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BULLETIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA

LIBRARY
Mew YORK
BSTAMIcAL

GARDEN

VOLUME V.

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
IOWA CITY, IOWA
1899-1904.

THE SEVERAL PARTS WERE PUBLISHED AS FOLLOWS:

Pages 1 — 86 inclusive, Sept., 1899
Pages 87 —216 inclusive, May, 1901
Pages 217—334,inclusive, Oct,, 1902
Pages 219 6zs—381 inclusive, Nov., 1904

TABLE OF- CONTENTS:

VOLUME V.

Report on the Ophiurida, .. “. 2... As FE Versill I
The Ranunculacez of Iowa,
homie L fae MEL. ee ich BF
Pyramidula shimekii (/ls.) Shemek, . . . B. Shimek 139
TowaPteridophyta; - (ea s. . 4 BiShimer Oras
Descriptions of American Uredineee, III.
Ji@oArthur-and LOWED, ee EFI

The Loess of Iowa City and Vicinity, . . B. Shimek 195
lowalPteridophyta(com.)", .'.- . ... « BiShimek 213
Addenda to the Flora of Lyon County, . . B. Shimek 215

A Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Colorado, :
a HI. F. Wickham 217
Descriptions of American Uredineze, IV.

J. C. Arthur and £. W. D. EB iaay ALL

Actinometra iowensis, . . . . Frank Springer bis 219
The Fora of the St. Peter Sandstone in Winneshiek
Comatyldwa, wlan. oie so Bu Shemek” bes oak

The Discomycetes of Eastern Iowa, Fred /. Seaver bis 230
Loess..Papers .. «. 2 « « DB. Shimek bis 208
The Loess of N ee Miss.
The Loess and the Lansing Man.
The Lansing Deposit not Loess.
Loess and the Iowan Drift.
Evidences(?) of Water - Deposition of Loess.

VOL V. Nov I.

poklLETIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.

REPORT ON THE OPHICGROIDEA, COLLECTED BY THE
BAHAMA EXPEDITION IN 1893.

By Proressor A. E. VERRILL

PUBLISHED

bY AUTHORITY. OF THE REGENTS.

IOWA CITY, IOWA:

SEPTEMBER, 1899.

Secretary Wn. J. HAppock:
I have the honor to submit herewith Bulletin No. 1, of Vol-
ume V, from the Laboratories of Natural History, of the

State University of Iowa.
GC. C. (Nurrine;-Editor:

EpItrorRIAL STAFF.

Geology, - - - 8. Carvin.
Botany, - - - T. H. Macsripe.
Zoology, - - = oe eC MNUT TENG.

Animal Morphology, - G. L. Houser.

ae oP ss
oe Fate pis
co os SS re TAO ee a

ie

LIBRARY
NE* yarK
BT ‘

4 .
ry

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA

COLLECTED BY THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF
Iowa IN 1893.

By Proressor A. E. VERRILL, OF YALE UNIVERSITY.

The Bahama Expedition obtained about 66 species of
Ophiuroidea, among which there are many species of great
interest and several that were previously unknown.

In former years the same region had been very extensively
explored by the various dredging expeditions made by Mr.
Alexander Agassiz, in the Coast Survey Steamer “Blake,”
and by other earlier government expeditions. The various
collections thus obtained were very fully worked up and the
numerous new species were described by Mr. Theodore Ly-
man in the publications of the Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy.* The Challenger Expedition added a few species from
the same region, which are included in Mr. Lyman’s final
report on the Challenger Ophiuroidea (Vol. V, 1882).

Therefore, it was not to have been expected that many
new discoveries would be made, in that region, by a compar-
atively small number of dredgings, and with a far less elabor-
ate equipment. Hence the number of new forms obtained
by the Bahama Expedition is rather surprising.

*Bulletin of the Mus. Comp. Zoology, Vol. I, No. 10, p. 309, 1869; Vol.
V, No. 9, p. 217, 1878; Vol. X, No. 6, 1883; also Vol. V, No. 7, p. 67, 1878,
and Vol. VI, No. 2, 1879, (Challenger Coll.)

Illust. Catal. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. I, No. I. 1865; Vol. VI, 1871;
Vol. VIII, No. II, 1875.

V—1 A

2 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

This collection is peculiar in lacking many common species
which were taken at numerous stations and in large numbers
by the “Blake Expedition”. Such species belong largely to
such genera as Ophioglypha, Ophiomusium, Amphiura, etc.
These live, for the most part, on muddy or sandy bottoms, or
buried just below the surface, and are only to be obtained by
the use of the dredge or trawl. But as the Bahama Expedi-
tion worked largely upon the hard bottoms and used the
tangles relatively much more than the dredge, the absence of
many of the common species is easily understood.

On the other hand, and for the same reasons, the collection
is relatively rich in those species and genera that live on hard
bottoms and cling to the branches of gorgonian corals, hy-.
droids, etc., by means of their long, coiled arms.

Such species are best obtained by the tangles. Some of
these belong tothe Ophzure; such as S7zgsbieaand Hemieuryale ;
but most of them belong to the Auryale. Many of these are
simple armed species of the genera Ophzocreas, Astroschema,
Astropor pa, Astronyx, Astrogomphus; others are of the general
Astrophyton and Gorgonocephalus, in which the arms are
many times forked.

Some of the long-spined genera, like Ophzacantha, Ophio-
mitra, Ophiothrix, etc., also live among the branches of gor-
gonian corals, or clinging to other organisms, so that they are
easily captured by the tangles. Such genera are well repre-
sented in this collection.

Most of those species with long, coied arms, adapted for
clinging to the branches of gorgonian corals, are remarkable
for imitating closely, in various ways, the forms and colors of
the corals on which they live. This must afford them a con-
siderable degree of protection against predacious fishes, in
addition to the direct protection due to the stinging powers of
the corals themselves, which is sufficient to cause most fishes
to avoid them.

I have observed that some of the northern plectognath
fishes (file fishes) will feed upon hydroids. Itis also well

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 3

known that our northern butter-fish, when young, lives with
impunity beneath the disk and among the tentacles of the
great red jelly-fish ( C'yanea arctica), which is deadly to other
fishes.

It is probable, therefore, that in tropical waters many fishes
have acquired comparative immunity against the poisonous
stinging organs (cuzd@) of coral animals. If so, the utility of
the additional protection afforded by the imitative forms and
colors of so many of the coral-inhabiting ophuiroids would be
obvious.

Professor Nutting has already described the colors of some
of these curious forms in his Narrative of the Expedition.

In this report I have followed, in general, the order of se-
quence adopted by Lyman, but in the case of the Huryale
and in the families Amphiuride, Ophiacanthide, and some
others, I have thought it desirable to alter his classification
considerably.

I have also introduced the names and in some cases the
characters of the family groups, and have changed the limits
of several of them. Many of these were proposed by Liitken!
and by Ljungman? many years ago.

Several new families are also now characterized.

In describing the genera and species, I have generally used,
as a matter of convenience, the same ‘terms, for the organs
and parts, that were used by Mr. Lymanin his various works
on this group, but have made a few obvious changes, I have
preferred to use oral shield instead of “mouth-shield’’, and
adoral shield instead of ‘“side-mouth-shield”. In the genera
allied to Amphzura, I have usually called the “outer mouth-
papillz”’ or papillae of the second oral tentacle, the distal oral
tentacle-scales to indicate their homology with the ordinary

‘Addit. ad Hist. Ophiur., Part III; Synop. gen. Ophiur. ver., p. 87,
1869.

*Ophiuroidea viv. hucusque cognita enumerat, Ofvers. Kgl. Veten-
skaps-Akad. Forhandlingar, for 1866, 1867.

4 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

tentacle-scales. The same idea has been carried out in
Ophiacanthide. Inthe latter group I have designated the
apical ‘‘mouth-papillz” as tooth-papille.

In the identification of the species, I have been very much
aided by a pretty large series of typical specimens of the
species obtained in the West Indies by the several “Blake” Ex-
peditions and described by Mr. Lyman. They were sent to
the Yale Museum, several years ago, by Mr. A. Agassiz. I
have also used, for comparison, a collection sent to me by Dr.
Liitken, from the University Museum of Copenhagen.

OrveR I. OPHIUR Miller & Troschel, 1842.
Ophiure Ljungman, Oph. Viv., p. 303, 1867.
Ophiuride Lyman, and many other authors.

Zygophiure and Streptophiure Bell, 1892.

Family, PECTINU RID &, nom. nov.

Ophiodermatide Ljung., Oph. Viv., p. 87, 1867. Lutk., Addit. Hist.
Oph., 111, p. 87, 1869.

Since the generic name, Ophioderma, is now recognized
only as a synonym of Opfhzura, I have changed the name of
this family, as is customary in such cases. The name Ophzur-
zd@ cannot properly be used for the small group here includ-
ed, because Mr. Lyman and many others have always used it
to designate the order Ophzure, or all the Ophiuroidea ex-
clusive of the Euryale.

OPHIURA BREVISPINA Say.

Ophiura brevispina Say, Journ. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., V, p.149, 1825.

Ophiura brevispina Lyman, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vu, p. 258,
Jan., 1860; Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, p.18. Verrill, Notes on-Rad-
iata, Trans. Conn. Acad., I, p. 342, 1868.

Ophioderma olivaceum Ayers, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, p. 134,
1852.

Ophioderma serpens Lutken, Vid. Meddel., Jan., 1856, p. 7; Add. ad
Hist. Ophiur., Pt. II, p. 96.

Ophiura olivacea Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, p. 23, 1865;
Lyman, Report Voy, Challenger, Zool. Ophiuroidea, V, p. 9, 1882;

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 5

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X, p. 230. Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., X, p. 339, 1866; Report on Invert. Vineyard Sound, etc., p.
719, [363], 1873.
A variety, taken at the Tortugas, has the oral plates wider
than usual. Its disk is green and the arms are banded.

A variety from Bahia Honda has narrower oral plates. Its
disk is white, the arms greenish.

Several other marked varieties of this species occur. The
northern form (QO. o/rvacea), formerly considered a distinct
species, has been treated as a synonym by Lyman in his later
works. Itseems to be, at least, a weil marked variety.

The variety o//vacea ranges from the south side of Cape
Cod and Vineyard Sound to Charleston, S. C. It is com-
mon at Fort Macon, N. C. It is usually found in sheltered
localities among eel-grass (Zostera). |

Tortugas and Bahia Honda.

If all the forms united under this species by Mr. Lyman
belong together, it ranges from Cape Cod to Bahia, Brazil.

The typical variety is common at Key West and through-
out the West Indies, and also occurs at the Bermudas.

OPHIURA BREVICAUDA (Litk.) Lyman.

Ophioderma variegata Duch. & Mich., Rad. Antill., 1850 (4. Lyman
non L,tk).

Ophioderma brevicauda Lutken, Vid. Meddel., Jan., 1856, p. 8; Add.
ad. Hist. Ophiur., Pt. II, p. 94, pl. 1, fig. 3.

Ophiura brevicauda Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus. Com. Zool., I, p. 16, 1865.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata, Trans. Conn. Acad., I, p. 342, 1868. Ly-
man, Report Voy. Challenger, Zool. Ophiuroidea, V, p. 9, 1882.

The only specimen in the collection, referred to this species,

has the arms longer and more slender than usual, with more
slender arm-spines and finer granules.

Egg Key. One example.

Common at the Florida Keys and throughout the West
Indies in shallow water. Colon (Bradley).

6 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN,

OPHIURA CINEREA (JZull. & Troschel). Lyman.

Ophiura cinerea Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, p. 27, 1865; Ly-
man, Report Voy. Challenger, Zool. Ophiuroidea, V, p. 9, 1882;
Bulletin. Mus. Comp. Zool., X, p. 230. Verrill, Notes on Radiata,
Trans. Conn. Acad., I, p. 342, 368, 1868. Nutting, Narrative Bahama
Exp., p. 131.

Ophioderma cinereum Mull. & Trosch., Syst., Ast., p. 87, 1842.
Ophioderma saxatalis Duch & Mich., Rad. Antill., 1850, (¢. Lyman).
Ophioderma antillarum Lutk., Vid. Meddel., p. 9, 1856; Add. ad Hist.
Ophiur., Pt. II, p. 88, 1859.
Tortugas, twelve examples. Common in shallow water
throughout the West Indies. It ranges to Colon and to the
Abrolhos Reefs, Bahia, and Fernando de Noronha, Brazil.

OPHIURA RUBICUNDA (Lutk.) Lyman.

Ophiura rubicunda Wyman, 111. Cat. Mus. Com. Zool., I, p. 30, 1865.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata, Trans. Conn. Acad., I, p. 342, 1868. Ly-
man, Report Voy. Challenger, Zool. Ophiuroidea, V, p. 10, 1882.
Nutting, Narrative Bahama Exp., p. 131.

Ophioderma rubicunda Lutken, Vid. Meddel., Jan. 1856, p. 8; Add. ad
Hist Opinii. bt itp. 90; pli itis: 2:

This species is conspicuously colored, even in alcohol. One
example has the disk red, mottled with pale yellow; arms
similar, but also with lighter and darker bands; others have
the disk yellow with red mottlings on the interbrachial areas
and oral shields; under arm-plates mottled; spines yellow.

In life, according to Prof. Nutting, the disk was lake-red,
mottled with gray.

Tortugas, two examples.

It occurs at low water and in small depths at the Florida
Keys and throughout the West Indies, and at Colon.

OPHIURA APPRESSA Say.

Ophiura appressa Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., V, p. 151, 1825.

Ophiura appressa Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, p. 34, 1865.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata, Trans. Conn. Acad., I, p. 342, 1868. Ly-
man, Report Voy. Challenger, Zool. Ophiuroidea, V, p. 9, 1882.
Nutting, Narrative Bahama Exp., p. 131.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. vi

Oyhioderma virescens Lutken, Vid. Meddel., Jan. 1856, p.9; Add. ad
Hist. Ophiur., Pt. II, p. 92, pl. I, fig. 4.
One of the specimens belongs to a variety with unusually
broad oral shields. The disk of this one is dark green, mot-
tled with lighter, in alcohol.

Tortugas, fourteen examples.

Common at the Florida Keys and throughout the West In-
dies, in shallow water. It extends southward to Bahia and
Pernambuco, Brazil; also to Colon, Bermuda, and Cumana.

OPHIURA PALLIDA Verrill, sp. nov.

PuaTE Il; Ficure 4.

Arms five, long and slender, Remarkable for the large,
broad, subcordate oral shields, crowded close to the bases of
the oral papilla; very small granulated lateral oral shields.
Two very small tentacle-scales, the inner not elongated.
Mouth-papille rather large, mostly flat or truncated, the three
outer ones broadest.

Arm-spines nine, rather slender, round and pointed, the
longest only little longer than the rest, equal to about one-half
the length of a side arm-plate. Under arm-plates longer and
narrower than in O. ruwbecunda. Upper ones short and broad,
not broken, outer end slightly emarginate. Radial shields
with a small, naked, distal portion, widely separated, regular-
ly ovate. Notch at the bases of the arms angular, including
three dorsal arm-plates. On the sides of the arms, at their
bases and along the genital slits, are many small, naked
scales. The disk is elsewhere covered with very minute
granules.

The color of the arms, in alcohol, is pale brownish yellow
or yellowish white, banded with a darker shade of yellowish
brown; the disk is yellowish white; radial shields like the
arms; beneath, the disk and arm-plates are white. The
diameter of the disk of one of the larger specimens is 17 mm.;
length of arms, from mouth, 90 mm.

8 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Sta. 2 and sta. 15, off Havana, in 110 and 200 fathoms,
four examples.

This species is allied to O. rubscunda. ‘The latter has longer
and larger oral plates, and smaller latera] oral plates; much
larger atd relatively stouter and more unequal arm-spines;
larger and longer tentacle-scales; its color is also very differ-
ent, being red or reddish brown. It also somewhat resembles
some forms of O. cznerea, but differs in its larger radial and
oral shields, and in other characters.

PECTINURA ANGULATA Lyman.

Pectinura angulata Wyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X, p. 232, pl. III,
figs. 7-9, 1883.

Bahama Banks, two examples. Taken by the Blake Ex-
ped., in the West Indies, in 88 to 248 fathoms.

OPHIOPEZA PETERSI Lymaz.

Ophiopeza peterst Lyman, Mus. Comp. Zool., V, 9, p. 217, piel, figs.
22-24, 1878; Lyman, Report Voy. Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea,
V, p. 13, 1882.

Sta. 19, in 1% to 8 fathoms, off Fort Jefferson, one example.
Taken by the Blake Exped. in 177 fath., in the West Indies.

OPHIOP42PALE GOESIANA L7ung man.

Ophiopepale goesiana Wjung., Dr. Goes, Oph., Ofv. Kong. Akad.,
1871, p. 615. Lyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, 9, p. 228; op. cit.
X, p. 233, 1883; Lyman, Report Voy. Challenger, Zool. Ophiuroidea,
V, p. 18, pl. XX XVII, figs. 4-6, 1882, anatomy; Three Cruises of the
Blake, II, p. 3, fig. 393, 1888. Nutting, Narrative, p. 81, (color).

According to Professor Nutting, the color of the disk in
life, is brown, conspicuously spotted with white.

Sta. 2, off Havana, 110 fathoms, ten examples.

Taken by the Blake Exped., in 38 to 250 fathoms, in the
West Indies.

Family, OPHIOLEPID & Ljung., 1866.

OPHIOZONA IMPRESSA Lyman.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 9

Ophiozona impressa Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool.,I, p. 64, fig. 4,
1865. Verrill, Notes on Radiata, Trans. Conn. Acad., I, p. 342, 1868.
Lyman, Report Voy. Challenger, Zool. Ophiuroidea, V, p. 21, pl.
XXXVI, figs. 13-15, 1832, anatomy; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X, p.
235, 1883.

Off Havana, 110 to 160 fathoms, 3 examples. It occurs

from Florida to St. Thomas, in shallow water.

OPHIOZONA NIVEA Lyman.

Ophiozona nivea l4yman, Illust. Catal. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. VIII,
p. 9, figs. 85-86, 1875; Bull Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. V, p, 128, 221;
Three Cruises of the Blake, II, p. 110, fig. 390, 1888.

Variety, compTa Verra/l.

PrATE A Gur 2.3.94),

The original description of this species does not apply well
toa large number of specimens subsequently obtained, nor are
the outline figures correct. Therefore, I have given new
figures, part of them from specimens sent to me by Mr. Ly-
man, and have prepared the following more detailed descrip-
tion. The figures represent a variety with separated radial
shields, which I have named var. compta.

Arms five, disk rather flat, rounded, covered with rather
large, unequal, irregular flat plates; five larger ones, in line
with the radial areas, surround a large central one, or
sometimes a group of two or three or more smaller central
ones; five large interradials, and five similar marginal inter-
radials are also conspicuous, forming five interradial rows. |
Radial shields irregularly sub-triangular, with the broader
outer ends nearly or quite in contact or separated by a row of
two or three small plates; the inner ends divergent, separated
by one large wedge-shaped plate and usually one or two
small ones; a triangular plate which lies between their outer
ends, is bordered on each side by a somewhat thickened,
rather crescent-shaped plate, around which there are several
small supplementary plates, and in the notch between them
lie the first three small and short, dorsal arm-plates.

Io NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The oral side of the disk has, on each interradial area, four
large, submarginal plates, of which the two median are larger,
and usually oblong; between these and the oral shields there
are usually five or six irregular and unequal plates.

The oral shields are large, oblong-oval or shield-shaped,
longer than broad, the sides nearly parallel, indented, and the
outer ends rounded, while the inner margins form a sharp
angle. Lateral oral plates, large, elongated, curved, thick-
ened and in contact proximally at their narrow ends.

Oral papille rather numerous, five to seven on each bor-
der; the next to the outer one is largest, flat, with the edge
rounded; the others are mostly small, conical, and acute. Be-
yond the middle of the arm they become more triangular,
with a slight median prominence on the outer end.

The under arm-plates are large, shield-shaped, widest
distally, with the lateral edges incurved; proximal end round-
ed or truncate, and the outer end broadly rounded. On the
basal joints they become wider and shorter, with the prox-
imal end much narrower than the distal. Tentacle-scales on
the proximal joints, two, rather large, flat, broad ovate; farth-
er out there are often three, of which one is very small.

Arm-spines three (rarely four), small, conical, near to-
gether, well down on the sides of the arm; the upper one is
usually a little smaller than the others. Upper arm-plates,
except a few close to the base of the proximal half of the arm,
broad-trapezoidal or triangular, with the outer lateral corn-
ers prominent and acute; the outer edge is broadly round-
ed; the sides nearly straight, or a little incurved, and strongly
divergent; the inner end, on the proximal ones, is narrow and
truncated; those beyond the middle of the arm are triangular.

