and map.

3Coleoptera of Kansas and New Mexico: Smithsonian Contributions.

COLEOPTERA OF THE LOWER RIO GRANDE. 99

to the writer that no one familiar with the Coleopterous fauna
of the United States can pick out more than five or six
which can be called characteristic of the Lower Sonoran zone,
though it is true that quite a number range into it; a number,
perhaps fifteen or sixteen, are tolerably characteristic of the
Upper Sonoran, while possibly twelve or fourteen are more
particularly tropical. The great majority are species of very
wide distribution in eastern and central North America, many -
of them extending even to the Canadian boundary. No doubt
can be entertained however, that a study of the phytophagous
families will yield a larger percentage of Sonoran and Tropi-
cal species, since we may naturally infer that the carnivorous
beetles, of which the present list is mainly composed, are less
affected by peculiarities in the flora than the phytophaga.
More will be said on the subject in the concluding number of
this article; for the present it will be sufficient to state the con-
viction that there is even less ground for considering the
Brownsville beetle-fauna as Lower Sonoran, than for classing
itas Tropical. The little jungles noted by Mr. Schwarz, are
to be considered it seems, almost truly tropical, while on the
other hand, there are large areas of a very different nature
surrounding these little forests, with a totally different coleop-
terous contingent. Some of these areas are, from their ele-
vated situation and dry climate, almost typically arid Lower
Sonoran, while the low-lying damp spots, not tropical, will
show a high percentage of forms common in humid regions
occupied by what Dr. Merriam has called the Carolinian and
Austroriparian faunas. In other words, Brownsville and its
environs are not in one life-zone but in at least two and proba-
bly three—the limits of these “zones” being locally irregular,
and determined not by temperature-conditions but by those of
soil and humidity which through their action on plant life also
influence tne insects. The only way in which these conditions
could be approximately indicated on a map would be by spot-
ting it with appropriate colors as in mapping boreal or arctic
faunz on isolated mountain peaks.

In compiling the list the writer has been fortunate in having

100 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

the aid of such entomologists as Dr. Geo. H. Horn and Mr.
E. A. Schwarz, to both of whom his best thanks are due.
By the permission of Dr. L. O. Howard, Honorary Curator
of the Department of Insects, the names of the species col-
lected by Mr. Schwarz and Prof. Townsend and now preserv-
ed in the United States National Museum, have been added to
the records and will be found in the proper places. Whenno
credit is given, the writer is to be understood as the collector.

Dates are indicated by the months only; however those for
June include the period between the twenty-first and the
thirtieth, while those for July run from the first to the twen-
tieth. Where no definite locality is specified, Brownsville is
to be understood in every instance. For the benefit of future
writers, in whose minds doubts may arise as to the possibility
of any of the records referring to specimens actually captured
on United States soil, it may be well to state that no systemat-
ic collecting was done on the other side. The Mexican speci-
mens obtained were less than a score in number, incidentally
gathered while looking over a cotton field near Matamoras,
and these represented only species common on the north bank
of the Rio Grande.

GICINDE LID ZA.

TETRACHA CAROLINA Linn. A number of specimens were
taken in July, under pieces of wood along the bank of a resaca
in Fort Brown reservation. The species extends quite across
the continent in the south, being recorded from both coasts
of Mexico; Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas
(Columbus, San Antonio, Laredo, El] Paso), New Mexico
(Mesilla Valley), Arizona (Tucson), California (Fort Yuma)
and Baja California to San Jose del Cabo. According to
Schaupp many varieties are known from the West Indies and
South America.

CICINDELA RECTILATERA Chaud. Only tolerably common
in the immediate vicinity of Brownsville in June and July, but
much more abundant at various places along the stage route,

COLEOPTERA OF THE LOWER RIO GRANDE, IOI

literally swarming a little south of Alice. Plentiful at Co-
lumbus and Houston, along banks of streams or on margins
of ponds; apparently preferring bars or other sandy stretches.
Mexico (Chaudoir). Specimens were also included in Prof.
Townsend’s collection.

C. DORSALIS var. SAULCYI Guerin. Common on the white
sand beach of Padre Island late in June, where it was captured
by Prof. Townsend and myself. It is extremely abundant at
Galveston and occurs at various other places on the Gulf coast
—Florida and Louisiana. A strictly maritime species.

C. rorTuosA Dej. Boca del Rio Grande; Prof. Town-
send. This species is not not necessarily maritime, though
often common on sea-beaches. It occurs, in several varieties,
in Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Arizona, California (near San
Diego), Baja California, the West Indies and Mexico.

C. MARGINATA Fabr. Point Isabel, on beach, one speci-
men, July. Occurs in the West Indies along the sea shore,
also in similar situations in North and South Carolina, Georgia
and Florida. In the neighborhood of New York City it is
found on salt marsh.

C. sEVERA Laf. Point Isabel, rare on the beach in July.
A species of wary habit and strong flight, more difficult of
capture than any other species met with in the same region.
Also known from Louisiana and New Mexico.

C. rocata. Laf. Not rare at Point Isabel, whence speci-
mens are in Townsend’s collections and my own. More com-
mon on salt-flats some distance back from the beach, also in
the valleys near the yucca ridges. June and July. Common
on salt marsh in Kansas and Nebraska.

C. crrcumpicTa Laf. Point Isabel, rare in July. Of much
stronger flight than /ogafa, and more wary. Only found in
the immediate vicinity of the beach here, but elsewhere is not
necessarily maritime. Found on salt marsh in Kansas and re-
corded from Arizona. The variety pretextata I have taken
in New Mexico, at Albuquerque.

Io2 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

C. PAMPHILA Chaud. Point Isabel, along the beach, col-
lected by Townsend and by myself. June and July. By far
the most common tiger-beetle of the region and easily captur-
ed. Very variable. The ground color of the elytra may be
either brownish, obscure bronzed green or bright green. Re-
corded also from Louisiana. Must certainly occur in the state
of Tamaulipas, Mexico, though I have seen no specimens.

CARABID Ai.

OMOPHRON AMERICANUM Dej. Rare on banks of resaca in
July. Very widely distributed throughout the Mississippi val-_
ley, west to New Mexico and Colorado, east to New York,
New England and Virginia. Also occurs in Canada.

CALOSOMA AUROCINCTUM Chaud. (Bull. de la Soc. Imp.
Mosc. xxil., 156.) Two specimens are in my possession, sent
from Brownsville by Mr. Frank Armstrong, dated Septem-
ber. Prof. Townsend also met with it. Chaudoir’s descrip-
tion is comparative with an Antillean species. In comparison
with C. scrutator it will be seen that aurocinctum is smaller
(23 mm.), of a much brighter and clearer green above, not
becoming bronzed nor dark blue on the head and the pronotal
disk. The sides of the prothorax are more suddenly narrowed
behind, the margin less broadly reflexed; the cupreous border,
so noticeable in most scrutator is nearly or quite wanting in
aurocinctum. 'Vhe elytral striz are also much less pronounced,
the interstices broader and flatter. The side margin of the
elytra is brilliantly reddish-cupreous, but narrow. ‘The spe-
cies was originally described from Mexico and the above
is the first record of its occurrence in the United States.

C. macrum Lec. Several specimens sent by Mr. Arm-
strong; September. Seems to be confined to Texas if we
may judge from the records.

C. say1 Dej. One specimen, from same source and with
same date asabove. This is known from most of the Atlantic
and middle states as far north as Missouri. I have it from
Missouri, Alabama and various localities in Texas. Dr. Horn
has recently received specimens from Baja California.

COLEOPTERA OF THE LOWER RIO GRANDE. 103

SCARITES SUBTERRANEUS Fabr. Sent by Mr. Armstrong,
who obtained it in September. Extends quite across the south-
ern portion of the continent from Florida to Baja California,
extending north on the Atlantic coast and through the Missis-
sippi valley to Canada.

DySCHIRIUS ERYTHROCERUS Lec. Rather common on the
river bank at Laredo, July 24th. I find it recorded from Ohio
and New York.

D. susta&vis Putz. The specimens provisionally placed
here were taken by myself on the beach at Point Isabel. The
specific reference is considered doubtful by Dr. Horn and also
by Mr. Schwarz who obtained what is no doubt the same spe-
cies. Putzeys’ type was from Texas.

D. TERMINATUS Lec. Rather common on the banks of
resacas at Brownsville in June and July, also at Laredo on
river bank, July 24th. Extends across New Mexico and Ari-
zona to California.

CLIVINA DENTIPES Dej. Common on shores of sioughs in
July. Abundant at many points in the Atlantic states and in
the Mississippi valley to lowa. Louisiana, Georgia, Arizona
(East Bridge on the Colorado River), California (Needles).

C. FERREA Lec. Brownsville, Prof. Townsend. Found
in Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Arizona (Tucson), Baja California.

SCHIZOGENIUS SALLEI Putz. Laredo. One specimen on
river bank, July 24th. Originally described from Texas.

ASPIDOGLOSSA SUBANGULATA Chaud. Brownsville several,
Laredo one specimen. Always found in situations similar to
those frequented by CV/rvzna. East to Louisiana, north to Dal-
las. Common at Columbus and San Antonio, Texas.

BEMBIDIUM COXENDIX Say. Laredo, July 24th, on river
bank. Extends west to El Paso and to Albuquerque, New
Mexico, whence I have specimens. For the identification of
this and other species of the Bembzdia I am indebted to Mr.
R. Hayward, and the names will, in consequence, correspond
with those used in his memoir now in press.

104 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

B. INTERMEDIUM Kirby. Laredo, common all along the
Rio Grande. Abundant in Canada and southward through
New York, Ohio and the Mississippi valley. In my cabinet
also from several points in Texas; Luna, New Mexico, and
Tucson, Arizona.

B. constrictum Lec. Brownsville, July, not uncommon on
banks of resacas. New York, New Jersey, Key West, Fla.

B. FRATERNUM Lec. Brownsville. The species thus refer-
red, was so named by Mr. Schwarz, “only by comparison with
specimens received from Belfrage.” The material is from
Townsend.

B. NuBicu.osum Chaud. Common. Extends across the
region to the westward, through El] Paso, Albuquerque and
the valley of the Little Colorado to Tucson and Yuma, thence
through Baja California.

B. versicocor Lec. Common on wet banks. An abun-
dant species throughout a wide extent of territory. I have it
from Iowa City, Iowa, Little Rock, Arkansas, Tucson, Riv-
erside and Winslow, Arizona, various points in Texas, The
Dalles, Oregon, and Fort Wrangel, Alaska.

B. LAVIGATUM Say. One specimen on bank of Rio Grande.
Common at Columbus (Texas) and in lowa. Recorded also
from Ohio and Missouri.

Tacuys PALLIDUS Chaud. Not uncommon in June and
July, under rubbish along the beach at Point Isabel.

T. xantTuopus Dej. Tolerably abundant in June at Browns-
ville. Said to be found in New York, New Jersey and west-
ward. Allegheny, Pennsylvania (Hamilton).

T. vorax Lec. Point Isabel and Brownsville, June and
July, not rare. Known also from New Mexico, that part of
California adjoining and south of Owen’s Valley, Arizona and
Baja California.

T. aupax Lec. Laredo, July 24th, on bank of river. Cali-
fornia, in the same region as the preceding, also in Baja Cali-
fornia.

COLEOPTERA OF THE LOWER RIO GRANDE, I05

T. corruscus Lec. Brownsville, June. Illinois, Pennsyl-
vania.

T. vivax Lec. Not rare in July. This and all the other
species of Zachys were identified by Dr. Horn.

Poconus TEXANuS Chaud. A large colony of this hitherto
very rare species was found under a palmetto log stranded on
a mud-flat at Point Isabel. The beetle is remarkably active
and the specimens displayed a degree of quickness in escaping
rarely surpassed among the Carabide. The difference in fa-
cies in the genus Pogonus is quite remarkable, ¢exanus bear-
ing a close resemblance to certain Amare, while the other
North American forms are more like Agonoderus. Probably
P. texanus will prove to be a maritime or salt marsh species.
No specimens are known to have occurred outside of Texas.

P. LECONTEI Horn. Obtained by Townsend, Schwarz and
myself. It was not rare under drift-wood on the beach at
Point Isabel in June and July. Found also near Great Salt
Lake, Utah.

PTEROSTICHUS TEXANUS Lec. Apparently very common
during September. A great number were received from Mr.
Armstrong.

BADISTER MICANS Lec. Brownsville, Mr. Schwarz. Re-
corded from Massachusetts, Florida and Georgia.

PLATYNUS TEXANUS Lec. Several specimens were sent
by Mr. Armstrong as having been collected during Septem-
ber. Also in Townsend’s collection.

CASNONIA PENNSYLVANICA DeGeer.. Brownsville, July, in
cotton-field. Laredo, July 24th, under vines near river. Com-
mon in Iowa, extends north to Canada, east to New York
and Massachusetts, west to Kansas. Baja California. Ac-
cording to Dr. Horn it occurs over the entire United States.

ZUPHIUM LONGICOLLE Lec. Brownsville, Mr. Townsend.
One of the type specimens came from San Joaquin Co., Calif,

GALERITA ATRIPES Lec. Numerous specimens were col-

106 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

lected in September by Mr. Armstrong. Rare in Jowa, abun-
dant in Kansas.

AGRA OBLONGOPUNCTATA Chevr. (Coleop. du Mexique, 8e
fascicule, 183). The first member of the Agrznz reported
from the United States. Several specimens were beaten from
the thickest vine-covered tangles in the little tropical jungles
already described. Mr. Townsend had two specimens (taken
in June) on my arrival, and I continued to find it until late in
July. The insect presents a most remarkable appearance.
The head is impunctured, greatly elongate both before and
behind the eyes, much constricted at the neck, surface pol-
ished. Thorax slender, nearly conical, sides sinuate near front
and hind angles, lateral margin represented by a raised line:
the disk is marked with four rows of very deep often conflu-
ent punctures, intermixed with a few less evident ones. Below
the carina which I have considered to represent the lateral
margin is another row of serial punctures more distinct in
front, while beneath these will be seen a few scattered with-
out arrangement. Elytra narrow, broader behind the middle,
punctured in rows, the punctures large, deep, often elongate,
wider than the interstices, Fourth interspace with a fine
groove running nearly the entire length, margined interiorly
by a delicate carina. From near the tip of the sixth inter-
space a fine carina extends to the vicinity of the rounded su-
tural angle. Apex of elytra truncate and sinuate, the outer
angle nearly rectangular. Body beneath shining, prothorax
coarsely, meso- and metathorax rather finely punctured; met-
asternum grooved at middle, the groove wider behind. A
deep fovea just anterior to the middle cox. Abdomen nearly
impunctured, at sides, each segment with a more or less dis-
tinct but indefinitely limited lateral impression, inside of which
is a group of rather fine punctures. Median line polished,
shining. Last ventral deeply angularly emarginate, the lat-
eral impression deeper and with a more or less distinct fovea
at bottom. Length 12 to 14 mm. The description is drawn
up from two specimens both of which seem to be males. They
agree in color, being of an obscure bronze, prothorax slightly

COLEOPTERA OF THE LOWER RIO GRANDE. 107

greenish, legs tending to brownish or piceous. No Mexican
specimens of A. oblongopunctata are at hand for comparison,
the identification being made from description alone. The
type came from the vicinity of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Eca satel Chevr. Swarming on the wet banks of sloughs
all around Brownsville in June and July. This curious little
beetle bears so great a resemblance to an ant, when in motion,
that an inexperienced collector might readily be deceived.
North to San Antonio.

TETRAGONODERUS LATIPENNIS Lec. Laredo, one speci-
men, July 24th. At Columbus this was perhaps the most
abundant Carabid during my visit there in 1892, but on ac-
count of its peculiar coloration rather difficult to detect on the
sandy banks which formed the favorite habitat.

T. FascrAatus Hald. Three or four at Laredo under vines
near river. Rather abundant at Columbus and fully as well
protected by its coloration as the preceding species. Found
as far north as Indiana, west and south to Arizona and Baja
California.

LEBIA GRANDIS Hentz. Rare in June and July, among
herbage or in tree-moss. Widely distributed, going north to
Canada and Massachusetts, west to Arizona and Colorado;
not uncommon in Iowa. Also in Townsend’s collection.

L. BiraNIATA Chevr. Rare in July; Mr. Schwarz took it
in June. Occurs also in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico.

L. viripis Say. Rare, July. One of our most widely dis-
tributed Carabidz, occurring, as Dr. Horn has remarked,
from Maine to Oregon, and south to Guatemala. It also in-
habits Canada.

L. rHopopus Schwarz. Rare on vines in July. If this is
in reality a variety of the preceding species, it is certainly very
well marked. Found in Florida.

L. viRIDIPENNIS Dej. Rare, in July. Extends north to
Canada.

Io8 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

L. oRNATA Say. Common in June and July on flowers and
herbage. ‘Occurs everywhere in our country” (Horn).
This and the next species are also among the material collect-
ed by Mr. Townsend.

L. anatis Dej. Common through June and July in com-
pany with ornata. Widely distributed from north to south.

L. ABDOMINALIS Chaud. Rare in July. Mr. Schwarz took
itin June. Found in Georgia and Missouri.

L. FuRcATA Lec. Included in all the collections. I found
it occasionally through June and July, but not commonly. It
is very widely distributed, occurring from “Canada to Kansas
and California,” though apparently more abundant between
the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains.

L. BivirTaTA Fabr. Rare, beaten from herbage in June
and July. Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania, Colorado, New Mexico (Mesilla Valley).

MicRAGRA ZNEA Putz. Several specimens were beaten from
vines on the Fort Brown reservation in July. ‘The insect is
known from Brazil, northward through Central America, but
has not hitherto been recorded from the United States. The
identification is due to Dr. Horn. A short description of the
beetle follows, by which it may be recognized. Form rather
elongated, resembling that of J/etadletus, but more slender;
color blackish-bronzed. Head coarsely, not densely punctured,
shining, a longitudinal impression just inside of each antennal
ridge; sides moderately arcuately narrowed behind the eyes.
Antenne dark, reddish at base. Thorax apparently a little
longer than broad, slightly broader than the head; sides
distinctly but rather thickly margined, very slightly arcuate
from the anterior angles to near the base, thence excurved to
the hind angles which are almost rectangular, somewhat
prominent. Base margined, truncate at middle, oblique on
each side at hind angles, each of which bears a long seta,
another bristle is on each side margin, near the middle. Disk
rather coarsely punctured, the punctures so arranged as to give
the appearance, under low power, of transverse rugosities.

COLEOPTERA OF THE LOWER RIO GRANDE. 109

Median line distinct, not deep except in two points near the
middle of its length, where it is almost foveate. Elytra nearly
twice as wide as the thorax, sides nearly parallel, slightly
broader at about two thirds of the length, apex truncate and
slightly arcuately emarginate, sutural angle not rounded, outer
angle prominent. Surface striate, striz shallow on the disk,
deeper on the sides, discal interstices rather broad and flat.
The punctures of the stria are quite fine, though readily visi-
ble, closely placed, although not confluent, and are shallower
in the discal strize than in those of the sides. Under surface
black, shining, prothorax punctured, abdomen nearly smooth.
Legs black, tarsi piceous. Length 4 mm.

APRISTUS SUBSULCATUS Dej. Laredo, one specimen, July
24th. Common at Columbus. North to Canada, west to New
Mexico.

BLecurus pusio Lec. Rare in July. ‘Ohio to Texas.”

AXINOPALPUS BIPLAGIATUS Dej. Two specimens, sifted
from dead leaves in July. Found over a very wide extent of
territory; from Canada on the north, to New Mexico and
Texas, and from Maine to California.

TECNOPHILUS CROCEICOLLIS var. PILATEI Chaud. One spe-
cimen found with the colony of Pogonus texanus, at Point
Isabel; also sent to the National Museum by Mr. Towsend.
The variety f7/atez is,as far as known, confined to Texas, and
includes those forms in which the head and thorax, above and
beneath, also the legs, antennz, meso- and metasternum are
red, the elytra bright green or blue. In its varieties, the spe-
cies is very wide-spread, extending from San Diego and Bar-
stow, California, to Oregon, thence to Montana, Utah, New
Mexico (Mesilla Valley, Coolidge), and Texas.

EUPROCTUS TEXANUS n. sp. Rufo-testaceous to rufo-pice-
ous, shining. Head smooth on the occiput, impressed and
roughened above the anterior half of the eyes, the impres-
sion extending forward to the base of the labrum. Clypeal
region with a few small punctures; a frontal crescent-shaped
impression, vaguely defined, from which radiate a few fine

IIO NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

ruge. Antenne and palpi paler than the head, the former
slightly darker at tip. Thorax about-as in Z. trzvettatus Lec.,
base truncate at middle, oblique near hind angles, inside of
which is a large deep foveiform impression; side margins nar-
rowly reflexed. Disk finely transversely rugose, median line
deep, not punctured, broader before and behind the middle.
Elytra much broader than the thorax, slightly wider behind
the middle, sides nearly parallel, apex obliquely truncate, the
outer angle rounded, sutural nearly right. Striz deeper on
the disk shallower at the sides, strial punctures fine and
close but distinctly separated. Interstices broad and flat, very
finely alutaceous, each with a rather irregular row of punc-
tures finer than those of the strie. T’wo dorsal punctures
between second and third striz, one near the apex, the
other about one-third from the base. Body beneath of same
color as above, very sparsely punctured. Legs yellowish-
testaceous. Length 5.25 mm.

This insect has been placed in Awfroctus since it seems to
fill all the requirements of the genus. In comparison with
Dr. Horn’s figure of &. trzvittatus Lec., the following differ-
ences are manifest, none of which seem to me of sufficient
importance to invalidate the generic reference: In ¢exanus the
penultimate joint of the labial palpi is quadrisetose and the bot-
tom of the emargination of the mentum is very obtusely. hardly
visibly bilobed. In all of the characters noted in the diagnosis ?
the correspondence is exact. A number of specimens were
obtained by beating foliage in jungles during June and July.
It was also met with by Mr. Schwarz.

CALLIDA PUNCTULATA Chaud. (Bull. de la Soc. Imp.
Moscow, xxI., 1848, p. 87 in sep.) Form broad, resembling
certain P/atynz; color blackish, tinged with green on the head
and thorax, a broad greenish margin on the latter. Beneath
obscure greenish, tips of tibiz and the tarsi piceous. Head
longitudinally impressed each side above antennal ridges, a
vague fovea between the anterior portions of the eyes from
which point radiate fine rugosities. Labrum concave. Thorax

1 Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., x., p. 138.

COLEOPTERA OF THE LOWER RIO GRANDE. TPaPit

broader than long; margin broad, more so at base, rather
widely reflexed, sides broadly regularly arcuate to near the
hind angles where they are slightly sinuate. Hind angles
obtuse, hardly rounded, a deep but vague foveiform depres-
sion within, which is limited anteriorly by a rather indistinct
carina. This carina is continued in the form of an elevated
line, parallel with the side margin, nearly to the apex. Disk
strongly transversely rugose. LElytra broad, sides nearly
parallel, slightly broader behind the middle, apex truncate
and slightly sinuate, sutural angle nearly right, not rounded.
Disk flattened, striate, stria impressed, very finely sparsely
punctulate at bottom, interspaces broad, flat, or even slightly
concave in places, sparsely irregularly beset with punctures
which are larger than those of the striz. Beneath shining,
thorax indistinctly punctured, the abdomen finely rugose, the
rugosities transverse in the median region, at sides radiating
from vague impressions. Length 11.5 mm. Brownsville,
beaten from plants in July. Mr. Schwarz has compared my
specimen with Mexican examples and pronounces them identi-
cal.

C. PLANULATA Lec. Not uncommon, though by no means
abundant, on herbage in the tropical jungles. At the time of
Dr. Horn’s revision of the genus, only one specimen, of
doubtful locality, was known. The above record will therefore
serve to fix the claim as native to the United States. Some
specimens are almost testaceous in color, bronzed or greenish
in the vicinity of the elytral humeri. June and July; Town-
send and myself.

C. VIRIDIPENNIS Say. Brownsville; Mr. Townsend, Found
in the Gulf States from Florida to Texas.

C. pEcorA Fabr. Abundant at Browsnville, during the
whole length of my stay, chiefly in the more humid spots, on
herbage; not confined to the wooded regions, but common
also in fields. Included in Townsend’s series. Extends
through the Gulf States and into Mexico.

PHILOPHUGA VIRIDICOLLIS Lec. Two or three specimens
Ivar I

rr2 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

were found on the side curtains of the stage on the return trip
to Alice, while between Brownsville and San Ignatius.

PINACODERA PUNCTIGERA Lec. Beaten from thick tangles
of herbage in July. Known from Fort Yuma, California, and
from Arizona.

APENES SINUATA Say. Two specimens, beaten from herb-
ageinJuly. Widely distributed from New York, New Jersey,
(Anglesea and Newark), Pennsylvania (Allegheny), through
Iowa to Texas.

HELLUOMORPHA FERRUGINEA Lec. Received from Mr.
Armstrong, under date of September; also taken by Mr.
Townsend.

BRACHINUS FUMANS Fabr. Sent by Armstrong, dated Sep-
tember. Many specimens.

B. LATERALIS Dej. This and an undetermined species
were among Mr. Townsend’s captures.

CuLANIus oRBuUS Horn. Several specimens, taken by Mr.
Armstrong; September. As far as known, this species is con-
fined to Texas, where I have taken specimens as far north as
Luling.

C. cHAuporRI Horn. One specimen, taken in September
by Mr. Armstrong. Rare in collections. Previously known
from Texas and the Mexican State of Tamaulipas.

ANATRICHIS OBLONGA Horn. One specimen on river bank
in July. This species was described only five years ago, from
a single specimen taken in “‘ Texas, near the Rio Grande.”

OoDES QUATUORDECIMSTRIATUS Chaud. One specimen on
river bank; July.. Mr. Townsend also met with it. Rather
common in the more northern portions of Texas, and in
Louisiana.

O. cuprRaus Chaud. One specimen, on margin of resaca;
June. I have seen this species in great numbers on the upper
Rio Grande, at Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Poconopaptus PIcEuS Horn. Very abundant along the

COLEOPTERA OF THE LOWER RIO GRANDE. 113

low wet banks of resaca near Brownsville. It is easily pro-
cured by pouring water on the bank, thus driving it from the
burrows. Takes flight almost at once on leaving shelter.
Known only from Texas, and hitherto very rare in collections.

AGONODERUS LINEOLA Fabr. Only one specimen, smaller
than usual and less distinctly marked. Of very wide distribu-
tion.

A. PALLIPES Fabr. One specimen; also a very common
and widely distributed insect.

A. PAUPERCULUS Dej. Not common, inhabiting damp banks.

HaRPALUS NITIDULUS Chaud. One specimen secured dur-
ing July. “Southern and Western States, Kansas.”

SELENOPHORUS PALLIATUS Fabr. El] Sauz, June; common
in September at Brownsville, (Armstrong). Also from Town-
send. Recorded from Florida to Southern California.

S. FATUuS Lec. Commonin July. I found it chiefly under
rubbish in the low lands adjoining the river. Taken also by
Mr. Townsend.

S. PERPOLITUS Casey. Rare under old yucca trunks in
July, on the high ridges between Brownsville and the Gulf.

STENOLOPHUS SPRETUS Dej. One specimen, July.

BRADYCELLUS RUPESTRIS Say. In Mr. Townsend’s collec-
tion. Said by Dr. Horn to occur over the whole of North
America except Alaska and the Hudson’s Bay region.

HALIPL ED A.

HALIPLUS RUFICOLLIS De Geer. Two specimens. doubt-
fully referred to this species, were taken in July. They are
larger than any of my northern ones. A specimen of /Hadl7-
plus is included in Townsend’s collection.

CNEMIDOTUS I2-PUNCTATUS Say. Foundin July. Common
northward to Canada.
IV—11 12

114 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

DARTS ae

LAccOPHILUS MACULOsUS Germ. Occasional, in sloughs.
Abundant northward, over the Atlantic slope.

L. AMERICANUS Aubé. Very common in ponds and sloughs
during June and July. Contained also in Townsend’s collec-
tion.

Biwessus puLLUS Lec. Common throughout June and July,
in resacas. Also known from Louisiana and Mississippi.

CopToTOMUS INTERROGATUS Fabr. Not common. Found
in sloughs, during July. West to California, north to Canada,
east to Atlantic coast.

CopELATUS CHEVROLATH Aubé. Inhabits the resacas about
Brownsville, but is not plentiful. June and July. Recorded
from Lake Superior, Kansas, New Mexico, Arizona and Cali-
fornia.

ERETEs sticticus Linn. One specimen sent by Armstrong,
dated September. Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceanica, South
America. Inthe United States it is known from Kansas, New
Mexico and California.

THERMONECTES ORNATICOLLIS Aubé. Abundant in Sep-
tember, (Armstrong). Pennsylvania, Illinois, Kansas, New
Mexico, (Albuquerque), Arizona and Mexico.

Bye RO PH Lp 2k:

Hyprocuus vVARIOLATUS Lec. Common in resacas, near
the bank. June and July. A specimen of this genus, in bad
condition, is among the material sent by Townsend. The
identification is due to Dr. Horn. Originally described from
San Diego, California.

OcHTHEBIUs NITIDUS Lec. Common at Brownsville, same
time and place as the preceding. Known from Lake Superior,
Fort Yuma and Oregon.

HypRopHILUS TRIANGULARIS Say. September, (Armstrong).
Abundant over the greater part of the United States, from the
Atlantic to the Pacific, extending also into Canada and Mexico.

COLEOPTERA OF THE LOWER RIO GRANDE. II5

TROPISTERNUS NIMBATUS Say. In sloughs, July. Canada
to Georgia, west to Colorado and New Mexico.

T. ELLipTicus Lec. With the preceding. Not common.
Also inhabits the Rio Grande valley of New Mexico, extend-
ing into California.

BrErosus MILEs Lec. Not uncommon in sloughs. Origin-
ally described from Ringgold Barracks, some distance above
Brownsville, on the Rio Grande. Recorded from Arizona and
Baja California.

B. rnFuscatus Lec. Found in July. Extends across the
southern part of the country, through all the Gulf States to
California. Included in Townsend’s collections.

B. striatus Say. Common withthe foregoing. An abun-
dant species from Canada to New Jersey, and west to Colorado.

PHILYDRUS NEBULOsUs Say. Not uncommon through June
and July. Abundant from Canada to Arizona and California.

CRENIPHILUS SUBCUPREUS Say. Abundant. Of very wide
distribution.

CERCYON VARIEGATUsS Sharp. Occasionally found in dung,
throughout July. New Orleans and Morgan City, Louisiana,
Columbus, Texas; through Mexico to Nicaragua.

C. pyemus Ill. June and July, in same places as the pre-
ceding. Europe, Asia, Africa; Canada to Maryland, west to
Iowa.

C. nicricers Marsh. In dung,Juneand July. Found over
most of the Eastern Hemisphere, while in this country it is
known from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, west to Louisiana
and Indiana. A record is alsoin existence from Los Angeles,
California.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA.

AN ACCOUNT OF THE FERNS COLLECTED BY THE NICARAGUA
BOTANICAL EXPEDITION OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY
OF IOWA IN 1893.

By B. SHIMEK.

THE region which is covered by this paper is very narrow.
It includes a strip along the San Juan River in Nicaragua in
no case extending more that six miles from the river, and in
addition to this the island of Ometépe in Lake Nicaragua.
Yet within this narrow territory, in the brief space of less than
four months, the author, while engaged in general botanical
work, succeeded in collecting over one hundred and twenty
species of Ferns,— more than four-fifths of the total number
found within the limits of the United States. That the number
is not greater is due to the fact that the work done in this brief
period was rather in the nature of a general preliminary survey
of the flora of the region under consideration.

Fournier! reports 121 species of Ferns from Nicaragua, and
of these only about one-fifth occur in this list.

Hemsley? specifically credits Nicaragua with 135 species, of
which only about two-fifths are found in this list, the others
being largely from the mountainous district of Chontales.

Baker? and Hemsley‘ report 139 species from adjacent Costa
Rica of which less than two-fifths are given in this paper.

1 Ferns of Levy’s collection, Sertum Nicaraguense, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol.
XIX, pp. 249-261. Eug. Fournier.

2 Biologia Centrali-Americana. Botany, vol. 111.
3In Hook. and Bak. Syn., Fil., pp. 457-525: Fournal of Botany, vol. Xxil,

pp. 362-4.
4 Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111.

116

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. II7

No pretense is therefore made that the list of Ferns herein
given is complete, even for the limited region under considera-
tion. The vicinity of Greytown is the most promising fern-
locality visited by the expedition, yet all the work in that
vicinity was done within one week, during the greater part of
which rain fell in torrents.

A full account of the topography and the prevailing climatic
conditions of the region visited by the expedition has already
been given by the author.!

For convenience the localities and dates are here repeated:

Ft. San Carlos; at the outlet of Lake Nicaragua. January
Ist—4th, 1893.

Island of Ometépe, Lake Nicaragua. January 5th—Febru-

ary roth.

Castillo Viejo. February 12th+March 23rd.

The La Juana and Los Sabalos Rivers are tributary
to the San Juan from the north. The La Juana east
of Castillo, the Los Sabalos west.

Greytown. March 25th to Aprii rst.

Camp Menocal is about fourteen miles west of
Greytown, on the line of the proposed canal. Camp
Seven is between Camp Menocal and Greytown.
The Deseado River is a small stream which flows
from the Divide at the point where this is to be cut
by the canal toward Camp Menocal. The falls of
the Deseado are near the Divide.

Boca del Rama. April 4th and 5th.

This is on Bluefields River (Rio Escondido) about
forty miles from its mouth.

For assistance in the preparation of this paper thanks are
due, above all, to Prof. T. H. Macbride, whose energy and
enthusiasm made the expedition possible, and whose sugges-
tions in general, and those concerning arrangement and rela-
tionship in particular, have been of great assistance.

Much-needed assistance was also rendered by Prof. W.
Treiease, who loaned valuable herbarium specimens and

1 Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist., State Univ. of Iowa, vol. 11, pp. 345-376.

118 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

reference-books, by Prof. L. H. Pammel who furnished
Hooker’s Leones Filicum, and by Dr. C, M. Hobby, who loaned
his fine collection of Hawaiian Ferns for comparison.

Tropical America is the Fern-paradise of the earth. No
other corresponding division of the earth’s surface presents as
great a total number of species, or as many species which are
peculiar to it. Nowhere else is the great variation in form
and size, in structural characters and habits of growth, and
in the arrangement and character of the reproductive organs
better shown than here. This richness in the Fern-flora,
exhibited in almost unlimited variety, is no doubt accounted
for by the topography and contour of that part of the Amer-
ican continent which lies within the tropics. It is narrow
when compared with the continents of the Old World, and it
contains high mountain-chains which form its longest axis.
Its narrow form brings all of it more or less within the
influence of the adjacent oceans, which furnish to most of it
an abundance of moisture. Its high mountains supply all the
conditions effected by altitude, and moreover cut off the other-
wise abundant moisture from certain areas. We have thus
within comparatively restricted limits all the possible degrees
of moisture and temperature, and the effect of environment
finds abundant expression in the great variety of fern structures.

Excepting Palms perhaps, Ferns form the most conspicuous
feature of the tropical vegetation. In size they vary from
tiny representatives of the genus 7y7chomanes measuring only
a fraction of an inch in height, to clinging vines like Blechnum
volubile single fronds of which often exceed thirty feet in
length, or to splendid tree-ferns which form the crowning
glory of tropical vegetation.

Every conceivable form of outline and degree of division
greet the eye, and in texture some rival the filmiest lace, while
others develope thick leathery fronds wholly out of harmony
with our ordinary conception of Ferns. In habit the varia-
tion is fully as great. In western Nicaragua, for example,
where there is a distinct dry season, Ferns growing on bare

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. IIg

volcanic rock become so dry that they may be ground to
powder between the fingers, and yet they retain life, while in
the eastern part, with its deep jungles in which perpetual
shade and moisture prevail, the more delicate as well as the
more gorgeous forms have full opportunity for the develop-
ment of their many peculiarities.

The fierce struggle for existence which is constantly going
on between the members of the vegetable world in this land
of abundant moisture and perpetual summer has left its impress
upon the flora in general. In the dense jungles the necessity
of reaching upward to the realm of sunlight has resulted in
the development of a distinct aerial flora, of which Ferns form
by no means an inconspicuous portion.

This upward tendency on the part of the Ferns manifests
itself in a variety of ways. Some species, as Acrostichum sor-
bifolium and A. osmundaceum send their rootstocks upward
along trunks of trees or shrubs, often to a height of several
feet, the rootstocks in some species bearing scattered fronds
at intervals, in others being crowned at the tip with clusters
of fronds.

Sometimes the part which connects with the soil dies away
and an epiphyte results. That this has been the origin of
epiphytes seems evident. In the course of their development
as they advanced with the growth of the supporting plant the
topmost branches of the tallest trees were ultimately reached,
and spores scattered in this upper region by the wind, gave
rise to an extensive aerial flora.

Another line of development however resulted from the
struggle for light, if we are to judge from present indications.

Some such climbing Ferns, instead of severing their connec-
tion with the soil, and resting wholly upon the stem of the sup-
porting plant, sometimes find that the support is destroyed
and as a result, if the rootstock is not too long, and if it is
sufficiently strong, which is often the case in the tufted forms,
the fern remains erect sustained wholly by its rootstock, thus
producing the effect and offering the first suggestion of a tree-
fern.

120 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

That both epiphytes and tree-ferns gradually adopted their
present habits is suggested both by the requirements of their
surroundings, and by forms which to-day are intermediate
between the strictly terrestrial sessile forms, and the epiphytes
‘on one hand and tree-ferns on the other. The ferns which
were collected on Ometépe are for the most part terrestrial.
The occurrence in this part of Nicaragua of a distinct dry
season which is less favorable to the development of epiphytes,
no doubt accounts for the small number of such species, only
one of the Ometépe list, Polypodium incanum, having this
habit,—though one other, /Votholena brachypus, grows on
almost bare volcanic rocks, and is really epiphytic. No tree
ferns were found on Ometépe.

At Castillo, and more particularly at Greytown, the dry
season is less marked, the forests better retain their vigorous
verdure, offering plenty of moisture and shade to the exposed
rootstocks and roots of epiphytes, and the number of such
species among all plants is much greater,—the ferns forming
no exception. Nearly one-half the species from Greytown
and vicinity are epiphytes, and three are tree-ferns. The
geographical distribution of these ferns is interesting. Only
two species, Gymnogramme tartarea and ephrodium conter-
minum, were found common to Ometépe, Castillo and Grey-
town. /7ve of the Ometépe species were also found at Castillo,
and fifteen of the Castillo species were found at and near
Greytown. That a greater number was not found common
to the two latter localities is probably due to insufficient
exploration at Greytown, for the conditions at these two
places are somewhat similar, the greater extent of swampy
lowlands at Greytown constituting the chief peculiarity. This
variety in the fern-floras of localities not very remote from
each other indicates the possibilities of a thorough exploration
of the San Juan Valley and its adjacent highlands. Less than
one thousand species of vascular plants have been reported
from Nicaragua,! and about one-seventh, or 135? are Ferns.

' Biologia Centrali-Americana, vol. tv, p. 218. The number given is 984.

2/bid., p. 200. To this should be added 19 additional species reported by
Fournier in Sertum Wic., making a total of 154.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 121

Since in addition to about 600 species of flowering plants
about four-fifths of the reported number of Ferns were col-
lected in so short a time, several of the species being new to
the reported flora, and as the regions both north and south
of the San Juan Valley have shown much richer floras upon a
more careful investigation, it is safe to assert that scarcely
more than a beginning has been made in the botanical study of
this interesting region. In all cases care of course must be exer-
cised in making use of locality lists as a basis for general con-
clusions, since the local distribution of ferns is quite as charac-
teristic as that of tropical flowering plants, and none of the
localities from which lists have heretofore been published have
been sufficiently thoroughly worked to furnish full data. The
need of such thorough work is made apparent when we con-
sider the scattered local distribution of plants in general in
tropical forests. Speaking of tropical forest trees, Wallace
says:1

“If the traveler notices a particular species and wishes to
find more like it, he may often turn his eyes in vain in every
direction. Trees of varied form, dimensions and colors are
around him, but he rarely sees any one of them repeated.”

This scattering of individuals is probably a result of the
sharp struggle which is going on in the tropical vegetable
world under the most favorable conditions of heat and moist-
ure, the strongest individuals of each kind, only being able
to hold their own. Whatever may be the cause, the fact is
striking, and the collector will often find it almost impossible
to secure a large series of a species in one locality, while the
variety of forms is quite bewildering and the slightest change
in locality brings to him repeated surprises.

Not more than fifteen species in the following list are ex-
tensively gregarious, and in the more typical tropical forests
of Castillo and Greytown no species was found which would
compare in gregarious habit with the majority of the ferns of
our northern forests.

1 Natural Selection and Tropical Nature, p. 267. See also pp. 238-269 for a
general account of tropical vegetation.

122 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The classification which is employed in the following pages
may require some explanation. In general that system of
classification is best which most clearly shows the natural
relationship of groups and species, and which is at the same
time most convenient.

Lines are not so sharply drawn in the organic world that we
may in any larger group express with absolute certainty the
relationship which exists between its members, and frequently
the attempt to do this in detail leads to a classification which is
cumbersome, and which after all from the very nature of the
case, neither does nor can give complete satisfaction to
him who considers any system of classification merely an ex-
pression of relationship, nor can it save altogether from con-
fusion the student who would use classification simply as a
convenient means of reference,—an instrument which is to
facilitate not retard his work. Considerations of reasonable
expression of relationship, and of convenience and utility,
would seem to dictate an intermediate course.

The confusion which exists in the nomenclature of tropical
Ferns is partially explained by the great variation and inter-
gradation of the species, but it is largely due also to the fact
that the greater part of the systematic work which has been
published was done by those who studied dried specimens
only, these often mere fragments, or by those who had oppor-
tunities to observe growing plants only in conservatories where
many of the species probably will not attain their normal
development. In either case there has been needless multi-
plication of species based upon insufficient material, though
occasionally the other extreme was reached and distinct
forms were included under one specific name.

Probably no satisfactory solution of many of the problems
of synonymy can be reached until the student of these inter-
esting forms, well-equipped with apparatus and literature, will
settle down for a protracted period in the region where they
abound, giving his time not only to field-work but also to that
close comparative study which is made possible only by years
of residence.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. ae

The classification which 1s here presented contains no start-
ling innovations. Some changes are made in the relative position
of well-known groups with the view of securing a more con-
venient arrangement which will also give expression to exist-
ing relationship along the line of the characters upon which
the classification is chiefly based.

A key to the larger groups is arranged, without, however,
any attempt at a full definition of these groups, as they are
sufficiently characterized by the standard authors.

The development of the /7/:crnee seems to have been
toward a suppression of the annulus, and toward a restriction
of the spore-bearing areas, resulting in diminished sori with
the indusia finally suppressed, or in limited specialized portions
of the frond.

No linear arrangement of the groups will properly show the
relationship which exists between them.

The suborders of the Subclass Leptosporangiate, for exam-
ple, form a branching series of which the Hymenophyllacee
and Glercheniacee form the basal portion, or main stem, the
flymenophyllacee clearly constituting the first node, the struc-
ture of the lamina of the frond (often but one cell thick), the
usually well-marked dorsi-ventral structure of the plant, the
occasional development of root-hairs (rhizoids) only, in place
of true roots, placing them near the Liverworts, and the pro-
duction of a protonema-like prothallium in some species of
Trichomanes suggesting the Mosses. The Glezchentacee which
form the second node still recall the Liverworts by their often
marked dichotomy and by the frequent peculiar innovations of
the frond, but in other respects they are more nearly like the
higher groups of the sub-class. The species of both of these
sub-orders have a complete transverse, equatorial annulus.

The development from this main stem is along two principal
branches, namely toward the suppression of the horizontal
annulus through the Schrzeacee, where it is apical but com-
plete, to the Osmendacee where it is sub-apical but rudiment-
ary, on the one hand, and toward the vertical incomplete
annulus of the typical Polyfodiacee through the Family

9

124 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Cyathee, on the other. The Osmundacee, by the structure
and disposition of the fibro-vascular systems in the stem,
represent the highest development of the sub-class, standing
in this respect close to the Conzfere.

The arrangement of the primary groups in this paper is
that of Goebel’s “ Outlines of Classification.”

The key which follows represents a grouping of forms
according to the characters already cited.

In the sub-order Polypodracee it is necessary again to note
that an arrangement in a linear series is not possible. In the
list the Families are of course placed in consecutive order, but
the series here again is branching.

This sub-order illustrates development in two directions.
First from the indusiate and involucrate type presented by the
Pteridee along two branches, one of which culminates in the
Licksoniee and the other in the Asfzdzee, and second in the
group of non-indusiate forms beginning with the Acrostichee
with their scattered sporangia, and culminating in the Poly-
podiee with well-defined sori.

The Families of each of the divisions so marked, are ar-
ranged with reference to the extent of the sori, those having
the sori most limited in extent being placed highest.

Consequently in the consecutive arrangement which is
necessary in the list, families like the Dzcksoniea, Aspidiea,
and Polypodiee, which are really closely related, are seem-
ingly widely separated.

The arrangement which is presented in the following dia-
gram shows the relation more clearly.

Sub-order, POLYPODIACE.

I. Pteridee.
Il. Lindsayee. V. Blechnee. IX. Acrostichee.
Ill. Davalliee. VI. Asfleniee. X. Grammitidee.
IV. Dicksoniee. VII. Cyathee. XI. Vittariee.

—

VIII. Aspidee—XI1. Polypodiee.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA, 125.

Each of the three groups tends toward the same general
type,—namely a form with sori rounded, and indusium none
as in Phegopteris and Polypodium. ‘The first branch however
falls short of the development reached by the other two, the
Dicksonice all retaining an indusium.

The Cythaee and Vitiarzee do not form direct links in their
respective series, but are rather lateral branches, the V7t-
tartee from the Grammitidiee, and the Cyathee from the
Aspidiee.

The Cyathee are here recognized as a family and not a
sub-order. ‘The obliquity of the annulus is not constant, the
development of a distinct caudex above ground does not
always take place, beside occurring frequently among the
Dicksoniee, hence the elevated receptacle forms the only rea-
sonably constant character by which the group can be dis-
tinguished from the Asfdiee.

The following is a key to the Orders and Families of the

Ciess BLE IC LN E AL.

Sub-class 7. Leptosporangiatez. Sporangia developed from single epi-
dermal cells. Heterosporous, or when homosporous the spor-
angium with a more or less developed annulus.

Sub-class IJ. TWusporangiatz. Sporangia developed from a group of
epidermal cells. Homosporous, the sporangium without ar
annulus.

Sub-class 7. Leptosporangiate.

A. Sporesoftwokinds. . : : : Order I. HETEROSPOR.
Not represented in the collection.

B. Spores all alike. F ; : : . Order II. Homospor.
a. Sporangia with a well-developed annulus.
1. Annulus transverse.

i. Annulus equatorial.

* Sporangia on filiform receptacles in marginal cup-like or two-
valved involucres; mostly laxly-cellular.
Sub-order I. HyMENOPHYLLACE.,
** Sori dorsal, without involucre.

Sub-order II]. GLEICHENIACE.
ii. Annulus apical. . ‘ : Sub-order 1II. ScHIZEACE.

1Upon this point see also pp. 41 and 42 of “ Historia Filicum,”’—John
Smith.

126 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

2. Arnulus vertical or oblique; sporangia mostly stalked.
Sub-order IV. PoLypopIACE&.
i. Involucre present.1
* Sori marginal or sub-marginal.
+ Involucre consisting in part or wholly of the reflexed mar-
gin of the frond.

z. Involucre single or double, the outer valve more promi-
Metta : : : : : Family I. PTERIDEz,
2. Involucre single or double, the inner valve more promi-

nent. Sori usually sub-marginal, linear.
Family II. LinpsayvE#,

tT Involucre not formed by the reflexed margin of the frond. 2
rz. Involucre squamiform, sometimes fastened at the edges.
Family II]. DAvALLie#.
2. Involucre cup-shaped or two-lipped.
Family IV. DicksoNiEz#.
** Sori not marginal.
+ Sori elongated, the indusium attached along one edge.
z. Sori linear, sometimes interrupted, parallel and close to
the midrib of the frond or division.
Family V. BLECHNEZ.
2. Sori oblique to the midrib. Family VI. ASPLENIEZ.
TT. Sori roundish,
z. Receptacle elevated. Mostly tree-ferns.
Family VII. CyaTHEa#.
2. Receptacle not elevated. Family VIII. AspipiEZ#,
ii. Involucre absent.
+ Sporangia scattered over entire surface of frond or divi-
sion. : , : ; Family IX. ACROSTICHE A.

++ Sori linear, following veins, hence often pinnate or reti-
culated. Sporangia rarely also scattered between the
veins. . : : < : Family X. GRAMMITIDEZ.

ttt Sori linear, following veins, in sunken grooves.
Family XI. VI1TTARIE#.

ttt? Sporangia rounded.3 . Family XII. PoLypopIE#&.

tThe genus Hemitelia of the Cyathee is without an indusium, but may
be recognized by the elevated receptacle on which the sporangia are
placed. The genus Phegofteris of the Asfidiee is also without an indusium,
but may be recognized by its venation, by the sori always being medial on
the veins, and by the stipe being continuous (not jointed) with the caudex

2In Endicksonia, a sub-genus of Dicksonia, the outer valve of the involucre
is formed by the apex of a segment, but the forms may be readily dis-
tinguished from the species of group t+ by their cup-shaped, two-valved
involucre enclosing nearly globular sori which terminate veins.

3 Phegopteris and Alsophila may be sought here. See foot-note.
Ss y 8

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 127

6. Sporangia with annulus more or less rudimentary, or rarely wanting.

1. Annulus vertical or wanting. Sub-order V. CERATOPTERIDZ,
Not represented in the collection.

2. Annulus subapical, transverse. Sub-order VI. OSMUNDACE.
Not represented in the collection.

Sub-class /7. Busporangiate.
A. Fertile frond or segment distinct. Sub-order I. OPHIOGLOSSACEZ,
Not represented in the collection.

B. Sporangia usually joined in syzangia and borne on the back of the
frond. Fertile fronds not differentiated.

Sub-order II, MARATTIACE#.
The notes on habit given in the annotated list which follows
were taken in the field by the author. Under each species
reference is made only to the works which were consulted
for the distribution, description or figure of that species. The
full list of the works consulted is given at the close of the
paper. For convenience the names, printed in italics, of spe-
cies heretofore reported from Nicaragua, but not collected by
the author, are added at the end of each genus.

Class FILICINEA:.

Sub-class I. LEPTOSPORANGIATA:.
Order Il. HOMOSPORZ.

Sub-order I. HYMENOPHYLLACE£.
Genus HYMENOPHYLLUM Smith.

1. H. poryantuos Swartz. PI. 1, Fig. 1.

Hook. et Grev., Icon. Fil., Pl. cxxvi11; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 106; Hook.
and Bak., Syn. Fil. p. 60; Bed., Ferns of S$. Ind., p. 88, pl. ccLxv11;
Hemsley, Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 600; 7id., vol. Iv, p. 115 (from
Costa Rica); Johow, An. de la Univ. Rep. de Chile, vol. Lxxxu11, p.
1000, fig. 29.

H1. protrusum Hook.,—Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 104, Pl. xxxvir B.

H, jalapense Schl.,—Fournier, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. XXvII, p. 249.

All of the specimens which were collected are sterile, but
a careful comparison with authentic herbarium specimens,
IV—11 K

128 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

and with the descriptions and figures cited, leaves but little
doubt of the correctness of the determination.

Compared with Cuban specimens, and with the figures, the
specimens are broader, and more nearly deltoid, but the pinne,
though recurved, agree in the mode of division and the
character of the segments.

Hooker (in Sp. Fil.. vol. 1, p. 107) says: ‘The fronds are
not only variable in general form and circumscription, but also
in the direction of the primary divisions, sometimes being
curved downwards.”

Most of our specimens have the lower and middle pinne
recurved.

The species is reported from Chontales, Nicaragua, by
Hemsley and Fournier, and from Realejo by Hooker as JV.
protrusum.

Rather common near Camp Menocal, creeping along the
trunks of small trees.

2. H. cim1atum Swariz.

Hook. et Grev., Icon. Fil., Pl. xxxv; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 88; Hook.
and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 63; Hemsley, Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 598;
Bak., Biol. Cent., Am., vol. Iv, p. 115 (from Costa Rica).

Our specimens are small, the fronds scarcely exceeding
two inches in length, and the stipe in most of them is less
than an inch long. The fronds are broader and somewhat
less ciliate than represented in Hooker and Greville’s figure.

This species has not heretofore been reported from Nica-
ragua. Not rare, creeping on the trunks of small trees near
Camp Menocal.

REPORTED SPECIES.

FH. fucoides Swartz.

Fourn., Bull. Soc, Bot. Fr., vol. xxvil, p. 249, as Leptocyonium pedicellatum
(Kze.), without locality; Hemsley, Biol Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 599, with-
out exact locality.

Hi. valvatum H. & G.

Hemsley, Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 601, from Ometépe.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 129

Genus TRICHOMANES (Z£.) Smith.

1. T. ELEGANS fudge.

Hook., Sp. Fil., vol.1, p. 114; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 72; Hemsl., Biol.
Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 602.

This well-marked species was rather common among ex-
posed roots of trees along the rocky banks of a small stream
in the deep woods, near Castillo. The fronds are mostly
proliferous. It has not been reported from Nicaragua.

2. T. MEMBRANACEUM Z£. PI. 1, Figs. 2, 3.
Linn., System. Nat., vol. 11, p. 696; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 115; Hook.
and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 73.

This interesting species was quite common on the wet clay-
banks along a small stream in the deep woods near Castillo.
In general appearance and habit it resembles the thallus of
some of the larger liverworts, the fronds lying flat on the
mud, over the surface of which the slender hairy rootstocks
creep. None were found in other situations. The variation
in the form and division of the frond is shown by Figs. 2 and
3, Plate 1.

It is not reported in the Bvol. Cent. Am., and seems not to
have been found heretofore in the Central American region.

a2)... PuNcrA TUM, for. Pl, 1, Figs. 4—T1.
Hook. et Grev., Icon. Fil., pl. ccxxxv1; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p.116; Hook.
and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 74; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 602.

T. reptans Swartz,—Hook. et Grev., Icon. Fil., pl. xxx11; Hook., Sp. Fil.,
vol. 1, p. 116; Hook. and Pak., Syn. Fil., p. 74; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am.,
vol. 111, p. 603.

There seems to be no good reason for separating 7. punc-
tatum from TJ. reptans. The descriptions of the two forms
in Hook. and Bak. Syn., 77/., show practically no difference.

Hooker, in Sec. Fil., vol. 1, p. 116, says that 7. reptans is

1The author has had some trouble in determining which of the two
names 7. punctatum and T. repfians has precedence as neither of the original
descriptions was at hand. As nearly as could be determined, however,
from Jackson’s “ Guide to the Literature of Botany,” Poiret’s name is the
earlier one. If this is an error the synonymy should be reversed.

IV—-11 K2

130 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

distinguished from 7. punctatum “by the long slender stipes.”
In /cones Filicum, in text accompanying pl. ccxxxv1, the same
author says: ‘Its (7. punctatum) nearest affinity is with 7.
reptans ; from which it is distinguishable by its much smaller,
and rounder, imbricated and nearly sessile fronds, which are
scarcely lobed at the margin, and never pinnatifid.” In all of
the characters mentioned, z. e. in the length of the stipe, the
general outline, and the division of the frond, the Nicaraguan
specimens .show great variation. Upon the same rootstock
occur sessile fronds and fronds with stipes one-half inch long.

The base of the frond is usually cuneate, but sometimes
even cordate, and the margin varies from quite entire to some-
what pinnately lobed, or even deeply palmately parted. The
variation in these characters is shown by the figures.

According to both Syxopses Filicum and the plates of /cones
Filicum size forms no distinctive character. The majority of
the specimens are most nearly like the figures of plate xxxm in
Icones Filicum, the involucre being particularly well-marked,
but many of them differ from these figures and from the de-
scriptions cited in having 12 to 15 sori,—instead of I to 4.

As compared with Wright’s specimens from Cuba,! no. 915
( 7. sphenordes Kz.), and no. 952 (7. punctatum), our speci-
mens average somewhat larger, and have longer stipes for the
most part, but in other respects they agree well,—even to the
dense fringe of stellate hairs on the young fronds.

Common in the vicinity of Castillo, creeping on the trunks
of small trees by the long, slender, branching rootstocks.

This is an addition to the Nicaraguan fern-list, though it
has been reported from adjacent territory.

4. T. PusitLuM Sw. var. QUERCIFOLIUM (ff. & G.) Bak.
Pi. 1, Figs
Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 465.
T. quercifolium Hook. et Grey., Icones Fil., pl. cxv; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1,
p. 120.
T. pusillum Swartz (including 7. guercifolium H. & G.),—--Hook. and Bak.,
Syn. Fil., p. 77; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 603.

1 Kindly loaned by Prof. Wm. Trelease from the Herbarium of the Mis-
souri Botanical Garden.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 131

This name is used with some hesitancy. Twelve fronds
only were collected, and of these some are almost exactly
like the figures of pl. cxv in /con. Fi/., not only in form, size
and division, but also in texture, and in the position and form
of the involucres, and the character of the marginal hairs.

The form should, it seems, rather be compared with 7.
kraustt H. & G. from which it differs in the size and closer
texture of the frond, and by its more exserted, larger-lipped,
and more tapering involucres.

In our specimens the lower part of the rachis is hairy, like
the stipe, and upon one specimen there are fifteen sori, the
average being about five.

The rather scant material prevents a wider study of the
form, and Baker’s disposition of the case is adopted for the
present.

Rather common at Camp Menocal, creeping about on the
trunks of small trees.

T. pusillum (including 7. guercifolium) is reported from
Chontales, Nicaragua, by Hemsley (zdzd.).

id KRAUSE. Ae G.
Hook. et Grev., Icon. Fil., pl. cxt1x;1 Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 120; Hook.
and Bak., Syn. Fil., p.77; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 602.

Didymoglossum krausu Pres|,—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 249.

Our specimens agree with the plate in /cones Filicum, both
sessile and stipitate fronds occurring on the same rootstock.
The stipes in some specimens are one-half inch long. The
base of the frond varies from broadly truncate in the sessile
forms, to narrowly cuneate in those which are stipitate. One
specimen has the cup of the involucre and the adjacent margins
of the frond densely ciliated with short whitish hairs in addition
to the sparse stellate hairs which occur in the sinuses.

Common, creeping on the trunks of small trees in the deep
woods in the vicinity of Castillo.

Reported by Fournier from Nicaragua without locality.

1 The plate is marked 7. incisum, but the name 7. &rausii is used in the
text.

132 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

6. T.BRacuypus Aunze. Pl. u, Figs. 2, 3.
Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 121; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 80.
T. radicans Hook. et Grev. (non Swartz), Icon. Fil., pl. cexviit.

T. ankersii Parker,—Hook. et Grev., Icon. Fil., pl. ect.

This well-marked species was rather common near Camp
Menocal, climbing on the trunks of trees by its slender, black
rootstocks.

Some of the fronds have a distinct lobe on the lower side
of the lowest pinna at the base. This is somewhat developed
in specimens from Guadaloupe and Surinam with which com-
parison was made, but is not so prominent in them as in the
frond from Nicaragua figured on plate u. The involucres are
very slender, prominently exserted, and often deflexed.

The species has not been heretofore reported from the
Central American region.

7. ‘T.pyxipirerum Z. PI. u, Figs. 4-6.

Linn., Sys. Nat., vol. 11, p.696; Hook. et Grev., pl. ccv1; Hook., Sp. Fil.,
vol. I, p. 124; Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xv, p. 144; Hook. and
Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 81; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 603; Johow,
An; delavUmniv. Rep. del Chiles vol smxxsci yp 1003.) |

7. cavifolium C.Mill.,—Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot Fr., vol. xv, p. 144.
T. olivaceum WKunze,—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 249.

Some of the fronds in the collection are almost identical
with those figured by Hooker and Greville, though smaller,
while others are shorter, broader, and more divided. In all
other details, including texture and the broad undivided mouth
of the involucre, they are the same. The stipes vary from
¥ to 1 inch, and none of the fronds (without stipe) exceed 2
inches in length.

Growing with 7. £rausz/ near Castillo. Not common.

The only record of its occurrence in Nicaragua is in Four-
nier’s Sertum /Vicaraguense, where it is listed without locality.

8 “T. Rapicans Swartz (nun H. & G.). Pl. m, Figs. 1-3.

Hook, Sp. Pils volo 1, p: 125; Fourn., Bull) Socs Bot. Pr. volte, paisa
Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p.81; Williamson, Ferns of Kentucky, p. 123,
pl. xLvii1; Eaton, Ferns of N. Am., vol. 1, p.179, pl. xx1v, fig. 1; Fourn.,

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 133

Sertum Nic., p. 249; Underwood, Our Nat. Ferns and their Allies, p.
112; Chapm., F]. of the So. St., p. 597; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111,
p- 603; Gray, Manual of Bot., p. 692; etc.

T. kunzeanum Hk., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 127, pl. xxx1tx D.
T. scandens L.,—Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xv, p. 144.

T. mexicanum V. den B.,—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 249.

The form collected in Nicaragua recalls most nearly the
var. kunzeanum Hk., but it has the rachis distinctly winged
throughout, the stipe very short and winged, and the pinne
more blunt and shorter, the frond gradually tapering toward
both extremities; the lower pinnz, sometimes all in the lower
half of the frond, are reflexed, the lowest pair often being not
more than 34 of an inch in length. The fronds are from 12 to
16 inches long, and 2% to 4% inches broad,—the stipe 34 to
2% inches. The involucre varies from two-lipped or winged,
to entire without spreading border.

Careful comparisons were made with specimens from num-
erous tropical and subtropical countries, and there seems to
be no question concerning the position of this splendid form,
which may, however, be deserving of varietal rank.

The name 7. scandens L. was applied by Fournier to No.
20 of Fendler’s Venezuelan collection. An examination of
Fendler’s fern, however, proves it to be 7. kunzeanum (or T.
scandens V. den B.),1 and not 7. scandens L.

Reported from Chontales, Nicaragua, by Fournier and
Hemsley (zdzd.).

Rather common, creeping on trunks of trees in deep woods
near Camp Menocal.

pg _). CRIsPUM 2.

Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 696; Presl, Rel. Haenk., vol. 1, p. 69; Hook. et
Grev., Icon. Fil., pl. x11; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 130; Fourn., Bull.
Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xv, pp. 144-5; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 82; Hemsl.,
Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 601; Baker, Biol. Cent. Am., vol. Iv, p. 115,
(from Costa Rica).

The Nicaraguan specimens are small, averaging 2 inches
in the length of the stipe, and 4 inches in the length of the

frond. One frond only measures 7 inches in length.

1 See note under 7. radicans in Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 82.

134 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The specimens are however quite typical.

Common on moss-covered trunks of trees near Camp
Menocal and Greytown.

The species is now reported from Nicaragua for the first
time.

10. T.PINNATUM fledwig.

Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 84; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 602.
T. floribundum H. B. K.,—Presl, Rel. Haenk., vol. 1, p. 68; Hook. et Grev.,
leon shill plex:
Neuromanes hedwigit V. den B.,—Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xv, p.
249; Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 249.
This well-defined species was found sparingly on trunks of
trees in the deep woods near Camp Menocal.
Fournier (76/d.) reports it from Chontales, Nicaragua.

11. T.PrRIEURU Aunze.

Kunze, Analec. Pterid., p. 48; Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot Fr., vol. xv, p. 1443
Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 86.

I; anceps Yook., Sp: Fil., vol. 1, p. 135, pl. xu C.

This species, which is not credited to the Central American
region by any of the works at hand, was found sparingly in
the vicinity of Camp Menocal, growing in tufts in rich soil in
deep woods. The fronds have a peculiar coppery or olive
green color which changes to nearly black upon drying.

Our specimens agree exactly with L’Herminier’s collection
from Guadaloupe.!

REPORTED SPECIES.

T. alatum Swartz.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 249; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 601 ;-both
report this species from Nicaragua, without exact locality.

T. daucoides Presl.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 249, Ometépe; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p.
602, Ometepe.

T. scandens L.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 249; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 604;
both without exact locality.

1In the Herbarium of the Missouri Bot. Garden.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 135

T. trichoideum Swartz.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 249, without exact locality; Hemsl., Biol. Cent.
Am., vol. 111, p. 604, Chontales.

Sub-order I]. GLEICHENIACE-.
Genus GLEICHENIA Smith.

1. G. puBEscENS (/7/. B. K.) H. & G.

Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 8; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 216; Hook. and Bak.,
Syn. Fil., p. 13; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 590; Bak., Jour,
of Bot., vol. xxII, p. 362.
Mertensia farinosa Kaulf..—Kunze, Anal. Pterid., p. 6, pl. 111.
G. immersa H. & G., Icon. Fil., pl. xv.
Mertensia tomentosa Swartz,—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 261.
Growing I to 2 feet high. Fronds, especially rachises,
paleaceous and quite downy.
Rare, growing on bank of R. R. cut near Greytown.
Fournier and Hemsley (ézd.) both report it from Chontales,
Nicaragua.

Sub-order II]. SCHIZEACEZ.
Genus LYGODIUM Swartz.

1. L.venustum Swartz. Pi. 11, Figs. 3, 4.

Presl, Rel. Haenk., p. 72 (the species credited to Sprengel); Eaton, Fil..Wr.
et Fend., p. 217; Hook.and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 438; Fourn., Sertum Nic.,
p- 261; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 695.
Common along fences and edges of clearings on Ometépe.
The fronds climb to a height of 20 feet. Reported from
Ometépe by Fournier and Hemsley (zézd.)

REPORTED SPECIES.

L.commutatum Presl.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 261, without exact locality; Hemsl., Biol. Cent.
Am., vol. 111, p. 695, on authority of Fournier.

L. heterodoxum Kunze.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 261, Chontales (also reported :d:d., from same
locality, as L. spectabile Liebm.); Hemsl., Bio]. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 695,
Chontales.

136 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

L. oligostachyum Desv.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 261, Ometépe; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p.
695, on authority of Fournier.

Anemia Swartz.
A. adiantifolia Swartz.

Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xvii, p. 236; Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 261,
near Nandaimé; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p.692, without locality.

A. breuteliana Presl.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 261 (as A. incisa Schrad. from Ometépe, and A.

filiformis Sw. from Granada); Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 693,
Ometépe and Granada.

Sub-order IV. POLYPODIACE-:.

Family I. PTERIDEZ.
Genus PTERIS Zznu.

t., Py prauriraA Zinn. Plate 1V;Figs:2=6.

Linn., Sys. Nat., vol. 11, p. 688; Hook. et Grev., pl. cxt11; Hook., Sp. Fil,
vol. 11, p. 203; Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xv, p. 18; Hook. and Bak.,
Syne Hil) p-o4. hems. BiolyCent.-Am., vol muy ps O22.

P. nemoralis Willd.,—Presl, Rel. Haenk., p. 56; Hook, Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p.
202.

P. galeotti Fee,—Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 204.

Campteria biaurita Linn,—Beddome, Ferns S. Ind., pp. 14, 69, pl. xLIv;
Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 293.

P. quadriaurita Retz.,—Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 179, pl. cxxxiv B; Eaton,
Pil; Wr. et Hend:,p.203; Beddome; Merns'S: Ind: pp. 11,760), plyecexan,
Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 158; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p.
625; Bak., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. Iv, p. 115.

P. edentula Kunze,—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 258.

This widely distributed species presents a variety of forms
which have given rise to an extended synonymy. In the Nic-
aragua collection three forms appear:

1. Typical P. dzaurzta with arching veins connecting the
bases of the midribs of the lobes of the pinnez, represented in
Pisavy tiger

Not rare near the foot of the volcano Ometépe.

2. Typical P. guadrzaurita without the arching veins below

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA, 137

the sinuses of the lobes, z. e. all the veins free, as in pl. Iv,
Fig. 3.

In these specimens the basal veins of each lobe usually spring
from the midrib of the lobe, but occasionally a vein arises from
the mid-rib of the pinna, as shown in PI. tv, fig. 2, thus
approaching the following form. Figs. 2 and 3 represent
parts of the same pinna.

Not rare on Ometépe, with the preceding form.

3. A form intermediate in venation between 1 and 2, cor-
responding to P. nemoralis. In this form most of the pinne
have free veins springing from the mid-rib between the mid-
ribs of the lobes, but occasionally these veins unite with the
basal vein from the adjoining lobe, as shown in PI. tv, fig. 4,
thus approaching typical P. dzaurzta.

This form was very common in deep woods near Castillo,
growing in scattered clusters and reaching a height of 20
inches. Most of the fronds collected were pentagonal in form,
with but two lateral pinne on each side, the lower one with a
prominent division near the base on the lower side. One speci-
men has four pinnz on a side and the basal pinna on one side
issimple. In form this latter frond is like 1 and 2, which have
the fronds elongated. It differs however, as do all the others
of this group, in having the pinne tapering toward the base, as
represented in PI. 1v, fig. 6, those of groups 1 and 2 being
truncate, as in fig. 5, though sometimes unequal at base.

The venation in this group resembles that of P. anamallay-
ensts Beddome,! which, unless the termination of the veins in
dots remote from the margin proves a constant character,
should probably be added to this series.

An examination of the entire series shows that venation is
not to be relied upon,—a fact already established by various
authors.

Hooker,? referring to the fact that Linné in his herbarium
united P. (Campteria) braurita and P. nemoralis,says: ‘The
Campter7a Agardh has no doubt correctly referred to Pt.

1 Beddome, Ferns of S. Ind., pp. 14, 69, pl. xLv.

2Species Filicum, vol. 11, p. 181.

138 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

braurita L. Pt. nemoralis he retains, and places next to our Pt.
guadriaurita, with characters however, which would seem to
combine these two species (or genera), and my own investiga-
tions would lead to this conclusion.”

Fournier! after discussing the venation of P. dcaurita (P.
nemoralis), concludes as follows:

“Ceci prouve qu'il ne faut pas accorder a la venation une
importance exagérée dans ia classification des Fougéres.”

Beddome.,? under Campteriu biaurita adds:

“Without examining the venation this fern is hardly distin-
guishable from Pleris guadriaurita.”

Baker,® in a note under P. dcaurita says:

“This differs only from P. guadriaurita in the pinne being
less deeply pinnatifidt and the bases of the mid-rib of the
segments being connected by an arching vein. This arch
springs normally from the bases of the mid-ribs, but some-
times begins and ends at points between them. It is some-
times triangular, sometimes very low, and in what Agardh
considers as P. nemoralis Willd., we have the venation con-
sidered as characteristic of dzaur7ta combined with the entirely
free venation considered as characteristic of guadr7aurita in one
and the same frond, so that they must be regarded as very
doubtfully distinct.”

As venation forms the one character upon which has been
based the distinction between P. draurita and P. guadriaurita,
all other characters being confessedly uniform in the whole
series, or not constant, and as this character is clearly unreliable
as shown by the material in hand, as well as by the authors
cited, there seems no reason why the artificial distinction should
longer be maintained. The forms are all accordingly united
under the oldest name, P. dsaurita L.

In habit all of the forms which were collected were terres-
trial.

1 Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xv, p. 18.
2 Ferns of Southern India, p. 14.
8 Synopsis Filicum, Hooker and Baker, p. 164.

4A character whichis very variable.

\

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 139

Hemsley reports this species from Chontales under the name
P. quadriaurita, and Fournier reports it, from the same place,
as P. edentula Kze. Typical P. dcaurita has not heretofore
been credited to Nicaragua.

2. P. urrsuta (L.) Hook.

Smith., Hist. Fil., p. 297.
Lonchitis hirsuta L., Sys. Nat., vol. 11, p- 689.

P. laciniata Wil\d.,—Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 176, pl.cxxx11; Eaton, Fil.
Wr. et Fend., p. 203; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 160; Hemsl., Biol.
Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 623.

This common species has long been known under the name
P. laciniata Willd. As it is synonymous with Lonchitis hir-
suta L., the specific name used by Linné should be retained.

Quite common in the deep woods near Castillo, and like all
the species of Péerzs in this list, terrestrial in habit.

The stipes, rachises, etc., vary from quite hairy to almost
smooth.

The species has not heretofore been reported from Nic-
aragua.

a. PP. ACULEATA. Swertz.

Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 224; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 204; Hook. and
Bak., Syn. Fil., p.171; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 621; Baker,
Jour. Bot., vol. xx11, p. 362.

P. propinqua Ag.,—Hook., Spec. Fil., vol. 11, p. 223.
P.apicalis Liebm.,—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 258.

The Nicaraguan material answers in many respects to the
descriptions of P. podophylla Swtz. The fronds are more or
less distinctly tri-partite, but the regularity of the division is
destroyed in some specimens by the fact that the two lateral
divisions do not spring from the same level, resembling in this
respect large compound pinne, and that the lower pinnz of
the middle division are often compound, though always much
smaller than the two lateral divisions. In one specimen the
lower pinne of the lateral divisions are also somewhat com-
pound.

140 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

That there has been more or less confusion in the concep-
tion of this species is evident. Baker! places the species among
the Bipznnate, while Smith? includes it in the division of Zzto-
brochta which has the fronds *‘deltoid tri-partite.”’

Baker, however, on p. 172, under P. duschnathiana Bak., a
species which belongs to the 777fartite, says that it “seems
a variety of acu/eata,’—a practical admission of the variation
in the division of the frond in the latter species, of which P.
luschnathiana is probably a synonym.

The variation in the extent to which the division of the frond
is carried will probably necessitate the union of P. acu/eata and
P. podophylla under the former name.

The Nicaraguan specimens have rather small terminal pin-
nz measuring 4 to 6 inches in length, the divisions closely
resembling Mexican forms of P. propingua in the Universit y
Herbarium. The stipes are mostly smooth. A fine series
was collected. The fronds were solitary, growing rather
abundantly in damp soil in the deep woods near Castillo.

Reported from Chontales by Hemsley (7é7d.), and from
Nicaragua without locality as P. apzcalis by Fournier.

4: (Peineis® Pihand.. “Pliw, Higs, 13/2,

Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 230; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 204; Hook. and
Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 172; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 623; Bak.,
Biol. Cent. Am., vol. rv, p. 115 (from Costa Rica): Johow, An. de la
Univ. Rep. de Chile, vol. Lxxx11, p. 982, fig. 6.

P: aurita BY.,—Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, \p. 231.

The fronds average about three feet in total length, and are
glaucous beneath. The rootstock is creeping, and covered
with brown scurfy scales. The venation, as represented in the
figures, is rather constant in the material which was collected,
but is generally very variable in the species. This species,
like P. d¢aurita, shows the comparatively slight value of the
generic and specific characters based upon venation which have
been recognized by many authors in the genus Pfe77s.

Collected on the volcano Ometépe at an altitude of about
3,000 feet. Not common.

1 Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 171.
2 Historia Filicum, p. 291.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. I4I

Hemsley (zéd.) reports it from Nicaragua without exact
locality.

5. P. Evata Agardh.
Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 223; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 204; Hook. and
Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 173: Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 623.

Apparently typical specimens of this species were collected
near the foot of the volcano Ometépe, and along the Deseado
River near Camp Menocal.

Those from the latter locality are more coriaceous, being
older, and have stipes two feet in length. The stipes were
green in the living fronds.

The species was not uncommon in both of the localities men-
tioned, and in habit closely resembled P. aguzlina. It has not
heretofore been specifically reported from Nicaragua.

REPORTED SPECIES.
P. aquilina L. var. caudata (L.) Hook.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 258, as P. caudata L., from Chontales.

P. aquilina L. var. lanuginosa (Bory) Hook.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 258, as P. decompfosita Gaud., from Chontales.

P. pungens Willd.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 258; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p.625. Both
from Chontales.

Pellea Wink.

P. angustifolia (H. B. K.) Bak.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p.258 (as Cheilanthes angustifolia Hook.); Hemsl., Biol.
Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 618. Both from Ometépe.

Cheilanthes Swartz.
C. radiata (L.) Sm.
Hemsl., Biol., Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 616, from Chontales.

C. viscosa Kaulf.

Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 617, from Realejo.

142 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

HYPOLEPIS Bernh.

i, REPENS (L.) Pres? bl vba. 4,

Hook, Sp. Fil., vol 11, p. 64, pl. xc, B.; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 129;
Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p.613; Bak., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. rv,

p> UIs.

Lonchitis repens L.,—Linne, Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 689.

Although this species was quite common near Camp Meno-
cal along the Deseado River bottoms, only one specimen was
collected. |

The fronds measured 8 to g feet in total length, being larger
than stated in Hooker and Baker’s Synopszs Filicum. The
fronds are broadly triangular, 3 to 4 pinnate, with spiny stipe
and rachis.

Not heretofore reported from Nicaragua.

2, gil OSTInis~ ves... Play, Mig. 3.
Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p.69; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 130; Hemsl., Biol.
Cent, Am volta.) ps Ol2.

A specimen which was collected near Camp Menocal is
referred to this species. It answers well to the descriptions
cited but there is some question as to the distinction between this
and the preceding form, as has already been noted by Baker.?

Since the material is scant, no attempt is here made to deter-
mine the relationship and synonymy of the members of this
group of the genus.

The species is new to the Nicaraguan list.

ADIANTUM Zznu.

1. A. oBLIQUUM Willd, Pl. v, Figs. 5-10; Pl. vi, Figs. 1-5.

Hook., Sp. Filvol. 11, -p.'8,> pl. uxxix, A’; Eaton, Mal. Wroet Mend pazon.
Hook.and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 115; Fourn., Sert. Nic., p. 259; Hemsl., Biol.
Gent Amir, vollsnin,).p610:

A. kaulfussii Kunze,—Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 7; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et
Fend., p. 201; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil.,p.115; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am.,
vol. 111, p. 609; Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. xx11, p. 362 (from Costa Rica).

A, obliquum H & G., Icon. Fil., pl. exc.
1 Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 131. Note under 47. purdieana Hk.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 143

A. intermedium Swartz,—Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 25; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et
Fend., p. 202; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 116; Smith, Hist. Fil., p.
275; Smith, Ferns, Brit. and For., p. 184; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol.
Ill, p. 609; Bak., Jour. of Bot., vol. xx11, p. 362 (from Costa Rica);
Hitch., Pl. Bah., p. 152.

A. triangulaium Kaulf.—-Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 26.
A. fovearum Raddi,—Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 275; Smith, Ferns, Brit. and
For., p. 184.1

The fine series of Nicaragua specimens shows a great
variation in division. ‘The fronds are about equally divided
between forms with simple pinnz, and those with the lower
one to three pairs of pinnae compound.

A perfect series connects the extremes.? In some specimens
one basal pinna only is somewhat compound, while in others
there are three lateral pairs of compound pinne each with 8 to
10 pairs of pinnules, and between them is an unbroken series of
intermediate forms. The once-pinnate fronds have the pinne
larger than the pinnules of the bi-pinnate forms, but in the in-
termediate forms with small compound basal pinne, the pin-
nules of what may be regarded as the terminal pinna are
large, being like those of some of the once-pinnate fronds.

The roostock is long, slender, about one line in thickness,
creeping, and covered with small, lance-linear, acuminate,
brown, appressed scales, some of them hair-like. The stipes
are ordinarily less than one-half an inch apart. The ultimate
divisions vary from broadly obtuse to rather narrowly acu-
minate. The sterile pinne are sometimes cleft.

It will be observed that at least three forms, ordinarily rec-
ognized as distinct species, are here grouped together. The
simply pinnate forms are usually classed as A. od/éguum,* and
A. kaulfussiz,* and the compound forms as A. 7ntermedium.®

1 As additional references for A. obliguum Willd., add: Lieb., Mex. Breg.,
p. 111; Smith, Ferns, Brit. and For., p. 183.

Under A. kaulfussii add: Hitch., Pl. Bah., p. 152.

2 After the printing of the form immediately preceding these pages, the
author decided to still more fully illustrate the forms herein grouped to-
gether, and added fig. 2 to pl. v, and plates vir and vill. Reference should
have been made to these on the preceding page.

3 Pl. vi, figs. 4 and 5.

4 Pl.v, figs. 5 and 11, and pl. vi., figs. 1 and 2.

5 Pl. viil, figs. 1 and 2 are extreme forms; pl. v, figs. 6, 8 and 9, pl. v1,

esac Ls

144 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

But the transition from <A. kaulfussi to A. obliguum, and
from both of these to A. zutermedium is so gradual and so
complete in the specimens of this collection that no clear line
can be drawn between them.