The three basal plates are small and very short; the fourth
is crescent-shaped; the fifth is much wider than long; farther
out the ratio of the length to the breadth increases.

The diameter of the disk of the largest specimen is 16 mm.;
length of longest arm, which is broken at the tip, 34 mm.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. Il

Off Havana, 110 to 263 fathoms; also from 200 fathoms,
off Barbados, (Blake Exped.) Taken by the Blake Exped.
in 56 to 424 fathoms.

A study of a series of specimens sent tome by Mr. Lyman
(from sta. 291, 200 fath., Blake Exp.) shows considerable
variation in the form of the oral shields. These are some-
times oblong, twice as long as broad, with the outer and inner
portions of the same width; in other cases the outer part, be-
yond the lateral indentations caused by the end of the genital
slit, is broader than the inner part; in other specimens the
outer part is narrower than the inner. The number and ar-
rangement of the large angular plates outside the oral shields
are variable even on the same specimen. Usually there are
three or four of the larger plates, of which two stand side by
side, near the margin of the disk.

The radial shields are often separated distally by a row of
two or three small angular plates and a large proximal plate
as in our figure (pl. III, fig. 4), but in other specimens the
radial shields are in contact distally, but separated proximally
by asingle large triangular plate, as in Mr. Lyman’s type-
specimen. The central disk-plate is usually closely surround-
ed by five large angular plates, but in many cases there are
small plates intervening more or less irregularly. The varia-
tions in the scaling of the disk and in the radial shields are
not coincident with the variations of the oral shields.

The varietel name is given to the variety with distinctly
separated radial shields, regardless of the variations in the
oral shields, which happen to be, in both the specimens fig-
ured, (pl. II, figs. 3 and 4) of the shorter and more ovate
form.

This species is allied to O. tessellata. It is easily dis-
tinguished by the large, irregular disk-plates, wide, oblong,
oral shields; three subequal arm-spines, low down on the sides.
There are no marginal spinules outside the radial shields.
The upper arm-plates also differ in form.

12 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

OPHIOTHYREUS GOESI Ljungman.

Ophiothyreus goest Ljung., Dr. Goes, Ophi. Of. Kong. Akad., p. 619,
1871. Lyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, 9. p. 22; op cit. K, p. 235;
Lyman, Report Voy. Challenger, Zool. Ophiuroidea, V, p. 28, 1882.
Nutting, Narrative, p. 81.

Sta. 2, off Havana, 110 fathoms, six examples.

Taken in the West Indies by the Blake Exp. in 30 to 300
fath.

OPHIOGLYPHA ACERVATA Lyman.

Ophioglypha acervata Lyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, 10, p. 316,
1869; Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., VI, pl. I, fig. 6; Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., V, 7, p. 99; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V,9, p. 218; op. cit. X, p.
242. Lyman, Report Voy. Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 39,
1882. |

Sta. 26, off Key West, 60 fathoms, thirty-two examples;

Sta. 41, off Sand Key, 15 fathoms, fifty examples; Sta. 54, off

American Shoal, 130 fathoms, twenty examples.

Taken by the Blake Exp. in 84 to 808 fathoms.

OPHIOMUSIUM EBURNEUM Lyman.

Ophiomusium eburneum Lyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, 10, p. 322,
1869; Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., VI, pl. II, figs. 1, 2, 3; Bull. Mus.
Comp, Zool., V, 7, p. 220; op. cit., X, p. 244; Lyman, Report Voy.
Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 99, 1882.

Variety, ELEGANS Verriil.

PLATE III; Ficurgs 1, 1a.

This species was the type of the genus. According to
Mr. Lyman’s original description and figures his type differs
considerably from our specimens. I have, therefore, thought
it desirable to give new figures of our examples, and to de-
scribe the differences, which do not, however, appear to be of
specific value. But as our specimens are only a trifle larger
than his type, which was 9 mm. across the disk, the differ-
ences are probably not due to age.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. re

Our specimens have the radial shields, broad, ovate and
--not widely separated, only three rows of small plates inter-
vening, of which the lateral are minute; their inner ends are
not so divergent as in the type. According to Mr. Lyman
all the side arm-plates meet above and below “from the very
innermost joint.”” In ours they do not meet above on the
two basai joints and barely touch on the third. The upper
arm-plates at the base of the arms are quite unlike Mr. Ly-
man’s figure and description. The first (preceded by a
smaller transverse, supplementary radial) is transversely el-
liptical, large, much wider than long; the next is six-sided,
large, longer than broad, truncated proximally, angulated
distally and laterally; the third is also rather large, longer
than broad, rhombic, with the inner half longer and more
acute than the outer; beyond the third the plates are of similar
shape, but rapidly decrease in size, as described by Lyman.
The arm-spines are ¢free, instead of two, and are not all
“nearly equal.” They are small, short, blunt, the lowest are
longest; distally the lowest one becomes more decidedly
longer and stouter than the others. The under arm-plates
are not all ‘“‘three-sided and very small,” for the two basals
are rather large for the genus, somewhat five-sided, or
trapezoidal, with the corners rounded and the outer end eith-
er obtusely angulated or convex.

The oral shields are longer than figured by Mr. Lyman,
much longer than wide, the distal half with nearly parallel or
slightly curved sides, the outer end convex, the proximal sides
convergent to an acute angle, so that the form is very acute-
ovate. The adoral shields are long, triangular, with their
very acute proximal ends touching. The mouth-papille are
mostly flattened and thick; the next tothe outer is broadest,
the others decreasing in size successively. Diameter of disk
of largest specimen figured, 12 mm., length of arms about
42 mm. Diameter of disk of the smaller one figured, ro mm.

Off Havana, 110 to 260 fath., four examples. Taken by
the Blake Exp. in 92 to 500 fath. ©

14 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

OPHIOMUSIUM TESTUDO Lyman.

Ophiomusium testudo Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, 2, p.
8, pl. I, fig. 6-8, 1875; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, 9, p. 219; Lyman.
Report Voy. Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 99, 1882.

Sta. 2 and 13, off Havana, in 110 fathoms, thirteen ex-

amples; sta. 56, Pourtales Plateau, in 200 fathoms, four ex-
amples. Taken by the Blake Exp. in 73 to 400 fathoms.

OPHIOMUSIUM STELLATUM Verrill, sp. nov.
PLATE I; FiGuREs 3, 3a.

Disk nearly round, rather thin and flat, with a ten-rayed
grouping of small crowded plates. Arms five, of moderate
length, slender, regularly tapered, with the joints rather
prominent, owing to the projecting side arm-plates. Radial
shields rather large, ovate, divergent, separated by about
three crowded, irregular rows of unequal overlapping plates,
those of the middle row larger. A large, thickened, super-
marginal, interradial plate, nearly as large as the radial shields,
occupies most of each interradial margin, between the radial
shields with which it is in contact on each side, within the
outer margin, but they are separated distally from it by a
small, rounded marginal plate oneach side. ‘This large inter-
radial plate is somewhat semicircular in form, with the convex
edge turned toward the center of the disk, while its gently
curved or nearly straight outer edge forms the interradial
border of the disk. From each of the large interradial plates
three or four crowded rows of small unequal plates extend in-
ward to the central area, forming five rays, somewhat broader
than the radial rays, but giving a distinctly ten rayed character
to the disk-scaling. On the central area of the disk is a larg-
er, round, central plate and ten similar primary plates can be
distinguished among the small, unequal, crowded scales.

Just outside the distal end of each radial shield there is a
small, thick, transversely elliptical plate, which rises promi-
nently above the level of the radial shields and arm-plates.
Distal to this there are two or three small supplementary
basal arm-plates.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 15

The under side of the disk is pretty uniformly covered by
small rounded scales. Oral shields rather small, about as
long as broad, somewhat heart-shaped or triangular, with
curved edges; the outer end is usually slightly indented or
incurved, the lateral edges a little convex, the inner end acute.
Lateral oral shields oblong, a little wider distally. Mouth- papil-
lz squarish, about seven or eight on each side ina close row.
Tentacle-pores occur on only two basal joints, each has a
small rounded tentacle-scale. Under arm-plates, on the two
joints having tentacle-pores, are shield-shaped or pentagonal,
wider than long, broadest distally, with an obtuse inner angle;
farther out they are very small, triangular or short wedge-
shaped, but they are found well out on the arm.

Arm-spines three, very small, short, and nearly equal near
the base of the arms, but beyond about the tenth joint the
lower one isa little the longest. The upper ones becoming
shorter and thicker, with a bent tip, which becomes claw-like
farther out. The spines are scarcely one-third as long as a
joint. Upper arm-plates very small, those beyond the basal are
top-shaped or wedge-shaped, with the distal end rounded and
the proximal end acute; they extend well out on the arms, or
as far as the arms are preserved in our specimens.

Diameter of disk 7.5 mm.; length of longest arm (much
broken at the end) 22 mm.

Off Havana, 110 to 260 fathoms, two examples.

This species is closely related to O. cancellatum Lyman.
The latter differs in having three pairs of tentacle-pores and
two tentacle-scales to each pore, smaller and shorter radial
shields, more widely separated, less unequal and more numer-
ous disk-scales; a much smaller super-marginal, interradial
plate; upper arm-plates larger and less triangular. The
prominent basal arm-plate, at the ends of the radial shields, is
lacking.

The type of O. cancellatum Lym. was taken by the Challen-
ger Exp., off the coast of Japan, in 420 to 470 fathoms (Voy.

16 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Chall., p. 88, pl. II, figs. 16-18). Mr. Lyman also recorded
it, with a mark of doubt, from off Bermudas, in 435 fathoms.
Possibly the example from the latter place may have been

identical with our species.
OPHIOMUSIUM SCULPTUM Verrill, sp. nov.
PLATE II; Figure 2. PLATE VIII; Ficure 2.

Five arms. Disk flattened, ten-lobed, owing to two pro-
jecting tubercles -on each interradial margin. Upper surface
covered with large plates bearing clusters of coarse granules.
Five interradial plates surround a larger central one; these
are surrounded by a regular circle of ten angular plates, five
of which are radial and five interradial; their acute ends
are directed outward so that they. form a ten-rayed star;
the points of the five radial plates separate the inner ends
of the radial shields. The latter are larger, irregularly
polygonal, nearly or quite in contact at one point, but separ-
ated distally by a large sub-triangular plate, which, like the
radial shields, is unevenly verrucose and rough and bears a
cluster of granules. A very large, thick, rough, and swollen
bilobed plate occupies the whole of each interradial margin
and extends beneath to the oral shield. The upper arm-
plates are small and become obsolete at about the twelfth
joint; the first one is swollen, triangular, with rounded corn-
ers, and bears a central granule. The next is smaller and
more sharply triangular; the following ones decrease regularly
in size to the last. The radial shields are very large, longer
than broad, with the inner part sub-triangular and the outer
portion transversely oblong. ‘The outer end is truncated; the
outer lateral lobes are obliquely truncated, the sides strongly
incurved, the inner end acute. The lateral oral shields are
elongated, narrow, and irregular. The genital slits are very
narrow and sinuous. The mouth slits are very narrow. The
oral papillz are all consolidated. Tentacle-pores exist on the
first two joints, each with one or two minute tentacle-scales.
Under arm-plates, on the first two joints, are small shield-
shaped; on three or four following joints they are minute,

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. £7

triangular, and then disappear. ‘Two very small, conical, sub-
equal arm-spines are present on the proximal joints; they de-
crease rapidly in size farther out, and soon become abortive.

Diameter of disk g mm.; the longest broken stump of an
arm is 17 mm. long; this has sixteen joints.

Off Havana, 110 to 260 fathoms, four examples.

This species is allied to O. acuferum, but differs in having
smaller dorsal arm-plates; only two arm-spines; smaller radial
shields; more numerous central disk-plates; more strongly bi-
lobed marginal plates. In one instance one of the latter
plates is broken up into four or five parts, probably due to
the repair of an injury.

OPHIOCONIS MILIARIA Lyman.

Ophioconis miliaria Wyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, p. 221, pl.
ILI, figs. 49-51, 1878; Voy. Chall. pp. 106, 109, pl. XX XIX, figs. 7-9,.
(structure); Three Cruises of the Blake, II, p. 112, fig. 395, 1888.

The single specimen obtained is somewhat smaller than
Lyman’s type and differs in some respects from his figures,
especially in having shorter spines, longer tentacle-scales and
narrower under arm-plates. It is probably the same species,
however.

Disk covered everywhere, above and below, with minute
rounded granules, which conceal minute, round, thin scales.
Arm-spines 5 to 7, long, slender, acute, flattened, partially
translucent, finely serrulate; the two upper are longer than
the rest, rather longer than two arm-joints; the lowest two
are shortest and most slender. ‘Tentacle-scales two, nearly
equal, elongated, flattened, blunt, more than half as long as
the under arm-plates. Upper arm-plates in contact, strongly
arched, top-shaped, the outer end convex, the sides a little in-
curved. Under arm-plates shield-shaped, longer than broad,
with the sides incurved, the outer end rounded, the inner end
angulated.

Diameter of disk, 6 mm.
V--1 B

¥
18 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Sta. 13, off Havana, 200 fathoms. West Indies, 163 to
450 fathoms, (Blake Exp).

Family, OPHIOTHRICHID Lung.

Ophiothricide Ljung., Oph. Viv., 1866.

Ophiothrichide Lutken, Addit., III, 1869.

Ophiothriching Ljung., Joseph. Exp., 1871.

The family is characterized by the well defined group of
true tooth-papille; by the absence of mouth-papillea; by the
usually numerous, long, slender, generally rough and glassy
arm-spines; * and internally by the complex, interlocking ar-
ticulations of the arm-bones, and the strong mouth-frames
and large radial shields. The peristomial plates, in the typi-
cal genera, are in three parts; of these the middle one is large,
like an oral shield. The dental plate or apical jaw-plate is a
separate piece.

Nearly all the genera and species of this family live clinging
closely to various sponges, gorgonian corals, crinoids, hydroids,
or even to other ophiuroids. Many of them are more active
in their movements than is usual among Ophzurozdea, and many
are bright colored when living. They are mostly found in the
warmer seas and in shallow water, and they are most abund-
ant and most diversified in the East Indies. Brock enumer-
ates fifty-six species of this family from the Indo-Pacific
region. Several of the genera are known only from the
East Indies or Australia.

OPHIOTHRIX ANGULATA (Say) Ayres.

Ophiothrix angulata Ayers, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. Hist., IV, p. 249, 1852.

Ophiothrix angulata Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, p. 162, pl.
I, figs. 1-3, 1865; Report Voy. Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V,
pp. 216, 219, 1882; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X, p. 267, 1883.

Ophiura angulata Say, Journ. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., V, p. 145, 1825.

*The genus Ophiopteron Ludw. is very remarkable for haying a broad
membranous web between the arm-spines, and appears to be a free-
swimming form. It is from Amboina.

«
OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 19

Ophiothrix violacea Mull. & Trosch., Syst., p. 115, 1842, Lyman, IIl.
Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., I. p. 164. Lutken Add. ad Hist. Oph., Pt.
II, p. 150, pl. IV, figs. 1—1d, 1859. Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., I, p.
342, 366, 1868.

Ophiura hispida Ayers, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, p. 249, 1852.

Ophiothrix carib@a Lutken, Vid. Meddel., p. 14, Jan., 1856.

Ophiothrix kroyeri Lutken, Vid. Meddel., p. 15, Jan., 1856.

‘Some examples from Bahia Honda have more numerous
long disk-spines than usual. The same peculiarity occurs in
specimens in the Museum of Yale University from Tortugas
and Rio Janeiro (Univ. Mus. of Copenhagen). From Bahia
Honda there are Ig, partly young and half grown specimers
About one-half of these have a narrow white dorsal line on
the arm, bordered bya narrow dark line of the same color as
the general surface, but more intense; outside of these there
is a row of irregular, angular, whitish spots, separated by dark,
narrow, irregular, transverse lines; dark and light radial lines
extend inward from the base of the arms over the radial
shields. The rest agree with the variety vzolacea (M. & Tr.),
the back of the arms being irregularly marked and _ spotted
with whitish and dark grayish blue or brown, according to
the general color. Most of these specimens have a ground-
color of pale violet or grayish blue, but some are light brown;
in some the arms are broadly banded with a darker tint; the
under arm-plates are generally pale.

A specimen from the Tortugas is dark violet-brown with a
dark brown disk and with a white dorsal stripe, but without
any bordering line of darker, and without white spots except
on the bases of the spines. The specimens from other locali-
ties are pale grayish or yellowish, sometimes with a pink
tint, with only indistinct dorsal markings.

From Egg Key and from Station 68 there are a few young
examples (disk 3 mm. to 5 mm. in diameter) in which the
whole disk (including the radial shields) is closely covered
with minute rough thorny spinules, without any larger spines.
In the character of the arm-spines, in general coloration, and

20 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

inthe mottling of the arms, they agree with the ordinary
varieties of the species.

A young one, with similar disk-spinules, has the disk deep
red-brown with the arms deep pink, and mottled above with
whitish, in the usual manner. Those from Station 39 are
pale pink with yellowish white disk; the dorsal white arm-
stripe is distally bordered with red, the disk bears minute,
elongated, thorny spinules, mixed with a few long, very slend-
er, thorny spines, but the radial shields are naked, triangu-
lar, with their outer ends in contact, narrow, upturned, and
prominent even in young specimens only 4 to 5 mm. in diam-
eter.

Sta. 13, off Havana, in 200 fathoms, two examples; Sta. 39,
20 fathoms, off Key West; Sta. 68, 69, 74, off Little Cat I., 3
to 13 fathoms, three examples; Egg Key, two examples; Bahia
Honda, nineteen examples; Tortugas, one example. A com-
mon species, from Cape Hatteras and Bermuda to Bahia
Brazil, and throughout the West Indies, in shallow water.
Colon (coll. Bradley). Fernando de Noronha (Chall. Exp.)
Rio de Janeiro (Liitken).

‘The most northern locality recorded is N. Lat. 35°, 21’, in
16 fathoms(U. S. Fish Com).

It frequently occurs in the interstices of coarse sponges.

OPHIOTHRIX CERSTEDIL Liitken.

Ophiothrix orstedii Liitken, Vid. Meddel., p. 15, 1856; Lutken, Add.
ad Hist. Oph., Pt. II, p. 149, pl. IV, fig. 3, 1859. Lyman, Ill. Cat.
Mus. Comp. Zool., I, p. 154; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, 9, p. 233.
Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., I, p. -342, 1868. Lyman, Report Voy.
Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 226, 1882. Nutting, Narrative, -
Bahama, Exp., pp. 132, 211.

Those from Egg Key are mostly dark brown or dark gray,
in alcohol, but all have the arms transversely banded with
narrow blackish lines, narrowly bordered on each side by
white lines. These triple bands alternate with the rows of
spines. Narrow radial lines of the same colors extend inward
on the disk, along the radial shields. The lower side of the

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 21

disk is paler brown, more or less speckled with darker brown.
The under arm-plates are often bordered by whitish. Those
from Tortugas are mostly larger and appear stouter, with
more crowded spines on the disk. The colors are mostly
greenish blue or cobalt-blue, but some are reddish brown.
All are banded on the arms with triple bands of white, with
darker on each side, as above. Usually the intervening
bands are speckled with white or pale gray. The number of
spines on the disk is variable. .

According to Prof. Nutting, those dredged off Little Cat
Island, in 3 to 13 fathoms, in life had the disk bluish violet,
marked with radial lines of purple and white, and the arms
were banded with pairs of pure white lines, enclosing bands of
deep cobalt-blue.

Tortugas, forty examples; Egg Key, eight examples; Ba-
hama Banks, eight examples; Bahia Honda. one example;
Sta. 68, off Little Cat Island, 3 to 13 fathoms, one example.
Common at the Florida Keys and throughout the West Indies
and to Cumana in shallow water.

OPHIOTHRIX SUENSONII Liifken.

Ophiothrix suensonii Liitken, Vid. Meddel., p. 15, 1856; Add. ad Hist.
Oph., Pt. II, p. 148, pl. IV, fig. 2. Lyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
V, 9, p. 232; op. cit., X, p. 267. Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., I, p. 342,
1868. Lyman, Report Voy. Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 222,
1882. Nutting, Narrative Bahama Exp., p. 221 (colors).

According to Prof. Nutting, in life the colors are very ele-
gant. The disk is delicate lavender color, with ten sharp
radiating lines of purple, running in pairs from the center to
the margin, each pair enclosing a light’ violet stripe; four con-
centric purple lines run around near the upper edge of the
disk; the lower side is marked by similar concentric lines of
purple and white alternating; along the median dorsal sur-
face of the arm there is a purple stripe bordered on each side
by a fine white line; on the under side of the arms a similar
line runs from the mouth to the tip of the arm. He states
that the glassy arm-spines are nine times as long as an arm-

22 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

joint. In preserved specimens these spines are generally
much broken. The pattern of the color is usually preserved,
but the colors are altered.

Station 4, off Havana, 110 fathoms, one young; Sta. 41, off
Sand Key, 20 fathoms, one young; Sta. 68, 69, off Little Cat I.,
3 to 13 fathoms, many adult; Egg Key, three adult. Common at
the Florida Keys and throughout the West Indies in shallow
water. Bermuda (Goode), Brazil (Rathbun). Low water
to 262 faths. (Lyman). ‘

Family, OPHIOCOMID 4 Ljung., 1867.
OPHIOCOMA ECHINATA (Lam.) Agassiz.

Ophiocoma echinata l. Agassiz, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, I, p.
192, 1835. Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, p. 81, fig. 5, 1865;
Lyman, Report Voy. Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 171, pl.
XLII, fig. 12, 13, 1882, anatomy. Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. I,
p. 321, 1868.

Ophiura echinata Lamarck, Hist. Anim. sans. Vert., II, p. 543, 1816.

Ophiura crassispina Say, Journ. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., V, p. 147,
1825.

Ophiocoma crassispina Mull. & Trosch., Syst. Ast., p. 103, 1842. Liit-
ken, Add. ad Hist. Oph. Pt. II, p. 142, pl. IV, fig. 7, 1859.

Ophiocoma tumida Mull. & Trosch., Syst. Ast., p. 100, 1842.
Ophiocoma serpentaria Mull. & Trosch., Syst. Ast., p. 98, 1842.

Sta. 76, off Little Cat Is., 3 to 13 fathoms, one example; Tort-
“ugas, one example. Common from Florida to Colon, and Cu-
mana and throughout the West Indies, in shallow water.
Bermudas (Goode; Verriil). Parahyba do Norte, Brazil
(R. Rathbun).

OPHIOCOMA RISE! Liitken.,

Ophiocoma riisei Liitken, Vid. Meddel., p. 14, Jan. 1856; Add. ad
Hist. Oph., Pt. I, p. 143, pl. IV, fig. 6. Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp.
Zool., I, p. 76. Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. I, pt: 2, p. 341, 1868. Ly-
man, Report Voy. Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 171, 1882.

Tortugas, two large examples. Common from Florida and
Bermudas to Colon and Cumana, and throughout the West

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 23

Indies, in shallow water. Fernando de Noronha, Brazil (R.
Rathbun).

OPpHIOCOMA PUMILA Liitken.

Ophiocoma pumila Liitken, Vid. Meddel., p. 13, Jan. 1856; Add. ad
Hist. Oph., Pt. II, p. 146, pl. IV, fig. 5, 1859. Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus,
Comp. Zool., I, p. 71, 1865. Verrill, Notes on Radiata, Trans. Conn.
Acad., I, p. 341, 1868. Lyman, Report Voy. Challenger, Zool., Ophiur-
oidea, V, p. 171, 1882.

Sta. 15, off Havana, 200 fathoms, one example; Sta. 67, 74,
76, off Little Cat I, in 3to13 fathoms, eighteen examples;
Tortugas, eleven examples. Common from the Florida Keys
to Colon, and throughout the West Indies, in shallow water,
to Brazil. Bermudas (Lyman; Goode).

OPHIOPSILA RUSEI Liitken.
Ophiopsila riisei Viitken, Add. ad Hist. Oph., Pt. II, p. 136, pl. V,
fig. 2, 1859.

Ophiopsila riisei Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, p. 150, figs.
16, 17, 1865; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, 9, p. 228. Verrill, Notes on
Radiata, Trans. Conn. Acad., IJ, p. 341, 1868. Lyman, Report Voy.
Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 160, pl. XL, figs. 1-3, 1882,
anatomy.

I have found it desirable to separate O. fulva Lym. and

allied species from Ophropsla, as a new genus (see p.__).

O. ritsez appears to be closely related to the type (O. aranea
Forbes), and like the latter, has a compact cluster of special
tooth-papilla within the margin of the jaw.

Station 13, off Havana, 200 fathoms, two examples. Ba-
hama Banks, in shallow water, two examples; Egg Key, one
example.

Throughout the West Indies and Florida Reefs. Com-
mon in shallow water. Also at Colon and Cumana, Ven.
Brazil (Ljungman). Dredged by the Blake Exped. in 37 to
50 fathoms. ;

Family, AMPHIURID# Lyung., 1867.

_Amputura of authors, sens. ext.

24 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

In the report on the Ophiurordea of the Voyage of the
Challenger, Mr. Lyman recognized about ninety species of
Amphiura. In subsequent papers by him and others, about
thirty additional species have been described. This very ex-
tensive assemblage of species is evidently capable of being
divided into several natural groups, in addition to the several
minor groups already separated by Mr. Lyman and others.
Indeed Mr. Ljungman, as long ago as 1867, set off a large
number of species as a natural generic group, under the name
of Amphipholis. Ata still earlier date, Liitken had indicated
this and other natural sections of the genus, without naming
them.

Mr. Lyman, however, did not recognize Amphipholis and
some other good divisions in any of his works, except as sec-
tions of the genus.

SUBDIVISIONS OF AMPHIURA.

The species of Amphiura, as adopted by Lyman, mostly
fall into four large groups, which seem to be natural divisions
of generic value. ‘They are best characterized by the struc-
ture, number and arrangement of the mouth parts, as in most
other ophiuran families. A few aberrant species, not found in
American waters, must be referred to other groups.

I. Amphiura (restricted). Type, A. chiajez Forbes. _

One apical or subapical mouth papilla. One (rarely two)
small, distal papilla (oral tentacle-scale); middle of jaw-edge
without papillae; mouth-slits gaping. Four to seven or more
(rarely three) arm-spines. Radial shields divergent.

Il. Amphipholis (restricted). Type, A. sguamata (or A.

elegans.

Two small lateral mouth-papille and one broad operculi-
form, distal one, forming a continuous series along the entire
jaw, and capable of nearly or quite closing the mouth-slits.
Radial shields in close contact.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 25

Ill. Amphiodia, gen. nov. Type A. pulchella (Lym.)

Three (rarely four) small subequal mouth papilla, none of
them operculiform; they form a regular series, attached most-
ly to the side jaw-plate. Three (rarely four) arm-spines.
Radial shields often more or less joined.

IV. Amphioplus, gen. nov. Type A. tumida (Lym.)

Four or five small mouth-papilla, none operculiform, ar-
ranged in a continuous series, of which the outermost, at
least, arises from the adoral shield and is really an oral ten-
tacle-scale. Arm-spines three, (rarely four). Radial shields
generally quite separated Disk scales naked.

AmputuRA Forbes (restricted sense).
Amphiura Forbes, Trans, Linn. Soc., Vol. XIX, pp. 149, 150, 1842,
(type A. chiajez) Ljungman, Ophiur. Viv., p. 318, 1867.
Amphiura (section B.) Lutken, Addit. Hist. Oph., II, p. 114, 1859.
Amphiura (pars) Wyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, pp. 335, 338;
Voy. Challenger, V, pp. 122, 124, 1882.
Owing to the small number of mouth-papille and their pe-
culiar arrangement, the mouth slits cannot be closed, but ap-
pear always gaping, more or less.

Only one true mouth papilla, which is placed on each side
of the apex of the jaw. A single, usually spiniform, papilla,
sometimes with a smaller one by its outer side, is situated at
the distal end of the mouth-slit, usually attached to the edge
of the adoral shield. This is really the outer oral tentacle-
scale.

The edge of the jaw-plate, along its middle portion, is
naked. Higher up in the mouth-slit, there is a small spini-
form papilla, usually visible from below; this is the tentacle-
scale of the first oral tentacle. It is often shown in published
figures as if it were a true mouth-papilla. Tentacle-scales
usually one or two, sometimes lacking (section Ofphzofelte).

26 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Arm-spines short, usually four to seven or more, (rarely
three). Radial shields naked, small, generally divergent, with
the distal ends either in contact or somewhat separated by
small scales. The disk is usually covered with small naked
scales.

In one group the under side is without scales (/femzlepis).
In a groupreferred by Lyman to Ofhzocnzda, the disk is cov-
ered with small spinules, but as the mouth-parts and other
organs agree with typical Amphzura, it might better be re-
garded as a distinct genus, or else as a subgenus of Amphiura.
To this I have given the name of Amphiocnida. (Seep. ).

The genus Amphiura, as here adopted, agrees nearly with
the typical genus, asrestricted by Ljungman in 1867. Mr.
Lyman also stated that this should be the typical group, in
case the genus were to be divided. This restricted genus
still includes over sixty species, with a considerable diversity
of structure. The species are found in all seas and in all
depths.

AMPHIURA GRANDISQUAMA Lyman.

Amphiura grandisquama Wyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, p.
334, 1869; op. cit., p. 252; Illust. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. VIII,
pl. V, fig. 65; Voy. Challenger, Zool., V, pp. 124, 143, 1882.
Several specimens of this species in the collection have
been compared with some sent by Mr. Lyman from the Blake
Exp. They agree in most respects, but none of those in
either lot agree perfectly with the original description.

The arms are of moderate length, slender and tapered.
The disk is covered with very fine, thin, closely imbricated
scales, which become still finer below. Radial shields small,
longer than wide, inner end widest, adjacent edges nearly
straight, outer ones curved; they are nearly in contact at the
distal end, divergent proximally, separated by a long wedge-
like scale and several smaller ones more proximal; the disk
scaling overlaps and conceals more or less of the radial shields,
in one case leaving very little exposed. Arm-spines five or

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. hy

six on the basal half of the arms; they are of moderate length,
rather slender, tapered; the lower one, especially on the mid-
dle part of the arm, is longer than the others, sometimes
twice as long, and somewhat bent downward; the upper one
on this part of the arm is often stouter and a little longer
than the intermediate ones. Upper arm-plates rather broad-
er than long, in contact, somewhat trapezoidal, with the
distal end convex and the angles rounded, the lateral edges
convergent, the inner end narrower and truncated; the ex-
treme outer edge is sharp, thin, and microscopically serru-
late. Under arm-plates oblong, longer than broad, with
rounded corners and concave lateral edges, opposite the ten-
tacle-pores, outer end convex, inner end subtruncate. ‘Ten-
tacle-scale single, rather large for the genus, thick, rounded
or broad-ovate, obtuse. Oral shield small, transversely broad
elliptical, evenly convex distally, inner side with a slight ob-
tuse angle.

Adoral shields small, triangular, inner end acute; generally
the inner ends are notin contact. Inner mouth-papilla short,
thick, conical; outer one, (oral'tentacle-scale) thicker, short-
conical, obtuse; sometimes there is another rudimentary one
alongside of the latter, and like it arising from the ddoral
shield. The inner oral tentacle has a small, thick, acute pa-
pilla in the middle of the mouth-slit, above the level of the
others.

Diameter of the disk of the largest specimen, 7 mm; length
of arms, about 25 mm.

Stations 54 and 58, off Florida, 130 fathoms. Taken by
the Blake Exped. in ro to 262 fathoms.

The specimens from the Blake Exped., station 319, in 262
fathoms, differ from the above in some minor points. The
disk-scaling is a little less fine; the radial shields a little broad-
er, and the arm-spines a little smaller, but they vary among
themselves in these characters.

This species is allied to O. otterz, but has much shorter,
more delicate and more tapered arms, and the lower spine is

28 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

more curved. The latter has true tentacle-scales and the
disk scales are larger and more regular.

AMPHIPHOLIs GOEsI Ljung.

Amphipholis goesi Wjungman, Dr. Goes Oph., Kong. Acad., 1871, pp.
635, 648. Verrill, Expl. of Albatrossin 1883, Annual Rep. U. S.
Fish Com. for 1883, p. 549, 1885.

Amphiura goesi Wyman, Voy. Challenger, Zool., V, pp. 125, 146,
1882.
A single mutilated specimen, without the upper side of the
disk, was obtained.

Mouth papille three, forming a close series, the outer one
flat, much the largest, as broad as the other two together, so
that it occupies more than half the length of the edge of the
jaw; the inner two are thick, obtuse, angular. Oral shields
rather large, top-shaped, about as broad as long; the outer
end is strongly convex, the sides distinctly incurved, forming
an acute inner angle. Lateraloral shields crescent-shaped,
rather large and thick, with concave side next the oral shields.
Tentacle-scales two, oblong, rather stout, blunt, nearly equal.

Arms long, tapering but little; under arm-plates rather
large, thick, in contact with each other, about as long as
broad, five-sided with rounded corners; the outer edge is
strongly convex and often slightly angulated and prominent
in the middle, or has a slightly raised umbo, the inner end is
angulated and usually has a small, rough, median projection
or lobe, where it articulates with the preceding one.

Arm-spines three, short, tapered, subequal, about half the
length of arm-joint. Dorsal arm-plates in contact with each
other; thick, transversely subelliptical, distinctly wider than
long, with the outer end broadly rounded, and the inner end
obtusely angulated.

Diameter across the scar left by the disk on the arms,
10 mm; length of the longest arm (not entire) 35 mm.

Off Havana, 110 to 200 fathoms. West Indies, 280 fath-
oms (Lyman). Off Cape Hatteras, 14 fathoms (Verrill).

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 29
AMPHIPHOLIS TENERA (L¢k.) Ljung.
Amphiura tenera Liitken, Addit. ad. Hist. Ophiur. Pt. II, p. 124, pl.
Ill, figs. 5a, 54, 1857. Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, p. 123.
Amphipholis tenera Ljung., Ophiur. Viv., Kong. Akad., 1866, p. 312;
op. cit., 1871, pp. 634, 645.

Disk rounded, thin, flat, covered with numerous small
rounded scales, regularly arranged. Those along the mar-
gins with their edges a little turned up, so as to form a slight
border. Radial shields rather crescent-shaped, in close con-
tact. Arm-spines three, slender, tapered, nearly equal in
length, but the middle one is distinctly swollen toward the
base; they are about as long as the length of an under arm-
plate. Tentacle-scales two, small, oblong, blunt, about equal
in size. The outer mouth papilla is flat, much the broadest,
occupying about half the length of the mouth-slit; the middle
one is small, subconical; inner one a little larger.

Oral shields top-shaped, about as long as broad, the outer
end strongly rounded, the inner sides nearly straight and con-
vergent to an acute angle. Lateral oral shields relatively
large, oblong, alittle wider distally, the inner ends largely in
contact.

Under arm-plates oblong shield-shaped, decidedly longer
than wide, outer end convex, sides nearly straight, inner end
angulated; they are strongly separated by the side-plates.

Upper arm-plates relatively large, rather broader than
long, subtriangular, the outer end broadly rounded, the inner
end obtusely angulated; they are well separated by the side
plates.

Diameter of the disk of the specimen described, which is
not full grown, 2 mm; length of arms (broken at tips),
g mm.

Off Havana, 100 to 200 fathoms. Charleston, S. C., to
West Indies, in shallow water.

Mr. Lyman, in the Voyage of the Challenger, united this
species and several other forms that have been described as

30 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

distinct species from various regions, with A. sguamata of
Europe.

This West Indian form appears to me to be distinct, though
very closely allied to A. sgwamata. I have described, above,
a small but characteristic specimen, which agrees very close-
ly with Liitken’s original figures.

AMPHILIMNA, gen. nov. Type, A. olivacea.

Mouth papiliz four or five in a series. Tooth papilla two
to four. Arm-spines six to ten, of moderate length. Ten-.
tacle-scales usually two. Disk swollen dorsally, with a notch
over the base of each arm, and covered with spinules. Radial
shields parallel, largely in contact. This genus includes, be-
sides the type, only A carzbea Ljung.

AMPHILIMNA OLIVACEA Ver.

Ophiocnida olivacea lyyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, 10, p. 340,
1869; Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., VI, pl.-I, figs. 7, 8; Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., V, 9, p. 227; op. cit., X, p. 253. Verrill, Amer. Journ.
Sci., Vol. XXIII, p. 219; Ann. Rep. U. S. Fish Com., Vol. X, p. 661;
op. cit., Vol. XI, p. 549; Lyman, Report Voy. Challenger, Zool.
Ophiuroidea, V, p. 156, 1882.

Sta. 61, off Key West, in 75 to 80 fathoms, one example.

Taken by the U.S. Fish Comm. at numerous stations off
the east coast of the United States, from off Martha’s Vine-
yard to Cape Hatteras, in 63 to 192 fathoms, and by the
“Blake” from off Rhode Island to the West Indies, in 40 to
126 fathoms.

It is possible that A. carzbea (Ljung.) from the West
Indies, is the young of this species.

OPHIONEREIS RETICULATA Liith.

Ophionereis reticulata Liitken, Add. ad Hist. Oph. Pt. II, p. 110, pl.
III, figs. 6a, 66, 1859. Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus Comp. Zool., I, p. 141,
1865; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, 9, p, 224; op. cit. XK, p. 253. Verrill,
Notes on Radiata, Trans. Conn. Acad., I, pp, 342, 366, 1868. Lyman,
Report Voy. Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 162, pl. XL, figs.
13-15, 1882, anatomy.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 31

Ophiura reticulata Say, Jour. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., V, p. 148, 1825.
Ophiolepis nereis Liitken, Vid. Meddel., p. 11, March, 1856.

Tortugas, four examples; Bahama Banks, two examples;
Egg Key, one example; off Havana, 110 fathoms, 1 example.

Common in shallow water from Florida to Colon; Cumana,
and throughout the West Indies. Bermudas (Coll. Goode);
Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil, (Coll. Hartt). Bahia and Rio de
Janeiro (Rathbun).

OPHIOPLAX LJUNGMANI Lym.

Ophioplax ljungmant Wyman, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. VIII, p.
22, pl. Il, figs. 24, 25, 1875; Voyage Challenger, pp. 164, 314, pl.
XLI, fig. 7 (anatomy).

Sta. 13, off Havana, 200 fathoms, 6 examples.

Taken by the Blake Exped. in 80 to 250 fathoms.

OPHIACTIS DISPAR Veyrr7//. sp. or var. nov.
PLATE VIL; Figures 3—3e.

Arms five. Radial shields large, elongated, semielliptical,
separated by asingle narrow row of small plates, except dist-
ally; their inner edges nearly straight, diverging but little;
distal end thickened, bearing a small round knob; lateral
edges convex. Central and interradial areas covered with
pretty regular, small, very distinct scales, many of which bear
small conical spinules, especially near the center and close to
the margin. Arm-spines, six to eight; four, or sometimes
five of the lower ones are white, short, subequal, flat at tip,
blunt, nearly parallel, and close together, two or three of the
upper ones are decidedly longer, abruptly different in color
and form, divergent, tapered, acute. Mouth-papille two,
small, flat, placed close together, on each side of the distal
part of the mouth angles, just above the outer oral tentacle;
one small, oblong, flat, blunt tentacle-scale. Under arm-
plates about as long as broad, with the outer edge subtrun-
cate or rounded and with a thickened and raised rim; distally
they become longer than broad. Upper arm-plates trans-

32 NATURAL ‘HISTORY BULLETIN.

versely elliptical, short, with the outer edge evenly convex;
they are somewhat thickened and broadly joined.

Oral shields small, transversely broad-elliptical, convex and
slightly angulated distally, obtusely angulated on the inner
end. Madreporic shield decidedly larger and more rounded.
The large genital slits nearly reach the oral shields; their in-
ner ends are separated only by a narrow isthmus, covered by
two narrow genital scales, which join the outer end of the
oral shield. Adoral shields small, trilobed, the acute inner
ends separate, or sometimes barely touching.

Color of one example deep green above, with small white
spots on the outer end of the radial shields, on the central
part of the disk, and on the upper arm-plates Under side
whitish, the arms becoming greenish distally. The four low-
er arm-spines are white; the two or three upper ones are
green. Another example, from station 69, is greenish black
above, with fewer white markings, but whitish below.

Diameter of disk, 7.5 mm.; length of longest arm, broken at
tip, 44 mm.
Staiions 69 and 74, Bahama Banks, in shallow water.

Mr. Lyman sent to me, several years ago, several speci-
mens essentially like those described above, but of still larger
size, as ‘O. miillert, var. guingueradia.” This variety name,
first given in 1878, appears in the Voyage of the Challenger
(pp. 113, 115), but with no definite description nor figure.*
I am not aware that it has been described elsewhere under
that name. In his earlier work + Mr. Lyman described a

*This name appears without description in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

vol. V, p. 224, 1878. The specimens were from Key West and vi-
cinity in shallow water (shore to 37 fath).
In the Voy. Challenger, p. 113, in the analytical table, it is men-
tioned as the adult of O. miilleri, and is said to have: ‘‘Upper arm-
plates transverse oval and not thickened; three or even four mouth-
papille on a side.’”’ In the specimens sent to me the upper arm-
plates are thickened and there are three small mouth-papille.