In all of the characters which have heretofore been employed
to distinguish between A. odliqguum and A. kaulfussi7, there is
so much variation in the large series at hand that there seems
to be no good reason for separating them.!

Most of the specimens are glaucous beneath, with costa less
prominent, sori much interrupted, and texture less coriaceous,
being typical A. kaulfussiz. A few specimens are wholly de-
void of glaucous bloom, have a distinct costa, and are coria-
ceous in texture, but in all these characters intermediate forms
connect the extremes, the amount of the glaucous bloom, the
prominence of the costa and the continuity of the sori being
especially variable characters. The pubescence of the stipe
is also variable, being sometimes almost wanting.

Fig. 5, Pl. virepresents a pinna of a peculiar form which was
found near Camp Menocal. The stipe is smooth, the rachis
brown-hairy, the frond once-pinnate, withthe pinnz acuminate,
and very obliquely cut at base on the lower side. It is probably
var. major Hook., figured on Pl. Lxxix A 1, in Hook., Sp.
Pil, vol.«1t.

Both forms, kaulfussa, and typical ob/iquum pass gradually
into compound forms, the glaucous kaulfusszz into typical
entermedium, and obliqguum into the coarser trzangulatum. 'The
transition of the lowest pinnz from simple to compound forms
is illustrated by the following figures in the order given: First
the simple pinne of typical kaz/fussi as represented in Fig. 5,
Pl. v, then Pl. vil, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, dnd Pl. vit, Pigs) aigneee

By a similar series typical obliqguum, Fig. 4, Pl. v1, passes
through intermediate forms of which one is represented in
Figs. 3, 4 and 5, Pl. vur (all from one frond), to a large form

fig.3, and pl. vil, figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4, represent forms intermediate between
typical A. kaulfussti and A. intermedium.

1 Baker, Syn. Fil., p. 115, in a note under A. obliguum says that they are
“very doubtfully distinct.”

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 145

with three pairs of lateral compound pinnz, quite like Fend-
ler’s No. 414 from Panama,! which is marked A. trzangulatum.
This form answers in every respect to Hooker’s description
of A. triangulatum (ibid.).

The series being complete all these forms are united under
the oldest name, A. od/iguum Willd. For convenience in ref-
erence, however, it may be desirable to recognize znxtermedt-
um as a variety, in which case the name should be written A.
obliquum Willd. var. zntermedium Swartz.

The typical form was found rather sparingly in low woods in
the vicinity of Castillo. The form A. kaulfussti was very
common with the type near Castillo, and also along the La
Juana River, in both of which localities the forms passing into
entermedium were also abundant. A. “trzangulatum” was
found with typical od/;guum near Castillo. All of the forms
are terrestrial in habit.

A. obliguum has been reported from the vicinity of Granada
by Fournier and Hemsley, and A. kauw/fussiz7? from Chontales
by Hemsley (7é:d.). The form zntermedium has not hereto-
fore been reported from Nicaragua.*

2. A. TRAPEZIFORME L. PI. vi, Figs. 6-8.

Linne, Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p.695; Swz., Fl. Ind. Occ., p. 125; Presl, Rel. Haenk.,
p. 63; Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 155, pl. vi, figs. 8, 9, 10; Lieb., Mex. Breg., p.
113; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 48; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 33; Eaton,
Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 202; Roth., Les Foug., vol. 1, p. 147, pl. xv1; Hook.
and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 118; Fourn., Sert. Nic., p. 259; Smith, Ferns,
Brit. and For., p. 184; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 612.

A. pentadactylon L. & S.—Hook. et Grev., Icon. Fil., pl. xcvim; Smith,
Ferns, Brit. and For., p. 184.

This splendid species was found rather sparingly on Ome-
tépe in deep woods and also along a cactus hedge in a banana

1 Shaw Herbarium, St. Louis.

* Fournier, in Sertum Nic., p. 259, refers Levy’s no. 496 from Chontales
to A. luctrdum var. a pinnatum. Hemsley (rdid.) refers it to A. kaulfussii.

3 Hemsley, Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 609, places A. lucidum var. 3 pinna-
tum Mitt. ex Fourn. Mex. Pl. Enum.i p. 129, in the synonymy of this form.
If this is intended for A. lucidum var. {3 bipinnatum Mett., it is reported from
Chontales by Fournier in Sertum Nic., p. 259.

1V—11 L2

146 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

plantation. It is terrestrial in habit, with a creeping rootstock
one-eighth of an inch in diameter, which is densely coated with
short, closely-appressed, dark-brown, linear-lanceolate, acu-
minate scales. The stipes are about one inch apart.

Reported from the vicinity of Granada by Fournier and
Hemsley (zbzd.).

2) A. CRISPATUMAL.. Pio wir, Hiss: 6,7.

Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 695; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 46; Eaton, Fil.
Wr. et Fend., p. 202; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 118; Hemsl., Biol.
Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 608; Smith, Ferns, Brit. and For., p. 184.

A, striatum Willd.,—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 259.

Typical specimens of this species were found rather spar-
ingly in the deep woods near Castillo. Hemsley and Four-
nier (zézd.) both report it from Chontales, the latter under the
name A. strzatum.

4. A. TETRAPHYLLUM Willd. PI. v1, Figs. g-10.

Liebm., Mex. Breg., p. 112; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 47; Hook. and
Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 120; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p.611; Bak.,
Jour. Bot., vol. xx11, p. 362; Hitch, Pl. Bah., p. 152.

A. prionophyllum H. B. K.—Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 21; Eaton, Fil. Wr.
et Fend., p. 202; Smith, Ferns, Brit. and For., p. 184.

One specimen only was found in the deep woods near Cas-
tillo. It is almost typical, but the pinnules are rather large,
and scarcely hairy on the lower surface. The rachises, and
to some extent the stipe, are covered with closely appressed
brown hairs.

Reported from Chontales by Hemsley (zézd.).

5. A. MACROPHYLLUM Swartz. Pl. 1x, Figs. 1-3.

Swz, Fl. Ind. Occ., p. 1707; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 122; Presl., Rel. Haenk., p.
60; Hook. et Grev., Icon. Fil., pl. cxxx11; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 3;
Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 111; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 47; Hook., Fil.
Ex., pl. tv; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 201;Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil.,
p- 121; Smith, Ferns, Brit. and For., p. 183; Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 259;
Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 610; Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. xxII, p.
362 (from Costa Rica).

Only two specimens of this beautiful fern were secured.
Both were found on rocky banks, one along the San Juan River
near Castillo, and the other along the La Juana River.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 147

The latter is once-pinnate, the former has one of the basal
pinne divided into two pinnules. (See Fig. 1.) Some of the
pinne are short-stalked.

Reported from Chontales by Fournier and Hemsley (zézd.).

6. A. PLATYPHYLLUM Swartz. PI. 1x, Figs. 4, 5.
Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 157, pl. vi, fig. 11; Kunze, Analec. Pterid., p. 31, pl. xx;
Hook. Sp. fil: vole 12, p. 3.
A. seemanni Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 5, pl. xxxx1 A; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et
Fend., p. 201; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p.121; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am.,
vol. 111, p. 611.

The specimens agree exactly with Hooker’s figure and
description of A. seemannz, excepting that one of the fronds
has one of the lowest pinne compound, with four pinnules,
all the others being simple as in Hooker’s description. Under
his description of A. seemannz Hooker says: ‘“ Were the sterile
pinnules entire, I could almost consider it identical with A.
platyphyllum of Swartz and Kunze; but I am quite puzzled
with Kunze’s specimens of ‘ Alatyphyllum,’ which....... are
A. kaulfussiz.”” Wunze evidently distributed some specimens
of A. kaulfuss7i, a very distinct species, under the name A.
platyphyllum. His description and figure, however, very
satisfactorily correspond with the Nicaraguan specimens,
excepting that the margin of the pinne is more deeply serrate
in the latter. Kunze, in his figure, represents the margin as
very minutely serrulate, and in the text, speaking of the pinne,
says: ‘‘Margine fertili integerrimo; sterili tenuissime cren-
ulato.” The size of the serrations in the sterile pinne is
somewhat variable, and constitutes a character so unsatisfac-
tory in this genus, that specific distinctions cannot be wholly
based upon it. For that reason A. platyphyllum and A:
seemanni are united.

Rare, found on a rocky bank of the San Juan River below
Castillo. Only four fronds were collected. One of these
measures (without the stipe) 13 inches in length, and its stipe
is 20 inches long.

This species does not appear in any of the Nicaraguan lists.

148 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

% A. vittosuM Zz. Pl. 1, Figs. 6—11.

Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 695; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 124; Lieb., Mex. Breg.,
p- 112; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 18; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 202;
Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 122; Smith, Ferns, Brit. and For., p. 183;
Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 259: Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 6125,
Mitch, 2 Bah, ps2.

A. acuminatum Desy.,—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 259 (placed here on
authority of Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 612).

A, obligue-truncatum Fée,—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 259 (placed here by
Bak. in Hook. and Bak., Syn., Fil., p. 122, and doubtfully by Hemsley
in Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 612).

The more common form of this species has the frond and
stipe each usually less than one foot in length, and pinnules
with the lower and outer margins forming a more or less con-
tinuous curve. The frond is loose in structure, the pinnules
being more or less remote, and there are usually two or three
lateral pinna on each side. This passes gradually into a
larger form with frond and stipe each a foot or more in length,
with lateral pinna in five or six pairs, the pinnules more
closely crowded and the lower and outer margins straight and
forming a distinct angle. Both kinds of pinnules are shown
in the figures. Nearly continuous and distinctly interrupted
sori often appear on the same frond. The rootstock is creep-
ing, two or three lines in diameter, closely covered with ap-
pressed, linear, sharply acuminate, brown scales. The stipes.
are usually not more than a ¥% of an inch apart at base.

Quite common in rather rich soil in the higher deep woods.
near Moyogalpaon Ometépe. Fournier (7ézd.) reports it from
near Granada, and, as .1. acumznatum, from Chontales. He
also reports A. oblique-truncatum from Granada and declares.
that it is not A. vel/osum L., but A. villosum Eaton. Hemsley
(zbzd.) reports it from Chontales.

3. “A\PULVERULENTUM £2 Pi.ox, Pict:

Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 695; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 124; Lieb., Mex. Breg.,
p. 113; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 17; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 202;
Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 122; Smith, Ferns, Brit. and For., p. 184;
Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 259; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 6103,
Hitch: Pl Bah. p. 52:

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 149

Found sparingly in low, deep woods near Castillo. The
specimens are quite typical.
Reported from Chontales by Fournier (7érd.).

@.., i CONCINNUM, 77. 5. AG” Pl. x Nips 7.

Presl, Rel. Haenk., p. 63; Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 115; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot.
Lip., p. 48; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 42; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 202;
Roth., Les Foug., vol. 1, p. 143, pl. xtv: Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol.
XVII, p. 236; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 123; Smith, Ferns, Brit. and
For., p. 186; Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 259; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol.
111, p. 607; Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. xx11, p. 362 (from Costa Rica).

The larger fronds are typical, and the smaller differ only
in being bi-pinnate. This fern is terrestrial in habit, with
tufted stipes.

Quite common on banks along the shores of Lake Nicara-
gua on Ometépe, and also occurring sparingly on the inner
walls of the old fort at Castillo.

Reported from the vicinity of Granada’ and from Ometépe
by Fournier, and from Ometépe by Hemsley.

10. A. TENERUM Swartz. Pl. x, Figs. 8-10.
Swz., Fl. Ind. Occ., p. 1719; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 125; Pres], Rel. Haenk., p.
63; Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 115; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 48; Hook.,
Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p.45; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 202; Roth., Les Foug.,
vol. 11, p. 43, pl. x11; Hook. and Bak., Syn Fil., p. 124; Smith, Ferns,
Brit. and For., p. 186; Eaton, Ferns N. Am., vol. 11, p. 231, pl. Lxxvit;

?

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 259; Underwood, Our Nat. Ferns and Their
All. p. 86; Chapm., Fl. So. St., p. 670; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. III,
p. 611; Bak., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. iv, p. 115; Hitch., Pl. Bah., p. 152.

The specimens are typical, and occurred sparingly on
Ometépe, hanging over a bank by the roadside in deep
woods near Moyogalpa.

Reported from Granada by Fournier and Hemsley (7é7d.).

11. A. pDoLOsuM Kunze var. WILSONI ( Hook.) Bak. Pi.-x,
Figs, 11, 12.
Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. v, pl. 107.

A. wilsont Hook., Sp. Fil., vol., u, p. 6, pl. xxx11 A; Hook., Fil. Ex., pl.
xIv; Smith, Ferns, Brit. and For., p. 183.
A. dolosum Kunze (including var. wilsoni),—Hook, and Bak., Syn. Fil., p.

127; Fourn. Sertum Nic., p. 259; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p.
608.

150 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Fine typical specimens of this variety were secured. The
pinne vary from three to five in number, in well-developed
specimens, but young sterile fronds are simple, and vary
from ovate-cordate to hastately three-lobed. The bases of
the pinne vary from somewhat acute through truncate to
cordate. Found rather sparingly in the rich soil of higher .
deep woods near Castillo.

Fournier (zbzd.) reports A. dolosum from Chontales.

Whether he includes var. wz/sonz or not has not been deter-
mined. Hemsley (zdzd.) likewise reports A. dolosum (of which
wilsont is given as a synonym) from Chontales.

REPORTED SPECIES.

A. lucidum Swartz.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 259 (?), from Chontales; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am.,
vol. 111, p. 609, from Chontales.

A. lunulatum Burm.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 258, as dunulatum and dolabriforme Hook., the first
without locality, the latter from Granada; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol.
III, p. 610, from the vicinity of Granada.

Family I]. LINDSAYEZ.
Genus DICTYOXIPHIUM Aooker.

1. D.PANAMENSE Hook. PI. x, Figs. 13-16.

Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 224; Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., part 111, p. 6 (note), pl.
xvi, figs. 18, 19 (sections); Roth., Les Foug., vol. 11, p. 85, pl. Xxx1;
Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 113; Smith, Ferns, Brit. and Hor, ps3
(fig.); Fourn. Sertum Nic., p. 259; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. III, p.

606.
Lindsea (Dicty.) Panamensis Mett.,—Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 213.

A fine series of typical specimens was collected near Castillo.
The sterile fronds are mostly shorter, and much broader than
the fertile fronds, and are more or less glaucous on the lower
surface, especially when young. Linear-lanceolate dark-
brown scales (see figure )are scattered on the short stipe and on
both sides of the mid-rib near the base, being much denser on
the stipe and gradually diminishing in size and number upward.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. I51

The sori are often interrupted toward the base as repre-
sented in Figure 16.

The fern is terrestrial in habit, growing in scattered tufts
in deep woods.

Fournier and Hemsley (zd¢d.) report it from Chontales.

Genus LINDSAYA! Dry.

1. L.TRapeEzirormis Dry. PI. x1, Figs. 1-7.

Swz., Syn. Fil; p. t19; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p.214; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend.,
p. 213; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 107; Smith, Ferns, Brit. and For.,
p- 230; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 606; Bak., Biol. Cent. Am.,
vol. Iv, p. 115 (from Costa Rica).

L. leprieurti Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 208, pl. x11 D.

Baker and Hemsley (cérd.) also place ZL. horizontalis Hook.
in the synonymy of this species. It may be that ZL. ¢rapezr-
formis has been made the common dumping-ground of tou
many forms, yet a comparison of the various descriptions in-
dicates the possibility of the necessity of the union under this
name of the two species herein listed. The material at hand,
however, is not sufficient to decide this. There certainly is a
wide gap between the two forms here recognized as distinct
species.

Only seven fronds of this species were collected. Of these
four are small (though fruiting), once-pinnate, and closely
resemble Hooker’s figure of ZL. /eprzeurizz; two have a large
lateral pinna or division at the base on one side; and one is
compound with two lateral pinnz on each side. In all the
fronds the stipes and rachises are brown, square (sometimes
even slightly four-winged), and with the terminal pinnz (or
pinnules) sub-rhomboidal, and very different from the terminal
pinnules of the following species, as is shown in Plate vin.

Hooker’s description of Z. ¢rapezzformrs accurately defines
the Nicaraguan specimens.

t More frequently written Zivdsea. The author has no means at hand

to determine which should be accepted, and hence follows the compara-
tively recent works cf Baker and Hemsley.

IV—2 M

152 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Terrestrial, the fronds occurring in scant tufts in the deep
woods near Camp Menocal.
Not heretofore specifically reported from Nicaragua.

2. L.HoRrizonTALis Hook. Pi. x1, Figs. 8-11.
Hook., Sp. Fil:, vol. 1; p: 214, pl. uxar B; Eaton, Fil. Wr: et Pend.) po2ie:

The two specimens which are referred to this species agree
in every detail with the description and figure given by
Hooker. As has already been stated it may be necessary
to unite this with the preceding species, but the distinction be-
tween the Nicaraguan specimens is well-marked. The speci-
mens referred to Z. horizontals are larger, more divided, with
pale and more slender stipe, and paler, thinner, smaller pin-
nules. The difference in the apices, as shown by the figures,
is marked, and is also constant in the set in the Herbarium
of the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. One of the fronds
is about 18 inches long, and has a stipe 1 foot in length. It has
nine pairs of lateral pinne which gradually diminish in length
toward the tip of the frond. The terminal pinna is small.
The other frond is smaller and has but two pairs of lateral
pinne. Both specimens closely resemble Wright’s Cuban
specimen No. 976 in the Herbarium of the State University.
Of Wright’s No. 976 Eaton! says that it is in part L. trapfezi-
formis and in part L. horizontals.

Growing on the trunk of a tree in the deep woods near
Camp Menocal.

Not heretofore reported from Nicaragua.

Family Il. DAVALLIEZ.

Genus DAVALLIA Smith.

1. D.saccotoma Sfreng. Pl. x1, Fig. 12; Pl. xu, Figs. 1-4.

Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 170; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 212; Hook. and
Bak., Syn. Fil., p.97; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 605.

Saccoloma elegans Kaulf..—Kunze, Farrn., p. 85, pl. xL1; Smith, Ferns,

Brit. and For., p. 235.
Pal Wet Bends p.2n3:

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 153

This species has the margin of the pinnze more or less
reflexed over the sori, or at least curved downward so that a
double involucre is seemingly formed, and consequently ap-
proaches the sub-genus Pesza of Pterzs, or /soloma of Lind-
saya. It also simulates some of the once-pinnate forms of the
sub-genus #uwf/erzs in venation, texture and division. Its right
to a place in the genus Dava/lia is somewhat questionable.

The fronds are from 2 to more than 4 feet in length, dark-
green, lance-ovate, and with brown stipes which are roughened
with scattered tubercles or short spines. The bases of the
pinne vary from short-cuneate and equal, to decidedly unequal,
the upper side in the latter forms being more rounded, and
extending nearer to the rachis. The upper pinne are sessile

and often slighty decurrent on the rachis, the lower are short-
stalked.

2. D.INEQqUALIS Kunze. PI. xu, Figs. 5, 6.

Hook. Sp2zbil; vol. i, p= 160, plinvar By Baton, Fils Wr. et Pend., p. 2127
Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 99; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p.
605; Bak., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. Iv, p. 115 (from Costa Rica).

Microlepia inequalis Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 125.

The largest fronds which were observed measured 2% feet
in length. The stipes are smooth, light-brown. Hooker’s
figure exactly represents the Nicaraguan specimens.

Terrestrial in habit. Not rare in the deep woods near
Camp Menocal.

New to the Nicaraguan list.

Family IV. DICKSONIEZA.
Genus DICKSONIA Z’Herit.

fe DD: ADIANTOMES 77. Pl oem igs.-7 8.

Presi, Kel. Haenk., p.67; Hook. Sp..Fil., vali.2,,p. 75, pl. xxv1 B; Lieb:
Mex. Breg., p. 111; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 214; Hook. and Bak.,
Syn. Fil., p. 52; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 596.

D. erosa Kunze,—Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 75.
Sitolobium adiantoides Smith, Ferns, Brit. and For., p. 236.
IV—2 M2

154 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Baker! says that DJ. obtus:folia Willd. is the oldest name.
If this can be clearly established, z. ¢., if D. obtuszfolia and D.
adiantordes are really identical, the former name should stand.
Hooker? however, places J. obtuszfolia among the doubtful
species, but suggests its close relationship to J. adiantordes.

The specimens are quite typical. The rachises and lower
surface of the frond are, however, scurfy with minute scales
rather than hairy. The involucre is occasionally quite two-
lipped, the inner lip over-lapping, the species thus approach-
ing the sub-genus Auadicksonia. ‘The pinne near the apex of
the frond are once-pinnate or merely pinnatifid. The apices
of the pinnules vary from broadly obtuse to acuminate. The
fronds are 2 to 3 feet long, rather broadly triangular, with the
stipe and rachis brownish.

Terrestrial in habit. Not common, in woods near Camp
Menocal.

There seems to be no previous record of the occurrence of
this species in Nicaragua.

2. D. Rupiemnosa Aagaif, Pl. xu, Fig: ro; Pl. xm, Figs. 13a

Hook., sp) Fuljvolo2, p. 79, pla xxvii As ieb., Mex. Bres:)p. aro, Met,
Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 106; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 213; Hook. and
Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 53; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 597; Bak.,
Biol. Cent. Am., vol. iv, p. 115; Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. xx11, p. 362 (the
two last from Costa Rica).

D. dissecta Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 77.
D. anthriscifolia Kaulf..—Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 79, pl. xxvit B.

Sitolobium rubiginosa Smith, Ferns, Brit. and For., p. 237.

A handsome species which was rather common in the deep
woods near Castillo, chiefly on higher ground. Some of the
plants were arborescent with a stem 1% feet high and 1 to
1% inches in diameter, densely covered with black, sharp,
straight spines, some of which seem to be modified roots.
Other specimens in full fruit were acaulescent.

The stipe, rachis and larger secondary rachises are aculeate
with sharp spines which are brownish or straw-colored like

1 In Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 52.
J Syoy, LUE, \yCoille ins fos Shit

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 155

the rachis. The spines diminish in number upward, and the
terminal portions of the rachises are tomentose only. On the
main rachis the tomentum is restricted to the groove on the
upper side.

No mention is made of the spines in any of the accessible
descriptions, though Baker! says that the rachises are “slightly
asperous.”’

The white jointed hairs are scattered over the lower surface
of the frond, though most abundant along the midribs.

Hooker’s figures in all respects accurately represent the
specimens in the collection. The latter, however, are more
delicate than most of the specimens examined by the author,
resembling closely Pringle’s Mexican specimens in the Shaw
Herbarium at St. Louis. Not heretofore reported from
Nicaragua, though listed by Baker (zé7d.) from neighboring
Costa Rica.

REPORTED SPECIES.
D. cicutaria Swartz.

Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 596, without exact locality.

Dennstedtia ordinata Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 260, without exact locality.

Family V. BLECHNEZ.
Genus LOMARIA Willd.

This genus is intermediate between Pfer7dee and Llechnum,
and has quite as good a right to a place in the former. No
specimens were collected, but note is made of the following

REPORTED SPECIES:
L. onocleoides Spreng.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 258; Hems!., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 626; both
from Chontales.

Genus BLECHNUM Zznn.

1. B.-toneirotium A.-B. A. Pl. xu, Figs. 3, 4.
Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip, p. 62; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 204; Hook..,

1 Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 53, note under D. rubiginosa.

156 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Sp. Fil., vol. 111, p. 49; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 185; Hemsl., Biol.
Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 627.

B. gracile Kaulf.—Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 62; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol.
111, p. 48; Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 258; Smith, Ferns, Brit. and For., p.
198; Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. x11, p. 362 (from Costa Rica.).

B. intermedium Link.,—Kunze, Farrnk., p. 128, pl. Lv, fig. 2; Mett., Fil.
Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 62; Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 86; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 111,
p- 47; Smith, Ferns, Brit.and For., p. 198.

The four fronds in the collection are nearest to the form
gracile, but in the size of the terminal pinna (3% to 4%
inches in length), and in the almost total absence of serrations
on some of the pinne they approach zztermedium as described
by Hooker and figured by Kunze (cdzd.).

Each of the specimens has three pairs of lateral pinne.
These vary from 34 to 2 inches in length, and are sessile, or
very short-stalked. The stipes were flesh-colored when fresh,
drying to a light-brown color.

Not common, growing on wet rocks below the lower falls
of the Deseado River at the eastern base of the Divide.

Hemsley reports it from Chontales.

Another form, var. fraxzneum, is reported from Costa Rica
by Baker !

2. EB) OCCIDENTFALE 2.

Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 688; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 113; Presl, Rel. Haenk.,
p. 49; Lneb., Mex. Breg., p86; Mett., Fil: Hort. Bot. Lip. p.62,plaam,
fisyo. Baton, Mils Wig. et Bend), p. 204; Hook. Sp. Wily vole iil, pasos
Pourns BullSiSoc) Bot. Pr, voleexvir, p. 236- Poum:, certumy Ngess os
258; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 185; Smith, Ferns, Brit. and For., p.
197; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 628; Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. xxI1,
p. 362 (from Costa Rica); Hitch., Pl. Bah., p. 153.

B. aduncum Lieb.. Mex. Breg., p. 85.

Typical specimens of this species were rather common in
rocky soil at the base of the volcano Ometépe, and near the
foot of the hill on which old Ft. Castillo stands. A smaller
form with fronds 34 to 134 inches wide, with rachis hairy
beneath, and obtuse pinnae sometimes cuspidate, was found on
the volcano Ometépe at an altitude of about 4,000 feet.

Hemsley reports it from Chontales and Granada, and
Fournier from Chontales, Granada and Ometépe.

1 Biol. Cent. Am., vol. Iv, p. 116.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 157

3. B. voLtusiLE Aaulf.

Kunze, Analec. Pter., p. 20, pl. x111; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 63; Eaton,
Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 205; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 111, p.62; Hook. and Bak.,
Syn. Fil., p. 187; Bak., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. Iv, p. 115.

Salpichlena volubile Smith, Ferns, Brit. and For., p. 209.

The vine-like fronds of this splendid fern often climb in
clusters to a height much exceeding 25 feet. As only the
uppermost pinne were fruiting it was exceedingly difhcult to
secure fertile specimens, only two of which are in the collec-
tion. The specimens which were observed were typical, but
alternate pinne were not rare.

Common in deep woods near Castillo and Camp Menocal.

Not heretofore reported from Nicaragua.

Family VI. ASPLENIEZA.

Genus ASPLENIUM Zznun.

rm A SERRATUM .Z..

Ein. Syst. Nat:, vols 11, p..689; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 74;)Hook., Ful. Ex.,:pl:
Lxx; Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. vi, p. 88; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p.
205; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 111, p. 81; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 193;
Smith; Ferns, Brit. and For.,'p. 209; Eaton, Ferns N. Am., vol. 1, p. 17,
pl. 111; Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 257; Underwood, Our Nat. Ferns and
Ae p07; Hemsl. Biol.“Cent;, Am; vol. roxy .p. 639;" Bak:, Biol? Cent:
Am., vol. 1v, p. 116 (from Costa Rica); Chapm., Fl]. So. St., p. 671.

A. crenulatum Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 106.

Common on trees in deep woods near Castillo and near
Camp Seven. The fronds were tufted, from short scaly
clustered rootstocks. The specimens are typical, but some
of them form obtuse lobes toward the apex of the frond.

Hemsley and Fournier both report it from Chontales.

2, AOaALAtTUM 77.5.6. “Pl xan, Pigs. 5—7.

Hook., Icon. Fil., pl. cxxxvi1; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 72; Mett., Ub.
Bin. Marng., pt. v1, p. 119; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 205; Hook., Sp.
ily Voli ep tet wlooksand bak. wove bil... 200;. Smith, serns,
Brit. and Mor.) p. 213°

A, plerophorum Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 107.

158 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Rather rare in the deep woods near Castillo. None of the
fronds are distinctly proliferous, but only one has a perfect
apex, figured in Fig. 7, Pl. xm. The wings are prominent on
both rachises and stipes, and in most of the fronds the pinne
are unequally developed, giving the frond a ragged appear-
ance. Forking veins are rare in all of the specimens.

New to Nicaragua. The species is not mentioned in the
Biologia Centrali-Americana.

3. A. LUNULATUM Swz. var. PROLIFERUM (Swz.) Mett.
Pita. Bae Gs Pl xiv, Rie. g:
Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. vi, p. 121.

A. lunulatum Swartz,1—Bak., On Rec. Syn. Braz. F., p.21; Hook. and Bak.,
Syn. Fil., p. 202; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 636; Bak., Biol.
Cent. Am., vol. 1v, p. 116 (from Costa Rica).

A. erectum Bory,?—Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 90: Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p.
73; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 205; Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 257.

A. proliferum Swartz, F1. Ind. Occ., p. 1609; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 74; Mett.,
Bal Hort. bot ip. p74 plex lea

A. erectum var. proliferum Hook., Fil. Ex., pl. Lxx11; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol.
EL, p26:

A. tenellum Roxb.,—Smith, Ferns, Brit. and For., p. 212.

Not common in the deep woods near Camp Menocal. Ter-
restrial in habit, growing in tufts.

The specimens are very similar to Hooker’s? figure, the
stipes in the former, however, being much shorter. The
pinne vary from breadly obtuse to obtusely acuminate at the
apex. The apices of most of the fronds are broken off, but
some were evidently proliferous. Fig. 8, Pl. xm represents a
perfect apex which is not proliferous. Hemsley reports A.
lunulatum from Chontales, and Fournier gives A. erectum
from the same locality. Whether these include the var. prolsf-
erum or not does not appear in the references.

The variety has not heretofore been specifically reported
from Nicaragua. |

1 Probably including var. proliferum.

2 Probably including var. proliferum.
SHE xOt-, pla exon

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 159

4. .A.cuLTRIFoLIuM Z. PI. xiv, Figs. 2-4.

Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p.690; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 78; Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng.,
pt. vi, p. 98; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 110; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil.,
p- 203; Hemsl, Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 632; Bak., Jour. Bot., vol.,
XXII, p. 362 (from Costa Rica).

There is considerable variation in the form and length of
the pinne, and in the character of the serrations, the teeth in
some specimens being simple, in others distinctly bifid. These
differences are shown in the figures.

The sori in most of the fronds are simple, a few pinnz onlv
showing the diplazioid character.

The stipes are tufted, from a short, erect rootstock one-
eighth of an inch in diameter. The rootstock appears thicker,
however, because it is covered with the bases of old stipes.

Common in rich soil in deep woods near Castillo.

Not heretofore reported from Nicaragua.

Pea SERRA ond. 27. "Pl xiv; Pios.5, 6.

Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 94; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 76; Mett., Ub. Ein.
Barng., pt- Vi, p- 151; Baton, Pil: Wr. et Pend., p:' 205:) Hook. gp. Bul,
vol. 111, p. 154; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 206; Hemsl., Biol. Cent.
Am., vol, 111, p. 638; Bak., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 1v, p. 116 (from Costa
Rica).

A. peppigii Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 106, pl. 111, fig. 21.

A. insigne Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 94.

Typical specimens were not rare on trunks of trees near
Camp Menocal, though but few were collected.

The lower pinne are sometimes auricled at the base on the
upper side. The rachis is usually at first covered with small,
linear, dark-brown, appressed, deciduous scales.

Reported from Realejo by Hooker! and Hemsley, and
from Nicaragua without locality by Hemsley.

6. A. AURITUM Swartz. Pl. xiv, Figs. 7, 8.

pwz., lind. Gee, p. 1616; Swz., Syn. Fil.,.p.:75; Presi, Rel. Haenk., p. 43;
Hieb; Mex. Breg.; p.965 Mett., Pils Hort. Bot. Lip sip. 735) Mett., Ub:
Ein. Farng., pt. v1, p. 103; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 206; Hook., Sp.
Pil; vol: 111, p. 178; Roth: Les Foug., volo 1, p: 167, pl. xxv1; Bed.

1 Sp. Fil., vol. wu, p. 155.

160 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Ferns S. Ind., p. 47, pl. cxxxvir; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 208;
Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 217; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. TL pe
630; Bak., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 1v, p. 362 (from Costa Rica).

A. monodon Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 96.

The specimens are typical according to Hooker (cbid.).

The pinne vary from almost entire to deeply serrate with
or without auricle, and the rachis is very narrowly winged.
The stipe is often almost black near the base and gradually
changes to green.upward. The rachis is green, sometimes
blackish below.

Common in rather open woods (a partial clearing) near
Castillo growing both on tree-trunks and on the ground.
Also found along the Deseado River near Camp Menocal, on
tree-trunks.

New to the Nicaraguan list.

7. A. ¥FoRMosuM Willd. PI. xiv, Figs. 9, 10.

Pres], Rel. Haenk., p. 44; Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 89; Hook., Fil. Ex., pl. xvi;
Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. vi, p. 134; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p- 2055
Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 111, p. (43; Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xv1l, p.
236; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 210; Smith, Ferns, Brit. and For., p.
212; Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 257; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p.
633; Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. xx11, p. 362.

A. subalatum H. and A.,—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 257 (from Granada).

Nearly typical, but rather narrow, and with very few speci-
mens showing sori on the upper side of the midrib.

Found sparingly on rocky banks near the foot of the vol-
cano Ometépe, and along the Los Sabalos River.

Reported from Chontales and Granada by Fournier and
Hemsley.

Sa. LapoM (Swariz. Wel xv, sigs. -5:

Swz., Syn. Fil., pp. 79, 271; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 205; Hook., Sp. Fly
Vol. 1X1, p. 133, pl. Crxxil; Roth., Les Foug:, vol. 11, p. 118) plyscovere
Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 210; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p.
635.

A. scbkuhrizuum Presi, Tent. Pter., p. 197.

Great confusion exists in the synonymy of this species.
Hooker (cé:d.) says: “ We have, unfortunately, no means of

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. I61

ascertaining the exact species intended by Swartz for his
Aspl. letum.” Schkuhr, according to the same authority,
“gives a figure of A. /etwm, which appears sufficiently to
accord with Swartz’s description.” To this Presl later gave
the name A. schkuhrianum. That this is really the same as
Swartz’s A. /etum is by no means certain, and it may be
necessary to adopt Presl’s name, A. schkuhrianum, if indeed
the whole vexed question of synonymy in this case will not
be settled by referring this to A. vesectuwm Smith, as has been
suggested by Baker.! Certainly judging from the descrip-
tions and figures of A. resectum to which the author had
access, and from the variation in the form of the pinne and in
the character of the rootstock in the Nicaraguan specimens,
there is no constant difference between A. resectum and A.
letum. Hooker? says of A. /etum: ‘Its nearest affinity is
unquestionably with the A. resectum of Sir James Smith, an
Oriental plant, whose long creeping caudex at once distin-
guishes it.” Baker (7érd.), comparing A. /etum with A.
resectum, says of the former: ** The texture is usually firmer
and the pagina is more developed on the lower side of the
midrib.” Hooker’s plate * of A. vesectum, but for the remote-
ness of the stipes, accurately represents some forms in the col-
lection.

But for the doubt which exists concerning the variation in
texture and in the arrangement of the stipes on the rootstock,
which cannot be removed because of a lack of authentic series
of A. resectum, the author would include A. /etum in A.
resectum.

The specimens all have dull green rachises (like some
forms of reseclum), and most of them have the lowest pair of
pinne deflexed,—a character generally possessed by /etum.

There is much variation in the character of the upper basal
portion of the pinne. In some specimens there is no distinct
auricle, others are auriculate, and in still others the division is
carried to the extent represented in Fig. 1, Pl. xv.

1JIn Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 210, in note under A. detum.

2 Sp. Fil., vol. 111, p. 134, in note under A. letum.
*Teon. il ple cxiv-

162 NATURAL SEISRORY “BW cl EaiN,

Quite common on rocky banks of a small stream in deep
woods near Castillo.
Reported by Hooker and Hemsley from Realejo.

9. A. PuMiLuM jSwarlz. (Plexv, Hiss G,

Swz., Fl. Ind. Occ., p. 1610; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 76; Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 95;
Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 75; Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. v1, Dower
Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 206; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 111, p- 174; Hook.
and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 212; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 213; Hemsl.,
Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 637; Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. xx11, p- 362 (from
Costa Rica).

A. heterophyllum Presl, Rel. Henk., p. 40.
Typical specimens of this well-marked species were rather
common in coarse volcanic soil at the foot of the volcano

Ometépe.
Not heretofore specifically credited to Nicaragua.

10. A. PLANTAGINEUM Z.

Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 689; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. ya a
Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. v1, p. 161; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 206; Hook.,
Sp. Fil., vol. 111, p. 237; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 230; Fourn., Ser-
tum Nic., p. 257; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 637.

Diplazium plantagineum Swartz, Syn. Fil., p. gt, pl. 11, fig. 4: Presl, Tent.
Pter., p. 113, pl. 1v, fig. 1; Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 100; Smith, Ferns, Brit.

This well-marked species was quite rare in the deep woods
near Castillo. The fronds are quite typical, but are coarsely
serrate toward the apex, and show a disposition to become
coarsely toothed or slightly lobed toward the base.

The rootstock is short-creeping, and is covered with copious,
dark-brown, wiry roots which penetrate into the soil to con-
siderable depth.

Reported from Chontales by Fournier and Hemsley.

11. A. CELTIDIFOLUM Aunze.. Pl. xv, Fig. 6.

Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 75, pl. x11, figs. 3 and 4; Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng.,
pt. vi, p. 178; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 206; Hook., Sp: Fil., volaras,

p- 240; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 232.
Owing to an accident only two pinnz remain of the speci-
mens which are referred with some doubt to this species.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 163

Ny

These pinne are more deeply lobed than many others which
were collected. The latter resemble Fendler’s No. 141 from
‘Trinidad, in the Shaw Herbarium, quite closely. It is not
improbable that these pinne belong to what Hookert has called
A. ottonis var. 3 (?). The stipe when fresh, is thick, green-
ish, spotted with purple, and hollow. The fronds were 2 to
3 feet long.

Not rare on moist banks along the La Juana River. .
Not reported from Nicaragua. Baker in Synopsis Filicum,
gives the distribution from “Cuba and Columbia to Ecuador

and Brazil.”

ioe esvivaricum Presi. Ploxv; Fig. 7; Pl. xvi, Figsr 2.

Presl, Rel. Henk., p. 42; Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. vi, p. 179; Hook., Sp.
Pil evoleritep. 240; bed... hers of S. Ind p. 53) pl. ceux Hook sand
Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 232; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 640; Bak.,
Jour. Bot., vol. xxI1, p. 362.

Diplazium sylvaticum Swartz,—Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 223.

A. mutilum Kunze,—Mett., Ub. Ein Farng., pt. vi, p. 180; Hook., Sp. Fil.,
vol. 111, p. 248.

A. ottonis Klotz.—Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 206; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol.
TI ps 243

The diplazoid species of Asplenzum, of the group of which
A. grandifolium is a type, are in a sad state of confusion.
The shape of the base and the division of the margin of the
pinne, together with the venation and the length and position
of the sori,—characters on which the species are chiefly
based,—are all so variable that they are extremely unsatis-
factory. It is probable that a more thorough study of large
series will necessitate the union of this and other related
forms with A. grandifolium Swartz. The only reasonably
satisfactory distinction is in the form of the base of the pinne
being wedge-shaped or rounded in the latter, and truncate or
cordate in the former. But some variation is shown even in
this character, and the value of most of the species of the
group is extremely uncertain. The specimens in the collec-
tion are A. offonzs, but this is no doubt rightfully referred to
A. sylvaticum by Baker.

Ep bily VOl. BEE MO: 243s

164 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

This species was not very rare, growing in tufts to a height
of 1 to 1% feet, in rich soil in deep woods near Castillo.

Baker and Hemsley report it from Costa Rica, the only
records of the species under this name in America. It is
known, however, as A. of/ouzs from several American localities.

13. A.SHEPHERDI Spreng. PI. xvi, Figs. 3. 4.

Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 75; Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. v1, p. 164; Hook.
and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 233; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 639; Bak.,
Jour. Bot., vol. xx11, p. 116.

Diplazum striatum Pres\, Tent. Pter., p. 114.

A. caracasanum Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. v1.-p. 165, pl. v, fig. 17.

A. striatum L.,1—Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 111, p. 245.

A .denticulosum Desv.,—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 258.

But two fronds were collected, though the species was not
rare along the Deaseado River.

Both of these are slender, and rather weak, in this respect,
and in the division of the pinne being the var. caracasanum.
One of the fronds also has the usual sori of caracasanum.
Terrestrial in habit.

Fournier reports this as A. denticulosum from Chontales,
and on his authority it is also reported by Hemsley under A.
shepherd.

14. A.Rapicans Schk. PI. xvi, Figs. 5, 6.

Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 84; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 111, p. 26 (in part); Hook. and
Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 241; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 637; Bak.,
Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 1v, p. 116 (both from Costa Rica).

A. ambiguum Raddi (?),—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 257.
Quite abundant in the deep woods on higher ground near
Castillo. The fronds were tufted. Terrestrial in habit.
Reported probably as ambiguum (?) by Fournier from
Nicaragua without locality.
15. A. MARGINATUM L.
Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 690; Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 100; Mett., Fil. Hort.

1 Probably A. striatum Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 600 (also Swz., Syn.
Fil., p. 82; Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. v1, p. 185) should be placed here.
If this were certain this name would have precedence.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 165

Bot. Lip., p. 71; Hook., Fil. Ex., pl. rxx111; Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt.
VI, p. 170; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 206; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 111, p.
271; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 246; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111)
p- 636.

Hemidictyum marginatum Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 113, pl. 111, fig. 24; Roth.,
Les Foug., vol. 11, p. 63, pl.xxr; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 228.

This well-marked species was rare in the deep, low woods
near Castillo. Terrestrial in habit.

Reported from Chontales by Hemsley.

(A sterile specimen of what seems to be an Asf/enium was
collected near Camp Menocal. It resembles A. rhzzophyl-
Jum Kunze, but the lowest pinne are the longest and most
compound, making the frond sub-deltoid. Young fronds of
rhizophyllum in the Shaw Herbarium, however, show a tend-
ency in the same direction, and the Nicaraguan specimen
probably belongs to this species. If so it is new to the
Nicaraguan list. It may, however, be a small form (0) as
cicutartum Swartz. This is reported from Chontales by both
Fournier and Hemsley.' )

REPORTED SPECIES.
A. abscissum Willd.
Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 257, from Chontales.
A. antsophyllum Kunze.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 257; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 630; both
from Chontales.

A. callipteris (Fée) Bak.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 258; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 631; both
from Chontales.

A. cicutarium Li.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 257, without locality; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol.
III, p. 632, from Chontales.

A. fournrert Kuhn.

Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xv11, p. 237, from Ometépe; Fourn., Sertum
Nic., p. 257; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 634; the two latter
from Ometépe and Granada.

1 See A. cicutarium under “ Reported Species.”

166 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

A. grandifolium Swartz.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 258; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 634; both
from Chontales.

A. kunzei Mett.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 258; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 635; both
from Chontales.

A. levyc Fourn.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 257; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 635; both
from Chontales.

A. lindbergii Mett.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 258; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 635; both
from Chontales.

A. monanthemum L.

Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 111, p. 141, from Realejo; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol.
I11, p. 636, without exact locality.

A, salicifolium L.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 257; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 638; both
from Chontales.

A. skinner? (Moore) Bak.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 256, as Athyrium, Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111,
p- 639; both from Granada.

Family Vi "GVATHEZ.

Genus CYATHEA Smith.

1. C. ARBOREA (L.) Smith.

Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 139; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p.17; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend.,
p. 215; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 16; Smith, Ferns. Br. and For., p.
241; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 591; Bak., Biol. Cent. Am.,
vol. EV, D. 115.

Polypodium arboreum L., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 694.

C. grevilleana Mart.,—Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 22.

Disphenia aculeata Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 56, pl. 1, fig. 13.

C, aculeata Willd..—Hook , Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 18; Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 245;
Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p 242.

A fine group of plants was observed on the banks of the

Los Sabalos River. The one from which herbarium speci-

mens were selected had a trunk about 12 feet high and 3%

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 167

inches in diameter. The fronds averaged ro feet in length.
The trunk and stipes were covered with polished, black,
straight spines,—some of those on the trunk measuring over
¥y of an inch in length. The sori are chiefly confined to the
basal fourth of each segment. The involucres do not show
the characteristic even margin of arborea, the specimens being
quite young. The involucres were at first entirely closed
over the sori, and in drying burst rather irregularly. There
seems to be no doubt that C. aculeata should be included in
arborea. The bifid receptacle of Presl’s Dzsphenza is prob-
ably abnormal, and in all other respects A. aculeata agrees
with aculeate forms of C.ardorea, and particularly so with the
Nicaraguan specimens.

The species has not heretofore been reported from Nica-

ragua, though Baker gives it in his list from adjacent Costa
Rica.

Genus HEMITELIA Brown.

1. H.GranpiFo.ia ( Willd.) Spreng. Pl. xvuy, Fig. 1.
Hook., Sp: Fil., vol. 1, p. 30, pl. x1v B; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 28;

Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 245.

Common in rich soil along the Deseado River near Camp
Menocal. The fronds reach a height of 8 feet. The stipes
are 3 feet, or more, in length, and, in the fresh plant, are
green or brownish, with sparse short prickles and minute
scurfy scales. The stipe and rachis dry to a light brown
color. New to Nicaragua. Not reported in the Bzologia
Cent. Am.

2. H.nicricans Présl. Pl. xvu, Figs. 2, 3.

Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 454; Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 261; Hemsl.,
Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 593.
Not rare in woods near Camp Menocal.
The trunks varied from 3 to 4 feet in height, and 2 to 3
1 See note under C. schanschin in Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 21, and also
remarks on C. arborea in Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 245.
2 See also note under C. arborea in Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 17.

IV—2 N

168 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

inches in diameter, and were more or less spiny. The fronds
were from 4 to 5 feet long, with blackish-brown, scaly stipes.

Reported from Chontales by Fournier (doubtfully), and by
Hemsley.

Genus ALSOPHILA Brown.

1. A. PHEGOPTEROIDES ffook. Pl. xvu, Figs. 4, 5.
Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 32.

Rather common in the deep woods near Camp Menocal.

The fronds are tufted, and 2 to 4 feet long.

Hooker and Baker (zdzd.) describe the Nicaraguan speci-
mens exactly. The species is well-defined and is not easily
confounded with any other. e

The species is new to Nicaragua and to the entire Central
American region. It is not reported in the Bzologia Cent. Am.

2, ALINFESTA Age. Pl xv, Big. 6.

Presl, Tent. Pter., p- 61; Hook., Sp. Fil-, vol. 1, p. 42; Eaton) MilS Weer :
Fend., p. 214; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 34; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am.,
vol. 111, p. 594.

Only sterile specimens were found growing in tufts in the
higher deep woods near Castillo. Some were somewhat
arborescent. The upper surface of the frond is very dark-
green. The stipes are short-hairy, and when fresh were
dark-brown.

Hemsley lists it from Guatemala, the only other locality in
Central America from which it has been reported.

3. A. aRMATA (Swartz) Presl.

Presl, Tent. Pter., p.62; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 40; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot
Lip., p. 109; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 214; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil.,
p. 35; Smith, Hist._Fil., p. 249; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For, ipos2gace
Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 593.

A. myosurotdes Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 134.
Cyathea bicrenata Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 137.
A. hirsuta Kaulf.,—Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 45.

A. mexicana Mart.,—Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1, p. 47; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil.,
p- 38.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 169

This fine fern was rather common in the low woods above
Camp Menocal. All of the specimens were arborescent, the
trunk reaching a height of 10 feet, and a diameter of 3% inches.
Its surface is free from spines, but is covered with closely-
appressed, lanceolate, acuminate, glossy scales, which are
dark-brown with a narrow lighter border. The leaf-scars
are rather smooth, and measure from 5 to 5% inches in length
and 1 to1¥% inchesin width. The fronds were 6 to 8 feet long.

Reported from Chontales by Hemsley.

REPORTED SPECIES.

A. microphylla Klotzsch.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 261, without locality; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol.
III, p. 594, from Chontales.

A. prutnata (Swartz) Kaulf.

Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 594, from Chontales.

Lophosoria pruinata Pres|,—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 260, from Chontales.
Family VII]. WOODSIEZ:.1
Genus HYPODERRIS Brown.

1. H. sEEMANNI Prentice. Pl. xvin, Figs. 1-3.

Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 460; Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 198 (note); Hemsl.,
Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 595.

HT. adnata Fourn. (?), Sertum Nic., p. 260.

H. marginalis Fourn. (?), Sertum Nic., p. 260.

Found sparingly on the banks of a creek in deep woods
near Castillo. Some of the fronds are typical as described by
Baker (zé¢d.), while others have the terminal 6 to 12 inches of
the frond entire. Some of the fronds reach a total height of
3 feet. Reported from Nicaragua without locality by Baker,
from Chontales by Hemsley, and also as aduata and margin-
alis (if Baker’s and Hemsley’s reference of these forms to our
species is correct) by Fournier.

1 It was at first the author’s intention to leave the Genus Hyfoderris in
the Family Asfidiee, and for that reason the Family Woodsiee is omitted

IV—2 N 2

I70 NATURAL History BULL TEAUNG
Family IX. ASPIDIEZ.
Genus DIDYMOCHLANA JDesv.

REPORTED SPECIES.

D. lunulata Desv.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 259, from Chontales (as D. sinuosa Desv.); Hemsl.,
Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 641, from Chontales.

Genus OLEANDRA Cav.

1. O. novosa Presi.

Pres], Tent. Pter., p. 78; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 212; Hook., Sp. Fil.,
vol. Iv, p. 157; Roth., Les Foug., vol. 11, p.69, pl. xx1v; Hook. and Bak.,
Syn. Fil., p. 303; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 74; Hemsl., Biol., Cent.
Am., vol. 111, p. 653; Bak., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 1v, p. 116 (from Costa
Rica).

Quite rare, on trunks of trees near Camp Menocal. The
specimens are typical.
Not heretofore specifically reported from Nicaragua.

from the outlines in the first part of this paper. But upon more mature
reflection it is thought best to separate all the forms with inferior indusia
from the Family Asfidie~. The Family Woodsiee should include the gen-
era Spheropteris, Hypoderris, Woodsia and Onoclea, and possibly Cystopfteris,
though its affinities are rather with the Davalliee. Though Eaton’s name
is adopted, the Family as here recognized is morecomprehensive. It may
be characterized as follows:

Sori globose, on the back or apex of a vein, indusium membranaceous,
inferior, at first usually enclosing the sorus, finally bursting above and
forming a cup usually of several radiating divisions.

The Family Woodsiee should be included in the outlines on pp. 124 and
126 of this paper, as No. vi11, between the Family Cyathee and the Family
Aspidiee, and the numbering of the families following it should be corre-
spondingly changed.

So far as the present species is concerned it is by no means certain that
it has a place in the genus Hyfoderris. None of the specimens in the col-
lection show the indusium as perfectly as might be desired, but so far as
could be determined from the material in hand the scales or lobes of the
indusium do not form a complete cup, but in reality the indusium seems
to consist at first of a transverse scale, opening toward the margin of the
frond, and ultimately (or at least frequently) dividing into several lobes
(see figures). This being the case, if the figure and description of the in-
dusium of H. drownii, the type of the genus Hyfoderris, in Synopsis Filicum
are correct, it will be necessary to make other disposition of H. seemannt
by placing it near Cystofteris, probably in a new genus.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. ETE

Genus NEPHROLEPIS Schott.

1. N. CORDIFOLIA (L.) Presl.

Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 300; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 652;
Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. xx11, p. 363 (from Costa Rica); Hitch., Pl. Bah., p.
155.

Polypodium cordifolium L., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 692.

Aspidium cordifolium Swartz, Syn. Fil., p. 46.

Nephrolepis tuberosa Pres|,—Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 212; Hook., Sp.
Fil., vol. rv, p. 151; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 164.

Nephrolepis pendula Fee,—Fourn,, Sertum Nic., p. 260.

Abundanton a prostrate tree-trunk near the La Juana River,
but not found at any other point.

The specimens are quite typical, but rather small, the fronds
averaging less than a foot in length, and about an inch in
width. The pinne are deciduous. Reported from Chontales
by Fournier as /V. pendula Fée.

2.. N. AcuTAa (Schk.) Presl.

Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 117; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. rv, p. 153; Bed., Ferns S.
Ind., p. 33, pl. xcrv; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 301; Hemsl., Biol.
Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 652; Hitch., Pl. Bah., p. 155.

Aspidium acutum Schk.,—Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 46.

Nephrodium acutum Presl, Rel. Haenk.,, p. 31.

Nephrolepis acuminata Presl,—Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 119.

Nefhrolepis punctulata Presl,—Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 212; (var.)

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 260.

This handsome (when growing) species was common in
the low woods near Castillo, the short rootstocks crowding
among the bases of the petioles of palm leaves, and the fronds
forming a gracefully drooping fringe just below the crown of
leaves at the summit of the host palm-stem. A smaller form,
more rigid in habit, and with pinne more nearly entire, was
found on a prostrate log near the La Juana River.

The Castillo specimens have the pinne distinctly crenate,
and sometimes auricled on both the upper and lower sides, in
which case the auricles are smaller and more rounded. Many
of the fronds exceeded three feet in length.

All of the specimens from both localities are ferrugineo-
tomentose on the stipe, rachis, the lower surface of the pinne,

172 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

and on the midribs of the pinnz on the upper surface, thus
being the var. subferruginea of Hooker!, or what Baker?
says “appears to be JV. rzfescens Presl.”

The species was also observed near Camp Menocal. Hem-
sley reports it from Chontales. Fournier gives it in his Nica-
raguan list, without locality, under the name LV. punctulata
Presl, var.

Genus NEPHRODIUMS® Ach.

1. N.conTERMINUM ( Willd.) Desv. Pl. xviu, Fig. 4.

Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1v, p. 91; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 268; Hemsl.,
Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 645; Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. xx1I, p. 363;
Hitch., Pl. Bah., p. 154.

NV. panamense Presl, Rel. Haenk., p. 35.

Aspidium conterminum W illd.,—Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. 1v,p. 78; Eaton,
Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 209; Eaton, Ferns N. Am., vol. 11, pp. xxiv, and
278.

Lastrea contermina Willd.,—Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 214; Smith, Ferns, Br.
and For., p. 154.

Aspidium molliculum Kze.—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 254.

Aspidium conterminum var. strigosum D, C. E..—Underwood, Our Nat.
Ferns and All., p. 104; Chapm., Fl]. So. St., p. 671.

Terrestrial, and rather gregarious in habit. Very common
along the La Juana River on higher bottom lands, and also
found in similar situations along the San Juan River near Cas-
tillo, and at Boca del Rama. It was also observed at Grey-
town and near Camp Menocal. A few specimens were col-
lected in a gulley at the base of the volcano Ometépe, where
the species was quite rare.

Much variation in the character of the surface is exhibited
by the large series in the collection. —The most common form,

2 Sp. Fil) vols iv, p- 253:

2 In Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 301, note under JV. acuta Presl.

3This genus is usually united with Asfzdium by American authors.
While it is true that specimens are often found which cannot be definitely
referred to either genus, this difficulty is no greater than that which is
often encountered between Asfid:wm (in the widest sense) and Phegofteris,
and is usually readily overcome if the specimens are fresh, or were col-
lected in good condition. Mephrodium certainly has as good claim to ex-

istence as have Wefhrolepis and Fadyenia. The large number of species
makes the division convenient to say the least.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 173

found along the La Juana River, is copiously clothed with
white hairs on the stipe, rachis, both surfaces of the pinne,
and the indusium, and is almost wholly destitute of resinous
glands. This form was also collected near Castillo. Another
form, less common in the former locality, has comparatively
few hairs, but resin-dots are very abundant on the lower sur-
face of the frond. Similar specimens were found near Cas-
tillo, and those from Ometépe differ only in having the stipe
and rachis almost entirely smooth. This form, especially the
La Juana specimens, answers well to Eaton’s var. strigosum.

The specimen from Boca del Rama is wholly destitute of
hairs, but resin-dots are exceedingly abundant on the lower
surface of the frond, and on the rachis. The indusium in all
the forms is fugacious. Baker! says of this species: “ Fée
makes of this a genus Oochlamys, characterized by an invo-
lucre receding from that of typical Vephrodium toward As-
pidium.”

In younger specimens the indusium is distinctly rounded
cordate and clearly that of Vephrodium. It is only when the
indusium is loosened and about to drop away that this char-
acter becomes indistinct.

Fournier reports this species from near Nandaimé under
the name Asfrdium molliculum Kze.

2. N. mexicanum? Presi. Pl. xvin, Fig. 5.
Presl, Rel. Haenk., p. 38; Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. 1v, p. 64; Hook., Sp.
Fil., vol. 1v, p. 138, pl. ccLx11.

Nephrodium patulum Bak.-—Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 276; Hemsl.,
Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 649; Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. xx11, p. 363 (from
Costa Rica).

Lastrea mexicana Hook. (non Lieb.),—Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 215; Smith,
Ferns, Br. and For., p. 157.

Asfpidium mexicanum Pres|,—Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 209.

Aspidium mexicanum var. serratum Mett.,—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 255.
A single, sterile specimen was found near the La Juana
River. A comparison with specimens in the Shaw Herba-

tIn Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 268, note under V. conterminum.

2 The author could find no good reason for substituting WV. patulum for
Presl’s older name, as has been done by Baker and others.

174 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

rium, and with the descriptions cited, leaves no doubt of the
correctness of the determination.

Reported from Realejo by Hooker (zézd.), from Ometépe
by Fournier (as var. serratum), and from Chontales and
Ometépe by Hemsley (as patulum).

3. N.spHzrocarpum (Fée) Hook. Pl. xvi, Fig 6.
Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. rv, p. 139; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 277; Hemsl.,
Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 650.
Lastrea athyrioides Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 122.

Weaker and more delicate than JV. mexicanum, and with a
very distinct, membranous, reniform indusium. Otherwise
like that species, with which it may have to be united.

Found sparingly in the deep woods near Moyogalpa, on
Ometépe.

Not heretofore reported from Nicaragua. It is possible,
however, that Fournier’s A. mexicanum var. serratum is this
form.

4. N. karwinskyanuM (Meit.) Bak. Pl. xvi, Figs. 7, 8.
Hook and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 279; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am.,, vol. 111, p. 647.
Lastrea mexicana Lieb. (nox. Presl), Mex. Breg., p. 120.

Aspidium karwinskyanum Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. rv, p. 59; Fourn.,
Sertum Nic., p. 255.

Nephrodium spherocarpum var. glandulosum Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1v, p. 139.

A form which was quite common in the rich soil of the
lower deep woods near Castillo is referred to this species with
some doubt. Baker’s description in Synops7s ilicum agrees
with the specimens in the collection in dimensions, division,
form of the frond, surface, and character of the indusium, but
the lobes are acutely instead of “bluntly-lobed.” J. Donnell
Smith’s specimen from Guatemala in the Shaw Herbarium is
like the Castillo specimens except that it has somewhat blunter
lobes, and the indusium is more hairy over the entire surface,
that of the latter form being but sparsely hairy on the surface
and margin, but with an abundance of resin-dots.

But for the much smaller djmensions of the fronds, which

1See under preceding species.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 175

are in full fruit, together with the less compound division and
less coriaceous texture of the frond, and of the presence of a
prominent persistent indusium, the author would refer these
specimens to the following species with which they agree in
hairiness of the stipe and rachises, in venation and the position
of the sori, in the decurrent pinnules and segments forming
wings on the secondary rachises, and in the form, division and
margin of the ultimate divisions of the frond, which are almost
identical.

The fronds measure from 15 to 30 inches in total length
(including stipe), and are thrice-pinnatifid. When growing
the stipe was green, hairy, and brown-scaly at base.

Fournier and Hemsley report it from Ometépe.

5. N.eEFFusum (Swartz) Bak. Pl. xvm, Fig. 9.
Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 287; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 646;
Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. xx11, p. 363 (from Costa Rica); Hitch., Pl. Bah.,
P- 155.
Polypodium effusum Swartz, F]. Ind. Occ., p. 1690; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 41;
Roth., Les Foug., vol. 1, p. 127, pl. vit.

Polypodium divergens Swartz, Syn. Fil., p. 73.

Polypodium dilatum Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 56; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. rv, p. 264.

Phegopteris divergens Fée,— Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. rv, p. 14; Smith,

Hist. Fil., p. 233; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 170.

Aspidium excultum Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. rv, p. 69.

Nephrodium excultum Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. Iv, p. 149.

Phegopteris effusa Swartz,—Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 233; Smith, Ferns, Br.

and For., p. 170.

Typical specimens of this fine species were collected along
the La Juana River. The fronds reached a total length of 4
feet, and were mostly quadripinnate at the base, broadly tri-
angular, with the lowest pair of pinnz 18 to 20 inches long.
The sori are small, and in the living plants only occasionally
showed imperfectly developed indusia, which are entirely
wanting in the dried specimens. The stipes are coarse, brown-
ish-green when fresh, and rough with obscure spines. The
lower surface of the frond, including the rachis is densely
covered with resin-dots.

Not heretofore specifically reported from Nicaragua.

176 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

6. N.SKINNERI f/ook.
Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. rv, p.64; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 287; Hemsl.,
Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 650.
Aspidium skinneri Hook., Cent. Ferns, pl. xxiv; Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng.,
pt. IV, p. 92.
Aspidium francoanum Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 255.
Nephrodium stenophyllum Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. Xx11, p. 363.
Nephrodium harrisoni Bak., Sum. New Ferns, p. 66.

Found in mud among rocks near the water’s edge along
the Los Sabalos River. Quite rare. Nine plants with seven-
teen fronds were collected after careful search.

The specimens are small, the largest frond measuring as
follows: stipe 114 in.; frond 4 in. in length and a trifle over
¥% an inch in width. Only three fronds show a disposition
toward the separation of the lowest pair of lobes from the
lamina. In the remaining fronds the lobes diminish quite
regularly from the center toward both the base and apex of
the frond, disappearing toward the apex entirely. The stipes
are both hairy and sparsely scaly, and the midribs on both sur-
faces, and the main veins on the lower surface, are hairy.

Several fronds show the prominently ciliated, deciduous
indusium.

The details figured in Hooker’s excellent plate accurately
represent the Nicaraguan material, but occasionally the two
lowest veins of adjacent groups unite before reaching the sinus.

Baker’s description of JV. stenophyllum (= harrisonz) shows
no important distinction between his species and skzwnerz, and
a specimen of /V. harr7sont from Costa Rica (J. Donnell
Smith’s no. 5097) in the Shaw Herbarium is undoubtedly the
same as the Los Sabalos specimens, though the latter are
much smaller.

Reported from Chontales by Hemsley, and by Fournier(as
A. francoanum).

7. N. parasitTicum (L.) Shimek. Pl. xvm, Fig. to.

Polypodium parasiticum L., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 693.
Aspidium molle Jacq..—Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 49; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p.
g1; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 211; Roth., Les Foug,, vol. 11, p. 126.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA, 177

Aspidium parasiticum Swz, Syn. Fil., p. 49.

Nefhrodium molle Desv.,—Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 123; Mett., Ub. Ein
Farng., pt. Iv, p. 103; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. rv, p. 67 (in part); Hook. and
Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 293; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 140; Hemsl., Biol.
Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 648; Hitch., Pl. Bah., p. 155.

Rare in deep woods near Castillo. Two specimens, one
fertile and one sterile, were found. The rootstocks were
nearly erect, and are covered by the coarse, rigid, dark-col-
ored roots, and the bases of old stipes. The stipe, rachis and
midribs of the pinne are densely coated with short purplish-
brown hairs, the form probably being A. vwzolascens Link.
The veins and margins of the pinne are white-hairy, and the
indusia, which are small and distinct, but deciduous, are cili-
ated with long white hairs.

The fertile frond is narrower, with more remote pinne.
There seems to be no question that this is P. parasiticum L..,
and the latter specific name was used by the earlier authors.
Reported from Realejo by Hemsley.

8. N.EnpreEsI Bak. Pl. xvm, Figs. 11, 12.
Bak., Sum. New Ferns, p. 69 (from Costa Rica).

The specimens in the collection agree exactly with Baker’s
description excepting that the stipes in all are sparsely scaly
near the base. The scales are lanceolate, acute and brown.
Four plants with nine fronds were collected in the somewhat
sandy soil of the higher woods near Castillo. Of these three
are copiously fruited, and the others show a few scattered
sori. The fertile fronds are not uniformly smaller than the
sterile. All are cordate at the base, and one shows indica-
tions of lobes near the base. The sori, which are provided
with distinct, smooth, reniform indusia, are sometimes placed
at the ends of free included veinlets, but more frequently they
are attached at or near the juncture of two or three veins.

The stipes measure from 3% to 12 inches, and the fronds
from 4 to 6% inches in length. In width the latter vary
from 14% to 2% inches.

The rootstock is short, 53, of an inch in diameter, horizontal,
brown, and is covered with the dark-brown wiry roots, and

178 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

the bases of old stipes. New to the Nicaraguan list, having
been heretofore reported only from the original locality in
Costa Rica.

g. N. cicurarium (L.) Bak.
Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 299; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 645;
itch. se leeBahe wpa 55:
Polypodium cicutarium L., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 693.
Polypodium appendiculatum Swz., F1. Ind. Occ., p. 1677.
Aspidium hippocrepis Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 51.
Aspidium coriandrifolium Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 51.

Aspidium cicutarium Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 51; Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. IV,
p- 117; Eaton, Fil., Wr. et Fend., p. 211; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. rv, p. 48;
Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 202; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 145.

Aspidium coadunatum Wall.,—Hook. et Grev., Icon. Fil., pl. cc11; Mett;
Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 94, pl. xx11, figs. 3, 4; Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 203.
Aspidium latifolium Presl, Rel. Haenk., p. 30; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1v, p.

I5I.
Nephrodium hippocrepis Presl, Rel. Haenk., p. 36.
Sagenia cicutaria Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 87, pl. 11, figs. 24, 25.

Sagenia coadunata Moore,—Bed., Ferns S. Ind., p. 24, pl. Lxxx1.

This well-known and widely distributed species was collected
at all the stations, and the large series of specimens shows
much variation’ in size, texture, surface and division. A
coriaceous form, with stipe and rachises dark-brown and
nearly smooth, with one pair of lateral pinnz which are deeply
lobed or compound, the fronds measuring 12 to 14 inches,
and the stipes 14 to 16 inches in length, and with the lobes of
the pinnz elongated and acuminate, was collected along the
La Juana River, and near Camp Menocal. Specimens from
the banks of the San Juan River near Castillo have the two
lowest pairs of pinnze compound, the lobes of the pinnules
deeply crenately lobed, and the rachises short-hairy. The
fronds measure 15 to 20 inches, and the stipes 16 to 18 inches
in length. The fronds are firm but scarcely coriaceous. A
specimen from Boca del Rama has the terminal division of
the frond small, but there are 8 pairs of narrow pinnz which
are not lobed, but merely very coarsely crenate. The frond
is Ig inches long and but 10 inches wide, and is coriaceous in

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 179

texture. A form which was common along the Los Sabalos
River has 3 to 5 pairs of lateral pinnz, the lowest pair com-
pound, the lobes of the pinne, etc., narrow, acuminate, and
somewhat crenate. The fronds measure 11 to 21 inches in
length, and g to 15 inches in width, and are thinly herbaceous
in texture. The rachises are short-hairy, and the stipes are
scaly at the base. Specimens from Ometépe and the deep
woods near Castillo are thin, almost membranaceous in texture,
and have the stipes and rachises lighter-colored. The former
are very small, the stipes measuring 3 to 5 inches in length,
and the fronds 4% to 6% inches in length, and 3 to 5 inches
in width. The pinne are deeply crenate or lobed, but none
are compound. The stipes and rachises are short-hairy.
The latter have 1 to 3 pairs of lateral pinnz, the lowest some-
times compound at base, and the stipes, rachises, main veins
and margin of the frond are copiously covered with spreading,
whitish or brownish hairs. The fronds are 6 to 12 inches
long, and 5 to 12 inch wide, and the stipes are 8 to 1g inches
inches in length. All of the specimens agree in having a
smooth, reniform (or rather cordate at the sinus) indusium, in
venation and the position of the sori, and in having a long
basal lobe on the lower side of the lowest pair of pinne. The
species is terrestrial in habit.
Reported from Chontales by Hemsley.

10. N. MACROPHYLLUM (Swartz) Bak.
Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 300; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 648;
Hitch., Pl. Bah., p. 155.

Aspidium macrophyllum Swz., Syn. Fil., pp. 43, 239; Presl, Rel. Haenk., p.
29; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 95, pl. xxu1, fig. 13; Mett., Ub. Ein,
Farng., pt. Iv, p. 122; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 211; Hook., Sp. Fil.,
vol. Iv, p. 55; Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 202; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p.

145.
Bathmium peppigti Presl, (?)—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 256 (on authority
of Hemsley).
Typical specimens of this species were common along the
somewhat rocky banks of the San Juan River, below Castillo.
Reported from Chontales by Fournier (as Lathmium poep-
pigit), and by Hemsley.

"eo NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

REPORTED SPECIES.

LV. chontalense (Fourn.) Hemsl.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 254 (as Aspidinm); Hems]., Bio]. Cent. Am., vol. 111,
p- 645; Bak., Sum. New Ferns, p. 62; all from Chontales.

LV, falciculatum Desv.

Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 646, without exact locality.

LV. levyt (Fourn.) Bak.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 255 (as Asfidiwm) from Chontales; Hook. and Bak.
Syn. Fil., p. 502, without exact locality; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol.
111, p. 647, from Chontales.

LV. patens (Swartz.) Desv.

Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 648, without exact locality.

LV. sprengeli (WKaulf.) Hook.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 254 (as Aspidium); Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111,
p. 650; both from Chontales.

LV. triste (Kze.) Hook.
Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 651, from Chontales.
LV. villosum (Swartz.) Presl.

Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 651, from Chontales.

Genus ASPIDIUM (Swartz) R. Br.

1. A. SEMICORDATUM Swartz (Swartz).

Swz., Syn. Fil. p. 45; Mett. Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. 1v, p. 36; Eaton, Fil. Wr.
et Fend., p. 208; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1v, p. 16; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil,
p- 249; Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 255; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p.

643.
Polypodium semicordatum Swz., F1. Ind. Occ., p. 1651.

Nephrodium semicordatum Presl, Rel. Haenk., p. 32.
Lastrea semicordata Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 77, pl. 11, fig. 8; Lieb., Mex.
Breg., p. 122.
Cy clopeltis semicordata Smith, Hist. Fil., p.225; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For.,
p. 165.
Quite common on the banks of a small stream near Castillo,
and along the La Juana River. A few specimens were also
found growing on trunks of living trees near Castillo.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. ISI

The specimens are nearly typical, but have the entire stipe
and a part of the rachis fibrillose with long narrow, acuminate,
light-brown scales. Most of the pinne are cordate on the
lower, and truncate on the upper side at the base. Forms
which are truncate, cordate or rounded on both sides also
occur. Most of the pinnz are distinctly crenato-repand, but
some are nearly entire.

Reported from Granada and Chontales by Fournier (as
Aspidium), and by Hemsley.

2. A. TRIFOLIATUM (Z.) Swartz.

SwzZ., oyna. Dilip. 43; Presi, Tent. Pter., p: 88, pl. 11, fig. 27s) lieb,, Mex
Bree wp. (25 Wet pet ort. Bot lip. p. 95), pla xxii, fossa 1Oprr en.
Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. Iv, p. 126; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 211;
Hook, Sp» lilt) volonv, p- 455 Roth., Les. Fous., vol: 1, p: 177, pl-xx:

5”

Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 258; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 145;
Underwood, Our Nat. Ferns and All., p. 102; Chapm., Fl. So. St., p.
671; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 643; Bak., Biol. Cent. Am., vol.
Iv, p. 116; Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. xx11, p. 363 (the two latter from Costa
Rica).

Polypodium trifoliatum L., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 692.

Bathmium trifoliatum Link. (and var. heracleifolium Fée),—Fourn., Sertum
NTesnps 250:

Quite rare near Castillo. One specimen, collected in deep
woods, has the lower lobes free, the frond being compound,
and all the lobes are again deeply lobed. The remaining
specimens, which were collected on the banks of the San Juan
River below Castillo, have simple fronds which are deeply
three-lobed. The lobes are almost entire, the basal pair being
only slightly lobed below. The fronds are small, measuring
as follows: stipe 3% to 4% inches; frond 4% to 5% inches
long, and 3% to 4% inches wide. Habit, terrestrial.

Reported from Chontales by Fournier (as Bathmium, with
var.), and by Hemsley.

REPORTED SPECIES.
A. mentscioides Willd.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 256, (as Cyclodium); Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol.
Ill, p. 643; both from Chontales.

A. nicaraguense (Fourn.) Bak.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p, 256 (as Bathmium); Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil. p.
493; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 643; all from Chontales.

182 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Genus PHEGOPTERIS Fee.

1, P. pecussata (L.) Jett.

Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 83, pl. xv11; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 169.

Polypodium decussatum L., Syst. Nat., p. 694; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 40; Hook.,

Sp. Fil., vol. rv, p. 243; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 307; Hemsl., Biol.
Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 656.

Rather rare in deep woods near Camp Menocal. Stipes 2
to 3 feet, fronds 3 to4 feet long. The stipes and rachises are
brown, densely coated with short whitish hairs. The veins
beneath are white-hairy, and the margins of the frond are
densely short-ciliated. The characteristic gland at the base
of each pinna, and the two opposite lines of scales on the stipe,
were present in all the specimens observed. A fine fern.

Reported from Chontales by Hemsley.

2. P.puncTaTa (Zhunb.) Mett. Pl. xix, Figs. 1, 2.

Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. IV, p. 12.
Polypodium punctatum Thunb. (zon Spruce),—Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 41; Hook.
and Bak., Syn., Fil., p. 312.
Polypodium rugulosum Labill.,—Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 1v, p. 272.
Phegopteris rugulosa Fée,—Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 171.

A careful comparison with the cited descriptions, and with
specimens in the State University Herbarium and that of the
Shaw Gardens at St. Louis, renders this identification quite
satisfactory, though the species, which is widely spread, is not
mentioned in the Biologia Cent. Am., nor is it reported from
Central America in any work at hand, Colombia, S. Am.,
being the nearest locality. The specimens in the collection
agree well with Hooker’s description of P. rugulosum. ‘The
resemblance to forms of Wyfolepis, which is striking, is dis-
cussed in the note under P. rugulosum hy Hooker. The fruit
however is distinct. The stipe shows but few tubercles
(where scales were attached), but its base is densely covered
with a tangle of long, very narrow (almost hair-like), light-
brown scales, most of which exceed an inch in length. Shorter
scales are also scattered along the rachises and main veins,

1 Sp. Fil., vol. 1v, p. 273.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 183

which are also densely covered with prostrate resin-rods. The
margins of the frond are ciliated. The sori appear to be
nearly marginal because the edges of the segments are more
or less reflexed. «

The fronds (including the stipe) reach a total length of 4
feet.

Rather rare in low grounds in deep woods near Castillo.

3. P.cRENATA (Swariz) Meitt.

Polypodium crenatum, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ., p. 166; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 37;
Hook., Fil. Ex., pl. rxxxiv; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 2; Roth., Les
Foug., vol. 11, p. 18, pl 111; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 315; Hemsl.,
Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 656; Hitch., Pl. Bah., p. 156.

Goniopteris crenata Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 183. pl. vii, fig. 10; Smith, Hist.
Fil., p. 192; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 138.

Typical, rather hairy, specimens were common among
weeds on a banana plantation near Castillo. A smoother
form, with five pairs of lateral pinne, was collected in waste
ground at Boca del Rama.

Reported from Chontales by Fournier.

4. P. TETRAGONA (Swartz) Meti. Pl. x1x, Figs. 3, 4.
Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 84; Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. rv, p. 22: Eaton,
Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 207; Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 253.

Polypodium tetragonum Swz., Fl. Ind. Occ., p. 1760; Swz., Syn. Fil., p 37;
Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 59; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 3; Hook. and Bak.,
Syn. Fil., p. 317; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 670; Hitch., Pl.
Bah., p. 156.

Polypodium megalodus Schk.,—Presl, Rel. Haenk., p. 24.

Phegopteris megalodus, Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. 1v, p. 24; Eaton, Fil.
Wr. et Fend., p. 207.

Goniopteris megaludes Presl,—Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 192; Smith, Ferns, Br.
and For., p. 138.

Goniopteris tetragona Swz.,—Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 192; Smith, Ferns, Br.
and For., p. 138; Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xvil, p. 236.

Polypodium tetragonum var.megalodum (Schk.) Bak., Hitch., P|. Bah., p. 156.
In his paper ‘* On the Recent Synonymy of Brazilian Ferns”
Baker substitutes Polypodium androgynum Poir. for P. tetra-
gonum. In the second edition of “ Synopsis Filicum,” pub-
lished in the same year, the following statement is reproduced
IV—2 O

184 NATURAL HISTORY BULLE EIN:

from the first edition without correction:! “Judging from
the figures quoted, this is P androgynum of Poiret; and if so,
that name has priority.” Having no additional information
the author retains P. fefragona. If the change becomes neces-
sary the name should be Phegopteris androgyna (Poir), and
that of the variety P. androgyna var. meyaloda (Schk.).

The type was quite common in low grounds in the deep
woods near Castillo. Some of the pinne have the veins of
contiguous groups free, thus connecting the sub-genera Auphe-
gopteris and Gonzopteris.

The variety, P. tetragona var. megaloda (Schk.), was also
abundant along the La Juana River and near Castillo. The
venation of the Castillo form is represented in Fig. 4, that of
the La Juana specimen in Fig. 3. The stipe is purplish-green
when fresh.

Fournier and Hemsley report the type from Granada. The
variety has not been reported from Nicaragua.

5. P. DRACONOPTERUM (Zaton) Shimek. Pl. xix, Figs. 5, 6.

Aspidium draconopterum Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 211.
Polypodium draconopterum Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 86; Hook. and Bak.,
Syne Lilt paslo:

Smith? refers this to Dryomenzs purdiec Smith, but that
name, though older, is proposed in the “ Botany of the Herald” ®
without a description. Hence Eaton’s name, which is accom-
panied by a full description, is adopted. Smith makes no
mention of this species in his ‘‘/erns, British and Foreign”
which was published a year later than the “//¢storia Filicum.”

Typical specimens were quite common along the high
banks of a small stream in deep woods near Castillo.

The species has not heretofore been reported from Central
America, the nearest locality being New Granada, from which
Eaton’s type-specimens were received.

1 Note under P. ¢fetragonum, p. 317.
2 AISt. Lill poe.
8 Seemann’s Botany of the Voyage of H. M. S. Herald, p. 229.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 185

REPORTED SPECIES.
P. martinicensis Fourn.
Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 252, from Nicaragua without locality. No other
reference to this species was found.
P. nicaraguensts Fourn.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 252; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 665; both
from Chontales.

Family X. ACROSTICHEZA.
Genus ACR OS TIC HU MZ.

mo waren Laker Pl. xix, Figs, 7, 8.
Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 518; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 690.

This fern was rather common in the woods near Camp
Menocal, climbing on the trunks of trees by its slender, wiry
rootstocks. Only two fertile fronds were found however, as
the season was not sufficiently advanced.

The specimens are typical, but only one sterile frond reaches
a length of 6 inches, the others being smaller. A rather
small specimen is represented in Fig. 7. The fertile fronds
are narrower, and each is about 5 inches long. Reported from
Chontales by both Baker and Hemsley.

2. A. SCOLOPENDRIFOLIUM /tadd:. PI. xix, Figs. 9, Io.

Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 211; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 407; Hemsl.,
Bio]. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 689.

A. nitidum Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 16.
Elaphoglossum scolopendrifolium Raddi,—Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 127; Smith,
Ferns, Br. and For., p. 106.

Two sterile fronds of what seems to be this species were
collected near Camp Menocal. The species was not uncom-
mon on trunks of trees, but no fertile fronds were observed.
It is for this reason that some doubt is here expressed, though
the sterile fronds are sufficiently characteristic. The fronds
are each 13 inches long, and 24% inches wide. One stipe is
2 inches long, the other is missing.

It has not been reported from Nicaragua, Panama and
Guatemala being the nearest localities.

V2 © 2

186 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

3. A. SORBIFOLIUM ZL.
Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 686; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v. p. 241; Hook. and
Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 412; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 689.
Onoclea sorbifolium Swz, Syn. Fil., p. 112.
Lomariopsis wrightii Mett. in Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 194.

Lomariopsis sorbifolia Fée, —Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 195; Smith, Hist.
Fil., p. 140; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 114.

Lomariopsis longifolia Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 114.

Lomariopsis vestita Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 250.

Climbing on trunks of trees to a height of 2 to7 feet. The
rootstock retains its connection with the soil, and is crowned
with a tuft of fronds, the lower and outer of which are sterile.
Similar tufts sometimes appear on short branches of the root-
stock at some distance from the tip.

Some of the sterile fronds exceed 2 feet in length, and they
are but 3 to 6 inches wide. The pinne are mostly sessile,
and vary somewhat in the depth of the marginal denticula-
tions, and in the length of the acuminate apex. One of the
fertile fronds is sterile in its lower half.

Common in the higher woods near Castillo, where the fer-
tile fronds were just beginning to appear at the time of collect-
ing, and along the Deseado River above Camp Menocal.

Reported from Chontales by Fournier (as L. vestita), and
by Hemsley.

4 A.osmunpaceuM (#7. B. K.) Hook. Pl. xix, Fig. 11; Pl.
xk, ier.
Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 246; Bak., Rec. Syn. Braz. Ferns, p. 26; Hook. and
Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 415.
Polybotrya osmundacea H. B. K.,—Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 231, pl. x, figs. 9,
10; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 196; Roth., Les Foug., vol. 11, p. 79,
pl. xxvii1; Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 133; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For papules

Acrostichum cylindricum Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 246.

With the habit of growth of A. sorbifolium. The rootstock
is 36 of an inch thick. In the specimen in the collection the
scales have all fallen away, leaving irregular tubercles. Only
one specimen with both fertile and sterile fronds was found in
the woods near Castillo.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 187

The fronds are tri-pinnatifid, and quite typical, resembling
very closely Fendler’s No. 69 from Trinidad, in the Shaw
Herbarium.

New to Nicaragua and Central America. It is not reported
in the Biologia Cent. Am.

5. A. CANALICULATUM (Aotzsch) Hook. Pl. xix, Fig. 12.

Piex,. Wig. 2:

Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 247; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 415.
Polybotrya canaliculata Klotzsch,—Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 24; Eaton,
Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 196; Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 133.

The fronds are tri-pinnate. The difference in the cutting of
the pinnules between this and the preceding species is shown
by the figures. The specimens in the collection closely resem-
ble Fendler’s No. 262 from Venezuela, in the Shaw Herbarium.
One group of specimens was found near Camp Menocal. The
plants were growing in rich soil in a rather open portion of
the woods. None were climbing.

This species is also new to Nicaragua and to Central
America.

6. A. PELTATUM Swariz.
ew2z., 21: Ind. Occ: p: 1593; Swz., syn. Fil., p. try Lieb.,, Mex. Breg., p19;
Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 18; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 193; Hook.,
Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 252; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 416; Hemsl., Biol.
Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 688.
Olfersia peltata Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 234, pl. x, fig. 15.
Acrostichum feniculaceum H. et G., Icon. Fil., pl. cxrx.
thipidopteris peltata Swz.,—Smith, Hist. Fil., p.130; Smith, Ferns, Br. and
Hor, p: 110; Fourn., sertum Nic., p. 250.

A few sterile fronds only were collected on rocks subject
to overflow, below the lower falls of the Deseado River near
the Divide.

Reported (as Akipidopieris) from Nicaragua without local-
ity by Fournier.

7. A.ALIENUM Swartz.

Swz,., Fl. Ind. Gee., p. 1595; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 13; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v,
p- 272; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 419; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol.
III, p. 683.

188 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

A. umbrosum, irregulare and hastatum Lieb., Mex. Breg., pp. 20-22.

Chrysodium alienum Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 21, pl. x, fig. 5; Eaton,
Pils Wiz. et Mend, pe 196;

Gymnopteris aliena Swz.,—Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 138; Smith, Ferns, Br. and
HOE pa LLG:

Gymunopteris irregularis Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 250.

Common on the steep, rocky, wooded banks of the San
Juan River, and rare in deep woods near Moyogalpa on Ome-
tépe. The latter specimens are smaller. The specimens are
typical and in fine fruit. Some of the sterile fronds seem to
be proliferous. Several specimens from the banks of the Los
Sabalos River resemble those from Ometépe, but the fertile
pinne are shorter, blunter, and wider, and the margins of the
sterile fronds are scarcely repand, being almost entire.

Reported from Chontales (as G. zrregularis) by Fournier,
and from Granada and Chontales by Hemsley.

8. <A. NICOTIANZFOLIUM Swartz.
Swz., Syn. Fil., pp. 13, 199; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 275; Hook. and Bak.,
Syn. Fil., p. 419.
Gymnopteris nicotianefolia Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 244, pl. x1, fig. 6; Smith,
Hist. Fil., p. 138; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 118.
Chrysodium nicotianefolium Mett.,—Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 196.

A typical fertile frond was found on somewhat rocky banks
along the La Juana River.

New to Nicaragua. Not reported in the Lzologza Cent.
Am. Baker! gives the distribution as from “Cuba to the
Amazon Valley.”

9.. A. AUREUM ZL.

Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 686; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 13; Presl, Rel. Haenk,, p..
16; Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 241, pl. x1, fig. 3; Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 20; Hook.
Sp. Fil., vol. v, p- 266; Roth., Les Foug., vol. 11, p. 75, pl. xxvi1; Bed.,
Ferns So. Ind., p. 69, pl. cc1v; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 423; Smith,
Ferns, Br. and For., p. 120; Eaton, Ferns N. Am., vol. 11, p. 93, pl. Lv111;
Underwood, Our Nat. Ferns and All., p. 80; Chapm, FI. So. St., p. 5883.

Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 683; Hitch., Pl. Bah., p. 157.
Chrysodium vulgare Fée,—Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 21.
Chrysodium aureum Mett.,—Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 196.

Chrysodium hirsutum Fée,—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 249.

1 Syn. Fil. p. 419.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 189

This well-known species was very common in brackish and
fresh-water swamps at the mouth of the San Juan River near
Greytown. It was in fine fruit.

It has been reported from the vicinity of Granada by Four-
nier (as Airsuéum), and by Hemsiey.

REPORTED SPECIES.
A. caudatum (Kze.) Hook.

Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 684, from Chontales.

A. melanopus Kze.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 249; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 687; both
without exact locality.

Family XI. GRAMMITIDEZ.
Genus HEMIONITIS Zznzn.

r.. H. crrriroiia (L.) Hook.
Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 193; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 399; Hemsl.,
Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 682.
Acrostichum citrifolium L., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 685; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 9;
Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 19; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p..195.
Hemionitis parasitica L., Syst. Nat., p. 689.
Anetium citrifolium L, —Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 129; Smith, Ferns, Br. and
For., p. 108; Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 250.

The specimens in the collection distinctly show both the
lines of sporangia along the veins, and the scattered clusters
of sporangia between the veins.

The fronds are small, measuring from 1¥ to 5 inches in
length. The stipes are very short, almost wanting in many
of the specimens.

Common, creeping on the trunks of small trees in low
woods near Castillo.

Reported from Chontales by Fournier (as Anetzwm), and
by Hemsley.

o) Fi SPARMATA J;.

Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 689; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 20; Hook., Ex. Fl., vol.
Laplerst res, lent. Pter., p. 220) pl.erx, dicot Iieb., Mex. Breo.,.p:

190 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

25; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 192; Roth., Les Foug., vol: 11, p. 71, pl:

5s”
xxv; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 398; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p.
129; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 682.

Gymnogramme palmata Link,--Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 201.

A few typical, but small, specimens were found on a rocky
hillside below the old fort at Castillo. Only two fertile fronds
were collected.

New to the Nicaraguan list.

REPORTED SPECIES.
fT, levyt Fourn.

Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xvii, p. 237; Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 252;
Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 682; all from Ometépe.

Genus GYMNOGRAMMA JDesv.

1. G. pumiLa SPreng.

Kunze, Anale Pterid?) p.m, plo vin) us. ty Hook. sp. bill, volevaspnuear
Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 379; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p.
678.

FHecistopteris pumila Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 178.

Numerous well-fruited specimens were found on a prostrate,
rotten log near the La Juana River. The fronds were so
closely crowded together that they formed a dense, moss-like
covering on the log. Very few of the fronds reach a length
of 1%inches. Not heretofore reported from Nicaragua.

2. G.caALomELaANos (L.) Aaulf.

Pres], Rel) Haenk:, p. 17; Wieb., Mex, Bree.) p. 5c: Mett) Puls bontieeors
Lip., p. 41; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 200; Hook., Sp: Fil; vellagap
148; Roth., Les Foug,, vol. 1, p. 117; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 384;
Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 125; Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 251 (also
two vars.); Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 676; Bak., Jour. Bot.,
Volk xxcin pego4euiitch. ble Bal. pews 7.

Acrostichum calomelanos L., Syst. Nat., p. 687; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 15.

Ceropieris serrata Fée,—Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xvi, p. 236.

Very common near the foot of the volcano Ometépe, being
gregarious on otherwise barren surfaces. Also on sides of
bluffs of volcanic rock. The pinnules, segments, etc., are
mostly very obtuse, being often dilated toward the apex, this

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 191

probably being the form which Fournier reports from Granada
as Ceropteris serrata Fée. He also reports the type from
Chontales. Hemsley reports the species from Ometépe and
Virgin Bay.

aoe As. CALOMELANOS var. TARTAREA (L.) Bom. et Ch.

Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 236.

Acrostichum tartareum L.,—Swz., Syn. Fil., pp. 15, 202.

G. tartarea Desv.,—Presl, Rel. Haenk., p. 17; Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 218,
pl. 1x, fig. 15; Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 28; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p.
41; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 200; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 148;
Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 384: Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 125;
Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 679; Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. xxI1, p.
364; Hitch., Pl. Bah., p. 157 (var. ornithopteris).

G. peruviana Desv.,—Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 41.

There seems to be no good reason for regarding this as
other than a variety of G. calomelanos, the characters upon
which the distinction is based being very variable.

The specimens, which were collected on rocky banks near
Castillo and on the inner walls of the old fort, are almost
typical, though the lobes, etc., are rather acute, and are made
apparently more so by the turning in of the edges. It was
found near Greytown, and along the Deseado River.

A series of rather immature specimens was also collected
along the sandy shores of Lake Nicaragua on Ometépe.
These are intermediate in division between ¢artarea and the
more compound ca/omelanos, and have rather acute teeth.

The difference in texture seems to be due to surroundings.
Both forms (7. ¢., calomelanos and tartarea) are more coria-
ceous when growing in barren, exposed places.

Reported from Granada by Hemsley.

4. G.1nctsa Mart.et Lind. Pl. xx, Figs. 3-5.
Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 134; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 380.

A single plant, collected near the lake-shore on Ometépe,
is in the collection. It has four fronds, only one of which
shows the configuration of the entire frond ( Fig. 3), the others
being damaged at the apex. Because of insufficient material
and lack of named specimens for comparison, the identifica-

IvV—2 P

192 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

tion of the plant is not wholly satisfactory. The specimens
agree well with Hooker’s description, excepting that the stipes
and the scales on the rootstock are dark-brown instead of
blackish, and the stipes are shorter, measuring I to 2 inches.
In some respects, namely in the color and length of the stipe,
and in the flexuose frond, the specimen approaches G. lindigit
Mett.,! but it will probably be necessary to unite severai of the
species of this group of the genus Gymnogramma.

The upper surface of the frond is but sparsely hairy, but
the lower surface, like the stipe and rachis, is quite densely
tomentose.

A few other plants were observed, but were not collected
in time. They showed the same characters of surface, tex-
ture, division and size of the fronds, and a like laxity in habit
of growth.

G. incisa has not been reported from Nicaragua, nor is it
mentioned in the Biol. Cent. Am. The nearest locality from
which it is reported is New Grenada.

REPORTED SPECIES.

G. flexuosa (Usk BK.) Desv.

Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 129; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil. p. 384; both with-
out exact locality; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 677, from
Ometépe.

G. rufa (L.) Desv.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 251, from Ometépe as Veurogramme; Hemsl., Biol.
Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 678, from Granada.

Genus ANTROPHYUM Aauff.

1. A. LANCEOLATUM (L.) Kaulf.

Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 26; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 197; Hook., Sp. Fil,
vol. v, p. 176; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 394; Smith, Ferns, Br. and
For., p. 130; Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 250; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol.
111, p. 680; Hitch., Pl. Bah., p. 157; Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 239.

Hemionitis lanceolata L., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 689.
Loxogramme lanceolata Presi, Tent. Pter., p. 215, pl. 1x, fig. 8.

1 Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 381.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 193

Common on the trunks and larger branches of trees near
Castillo and along the La Juana River. The fronds are quite
typical, except that most of them show slight marginal lobes,
and a few are deeply palmately lobed toward the apex, with
shorter lateral lobes below. The lobes are irregular, and
some of the terminal divisions are long and narrow. The
fruit was beginning to appear at the time of collecting.

Reported without locality by Fournier, and from Chontales
by Hemsley.

2. A.SUBSESSILE Aunze.

Kunze, Analec. Pter., p. 29, pl. x1x, fig. 1; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 197;
Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 171; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 394; Hemsl.,
Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 680; Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 239.

The sori are abundantly anastomosing in the specimens in
the collection.

Found on trees near Camp Menocal. Quite common.

Not heretofore reported from Nicaragua.

REPORTED SPECIES.
A. cayennense Kaulf.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 250; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. t11, p. 680; both
from Chontales.

A. lineatum (Swartz) Kaulf.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 250; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 680; both
without exact locality.

Genus MENISCIUM Schred.

1. M. RETICULATUM (Z.) Swartz.

Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 19; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 201; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol.
v, p- 165; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 392; Smith, Ferns, Br.and For.,
p- 137; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 679; Hitch., Pl. Bah., p. 157;
Bom. et Ch., Fil_, p. 238.

Polypodium reticulatum L., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 692.

Common in low grounds along the San Juan and La Juana
rivers near Castillo, and along the Deseado River near
Camp Menocal. The pinne vary in the acuteness of the

IV—2 P2

194 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

wedge-shaped base, and in the depth of the marginal crena-
tions, some being almost entire. Some of the Camp Menocal
and San Juan specimens approach JZ. serratum.

Not heretofore reported from Nicaragua.

Genus NOTHOLANA 2. &r.

1. N. Bracuypus (/unze) 9. Smith.
Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 172: Eaton, Proc. Am. Acad., vol. xvitt, p:
1e4 stems: Biol. Cent. Aum. vols cit sp.1073.

Cheilanthes squamosa Gill..— Hook. et Grev., Icon. Fil., pl. cL1; Hook., Sp.
Fil., vol. 11, p. 81; Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. v, p. 22.

Cheilanthes brachypus Kze.,—Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 49; Mett, Ub.
Ein. Farng., pt. v, p. 22; Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 258.

Cheilanthes squamosa var.(?) brachypus Kze.,—Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 105;

Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. 11, p. 115.

Nothochlena squamosa Fée,—Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 371.

Nothochlena brachypus Kze.,—Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 279.

The stipes average less than an inch in length, while the
fronds reach a length of 8% inches and a width of 2 inches.
But for the large size the fronds are typical. The lower surface
of the frond, the stipe and rachis are densely coated with light
brown scales. The rootstock is crested with a dense mass of
long, linear scales of the same color.

This striking species was common on exposed volcanic
rocks in very dry situations near the foot of the volcano
Ometépe.

Reported (as Cherlanthes) from Ometépe by Fournier.

Family XII. VITTARIEA.
Genus MONOGRAMME Sché.

No specimens of this genus are in the collection, but the
following are

REPORTED SPECIES.

M. immersa (Fée) Hook.

Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 675, without locality.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA.

MM. rostrata Hook.

+95

Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 122, from Ometépe; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p.
375, without locality; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 675, from
Ometépe.

Genus VITTARIA Smith. °

q. V. uizata (L.) Swariz.

Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 109; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 197; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol.
v, p. 180: Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 396; Underwood, Our Nat. Ferns
and All., p. 86; Chapm., Fl. So. St., p. 589; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol.
111, p. 681; Bak., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. Iv, p. 116 (from Costa Rica);
Etch: Ply Bah., p- 157; pem.et Ch., Milsip. 230-

Pteris lineata L., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 687.
Haflopteris lineata Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 132.

Not rare on trunks of trees in Greytown.

Reported from Nicaragua without exact locality by Hooker
(767d. )
Genus TAENITIS Swartz.

tT. T. anGcustiFouia /’. Brown.

Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 27; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 197; Hook., Sp. Fil.,
vol. v, p. 187; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 396; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am.,
vol. 111, p. 681.

Pteris angustifolia Swz., Syn. F., p. 95.

Pteropsis angustifolia Desv.,— Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 225, pl. x, fig. 3; Smith,
Ferns, Br. and For., p. 133.

Vittaria costata Kunze, Analec. Pter., p. 29, pl. xviii, fig. 1 (a, b), 2;
Fourn., Sertum. Nic., p. 258.!

Common on trees in deep woods near Castillo, and at Grey-
town. Well-fruited fronds vary from 3% to 14 inches in
length. Some of the fronds show a tendency to form lobes
on the sides.

Reported from Chontales by Fournier (as V. costata) and
by Hemsley.

2. T. FurcaTA (Z.) Willd.

Hook. et Grev., Icon. Fil., pl. vir; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 197; Hook.,
Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 188; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 397; Hemsl., Biol.
Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 682; Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 239.

1On authority of Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 681, Baker, in Syn.
Fil., p. 395, places V. costata as asynonym under V. gardneriana.

196 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Pteris furcata L., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 687; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 95.

Dicranoglossum furcata (Willd.) Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 121; Smith, Ferns, Br.
and For., p. gt.

Cuspidaria furcata Fée,—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 251.

Common on trunks of trees near Castillo.

Reported from Chontales by Fournier (as Cusprdaria),
and by Hemsley.

Family XIII. POLYPODIEZ.

Genus POLLY PODIUM Zz. (7x part).

tT.) eo kPECTINATUM 2,

Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p.691; Swz.,Syn. Fil., p.34; Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 178,
pl. vii, fig 2; Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 49; Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. 1, p. 593
Eaton, Fil., Wr. et Fend., p. 198; Hook., Sp. Fil, vol. 1v, p. 203; Roth.,
Les Foug., vol. 1, p. 131, pl. x; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 333; Smith,
Ferns, Br. and For., p. 78; Eaton, Ferns N. Am., vol. 1, p. 317, pl. XL11I,
figs. 1-3; Underwood, Our Nat. Ferns and All., p. 81; Chapm., Fl. So.
St., p. 669; Hemsl., Biol Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 665; Bak., Biol. Cent.
Am., vol. Iv, p. 116 (from Costa Rica).

P. otites1 L., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 691; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 34.

P. paradisee L. et F.,—Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 31; Mett., Ub. Ein,.
Farng., pt. 1, p. 60; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 198.

P. consimile Mett.,—Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 198.

Phegopteris wagneri Mett..—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 252.

Only three specimens were collected on a log near the La
Juana River. These are typical.

Reported from Chontales by Fournier (as Pheg. wagner),
and by Hemsley.

2) P “SORORLUM -/7t o>. 2k. Plex Eras

Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. 1, p. 62; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 198; Hook.,
Sp. Fil., vol. 1v, p: 219; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 337; Smith, Ferns,
Br. and For., p. 79; Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 251; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am.,
vol. 111, p. 669; Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 224.

Growing on trunks of living trees in deep woods near

1 There is doubt as to the correctness of referring this to P. pectinatum.
If the reference is correct the name o#/fes should be adopted, as it precedes
pectinatum on the same page. See also Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xv,
p. 116.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA, 197

Castillo, along the La Juana River, and near Camp Menocal.
The stipe and rachis are light slaty-bluish in color. The speci-
mens are typical.

Reported from Chontales by Fournier, and by Hemsley.

3. P. prLosELLormeEs Z. var. citiaTuM ( Willd.) Bak.
Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 340.
P. ciliatum Willd.,—Presl, Rel. Haenk., p. 20.
Lopholepis ciliata Willd.,—Smith., Hist. Fil., p. 111; Smith, Ferns, Br. and
For., p. 85.

As in most cases the variety was probably included with
the type, the references which were consulted for the latter
are also given:

P. piloselloides L., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 691;Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 25; Mett., Ub.

Ein. Farng., pt. 1, p. 93; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 200; Hook., Sp.

Fil., vol. v, p. 33; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 340; Hemsl., Biol. Cent.
Am., vol. 111, p. 666; Bak., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. Iv, p. 116.

Mar ginaria piloselloides Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 187, pl. vit, fig. 24.

A slender, branching rootstock with one fertile and nine-
teen sterile fronds was collected on a tree near Castillo. This
is clearly the variety. Several sterile fronds, in all respects like
the Castillo specimens, were collected on a tile roof in San
Carlos. Although no fertile fronds were observed, this is
probably the same form.

The type (possibly including the var.) has been reported
from Chontales by Hemsley. No specific record of the vari-
ety from Nicaragua seems to exist.

2. soRiceuM 7. - Pl cx, Nigs. 75, 86.

Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 692; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 35; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot.
Lip., p. 32, pl. xx11r, figs. 7-9; Mett, Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. 1, p. 76;
Eaton, Fil., Wr. et Fend., p. 199; Hook., Sp. Fil, vol. v, p. 20; Hook.
and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 343; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 663; Bak.
Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 1v, p. 116; Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. xx11, p. 364; Bom.
et Ch., Fil., p. 221 (the last three from Costa Rica).

P. gonatodes Kze., Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 32, pl. xxiv, figs. 11, 12.

Goniophlebium loriceum L.,—Smith, Hist. Fil., p. gt; Smith, Ferns, Br. and
For., p. 81.

P. letum Raddi.,—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 252.

P. falcaria Kze.,—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 252.

198 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Collected on trunks of trees along the La Juana River
and near Camp Menocal. Most of the fronds have very ob-
tuse pinne and a nearly smooth rachis, but a large frond,
measuring nearly 2 feet in length, from Camp Menocal, has
the pinnz nearly acute, and the lower surface of the frond,
the rachis and upper part of the stipe are quite brown-hairy.
The rootstock is sparsely covered with peltate scales, and
when fresh is fleshy and green.

Fournier lists it as /etwm and falcaria,—the former from
Chontales, the latter without locality. Hemsley reports it
from Chontales.

5. P. NERUFOLIUM Sché.

Swz., Syn. Fil. p. 37; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p.32; Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng.,
pt. 1, p. 78; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 199; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p.
28; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil. p. 345; Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 252;
Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 664; Bak., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. rv,
p. 116 (from Costa Rica).

Goniophlebium neritfolium Schk.,—Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 92; Smith, Ferns,
Br. and For., p. 82.
A single specimen, with mere suggestions of sori, was col-
lected on a log near Camp Menocal. Fournier reports it
from Ometépe, and Hemsley from Chontales.

6. P. apnatum (Aunze) Hook.
Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. 1, p. 78; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 27; Hook. and
Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 345; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 653.
Goniophlebium adnatum Kze.,—Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 295.

Two typical specimens in fine fruit were collected near
Camp Seven. They are entirely smooth.
New to the Nicaraguan list.

7. P. PpotypopioiweEs (L.) Hitch.

Hitch., Pl. Bah., p. 156; Underwood, List of Pter. and Sperm., p. 9.
Acrostichum polypodiordes L., Syst. Nat., p. 686.

P. incanum Swz., F). Ind. Occ., p. 1645; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 35; Lieb., Mex.
Breg., p. 37; Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. 1, p.69; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend.,
p- 198; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. rv, p. 209; Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol.
XVII, p. 237; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 346; Williamson, Ferns of
Ky., p- 37, pl. v; Eaton, Ferns N. Amz, vol. 1, p. 197, pl-xxva, Lie

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 199

Meehan, Nat. Fl. and Ferns of U.S., p. 13, pl. 4; Fourn., Sertum Nic.,
p. 252; Underwood, Our Nat. Ferns and All., p. 81; Chapm., F]. So. St.,
p- 588; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 660; Bak., Biol. Cent. Am.,
vol. Iv, p. 116; Gray, Man. Bot., p. 680; Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 224.

Marginaria incana Pres\, Tent. Pter., p. 188, pl. v11, fig. 27.

Lepicystis incana Swz.-—Smith, Hist. Fil., p.112; Smith, Ferns, Br. and
Hor.) poo:

This widely distributed species was rather common on tile
roofs at San Carlos, and on fence-posts near Moyogalpa,
Ometépe.

Reported (as zxcanum) from Ometépe by Fournier and
Hemsley.

8. P. MACBRIDENSE nov. sp. Pl. xx, Figs. 6-9.

feootstock short, rather slender, creeping, densely covered
with broadly-ovate, entire or scarcely fimbriated white scales;
stipe 1 to 2% inches long, erect, rather stout, rigid, light-
brown, densely covered with white peltate scales which are
finally more or less deciduous: rachzs similar to the stipe, but
with the scales more persistent; /vouds 3 to g inches long, %
to 7% of an inch wide, pinnate to the apex, or the upper pinne
very slightly connected; fewne spreading, very coriaceous,
obtuse, 20 to 40 ona side, dilated at the base especially on
the upper side, diminishing but slightly, if at all, downward,
dark-green above, the color more or less obscured by white,
peltate scales, the lower surface white with a dense covering
of similar scales; the terminal pinna, or division, is narrow,
somewhat caudate. obtuse, usually slightly dilated toward the
apex, in length equal to or greater than the largest lateral
pinne; vezms obscure; sovz in a single series about midway
between the midrib and margin, in fully matured fronds almost
covering the lower surface of the terminal half of the frond.

The scales, which densely cover all parts of the plant, are
uniformly white (even in very young fronds), peltate toward
the base, broadly lanceolate or ovate, and, excepting upon the
rootstock, with the margin more or less deeply fimbriated,
but none of them are hair-like. They are especially promi-
nent on the lower surface of the frond, which they densely
cover, their black centers giving it a punctate appearance.

IV—2 Q

200 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The species belongs to the subgenus Lefucystzs and is related
to P. lepidopteris, from which it differs by the narrower and
more perfectly pinnate frond which scarcely tapers downward,
by the total absence of hairs and the uniform white color of
the scales even in young fronds, and by the shorter, more
slender rootstock.

Seven plants with thirteen fronds were collected on the
larger branches of a Jicara-tree (Crescentia cucurbitina L.)
which grew in a partial clearing opposite Castillo.

9g. P. aureum ZL. var. AREOLATUM (/#7. B. KX.) Bak.

Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 347.

P. sporadocarpum Willd.,—Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 36; Mett., Ub. Ein.
Farng., pt. I, p. 100.

P. areolatum H. B. K.,—Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 200; Lieb., Mex. Breg.,
Dp: 35; bom et Ch. bul) p.21o:

Phlebodium areolatum Willd.,—Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 94; Smith, Ferns, Br.
and For., p. 83.

Chrysopteris sporadocarpa Fée,—Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 252.

In the following list of references for the type, those which
clearly exclude the variety are omitted. In those which are
given the variety may be, or certainly is, included.

P. aureum L., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 692; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 32; Hook., Sp.

Fil., vol. v, p: 16; Roth., Les Foug., vol. 11, p. 25, pl: vi; Eaton, Berns
N. Am., vol. 1, p. 115, pl. xv1; Underwood, Our Nat. Ferns and All.,
p. 82; Chapm., Fl. So. St., p. 588; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p.
655; Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. xx11, p. 364 (var.).

Pleopeltis aurea Presl., Tent. Pter., p. 193, pl. viii, fig. 1.

A single fruiting specimen was collected on a fallen tree
between Camp Menocal and the Divide.

Fournier reports the variety (as C. sforadocarpa) without
exact locality. Hemsley reports P. awrewm, also without local-
ity, but probably refers to the same specimens as Fournier.

10. P.ANGUSTIFOLIUM Swartz var. ENSIFOLIUM( Willd.) Bak.

Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 348.
P. ensifolium Willd..—Pres], Rel. Haenk., p. 21.

Campyloneurum ensifolium Willd.,—Smith, Hist Fil., p. 96; Smith, Ferns,
Br. and For., p. 101.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 201

P.teniosum H. B. K.,— Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 34, pl. xxIv, fig. 6, a, b;
Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. 1, p. $2, pl. 1, figs. 52, 54, (in part); Eaton, Fil.
Wr. et Fend., p. 199.

The following references to the type may, or do, include the
variety.

P. angustifolinm Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ., p. 1627; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 27;
Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 36; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 40; Hemsl., Biol.
Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 654; Bak., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 1v, p. 116; Bom,
et Ch., Fil., p. 231 (the last two from Costa Rica).

Campylonenron dimorphum Fourn. var. angustifolium Fourn., Sertum Nic.,
p- 252.

A single plant with seven fronds was collected on a tile
roof in the village of Castillo. The fruit is immature.

Reported (as C. dimorphum var. angustifolium) by Four-
nier without locality, and (as P. angustifolium) by Hemsley
from Chontales. In neither case is the variety specifically
mentioned, but may have been included with the type.

Ii. P. Lavicatum Cav. Pl. xx, Fig. to.
Swz.. Syn. Fil., p. 28; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 348; Hemsl., Biol. Cent.
Am., vol. 111, p, 661; Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. xx11, p. 364.

P. lapathifolium Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 28.

Campyloneuron lanciforme Pres, Tent. Pter., p. 19, pl. vil, fig. 15.

Campyloneuron fasctale Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 190.

P. fasciale Willd. Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. 1, p.82; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v,

p- 41.

Four plants were collected on a tree near Castillo. The
rootstocks are short, dark-green when at length denuded of
scales, and creeping. The stipes are crowded and very short
or almost wanting.

The fronds measure 33{ to 6 inches in length,and 54 to 1%
inches in width, and are oblanceolate or oblance-ovate in form.
The veins are indistinct, but where traceable the venation is
clearly that of Campyloneuron.

Reported from Nicaragua without exact locality by Hemsley.

fp Rees... | Pl xx, Fis: 12)

Swz., Fl. Ind. Occ., p. 1635; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 29; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip.,
p- 34, pl. xxiv, figs. 1-3; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p. 199: Hook., Sp. Fil.,
vol. v, p- 39; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 348; Hemsl., Biol. Cent.

v2

202 NATURAL HistORY BULLE ET EN:

Am., vol. 111, p. 668; Bak., Jour. Bot., vol xx11, p. 364; Bom. et Ch. Fil,
p. 231; (the last two from Costa Rica).

P. cespitosum Link,—Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 34, pl. xx1v, figs. 4, 5.

Campyloneurum repens L.,—Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 96; Smith, Ferns, Br. and
For., p. 101.

Readily distinguished from P. phyl/ztidis by its more slender
rootstock, stipe and frond, its thinner texture and more promi-
nent venation, and by the undivided large areoles Its gen-
eral aspect is very different.

Creeping on trunks of trees by the slender, wiry, black
rootstock. Not rare near Camp Seven.

Reported from Nicaragua without exact locality by Hemsley.

Bey Wes PH VLLITIDIS 255, cele XS er ee,

Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 691; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 28; Lieb., Mex. Breg.,
p- 42; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot.. Lip., p. 34; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, paaa.
Roth., Les Foug., vol. 1, p. 17, pl. 111; Hook. and Bak., Syn., Fil.
p. 348; Eaton, Ferns N. Am., vol. 1, p. 321, pl. xLu, figs. 4-7; Under-
wood, Our Nat.Ferns and All., p.82; Chapm., Fl. So. St., p. 588; Hemsl.,
Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 665; Bom. et Ch., Fil., p, 231.

Campyloneuron phyllitidis Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 190, pl. vil, figs. 18-20;
Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 252.

Campyloneurum phyllitidis Presl,—Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 96; Smith, Ferns,
Br. and For., p. 102.

P. repens Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 34, pl. xxiv, fig. 12.

Quite common on the trunks and larger branches of trees.
The specimens from the vicinity of Castillo, the La Juana
River, and Greytown are of the large glossy, rather short-
stiped type. A few fronds, from a tile roof in the village of
Castillo, are rather small, with long slender stipes.

Another form, growing on trees in a partial clearing near
Castillo, has small, narrow, acuminate and acute, opaque,
long-stiped fronds. ‘These measure 7 to 10 inches in length,
and 1 to 1% inches in width; the stipe is 2% to 3% inches
long. The venation of this form is that of typical phyl/ztzdes
with the large areoles usually divided by a single median
vein, whereas in the large glossy form there are more fre-
quently three rows of secondary areoles between the main
veins (see figures).

Hooker (7drd.) reports it from Nicaragua without locality,

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 203

and Fournier and Hemsley both report it from Chontales.
Bommer and Christ list it from San Juan del Norte (Grey-
town). It is used as a remedy for fever by the natives.

14. P. PERCUSSUM Cav.

Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 26; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 36, pl. xxv, fig. 3; Mett.,
Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. 1, p. 90; Hook., Fil. Ex., pl. t1x; Eaton, Fil. Wr.
et Fend., p. 200; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 55; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil.,
p- 356; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 665; Bak., Jour. Bot., vol.
XXII, p. 364.

P. cuspidatum Presl, Rel. Haenk., p. 20, pl. 1, fig. 3.
P. stigmaticum Presl, Rel. Haenk., p. 20, pl. 111, fig. 3.

Pieopeltis percussa Hook. et Grev., pl. Lxvi1; Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 193, pl.
vil, fig. 35; Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 114; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 86;
Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 252.

Phymatodes percussum Cav.,—Bom. et. Ch., Fil., p. 232.

Common on trunks of trees in partial clearings near Castillo.
Specimens were also collected on a tile roof in the village of
Castillo. In fine fruit. The fronds vary from 3 to Io inches
in length, and from 36 to rinch in width. The smaller forms
are almost sessile, or with very short stipes, and the fruit is
restricted in most of them to the terminal half of the frond.
The larger specimens have stipes quite 2 inches long, and the
sori in some of them extend nearly to the base.

The sterile fronds are shorter and broader. Free veinlets
occur in some of the areole.

Reported from Chontales by Fournier (as P/eofe/tis), and
by Hemsley.

15. P. LycopopiomwEs ZL.

Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 691; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 25; Lieb., Mex. Breg,, p.
34; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 36, pl. xxv, fig. 4; Mett., Ub. Ein.
Farng., pt. 1, p.97; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 34; Hook. and Bak., Syn.
Fil., p. 357; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 663.

Pleopeltis lycopodioides Pres, Tent. Pter., p. 193, pl. vri1, figs. 3, 4.
Pleopeltis squamulosa Pres|, Tent. Pter., p. 193.

Anafeltis lycopodioides L.,—Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 116; Smith, Ferns, Br. and
For., p. 86.

Phymatodes lycopodioides L., Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 233.
Rather common on trees near Castillo and Greytown. Most
of the fronds are sessile. Some of the specimens from Castillo

204 NATURAL SES ROR Yas Bie rise nse

are typical, while others, and those from Greytown are the
var. salicifolium Willd.t The relative size and form of the
fertile and sterile fronds are so variable, however, that the
varietal character has but little value. ;

Not heretofore specifically reported from Nicaragua, though
listed from Panama and Guatemala.

16. P.crRAssIFOLIUM ZL.

Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 11, p. 691; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 27; Presl, Rel. Haenk.,
p. 20; Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 41; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 37, plisx)
figs. 5,6; Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. 1, p. 109; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend.,
p. 200; Hook., Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 62; Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 360;
Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 656; Bak., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. Iv,
p. 116.

Phymatodes crassifolia Pres], Tent. Pter., p. 197, pl. viii, fig. 9; Bom. et
Che Pils p= 232:
Pleuridium crasstfolium L., Smith, Hist. Fil., p. 95; Smith, Ferns, Br. and
HOT p95:
Common on trees near Castillo, Greytown, and Camp
Menocal.
The fronds vary from 9% to 25 inches in length, and from
I to 3% inches in width. Some of the fronds are quite Sessile.
The apex varies from broadly rounded to abruptly and nar-
rowly acuminate. The sori are in 4 to ro rows on each side of
the midrib, and in the narrower, very obtuse forms, they are
closely crowded. A few fronds have obscure lobes toward
the apex.
Not heretofore recorded from Nicaragua, the nearest report-
ed station being Panama.

REPORTED SPECIES.
P. attenuatum H. B. K.

Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xvii, p. 237, from Granada; Fourn., Ser-
tum Nic., p. 251, without locality; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p.
655, without locality.

P. cardiophyllum (Presl).

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 252 (as Craspedaria).
Under the name C. cardiophylla Fournier reports a Poly-
1 See Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 357.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 205

podium from Chontales. The author is unable to determine
just what this is. Fournier himself says of it: “d/arg7naria
Presl, Tent. 188? Polypodium cordatum Desv. Ann. Linn. v1,
226? non Kze., certe non Craspedaria cordifolia Fée Crypt.
Brés. 118, tab. 36, f. 1.”

P. chnoodes Spreng.
Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol: 111, p. 656, from Chontales.

FP. coarctatum Kunze.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 252 (as Campyloneuron); Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol.
III, p. 656; both from Chontales.

P. cultratum Willd.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 251 (as P. elasticum Bory) from Ometépe, and also
a set without exact locality.

P. elasticum Rich.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 251 (as P. plumula Willd.), from Chontales; Hemsl.,
Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 657, from Chontales and Ometépe.

P. friedrichsthalianum Kunze.
Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 658, from Chontales.
P. kuhniit Fourn.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 251; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 661; both
from Ometépe.

P. lanceolatum L.
Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 661, from Chontales.
P. plesiosorum Kunze.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 251 (as P. antsomeron Fée, var.) from Granada, and
p. 252 (as P. rhodopleurum Fée) without exact locality.

P. pruinatum Bak,

Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 508; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 667;
both from Chontales.

P. puberulum Ch. et Schl.
Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 667, from Chontales.
P. serrulatum Mett.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 251 (as Xiphopteris serrulata Kaulf.), without local-
ity; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 669, from Chontales.

P. trichomanoides Swartz.

Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 671, from Chontales.

306 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

P. truncicola Klotzsch.
Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 671, from Chontales.

P. vaccintfolium F. et L.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 252, (as Craspedaria); Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol.
I11I, p. 671; both from Chontales; Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 222, from Nica-
ragua without locality.

sub-class II. EUSPORANGIAT A.

Sub-order I]. MARATTIACEA.
Genus MARATTIA Smith.

No species of the genus were observed, but the following is a

REPORTED SPECIES:
M. alata Smith.

Fourn., Sertum Nic., p. 261, (as M. weinmanniefolia Lieb.); Hemsl., Biol.
Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 696; both without exact locality.

Genus DANA A Smith.

I. D. EvurpTica Smith.

Hook. et Grev., pl. L1z (the text, however, is headed pl. 11); Eaton, Fil.
Wr. et Mend; p. 217. Hook. and Bak, Sin: Pil) ps 444; clemsl bile
Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 697; Bom. et Ch., Fill, p. 248.

D. media Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 154.

A single sterile frond was found in deep woods near Cas-
tillo. A comparision with authentic specimens, and with the
descriptions cited, leaves no doubt concerning the correctness
of the identification.

Not reported from Nicaragua, the nearest published locality
being Panama.

2, DW eRisPA 7ind.e: feck. wl. xx, Hig 7.

Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., p. 525; Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 696;
Bom et Ch-, Fil. \p. 240.

One sterile frond was collected in deep woods near Camp
Menocal. It is typical in every character. The species has
heretofore been reported only from Costa Rica.

REPORTED SPECIES.
D. moritziana Presl.
Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111, p. 697, from Chontales,

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 207
ADDENDUM.

SINCE the first forms of this paper were printed, a number
of additional reference-works have been received. While
these were not consulted for the earlier determinations as they
appear in the paper, they were so employed in the latter part
of the work, and in order that the references to the Nicara-
guan species discussed in these works may be complete as far
as possible, the following additional list of references, which
should have appeared under the species listed, is here appended.
For convenience the genera and species are alphabetically
arranged. The ferns listedin Bommer and Christ’s paper are
from Costa Rica, unless otherwise specified.

ACROSTICHUM,
A. alienum Swz., p. 187.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 246.
A. aureum L., p. 188.
Bom. et Ch., Fil, p. 247-
A. osmundaceum (H. B. K.) Hook., p. 186.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 246.
A. peltatum Swz., p. 187.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 242.
A. sorbifolium L., p. 186.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 243.

ADIANTUM.

A. concinnum H. B. K., p. 149.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 188.
A. macrophyllum Swz., p. 146.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 18s.
A. obliguum Willd. p., 142.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 186.
A. intermedium Swz—Bom.et Ch., Fil., p. 186.
A. kaulfussii Kze—Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 186.
A. platyphyllum Swz., p. 147.
A. seemanni Hook.—Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 310; Bom. et Ch., Fil.
p. 185, from Nicaragua, without exact locality.
A. pulverulentum L., p. 148.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 187.

EV—o7 TR:

208 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

A, tenerum Swz., p. 149.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 187.

A, tetraphyllum Willd., p. 146.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 186.

A. trapeziforme L., p. 145.
Bom et) Chis Hil ps 185;

ASPIDIUM.

A. trifoliatum (L.) Swz., p. 181.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 206.

ASPLENIUM

A. auritum Swz., p. 159.
Bom. et Ch., Fil, p..198.-

A. cultrifolium L., p. 159.

Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 196.

A. formosum Willd., p. 160.

Bed., Ferns S. Ind., p. 46, pl. cxxxv1; Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 195.

A. lunulatum var. proliferum (Swz.) Mett., p. 158.
A. erectum Bory —Mett., Ub. Ein. Farng., pt. vi, p. 122.
A. lunulatum Swz.—Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 195.

A. plantagineum L., p. 162.
Bom.et Ch., Fil., p. 199.
A. pumilum Swz., p. 162.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 194.
ASErra as. CCP.) p59:
Bom-et Che, hile p19 7.
A. serratum L., p. 157.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 194.
A. shepherdi Spreng., p. 164.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 201.

BLECHNUM.

B. longifolium H. B. K., p. 155.
Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 198; Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 193.
B. intermedium Link.—Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 193.
B. occidentale L., p. 156.
Bom. et Ch.) Mil p. 192:

B. volubile Kaulf., p. 157.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 194.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 209

DAVALLIA.
D. inequalis Kze., p. 153.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 181; from Nicaragua without exact locality.

DICKSONIA.

D. rubiginosa Kaulf., p. 154.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 180.

GLEICHENIA.

G. pubescens (H. B. K.) H. & G,, p. 135.
Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 249.

GYMNOGRAMMA.
G. calomelanos (I..) Kaulf., p. 1go.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 236.
G. flexuosa (H. B. K.) Desv., p. 192.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 234; without exact locality.

HEMIONITIS.

fT. palmata L., p. 189.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 239.

HEMITELIA.

HI. grandifolia (Willd.) Spreng., p. 167.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 176.

HyMENOPHYLLUM.

Ff. ciliatum Swz., p. 128.
Swz., Fl. Ind. Occ., p. 1753; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 147; Lieb., Mex. Breg., p.
140; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p.251; Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 182.

HT. polyanthos Swz., p. 127.
Swz., Fl. Ind. Occ., p. 1757; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 149; Lieb., Mex. Breg., p.
139; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 250; Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 183.

HyPo.epis.
FT. repens (L.) Presl, p. 142.
Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip., p. 81, pl. xv1, fig. 7; Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend., p.

207; Roth., Les Foug., vol. 11, p. 49, pl. xv; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For.,
p- 171; Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 185.

LINDSAYA.

L. trapeziformis Dry., p. 151.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 185.

Vio eo

210 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

LyGopIumM.

L. venustum Swz.

Swz., Syn. Fil., pp. 153, 383; Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 146; Presl, Sup. Tent.
Pter., p. 105; Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 248.

NEPHRODIUM.
LV. cicutarium (L.) Bak., p. 178.
Aspidium cicutarium Swz.—Bom, et Ch., Fil., p. 206.

LV. conterminum ( Willd.) Desv., p. 172.
Aspidium conterminum Willd.—Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 211.
Aspidium conterminum var. pilosulum (KI. et Karst.).—Bom. et Ch., Fil., p.
212.

LV. effusum (Swz.) Bak., p. 175.
Aspidium effusum Swz,—Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 214.

LV. macrophyllum (Swz.) Bak., p. 179.
Aspidium macrophyllum Swz,—Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 208.

LV. mexicanum Presl, p. 173.
Aspidium patulum Bak.—Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 214.

LV. parasiticum (L.) Shimek, p. 176.
Aspidium molle Desy.—Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 209.

LV. skinnert Hook, p. 176.
Aspidium harrisont Bak.—Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 209.

NEPHROLEPIS.

IV acm (ochk.) Presi, py 172.
Bom. et Ch.,+Fil., p. 215.
LV. cordifolza (1..) Presl, p. 171.
Bompet| Ch. Hale p21;
OLEANDRA.

O. nodosa Presl, p. 170.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 206.

PHEGOPTERIS.
P. crenata (Swz.) Mett., p. 183.
Polypodium crenatum Swz.—Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 218.

P. decussata (L.) Mett., p. 182.
Polypodium decussatum 1.—Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 217.

P. punctata (Thunb.) Mett., p. 182.
Polypodium punctatum Thunb.- -Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 215.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. SEE

P. tetragona (Swz.) Mett., p. 183.
Polypodium tetragonum Swz.—Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 218.
Polypodium tetragonum var. megalodus (Schk.),—Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 218.

PTERIs.

P. aculeata Swz., p. 139.
Swz., Fl. Ind. Occ., p. 1601; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. roo.
P. biaurita L., p. 136.

Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 98; Roth., Les Foug., p. 157, pl. xx1.
P. nemoralis Willd.,—Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 74; Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip.,

P- 57-
P. quadriaurita Retz.,—Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 190; Bom. et Ch.,
Fil., p. 189.
Litobrochia biaurita Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 194.
P,, quadriaurita var. biaurita (L.), Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 190.
- dlaia NG.. p. T4i-
Litobrochia elata Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 193; Bom. et Ch., Fil., p.
192.
P. hirsuta (L.) Hook., p. 139.
Lonchites hirsuta L.,—Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 93.
P. laciniata Willd.,—Presl, Tent. Pter., p. 146; Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 75;
Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 191; Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. rgr.
P. incisa Thunb., p. 140.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 192.

TRICHOMANES.

T. brachypus Kze., p. 132.
Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 322; Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 184.
I. crispum L., p. 133.
Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 142; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 254; Bom. et Ch., Fil.,
p- 184.
T. elegans Rudge., p. 129.
Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 185.
Hymenostachys elegans Pres|,—Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 257.
L.. krausiz 1. & G., p. 131.
Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 253.

Didymoglossum krausii Presl,—Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. x1x, p. 241.

T. membranaceum L., p, 129.

Swz., Fl. Ind. Occ., p. 1724; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 141; Hook., Ex. Fi., pl. 76;
Kunze, Die Farrnk., p. 212, pl. Lxxxvill, fig. 1; Smith, Ferns, Br. and
Eor.ep- 252:

212 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Lecanium membranaceum Presl, Hymen., p. 12, pl. 1, figs. 1-12; Fourn., Bull.

Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xv, p. 144.
T. pinnatum Hedw., p. 134.
Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 142; Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 184.

Neurophyllum pinnatum Pres], Hymen., p. 19, pl. 1v c; Lieb., Mex. Breg.,
p- 144; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 254; in the two latter as penna-
tum.

De Pricuri, WAe.Kp: 134-

Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 254 (as leprieuriz); Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 184.
T. punctaium Poir., p. 129.

Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 252.

T. reptans Swz., F1. Ind. Occ., p. 1727; Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 142; Lieb., Mex.
Breg., p. 142; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 253.

T. sphenoides Kze., Die Farrnk., p. 215, pl. LXxxvill, fig. 2. (Kunze places
T. reptans, punctatum and hookeri in the synonymy of 7. sphenoides).

Didymoglossum punctatum Presl,—Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. x1x, p-
239.

Didymoglossum sphenoides Pres|,—Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xrx, p-

239. With this is included var. genuina Fourn. (= D. laceratum Fée,=
T. reptans H. & G.).

Didymoglossnm reptans Pres|,—Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xrx, p. 240.

T. pusillum Swz. (possibly including the var.), p. 130.

Swz., Fl. Ind. Occ., p. 1729; Swz. Syn. Fil., p. 142; Smith, Ferns, Br. and
Ot pu25e.

Hemiphlebium pusillum Swz.,—Presl, Hymen., pl. 1x, figs. t-3.
T. pyxidiferum L., p. 132.
Swz., Syn. Fil., p. 143; Lieb., Mex. Breg., p. 143; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For.,
P2253"
LT TAQCINS SWZ., Pp. 132:
Sw2z., Hl ind: Occ, p. 1720; swz., syn. Hil), p.i43-seresl, Elymient, p-tos ple
11 8; Smith, Ferns, Br. and For., p. 253; Bom. et Ch., Fil., p. 184.
These additional references necessitate the following cor-
rections and additions:

1. The following species, reported in this paper on the
page opposite each name as not occurring in Central America,
are given in Bommer and Christ’s recent list from Costa Rica.
They are, however, new to Nicaragua.

Acrostichum osmundaceum (H. B. K.) Hook., p. 187.
Phegopteris punctata (Thunb.) Mett., p. 182.

Trichomanes brachypus Kze., p. 132.
Trichomanes prieurit Kze., p. 134.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA. 213

2. The following species, similarly reported as new to
Nicaragua, are given in Bommer and Christ’s list as occurring
in Nicaragua (without exact locality). The correction should
be made on the page opposite each name.

Adiantum platyphyllum Swz. (as seemanni), p. 147.

Adiantum obliquum Willd. (the var. palpi reported by Bom. et Ch.
as a species), p. 145.

Davallia inequalis Kze., p. 153.

3. Trichomanes membranaceum L., recorded by mistake
on p. 129 as new to the Central American region, is listed by
Fournier as Lecantum membranaceum Presl, in Bull. Soc. Bot.
Fr:, vol xv, p. 144.

4. The form of Vephrodium conterminum ( Willd.) Desv.
described on p. 173 as “copiously clothed with white hairs,”
is probably the same as Asprdium conterminum var. pilosulum
(Kl. et. Karst.) Bom. et Ch. of Bommer and Christ’s list.

5. The following more exact data may be of interest in
connection with the discussion on p. 120.

The total number of species and varieties collected in Nica-
ragua by the author, and reported in this paper, is 126, repre-
senting 32 genera. This number does not, however, include
the forms of Preris biaurita, Adiantum obliquum, etc., which
might be considered varieties.

Of these 1 is a new species, 7 are new to Central America,
and 37 are new to Nicaragua, none of these species being
counted twice.

The following table shows the distribution of the species
and varieties which were collected:

Peculiar to Ometépe, . : : - : - : . 10 species
Peculiar to Castillo and vicinity, : : : : : . 52 species
Peculiar to Greytown and vicinity, . : - : . 38 species
Found at Greytown and Ometépe, . : : : é Eee Species
Found at Greytown and Castillo, . : - . : . 14 Species
Found at Ometépe and Castillo, ‘ : : : : . 5 species
Found at Castillo and Boca del Rama,. I species
Found at Castillo and San Carlos, I species
Found at Ometépe dnd San Carlos, I species
Found at Greytown, Castillo and Ometépe, I species
* Found at all the points mentioned excepting San Carlee; . 2 species

214 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The last two species are Vephrodium conterminum and LV.
cicutarium. The latter should have been included with Gym-
nogramma var. tartarea on p. 120, making three species com-
mon to the three points mentioned. It presents so much varia-
tion (viz., pp. 178-9) that at first the author regarded the
extremes as distinct species.

In habit 81 of the species are terrestrial, 43 are epiphytic,
and 2 have adopted both habits.

In addition to the species collected by the author there are
included in this paper 72 species, representing 7 genera, which
have been reported by various authors from Nicaragua,—the
majority of the forms being from the mountainous districts of
Chontales. These were added for the purpose of making the
Nicaraguan record as complete as possible up to the present
time.

The total number of species and varieties, reported in this
paper from Nicaragua from all sources, is 198, representing
39 genera.

That a more thorough survey of that country will materiaily
increase the number is evident from the experience of collec-
tors in adjacent regions.

ERRATA.

Page 126.—In footnote 1 substitute “Alsophila” for “Hemitelia.”
Page 135.—Under L. venustum omit fig. 3, and add fig. 5.
Page 143.—In footnote 2 instead of “ fig. 2” read “ fig. 11.”

Page 145.—“ Swartz” after var. intermedium in line 9 should be in paren-
thesis, as the combination is not Swartz’s, but the author’s.

Under A. trapeziforme substitute “ Syn. Fil.” for “FI. Ind. Occ.”
Page 153.—After line 15 add: “ Found along the La Juana River. Rather
common. New to Nicaragua.”
Page 162.—-After A. pumilum Swartz omit “PI. xv, fig. 6.”
Page 184.—In line 20 for “draconopterum” read draconoptera.

Page 198.—In line 27 after “collected” add “on trees.”

Ww o2/s 215

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The following list includes the titles of all works consulted
by the author for purposes of identification, or for the de-
termination of geographical distribution or of synonymy. A
large quantity of herbarium material, chiefly from Mexico, the
West Indies, and South America, was used for the same pur-
poses.

A list of references, arranged chronologically, is given under
each species in the foregoing paper to show just what basis
there is for each determination. The abbreviations used for
that purpose are arranged alphabetically in the following list,
followed by the full title of the book or paper.

Bak., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 1v.—J. G. Baker, Biologia Centrali-Americana,
Botany, vol. 1v.— Costa Rican Ferns,” pp. 115-6.— 1887.

Bak., Jour. Bot., vol. xx11.—J. G. Baker, Journal of Botany, vol. xx11.—
“Ferns collected in Costa Rica by Mr. P. G. Harrison,” pp. 362-4.—
1884.

Bak., On Rec. Syn. Braz. F.—J. G. Baker, “On the Recent Synonymy of
Brazilian Ferns.” —1873.

Bak., Sum, New Ferns.-—J. G. Baker, Annals of Botany, vol. v.—*A Sum-
mary of New Ferns, 1874~91.”—189I.

Bed., Ferns S. Ind.—Major R. H. Beddome, Ferns of Southern India.—2nd
edition,—1873.

Bom. et Ch., Fil—J. E. Bommer et H. Christ, Bulletin de la Société Royale
de Botanique de Belgique, vol. xxxvi.—Filices in “ Primitie Flore
Costaricensis,” pp. 167-249.—1896.

Chapm., FI. So. St.—A. W. Chapman, Flora of the Southern States.—2nd
edition,—1883.

Eaton, Ferns N. Am.—D. C. Eaton, Ferns of North America, vols. 1, I11.—

1879.
Eaton, Fil. Wr. et Fend—D.C. Eaton, Memoirs of the American Academy
of Sciences and Arts, New Series, vol. vi11.— Filices Wrightiane et

Fendlerianz,” pp. 193-218.—1860.

216

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA, 217

Eaton, Proc. Am. Acad., vol. xv1ir.—D. C. Eaton, Proceedings of the
American Academy, vol. xvi11. 1853.
“List of Plants from Southwestern Texas and Northern Mexico.”—
Ferns, pp. 183-189.
Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xv.—Eug. Fournier, Bulletin de la Société
de Botanique de France, vol. xv.—1868.
A note on Polyfodium, p. 116.
“Sur les Hyménophyliées Recueillies dans L’Amerique Centrale, par
MM. Ch. Wright, Fendler et Th. Husnot,”—pp. 143-8.
Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xvi1—Eug. Fournier, #d., vol. xv11.—-
1870.
“Sur Deux Fougéres Nouvelles du Nicaragua,”—pp. 236-7.
Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., vol. xtx.—Eug. Fourn., ibid., vol. x1x.—188o.
**Sur les Hyménophyliées Recueillies dans !Amerique Centrale par
MM. Ch. Wright, Fendler et Th. Husnot,”—pp. 239-41.
Fourn., Sertum Nic.—Eug. Fournier, rd., vol. x1x.—188o.
*““Sertum Nicaraguense,”—pp. 247-62.
Gray, Man. Bot.—A. Gray, Manual of Botany, 6th edition,—18go.
Hemsl., Biol. Cent. Am., vol. 111:—-W. B. Hemsley, Biologia Centrali-
Americana, Botany; vol. 111.—1885.
“ Filices,” pp. 589-697.
Hitch., Pl. Bah—aA. S. Hitchcock, Fourth Annual Report of the Missouri
Botanical Garden.—1893.
“Plants of the Bahamas, Jamaica and Grand Cayman,”—Filices,—pp.
151-7.
Hook. and Bak., Syn. Fil., I ed—Sir W.J..Hooker and J. G. Baker, Syn-
opsis Filicum, 1st edition.—1&68.
Hook. and Bak., Syn., Fil—J/éid., 2nd edition.—1873.
Hook., Cent., Ferns.—Sir W. J. Hooker, A Century of Ferns.—1854.
Hook. et Grey., Icon. Fil—Sir W. J. Hooker et R. K. Greville, Icones
Filicum.—1831.
Hook., Ex. Fl., vol. 1—Sir W. J. Hooker, Exotic Flora, vol. 1—1823.
Hook., Fil. Ex.—Sir W. J. Hooker, Filices Exotice.— 1859.
Hook., Sp. Fil—Sir W. J. Hooker, Species Filicum.—Vol. 1, 1846; vol. 11;
1858; vol. 111, 1860; vol. rv, 1862; vol. v, 1864.
Johow, An. Univ. Rep. de Chile——Frederico Johow, Anales de la Univer-
sidad, Republica de Chile, vol. Lxxx11.—1893.
** Los Helechos de Juan Fernandez,” pp. 741-57, and 977-1004.
Kunze, Analec. Pter—Gustav Kunze, Analecta Pteridographica.—1837.
Kunze, Farrn.—Gustav Kunze, Die Farrnkraiiter, vol. 1—1840-7.
Lieb., Mex. Breg.—F. Liebmann, Mexicos Bregner.—1849.
Linn., Syst. Nat., vol. 11.—C. Linné, Systema Nature, vol. 11, duodec. ed.-—
1767.
Filices, pp. 684-96.

218 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Meehan, Nat. Fl. and Ferns of U. S.—Thomas Meehan, The Native Flow-
ers and Ferns of the United States, 1st Series, vol. 1.—1878.

Mett., Fil. Hort. Bot. Lip.—G. Mettenius, Filices Horti Botanici Lipsiensis.
—1856.

Mett., Ub. Ein. Farn.—G. Mettenius, Uber Einige Farngattungen.— Part
I, 1856; parts 111 and Iv, 1858; parts v and vI, 1859.

Presl, Hymen.—K. B. Presl, Hymenophyllacex.—1843.

Presl, Rel. Haenk.—K. B. Pres], Reliquize Haenkeanz.— 1830-36.

Presl, Sup. Tent. Pter.—K. B. Presl, Supplementum Tentaminis Pterido-
graphiz.—184q5.

Presl, Tent. Pter._-K. B. Presl, Tentamen Pteridographiz.—1836.

Roth., Les Foug.—J. Rothschild, Les Fougéres, vols. 1, 11.—1867.

Seeman’s Bot. Voy. Her.—B. Seemann’s Botany of the Voyage of H. M.S.
Herald,—1852-7.

Smith, Ferns, Br. and For.—J. Smith, Ferns, British and Foreign.—1876.

Smith, Hist. Fil—J. Smith, Historia Filicum.—1875.

Swz., Fl. Ind. Occ.—O. Swartz, Flora Indiz Occidentalis, vol. 111.—1806.

Swz., Syn. Fil.—O. Swartz, Synopsis Filicum.—1806.

Underwood, List Pter. and Sperm.—Lucien M. Underwood, in List of
Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta.—1893.

Underwood, Our Nat. Ferns and All.—Lucien M. Underwood, Our Native
Ferns:and Their Allies.—1882.

Williamson, Ferns of Ky.—John Williamson, Ferns of Kentucky.—1878.

INDEX TO SPECIES.

Acrostichum alienum Swz. 187, 207

aureum L.. 188, 207
calomelanos L. Re os EGO
canaliculatum (A7/.) Hz. . 187 |
caudatum (Aze.) HA. . 189
citrifolium L. . 189
cylindricum KI. : 186
Jeniculaceum H.& G. . 187
hastatum Lieb. 188
irregulare Lieb. 188 |
melanopus ze. . 189
nicotianetolium Sw, 188
nifidum Lieb." 2 5". «185
osmundaceum (/7. B. KX.)

Hk. 119, 186, 207, 212
peltatum Sw. 187, 207
polypodioides L. 198
scolopendrifolium /taddi. 185
sorbifulium Z. 119, 186, 207
tartareum L. . 1gI
tatei Bak. . 185
umbrosum Lieb. . 188

Adiantum acuminatum Desv. , 148
concinnum #.B.K. . 149
cristatum LZ. . . 146
dolabriforme Hk. 150
dolosum Aze. - 149
dolsum var. wilsoni(/ZA.)

Bak. 149
fovearum Rad. 143
intermedium Swz. 143, 207, 213
kaulfussit Kze., . 142, 147, 207
lucidum Szwz. . 150
lucidum var. pinnatum

Fourn. : 145
lunulatum Burm. 150
macrophyllum Swz. . 146
oblique-truncatum Fée . 148

Vea Oe

Adiantum odliguum H. & G. 142
obliquum Wild. 142, 207, 213
obliquum var. interme-

dium (Szz.) 145, 215
pentadactylon L.& S. . 145
platy phyllum Sw2z. 147, 207, 213

prionophyllum H. B.K. 146
pulverulentum Z. . 148, 207
seemanni Hk. 147, 207, 213
striatum Willd. 146
tenerum Swe. 149, 208
tetraphyllum Wrld. 146, 208
trapeziforme Z. 145, 208, 215
triangulatum Kaz/f. . 143
villosum Eaton. 145
villosum Z. 148
wilson: Hk. 149
Alsophila armata (Swz.) Presi. 168
hirsuta Kaulf. 168
infesta ze. 168
mexicana Mart. 168
microphylla A7Z. 169
myosuroides Lieb. 168
phegopteroides HA. 168
pruinata (Swz.) Kaulf. 169
Anafpeltis lycopodioides L. . 203
Anemia adiantifolia Swe. 136
breuteliana Presi. . 136
filiformis Swz. 136
incisa Schrad. 136
Anetium citrifolium L. . 18g

Antrophyum cayennense Kau/f. 193

lanceolatum (ZL.) Kaulf.. 192
lineatum (Swz.) Aaulf. 193
subsessile Aze. 193
Aspidium acutum Pres}. 171
chontalense Fourn. . 180
cicutarium Swz. 178, 210

219

220 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Aspidium coadunatum Wall. 178 | Asplenium fournieri Auvhn. . 165
conterminum Willd. 172, 210 grandifolium Swz.. 163, 166
conlerminum var. pilosulum heterophyllum Pres}. 162

(K1.& K.) B.& C. 210, 213 insigne Lieb. . (59
conterminum var. strigo- kunzei We/?. . 166
sum Eaton. 172 letum S72z. 160
cordifolinm Swz. . 171 levyi Fourn. 166
coriandrifolium Swz. 175 lindbergii M/ed??. . : SLOG
draconopterum Eaton. . 184 lunulatum Swz. 158, 208
effusum Swz. . 210 lunulatum var. prolifer-
excultum Mett. 175 um (Swz.) Mett. 158, 208
Jrancoanum Fourn. . 176 marginatum Z. . 164
harrisont Bake: )2 55) 210 monanthemum JL. . 166
hippocrepis Swz. . 178 monodon Lieb. 160
karwinskyanum Mett 174 mutilum Kze. . 163
latifolium Presl. . 178 ottonts WK. 163
levyi Fourn. : 180 ottonis var. 3. . 163
macrophyllum Swz. . 179, 210 plantagineum ZL. 162, 208
meniscioides Wrlld. 181 peppigu Presl. 159
mexicanum Presl. 173 proliferum Swz. . 158
mexicanum var. serratum plerophorum Presl. . 157
Mett. . ype ite pumilum Swz. 162, 208, 215
molle Jacq. . 176, 210 radicans Schk. 164
OUICH CIC ane) el resectumt Sm. . ; 161
nicaraguense ( Fourn.) rhizophyllum Aze. 165
BURT Way EAN enone Men WeLOL salicifolium Z. 166
parasiticum Swz. 177 schkuhrianum Presl. 160
patulum Bak. . 210 S@ucay/sacee ey. 159, 208
semicordatum (Swz.) Swz. 180 serratum L. 157, 208
skinnert Hk. 176 shepherdi Spreng... 164, 208
sprengeli Kaulf. . 180 skinneri (Moore) Bak. 166
trifoliatum (Z.) Swz. 181, 208 striatum Li. 5 164

Asplenium abscissum W7l/d 165 subalatum H. & A. . 160
alatum /7. B. Kk. 157 sylvaticum Presi. 163
ambiguum Rad. 164 tenellum Roxb. 158
anisophyllum ze. 165 | Athyrium skinnert Moore. 166
auritum Swz. 159, 208 | Bathmium nicaraguense Fourn.. 181
callipteris (/’ée) Bak. . 165 peppigt Pres}. 179
caracasanum Mett. . 164 trifoliatum Link. 181
celtidifolium Aze.. . . 162 trifoliatum var. heraclet-
cicutarium ZL. 165 folium Fée. . 181
crenulatum Presl. . . . 157 | Blechnum aduncum Lieb. 156
cultrifolium Z. 159, 208 gracile Kaulf. By 16)
denticulosum Desvy. . 164 intermedium Link. . 156, 208
erectum Bory. 158, 208 longifolium A. B. K. 155, 208
erectum var. proliferum longifolium var. fraxine-

Hk. 5 LAE! um ( Willd.) Bak. . 156
formosum Wild. 160, 208 occidentale LZ. 156, 208

THE FERNS OF

_volubile

118, 157,

Blechnum
Kaulf.

Campteria biaurita L.

Campyloneuro coarctatum Kze. .
dimorphum var. angusti-

folium Fourn. .
fasciale Presl..
lanciforme Pres}.
phyliitidis Pres. .

Campyloneurum ensifoliumW illd.
phyllitidis Pres). .
repens L.

Ceropleris serrata Fée.

Cheilanthes engusztfolia Hk.
brachypus Kze.
radiata (Z.) Sm. .
sguamosa Gill. ‘
squamosa brachypus

KZep era 7
viscosa Aaulf.

Chrysodium alienum Mett.
aureum Mett.
hirsutum Fée. . ‘
nicotianefolium Mett. .
vulgare Fée.

Chrysopteris sporadocarpa Fé ée.

Craspedaria cardiophylla Fourn.
cordifolia Fée.
vacinnifolia F. & L.

Cuspidaria furcata Fée.

Cyathea aculeata Willd.
arborea (L.) Sz.
bicrenata Lieb.
grevilleana Matt.
schanschin Wart.

Cyclodium mentscioides Presl.

Cyclopeltis semicordata Sm.

Danea crispa £. & PR. .
elliptica Sm. .
media Lieb.
moritziana Presi.

Davallia inequalis Aze. 153, 209,
saccoloma Sfreng.

Dennstedtia ordinata Fourn.

Dicranoglossum furcata Willd. .

Dicksonia adiantoides H. B. K.
anthriscifolia Kaulf.
cicutaria S7wz.

var.

LS)
Oo 0
nb o-

to ey bv bv
2 8

ee
°
>

|

|

NICARAGUA.

221
Dicksonia dissecta Hk. 154
erosa Kze. . 153
obtusifolia Willd. 154
rubiginosa Kaz/f. 154, 209
| Dictyoxiphium panamense H&. 150
| Didymochlena lunulata Desv. 170
sinuosa Desy. SIs. LEO
| Didymoglossum krausit Presl.131, 211
laceralum Fée. 212
punctatum Presl . 212
reptans Presl. 212
sphenoides Presl. 212
var. genuina Fourn. 212
Difplazium plantagineum Swz. 162
shepherdt Sm. 164
striatum Presl. 164
sylvaticum Swz. . 163
Disphenia aculeuta Presl. . 166
Dryomenis purdiei Sm. - 184
Elaphoglossum scolopendrifolium
Rad. 2% $5.00 ae 185
Gleichenia :mmersa H. & G. 135
pubescens (#7. &. K.) H.
& G. « Se 8nr35; 209
Goniophiebium adnatum Kze. 198
loriceum L. ; 197
nertifolium Schk. 198
Gontopteris crenata Pres}. 183
megalodes Presl. 183
tetragona Swz. 183
Gymnogramma calomelanos (L. )
Kaulf. . 190, 209
var.tartarea (L.) B.
& Ch. oo On
iVexnos a (Zz B. K)
PesOF a ae 192, 209
incisa W.& L. IgI
lindigii JZe/z?. 192
peruviana Desv. 19
pumila Spreng. . 190
rufa (L.) Desv. 192
tartarea Desv. 120, I9I
var. ornithopteris
(K1.) Bak. 191
Gymnogramme palmata Link. 190
Gymnopteris aliena Swz. 188
wrregularis Fourn. . 188

Haflopteris lineata Sm.

222 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Flecistopteris pumila Sm.
Flemidictyum marginatum Pres).
FHlemiphlebium pusillum Swz. .
Hemionitis citrifolia (Z.) Hk. .
lanceolata L.
levyi Fourn. . Sab ies
palmatay/ een OO)
parasitica L. Sere:
Hemitelia grandifolia (W7ld.)
SV AACS <i hee Be ou nish
nigricans Presi,
Hymenophyllum ciliatum
Siza Cee wre ees LeS;
fucoides Szz.
jalapense Schl.

polyanthos Swz. . 127,:;

protrusum Hk.

valvatum, 7/7. & G.
Hymenostachys elegans Rudge.
Hypoderris aduata Fourn.

mar ginalis Fourn. .

seemanni Prent.
Hypolepis hostilis Pres/.

purdieana /ZA£. :

HeEpens,(/2.) Fores! rg,
Lastrea athyrioides Lieb. .

contermina Willd.

mexicana Hk. .

mexicana V.ieb.

semicordatam Presl.
Lecanium membranaceum

Pres) y akan oe ee 202

Lepicystis incana Swz. . :
Leptocyonium pedicellatum Kze. .
Lindsea panamensis Mett.

’

Lindsaya horizontalis 77k. 151,
lepriciriitalke see
trapeziformis Dry.151, 152,

Litobrochia biaurita Sin.
elata Sm. oan:

Lomaria onocleoides Spreng. .

Lomariopsis longifolia Sm.
sorbifolia Fée.
vestita Fourn.
wrightii Mett. ;

Lonchitis hirsuta... . 139,
repens L. >

Lopholepis ciliata Willd.

190
165
212
189
192

Lophosoria pruinata Pres}.
Loxogramme lanceolata Pres).
Lygodium commutatum Presi.
heterodoxum &ée. .
oligostachyum Desv. .
spectabile Lieb.
venustum Swz. 135, 210,
Marginaria incana Presl. .
piloselloides Pres}.
Marattia alata Sw. :
wetnmanniefolia Lieb.
Meniscium reticulatum (Z.)Szwz.
Mertensia farinosa Kaulf.
tomentosa Swz.
Microlepia ineqgualis Pres).
Monogramme immersa (fe)
EL eee
rostrata AZk.
Nephrodium chontalense
(Fourn.) Hemsl.
cicutarium (/25))
Bak... Go. | TSO
conterminum ( Willd.)
Desv. 120, 172,210; 2535
effusum (S7zwz.) Bak. . 175,
endresi Bak. . Ss
excultum Hk. .
falciculatum Desv.
harrisoni Bak.
hippocrepis Presl. :
karwinskyanum (J/e?t.)
BGR: Ont = i aNeaae
levyi (Fourn.) Bak.
macrophyllum (S wz.)
Bak: 22 8 LOS
mexicanum Presl. . 173,
molle Desy. :
panamense Presl. :
parasiticum (23) = rz.
patens (Swz.) Desv.
patulum Bak.
semicordatum Presl.
Skimmenig/és ssn ley
spherocarpum (/ée) FT.
var. glandulosum
Hk. > ee
sprengeli (Aaulf.) Hk.
stenophyllum Bak.

THE FERNS OF NICARAGUA.

Nephrodium triste (Aze.) Hk. .

villosum (Swz.) Presi.

Nephrolepis acuminata Presl. .

acuta (Schk.) Presl. .

171,

var. subferruginea

FLk.

cordifolia (Z.) Presi. .

pendula Fée.
punctulata Presl.
rufescens Presi.
tuberosa.Presl.
Neurogramme rufa Fourn.

pls

Neuromanes hedwigit V. den B.
Neurophyllum pinnatum Presl. .

Nothochlena brachypus Kze. .

squarrosa Fée.

Notholena brachypus ( ze.)
Sm. 120,
Oleandra nodosa Pret: L70,

Olfersia peltata Pres}.
Onoelea sorbifolium Swz.

Pella angustifolia (77. B. K.)

Bak.

Pheyopteris Eee (ne
var. megaloda(Schk.) 184

crenata (Swz.) Met. .
pyatetin <

decussata (L
divergens Fée.

183,
182,

draconoptera (#Laton)

Shim.

eff usa Swz.

martinicensis Petes n.

megalodus Mett. .

nicaraguensis Fourn. .
( Thunb.)
201525, 25O;

punctata
Mett.
rugulosa Fée. .

tetragona (Swz.) Mett. 183,

eatods

var. megaloda

(Schk.)
wagnert Mett.

Phlebodium areolatum Willd.
Phymatodes crassifolia Pres).

lycopodioides L.
percussa Cav. .
Pleopeltis auvea Presl. .
lycopodioides Presl. .
percussa Pres].
squamiulosa Presl.
Pleuridium crassifolium Li.
Polybotrya canaliculata K1.
osmundacea H. B. K.

180
180
171
210

171
210
171
171
172
171
192
134
212
194
194

194
210
187
186

I41
184

210
210

175

215
175
185
183
185

to
al

neriifolium Schkk.

223
Polypodium adnatum (Aze.)Hk. 198
androgynum Poir. . 183
angustifolium Sw. 200
var.ensifolium
( Willd.) Bak. 200
anisomeron Fée. . 205
appendiculatum Swz. 178
arboreum L. 166
areolatum H. B. K. 200
attenuatum ZH. B. K. : 204
aureum Z.. fh 200)
var. areolatum
(1. B. Kk.) Bak. 200
cespitosum Link. 202
cardiophyllum Presi. . 204
chnoodes Sfreng. . 205
ctcutarium L. . 178
ciliatum Willd. 197
coarctatum ze. 205
consimile Mett. 196
cordatum Desv. . 205
cordifolium Swz. 171
crassifoliume/2a., =) a 204
crenatum Swz. . . .183, 210
cultratum Wilid. 205
cuspidatum Pres}. fra 202
decussatum la. «.- . » 182,210
dilatum Lieb. 175
diver gens Se : 175
draconopterum Hk. .« 184
effusum Swz. . 175
elasticum Bory. 205
elasticum Ach. . 205
ensifolium Willd. 200
falcaria Kze. . 197
fasciale Willd. = 201%
friedrichsthalianum Aze. 205
gonatodes Kze. 197
incanum SWZ... . . .120,198
kuhnii Fourn. 205
letum Rad. 197
levigatum Cav. . 201
lanceolatum Z.. . 205
lapathifolium Swz. . 201
lepidopteris A7ze. 200
loriceum Z. 197
ly copodioides L. 203
var. salicifolium
Willd. : 204
macbridense Shim. 199
megalodus Schk. . 183

224 NATURAL
Polypodium of7tes L.

paradisee L. & F.

parasiticum L.

pectinatum ZL.

percussum Cav.

phyllitidis Z.. :

piloselloides var. ciliatum
(Willd.) Bak.
plesiosorum Aze.

plumula Willd. ‘

polypodioides (L.) Hitch.

pruinatum Bak. . E

puberulum Ch. & Schl.

punctatum Thunb. . 182,

repens L.

repens Mett.

reticulalum L.

rhodopleurum Fée. .

rugulosum Lab. .

semicordatum Swz. .

serrulatum Me?Zf.

sororium #7. B.K. .

sporadocarpum Willd. .

stigmaticum Presl. .

tentosum H. B. K. . ?

tetragonum Swz. 183,
var. megalodum

(Schk.) Bak. 183,

trichomanoides Szvz. .

trifoliatum I...

truncicola AZ.

vaccinifolium /. & ZL.

Pteris aculeata Swz. 139,
angustifolia Swz. ;

apicalis Lieb. .

Mo ywuilliine a5 so a 0 6
var. caudata(L.)HZk.
var.lanuginosa

(Bory.) Hk. .

aurita Bl. ;

biaurita L. 136

caudata L. . ;

decomposita Gaud.

edentula, Kze. :

elata Ag. 141,

furcata L. . :

galeotti Fée. ar ie

hirsuta (Z.) H&. . 139,

incisa Thunb. . 140,

laciniata Willd. 139,

lineata L. :

luschnathiana Bak. .

nemoralis Willd. . 136,

211

211
205
181
206
206
211
195
139
141
141

141
140

weasel

141
141
136
2071
196
136
Divi
21

211

195
140
211

HISTORY BULLETIN.

Pteris podophylla Swz. .
propinqua Ag.
pungens Willd. .
quadriaurita Retz. .

136,

var. biaurita (L.) B.

(e(OIE -

Pteropsis angustifolia Desy. .

Lehipidopteris peltata Swz.
Saccoloma elegans Kaulf.
Sagenia cicutaria Pres).
coadunata Moore.
Salpichlena volubile Sm.
Sitolobium adiantoides Sm.
rubiginosa Sm.

Tenitis angustifolia 7. Br. .

furcata (L.) Willd. .
Trichomanes alatum Szvz.

anceps Hk. .
ankersti Parker. .
brachypus Aze.
cavifolium C. Mill. .
crispum ZL.
daucoides Presi.
elegans fudge. .

132, 201,

133)

floribundum H. B. K. .

hookert V. den B.
tmeisum Kaulf.
krausii 7. & G. .
kunzeanum Ek.
leprieuri Kze.
membranaceum LZ.
mexicanum V.den B.
olivaceum Kze.

pinnatum Hledw. 134,
prieurii Aze. 134,
punctatum Porr. 129,
pusillum Swz. 130,
var. quercifolium
(1. & G.) Bak. F
pyxidiferum Z.. . 132,
quercifolium HH. & G. :
radicans H. & G. is 2
radicans Swz.. L325
reptans Swz. 129,
scandens L.
scandens L. ‘
sphenoides Kze. 130,

trichoideum Swz.
Vittaria costata Kze.

gardneriana Fee.

lineata (Z.) Szz.

., 129,201

Niphopteris serrulata Kaulf. .

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Hymenophyllum polyanthos Swz. p. 127.
Fig. 1. A sterile frond, with rootstock. X I.
Trichomanes membranaceum L. p. 129.
Fig. 2. A sterile frond, showing marginal scales. X I.
Fig. 3. A lobed fertilefrond. X 1.
Trichomanes punctatum Poir. p. 129.
Figs. 4-7. Fertile fronds, showing variation in division and in the
length of the stipe. xX 1.
Fig. 8. A sessile sterile frond. The marginal hairs are not shown. X 1.
Figs. 9-12. Pieces of rootstocks with fronds, showing variation in form,
size and division of the fronds, and in the length of the stipes. X 1°

Fig. 13. A stellate marginal hair. Magnified.
Fig. 14. A single involucre. Magnified.

PEATE:

; , |
“w ve “4 » - -— - : t
ms 4 b ~~
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‘ ~: = —— 7 =
mo a < ? as
. 4 - i G. 8 5 |
I | = 7
| e) ‘ ~~ a i = ’ s “
, ve ~ ,* - -%
’ d i =~ 4 — ‘ he
: Fe ‘ . : i. moo : / ; .
' : oe ae . ; |
o | 3 1% |
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3 rs ;
i ¥ a oe =
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j ps. me :
ig td — ° oe,
r a 4 oa)
“ + ~ ie
~~ os i Ps *
1 . 3 wi, : -
ee
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' ; , - > P
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b ss .
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os =

snotaivib

ah ies

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Trichomanes pusillum var. quercifolium (H. et G.) Bak. pe 130. :

Fig. 1. A fertile frond. <i ee;

Trichomanes bruchypus Kunze. p. 132. 6
Fig. 2. A fertile frond with piece of rootstock which is partly hidc en
by the lobe of the basal pinna. X 1. ey

Fig. 3 A fragment ofa pinna. X 2.
Trichomanes pyxidiferum L. p. 132.
Figs. 4-6. Fertile fronds, showing variation in form and division. __

PEALE a

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W102 ting silt to ono) oluaniq Slis7h) AC

Yo Pinas ads to noizivib -vomoiodoib 9dt yai

ay

aa

es EXPLANATION OF PuarteE III- : ioe

tae are \\ ee

Pose Trichomanes radicans Swz. p.132. peas
Fig. 1. A frond with fragment of rootstock. xX %. / ae
Fig. 2. A fertile pinna. X17 . bay

Fig. 3. A small fertile pinnule with two sori. Magnified. ;
| Lygodium venustum Swz. p. 135.

Fie. 4. Avfertile|seament. <a;

Fig. 5. A fertile pinnule (one of the pair constituting a pinna), show-

- ing the dichotomous division of the stalk of the pinna. x %.

PEALE allie

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Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Higa:

Fig. 4.

Bigy5:

Fig. 6.

EXPLANATION oF PLATE IV.

Pteris biaurita L. p. 136.
Three pinnules (or lobes), showing venation of typical diaurita.
X 2.
Two pinnules (or lobes) of the form gwadriaurita showing a
vein springing directly from the midrib of the pinna. X 2.