+Illust. Catal. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, p. 109, 1865.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 33

five-rayed variety of O. miillerz, but it was of small size and
agreed in all other essential characters with the ordinary,
small, six-rayed variety O. mzillerz. At that time he gave it
no varietal name.

The large specimens sent by Mr. Lyman differ from the
types of O. dispar only in characters of small importance due,
probably, to greater size.

The arm-spines are longer and the lower ones rather less
differentiated from the upper ones; they are rather more
slender and not so much flattened and increase a little more
gradually in length from the lowest upward. The large
radial shields are semielliptical, much as in our type. The
upper arm-spines are regularly elliptical, and thickened.
The under arm-plates are, as in our types, thickened and
turned up at the distal and lateral margins, but many of them
are slightly emarginate at the outer end, becoming truncate
more distally. The oral shields are more rhombic, about as
long as broad, with a small peak or acute angle on the outer
end where it joins the genital scales; obtusely angled prox-
imally. Adoral shields not touching proximally. Mouth
papilla three on most of the oral margins, small, flattened,
the outer one (sometimes two) arises from the edge of the
adoral shield above the outer oral tentacle and might be called
an oral scale. The first oral scale is well developed, higher
up in the mouth-slit.

Large clusters of minute eggs were attached around the
mouth and between the groups of spines near the bases of
the arms of our specimen.

Diameter of disk, 11.5 mm; lengthof arms, 70 mm.

It is not probable that the specimens above described are
the adults of O. millerc. They are much more like O.
krebsiz,and may, possibly, be the adults of the latter. It
seems to me most probable that the specimens to which Mr.
Lyman first applied his varietal name in 1878 were unlike
those that he afterwards sent to me from another locality.

V—1 C

34 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The former were very likely the real adults of O. miillerz, as
he supposed. Therefore I think it best to apply a new name
to the form above described. Whether it be a variety or the
adult of O. krebsi7, or a distinct species, can only be deter-
mined by a larger series of intermediate sizes.

OpHIACTIS KREBSII Liitken.

Ophiactis krebsii Liitken, Vid. Meddel., p. 12, 1856; Addit. ad Hist.
Oph., Pt. Il, p. 126. Lyman, Il. Cat. I, p. 111, figs. 10, 11. Verrill,
notes on Radiata, Trans. Conn. Acad., I, p. 341, 366, 1868.

Ophiactis savignyi (pars) Lyman, Report Voy. Challenger, Zool.

Ophiuroidea, V, p. 115, 1882.

Bahama Bank, 12 young. Common from Charleston, S.
C. and Florida Reefs to the Abrolhos Reefs and Riode .
Janeiro, Brazil. Bermuda (Coll. Goode). It lives in the in-
terstices of sponges and corals, often gregariously while
young. 3

Mr. Lyman considered it identical with O. savigny7 and O.
virescens, from the Indian and Pacific oceans respectively.
With this opinion I am not prepared to agree.

O. dispar appears to me to be more nearly related to O.
krebsii than to O. miillerz. The former has, even when of
very small size, with six rays, two mouth papille, instead of
one. Its ventral plates have also a thickened or raised mar-
gin as in O. dispar and the arm-spines are more unequal and
more numerous than in O. mi//erz. It is possible, therefore, that
the ordinary specimens of O. krebs:z are all very young and
that when they grow to full size they may become regularly
five-rayed, as do some other echinoderms that undergo spon-
taneous fission and have a variable number of arms while
young. In that case it might, perhaps, develop into a species
like O. dispar.

Family, OPHIACANTHIDE Ver.

Ophiacanthine (sub-family of Amphiuride) Ljungman,
1866; Liitken, 1869.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 35

This family, as here understood, includes the following de-
scribed genera: Ofhiacantha, Ophiomitra, Ophrotrema,
Ophiocamax, Ophiolebes, Ophiothamnus, Ophiocopa, Ophio-
chiton, Ophiotoma, and probably Ophzoblenna. To these I
have now added several others, separated from Ophzacantha,
Ophiomitra, and Ophiopsila.

The first six of those named above have the disk covered
with scales bearing spinules or thorny processes, or some-
times granules. Ophzochiton and Ophiocopa have naked or
nearly naked scales. Ofhzoblenna and Ophiotoma are cov-
ered with naked skin. The radial shields may be large or
small, naked or concealed.

The family is characterized by the prominent and highly
developed side arm-plates, usually meeting above and below,
and by the numerous, usually long, and more or less rough
spines, which stand out at nearly right angles to the arm.
The spines may be solid or hollow, glassy or opaque, terete or
flat.

The mouth-papillz are usually rather numerous, and form a
continuous row along the side of the jaw, but the outer ones
may be of larger size or different in form from the others, or
clustered, and in such cases they are really the distal oral
tentacle-scales. There may be only a single apical tooth-
papilla, or there may be two or three, and sometimes there is
a large cluster. In some cases the outer oral tentacle-pore is
exposed to view on the outer margin of the jaw and then it
has one, or sometimes several, special oral scales or papillz
by its outer side, or partly surrounding it. Some of its scales
may be attached to the adoral plate, or even to the first un-
der arm-plate. This plate is usually concave or somewhat
bilobed, and has two inner, lateral, scale-like processes, which
are sometimes movable and papilliform. There is generally
a single acute tooth-papilla at the tip of the jaw, but there
may be two or three, and in some cases ( Ophiocamax, Ophio-
mitra, Ophiotrema), there may be a cluster of several spini-
form tooth-papilla. These were counted as mouth-papille

36 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

by Mr. Lyman, but when they stand on the dental plate they
should be considered as true tooth-papillz. The teeth are
stout, flattened, obtuse; they vary from three to eight in num-
ber.

Dichotomous analytical table of the East Coast and West In-
dian species that have been referred to Ophtacantha,
(sens. ext.)
[The species are grouped in this table as nearly in accordance with
their structural relations as possible. Those marked with an as-

terisk are from the eastern coast of the United States north of Cape
Hatteras. ‘The others are from the West Indian region. ] :

A.—Oral shields join the first side arm-plates. Adoral shields
entirely proximal to the oral shields.

B.—True Ophiacantha. Disk wholly, and radial shields
mostly covered with small crotchets, thorny stumps, or
short spinules or granules, or with a mixture of these
forms.’

C.—Disk covered with small crotchets, or short thorny
stumps, or short spinules, with no elongated spines nor -
granules.

d.—Arm-spines finely serrulated, or nearly smooth under a
simple lens, usually long and tapered, not glassy.

e.—Basal opposite rows of arm-spines, in the adults, approxi-
mate dorsally.

J.—Mouth-papillez form a simple row.

*

O. bidentata (Retz.)

*

O. aculeata Ver.

* O. fraterna Ver.

*

O. abyssicola Sars.

* O. anomala Sars.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 37

J. f—Vhe distal oral papilla, or oral tentacle-scales, are
clustered or form a double row; all spiniform. Tentacle-
scales spiniform.

* O. enopla Ver.

e. e.—Basal rows of spines not very closely approximate
dorsally. Mouth-papillz in a simple row.

* O. fraterna Ver.
O. cosmica Lym.

d. d.—Arm-spines decidedly thorny or prickly, and usually
glassy, mostly long and slender.

g.—Basal rows of spines approximate dorsally. Side arm-
plates very prominent. Disk with small slender crotch-
ets or branched spinules.

O. aspera Lym.

* O. millespina Ver.
O. pentacrinus Ltk.
O. scutata Lym.
g@. g.—Basal rows of spines not closely approximate dors-
ally. Disk with short thorny stumps.
O. stellata Lym.
C. C.—Disk entirely covered wlth tapered spinules or true
spines, or having more or less of them mixed with gran-

ules or other structures, or else covered with granules
only.
h.—Disk covered with spinules, only, or else having spin-
ules mixed with other structures, not granulated.
7.—Disk with spinules only or mainly.

j-—Basal rows of spines approximate dorsally.

38 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.
* O2. spectabilis Sars.
j. j-—Basal rows of spines not approximate dorsally.
k.—Arm-spines finely serrulate, not glassy. Tooth-papille
single. Mouth-papillee in a simple row.
O. segesta Lym.
* O. crassidens Ver.
k. k.—Arm-spines thorny and glassy. Disk-spines slender,
thorny, acute. Several tooth-papille.
O. pectinula Ver.
7. 2—Disk bearing few tapered spines mixed with other
structures. Rows of spines approximate dorsally.

/.—Disk covered with granules, mixed with a few tapered
spines. Arm-spines finely serrulate or nearly smooth.

O. vepratica Lym.
7, .—Disk-spines elongated, mixed with crotchets or thorny
stumps. Arm-spines more or less finely serrulate.
* O. varispina Ver.
h. h.—Disk covered with small close granules alone. Basal
rows of spines not closely approximate dorsally. Arm-

spines serrulate. Under arm-plates short and broad,
well separated.

* O. granulifera Ver.

B. B.—Radial shields largely uncovered. Disk-scales either
partially naked and easily visible, but bearing more or
less granules or spines, or else entirely concealed.

m.——Disk-scales largely exposed.
n.—Ophialcea V. Dorsal arm-plates largely in contact.

Arm-spines nearly smooth, the opposite rows widely
separated dorsally.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 39

O. nuttingit Ver. sp. nov. |
O. rubescens (Keoehl.) off Azores, 845 meters.

n. n.—Ophiomitrella Ver. Dorsal arm-plates separated by
the side plates. Arm-spines slender, thorny, the basal
rows approximate dorsally.

O. levipellis ( Lym.)

m. m.—Disk-scales mostly concealed, but radial shields
naked.

0.—Ophiacanthella Ver. Basal rows of spines not approxi-
mate dorsally. Dorsal arm-plates largely in contact. Radial
shields long, mostly naked, in contact by their edges. Arm-
spines nearly smooth. Three tooth-papilla; mouth-papille
four, conical, all similar.

O. troscheli ( Lym.)

0. 0.—Ophiosculus (p. 42) Dorsal arm-plates separated.
Basal rows of spines closely approximate dorsally. Radial
shields large, broad, naked, in contact for neariy their whole
length. Two or three tooth-papille. Arm-spines thorny
-and glassy.

O. echinulata (Lym.)

A, A.—The oral shield is separated from the side arm-
plates by the distal lobe of the elongated adoral shields.

D.— Ophioprist’s Ver. Adoral shields narrow, trilobed, the
narrow distal lobe separating the oral shield from the side arm-
plate. Disk-scales usually concealed by cuticle and spinules.

E.— Ophiopora, gen. nov. (See p. 43). No tentacle-scales,
the pores are very large, spines small, usually smooth.

O. bartletti (Lym.) One spiniform distal oral papilla by
the side of the oral tentacle-pore. Disk covered with acute
spinules.

40 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

E. E.—One or two tentacle-scales.

p.—Ophiolimna, gen. nov. (See p.44). Arm-spines sev-
en or eight, nearly smooth, placed obliquely on the distal part
of the plates, not strongly divaricate. Jaws more or less
granulated. Disk-scales and radial shields concealed, bear-
ing granules and spines.

* O. Bairdi (Lym.) Upper arm-plates separated. Rows
of spines approximate dorsally. Tentacle-scale single.

O. mitra Lym. Upper arm-plates joined. Rows of
spines wide apart dorsally. Two flat tentacle-scales.

p. p-—Ophiopristis, gen. nov. (see p. 44). Arm-spines
serrulate, not obliquely placed. Strongly divaricate. Dorsal
arm-plates separated. ‘Tooth-papille usually three.

g-—Spines partly flattened, serrulate on the edges. A
row or Cluster of several distal oral papillz at the large, oral
tentacle-pore. Two tentacle-scales on the basal joints.

O. hirsuta (Lym.)
O. ensifera Ver. sp. nov.
O. cervicornis (Lym.)

g. g-—Ophiotreta Ver., subgen. nov. Only one or two,
rarely three, oral tentacle papillae, which are flat. Two to
four or more tooth-papille. Arm-spines terete, or only a lit-
tle flattened, slender, serrulate or nearly smooth.

O. lineolata ( Lym.)
O. sertata {Lym.)

D. D.— Ophiothamnus Lym. Adoral shields large, wedge-
shaped, with the broad distal end separating the narrow ovate
oral shield from the side arm-plate. Disk-scales exposed.
Radial shields more or less naked, close together.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 41
O. gracilis ( Ver.)
O. vicarius ( Lym.)
O. exigua ( Lym.)

From the old genus Opfzacantha several genera and sub-
genera may now be separated with characters that appear to
be of as great morphological value as those that character-
ize, for instance, Ophzomitra or Ophiochiton.

The most important of these are here indicated.

SErRIEs I.

OPHIACANTHA (restricted).
Types, O. setosa and O. bidentata.

Section A.—Typical Ophzacantha.

To this section a large majority of all the described species
belong.

Section B.—Ophientodia, subgenus nov.

Two, three, or four tooth-papille clustered at the tip of
the jaws. Otherwise nearly as in section A. Distal oral pa-
pillae not clustered.

The figures of several species show two paired papil-
le, directed centrally, at the tip ot the jaws. They may
not always stand on the dental plate and in such cases
should be counted as mouth-papille, but in some cases
they have been determined as true tooth-papilla. | Prob-
ably in this section there may be a central tooth-papilla that
has been over-looked in some species, by reason of its posi-
tion, higher up on the jaw, or the smaller size. In some cases
the central papilla is present on some jaws, but absent on
others of the same specimen. It may have been accidentally
lost in some examples. Therefore, I consider the presence of

42 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

three tooth-papilla as the usual character of this division.
The species need revision as to the tooth-papille.

a.—Radial shields rather small, narrow, mostly concealed.

O. scutata Lym.
O. cuspidata Ver.
O. pectinula Ver.

a. a.—Ophioscalus, nov. Radial shields large, wide, closely
joined, naked. Disk-scales covered with rough spinules.
Arm-spines approximate dorsally.

O. echinuiatus ( Lym.)

Section C.— Ophrectodia, subgenus nov.

Outer mouth-papillee (oral tentacle-scales) several, forming
a cluster or a double row, some often standing on the lower
face of the jaw or adoral shield. Tooth-papille one to three,

or more. The mouth-papillz are clustered nearly as_ in typ-
ical Ophiomitra.

O. enopla Ver.
O. rosea (Lym. )

O. spectabilis (Sars.)

Series II.

Group D. Ofpfialcea, (subgen. nov.) Types, O. nuttingi
(Ver.) and O.tuberculosa (Lym.) (Seep. 38).

The dorsal arm-plates are broadly in contact, at least on
many of the proximal joints. Disk-scales bear spinules or
granules. Radial shields separate, sometimes more or less
exposed distally, sometimes covered. Arm-spines rather
short, few, nearly smooth, the rows not approximate dorsally.
Mouth-papillz nearly as in typical Opfzacantha (group A).

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 43

O. nuttingit Ver., sp. nov. Arm-spines four, short. Oral
shield very large, ovate. Disk-scales more or less exposed,
bearing spinules.

Group F.—Ofphiomitrella Ver., gen. nov. (See p. 39):
Type O. levipellis (Lym.)

Disk- scales visible, bearing granules or spinules. Radial
shields partly naked, not large, wide apart. Arm-spines
slender, thorny or serrulate; the rows approximate dorsally in
the type. One tooth-papilla. In the type-species a pair of
special, distal, oral tentacle-papilla, on the first under arm-
plate, * directed into the mouth-slit. Adoral shields wide.
Otherwise the mouth-parts are nearly asintypical Ophzacantha.

O. levipellis (Lym. ’83). Arm-spines eight, slender,
thorny. Disk-scales naked or partly granulated. Upper arm-
plates separated.

Group G.—Ophiacanthella, gen. nov. Type, O. troscheli
( Lym.)

Radial shields naked, long, parallel, united by their edges.
Dorsal arm-plates largely joined. Three tooth- -papillea. Arm-
spines nearly smooth. (See p. 39.)

SERIEs III.

In the following groups the oral shield is separated from the
side arm-plates by the adoral shields:

Group H.—Ophiopora, gen. nov. Type. O. bartletti (Lym.)

Tentacle-pores all large and open. No tentacle-scales.

(See p. 39.)

*The two papilliform appendages of the first under arm-plate are
here supposed to be movable, but with the published figures and de-
scriptions it is not always possible to distinguish them from the solid,
immovable crest-like lobes, which are present on these plates in the
same position in many species, including O. bidentata. Among extra-
limital species, these papille are found in some species, such as O. se7-
rata Lym., that have the disk-scales and radial shields concealed.

44 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.
Group I.—Ophiolimna, gen. nov. Type, O. bazrdi (Lym.)

Spine-crest of the side arm-plates oblique and situated
distally. Spines nearly smooth. Disk granulose and spinulose.
Jaws more or less granulose. (See p. 40.)

Group J.—Ophioprist’s, gen. nov. Type, O. hirsuta (Lym).

A row of distal oral papilla alongside of the large, outer,
oral tentacle-pore. Arm-spines partly flattened, with serru-
late edges. (Seep. 40.)

Group K.—Op/votreta, subgen nov. Type, O. lineolata

(Lym.)
One or two flat, distal oral papille by the side of the large
oral tentacle-pore. Two or three tooth-papilla. Spines

mostly terete, sometimes flattened and serrulate on the
edges. (See p. 40).

Description of Species.

OPHIACANTHA ASPERA Lyman.

Ophiacantha aspera Lyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, 9, p. 228, pl.
I., figs. 10-12, 1878; op. cit., Vol. X, p. 263, 1883. Lyman, Report,
Voy. Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 199, 1882.

The specimens collected show some minor variations among
themselves and differ considerably in details from Mr. Ly-
man’s figures.

The disk is densely covered with minute thorny spinules,
terminating in two to five or more ‘short divergent points;
toward the margin they are longer, mostly with two or three
points. The mouth papille are rather large and project
downward; there are sometimes 4, but oftener 3; they are
crowded and the innermost one is vertically compressed; the
two outer ones are often longer and larger, somewhat en-
larged and cuspidate at the end, and often rough with little
prominences like incipient thorns, showing a tendency to the
structure of the peculiar tentacle-scales; the two stand close

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 45

together and all arise from the buccal plate; one stout termin-
al tooth-papilla. The oral shield is nearly as figured, but
the outer end is a little more prominent and the sides are a
little incurved at the genital slit; the inner sides are also a lit-
tle more incurved. The adoral plates-are thickened and
lunate, nearly as large at theoral shields. All these shields

form together a rhombic figure and with the small.concave
- first arm-plate they form a raised pantagon around the mouth.
The tentacle-scale is more acute than figured, and has longer
thorns, which are divergent like branches; distally it becomes
slender and delicate, with few very acute branches. The
arm-spines are very slender and very thorny, about ten in a
row; they are so numerous and crowded as to conceal the
arms above. The rows are closely approximate above, on
six or more joints, and tubercles at the bases of the upper
ones in opposite rows touch on the median line on the first
two joints. The spine-ridges are so thick and prominent that
they give a beaded appearance to the arm. Upper arm-plates
are very small, quadrant-shaped, and widely separated. Un-
der arm-plates are not just as figured; they are narrow, rather
oblong, scarcely ‘‘shield-shaped” for the inner end is nearly
truncate or slightly convex, without a distinct angle, and the
outer end has a central lobe or prominence, which isa little
roughened at the margin. The second plate differs from the
rest; it is transversely lozenge-shaped, broader than long,
but has the outer median lobe.

Diameter of disk, 5 to 6 mm.

Station 13, off Havana, 200 fathoms, five examples. ‘Tak-
en in various localities in the West Indies by the Blake Exp.,
in 73 to 262 fathoms.

OPHIACANTHA STELLATA Lyman.

Ophiacantha stellata Lyman, Il. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, Pt. II,
p- 11, -pl. Il, figs. 16-18, 1875; Ophiuroidea, V, p. 199, 1882; Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., X, p. 262, 1883.

Sta. 13, off Havana, 200 fathoms, one example.

46 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Taken by the “Blake” at many localities, in 56 to 262
fathoms.

Opntatc@a Verrill, subgen. nov. (See p. 42.)
OPpHIACANTHA (OPHIALC4A) NUTTINGIL Verr7ll, sp. nov.
PLATE I; Figure 2. PuaTe VIII; Figures 1—-1a.