Two pinnules from the. same frond as fig. 2, showing typical
venation of guadriaurita. X 2.

A portion of a pinna of the pentagonal form, showing the vena-
tion of zemoralis. X 2.

A part of a pinna of nearly typical guadriaurita, showing a
broad base. 9x1.

A part of a pinna of the pentagonal (emoralis) form, showing

a tapering base. X I.

Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 5 represent specimens from Ometeépe, and figs. 4 and 6

from Castillo.

PLATE IV.

YU ETZEL
<< KOGA!

Rt y) nel, del,

SW os WY atatd a0 vorravasizal
- : 7

v nee

popt.gq .dandT wert zeit
-. Rasy ynivore Batig & WO wend sd) mor sluaniq buoose oT 4
-f ; ; sree Jo mon

the | xX .slunniqisesd A .c.

-Opin.g . fes1L astrieon + sAo\oty Vi

& x .slunniq slitast A .f 4
rt P :
Spl agp cles Sh (cL) amaton aiiloi T:.
cal ad sion shi A = colundiq olitast A. op gil
‘ or 2 - ]
Spig@ DUPE Admoryibo san Wont BR
f . i s * * if, >."
Aiwh) baoTh otenuty-es06. do sped sdi mottaminiq buosse sdT 3 pit .
vel Ss | & : x " 7 im
: ‘ : . bg fF ttenyy y
ingiatvib Te yoaignived sl) suiwona Wen wotto saniq thasd SdT (Oi 4t
Ps ‘
ek ns .
R , 5 . ry ‘
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ya ’ +, any 7
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.

Fig. 1.

Big. 2.

Fig. 3.

ic 4.

1A fs

Fig. 6.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Pteris incisa Thunb. p. 140.
The second pinnule from the base of a pinna, showing vena-
Ton. OSL.
A basal pinnule. X 1.
Hypolepis hostilis Presl. p. 142.
A fertile pinnule. X 2.
[ypolepis repens (L.) Presl. p. 142.
A fertile pinnule. A little more than X 2.
Adiantum obliquum Willd. p. 142.

The second pinna from the base of a once-pinnate frond (kaz/-

fuss), ~R

The basal pinna of kaulfussii snowing the beginning of division.

» Sie

Figs. 7-9. Pinnz from one frond showing an approach to the form

Fig. 10.

intermedium. Figs. 8 and 9 represent the two basal pinne. The
remaining pinne of this fond are undivided. X tr.

A piece of rootstock of the form intermedium, with bases of
fronds. 1.

Fig. 11. The obtuse tip of a pinna from the same frond as fig. 5. 1.

Figs. 5-11 represent specimens from the La Juana River.

BEATEN.

ie
mS
sb ta aia
yt
Ai “i i

APRS AG: MOITA 4 -T

‘ 4

ammbanreins lon 1oF 2u0sih!

s

i

Wron 2 ost bas, ollijenDmdrt en:

EXPLANATION OF PLaTE VI.

Adiantum obliquum Willd. p. 142.

Figs. 1,2. Basal pinne of kaulfusst. X 1.

Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Bi gas5.
Fig. 8.
Pigs) 1

Fig. 6.

Bee 7.

Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.

Basal pinna of the glaucous form of ¢ztermedium. XX 1.
Basal pinna of typical obliguum. X 1.
Basal pinna of the var. 8. X 1.
Part of rootstock of typical form. ee
to 4, and 8 represent specimens from Castillo, and fig. 5 from
Camp Menocal.
Adiantum trapeziforme L. p. 145.
A middle pinnule. X 1.

A terminal pinnule. X 1.

Adiantum tetraphyllum Willd. p. 146.
Basal pinnule. X 1.

Middle pinnule. X 1.

%

PLATE VI:

> oe yi
Gy UNA

|

i)

ys

Ae

WAM 1

1?

| ry t /
aiid *

10

4

ee

_ EXPLANATION oF PuaTE VII.

———— % ‘

Adiantum obliquum Willd, p. 142. we
Figs. 1-4. Successive stages between kaulfussi and intermedium.

¢

‘ ; Adiantum cristatum L. p. 146.
Fig. 5. A middle pinnule. X I.
Fig. 6. Basal half of a pinna. X 1. vale
Fig. 7. Thetipofapinna. X 1. ;

PLATE VII.

Hatin rel, ae

EXPLANATION OF PuaTE VIII.

Adiantum obliquum Willd. p. 142.

Figs. 1,2. Fronds of intermedium, forming a continuation of the ser
ie on PA cova, 5a eae woe

of the upper pinne. xX I.

PLATE VIII.

Heonyryel Gael,

t Sern2 soi mort sn

tr
iq alaarie Zo

*

-

JA IC

34

leend he

*
‘

bo"

r

ry |

ot :
- in
“ .

-—

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Adiantum macrophyllum Swz. p. 146.
A divided basal pinna. X tf.
A forked basal pinna from the same frond.

A simple pinna from the same frond. 1.

Adiantum platyphyllum Swz. p. 147.
A fertile pinna, the second from the base.

A basal pinna from a younger frond. X I.

'
Adiantum villosum L. p. 148.

Figs. 6-8. Middle pinnules. X 1.

Fig. 9.
Hig 10.
Bigs 11.

A basal pinnule. X I.
A terminal pinnule. X 1.

A part of rootstock. X I.

ae ©

x1.

PES TE Vix.

>

re:
—— SORE ~
\ TZ, < . -s

—————
— >
—S=

Ebi npmel. del. Rte

sf aotworraue
‘ Pat 43

ag

“Op. q ok ae we ~wobh a shu :
aren Fee Aa sang & Yo Usd faiand eat te @
Cpr io: A M. Ho wane asaienitioh. =a ee

‘ asd

} Milt i tis -paprst bin sosie 2norsy to edinanirged A=s,.2ui4
ag

=e q (Wwe wud ewanilbhs ieee,
- z P-
- aK“ migseng 398 stint QO. % agit 5 ee ae.
, dal Kyl notte Slinade / Nees or. 1. a . abs
. ¢ er 8 JooH pineal Tet wumolg’s suntpinnte ic oe =
ae aes al ee
7 cae phoiG Shitt sh S. SUR tic § oD
=) .Eatoy} Dee plinete iaisi¥s ec 3 fi,
ay, art [- aes ty avo] ae oo, avi, AY
ie. aS e-Bet Ain gat nite ofl nooks A SEI ght: he +e

a ae ET a! oirigy adbvor boot? olinde IS tig Po gid is
~ ‘ asitnt out bowser caoinna, voor , brivsi atinga tle 6a Bo Ee» eee

Faye V = boittngn Ms Bylo ni i |
tei Bhiwoue Jaro ole ota AS 81 ail :

et ata :

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Adiantum pulverulentum L. p. 148.
Fig. 1. The basal half of a pinna. x 1.

Adiantum concinnum H. B. K. p- 149.
Figs. 2-7. Segments of various sizes and forms. X I.
Adiantum tenerum Swz. p. 149.
Figs. 8,9. Fertile segments. X 1.
Higo10, A’ sterile segment... < 1:

Adiantum dolosum var. wilsoni (Hook.) Bak. p. 149. ,
Bigs. Astertile pinnaye ere
Fig. 12. A young, sterile, simple frond. x 3.
Dictyoxiphium panamense Hook. p. 150.
Fig. 13. A scale from the stipe. Magnified.
Fig. 14. A part of sterile frond, showing venation, X 1. _
Fig.15. A part of fertile frond, showing venation, fruit, and the inner
involucre. Magnified.

Fig. 16. <A part of fertile frond, showing interrupted sori. X 1.

PLATE:

\
v
YR

SSS
\

Y

—

Wi
rl 4 a
y hi Y, Ys
4, YG
YY
} I Z

oo

EE i
|
———
Za

a
\ <f 4
~ Br Z G4
SSS SSS \H oS ' GZ,
» SS veh} AS /,
= SS LY \ YZ,
———— — RY \) Vf"
——— Mfg
—— = :
—— fa

Nd j »! he Ae
mek be PR hit 3
be ea 7,56
od .

TY AOSKOITAZAISEA
: ,

ZO Bir Parag: VTC aye snd we

} 5 7) < 4

ez bail 8 -OaT! 25038 A) “Bhoxt bsArot y. to freq rWligete, aT

-( SIT OIG BLOOD
Neoig-59n0 jocshgia finest

:
Sao) sce to RO MAslbbiM

> a 4
“te : ee aaa |

sony -

Ut
Ve

ax. bite bngoqmos mo sijunsiq [sear

b)

‘bao7t- sins mold S:anig brervogimos to 2qi
~-. ~

SMa AGH eAathosrs0d viene Be’

Y SSW capes ‘ ‘ ; - as
nity toby beavogitios si ssizoqggo Mi -avidw sonig fiagd Sd Tl, .) yore
=

Big i.

Fig. 2.
Bigs 3:
Fig. 4.

BS 5:

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

Lindsaya trapeziformis Dry. p. 15%.
The smaller part of a forked frond. (Rather like a large
compound pinna). X I.
Basal pinna of once-pinnate frond. % I.
Middle pinna of same frond. X 1.
The basal pinna which is opposite the compound part (pinna) in
few. <iTs

A basal pianule from compound frond. X lt.

Figs. 6,7. Tips of compound pinne from same frond. X I.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
LEER ati

Bie r12.

Lindsaya horizontalis Hook. p. 152.
A pinna. X I.
Tip of pinna. X I.
Basal pinnule. X 1.
Middle pinnule. X 1.
Davallia saccoioma Spreng. p. 152.

Tip of pinna. X I.

Bie G cee. 6b

AN
eae | | IZ

\
\ \
VV \L AALS

y i= 4
YS Cg j S
/ Ss d e. wy :
et ae = : in ) . ‘iin —— H \ .
p Wee i p) fa ~ = : A.
bs. / y PAG crow Ue } J \ AAS = =, | .
4 >) fi any ‘>. q b on - ~ =~ > Z \
f fo j meee - ny LO —— AN}, =
“> 2 ite A) : SR. c YS :
age || 4 Ss Nits . YY = ath
; | Y .. S = AN
: 2 , | SY x
f / + ‘ ¥ : ‘ : .
Re ih : 3
LIPLS c = f 6s ‘2, y
Og ae \ aad S $ ; ‘i

ony cpanel ys
» / I:
if
A
Me)
‘

$e nyryel, del. e

mh

cS

— Np ATX araad a0; vorranaaizd

. <E91gGe pwigloooe 9 aah \sy

!

aivib bia mbt -ni_soahiey gniwode ans

al
a

-boitiawelM
Mtg on 71 vile) alin

Xx 5 aagiqiogs

; iho, slumnsy

£21.¢ 28 10 1 cabioldni Bo sisi)
Wrst 3 £6 }
(Mega fi nonsitny gaiwode Drpit saine ot wher asladntd
' $21 -G = Jos weowmriwy minced

(22001 WASTES entingo da ,ASoigido1, to Jing

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

Davallia saccoloma Spreng. p. 152. Be

Figs. 1-3. Bases of pinne, showing variation in form and division.

ey Fig. 4. Part of pinna. Magnified.
rae e Davallia inequalis Kze. p. 153.
® Fig.5. Tip ofpinna. X I.
Fig.6. Apinnule. X 1. es EN
Dicksonia adiantoides H. B. K. p. 153- 3 ‘tas ene
Figs. 7, 8. Pinnules from the same frond showing variation in apex. x ae one
Dicksonia rubiginosa Kaulf. p. 154- : Re xe
Fig. 9. Upper part of rootstock, showing leaf-scars, roots and spines. ee

x ss ; % tne

PLATE XII.

\ \

\\

ATTY

cat
Y araad ao worravsaizik

“
:
7

ae

: N
" =
© See
‘- ,
~ - —
. .
.
‘ - -
bat .
$ x
~ ¢
~< a ~~
Ns p> ¥
. ¢
‘ -
— G ~~
o — iW
2
- ae ot
m
m
Y
F 7s

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.

- Dicksonia rubiginosa Kaulf. p. 154. .
4 Fig. 1. A basal pinnule, with part of main rachis. XK I. - 4
Fig. 2. A division of asegment. Magnified.

Blechnum longifolium A. Bs, I. | a TRS.
Fig. 3. - A fertiletiroud, 3x-1. ;

Fig. 4. A pinna, showing venation under sorus. X 2.

Asplenium alatum H. B. K. p. 157.

By Pagid. ce pienas. > te
4 Fig.6. A pinna.- Xu
Fig. 7. Tip of the same frond as fig.6. X 1.

J Asplenium lunulatum var, proliferum (Swz.) Mett. p.158. _
peer fi. Fig.8. Tipofafrond. x 1.

.

PLATE XIII.

Shiny

—ehe

teak

Sil X < ;
=,
ipo.

Liki lth tL ted

mpmpel act

3h
:

yes”

Sst Seay

tet ie Y my Bats et bea
-igiee: phe ay? nl nolsnine % Aoiwode pseratt cm oe

a

ad Ae 4 19 a Bey, guntnstae

: noiisiey inlyeae brow oetpid ae mort Se

+ ei oa q xwe, onions 9 NTE alge.

2

B.dtod Satie ¥ pa sot ni aolssiighilwrada.piitalt. 8 a.

Ne iat ee : re % LP ® Layee S18.

ay q puiw Awnzoitien\ sorta .
* ie ee “aX Ps eas wont brows #10 sie AL we

or BT feat

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

Asplenum lunulatum var. proliferum (Swz.) Mett. p. 158.

Fig. 1. One side of basal half of frond. X 1.
Asplenium cultrifolium L. p. 159

Figs. 2-4. Pinne, showing variation in form and margin. X I.
Asplenium serra L. et F. p. 159.

Figs. 5,6. Pinnz from the same frond, showing variation in base. X I.
Asplenium auritum Swz, p. 159.

Figs. 7,8. Pinna, showing variation in form and margin. Both figures

are inverted. 1.

Asplenium formosum Willd. p. 160.

Fig. 9. <A part of a frond from Ometépe. X 1.

Fig. 10. A part of a frond from the Los Sabalos River. X lt.

PLATE XIV.

M4 S
SQA NY
~\

SAAN RE
SX

\

\

QQ

w

.
7

< ’ - f x ‘ .
Lh al i 4 Me Ms = Oo . : : ,
. « E- 3 : e a
: r - . ‘ ar -
“ - s
“ : ce
¢ ray « - - _ ne 4
an” i t 4% a. a4 2 ’ “
. & <] - of Z 3
4 > ~ - o S
t " 4 2 a ¢ ‘ i ch I~;
» | - Bom! ah SS 4
tiem | =) ’ a ie \
n ~ « ‘ ’ J - ag i ;
: 2) : wg = PY . ~N fae n ,
ws ~ ‘ a v
. ron | oo y tn AS 5 ss
Ml ‘ : 5 5 — — 4 +
8 : = = ‘to Ww oe
1 ) 7 4 . a 4 i
e. 7} “ y ~ 4 Oo —
. Z 4 tO) - o =. >;
») i J wy ‘ — us
- a ive) - i he, Ne
a “
+ % - - co
t r ~
} - Cee £ ~ ne 5
t A a on “f
I | y . v a >] a=,
oe ‘ Me - oO
Soe Cor “
7 S py i
/ v ? * “
» : - 1
, A
= * ’ Q ‘
, rad — P
, ~ > -~ s
: y ‘ ' _

Ly tet boat 2
——< hee be
je r =

ed ,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.

Asplenium letum Swz. p. 160.

Fig. 1. Basal part of frond, showing lobed pinne. X I.

Fig. 2. A pinna.

ae

Figs. 3,4. Pinne from one frond. X 1.

Fig. 5. Pinne from small frond, X 1.

Asplenium celtidifolium Kze. p. 162.

Fig. 6. A pinna.

The sori are all distinctly diplazioid.

Asplenium sylvaticum Presl. p. 163.

Fig. 7. A pinna.

The sori all diplazioid. X 1.

Rie ol ae

PLATE XV.

Ki | y
\ ak \\\ 2 \
VOT art ¢ Vn

SK) \

et nD el. del.

" > hat ie -
" Win : } 7 . J fs : 4
Ma heat o< ‘ > ‘ .

- el gtk » ‘ 22 ; j - 2 ca ;

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.
Asflenium sylvaticum Presl. p 163.
Figs. 1,2. Pinnz, showing variation in margin. XI. ‘

eens See Spreng. p. 164.

midrib, x1:

Asplenium radicans Schk. p. 164.

‘Fig. 5. Pinna. None of the sori diplazioid. X 1.
Fig. 6. Pinna. Some of the sori diplazioid. X 1.

PLATE XVI.

Q WAIN NYS

WS NA,
= it ff By 7)

: YU ANG RNY 7s
SW),
=,

TSS

ane

!

TM

bbb

", y i v

Yi U,

—

eo

c z
Il TK arasd to POTAY ALIA

aot
a, 4 aay tg ean pile \yha voles A
sito oni Cle u sim ixoe ofT -emig asdol owT

8 ~
>, ; ¢ «:bsx anAITE

Tox -q test. asmcrie wh Nuasii

—

“gifoes yabbrasse boxaniw diiw ~2siuagig to mikq ow T

aS ral

ie Ss . 1X “eluadtiqasgial A

831 “4 P| ooH 2shien py yok x } Vrhaer\t ‘
i-<@ altoet.ylsceto s93iq diiw anniq A

2td38t 901 mol

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Big, 2:

Bigs 4s
Big. 5.

Fig. 6.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.

Hemitelia grandifolia (Willd.) Spreng. p. 167.
Two lobes of a pinna. The sori are usually more regularly
arranged. X I.
Hemitelia nigricans Presl. p. 167.
Two pairs of pinnules, with winged secondary rachis. XX I.
A larger pinnule. X 1. ;
Alsophila phegopteroides Hook. p. 168.
A pinna with piece of scaly rachis.
A scale from the rachis. Magnified.
Alsophila infesta Kze. p. 168.
Two pinne showing the abrupt change from twice-pinnate to

once-pinnate division toward the apex of the frond. X 1.

PLATE XVII.

Rh MA He L GEer

; sys) 1 pug 16 j asyulowny, ad : 4 at

eager ee eT * eo eee. i *

a aA i ‘ ao)

aero — Boridive.’, miienbat a — alt Mb Ka
Tue ek, 4, -baititngal. fg Oe ¢
ib Ss bg Sera ama
desad AER MNO EM Re noc a Pa a om $
“f TE:
he

. nent abie tabsord watt .nanig atfygte k F ‘s
q tool: 1%) iospmoortoiaye sa nthva? CR i hi Rae OR Et ae a
seotiasqqu obit Asbnord bat. enttiq stint ae. Tae r-

Pht Mie fs _ &

eC a vate, 113145 i iaeton heioe nh Wet Ho" qs in
fx pithy ai japan sdol wesgrel sat ‘start
fe iia: ity oan \baaaitio cada, Stive ulapbni tae
. ants yy io <¢ xiv) warns noniboaathh +
soma ei pend 16 sdol Toegnat eit, Jasttiges ki.
Ss vite 2 as 8 df ps a) ae be e
“att q “dori

ane

aking

Pr

> Ae A os Pe Siiigion’ ‘ion ba a4.
i. £¢ a re in
ati isin om goawiad bie Yo awe ee

Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

Fig

Fig.
Fig.

10.

Il.

12.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.

Hypoderris seemanni Prent. p. 169.
Two lobes from the terminal division ofa fertile frond. X 1.
An involucre, with sporangia removed, showing the ciliated
lobes. ‘The upper, or open, part of the involucre is next to the
margin of the frond in both figs. 2 and 3. Magnified.
An involucre of one large scale. Magnified.
Nephrodium conterminum (Willd.) Desv. p. 172.
An indusium, with a few sporangia adhering to the margin.
Magnified.
Nephrodium mexicanum Presl. p.173.
A sterile pinna. The broader side uppermost. X lt.
Nephrodium spherocarpum (Fée) Hook. p. 174.
A fertile pinna. The broader side uppermost. X 1.
Nephrodium karwinskyanum (Mett.) Bak. p.174.
A pinnule. The largest lobe at base is uppermost. X I.
An indusium, with slightly ciliated margin. Magnified.
Nephrodium effusum (Swz.) Bak. p. 175.
A segment. The largest lobe at base is uppermost. Compare
Wit nadie sie eM Ds
Nephrodium parasiticum (L.) Shimek. p. 176.
Indusium with long-ciliated margin. Magnified.
Nephrodium endresi Bak. p. 177-
Frond with rootstock. XI.

Part of frond between two main ribs. X 2.

PLATE: XVII:

S

CS
aS

Ves
Ln Vee eee
Ag

fl Oe

Oil 490)

Fig.
Fig.

Big.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

SS

10.

II.

12.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.

Phegopteris punctata(Thunb.) Mett. p. 182. .
The basal segment of the pinnule. The figure does not show
the resin dots and lines on the veins. Magnified.

Two scales from the base of the stipe. xX 3%
Phegopteris tetragona var. megaloda (Schk.).—p. 183.
Two lobes of pinna of a La Juana specimen. X 1.
Two lobes of pinna of a Castillo specimen. X 1.
Phegopteris draconoptera (Eaton) Shimek. p. 184.
One-half the frond, with rootstock. x ¥.
A part of a lobe (or pinna) between two main veins, showing
venation and sori. X I.

Acrostichum tatei Bak. p. 185.

A medium-sized sterile frond. The enlargements at the ends
of the veins are represented somewhat too large. X 1.
A fertile frond. The margin is sterile. X 1. i

Acrostichum scolopendrifolium Raddi, p. 185.

A part of sterile frond, showing midrib, venation, and hairy

margin. X I.
A marginal scale. The basal part is cup-shaped., Magnified.

Acrostichum osmundaceum (H. B. K.) Hook. p. 186.
A fertile pinnule. X 1.

Acrostichum canaliculatum (Klotzsch) Hook. p. 187.
A fertile pinnule. SK AD

REAGE XX.

SBr nD nyel, del,

KC:
Ea a
ATA 4. 0.

ad 7
stodH | 4 a 4B. i) seerronts Aer seek
as 2 ae Be P=6 | “
: polit ania slirste A
A

+. Dat B | a3
tion’ oct soqisa a ae : aaa af ae

rat Vsssbiactd ar

Wine.

xonh lye aiyroda afte ey 6.to- ait:

“es

S16 1 ak boteszay: qa sd Biuod, ssnlwueodt
AOE wt Hastid aomndietonn veayshn

Ate Hiss je batios sie an Ww a - .21oer mo’

1% santé 1wivo! sbaey}
1 X «ndittgsiion o¢ OTtwebLord sii) ia aserrtic
ay, <: soe TN Sin : 1° ubadont sli 1151 5h to }

4a),

200.0". 8, sua bognsn Read!

enisy Ginu! owl psswisd Bool

-kDS iS
: whe

2His 7 -nipm ow

ro¥ seeming $

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.

Acrostichum osmundaceum (H. B. K.) Hook. p. 186.
Pig. 1. Avsterile pinnule: x i:
Acrostichum canaliculatum (Klotzsch) Hook, p. 187.
Fig. 2. A sterile pinnule. > Galin
Gymnogramma incisa M. et L. p. 191.
Fig. 3. One-half of a fertile frond. The base of the stipe, and the root-
stock should be represented as decidedly scaly. x 1.
Fig. 4. The basal pinna of the broadest form. X 1.
Fig. 5. The tip of a pinnule, showing margin, apex, venation and sori.
The surface should be represented as more hairy. Magnified-

Polypodium macbridense Shimek. p. 199.

Fig.6. Scale from rachis. It was attached at the dark area. Magnified.
Fig. 7. Tip of a frond, lower surface. X 1.

Fig. 8. Two pairs of pinne of the broadest frond in the collection, X 1.
Fig.9. One-half of a fertile frond. X 1.

Polypodium levigatum Cay. p. 201.
Fig. 10. Part of frond between two main veins. X 2.
Polypodium repens L. pp. 201.

Fig. 11. Part of frond between two main veins. X 2.

Polypodium phyliitidis L. pp. 202.
Fig. 12. Part of frond between two main veins, from the narrow form.
The venation is typical. X 2.
Fig.13. Similar portion of the broad form from Castillo. The venation
is peculiar, there being three rows of areola between the main
veins. X 2.
Polypodium sororium H. B. K. p. 196.
Fig.14. A pinna. The figure is inverted. X 1.

Polypodium loriceum L. p. 197.

Fig 15. A pinna of the smooth blunt form from X 1.
Fig 16. A pinna of the hairy acute form from X I.

Danea crispa E. et R. p. 206.

Fig. 17. Two pairs of pinne and part of the winged rachis of a sterile
ond: =< 1:

PLATE XX.

SS

bia
ee

«Apt
3)

PRICE, FIFTY CENTS.
Vou. IV.

BULLETIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.

I. REPORT ON THE ACTINIARIA COLLECTED
‘BY THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA, 1893,
J. PLayrair McMurricH

Il, THE BRACHYURA OF THE BIOLOGICAL EX-
PEDITION TO THE FLORIDA KEYS AND
THE BAHAMAS IN 1893, . . . . . . Mary J. RaTHBUN

lil, THE BEETLES OF SOUTHERN ARIZONA,
H. F. WickHAM

PUBLISHED

BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS.

IOWA CITY, IOWA:
JUNE, 1898.

Vou, IV. INO. 3.

ECE PIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL, HISTORY

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.

PUBLISHED

BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS.

IOWA CITY, IOWA:
JUNE, 1898.

Secretary Won. J. Happock:

We take pleasure in submitting herewith Bulletin No. 3,
of Volume IV, from the Laboratories of Natural History, of
the State University of Iowa.

Tue EpITors.

REPORT ON THE ACTINIARIA COLLECTED BY THE
BAHAMA EXPEDITION OF THE STATE UNI-
VERSITY OF IOWA, 1893.

By Dr. J. PLAYFAIR McMURRICH.

Tue chief interest of this collection, the examination of
which I undertook at the request of Professor Nutting, lies in
the number of deep water forms which it contains. Certain
of these have been previously described, and I have been able
to add to the earlier descriptions of these additional facts which,
it is hoped, will render them more complete; but besides these,
a number of apparently undescribed forms were found, some
of which possessed considerable interest.

The littoral forms were not as abundantly represented as I
had expected, but I found especial interest in a species of
Adamsia, the study of which seemed to clear up the synonomy
of the described American species of that group. My friend,
Mr. J. E. Duerden, Curator of the Museum of the Institute of
Jamaica has kindly answered many inquiries concerning some
of these littoral forms and has sent me specimens for compari-
son; for these kindnesses I am under great obligations and it
gives me much pleasure to make public acknowledgment of
my indebtedness.

ORDER HEXACTINIA.

SUB-ORDER ACTININA.

FAMILY ANTHEOMORPHIDE Aertwig, 1882.

This family was established by Richard Hertwig (’82) for
a form, Axtheomorphe elegans, obtained by the Challenger

Ue V 225

226 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

expedition. Two other species, Porponia elongata and P.
robusta, were also doubtfully referred to it, and later, in a sup-
plementary report(’88), a third genus //yanthopsis was added.
The distinguishing characteristics of the family as given by
Hertwig were the “slightly developed muscular system; long,
slightly contractile tentacles, without any circular muscles
(tentacles consequently non-retractile); reproductive organs
present on all the septa; numerous complete septa; accessory
tentacles wanting.” It is to be noted, however, that none of
the species referred to the family by Hertwig were suitably
preserved for an exhaustive study, and some uncertainty exists
as to the structure and arrangement of the mesenteries in all
of them. Furthermore, if Porponza elongata is to be retained
in the family it will be necessary to modify the definition as
regards the distribution of the reproductive organs on all the
mesenteries, since in the species mentioned imperfect non-
gonophoric mesenteries occur.

In the collection made by the United States Fish Commis-
sion Steamer Albatross, I found a form which in my report
(93) [named Halcurias pilatus, referring it, chiefly on account
of the arrangement of its mesenteries, to the family Halcam-
pide. Carlgren (’93) has, however, shown that in two typical
species of the genus Halcampa the sphincter muscle is meso-
gloeal and this added to the fact that Halcurias possesses an
adherent base makes it advisable to remove it from the Hal-
campide. It seems to me that by modifying slightly the
definition of the family Antheomorphide a place may be found
for it in that group, in fact I was inclined at first to associate
it with Porponia and was only deterred from doing so by the
simplicity of the arrangement of its mesenteries. I would
suggest as a definition of the Antheomorphide the following:

Actininze with an adherent base; column smooth; tentacles
simple, long or moderately so, conical or digitiform; sphincter
muscle and acrorhagi wanting; no cinclides or acontia; no
conchula; mesenteries all or nearly all perfect, all (?) the per-
fect ones gonophoric.

As Hertwig has pointed out the chief difference between

REPORT ON ACTINIARIA. 227

the Antheomorphidz and the Antheadz lies in that in the
former there is no sphincter muscle while in the latter it is
present but feebly developed. Whether this is sufficient to
recognize them as distinct families remains to be seen.

Genus HALCURIAS McMurrich, 1893.

In my original definition of this genus I laid stress on the
fact that four pairs of mesenteries were less developed than
the other six; this difference is by no means evident in the
specimens I have found in the present collection and is prob-
ably due to the stage of development of the individual. It
will be necessary accordingly to slightly modify the original
definition, so that it may read thus:

Antheomorphide with tentacles only moderately long and
conical; with ten pairs of mesenteries all of which are perfect
and provided with well developed muscle pennons.

1. Haucurias PrLatus McMurrich, 1893.

Station No. 29. Sand Key light bearing N. about 6 miles;
116 fathoms; 5 specimens.

Station No. 64. American Shoal light bearing N. by W.
about 8 miles; 110 fathoms; I specimen.

This species I originally described (’93) from specimens
collected by the United States Fish Commission in lat. 48°
09’ S.; long. 74° 36’ W., at a depth of 449 fathoms. The
external appearance of the specimens in the present collection
is somewhat different from that shown by the Fish Commis-
sion specimens and it was only when I came to study the
anatomy that the identity became evident. The differences
are, however, probably due to the methods of preservation;
in the present specimens the column is more cylindrical and
longer in proportion to its breadth and the color of the speci-
mens is a creamy white, the Fish Commission specimens
being of a dirty brownish color with indistinct indications of
darker longitudinal bands. This difference in color may be

Iv—3 V2

228 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

due to the almost complete loss of the ectoderm in the Iowa
University specimens, the white mesogloea being exposed.

The base in both sets of specimens is slightly less in diameter
than the column and appears to have been but feebly adher-
ent. Its diameter in the specimens from Station 29 was I-1.5
cm., the height of the column in the same specimens varying
from 1.5 cm. to 2.5 cm. The single specimen from station
64 had, however, much greater dimensions, its base measur-
ing nearly 2 cm. in diameter while the height of its column
was 4cm. A figure of this specimen of about natural size is
given im Pla, Figo.

As a supplement to the original description I give a couple
of figures from the present specimens. PI. 1, Fig. 2 shows
the absence of a sphincter muscle and also the sudden cessa-
tion of the thickness of the column mesoglcea just at the bases
of the tentacles, a distinct parapet being thus formed. The
nematocysts found in the ectoderm of the Fish Commission
specimens could be seen in the present forms in the few
patches of ectoderm which persisted and seemed to be espe-
cially abundant at the edge of the parapet. The ectodermal
musculature of the column was also visible, though with con-
siderable indistinctness owing to the extensive maceration which
all the specimens had suffered. The tentacles in the speci-
mens from Station 29 seemed to be about forty to forty-five
in number, but in the large specimen I counted fifty-four and,
allowing for a portion of the margin which was injured, the
total number must have been over sixty.

The preparation from which Fig. 3 was drawn.was a trans-
verse section through the upper part of the column of one of
the smaller specimens from Station 29, and is given for compar-
ison with Fig. 14, Pl. xx1 of my Fish Commission report (’93).
The general structure of the mesenteries and their muscula-
ture were the same as in the Fish Commission specimens, al-
lowance being made for the difference in size and probably
therefore of age of the two examples. Ten pairs of mesen-
teries were present, but, although some of the mesenteries
were smaller than others, I could not make out any definite

REPORT ON ACTINIARIA. 229

arrangement of the large and small mesenteries. I cannot
make any statement as to the arrangement of the reproduc-
tive organs since only a few scattered ova were to be found in
the specimens examined. The mesoglceal ridges of the sto-
matodzum in the present specimens were much stouter than
in the Fish Commission examples, though of the same general
form. There were from twelve to fourteen of these ridges
in the Station 29 specimens and about twenty in the large speci-
men from Station 64. Only one siphonoglyph was well marked,
although there were two pairs of directives.

The structural differences between the West Indian speci-
mens and those collected by the Fish Commission are but
small and do not seem to warrant the establishment of a new
species. They are in all probability referable partly to the
method of preservation and partly to age.

A word may possibly be in order as to the suggestion of
Carlgren (’93) that this form should be referred to his order
Protanthez. I must dissent from such an arrangement, as I do
not think that the order can stand, based as it is solely on the
occurrence of an ectodermal musculature in the column wall.
It is true that this characteristic may be regarded in one sense
as primitive, but it is a long journey back from the Hexactiniz
to the Scyphistoma to find the origin of it. It seems to me
much more probably a sporadic resurrection of an ancestral
characteristic and that it has little phylogenetic significance.
The acceptance of it as of classificatory importance will lead to
the association of forms which in other respects appear to
have widely different affinities, ¢. g., Gonactinia with Coral-
limorphus (?) and the form described by Hertwig (’88) as
Corynactis sp.? I believe the development of the mesenteries
to be a much more reliable phylogenetic character and I see
no reason for the obliteration of the order Protactinia which
is based on this feature. It may be noted that this order is
much more comprehensive than Carlgren’s Protanthez, and
in view of our present more complete knowledge of the forms
in the past associated in the family Halcampide, I would even
suggest the propriety of increasing its comprehensiveness by

230 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

including many of these within it. This is an idea which,
however, will require considerable discussion hardly appropri-
ate to this report, and I must defer a consideration of it to a
future occasion.

FAMILY ANTHEAD Hertwig, 1888.

2. CONDYLACTIS PASSIFLORA Duch. & Mich., 1866.
The Dry Tortugas; 1 specimen.

There was no room for doubt as to the identification of this
specimen and as the species had already been studied (Mc-
Murrich, *89) I did not think it necessary to mutilate the
single example of it in the collection.

FAMILY BOLOCERIDA! McMurrich, 1803.

3. BoLOcERA POLLENS sp. nov.

Station No. 64. American Shoal light bearing N. by W.
about 8 miles; 110 fathoms; I specimen.

The single specimen which I regard as the type of a new
species of Bolocera was obtained at the same station as the
large specimen of Halcurias. It was badly distorted and
rather poorly preserved and I contented myself with cutting
out a small portion of the margin for an examination of the
sphincter and with removing some of the tentacles for a study
of their sphincters. The results of this partial examination
were, however, so decisive that I think there can be no doubt
but that we have to do with an undescribed species.

In its general appearance the specimen resembled greatly
B. pannosa which I described for the Albatross collection
(McMurrich, ’93), having the same flaccid tentacles and
being approximately of the same size. On account of the
distortion which the specimen had suffered it was ditlicult to
obtain exact dimensions, but the base measured about 2.8 cm.
in diameter and the column about 1.2 cm. in height. The lower
portion of the column was smooth or shows only fine longi-
tudinal lines due to contraction, but the upper part for a dis-

REPORT ON. ACTINIARIA. 234

tance of about 0.5 cm. from the margin had a very irregular
surface, appearing as if verrucose, though it is impossible on
account of the poor preservation to say that verruce were
actually present. The sphincter was remarkably strong, more
so than in any of the hitherto described species of Bolocera,
and consisted of a median axis provided with very numerous
lateral lamelle arranged pinnately (Fig. 4).

The tentacles were about 1.6 cm. in length and, as is usual
in the Boloceride, were attached to the disk by a narrow
neck, beyond which they suddenly enlarged to a somewhat
bulbous form, tapering off distally to a more slender portion.
The longitudinal ridges with which they were provided were
very numerous and low, so that they were evident only on
close scrutiny. The only trace of color persisting in the speci-
men was found in the tentacles, which, especially in the bul-
bous portion, were of a brownish purple color. The sphincter
of the tentacles, which occurs just distal to the narrow neck,
was thickened at its free edge, where it bore muscle processes,
one of which, with lateral secondary processes, was especially
long and projected into the lumen of the tentacle towards its
apex. This process, however, did not seem to be equally
developed all around the sphincter fold, sections which passed
through the axis of the tentacle showing it in some cases only
on one side (Fig. 5).

In most of the species of Bolocera which have been studied
anatomically the sphincter is of the diffuse endodermal type.
This is the case with B brevicornzs and B. longicornis where
it is typically diffuse; and in B. occidua and B. kerguelensis,
in which, however, there is an indication of circumscription in
that in the upper portion of the muscle there is a strong meso-
gloeal process which bears secondary pinnately arranged pro-
cesses, the whole not projecting, however, much beyond the
general mass of the sphincter.’ In 4. Zannosa this upper pro-

1 Practically the same arrangement I have found in forms from the east
coast ot North America identified by Verrill (’73, 83, etc.) with B. tuedie
(Johnston) Gosse. This identification is, however, open to question until

the anatomical characteristics of the European and American forms have
been compared.

232 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

cess of the sphincter becomes of greater importance compared
with the remaining processes, forming a condition which leads,
through Lifonema multrporum (Hertwig, ’82 and ’88), which
I have elsewhere (’93) shown to be almost certainly a Bolo-
cera, to the typically circumscribed sphincter of B. follens.

The occurrence of such a sphincter is of importance in deter-
mining the family affinities of Bolocera. As is well known,
Gosse in establishing the genus, assigned it to the family
Bunodide and succeeding authors followed his example until
1891 when Carlgren, relying on the nature of the sphincter of
B. longicornis, transferred the genus to the Antheade. In
1893 I proposed the establishment of the family Boloceride, a
step which received the approbation of Carlgren (’93).
Recently, however, objections have been made to this family
by Kwietniewski (’96), who prefers to retain the genus among —
the Antheade. The occurence of the remarkably circum-
scribed sphincter of B. fol/ens renders this position untenable,
and the diffuse sphincter of B. drevicornzs and B. longicornis
excluding the genus from the Bunodide, the recognition of a
special family for it seems to be necessary.

BA Miley, «Pre LUA TIA.

4. ASTERACTIS EXPANSA Duerden
Bahia Honda, Cuba; 26 specimens.

A description of this species has been written by my friend,
Mr. Duerden, and wili shortly be published with the necessary
figures. Mr. Duerden has kindly allowed me to see his manu-
script and has also sent me specimens for comparision with
those in this collection; there can be no question as to the
identity of the forms I have examined with those from Jamaica.

Mr. Duerden considers the species a new one and refers it
to the genus Asteractis established by Verrill (768). Accord-
ing to Verrill’s definition the absence of verruce is one of the
characteristics of this genus, and if this portion of the defini-
tion is to be retained the present species cannot be considered
an Asteractis, even though the fronds, as in A. dradleyz, are

REPORT ON ACTINIARIA. 233

arranged in cycles of different orders, those corresponding to
the primary tentacles being the largest. Whether this arrange-
ment of the fronds isa matter fer generic distinction seems to
me, however, exceedingly doubtful; in an earlier paper (’89)
I accepted it as such, but the opportunities I have since had
for studying members of the family Phyllactide have led me
to modify my opinion in this respect. It seems to me that
the shape and structure of the fronds is a more substantial
feature for generic distinction than mere differences in the
development of the primary, secondary and other cycles, and I
cannot see that the structure of the fronds of the present
species differs sufficiently from what occurs in Oulactis to
warrant its separation from that genus. Whether the fronds
of A. bradleyz differ sufficiently from those of Oulactis to
warrant a new genus must remain a question until opportunity
is afforded for a renewed study of this form; judging from
Verrill’s description they may be.

I am also in doubt as to the propriety of considering this a
new species. Mr. Duerden has had opportunities for studying
living specimens, and his judgment is accordingly worthy of
great consideration, and I would merely suggest a possibility
which occurred to me when studying the Cuban specimens.
It is noticeable that the species seems to be fairly common on
the Cuban coast judging by the number collected by the Iowa
University expedition, and Mr. Duerden also finds it common
in Jamaica; this makes me suspect that it may be identical
with one of the forms described by earlier authors. With
none, however. does it seem to agree very closely, though it
seems to come nearest to O. flosculifera of Duchassaing and
Michelotti (*60). In my original description of O. flosculifera
(89) I took it for granted that Duchassaing and Michelotti’s
identification was correct. Andres (’83) thinks otherwise
and has separated the form described by these authors from
Lesueur’s O. flosculifera and named it O. folzosa. Perhaps
after all Andres may have been right; the form which I de-
scribed from the Bahamas agrees fairly well as to coloration
with Lesueur’s form, while the present form seems to agree

234 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

more Closely with that of Duchassaing and Michelotti. How-
ever the earlier descriptions are all too indefinite to make the
identification certain and it will perhaps lessen the chances of
confusion in the future to accept Mr. Duerden’s separation of
the present species under the specific name he has chosen.

FAMILY SAGARTIDA.
SUB-FAMILY SAGARTIN-.

5. ADAMSIA TRICOLOR (Lesueur) McMurrich.

Synonyms :—Actinra tricolor Lesueur, 1817.
Actinia bicolor Lesueur, 1817.
Adamsia egletes Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864.
Cereus sol Agassiz Ms. Verrill, 1864 (p.p.)
Adamsia sol McMurrich, 1883.

Bahia Honda, Cuba; I specimen.

The base was evidently adherent, but though its ectoderm
was preserved no signs of a horny secretion were present. The
column was practically cylindrical, tapering slightly above and
measured 2.7 cm. in height, the diameter near the base being
about 2 cm., or rather since the column was flattened slightly
the diameter in one direction was 2.5 cm. and in the other 1.5
cm.; near the margin it was 1.6 cm. and 0.9 cm.

The column wall was of a firm coriaceous texture and was
marked by fine longitudinal and transverse lines probably due
to contraction. The ectoderm was almost completely mace-
rated away, the few fragments of it which persisted being of
a dirty cream white color. A short distance above the base
there were a number of purple brown spots or tubercles ar-
ranged in two horizontal rows; both rows were somewhat
incomplete, some of the tubercles probably not being evident
on account of the loss of the ectoderm. In the upper row I
counted only four tubercles and in the lower only 6 (7°), the
lower tubercles being considerably smaller than the upper ones.

The tentacles were marginal and were small and numerous,
being too crowded to count accurately. Those of the inner-

REPORT ON ACTINIARIA. 235

most cycle were decidedly longer than those situated more
peripherally and measured about 0.4 cm. in length. A faint
rose-purple color persisted in the tentacles, but it was faint,
the color of the entire specimen having been almost entirely
extracted by the alcohol in which it was preserved. The disk
and peristome could not be examined owing to the manner of
contraction.

Sections through the column showed that the mesenteries
were arranged in five cycles, of which only one cycle, consist-
ing of six pairs, was perfect. Two pairs of directives were
present. The fifth cycle was not quite complete in its develop-
ment, some of the interspaces being destitute of representatives
of it, and, throughout, its mesenteries were small and possessed
no mesenterial filaments. Acontia were present but were few
innumber. The longitudinal musculature was only moderately
developed, the mesogloeal processes covering a considerable
portion of the surfaces of the mesenteries at the level of the
lower part of the stomatodzum, but not being very high (PI. 1,
Fig. 7). No parieto-basilar or basilar muscles were observed.
The reproductive organs were borne upon the mesenteries of
the second, third and fourth cycles, the specimen being a male.

The stomatodzum possessed two well developed siphonog-
lyphs and also was furnished with a number of longitudinal
ridges, each of which was supported by an elevation of the
mesoglcea.

The sphincter muscle was mesoglceal and well developed.
It has a general triangular shape, occupying almost the entire
thickness of the mesoglcea above but tapering off somewhat
below, where it lies nearer the endodermal than the ectoder-
mal surface (Pl. 1, Fig.6). Above it is finely reticular, bands
of mesogloea extending transversely from the inner to the
outer surface of the muscle area, finer longitudinal strands
breaking the intervals between successive bands into smaller
compartments which are lined by the muscle cells supported
on processes which project into the compartments (PI. u,
Fig. 1). About the middle of the muscle some of the longi-
tudinal strands become thicker, and, being placed as it were

236 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

end to end in successive intervals, produce the appearance of
two or three longitudinal bands of mesoglea. Below the par-
titions between the muscle-containing compartments thicken,
so that the compartments become distinctly separated from
one another, some even at the lower end of the muscle, being
separated by considerable intervals from their fellows (Pl. n,
ie 2):

Three species of Adamsia have been described from the
West Indies; Lesueur (’17) has described two forms which
he named Actinza tricolor and Actinia bicolor, the one from
Barbadoes and the other from St. Vincent, while Duchassaing
and Michelotti (’64) have described Adamsva egletes from St.
Thomas. Of these three the one which seems to resemble
most closely the form here described is A. eg/etes and I think
there can be little doubt as to the identity of the two. The
relationships of Lesueur’s forms are more uncertain on account
of the incompleteness of the descriptions, but I am inclined to
consider them identical with A. eg/etes, so that but a single
species of Adamsia is at present to be recognized in the West
Indian region. My reasons for this belief are by no means
conclusive, resting as they do upon circumstantial evidence,
but I think they are sufficiently strong and my conclusion has
received confirmation from my colleague, Mr. Duerden, who
has had much experience with West Indian forms.

The habits of the genus Adamsia are such as to render
probable the wide distribution throughout any region of a spe-
cies occurring in it, and furthermore, so far as our present
information extends, the distribution of the various species of
Actinians throughout the West Indian islands is pretty uni-
form. One should hardly expect, I think, to find three species
of Adamsia in different islands, especially since a form, A. sol,
identical with the one here described, occurs on the coasts of
North and South Carolina. I have examined carefully and
compared A. so/ with the Cuban specimen described above
and I find such complete similarity in structural peculiarities
that the identity of the two seems indubitable. With such an
extensive distribution, the coasts of the Carolinas, Cuba, and

REPORT ON ACTINIARIA. 237

St. Thomas, one may well expect the same species to occur
elsewhere throughout the West Indies.

As regards A. dzcolor, it is unquestionably an Adamsia but
the size given for it, ‘‘ height and diameter about six or seven
lines,” indicates that it was a young individual and the differ-
ences between it and A. ¢rzcolor may well be accounted for on
this supposition. ;

The first point in Lesueur’s description of A. ¢rzcolor that
may be noticed is the statement that the mouth is surrounded
by “a circle of blue and another of orange.” Here we have
a very characteristic marking and turning to the description
of A. egletes we find that it has a circle of red around the
mouth.. In both cases there is a distinct band of color around
the mouth, and the discrepancy in the color of the band may, I
think, be explained by a reference to A. so/, in which the lips are
of a canary-yellow color (Lesueur’s orange circle) and around
this is a vivid circle of crimson lake, a color which may readily
shade off into bluish on the one hand or red on the other.
This marking seems to me very characteristic, and occurs, so
far as is known, in no other species of Adamsia.

A seemingly important difference between A. ¢rcolor and
A. egletes, and one which led Duchassaing and Michelotti to
regard the latter as a distinct species, is the statement that in
A. tricolor there are several rows of cinclides. I think this
difference is also capable of explanation, even leaving out of
consideration the indefiniteness of the word * several,” since
in A. so/ the lower row of cinclides is sometimes irregular and
might suggest the occurrence of more than two rows, and I
may further add that Mr. Duerden informs me by letter that
from an examination of the species of Adamsia occurring in
Jamaica and which he considers identical with A. eg/etes and
tricolor, he believes that “little importance can be attached
the arrangement of the cinclides.” The tubercles which
Lesueur describes as occurring around the mouth in A. é77-
color are, I believe, merely the crenulations of the lips so fre-
quently noticeable in Actinians and due to the longitudinal
ridges of the stomatodzeum; while the tubercles of the ten-

238 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

tacle which are mentioned are probably merely an appearance
produced by the coloration of the tentacles, such an appearance
being thus produced in A. sol.

To sum up then it seems probable that A. dzcolor is merely
a young specimen of A. tricolor. The similarity of the locality
and the characteristic color mark around the mouth indicate
the identity of A. ¢ricolor and A. egletes; the Cuban form
here described is almost certainly identical with A. eg/etes;
and finally the A. so/ of the Carolinas is undoubtedly identical
with the Cuban specimen. Jf this series of identities be ac-
cepted the name which has the priority is Lesueur’s A. ¢recolor
and the species should be known as Adamsva tricolor ( Les.).

6. SAGARTIA SPONGICOLA Verrill, 1883.

Station No. 29. Sand Key light bearing N. about 6 miles;

116 fathoms; numerous specimens.

Station No. 51. American Shoal light bearing N. by W.
10 miles; about 100 fathoms; 3 specimens.

These specimens I have been able to compare with speci-
mens from the collection of the United States Fish Commis-
sion identified by Professor Verrill and can accordingly vouch
for the correctness of their identification. The base is of the
adherent type and the column is nearly cylindrical, broadening
slightly above and measuring from 2.3-2.5 cm. in height by
about 1 cm. in diameter. In several specimens the dimensions
fell considerably below these figures. The contraction of the
column was incomplete in all the specimens, the tentacles be-
ing more or less exposed and the disk and peristome visible in
some cases. The ectoderm had for the most most part mace-
rated away in all the specimens, the patches of it which per-
sisted having the dirty white color frequently seen in alcoholic
material. The outer surface of the mesogloea was raised into
ridges, irregular in size and distribution and probably due to
contraction. Small depressions were visible here and there
on the column wall but I found no structures which I could
positively regard as cinclides, nor any traces of verrucae, such
as Verrill (°83) describes on the upper part of the column.

REPORT ON ACTINIARIA. 239

The absence of ectoderm, however, probably accounts for my
failure to find these structures.

The tentacles are marginal in position and are rather short,
tapering gradually to a rather blunt extremity. They are
arranged apparently in about three cycles and seem to be
somewhat irregular in number, the two specimens in which I
counted them possessing respectively 51 and 49; this irregu-
larity is probably related to the peculiar arrangement of the
mesenteries described below. The longitudinal musculature
of the tentacles, which is ectodermal, was moderately devel-
oped, the mesogleeal processes being higher towards the base,
and the radial musculature of the disk was considerably higher
at the bases of the tentacles than elsewhere. The disk was
smooth and the peristome somewhat elevated in those speci-
mens in which it was visible.

The mouth was more or less circular in shape, the lips
being crenated and the gonidial grooves not very well marked.
Sections showed that the stomatodeum possessed several
longitudinal ridges, due to thickening of the mesogloea and
producing the crenations of the lips. Two siphonoglyphs
were present in all the specimens examined, and others, one
or even two, were found in several cases; they were always,
however, rather feebly developed and sometimes hardly dis-
tinguishable from the grooves of the general surface of the
stomatodeum.

The arrangement of the mesenteries was very interesting,
so much so as to induce me to give a special description of it
elsewhere (’97); I may therefore, confine my remarks here
to a general statement of the peculiarities which were found.
The mesenteries were arranged in three cycles, only those of
the first cycle being perfect. In different specimens, however,
the first cycle consisted of either six, seven, or eight pairs, a
hexamerous, heptamerous, or octamerous symmetry being
thus produced, since the mesenteries of the second and third
cycles were arranged in the intervals between those of the
first cycle. Furthermore the directives were liable to consid-
erable variety both in number and position, specimens having

240 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

been found with two, three, or four pairs, and when only two
pairs were present they were not opposite each other, but
were separated on one side by one pair of the first cycle and
on the other side by three pairs. These irregularities seem
to be characteristic of the species, since out of seven speci-
mens examined not one showed what is usually regarded as a
typical arrangement. The condition described by G. Y. and
A. F. Dixon (89) for Bunodes thalia is thus recalled.

The longitudinal muscles of the perfect mesenteries were
well developed, the long mesoglceal processes radiating out in
a somewhat fan-like manner from a thickened portion of the
mesentery (Pl. u, Fig. 3). The parieto-basilar muscle was
also well developed on these mesenteries, but on those of the
second and third cycles, which lack mesenterial filaments, the
musculature was borne by a number of short processes ar-
ranged equally on both sides of the mesenteries, those on one
side representing the longitudinal muscle processes and those
on the other the parieto-basilar processes. Acontia were
present but were few in number. I found reproductive organs
in only two of the specimens examined and in these they
occurred on the mesenteries of the first cycle, the directives
included. In both cases, however, they were immature,
though it seems probable that even when mature they are
limited to the mesenteries of the first cycle, since those of the
second and third cycles lack that portion of the mesentery
which corresponds to the reproductive region of the first cycle
mesenteries and possess only the muscular region.

A well developed sphincter of the mesoglceal type occurred
in the upper part of the column wall. It was of an elongated
oval form in section (Pl. u, Fig. 4) and the area which it
occupied was traversed by numerous strands of mesoglea,
running in the direction of the thickness of the column wall
and anastomosing somewhat so that the spaces occupied by
the muscle fibres were somewhat spindle-shaped. The area
occupied by the muscle was sharply marked off as a rule,
though occasionally a few detached and scattered muscle
cavities were observed.

REPORT ON ACTINIARIA. 241

Haddon (8g) has suggested the possible identity of this form
with Gephyra dohrniz. Undoubtedly there is considerable
external similarity between the two forms, but until a more
thorough anatomical description is given of Gephyra their
identity must be left an open question. Haddon states that
anatomically Gephyra “ belongs to the series of typical Sagar-
tians,’’ and from this statement, as well as from the fact that in
all the specimens he examined the tentacles were arranged
on a typically hexamerous plan, I should be inclined to doubt
its identity with S. sfongicola, which can hardly be called a
“typical sagartian.” Von Koch’s description (’78) of the
anatomy of Gephyra is too incomplete to throw any light upon
the subject.

SUB-FAMILY PHELLINA.

7. ACTINAUGE LONGICORNIS Verri/l, 1883.

Station No. 64. American Shoal light bearing N. by W.
about 8 miles; about 4o fathoms; I specimen.

The singie specimen which I refer to this species I was
unwilling to injure, but I was able to compare it with a speci-
men from the United States Fish Commission and can state
that so far as their external appearance was concerned the
two specimens were practically identical. It is probable that
the specimen belongs to Verrill’s variety carzbea, though it
seems questionable if there be good grounds for recognizing
this as a distinct variety.

SUB-ORDER STICHODACTYLIN-.
FAMILY DISCOSOMID-.

8. DiscosoMA ANEMONE (£//is) Duch.
Spanish Wells; 13 specimens.

I have nothing to add to the description of this form which
I have already published (89).

iv ox

242 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

ORDER ZOANTHE.
FAMILY ZOANTHID.

g. ZOANTHUus sociatus ///is.

Dry Tortugas; 2 colonies.
Spanish Wells; 3 colonies.

I have compared these specimens wlth Z. socratus from the
Bahama Islands and can find no differences sufficient for their
separation. All the colonies were adherent to blocks of coral
rock somewhat uneven in shape, and, as a result, there is
some difference in the size of the various individuals, since
there seems to be a tendency for the disks of the expanded
polyps to lie at approximately the same level. Those indi-
viduals which are situated in the depressions, or on the sides
of a block, consequently grow to a greater height than those
situated on elevations or on the general level. Thus in one of
the colonies examined many of the individuals measured only
0.5 cm. in height, while others measured as much as 2 cm.,
these measurements being in both cases of individuals whose
diameter slightly below the apex of the contracted column
was about 0.5 cm. There were of course numerous small
polyps recently budded off from the stolons, whose height was
less than that given for the small adults, but these could be
readily recognized by their small diameter.

I can add nothing to the description of Z. soczatus I have
already published (’89), especially since the internal parts of
the specimens examined were rather badly macerated. I give,
however, in Pl. m., Fig. 1, a view of a transverse section of
the sphincter, having omitted such a figure in my earlier paper.

10. PALYTHOA NIGRICANS Sp. nov.

Station No. 24. Off Key West; Sand Key light bearing
N. N.W., Key West light bearing N.; about 60 fathoms;
3 colonies on coral rock.

I have adopted for the Zoanthez the generic definitions as

REPORT ON ACTINIARIA. 243

given by Haddon and Shackleton (’91 and ’gr 47s), and con-
sequently refer this form, which according to Erdmann’s
classification (’85) would be regarded as a Corticifera, to the
genus Palythoa. =

The colonies form compact masses, with a thickness of
about I—-1.5 cm., the individual polyps measuring on an aver-
age about 0.7 cm. in diameter. As in other members of the
genus they are imbedded in cceenenchyme throughout the
greater portion of their length, only the upper part of each
individual being free, though it is to be noted that even the
most contracted individuals project somewhat above the gen-
eral level of the ceenenchyme. Many of the individuals were,
however, only partially contracted, the mouth and a portion
of the disk being frequently visible, but in all cases the ten-
tacles were curled in beneath the margin so that they could
not be counted. The general color of the preserved colonies
was yellowish sandy, the color deepening towards the bases
of the tentacles to what is almost orange. The disk is appar-
ently of a lighter shade than the column and a considerable
quantity of black pigment, in the form of granules, occurs in
the endoderm of the mesenteries especially towards their inner
ends below the level of the stomatodz#um, and also in the
lacunar spaces of the lower portion of the column wall and in
the basal lacunze of the mesenteries. As a result of the
presence of this pigment the lower portions of the colonies
have a greyish black color, very distinctly seen when a por-
tion of a colony is cut away or when the base of the colony is
examined.

The mesoglea is throughout thickly studded with foreign
particles, mostly irregular fragments of carbonate of lime,
though foraminiferous shells and sponge spicules also occur.
In sections through decalcified specimens the column wall has
a fenestrated appearance owing to the imbedded particles hav-
ing been dissolved out (Pl. m, Fig. 6). Of the ectoderm
little can be said, as the preservation of the material was by
no means what was to be desired, but apparently it was not
divided into compartments by lamella of mesoglcea as in

IV—3 X2

244 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Zoanthus, nor did it seem to be covered by a sub-epidermal
layer of mesogleea.

The upper part of each polyp showed a number of ridges
radiating, in the completely contracted specimens, from the
center of the upper surface of the column; they were not,
however, very distinctly marked. The mouth is small and
oval or slit-like in form and the stomatodzum presents the
usual single siphonoglyph, whose mesogloea is thickened and
has the truncate form noted for other species of Palythoa.

Sections show that the mesenteries are arranged on the
brachycnemic plan; I counted in one specimen eighteen pairs
and in another twenty. The individual mesenteries are very
thin, and each is provided with elongated basal lacuna, which
in the lower part of the column becomes almost circular. I
can say nothing regarding the musculature of the mesenteries,
the internal parts being in a very imperfect state of preserva-
tion; I should judge, however, that the longitudinal muscula-
ture was very weak as I could find no traces of mesogloeal
processes for its support. Reproductive organs, spermatozoa,
occurred very abundantly in the lower portions of the mesen-
teries and the species seems to be unisexual; in fact all the
individuals of a colony seem to be of the same sex, since speci-
mens taken from various parts of one colony all possess only
spermatozoa.

The sphincter muscle is moderately long but narrow, con-
sisting practically of but a single row of cavities (PI. m1, Fig.
7). Itis, of course, mesoglceal.

In its general appearance this species. resembles the P.
mammillosa of Duchassaing and Michelotti as represented in
their Pl. v1, Fig. 10 (’64), but it must be observed that they
include P. ocellata and P. flava under this title, an alliance
which may possibly be correct for P. flava, but not, I believe,
for P. ocellata. ‘The present species differs from the figure
of P. mammillosa given by Ellis and Solander (’’86) in that
the polyps at the edge of the colony are not at all, or but
slightly, separated by longitudinal grooves, a fact which may
or may not be of importance, and apparently P. mammiullosa

' io Lo 4

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to

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

FHalcurias pilatus from Station No. 64. About natural size.

Longitudinal section through the upper part of the column of
Halcurias pilatus, showing the absence of a sphincter muscle.

Transverse section through a portion of the column of Halcurias
pilatus in the stomatodeal region. D=directive mesenteries;
si=siphonoglyphs.

Transverse section of the sphincter muscle of Bolocera pollens.

Longitudinal section through the basal portion of a tentacle of
Bolocera pollens, to show the tentacular sphincter.

Transverse section through the sphincter of Adamsia tricolor, to
show its general form.

Transverse section through a pair of mesenteries of the first cycle
of Adamsia tricolor in the stomatodeal region.

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ia

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Transverse section through the upper part of the sphincter of Ad-
amsia tricolor.

Transverse section through the lower part of the sphincter of Ad-
amsia tricolor. This figure was drawn under higher magnifica-
tion than the preceding one.

Transverse section through mesenteries of the first and third cy-
cles of Sagurtia spongicolu.

Transverse section through the sphincter muscle of Sagartia
spon gicola,

a) eget oF 7 :
ree Hoe
BBP HINT GRMN A diet

HM

lon a | Heine nM
db W/O NARA + vO Hint CL ate

PLATE II.

ing
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Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Transverse section through the sphincter muscle of Zoanthus

soctatus.
Epizoanthus hians on worm tube. About natural size.

Longitudinal section through the upper part of the column of £fi-
zoanthus hians. st=stomatodzeum ; sp=sphincter; t=tentacle.

Transverse section through the sphincter muscle of Eprzoanthus

hians.

Transverse section through a portion of the column wall and mes-
enteries of Epizoanthus hians, below the level of the stomatodzum.
I=inclusions in mesoglea; |=lacune.

Transverse section through part of the column wall of Pulythoa
nigricans. \(=inclusions in mesogloea; | —lacune.

Longitudinal section through the upper part of the column wall
of Palythoa nigricans. sp sphincter muscle; I inclusions in
mesoglea; | = lacune,

PLATE Ill.

‘ fis : seis
Ris din ‘A al

REPORT ON ACTINIARIA. 245

did not posses black pigment in its endoderm, as no mention
is made of it, although individuals of a colony were dissected.
In fact the occurrence of this black pigment in the present
species seems to separate it from all hitherto described species
from the West Indies, except the P. /utea of Hertwig and
Erdmann from the Bermudas, in which “ Das ganze entoder-
male Epithel is mit dunkeln Kornchen pigmentiert” (Erdmann
’85). This form is, however, very different from the present
one, judging from the figure of a colony given by Erdmann
and Hertwig (’88).

In addition to the occurrence of the pigment the shape of
the sphincter also serves to separate the form now under dis-
cussion from P. ocellata and P. flava, it being much shorter
and weaker, and a distinguishing feature is also found in the
greater amount of foreign matter contained in its mesoglea,
sections of its column wall appearing when decalcified much
more fenestrated than in either of the species just mentioned.
From P. cznerea Duch. and Mich. it seems to be distinguished
by the lesser size of its polyps, and from P. ylut7nosa Duch.
and Mich., P. carzbea Duch. and Mich., P. g/areola Lesueur,
and P. /wtea Hertwig it differs in the marked projection of the
contracted polyps above the general surface of the ccenen-
chyme.

With none of the West Indian species of Palythoa then
does it appear to agree, nor do I see any reason for identifying
it with any of the species described from other localities. The
depth from which it was taken does not seem to be sufficient
to preclude its identity with one of the littoral forms, and yet
it seems to be decidedly different from any at present known.
How far the occurrence of the black pigment is a specific
characteristic remains to be seen, but it seems improbable that
it is merely a local or a seasonal peculiarity.

11. EPpiIzZOANTHUS HIANS sp. nov.
Station No. 51. American Shoal light bearing N. by W.
10 miles; about roo fathoms.
Station No. 52. American Shoal light bearing N. by W.
y% W.; about 10 miles; 105-110 fathoms.

246 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Station No. 28. Sand Key light pears N. about 6 miles;
116 fathoms.

‘Tank 3.

This form, which appears to be a new species, was abun-
dantly represented in the collection. The individuals occur
singly or in groups of from two to four, arising from a low
flat plate of coenenchyme, and are free throughout their entire
length (Pl. m, Fig. 2). The colonies occur principally on
sponges, though also on tubes of Hyalincecia (?) and, in case
of the specimens from Station 52 on a branching, dense, cal-
careous substratum which seems to be a millepore, and on the
serpulid tubes which twined around the base of this.

All the specimens are completely contracted, the extremity
of the column in the majority being flattened and marked by
a number of ridges radiating out from the central depression.
The various individuals vary somewhat in size, the largest
having a height of about 1.4 cm., and a diameter at the top of
the column of 0.5 cm., but many individuals were only 0.2—
0.3 cm. in height with a diameter of about the same; grada-
tions between these two extremes occur in abundance. The
wall is firm and on a superficial view shows no trace of foreign
incrustation, though sections reveal foreign matter such as
sand and sponge spicules imbedded in the outer part of the
mesogloea fairly abundantly on the upper part of the column,
but more scantily below. The introverted portion of the
column has the inclusions most abundant. No trace of color
persists in any of the specimens.

The tentacles are arranged in two cycles. Their muscula-
ture is fairly well developed, and in their mesogloea sponge
spicules and foraminferous shells are imbedded, especially to-
wards their bases, but also less abundantly throughout almost
their entire length.

The mouth is large and in all the specimens examined was
widely open, the tips of the tentacles projecting into it (Pl. m1,
Fig. 3). The stomatodzum is short and is furnished as usual
with a single siphonoglyph, moderately deep and with the
mesogloea of its walls considerably thickened.

REPORT ON ACTINIARIA. 247

The mesenteries are arranged on the macrocnemic plan. In
two specimens I counted in each twenty mesenteries on one
side and twenty-one on the other. The shape of the perfect
mesenteries is somewhat peculiar. The basal portion of each
is thickened and distinctly club-shaped, the longitudinal mus-
culature being situated on one surface of this portion, and
from a little below the tip of the club a very thin lamella
begins, which terminates at its free edge in the mesenterial
filament and bears the reproductive organs when these are
developed (Pl. m, Fig. 5). In one specimen examined, ova
were found in this thin portion of the perfect mesenteries and
there were no signs of spermatozoa, so that it may be presumed
that the species is unisexual. The imperfect mesenteries
resemble the muscular portion of the perfect ones, the gono-
phoric lamella and the mesenterial filaments being wanting.
No basal lacune occurred in any of the mesenteries. Owing
to the width of the stomatodaum and the consequent small
space between it and the inner surface of the column wall
the mesenteries are narrow, a feature especially noticeable
in sections below the level of the stomatodzum since the
mesenteries project only a relatively short distance into the
ccelenteron and thus leave a large empty space in the center
of the column.

The sphincter muscle (Pl. m1, Fig. 4) is imbedded in the
mesogloea and is strong, especially that portion which is con-
tained in the wall of the introverted portion of the column.
At its upper end it is composed of numerous elongated cavities,
whose long axes are at right angles to the column axis; further
down the cavities become smaller and oval. though still occupy-
ing a considerable portion of the thickness of the column wall,
but below the introvert it becomes rapidly reduced to a single
row of small oval cavities which approach the endodermal
surface of the mesogloea as they are traced downwards.

The form which approaches this most nearly is that de-
scribed by Erdmann (85) as species 4, and named by Hert-
wig (88) £. ste//larzs. It was obtained by the * Challenger ”
off one of the Philippine Islands. In the general form of the

248 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

column this form differs greatly, however, from Z. hzans, and
taking this into consideration with the localities from which
the two forms were obtained it seems proper to regard the
West Indian species as new.

University of Michigan,
Fuly 28th, 1597.

LIVERATURE:

86. ELLis, J. AND SOLANDER, D. The Natural History of many curious
and uncommon Zodphytes, etc. London. 1786.

717. Lesurur, C. A. Observations on several species of Actinia. Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia. 1. 1817.

°60. DucHASSAING AND MICHELOTTI. Mémoire sur les Coralliaires des
Antilles. Mém. Reale Accad. di Torino. 2nd Sér. xix. 1860.

*64. DuCHASSAING AND MICHELOTTI. Supplément au Mémoire sur les
Coralliaires des Antilles. Mém. Reale Accad. Torino. 2nd Sér.
XXIII. 1864.

68. VERRILL, A. E. Review of the Corals and Polyps of the West Coast
of America. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sci. 1. 1868.

73 ViERRULE,, Al B. Results of Recent Dredging Expeditions on the
Coast of New England. American Journ. of Sci. and Arts. v. 1873.

78. von Kocnu, G. Zur Phylogenie der Antipatharia. Morph. Jahrb.
IV, Suppl. 1878.

82. Hertwic, R. Report on the Actiniaria. Report of Sci. Results of
H. M.S. Challenger. ZoGdlogy. vi. 1882 ;

83. VERRILL, A. E. Report on the Anthozoa and on some additional
species dredged by the ‘‘ Blake” 1877-79, and by the U. S. Fish
Commission steamer, “Fish Hawk,” in 1880-82. Bull. Museum
Comp. Zo6dl. x1. 1883.

85. ERDMANN, A. Ueber einige neue Zoantheen. Jenaische Zeitschr.
MYO, Tehsis-

’88. Hertwic, R. Supplement to Report on the Actiniaria. Reports of
the Sci. Results of Voyage of H. M.S. Challenger. Zodlogy. xxv.
1888.

"89. McMurricn, J. P. The Actiniaria of the Bahama Islands, W. I.
Journ. of Morph. 111. 1889.

’89. Happon, A. C. A Revision of the British Actiniez. Parti. Sci.
Trans. Royal Dublin Soc. 2nd Ser. Iv. 1889.

REPORT ON ACTINIARIA. 249

*89. Dixon, G. Y. AND A. F. Notes on Bunodes thallia, Bunodes verru-
cosa and Tealia crassicornis. Sci. Proc. Royal Dublin Soc. N.S.
vi. 1889.

gt. Happon, A. C., AND SHACKLETON, ALICE M. A Revision of the
British Actiniz. Part 11. The Zoanthee. Sci. Trans. Royal Dublin
Soc. 2nd-Ser. tv. 1891.

*gibis, HADDON, A. C., AND SHACKLETON, ALICE M. Reports on collec-
tions made in Torres Straits by Professor A. C. Haddon, 1888-89.
Actinie. 1. Zoanthere. Sci. Trans. Royal Dublin Soc. 2nd Ser.
Iv. 1891.

gi. CARLGREN, O. Beitrége zur Kenntniss der Actinien-Gattung Bolo-
cera Gosse. Ofvers. Kongl. Vet. Akad. F6rhandl. 1891.

793. McMurricn, J. P. Report onthe Actiniz collected by the U.S. Fish
Commission steamer, Albatross, during the winter of 1887-88. Proc.
U.S. Natl. Museum. xvi. 1893.

93. CARLGREN, O. Studien iiber nordische Actinien. I. Kongl. Svensk.
Vet. Akad. Handl. xxv. 1893.

796. KWIETNIEWSKI, C. R. Revision der Actinien welche von Herrn
Prof. Studer auf der Reise der Korvette Gazelle um die Erde gesa-
emmelt worden. Jenaische Zeitschr. xxx. 1896.

97- McMurricn, J.P. Contributions on the Morphology of the Actin-
ozoa. Iv. Onsome irregularities in the number of Directive Mes-
enteries in the Hexactinie. Zod]. Bulletin. 1. 1887.

THE BRACHYURA OF THE BIOLOGICAL EXPEDITION
TO THE FLORIDA KEYS AND THE
BAHAMAS IN 1893.

By MARY J. RATHBUN,

SECOND ASSISTANT CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF MARINE
INVERTEBRATES, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

THE first series of deep-sea dredgings off the coast of
Florida by the United States Coast Survey, from 1867 to
1869, in which Count L. F. de Pourtales took charge of the
dredging operations, yielded a large number of Brachyura
which were described by Dr. William Stimpson in 1871.1 The
types were destroyed in the Chicago fire. A number of the
species have not yet been rediscovered.

A preliminary report upon the Crustacea collected in the
Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea by the Coast Survey
Steamer “ Blake” (1877-1879), was made by Prof. A. Milne
Edwards in 1880.2, Full descriptions of all the West Indian
maioid and cancroid crabs, with many illustrations, are given
in “ Etudes sur les Crustacés Podophthalmaires de la Région
Mexicaine ” which was published in Paris and issued in parts
betweeen 1873 and 1880.

Subsequently a number of species have been described by
myself in the Proceedings of the United States National
Museum since 1891, and the Proceedings of the Biological
Society of Washington, 1897. Other recent papers dealing
with the Brachyura dredged in this region are those by Mr.
J. E. Ives in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural

1 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 11, No. 2, pp. 109-160.
*Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vitt, No. 1, pp. 1-67.

250

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA. 281

Sciences of Philadelphia, 1891, by Dr. W. C. Kendall in the
Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, rx, 1891, and
by Dr. Walter Faxon in the Bulletin of the Museum of Com-
parative Zodlogy, xxx, No. 3, 1896.

In the works above cited will be found references to the
literature pertaining to the shore and shallow-water forms in-
cluded in the following list.

The collection made by the Biological Expedition of the
State University of Iowa in 1893 is notable not only for the
number of species obtained, but for the careful preservation
of the specimens. A number of species are here recorded
for the first time since the original description. Six new
species represented in the University collection are described;
also eleven West Indian species in the National Museum col-
lection, ten of which were obtained by the United States Fish
Commission Steamer ** Albatross” and one species (P7/umnus
andrewsiz) by Dr. E. A. Andrews at the Bahamas. These last
are published by permission of the Secretary of the Smith-
sonian Institution. The species of the University collection
are numbered from I to 128.

MAIIDA.

I. STENORYNCHUS SAGITTARIUS ( Fabricius ) (= LEpToropDIa
SAGITTARIA Leach).

Tortugas.

2. PODOCHELA RIISEI Stempson.

Station 68, off Little Cat Island, Bahamas, on the submerged
bank connecting it with Eleuthera, 3 to 13 fathoms; Bahia
Honda, Cuba, on wharf.

3. PopocHELA HYPOGLYPHA (St:mpson) (=P. SPATULI-
FRONS A. Milne Edwards).

Tortugas.

A variable species.

252 NATURAL HISTORY BULEEDIN:

4. PopocHELA LAMELLIGERA (Stzmpson).

Station 24, off Key West, 60 fathoms.

5. PopocHELA MACRODERA Stimpson.

Station 46, off Key West, shallow water; Sand Key Light,
Florida, in rocks, sponges, etc.; Bahama Banks; Harbor
Island, Bahamas.

6. PopocHELA GRACILIPES Stimpson.

Stations 24, 27 and 39, off Key West, 20 to 60 fathoms.
47. EUCINETOPS BLAKIANA Rathbun.

Bahama Banks.
8. CoLLopEs DEPREssuS A. Milne Edwards.

Station 24, off Key West, 60 fathoms.

g. COLLODES ARMATUS sp. nov. Pl. u, Fig. 1.
Off Havana.

Carapace smooth and unarmed above. Fostrum short, sub-
truncate. Ambulatory legs spinous beneath.

This species approaches nearer to Col//odes than to any
other known genus, although it differs in some respects from
typical members of that genus. The unique specimen, a
female, was captured in the tangles and was so thoroughly
wrapped in the hemp fibres that in removing them many of
the hairs of the appendages have been torn off.

The dorsal surface of the carapace is smooth and shining,
without granulation or median spines. It is also nearly naked,
but doubtless some hairs have been rubbed off. The cara-
pace is narrower than in the other species of Cod/odes; the
cardiac, branchial and gastric regions are much swollen. The
hepatic region is depressed and bears on the margin a spinule
and in advance one or more granules. The pterygostomian
region is beset with ten or more sharp spines Front sub-
truncate, not advanced beyond the antennular fossa, with a
deep median sulcus terminating in the interantennular parti-
tion which projects slightly forward as a median tooth not

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA. pine

visible in a dorsal view. Postorbital tooth triangular, shorter
than the eye-stalks. Abdomen of the female with two median
tubercles on the coalesced segment; surface covered with
curved hairs. Basal antennal joint with an acute tooth at the
antero-external angle; outer margin with four irregular lobes;
inner margin with a shallow sinus, its anterior angle rounded.
Maxillipeds spinulous.

The chelipeds as usual in the female are slender; the mar-
gins are spinous, the largest spines on the outer margin of the
merus and the inner margin of the carpus. The manus is
slender, unarmed distally; the fingers are nearly as long as
the palm and are in contact. The ambulatory legs are long,
slender and of nearly equal length. They are margined with
long straight bristles set in short, stout, cylindrical sockets,
which remain as hard, bead-like projections when the bristles
are removed. There are also a few curved hairs, and the first
two pairs of legs are furnished underneath with sharp spines.

Dimensions.—Length of carapace, 9 mm.; width, 6.8; ap-
proximate length of ambulatory legs, as follows: first, 20.4;
second, 21; third, 21; fourth, 20 mm.

Io. EUPROGNATHA RASTELLIFERA ,S/z72Pson.

Stations 27, 35, 47 and 48, off Key West, 50 to go fathoms;
stations 28, 29, 33, 41 and 42, off Sand Key, 15 to 116
fathoms; stations 51 and 62, off American Shoal, 70 to
about 100 fathoms; station 56, Pourtales Plateau, about
200 fathoms; off Havana.

These specimens are the form which I described in 1894 as
a subspecies, Auprognatha rastellifera spinosa, but as most of
them were obtained from the same locality as Stimpson’s
types, it is probable that this is the typical form of &. rastellifera.
II. EuUPROGNATHA GRACILIPES A. Milne Edwards.

Off Havana.

12. ARACHNOPSIS FILIPES S//mpson.

Stations 24, 27, 29, 39, 41, off Key West and Sand Key, 15
to 116 fathoms.

254 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.
13. A‘pINUS SEPTEMSPINOSUS (A. Milne Edwards) (=Apo-
CREMNUS SEPTEMSPINOSUS A. JZilne Edwards.)
Bahama Banks.

14. ANasimus LATUS frathbun. Pl. u, Figs. 2-5.

Stations 26 and 47, off Key West, 60 to 80 fathoms.
15. ANAMATHIA CRASSA (A. A0ilne Edwards). Pl. 1.

Station 33, off Sand Key, about 105 fathoms; stations 52,
62 and 63, off American Shoal, 70 to 110 fathoms; sta-
tion 56, Pourtales Plateau, about 200 fathoms.

The specimen figured, from station 62, is the largest ever
collected. It is covered with stalked cirripeds and exhibits an
extraordinary development of the chelipeds. The length of
the carapace measured to the base of the rostral horns is 95
mm.; width of carapace, 79.5 mm.; length of cheliped ex-
tended, about 39.4 cm. or 15% inches; entire width of crab
with chelipeds extended, about 83.6 cm. or 33 inches; length
of merus of cheliped, 17.5 cm.; length of propodus of cheliped,
measured on upper margin, 16.2 cm.; length of same, measured
on lower margin, 20.6 cm.

16. ANAMATHIA HYSTRIX (S7empson).
Station 56, Pourtales Plateau, about 200 fathoms.
17. ANAMATHIA TANNERI Smith.

Station 35, off Key West, go fathoms; station 62, off Amer-
ican Shoal, 70 to 80 fathoms.

18. DoryNCHUS THOMSONI /Vorman (—LispoGNATHUS FUR-
CILLATUS A. Ailne ftdwards).

Station 56, Pourtales Plateau, about 200 fathoms.
Ig. CHORINUS HEROS (fferbst).

Sand Key Light, rocks, sponges, etc.
20. ANOMALOTHIR FURCILLATUS (Sézmpson).

Station 34, off Sand Key, about 120 fathoms; station 51,
off American Shoal, about 100 fathoms.

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA 2

wal
wal

21. EpiALTUS BITUBERCULATUS JZilne Edwards.
Harbor Island, Bahamas.

22. ACANTHONYX PETIVERI J/i/ne Edwards.
Harbor Island, Bahamas.

23. PyYROMAIA CUSPIDATA Stempson.

Station 27, off Key West, 50 to 60 fathoms; station 56,
Pourtales Plateau, lat. 24° 16’ N., long. 81° 22’ W.,
about 200 fathoms.

24. TYCHE EMARGINATA ( White).

Station 46, off Key West, shallow water; station 68, off
Little Cat Island, Bahamas, on the submerged bank con-
necting it with Eleuthera, 3 to 13 fathoms.

25. PELIA MUTICA (Gzbdes).
Station 44, off Key West, 514 fathoms; off Havana.

The male from off Havana is large, 16 mm. long, with
strongly developed chelipeds. In both male and female the
carapace is marked with patches of bright red, the ambulatory
legs are banded with the same color, and the chelipeds are
spotted with a lighter shade. The rostral horns are contigu-
ous for one-half their iength. divergent for their distal half.
Basal antennal joint without a spine.

26. ‘'TEMNONOTUS SIMPLEX A. J/elne Edwards.
Off Havana; one male.

The carapace is that of typical szmf/ex; the basal antennal
joint bears two long spines. The species is perhaps identical
with Z. granulosus A. Milne Edwards.

27. Lissa BICARINATA Aurivillius. WKongl. Sv. Vet. Akad.
Hand., Bd. 23, No. 4, 54, 1889.
Bahama Banks.
Lissa bicarinata was very briefly described from the island
of St. Bartholomew.
The following description of an ovigerous female taken by

256 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

the University Expedition has been compared with the type in
the Museum at Stockholm by Dr. Aurivillius who assures me
of their identity.

Carapace with two rounded median prominences, one gas-
tric and one cardiac, the former much larger and higher. From
the gastric prominence two ridges run divergently backward
to the postero-lateral angles of the carapace. Both the median
prominences and the ridges are indistinctly tuberculate. The
posterior outline is arcuate and is separated from the blunt
postero-lateral angles by a broad rounded sinus. The sides
of the branchial and gastric regions are steep. Outer margin
of the branchial region with a broad and shallow tooth at its
middle. Outer margins of the hepatic regions almost parallel.
Rostrum proportionally larger than in L. chzragra, deflexed,
subtruncate, widening at the extremity which is four-lobed,
the median lobes rounded and separated by a narrow U-shaped
fissure; outer lobes smaller, blunt, slightly less advanced than
the median. Upper surface of rostrum slightly concave in a
longitudinal direction. There is a short, acuminate preorbital
spine directed obliquely upward. The legs are furnished
with triangular laminate crests of quite different appearance
from the knobby protuberances of L. chzragra.

Dimensions.—Length, 8.8 mm.; width, 8; length of rostrum
from base of preorbital sinus, 2.3.

28. STENOCIONOPS FURCATA CALATA (A. Milne Edwards)
(= PERICERA ca&LATA A. Milne Edwards.)

Stations 24, 44, 45 and 46, off Key West, shallow water to
60 fathoms; Tortugas.

29. STENOCIONOPS SPINOSISSIMA (Saussure). Type examined
(=PERICERA ATLANTICA ftathbun).

Station 24, off Key West, 60 fathoms; station 28, off Sand
Key, 116 fathoms; station 39, off Key West, 20 fathoms.

30. MacrocaLoMA TRISPINOSUM (Latrevlle).

Station 45, off Key West, shallow water; Dry Tortugas;
Bahia Honda, Cuba; Bahama Banks; Egg Island, Ba-
hamas.

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA 257

31. MAcRoca@zLOMA CAMPTOCERUM (Stempson).
Stations 44 and 46, off Key West, 5% fathoms.

One male has unusually long rostral horns, over one-third
the entire length of the carapace.

32. MAcROCGELOMA DIPLACANTHUM (Stimpson).

Station 68, off Little Cat Island, Bahamas, on the submerged
bank connecting it with Eleuthera, 3 to 13 fathoms.

33. MaAcrRoca:LOMA SEPTEMSPINOSUM (.Sézm2pson).

Stations 24 and 27, off Key West, 50 to 60 fathoms; station
28, off Sand Key, 116 fathoms; Bahama Banks.

34. MACROCCELOMA EUTHECA (S/777pson).

Station 24, off Key West, 60 fathoms; one male; off Havana,
one young male; Bahama Banks, one male, one young
female.

These specimens I believe to be Stimpson’s Pericera
eutheca. In the largest male, from station 24, the rostral
horns are slender, parallel for one-half their length, with a
U-shaped interspace, tips slightly divergent. The orbital
sheath is prolonged far beyond the outer spine of the basal
antennal joint, and is tipped with three spines, one antero-
superior, one postero-inferior, the other postero-superior and
situated just in front of the superior closed sinus; in the «Alba-
tross” specimens (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1892, 251), the
sheath is shorter, projecting but little beyond the outer anten-
nal spine, and exclusive of the latter, is armed with four spines,
one antero-superior, one postero-inferior, one inferior, and the
fourth superior and behind the closed sinus. The carapace is
very narrow behind the orbits. The gastric, cardiac, and intes-
tinal prominences are spines. There isa spinule at the summit
of the branchial region and one strong spine at the lateral mar-
gin which is inserted in a transverse line with the cardiac spine.

Dimensions.—Entire length, 27; length from between rostral
horns, 24; greatest width at orbits, 15.2; greatest branchial
width, 23; branchial width, without spines, 18; antero-lateral
width at narrowest point, Io mm.

Iv—3 Y

258 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN,

A specimen about one-half the size of the above was
dredged on the Bahama Banks. The horns are more nearly
parallel throughout their length, The orbital width equals
the branchial width exclusive of spines. Branchial spines
more slender than in the above.

These specimens are specifically distinct from those which I
referred in 1872 provisionally to JZ. eutheca. These last are
possibly a variety of JZ. concavum Miers.

35. Micropurys BIcoRNuTUS (Latrevile).
Stations 45 and 46, off Key West, shallow water; Dry
Tortugas, Harbor Island, Egg Island and Spanish Wells,
Bahamas; Bahama Banks.

36. PITHO ACULEATA (Gvbbes) (=OTHONIA ACULEATA of
authors).
Tortugas, shallow water in gulf weed; Spanish Wells, Ba-
hamas.

37. PirHo ANIsopON (vow Martens) (=OTHONIA LHERM-
INIERI /eathbun not Schramm).

Station 44, off Key West, 51% fathoms.

38. PITHO LHERMINIERI (Schramm) (=OTHONIA CAROLI-
NENSIS /tathbun).

Station 46. off Key West, shallow water; Bahama Banks.

39. PriTHo MIRABILIS (/erést.).
Bahama Banks.

Among the Herbstian types in the Berlin Museum are three
carapaces labeled “Cancer mirabilis” by Herbst. They are not,
however, all the same species, the larger being nearly smooth
with five large, entire, acute and widely divergent teeth, the
two smaller having a granulated carapace and five subacute
teeth with denticulated margins and diminishing in size from
the anterior to the posterior. The first of these species was
described in 1875 by A. Milne Edwards under the name Ofho-
na levigata from the Antilles; the second by myself in 1892
as O. rotunda, from Key West, Florida. The name mzrabzlis

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA. 259
belongs properly to the latter of the two species, not only by
the law of elimination but for the reason that Herbst figured
a specimen of this species, as denoted by the granulated cara-
pace and somewhat appressed teeth. His description too is
more applicable to this species; although founded on both,
for he says that the teeth are sometimes sharply pointed,
sometimes more rounded. The types of Cancer mirabilis
were assumed by Gerstecker in 1856 to be all the same spe-
cies, of which O. sexdentata Bell and O. guinguedentata Bell
were supposed to be synonyms.

40. Mirurax (NEMAUSA) ACUTICORNIS (Stzmpson) (=NE-
MAUSA ROSTRATA A. Milne Edwards; types examined).

Station 24, off Key West, 60 fathoms; off Havana.

41. MirHRAX spinosissimus (Lamarck).
Bahama Banks.

42. MirHrax veRRucosus J/ilne Edwards, variety (=M.
ACULEATUS frathbun not Herbst nor Milne Edwards).
Dry Tortugas.

43. MirHrax uispipus (fferést).

Stations 44, 45 and 46, off Key West, shallow water; Tor-
tugas.

44. MITHRAX HOLDERI S¢7mzpson. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél.,
WAST fOy ee el E,, Eig. 2.

Tortugas; 7 fathoms.

The specimens of this species known to Stimpson are not ex-
tant. I refer to it a single ovigerous female taken off Havana.

Carapace oblong, covered with unequal, prominent tuber-
cles, and with large crowded punctz. Frontal horns depressed,
short, acute, nearly horizontal. Basal antennal joint with
three spines, the antero-external long, nearly as advanced as
the rostrum, and directed obliquely upward and outward; pos-
terior spine small; a third spine or sharp tooth is at the base
of the flagellum. Orbital teeth and spines five, exclusive of
the antennal; przorbital longest and curved inward. Antero-

Iv—3 Y2

260 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

lateral margin with two prominent spines, one hepatic, and
the other at the branchial angle; between them are two clus-
ters of tubercles; in front of and behind the branchial spine
there is a small spine or spinule. Inferior regions of the cara-
pace covered with tubercles which become spinulous on the
sub-hepatic region. Chelipeds with meri armed with stout
blunt spines above; hands unarmed. Ambulatory legs flat-
tened above and hairy; meral and carpal joints armed with
two rows of spines.

Dimensions.—Entire length of carapace, 21.5; length to
base of rostral horns, 20; entire width, 21.2; width without
spines, 18.4; exorbital width, 12.3 mm.

Specimens agreeing with the above and taken at St. Croix
and St. John, West Indies, are in the Museum at Copenhagen.
One immature female has been presented to the United States
National Museum.

45. Mirurax Forceps (A. JI/ilne Edwards).
Stations 45 and 46, off Key West, shallow water; Tortugas;
Spanish Wells; Bahama Banks.
46. Mrrurax scuLtptus (Lamarck).
Tortugas, shallow water; Harbor Island and Spanish Wells,
Bahamas.
47. Miryurax coronatus (fferbst).
Sand Key Light, in rocks, sponges, etc.; Tortugas; Egg
Island and Harbor Island, Bahamas.

One male from the Tortugas is of unusual size, measuring
in length 21.3 mm.; width, 27.7; length of propodus of che-
liped, 22.8; depth of same, 11; thickness, 6.7 mm.

48. THOE PUELLA Sézmpson.

Tortugas.

PAR TEEN. Ore) DAs.

49. LAMBRUS POURTALESII St7mpson.
Stations 24 and 47, off Key West, 60 to 80 fathoms; stations

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA 261

41 and 42, off Sand Key. 15 fathoms; Pourtales Plateau;
off Havana.
50. LAMBRUS FRATERCULUS Stimpson.
Stations 24 and 26, off Key West, 60 fathoms.

51. LamsBrus aconus Stimpson.
Stations 24 and 26, off Key West, 60 fathoms.

52. LaAMmBRus CRISTATIPES (A. Milne Edwards) (=MEso-
RHA CRISTATIPES A. Milne Edwards).

Station 56, Pourtales Plateau, lat. 24° 16’ N., long. 81° 22’
W., about 200 fathoms.
53. PLATyLAMBRUs SERRATUS (Milne Edwards).
Stations 45, 66 and 67, off Key West, shallow water; Tor-
tugas; Bahia Honda, Cuba.
54. SOLENOLAMBRUS TyPicus Sécmpson.
Stations 27 and 47, off Key West, 50 to 80 fathoms.
55: SOLENOLAMBRUS TENELLUS S/7mpson (= PISOLAMBRUS
nitipus A. Milne Edwards).
Stations 24 and 27, off Key West, 50 to 60 fathoms.
56. CRYPTOPODIA CONCAVA SZcmpson.
Station 39, off Key West, 20 fathoms; Bahama Banks.
57. THYROLAMBRUS ASTROIDES /tathdun.

Thyrolambrus astroides Rathbun, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
xvi, No. 986, 83, 1894. Nutting, Bull. Labor. Nat. Hist.
State Univ. Iowa, 1, 77, Pl. facing p. 76, Fig. 2 (4), 1895.

Parthenope (Parthenomerus) effiorescens Alcock, Jour. Asi-
atic Soc. Bengal, Lxrv, pt. u, No. 2, 281, 1895.

Parthenope efforescens Alcock, Illus. Zodl. “Investigator,”
Crustacea, Part rv, Pl. xxn, Figs. 5, 5a (2), 1896.

This species was founded on three specimens, a male and
two females, dredged by the “Albatross ” off Havana in 67 and
189 fathoms. In the United States National Museum there is a
male from Mauritius which differs only in its greater size from

262 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

the West Indian form, and confirms the belief that the species
is identical with Parthenope (Parthenomerus) efforescens’
Alcock, from the Andaman Sea, 36 fathoms. Two males
were taken by the University Expedition, off Havana.

CANCRIE DA:

58. CARPILIUS CORALLINUS (/fferbst).
Spanish Wells, Bahamas.

59. Liomera Loneimanus A. Milne Edwards.
Tortugas.

60. AcTaA SETIGERA (Milne Edwards).
Tortugas.

ACT4:A BIFRONS sp. nov. PI. 1v. Figs 3 and 4.

Allied to A. setigera; front double; fingers smooth.

Carapace narrower and flatter than in se/7gera; areolations
similar, granulation finer, marginal lobes more angular. Front
(Fig. 3), with a double edge, the inferior slightly in advance
of the superior, but scarcely noticeable in a dorsal view; the
two lobes of the superior margin are slightly arcuate, margin
denticulate or granulate; the lower margin viewed from in
front is sinuous; surface between the two margins, concave.
The epigastric region is coarsely granulate. Eyes larger
than in sef/gera; inferior orbital margin with a prominent
tooth at the inner angle. The chelipeds differ from those of
set?gera in having the fingers longer in proportion to the palm,
more strongly bent downward, the pollex wider at base than
the dactylus. The fingers are horn-color and are almost
smooth, being marked with lines of shallow pits; in setzgera,
on the contrary, the grooves on the fingers are very deep and
the intervening ridges are narrow and armed with conical
tubercles. The hairs which cover the surface are dark-brown; _
in setzgera, yellow.

Dimensions.—Male, length 5.5, width 8 mm.

Type locality.—Off Aspinwall, lat. 9° 32’ 20" N., long. 79°
54’ 45” W., 34 fathoms, station 2147, United States Fish Com-
mission Steamer “Albatross” (U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 7803).

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA 263

61. ACTAA RUFOPUNCTATA NODOSA ( Sizmpson. )

Tortugas.

62. AcTZA PALMERI Aathbun.
Bahama Banks.

63. CARPOPORUS PAPULOSUS S/zmpson.
Station 24, off Key West, 60 fathoms.

64. PILUMNOIDES NUDIFRONS (Sé/nzpson).

Station 29, off Sand Key, about 116 fathoms; station 30,
off Key West, about 100 fathoms; station 62, off Amer-
ican Shoal, 70 to 80 fathoms.

The male from station 30 is considerably larger than the
type, measuring 14.8 mm. long, and 17.4 mm. wide.

Genus Pitumnus Leach.

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN SPECIES.!

A. Carapace for the most part concealed by a short thick pubescence,
which when removed discloses tubercles on the gastric and‘hepatic
regions.

B. Frontai lobes concave, entire. reticulatus Stimpson
=tessellatus A. Milne Edwards

B’. Frontal lobes convex, granulate or denticulate.
C. Entire outer surface of palms tuberculate.

D. Lower margin of orbit granulate, with no teeth excepting at the
inner angle. gemmatus Stimpson

D’. Lower margin of orbit with three or four irregular granulated
teeth. limosus Smith

C’. Outer surface of palms partially smooth and naked.

D. Antero-lateral projections, after the pubescence is removed,
spiniform, curved, sharp. pannosus Rathbun
=gemmatus A. Milne Edwards

D’. Antero-lateral projections, after the pubescence is removed, den-
tiform, short, obtuse. holosericus Rathbun

A’. Carapace, when covered by a short thick pubescence, not having the
gastric region tuberculate.

B. Superior orbital border with one or few long spines.

C. Outer surface of larger hand partially smooth and naked.

1 Pilumuus nudifrons Stimpson is a Pilumnoides; see No. 64.

264 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

D. No subhepatic spine. spinostssimus Rathbun
D'. A subhepatic spine.
E. Superhepatic region unarmed. spinohirsutus Lockington
E'. Superhepatic region armed with spines or spinules.

F. Front and orbits with a few long spines. sayt Rathbun
=aculeatus (Say)

F’. Front and orbits spinulous but without long spines.
caribeus Desbonne & Schramm

C’'. Outer surface of larger hand all over spinulous.
D. Carapace covered with long, fine, silky hair. diomedee Rathbun

D’. Carapace not covered with long, fine, silky hair.
gracilipes A. Milne Edwards
B’. Superior orbital border either entire or armed with denticles or
spinules.
C. Outer surface of larger hand entirely smooth and naked.
andrewstt Rathbun
C’. Outer surface of larger hand not entirely smooth and naked.
D. Outer surface of larger hand only partially covered with tuber-
cles or spines.
E. Outer surface of smaller hand only partially covered with
tubercles or spines.
F. Carapace and chelipeds furnished with mushroom-like tuber-
cles. Jragosus A. Milne Edwards
F’. Carapace and chelipeds not furnished with mushroom-like
tubercles.
G. Antero-lateral spines or teeth 5, including orbital.
spinipes (A. Milne Edwards as Micropanofe)
G'. Antero-lateral spines or teeth 4, including orbital.
lacteus Stimpson
E.'’ Outer surface of smaller hand entirely covered with tubercles
or spines.
F. Carapace covered with hair.
G. Frontal lobes separated from remainder of carapace by a
fringe of hair. floridanus Stimpson
=lacteus A. Milne Edwards
G'. Frontal lobes not separated from remainder of carapace.
H. Carapace rough on the hepatic region.
gonzalensis Rathbun
H . Carapace smooth.
J. Antero-lateral spines 4 including postorbital.
guoyt Milne Edwards

J. Antero-lateral spines 5, including postorbital.
miersit A. Milne Edwards

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA. 265

F’. Carapace naked on posterior half.

G. Second lateral tooth simple. dasypodus Kingsley
=vinaceus A. Milne Edwards

G’. Second lateral tooth bifid. depressus Stimpson
D’. Outer surface of larger hand entirely covered with tubercles or
spines.

E. Hands armed with blunt tubercles or granules, and no spines.
stimpsoni Miers
=marginatus Stimpson

E.' Hands armed with sharp spines.

F. Spines of hands arranged in longitudinal rows.
brasiliensis Miers
F’. Spines of hands not in rows.

G. Ambulatory legs spinous. urinator A. Milne Edwards

G'. Ambulatory legs unarmed. xantusit Stimpson

65. Pitumnus sayi Rathbun (=P. aAcuLEATuSs (Say.)).
Tortugas; Egg Island, Bahamas.

66. PrumMNus CARIBZuUS Desbonne and Schramm.

Egg Island; Bahama Banks, from millepores.

67. PILUMNUS FLORIDANUS Stimpson (=P. LacTEus. A.
Milne Edwards, types examined; not Stimpson. )
Bahama Banks.

68. Pi_tumMNus URINATOR A. AMtlne Edwards?

Station 48, off Key West, about 80 fathoms. One male.

I have not seen the type of P. urznator. The above speci-
men agrees with the description and figure of that species
excepting that the carapace is somewhat wider, and the front
instead of being unarmed is finely denticulate. Specimens
with the same characters were collected by the “Albatross” in
the Caribbean Sea at station 2131, lat. 19° 56’ 44" N., long.
75° 50’ 49" W., 202 fathoms, and station 2135, lat. 19° 55’
58” N., long. 75° 47' 07" W., 250 fathoms. Length of male,
station 2131, 7 mm., width Io mm.; length of male, station
48, 6.3 mm., width 8.5 mm.

69. PILUMNUS SPINOSISSIMUS sp. nov. PI. v, Fig. 3.

Station 44, off Key West, 514 fathoms.
One male.

266 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Long hairy; frontal lobes oblique; orbits spinous; lateral
spines four; chelipeds spinous. .

Carapace covered on its anterior half with spiniform gran-
ules and a few long hairs; posterior half almost smooth. Front
bilobed; lobes separated by a broad U-shaped sinus; each
lobe has an oblique margin armed at either end with a short
spine; next the inner spine there is a short, shallow sinus,
armed with minute spinules; remainder of the front unarmed.
Superior orbital margin armed with four long spines, the two
innermost curving toward each other. Lateral margin with
three long spines besides the orbital, the posterior spine being
a little shorter. Lower orbital margin armed with ten small
irregular spines. The outermost is separated from the post-
orbital spine by a deep sinus; the two innermost are situated
at the extremity of a prominent suborbital process; the next
two are among the largest; the remaining five are very short
spines or spiniform teeth.

Chelipeds of the male unequal; merus with two long curved
spines at the distal end of the upper margin; carpus armed
with about 20 sharp spines curved toward the manus. Larger
manus with about seven irregular rows of spines which cover
about two-thirds of the outer surface; they are large above
and gradually diminish in size downward. On the smaller
manus, the spines cover the outer surface,

Dactyli spinulous on the proximal half. Ambulatory legs
long and hairy; meri spinulous above; carpi and propodi
armed with long spines.

Dimensions.—Length, 8.3 mm.; width, 11.6; width without
spines, 10.5.

The character of the front and orbits sufficiently distinguishes.
this species from all others.

70. PILUMNUS LACTEUS Sémpson, not A. Milne Edwards.
Tortugas.
PILUMNUS ANDREwSII sp. nov. PI. v, Fig. 2.
Slightly hairy; front and orbits not spinous; lateral spines
and teeth five; outer surface of hands smooth and naked.

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA. 267

Carapace broad; slightly hairy, but not enough to obscure
the regions of the carapace; granulate, especially anteriorly
and laterally. Frontal lobes subtruncate, sloping slightly
backward toward the orbit, separated by a broad notch, mar-
gin minutely denticulate. Upper and lower margins of orbit
denticulate; at the inner lower angle there is a prominent
tooth in line with the frontal lobes. Outer angle of orbit
dentiform. There are four additional lateral prominences.
The one next the orbit or the second tooth proper is small
and dentiform. The third, fourth and fifth are larger, spini-
form. with long acuminate tips, that of the third tooth point-
ing inward, of the fifth pointing outward, and the fourth
directed nearly forward. Sub-hepatic tooth present. Inferior
surface of carapace granulate and pubescent

The merus of the chelipeds is armed with spines on the
upper and inner margins; upper part of outer surface granulate,
distal margin of lower surface spinulous. Carpus covered
with acute granules or tubercles; two sharp spines at the
inner angle, one below the other. Merus and carpus slightly
hairy. Manus of larger cheliped wholly smooth and naked on
the outer surface; at the proximal end of the superior inner
face, along the line of the carpus when the cheliped is bent,
there is an irregular line of granules. Dactylus with a large
basal tooth. Fingers light horn-color, the color on the pollex
running from the middle of the dactylic tooth in a line nearly
at right angles with the inferior margin of the manus. Fin-
gers not gaping. Smaller manus smooth and naked except for
a few granules at its proximal end, and pointed tubercles along
the bicristate upper margin, and on the superior inner surface.
Ambulatory legs long and narrow; margins with long, fine
hairs, meral joints armed above with slender spines.

Dimensions.—Female, length 8.9, width including spines
12.8 mm.

Type locality—Green Turtle Cay, Bahamas; Dr. E. A.
Andrews collector, 1897; two females (U. S. Nat. Mus. No.
20,508).

268 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

71. PiILuMNUS GEMMATUS St¢mpson.

Dry Tortugas.

72. PiLuMNUS PANNOosUS Aeathbun —P. GemMMatTus A. Milne
E-dwards not Stimpson.

Bahama Banks, from millepores.

73- Pitumnus HOLosERicus athbun sp. nov. PI. v, Fig. 1.
Egg Island, Bahamas; one male.

Densely pubescent; carapace tuberculate; lateral teeth obtuse;
large hand partially bare outside.

Allied to P. gemmatus Stimpson and P. pannosus Rathbun.
Carapace more oval than in those species. Surface covered
with a short, smooth velvety pubescence which does not con-
ceal the boundaries of the areolations. On either side of the
gastric region there is a tuft of long hairs. Antero-lateral
teeth shorter than in gemmatus or pannosus and blunt, even
when the pubescence is removed. Tubercles of the carapace
and chelipeds smaller and more numerous than in the allied
species. Larger hand with the lower and distal portion of
the outer surface bare and unarmed, but this space is smaller
than in fannosus. Fingers shorter than in that species.
Smaller hand with entire outer surface pubescent and hairy.
Ambulatory legs pubescent and fringed with long hairs.

Dimensions.—Length of male, 6.1; width 8.3 mm.

Distribution.—T ype locality, St. Thomas, one male received
from the Copenhagen Museum (U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 19,705).
A smaller specimen, also a male, was taken at St. Thomas by
the “Albatross.” A larger specimen, a male, 6.8 mm. long
and g.1I wide, was collected at Egg Island, Bahamas, by the
University Expedition. Several specimens are in the Museum
at Copenhagen, including one from St. John, West Indies.

This species need not be confused with pannosus which has
a much more ragged appearance; nor with vemmatus which
is a considerably longer species and has the entire outer sur-
face of both hands tuberculate.

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA. 269

74. LosopmumNus acassizi (Stzmpson) =LOBOPILUMNUS
PULCHELLUs A. J/i/ne Edwards.

Stations 45 and 46, off Key West, shallow water; Tortugas,

dredged.

Of the two forms described by A. Milne Edwards as Z.
agassizit and L. pulchellus, it is evident that the first cannot
be the one described by Stimpson as Pilumnus agassizit, be-
cause it has not the “anterior and antero-lateral areolets . -
. . . naked and thickly granulated,” and the “ penult and
antepenult joints [ of the ambulatory feet] armed with minute
spines above.” Several lots of ZL. agassizez (Stimpson —Z.
pulchellus A. Milne Edwards) were dredged by the “Alba-
tross” in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, while a
large series of ZL. agass7ztt A. Milne Edwards was collected in
Bermuda by Dr. G. Brown Goode in 1876-77. Some of the
specimens of the University Expedition are intermediate be-
tween the two forms. I propose the name Z. agassizit bermu-
densts for the subspecies from Bermuda.

75. HETERACTZA CERATOPUS (Séempson).
Tortugas.

76. PHyMoDIUS MACULATUS Stimpson.

Dry Tortugas; Spanish Wells, Bahamas.

REMARKS ON EURYPANOPEUS AND ALLIED GENERA.

If the species already included in the genus Eurypanopeus
A. Milne Edwards (—Panopfeus Milne Edwards, name pre-
occupied) be retained in it, the genus will embrace not only
species hitherto referred to Panopeus, Eurytium and Eury-
panopeus, but others now included in J/icropanope, Neopanope
and Xanthias (==Xanthodes), which last is closely connected
with Xantho and Lophoxanthus on the one hand and Lef/o-
dius and Xanthodius on the other. It is obvious that no good
purpose will be subserved by uniting all these diverse forms.
It is not possible to separate any of these genera from all the
others by a single character, such as the shape of the finger

270 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

tips, the presence or absence of a sternal canal for the sexual
appendages, or the development of the ridge on the palate.

The modification of the palatal ridge is an important factor
in Dr. Ortmann’s division of his section B. of the Xanthini. In
this section the family Xanthidz is said to differ from the
family Oziide only in lacking a ridge on the palate, which in
the Oziide is either distinct or indistinct. The fact is, that
typical species of Yantho, such as X. hydrophilus Herbst (—
X. incisus Leach) have a rudimentary ridge on the palate
posteriorly developed as in Hurypanopeus. In the three spe-
cies of Hurypanopeus so-called, herbstz, occidentalis, and amer-
icanus (species so much alike in general appearance that they
are not acknowledged by Dr. Ortmann to be distinct), the
palatal ridge is stronger than in Xantho; it is longest in
herbsti7, of about equal length in occzdentalis and americanus,
but better developed in the latter than in occrdentalis. In £.
texanus (family Oziide Ortmann) the ridge is less developed
than in Xantho hydrophilus.

For the value of spoon-shaped fingers as a generic character,
compare Lurypanopeus depressus with £. abbreviatus.

In order to express the relationships of the various Xantho-
Panopean species I believe it is best to divide them according
to their form and general appearance into a number of genera,
including the ten above mentioned to which I have assigned
in nearly every case different limits from those before ascribed
to them. The collection of the University Expedition con-
tains six of these closely related genera of which three are new.

Genus Leptopius A. Milne Edwards.

Carapace suboval, wider than in Xantho; antero-lateral
margin very long, with five well-developed teeth; front and
orbits wider than in Xantho; frontal and antero-lateral mar-
gins not thickened; palatal ridge absent in typical species;
ambulatory legs narrower than in Xantho. Type, L. exaratus
(Milne Edwards).

77. LEPTODIUS FLORIDANUS (Gzbées).

Tortugas, in gulf weed.

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA. 271

Genus XantTuias /tathbun, 1897.
(==XANTHODES Dana, preoccupied).

Carapace oval or suboval, narrower than in Leftodzus,
areolate, granulate, convex in an antero-posterior direction;
front and orbits as wide as in Leptodius; basal antennal joint
barely touching the projection from the front; lateral teeth
usually four (sometimes three) besides the orbital angle,
small, subequal. Chelipeds more or less granulate; carpus
with a groove next the manus; palms thick; fingers bent down,
little or not gaping; ambulatory legs granulate or denticulate
above. Type, X. damarckii (Milne Edwards). Here belong
of American species . ¢ay/orz (Stimpson), sz/catus (Faxon),
politus Rathbun (as Micropanope), granulimanus (Stimpson as
Pilumnus), and probably also xantusz and znsculptus (Stimp-
son) and /atus (Faxon as Panopeus).

78. XANTHIAS NUTTINGI /tathbun sp. nov. PI. Iv, Fig. 1.

Bahama Banks, from millepores; numerous. Station 46,

off Key West, shallow: water.

Carapace suboval, convex in an antero-posterior direction,
nearly flat in a transverse direction; anterior half rough with
scaly granules; regions distinct. Front convex, with two
lobes with granulate margins, separated by a V-shaped sinus.
Antero-lateral margin with three sharp-pointed teeth besides
the orbital, which is obliquely truncate and not prominent; the
posterior tooth is the smallest. Margin of orbit and lateral
teeth granulate. The outer fissure of the orbit is broad and
V-shaped.

Chelipeds heavy, unequal; meri spinulous on upper edge;
carpi covered with bead-like tubercles, with a deep anterior
groove and a small inner tooth terminating ina spinule. Manus
of larger cheliped in male with the upper and about two-thirds
the outer surface ornamented with bead tubercles; lower one-
third and distal extremity smooth and shining; fingers broad,
not gaping, brown with light tips; dactylus with a large basal
tooth; color of pollex not running back on the manus, but
forming a line with the articulation of the dactylus. Manus

PAG NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

of smaller cheliped almost entirely covered with tubercles
which grow smaller toward the distal and lower margins; up-
per margin with a longitudinal groove; fingers deeply grooved.
Upper margins of ambulatory legs tuberculate or granulate.
The females differ in having the whole outer surface of the
larger as well as of the smaller hand tuberculate.

Dimensions.—Length of carapace of male 3.6, width 4.7,
length of larger propodus 4, width 2.3 mm.

Color.Specimens in alcohol are speckled with dark blue,
with larger patches on the anterior part of the gastric region
and on the cardiac region.

Type locality Bahama Banks (University Collection and
U.S. Nat. Mus. Neo. 19975):

Distribution.—Besides having been taken off Key West,
this species had previously been dredged by the ‘Albatross ”
in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea at stations 2362,
2363, 2365 and 2413, in 21 to 25 fathoms, and at Old Provi-
dence.

Genus LOPHOPANOPEUS nov.

Carapace hexagonal, convex, areolate; lateral teeth N, T
and S (in the language of Dana) subequal, prominent; E
present, but reduced and coalesced with D to a greater or less
extent; front narrow, lobes sinuous; orbits transverse. Car-
pus of chelipeds longer than wide; lower margin of propodus
concave distally; ambulatory legs more or less cristate. In
Lophoxanthus A. Milne Edwards (type Xantho lamellipes
Stimpson) the carapace is flat, the orbits small and circular,
the chelipeds heavy.

Type of Lophopanopeus, Xantho bellus Stimpson. To this
genus belong also the species /ewcomanus (Lockington as Xan-
thodes), japonicus nom. nov.(—=Lophozozymus (Lophoxanthus) ,
bellus var. leucomanus Miers), frontalis Rathbun (as Lophozo-
zymus (Lophoxanthus)), lobipes (A. Milne Edwards as iVeo-
panope), two undescribed species from Western America, and
distinctus, nom. nov. (—Micropanope sculptipes A. Milne Ed-
wards not Stimpson) which is included somewhat doubtfully.

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA. 273

79: LopHOPANOPEUS LOBIPES (A. Milne Edwards).
Bahama Banks; station 46, off Key West, shallow water.

Genus EupANOPEUS nom. nov.
(—Panopeus Milne Edwards, part.)

Carapace of moderate width, anteriorly subquadrate, crossed
by broken transverse lines; frontal lobes sinuous; five distinct
lateral teeth; N, T, S prominent; E usually prominent.

Type, &. herbsti (Milne Edwards). Includes occzdentalis
(Saussure), @merzcanus (Saussure) (—areolutus Benedict and
Rathbun), serratus (Saussure), chzlenss (Milne Edwards and
Lucas) (==validus Smith), rugosus (A. Milne Edwards) ,crasszs
(A. Milne Edwards), purpfureus (Lockington,) dermudensis
(Benedict and Rathbun) (—=wzrdemannii Benedict and Rath-
bun, not Gibbes), convexus (A. Milne Edwards), africanus (A.
Milne Edwards), bradley? (Smith) and harttz (Smith).

The species fexanus (Stimpson) (including fexanus sayz!
(Smith)) and fackardi (Kingsley as Panopeus,—/Veopanope
pourtalesti A. Milne Edwards) are united under /Veopanope
A. Milne Edwards.

A new genus, HEXAPANOPEUS, is proposed for the narrow,
hexagonal species of Panofeuws with rapidly converging pos-
tero-lateral margins. Here belong angustifrons (B. & R.,
type), emphilli (B. & R.) and caribeus (Stimpson as Micro-
panope).

The species Panopeus harristi (Gould) (=-wurdemannit
- Gibbes not B. & R.) is made the type of a distinct genus
RHITHROPANOPEUS ( ‘Peipov, a river or stream). It is narrow,
approaching the Carcinoplacine in form, the dorsal ridges
are prominent, and the third abdominal segment does not
touch the coxe of the fifth pair of feet.

So. EupANoPEUS HERBSTII (J/z/ne Edwards).
Bahama Banks.

1 A series of forms intermediate between fexanus and say? were collected
by the United States Fish Commission at Indian River, Florida, in 1896;
the latter form is therefore a geographical variation of the former.

Iv—3 Z

274 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

81. EUPANOPEUS OCCIDENTALIS (Saussure) ?

Tortugas. Two young.

Genus MicropaNnopPe Sé:mpson.

Carapace of moderate width, panopeiform; usually granu
lous or spinulous. Of the antero-lateral teeth, E is reduced
or wanting, S is much reduced; antero-lateral margin spinu-
lous; ambulatory legs spinulous on superior or anterior mar-
gin in typical species.

Type, MZ. sculptipes Stimpson. To this genus I refer
xanthiformis (A. Milne Edwards as Panopeus), lobifrons A.
Milne Edwards, ¢rancatifrons, sp. nov., an undescribed species
from the Pacific coast, and /atemanus and créstimanus Stimp-
son which I have not seen.

82. MiIcROPANOPE XANTHIFORMIS (A. Milne E-dwards).
Station 41, off Sand Key, 15 fathoms; cne male.

MIcROPANOPE TRUNCATIFRONS sp. nov. PI. rv, Fig. 2.

Coarsely granulate; frontal lobes truncate.

Carapace moderately convex; antero-lateral teeth horizontal.
Surface granulate, granules large and conspicuous anteriorly,
diminishing toward the posterior margin. Regions well de-
fined. On each protogastric region there is a short, oblique
ridge; a longer ridge on each hepatic region; a transversely
arcuate elevation on the anterior part of the branchial region.
Outer orbital tooth very small and well separated from the
second tooth which is small and tuberculiform. Third, fourth
and fifth teeth dentiform, the third directed forward, the fourth
and fifth outward, the fifth smaller than the two preceding.
Margin of teeth denticulate. Front truncate; margin thin,
finely crenulate; lobes under the lens slightly sinuous; a row
of coarse granules behind and above the margin giving the
front the appearance of having a double edge. Orbital mar-
gin granulate; two superior fissures little marked, inferior
margin with two subequal teeth and a broad outer V-shaped
fissure. Inferior surface of the carapace granulate.

Chelipeds unequal in the female, tuberculate. Merus short

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA. 275

and broad, triangulate, armed with rather sharp tubercles,
larger on the margins. Tubercles of the carpus forming ir-
regular masses and ridges; two inner spines of which the
inferior posterior is the smaller. Manus with a superior
groove and double crest; tubercles of the outer face dimin-
ishing in size towards the lower margin; those of the inner
face very large near the upper margin, diminishing toward
the lower and distal margins. Larger hand stout, palmar
portion convex above and below; smaller hand with margins
subparallel. Fingers brown, deeply grooved, finely granu-
late, not gaping when closed; dactylus of larger hand with
larger basal tooth. Ambulatory legs very slender, granulate;
meri armed with small spines anteriorly; carpal and Bees
joints with spinules.

Dimensions.—Length 7, width 10.4, exorbital width 6.5,
width of front 3.5 mm.

Type locality. Off Havana, Cuba, lat. 23° rr’ 45” N.,
long. 82° 18’ 54” W., 194 fathoms, station 2326, one female
(U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 9497).

Additional localities. —Off Havana, lat. 23° 10’ 40" N., long.
82 °20’ 15” W., 182 fathoms, station 2349, one small male.
Off Arrowsmith Bank, Yucatan, lat. 20° 59’ 30” N.. long.
86° 23’ 45” W., 130 fathoms, station 2354, one female.

83. MicROPANOPE LOBIFRONS A. J/:/ne Edwards.

Off Havana, one female.

Genus TETRAXANTHUS nov.

Carapace quadrate, very convex, not areolate; orbit as wide
as half the front; lateral teeth four including the orbital angle;
teeth little projecting; first and second small, separated by a
shallow sinus; third and fourth somewhat dentiform, obtuse;
palate with a ridge. Chelipeds with merus extending con-
siderably beyond the carapace; propodus very concave on
lower margin; ambulatory legs long and slender. Type, 7-
bidentatus (A. Milne Edwards as Xanthodes).

84. TETRAXANTHUS BIDENTATUS (A. JZit/ne Edwards).
Station 42, off Sand Key, 15 fathoms.

Iv—3 Z2

276 NATURAL HISTORY -BULLETIN.

85. EripHt1a GONAGRA (Fabricius).
Spanish Wells and Harbor Island, Bahamas.
86. DomEctIaA HISPIDA Souleyet (=-PILUMNUS MELANACAN-
THUS A7ngsley—EvPILUMNUS WEBSTERI Azgs/ey).

Sand Key Light, among sponges and rocks.

PORTUNIDA.

87. PorTuNus SAYI ( Gidbes).

Tortugas, in gulf weed.
88. PorTunus (ACHELOUS) SPINIMANUS (Latrevlle).

Stations 44 and 46, off Key West, shallow water; Tortugas,
in gulf weed; Bahama Banks.
89. PorTunus (ACHELOUS) DEPRESSIFRONS (S¢zmpson).
Station 46, off Key West; Tortugas, dredged; Spanish
Wells, Bahamas; Bahama Banks, from millepores.
90. PortTunus (ACHELOUS) ORDWAYI Stimpson.

Tortugas, gulf weed; Bahama Banks. Two young.

gt. Portrunus (ACHELOUS) SPINICARPUS Stimpson.

Station 24, off Key West, 60 fathoms; station 46, off Key
West, shallow water; Tortugas, dredged.

g2. CALLINECTES DANA Szth.
Bahia Honda, Cuba.

One large male. This locality extended the northern limit
of the species. The United States Fish Commission has, how-
ever, since (in 1896) taken it at Indian River Inlet, Florida.

93. BATHYNECTES SUPERBA (Costa) (=B. LONGISPINA
Stimpson, fide Norman, Ann. Mag. N. H. March, 1891,
272).
Stations 30 and 35, off Key West, 90 and 100 fathoms.

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA. 2

|
~I

CORYSTID£~.

HyYPoPrELTARIUM DEXTRUM sp. nov. PI. vi, Fig. 2.

Carapace oval; median tooth of front longer than the lateral;
chelipeds very unequal, seven abdominal segments in the male
distinct.

This species resembles 7. sfznu/osum in the shape of the
carapace and lateral lobes, the character of the rostrum, orbits,
antenne and maxillipeds. It differs from it in its very unequal
chelipeds and in the separation of the seven abdominal seg-
ments. In these points it resembles 7rzchopfeltarion.

Carapace narrow, oval, broader anteriorly than posteriorly,
very convex, strongly deflexed anteriorly. Surface orna-
mented with numerous small, white, bead-like tubercles which
posteriorly become subacute or spiniform. The surface be-
tween the tubercles is covered with very short light-colored
sete. Branchio-cardiac sutures very deep. Front horizontal,
tridentate, median tooth twice as long as the lateral, each
tooth tipped with a sharp spine, and with two or more smaller
spines near the tip. Orbit four-toothed as in 4. spznulosum,
the teeth margined with small spines. Eye-stalks slender,
curved, capable of being concealed within the orbits. Eyes
imperfectly developed, light brown. About one-third the dis-
tance from the tip on the anterior surface there is a small
slender spine.

On the lateral margins of the carapace, three shallow teeth
or lobes can be made out, two of which are antero-lateral and
one postero-lateral; they are bordered by small spines. In-
ferior surface of the carapace spinulous. The sutures between
the abdominal segments are distinct. The terminal segment
is not deeply inserted in the preceding segment as in H. spinu-
Josum, and is considerably broader than long. The median
third of the abdomen is spinulous, the spinules diminishing
in size from the first to the sixthsegment. Sternum granulate.
Antenna with basal joint stout, spinulous, partially movable,
and attaining the end of the subocular tooth, second and
third joints successively much more slender. The maxillipeds

278 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

are very similar to those of //. sfznulosum. Surface partially
granulate. The ischium at its distal extremity is wider than
the merus; its antero-lateral angle is produced. The merus
is narrow at base, its outer margin is arcuate, antero-internal
margin oblique; inner angle spinulous.

The chelipeds are very unequal, the right the larger;
surface finely granulate. Merus very thick, trigonal, spinu-
lous on upper and outer margins and toward distal end. Car-
pus with outer surface tuberculous, inner margin thick, armed
with sharp spinules; inner angle prominent, quadrate. Manus
very deep distally; upper surface spinulous and tuberculous;
pollex short, triangular, edged with eight small rounded teeth.
Dactylus wide, upper margin arcuate, spinulous; inner edge
with five crenate teeth larger than those on the pollex. The
fingers are gaping and resemble the beak of a parrot. The
smaller cheliped is very spinulous, the upper margin spinous,
the fingers proportionally longer and more slender, gaping
slightly at base. Ambulatory legs with merus joints spinous
on upper margin and in last pair spinulous on outer surface.
Carpal joints spinulous in first three pairs. Dactyli very long
and slender. The ambulatory legs are fringed with long silky
hair, also the upper margin of smaller cheliped, the lower
margin of the carapace, the margins of abdomen, sternum and
maxillipeds.

Dimensions.—Length 42.5, width 36.5, length of cheliped
72, greatest depth of manus 22, length of lower margin of
manus 36, length of smaller cheliped 37.5, length of dactylus
of first ambulatory leg on left side 14.5, same on right side
15.7 mm.

Type locality. Off Cozumel, Yucatan, 231 fathoms, station
2359, steamer “Albatross,” one male (U.S. Nat. Mus. No.
9558).

TRACHYCARCINUS SPINULIFER sp. nov. PI. vi, Fig. 1.

Protuberances of the carapace small and spinulous ; chelipeds
subequal; outer surface of hands rough.

Shape of the carapace much as in 7. coral/linus; antero-
lateral margins more convex. Surface covered with a light-

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA. 279

colored pubescence, finer and less dense than in 7. corallinus.
Regions of the carapace well-marked. Elevations smaller,
more numerous and less striking than in 7. cora/linus, and
covered with small conical tubercles, many of which are spini-
form. Slender spinules are scattered on the carapace, espe-
cially on the posterior half and near the lateral margins.
Lateral spines longer and more slender than in 7° corallinus,
and armed with spinules. Antero-lateral spines three, the
third the longest. Postero-lateral spines two. Posterior mar-
gin armed with small spines. Front with three slender spines
of equal width at base, directed forward. tips broken off.
Orbital spines very slender, spinuliferous, the preocular hav-
ing a small spine at its base on the outer side. The seg-
ments of the abdomen in the male are all distinct; the first and
second have a few small spines or spinules.

Chelipeds small and nearly equal, the right the larger; cov-
ered with slender sete like those on the carapace. Merus
not exceeding the carapace; lower and outer margin spinu-
lous. Outer surface of carpus and manus spinulous, with
larger spines at the inner angle of the carpus and along the
superior margin of the manus. Ambulatory legs longer and
more slender than in 7. corallinus, pubescent; all the joints
excepting the dactyli bear spinules.

Dimensions.— Male, length to base of rostral spines 26,
width including spines 34, width excluding spines 23.3 mm.
A broken carapace from station 2395 is considerably larger
than the type. It measures 40.6 mm. in length to the base of
the rostral spines and 38.6 in width exclusive of spines.

FHlabitat.—Gulf of Mexico, 324 and 347 fathoms, stations
2376 and 2395, steamer ‘‘Albatross.”

Type locality.—Station 2376, off the Delta of the Missis-
sippi, 324 fathoms (U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 9639).

This species differs from the type of the genus in the same
manner that the two species of Hypofeltarium differ from
each other, that is, in the relative size of the chelipeds and in
the distinctness of the seven abdominal segments in the male.

280 NATURAL HISTORY BULEETIN.

GE. CAREC ENED:

94. GECARCINUS LATERALIS (/réminville).

Tortugas.

95. CARDISOMA GUANHUMI Latrezlle.

Spanish Wells, Bahamas.

Deacia CAD Ae.

96. Pauicus pENTaTus (A. Milne Edwards).
Station 41, off Sand Key, 15 fathoms.

97. PALicus BAHAMENSIS /tathéun. PI. rx, Fig. 2.
Bahama Banks.

The specimens collected by the University Expedition differ
from the type in the shorter and blunt lateral teeth, in the
less prominent posterior ridge, in the coarser and more even
granulation of the carapace, and the thicker and blunter den-
ticles of the anterior margin of the meral joints of the legs.
These denticles, however, have a tendency to become sharp
and curved at the tip in some specimens. In spite of
these differences I refer these specimens to dahamensis on
account of the similarity in general characters, the shape of
the front and orbits, the arrangement of abdominal and sternal
plates, the shape of the chelipeds and ambulatory legs. Cheli-
peds of small specimens agree with those of the type which
is similar in size. In large specimens the chelipeds of the
male are more unequal; manus very deep, coarsely granulate,
upper surface tuberculate, lower margin nearly straight.
Pollex longer and dactylus less deflexed than in the first form
of the male of P. alternatus. Left cheliped very weak, fin-
gers slender, deflexed. Chelipeds of female similar to the left
cheliped in the male. A female of the form above described
was taken by the “ Blake” off Barbados.

Dimensions.—Male, length of carapace 8, width g, length
of second ambulatory leg 18, length of merus of same 5.2,
carpus 3.2, propodus 4.3, dactylus 4.3. Female, length of
carapace 7.5, width 8.8 mm. Small specimens are propor-
tionally wider than large.

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA 281

98. PaLicus ALTERNATUs frathbun.
Station 24, off Key West, 60 fathoms.

gg. Pacicus sica (A. Milne Edwards).
Station 41, off Sand Key, 15 fathoms.

OC YPODID A.

100. SPEOCARCINUS CAROLINENSIS S/7mpson.
Tortugas, dredged.

Three small males. Described by Stimpson from the har-
bor at Charleston, South Carolina. It has not since been re-
corded.

IOI. PRIONOPLAX ATLANTICUS Aendall.
Tortugas, dredged.

One ovigerous female, 9 mm. long, 13.5 wide. Only the
male of this species was known hitherto. In the type, male,
the third, fourth and fifth segments of the abdomen are com-
pletely anchylosed.

102. Eucratopsis ELATA (A. Milne Edwards)?

Erucratoplax elata A. Milne Edwards, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., vut, 18, 188o.

Station 27, off Sand Key, 50 to 60 fathoms.

The typical species of Aucratoplax A. Milne Edwards, £.
guttata, is identical with Aucratopsis crasstmanus (Dana) ;
therefore Hucratoplax becomes a synonym of Fucratopsis.
The specimens in hand are, I think, referable to the second
species of Milne Edwards, Hucratoplax elata, which is here
assigned only provisionally to the genus Aucratopsis, as it
differs from the type species of the genus in having the third
segment of the abdomen of the male extend to the coxe of
the fifth pair of feet.

Eucratopsis elata is known only from a brief diagnosis of
the female. Following is a description of specimens of both
sexes in the United States National Museum:

Male.—Carapace subquadrate, convex, punctate, granulate

282 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

on the branchial, hepatic and intestinal regions; regions well
marked. Front deflexed, about two-fifths the width of the cara-
pace; margin thin, divided into two very slightly convex, entire
lobes. Orbit nearly as wide as half the front, with two short,
closed fissures above and a large outer notch; edge granulate;
outer angle obtuse, not prominent; upper margin nearly
transverse. Antero-lateral margin shorter than the postero-
lateral. Lateral teeth four besides the orbital; the first small,
triangular; the second, the broadest; the third the longest
and most prominent, acuminate; the fourth postero-lateral,
minute. Second segment of abdomen much narrower than
the first and third, exposing the sternum; third segment with
angular margins; third, fourth and fifth segments coalesced;
terminal segment with extremity rounded; proximal margin
concave. Surface of abdomen smooth, of sternum granulate.

Chelipeds unequal; granulate; merus trigonal, thick, upper
margin with a spine one-third the distance from the proximal
end. Carpus with an anterior groove, and sharp inner spine.
Granulation of the smaller propodus coarser than that of the
larger; in both there is a tendency to form longitudinal ridges.
There is a broad truncate tooth on the propodus at the base
of the dactylus in both chele; in the larger, the dactylus has
a large basal tooth; both fingers deeply grooved; pollex with
a granulate ridge above the lower margin; dactylus with
proximal portion of upper surface granulate. The brown
color of the dactylus does not extend quite to the manus; the
color of the pollex is even less extensive. Fingers not gaping.
Ambulatory legs slender; superior margin of meral, carpal
and propodal joints minutely spinulous. j

One male was dredged at station 2644, steamer “ Alba-
tross,” off Cape Florida, lat. 25° 4o’ N., long. 80° W., 193,
fathoms (U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 11407).

Female.—At stations 2400 and 2401, southwest of Cape San
Blas, Florida, 142 and 169 fathoms, were taken one female
each, which I refer provisionally to the same species as the
above. They differ from the male as follows: ‘The postero-
lateral margins are less convergent, and the lateral teeth are

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA 283

three in number, besides the postorbital. The tooth corre-
sponding to the first one of the male is obsolete: the next two
are large and less divergent from the carapace than in the
male. The last tooth is larger in the female than in the male.
The inequality in the chelipeds is less in the female than in
the male.

Young.—The young of this or of a closely allied species was
taken at station 2402, “Albatross,” south of Cape San Blas,
111 fathoms, and by the University Expedition off Sand Key.
In these young specimens, only two lateral teeth are evident
on the carapace; they are sharp and subequal. There is a
denticulated elevation on the merus in place of the single
spine of the adult.

Dimenstons.—Male, length 7.6, width 10.5, width of front
4.1 mm. Female, station 2401, length 8.1, width 10.2; sta-
tion 2400, length 6.1, width 7.8 mm.

103. PILUMNOPLAX AMERICANUS sp. nov. Pl. vu, Figs. 1
and 2.

Station 28, off Sand Key, 116 fathoms; stations 51, 52, 62,
off American Shoal, 70 to 110 fathoms; station 56, Pour-
tales Plateau, lat. 24° 16’ N., long. 81° 22’ W., about
200 fathoms.

Surface granulate( ?) lateral teeth five; front sulcate.

Carapace finely granulate under the lens; gastro-cardiac
sulcus distinct; anterior mesogastric region faintly outlined.
Front abruptly defiexed; upper margin with a slight median
emargination, from which the two truncate lobes incline
slightly backward; surface of front transversely sulcate;
lower margin projecting a little beyond the upper, emarginate.
Front deepest just outside the median emargination; margins
granulate. Superior margin of orbit with a deep and narrow
notch near the middle, and a deep rounded sinus near the
outer angle. The outer orbital tooth is prominent and blunt,
and is coalesced by a shallow sinus with the first broad lobi-
form tooth of the lateral margin. In addition there are three
lateral teeth, of which the first two are acute, the first espe-

284 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

cially prominent; last tooth very small, indicated only by a
feeble emargination. The abdomen covers the sternum at its
base. Chelipeds very unequal, everywhere granulated, the
granulation of the smaller being coarser than that of the
larger. Carpus with two spines at the inner angle.

This species is closely allied to P. heterochir (Studer) but
differs in the more advanced front and orbital angles, in the
additional tooth or lobe of the lateral margin, and in the ex-
tensive granulation of the carapace and chelipeds.

Dimensions.—Male, length 7.7, width 9.7 mm. A male
from station 62, measures 11 mm. long and 14.2 wide.

Distribution.—The type specimen was taken by the “Alba-
tross ” at station 2415, off Georgia, 440 fathoms (U. S. Nat.
Mus. No. 19652); also taken by the University Expedition at
five stations off the Florida Keys, in from 70 to about 200
fathoms.

Genus CHASMOCARCINUS nov.
( Xdoun, a gaping; KAPKLVOS, crab. )

Allied to Scaloprdia Stimpson. Carapace thick, broadest
posteriorly, tapering anteriorly, without antero-lateral angles,
the lateral margins forming a curve continuous with the an-
terior margin. Front narrow, bifid. Orbits marginal, oblong;
eyes movable. Pterygostomian region with a_ horizontal
suture as in Scalopedia. Antennula with basal joint very
large and hemispherical. Epistome nearly perpendicular, its
margin projecting below the maxillipeds. Maxillipeds widely
separated throughout their length, being placed longitudinally
instead of obliquely as in Scalopidia; merus suboval, the pal-
pus articulating at the antero-internal angle. Abdomen
much narrower at base than the sternum; third, fourth and
fifth segments coalesced in the male. The sexual appendages
pass to the coxe through ducts visible between the sternal
segments. Abdominal segments distinct in the female. Cheli-
peds with merus trigonal, carpus quadrate, manus short and
broad, fingers long and slender. Ambulatory legs slender,
subcylindrical, the third pair the longest, the second next, the
fourth the shortest. Dactylus of last pair recurved.

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA. 285

The genus differs from Scalopidia chiefly in the form of the
merus of the maxillipeds, which is quadrate in that genus, in
the character of the epistome which in Scalopzdia is not sharply
separated from the buccal cavity, in the movable eyes which
are not concealed beneath the carapace, in the swollen basal
joint of the antennula and the cylindrical ambulatory legs.

CHASMOCARCINUS TYPICUS sp. nov. PI. vu, Figs. 3-5.

Orbits transverse; sternum and abdomen granulate.

Length of carapace a little more than three-fourths of the
posterior width. Front and orbits about one-half the width
of the carapace. The upper surface is convex and rounds
gradually downward into the lateral surfaces which are almost
perpendicular. Anterior third strongly deflexed. Lateral
margin as seen from above, convex and slightly emarginate
at its middle; at this point a deep sulcus arises and extends
obliquely downward and forward, joining the inferior hori-
zontal suture. The anterior half of the lateral margin is de-
fined by a slight ridge of fine granules; the posterior half is
not defined. The cardiac region is well marked, also the
posterior part of the mesogastric. Surface finely granulate.
Front with a short and shallow median sulcus; margin trans-
verse, faintly bilobed. Orbit about two-thirds the width of
the front; upper margin transverse. Eye fitting closely in
the orbit, and much thicker at the base than at the cornea.
Below the orbit there is an oblique ridge subparallel to the
inferior margin. The margin of the epistome is notched in
the middle, on either side of the middle, and again above the
- summit of the endognath of the maxillipeds. The maxillipeds
are separated by a hiatus equal in breadth to the maxilliped.
The ischium of the endognath has subparallel sides. The
outer margin of the merus is semicircular, the inner margin
slightly convex; at its base about half the width of the ischium.
The sternum is finely granulate, the abdomen sparsely so. In
the male the widest part of the abdomen is at the suture be-
tween the third and fourth segments; outline of fourth to
seventh segments inclusive, triangular. In the female, the

286 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

lateral outline of each of the segments from the second to the
sixth inclusive, is convex; the general outline from the third
to the tip is triangular.

Chelipeds punctate; merus sparsely granulate, longer than
wide. In the male the carpus has a tooth at the inner angle,
blunt in the larger or right cheliped, acute in the smaller.
Palms short and broad, lower margin very convex; fingers
very long and slender, strongly bent downward; tips acute
and bent toward each other. Dactylus of larger cheliped
shorter than the pollex and very thick at base, as seen from
above; prehensile margin tuberculate and very hairy. Pre-
hensile margin of pollex denticulate and with a sinus at its
base forming a slight gape. Fingers of smaller cheliped
slightly bent, not at all gaping, prehensile edges very finely
denticulate, with a larger tooth at the base of the dactylus.
The chelipeds of the female differ from those of the male in
being more nearly equal, the right or larger resembling the
left in character, the carpus having a sharp spine, and the
fingers very slightly bent and not gaping. Ambulatory legs
slightly flattened, hairy; dactyli with a fringe of hair on op-
posite sides, superior and inferior.

Dimensions.—Male, length 7.5, width 9.8, length of pro-
podus of cheliped 10.5, width of same 4.2, length of pollex
along prehensile margin 7, of dactylus along superior margin

7.8 mm.
Type locality—North of Trinidad, 31 to 34 fathoms. sta-
tions 212t and 2122, U.S. Fish Commission steamer *Alba-

tross” (U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 6gor).

CHASMOCARCINUS OBLIQUUS sp. nov. PI. vu, Fig. 6.

( Obliquus, in allusion to the slanting eyes).

Orbits oblique; sternum and abdomen smooth.

Carapace narrower than in ¢ygzcus, without distinct lateral
margin. Surface smooth, finely and obscurely punctate. Me-
dian notch of front shallow, but more distinct than in ¢yfzcus.
Superior margin of orbit oblique. Eyes shorter and less ta-
pering than in ¢yfzcus. Ridge below the orbit less prominent
than in ¢yprcus. Maxillipeds similar. Sternum and abdomen

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA. 287

smooth. Abdomen narrower across the third segment than
in ¢typrcus; sixth segment narrower than in that species, and
with parallel sides.

Merus of chelipeds with the lower margin spinous; carpus
with a long slender spine. Chelipeds nearly equal, in the im-
mature male, fingers slightly deflexed as in the left hand of
lypicus, not gaping, prehensile margins finely denticulate;
dactylus of the right cheliped with a basal tooth. Ambula-
tory legs more slender, less flattened than in typicus. The
legs are detached. The last two joints have a fringe of long
hair.

Dimensions.—Male, length 5.3, width 5.9 mm.

Type locality —Southeast of Andros Island, Bahamas, in
Tongue of Ocean, 97 fathoms, station 2651, “Albatross,” one
immature male (U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 20509).

104. OCYPODE ARENARIA Say.
Tortugas; Loggerhead Key; Egg Island, Bahamas.

105. FREVILLEA BARBATA A. Milne Edwards?
Off Havana.

One young male, soft shell, mutilated, about 3 mm. long
and 4 wide, is perhaps referable to this species, of which I
have seen no examples. The sides of the carapace converge
posteriorly. The post-orbital angle is marked by a slender
curved spine; behind the spine is one feebly marked tooth.
The front is about 1% mm. wide and is faintly bilobed.
Superior orbital margin sinuous, directed obliquely backward
to the orbital spine. Eyes very large, as in young Ocyfode,
extending laterally beyond the carapace. The single cheliped
(with fingers broken off) is smooth. The carpus has a short
inner spine.

FREVILLEA QUADRIDENTATA sp nov. Pl. vm, Fig. 1.

Lateral teeth four; sides converging posteriorly.

Carapace very thick, smooth, very finely punctate; sides
converging posteriorly, regions well marked. Front deflexed,
in a dorsal view seeming faintly bilobed. Lateral margin

288 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

with four teeth, diminishing in size from the anterior or orbital
to the posterior. Orbital margin sinuous, sloping obliquely
backward and outward, a tooth near the inner angle below.

Chelipeds in the female equal, granulate, especially toward
the margins. Merus with a spine on the superior margin.
Carpus longer than wide, with a slender forward-pointing
spine at the inner angle. Propodus with a granulated ridge
on its upper and lower margins; lower margin concave.
Fingers as long as the palmar portion. Dactylus with two
granulated ridges on its upper surface; light brown color
extending nearly to the articulation. Color of pollex extend-
ing only half its length. Teeth irregular and shallow. Tips
curved, acuminate, crossing each other. Gape slight. Upper
surface of carpus, propodus and dactylus sparsely hairy.
Lower surface of last two joints of ambulatory legs fringed
with very fine hairs.

Dimensions —Length 4.7, anterior width 5.9, width of front
2.2 mm.

Type locality Curacao, steamer “Albatross,” one female
(U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 19974).

GRA PSL D7:
106. GONIOPSIS CRUENTATUS (Latredle).
Spanish Wells, Bahamas.
107. GRApsuS GRAPSUS {(Linneus) .

Bahia Honda, Cuba, on wharves; Egg Island and Spanish
Wells, Bahamas.

108. PACHYGRAPSUS TRANSVERSUS Gibées.
Dry Tortugas.
10g. PLANES MINUTUS (L7un@us).
Tortugas, in gulf weed; lat. 31° 30’ N., long. 75° 11’ W.
I10. SESARMA (HoLomeETopus) MIERsII /tathbun.
Egg Island, Bahamas.
111. ArRaTus Pisoni AWilne Edwards.
Bahia Honda, Cuba.

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA. 289

I12. PLAGUSIA DEPRESSA (Fabricius).
Spanish Wells, Bahamas.

113. LerroLopHus PLANIssIMus (/fferést).

Egg Island, Bahamas.

CALAPPIDA.

114. CALAPPA FLAMMEA ( Fferést).

Tortugas.

CALAPPA SULCATA sp. nov. PI. 1x, Figs. 3 and 4.

Teeth of posterior margin produced; manus with a smooth
sulcus .

This species is closely related to C. flammea (Herbst).
The two specimens collected by the Albatross” are not
mature, but I have compared them with specimens of flam-
mea equally small. The proportions of the carapace are
similar to those of fammea; so also are the larger tubercles
which ornament the longitudinal elevations, the smaller inter-
vening tubercles are, however, much flatter and less conspicu-
ous than in fammea. The posterior two-fifths of the carapace
is very finely granulate, the granules barely visible to the
naked eye, while in fammea they are always evident. The
most striking difference in the carapace of the two species is
the great length and slenderness of the median pair of teeth
of the posterior border and also the spiniform teeth at the
postero-lateral angle. In ffammea there is a small tooth just
outside the median pair; this tooth is absent in sw/cata. The
margin of the orbit is subentire; in flammea, incised with
tuberculiform teeth.

The chelipeds differ as follows from those of flammea.
Above the inferior margin of the palm (Fig. 4) there is an
oblique row of four or more large granulated tubercles; above
this row there is a broad and deep sulcus having a smooth
surface, and continued in a direction subparallel to the distal
margin of the palm. In flammea, the area above the inferior
margin is granulate and has one or two small tubercles; above

Iv—3 2A

290 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

this there is a depression corresponding to that in sz/cata, but
shallow and granulate.

Dimenstons.— Female, length, median 13.7; entire length
14.6; greatest width, across postero-lateral angles, 17.5 mm.

Reange.—Vype locality, off the Delta of the Mississippi,
station 2388, lat. 29° 24’ 30" N., long. 88° or’ W., 35 fathoms,
one female (U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 14941). One additional
female was taken off Cape Hatteras, N. C., station 2296, lat.
35° 35. 20” N., long. 74° 58" 45" W., 27 fathoms (Oise
Nat. Mus. No. 8817).

115. CALAPPA ANGUSTA A. Milne Edwards.

Stations 24, 26 and 47, off Key West, 60 to 80 fathoms.

116. CAaALAppa GALLUS ( fferbst) (==C. GALLOIDES Sé7mpson.)

Tortugas.

117. CyYCLOES BAIRDII Stempson.

Spanish Wells, Bahamas, 6 fathoms. One female, which
differs from the types from Cape St. Lucas only in its
rougher and more uneven surface.

118. OSACHILA TUBEROSA S¢772pson.
Station 24, off Key West, 60 fathoms; off Havana.

LEUCOSIIDZ::

IIlg. SPELGZOPHORUS ELEVATUS sp. nov. PI. 11, Fig 1.

Station 46, off Key West, shallow water; one female.

Carapace very high; four large branchial openings; antero-
lateral and lateral margins subequal; two posterior marginal
lobes reduced.

Allied to S. ¢rzangulus A. Milne Edwards, but the carapace
is narrower and much higher. In ¢vzangulus the highest
point of the dorsal surface is at the anterior end of the ridge
which defines the inner and posterior boundary of each
branchial region; in e/evatus the highest point is at the middle
of this ridge. Hepatic region convex; subhepatic tooth

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA. 291

prominent, blunt. Branchial margin with three lobes, one of
which is antero-lateral. The lobe at the postero-lateral angle
is much the largest and most produced. The branchial hol-
lows are much larger than in the other species of the genus;
the posterior openings are each nearly as large as the cardiac
lobe; the anterior openings are each about one-half as large
as the posterior, and separated from them by narrow bridges.
The surface between the anterior openings is much depressed.
The two lobes of the posterior margin are small and subtri-
angular. The outer surface of the merus of the chelipeds
has three blunt thickened lobes or teeth. The palm is much
swollen; its anterior or outer margin has a bilobed crest. The
upper surface of the crab is covered with depressed granules
so crowded as to present ahoney-comb structure. The more
elevated portions are in addition tuberculated. On the lower
surface, there are many more tubercles, which are large and
bead-like, and tend to form on the abdomen reticulating lines.
The tubercles margining the ambulatory legs are large and
acorn-shaped.

Dimensions.—Length 9.7, width at postero-lateral angles
12, width at median lateral lobe of the branchial region 11.4,
height 5, greatest diameter of posterior opening 3.1, least
diameter 2 mm.

120. ILIACANTHA SUBGLOBOSA SZzmpson.

Stations 25 and 26, off Key West, 60 fathoms; station 41,
off Sand Key, 15 fathoms.

ILIACANTHA LIODACTYLUS sp. nov. PI. vit, Fig. 2.

Three posterior acute spines; fingers longer than palm;
dactyli of ambulatory legs not grooved.

The shape of the carapace is broadly oval, as in swbg/obosa.
The granules are visible to the naked eye but are not large
as in sparsa and intermedia; they are distant from one another
and the intervening space is covered with minute puncte.
The lateral margin is bluntly angulate on the hepatic region
and again on the branchial region about half way back on the
carapace; the margin is indicated bya definite line of crowded

Iv—3 2A2

292 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

acute granules. The three posterior protuberances are acute,
conical spines, upturned at the tips, the lateral pair two-thirds
the length of the median. The front is not prominent, is
slightly inclined upward and divided into two blunt, finely
granulated teeth separated by a shallow sinus. It is wider
proportionally than in swbglobosa. The pterygostomian chan-
nel projects only slightly beyond the orbital margin and does
not exceed the front; of the two notches at its extremity, the
outer is broad, deep and U-shaped, the inner is very shallow.
The outer maxillipeds are similar to those of swbg/obosa; the
exognath reaches nearer the end of the upper margin of the
pterygostomian channel than in that species. In the abdomen
of the male, the third, fourth and fifth segments are coalesced,
and the sixth is partially soldered to these, the dividing line
being visible. The sutures between the first, second and
third segments are not as clearly marked as in sabglobosa.
The abdomen for the greater part of its length is narrower
than in swbg/lobosa.

Chelipeds about twice the length of the carapace. Merus
a little shorter than the carapace, exclusive of posterior spine,
slender, cylindrical, not tapering, coarsely and rather densely
granulate, with a blunt tooth at the posterior proximal end, as
in subglobosa. Carpus and manus finely granulate. Palm
narrowing distally, a litthe more than three times as long on
its outer margin as its greatest width. Dactylus about one-
fourth longer than the palm; armature similar to that of saé-
globosa, that is, there are about eight longer, slender spines at
tolerably regular intervals, the interspaces with from nine to
twelve small irregular spines. The ambulatory legs are
slender; propodi less compressed than in swbglobosa; dactyli
smooth and furnished with a fringe of hair on opposite sides
(superior and inferior margins); this fringe is longer and
more noticeable than in swbglobosa where the two lines are
near together, on the upper and posterior surfaces, and the
dactyli are deeply grooved.

Dimensions.—Immature male, length to tip Hf median spine
17, length exclusive of spine, 14.5, width 13.6, length of

REPORT ON THE BRACHYURA. 293

merus of cheliped, on posterior margin 13.9, length of manus,
along posterior or outer margin 6.5, length of dactylus 8.6 mm.
Range.—Type locality, north of Trinidad, 31 to 34 fathoms, -
stations 2121 and 2122, steamer “Albatross” (U.S. Nat. Mus.
No. 20327). Taken also at St. John one of the Danish
West Indies by CErsted; one immature female (Copenhagen
Museum).
121. Esauia stimpsoni A. Wilne Edwards.

Bahama Banks, from millepores.

122. LiITHADIA CADAVEROSA S/72pson.
Bahama Banks.

VORIP PPD Az.

123. ETHUSA MASCARONE AMERICANA A. JZi/ne Edwards.
Station 45, off Key West, shallow water.
124. ErTuusA TENUIPES Arathbun.
Stations 27, 39, 41 and 47, off Key West and Sand Key, 15
to 80 fathoms.
125. Cymopotus ASPER A. Milne Edwards.
Stations 28, 30, 33, 35, 51; 52, 56, 62, 63, 64, off Key West,
Sand Key and American Shoal, 70 to 200 fathoms.
126. CyYCLODORIPPE NITIDA A. AZilne Edwards.
Stations 27, 30, 51 and 52, off Key West and American
Shoal, 50 to 110 fathoms. Abundant at stations 30 and 51.
127. CYCLODORIPPE ANTENNARIA A. J/ilne Edwards.
Station 27, off Sand Key, 50 to 60 fathoms; off Havana.
CYCLODORIPPE GRANULATA sp.nov. PI. rx, Fig. 1.

Coarsely granulate. Postertor greater than anterior width.
Superior and inferior surfaces closely and coarsely granu-
late. Carapace broader than long; posterior greater than
exorbital width; very convex in a transverse direction, slightly
so in a longitudinal direction. Branchio-cardiac grooves deep;
mesogastric region partly outlined by converging grooves;

294 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

protogastric lobes with faint longitudinal impressed lines.
Lateral margin with a small sharp spine about the middle of
its length; margin behind the spine tuberculous. Front with
a median tooth, elevated, blunt, smooth at the tip, having a
median sulcus, concave beneath, forming the roof of the buc-
cal cavity; on either side is a depressed and inconspicuous
tooth. Preorbital tooth large, subacute, not quite so advanced
as the front. Postorbital tooth acute, directed obliquely for-
ward. Endognath of maxillipeds longitudinally grooved.
The left cheliped, the only one with the specimen, is very
slender and coarsely granulate; the fingers as long as the palm.

Dimensions.—Female, length 2.8, width 3 mm.

Type locality Off Trinidad, lat. 11° 07’ N., long. 62° 14’
30" W., 73 fathoms, station 2120, one female (U. S. Nat.
Mus. No. 20510).

a tae

ae Sa. ats tomy :

an wo

Pe a

pe on Peachey , eaguneie Midge gees oie the
Sites Paxcius, concave bendatt, for aang: the Tonks,
gee ney) on either sie ie) adepremd aad oe
teiee. | Vreorbital tooth’ large, subacute, nog quite
hetoe 00% Postorbital tectw eente, aiteetee sptem
ha Cadopiiath Sof dha iipeds Jongitidinally | ve
ie el. cheliped)thesonl one: with tie speciinans iy:
even tre nd Cat se y Rracnes hited the Sigers a8 lorry:

ig ionse-Female, length 2.8, width Smithy?
cabthy,—OF Titinided. Wee O77 ae
so" WV ee Fathom, sthtion: eae, ine females @ i

, YOST), vine : ‘ 4

EXPLANATION OF PLaTE I.

- i 4!

Anamathia crassa, 6, X 3.

(1)
—
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i
jaw

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pe” Tara. sTeas re: vais cel *,

= le Lie a. ~~ wine ~ .
—. ae 9 Aioeryy 164 ny git:

=
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a : 7
J od 7 : :
7 , % : ig

+ r+ > an Cet ets _— 7 :

- : y i

~ ,beqillizké Ystap worth « +e
ye _

,waiy lavas 5 eae, Lay tocet wa # wi

} X @lferg 2 wake snmene). “2 yh .
: : a
a”
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-
= Se

¥ yo

7

7

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Fig.1. Collodes armatus, 2, X2.

Fig. 2. Anasimus latus, 6, X.

Fig. 3. Anasimus latus, outer maxilliped, X 2.
Fig. 4. Anasimus latus, 6, ventral view, X }.

Fig. 5. Axasimus latus, 4, profile, X }.

BEATE If.

AM avast wo -vorravacizdd

gies, a tp ‘ :
Ag» 52 ewleotels cuvabrceniv? “1 yt oa, .
bf

° : 7 f1 Pd ¥ abs! ¥ wh & Pe | si y

op
a
.
= »
+
“ary
y '
ts Pe
a rs
at )
! , ie
hy a,
- oe lar
vr)
.. , ne
be eas
af
”

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Fig. 1. Speleophorus elevatus 2, x 3}.
Fig. 2. Mithrax holderi, 9, X 13.

PEARE Tl.

Miwerniiind 7 it
ih Chonwigera tins
Mourw'y an Wr oh

53 x, inort J aol wma .- ' .

at X

7D. AROS wnt re } ee

KS

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. NXanthias nuttingi, 6, X 4.
Fig. 2. Micropanope truucatifrons, 2, X 3.
Fig. 3. Acte@a bifrons, 6, front, x 62.

Fig. 4. Actea bifrons, 2, X 3}.

BEALE sv,

=

.
A # MMAR ws" \

It}

7 r2eciu?

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

LS)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Pilumnus holosericus, 2, showing tubercles on right half, x 3.
Pilumnus andrewsti, 2, X 3.

Pilumnus spinosissimus, On a

PEATE. WV

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Fig.1. Zvachycarcinus spinulifer, 3, X 11.

Fig. 2. Hypopeltarium dextrum, 6, X 18.

REATE Vik

-
a
” 44
F 4 -* i\
- Ps i
> eee g ‘
iN
7 , - 7
,
b, ? .

i
J
1d a0 xoITy

ON ON ae

EXPLANATION OF PuaTE VII.

Pilumnoplax americanus, 6, X t}.

Pilumnoplax americanus, 6, front, X 2.

Chasmocareinus typicus, 6, X 2.

Chasmocarcinus typicus, 4, abdomen and sternum, flattened, X 2.
Chasmocarcinus typicus, 4, outer maxillipeds, X 2.

Chasmocarcinus obliquus, carapace of 4, X 2.

PEATE Vile

LP

E>

JIWV sraad 40 norrava tah

_— — Ss
me At % Bawhpe > baaggaiiie

At xX ro Coole Ri
85 “APEEa Re. “4 .-

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

Fig. 1. Frevillea quadridentata, 2, X 33.

Fig. 2. Jliacantha liodactylis, 6, X 21.

PLATE Vill

EMR RHI > SE
aa - :

oa “

»
’ yh ‘

s Sank Saks goes ins ies a
eras (pre
: yi y a Sanh SPOT | |
yn re. We er Le

aoa ad a7

Sa ee ay we Vhs’ winly :" aro? tee 23!

a ° * Sedan =), 3
a * eed "ia
© i
¢ eS ‘ A.
ts MA ‘yee 4 ant ) 7 a wa ;
‘ ¥

at M bred tel 2 Wis of Yep > 4
é A d :

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Fig. 1. Cyclodorippe Sranulata, 2, X 63.
Fig. 2. Palicus bahamensis, 6, X 3.

Fig. 3. Calappa sulcata, 2, x 2.

Fig. 4. Calappa sulcata, 9, left hand, X 24.

PEATE IX.

THE BEETLES OF SOUTHERN ARIZONA.
By H. F. WICKHAM.

TueE following list includes beetles collected by the author
during a trip to Southern Arizona and the adjacent portions
of California, in the summer of 1890. While incomplete, it
will serve to give an idea of the fauna of a most interesting
region with which most collectors are unacquainted. It is long
since any works have been published treating of the Coleop-
tera of the southern part of the Territory, the papers by Dr.
J. L. Le Conte! being the last relating to the subject as a
whole, though numerous short notes or descriptions of isolated
species have appeared from time to time

It will be noticed by the student of geographical distribu-
tion that the insects of northern Arizona? are widely different
from those of the southern part. This is due mostly, no doubt,
to the difference in altitude, since the former region is a
highly elevated plateau lying to a great extent within or above
the pifion belt. On the other hand the southern plains are
chiefly low, and only on the mountains have I met with conif-
erous trees of any kind. The giant cactus is unknown in the
north and many other large cacti which abound to the south-
ward seem to be lacking elsewhere. The “maguey” and sev-
eral other spiny plants of allied families. which are abundant
along the lower half of the territory,are much less frequently
seen to the northward. The mesquite grows commonly about

1 “Catalogue of Coleoptera of the region adjacent to the boundary line be-
tween the United States and Mexico”. Jour. Acad. Phil., 1858; and “List of

Coleoptera collected near Fort Whipple, Arizona, by Dr. Elliott Coues, U.
S. A., in 1864-5”. Proc. Acad. Phil., 1866.

2 See ‘A List of some Coleoptera from the northern portions of New
Mexico and Arizona,” by H. F. Wickham, in Vol. III of this Bulletin.

295

296 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Tucson and reaches the Colorado river—at the latter place
the screw-bean (Prosopis) abounds.

Work was begun at Tucson, which lies at an altitude of
about 2,400 feet,! in the valley of the Santa Cruz river, an
insignificant stream except when swollen by the heavy rains of
July and August. In the immediate vicinity of town the
ground is mostly flat, though rugged and rocky hills are with-
in easy walking distance, while farther away rise the moun-
tains which nearly surround the plain. ‘To the eastward looms
the Santa Catrina range; the Santa Rita Mountains are about
thirty miles to the southward, while the Tucson Mountains lie
more to the west, The vegetation of the Santa Cruz Valley,
except in the river bottom, consists of such plants as can flour-
ish in a gravelly or sandy soil of such porous nature that it
dries almost at once after a rain. In consequence we find
mesquite, screw-bean, various other thorny leguminous shrubs,
the “alo verde” and the like. Cereus giganteus, the giant
cactus, the fruit of which is sought after by the Indians, and
various other cacti, flourish here. Ofuntzas grow to a con-
siderable size and fruit in profusion. ‘‘Montezuma’s compass”
a great cactus of nearly the size and shape of a nail-keg is
often met with. There is no turf, such grass as exists being
scattered.

The first stop at Tucson was made simply as a necessary
preliminary toa trip across the country in the direction of the
upper Gila River. Consequently on the morning of June 16th
I took the train for Casa Grande which is a small settlement
in a semi-desert region and owes its chief interest to the ruins
of the great Aztec house near by. The altitude is said to be
1398 feet. But little collecting could be done as the stage left
ina few hours for Florence and Riverside, the latter being
my immediate destination. The ride was very enjoyable,
since beyond Florence the road passed directly through the
giant cactus belt and the effect of these great trunks in the
semi-darkness of evening was extremely weird.

t The altitudes quoted are taken from Bull. No. 5, of the U. S. Geolog-
ical Survey, Washington, 1884.

THE BEETLES OF SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 297

Riverside lies in Pinal county, on the upper Gila River, at
the mouth of asmall streamcalled Mineral Creek. This creek
comes down a deep cafion, which was once the scene of con-
siderable activity during the development of certain copper
mines. A concentrating mill and smelter mark the investment
of capital in what was without doubta promising undertaking.
At the time of my visit the Ray mine was undergoing careful
examination at the hands of Dr. Edward D. Peters, Jr., to
whose kindness I am indebted for the opportunity of visiting
this neighborhood.

The altitude of Riverside is unknown to me. It is however
in close proximity to the foot-hills of the Pinal Mountains and
considerable difference is found between its insect fauna and
that of Tucson. In the cafion are a good many cottonwood
trees, but no timber of any other kind of sufficient size for use
in building. The hills bear a few Cereus giganteus but they
are rather small and evidently the limit of their growth is nearly
reached at this altitude. For the remainder of June I col-
lected mostly in this cafion, from the mouth to a distance of
perhaps eight miles up the creek. This collection is referred
to Riverside in the list.