Five arms. Disk five-lobed, with strong interradial notch-
es, covered, except on a portion of the radial shields, with
small, exposed, imbricated scales, which usually bear a single
short, conical, acute, nearly smooth spinule. The radial
shields are rather small, separate, partly naked; the exposed
part is narrow and elongated, somewhat crescent-shaped.
The proximal sides are incurved and somewhat divergent,
separated by several rows of small scales bearing conical,
acute spinules. Scales bearing acute conical spinules, similar
to those of the upper surface of the disk, but longer, cover
the bases of the armsand the margin of the disk, toward the
oral shields, the scales become much smaller and are usually
without spinules.

The oral shields are large, broad, obovate, rather longer
than broad, with rounded ends. The madreporic shield is
larger and has a more prominent distal end. The buccal
plates project but little beyond the oral shields. ‘he adoral
shields are very narrow, wedge-shaped, inconspicuous, and
do not meet proximally.

The oral papilla are about five on each edge of the jaw,
besides a terminal tooth papilla, the outer one is broad, ovate,
obtuse, flat, and wider than the others, which are conical,
pointed, and decrease proximally; tooth-papille small, spini-
form, arising from the dental plate.

Under arm-plates are mostly broad, widest proximally,
trapezoidal, with the distal end evenly curved and the inner
end truncated, and broadly in contact. They are broader
than long; those near to the base of the arms are narrower;

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 47

the first is very small, quadrant-shaped. One large, flat,
elliptical or broad-ovate tentacle-scale, nearly as long as the
under arm-plate, and usually a minute one in front of it. Ina
few cases the first tentacle-scale is bifid.

The arm-spines are about six, and are unusually short and
smooth for this genus. Their length is about equal to the
breadth of the under arm-plates. They are not very unequal;
the lower ones are usually the largest; most of them are trun-
cate or blunt, distinctly flattened, tapered, and curved back-
ward; the lower ones are usually more tapered, nearly straight,
subacute. They are dull and opaque, not thorny nor ser-
rate, but microscopically roughened.

The proximal upper arm-plates are broadly in contact,
broader than long, six-sided or subtrapezoidal, with the inner
end truncate; the outer end, which is broadly convex or sub-
truncate with a median sinuosity, is mueh the widest. Dist-
ally they become relatively narrower and more nearly tri-
angular, with rounded angles.

Color, in alcohol, light buff.

The larger specimens have a disk 11 mm. across; the arms
are all broken.

Station 13, off Havana, in 200 fathoms, three examples.
Opniopristis Verril. (See p. 39.)

OPHIOPRISTIS ENSIFERA Ver., sp. nov.
PrateslV +) WicurEs,t-—1d.

Arms five, long and slender, with flat serrate spines. Disk
flat, slightly ten-lobed, covered thickly, except on a part of
the radial shields, with small. obtuse and conical granules,
mixed in some parts with minute, sharply conical spinules; all
gradations in form, from the rounded granules to the conical
spinules occur. Where the granules are partly rubbed off,
in dry specimens, the surface is covered with small, distinct,
imbricated scales. The radial shields are small; the naked

48 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

portions are ovate or elliptical, nearly parallel, and separated
by several rows of scales and granules. They appear to ex-
tend but little beyond the exposed parts.

Upper arm-plates, except the basal ones, are rhombic or
nearly lozenge-shaped, with a slightly angulated prominence
in the middle of the outer margin, corresponding to a low
median ridge; lateral margins slightly convex; proximal end
angulated, slightly separated by the lateral plates. They are
broader than long.

Under side of disk covered with minute, exposed scales,
with few granules. Oral shields about as long as wide,
rather rhombic, with rounded side angles, and a more promi-
nent inner angle; the outer end projects slightly into the in-
terradial area; the sides do not touch the side arm-plates.
Adoral shields are long, narrow, irregularly trilobed, the dis-
tal end, embracing the lateral corners of the oral shield and
touching the first under arm-plate, separates the latter from
the oral shield.

Outer oral tentacle-pore large and exposed on the edge of
the jaw, bordered by some small papillz. Oral papillze small,
conical, acute, numerous, about seven to twelve on each side
of a mouth-slit, of which four to seven form a proximal marg-
inal row;-others, in the largest specimens, lie within the slit,
above and around the large tentacle-pore; those next the tip
of the jaw are the largest. Several others (about 4 to6 in
the larger specimens) form an irregular row below the oral
tentacle-pore, on the surface of the jaw. In the younger
specimens there are about three in a regular row. Tooth-
papille two, spiniform, situated at the edge of the dental
plate. Teeth stout, flat, five or six.

Under arm-plates, except a few basal, irregularly traper-
zoidal or broad shield-shape, about as wide as long; the distal
end broadly rounded; lateral edges strongly incurved; inner
end very obtusely angled; scarcely separated by the lateral
plates, except the two or three basals. Beyond the middle of
the arm they become oblong, shield-shaped, and a little more

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 49

separated. The first one is small and deeply concave, or
sheath-like, with two inner, vertical, flat crests. Tentacle-
scales flat, ovate, of moderate size; on the first three or four
joints there are, in large specimens, usually two; on the rest
only one. The proximal tentacle-pores are not very distinct-
ly larger than the rest.

Arm-spines unequal, rather long, scarcely translucent; the
dorsal ones are not approximate in the basal rows; the upper
spines on the basal joints are mostly long, rather slender,
flat, tapered, subacute, roughened by minute, close denticles
along each edge. Those lower down become a little shorter,
stouter, and flatter, and are mostly somewhat bent, obtuse at
tips, and with sharply serrulate edges. (See figs. 4-5).
There are usually five spines in each row proximaily.

Color in alcohol, yellowish white.

Diameter of disk 12 mm; length of longest arm, broken at
tip, 65 mm.

Off Havana, 110 to 260 fathoms.

OPHIOPRISTIS HIRSUTA (Lym).

Ophiacantha hirsuta Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, Pt. II,
p- 12, pl. II, figs. 21-23, 1875; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, 9, p. 230;
op. cit. X, p. 261; Report Voy. Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V,
p. 198, 1882.

The specimens in the collection differ considerably from
Mr. Lyman’s figures. In all, the spinules of the disk are
much more numerous than figured. In some they are most-
ly very long and slender, as figured; in others they are much
shorter, but slender and sharp. ‘The radial shields are coy-
ered by the small scales and spines, except near their ends,
which are sometimes in contact and sometimes separated by
a few rows of minute scales. The under side of the disk is
covered by naked, smooth, thin, rounded scales, with few
spinules. Oral shields large, round-rhombic, about as long as
wide, with a distinct, but small, distal lobe, (not evenly round-
ed, as figured); the inner angle is obtusely rounded; the in-

V--1 D

50 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

ner sides nearly straight, (as in the figure). The adoral
shields are very incorrectly figured, the distal lobes being
omitted. They are three-lobed; inner lobe is narrowed and
tapered to the end; the distal end curves around the oral
shield, one lobe touching the first under arm-plate and the
other separating the oral shield from the side arm-plate (as
in O. ensifera). The first under arm-plate is small, concave,
with a thin, flat, vertical crest, near each inner angle, running
inward and upward and forming part of the rim around the
large, exposed, oral tentacle-pore, which is situated in a de-
pression of the jaw-margin and gives exit to a large and long
tentacle. Teeth four or five, stout; the uppermost longer
and conical; the others flat and stout, obtuse. ‘Tooth-papille
two, conical, at the tip of the jaw on the small apex of the
dental plate. Mouth-papilla about seven, in a close row,
small, spiniform, acute, the outer largest (all nearly as figured).
Nearly all are attached to the buccal plate, but the two outer
ones stand below the tentacle-pore like tentacle-scales. In
some specimens there are two or three similar papilla above
the tentacle-pore, within the mouth-slit, (as in O. ensifera).

The under arm-plates are quite unlike Lyman’s figure. The
proximal ones are broad and short shield-shaped, slightly sep-
arated by the side plates; the distal edge is evenly curved;
the outer angles prominent and acute, the sides much in-
curved at the tentacle-pores; the inner end very obtusely
angulated. They have two faint diagonal lines crossing
them; the outer edge is a little raised and thickened.

Tentacle-scales two on several joints, flat, ovate-lanceolate,
acute. Arm-spines about five; the upper ones on the basal
joints long, slender, tapered, acute; the middle ones, on the
joints further out, are mostly flattened, with finely serrulate
edges (as figured); the lower ones are usually the most
slender. The spines are hollow, and glassy when wet. The
upper arm-plates are rather small and considerably separated,
shaped nearly as in Lyman’s figure; they are slightly carinated
and the middle field is whitish, so that a pale median line

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 51

runs the whole length of the arm; a narrow whitish transverse
band marks the inner edge of the side arm-plates, and some-
times both edges are bordered with white. One example,
from the Blake Expedition, in alcohol, has a very distinct
white dorsal line on the arms, and they are alsocrossed by a
few broad white bands. The ground-color of the arms and
disk, above, is light chocolate-brown; beneath, nearly white.
Diameter of the disk of the largest specimen described above,
II mm.

Stations 13 and 15, off Havana, in 200 fathoms, two ex--
amples. ‘Taken at many stations by the Blake, in 82 to 955
fathoms.

OpnHioTRETA Verrill, subgenus (See p. 44).

OPpHIOPRISTIS (Ophiotreta) LINEOLATA (Lym.)

Ophiacantha lineolata Lyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. X, p. 258,
pl. VI, figs. 79-81, 1883.

Ophiacantha, sp., Nutting, Narrative, p. 81, (color).

An excellent specimen of this rare and beautiful species is
in the collection. Only a single specimen was taken by the
Blake Expedition and described by Mr. Lyman. Although
there can be no doubt as to the identity of our specimen with
this species it differs in several particulars from Mr. Lyman’s
figures. These differences are, no doubt, partly individual
variations, but others are probably due to errors in
the figures, for the latter do not agree well with the descrip-
tion, especially as to the spines. Our specimen has, on some
of the arms, two tentacle-scales to a pore, on at least ten
joints, instead of only on one joint. The mouth-papillz and
tooth-papillz are somewhat differently arranged. The under
arm-plates and especially the adoral shields do not agree with
the figures. The upper arm-plates are wider but of the same
character. The six or seven arm-spines are nearly smooth
and terete and evenly tapered, without any serrulations vis-
ible with a lens. They have a fine silky appearance quite
unusual in this group, but they are figured as distinctly ser-
rulate or thorny.

52 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The disk is nearly round and evenly swollen, without any
abrupt rise over the arms; the granulations, in fact, extend
out a little on the arms. The whole surface, above and be-
low, is uniformly covered with small, smooth, rounded gran-
ules. On some portions there are, also, a few scattered,
slender, acute smooth spines, as figured. Radial shields are
not even indicated by ridges. Under the granules are very
small scales. The arms are narrow and high, with a slight
dorsal carina. They are not beaded, for the side arm-plates
project but little. The rows of spines do not approximate
dorsally. The upper arm-plates are thick, elevated, about as
wide as long, five-sided, or on some joints six-sided; the outer
end is widest and is prominent, in the middle, where it is ob-
tusely angulated, or often slightly truncated. The proximal
sides are nearly straight and convergent; the inner end is
narrow and truncated, and in contact with the preceding
plate.

The oral shields are nearly broad “heart-shaped,” but
without any notch in the outer end, which is broadly round-
ed with a slight median angle, and has a row of twelve or
more small granules along its margin; the inner sides are
slightly incurved; the acute inner end extends far inward on
the jaws.

The adoral plates are narrow and long, and do not meet
proximally; they are three-lobed; one of the distal lobes joins
the first arm-plate; the other is very narrow and extends out
between the oral shield and the first side arm-plate, slightly
separating them. In Mr. Lyman’s figure these parts are left
indefinite. The whole surface of the jaw, proximal to the
oral shields, is covered with a close group of granules, some
of which are conical and similar to the mouth-papille and
tooth-papilla alongside of them, so that they are liable to be
confounded. Of true mouth-papille there are either five or
six on different jaws, besides a more distal short oral scale.
The two outer mouth-papille are larger and broader than
the rest; they may be ovate or obovate, flat, obtuse, or sub-

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 53

truncate; sometimes the more distal is the larger, and some-
times the one next the distal. The three or four inner ones
form a close row; they are rather slender conical, or com-
pressed, acute. The tooth-papillz (exclusive of the granules
near them) seem to be ordinarily but three or four; in one
case, perhaps, five; of these, two are usually above the rest,
inside the mouth, and not visible from below. They are all
small, conical, and variable in form. In Mr. Lyman’s de-
scription, the jaw-granulations are probably confounded
with the true tooth-papille, for he gives a large number;—‘“a
cluster of a dozen.” At the distal angles of the mouth-slits
there is, on each side, a vertical, flat process, looking like a
small mouth-papilla from below, but it extends far up into
the slit and bears a spiniform papilla at the side of the inner
oral tentacle. Its outer end is rounded and forms the distal
boundary of the outer oral tentacle-pore; it does not seem to
be movable, and arises at the suture of the adoral shield and
first arm-plate, but seems to be attached more to the adoral
plate.*

The first under arm-plate is small and concave. Four or
five basal ones are scarcely separated by the side plates; they
are about as long as broad, with an obtuse proximal angle;
the distal. end is prominent and strongly convex; farther out
they become more nearly rhombic, witha distinct, obtuse,
distal angle, and are then more separated.

The outer oral tentacles are very large and reach to the
center of the mouth; they are not retracted, but have dried
fully extended, as if they were more or less stiffened, in our
specimen. Their pores are large, close to the edge of the
jaw and partially exposed to view, when the outer papilla is
removed. The tentacles of the two or three basal joints are
rather large, those beyond decreasing rapidly. The basal

*It corresponds in position and use with a similar process, found in
O. enstfera, O. hirsuta and other species, which in most cases seems to
be developed on the angles of the first arm-plate. It is sometimes moy-
able, but more frequently solid. (See also group F., p. 43).

NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

1

4
tentacle-scales are two toa pore. The outer one is flat and
ovate; the inner one is. slender, spiniform, acute; both de-
crease rapidly in size and the inner one disappears at different
joints on the several arms, from the fifth to the twelfth, while
the other becomes lanceolate and acute.

Diameter of disk, 1o mm. The arms are all broken.

When living, according to Professor Nutting, the disk was
light brown with five broad radial bands of white. This
color still remains in alcohol. There are also traces of a
median white line on the arms.

Off Havana, 110 to 200 fathoms. Off St, Kitts, 208 fath-
oms, Blake Exp.

OpuioprRIsTIis ( Ophzotreta) SERTATA (Lym.)

Ophiacantha sertata Lyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, 10, p. 326,
1869; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, 9, p. 231; op. cit. X, p. 261; Re-
port Voy. Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 198, 1882.

Our example differs in some respects from Mr. Lyman’s

description, but it agrees with specimens received from him.
The species has not been figured.

The mouth-papille are usually six, not counting the pair of
tooth-papille at the tip of the jaw; they form a close row;
the two outer ones are broader and larger than the others,
rather flat, ovate, obtuse, (not truncated as described by Ly-
man); they stand just below the outer oral tentacle. About
four, placed more proximally, are more slender, elongated,
compressed or spiniform. Tooth-papillz usually three; close
together on the edge of the jaw-tip, two are stouter than the
mouth-papillz, conical, acute; they appear to arise from the
apex of the dental plate; just above these and _ below the first
tooth, there is usually and odd median one, of similar form,
but shorter, so that it is not visible from beneath.

Oral shield is usually wider and more lozenge-shaped than
described, but in some of the smaller specimens it agrees
fairly with the description, though by “heart-shaped” Lyman
evidently did not mean “cordate” in the usual sensé, for there

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 55

is no distal emargination, but ratheran obtuse angle. The
outer edge bears a row of five to seven small, conical grains.

The adoral plates are nearly as described; one of the nar-
row outer lobes separates the oral shield from the first side
arm-plate; the other joins the first under arm-plate. The
latter is small and emarginate on its inner end. The other
under arm-plates differ a little from the description; they are
nearly truncate on the inner end, or else very obtusely angu-
lated, without any obvious “peak.”

Upper arm-plates are small and nearly as described; they
might be called narrow fan-shaped or quadrant-shaped, the
outer end being well rounded. The arm-spines are as de-
scribed, they are serrulated, but not rough for this genus; the
flattened ones are finely serrulate on the edges; the basal
rows are not closely approximate dorsally. The tentacle-
scales are rather broad and flat, lanceolate or ovate, and do
not rapidly change distally. One example has two pairs on
several basal joints.

Diameter of disk, 6-9 mm.

Off Havana, Sta. 2, 110 fathoms, one example. Taken by
the Blake Exp., in 123 to 411 fathoms.

AMPHIPSILA, gen. nov.

Type A. fulva (Lym.)

- Disk rounded, covered with thin, naked scales, above and
below. Radial shields narrow, separated, naked. Arm-
plates distinct, above and below. Arm-spines of moderate
length, numerous (five to twelve) serrulate. Oral shields
clearly visible, at least when dry. Asimple row of mouth-
papilla. Only two or three conical, apical papilla in a
marginal row; these may be considered as_ tooth-papille, but
there is no distinct cluster of inner papilla, below the teeth,
as in Ophiopsila. Tentacle-scale spiniform.

_AMPHIPSILA MACULATA, Sp. nov.

56 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.
PuiaTeE II]; Ficures 4, 4a.

Disk swollen, covered with rather small, thin, flat, rounded,
nearly smooth, naked, imbricated scales. Naked part of
radial shields long and narrow, wide apart; the inner ends
somewhat divergent; the outer ends a little wider or clavate.
Arm-spines seven or eight, slender, of moderate length, the
upper ones about as long as a joint, decidedly flattened and
tapered distally, nearly opaque, hollow and slightly rough;
the two lower ones are longer and larger than the rest, more
terete, blunt or truncate, rough or thorny at the tip. The
basal rows do not approximate dorsally.

Upper arm-plates obovate, longer than wide, rather large,
outer ends thin, obtusely rounded, sides convex; inner ends
obtuse, overlapped by the preceding plate; distally they be-
come more nearly square, with rounded angles, and about as
long as wide. Under arm-plates shield-shaped, longer than
wide, the outer end widest and slightly emarginate in the
middle, the lateral edges concave; the inner end angulated
and slightly overlapped by the preceding plate. ‘T'entacle-
scales on several basal joints two, unequal, elongated, flat,
rough, ribbed. and palmate at the end, as if composed of two
or more divergent spinules united together; more distally the
smaller or outer one becomes short, thorny, and acute, and
then disappears, while the larger one becomes spiniform and
thorny.

Oral shields. very distinct, four-lobed, “spade-shaped,”’
with the distal lobe narrow and extending into the interradial
area; lateral lobes rounded; sides a little incurved; proximal
end obtuse. Adoral shield long and narrow, extending back
along the sides of the oral shield and slightly separating it
from the side arm-plates.

Mouth-papillz three or four in a regular row, besides three
stouter conical ones that stand a little apart from the rest, in
a row at the tip of the jaw, but of these only the middle one
seems to be on the dental plate; the distal ones seem to be
mostly attached to the adoral plates; they are rather large,

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 57

flat, lanceolate, the outer one largest. The first under arm-
plate is small and bears a small process at each inner corner.

Color, in alcohol, yellowish white, with yellowish brown
bars across the arms; disk with small dark brown spots.

Diameter of disk, 6 mm; arms badly broken.

Sta. 13, off Havana, 200 fathoms, one example.

AMPHIPSILA FULVA (Lyman).
Ophiopsila fulva Wyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. V, p. 227, pl.
II, figs. 25-27, 1878; op. cit. Vol. X, p. 254, 1883.
This species was described and figured by Mr. Lyman
from a single specimen.

The figure lacks many details and does not agree well with
the description, but both differ so decidedly from our speci-
men of O. maculata that it seems useless to unite them. A
direct comparison of specimens, however, might possibly
show that they are varieties of one species. _

West Indies, 13 to 175 fathoms, Blake Exped.

OPpHIOMITRA Lyman.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. I, p. 325, 1869; Voyage Challenger, V,

pp. 202, 209, 1882, pl. XLV, figs. 4-6, (anatomy).

This genus is very closely allied to Ophzacantha. The only
special distinctions given by Lyman are the larger size and
nakedness of the radial shields, and the naked or nearly
naked scales of the disk.

Mr. Lyman also described the disk of the type-species as
rounded and cap-like—a character due, perhaps, to imma-
turity, for in large specimens of that. species the interradial
margins are incurved or emarginate.

When adult, the type-species (O. valida Lym.)* has num-
erous spiniform, clustered mouth-papille and tooth-papille.

*The specimens originally described and figured by Lyman were all
immature, and had not deyeloped the true characters of the mouth-
parts.

58 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The distal oral tentacle-pore is large and sub-marginal,
partly sheathed by proximal processes from the concave first
under arm-plate and inner side of the jaw.

The adoral shields are very broad, but wholly proximal to
the small oral shields. The basal tentacle-pores are large
and furnished with two prominent tentacle-scales.

The large, broad radial shields are largely in contact. The
disk-scales are not large, of nearly uniform size, without
specialized marginal ones, and bear short, coarse, clavate,
thorny stumps.

The arm-spines are numerous, somewhat thorny and glassy.
The dorsal arm-plates are slightly separated by the side-
plates.

Most of the species, subsequently described by Mr. Lyman
and others, differ much from the type in several characters.

They nearly all have a single odd tooth-papilla and a
single row of mouth-papille, as in typical Ophzacantha. The
interradial marginal scales are usually large and _ specialized.
The radial shields are often entirely separate and in some
cases not particularly large.

OPHIOMITRA VALIDA Lyman.

Ophiomitra valida Lyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, 10, p. 325, 1869;
op. cit., X, p. 264, 1883; Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., VI, pl.
Il, figs. 4-6; Report Voy. Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p.
209, pl. XLI, figs. 4-6, 1882.

Station 35, off Key West, 90 fathoms, eight examples; Sta.
33, off Sand Key, 105 fathoms, two examples; Sta. 56, Pour-
tales Plateau, 200 fathoms, one example. Found throughout
the Caribbean Sea, at various depths, from 10 to 1105 fath-
fathoms. (Lyman).

OPHIOMITRA ORNATA Ver. sp. nov.

PLATE V; FicuREs 1, Ia.

Arms five, spines numerous and very long, tapered, acute,
glassy, covered with small, rough prickles on all sides. Disk-

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 59

scales visible, not very large, of nearly uniform size, most of
them bear a single, rather long tapered spine or shorter,
acute, very thorny spinule. The central scales bear the
shortest spinules, while the length increases toward the mar-
gin of the disk. Radial shields large, broad, irregular or
roundish, partly naked, slightly bilobed distally. The under
side of the disk is covered with flat, imbricated, subequal
scales, bearing a few small, conical spines. The radial
shields are partly separated by a narrow row of small scales,
bearing short, conical, thorny spinules, similar to those on
the central part of the disk; a few similar spinules arise di-
rectly from the radial shields. The interradial margins, in
one dry specimen, were rather deeply emarginate; in another,
equally dry, they were strongly convex.

The oral shields are small, broadly pelecoidal, wider than
long, with the distal end evenly rounded, and the inner mar-
gins strongly incurved, and forming an acute proximal angle.
The madreporic shield is much larger and more rounded (pl.
V, fig. 1@). The adoral shields are very large and broad,
rounded distally, with the adjacent edges joined extensively,
along the median line. The mouth-papillz and tooth-papillz
together, are about twelve to fifteen on each side of a jaw;
they are nearly equal, large, spiniform, acute. Those along
the distal part of the jaw may form two crowded rows; the
tooth-papillz form a crowded cluster of four or five or more
at the tip; five or six, or more, serving as oral tentacle-scales,
form a close distal cluster.

First under arm-plate small, concave, with a pair of pro-
cesses on the inner angles. Under arm-plates, except on the
basal joints, broadly triangular, with the distal side broadly
rounded and slightly emarginate in the middle; lateral angles
very prominent; inner margins nearly straight, forming a
sharp median angle. The lateral plates meet along the
median line and separate both the dorsal and ventral plates,
more or less.

Tentacle-scales two on one or two basal joints; one of

60 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

these is much the larger, acute, lanceolate, concave, erect;
farther out they rapidly decrease and become narrow, blunt
or clavate and thorny at the tip.

The arm-spines are translucent, long, slender, terete,
tapered, mostly acute, and roughly serrate or thorny; the up-
per ones are considerably longer and more slender than the
lower ones. The rows are dorsally approximate. There
are eight or nine spines in the larger rows.

The upper arm-plates, except the basal, are broadly rhom-
boidal; the outer marginsform an obtusely rounded angle;
side angles very acute; inner angle obtuse, but often with an
acute tip. They are separated by the side plates. Basal
plate short, transversely elliptical.

Diameter of disk of the type specimen, 11 mm; breadth of
arm at base, without spines, 3 mm; length of longest spines,
4-6 mm.

Station 12, off Havana, 200 fathoms, one example; station
2, off Havana, 110 fathoms, one example.

OPHIOCAMAX AUSTERA Verrz//, sp. nov.
PLATE VI; Ficures 1, t¢. PuatTe Vile PicurE 2,

Rays five. Disk deeply five-lobed, covered with small
polygonal scales and large naked radial shields. The small
scales bear each a single, small, rough or thorny, tapered
spine, some of which are elongated and others _ short-conical.

The radial shields are very large, acute-triangular, in con-
tact throughout the length of the straight inner edges, but
with a row of small spinules along the suture. Their inner
ends are covered by small overlapping scales; their outer
ends are separated by a small group of scales bearing spin-
ules.

The under side of the disk is covered with small angular
scales, bearing a few small conical spinules.

Oral shields thick, warty, small, and irregularly trilobed;
the body or proximal part is transversely elliptical with an

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 61

obtuse proximal angle; the distal lobe is an elongated, nar-
row, oblong, blunt process, which extends out into the inter-
radial area. Small, rough, granule-like and verruciform ele-
vations occur on its proximal part, as well as on the distal.
The madreporic shield is larger than the others, swollen, some-
what triangular, without a distinct distal lobe.

Adoral shields are very large, broad, quadrant-shaped,
with the straight adjacent edges broadly joined.

The mouth-papillz, tooth-papilla, and oral tentacle-scales
are all similar in form, long, acute, spiniform, and very num-
erous. The tooth-papille are about ten to a jaw, in four
. transverse rows, below the broader and flatter teeth;
the two upper rows consist each of a_ pair of papil-
le, side by side; the two lowest rows, near the mar-
gin of the jaw, usually consist of three each, of which
the median ones are larger and like those above them. On
the middle of each side of the jaw there is a crowded diverg-
ent group of 14 to 17 spiniform mouth-papille, some of
which arise from the ventral surface of the oral plates and
others from their margins; a few additional ones are situated
along the inner margins, up to the tooth-papilla. They are
mostly acute, spiniform, and minutely serrulate or rough.

At the junction of the concave, first under arm-plate and
the first lateral plate there is a prominence, bordering the ora!
tentacle-pore, and bearing a close cluster of about five or six
large, acute, spiniform tentacle-scales directed inward; they
are rather larger than the mouth-papille, but similar in form;
two of these are borne on the under arm-plate and three on
the corner of the side arm-plate. The first arm-plate is deep-
ly hollowed out between the side lobes that bear spiniform
tentacle-scales.

On the second and third joints there are four or five simi-
lar, but slightly smaller, tentacle-scales, in a conical group
around each pore; on five or six succeeding joints there are
three scales in a group, but they become thorny and more ir-
regular and decrease rapidly in size distally; beyond the

62 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

ninth or tenth joint there are two small thorny ones, and
farther out only one, which is very slender and rough.

The size of the tentacle-pores also decreases rapidly from
the basal joints distally, so that even on the middle of the
arm it becomes minute.

Along the basal half of the arm, beneath, there is a shallow,
median groove, which increases in depth proximally; it is due
to the concave form of the under arm-plates. The under
arm-plates beyond the basal, are short, but transversely very
wide, with the lateral angles extending far out between the
side plates and up on the sides of the arms; the distal edge is
distinctly three-lobed, the lobes being broadly rounded, the
median a little more prominent than the lateral; the proximal
end has a very obtuse median angle. They are slightly sep-
arated by the side arm-plates; on the middle of each under
plate there is a slightly raised, small, rough elevation. The
side arm-plates are short, but high and rather prominent;
they meet both above and below.

Arm-spines seven or eight on the second and third joints
beyond the disk. They increase regularly in length from
the lowest, which are small and slender, to the two upper
ones, which are large and long, or about as long as four arm-
joints. They are slender, tapered, terete, translucent, and
covered with small rough points on all sides.

The rows of spines do not approach very closely on the
upper side‘of the arm, owing to the width of the arm-plates.

The upper arm-plates are strongly arched, rather thick
and swollen, rough, with a transverse row of small verruce
on a low ridge near the distal edge. These plates, except a
few basal ones, are transversely subrhombic, or rudely ellip-
tical, with the inner end obtusely angulated and the outer end
broadly convex, and often obtusely angulated medially. They
are much wider than long, and are separated by deep, narrow
grooves in which the side plates meet.

The first four or five dorsal plates are smaller and narrow-

- OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 63

er; the third and fourth are nearly as wide as long, five-sided,
with corners rounded. ‘The first is a short, transverse plate,
bearing a row of minute spinules, and separated from the
radial shields by one or more supplementary plates.

Diameter of the disk of the largest, r4 mm.; the arms are
broken at the ends.

Station 2, off Havana, 110 fathoms, two examples.

In one specimen, probably owing to repair after injury,
two of the radial shields are replaced by a mosaic of small, ir-
regular scales, bearing spinules, and the basal dorsal arm-
plates, also, are each replaced by several small pieces.

This species is closely allied to O. hystrix Lyman, from
the same region. The latter, as figured by Lyman,* has
shorter and more irregular radial shields, separated for about
half their length by a wedge of scales; the disk-plates larger
and few, bearing much smaller, short, conical, thorny and
sharp grains. The basal upper arm-plates are longer and
more angular, trapezoidal,and more extensively in contact.
The basal under arm-plates are shorter and less triangular;
the under arm-plates have a less distinct central lobe; the
eight arm-spines are shorter and more unequal. The mouth-
papilla, tentacle-scales, and oral shields are, however, very
similar in the two forms.

O. fasciculata Lyman, also from the West Indies, is an-
other similar species. It has smaller and very slender disk-
spines, shorter and smaller radial shields, closely joined, and
without the intervening row of spinules. The dorsal arm-
plates are narrower and more widely separated; the six arm-
spines are much shorter; the oral shield is broader and less
lobed; the tentacle-scales fewer. The mouth-papille and un-
der arm-plates are very similar.

*Three large specimens of this species are in the Yale Museum, sent
by Mr. Lyman. Two of them agree well with Mr. Lyman’s type, but
the third is much like our type of O. austera. Mr. Lyman probably in-
tended to include both forms under his species. But our species is
really more nearly allied to O. fasciculata L.

64 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

OPpHIOCHONDRUS GRACILIS Verri//, sp. nov.

Disk small; arms long and slender, tapering but little, coiled.
Upper arm-plates small, thick, slightly in contact with each
other, broad ovate, ‘‘top-shaped,” or subtriangular with round-
ed angles, about as broad as long on the proximal half of the
arm; outer end strongly convex, lateral angles rounded, ob-
tuse; on the distal part of the arm they become more triangu-
lar or somewhat heart-shaped, and are separated by the side
plates, under arm-plates small, thick, except the basal, broad-
triangular, with rounded angles and convex outer edge, about
as long as broad, separated by the side plates; the distal end
is thick and raised. ‘Tentacle-scale one, large for the genus,
oblong-ovate or short spiniform, obtuse. Arm-spines eight,
on the greater part of the arm short, stout, a little flattened,
rather obtuse, slightly rough, nearly equal in length, or the
uppermost a little longer than the others; distally they be- -
come more slender and tapered; near the base of the arm, on
some of the joints, the upper spine is often twice as long as
the others, tapered and acute.

Oral shield small, thick, pear-shaped, with an acute inner
angle, as long as broad.

Adoral shields large, thick, and rough like the oral shields,
pear-seed shaped, the inner ends prolonged, acute, and largely
joined. Mouth-papille three on each side and an odd term-
inal one; they are relatively large, prominent, not crowded,
obtuse, the outer one slightly flattened. The upper surface
of the disk is destroyed.

Diameter of disk-scar, 3 mm; diameter of arm, without
spines, 80 mm; length of arms, imperfect at tip, 20 mm.

Off Havana, 110 to 260 fathoms, on gorgonians, two ex-
amples.

This species, although the covering of the disk is unknown,
differs very decidedly from all those hitherto described in the
slenderness and length of the arms; elongated upper arm-
spine on the proximal joints; form of arm-plates, tentacle-
scales, mouth-papille, and oral shields.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 65

Family, OPHIOMY XID & Ljung. (restr.), 1866.

Ophioscolecideé (pars) Lutk., 1869.

Ophiomyxine (sub-family) Ljung., 1871.

Ophiomyxide Carus, Faune Medit., p. 96, 1884.

Disk and arms covered with thick cuticle, and usually with
only a row of marginal disk-scales, and a few scattered ones
imbedded in the cuticle, but visible only when dried. __Radial
shields small, usually with a proximai series of small supple-
mentary scales.

Teeth and mouth-papillz stout, flat, with the end serrated.
No tooth-papilla. True tentacle-scales generally absent.
Under arm-plates small. Side arm-plates sub-ventral, bear-
ing several rough divergent spines. Upper arm-plates rudi-
‘mentary or lacking; when present, composed of small pieces.
Two large, triangular, peristomial plates on each mouth-
angle.

Arm-bones peculiar, belonging to the modified “hour-glass-
shaped” type; with well-formed condyles on both ends.

Ophiomyxa is the only genus described, but it evidently in-
cludes two generic groups. The second genus has the fol-
lowing characters:

OPHIODERA, gen. nov. Type, O. serpentarza (Lym.)

Marginal disk-scales, are rudimentary, and the disk-scales
proximal to the radial shields are lacking. No upper arm-
plates. Side arm-plates may be soldered to the under arm-
plates; they are not contined upward by a row of supple-
mentary plates. Three arm-spines, enclosed by cuticle.

OPpHIOMYXA FLACCIDA (Say) Lutk.
Ophiura flaccida Say, Journ. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., V, p. 151, 1825.
Ophiomyxa caribea T,iitken, Vid. Meddel., p. 10, 1856.

Ophiomyxa flaccida Liitken, Add. ad. Hist. Ophiur., Pt. II, p. 138, pl.
V, fig. 1, 1859.

Ophiomyxa flaccida Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, p. 178, pl. II,
figs. 18,19. Verill, Trans. Conn. Acad., I, Pt. II, p. 341, 366, 1868.

V—1 E

66 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Lyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, 9, p. 233; Lyman, Report, Voy.
Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 246, pl. XLIII, fig. 1-3, 1882,
anatomy. Nutting, Narrative, pp. 132, 170.

The specimens of this species show, in alcohol, consider-
able variation in color; most of them are dull yellowish green,
or dark olive green on the disk, more or less mottled with
yellow, and frequently with rings of yellow on the arms. In
some examples the whole disk is covered with irregular
rings of light yellow on an olive green ground-color. The
colors are usually reddish or orange in life. In the larger
specimens there are often, on alternate joints, four and five
spines on each side; beyond the middle regularly five, or five
and six on alternate joints more distally.

Tortugas, in shallow water, ten large examples, Egg Key,
young.

Common in shallow water from the Florida Keys to the
Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil, and throughout the West Indies.
Bermuda (coll. Goode).

OpHIOMYXA BREVICAUDA Verri/l, sp. nov.
PuaTE III; Figure 3.

Arms relatively short and stout, rapidly tapered. Disk
relatively large, tumid, five-lobed, extending out on the arms,
covered with thick wrinkled cuticle, which contains few
scales except along the margin and at base of arms, where
there is a row of rather stout scales. Radial shields small,
obscure, roundish. Arms covered above with smooth cuticle,
without upper arm-plates or granules; the rhombic surfaces of
the internal plates show a median groove and are nearly in
contact. Under arm-plates small, rather shield-shaped, with
a deep distal notch and angulated outer corners. Side-plates
large, thick and prominent. Arm-spines three, webbed to-
gether, and covered by cuticle, slender, very acute, glassy,
roughly serrulate. ‘Tentacle-pores rather large.

Mouth-papille four, sometimes with a minute fifth distally;

they are wide, flat, subtruncate or rounded and finely serrate
at the end.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 67

Oral shields small, broad-elliptical or sub-rhombic, with
rounded corners, rather broader than long. Adoral shields
trilobed, separating the oral shields from the side-plates, but
not meeting within.

Diameter of disk, 13 mm. Length of arms, 45 mm.
Stations 4 and 13, off Havana, in 110 and 200 fathoms.

This species has arms shorter and much stouter at base
than the preceding, and they taper very rapidly, instead of
being of nearly uniform breadth and slender. The arm-
spines are more slender, less tapered, rougher, and more
glassy. The tentacle-pores are much larger; the under arm-
plates are less heart-shaped or triangular; the mouth-papille
stouter; the marginal disk-scales larger.

OPpHIOMYXA TUMIDA Lym.

Ophiomyxa tumida Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. X, p. 272, pl. I,
figs. 1-3, 1883.

PLATE III; Ficure 5.

This species was taken at many stations in the West In-
dian region, in 13 to 300 fathoms by the Blake Expedition.

OPHIODERA, gen. nov. Type, O. serpentaria (Lym.)

Marginal disk-scales are rudimentary and concealed by
thick cuticle; the disk-scales proximal to the radial shields,
are lacking. No upper arm-plates. Side arm-plates may be
soldered to the under arm-plates. They are not continued
upward by a row of small plates. Three or four arm-spines
enclosed in cuticle, the inner one is smaller and may serve as
a tentacle scale; it is sometimes forked distally. Teeth and
tooth-papillz serrate, nearly as in Ophiomyxa, but with finer

denticles.
OPHIODERA STIMPSONI Verrzll.

? Ophioscolex stimpsoni Lyman, Ilust. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII,
p. 23, pl. I, figs. 11-15, 1875.

68 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.
PiaTE II; Ficures 4, 4a.

Arms very long and slender. Disk five-lobed, the lobes
extending out alittle on the base of the arms. Teeth three
or four, upper one stout, spiniform, the others thicker, sub-
truncate.

Mouth-papille about five, partly slender, sub-spiniform,
rough at tip, irregularly crowded in a row, nearly equal in
length, but some are flattened and obtuse at tip.* Sometimes
there is also a somewhat stouter tooth-papilla. | Within
mouth-slits, on each side, there are two (sometimes only one)
slender papillz, between the two oral tentacle-pores.

Oral-shields exposed when dry, small, transversely ellip-
tical; adoral shields rather small, irregularly three or four-
lobed, not meeting proximally, where there is a patch of
naked cuticle between them, but distally separating the oral
shields from the side arm-plates.

Genital slits wide and open near the oral shields, but nar-
row distally and not extending to the edge of the disk, bor-
dered by narrow, naked scales.

Under arm-plates small, but somewhat thickened, angu-
larly heart-shaped, with a deep distal notch or emargination,
the outer corners angular. They are separated by the sunk-
en side-plates, which leave central pits or indentations. No
tentacle-scale. The pores are small and round. Arm-spines
three or four, divaricate, small, very sharp, rough and glassy,
nearly equal, more or less webbed together and covered by
cuticle when in alcohol. They keep the same character to
the ends of the arms, where there are but two, borne on
prominent lobes of the side-plates.

Upper arm-plates lacking. The internal arm-plates show
as transversely rhombic plates separated by wider intervals.

*The irregularity of the papille may be due to some former injury
and only partial restoration of these parts. Many of the papille lack
the serrulate distal end, characteristic of the genus, and plainly seen
in the other specimens described below.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 69

Whole upper surface of disk and arms and lower surface
of disk covered with thin, naked cuticle, wrinkled when dry,
in which are imbedded microscopic scales, on the disk, and a
row of small, but distinct, marginal scales. Sometimes there
are a few minute, acute granules along the margin and on
the bases of the arms. Radial shields narrow, very small, or
concealed by cuticle.

Diameter of disk, 7 mm; length of arms, about 45 mm.

Another slightly larger specimen from the same station
has the disk tumid, and the lobes extend out more on the
bases of the arms. The cuticle is thicker and contains num-
erous microscopic scales, while on the lower side of the disk
there are many very small, scattered, pointed granules. Sim-
ilar granules are scattered on the sides and back of the arms.
The lower side of the arms and disk is covered with thick
cuticle that conceals the plates, even when dry, unless treat-
ed with potash.

The spines are usually four, but often three and four al-
ternately, short, rather thick, acute, rough, the upper one
largest, webbed together for half their length with cuticle.

Mouth-papillze four or five, flattened, rounded at the end,
and minutely serrate, except the outer one which is shorter
and scarcely serrate. On some of the basal joints there is
often a minute, slender, acute tentacle-scale, concealed by
cuticle in the alcoholic specimens. Under arm-plates and
oral shields as in the smaller one described above.

Another specimen, with disk 8 mm. in diameter, from sta-
tion 15, has the oral shields more triangular, with rounded
corners, their breadth being about equal to the length. The
radial shields can be seen through the dried cuticle as very
small, narrow, oblong plates, well apart.