A side trip of a few days was made in order to see some-
thing of the higher levels. On the 24th of June I had the
opportunity of accompanying Dr. Peters on a ride through the
Pinal Mountains. This range is of considerable height and
furnishes much pine lumber of good size, sawmills having
been established to supply the local demand for building pur-
poses and mine timbers. The lower slopes of the system show
the usual transition from the plains flora, to that of pine-clad
summits, the most remarkable feature being the great devel-
opment of maguey, bear-grass and yuccas before reaching
the belt of oak scrub. Ourcamp was made in the pine timber
some little distance below Kellner’s saw-mills and most of the
collecting was done in the immediate neighborhood. Before
returning a short visit was made to Globe, and the few insects
taken at that place are characteristic of the plains.!

1 A separate account of this region has been published by the author in
“‘Entomological News.”

298 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Leaving Riverside, July 2d, the return trip to Tucson was.
made across the plains ina buck-board. This eighty-mile ride
was broken only by short stops for eating and sleeping, so but
few beetles were found. Dead and dying cattle marked the
road—outlying stragglers of the thousands which perished
during the summer drought, offering mute evidence of the
barrenness of these vast semi-desert tracts where water is so.
scarce that a slight diminution of the normal supply means
death to thousands of the brute inhabitants.

From Tucson I went at once to Yuma, which is situated on
the Arizona side of the Colorado River. The fort on the
other bank has been long since abandoned, but during its occu-
pation formed a center from which a great deal of entomolog-
ical collecting was done. Most of my own captures were
made on the California shore, since it seemed much more pro-
ductive than the other. The valley is occupied by Indians.
who raise crops of corn, beans and melons by irrigaticn and
it would no doubt well repay development by capital. The
only timber is found in the river bottom and consists of mes-
quite and screw-bean on drier spots, replaced by willows along
the water front. The principal drawback to life is found in
the temperature which at this low altitude (142 feet) in a
river valley, bordered by burning deseris becomes much too:
warm for comfort.

After collecting a short time at Yuma, a visit was made to
other California points, but as these are not included in the
scope of my article, no account need be taken of them.
Returning about the beginning of August, I went next to Gila
Bend, about 120 miles to the eastward, measuring by direct
line. Lying, as it does, in the Gila Valley, at an altitude of
739 feet, about five miles from the river, it should offer a good
opportunity for completing a survey of the insects of the
region traversed by that stream, since it is about half way
between Riverside and Yuma; the one is on the upper waters.
while the other marks the junction with the Colorado. Unfor-
tunately the collections were very meagre, but showed more
affinity to those made at Yuma than to those of Riverside.

THE BEETLES OF SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 299

This would be expected from the desert aspect of the neigh-
borhood, except in the river bottom, where the Papago Indians
have a small reservation on which they successfully cultivate
their accustomed crops.

By this time the rainy season had thoroughly set in and
insects might soon be expected to appear in larger numbers.
Repairing now to Tucson, which was reached on the fourth of
August it was found that the street lights, after a storm,
attracted vast numbers of beetles, many of which had not
been met with in the course of previous work. By far the
best captures were made here in the three weeks following,
the reguiar labor being broken only by two short excursions
made in company with Dr. Peters, whom I again had the
pleasure of meeting. The first of these trips took us to the
Tucson Mountains, where some very rare specimens were
obtained. Whether or not any of these mountains extend up
into the pine belt, 1 am unable to say—but at the points we
reached, the giant cactus had not yet ceased to grow. The
Santa Rita range, which we next examined, is much more
lofty, but we did not get far above the cactus line—only a
short distance into the oak scrub. Still the herbaceous plants
are largely different from those of the Santa Cruz valley
and some of the beetles were not contained in any of our pre-
vious collections. The genus Acmeodera was finely repre-
sented on composite flowers, though not seen abundantly any
where else that summer.

. For assistance in identifying material I am under obligations
to Capt. Thos. L. Casey and the late Dr. Geo. H. Horn, as
well as to several specialists who have examined specimens
belonging to those families with which they are most familiar.

LIST OF SPECIES.
CICINDELID &.

AMBLYCHILA sp. A single specimen was found by Dr. Peters under a log
in a damp spot by the roadside near Kellner’s mill in the Pinal Mts.

TETRACHA CAROLINA Linn. Tucson. Common about the street lights but
not met with elsewhere in that vicinity. Yuma.

CICINDELA LEMNISCATA Lec. Tucson. Along sides of railroad track, run-
ning actively by day; also abundant near lights in the evening.

300 IN AGU RAI: EU Sm © Roe 5 Ula: EAN:

CARABIDZ.,

COMOPHRON GIL# Lec. Gila Bend. Abundant on river banks.

O. OBLITERATUM Horn. Riverside. On banks of Gila river.

CycHRus sNowit Lec. Pinal Mts. Several specimens were taken by Dr.
Peters and myself under logs or among dead leaves in the wet
ground close to a spring.

CALOSOMA PROMINENS Lec. Pinal Mts.

NoTIOPHILUS SEMIOPACUS Esch. Pinal Mts. Under stones or logs.

SCARITES SUBTERRANEUS Fabr. Yuma. Many specimens of the small
form common in the Colorado valley were taken under pieces of
wood near the river.

DyscHIRIUS ANALIS Lec. Yuma. Not uncommon on wet mud.

D. pumiILis Dej. Tucson.

CLIVINA DENTIPES Dej. Yuma. Burrowing in wet mud.

C. FERREA Lec. Tucson. Several specimens which Dr. Horn considered
a variety of this species were taken at lights.

SCHIZOGENIUS DEPRESSUS Lec. Riverside. On sandy creek banks.

S. PLURIPUNCTATUS Lec. Yuma.

BEMBIDIUM LUGUBRE Lec. Riverside.

. LUCIDUM Lec. Riverside.

. NUBICULOSUM Chaud. Yuma, Riverside.

. INTERMEDIUM Kby. Tucson.

. VFRSICOLOR Lec. Tuscon, Riverside.

- TIMIDUM Lec. Riverside. All the above species of this genus were taken

on banks of streams or pools. The names are from Mr. Hayward.

_PEeRIcoMPsus sp. Riverside, Tucson.

PTEROSTICHUS L#TULUS Lec. Tucson, Yuma.

P. LuSTRANS Lec. Pinal Mts.

AMARA CALIFORNICA Dej. Shady Run, near foot of Pinal Mts.

CALATHUS DuUBIUS Lec. Pinal Mts.

PLATYNUS BRUNNEOMARGINATUS Mann. Pinal Mts.

P. DECORUS Say. Tucson.

P. TEXANUS Lec. Tucson.

LACHNOPHORUS ELEGANTULUS Mann. Riverside. On creek banks.

THALPIUS HORNII Chaud. Tucson.

EGA L&TULA Lec. Yuma. Abundant on banks of pools.

TETRAGONODERUS PALLIDUS Horn. Tucson. Under boards along track.

LEBIA GRANDIS Hentz. Tucson. At street lamps

L. viripis Say. Pinal Mts. In the oak scrub belt.

APRISTUS SUBSULCATUS Lec. Tucson.

AXINOPALPUS BIPLAGIATUS Dej. Riverside.

PHILOPHUGA AMG@NA Lec. Shady Run, foot of Pinal Mts.

CYMINDIS LATICOLLIS Say. Pinal Mts.

BRACHINUS LATERALIS Dej. Tucson.

CHLANIUS RUFICAUDA Chaud. Yuma. On river bank.

C.cumaTiLis Lec. Riverside. Under stones along the creek and river
bottoms.

C. PENNSYLVANICUS Say. Tucson.

oul ooieoimee ioe)

THE BEETLES OF SOUTHERN ARIZONA.

OOoDES ELEGANS Lec. Riverside. On banks of Gila.
DiscopERus RoBusTuUS Horn. Tucson Mts.

D. corpicottis Horn. Tucson, Globe, Tucson Mts.
HaARPALUS OBLIQUUS Horn. Tucson.

SELENOPHORUS GAGATINUS Dej., var. Tucson.
BRADYCELLUS RUPESTRIS Say, var. congener Lec. Tucson.

HALIPLIDZ.

CNEMIDOTUS SIMPLEX Lec. Riverside. Abundant.

DYTISCIDZ:.

LACCOPHILUS DECIPIENS Lec. Riverside.

L. pictus Lap. Riverside.

JDDESMOPACHRIA LATISSIMA Lec. Riverside.
BIDESSUS CINCTELLUS Lec. Riverside.

B. AMANDUS Lec. Riverside.

CcLAMBUS sp. Yuma.

HyYDROPORUS near ADDENDUS Cr. Riverside.
H. vitis Lec. Pinal Mts. Abundant in a horse trough.
CoPELATUS CHEVROLATII Aubé. Tucson.
AGABUS LUGENS Lec. Pinal Mts.

RHANTUS ATRICOLOR Aubé. Pinal Mts.

30L

THERMONECTES MARMORATUS Hope. Riverside. A few specimens were:

taken in quiet pools along the creek bed.

CYBISTER EXPLANATUS Lec. Yuma. In ponds along the river bottoms~

HY DROPHILIDZE.

OcHTHEBIUS PUNCTICOLLIS Lec. Riverside.
HypR=Na sp. Riverside.

TROPISTERNUS sp. Riverside.

BEROSUS PUNCTATISSIMUS Lec. Riverside.
B. MILES Lec. Yuma. The identification is not certain.
B. SUBSIGNATUS Lec. Tucson, Yuma.

B. exits Lec. Riverside. Not abundant.
CH#TARTHRIA sp. Tucson, Riverside.
LIMNEBIUS PICEUS Horn. Riverside.
LaccoBIUS AGILIS Rand. Riverside.
CRENIPHILUS INFUSCATUS Mots. Pinal Mts.

SILPHID.

PTOMAPHAGUS FISUS Horn. Pinal Mts.

PSELAPHID.

SOGNORUS OCULARIS Casey. ‘Tucson.
CTENISIS RAFFRAYI Casey. Tucson.

302 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

SLAP EYE LNTD Hy,

TACHYUSA sp. Yuma.

POLYODONTES sp. Riverside.

HETEROTHOPS FUMIGATUS Lec. Riverside.

H. pusro Lec. Pinal Mts.

QUEDIUS DESERTUS Horn. Pinal Mts. Under leaves in damp spots or be-

neath logs.
BELONUCHUS EPHIPPIATUS Say. Santa Rita Mts., in decaying yuccas.
Tucson.

PHILONTHUS HEPATICUS Er. Riverside.

P. PUBERULUS Horn. Riverside.

P. VARIANS Payk. Riverside.

P. ALUMNUS Er. Riverside.

P.1nNocuus Horn. Pinal Mts., Tucson.

ACTOBIUS GRATUS Lec. Yuma. On wet banks.

A. P4ZDEROIDES Lec. Tucson. Common on banks of pools.

XANTHOLINUS PUSILLUS Sachse. Riverside.

STENUS INCULTUS Casey. Yuma.

S. ARIZON Casey. Riverside.

CRYPTOBIUM ARIZONENSE Horn. Pinal Mts., Tucson.

LATHROBIUM LITUARIUM Lec. Tucson,

L. pimip1atTuM Lec. Tucson.

MEDON sp. Pinal Mts.

PDERUS uUsTUS Lec. Yuma.

SUNIUS SIMILIS Aust. , Yuma.

PINOPHILUS DENSUS Lec. Yuma, Tucson.

TROGLOPHL@US DENTIGER Casey. Yuma.

T. GiL# Casey. Yuma.

T. TANTILLUS Casey. Yuma. All the above species of Trogophleus were
taken on the margins of pools among the willow thickets near the river.

THINOBIUS HESPERIUS Casey. Yuma.

T. sp., probably new. Riverside.

APOCELLUS GRACILICORNIS Casey. Riverside and Tucson, very abundant
in wet places.

TRICHOPTERY GID.

TRICHOPTERYX HORNII Matth. Pinal Mts. Abundant under dead leaves
near a spring.

SCAPHIDIID 2.
SCAPHISOMA RUFULUM Lec. Yuma.
COCCINELLID 2.

MEGILLA MACULATA De G. Yuma.

HiPpPODAMIA CONVERGENS Guér. Santa Rita Mts., Pinal Mts.
CHILocorus cacti Linn. Tucson.

EXOCHOMUS MARGINIPENNIS Lec. Yuma.

SCYMNUS PALLENS Lec. Pinal Mts. In oak scrub.

THE BEETLES OF SOUTHERN ARIZONA

Oo
(9)
Oo

. FLEBILIS Horn. Gila Bend.

. ARDELIO Horn. Yuma, Riverside.
- MARGINICOLLIS Mann. Riverside.
. NANUS Lec. Pinal Mts.

NNNN

ENDOMYCHID&.

Eprpocus UNICOLOR Horn. Pinal Mts. Several specimens were taken
under blocks of wood on the site of an abandoned saw-mill.

COLYDIIDZ.

RHAGODERA COSTATA Horn. Riverside, Tucson. Chiefly taken under de-
caying yuccas or beneath boards.
DiITOMA ORNATA Lec. Yuma. Under bark with the next species.
D. surFusa Casey. Yuma.
LASCONOTUS PUSILLUS Lec. Pinal Mts.
L.n.sp. Tucson.
CUCUJIDZ.

SILVANUS OPACULUS Lec. Yuma.
L2Z=MOPHLEUS sp. Yuma.

MYCETOPHAGID&.

TyYPHEA FUMATA Linn. Tucson, Gila Bend.
DIPLOCG@LUs near MUS Reitt. Yuma.

DERMESTID~&.

TROGODERMA STERNALE Jayne. Santa Rita Mts.
CRYPTORHOPALUM BALTEATUM Lec. Pinal Mts., Santa Rita Mts.
C. TRISTE Lec. Tucson, Pinal Mts., Gila Bend.

HISTERID.

HOLOLEPTA YUCATECA Mars. Pinal Mts. In stem of decaying maguey.
H. PoPULNEA Lec. Riverside. Under bark of decaying cottonwoods.
HISTER INSTRATUS Lec. Tucson.

H. LuBRICANS Casey. Santa Rita Mts. In stem of decaying maguey plant.
EPIERUS REGULARIS var. VICINUS Lec. Yuma

E. PLANULUS Lec. Pinal Mts.

E. Nasutus Horn. Pinal Mts.

PAROMALUS TENELLUS Er. Yuma.

SAPRINUS LUGENS Er. Pinal Mts.

S. Laripus Lec. Pinal Mts.

S. FIMBRIATUS Lec. Riverside, Tucson.

NITIDULID 2.

CARPOPHILUS FLORALIS Er.- Pinal Mts.
CoLASTUS LIMBATUS Lec. Yuma.

LATHRIDIID&.

CorRTICARIA sp. Yuma.

304 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

TROGOSITID A.

TROGOSITA VIRESCENS Fabr. Pinal Mts.
TENEBRIOIDES sp., probably stNuaTA Lec. Pinal Mts.
HESPEROB-ENUS ABBREVIATUS Mots. Pinal Mts.
BACTRIDIUM STRIATUM Lec. Yuma.

BYRRHID.

LIMNICHUs ANALIS Lec. Riverside.
PHYSEMUS MINUTUS Lec. Yuma. This has the habits of a Limunichus and
comes out of its burrow in wet banks when water is thrown thereon.

PARNID.

Dryops pPRopucTUS Lec. Common in the creek at Riverside, under
stones. A new species of the family, not placed as to its generic affin-
ities, was taken at street lamps in Tucson.

HETEROCERIDZ.

HETEROCERUS COLLARIS Kies. Riverside.
H. pusiLLtus Say. Yuma.

ELATERID A.

LACON ILLIMIS Horn. Tucson.

MERISTHUS SCOBINULA Cand. Tucson.

CHALCOLEPIDIUS WEBBII Lec. Yuma. Rather abundant on living willow
trees, either near the ground or among the branches.

Atavus Lusciosus Hope. Riverside.

HorISTONOTUS SIMPLEX Lec. Tucson, at street lamps.

ESTHESOPUS DISPERSUS Horn. Pinal Mts.

CRYPTOHYPNUS PECTORALIS Say. Riverside, rather abundant along the
creek bottom. Pinal Mts.

MoNOCREPIDIUS SORDIDUS Lec. Pinal Mts.

M. atuorpEs Lec. Tucson, not uncommon at lights.

DICREPIDIUS CORVINUS Cand. Tucson.

ELATER FASTUS Lec. Tucson, Riverside.

DRASTERIUS ELEGANS Fabr. Riverside.

LupIus TEXANUS Lec. Tucson, Riverside.

DoLOPIUS LATERALIS Esch ‘Tucson.

MELANOTUS FISSILIS Say. Yuma, Tucson Mts.

M. cRIBRICOLLIS Cand. Tucson Mts. A rare species which had been lost
for many years. A few examples were found under a dead yucca
trunk.

APLASTUS CORYMBITOIDES Horn. Pinal Mts.

THROSCID.
THROSCUS sp. near SERICEUS Lec. Pinal Mts.
BUPRESTIDZ.

HIPPoMELAS SPHENICuS Lec. Tucson, Santa Rita Mts. Not infrequently
found on various shrubs and trees, usually resting near ends of small

branches.

THE BEETLES OF SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 305,

H.c#tatus Lec. Tucson, Santa Rita Mts. Occurs with the preceding
species but is less common.

PsILOPTERA WEBBII Lec. Santa Rita Mts. The few I saw were on mes-

quite trees.

ANTHAXIA FLAVIMANA Gory. Pinal Mts. In oak scrub.

MELANOPHILA LONGIPES Say. Yuma.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS OCTOCOLA Lec. Yuma, Tucson.

C. CUPRASCENS Lec.’ Pinal Mts.

C. ATROFASCIATA Lec. Yuma. One specimen.

ACTENODES CALCARATA Chevr. Tucson, Yuma.

THRINCOPYGE AMBIENS Lec. Santa Rita Mts.

PoLYcCESTA VELASCO Lap.& G. Yuma.

ACMAODERA AMPLICOLLIS Lec. Santa Rita Mts.

A.™MACRA Horn. Tucson.

A. GIBBULA Lec. Tucson, Yuma.

A.sTIGMATA Horn. Tucson. Found in large numbers flying about flow-
ers of a mimosa.

AGRILUS NIVFIVENTRIS Horn. Yuma.

A. PUSILLUS Say. This identification was made by Dr. Horn, of a specimen
from the Pinal Mts.

A.n.sp. near AUDAX Horn. Pinal Mts.

LAMPYRID 5.

RHYNCHEROS SANGUINIPENNIS Say. Pinal Mts. Flying in small num-
bers along the banks of a roadside stream.

Lycus CRUENTUS Lec. Riverside, Tucson.

PYROPYGA FENESTRALIS Melsh. Yuma, Tucson, Gila Bend.

CHAULIOGNATHUS PROFUNDUS Lec. Santa Rita Mts.

C. LIMBICOLLIS Lec. Santa Rita Mts.

MALACHIID.

CoLLopPs HISTRIO Er. Tucson.

C. PULCHELLUS Horn. This, or a closely allied species, was taken at Riv-
erside.

C. LIMBELLUS G. & H. Tucson, Pinal Mts., Yuma.

C. virratus Say. Tucson. Not uncommon near water.

C. MARGINELLUS Lec. Yuma.

PSEUDEBZUS BICOLOR Lec. Pinal Mts. In the oak scrub.

ATTALUS DIFFICILIS Lec. Pinal Mts.

CLERIDZ:.

CYMATODERA CYLINDRICOLLIS Chevr. Tucson. At street lamps.

C. BRUNNEA Melsh. Tucson.

C.n.sp. Santa Rita Mts.

HyYDNOCERA DISCOIDEA Lec. Yuma.

H.sp. Tucson Mts. One other species was found in the Pinal Mts., and
two in the Santa Ritas.

AULICUS NERO Spin. Santa Rita Mts.

Iv—3 2B

306 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

TRICHODES 1LLUSTRIS Horn. A pair was found in the Santa Rita Mts., on
flowers.

CLERUS sPINOL# Lec. Pinal Mts Most of the specimens were found
about the decaying flower-stalks of the maguey.

C. QUADRISIGNATUS Say. Yuma.

C. ABRUPTUS Lec. Santa Rita Mts.

PTINID 2.
PTINUS FUR Linn. Tucson.
TRIPOPITYS PUNCTATUS Lec. Pinal Mts. Mostly under boards and slabs
on site of old saw-mill.
HEMIPTYCHUS sp. Pinal Mts., Tucson.
SINOXYLON SERICANS Lec. Tucson, Santa Rita Mts., Yuma.
S. SEXTUBERCULATUM Lec. Tucson.
AMPHICERUS FORTIS Lec. Yuma.
DINODERUS PUSILLUS Fabr. Tucson.
PoLycaon stoutir Lec. Tucson. At street lights.
LYCTUS CALIFORNICUS Casey. Yuma.

LUCANID&,

Dorcus MAZAMA Lec. Rather common about the sawmill! in the Pinal
Mts.

SCARABAID.

CANTHON SIMPLEX Lec. Tucson Mts. The variety corvinus occurred at
Globe.

C. INDIGACEUS Lec. Santa Rita Mts.

ATENIUS CALIFORNICUS Horn. Yuma.

. GRACILIS Melsh. Riverside.

. HAROLDI Steinh. Tucson.

. ABDITUS Hald. Pinal Mts.

. DESERTUS Horn. Tucson.

. LEVIVENTRIS Horn. Tucson. Most of the species of Atenius are read-

ily attracted by light and may be found at street lamps.

3RADYCINETUS SERRATUS Lec. Tucson.

TROX SUBEROSUS Fabr. Tucson.

‘T. PUNCTATUS Germ. Pinal Mts.

T. TUBERCULATUS De G. Tucson.

SERICA ELONGATULA Horn. Pinal Mts., Globe.

ORSONYX ANXIUS Lec. Yuma.

DIPLOTAXIS PUBERULA Lec. Globe.

D. M@RENS Lec. Riverside.

D. PUNCTATA Lec. Globe, Tucson.

D. pACATA Lec. Gila Bend, Tucson, Tucson Mts.

D.n.sp. Santa Rita Mts.

LISTROCHELUS TIMIDUS Horn. ‘Tucson.

POLYPHYLLA DECEMLINEATA Say. Pinal Mts.

ANOMALA sp. Pinal Mts. This species has not been described unless it
may be a Mexican form.

rrr > Pp

THE BEETLES OF SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 307

PELIDNOTA LUGUBRIS Lec. Tucson, Tucson Mts. During the day this
insect is to be found among the leaves of various small trees. At
night it comes to lights.

PLUSIOTIS GLORIOSA Lec. Pinal Mts.

CoTALPA CONSOBRINA Horn. Tucson. Sometimes rather abundant about
the street lights.

CYCLOCEPHALA LONGULA Lec. Tucson.

CHALEPUS oOBSOLETUS I.ec. Tucson. Extremely plentiful about street
lamps.

APHONIDES DUNNIANUS Rivers. Tucson. Rare, being found only occa-
sionally about lights or drowned in pools after sudden rains.

PHILEURUS ILLATUS Lec. Tucson.

ALLORHINA MUTABILIS Gory. Tucson. Abundant, and a great pest in
peach orchards. I found it along the road to the Tucson Mts., feeding
on the ripened fruit of Opuntia. Santa Rita Mts.

GYMNETIS SALLEI Schaum. Santa Rita Mts.

EUPHORIA FASCIFERA Lec. Tucson Mts. Two specimens were found
among the branches of a small tree.

CERAMBYCIDZ.

ERGATES SPICULATUS Lec. Pinal Mts. Several were taken in the neigh-
borhood of the saw-mill.

MALLODON MELANOPUS Linn. Yuma.

PRIONUS CALIFORNICUS var. CURVATUS Mots. Pinal Mts.

ROMALEUM SIMPLICOLLE Hald. Tucson.

ANEFLUS LINEARIS Lec. Tucson.

DENDROBIAS MANDIBULARIS Sery. Riverside on “palo verde.” Yuma,
abundant on willow trees.

STENASPIS SOLITARIA Say. Santa Rita Mts., Tucson.

TRAGIDION ANNULATUM Lec. Santa Rita Mts.

T. AaRMATUM Lec. Pinal Mts.

ZETHECERUS LATECINCTUS Horn. Santa Rita Mts. On mesquite blossoms.

CROSSIDIUS INTERMEDIUS Ulke. Tucson.

C. NITIDICOLLIS Casey. Tucson.

SPH#NOTHECUS SUTURALIS Lec. Tucson, rather common on mesquite
early in July.

ISCHNOCNEMIS BIVITTATTUS Dup. A few specimens were taken on the
lower slopes of the Pinal Mts., or on the roadside between our camp
and Globe.

STENOSPHENUS DEBILIS Horn. Yuma.

CYLLENE ANTENNATUS White. ‘Tucson.

OPHISTOMIS L22VICOLLIS Bates. Santa Rita Mts. Rare.

MOoONILEMA ARMATUM Lec. Tucson.

PERITAPNIA FABRA Horn. Tucson Mts. A few were found under a
prostrate, partially decayed Opuntia.

MECAS RUFICOLLIS Horn. Santa Rita Mts.

308 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

CHRYSOMELID#.

EurRYSCOPA LECONTEI Crotch. Pinal Mts., Tucson, Riverside.

E. PARVULA Jac. Tucson.

E. vitTaTA Lec. var. Santa Rita Mts.

CoscINOPTERA -ENEIPENNIS Lec. Road between Riverside and Tucson.

C. mMucoREA Lec. Tucson.

C. virriGERA Lec. A specimen from Tucson is doubtfully referred to this
species.

MEGALOSTOMIS SUBFASCIATA Lec. This was met with on the lower slopes
of the Pinal Mts., chiefly among bear-grass.

URODERA CRUCIFERA Lac. Found with the preceding, but in less numbers.

SAXINIS SONORENSIS Jac. Pinal Mts., in the oak zone.

BABIA 4-GUTTATA var. 4-sfilota Lec. Pinal Mts.

CuHLAMYs poLtycocca Lac. Pinal Mts., in the oak scrub.

EXEMA CONSPERSA var. dispar Lec. Pinal Mts., Shady Run, Riverside.

CRYPTOCEPHALUS n. sp. Pinal Mts.

PACHYBRACHYS ABDOMINALIS Say. Pinal Mts.

P. LIVENS Lec. Tucson.

P. HEPATICUS Melsh. Globe.

P. sp., apparently new. Globe, Riverside, Tucson, Santa Rita Mts.

P.sp. A large blackish form, seemingly undescribed, was taken in the
Pinal Mts.

DIaAcHUS AURATUS Fabr. Riverside, Pinal Mts.

XANTHONIA VILLOSULA Melsh. Pinal Mts.

MyocHrous LoNnGuLtus Lec. Yuma.

PARIA CANELLA Fabr. Gila Bend, Yuma.

CoLASPIS BRUNNEA Fabr, Gila Bend.

C. INTERMEDIA Jac. Tucson.

C. NIGROCYANEA Cr. Tucson.

CoLASPIDEA VIRIDIMICANS Horn. Santa Rita Mts.

MycocoryYNA LINEOLATA Stal. Riverside, Shady Run.

CHRYSOMELA TORTUOSA Rog. Tucson, Santa Rita Mts.

C. AURIPENNIS Say. Pinal and Santa Rita Mts.

PHYLLECHTHRUS SUBSULCATUS Horn. Santa Rita Mts.

ANDRECTOR RUFICORNIS Oliy. Tucson.

TRIARIUS LivipuS Lec. Pinal and Santa Rita Mts.

T. TRIVITTATUS Horn. Pinal Mts.

DIABROTICA TENELLA Lec. Yuma.

HEMIPHRYNUS INTERMEDIUS Jac. Pinal Mts.

DISONYCHA CRENICOLLIS Say. Riverside.

SYSTENA BITZNIATA Lec. Yuma.

LONGITARSUS REPANDUS Lec. Yuma.

CHZTOCNEMA ECTYPA Horn. Yuma.

BRUCHIDZ.

BrucuHus PROSOPIS Lec. Tucson, Gila Bend.
B. amicus Horn. ‘Tucson, Santa Rita and Pinal Mts.

THE BEETLES OF SOUTHERN ARIZONA. 309

B. pLacipus Horn. Santa Rita Mts.

B. n. sp., near BIVULNERATUS Horn. Santa Rita Mts.
B. n. sp., near FRATERCULUS Horn. Riverside.
ZABROTES SPECTABILIS Horn. Riverside.

Z.n.sp. Pinal and Santa Rita Mts.

TENEBRIONID.

EDROTES VENTRICOSUS Lec. Casa Grande, under logs.

TRIOROPHUS L#viIS Lec. Riverside, Tucson, Tucson Mts., Gila Bend.
Often rather abundant under logs and when fresh is covered with a
bluish bloom.

TrRimirTys sp. Globe.

EURYMETOPON RUFIPES Esch. Yuma.

E. EMARGINATUM Casey. Tucson, Riverside.

E. PERFORATUM Casey. Tucson,

EMMENASTES suBOPACUS Horn. Tucson, Tucson Mts., Riverside.

E. LonGutus Lec. Riverside, Tucson, Yuma.

E. optusus Lec. Tucson.

EPITRAGUS SUBMETALLICcuS Lec. Tucson.

E. pRutNosus Horn. Tucson.

ZOPHERUS TRISTIS Lec. Riverside, Tucson.

DACODERUS STRIATICEPS Lec. Tucson. Very rare under boards.

ARZOSCHIZUS FIMBRIATUS Casey. Tucson.

A. SIMPLEX Casey. Tucson.

A. REGULARIS Horn. Tucson. The species of this genus occur, some-
times in large colonies, on the under sides of boards. A more north-
ern form (A. armatus) has been taken in ants’ nests.

CRYPTOGLOSSA VERRUCOSA Lec. Tucson, Gila Bend, Yuma.

CENTRIOPTERA VARIOLOSA Horn. Tucson.

OLOGLYPTUS ANASTOMOSIS Say. Tucson, Globe, chiefly under dead yucca
or other thick-stemmed plants.

ASIDA CONFLUENS Lec. Gila Bend.

A. WICKHAMII Horn. Tucson Mts., Pinal Mts., under dead yuccas.

A.MacRA Horn. Pinal Mts., in the pine zone near site of old saw-mill.

EUSATTUS RETICULATUS Say. Pinal Mts.

ELEODES CARBONARIA Say. Pinal Mts.

E. HUMERALIS Lec. Tucson Mts., Pinal Mts.

E. EXTRICATA Say. Pinal Mts.

E. ARMATA Lec. Tucson, Yuma, Gila Bend.

E. tonGicoLuis Lec. Tucson.

E.GENTILIS Lec. Pinal Mts.

E. ESCHSCHOLTzII Sol. (=«ickhamit Horn). Tucson Mts.

E. Gracitis Lec. Pinal Mts.

EMBAPHION CONTUSUM Lec. Pinal Mts.

ARGOPORIS SULCIPENNIS Lec. Santa Rita Mts.

A.sicotor Lec. Tucson Mts., Gila Bend, Riverside, Yuma.

AMPHIDORA CAUDATA Horn. Casa Grande.

Iv—3 2C

310 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

NYCTOBATES SUBNITENS Horn. Santa Rita Mts.
IPHTHIMUS SUBLVIS Bland. Pinal Mts.
CaLOCNEMIS PUNCTATA Lec. Pinal Mts.

ADELINA LECONTEI Horn. Tucson, Yuma.

AL2PHUS MACILENTUS Casey. Tucson.

EUPSOPHUS CASTANEUS Horn. Pinal Mts.

MeEcysMus ANGUSTUS I.ec. Pinal Mts.

BLAPSTINuUS sorDIDUS Lec. Riverside, Shady Run.
B. piraratus Lec. Riverside, Shady Run.

B. BREVICOLLIS Lec. Riverside.

B. INTFRMIXTUS Casey. Pinal Mts.

NoTIBIUS PUBERULUS Lec. Yuma.

N. SUBSTRIATUS Casey. Tucson.

N. PUNCTICOLLIS Lec. Tucson.

N. GRANULATUS Lec. Tucson, Gila Bend.
CONIBIOSOMA LACINIATA Casey. Tucson.
AMMODONUS FossoR Lec. Tucson, about street lights.
TRIBOLIUM FERRUGINEUM Fabr. Riverside, Santa Rita Mts.
APHANOTUS BREVICORNIS Lec. ‘Tucson.
ALPHITOBIUS PICEUS Oliv. Tucson.

ULOSONIA MARGINATA Lec. Tucson.

CYN4ZUS DEPRESSUS Horn. Yuma.

HELops ARIZONENSIS Horn. Tucson, Santa Rita Mts.

CISTELIDZ.

HYyMENORUS CONFERTUS Lec. Pinal and Santa Rita Mts.
H. puNCTATISSIMUS Lec. Tucson.
H. APACHEANUuS Casey. Gila Bend.

MONOMMID 4.

HyprorHAGUS GILENSIS Horn. Pinal Mts., Shady Run, Tucson.

under stems of yucca, sometimes abundantly.

MELANDRYID.

CAREBARA LONGULA Lec. Pinal Mts., about sawed lumber.
EUSTROPHUS sp., near TOMENTOSUS Say. Tucson.
Mycrerus CONCOLOR Lec. Pinal Mts.
* CEDEMERIDZ.
Oxacis sp. Pinal Mts.
MORDELLIDZ.

MorRDELLA SCUTELLARIS Fabr. Santa Rita Mts.
MorRDELLISTENA TOSTA Lec. Yuma.

ANTHICIDZ.

NoToxUS BIFASCIATUS Lec. Pinal Mts.
MASTOREMUS LONGICORNIS Casey. Pinal Mts.

Found

THE BEETLES OF SOUTHERN ARIZONA. SE

BAULIUS TENUIS Lec. Yuma.

LAPPUS BIPARTITUS Casey. Yuma.

L. vivipus Casey. Tucson, Pinal Mts.

L. PINALICUS Casey. Pinal Mts.
HIMANTUS FLORALIS Linn. Tucson.
VACUSUS CONFINIS Lec. Tucson, Riverside.
ANTHICUS NANUS Lec. Pinal Mts.

A. BELLULUS Lec. Pinal Mts., Riverside.
A. LUTEOLUS Lec. Yuma.

MELOID 24.

NEGALIUS MARMORATUS Casey. Tucson. One or two specimens were
found at large.

NEMOGNATHA IMMACULATA Say. Santa Rita Mts.

PyROTA MYLABRINA Chey. Tucson. Much less common than it appears
to be in southern New Mexico, where it often abounds on golden-rods
during August.

P. AKHURSTIANA Horn. Tucson. Rather rare at street lights.

MAcROoBASIS LAUTA Horn. Tucson.

M.TENELLA Lec. Tucson. This and the preceding species occur spar-
ingly at street lamps.

EPICAUTA N. sp., near LEMNISCATA Fabr. Yuma.

CANTHARIS DESERTICOLA Horn. Santa Rita Mts. The only specimen seen
was flying, during the afternoon.

RHYNCHITIDZ.

EUGNAMPTUS COLLARIS Fabr. Pinal Mts., in the oak scrub.

OTIORHYNCHIDZ.

EPIC@RUS IMBRICATUS Say. Pinal Mts. The species of this genus need
revision and it is possible that a renewed study will show that the form
here referred to is distinct from zmdricatus.

OPHRYASTES VITTATUS Say. Globe.

EUPAGODERES ARGENTATUS Lec. Tucson. Extremely abundant.

E. sorpipus Lec. Santa Rita Mts.

E. vARIuSs Lec. Tucson.

EvucyLius vAGANS Horn. Gila Bend, Casa Grande. Occurs under boards
or logs in very dry sandy spots.

RHYPODES n.sp. Tucson, Gila Bend.

CypuHus LAuTus Lec. Santa Rita Mts.

PHACEPHOLIS ELEGANS Horn. Tucson. On mesquite.

CoLEOCERUS MARMORATUS Horn. Tucson, abundant on mesquite and
other Leguminosze.

CURCULIONID.

APION SORDIDUM Smith. Tucson, Riverside.
A. @DORHYNCHUM Lec. Pinal Mts.
A. VENTRICOSUM Lec. Yuma, Tucson, on Prosopis.

312 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

A. PROCLIVE Lec. Pinal Mts.

A. VARICORNE Smith. Yuma.

A. CARINIROSTRUM Fall. (MS.). Santa Rita Mts.

DINOCLEUS DENTICOLLIS Casey. Globe. The species of this genus are
found about the roots of various weeds in sandy spots.

D. sAGINATUS Casey. Tucson.

D. MoLiror Lec. Yuma.

DoRYTOMUS IN@QUALIS Casey. Riverside.

DESMORIS CONSTRICTUS Say. Tucson.

SMICRONYX RUFULUS Dietz. Riverside.

S. spurcus Casey. Tucson.

SYNERTHA IMBRICATA Casey. Pinal Mts., Riverside

S. WICKHAMII Dietz. Riverside.

ENDALUS LIMATULUS Gyll. Tucson.

MAGDALIS LECONTE!I Horn. Pinal Mts.

ANTHONOMUS sp. Yuma.

Tycuius sETosus Lec. Yuma.

T. HIspiDUS Casey. Santa Rita Mts.

T. SYBINIOIDES Casey. Santa Rita Mts. The small western species of this
genus are mostly found upon the various arborescent Leguminose.
characteristic of arid areas.

CoONOTRACHELUS SENICULUS Boh. Tucson. The name is from Dr. Horn.

RHYSSEMATUS MEDIALIS Casey. Tucson.

ZYGOPS SEMINIVEUS Lec. Foothills of the Pinal Mts. Common on the
maguey, chiefly near base of flower-stalk.

PIAZURUS CALIFORNIcuS Lec. Pinal Mts., Tucson, Yuma.

CopTURUS ADSPERSUS Lec. Yuma.

TACHYGONUS CENTRALIS Lec. Pinal Mts.

ONYCHOBARIS EGENA Casey. Pinal Mts.

O. AMBIGUA Casey. ‘Tucson.

O. mysTicaA Casey. Foot hills of Pinal Mts., on a narrow-stemmed cactus.
Globe.

CENTRINUS SENILIS Gyll. Santa Rita Mts.

C. nospes Casey. Tucson

CALANDRID.

SCYPHOPHORUS ACUPUNCTATUS Gyll. Pinal and Santa Rita Mts., in ma-
guey stalks.

RHODOBZNUS TREDECIMPUNCTATUsS II]. Tucson.

CossoONUS CRENATUS Horn. Pinal Mts., under pine bark.

SCOLYTID.

PLATYPUS n.sp. Pinal Mts.

PITYOPHTHORUS NITIDULUS Lec. Pinal Mts.
XYLEBORUS XYLOGRAPHUS Say. Pinal Mts.
TomIcus CONFUSUS Lec. Pinal Mts.
DENDROCTONUS TEREBRANS Oliv. Pinal Mts.
HYLASTES GRACILIS Lec. Pinal Mts.

web ic, | Boks TS Sc a eer ete AA ® , . xX - -
ofl Sep a ee Auer ae A : 5 SSE ee
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‘PRICE, FIFTY CENTS.

BULLETIN

FROM THE

TABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.

Peed LOW A SEDGEAS, (rc vain | ace Ae a tare ae R. I. Cratry.

UREDINE#z, II, . . J. C. ARTHUR AND E. W. D. Hotway

PUBLISHED

/
II. DESCRIPTIONS OF AMERICAN
BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS. =|

IOWA CITY, IOWA:
DECEMBER, 1898.

Vous lT¥. No. 4.

BULLE EEN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.

PUBLISHED

BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS.

IOWA CITY, IOWA:
DECEMBER, 1808.

Deel

Secretary Wn. J. Happock:
I take pleasure in submitting herewith Bulletin No. 4,
of Volume IV, from the Laboratories of Natural History, of

the State University of Iowa.
T. H. Macsripe, Editor.
December, 7898.

EDITORIAL STAFF.

GEOLOGY, : . F : : S. CALVIN.
BoTany, : : : : 2 T. H. MAcBRIDE.
ZOOLOGY, : F ; : : Ce C. Nurrine:

JUN 25 1915

LIBRARY
REW YORK

THE IOWA SEDGES.
Bye Ro E-GCRALPY

Tue Cyperacee or Sedye Family includes about one-twelfth
of the flowering plants found within the limits of our state.
It comprises about €5 genera and 3,000 species of wide geo-
graphical distribution but most numerous in the north tem-
perate zone. Of the 20 genera found in the northern United
States and Canada, Io are known to occur in Iowa. and it is
probable that two others, Cladium and /thynchospora, will yet
be found.

The sedges have solid stems which are usually triangular,
the sheaths of the leaves being closed. The flowers, which
are arranged in spikes or spikelets, are in the axils of single
scales, the perianth none, or replaced by bristles in Erzophorum,
Dulichium, and in most species of Eleocharis and Scirpus.
The fruit is a triangular or lenticular akene, which in the
genus Carex is inclosed in a sac, technically called a peri-
gynium.

There is found in Jowa very nearly the same number of
species belonging to each of the two great families, the Cy-
peracee and the Gramznee, but in the number of individual
plants the former is very greatly out-numbered by the latter.
This disparity, so noticeable in our original flora, is being in-
creased every year as the introduced and cultivated grasses
are rapidly taking the place of the sedges on all tillable and
closely pastured land.

Those species of sedge, belonging principally to the genus
Carex, found on upland prairies and in the woods are of con-
siderable economic value for pasturage, but on the open lands
are usually so mature at the time the native grasses are ready
to be mowed as to be of little value for hay. If closely pas-

oe D 313

314 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

tured the upland prairie sedges are quickly destroyed, but
those found in the woods where the shaded ground retains
moisture better, survive much longer.

When we consider the great number of species in the sedge
family, and their wide geographical distribution, it is remark-
able that an introduced foreign species is so rarely met, there
being but a very few in the United States, and so far as
known, not one within the limits of Iowa. Compared with
the Gramznee in this respect the difference is very striking.
The troublesome introduced grasses of our state are, with
one or two exceptions, annuals, and all well fitted by nature
for the rapid dissemination of their seed into new localities
by man’s agency as he carries on his agricultural operations,
even though he may do his best to prevent it. The carices
which comprise much the greater part of the sedge flora of
the land suitable for cultivation being perennials are ill fitted
to survive where the soil must be frequently turned by the
plow, but in CyPerzas esculentus L. we have at least one excep-
tion, which on account of its numerous, small tubers is able
to live in low cultivated land, and is troublesome in some
localities.

In the distribution of our native plants into new localities
by natural agencies the wind is a very important factor, but
with the exception of a few species the distribution of the
sedges by this means is comparatively slow. The fruit of
such plants, however, as the species of Arzphorum, is quite
well fitted for rapid distribution by high winds. The seeds
of most of our Composite and many other plants which mature
late in autumn, are often carried great distances over the crusted
snow by the strong winter winds, but the fruit of the sedges,
with very few exceptions, is not retained on the plants long
enough to avail of this latter means of transportation. To
the action of waves on our ponds and lakes, and to the cur-
rents of streams, especially during high water, we must
attribute much credit for the distribution of the seeds of
sedges. This is especially true of those carices having an
inflated perigynium which are thus enabled to float very

THE IOWA SEDGES. 315

readily. An equal amount of credit is perhaps due to the
birds, especially to the migratory water-fowl, which pass over
the state in great numbers every spring and autumn. The
small and very numerous seeds of the species of Cyerus,
Eleocharis, and other shore-loving sedges fall soon after
maturity, and mingling with the sand and mud on the shores
of lakes and streams may very readily adhere to the feet and
legs of these birds and be carried by them long distances in
their migrations, while the akenes of many of the larger fruited
sedges when eaten by the birds are undoubtedly protected
by the indurated seed-coats which are characteristic of the
plants of this family.

Those species of sedges which delight in very wet situa-
tions seldom flower or fruit except under normal condi-
tions of moisture. The author has observed several species
of Carex remaining unfruitful under unfavorable conditions
for a period of from five to ten years.

The sedge flora of lowa is characteristically eastern and
corresponds quite closely with that of the bordering states,
and though lying just east of the great plains, but one species,
Carex stenophylla Wahl. has yet been found which does not
occur east of the Mississippi River. The richest portion of
the state in sedges is that bordering on this great water-way.
This may be accounted for partly because of the greater
diversity of soil, surface, woodland, and prairie in that region,
and partly because the natural agencies for the distribution of
seeds, and the greater rainfall combine to favor that portion
of the state.

In the preparation of this paper over one thousand speci-
mens, comprising several times that number of individual
plants, have been examined, representing all portions of the
state, especially the eastern-central, and northern portions
which have been the most thoroughly explored. The region
from Sioux City to the southwestern corner of the state is the
poorest represented in the citations, and it is in this region
that additional western species are to be the most confidently
expected.

Iv—4 2D2

316 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Of the species herein listed 15 are annuals, divided among
the genera as follows: Cyperus, 7; Eleocharis, 4; Steno-
phyllus, 1; Fimbristylis, 1; Scirpus, 1; and Hemucarpha, |,
The remaini:'g species of these and all the other genera are
perennials.

The classification followed is that of Britton and Brown’s
Illustrated Flora (1896-7). The names used in Gray’s
Manual, 6th edition, and in previously published lists, when
different, are given in the synonymy. In this order, however,
the changes made are comparatively few.

In the study of the material at my command I have been
greatly aided by having access to several sets of plants deter-
mined by Prof. L. H. Bailey, of Cornell University, Ithaca,
New York, and by Dr. N. L. Britton, of Columbia Univer-
sity, New York City. The former gentleman has at various
times greatly aided me by the determination of carices and
by the exchange of specimens.

My thanks are also here tendered to the following persons
for specimens and other assistance: Prof. B. Shimek, of the
Iowa State University for collections made in various parts of
the state; Prof. Bruce Fink, of Upper Iowa University, at
Fayette, for a set of the sedges of that region; Prof. L. H.
Pammel, of the lowa Agricultural College, for the privilege
of studying the Cyferacee in the herbarium of that institution,
for extensive collections made in various parts of the state,
and for the loan of literature; Messrs. Wm. D. Barnes, of
Blue Grass, and A. A. Miller, of Eldridge, Scott County, two
most excellent collectors, for sedges from that region and for
many valuable notes regarding soil, distribution, etc.; Prof.
T. J. Fitzpatrick, of Graceland College, Lamoni. for speci-
mens from Decatur County and from other localities; Prof.
H. W. Norris. and Frank W. Johnson, of Iowa College,
Grinnell, for the loan of their private collections and a portion
of the college herbarium; Dr. J.C. Arthur, of Purdue Univer-
sity, Lafayette, Indiana, for data and the loan of specimens;
Prof. T. H. Baldwin, of Tabor, Iowa, for specimens of his
own collection and a list of the sedges, with the accompany-

THE IOWA SEDGES. Si7

ing data, in the Arthur collection exhibited at the Centennial
Exposition, and now the property of Tabor College. My
thanks are also due to numerous collectors whose names
appear in the citations, For numerous kind favors I am also
indebted to Prof. T. H. Macbride, of the Iowa State Univer-
sity, at whose request this paper is prepared.

It is felt that this catalogue is necessarily incomplete, there
being so large an area of the state which has not yet been
thoroughly explored. The acknowledged difficulty of this
group of plants has caused them to be neglected more than
the higher Phanerogams, but the rapid conversion of nearly
the whole area of the state into pastures or cultivated fields
should incite those interested in our indigenous flora to secure
specimens for preservation with as little delay as possible.
Mature fruiting specimens of this group of plants from new
localities or of species not herein listed are solicted by the
author that they may be studied and published in future lists,
full credit for which will be given.

The table here appended gives the extent in genera and
the number of species and varieties of sedges listed in the
following local and state catalogues:

GEN. SP. & VARS,

Bessey, Cont. F 1. Iowa, . 21

ArEDAr i LOwa ane Add. oo 6s = 5 5 9 2
Hitchcock, Plants of Ames, . 6 219
Upham, Flora of Minnesota,. . . ... . . 10 12

MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val... . . . . . . U1 97
Brendel; Plora\ Veoriana, \5 ss. <P 3 st 0 125
Praey, wleravOr MIGSOUrin.s) ce 63° 2.) oe BE 102
Higby and Raddin, fF]. Cook Co., Ills... . . . a1 116
Beal and Wheeler, Flora of Michigan, . 13 206
Beardslee, Cat. Pl. Ohio, g 12 120
Wheeler, Fl. Milwaukee Co., Wis., 7 37
Flagg and Burrill, Ill. Plants, 13 153
Bot. Gaz., Flora of Indiana, . 12 108
Bruhin, Flora of Wisconsin, . 10 105
Rydberg, Fl. Sand Hills, Neb., . 6 ag
Webber, Fl. Neb. and Rep. I-IV, . 9 78
Rydberg, Fl. Black Hills, S. D., : 4 28
Williams, Grasses and Forage P]., Daks., . 5 33
Swezey, Neb. Flow. Plants, : 5 29

Fink, Flora, Fayette, Iowa,

wn
is>)
>

318 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.
CY PE RAC E28.

GyPErus. 2.) Sp..Pl, 441753).

A very large genus of annual and perennial sedges, widely
distributed in tropical and temperate regions. The species
are of little economic value, furnishing a small percentage of
inferior pasturage along the margins of ponds and streams
and on marshy land.

Species about 650.

Illustrated Flora, 32; Gray’s Manual, 6th ed., 25; MacMillan, Metas. Minn.
Valley, 9; Arthur, Flora of Iowa, 8; Tracy, Flora of Missouri, 16;
Brendel, Flora Peoriana, 9; Webber, Flora of Nebraska, and Rep. I-Iv,
11; Williams, Grasses and Forage Plants of the Dakotas, 4; Fink
Flora of Fayette, Iowa, 6. f

t.. C. DIANDRUS Jorr.. Cat.N. Vio goe( 1919),

Illus. Flora, 1. 236, fig. 544; Gray’s Man, 6th ed., 569; Hitchcock, P]. Ames
523; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 93; Tracy, Fl. Missouri, 90; Bren-
del, Fl. Peoriana, 61; Wheeler, Fl. Milwaukee Co., Wis., 186; Rydberg,
Fl. Sand Hils, Neb., 184; Fink, lowa Acad. Sci., Iv, 105.

Low ground, sandy shores of streams and lakes. Probably
throughout the state but not common. Quite variable, closely
approaching the next species in some forms.

Muscatine and Ames, A/7tchcock; Decorah, 1881, Holway;
Fremont County, 1894, /7zk; Clinton County, 1896, Pammel ;
Moscow, 1894, Barnes & Miller ; Grinnell, Aug., 1886, Fohnson.

2. C. RIvULARIS Kunth. Enum., 1, 6 (1837).

C. diandrus var. castaneus Torr., Ann. Lyc. N. Y., III, 252 (1836), not Willd.

(1798).

Illus. Flora, 1, 236, Fig. 545; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 569; Arthur, FI]. Iowa, 33;
Hitchcock. Pl. Ames, 523; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 93; Webber,
App. Fl. Neb., 24; Fink, Iowa Acad. Sci. Iv, 105.

Same situations as the last. Varies from a couple of inches
to over a foot in height. A beautiful species, the bright,
chestnut-colored scales very conspicuous.

Ames, 1875, Arthur; Lawler, 1890, ftol/fs; Emmet and
Dickinson counties, various collections, Crvat/y; Woodbine,
1874, Burgess; Scott and Muscatine counties, frequent,
Barnes & Miller; Charles City, Aug., 1875, Arthur.

THE IOWA SEDGES 319

3. C.inFLExus MZuhl. Gram., 16 (1817).
C. aristatus Boeck]. Linnea, xxxv, 500 in part (1868), not Rottb., Desc.
& lcon.,,23 (£773):
Illus. Flora, 1, 273, fig. 549; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 507; Arthur, Cont. FI.
Iowa, 11; Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 523: MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val.,
93; Tracy, Fl. Missouri, 91; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 61; Hale, Add. Fl.
Wis., 5; Rydberg, Fl. Sand Hills, Neb., 184; Rydberg, Fl. Black Hills,

S. D., 526; Fink, Iowa Acad. Sci., Iv, 105.

Sandy margins of streams and ponds; throughout. The
long, tapering, recurved points of the scales readily distin-
guish this from any of our other species.

Story county, 1886, and Iowa City, 1887, Htchcock ; Em-
met county, 1884, and Dickinson county, 1896, Cratty; Ham-
ilton county, 1891, fto/fs; Fayette county, 1894, Ak; Clin-
ton county, 1896, Pamme/; Johnson county, 1894, Fitzpatrick ;
Nora Springs, July, 1889, and Clear Lake, 1889, Yohnson;
Scott and Muscatine counties, Barnes & Miller; Ames, Sept.,
1897, No. 444, C. C. Ball.

4. C.scHweinitzu Zorr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y., 1, 276 (1836).

Illus. Flora, 1, 238, fig. 551; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 597: Arthur, FI. Iowa, 33;
Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 523; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 92: Tracy,
F]. Missouri, 91; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 88; Bruhin, Fl. Wis., 278;
Rydberg, Fl. Sand Hilis, Neb., 183; Williams, Grass and Forage PI.
Daks., 41; Fink, Iowa Acad. Sci., Iv, 105.

Sandy margins of streams and lakes; quite variable. Com-
mon, at least through the northern half of the state.

Charles City, July, 1872, Arthur; Marshalltown, 1891,
Stewart; Ames, 1889, Htchcock; Newton, 1891, Drew’;
Cedar Rapids, 1891, Pammel; Emmet county, 1882, and
Spirit Lake, 1896, Craity ; Fremont county, 1888, A/7tchcock ;
Fayette county, 1894, A7zk; Johnson county, Fitzpatrick;
Lynville, Jasper county, July, 1888, Vorr7s ; Scott and Musca-
tine counties, Barnes & Miller.

5. C.acuminatus Zorr. & Hook. in Torr. Cyp. 435 (1836).

Illus. Flora, 1, 239, fig. 553; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 570; Arthur, Cont. FI.
Iowa, 1v; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 90; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 61; Bruhin, Zwei.
Nach. FI. Wis., 643; Webber, App. Fl. Neb., 24; Rydberg. Fl. Black
Hills, SS; 19557526:

320 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Margins of streams; well distributed throughout the state,
but not common.

Woodbury county and Sioux City, 1888, /7tchcock;
Oquawka, Ills., Patterson; Banks of Wapsipinicon, Scott
county, July, 1896, and Folletts, Clinton county, Barnes &
Miller; Plymouth county. Arthur, |. c.; Montrose, 1883, AA-
mger ; Jefferson county, 1897, No. 455, Baldwin.

6. 'C. ESCULENTUS:Z..' Sp.’ Pl 45° (1753) eae

Illus. Flora, 1, 241, fig. 559; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 571; Arthur, FI. Iowa,
33; Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 523; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 92;
Tracy, Fl. Mo., 91; Brendel, F1. Peoriana, 61; Hale, Add. Fl. Wis., 5;
Webber, Fl. Neb., 99; Fink, lowa Acad. Sci., 1v, 105.

Central, eastern and southern portions of the state. The
narrow, many flowered spikelets are straw-colored when
mature, the leaves a lighter green than those of C. strzyosus
or C. specsiosus. Propagated by its small, edible tubers which
make it occasionally troublesome in low, cultivated fields.

Charles City, July, 1875, Arthur; lowa City and Ames,
1889, Hrtchcock; Marshalltown, 1891, Stewart; Fayette
county, 1893, Avvk; Clinton county, 1896, Pamme/; Clayton
county, June, 1895, Avtzpatrick ; Scott and Muscatine counties,
where it is rather frequent in cultivated fields, Barnes &
Miller ; Peru, June 20, 1897, No. 452, Hollingsworth; Lib-
ertyville, 1897, Baldwin ; Mt. Pleasant, Oct. 1, 1897, Dr. Mitte.

7. C. ERYTHRORHIZOS Muhi. Gram., 20 (1817). PI. 1.

Illus. Flora, 1. 241, fig. 560; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 571; Hitchcock, PI.
Ames, 523; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 92; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 91;
Brendel, FI]. Peoriana, 61; Bruhin, Fl. Wis., 278; Williams, Grass. and
For. Pl. Dakotas, 41.

Probably throughout the state; banks of streams and mar-
gins of lakes. Not before reported from Iowa. The linear
spikelets of many very small flowers with their bright, chest-
nut-colored scales are very pretty objects under the lens.

Estherville, bank of Des Moines River, 1881, Cra¢ty; Story
county and Iowa City, //ztchcock ; Clinton county, 1896, Pam-
mel; Scott and Muscatine counties, Barnes d& Miller; lowa

Lake, 1897, Pammel & Cratty.

THE IOWA SEDGES. 321

8. C.spEeciosus Vahi. Enum., 1, 364 (1806).

C. michauxianus Gray, Man., 5th ed., 554 (1867), not of Schultes (1824).

Illus. Flora, 1, 242, fig. 562; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 572; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 33;
MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 91; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 91; Bessey, Cont. Fl.
Iowa, 123; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 61; Hale, Add. Fl. Wis., 5: Webber,
Fl. Neb., 99; Williams, Grass. and For. Pl. Dakotas, 41.

Low grounds, marshes and margins of streams and ponds.
Throughout the state; variable. In marshes often 2 feet
high; not as handsome in the dried specimen as many other
species of the genus. Within our limits it is often found asso-
ciated with C. erythrorhizos.

Iowa City, Atchcock; Woodbine, 1874, Burgess; Daven-
port, 1889, Aztchcock; Grinnell, 1886, Johnson, Scott and
Muscatine counties, 1896, Barnes & Miller; South shore of
Iowa Lake, Emmet county, Aug. 27, 1897. Cratty; Clinton
county, 1896, Pammel; Decatur county, 1897, F%tzpatrick;
Creston, Sept. 13, 1897, No. 464, &. P. Bettenga; Liberty-
ville, 1897, Baldwin.

Note.—C., engelmanni Steud., Syn. Pl]. Cvp. 47 (1853), has been reported
from Iowa, but 1 have been unable to find any specimen of this species in
any collection in the state. It is reported by Wheeler in Fl. Milwaukee
Co., Wis., 186; by Tracy in Fl. Mo, 90; by Brendel in F] Peoriana, 88, and
by Webber in Fl. Neb., 95. It probably occurs in the southern part of the
state, and can be distinguished from the above, to which it is closely re-

lated, by its more slender spikelets, and the tips of the scales not reaching
to the succeeding one on the same side.

g. Custricosus Z. Sp. Pl., 1,47 (1753
Illus. Flora. 1, 243, fig. 565; Gray’s Man. 6th ed., 571; Arthur, F]. Iowa, 33;

Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 523; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 91; Tracy,
Fl. Mo., 91; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 61; Wheeler, Fl. Milwaukee Co.,
Wis., 186; Rydberg, Fl. Sand Hills, Neb., 183; Fink, Iowa Acad. Sci.,
IV, 10S.

Our commonest and most variable species in low, wet
ground, growing from a few inches to two or three feet in
height. Perennial by basal corm-like tubers.

Grinnell, Aug., 1884, /Vorris, Fohnson; lowa City, Hitch-
cock; Cedar Rapids, 1891, Pammel; Muscatine, Reppert;
Emmet county, 1896, and Kossuth county, 1897, Cratty; De-
catur county, Sept., 1896, A7tzpatrick ; Scott and Muscatine

322 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

counties, 1896, Barnes & Miller; Charles City, Aug., 1875,
Arthur; Muscatine, 1897, Ball.

The following varieties also occur, in Iowa, specimens of
each, determined by Dr. N. L. Britton being in the herbarium
of the Iowa Agricultural College at Ames.

10. C. STRIGOSUS ROBUSTIOR Awnth. Enum., 11, 88 (1837).
Illus. Flora, 1, 243.

Habit and range of the type, but less common. Spikelets
nearly an inch long, 10-25 flowered.

Ames and Iowa City, Wztchcock; Woodbine, 1878, Burgess.
t1. C. stricosus capiTaTus Boecki. Linnea, xxXvi, 347

(1869-70).
Illut. Flora, 1, 243.

Low ground in marshes, rare; not before reported from the
state. A very small, slender form, the plants only a few
inches tall with the 5-15 flowered spikelets arranged in capi-
tate clusters. It is possible that this is merely a state of the
type produced by a very dry season.

Algona, Hitchcock; Emmet county, in a marsh 1% miles
east of Armstrong, Aug., 1896, Cratty.

12. CC. sTRIGosus composirus #ritton. Bull. Torr. Club,
XI, 202 (1S86)).
Illus. Flora, 1, 243.

Rather rare in swamps or low ground. The umbel very
compound, the 4-6 flowered spikelets clustered in cylindrical
heads. Plants 6—18 inches high.

Charles City, Arthur; Lawler, 1890, /rolfs; Scott county,
Barnes & Miller; lowa Lake, Emmet county, Aug., 1897,
Cratty.

13. C. Fmicutmis Vahl. Enum., 11, 328 (1806).

Illus. Flora, 1, 245, fig. 571; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 570; Arthur, FI. Iowa, 33;
Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 523; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 92; Tracy,
Fl. Mo., 91; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 61; Bruhin, Fl. Wis., 278; Webber,

Fl. Neb., 99; Fink, Iowa Acad. Sci., Iv, 105.
Sandy soil, margins of streams and lakes; most frequent in

the eastern half of the state. Quite variable.

THE IOWA SEDGES. 323

Ames, 1889, Hitchcock; Charles City, 1875, Arthur; Cedar
Rapids, 1891, Pammel; Iowa City, Hitchcock; La Crosse,
Wis., Pammel; Fayette county, 1894, FAznk; Clinton, 1895,
Pammel; Cedar Rapids, a peculiar form in general appear-
ance approaching C. schweznetzi Torr., Litchcock ; Scott and
Muscatine counties Barnes & Miller ; Hancock county, 1881,
Ehinger ; Johnson county, July 15, 1897, Skzmek ; Muscatine
Island, Louisa county, Aug. 1, 1897, JZeyers ; Belmond, 1897,
Pammel.

DULICHIUM Z.C Richards. Pers. Syn., 1, 65 (1805).

A monotypic genus of the eastern half of North America.

1. D. aRuNpINACEUM (Z.) Britton. Bull. Torr. Club, xx1,
29 (1894).

D. spathaceum, Pers., Syn., 1, 65 (1805).

Illus. Flora, 1, 247, fig. 576; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 573; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 33;
MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 90; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 91; Brendel, FI.
Peoriana, 61; Wheeler, Fl. Milwaukee Co., Wis., 186; Webber, App,
Fl. Neb., 24.

Low, wet places; central and eastern portions of the state;
rather rare.

Ames, June, 1871, Arthur; Story county, Hitchcock; La
Crosse, Wis., Pammel. In bogs along Skunk River, Jasper
county, July 3, 1886, oknson; Moscow, Muscatine county,
1893, and Noels, Scott county, 1894, Barnes & Miller.

ELEOCHARIS &.Br. Proc. Nov. Hol., 1, 209 (1810).

Sedges with simple, leafless culms, bearing single capitate
or elongated spikes, the akene surmounted by a tubercle and
usually subtended with bristles. Annuals or perennials, abound-
ing in water or wet situations.

Species about roo.

Illus. Flora, 22; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 21; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 7.

Arthur, FI. lowa, 5; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 6; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 5; Web-
ber, Fl. Neb. and Rep. 1-1v,6; Fink, Fl., Fayette, Iowa, 3.

324 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

1. E. ATRopuRPUREA (ftetz.) Kunth. Enum. u, 151 (1837).

Illus. Flora, 1, 250, fig. 582; Webber, App. Fl. Neb., 24; Dr. Britton in Torr.
Bull. xviii, 166.

A widely distributed species of the southern United States
and tropical America.

Found growing in wet sand at Fruitland, Muscatine county,
by Mr. Reppert. The plant is about 2% inches high, the
culms wiry, the spikes ovoid, 1% lines long by 1 line wide.
It resembles the eastern &. o/vacea Torr. but grows from an
annual root. Probably very rare within our limits; not before
reported from Iowa. Mr. Wm. D. Barnes who communicated
the plant to me cites this as a probable example of a soutl.ern
plant brought to us by the agency of migratory water-fowl
which resort to that locality in great numbers.

2, EH. OvVATA (/totk.) 7 & S. SSyst., 1, r52. 0250.

E. obtusa Schultes, Mont., 11, 89 (1824).

Illus. Flora, 1, 251, fig. 584; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 574; Arthur, Cont. Fl.
Iowa, 1v; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 102; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 91; Bren-
del, Fl. Peoriana, 61; Bruhin, Fl. Wis., 278; Webber, F!. Neb., 99;
Fink, Iowa Acad. Sci., Iv, 105.

Wet soil, southern and eastern portions of the state. Very
variable in regard to height, and size of the spikes.

Ames and Iowa City, A/ztchcock; Kellogg, 1877, collector
unknown; Keokuk, /Y/tchcock; Fayette county, 1894, F7nk;
Moscow, 1894, Barnes & Miller; Appanoose county, July,
1896, and Decatur county, Aug., 1898, Avtzpatrick ; Grinnell,
June, 1894, Fohnson; Peru, July 20, 1897, No. 393, Hollings-
worth; Birmingham, Aug. 15, 1897, Baldwin.

Note.—E. engelmanni Steud., Syn. Pl. Cyp., 79 (1855), (2. obtusa var. de-
tonsa Gray) has been collected on the Mississippi bottoms at Oquawka, IIL,

by Mr. H. N. Patterson, and probably occurs in the southeastern part of
the state. It is also reported from Kansas by Smythe.

3, H..pPALUSTRIs (Z.) A. 55. - Syst ah 152 (1ongge
Scirpus palustris L. Sp. Pl. 47 (1753).
Illus. Flora, 1, 251, fig. 586; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 575; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 33;
Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 523; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 101; Tracy,
Fl. Mo., 91; Bessey, Cont. Fl. Iowa, 123; Brendel, FJ. Peoriana, 61;

Wheeler, Fl. Milwaukee Co., Wis., 186; Webber, Fl]. Neb.,99; Rydberg,
Fl. Black Hills, S. D., 527; Fink, Iowa Acad. Sci., Iv, 105.

THE IOWA SEDGES. 325

Everywhere very common in low ground, margins of
streams and ponds, and in swamps. Very variable in size,
from 1 foot or less in height, with spikes 2—6 lines in length, to
4 feet high, with spikes 8 lines long and 3 lines wide.

Ames, various collectors; Emmet county, Cratty ; Hamil-
ton county, 1891, /to/f/s; Fayette county, 1894, Azmk; Shelby
county, /ztzpatrick ; Grinnell, June, 1886, Fohknson; Scott and
Muscatine counties, Barnes & Miller; Decatur county, 1897,
Fitzpatrick; Missouri Valley, June 21, 1897, Pammel; Gil-
bert. July 17, 1897, Combs & Ball.

4. E. PALUSTRIS GLAUCESCENS ( Willd.) Gray. Man., 5th
ed., 558 (1867).
Illus. Flora, 1, 252; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 575; Upham, FI. Minn., 151; Ryd-
berg, Fl. Sand Hills, Neb., 184.

Low, wet ground, eastern half of the state; perhaps often
confounded with the type from which it is distinguished by
its more slender culms, smaller akene, and narrower and more
acute tubercle. Not before reported from Iowa.

Davenport, 1889, and Iowa City, rtchcock.

coe. ACICULARIS: (7..)/t..a 5.
Scirpus acicuiaris L. Sp. Pl., 1, 48 (1753).
Illus. Flora, 1, 252, fig. 587; ae Man., 6th ed., 576; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 33;
Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 523; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 100; Tracy;
Fl. Mo., 91; Bessey, Cont. Fl. Iowa, 123; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62;
Bruhin, Fl. Wis., 278; Rydberg, Fl. Sand Hills, Neb., 184; Williams,
Grass. and For. Pl. Daks., 41; Fink, Iowa Acad. Sci., Iv, 105.
Very common throughout; edges of streams and ponds and
low wet meadows; spikes more loosely flowered than our
other species.

Charles City, Aug., 1875, Arthur; lowa City, Aztchcock;
Emmet and Dickinson counties, 1896, Cratty ; Fayette county,
1893, Fink; Ames, 1883, A/itchcock ; Powesheik county, July,
1888, ohnson; Scott and Muscatine counties, Barnes &
Miller ; Kossuth county, 1897, Cratty; Missouri bottom near
Bartlett, Sept. 20, 1897, Baldwin; Gilbert, July 17, 1887, No.
438, Combs & Ball.

326 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

6. E. wouru (A. Gray) Britton. Jour. N. Y. Micros. Soc.
V, 105 (1889.)
Scirpus wolfi Gray. Proc. Am. Acad., x, 77 (1874).
Illus. Flora, 1. 252, fig, 588; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 576; Arthur, Cont. FI.
Iowa, v1; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 99; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 61.
Low ground on prairies, the culms much compressed, light
colored and weak. A rare species, also occurring locally in
Illinois and southern Minnesota.
Emmet county, 1886, Cratty; lowa City, Hetchcock.

7. E. Tenuts ( Willd.) Schultes.

Scirpus tenuis Willd, Enum., 1, 76 (1809).

Illus. Flora, 1, 255, fig. 595; Gray’s Man., 6th-ed., 575; MacMillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 100; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 91; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Wheeler,
Fl. Milwaukee Co., Wis., 186.

Probably rare within our limits; not before reported from
Iowa. Its perennial habit at once distinguishes the growing
plant from 4. zntermedia (Muhl.) Schultes, with which the
dried plant is apt to be confounded when not in mature fruit.

Iowa City, Wetchcock ; Grinnell, May, 1886, /Vorrzs ; Deca-
tur county, May 24, 1897, probably this, the fruit not matured,
Litzpatrick.

8. E. acuminATA (JZuhl.) WVees. Linnea, 1x, 294 (1835).

E. compressa Sulliv. Sill. Jour., xL11, 50 (1842).

Illus. Flora, 1, 255, fig. 595; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 576; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 33;
MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 101; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 91; Brendel, FI.
Peoriana, 61; Wheeler, Fl. Milwaukee Co., Wis., 186; Rydberg, FI. Bl.
Eliseo e527

Low ground, southern and eastern portions of the state.
Probably not very common within our limits.

Iowa City, Hitchcock ; Grinnell, June, 1894, Sohnson ; Scott
and Muscatine counties, Barnes & Miller ; Hancock county,
1881, Ehinger; Ames, July, 1875, Arthur; Peru, July, 1897,
No. 395, Hollingsworth.

g. E.INTERMEDIA (JZuhl.) Schultes. Mant., 1, 91 (1824).

Illus. Flora, 1, 255, fig. 597; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 575; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 33;
MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 100; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 91; Brendel, FI.
Peoriana, 61; Bruhin, Fl. Wis., 278.

THE IOWA SEDGES. 327

Low ground, probably rare within our limits. Distinguished
from £. tenuzs ( Willd.) Schultes, which it somewhat resembles,
by its annual, fibrous root, smoother akene with persistent
bristles.

Story City, 1891, Pammel; Charles City, Aug., 1875,
Arthur.

STENOPHYLLUS Raf. Neog. 4 (1825).

A genus of about 20 annual or perennial sedges, represented
in the northern United States by a single species.

1. S.capmttaris (Z.) Britton. Bull. Torr. Club, xx1, 30
(1894).
Fimbristylis capillaris A. Gray. Man., 1st ed., 530 (1848).

Illus. Flora, 1, 258, fig. 603; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 578; Arthur, Cont. Fl.
Iowa Iv; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 103; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 92; Bren-
del, Fl. Peoriana,§8; Hale, Add. Fl. Wis., 5; Webber, App. Fl. Neb., 24.

Rare in sand on banks of streams; eastern portion of the
state. Readily distinguished from the next growing in similar
situations by its very numerous and finely capillary culms.

Fruitland, Muscatine county, Aug., 1896, and Noels, Scott
county, Barnes & Miller; bank of Mississippi River at

Oquawka, Ills., Patterson.

FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl. Enum., nu, 285 (1806).

A large genus with culms leafy below and bearing spike-
lets in small umbels or capitate heads. It differs from the
preceding genus in having the swollen base of the style de-
ciduous.

North America, 8 or 9 species.

Illus. Flora, 4; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 3; Tracy, F!. Mo., 2; Webber, App,
Fl. Neb., 1.
1. F. aurumna.is (Z.) #. & S. Syst., 0, 97 (1817).

Scirpus autumnalis L. Mont., 11, 180 (1781).
Illus. Flora, 1, 260, fig. 608; Gray’s Man. 578; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 92; Brendel,
Fl. Peoriana, 62.

328 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Rare in the eastern part of the state, sandy margins of
streams and ponds; variable.

Keokuk, AhAznger; Oquawka, Ills., Patterson; Fruitland,
Muscatine county, a form more slender than the type in wet
soil. Also from Moscow, a lower, very densely tufted form
with minutely papillose-hairy leaves, the spikelets oblong,
about 3 lines long, the akene larger. Barnes & Miller.

Note.—F. castanea (Michx.) Vahl, Enum., Ir, 292 (1806), (7. spadicea var.
castanea Torr.) was collected on the Mississippi bottoms near Oquawka, IIl.,

Aug., 1884, by Mr. H. N. Patterson, and probably occurs on the Iowa side
of the river. It is also reported from Nebraska and Missouri.

SCURE Us 2. spall. 4 7-CMssie

A large genus of annual or perennial sedges, our species
varying in height from a few inches to eight or ten feet.
Stems leafy in all the lowa species except S. dacustris L.
where they are reduced to basal sheaths.

Species about 200; 35 or 40 in the United States.

Illus. Flora, 28; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 17; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 6; MacMillan,
Metas. Minn. Val.,5; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 9; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 3; Web-
ber, Fl. Neb., and Rep. 1-1v, 9; Williams, Grass and For. Pl. Daks., 5;
Fink, Fl. Fayette, lowa, 2.

1, S. HALLU A. Gray. Man., 2nd ‘ed., Add. (1803,)

S. supinus var. halliti A. Gray. Man., 5th ed., 563 (1867).

Illus. Flora, 1, 264, fig. 615; Gray’s Man., 6th ed, 580; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 92;
Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 88.

A low, tufted annual, growing in wet soil, and very rare
within our limits. Not before reported from Iowa.

Muscatine county, Reppert. I am indebted to Mr. Wm.
D. Barnes of Blue Grass for his single specimen for examina-
tion.

2. S. AMERICANUS Pers. Syn., 1, 68 (1805).
S. triangularis (Pers.), MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 99 (1892).
S. pungens Vahl. Enum., 11, 255 (1806).
Illus. Flora, 1, 255, fig. 618; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 579; Arthur, Cont. FI.
Iowa, v1; Hitchcock, P]l.*Ames, 523; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 99;

Tracy, Fl. Mo., 92; Brendelj Fl. Peoriana, 62; Bruhin, F]. Wis., 278;
Webber, FI. Neb., 99; Rydberg, FI. Bl. Hills, S. D., 526.

THE lOWA SEDGES. 329

Rather rare in swamps and along the edges of ponds.
Probably throughout the state.

Ames, 1885, and Davenport, 1889, ///chcock ; Walled Lake.
1889, Bessey; Powesheik county, June, 1885, Foknson,; Scott
and Muscatine counties, Barnes & Miller; Granite, Lyon
county, June, 1897. Shimek.

to, ACUSTRIS) 4) ops, PIS e483) O05 3))-

S. validus Vahl. Enum., tr, 268 (1806).

Illus. Flora, 1, 266, fig. 623; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 589; Arthur, F]. Lowa. 33;

Hitchcock, P]. Ames, 523; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 98; Tracy,
Fl. Mo., 92; Bessey, Cont. Fl. Iowa, 123; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62;

Wheeler, Fl. Milwaukee Co., Wis., 186; Rydberg, F]. Sand Hills, ous
184; Rydberg, Fl. Bl. Hills, S. D., 526; Fink, Iowa Acad. Sci., Iv, 105.
Our most common species; shallow water, margins of
streams and lakes. Varies greatly in the size of its spikes
and panicle, the culm from 1% to 1 inch in diameter at the base.
The leaves of this species are reduced to basal sheaths.
Ames, 1884, ///chcock; Emmet county, 1890, and Spirit
Lake, 1896, Cratty ; Monticello, 1876, Bessey; Lawler, 1876,
folfs; Charles City, Arthur; Greene, 1891, Miss Price;
Fayette county, 1894, A7zk; Powesheik county, June, 1895,
Fohnson; Allamakee county, 1897, Pammel; Scott and Mus-
catine counties, Barnes d& Miller; Kossuth county, July 21,
1897, Pammel.

4. S. FLuviaTiuis ( Zorr.) Gray, Man, ist ed., 527 (1848).

S. maritimus var. fluviatilis Yorr., Ann, Lyc. tv, N. Y., 111, 324 (1836).
Illus. Flora, 1, 268, fig. 628; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 581; Arthur, Cont. FI.

Towa, tif; Hitehsocx, Pl. Anas, 523; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val.,
98; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 92; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 88; Bruhin, Fl. Wis.,
278; Rydberg, Fl. Sand Hills, Neb., 184; Williams, Grass. and For.
Pl]. Daks., 42.

Marshes, central, and northern portions of the state, less
common than the preceding. A very coarse plant with
numerous leaves, one-half inch or more in width, and large,
triangular black akenes, 2 lines long.

Ames, 1885, and Carnsforth, //7tchcock; Emmet and Kos-
suth counties, Cratfy; Ames, 1877, Arthur; Jasper county,
1886, Fohnson.

ies BaD

330 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

5. S. ATROVIRENS Muhl. Gram., 43 (1817).

Illus. Flora, 1, 269, fig. 630; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 581; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 33;
Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 523;Mac Millan, Metas. Minn. Val., 97; Tracy, Fl.
Mo., 92; Bessey, Cont. Fl. Iowa, 123; Fink, Iowa Acad. Sci., rv, ro5;
Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Wheeler, Fl. Milwaukee Co., Wis., 186; Web-
ber, Fl. Neb., 99.

Throughout the state; very common in low ground or
swamps. A broad-leaved species with very numerous small
spikelets in dense capitate clusters. The var. pa//idus Britton
has been found in Minnesota and Nebraska and is to be sought
in the northwestern part of the state.

Woodbine, 1874, Burgess; Ames, 1886, //7tchcock ; Musca-
tine, Areppert; Fayette county, 1894, Ak; Shelby county,
June, 1894, Fitzpatrick; Webster county, 1891, Hetchcock;
Grinnell, July, 1895, Fohnson; Emmet and Kossuth counties,
1897, Cratty ; Scott and Muscatine counties, Barnes & Miller;
Charles City, Arthur ; Boone, July, 1897, Séee/e; Birmingham,
Aug., 1897, No. 453, Baldwin; Kossuth county, Aug. 21,
1897, Pammel; Nevada, July 2, 1897, Vernon; Mount Pleas-
ant, Oct. 1, 1897, Dr. A7ite.

6." S.uinratTus Mich. Fl) Bors Am, 1, 32 (1803).

Eriophorum lineatum Benth. & Hook., Gen. PI., 111, 1,052 (1883).

Illus. Flora, 1, 270, fig. 635; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 582; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 33;
Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 523; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 96; Tracy,
Fl. Mo., 92; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Bruhin, Fl. Wis., 278.

Low ground, margins of streams and in swamps; not com-
mon. This and the following species are often referred to
Eriophorum from which genus they differ principally in having
the bristles to the akenes much shorter.

Ames, Hitchcock; Clinton, 1896, Ball; Story county, June,
1886, Yohnson; Scott and Muscatine counties, Barnes &
Miller ; Decatur county, July 2, 1896, Aitzpatrick ; Fort Dodge,
July 5, 1897, Shimek, Peru, July 20, 1897, No. 394, Hollings-
worth, Lebar, July 5, 1897, Samfple.

7. S.cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Enum., 1, 170 (1837).
Eriophorum cyperinum L. Sp. Pl. 2nd ed., 77 (1762).

THE IOWA SEDGES. 331

Illus. Flora, 1, 271, fig. 636; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 582; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 33;
Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 524; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 96; Brendel,
Fl. Peoriana, 88; Wheeler, Fl. Milwaukee Co., Wis., 186: Rydberg, FI.
Bl. Hills, S. D., 527; Fink, Iowa Acad. Sci., tv, 105.
Habitat and range similar to the preceding from which it
differs in having the spikelets in capitate clusters, jand the
bristles to the mature fruit much longer. A variable plant.

Iowa City, Htchcock; Fayette county, 1894, Finmk; Jasper
county, Aug., 1885, Foknson; Scott and Muscatine counties,
Barnes & Miller ; Charles City, Arthur.

ERIOPHORUM Z£. Sp. Pl. 52 (1753).

A small genus of perennial bog sedges restricted to the
northern hemisphere. The perfect flowers are disposed in
solitary, capitate or umbelled spikes, and are furnished jwith a
perianth of few or numerous bristles which are much elon-
gated in fruit and very conspicuous, whence the popular name,
Cotton-Grass.

Species about ro.