Mouth-papillz five, small, serrate, decreasing in size dis-
tally. Arm-plates and spines as in the others.

Station 4, off Havana, in 110 fathoms; station 15, off Ha-
vana, in 200 fathoms; station 24, off Key West, in 60 fathoms.

Mat 8 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.
Family, HEMIEURYALID# Ver.

In this family are included several genera of true Ophiure,
‘ which very much resemble, in form and habits, the simple-
armed Euryale or Astrophytons. Like the latter, they coil
their arms closely around the branches of gorgonian corals
on which they dwell.

The disk is pentagonal and covered with thick plates or
tubercles, which may be conical. The radial shields are large ~
and prominent.

Upper arm-plates may be entire and accompanied by sup-
plementary plates, or they may be replaced by a mosaic of
small plates. They are thick or tubercular.

Under arm-plates well formed. Side-plates separated by
extra plates. Oral and adoral shields normal. Spines few,
short and stumpy. A row of mouth papilla. Teeth, but no
definite cluster of tooth-papille.

Genital pores small, situated near together at the outer end
of the oral shield. Arm-bones have special forms approach-
ing those of the Astrophytons. Mouth-frames strongly ossi-
fied.

The genera belonging to this family, are Hemzeuryale,
Ophioplus, and Sigsbeia.

OPHIOPLUS, gen. nov.
Type, Hemteuryale tuberculosa Lyman.
PLATE A FicuREs: 1: 1@. 10.

Disk small, pentagonal, thick, covered with small, thick-
ened or tubercular scales. Radial shields large, naked, sep-
arated. Oral shields and adoral shields well developed ana
naked. Mouth-papille in regular series. No tooth-papille.
Under arm-plates rather large. Upper arm-plates entire,
swollen and well formed, separated by a transverse row of
small, tubercle-like plates. Side arm-plates prominent,
separated above by a supplementary lateral plate. Arm-
spines short, two or three in a row. ‘Tentacle-scale single.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 71

A pair of small, round genital pores under the outer end of
the oral shields.

This genus differs decidely from Aemzeuryale, to which it
is allied, in having distinct and well formed dorsal arm-plates.
It is also closely allied to Szgsbeza. In fact, it stands between
these two genera in several characters.

OHPIOPLUS TUBERCULOsUS (Lym.) Ver.
Hemieuryale tuberculosa Wyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. X, p.
276, pl. VIII, figs. 120-127, 1883.

Ophiomusium (?) Nutting, Narrative, p. 78.
PrRAte Ts nieGwREs, 1. Ta, 10.

Disk small, thick, pentagonal or five-lobed, convex, swol-
len over the bases of the arms, covered with rather large,
mostly rounded, swollen and verruciform plates, among which
a central plate and ten radiating rows of radial and interradial
plates of larger size and greater elevation can be distinguished;
the smaller plates are more irregular in form and less swollen.
The radial shields are rough, rudely elliptical or ovate, rather
long, widest in the middle, far apart, separated by a median
row of about three high, verruciform plates and a row of small-
er ones oneach side. Upper arm-plates, except the basal, are
broader than long, very thick and prominent, transversely el-
liptical or oblong, with all the corners rounded; outer end
often a little emarginate, and inner end often truncated. They
are usually separated by a single row of three, high, verruci-
form plates, of which the middle one is round and the laterals
ovate; sometimes there is an additional row of two or three
plates; at the base of the arms the median one may be lack-
ing, and toward the tips, the laterals usually disappear, leav-
ing only a small median one. A row of rounded prominent
plates extends along each upper edge, alongside of the arm-
plates, and alternating with the side-plates. Arm-spines
generally two, sometimes three, small, short, stout, the lower
one thickest, clavate or obtuse. Tentacie-scale rather large,
ovate.

72 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Under arm-plates, near the base of the arms, trapezoidal
with convex outer edge and rounded corners, usually rather.
longer than broad; farther out they are nearly square, a little
separated by the side plates.

Oral shields five-sided, broader than long, outer edge a
little convex, angles rounded; inner edges concave, meeting in
a broad angle. Adoral shields large, rudely ovate, the nar-
rower inner ends broadly in contact. Mouth-papilla about
five, angular, acute, more or less flattened.

Genital pores very small, round, under the outer end of
the oral shield.

Color deep brown, variously spotted with whitish, imitating
the colors of Gorgonella to which it clings.

Usually many of the more prominent verruciform plates of
the upper side of the arms and disk are white; under arm-
plates dark brown.

Station 15 and 16, off Havana, 200 fathoms, two examples.
Taken by the Blake Expedition in 96 and 115 fathoms.

SIGSBEIA MURRHINA Lyman.

Sigsbeia murrhina Lyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, 9, p. 234, 1878,
pl. III, figs. 55, 58; op. cit. K, p. 277; Lyman, Report Voy. Chal-
lenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 250, pl. XLIII, figs. 4-6, 1882,
anatomy; Three Cruises of the Blake, II, p. 114, fig. 399, 1888. Nut-
ting, Narrative, p. 79.

PuaTE Il; Ficures 2,42.

Station 13, off Havana, 200 fathoms, one adult and one
young; station 73, Little Cat I., 3 to 15 fathoms, three young.

This species clings to gorgonians, which it imitates in form,
and probably in color when living.

A young specimen, having a disk 3.5 mm. in diameter, ap-
pears to belong to this species. It is from station 73.
This specimen differs so much from Mr. Lyman’s figures

that it might almost be taken for a new species, but the differ-
ences may be due to age.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 73

In our specimen the oral shields are broader and less ovate,
the outer ends being more rounded than in Lyman’s figure.
The under arm-plates are longer, narrower, and more shield-
shaped, the sides being strongly emarginate, and the prox-
imal end narrower; they are all, even at the base of the arms,
separated by the lateral plates. The tentacle-scale is very
small. The arm-spines are minute, near together, short, ob-
tuse, the lower one slightly larger.

The basal upper arm-plate is very small, short, transversely
elliptical, partly concealed by three supplementary, thickened
disk-scales outside the ends of the radial shields; the second
plate is larger, thick, transversely elliptical; the succeeding
ones are top-shaped with rounded outer, and very acute inner
ends; sides incurved, usually not separated by the lateral
plates. The two basal plates are, therefore quite unlike Mr.
Lyman’s figure.

The disk-plates are very different from Mr. Lyman’s fig-
ure; the radial shields are narrower and at their inner ends
there are five large, swollen, pear-shaped radial plates, their
points inward, and separated by about three small scales, and
with a small central scale. None of the disk plates bear
tubercles or granules. The disk is high and swollen and the
plates are not closely soldered together, as they are said to
be by Mr. Lyman. Color of the dry specimen yellowish
brown above, yellowish white below.

Order I. EURYAL & Miller & Troschel, 1842.

Euryalide Gray, 1840.

Astrophytonide Norman, 1866.

Phytastra Heckel, 1866.

Astrophytide Wyman, Ljungman and others.

ELuryale Wjung., Oph. Viv., p. 334, 1867. Carus Fauna Medit., p. 97,
1884.

Cladophiure Bell, 1892.

Euryalida of several authors.

74 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Family, ASTRON YCID4&, nov.

Astronycina, (pars) Ljung., Oph., Viv., 1867.

Arms undivided, long, slender, coiled, not annulated nor
granulated. Disk with ten narrow radial ridges formed by
long narrow radial shields, covered with thin, smooth scales
or naked skin. Teeth stout, well formed, in a single row.
Tooth-papillz one or two, conical, sometimes absent. Mouth-
papillz small, like conical granules, placed above the margins
of the jaw. Oral and adoral plates regularly formed.

Upper and under arm-plates rudimentary or absent. Side-
arm-plates cover most of the lower side of the arm and pro-
ject laterally, bearing two, three, or more spines or tentacle-
scales, which may be either simple or hook-like. The gen-
ital slits are short, near together, in a depression near the
oral shields.

Astronyx was the only described genus of this family, till
recently, when I was able to add to it a new genus, Astrodia,
(type A. tennusspina Ver.) from deep water off the U. S.
coast.

This family includes only two genera, Astronyx M. & Tr.,
and Astrodia.

ASTRONYX LYMANI Verri/l, sp. nov.
Astronyx loveni Lym., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. KX, p. 282, pl.
VIII, figs. 136-138, young, (zon Miill. & Troschel).
PuaTe VIII; Ficures 4—4e.

Arms five, long, slender, coiled. Disk pentagonal with in-
curved margins, and ten high, long radial shields, which are
widely separated, curved outward in the middle and some-
what sinuous distally, the outer end a little clavate or
knobbed; the edge is serrulate with small scales. The radial
shields and disk are covered with a thin, smooth skin which
extends out on the arms above and below. Interbrachial
region below, in the dry specimen, concave or sunken, with

the two short but wide genital openings close together, near
the inner angle.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 75

Tooth-papillz about six, in a biserial group at the end of
the jaw, small and conical; two or three similar mouth-pa-
pillz on each jaw-margin, rather irregularly arranged, and
others higher up in the slits. On the first joint the tentacle-
pores are without scales or spines; on the second they some-
times have a single, very small one; on the third there are
either two or three small spiniform ones; on the fourth usually
three in each group, of which the inner is longest; on the fifth
joint, opposite the edge of the disk, there are three, the inner
or lower one being much longer and more spiniform than the
others, which have claw-like hooks on the lower side.
Farther out the number increases to four, and finally to six,
beyond the middle of the arm. The large, lower one is
about as long as a joint, blunt, and rough on the inside, on
the basal joints, but farther out it becomes obtuse and its dis-
tal part bears ten, twelve or more small glassy hooks, in two
or more rows (figs. 4, 4a, 4e); those of the upper series are
all changed to claw-like hooks, the lower often with two or
three glassy points; they are attached to a transverse row of
prominent tubercles on the side arm-plates (figs. 4a, 40, 4c).
Still farther out the lower spine is reduced to a claw, with
two or three points (fig. 4d). Near the tip of the arm there
are only two or three hooks in each row.

Diameter of ‘disk of type, 15 mm; of arm at base, 4 mm;
length of arms, broken, too+mm.

Station 16, off Havana, 200 fathoms.

This species resembles A. /ovend in appearance. The lat-
ter has the smaller arm-spines more nearly equal, shorter and
less strongly clawed; the lower one is more conical and the
roughnesses are not so claw-like on the basal joints. To-
ward the base of the arm there may be four or five slender,
tapered, nearly equal, divergent spines, but they all change

to claws distally. The mouth and tooth-papille are fewer,
smaller, and less acute.

A. locardi Keehler,* from the eastern Atlantic, in 1710 m.

*Rev. Biol. du Nord de la France, vol. VII, p. 34, 1895.

76 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

is another similar species. It differs in having the proximal
arm-spines, short, stout, obtuse, slightly bent, six or seven at
the tenth joint, the length increasing gradually from the low-
est to the upper ones, but showing no marked difference in
length, even between the first and second.

Family, AS'T ROSCHEMID4, nov.

Arms simple, long, slender, coiled. Disk five-lobed, with
ten radial ribs; naked or granulated. Radial shields narrow,
usually elongated.

Teeth large, stout, several in a vertical row. Mouth-pa-
pillz small or wanting.

Under arm-plates small. Upper arm-plates poorly devel-
oped, often wanting, sometimes represented by two or more
pieces, covered by naked skin or granulated.

Side arm-plates relatively large, covering a large part of
the lower side of the arm, and usually bearing two elongated
spines or tentacle-scales.

Oral and adoral plates regularly formed, but covered by
cuticle. :

Genital slits short, situated near the outer margin of the
disk.

Mouth-frames strong, well developed, but without wing-
like processes.

This family includes Astroschema, Astrocreas, and Ophio-
creas.

ASTROSCHEMA OLIGACTES Liitken.

Asterias oligactes Pallas, Acad. Caes. Leop. Nova. Acta., II, p. 239,
pl. VI, fig. 23.

A stroschema oligactes Lutken, Vid. Meddel., p. 16, 1856; Add. ad.
Hist. Oph., Pt. II, p. 155, pl. V, fig. 3. Duj. & Hupé, Hist. Nat.
Zooph. Echin., p. 297, 1862. Lyman, Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
VIII, Pt. Il, p. 62. Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad.,I, p. 341. Lyman,
Report Voy. Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 278, pl. XLIV,
figs. 1-5, 1882, anatomy; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X, p. 280.

Ophiocreas, sp., Nutting, Narrative, p. 80.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 77

Stations 4 and 13, of Havana, 110 to 200 fathoms, three
examples; station 29, off Sand Key, 116 fathoms, one example;
station 15, 200 fathoms, three examples. Taken by the
Blake Exped., in many localities, in 69 to 288 fathoms.

Like the allied species, this clings to certain gorgonians
that it closely imitates in form and colors.

One six-rayed specimen was taken off Havana.
©

ASTROSCHEMA ARENOSUM Lyman.

Astroschema arenosum Wyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, 9, p. 23,
pl. III, figs. 62, 64, 1878; op. cit. X, p. 280; Lyman, Report Voy.
Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, 278.

Ophicreas sp., Nutting, Narrative, p. 80.

Station 29, off Sand Key, 116 fathoms, one example; sta-
tion 37, off Key West, 125 fathoms, one example. Taken
by the Blake Exped., in 124 to 805 fathoms.

ASTROSCHEMA INTECTUM Lyman.

Astroschema intectum Lyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, 9, p. 235,
pl. III, figs. 59-61, 1878; Lyman, Report Voy. Challenger, Zool.,
Ophiuroidea, V, p. 278.

Ophiocreas, sp., Nutting, Narrative, p. 80.

Station 13, off Havana, 200 fathoms, three examples. Tak-
en by the Blake Exped., in 175 fathoms.

ASTROSCHEMA NUTTINGII, sp. nov.
PLATE VII; Ficures 3, 3a.

Five long, slender, curled arms. ‘Disk five-lobed, with ten
prominent radial ridges (when dry), extending nearly to the
center; its whole surface is covered with minute, rough,
rounded granules, those on the ribs distinctly coarser and
more crowded than the rest; those in the depressions between
the ribs very minute and scattered, showing the naked skin
between them; the skin is divided into small areas, which ap-
pear to cover small imbedded scales.

78 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Upper surface of the arms without visible dorsal plates,
covered -with thin naked skin containing very minute gran-
ules, becoming more distinct distally. The outlines of the in-
ternal arm-plates can be seen. Near the tips of the arms
small scattered granules occur.

Under side of disk and arms everywhere apparently naked,
except for a few granules around the genital slits and mouth-
angles, but the skin, when dry, is filled with minute rough
grains, visible only when much magnified.

Mouth-papille five or six ina regular row, small, conical
and granule-like; larger conical papille occur at.the tip of the
jaw. A pair of minute, conical, oral tentacle-scales at the
outer corner of the mouth slits.

Spines or tentacle-scales on the first joint one, minute and
sometimes lacking; on the second joint generally one or two,
long and slender; on succeeding joints two rather long, about
equal to breadth of arms, slender, tapered; the lower one is
longest and largest, cylindrical, blunt, or even a little en-
larged toward the end, and covered near the tip with rough
spinules; on those close to the end of the arms the terminal
spinules become almost claw-like. The upper spine is also
roughened in the same way, but less distinctly so.

Color, in alcohol, light buff.
Diameter of disk, 7 mm; length of arms, about 50 mm.

Station 33, off Sand Key, 105 fathoms, one example; sta-
tion 37, off Key West, 125 fathoms, one example.

Probably attached to gorgonians or hydroids.

OPHIOCREAS LUMBRICUS Lyman.

Ophiocreas lumbricus Lyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, 10, p. 347,
1869; Ill. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., VI, pl. I, figs. 19-21; Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., V, 9, p. 236; op. cit., X, p. 281; Lyman, Report Voy.
Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 284, 1882. Nutting, Narrative,
Bahama Exp., p. 171, pl., fig. 1.

Station 4, off Havana, 110 fathoms, one example; stations
26, 28 and 48, off Key West, 60, 116 and 80 fathoms, four-

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 79

teen large examples; station 33, off Sand Key, 105 fathoms,
four examples; station 62, off American shoal, 70 to 80 fath-
oms, four examples.

This and the allied species cling to gorgonian corals, which
their long, slender arms imitate in form and color.

OPHIOCREAS SPINULOsUS Lyman.

Ophiocreas spinulosus lyyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X, p. 281, pl.
VIII, figs. 132-135, 1883; Three Cruises of the Blake, p. 109, fig. 389,
1888.

Station 28, off Sand Key, 116 fathoms, two large examples.

Taken by the Blake Exped., in 116 to 288 fathoms.

Family, ASTROCHELIDA, nov.

Arms simple or with a few distal forks, granulated, and
also annulated with raised ridges. Disk with five or ten
radial ridges, its surface granulated or spinulose.

Teeth and tooth-papillze numerous, spiniform; the latter
form an apical cluster. Mouth-papille similar in form, some-
times lacking. The teeth may form double vertical rows.
Under arm-plates rudimentary or lacking. Side arm-plates
cover most of the under surface, but are hidden by cuticle and
granules. They bear a short row of small rough spines or
tentacle-scales; above them are double vertical rows of small
plates,* forming raised ridges and bearing granules and also
rows of minute glassy hooks, on the sides and top of the
arms.

These sometimes extend on to the radial ridges of the disk.
The genital openings are short, situated toward the margin
of the disk or not close to the inner angle.

This family includes Astrochele, Astrogomphus, Astroporpa

*Mr. Lyman considered these the equivalent of the upper arm-plates,
but to me they appear to be a continuation of the side-plates. In this
case the upper plates would be represented, if present, by the rows of
small plates between the ridges.

80 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

and Astrotoma, with simple arms, and Astrocnzda with the
arms forked near the ends.

ASTROGOMPHUS VALLATUS Lyman.

Astrogomphus vallatus Lyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, 10, p. 350,
1869; |Ill. Cat. Mus.Comp. Zool., VI, pl. I, figs. 16-18; Bull. Mus.
Comp Zool., V, 9, p. 236; op. cit. X, p. 229, 279; Lyman, Report Voy,
Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 271, pl. XLIV, figs. 10-12,
1882, anatomy. Nutting, Narrative, p. 171, pl., figs. 2, 2a.

The larger specimens usually have five arm-spines on the
proximal part of the arm, but sometimes only four, or five and
four irregularly alternating. A very large one has six spines
on some of the basal joints, the extra one being external to
the others and smaller. The spiniform single tentacle-scale
of the first joint is often wanting on some of the arms. The
second joint usually has four spines (or tentacle-scales), in
form like those of the following joints. The disk has a defi-
nite marginal row of rough spinules; the interbrachial spaces
and most of the oral region appear smooth in alcohol, but
when partly dried have a fine tesselated appearance; when
quite dry these parts are covered with a close mosaic of
larger and smaller mostly flat granules, the larger ones being
somewhat conical. The cluster of spinules in the interradial
angles is pretty clearly circumscribed, but one spinule often
stands a little apart and more towards the mouth-angle. The
madreporic shield is small, roundish, and just outside one of
the groups of interradial spinules.

Stations 28 and 29, off Sand Key, 116 fathoms, 40 ex-
amples; station 56, Pourtales Plateau, 200 fathoms, four ex-
amples; station 64, off American Shoal, 110 fathoms, four ex-
amples; station 62, 70 to 80 fathoms, two examples.

It was taken by the “Blake” in many localities throughout
the West Indian region, in 88 to 337 fathoms.

It is found clinging to branches of Gorgonella and other
gorgonian corals, which it imitates closely in colors.

One large specimen from Station 56 has repaired extensive

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. SI

mutilations, having lost about one-third of the disk and two
entire arms. ‘The new arms are about one-half grown and
are perfectly formed. The new section of the disk is not
full grown and has a thinner skin, fewer and smaller spin-
ules and granules, and smaller and somewhat more irregular
radial ribs than the others.

A young specimen from Station 62, with the disk 7.5 mm.
in diameter, agrees pretty closely with the larger ones in the
armature of the disk and arms, but on the disk the larger
granules are mostly short, conical, or obtuse; only a few of
them are acutely conical; the smaller ones are rounded grains;
on the arms the bands of granules are a little less numerous
than onthe adult. There are four or five sharp, conical
mouth-papille, the outer one small. The granules of the low-
er and lateral surfaces are angular and flat, forming a smooth
mosaic; a single row of small conical spinules runs from the
base of one arm to another on the lower side, and at the up-
per margin of the interbrachial region there is a less regular
row of conical grains, so that the sides of the body, between
the arms, has a rigid, angular appearance. The smooth
granulation of the lower side of the disk extends directly out
on the lower side of the arms, concealing the plates. The
spines or tentacle-scales are mostly in threes, short, nearly
equal, oblong, thorny at the tips.