Illus. Flora, 7; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 5; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 2; MacMillan,
Metas. Minn. Val., 5; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 1; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 2; Web-
ber, Fl. Neb., and Rep. I-IV, 2.

rt. E.proxtysracayon ZL. Sp. Pl. 52 (1753).
Illus. Flora, 1, 273, fig. 641; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 583; Arthur, Cont. FI.
Iowa, 111; Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 524; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val.,
95; Bessey, Cont. Fl. Iowa, 123; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 88; Wheeler,
Fl]. Milwaukee Co., Wis., 186; Fink, lowa Acad. Sci., Iv, 105.
Swamps, throughout the northern and eastern portions of
the state. Quite variable in regard to width of leaves, size of
spikes, and length of bristles. The latter are usually a bright
white, but forms were collected by the author in Emmet
county with the bristles slightly russet-tinged, and a similar
form was collected by Prof. B. Fink in Fayette county. The
color, though similar, is much lighter than that of &. russeo-

Zum Fries.

R22 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Ames, June, 1870, Ar¢hur; Emmet and Kossuth counties,
numerous collections, Cratty; Kremont county, 1894, Aik;
Rock Creek tp., Jasper county, April ro and May 29, 1896,
Fohnson; Eldridge, Scott county, Barnes & Miller.

RE GRNCILE locks ICat.tm, 259 (2d00)r.

E. gracile var. paucinervium Eng., Gray’s Man., 2nd ed., 502 (1852).

Illus. Flora) 1,273, fig. 642; Gray’s) Man., 6th. ed.,.583; ‘Arthur, Gonteme
Iowa, v; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 94; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 92; Bren-
del, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Hale, Add. Fl]. Wis., 5; Rydberg, Fl. Sand Hills,
Neb., 184.

A slender bog species with spikes one-half the size of those
of the preceding species, the bristles shorter. Our plant is
what was formerly called the var. paucinerviwm Eng. The
plant is also common in northern Europe.

Emmet county, May, 1883, Craity; Clarion, Wright county,
May, 1886, Fev. &. P. Childs.

HEMICARPHA Wees. & Arn. Ed. New. Phil omg
XVII, 263 (1934).

Low, tufted sedges, closely related to Sczpus. About 3
species, of which 2 occur in the United States, the other in the
tropics. ;

r. H.micrantTHa (Vaeéi.) Britton. Bull. Torr. Club., xv,
104 (1888).

HT. subsquarrosa Nees., in Mart., 11, pt. 1, 61 (1843).

Illus. Flora, 1, 275, fig. 646; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 583; Arthur, Cont. FI.
Iowa, 111; Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 524; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val.,
go; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 91; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 61; Hale, Add. FI. Wis., 5.

Wet, sandy soil; known only from the central and eastern
portions of the state. A small, inconspicuous plant, easily
overlooked by any but a careful observer. Sometimes con-
founded with Cyperus cnflexus Muhl.

Iowa City, 1887, Waterloo, 1889, and Story county, /77tch-
cock; Scott and Muscatine counties, Barnes & Miller.

Nores.—1. /hynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. and 7e. capillacea Torr. will prob-
ably yet be found in Iowa. The former species is reported from Minne-
sota, Illinois, and Kansas: the latter from Minnesota, Illinois, Kansas, and
South Dakota.

THE IOWA: SEDGES 333

2. Cladium martscoides (Muhl) Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y., 11, 372 (1836), is
credited to Iowa in Gray’s Manual, 6th ed., 586, and in the Bere Flora,
I, 281. 1 have been unable to find an Iowa specimen of this plant in any
collection in the state, nor can one be found in herbaria of the State Univer-
sity of Minnesota, the Missouri Botanical Gardens, the Gray herbarium,
nor the herbarium of the Columbia University, New York City. Dr. Brit-
ton writes me that he took the Iowa range of the plant from Gray’s
Manual. It is very doubtful whether the plant has been detected
within our limits, but subsequent research may yet bring ittolight. Mr. A.
A. Heller writes me from Minneapolis that they have Minnesota speci-
mens in the State University herbarium. It is also reported from Wiscon-
sin by Bruhin, and from Illinois by Brendel.

SCLERIA Berg. Kongl. Acad. Sv. Handl., xxv, 142
(1765).

A large genus of some 100 species, of which number 10
occur in the eastern United States. Annuals or perennials.

Illus. Flora, 6; Gray’s Man., 6thed., 63; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 1: MacMillan,
Metas. Minn. Val., 2; Tracy, Fl. Mo., r.

I. S. TRIGLOMERATA Miche. FI. N. A., 0, 168 (1803).

Illus. Flora, 1, 282, fig. 663; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 586: Arthur, FI. Iowa, 33;
MacMillan, Metas, Minn. Val., 105; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 92; Brendel, FI.
Peoriana, 62: Bruhin, Fl. Wis., 278.

Rare in the central, eastern, and southern portions of the
state; low ground and thickets. The conical, bright white
akenes are exposed in the mature plant.

Charles City and Elmira, 1889, Ytchcock: Grinnell, June,
1886, Fohknson; Wild Cat Den, Muscatine county. Barnes &
Miller; Charles City, 1881, Arthur; Decatur county, in
flower, June 8, and in fruit July 2, 1897, Frtzepatrick.

NotE—Scleria verticillata Muhl. has been reported from Minnesota, IIl-

inois, and Kansas, and Prof. L.H. Pammel] tells me he has collected it near
La Crosse, Wisconsin. It probably occurs in the eastern part of our state.

CAREX ZL. Sp. Pl. 972 (1753).

A vast and difficult genus which contains about two-thirds
of all our sedges. The unisexual, moneecious or dicecious
flowers present little variation, hence the specific characters

334 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

are mostly founded on the scales, mature fruit, and the char-
acter and disposition of the spikes, and even here the diver-
sity is so small when compared with the number of species as
to render the genus an exceedingly difficult one for the stud-
ent. In height our species are from a few inches to about
four feet. Most of these plants grow somewhat scattered,
interspersed with the grasses; some are extensively stoloni-
ferous, forming patches, while others grow in large and dense
tufts. The greater number prefer damp situations, growing
in marshes and swales, or along the margins of ponds and
streams. Some occur only in timber, while a few delight in
a very dry soil and assist in forming a scant covering for ster-
ile knolls and hillsides.

Dr. C. E. Bessey in the report of the Iowa Agricultural
College for 1871 published the first Contribution to the Flora
of Iowa, in which is given a short list of the sedges then
known to the state. In the Flora of Iowa, a catalogue of the
flowering plants prepared by Dr. J. C. Arthur for the Cen-
tennial Commission, is given a more complete list of these
plants. To this latter publication Dr. Arthur made several
additions, and Prof. A. S. Hitchcock, formerly of Ames, gave
some additional species in a paper published in the Bulletin of
the Torrey Botanical Club, and in his catalogue of the Plants
of Ames. The number of species and varieties of the genus
Carex noted in these publications is as follows:

/Aveolouwue, (Comes Il, WOMB 56 5 8 56 og Go & I (1876), 39
“ sf ss as i oh vo rere | IGA. Ti

)
)
“ “6 x a“ Se eee ee ee | or (S78) sao
se us cs a eee ee Ce EN Al(islolo)), 5
), 10
):
)
)

ae 46 Ke a Pelee state (ey oe, HM kA v (1882), 1
ou cs 6 a ete Hd ese cie((rtetes)). i
Hitchcock Bully worn. Club; sav, SOs.) ene (1889), 1
Hitchcock, Plants of Ames, additional,. . . . (1891), 5
Total, 72

This number should be somewhat reduced as several of the
varieties included in the above estimate are no longer recog-
nized.

THE IOWA SEDGES. 335

The following species of the Iowa flora are also natives of
Europe, and it isa noticeable fact that they are mostly high
northern forms:

Carex stenophylla Wahl.
Carex chordorrhiza Linn. f.
Carex filiformis L.

Carex riparia W. Curtis.
Carex fusca All

Carex limosa L.

Carex teretiuscula Good.

The genus contains over 1,000 species, of which number

North America, north of Mexico, contains over 300.

Illus. Flora, 205; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 133. Species and varieties cata-
logued in Arthur, Cont. Fl. Iowa, 1-v1, 66; MacMillan, Metas. Minn:
Val., 60; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 72: Bessey, Cont. Fl. lowa, 15; Brendel, FI.
Peoriana (including the state), 76; Smythe, Pl. Kansas, 67; Upham,
Fl]. Minn., 89; Bruhin, Ver. Fl. Wis., 69; Webber, Fl]. Neb. and Rep.
1-1v, 45; Rydberg, FI. Bl. Hills, S. D., 19; Williams, Grass. and For.
Pl. Daks., 19: Fink, Fl. Fayette, Iowa, 19.

1. C.1nTumEscens Aeudge. Linn. Trans., vu, 97 (1804).

Illus. Flora, 1, 293, fig. 675; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 592: Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 34;
Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 524; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 129; Tracy,
Fl. Mo., 93; Wheeler, F]. Milwaukee Co., Wis., 187.

Rare in low ground. This probably includes all of the
Iowa plants heretofore referred to C. folliculata L. This
latter species is yellowish colored, especially the fertile spikes,
the perigynia less inflated, and probably does not range farther
west than Michigan. C. zntumescens Rudge is green through-
out, the perigynia much inflated.

Ames, Arthur; Story county, Hztchcock; Shelby county,
July, 1895, Aetzpatrick.

2. C. asa—GRAyYI Bailey. Bull. Torr. Club , xx, 427 (1893).

C. grayi Carey, Sill. Jour., 2nd ser., Iv, 22 (1847), not C. grayana Dew.
(1834).
Illus. Flora, 1, 293, fig. 576; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 592; Arthur, Cont. FI.
Iowa, 111; Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 524: Brendel, F]. Peoriana, 63; Bruhin,
Zwei. Nach. Fl. Wis., 643.

336 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN:

A very striking plant, well distributed throughout the south-
ern and eastern portions of the state. The perigynia crowded
in globose heads, otherwise much resembling C. stumescens
Rudge.

Johnson county, 1894, and Keokuk, 1895, Shimek; Ames,
Hitchcock; Richland tp., Jasper county, July 4, 1884. the
hispid form, Vorrzs, and 1886, Fohnson; Clinton, Scott, and
Muscatine counties, frequent, Barnes d& ALiller; Appanoose
county, July 4, 1889, Avtzpatrick.

3. CC. cururina Wan, “Schks Riedg:) 1; 154 (1300

Illus. Flora, 1, 294, fig. 678; Gray’s Man., 6th ed, 593: Arthur, FI. Iowa, 34;
Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 524; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 129; Tracy,

=

Fl. Mo., 93; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 63; Wheeler, Fl. Milwaukee Co.,
Wis., 187; Bot. Surv. Neb., tv., 45; Fink, lowa Acad. Sci., Iv, 105.

Margins of swamps; throughout, but not plentiful. The

more common form has the spikes peduncled (var. Jeduncu-

lata Dew.). C. lupuliformis Sartwell, is reported trom
Minnesota and possibly occurs within our limits.

Emmet county, south shore of Iowa Lake, 1896, Craéty,:
Johnson county, 1894, Shemek, and lowa City, 1887, Hitch-
cock; Fayette county, 1894, /7nk,- Mississippi bottoms, ea
Crosse, Wis., 1887, Pammel; Ames, 1886, Hitchcock ; Jasper
county, July 4, 1884, and May, 1886, Yohuson; Clinton, Scott
and Muscatine counties, Barnes & Miller; Charles City, Aug.,
1875, Arthur; Johnson county, July, 1897, Mrsses Finch &
Cavanagh; Keokuk, June 1, 1897, Shzmek; Ames, July
1894, Stewart.

4. C.MONILE Zuck. Enum. Meth. 20 (1843).

Illus. Flora. 1, 297, fig. 688; Gray’s Man. 6th ed., 594; Arthur, Cont. FI.
Iowa, v; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 128; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 94; Bren-
del, Fl, Peoriana, 63; Wheeler, Fl. Milwaukee Co., Wis., 157.

Very low ground, growing in dense tufts; the whole plant
light colored, especially the fertile spikes.

Emmet county, 1887, Cratty; Iowa City, a form much re-
sembling C. utriculata Boott, Hitchcock ; Richland tp., Jasper
county, May 29, 1886, /Vorr7s; Moscow, Muscatine county
and Noels, Scott county, Barnes & Miller.

THE IOWA SEDGES. 337

5. C. TUCKERMANI Dew. Am. Jour. Sci., xuix, 48 (1845).

Illus. Flora, 1, 298, fig. 689; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 594; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 95;
Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, &8; Upham, Supl. Fl. Minn., 49; Bruhin, FI.,
Wis., 28o.

Low swampy ground, rare; not before reported from Iowa.
Grinnell, collected about 1887, by Prof. H. W. Norris, and
now in the herbarium of the Iowa Agricultural College. Its
southern range recorded in our text books is New Jersey,

Michigan, and Minnesota. The author has a specimen in his

herbarium collected in Illinois many years ago by Dr. S. B.

Mead, and it is reported from Missouri by Prof. Tracy.

6. C. RETRORSA Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y ., 1, 7o (1824).

I}lus. Flora, 1, 298, fig. 691; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 595; Arthur, Cont. FI
Iowa, v; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val.,127; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 88;
Hale, Add. Fl. Wis.,5; Rydberg, Fl. Bl. Hills, S. D., 528; Fink, Iowa
Acad. Sci., Iv, 105. :

Low ground in woods and along the margins of streams
and sloughs; northern half of the state, rare. This is some-
times found growing with C. /upulina Muhl. between which
hybrids have been found in New York and Michigan and
probably occur within our limits.

Estherville, 1881, and Iowa Lake, 1896, Craity ; Fayette
county, 1895, J/7ss Ona M. Pounds.

7. C. LURIDA PARVULA (Pazne) Bailey. Bull. Torr. Club,
XX, 418 (1893).
C. tentaculata var. parvula Paine, Cat. Oneida Pl., tos (1865).
Illus. Flora, 1, 297; Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 524.

Sloughs, very rare, Ames, 1886, //ztchcock. ‘This is the C.
lurida of Hitchcock’s Plants of Ames, 524, a specimen of
which is now in the Iowa Agricultural College herbarium.

“Low—(8-16 in. high), very slender, with one or two
spikes which are half or less the size of those in the type,
sessile, or very nearly so; peryginia not more than half the
size of those in the common form.” Prof. L. H. Bailey in
Bull “Torr. Club. \. c.

338 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN:

8. C. uystricina Muhl. Willd. Sp. Pl., 1v, 282 (1805).

Illus. Flora, 1, 300, fig. 696; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 596; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 34;
MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 127; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 93; Higley & Rad-
din, Fl. Cook Co., Ills., 131; Bessey, Cont. Fl. Iowa, 124; Bruhin, Fl.
Wis., 280; Rydberg, Fl. Sand Hills, Neb., 184; Webber, Fl. Neb., 98.

Margins of streams and ponds; rather common throughout.
C. pseudo-cyperus L. has been reported from this state, but
specimens which I have seen so labelled I consider forms of
the above.

Charles City, June, 1875, Arthur; Estherville, 1882, and
Spirit Lake, July 29, 1896, Cratty ; Johnson county, 1887,
Hitchcock, and 1894, Shimek, Spirit Lake, July 24, 1883,
Arthur; Grinnell, June, 1885, /Vorr7s, and 1886, ‘ohnson;
Scott and Muscatine counties, Barnes &- Miller ; Granite, June,
1897, Shimek.

g. C.comosa Boott. Linn. Trans., xx, 117 (1846).

C. pseudo-cyperus var. comosa Boott, Bot. Cal. 11, 252 (1880).

C. pseudo-cyperus var. americana Hochst., Herb. Unio. Itin. (1837).

Illus. Flora, 1, 301, fig. 698; Gray’s Man:, 6th ed., 596; Arthur, Cont. nie
Iowa, v; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 126; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana,
63; Bruhin, Fl. Wis., 280; Bot. Surv. Neb., 111, 16.

Central and northern portions of the state; sloughs and
margins of ponds. The large, nodding, comose spikes render
this a very conspicuous plant.

Emmet county, 1891, Cratty; Cedar Rapids, Hitchcock ;
borders of lagoons along Cedar River, Muscatine county,
Barnes & Miller.

16. “Cysquarkosa Z. Sp. Pl, 11,073) (2 753)

Illus. Flora, 301, fig. 700; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 596; Arthur, Cont. Fl. lowa,
11; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 126; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 94; Brendel,
Fl. Peoriana, 63; Bruhin, Zwei. Nach. Fl. Wis., 643; Webber, App. Fl.
Neb., 23.

Rare in swamps; differs from the following species, which
has generally been considered a synonym, in its lighter green
color, narrower leaves, rarely more than 2 lines wide, and
linear-oblong akene. Widely distributed throughout the
Misssissippi valley.

THE IOWA SEDGES. 339

Appanoose county, July, 1896, Frtzpatrick; near Skunk
River, Jasper county, July 3, 1886, /Vorrzs.

11. C. TYPHINOIDES Schwein. Ann. Lyc., 1, 66 (1824).

C. squarrosa Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 596 (1890), in part.

C. squarrosa var. typhinoides Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci., x1, 316 (1826).
Illus. Flora 1, 302, fig. 7or1.

This species, not before reported from Iowa, closely resem-
bles C. sguarrosa L. from which it is distinguished by its
darker green leaves, 4 to 5 lines wide, and the broader akene
which is 3 angled, ovoid-elliptic, with concave sides It oc-
curs in swamps in the eastern part of the state, and includes
many of the Iowa forms heretofore referred to the preceding
species.

Fredericksburg, Chickasaw county, JZ7ss Howe; banks of
the Wapsipinicon, Scott county, July, 1896, and Clinton and
Muscatine counties, usually growing with C. asa-grayz Bailey,
Barnes & Miller; Mississippi bottoms, Oquawka, Illinois,
Patterson.

12. C.TRIcHocARPA Muhl. Willd. Sp. Pl., tv, 302 (1805)

C. trichocarpa var. imberbis Gray’s, Man., 5th ed., 597 (1867).

C. trichocarpa var. dewey Bailey, Bot. Gaz., x, (1883),

C. trichocarpa var. leviconica (Dew.) Hitchcock. Trans. St. Louis Acad-

Sci., 524 (1891).

Illus. Flora, 1, 302, fig. 702; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 598; Arthur, Cont. Fl,
lowa, Iv; Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 524; MacMillan, Metas. Minn.Val., 124;
Tracy, Fl. Mo., 94; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 63; Webber, PI. Neb., 98.

Sloughs and margins of ponds and streams; common and
very variable. We have besides the type the forms previ-
ously called var. zmberbzs and var. deweyz, of which the latter
at least, seems worthy of varietal recognition.

Estherville, Emmet county, June 18, 1882, the pubescent
form, Cratty; lowa City, A/ztchcock,; Johnson county, 1894,
Shimek; Ames, 1880, Bessey, and 1886, Hitchcock; West
Davenport, 1895, and Muscatine county, the glabrous form,
Barnes & Miller; Shelby county, 1894, a form with pube-
scent perigynia, but the long, wide-spreading teeth like those

340 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

of the next species, /7¢zpatrick ; Poweshiek county, 1885, /Vor-
ris, and 1886, Fohnson; Granite, Lyon county, June, 1897. a
form approaching the next species, and Keokuk, June 1, 1897,
a very slender form with smooth peryginia, Sizmek; Ames,
May 22, 1877, Arthur.

13. C. aristaTa A. Br. Rich. Bot: App. 752 (182355

G. trichocarpa var. aristata Bailey, Bot. Gaz., x, 293 (1885).

Illus. Flora, 1, 302, fig. 703; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 598; Hitchcock, Pl. Ames’
524, and Bull. Torr. Club., xvi, 70; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 124;
Tracy, Fl. Mo., 92; Bruhin, Fl. Wis., 280; Williams, Grass. & For. PI.
Daks., 42.

Margins of ponds and streams; probably throughout the
state but not common. This and the preceding species seem
to run together.

Emmet county, 1878, Cratly; Story county, Mvtchcock;
Hamilton county, 1884, /to/fs; Johnson county, 1894, Féz-
patrick; High Bridge, Dallas county, July 6, 1897, and Keo-
kuk, June 1, 1897, Shzmek. The latter approaches the pre-
ceding species.

14. C. riparia W. Curtis. F1. Lond., tv, Pl., 60 (1821).

Illus. Flora, 1, 303, fig. 704; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 598; Arthur, Cont. Fl.
Iowa, 1v; Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 524: MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val.,
124; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 94; Brendel, F1. Peoriana, 63; Bruhin, Fl. Wis,
280.

Sloughs, probably throughout the state, but not very plenti-
ful. The perigynia dark colored and polished at maturity.
So far as I have observed this species it rarely flowers or
fruits.

Grinnell, 1877, Sones; Emmet county, 1878, Cratty; Rich-
land tp., Jasper.county, May, 1886, Sohknson; Story City,
June 7, 1897, No. 422, Pammel & Beyer.

15. C.sHorTIANA Dew. Am. Jour, Sci., xxx, 60( 1836). Pl. I.

Tllus. Flora, 1, 303, fig. 706; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 596; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 94;
Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Webber, Fl. Neb., 98.

Rare in moist woods and thickets, eastern part of the state.
Not before reported from Iowa. A very distinct species.

THE IOWA SEDGES. 341

Ravines at Wild Cat Den, Muscatine county. June, 1895.
Barnes & Miller: Keokuk, June 1, 1897, Shimek.

Note.—In Upham’s Flora of Minnesota, p. 158, Garex houghtont Torr
Cyp., 413 (1836) is credited to this state-——“Council Bluffs, Iowa, Geyer’
Search has been made in the herbaria of the University of Minnesota and
of the Missouri Botanical Gardens for an Lowa specimen, but without suc-
cess. I have been unable to find Prof. Upham’s authority for the state-
ment. This species is reported from Minnesota, Wisconsin, Kansas, and
Nebraska.

16. C. LANuGINOSA Miichx. FI. N. A., 11, 175 (1803)

C. filiformis var. latifolia Boeck]. Linn., XL1, 309 (1875).

G. filiformis var. lanuginosa B.S. P. Prelim. Cat. N. Y., 63 (1888).

Illus. Flora, 1, 305, fig. 711; Gray’s Man., 6th, ed. 597; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 34;
Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 524; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 125; Bessey,
Cont. : Iowa, 124; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana 63: Rydberg, Fl. Sand Hills,
Neb., : Williams, Grass. & For. Pl. Daks. 42.

Low ae around marshes: throughout the state. The
spikes are usually longer than those of C. jliformis L. which
it much resembles.

Emmet county, 1878, Cratty: Ames, 1886, and Hancock
county, Hitchcock; Shelby county, May, 1894, Fitzpatrick;
Grinnell, 1885, /Vorris; Scott and Muscatine counties, Barnes
& Miller; Missouri Valley, June 21, 1897, a very tall, loosely
flowered form with spikes 1% inches long, Pammed.

17. C.Fitirormis Z. Sp. Pl., 1. 976 (1753).

Illus. Flora, 1, 305, fig. 712; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 597; Hitchcock, Pl. Ames,
524: MacMillan, Metas. Minn, Val., 125; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 93; Brendel,
Fl. Peoriana, 63; Hale, Add. Fl. Wis., 5; Webber, Fl. Neb. 98.

Rare in bogs. This and a few other sedges, grasses, and
aquatic mosses form by their long, interlacing roots the
tough sod which covers the surface of the quaking bogs in
the northwestern portion of the state. This sedge flowers
and fruits here only under the most favorable conditions of
moisture and temperature. Also a native of northern Europe.

Emmet county, 1878, Cratty; Ames, Hitchcock ; Grinnell,
1885, /Vorris.

18. C.¥Fusca Al/. Fl. Ped. 1, 269 (1785).

C. buxbaumii Wahl. K. Acad. Handl. xxiv. 163 (1803).

Illus. Flora, 1, 307, fig. 718; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 599; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 34;
MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 123; Brendel, F]. Peoriana, 62.

342 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Not rare in low ground around sloughs; a beautiful species,
the purple scales being very conspicuous. It also is a native
of northern and central Europe.

Emmet county, 1878, Cratty; Ames, Hitchcock; Charles
City, Arthur; Grinnell, May, 1886, JVorr7s; Noels and Eld-
ridge, Scott county, 1895, Barnes & Miller; High Bridge,
Dallas county, July 6, 1897, a slender form 2 feet high,
Shimek; Story City, June 7, 1897, No. 421, Pammel &
Beyers.
1g. C.srricra Lam, Encyc. Meth.,.11, 387 (1789).

Illus. Flora, 1, 308, fig. 719; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 599; Arthur, FI. Iowa, 34;
Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 524; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 123; Tracy,
Fl]. Mo., 95; Bessey, Cont. Fl. Iowa, 123; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62;
Wheeler, Fl. Milwaukee Co., Wis., 187; Rydberg, Fl. Black Hills, S. D.,
527; Fink, lowa Acad. Sci., Iv, 105.

Sloughs and margins of ponds and streams throughout;
common and very variable.

Fayette county, 1895, Ak; Johnson county, 1893, and
Cedar Rapids, 1895, Shimek; Ames, Hitchcock; Emmet
county, Cratty; Charles City, Arthur; lowa City, Hitchcock;
Grinnell, 1886, /Vorr7s; Decatur county, May, 1897, prob-
ably this, the plant in flower only, A7tzpatrick; Spirit Lake,
June, 25, 1881, Arthur; Marshalltown, May, 1897, Ball.

20. C.SsTRICTA ANGUSTATA Gailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed.,
600 (1890).

C. augustata Boott, in part. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 11, 218 (1840),

Illus. Flora, 1, 208; Bailey in Gray’s Man., |. c.; Smythe, Pl. Kansas, 23;
Williams, Grass. & For. Pl. Daks., 43.

Swales, central and eastern portions of the state; distin-
guished by its stricter habit, longer and more slender spikes,
and narrow scales.

Eldridge, Scott county, June, 1895, frequent, Barnes &
Miller ; Johnson county, May, 1895, Shimek.

21. C. HAYDENI Jew. Am. Jour., 2nd sef:,, XVIljgae

(1854).
C. aperta Carey in Gray’s Man., 1st ed., 547 (1848), not Boott (1840).
C. stricta var. decora Bailey, Bot. Gaz., x111, 85 (1888).
Illus. Flora, 1, 308, fig. 970; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 600; Arthur, Fl. Lowa, 34;
Tracy, Fl. Mo., 92; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 88; Hale, Add. FI. Wis., 5;
Williams, Grass. & For. Pl. Daks., 43.

THE IOWA SEDGES. 343

Margins of ponds and streams; well distributed, but most
common in the eastern half of the state. This and the two
preceding are very variable in regard to height of plant,
length of spikes, and comparative length of scales and per-
igynia.

Emmet county, 1878, Cratty; Fayette county, 1895, Fk;
Johnson county, 1895, Shrmek; Charles City, Arthur; Iowa
City, Hitchcock ; Grinnell, 1885, /Vorris; Scott and Musca-
tine counties, Barnes & Miller.

Note.—Carex aguatilis Wahl. has been reported from Iowa, (Fink, Proc.
Iowa Acad. Sci., 1v, 105) but there is considerable doubt regarding the
identification, as the plants,specimens of which are in my herbarium, are

in the early flowering state. It is more likely a form of C. stricta Lam.
Mature fruiting specimens of the plant are very much desired.

See ke IMOSA 2.0 top. Fh, ye Ogy (L753.)-
IllusaFlora, 1, 313, fig. 734; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6thed., 602; Arthur, Cont.

Fl. Iowa, v; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val.,121: Brendel, Fl. Peoriana,
62; Hale, Add. Fl. Wis., 5; Bot. Surv. Neb., 111, 15.

Very rare in bogs; the nodding spikes on filiform peduncles
give this sedge a very graceful appearance. Also a native of
northern Europe.

Emmet county, in a large marsh on the n. e. 4%, sec. 13,
Armstrong Grove tp., June, 1878, Cratty.

23. C. pavisu Schwein. & Torr. Mon. Car., 326 (1825).

Illus. Flora, 1, 318, fig. 751; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 605; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 34;
Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 525; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 120; Tracy,
Fl. Mo., 92; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Hale, Add. FI. Wis., 5.

Quite common in woods in the central and eastern portions.
Several specimens of this plant have been seen in Iowa col-
lections labelled C. mzleacea Muhl. (now C. prasina Wabhl.).
This latter species may, however, yet be found within our
limits, having been reported from Ramsey county, Minnesota
(Kossube).

Johnson county, 1894, Shzmek, and 1895, Fitzpatrick;
Ames and lowa City, rtchcock ; Jasper county, 1886, /Vorris;
Noels, Scott county, and Moscow and West Liberty, Musca-
tine county, Barnes & Miller; Keokuk, June 1, 1897,
Shimek.

344 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN:

24. .C Lonetrostris Zorr. Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y., 1,
71 (asa).

Illus. Flora, 1, 319, fig. 752; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 603: Arthur,
Fl. Iowa, 34; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 121; Bessey, Cont. FI.
Iowa, 124; Brendel. Fl. Peoriana, 63; Bruhin, Fl]. Wis., 280: Webber,
F]. Neb., 98; Rydberg, Fl. Bl. Hills, S. D., 528.

Common in woods; a very distinct and graceful species.
Charles City, June, 1875, Aréhur; Clinton county, 1878,

Butler; Emmet county, various collections, Crafty; Fayette

county, 1895, Azwk; Ames, Hitchcock; Jasper county, May,

1886, Worris; Big Rock, Scott county, Barnes & Miller.

25. C. GrisEA Wahl. K. Acad. Handl,, xxiv, 154 (1803).

Illus. Flora 1, 321, fig. 759; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 605; Arthur, FI, Iowa,
34; Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 525; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 120;
Tracy, F]. Mo., 93; Bessey, Cont. Fl. Iowa, 124; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana.
62; Webber, Fl. Neb., 98.

Rich woods, probably throughout the state.

Ames and lowa City, /ttchcock; Charles City, 1885,
Arthur; Lynnville, Jasper county, May, 1886, Vorr7s; bank
of Wapsipinicon, Scott county, 1895, Barnes & Miller.

26. CC. AMPHIBOLA Séeud. Syn. Pl. Cyp., 234 (1855)..Pl. IL..

C. grisea var. angustifolia Boott, Ill., 34 (1858).

Illus. Flora, 1, 321, fig. 760; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 605.

Northern and eastern portions of the state; rather rare in
moist soil, especially in woods along streams. Leaves 1 to 2
lines wide, being much narrower than those of the preced-.
ing species which it much resembles. Not before reported
from Iowa.

Emmet county, rare, 1880, Crafty; Scott county, 1895,
frequent, Barnes & Miller.

27. ©. GRANULARIS Muhi. Willd. Sp. Pl., 1v, 279 (1805).

Illus. Flora, 1, 322, fig. 763; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 605; Arthur, Cont. FI.
Iowa, 1v; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 120; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 93;
Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Wheeler, Fl. Milwaukee Co., Wis. 187; Bot.
Surv. Neb., Iv, 45.

Central and southeastern; not common.

THE IOWA SEDGES. 345

Clinton county, 1878, Butler; Johnson county, 1894,
Shimek. The staminate spike of the latter specimen promi-
nently stalked, leaves 2-4 lines wide, the lower, fertile spike,
distant.

28. C. crawi Dewey. Am. Jour. Sci., 2nd ser., u, 246
(1846). PI. iv.
Illus. Flora, 1, 323, fig. 764; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 606; MacMillan,

Metas. Minn. Val., 119; Hale, Add. Fl. Wis., 5; Rydberg & Shear, Bull.
No. 5, U. S. Dept. Agricul., 41; Higley & Raddin, Fl. Cook. Co., Ills.
133-

Prairies, rare; preferring rather moist ground. The whole
plant, light colored, especially the wide leaves of the sterile
shoots which are produced very freely from the stolons. Not
before reported from Iowa.

Emmet county, 1% miles northeast of Armstrong, June,
1884, Cratty. This is the only station known in the state but
it probably occurs elsewhere in the northern portion along
with C. meadzz Dew., which is found in similar situations.
Prof. Fitzpatrick collected a sedge in flower April 29, 1894,
in Shelby county. which may prove to be this species.

29. C.conomwEA Schkuhr. Ried, Nacht., 67 (1806).

Illus. Flora, 1, 325, fig. 770; Bailey in Grays Man., 6th ed., 607; MacMillan,
Metas. Minn. Val., 119; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 93; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 88.
Probably very rare within our limits; not before reported
from Iowa.
Prairies near Noels, Scott county, May, 1895. Barnes &
Miller. 1 also refer here an immature specimen collected
by Dr. Arthur at Charles City in 1875.

30. C. oLicocaRPA Schkuhr. Ried, Nacht., 58 (1806).

Illus. Flora, 1, 325, fig. 771; Gray’s Man., 6th ed, 607: Arthur, Cont. FI.
Iowa, 111; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 94; Brendel, FI. Peoriana, 62; Bruhin, Zwei.
Nach., Fl. Wis., 644.

Rare in woods and thickets; central and eastern portion of
the state. Leaves about 1 line wide, the sheaths smooth.
Hickory Grove, Scott county, May 12, 1896, Barnes &
Miller; Rock Creek twp., Jasper county, May 29, 1886, /Vor-
ris; Marshalltown, 1897, Pammel.
v4 35

346 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

31.. C. HITCHCOCKIANA Dew. Am. Jour. Sci. x. 274. (1826)5
Illus. Flora, 1, 325, fig. 772; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 607; Tracy, Fl.
Mo., 95; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Bruhin, Zwei. Nach., Fl. Wis., 643.
Not before reported from Iowa, and probably rather rare
within our limits. It much resembles the preceding species,
from which it is distinguished by its wider leaves and pubes-
cent sheaths.
Richland twp., Jasper county, May 29, 1886, /Vorrzs; High
Bridge, Dallas county, July 6, 1897, SAzmek; in woods south
of Iowa Lake, Aug. 29, 1897, Pammel & Cratty.

32. C. mMEADII Vewey, Sill. Jour. XLi1, 90 (1842).
C. tetanica var. meaditi Bailey, Syn. Car. 118 (1880).

Illus. Flora, 1, 327, fig. 776; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 609: Arthur, Fl. lowa, 34;
Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 525; MacMillan, Metas. Minn., Val., 118; Tracy,
Fl. Mo., 93; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Bruhin, Fl. Wis., 279; Webber,
Fl. Neb., 98; Williams, Grass and For. P|. Daks., 43.

Common on prairies, well distributed throughout the state.
This sedge is of considerable value for pasturage, being
greedily eaten by cattle. An attenuate form of this collected
by the author in Emmet county in 1882, and by F. W. John-
son in Poweshiek county, is the Carex meadii var. bebbit
(Olney) Arthur, Cont. Fl. Iowa, V, 67 (1884). It seems to
be only an occasional state caused by the plants growing
among tall grasses in lower ground. The typical C. zetanzca
Schk., though reported from Iowa, has probably not yet been
collected within our limits. Specimens so labelled in the I. A.
C. herbarium are referred to C. meadi Dew. by Prof. Bailey.

Emmet county, 1878, Cratty; Chariton, Shepherd; Ames
and Iowa City, A/vtchcock; Johnson county, May, 1895, /7tz-
patrick; Grinnell, May 25, 1885, /Vorrzs, and 1886, “ohnson;
Scott and Muscatine counties, 1893, common, Barnes &
Miller; Decatur county, May, 1895, Hrtzpatrick; Hancock
county, June, 1875, Arthur.

33. ©. LAxirtora Lam. Ency. Meth. 11, 392 (17eo).

Illus. Flora, 1, 327, fig. 777; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 607; MacMillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 119; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 93; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Bruhin,
Fl. Wis., 279; Webber, Fl. Neb., 98; Fink, Proc. Iowa, Acad. Sci., Iv,
10S.

THE IOWA SEDGES. 347

Woods, less common than the following variety. Not be-
fore reported from Iowa.

Iowa City, 1895, Shzmek; Fayette, 1895, Auk; Johnson
county, 1895, /vtzpatrick; Scott and Muscatine counties,
Barnes & Miller; Decatur county, May, 1897, Fitzpatrick;
Keokuk, June 1, 1897, Shzmek; Marshalltown, May 1, 1897,
Pammel; Ames, May 26, 1897, a form very close to the next,
Combs & Pammel.

34. C. LAXIFLORA BLANDA (Jew.) Gooit. TM. ‘Car. 37
(1858).

C. blanda Dewey, Am. Jour. Sci. x, 45 (1826).

C. laxiflora var. striatula Carey, Gray’s Man., 2nd ed., 524 (1852).

Illus. Flora, I, 327; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 607; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 34; Tracy,
Fl. Mo., 93; Rydberg, Fl. Bl. Hills, S. D., 528; Higley & Raddin, FI.
Cook Co., Ills., 134.

The most common form of the species; in woods, probably
throughout the state.

Charles City, June, 1875, Arthur; Johnson county, 1894,
Shimek; Jasper county, 1886, Foknson; Emmet county, 1885,
Cratty; Scott and Muscatine counties, Barnes & Miller; Des
Moines, May 15, 1897, L. H. & Emma Pammel.

35. C. DIGITALIS COpPULATA Gailey, Mem. Torr. Club, 1, 47
(1889). PL. v.
Illus. Flora, 1, 328; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 608; Beal & Wheeler, Fl. Mich.,
153-

Rare in the southeastern part of the state, not before re-
ported from Iowa.

Ravines at Wild Cat Den, Muscatine county, 1896, Barnes
cd Miller. This extends its range several hundred miles to
the westward, it having heretofore been reported only from
Michigan and Southern Ontario. It is very probable that C.
digitalis Willd. occurs in the state. It is a smaller plant, with
very narrow leaves 1-2 lines wide.

36. C. ALBursina She/don, Bull. Torr. Club, xx, 284 (1893).

C. laxiflora var. latifolia Boott. Ill. Car. (1858) not C. latifolia Moench.
Illus. Flora, 1, 329, fig. 781; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 607; Arthur, F1]. Iowa, 34;
Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 524; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 93.

Iv—4 3H 2

348 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Moist, rich woods; common in the central, southern and
eastern portions of the state. Our widest-leaved species, the
plants often a foot high, with leaves 4-10 lines wide. Though
long considered a variety of C. /axzfora Lam., it seems to be
worthy of specific rank. The name a/burszna, given to it by
Mr. E. P. Sheldon, is in allusion to White Bear Lake, Minne-
sota.

Clinton county, 1878, Butler; Big Grove twp., Johnson
county, 1894, Shimek; Kellogg, 1876, ‘fones; Ames, H7tch-
cock, Peters; Wild Cat Den, Muscatine county, and Allen’s
Grove, Scott county, Barnes & Miller; Richland twp., Jasper
county, May, 1886, Vorrzs; High Bridge, Dallas county,
July 6, 1897, Shzmek,; Dallas Center, 1897, a leaf specimen
only, but probably this, ArAznehart.

Note.—C. flantaginea Lam. Encyc. 111, 392 (1789), has been reported
from Iowa, but I have been unable to find any authentic Iowa specimen.
It closely resembles C. alburstua Sheldon, in general appearance, but

flowers before the dark green leaves are produced. It is reported from
Wisconsin and Illinois.

37. C. seTIFoLIa (Dew.) Britton. Illus. Flora, 1, 332, fig.
790 (1896).

C. eburnea Boott. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 11, 226 (1840).

C, alba var. setifolia Dew. Am. Jour. Sci., 11, 316 (1826).

Illus. Flora, 1. c.; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 610; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 34;

Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 525; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val, 118; Tracy,

HIE Mor 93) Wiebber, Bt Neb: 98:

Rare in woods, preferring rather dry, sloping, and well
shaded ground; the fruit black and shining when fully ma-
tured, and not falling till late in the autumn.

Clinton county, 1872, Lutler; Estherville, Emmet county,
Iowa, 1882, and Armstrong, Aug. 31, 1897, Cratty; Jackson
county, 1894, Shzmek; Ames, Bessey, Hitchcock.

38. C. R1cHARDsONI /t. Sr. Richards, App. (Frank.) Jour-
nal, 751 (1823).

Illus. Flora, 1, 332, fig. 792; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 610; Arthur, Cont. FI.

Iowa, 1v; MacMillan, Metas. Minn, Val., 117; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 94; Bren-

del, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Hale, Add. Fl. Wis., 5; Rydberg, FI. Bl. Hills, S.
DS 2i

THE IOWA SEDGES. 349

A very rare sedge occurring in dry ground.
Grinnell, 1876, name of collector unknown, a single plant
only in the I. A. C. herbarium.

39. C. PEDUNCULATA Muhl. Willd. Sp. Pl., 1v, 222 (1805.)

Illus, Flora, 1. 333, fig. 793; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 610; Arthur,
Cont. Fl. Iowa, 111; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 117. Brendel, FI.
Peoriana, 88; Hale, Add. Fl. Wis., 5; Fink, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., Iv
105.

b]

Dry ground in woods; rather rare in the southern and east-
ern portions of the state.

Clinton county, April 18, 1878, Butler; Fayette county,
1895, F7k.

40. C. PEDICELLATA (Dew.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v,

(1894).
C. communis Bailey, Mem. Torr. Club, 1, 41 (1889).

C. varia var. pedicellata Dew. Am. Jour. Sci., X1, 162 (1826).

C. varia Dew. Am. Jour. Sci., x1, 102 (1826) not Muhl. (1805).

Illus. Flora, 1, 333, fig. 794; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 612; Upham, FI. Minn.,
157; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 87; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 95.

Rare in dry soil, eastern portion of the state; not before re-
ported from Iowa. This species much resembles C. feznsyl-
vanica Lam. but unlike the latter is not stoloniferous, the fer-
tile spikes loosely flowered, and the whole plant taller and less
strict in habit. This is the C. varza of Gray’s Manual, 5th
ed., p. 692, and of most catalogues published previous to
1890. The true C. varza Muhl. (C. emmonsa Dew.) ought
to be found within our limits.

Wild Cat Den, Muscatine county, 1893, and Scott county,
June, 1897, Barnes & Miller ; Muscatine, 1897, Ball.

41. C. PENNSYLVANICA Lam. Encyc. 11, 388 (1789).

Illus. Flora, 1, 333, fig. 795; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 612; Arthur, FI.
Iowa, 34; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 117; Hitchcock, Pl. Ames,
525; Lracy, Fl. Mo., 94; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Wheeler, Fl. Mil-
waukee County, Wis., 187; Rydberg, Fl. Sand Hills, Neb., 185; Wil-
liams, Grass and For. PI. Daks., 43.

High prairies and woods; the most common and the earliest
of our sedges, the flowers appearing in April, the fruit a

350 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

month later. Strongly stoloniferous, forming small patches,
and furnishing considerable early pasturage.

Emmet county, 1878 and many later collections, Cratty;
Fayette county, 1895, #7zk,; Johnson county, 1875, Shzmek;
Charles City, May, 1874, Arthur; Ledyard, Kossuth county,
July, 1897, Pammel; Iowa City, 1887, ffetchcock; Ames,
1891, /eolfs; Grinnell, 1886, JVorr7s; Scott and Muscatine
counties, Barnes & Miller; Decatur county, May, 1897, F%z-
patrick. Prof. C. E. Bessey in June, 1875, collected at Ames
what I take to be a late flowering form of this species, with
the strict leaves much exceeding the culm. The same form
in flower was collected by Prof. B. Shimek in Lyon county,
June, 1897. Both these may prove to be something else, but
further observations and more complete material are neces-
sary.

42. C.puBescens Muhi. Willd. Sp. Pl., tv, 281 (1805).

Illus. Flora, 1, 336, fig. 802; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 613; Arthur, Cont. Fl.
Iowa, v; Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 525; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 116;
Tracy, Fl. Mo., 95; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Wheeler, Fl. Milwaukee
Co., Wis., 187.

Rare in moist woods, central and southeastern portions of
the state.

Iowa City, 1887, Hvtchcock; Jasper county, 1885, /Vorris;
Scott and Muscatine counties, infrequent, Barnes & Miller.

43. C.jameEsu Schwern. Ann. Lyc., N. Y., 1,67 (2824)7

C. steudellii Kunth., Enum., 11, 480 (1837).

Illus. Flora, 1, 337, fig. 807; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 613: Swezey’s Flow. PI.
Neb., 15; Higley & Raddin, Fl. Cook Co., IIls., 136.

Rare in dry, rich woods and thickets, eastern portion of the
state; not before reported from Iowa. An inconspicuous,
grass-like species, the few-flowered spikes hidden among
the leaves,and easily overlooked by any but an acute observer.

Wilton and Wild Cat Den, Muscatine county, June, 1895,
Barnes & Miller.

44. C. CHORDORRHIZA Linn. f. Supl. 414 (1781).

Illus. Flora, 1, 341, fig. 817; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 614; Arthur,
Cont. Fl. lowa, v; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 116; Brendel, Fl. Pe-
oriana, 88; Bruhin, Fl. Wis., 279.

’ THE IOWA SEDGES. 351
Very rare in cold bogs. The long creeping rootstocks
each send up numerous culms to the height of 10 to 20
inches. This is an example of a high northern plant which
barely comes within our limits. Also in northern Europe.
Emmet county, in a bog two miles north of Armstrong
June, 1878, the only locality known in the state, Cratty.

45. C. sTENoPHYLLA Wahl. K. Acad. Handl. ser. 2, xxiv,
142 (1803). Pl. v1.

Illus. Flora, 1, 341, fig. S91; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 614: Arthur, Cont. FI.
Iowa, v, No. 860a; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 115; Webber, Fl.
Neb., 98: Rydberg, FI. Bl. Hills, S. D., 527; Shimek, Proc. lowa Acad.
DEL st, 74.

Very dry ground on gravelly knoils. This plant, also a
native of northern and central Europe, here finds its eastern
limit in the United States. It ranges from Iowa to Minnesota,
Nebraska. Kansas, Colorado and prorthward. So far as
known it is the only strictly western species of the genus oc-
curring within our limits. This is the C. seccata of Arthur’s
Cont. Fl. lowa, v, (1882).

Estherville, June, 1882, in very dry ground, forming a dense
patch on school-house block, the station since destroyed;
Lyon county, Aug. 1. 1896, very old plants, the perigynia
turned black, slightly larger than in the Emmet county plant,
Shimek. In June, 1897, Prof. Shimek again collected this
plant in the same locality, growing with Buffalo Grass (Bu/-
bilis dactyloides ( Nutt.) Raf.

46. C.conjuncta Boott. Ill. Car., 122 (1862).

Illus. Flora, 1, 342, fig. $22: Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 614; Arthur, Cont. FI.
Towa, 111; Hitchcock, Pl]. Ames, 525; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val.,
115; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 93; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62: Bruhin, Zwei. Nach.
Fl. Wis., 643.

Rare in woods, central and southern portions of the state.
Johnson county, 1895, Shimek; Story county, Hitchcock;
Kellogg, June 1876, collector unknown.

352 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

47. C.stipata Muhl. Willd. Sp. Pl. rv, 253 (1805).

Illus. Flora, 1, 343, fig. 823; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 614; Arthur, FI]. Iowa, 33; -
MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 115; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 94; Brendel, FI.
Peoriana, 62; Wheeler, Fl. Milwaukee Co., Wis., 187; Rydberg, FI.
Sand Hills, Neb., 185; Williams, Grass. and For. Pl. Daks., 43; Fink.,
Proc: lowa Acad. SCi., IV, 105.

Wet marshy ground, usually in woods; common throughout.
The plants are very weak when growing in water, but in
drier ground they are less flaccid, with narrower leaves.

Emmet county, 1882, Crafty; Fayette county, 1895, zk;
Iowa City, H7tchcock; Shelby county, 1894, and Johnson
county, 1895, A7tzpatrick ; Jasper county, May, 1886, /Vorris;
Scott and Muscatine counties, Barnes & ALiller; Ames, Bes-
sey; Keokuk, June 1, 1897, Shzmek.

48 CC. crus—corvi Shuttlew. Kunze, Riedg., Suppl. 128
(1844).
Illus. Flora, 1, 343, fig. 824; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 614; Arthur,
Cont. F]. Iowa, 111; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 115; Tracy, Fl. Mo.,
2: Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Hale, Add. Fl. Wis., 5; Webber, FI.
Neb., 98.

Low ground, southeastern section of the state; one of the
most conspicuous species of the genus, and rather rare within
our limits.

Clinton county, 1878, Butler; Page county, 1888, H7tch-
cock , borders of Muscatine slough, /reppert ; Muscatine Island,
Louisa county, Aug. 7, 1897, Shimek & Meyers.

Ag. C. TERETIUSCULA Good. Trans. Linn. Soc., mj 67
(1794.)

Illus. Flora, 1, 344, fig. 827; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 614; Arthur,
Cont. Fl. Iowa, 1v; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 114; Brendel, FI.
Peoriana, 62; Rydberg, Fl. Sand Hills, Neb., 185.

Rare in bogs; northern and central portions of the state.

Also common in northern Europe.

Emmet county, 1878, Cratty; Ames, 1880, Bessey ; Grin-
nell, 287 7e0 ones:

THE IOWA SEDGES. 253

50. C. TERETIUSCULA PRAIREA (Dew.) Britton. Mlus. Flora,
T, 344 (1896).

C. teretiuscula var. ramosa Boott. Ill. Car., 145 (1867), not C. ramosa Schk.
(1806).

Illus. Flora, |. c.; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 615; MacMillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 113; Bruhin, Fl. Wis., 278.

With the type, and probably more widely distributed. As
it occurs with us it is usuaily coarser than the typical plant,
the compound spike heavier. Not before reported from
Iowa.

Estherville, Emmet county, June 25, 1881, Cva¢ty; Grin-
nell, May, 1886, Vorris; Story City, June 7, 1897, Pammel
& Beyers; Granite, Lyon county, June, 1897, Shemek; Arm-
strong, 1897, Craity.

51. C. Gravipa Bailey. Typ. Car. 5 (1889).
C. cephaloidea Auc. Am. in part, not of Dewey (1840).
C. gravida var. laxifolia Bailey, Typ. Car. 6 (1889).
illus. Flora, 1, 345, fig. 829; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 615; Arthur, FI].

Towa, 33 (as CU. cephaloidea); MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 113; Web-
ber, Fl. Neb., 98.

Low ground, woods and prairies; common throughout, and
quite variable. Most of the specimens found in the upper
Mississippi Valley and referred to C. cephalordea previous to
1890 belong here. In rich, moist soil in woods the plants are
often 2 feet or more in height, the spikes very large and
heavy, the foliage lax (var. /axifolia Bailey). In poorer soil
or on the open prairies the plants are smaller and more strict
in habit. C. alopecordea Tuck. has been reported from this
state, but the specimens so labelled in the 1. A. C. herbarium
are a lax form of the above species.

Emmet county, 1878, and many later collections, Cratty;
Iowa City, 1893-4, Shimek; Ames, H/7tchcock , Grinnell, 1886,
LVorris; Scott and Muscatine counties, Barnes & Miller ; High
Bridge, Dallas county, July 6, 1897, and Grand River, June,
1890, Shimek ; Spirit Lake, June 24, 1881, Arthur ; Marshall-
town, 1897, Pammel.

354 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

52. C. VULPINOIDEA AZichx. Fl. N. Am., 15/169) (1803)2

Illus. Flora, 1, 345, fig. 830; Gray’s Man., 6th ed, 615: Arthur, FI. Iowa, 33;
Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 525; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 113; Tracy,
Fl. Mo., 95; Bessey, Cont. Fl. Iowa, 123: Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62;
Wheeler, Fl. Milwaukee Co., Wis., 187; Williams, Grass. and For. Pl.
Daks., 42; Fink, lowa Acad. Sci., Iv, 105.

Very common in low, wet ground, the fruit a greenish
brown when mature; quite variable in regard to size, usually
growing in large, dense tufts, sometimes one or two feet in
diameter. It is more common in ground that is occasionally
flooded with water, but also occurs in quite dry soil along
roadsides and in neglected places.

Johnson county, 1894, Shzmek; Emmet county, 1878, and
Spirit Lake, 1896, Crat/y;, Fayette county, 1895, J/7ss Ona
M. Rounds , Greenfield, 1892, Stewart; Ames and Iowa City,
[fitchcock ; Webster City, 1891, Pammel; Hamilton county,
1891, feolfs; Lucas county, Shepherd; Winneshiek county,
July, 1896, Fitzpatrick, Jasper county, May, 1886, /Vorrzs;
Johnson county, July, 1897,a very slender form, A/7sses Finch
& Cavanagh; Muscatine Island, Louisa county, Aug. I,
1897, Shimek d& Meyers; Fort Dodge, July 5, 1897, Grand
River, June, 1890, and Granite, Lyon county, June, 1897,
Shimek, Colo, July 6, 1897, Vernon; Ledyard, Kossuth
county, July 21, 1897, Pammel/; Missouri Valley, June 21,
1897, and Belmond and New Albin, 1897, Pammel;
Boone, 1897, Steele; Le Claire. 1897, Ftol/fs; Scott and Mus-
catine counties, Barnes & AZiller.

53. ©. xAnTHOCARPA Sicknell. Bull. Torr. Clubjiaeee
(1896)). kal) vane

Illus. Flora, 1, 345, fig. 831.

This species has not heretofore been reported west of Ohio.
In general appearance it quite closely resembles the preced-
ing but differs from it in having the culms much longer than
the leaves, the bracts much shorter and inconspicuous, the
larger ovate-elliptic perigynia a bright yellow. Our speci-
mens have the perigynia wider than the figure in the ///us-

THE IOWA SEDGES. 355
trated Fiora. Prof. Bailey, to whom I sent a specimen,
kindly verified my determination.

Peru, Madison county, July 2, 1897, D. &. olingsworth;
Buffalo, Scott county, June 6, 1895, in dry sandy grass-land,
growing in dense tufts, 3 to 4 feet high; also at Blue Grass in
dry meadows, infrequent, Barnes & Miller.

54. C.sSARTWELLII Dew. Sill. Jour. xin, go (1542).

C. disticha Gray’s Man., 5th ed., 574 (1867) not Hudson.

Illus. Flora 1, 346, fig. 833; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 615; Arthur, FI. Iowa,
33; Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 525; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 113;
Bessey, Cont. Fl. Iowa, 124; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Webber, FI.
Neb., 98; Williams, Grass. and For. PI. Daks., 43.

Low prairies. not common. The plant is usually dicecious
with us, the fertile and sterile plants growing in separate
patches. It seems to be very tenacious of life, several patches
in the author’s door-yard flowering and perfecting fruit every
year in the hard packed soil along with knotweed (Polygo-
num aviculare L..). The plant varies from 6 to fo inches in
height on higher ground, to 2 feet high in moister situations.

Emmet county, various collections, Crafty; station not
given, but probably Ames, 1871, /essey; Noels and Blue
Grass, Scott county, 1894, Barnes & Miller.

55. C. RosEA Schkuhr. Nacht. xv, 179 (1806).

Illus. Flora, 1, 347, fig. 835: Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 616: Arthur,
Fl. Iowa, 33; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 112; Bessey, Cont. Fl.
Iowa, 124; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 94; Brendel. Fl. Peoriana, 62; Bruhin, FI.
Wis., 278; Webber, Fl. Neb., 98; Fink, Proc. lowa Acad. Sci., rv, 105.

Very common throughout in woods, and occasionally on
low prairies. In the latter situation the plants grow in larger
stools, are more slender and lighter colored, the spikes
smaller. In deep, rich woods the plants are a darker green
throughout.

Charles City, July, 1875, Arthur; Iowa City, 1889, Hitch-
cock; Emmet county, 1896, Cratty; Johnson county, 1895,
Shimek, Fayette county, 1895, vk; Shelby county, 1895,
and Decatur county, 1897, F7tzpatrick; Grinnell, 1885, /Vor-
ris; Scott and Muscatine counties, Barnes & Miller; High

Be) NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Bridge, Dallas county, July 6, 1897, Shzmek; Marshalltown,
May 1, 1897, No. 384, Pammel.

56. C. ROSEA RADIATA Dew. Sill. Jour. x, 276 (1826).

Illus. Flora, 1, 347; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 616; MacMillan, Metas. Minn,
Val., 112; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 94; 94; Upham, Fl. Minn., 49; Higley &
Raddin, Fl. Cook County, Ills., 136.

Rare, drier ground in woods. Almost capillary, spikes
fewer, the 3 or 4 perigynia ascending. Not before reported
from lowa.

Johnson county, 1895, SAzmek; Ames, 1875, Bessey; Iowa
City, 1887, /fitchcock ; Emmet county, Aug. 28, 1897, Cratty;
Fort Dodge, July 5, 1897, SAzmek.

57. C. SPARGANIOIDES M/uhl. Willd. Sp. Pl. 1v, 237 (1805).

Illus. Flora, 1, 348, fig. 839; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 616; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 33;
Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 525; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 525; Bessey, Cont. Fl. lowa,
124; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Wheeler, Fl. Milwaukee County, Wis.,
187.

Low ground, central, eastern and southern portions of the
state; rather rare.

Charles City, June 1, 1875, Arthur; Ames, Afitchcock;
Poweshiek county, July, 1888, /Vorr7s; Scott and Muscatine
counties, Barnes & Miller; Decatur county, May 24, 1897,
Fitzpatrick; Keokuk, June 1, and High Bridge, Dallas
county, July 5, 1897, Shzmek. .
58. C. CEPHALOIDEA Dew. Rep. Pl. Mass., 262 (1840).
Illus. Flora, 1, 348, fig. 840; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 617.

Rare, usually in quite dry ground.

Swale near Le Claire, Scott county, 1896, Barnes & MMil-
Jer. Determined by Prof. L. H. Bailey. This, is thesaper
time so far as known to me that the true plant has been de-
tected within our limits. Nearly all the western plants here-
tofore referred to this species belong to C. gravida Bailey.

59. C. CEPHALOPHORA MMuhl. Willd. Sp. Pl. 1v, 220 (1805).

Illus. Flora, 1, 349, fig. 841; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 617; Arthur, Fl. lowa,
33); Hitchcock, Pl; Ames; 525; MacMillan, Metas. Minn) Viale.
Tracy, Fl. Mo., 93; Bessey, Cont. Fl. Iowa, 124; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana,
62; Hale, Add. Fl. Wis., 5; Fink, Proc. Jowa Acad. Sci., 1v, 106.

THE IOWA SEDGES 357

Dry ground, common except in the northern portions
of the state; a very pretty species, the plant a pale green,
especially the small spikes.

Ames, June, 1875, Arthur; Johnson county, 1894, several
collections, Sizmek; Fayette county, 1895, Skznner; Story
county, A/7tchcock ; Muscatine, 1890, Areeppert ; Scott and Mus-
catine counties, Barnes & Miller; Louisa county, Aug. 1,
1897, Shimek & Meyers.

60. C. LEAVENWORTH Dew. Am. Jour. Sci., 2nd ser., 01,
246 (1846).
C. cephalophora var. augustifolia Boott. Ill. Car. 123 (1862).
Illus. Flora, 1, 349, fig. 842; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 617.

Probably rare in the southwestern portion of the state. Not
before reported from Iowa. This much resembles the pre-
ceding species, from which it is distinguished by its smaller
size, very slender culms, and much narrower leaves, % to 1%
lines wide. The heads and perigynia are smaller than those
of C. cephalophora. So far as is known to the author, this
species does not occur east of the Mississippi river. The
range heretofore given is from Missouri and Arkansas to
Texas.

Shelby county, May 11, 1895, Aztzpatrick. My thanks are
due Prof. Bailey for verifying my determination of this plant.

61. C.stTerivis Willd. Sp. Pl. tv, 208 (1805).

C. sterilis var. excelsior Bailey. Bull. Torr. Club, xx, 425 (1893).

Illus. Flora. 1, 350, fig. 844; Gray’s Man. 6th ed., 618; Arthur, Fl. Iowa,
33; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 95; Brendel, F]. Peoriana, 62.

Moist soil, eastern portion of the state, rare.

Railroad track near Buffalo, Scott county, 1895, Barnes &
Miller. ‘his plant, the spikes large and approximate, differs
from the type in having the perigynia much broader, 1 line
long by % line wide, and rounded or sometimes slightly cord-
ate at the base. Prof. Bailey, who refers it to his var. exce/-
stor, says, “very like C. atlantica.”’ A similar form, but
greener and 2 feet tall, was collected at Keokuk June 1, 1897,
by Prof. Shimek, who also collected the typical form at High

358 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Bridge, Dallas county, July 6, 1897. All specimens seen have
the spikes contiguous.

62. C.1nTERIor Gailey. Bull. Torr.'Club, xx, 426 (16e3)3

C. stellulata var. scirpoides Boott. Ill. Car. (1858).

Illus. Flora, 1, 350, fig. 849; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 33; MacMillan, Metas. Minn.
Val., 111; Rydberg, Fl. Sand Hills, Neb., 185; Fink, Proc. lowa Acad.
Seip plvanioo:

Low ground, probably throughout the state.
Emmet county, 1882, Cratty; Fayette county, 1894, Aik;

Scott county, 1892, Barnes & Miller; Grinnell, 1885, /Vorris,

and 1886, Fohnson.

63. C.DEWEYANA Schwem. Ann. Lyc., N. Y.,1, 65 (1864).

Illus. Flora, 1, 354, fig. 856; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 619; Arthur, Cont. Fl.
Iowa, v; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 110; Rydberg, F]. Bl. Hills, S.
D528:

Dry ground in woods; a very pretty and delicate species,
closely resembling C. bromoides Schkuhr, from which it is
distinguished by its nerveless perigynia and oblong spikes.
Dr. Arthur kindly loaned me his original specimen for exam-
jnation.

Spirit Lake, June 21, 1881, Arthur.

Notre.—(C. bromoides Schkuhr, has been reported from Iowa, but ] have
been unable to find a specimen in any of the collections examined. It is

reported by Prof. Tracy in his Flora of Missouri, p. 92, and by Bruhin in
his Flora of Wisconsin, p. 278.

64. C. MUSKINGUMENSIS Schwein. Ann Lyc., N. Y., 1, 312
(1825).

C. arida Schwein. and Torr. Ann. Lyc., N. Y., 1, 312 (1825).

Illus, Flora, 1, 355, fig. 681; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 620; Arthur, FI. Iowa, 33;
Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 525; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 109; Tracy,
Fl. Mo., 92; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Bruhin, Fl. Wis., 279.

Woods, eastern and central, not infrequent; a large sedge,
with crowded leaves on the sterile shoots, which with the
long, narrow, cylindrical spikes give the plant an appearance
strikingly distinct from any of our other carices.

Ames, /fitchcock; banks of Wapsipinicon river, Scott
county, July 8, 1896, Barnes & Miller; Jasper county, May,

THE IOWA SEDGES. 359

1886, WVorris ; woodlands along the Mississippi river, Clinton
and Muscatine counties, Barnes & Miller; Grinnell, 1877,
Jones; Ames, July 1, 1897, Stewart.

65. C. TrruLomweEes Wahl. K. Acad. Handl. xxiv, 145
(23803)).0° 1 var.

C. lagopodordes Schkuhr, Nacht., 20 (1806).

Illus. Flora, 1, 356, fig. 862; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 620; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 34;
MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val, 108; Bessey, Cont. Fl. Iowa, 124; Bren-
del, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Hale, Add. Fl. Wis., 5; Fink, Proc. lowa Acad.
Sci., rv, 106.

Low ground, usually near timber; probably throughout the
state but not plentiful. ;

Ames and Grinnell, July 4, 1886, Fohknson; Eldridge, Scott
county, June, July, 1897, Barnes & Miller ; Johnson county,
July, 1897, Misses Finch & Cavanagh; Keokuk, June 1,
1897, Shimek ; Montrose, Sept., 1883, Arthur.

66. C. TRIBULOIDES BEBBII (Olney) Bailey. Typ. Car., 55
(1889).

C. bebbii Olney. Exsic. 11, 12 (1870).

Illus. Flora, 1, 356; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 620; MacMillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 109; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 88; Webber, Fl. Neb.,98; Ryd-
berg, Fl. Bl. Hills, S.D., 528; Fink, Proc. lowa Acad. Sci., Iv, 106.

Very low ground, sloughs and margins of ponds and lakes;
growing in dense tufts, the spikes clustered in a dense head.
Not before reported from Iowa.

Emmet county, one mile east of Armstrong, July, 1895,
Cratty. Two forms occur; one with more slender culms, 6
to 12 inches high, the spikes about 3 lines long; the other 2
feet high, stouter, with the spikes a third larger. An imper-
fect specimen collected by Mr. Skinner in 1895 at Fayette
probably belongs here. 7

67. CC. TRIBULOIDES MONILIFORMIS (Zuck.) Britton. Illus.
Flora, 1, 356 (1896.)
C. scoparia var. moniliformis Tuck. Enum. Meth., 17 (1843).
C. tribuloides var. reducta Bailey. Proc. Am. Acad., xx11, 118 (1886).

Illus. Flora, 1. c.; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 620; Fink, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci.,
IV, 106.

360 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Southern and eastern. Not before reported from Iowa.
The species and these two varieties, though widely distrib-
uted throughout the state, are probably rather rare.

Johnson county, 1888, dZ7ss Linder ; Fayette county, 1894,
Fink; Spirit Lake, June 21, 1881, Arthur.

68. C.scoparta Schkuhr. Riedgr. Nacht., 20 (1806).
Illus. Flora, 1, 356, fig. 863; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 620; Arthur, FI.

Iowa, 33; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 108; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana,

62; Hale, Add. Fl. Wis., 5; Bot. Surv. Nebd., 111, 16; Fink, Proc. lowa

Acad. Sci., Iv, 106.

Woods, probably throughout the state, but reported only
from the eastern half. Very variable like the rest of the
group.

Penn twp., Johnson county, 1893, Cedar Rapids, 1894, and
Davenport, 1895, Shzmek; Charles City, July, 1875, Arthur;
Eldridge, Scott county, 1897, Barnes & Miller.

69. C. CRISTATELLA Brition. Illus. Flora, 1, 357 (1896).

(. cristata Schwein. Ann. Lyc. N. Y., 1, 66 (1824) not Clairv. (1811).
C. straminea var. cristata Tuck. Enum. Meth., 18 (1843).
C. lagopodioides var. cristata Carey; Gray’s Man., rst ed., 545 (1848).

Illus. Flora, |. c., fig. 865; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 620; Arthur, Fl. Iowa, 34;
Hitchcock, Pl. Ames, 525; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 109; Tracy,
Fl. Mo., 93; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Bruhin, Fl. Wis., 278; Webber,
App. HileeNiebr 22"

Low ground along streams, margins of lakes, and edges of
woods. Throughout but not plentiful.

Emmet county, rare, Aug., 1890, Cratty; Ames, Aztch-
cock ; Scott and Mascatine counties, Barnes & Miller; Deca-
tur county, 1897, Avtzpatrick ; Mt. Pleasant, Oct. 1, 1887, Dr.
Mitte.

7o. C. FaNEA -Willd., Enum. 957 (1809).

C. adusta Gray’s Man., 5th ed., 580 (1867), not of Boott.
Illus. Flora, 1, 357; fig. 867; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 621; MacMillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 108; Brendel, Fl. Peoriana, 88.
Rare on moist prairies, central and eastern parts of the
State.
Eldridge, Scott county, June, 1897, Barnes & Miller. Re-

THE IOWA SEDGES. 361

garding this collection Prof. Bailey writes Mr. Barnes:
“Very like C. selicea Olney.” Ames, June 14, 1897, (fide
Boott); Belmond, 1897, a doubtful form with the inner face
smooth, Pammel.

71. C. F@ENEA PERPLEXA Bailey; Mem. Torr. Club, 1, 27
(1889).

Illus. Flora, 1, 357; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 621.

Rare on prairies; not before reported from Iowa.

Buffalo, Scott county, June, 1896, Barnes & Miller. Czs-
pitose in habit, the culms 1% to 3 feet high, spikes 3 to 6,
more aggregated larger and more truncate at the base than in
type, the perigynia not strongly nerved on the outer face,and
smooth or very obscurely nerved on the inner. Spirit Lake,
June 24, 1881, Arthur. This latter is the C. adusta of Ar-
thur’s catalogue. It seems to be identical with the Scott
county plant which was determined by Prof. Bailey.

72. C.sTRAMINEA Willd. Schkuhr. Ricdgr. 49 (1801).

Illus. Flora, 1, 358, fig. S6* ; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 621; Arthur, Cont.
Fl. lowa, 111; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 106; Tracy, Fl. Mo., 94;
Brende!, Fl. Peoriana, 62; Rydberg, Fl. Sand Hills Neb., 185; Fink,
Proc. lowa Acad. Sci., rv, 106.

Woods and prairies; the typical plant seems to be rather
scarce. This and the related species and varieties run to-
gether inextricably, and form a most perplexing group.

Fayette county, 1895, Fimk; Scott county, June, 1897,
Barnes & Miller; Emmet county, a form common on dry
prairies with stiffer culms, 10 to 20 inches high, and larger
spikes and perigynia, closely approaching C. festucacea Willd.,
Cratty; Decatur county, July, 1897, Fitzpatrick; Granite,
Lyon county, June, 1897, SAzmek; Spirit Lake, June 4, 1881,
Arthur.

73- C.STRAMINEA MIRABILIS (Dew.) Tuck. Enum. Meth.,
18 (1843).
C. mirabilis Dew. Sill. Jour , xxx, 63 (1836).

Illus. Flora, 1, 358; Bailey in Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 621: MacMillan, Metas.
Minn. Val., 107; Upham, Supl. Fl. Minn., 49; Webber, Fl. Neb., 98.

362 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Rare in low ground; central portion of the state.

Ames, June 1, 1877, Arthur, and another collection, Fohn-
son; Poweshiek county, July 4, 1886, Fohnson; Charles City,
July, 1875, Arthur.

74. C. TENERA Dew. Am. Jour. Sci., vill, 97 (16240
C. straminea var. aperta Boott, Ill. Car. 120 (1862).

C. straminea var. tenera Bailey, Bot. Gaz. x, 381 (1885).

Illus. Flora, 1., 358, fig. 870; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 622; Bruhin, Zwei. Nach.
Fl. Wis., 643; Williams, Grass and For. PI. Daks., 43; Higley & Raddin |
Fl. Cook Co., Ills., 138.

Rare in low ground.

Spirit Lake, June 21, 1881, Arthur; Emmet connty, 1884,
Cratty ; Johnson county, May 28, 1894, Shemek,; Ames, Car-
ver; Jasper county, 1886, /Vorrzs.

Part of the above are not typical, but seem best referred
here. ‘The perigynia are broader than would appear from the
figure in the ///ustrated Flora. In the Emmet and Johnson
county plants the spikes are 3 to 5, light colored, the upper two
usually contiguous. Dr. Arthur collected a large form at Ames
which appears to connect this with the next.

75. C. FESTUCACEA Willd. Sp: Pl 1v., 242° (as25))
C. slraminea var. brevior Dew. Sill. Jour. xt., 158 (1826).

Illus. Flora, 1., 359, fig. 871; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 622; Arthur, Fl. lowa, 34,
and Cont. Fl. Iowa, v.; MacMillan, Metas. Minn. Val., 106; Bruhin,
Zwei, Nacht, Fl. Wis , 643; Webber, App. Fl. Neb., 23; Williams, Grass
& For. Pl. Daks., 43; Higley & Raddin, Fl. Cook Co., Ills., 138.

Common on prairies everywhere throughout the state; very
variable.

Charles City, June 29, 1875, Arthur; Lyon county, 1896,
and Johnson counny, 1894-5, Shzmek; lowa Clty, 1889, //itch-
cock; Hamilton county, 1891, Aeo/fs; Lucas county, Shepherd;
Emmet county, 1896, Cratty; Ames, 1897, Arthur; Eldridge,
June, 1897, Barnes & Miller; Spirit Lake, 1881, Arthur;
Decatur county, Aug., 1897, /vtzpatrick ; Lyon county, 1897,
and Keokuk, June 1, 1897, Shzmek; Charles City, June, 1874,
Arthur ; Des Moines, May 17, 1897, LZ. Hf. & Emma Pam-

THE IOWA SEDGES. 363

mel; Fort Dodge, July 5, 1897, Shmek,; Missouri Valley, June
21, 1897, a form approaching the next species, Pammel.

A form collected by Prof. Hitchcock at Ames is labeled
“var. brevior, approaching var. alata” by Prof. L. H. Bailey.
Similar forms were collected at Charles City by Dr. Arthur,
and at Eldridge. Scott county, June. 1897, by Messrs. Barnes
& Miller. This latter plant is the C. straminea var. ferruginea
Bailey, Bull. Torr. Club, xx., 421 (1893).

76. C.avata Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y., m1., 396 (1826).

C. straminea var. alata Bailey. Cat. Car., (1884).

Illus. Flora, 1., 359, fig. 872; Gray’s Man., 6th ed. 622; Hitchcock, Pl. Ames,
525; Higley & Raddin, Fl. Cook Co., Ills., 138.

Low ground, rare within our limits. The specimens have
the perigynia slightly narrower, the beak a little longer than
in the eastern plant.

Ames, Aittchcock; a specimen in the I. A. C. herbarium
labelled “ Iowa, June 23, 1871, Bessey;” Grinnell, June, 1886,
an intermediate form which I refer here, /Vovrzs.

77. C. BICKNELLIL Britton. Illus. Flora, 1., 360, fig. 874
(1896).
C. straminea var. crawi Boott, Ill. Car. 121 (1862), not C. crawit Dew.
(1846), which is an accepted species.

Illus. Flora, ]. c.; Bailey in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club., xx., 421; Arthur, Flora
Iowa, 34, no. 881; Rydberg, Fl. Bl. Hills, S. D., 527.

Rare and uncharacteristic with us. The broadly winged
perigynia shell off very easily when mature. Usually but
few plants are found in a place, and those very loosely tufted.

Emmet county, 1878, Cratty ; Johnson county, 1894, Shzmek,
and Ames, June 16, 1877, Arthur. The two latter I refer
here with some hesitation. Keokuk, June 1, 1897, a form
with the beak one-half the length of the body of the peri-
gynium, Shzmek.

78. C. SYCHNOCEPHALA Carey. Sill. Jour., ser. 2, Iv., 24
(1847). Pl. ix.
Illus. Flora, 1., 360, fig. 875; Gray’s Man., 6th ed., 622; MacMillan, Metas,

Minn. Val., 106; Bruhin, Zwei, Nach. Fl. Wis., 643; Beal & Wheeler,
Fl. Mich., 157.

364 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Rare in sloughs and on the margins of ponds and lakes.
Not before reported from Iowa. ‘This sedge usually grows in
dense tufts, erect, 6 to 18 inches high, but numerous clumps
with prostrate culms 2 feet long were found growing with the
type one mile east of Armstrong, July, 1896. This plant
seems to thrive best on land which is flooded during the spring.

Emmet county, July 12, 1891, Cratty; Spirit Lake, July 30,
1896, Cratty & Shimek.

APPENDIX.

Since the manuscript for this paper was placed in the hands
of the printer considerable material, illustrating geographical
distribution, has been received which it is desirable to include.
Owing toa misunderstanding regarding the scope of the paper,
a considerable amount of material belonging to the genera
preceding Carex, was not placed in my hands in time to insert
the data in the proper place in the body of the paper. The
greater portion of the material here used was collected by
Prof. Shimek of the Iowa State University, and by Prof. C.
R. Ball of the State College of Agriculture, to both of whom
I am deeply indebted for the generous assistance they have so
freely given me.

It has been found necessary to withhold a small amount of
material for further study and observation.

Pesto.

Cyperus rivularis Kunth; Forest City, 1895, and Johnson

county, July, 1895, SAzmek.

SiG.
C. inflexus Muhl.; Johnson county, Sept. 1894, SAzmek.
E2359.

C. schweinitzii Torr.; Muscatine, Oct., 1896, Clear Lake,
Cerro Gordo county, July, 1896, and Johnson county, 1894,
Shimek ; Jackson county, 1895, P. Bartsch; Winneshiek county,

THE IOWA SEDGES. 365

ff. Goddard; Vinton, June, 1898, Ball; Muscatine, Aug., 1897,
a peculiar form closely approaching C. filiculmzs in general
appearance.
P; 356;
C. acuminatus Torr. & Hook.; Sioux City, “7tchcock.
P- 220.

C. esculentus L.; Iowa City, Hztchcock; Clayton county,
June. 1895. and Des Moines county, Aug., 1895, Paul Bartsch;
Hamburg, 1898, Shzmek; Ames, July, 1897, Ball; Lebanon,
July. 1898, Ball & Sample.

Po aat. ;

C. speciosus L.; Johnson connty, 1889, Miss Linder; Lyon
county, Aug., 1896, Shzmek; Van Buren county, July, 1898,
Ball.

Pt er.

C. strigosus L.; Forest City, July, 1896, Shzmek; Des
Moines county, Paul Bartsch.

PS 322.

C. strigosus compositus Britton; sandy river bottoms, John-

son county, Sept., 1894, Shzmek.
P.. 322:

C. filiculmis Vahl.; Keokuk, July, 1895, and Johnson county,
July, 1895, Shzmek; Winneshiek county, June, 1895, WH. God-
dard.

Praza.

Lleocharis ovata (Roth.) R. & S.; Lyon county, June, 1897,
Shimek.

BP... 324.

£. palustris (L.) R. & S.; Spirit Lake, Aug.. 1896, and
Davenport, 1895, Shzmek; Pottawattamie county, June 3,
1897, F. &. Cameron.

Pooaas.

£.. acicularis (L.) R. & S.; Lake Edwards, Hancock county,
1895. Johnson county, 1895, Forest City, July, 1896, Cedar
Rapids, June, 1894, and Rock Rapids, Aug., 1896, Shzmek.

366 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN

PP236:
E tenuis (Willd.) Schultes; Iowa City, J/acbride; Lyon
county, June, 1897, Shzmek.

P3228.
Scirpus americanus Pers.; Ames, June, 1897, Meeker & Ball.
320:

Scirpus lacustris L.; Clear Lake and Hancock county, July,
1896, Shimek; Mt. Pleasant, 7. 7. AMfiills; Pottawattamie
county, June, 1897, F. &. Cameron; Albin, July 1, 1898, Ball.

Ps 320.

S. fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray; Hancock county, July 17,1896,

Shimek; Ames, June, 1898, Lall & Sample.
- 330.

S. atrovirens Muhl.; Mt. Pleasant, July 7, 1898, Muscatine,
July 4, 1898, and Vinton, June, 1898, Bal/; Rock Rapids,
1896, Forest City, July 17, 1896, Mason City, July,
1896, Iowa City, June, 1894, Keokuk, July, 1895, and Grand
River, June, 1890, Shzmek; Mt. Pleasant, 7. A. AZills; Win-
neshiek county, June 13, 1896, //. Goddard.

P2230:

S. “ineatus Mich.; Minerva, June, 1898, and Van Buren
county, Ball; Wilsonville, July 7, 1895, 7. C. Taylor; Cedar
Rapids, //¢tchcock.

P3230.

Flenucarpha micrantha (Vahl.) Britton; sandy river bot-

toms, Johnson county, Sept., 1894, SAzmek.

bo Ka Nit J

moos
Scleria triglomerata Mich; Monroe county, July 13, 1898,
Ball.
P3386.
Carex lupulina L.; Keokuk, July, 1895, Shzmek; Dubuque,
July 17, 1895, Paul Bartsch.
Eee BO:
C. monile Tuck.; Story City, June 4, 1898, Ball.

THE IOWA SEDGES. 367

PA 330:
C. comosa Boott; Muscatine, Sept., 1892, Shzmek. A peculiar
form with the two upper spikes nearly sessile.
P. 339.
C. typhinoides Schwein.; Dubuque, July 17, 1895. Pal
Bartsch.
P. 339.
C. trichocarpu, Muhl.; Vinton, June 29, 1898, Ball.
Puc340-
C. shortiana Dew.; Muscatine, July 4, 1898, Ball; Keokuk,
July 5, 1895, Shzmek.

PS 341.

C. lanuginosa Mich.; Story City, June, 1898, Ball & Sample.
P. 343.

C. davisit Schwein. & Torr.; Ames, June, 1898, Bali.
P. 344.

C. longirostris Torr.; Mason City, July 7, 1896, Shzmek.
P. 344.

C. grisea Wahl.; Garwin, June 29, 1898, and Ames, June
20, 1898, Ball.
ape ee
C. hitchcockiana Dew.; Keokuk, July 5, 1895, and Johnson
county, May, 1894, Sh¢mek. The latter plant has the leaves
as well as the sheaths pubescent, the perigynia scabrous. A
specimen Of this from the same locality, collected later in the
season would be interesting.
P. 347.
C. laxiffora blanda ( Dew.) Boott; Forest City, July 17, 1896,
Shimek.
P. 347.
C. alburstna Sheldon; Jackson county, Aug., 1894, Shzmek.
P. 349.
C. pennsvivanica Lam.; Ames, 1898, Ball.
Be3352;
C. stipata Muhl.; Cedar Rapids, May 15, 1898, ShAzmek.

NATURAL HISTORY. BULLETIN:

368
Pie35a:
C. gravida Bailey; Lebanon, July 11, 1898, Ba//.
P. 354.

C. vulpinoidea Mich.; Ames, June 20, 1898, Minerva, June,
1898, Muscatine, July, 1898, and Vinton, June, 1898, Ball;
Davenport, Forest City, July 18, 1896, Rock Rapids, Lyon
county, Aug. 5, 1898, and Mason City, July 6, 1896, Shzmek.

P. 354.

What I take to be this species

C. xanthocarpa Bicknell.
was collected by Prof. Shimek at Cedar Rapids, June 7, 1894.

The lower branch is one in. long; otherwise much like the type.
P. 355.
C. rosea Schk.; Cedar Rapids, May 15, 1896, Shzmek; Gar-
win, June 29, 1898, Ball.
P. 356.
C. rosea radiata Dew ; Lebanon, July 11, 1898, Ball &
Sample; Ames, June, 1898, nearly this, Ball & Sample.
Paso.
C. sparganioides Muhl.; Iowa City, 1894, SAzmek; Ames,

June 3, 1898, Ball.
PL Aa56:
C. cephalophora Muhl.; Ames, June, 1898, Ball & Sample.
Be aho:
1896,

C. muskingumensis Schwein.; Muscatine, Sept.,
Shimek.

P. 359.

C. lribuloides Wahl.; Ames, June, 1898, Ball. Prof. Shimek

collected near Mason City a form intermediate between this
and C. tribuloides bebbii.
P. 359.

C. tribuloides moniliformis (Tuck.) Britton; Ames, June 20,

1898, Ball.
| Bane to; 6)
C. scoparia Schk.; Vinton, June 29, 1898, Ball.

THE IOWA SEDGES. 369

P. 360.
C. cristatella Britton; Vinton, June 29, 1898, Ball.
P. 360.

C. adusta Boott. Prof. Shimek collected at Rock Rapids,
Lyon county, Aug., 1896, what appears to be this species.
Further observation is needed.

C. fenea Willd on p. 360.

Po 362:
C. tenera Dew.; Forest City, July 18, 1896, nearly this,

Shimek.
P3262.

C. festucacea Willd.; Cedar Rapids, May 15, 1896, and Rock
Rapids, Aug., 1896, Shzmek; Monroe county, July, 1898,
Ball.

P. 362;
C. bicknellvi Britton; Ames, June 21, 1898, Ball.

SUMMARY.

Cyperus, species and varieties, is
Dulichium, I
Eleocharis, 9
Stenophyllus, . I
Fimbristylis, I
Scirpus, 7
Eriophorum, 2
Hemicarpha, I
Scleria, I
Carex, 78

Genera, . : ere sae)

Species and varieties, . 114

370 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Table showing the sedge flora of Iowa and the neighboring
states from which each species and variety has been reported:

IOWA.

Cyperus diandrus,
rivularis, .
inflexus, .
schweinitzii,.
acuminatus, .
erythrorhizos, .
esculentus,
speciosus,
strigosus, ;
strig. capitatus,
strig. compositus,
strig. robustior,
filiculmis,

Dulichium arundinaceum,.

Eleocharis atropurpurea,
ovata,
palustris, . oa
pal. glaucescens, .
acicularis,
wolfii,
tenuis, .
acumiinata,
intermedia,

Stenophyllus capillaris,
Fimbristylis autumnalis,

Scirpus hallii,
americanus,.
lacustris,
fluviatilis,
atrovirens,
lineatus,
cyperinus,

Eriophorum polystachyon,
gracile,

Hemicarpha micrantha,
Scleria triglomerata, .

Carex intumescens,
asa-grayi,
lupulina,
monile,
tuckermani, .

ww Mw | Minn.

ww nH

x

Annan

bd pa

vA

Aww MH

4 | Tile.

WRK MM KO

AnAKnAKKAKNAK AM

nAKHnKM MM ial nw

y

nw A

Fe | Mo.

MMMM KOR MH

MM Me Mo

nw

Anan

MM eM OM | Kans,

ial

nw

bd ibd Ad

ba ba” pAT apa ipa d nba | Nev.

cial

J

MoM}

MMM OM

bd bode | S. D.

wn

“nn

\
J

y)

THE IOWA SEDGES.

IOWA.

Carex retrorsa,. .

lurida parvula, |

hystricina, .
comosa,
squarrosa,
ty phinoides,.
trichocarpa, .
aristata, .
riparia,.
shortiana,
lanuginosa, .
filiformis,.
fusca; 5 2°):
stricta, .
stric. angustata
haydeni,
limosa,
davisii, .
longirostris,
grisea, .
amphibola,
granularis,
crawei,
conoidea,
oligocarpa,
hitchcockiana,
meadii,
laxiflora,
lax. blanda, .

digitalis copulata,.

albursina,.
setifolia,
richardsoni, .
pedunculata,
pedicellata, .
pennsylvanica,
pubescens,
jamesii, .. .
chordorrhiza,
stenophylla,
conjuncta,
stipata,.
crus-corvl,
teretiuscula,.
teret. prairea,
gravida,
vulpinoidea,.
xanthocarpa,
sartwellii
rosea, :
rosea radiata,
sparganioides,
cephaloidea, .
cephalophora,

Hh KM hha Wa 4 | Minn.

AWM AW

HHA nK AK KKK KKM KWnM KW AU ‘aia!

WWW

Hun WM HAYA

HAHKHWnHKHWK KK WK RK KH

AWUKAM WY

WR

Fcc cc ce < << i m | Ils.

HuUKMY

aia

wARKRKW

| Mo.

y

AWWW WH

a

‘al

HnHKhnKH AKA WHnKWAWK KK YW

AK YW

WWW

‘al

‘al

HHH WAAWMWM KW RY

HKU

nw

Wy

HUAW KY

AAW

WWM

aia

wu

aia)

Hn KRY

ia

AWW

Wo

372

NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

IOWA.

Carex leavenworthii,

sterilis,
interior,
deweyana,,.

muskingumensis,

tribuloides,
trib. bebbii,

trib. moniliformis,

scoparia,
cristatella,
foenea, .

foenea perplexa, ,

straminea,.

stram, mirabilis,

Lene Gases
festucacea,
alata, 2
bicknellii, .

sychnocephala,

wa

ed akdupdetd bo tials

¥

| Minn.

Ral Pt EASY BS

MK

HH MK WM KW

ceded

ie}
2a ie
Zn \eo
XxX
x
4 eR
ss
x
x
2,4
xX
Xu |0 Be

From the above table the following statements are deduced:

Species common to the whole group

Iowa species reported from Minnesota.

“ce a“

“ce

oe

Wisconsin.

Illinois
Missouri
Kansas
Nebraska

S. Dakota .

Minnesota.
Wisconsin .

Illinois
Missouri
Kansas
Nebraska
S. Dakota

10
89
84
g6
77
78
Ey
32

CaReEX adusta Gray.

INDEX.

[SYNONYMS IN ITALICS. ]

- 333, 360, 369
alata 7orr. SRS oon BE
albursina Sheldon. . 347, 367

amphibola.Stewd. . . . 344
aheria; BOOtt wee eae) Gs a2
aquatilissMWiakl. 5 "5 9." 243
arida Schwein. & Torr. . 358
BLIStataehts ko eas oes. 340
asa-grayi Bailey. . . . 335
bicknellii Britton . 363, 369
Blanda Dew. = 2. (- = 1347
bromoides Schkuhr. . . 358
buxbaumi Wahl. . . . 341
cephaloidea Dew. . . . 356

cephalophora Muhl. 356, 368
cephalophora angustifolia

Boott 5 | SO ee Gury
chordorrhiza Linn. f. . 350
communis Bailey. . . . 349
comosa Booft . . 338, 367
conjuncta Goold. . = = (35
conoidea Schkuhr. . . . 345
crawel Deweys = 2. 5 345
cristata Schwein. . . . 360
cristatella Britton . 360, 369
crus-corvi Shuttlew. . . 352
davisii Schw. & Torr. 343, 367
deweyana Schwein. . . 358
digitalis copulata Bailey. 347
Gauche Huds. = « .. ~ 355
eburnea Boott . . . . 348
festucacea Willd. . 362, 369
Hittormin e.* . sks > = 34k
fil. latifolia Boeckl. . . . 341
fil. lanuginosa Michx. . . 341
foenearilldsn fete 16) 2 360

Carex foenea perplexa Bailey 361

EUSCARAILD oy wae) fe oe ee a
granularis Muhl. . . . 344
gravida Bailey . . 353, 368
grav. laxifolia Bailey . . 353
ITE UVE Cavey. = Ven eens
grisea Wahl. . . . 344, 367
gris.angustifolia Boott . 344
haydeni Hea,” "> a sa. 42
hitchcockiana Dew. 346, 367
houghtonii Zorr. . . . 341
hystricina Muhkl. . . . 338
interior Bailey . . . . 358
intumescens Rudge. . . 335
jamesii Schwein. ... . 350
lagopodioides Schkuhr. . 359
lanuginosa Michx. . 341, 367
laxiflora; Zam. «2 =.) = ).- 346
laxiflora blanda Boott. 347, 367
lax. latifolia Boott . . . 347
lax. striatula Boott . . . 347
leavenworthii Dew. . . 357
himosa 52. a=.) 98 eee
longirostris Zorr. . 344, 367
lupulina Muhkl. . . 336, 366
lurida parvula (Paine)

Baley a: Nore oe ena
meadil;, Dew. 2 “s-. < 3a
meadit bebbii (Olney )

ATURUY 9770 eee gs oO
mirabilis Dew. . . . . 361
monile Zuck.. . . 336, 366
muskingumensis Sch. 358, 368
oligocarpa Schkuhr. . . 345
pedicellata(Dew.) Britton 349
pedunculata Muhl. . . 349

373

374

CAREX pennsylvanica Lam, 349,
pseudo-cyperus L,
pseudo-cyp.comosa Boott .
pseudo-cyp. americana

Hoch.
pubescens Mul.
retrorsa Schwein,
richardsoni /?. Br.

riparia W. Curtis .

rosea Schkuhr. 3555
rosea radiata Dew. 356,
sartwellii Dew. Ji:

scoparia Schkuhr. . 360,

setifolia (Dew.) Britton .
shortiana Dew. . 340,
sparganioides Muhl. 356,
squarrosa L,
sguarrosa typhinoides
Dewey .
stellulata Serpuaes Bott
stenophylla Wahl,
sterilis Wrlld.
steudellit Kunth.
stipata Muhl,
straminea Wvlld,
stram,. mirabilis (Dew.)
Tuck. :
alata Bailey.
aperta Boott
brevior Dew.

35;

stram.
stram.
stram.
stram. crawei Boott
stram. tenera Bailey. .
stricta Lam, E
stricta angustata Brey
stricta decora Bailey. .
sychnocephala Carey.
tenera Dew. .
teretiuscula Good,

ter. prairea (Dew.) Brit-

362,

Zon,
Ler.
tetanica meadii Bailey.
tribuloides Wahl. . 359,
trib. bebbii (Olney) Bai-

vramosa Boott

LOVEE Ne) re abe” Se ete
trib. moniliformis ( 7ck.)
Brilton . 359,

367
338
338

338
350
337
348
349
368
368
355
368
348
367
368
338

339
358
351
357
350
367
361

359

368

NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Carex frib. reducta Bailey 359
trichocarpa Muhkl. . 339, 367
trich. aristata (R. Br.)

Bailey : 340
trich. deweyt Bailey. 339
trich. imberbis Gray 339
trich. leviconica (Dew.)

Hitch, : 339
tuckermani Dew. . 337
typhinoides Schwein. 339, 367
vulpinoidea Mich, 354, 368

xanthocarpa Bicknell, 354, 368
CLADIUM mariscoides (AZzh/.)

Moria. 333
CYPERUS. 318
acuminatus r. é Hf, 319,205
aristatus Boeckl, 319
diandrus Zorr, 318
dian, castaneus Torr, 318
erythrorhizos Muhl, , 320
esculentus L, 320, 365
filiculmis Vahi, 322, 365
inflexus Muhl. . 319, 364
michauxtanus Gray, 321
phymatodes Muhl, . 3 3320
rivularis Awnth, 318, 364
schweinitzii Zorr, 319, 364
speciosus L, 321, 365
strigosus Z. . 321, 365
strig. capitatus Becki, 322

strig. compositus Brit, 322, 365

strig. robustior Aunth, 322
DULICHIUM. . : 323
arundinaceum (Z.)
Britt, 323
spathaceum Pers, 323
ELEOCHARIS. . 323

acicularis (LZ. )R. & S. 325, 365
atropurpurea (/refz.)

Kunth, . 324
acuminata (MJuwhl.) Nees. 326
compressa Sulliv. 326
engelmanni Sfeuwd, 324
intermedia (J7/wh/.)

Schultes. 326

ovata (foth.) FR. é S. 324, 365
palustris (L.) R&R. & S. 324, 365

THE IOWA SEDGES. 375

ELEOcHARISs pal. glaucescens | SCIRPUs. : : -
ray. - + + 325] americanus ie 328,
tenuis ( Willd.) Schult. 326, 366 | atrovirens Muhi, . 330,
wolfii Gray . 326 cyperinus (L.) Kunth, .
ERIOPHORUM. 331 | fluviatilis (7orr.) Gray.329,
CYPOVIMIOGN Sa. ie we GO hallii Gray =
gracile Koch, : 332 | lacustris: 2-3). 2) =) 326;
lineatum Benth. & Hadi, 330 | lineatus Michx.. . 330,
polystachyon L. 331 ' pungens Vahl.
HEMICARPHA, Coane) S32 | supinus hallii Gray.
micrantha ( Vahl.) Brit.332, 366 | tenuis (Willd.)
subsquarrosa Nees. 335) triangularis (Pers,) Mac-
FIMBRISTYLIS. 327 | Millan.
autumnalis (ZL. ) R. & S. 327 | validus Vahl.
capillaris A, Gray 327 | SCLERIA. ETO:
castanea (Mich.) Vahl. 328 | pialotachate Micke: 333,
RHYNCHOSPORA, 332 | STENOPHYLLUS. :
alba (L.) Vahl. 332 capillaris (L.) Br sila
capillacea (Mich.) Vahl. . 332

isp)

sD)

Oo Ud 2 Yd

,
S| ee
ne
oye ae
Lae 5
Wola ay
hi
a!
ore} 143
n * y
7a a
a
d y
eel! ie
é
a
] “4 ¥
is
s
hey
Z
-

oe

-

oe q
eA 5
Ay

a) ae

Es,
grury
F ad
-

4 —)

‘

‘9
“

siriaek

EXPLANATION OF PuaTE I.

| Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl., p. 320. ,
yA Whole plant X }. ”
Immature akene, with a pair of the detached rachi

x 12. (fhe mature akene is sharply triangular.)
A Single scale X 12.

PEASE EL

ExPLANATION OF PLaTE II.

Carex shortiana Dew., p. 340.
Whole plant X 3.
Perigynium x 11.
(This should show slight transverse wrinkles.)
A single Scale pce nts

WAIA yy

Pa { glon W
iaysired

-ExpLaNaTion oF Prarte III. .
Carex amphibola Steud., p. 344.
Whole plant x 3. _ :
Perigynium and scale, each X 9.

PEATE TH:

-ExpLANATION OF PLATE IV.)

Carex crawei Dew., p. 345-
Whole plant X 3.
Perigynium and scale, each X 12.

PEASESIY.

Hoyprc > oy ea ents ia

-EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Carex d gitalis copulata Bailey, p. 347.
Whole plant X 2.
Perigy nium and scale, each X 11.

ff

PEATE -V:

‘

AV prasad 46409 ans sas
eA. ; : = -

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Carex stenophylla Wahl., p. 351-
Whole plant X 3.
Perigynium and scale, each X 16.

PLATE. VI.

z Hollie ) oY ~yaeb

er Pek Sati Re uae.
4 ° hi | o* a Ls _ x.

zee 70h f %

ie
4
<
_—
a" ,
~ ¥ \
if +2
. -
’
‘ t ;
A 7
, q
so |
e a.
=
=z |
é
od |
; ‘
a! ~ .
ul ope. $k
‘ iy hw] *) |
et Soy
= Do |
4 if
7 : iz
es : = te 7
| = 7 a,
= * r* >
. w pe .
y~ * ry
pages a =
~ x
5 | e
. Om
© eS
| i
| rede
; en
tal a
g 2 ’
' | yf 7
“ in pa
re . s 3
. r 5%
> : a & |
. —s Lod | |
a *
. ~ rh | | ;
} ‘ at" * 2
PS il é
‘ a2 | eg
P é 4 a ¥ | #
* » - j ch
>

{2 |

rd

y need tit nay
qe ssi? i

foal

EXPLANATION OF PuaTE VII.

Carex xanthocarpa Bicknell, p. 354.
Whole plant X 2.
Perigynium X It.
Twoscales; the upper long-awned scale from the basal portion
of the spikelet, the lower from the middle of the spikelet,
each X< DI.

PLATE VII.

Poe

Lt 6a ~~

err
> a“

Pie,

8 j
Atl crs 40 Deut

a

i as Ee.

ige nie ad Aga 5 Wind vsbicletiet eel. “
: x nsig-Slod Wi
: | ay x A Sstcoe Pha cowIh yIV7

< en wot satin od Lory 06-9 ee ni Sagas is ent
529 ow to

*
it =>
”

> -
2

EXPLANATION OF PiaTE VIII.

Carex tribuloides bebbii (Olney) Bailey, p. 359.
Whole plant X 2.
Perigynium and scale, each X 11.
The reference in the text, p. 363, should be after No. 66 instead |
of No. 65.

PLATE VIII.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Carex sychnocephala Carey, p. 363. i
Whole plant xX}. -
Perigynium and scale, each X 9. ;

PLATE IX.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Cyperus esculentus L., p. 320
Whole plant X }.
Immature akene, with the three filaments from which the
anthers have fallen, :x 9.
A single scale X 9.

PLATE X.

DESCRIPTIONS OF AMERICAN UREDINEA,, II.
By J. 6 ABTHUR AND BE. W. D. HOLWAY

The second fascicle of UREDINE& ExsiccAT ET ICONEs,
upon whick the following descriptions and comments are based,
includes only grass forms, 7. ¢., species whose uredospores and
teleutospores occur upon the Gramznee as host plants. The
first fascicle of this series, containing Lepto-uredine@, was
issued September, 1894, and the descriptions of species in-
cluded were subsequently published in this journal (3:44-57)-.

Every collection in the distribution is illustrated by drawings
of the spores, these being numbered upon the plates to corre-
spond with the number of the packet. Arabic numbers are
used to designate the species, and letters to designate the sev-
eral collections under each species. The platesare issued both
with the ExsiccaT and the DESCRIPTIONS.

The drawings have inall cases been made directly from the
material of the distribution, and are drawn to a uniform scale.
The forms of spores chosen for illustration are those most com-
monly seen under the microscope, with an occasional deviation
to show one-celled forms among species of Puccrnza, and to
show uredospores found in teleutosori gathered late in the
season. The attempt has been made to represent the form of
the spores, thickness of walls, and other details, as faithfully as
possible, but this could not be carried out as fully as desired in
the case of the sculpturings upon the surface of the spores, as
they are in all instances too minute to be accurately drawn upon
the scale adopted. It has also been impossible to fully indicate
the number and position of the germ-pores of the uredospores
invery many cases. especially when the spores were those found

377

378 NATURAL SEs DORaYs 15 Ui Baie

among the teleutospores, the material having often been col-
lected after more or less of the winter had passed. The pores
shown are those actually seen, and although their position is
believed to be accurate, they are often less than the full num-
ber belonging to the spore. They have usually been drawn
from preparations untreated with acids or other clearing re-
agents.

A certain amount of inaccuracy, or at least undesirable de-
viatuion, exists in descriptions of uredospores due to their being
seen in all possible positions. If they had pedicels or a suffi-
ciently elongated form, they would lie upon their sides, as most
teleutospores do, and their outline would present greater uni-
formity and be more readily interpreted. A few species, e. ¢.,
Puccina vilfe, have uredospores with apex and_ base
conspicuously dissimilar, but in most species the scar left by
the falling away of the pedicel is the only orienting mark. In
the drawings the basal scar is indicated whenever it could be
made out, and in all such instances the spore is placed upright
on the plate.

A word of explanation, and possibly of defense, may be
needed to justify the abandonment of the time-honored and
familiar names of P. grammnzs and P. coronata for unfamil-
iar ones, which the strict application of the law of priority
has brougbt forward. Protests have been made from time to
time by able students of the order against the recognition of
the zcidial stage, and possibly of the uredo stage, in the selec-
tion of the oldest name. ‘These protests are based in part upon
the difficulty of identifying earlier names applied to these
stages, and the consequent instability of such a foundation for
nomenclature. But experience does not seem to bear out the
inference that the teleutosporic stage alone possesses such
marked superiority for specific identification. It is unfortun-
ately true that much doubt often attaches to the application of
early names, but an arbitrary contraction of the domain to be
covered by the law of priority does not seem to the writers to
be the right way to meet the difficulty.

Many important investigations by students of the order dur-
ing the last three or four years have well established what has

AMERICAN UREDINE. 379

been a growing conviction for a decade or more, that the
whole order has attained such a high degree of specialized
parasitism that the particular species of the host plant, and
often the particular part of the host bearing the rust, is an
item of the utmost importance in identification. Thus it is no
longer considered sufficient to say that a certain rust occurs
‘on various grasses,” but the particular species must be named.
Furthermore, it is advisable to say what part of the plant is
affected, for instance Puccrniza panict occurs on one side of
the leaf blade, while Uvromyces graminicola occurs on both
sides and also on the sheaths and culms of the same host; Puc-
cinia poculiformis and Puccinia rubigo-vera often grow on the
same host, but the former chiefly affects the sheaths and culms,
while the latter occupies the leaf blade. It has also been
established that in some cases hetercecismal species having
uredo and teleutospores with slight morphological distinctions,
yet bear their alternate stage upon very different species of
host plants. Insuch species the ecidial characters are a highly
important part of the complete diagnostic description.

With the growing recognition of the value of a knowledge
of the host and of the ecidial form in circumscribing the species,
has come an awakening regarding the highly important nature
of the uredo for providing additional diagnostic characters. It
was not until the uredo stage was studied that the very dis-
tinct species, Puccinza phragmitis and P. magnusiana, both
upon Phragmites communis, were separated. This is a case
in which the uredospores can be distinguished with ease and
certainty, but the teleutospores unassociated with uredo are
scarcely distinguishable. ‘I'he two common, but usually con-
founded, species on Andropogon scoparius are even a better
illustration. Other cases of a similar nature could be cited.

The development of our conception of the species to include
the several forms or stages and the specific nature of the para-
sitism, as requisite elements in establishing diagnostic charac-
ters in uredineous plants, has left no footing, so it seems to us;
for the old view which exalted the teleutosporic stage, and left
the other factors out of consideration. We do not, therefore,

380 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

agree with Dr. Magnus, who said (Bot. Centr. 37:289) some
time ago regarding the specific matter in debate, that he held it
‘incorrect to form such names as Puccinia poculiformis (Jacq. )
Wettst. for Puccinia gramints Pers.” We prefer to yield to
what we consider an unpleasant necessity, and recognize a
condition which we believe not only more justly and accurately
represents the present state of our knowledge but tends to a
more secure and stable nomenclature. We feel as did Dr.
Weitstein, when he made the first change of this nature that
was made (Pelzjflora der Stevermark, p. 18), one that now seems
likely to be followed in many instances, and especially for most
of the gramineous and cyperaceous species. He said (trans-
lated into English): ‘ Although it is hard to drop a name,
which has become so generally established as the name Pwc-
cinia graminis, yet I feel compelled to doit. There is no doubt
that Jacquin described the crdzum of this species in 1786, l.c.,
as his cited illustration also afirms. The species-name *“ focu-
liforme,” under which Jacquin described this czdium as a
Lycoperdon, is consequently the oldest name, certainly older
than Persoon’s, which he established in the year 1797, in the
Tent. Dispos. Meth. Fung., p. 39.”

Other matters pertaining to the present paper, such as the
quotation of the original description of the species, the addi-
tion of an emended description when deemed advantageous,
the elevation of the number and position of the germ-pores of
the uredospores as valuable diagnostic characters, the rather
incomplete citation of exsiccati, etc., are probably sufficiently
self-explanatory to be passed over without comment.

Numbers one to seventeen were described in a previous
article in this journal (3:44), and the present article includes
numbers eighteen to thirty-four.

18. URomyYCEs ALOPECURI Seym. (1889. Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist. 24:186.)
18a. On Alopecurus geniculatus fulvus (Sm.) Scrib. Vermilion Lake,
Minn., Holway.
185. On Alopecurus geniculatus fulvus (Sm.) Scrib. Vermilion Lake,
Minn., Holway.

AMERICAN UREDINE. 381

Oric. Desc. “II. Soriepiphyllous, small, scattered, inconspicuous, mostly
covered by the epidermis; spores subglobose to elliptical; epispore
rather thick, warty; size 12-20X 15-24 u.

III. Sori epiphyllous, small, blackish, covered by the epidermis;
spores obovate to elliptical, breadly rounded or truncate at the apex,
17-23 X 23-324; epispore of nearly equal thickness throughout; pedicel
persistent, as long as the spore or shorter.”

On Alopecurus geniculatus var. aristatus; Brainerd, Minn.”

II. Sori light brown, hypophyllous and to a less extent on
sheaths and culms, oblong or linear, scattered, inconspicuous,
tardily naked, ruptured epidermis prominent; uredospores
subglobose to elliptical-ovate, pale yellowish when desiccated,
18-26 X 15-22“; wall rather thick, closely warty; pores minute,
several (6-S?), scattered.

III. Sori hypophyllous extending to sheaths and culms,
irregularly oblong, effused, varying to punctiform, covered
with the persistent epidermis, grayish black; teleutospores sub-
globose to sub-pyriform, light brown, smooth, 15-22 x 22-26 4;
wall thin; apex rounded or truncate, slightly if at all thickened;
base rounded or inclined to wedge-shaped; pedicel slender,
colored, usually shorter than the spore.

A northern species, apparently not very common. The
gross appearance of the teleutosori is very similar to that of
the same sori of Puccinza rhamunz.

Ig. UROMYCES GRAMINICOLA Burr. (1884. Bot. Gaz. 9:
188. )

19a. On Panicum virgatum L. Rockport, Kans., Bartholomew.
194. On Panicum virgatum L. Decorah, lowa, Holway.
1gc. On Panicum virgatum L. Rockport, Kans., Bartholomew.

Oric. Desc. “II and III. Sori amphigenous, but more common on
under surface, scattered, small, oblong or linear, soon uncovered, the
ruptured epidermis ragged, but usually its remains plainly apparent:
uredospores spheroidal or oval, minutely echinulate, 15-18 18-23 u;
teleutospores variable, subglobose, oval or oblong, smooth, apex
rounded or angular, thickened,12-18 X 21-30u; pedicel somewhat colored,
thick, scarcely tapering below, once to twice the length of the spore.”

A quite common species. with prominent sori, when well

developed. The brown uredosori sometimes thickly cover
one or both surfaces of the leaf. but are rarely confluent, or

382 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

much elongated. The uredospores are brown, evenly and
minutely papillose, but not strictly echinulate, pores small,
scattered, apparently four to six. The characters which dis-
tinguish the uredospores of this species from those of Puccinza
panic? are all slight, and chiefly relate to the size and echinu-
lation.

The teleutosori are black, prominent, much elongated, fre-
quently as abundant on sheaths and culms and even the panicle
as on the leaf blades. When well developed there is consid-
erable resemblance in gross appearance to Puccinia pocult-
forms. In large sori the pedicels of the teleutospores are
usually very long, attaining 75 to 100.4.

The spores of Puccinia panict are often found upon the
same leaf blades, and confuse the collector.

EXSIC,

Bllis and Everhart, N. A. F. 1865.

Carleton, Ured. Amer. I.

Kellerman and Swingle, Kans. Fungi 48.

Rabenhorst- Winter, Fungi Europei 3410.

Rouméguere, Fungi Selecti Exsic. 5125.

Ellis and Everhart, Fungi Columb. 547.

20. ‘PuCCINIA PANICI Mie. (1895. Erythea 3: So.)

20a. On Panicum virgatum L. Rockport, Kans., Bartholomew.

206. On Panicum virgatum L. Decorah, lowa, Holway.

20c. On Panicum virgatum L. Decorah, lowa, Holway.

Oric. Desc. ‘Uredo: Spots yellowish, indefinite; sori epiphyllous, very
minute, oblong, surrounded by the burst epidermis, brown. Uredo-
spores broadly elliptical or globose, densely echinulate, brown, 25-31
25-29. Teleutospores: sori epiphyllous, pulvinate, black, small, ob-
long or linear. Teleutospores oblong or clavate, apex thickened,
rounded or conical, base rounded or attenuated, central constriction
slight, 29-48X15-21 “4, brown. Pedicels of different length, on an aver-
age as long as the spores.”

A seemingly restricted species and not often collected, being
generally inconspicuous and easily overlooked. ‘The teleuto-
sori, which are rarely confluent, are unusually small, often
mere points, and are often arranged in evident lines. Their
minuteness and position only on the upper surface of the leaf

make it possible when well developed to separate it with con-

AMERICAN UREDINE. 383

siderable certainty, without the use of a lens, from Uvromyces
graminicola and from Puccinia virgata, both inhabiting the
same host.

Single-celled teleutospores in the same sorus with the usual
form are not rare, and in shape and coloring closely resemble
the teleutospores of Uromyces graminicola. The uredospores
of the two species also look much alike, but those of the
Puccinia are slightly larger, and possess more prominent
echinulation. The echinulation on the uredospores of the
latter is somewhat irregular, but for the most part thickly
covers the spores. The pores are small and difficult to detect,
scattered, and apparently four to six in number.

EXSIC.

Ellis and Everhart, N. A. F. 3048.
Ellis and Everhart, Fungi Columb. 264.

21. Puccinia FLaccipA LB. d& Br. (1873. Jour. Linn. Soc.
Bot. 14: 91.)
21a. On Panicum crus-galliL. Rooks Co., Kans., Bartholomew.
Oric. Desc. “821. P.FLAccipA B.& Br. Soris parvis brevibus; sporis

flaccidis, pedicello longo hyalino, obtusis, medio contractis (No. 1136).
On Panicum. Peradeniya. Spores .o04 long, with pedicels .o09.”

II, il. Sori amphigenous, scattered, punctiform or oblong,
tardily naked, ruptured epidermis conspicuous. Uredospores
globose to broadly ovate or elliptical, brown, 22-30, in diam-
eter, echinulate, pores 4-6, evident, scattered. Teleutospores
of the usual type few, oblong or fusiform-clavate, 17-20 x 35-
404, apex narrowed and thickened; most of the teleutospores
of a great variety of forms due to the septum being placed at
all angles, even vertical, and the two cells seemingly merely
adpressed, or the upper adhering to the lower, 19-26 x 30-38 x,
wall thin. smooth, apices of both cells thickened, bases of
both cells narrowed, often acute, paler brown than the uredo-
spores; pedicel 50-75 » long, hyaline.

A rather inconspicuous species, remarkable for the strange
construction of the teleutospores. It was first detected in this
country by Burrill, who vouches (Par. Fungi of Ills., p. 202)

384 NATURAL HISTORY, BULLETIN:

for the identity of our species with that of the East Indies, de-
scribed by Berkeley and Broome in their ‘Enumeration of the
Fungi of Ceylon.” It has been foundin Nebraska ( Wi/Zams),
Illinois and Indiana.

EXSIC.
Sevmour and Earle, Econ. Fungi 60.
Ellis and Everhart, N. A. F. 3576, 1836.
Ellis and Everhart, Fungi Columb. 1187.

22. PUuccINIA ESCLAVENSIS Jet. & Holw. (1897. VBor
Gaz. 24: 29.)
22a. On Panicum bulbosum H. B.K. Hot Springs, N. M., Holway.
226. On Panicum bulbosum H.B. K. City of Mexico, Mex., Holway.

Oric. Desc. “Sori on both sides of the leaves, but mostly epiphyllous,
small to medium sized, globose to linear, often confluent on the stems;
uredosori cinnamon-brown; spores elliptical, ovate, or globose, 30 to
4324-33 4, yellow-brown to chestnut-brown, very closely covered with
small warts, and with 4 equatorial germ-pores; teleutosori black-
brown, pulvinate, naked; spores elliptical, rarely obovate, not at all or
only slightly constricted, rounded at both ends, apex with a broad-
hooded thickening, 32-41x23-28 “, smooth, dark chestnut-brown; pedi-

cel up to 160 uw long, hyaline.”

The great similarity of the uredo- and teleutospores in form,
size and color, and the remarkably long hyaline pedicels of the
latter, make this a notable species. The sori often occur in
dense masses, especially upon the stem and the branches of
the inflorescence. The walls of both kinds of spores are
quite thick. Smaller, more globose, paler and thinner walled
uredospores occur sparingly among those of the usual form,
and might easily be mistaken for an admixture of another
species,as they appear to be mature and viable. The apical
thickening of the teleutospores is not a prominent feature, and

is sometimes absent.
23. PUuCCINIA EMACULATA Schw. (1834. N. Am. Fungi,
Pp. 295.)
23a. On Panicum capillare L. Decorah, Iowa, Holway.
236. On Panicum capillare L. Lafayette, Ind., Lillian Snyder.
23c. On Panicum capillare L. Lafayette, Ind., Wm. Stuart.
3d. On Panicum capillare L. Decorah, lowa, Holway.
3e. On Panicum hoiciforme Steud. (Berchtoldia holciformis Fourn.) Tula,
Viteser Holway.

AMERICAN UREDINE, 385

Oric. Desc. ‘2912. 8. P. eMacuLATA, L. v. S., passim in foliis Panico-
rum, praesertim Panici pubescentis in campis Beth]. et Philad. P. om-
nino emaculata; primum acervis totis tectis rarioribus sparsis erumpen-
tibus; demum saepe confluentibus, minutis, abbreviatis, angustis, par-
allelis, utrinque plerumque acuminatis. Sporidiis aterrimis, minori-
bus; aquae immersis, fuscescentibus.”

SYN:
Puccinia graminis brevicarpa Peck. (1873. 25th Rep. N.

Y. Mus. p. 122.)

II and III. Sori chiefly epiphyllous but also amphigenous,
usually numerous, small, oblong, pulveruleot, early naked,
ruptured epidermis prominent. Uredospores light brown,
globose or nearly so, 20-24 in diameter, epispore rather thin,
thickly echinulate, pores 4, not usually equatorial. Teleuto-
spores oblong-clavate to elliptical, chestnut-brown, smooth,
scarcely constricted at middle, apex obtuse or rounded, much
thickened, base narrowed 18-22 20-45 . pedicel one to one
and a half times the length of the spore and colored like it.

A very abundant species. As here characterized it does not
include Puccinia windsorve on Tricuspis seslerioides, or P.
triodie on Tricuspis purpurea. Itappears to extend through-
out the North American continent. The specimens examined
from Mexico (on Panicum holciforme) show a rich develop-
ment of uredo, but only a few teleutospores and no teleuto-
sori.

The uredospores are discharged from the sori so plentifully
as to form a brown powder over the surface of the leaf. The
blackish teleutosori are thickly scattered over the leaf surfaces,
and become especially conspicuous on the bleached leaves in
winter.

EXSIC.
Ellis, N. A. F. 1029.
Carleton, Ured. Amer. 37.
Kellerman and Swingle, Kans. Fungi 15.
Seymour and Earle, Econ. Fungi 58a, 58b, 58c, 59.
Ellis and Everhart, Fungi Columb. 492.
Rabenhorst-Winter, Fungi Europzi 3616.

24. Puccinra crypTanprRi £&.d B. (1897. Erythea 5: 47.)

386 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

24a. On Sforobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gr. Rockport, Kans., Bartholo-
m1eU.

Oric. Desc. “Puccinia cryptandri. On leaves of Sporobolus cryptandrus.
Sept. 16, 1896 (No. 2264). Epiphyllous, uredosori linear, 1 mm -1 cm
long, narrow, bordered by the longitudinally cleft epidermis, light
brown. Uredospores globose, 20-24 u diam., or elliptical, 25-30 20-23 u
yellowish brown, faintly aculeate. Teleutospores in sori like those of
the uredospores, but mostly shorter, oblong-elliptical, yellow-brown,
constricted at the septum, 35-45 20-23 u. Epispore smooth, scarcely or
only slightly thickened at the apex. Pedicels as long or longer than
the spores. II. Very abundant wherever the host occuss, from July
to October. III. Very rare. Differs from Puccinia sporoboli Arth*.
principally in its longer and darker colored uredosori. In that species
they are a bright orange.”

The teleutospores of this species are much like those of the
rust on Sporobolus asper, but the teleutosori are not so promi-
nent and the habit of the uredosori is widely different, as well
as the form and color of the uredospores.

Collections made in Nebraska and Kansas show a scarcity
of teleutospores, and this may be true of the whole region
east of the Rocky Mountains. Specimens in the herbarium
of the Division of Veg. Physiology and Pathology at Wash-
ington, D. C., collected at Cafion City, Colo., by S. M. Tracy
(Aug. 23, 1887), and at Willis, Madison Co., Mont., by F. W.
Anderson (Oct., 1888), however, show luxuriant develop-
ment of teleutospores, with only a few scattering uredospores,
but with enough of the latter to make the determination of
the species unquestionable. A probable explanation of this
diversity of habit is that the ecidium does not occur upon the
plains east of the mountains, but is abundant westward.

The history of this species is a fine illustration of the inabil-
ity of collectors to recognize some species from the teleuto-
spores alone; for it was ten years after good material of the
teleutosporic stage was under observation, and not until the
uredoform was forcedupon their attention, that it was separated,
and then almost wholly upon the evidence of the uredospores.

25. Puccinia sporopoLti Arth. (1884. Bull. lowa Agric.
Coll. : 159.)

*The species intended is Puccinia vilfe A. & H.

AMERICAN UREDINE#. 237

25a. On Sporobolus heterolepis Gr., Decorah, Iowa, Holway.
Oric. Desc. “II. Uredospores yellow, round, minutely roughened, 24 to
28 mmm. in diameter.

III. Sori on the leaves and stem, oblong or linear, brownish black,
early naked; encircling epidermis not very conspicuous; teleutospores
oblong to oblong-clavate, smooth, somewhat or not at all constricted
in the middle, deep brown at least above, 15 to 21 mmm. broad by 28
to 45 mmm. long; apex thickened, semi-circular to obtuse: base acutish
or less often obtuse; pedicel rather stout, as long or shorter than the

spore, colored.
On Sporobolus heterolepis Gr. Ames, Spirit Lake, Decorah.”

II. Uredospores yellow, round, echinulate, 24-30. in
diameter, pores 5 or more, not equatorial.

III. Sori oblong or linear, amphigenous, brownish black,
early naked, ruptured epidermis scarcely evident; teleuto-
spores oblong to oblong-clavate, somewhat or not constricted
in the middle, 28-45 X 17-224, apex semi-circular to obtuse,
thickened sometimes as much as 8x, base narrowed, epispore
rather deep yellowish brown, smooth. Pedicel colored. about
as long as the spore.

The type material of this seemingly rare species, which is
in the herbarium of the author of the species, has been care-
fully re-examined*. The material, from which the characters
of the species were drawn, was collected at Decorah. Iowa,
on Sept. 18, 1884, by E. W. D. Holway. Three other col-
lections, made at Ames and Spirit Lake of the same state,
were erroneously assigned to the species, and gave rise to the
comments, which follow the description, regarding the pres-
ence of one-celled teleutospores. The characters as given for
the one-celled form in reality belong to Uromyces graminicola,
the host being in fact Panzcum virgatum and not a Sporobolus.
One-celled spores in the true P. sforobol’ have not yet been
observed. So far as the authors know the species has only
been collected at Decorah, Iowa, and good uredo material has
not yet been seen.

*Itis probable that duplicate type material is in the herbarium of the
Iowa Agricultural College, but many of the sheets containing grass forms
have been withdrawn and for the time being are inaccessible, and a care-
ful examination of the remainder of the uredineous herbarium, kindly
loaned by Professor L. H. Pammel, has not revealed it.

388 NATURAL HISTORY BUKLETIN.

26. PUCCINIA VILF4 7. 10m.

26a. On Sforobolus asper (Mx.) Kunth. (Vilfa aspera B.) Rockport,
Kans., Bartholomew.

266. On Sporobolus asper (Mx.) Kunth, (Vilfa aspera B.) Lafayette,
Ind., Lillian Snyder.

26c, On Sporobolus asper (Mx.) Kunth. (Vilfa aspera B.) Lafayette,
Ind., Arthur.

26d. On Sforobolus asper (Mx.) Kunth. (Vilfa aspera B.) - Rockport,
Kans., Bartholomew.

Oric, Desc, “Puccinia Sydowiana Diet. n. sp.—Sori teleutosporiferi in
foliis amphigeni, elliptici vel oblongi, in vaginis plus minusve lineares,
pulvinati, atri. Teleutospore oblonge, elliptice vel clavate, utrinque
rotundate, rarius basi attenuate, medio leniter constricte, episporio
levi, castaneo, apice paullo, vel nonincrassato instructz, 38-55 X 18-30n,
pedicello usque roo longo, firmo, flavescenti suffultz.”

SEN

Puccinia sydowiana Diet. (1897. Hedw. 36: 299).

II. Sori amphigenous, oblong or linear-oblong, scattered,
rarely confluent, tardily naked, deep orange color when fresh;
spores obovate, obovate-fusiform, oblong or sub-globose, 22-
30 x 28-322; wall colorless, usually much thickened apically
(up to tov), evenly papillose; contents orange, becoming
colorless by long desiccation; pores obscure (seemingly equa-
torial).

III. Sori amphigenous, prominent, black, early naked,
ruptured epidermis inconspicuous, oblong, or elongated-oblong ;
teleutospores mostly oblong, rarely clavate or round, slightly
or not constricted at the middle, apex rounded, rarely flattened
but often obtuse, usually more or less thickened, base rounded,
epispore smooth, dark brown, 18-30 X 38-55; pedicel wr to
100 long, firm, tinted especially near the spore.

A very clearly marked and easily distinguishable species,
quite unlike Puccinza cryptandri and P. sporoboli, which also
occur on species of SPorobolus.

Collections of this species have often been erroneously re-
ferred to P. sporoboli. In 1897 Dietel published a description
of the species under the name P. sydowzana. This name, un-
fortunately, was already occupied, having been used by Zopf
(1880. Sydow, Myc. Marchica, No. 40) for a species of rust

AMERICAN UREDINE. 389

on Lophanthus nepetordes, since referred to P. glechomatis
DC., according to Sydow (Saccardo, Sylloge fung., 12: 643).
Before the publication of Dietel’s name an herbarium name,
P. vilfe, had been adopted by Ellis and Tracy, and speci-
mens distributed under it, but no description was published.
As the publication of Zopf’s species (with full description)
invalidates Dietel’s name, we substitute the name of P. vi/fe,
the appropriateness of which has already been recognized.

A specimen in the herbarium of the U. S. Division of Veg.
Phys. and Path. at Washington, D. C., collected by S. M.
Tracy in Mississippi on SS. asfer7fol7us belongs to this species.

EXSIC.
Ellis and Everhart, N. A. F. 2417, 3570.
Ellis and Everhart, Fungi Columb, 48, 1189.

Sydow, Ured. 1032.
Seymour and Earle, Econ. Fungi Supp. B 19.

27. Puccinia stip Arih. (1884. Bull. lowa Agric. Coll.
160. )

7a. On Stipa spartea Trin. Decorah, Iowa, Holway,
7b. On Stipa spartea Trin, Spirit Lake, Iowa, Arthur,
7c. On Stipa spartea Trin. Spirit Lake, lowa, Arthur,

Oric. Desc. “‘II. Sori oblong, small, mostly on the upper surface of the
leaf, yellowish, inconspicuous, tardily naked; uredospores yellow,
round to oblong or ovate, minutely roughened and with or without
very fine points, 15 to 20 mmm. broad by 20 to 30 mmm. long.

III. Sori oblong, scattered over the upper surface of the leaf, very
dark brown, soon naked; encircling epidermis inconspicuous; teleuto-
spores oblong or less commonly oblong-obovate, smooth, brown, consid-
erably constricted at the middle, 18 to 25 mmm. broad by 42 to 56
mmm, long; apex thickened, or sometimes thin, rounded to obtuse,
sometimes acutish; base obtuse or somewhat narrowed; pedicel
slightly colored, two to three times as long as the spore.”

Usually a very abundant species on the prairies of the
Northwest. The uredospores are evenly warty, sometimes
weakly echinulate, and have six to eight irregularly distrib-
uted pores.

The same species occurs on Sézpa comata T. & R. in Mon-
tana (Anderson No. 158, and Seymour) and North Dakota

390 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.
(Seymour) and on SS. capillata L. in Bohemia (/fora), so far
as one can be sure of the identification of the species by com-
parison of teleutospores alone.

The names P. graminis foliorum stipe Opiz (1852. Sez-
nam Rost. Kvet. Ceské, p. 138) and P. stzpfe Hora (1889.
Sydow’s Ured. No. 28) are both xomina nuda, and according
to present usage are therefore to be excluded from the syn-
onymy.

EXSIC.

Sydow, Uredineen, 28.

Rabenhorst-Winter Puzschke, Fungi Europai 3918.

Ellis and Everhart, N. A. F. 2245.

28. Puccinia suBSTERILIS (&. d #.) (1895. Bull. Torr,
Bot. Cl, 22353.)
28a. On Stipa viridula robusta Vasey. Hot Springs, N. M., Holway.

Oric. Desc. “On Chrysopogon* sp. Fort Collins, Colo., March, 1894 (C.
¥. Baker, No. 219).

Mostly bypophyllous, Sori (II. and III.) superficial, pulvinate, ellip-
tical, black-brown, %-1 mm. long, naked. Uredospores echinulate,
globose or elliptical, 20-3018-22 “4, brownish-black, epispore nearly
equally thickened throughout; pedicels slender, hyaline, subpersistent,
20-32 4 long. Teleutospores (in the same sori as the uredospores),
oblong or clavate, pale, constricted at the septum, 22-30X12-15 /, epi-
spore smooth, mostly not at all or only slightly thickened at the
rounded or subtruncate apex.

The uredospores are abundant and well developed, while the teleuto-
spores are few in number and apparently not well matured.”

SYN:
Uredo luxurians E. & E. (1898. North Amer. Fungi,
Cent. XxxvE Nowg5es.)

II. Sori mostly epiphyllous, but also to some extent on the
leaf sheaths, and toward the base of the blade hypophyllous,
oblong or sometimes elongated, prominent, early naked, the
ruptured epidermis not especially noticeable, brownish-black;
uredospores elliptical to globular, sometimes obovate or sub-
triangular, 26-30 x 20-30, dark brown; epispore thick, strongly

*Examination of original material shows the host to have been Szipa
viridula Trin., and not a Chrysopogon.

AMERICAN UREDINEZ. 391

echinulate; pores 4-6, scattered, lateral; pedicel sub-persistent,
hyaline, usually about the length of the spore, but sometimes
75-100 nu.

Ill. Teleutospores (intermixed with the uredospores)
brownish yellow, oblong or obovate, smooth, 30-37 X 16-204,
much constricted at the middle; apex thickened, rounded or
obtusely pointed; base rounded, sometimes narrowed; pedicel
slightly tinted, delicate, usually not exceeding the length of
the spore, but sometimes much longer.

On Stipa viridula Trin. Hot Springs, N. M., E. W. D.
Holway, Sept. 13, 1896; Valley City, N. D., A. B. Seymour,
Aug. 25, 1884; Fort Collins, -Colo., C. F. Baker, March, 1894
and March, 1896, C. S. Crandall, 1898.

The specimens gathered at the three widely separated sta-
tions show no evident differences. Teleutospores, not abund-
ant, and even entirely wanting in part of the Colorado collec-
tions, are much like those of Puccznza stzfe, but smaller. No
exclusive teleutosori were seen. ‘The very remarkable uredo-
spores have considerable resemblance to teleutospores, and
among them ineach collection can be found a few uredospores
of a more common type, but which show all gradations to the
form characteristic of the species. The pores are readily seen
in most cases without treatment.

The same host is said by Seymour (List of fungi collected
in 1884 along the N. Pac. railroad, Proc. Boston Soc. (Vat.
Hist. 24:188) to bear Puccinia stipe, but examination of the
original material, five packets, kindly loaned by Mr. Seymour,
shows that the host in all the collections, which was doubt-
fully referred at the time to Stipa viridula (misprinted S.
viridis), is really S. comata, and that the rust is the true P.
stipe as stated in the published list. The specimen cited
above, which was collected by Mr. Seymour upon the same
journey, is not referred to by him in his list. It consists of
four fragments of leaves from 5 to 8 cm. long, and some of
the inflorescence. It has been for some years, and is still in
the Arthur herbarium.

392 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.
EXSIC.
Ellis and Everhart, N. A. F. 3141, 3583.

29. PuccINIA GRAMINELLA (Sfey.) Diet. & Holw. (1895.
Erythea 3:80.)
29a. On Stifa eminens Cav. Berkeley, Calif., Blasdale and Holway.

Oric. Desc. “ Macule nulle; pseudosporangia amphigena lineatim, inter-
rupte laxeque disposita, primo subglobosa, clausa dein elongato-cylin-
dracea (0.5-0.7// long X 0.15-0.25’’’ crass.) apice irregulariter ac frustu-
latim lacero-dehiscentia, albo-flavescentia, tenuimembranacea, contextu
parenchymatico, e cellulis subhexagonis elongatis (30-40 15-20), hya-
lino-flavidis, levibus composito; spore sphericz (20-24), episporio cras-
sissimo, dense ruguloso-striolato, protoplasmate amoene aurantiaco,
grosse guttulato.

Hab. ad folia viva Stipz speciei cujusdam vulgatissimum prope
Bonariam, vere, 1880,”—Spegazzini, Fungi Arg. 4:32.

Secoxnp Desc. “Spots yellow or purplish. A®cidia and teleutospores
epiphyllous. £cidia arranged to oblong groups or lineally extending
along the veins of the leaves. Pseudoperidia persistent, irregularly
bursting, composed of oblong cells. A‘ cidiospores elliptical or ovoid,
21-29 X18-21 , epispore thick, colorless, verrucose or striolate. Teleut-
ospores: sori elongated, pulvinate, dark brown; spores hardly con-
stricted at the septum, thickened above, smooth, brown, 35-48 X 22-28 pu.
Pedicels stout, longer than the spores.

On Stipa eminens, at Berkeley, Alameda Co., Calif., May, 1894, leg.
Holway and Blasdale.”
SYN:

ZEcidium graminellum Speg. (1881. Fungi Argentini pug.
LV .%p..32-)

This rust is unique among grass and sedge forms in bear-
ing the ecidial stage upon the same host as that bearing the
third stage. In spite of both stages being upon the same host
the eecidium was known and described some time before the
other was found, which fact accords with the usual history of
vrass rusts. It seems that the teleutosporic form must be
very rare or even wanting in South America, as it has not
been found by Spegazzini (1. c.) in Argentine, or in Chili by

2 ? : : :

Neger (Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. 22:351). ‘The species does not

appear to produce uredospores.

The ecidiospores are evenly and closely papillate, and as
usual are more or less angular from compression. They are

AMERICAN UREDINE. 393

more often globose than elliptical or ovoid as given in the
second description.

The gathering for this distribution provided the characters
for the second description of the fungus, being the first time
that teleutospores were known, and consequently it deter-
mined the genus. The material of the distribution is, there-
fore, part of the type material for the second description.

A good illustration of the xcidium cup with accompanying
teleutospores is given by Dietel in Engler & Prantl’s Pflan-
zenfamilien (1:66).

EXSIC.
Ellis and Everhart, N. A. F. 3350.
Ellis and Everhart, Fungi Columb. 864.

30. Puccrintra pocutirormis ( Facg.) Wettst. (1885. Verhl.
Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien —:544).

30a. On Triticum vulgare L. Decorah, Iowa, Holway.

305. On Triticum vulgare L. Falcon Valley, Wash., Suksdorf.

30c. On Triticum vulgare L, Lafayette, Ind., Arthur.

30d. On Triticum repens L. (Agropyron repens Beauv.) Geneva, N. Y.,
Arthur.

zoe. On Triticum caninum L, (Agropyron caninum R. & S.) Camp
Badger, Calif., Holway.

30f. On Avena sativa L. Rockport, Kans., Bartholomew.

30g. On Avena fatua L. Decorah, Iowa, Holway.

30k. On Agrostis vulgaris With. (A. alba vulgarisThr.) Decorah, Iowa,
Holway.

30. On Agrostis scabra Willd. (A. hiemalis B.S.P.) Cambridge, Mass.
Pammel.

307- On Dactylis glomerata L. Decorah, lowa, Holway.

30%. On Hordeum jubatum L. Spirit Lake, Iowa, Arthur.

301. On Hordeumjubatum L. Rooks Co., Kans., Bartholomew. _

30m. On Hordeum jubatum L. Decorah, Iowa, Holway.

30”. On Hordeum jubatum L. City of Mexico, Mex., Holway.

300. On Hordeum murinum L. Camp Badger, Calif., Holway.

30f. On Elymus canadensis L. Rooks Co., Kans , Bartholomew.

30g. On Serberis vulgaris L. Lafayette, Ind., Arthur.

3or. On Berberis vulgaris L. Decorah, Iowa, Holway.

Iv—4 2G

394 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Oric. Desc. “Initio maji in dorso foliorum Berberis vulgaris macula flava
prodit, tandem in faciem usque penetrans; hic semper plana, illic vero
in verrucam convexam magis minusve elata; ex qua emergunt funguli
aggregati minutissimi aurantiaci, in principio subrotundi, dein, dum
augentur, magis ovati a, rarius obverse ovati J, tum oblongi cum aperto
apice c, et tandem cylindrici cum margine crenato et pallente d;
figuris hisce in icone ad lentem auctis. Ad hunc usque marginem
fungulus impletur substantia solida et aurantiaca, quae maturata sol-
vitur tota in pulverem subtilissimum concolorem, excussum ex cylin-
dris folia ipsa applentem, Rarissime illos in foliorum facie proprona
observavi; nonnunquam pedicellos et calycem denso agmine circum-
dare vidi. Solitarium dumtaxat unum alterumve inveni. In sola Ber-
beri huc usque occurrit, nec in alio ulto vicino frutice. Maturescunt
mense Junio. Valde accedit ad Lycoperdon penicilliforme Florae

Danicae.”

SEconpD Desc. “P. graminis, conferta, lineari-ef‘usa, clavulis turbinatis.
tab. III. fig. 31 (cop. in fol. graminis).”—Persoon, Tent. Dis. Meth.
Fung. p. 39.

SN:

Lycoperdon poculiforme Jacq. (1786. Coll. Austr. 1:122.)

Lycoperdon lineare Schrank. (1789. Baier. Fl. 2:669.)

LLecidium berberidis Gmel. (1791. Linné Syst. Nat. cura
Gmelin 2:1473.)

Puccinia graminis Pers. (1797. Tent. Dis. Meth. Fung. p. 39.)

Puccinia culmorum Schum. (1801. Enum. Saell. 2:233.)

Puccinia jubata EN. & Barth. (1896. Erythea 4:2.)

I. Atcidia on more or less thickened and discolored spots,
usually in small groups, but when upon growing lateral shoots
often covering large areas; margin prominent, white, erect,
more or less jagged; xcidiospores orange-yellow, becoming
pale yellow after long desiccation, isodiametric, polygonal,
14-24, in diameter; wall rather thin, smooth, or sometimes
rugulose especially upon one side.

II. Sori large, oblong to linear, amphigenous, either scat-
tered or confluent into rather large, definite groups, more
usually found on the leaf-sheaths, soon naked, ruptured epi-
dermis prominent, ferruginous; uredospores elliptic-oblong or
obovate, often somewhat constricted in the middle, 19-38 x 14-
22), brownish-yellow when fresh, becoming yellow with
desiccation, echinulate; pores usually four, equatorial.

AMERICAN UREDINEZ. 395

III. Sori sparingly on leaf- blades, more commonly on
sheaths, culms and inflorescence, linear, often confluent, black,
early naked, ruptured epidermis noticeable; teleutospores ob-
long-fusiform, oblong-cuneiform, or narrow obovate, 35-60 x
12-22 u, golden-brown, smooth, somewhat constricted in the
middle; apex darker colored, considerably thickened, obtuse
or rounded; base narrowed; pedicel usually barely as long as
the spore, firm, colored like the spore.

Among the most common of rusts, although by no means
so abundant and inclusive as has been assumed up to within
the. last few years. It is much less common upon the leaf
blades than are other species of rusts, but is frequently seen
upon the culms and sheaths, forming conspicuous black,
effused patches. The form of the uredospores and the num-
ber and arrangement of the pores are characteristic,and readily
distinguish the species from some others that are most likely
to be confounded with it. The uredospores when fresh have
a decidedly brownish color, quite unlike the clear orange
yellow of those of Puccinia rhamni and P. rubigo-vera.

The connection of the ecidium upon barberry, as one of
the stages in the life cycle of the rust,is one of the best estab-
lished facts in the biology of the Uredinew. As there is always
a possibility that the conclusions drawn from work done upon
European material may not be applicable to whatare assumed
to be the same species in America, it is worth while to mention
that the connection in this case has also been established with
American material. In the spring of 1889 H. L. Bolley,
working in the botanical laboratory of Purdue University,
sowed sporidia from germinating teleutospores from wheat
upon the leaves of the common barberry,and as a consequence
secured xcidia; this was successfully repeated several times.
Other American botanists have undoubtedly made cultures, of
which the most extensive are probably those of M. A. Carle-
ton, whose results are now in process of publication by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture, as part of the work of the
Division of Veg. Physiology and Pathology.

In making up the present fascicle only forms have been

396 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

included under Puccinza poculiformis which the authors have
strong reasons for believing are assuredly a part of it The
uredospores found among the teleutospores of th yathering
upon Z7rzticum repens are somewhat smaller than those taken
from wheat stems, and even the teleutospores seem a little
smaller. But cultures made by Charles B. Plowright of
King’s Lynn, England, fully establish the identity of the ma-
terial. In the spring of 1884 material gathered in the same
locality as that secured two years later for the present distri-
bution was sent to Mr. Plowright. The record of his experi-
ment runs as follows: ‘Exp. 384. A seedling Barberry
plant infected on 21 May with germinating spores of Puccinia
graminis on Triticum repens sent by Mr. J. C. Arthur from
Geneva, U. S. A.—30 May spermogonia appeared, 5 June
ecidia, 22 the accompanying leaves gathered.—King’s Lynn,
22,6, 84. Charles B. Plowright.” Four leaves of barberry
with fully developed ecidia, together with the memorandum,
are now in the Arthur berbarium. ‘There seems to be no
reason, in view of these facts, to doubt that the form on 77y¢-
wcum repens is correctly referred to P. poculiformis.

In regard to the gatherings on Agvos/7s, both on A. vulgaris
and A. scabra, the chance for reasonable doubt is more pro-
nounced. Both uredo and teleutospores are much smaller
than in typical material, and the form of the teleutospores is
clearly at variance, being less slender and pointed. Only
partial experimental evidence is available in this case. Cultures
with the uredospores from the culms of Agvos/7s alba were
made by Wm. Stuart during July, 1898, in the botanical lab-
oratory of Purdue University. The leaves of wheat plants
infected with the spores July 6 showed characteristic pustules
and spores on July 21. The uredospores from the original
material, as well as the accompanying teleutospores, agreed in
size and appearance with those in this distribution (plate VI,
figs. 304 and 307), measuring 19-26 by 14-174. The result-
ing uredospores grown on the wheat leaves measured 22-33
by 20-22, which is a return to the typical size of the species.
This would indicate that the undersize of the spores on species

AMERICAN UREDINEX. 397

of Agrosi7s is due largely to inferior nutrition afforded by the
host.

The fersa.on Hordeum jubatum has been separated as a dis-
tinct species under the name Puccinza jubata E. & B. Through
the kindness of Mr. Bartholomew, whose zeal, open-minded-
ness and liberality have placed us under the deepest debt of
gratitude, we have received part of the type material used for
the description of the species, and also a recent gathering of
the same form for use in the accompanying distribution (30/).
Comparison of this material with other collections on /ordeum
jubatum and AH, murinum and with material on Z7et7cum,
Agrostis and other hosts, accepted as genuine Puccznia pocu-
liformis, shows no valid morphological reason, so far as we can
see, for keeping thc forms apart. The uredospores may be
slightly smaller than on 7Zyetzcum. and the teleutospores, as
pointed out by the describers, slightly less robust, but they do
not vary as much from the 777/7cum standard as does the form
on Agrost7s. Some additional proof of identity is afforded by
cultures conducted by Wm. Stuart in the Purdue University
laboratory during the present season. Sowings of uredospores,
from Hordeum jubatum growing in the vicinity, made upon
the leaves of wheat, formed uredosori in eight days, and later
upon the leaves of barley in seven days, showing abundant
typical development, and with no failures or contaminations.
The cultures were made during August.

In citing exsiccati the same rule is followed as in selecting
material for the distribution; only such specimens are men-
tioned as the authors deem to be beyond question referable to
the species.

EXSIC :

Ellis, N. A. F. 1o10!.

Carleton, Ured. Amer. g!!, 2911, 111.

sydaw, Wred, 2074 (zoel 372) cry, arp". Wart, 772t 8711, 19th, tight,
51911 1, 57eul) yori ihe ore

Seymour and Earle, Econ. Fungi 84, 85, 86a, 864, 87a, 87d.

Vize, Fungi Brit. 8, 761.

Linhart, Fungi Hung. 34", 126!.

Allescher and Schnabl, Fungi bav. 414", 24).

Thuemen, Myc. univ. 29}.

Krieger, Fungi sax, 211).

Jaczewski, Komaroy and Tranzschel, Fungi Ros. Exsic. 18!.

398 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

31. Puccinta RHAMNI (Pers.) Wetist. (1885. Verh
Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien —:545).
31a. On Avena sativa LL. Decorah, Iowa, Holway.
316. On Avena sativa L. Lafayette, Ind., Arthur.
31c. On Avena fatua L. Decorah, Iowa, Holway.

3id. On Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh. Lafayette, Ind., Arthur.
31e. On Rhamnus alnifolia L. Her. Racine, Wis., Davis.

Oric. Desc. “ dcidium rhamni. 2. Aethecis cylindricis roseis; semini-
bus aurantiis, Persoon.”

SEconp Desc. “3. P. coronata: Tab. 11. fig. 96. acervulis linearibus,
brevibus, minutis, obscure-fuscis, epidermide palescente cinctis; sporis
sessilibus, subclavatis, apice dentibus acutis stellato-radiatis flammeis
coronatis, infra luteis. Long. spor. 0,00175. p. p. Hab. in foliis Lu-
zule albide prope Reichenberg.”—Corda, Icones 1:6.

SEN:
Ecidium rhamnt Pers. (1791. Linné Syst. Nat. cura

Gmelin 2:1472.)

Puccinia coronata Cda. (1837. Icones fung. 1:6.)

I. A%cidia on somewhat thickened definite spots on lower
side of leaf, occasionally causing considerable distortions, espe-
cially when on young fruit and shoots, at first orange, becom-
ing nearly colorless with age; margin erect, somewhat erosed;
ecidiospores orange-yellow, becoming pale yellow with age,
isodiametric or somewhat elongated, polygonal, 16-24, in
diameter; wall thin, minutely granulose.

II. Sori of medium size, oblong to linear, amphigenous,
occasionally on sheaths and stems, scattered, rarely confluent,
but sometimes clustered, soon naked, orange color, ruptured
epidermis prominent; uredospores globose, with some admix-
ture of obovate-globose, 22-30 in diameter; wall colorless,
thin, obscurely echinulate; pores four or more, scattered; con-
tents orange when fresh, becoming yellow with desiccation.

III. Sori amphigenous, but more abundant on under side
of blade, less common on sheaths and stems, scattered, irreg-
ularly oblong, partly punctiform, covered with the persistent
epidermis, grayish-black; teleutospores subclavate to linear-
oblong, 35-60 by 15-18,, brown, slightly or not constricted;
wall thin, smooth; apex not much thickened, but produced

AMERICAN UREDINE. 399

into finger-form projections, either erect or more or less
inclined, corona-like; base somewhat narrowed; pedicel very
short or obsolescent.

This is a species the limits of which are not readily estab-
lished; but only what is thought to be typical material has
been placed in the present fascicle, leaving other collections
for future study and reference.

The connection of the ecidium was established by sowings
made in the greenhouses of Purdue University in June, 1898.
The ecidiospores from Ahamnus lanceolata were placed upon
the first leaves of seedling oats on June 2, and on June Io the
first sori appeared. By June 29 four leaves showed an ample
growth of characteristic sori, and no instances of sori outside
the infected areas appeared. Although the leaves died before
time enough had elapsed for teleutospores to form, yet the
results, taking into account the microscopic examination and
the absence of all indication of accidental contamination, may
be accepted as conclusive. We have no opinion to offer at
the present time regarding Klebahn’s separation into two
species of the forms which have previously passed under the
name Puccenza coronata. So far as the material presented in
this fascicle is concerned, we believe that it all belongs to one
species, and that it is rightly referred to Puccznia rhamni.

The synonymy, so far as European publication is concerned,
isnot of great moment in the present connection, but atten-
tion may be called to an American name. In Berkeley’s
‘Notices of North American Fungi” (Grev. 3:61) is de-
scribed £crdium pulcherrimum Rav. on Berchemza, as follows:
** Pseudoperidia occupying the whole surface, snow white,
cylindrical, obtuse, at length open, edge not radiated.” F. W.
Anderson (Jour. Myc. 6:121) considered this to be identical
with &. crassum Pers. and . rhamni Pers. Examination
of material in Ravenel’s Fungi Car. Exsic. No. 726 (specimen
in the herbarium of the lowa Agricultural College) shows no
certain morphological distinction between it and the usual col-
lections upon /ehamnus. ‘The specimen similarly labelled in
Ellis and Everhart’s North Am. Fungi No. 2712 does, however,

400 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

possess what appears to be the specially marked character in
the original description: a distinctly cylindrical or elongated
peridium. The peridia in this specimen are over a half milli-
meter long. No other divergent characters are evident. But
in a specimen upon /ehamnus cathartica received from L. H.
Pammel and collected at Parkersburg, lowa, and also one on
Rhamnus frangula in Linhart’s Fungi Hungarici, No. 329,
not only are the peridia remarkably long, but the spores are
conspicuously large, measuring 18-264. The form on A#.
frangula is undoubtedly the one called by Link (Handbuch
3:446) Caoma rhamnatum, said to have “ Becher lang, oft
herausfallend,” and to be distinct from . crassatum found on
various species of /thamnus. It seems probable from the
above facts that the elongated peridium and larger spores are
not permanent characters, but depend upon some condition of
growth. It may be accepted, therefore, that 4. pulcherrimum
Rav., so far as morphological characters can show, is to be
- considered a synonym of Puc. rhamnz; but the cultural side
of the question still remains to be investigated.
EXSIC.

Ellis, NA; b.260:

Ellis and Everhart, N. A. F. 1821.

Seymour and Earle, Econ. Fungi 78a, 782.

Sydow, Ured. 420, 513, 563, 716, 767.

Vize, Fungi Brit., 116, 155.

Krieger, Fungi sax., 473.

Allescher and Schnabl, Fungi bav. 116.

32. Puccinta sorcHt Scuw. (1834. N. Am. Fungi: 295.

32a. On Zea mays L. Decorah, lowa, Holway.
32b. On Zea mays L. Decorah, Iowa, Holway.
32c. On Zea mays L. City of Mexico, Mex., Holway.

Oric. Desc. “2910. 6. P. Sorcui L. v. S., frequens in foliis Sorghi et
Zee cult. Bethl.

P. emaculata. Acervis latis difformibus rarie lobatis, primum epi-
dermide tectis, demum denudatis sed in margine cinctis et tum epider-
mide lacerata. Acervis saepe etiam, quasi versus centrum internum
lobatis-2-4 lineas longis latisque. Majores acervi ad nervos foliorum
occurrunt. Sporidiis aterrimis grossis breviter pedicellatis.”

AMERICAN UREDINEX. 401

II. Sori amphigenous, round or oblong, tardily naked,
ruptured epidermis prominent, brown; uredospores globose to
elliptical, brown, 26-32 by 22-28; wall rather thin, echinulate,
colored; pores 4, placed irregularly, but inclined to be equa-
torial.

III. Sori amphigenous, round or oblong, tardily naked,
ruptured epidermis prominent, I-2 mm. long, brownish black;
teleutospores oblong or elliptical, sometimes obovate, golden
brown, 30-37 by 17-26%, somewhat constricted at middle,
smooth; apex obtuse or rounded, moderately thickened; base
rounded, less frequently somewhat narrowed; pedicel tinted,
not very firm, usually equalling the spore, but sometimes twice
as long.

A common species, but not so abundant as the extensive
cultivation of the host plant would lead one to expect. The
uredospores upon drying become depressed at the pores, and
take ona sub-angular outline.

EXSIC.
Bilis, N. A. . 268.
Ravenel, F. Car. Ex. 92.
Seymour and Earle, Econ. Fungi 72.
Sydow, Ured., 921.
Linhart, Fungi hung. 27.
Thuemen, Mye. univ. 23¢, 3218.
Rabenhorst, Fungi europei 2172.
Ellis and Everhart. Fungi Columb. 257.

33. Puccinia aTra Diet. & Holw. (1897. Bot. Gaz. 24:29.)

33a. On Setaria grisebachti Fourn. Rio Hondo near City of Mexico,

Mex., Hulway.

Oric. Desc. “Sori mostly hypophyllous; uredosori mostly linear, up to
5 mm. long, naked, pulverulent, cinnamon-brown; spores elliptical or
ovate, 27-35 by 21-25'u, closely covered with small warts, brown:
teleutosori punctiform or linear, scattered or clustered, naked, black;
spores elliptical, rounded at both ends, scarcely constricted, smooth
chestnut-brown, apex with hooded thickening (about 5 4), 31-38 by
21 26; pedicel rather firm, up to 85 long, hyaline, often brownish
next the spore.”

The uredospores of this species are thin-walled, minutely
and evenly papillose, and have four germ pores, equatorially

402 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

arranged and nearly equidistant, but not readily seen without
the use of acid. In form the spores range from globose to
broadly ovate. The apical thickening of the teleutospores is
not a prominent feature, and is often essentially absent.

34. Puccinta seTARIZ Diet. & Holw. (1897. Bot. Gaz.
24:28.)
34a. On Setaria imberbis (Poir) R.& S_ City of Mexico, Mex., Holway.
Oric. Desc. Sori mostly epiphyllous, elliptic or sublinear; u edosori cin-
namon-brown, naked; spores elliptical or almost globose, sometimes
angular, 28-38 by 22-29 u, with a thick closely verrucose epispore, and
6-8 germ-pores, dirty yellow-brown; teleutosori pulvinate, black; spores
elliptical or obovate, rarely fusiform, not at all or only rarely con-
stricted, rounded at both ends, rarely conical at apex, 35-48 by 24-33 1,
epispore smooth, chestnut-brown, apex with a broad hooded thickening
(7-5-13 4); pedicel thick, firm, up to 100 u long, hyaline or pale brown.”

There is a marked correspondence between this species and
Puccinia atra, both in gross and minute characters. The ap-
pearance of the sori of both uredo and teleutoforms, the form
and color of the teleutospores, and the form and surface mark-
ings of the uredospores are quite alike in both species, but
show a little stronger development in P. sefarz@, even to the
papilla on the uredospores. The two species are clearly dis-
tinct, however, as shown by the number and arrangement of
the germ pores of the uredospores. )

In P. sefarze the teleutospores are more inclined to an
elliptical or obovate form with greater thickening of the apex.
The uredospores are thicker walled, with coarser papillae, and
with scattered germ pores, usually six in number.

: ERRATUM.
The parenthesis enclosing authority for the name of No. 28 on page
390 should be cancelled; the correct writing for the name is Puecrnia sub-

sterilis E. & E.

or) _ - » ~

ak Se 7a — —— -- — - = yr © ee ke in a
Use | ae REE COT ete eee ee ee Sie ee

uw = ; ™: :

=
-
i=

| 3 “31
is ban est

} ;
\

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

The drawings have been made from a Zeiss microscope bearing a D
objective and No. 8 compensating ocular, and by the use of an Abbe camera
lucida. They are uniformly drawn toa magnification of 625 diameters, and
reduced in engraving to 47odiameters. The essentially correct dimensions
of the spores may be obtained from the plates by multiplying the measure-
ments taken in millimeters by two, the results being in mucros (/).

The pores shown for the uredospores do not always represent the full
number, but only those that were evident. When the scar on the uredo-
spores left by the fall of the pedicel is shown, it 1s placed lowermost.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

18a. Uromryces alopeciri Sey m.—Six teleutospores.

180. 2 bs “= Six uredospores.

Iw. e grauninicoa Burr.—Seven tele ospores

19d. i uf “ __Seven teleutospores and three uredo-
spores.

1QC. ss ss “One te'eutospore and four uredospores.

20a. Puccinia panici Diet—Seven teleutospores and three uredospores.

20b. Me =f “ __Seven teleutospores and three uredospores.

20¢. i “ & — __One teleutospore and four uredospores.

mace Pragrs Sea? = | ae Pe 2 wage
. 2 ~ c ¥ ‘
KA >

4

hes
1 didine
'

é

ry 4

am
a
4
Laas hus ‘pire

1 :
Af wht
"

a jis
by

= ~ :
a Facet walks; Qoseine

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Puccinia flaccida B. & Br,-—Eight teleutospores and three uredoxpores.
“ esclavensis D. & H.—Three teleutospores and five uredospores.
ss a * ~~Two teleutospores and three uredospores.
“ emaculata Schw.—Six teleutospores, one being drawn as if
opaque, and four uredospores.

Up “ «Six teleutospores, one being drawn as if
opaque, and two uredospores.

a * ___Four uredospores.

as “ _-Three uredospores.

a ” i

+2 ob

Le ey eh pee

le ot

es

”

23¢e.
24a.
25a.
+ MG 26a.

260.
26c.
V 26d.

Puccinia emaculata Schw.—-Six uredospores.

“
4“

“ce

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

cryptandri E. &. B.—Four teleutospores anc five u

sporoboli Arth.—Six teleutospores and three ure
vilfe Arth. & Holw.--Four teleutospores and _

Spores. —,
Ke Ww —-Five teleutospores.
Ws us —Four uredospores. .

oe ve —Four uredospores.

Pit as Sap Be ee | Ow

wid} a0 MOITAMAISXSA

;
a |

agroqapty: Slot 14 4——, ALA ps§

B a3 aggo}nals aviaqa |»
ad
41) ; i,
wot alva Aw ne asus e
Shes teat w

:

= - my _sloaits Rucci irw

27a.
270.
2G.
28a.

29a.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

Puccinia stipe Arth.—Four teleutospores and two uredospores.

« ‘ «« Five teleutospores and two uredospores.

oe is «« __One teleutospore and five uredospores.

ot substerilis Ell. & Ev.—-Four teleutospores, five uredospores
with pedicels, and two uredospores
without pedicels.

se graminella (Speg.) D. & H.-Four teleutospores and five ure-

dospores.

<*. ioe:
ee oe re!

va

oe eee ae eee

aco Sher

. - - .
aN
A oe ea
Be ua
SAN
\ as
: Sep. ant 4

at Wale

ot

.

ads. ¢ we

7.
L
+

DORM eyt gg aotusias-*"

anogao hy
Havin 139790.

—
ove

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

30a. Puccinia poculiformis (Jacq.) Wettst.--Seven teleutospores and four

uredospores, one being drawn
as if opaque.

308. e J . —-Four teleutospores and four
uredospores.

30¢. cs a “ —Seven uredospores.

30d. ae ws as —Five teleutospores and five
uredospores.

308. $s ‘i —Four teleutospores and five

uredospores.
307. a “6 a —Six uredospores.

PLATE VIII.

ie a

Re

SEES NS tar ecrrarse=| >
(aa

Ledatndng —— io] —_
(e)
) 109) aa
a
Liisa ap =e) O
—— 169 a

—<—————"1

(ess ————"

tJ

| Fataid a0 woirevsswd

aE an Ms iH .
ows wie serontoinslat sue I>. Fath
2 jesoqrod
mie d ne1st-
sreyezoboi
f pares 7014 2Kt
i aor oghotu sist Aas7sc-
pal- wit fo ano Nuearpaspet .
“1 SupRgo tie: taib ypiod
ban, #0 Kj2ojubslst> 1u0%-
2oroqzobaty
eowqeojusist, gnih-

est Bqegbeti

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

30g. Puccinia poculiformis (Jacq.) Wettst——Four teleutospores and two ure-
dospores.

30h. t c —Seven teleutospores and four
uredospores, the latter drawn
as if opaque.

307. a a we —Seven teleutospores and two
uredospores, one of the latter
being drawn as if opaque.

37. se ae 6 —Four teleutospores and four
. uredospores.
30. as as & --Nine teleutospores and- four

uredospores.

ATAST. 40 Aor ITana.1iS

Lint” ‘heiercomame - re
5 _/- - -- «2

3 ‘bad’ seroqeotualis tet. p15 pra) ary \inw ‘ nro)
ys: Le SLessoqaobeur) | . ‘

‘

tbos sqrodpasusisn seoytT |
~- .esvogedb yu | nS
<oTaqsatysio! | pane
% Ka. eae
nn ba Se gat Sie
— onl
1044 fuslsd, am T+
yroqagbstus
10 qeoibiyg eit

; alee | Jar >

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

301. Puccinia poculiformis (Jacq.) Wettst—Four teleutospores and three

uredospores.
30m. as a o —-Three teleutospores and four
uredospores.
302. ae ss xe —-Four teleutospores, and five
uredospores.
300. ss us prec —Six teleutospores and six ure-
dospores.
30f. <5 is —-Two teleutospores and one
uredospore.
309. s s a —Five ecidiospores and two peri-
dial cells.
- “cr ‘i “ =H , idi c cS d tw ae
307. ive ecidiospores and two peri

dial cells.

PLATE Xx:

a

Mew saa ic
MK ATAS

ca

st onaval®

il Le! ‘
. 2. \égzeqaob
.

tS 1928-bne

pis tnatwionannenetie aster

‘

sroqeotisls) sat)-

yorrkhasqya

- ets W i.2is'l fi es pits

‘

<« ¢= SRS a ae Seek pea
beau thot bas ssxoqantyslas o+f'I—

‘ p= ' at?

i Vaiss OA ea ty
; q9q OF) DAW RETOGsG;D
a. = - :

alt ae
Bits
c

1oq4oilbiosiine

3Ie.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

Puccinia rhamni (Pers.) Wettst—Eleven teleutospores and three ure-

dospores.

ae a ‘ —One teleutospore and seven uredo-
spores.

ce aN a —Five teleutospores and four uredo-
spores.

o aes Sf —Seven ecidiospores and two peridia]
cells.

We U: a —Seven ecidiospores and two peridial
cells.

BEATE xt.

oe
‘a a,
ear

o> Png

Pc

alain

ee Oc
ei ao

cr © :

io
OOO

ale

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

Puccinia sorght Schw.—Seven teleutospores.
s we ‘© —Five uredospores.

—Three teleutospores and three uredospores:

atra D. & H.—Three teleutospores and four uredospores.

setarie D. & H.—Five teleutospores and four uredospores.

“ “ce ch

‘ih

Os Gipamen,,

O O}

OOo Ties

; - ‘ : 2 ie ~—
ee peal § komt Ate

.
Th / an
Sa 7
md k ¥
‘
: ete
‘ '
br >
A MW - é
4 1
; .
“<
Si;
5
5
j
d
.
4 ‘
~
\
aed

a ah ey,

This Bulletin, as all the preceding, is sent free to all institutions
and individuals from whom the University of Iowa receives sim-
ilar publications in exchange; to other recipients the price will be
fifty cents, about the cost of publication.

The earlier numbers are no longer to be supplied.

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