Still younger specimens, from 2 to 3 mm. in diameter of
disk, from stations 13, 35 and 62, are quite different in ap-
pearance. Inthese the radial shields are naked, elevated,
and oblong-ovate, parallel, separated by one to three rows of
small, round granules; a radial row of three to five similar
granules extends out from the center in each interradial area;
the central area shows a central and five larger, obtuse-con-
ical, primary, radial granules and five primary interradials,
with many crowded smaller granules; two small round gran-
ules are situated on the outer end of each radial shield. The
granules of the upper side of the arm are small, round, and
prominent; about three rows alternate with the more ele-

V—1 F

82 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

vated rows corresponding to the lateral spines; part of the
granules of the latter bear relatively large, claw-shaped hooks
with a terminal, strongly incurved claw and two or three
swollen secondary denticles on its inner edge. The lateral
spines are mostly three, small, short, rough or thorny at the
tip. Mouth-papilla four or five, small, rough, mostly acute,
the outer one larger and obtuse.

AsTROGOMPHUS RUDIS Verrz//, sp. nov.
PLATE VII; Firurgs 1, Ia.

This species differs from A. va//atus in having the radial
ribs wider and less raised, and the disk-spinules more numer-
ous, shorter, and much more thorny, and not forming a defi-
nite marginal row; in having smaller, though similar, spin-
ules on the whole under surface of the disk, up to the mouth-
slits, not forming definite interradial groups, but having small
granules between them; in having more numerous and small-
er mouth-papille and tooth-papilla; in having wider, closer,
and more even, raised, granulated bands on the arms, with
much narrower sunken intervals; and in having shorter,
stouter, and much more thorny tentacle-scales or spines, usu-
ally five ina group. The minute hooks on the bands of the
arms are very numerous.

Station 56, Pourtales’ Plateau, 200 fathoms, one example;
station 28, off Sand Key, in 116 fathoms, one example.

ASTROPORPA ANNULATA Ct rst. & Liitken.

Astroporpa annulata Girst. & Lutken, Vid. Meddel., p. 17, 1856; Add.
ad. Hist. Oph., Pt. 11, p. 152, pl. V, fig. 4. Verrill, Notes on Radi-
ata, Trans. Conn. Acad., I, p. 341, 1868. Lyman, Report Voy. Chal-
lenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 270, 1882; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
X, p. 279, 1883. Verrill, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., for 1883, p. 552,
579, 1885.

Astroporpa dasycladia Duj. & Hupe, Hist. Nat. Zooph. Echin., p.
298, 1862.

Sigsbeta, sp., Nutting, Narrative, p. 79.

Station 2. off Havana, 110 fathoms.

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 83

This curious species is found throughout the West Indies,
in 50 to 163 fathoms. Off Cape Hatteras, 48 to 68 fathoms,
on Tytanideum suberosum, etc., U. S. Fish Comm. Off Barba-
dos, on Gorgonella, Yale Museum.

This species clings to several species of gorgonians, which
it closely imitates by its colors and by the form and orna-
mentation of the arms and disk.

ASTROCNIDA Istpis Lym.
Trichaster isidis Duchassaing, Animaux Radiaires des Antilles, 1850.

Astrocnida isidis Lyman, Ann. Sci. Nat., p. I, 1872; Lyman, Report
Voy. Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 270, pl. XLVI, fig. 2,
1882, anatomy; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X, p. 279, 1883; Three Cruis-
es of the Blake, vol. II, p. 115, fig. 400, 1888.

Two young specimens are in the collection, labeled as from
Station 69, off Cat Island, in 3 to 13 fathoms. But it is prob-
able that this is an error, for it is known onlyg from rather
deep water (56 to 120 fathoms, Blake Exped).

This species clings to several species of Gorgonella and
other gorgonian corals, which it closely imitates in color.
Its arms also resemble the branches in form and roughnesses.

Off Barbados, on Gorgonella, Yale Museum.

Family, GORGONOCEPHALID & Ljung. (restr).

Gorgonocephaline (pars) Ljting., 1867. Bell, 1892.

Arms divided dicbotomously into numerous branches. Disk
swollen, with ten prominent radial ribs, covered with cuticle,
which may bear granules or scattered spinules, or it may be
more or less naked. Radial shields, each composed of sev-
eral united plates. Teeth and tooth-papilla numerous, spini-
form. Mouth-papilla: when present, small, conical or papilli-
form. Adoral shields well-developed, but usually concealed
by cuticle, sometimes broken into several plates. Oral shields
rudimentary or wanting. Sometimes there are five small,
madreporic plates, but usually only one. Under arm-plates
mostly rudimentary, consisting of two or more small pieces,

34 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

sometimes absent... Side arm-plates are united below, and
cover most of the under side of the arms. They bear a row
of few, small, rough spines or spiniform tentacle-scales, which
are usually hook-like distally. Two or more rows of small
plates run up from each of the side plates and form trans-
verse ridges around the arms, covered with granules; these
usually bear rows of small glassy hooks. The dorsal arm-
plates are rudimentary or wanting. The entire surface of the
arms and disk above and below is covered with cuticle which
is usually granulated, so that the plates are hidden.

ASTROPHYTON MURICATUM (Lam.) Agassiz.

Astrophyton costosum Seba, (non Linck), III, pl. IX, fig. 1, p. 16, 1758
(not binomial).

Euryale muricatum Lamarck, Hist. Anim. s. Vert., II, p. 538, 1816.

Astrophyton muricatum W. Agassiz, Mem. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, I, p.
12, 1835. Mull. & Trosch:, Syst. Ast., p. 122. Liitken, Add. at Hist.
Oph., Pt. I& p. 156. Verrill, Notes on Radiata, Trans. Conn. Acad.,
I. p. 341, 1868.

Astrophyton costosum Wyman, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, pl.
4; Illus. Catal. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, p. 192, 1865; Lyman, Report Voy.
Challenger, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 257, pl. XXXV,° figs. 17-25,
1882. Nutting, Narrative Bahama Exp., p. 172.

The color is light chocolate brown, with irregular blotches
of darker brown on the disk. The stout stumps on the radial
ribs are variable. In some cases they are crowded, short,
blunt, wart-like, and do not extend on the arms. __In one ex-
ample, from the Bahama Banks, each radial rib bears five or
six, mostly in one row, and they are sharp and conical, while
ten or twelve smaller conical spines extend along the proximal
part of each arm.

A young specimen (disk 8 mm. in diameter) has but one
or two stout spines on each rib; these are blunt, and in some
cases two unequal spines are joined at base, as if the smaller
were budding from the base of the larger; the spines are
white and conspicuous against the chocolate ground-coior.
From four to eight smaller, blunt, white, dorsal spines occur
irregularly on each arm. The outer ones, situated between

OPHIUROIDEA OF THE BAHAMA EXPEDITION. 55

the second and third forks, become small and granule-like.
Groups of small, roundish, white spots, surrounded by a circle
of dark brown, occur on the radial areas of the disk. The
arms are banded with brown and yellowish white, the latter
becoming prominent.

It is useless to go back to polynomial writers, like Seba,
for binomial names, as Lyman did for this species.

Station 68, off Little Cat I., 3 to 13 fathoms, one example;
Tortugas, on anchor, 8 fathoms, one large example; Bahama
Bank, one example.

This species has been taken from off Charleston, S. C.,
and the Florida Keys to St. Croix. It usually clings to gor-
gonians, having corresponding colors.

ASTROPHYTON CACILIA Liitken.

Astrophyton cecilia Liitken, Vid. Meddel., p.18, Jan., 1855; Add. ad
Hist. Oph., Ft. II, p. 157, pl. V, fig. 6. Verrill, Notes on Radiata,
Trans. Conn. Acad., I, p. 341, 1868. Lyman, Report Voy. Challeng-
er, Zool., Ophiuroidea, V, p. 258, 1882; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X,
p. 279, 1883; Three Cruises of the Blake, vol. II, p. 110, fig. 388,
1888.

Astrophyton krebsit Liitk., Vid. Meddel., p. 18, 1856; Add. ad Hist.
Oph., Pt. II, p. 158, 1859.

Station 69, off Little Cat I., 3 to 13 fathoms, I young.

Not uncommon in the West Indies, in 50 to 124 fathoms,
adhering to gorgonians. St. Croix, on a gorgonian ( 7hesea) ;
off Barbados, or Gorgonella; and off Havana, Yale Museum.

GORGONOCEPHALUS MUCRONATUS Lyman.

Astrophyton mucronatum Lyman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., I, 10, p.
348, 1869. Nutting, Narrative, p. 172.

Gorgoncephalus mucronatus yman, Report Voy. Challenger, Zool.,
Ophiuroidea, V, p. 265, 1882; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X, p. 279.
The color, in life, according to Prof. Nutting, is light buffy
yellow, with transverse bars of brown on the arms.

The largest specimen, sent to me, from station 33, is45mm.
in diameter of disk. The color of each, in alcohol, is pale

86 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

yellow, with small and not very distinct spots of light brown
on the disk, anda double row of the same colored spots
along the upper side of the arms. ‘There is considerable var-
iation in the number and form of the large disk-spines. The
larger specimens have from twelve to sixteen stout, conical
spines on each radial rib, in two irregular rows, but in some
cases these are regularly conical, in others sharply acuminate.
The spines of the central group are even more variable. In
most cases part of them are regularly conical, and part are
blunt or rounded at summit, while others may be acuminate.
In one example a considerable number of similar spines are
present in the interradial spaces of the disk, and some even
between the adjacent ribs. In some specimens these parts
are naked; in others, granulated with scattered round-topped
grains. - The large dorsal spines of the arms are also variable
in number and form, but are similar to those of the disk, but
smaller and usually less acute; between them there are coarse
round-topped granules, variable in size. The larger speci-
mens have three tentacle-scales at the base of the arms; the
smaller, two.

Station 48, off Key West, 80 fathoms, 1 young; station 62,
off American Shoal, 80 fathoms, 1 young. Prof. Nutting re-
fers to it as “common” below 100 fathoms, but only two
specimens were sent to me.

It was taken by the Blake Exp., off Florida, in 120 to 125
fathoms, and amongst the West Indies, in 218 to 288 fathoms.

This species clings to gorgonians, of several kinds, which
it imitates in form of arms and color.

ERRATA.

Page 7, line 11, for FiGuRE 4, read FIGURE 3.
Page 9, line 13, omit Figures 3, 4.
Page 11, line 26, for varietel, read varietal.

Page 13, line 16, for 3e, read 3c.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

The figures were drawn from nature by A. H. Verrill.
Fic. 1. Ophioplus tuberculosus (lyym.) Ver. Dorsal surface. X 8.

Fic. la. Thesame. Side view of several joints from the middle
portion of anarm. X 8.

Fic. 16. Thesame. Distal part ofan arm, dorsal view. X 8.

Fic. 2. Ophiacantha (Ophialcea) nuttingii Ver. Side view of a por-
tion of an arm, near the base, showing three rows of spines.

Fic. 3. Ophiomusium stellatum Ver. Dorsal view of a part of the
disk and base of anarm. X 8.

Fic. 3a. Thesame specimen. Ventral view. X 8.

Prare I,

‘\
cb

s= te
7

- > _
>

7 - “ 2
of 7 : 7 Siew: - ia ates ry:
(Fats. Pe “Sa ©. i 8 en SD ea) Sen . r
; oe a

s
=|

os <a" age

mae

poi

Fic.

Fic.

Fic.

la.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Sigsbeia murrhina ym. Dorsal side of a young specimen,
from station 73. X 10.

The same. Ventral side of a part of the disk and bases of
twoarms. XX 10.

Ophiomusium sculptum Ver. Oral side of part of the disk,
and bases of twoarms. X 15.

Ophiura pallida Ver. Oral side of part of the diskand bases
oftwoarms. X 8.

Ophiodera stimpsoni Ver. One of the lower teeth. X 30.

The same specimen. Two arm-joints from near the base of
the arm, ventral view. X 8.

Piage. Uh

a

at

ts

*
a: 2
ros)

2. aw
ocd
_

7
a

j ne

oo

fend
a

‘aa s
Sea

nat

Gs ele
BiG.) 1a.
Eire
HIG:
Fic. 4.
Fic. 4a.
IES Sk,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Ophiomusium eburneum Wym., var. elegans Ver. Dorsal
side of part of disk and bases of two arms. X 6.

The same. Ventral side of a part of the disk and the bases
of twoarms. X 8.

Ophiozona nivea, var. compta Ver. Ventral side of a part of
the disk and oftwoarms. X 8.

Ophiomyxa brevicauda Ver. Ventral side of a part of the
disk and bases of two arms. X 8.

Amphtipsila maculata Ver. Ventral side of disk and base of
anarm. X 8.

The same specimen. Side view of three rows of arm-spines |
from the middle of anarm. X 15.

Ophiomyxa tumida ym. A lowertooth. X 30.

Jemaei IUUIE

= <i pge 3
Lf, He
ls fs
oO rome! AN
a c

"O ( d
or o.00
OG eO OC 9ae 0 °
Ooh algoPeor
c Pop Ognees

4 ¥ (a)
ir hwy

ee ale

Fic.

Fic.
Fic.

Fic.

Fic.

la.

1d.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Ophiopristis ensifera Ver. Dorsal side of a part of the disk
and the base of onearm. X 10.

The same specimen. Oralside. X 10.

The same. Under side of portion of an arm, near the base,
with the spines removed; w. under arm-plate; /. side arm-
plate; s. bases of spines; 7. tentacle-scales. Much en-
larged.

The same. Side and profile view of one of the lower spines;
enlarged about 15 diaineters.

The same spine; end view.

Puate IV.

xt

Peace
(ay

&
%

Daan

po ean ae

ni ove en
— fia

I
)

¢
i
_
=
De
a

PR a
initee sy
,

}

Seth

el ay aA
fe Gat fal’

;

EXPLANATION oF PLATE V.

Fic. 1. Ophiomitra ornata Ver. Dorsal view of part of the disk
and the basal joints of anarm. X 8.

Fic. la. The same specimen. Ventral view; 7. madreporic plate.
Xx 8.

PratTe V-

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Fic. 1. Ophiocamax austera Ver. Ventral view of a part of the
disk and base of an arm; #. madreporic plate. + X 8.

Fic. la. Thesame specimen. Dorsal view of a small part of the
disk, including two radial shields, and the basal part of an
arm. 6. ‘

PLATE V1.

sVnaes Aud J
'

D:
+

Dt

Fic.

Fic.

3a.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

Astrogomphus rudis Ver. Ventral side of the disk and the
bases of twoarms. X 8.

The same specimen. Dorsal side. X 12.

Ophiocamax austera Ver. Profile view of a row of spines
from near the base of anarm. X 8. The upper spines
are more divergent than represented in the figure.

Astroschema nuttingii Ver. Ventral side of the disk and
the bases of twoarms. X 8.

The same specimen. Dorsal side. X 12.

Prams Vail.

SONS Siew be:
i eee

Ry

‘}

os

oie
Sey

va Se Oe

. 3 a yi - *

a | ‘ype eize>
Z =

1 Fe s + . _.
7 5 ors _er. Fy ' PS a hy -~

‘ x Bes

ie

he shee,
a4) eee

Hie: 51:
Fic. ° 1a.
Wise 22,
BTGe v3:
Hic. 32.
Fic

Fic. 4, 4a.
Fic. 40.
Fic. 4c.
Kies 4d.
Fic. 4e.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

Ophiacantha (Ophialcea) nuttingti Ver. Ventral side of a
part of the disk and the base ofanarm. X 8.

The same specimen. Dorsal side. X 8.

Ophiomusium sculptum Ver. Dorsal side of a part of the
disk and the bases of twoarms. X 8.

Ophiactis dispar Ver. Dorsal view of a portion of an arm,
near the base. X 15.

The same specimen. Ventral side. X15.

36, 3c. The same specimen. Profile views of two more distal

rows of spines. 15.

Astronyx lymani, Ventraland side views of three joints
from the proximal part of anarm. X 15.

The same. Nearly side view of some of the more distal
joints, after treatment with potash, to show the plates.
The spines and hooks are removed. X 15.

The same. Side view of some of the joints near the end of
the arm. Most of the hooks have fallen off. 15.

The same. Two ventral hooks, from the middle of the
arms. The smaller hooks have fallen off. Much enlarged.

The same. A spine and two small hooks from the proximal
part of the arm. X 30.

Naif
sae

—

Oy
Lar

e

Puate VIII.

oo 8
°
°
°.°
°»

eeeoe
.

t

cane oi 5 a Anes,

This Bulletin, as all the precedding, is sent free to all institutions
and individuals from whom the University of Iowa receives sim-
ilar publications in exchange, to other recipients the price will be
fifty cents, about the cost of publication.

BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.
NEW SERIES NO. 21. PRICE FIFTY CENTS.

BULLETIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.

THE RANUNCULACEZ OF IOWA, .. . T.J. FITZPATRICK.
PYRAMIDULA SHIMEKII (PILS.) SHIM., . . . B. SHIMEK.
IOWA PTERIDOPHYTA, . : : . 3B. SHIMEK.
DESCRIPTIONS OF AMERICAN

UREDINEZ:, Ill, . . J.C. ARTHUR AND E, W. D. Hoiway.
LOESS OF IOWA CITY AND VICINITY . . 3B. SHIMEK.
IOWA PTERIDOPHYTA (Continued). B - : B. SHIMEEK.

ADDENDA TO THE FLORA OF
LINN COUNTY IOWA : : é , , B. SHIMEK.

PUBLISHED

BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS.

IOWA CITY, IOWA
May, 1901.

THE UNIVERSITY BULLETINS PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY ARE ISSUED
EVERY SIX WEEKS DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR, AT LEAST SIX NUMBERS

EVERY CALENDAR YEAR. eat AT THF POST OFFICE AT IOWA CITY AS
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iW OL. VW. No. 2.

beable PIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.

PUBLISHED

BY? AUTHORITY .OF THE REGENTS.

IOWA CITY, IOWA:
May, 1901.

Secretary WM. J. HADDOCK:

I take pleasure in submitting herewith Bulletin No. 2,
of Volume V, from the Laboratories of Natural History, of
the State University of Iowa.

T. H. MacpripE, Edztor.
May, 7oor.

EDITORIAL STAFF.

GEOLOGY, i : ‘ ‘ : S. CALVIN.
BoTANny, é ‘ j ; ; T. H. MACBRIDE.
ZOOLGGY, . - ; : , CeCe] NULITING:

THE RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA.

By T. Je AND Ma 2 1) FIPZPaTRicrK.

RANUNCULACH AR Suss. Gen. 231. 1789.
THE CROWFOOT FAMILY.

This rather diverse family comprises about 35 genera and
1050 species. The family is universally distributed but
reaches its greatest development in the temperate and cold
regions of the northern hemisphere, more frequent in
Europe than in Asia or America. Mr. Heller in his cata-
logue of North American plants, first edition, enumerates
32 genera and 314 species and varieties; in the second
edition he enumerates 31 genera and 373 species and varie-
ties. Dr. Watson gives 22 genera and 76species as occurring
within the limits covered by Gray’s Manual. Britton and
Brown in their illustrated Flora recognize 28 genera and 94
species and 7 varieties. We credit Iowa with 37 species
and a probability of two or three more, distributed through
17 genera.

HISTORICAL.

Dr..C.C. Parry in his Catalooue of the Plants of Wis=
consin and Minnesota, made in connection with the geo-
logical survey of the Northwest during the season of 1848
and published in 1852 as an appendix to Owen’s Geological
Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, incidentally
enumerates the following species of Ranunculaceae as
occurring in Iowa: ‘‘Clematis viorna l,. Banks of the
Mississippi river near Davenport.’’ We however consider
this a spurious Iowa species and that C. pztchert T. & G.
was intended; C. szmszz Sweet. ‘‘Anemone caroliniana

eet 87

88 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Walt. Mississippi river bank, Davenport and Rock Island.
Anemone virginiana 1, Woods of Iowa. Delphinium
azureum Mx. A characteristic larkspur, growing on sandy
ridges or high prairies, Iowa and Illinois. <Actaea rubra
Willd. Woods and copses, Iowa. <Actaca alba Bigelow.
With the preceding.’’ A total of six species of which five
are readily confirmed. As the home of Dr. Parry was in
Davenport we have referred for various reasons all his
Iowa species to Scott county.

Prof. Bessey in his Contributions to the Flora of lowa
published in the Fourth Biennial report of the Iowa Agri-
enltutal College, 1872, pp: 90 and’ 9L, sivés’ arise of ow
crowfoots. Prof. Bessey used the nomenclature of the 5th
edition of Gray’s Manual. ‘The list is quite long for the
time when made, Iowa botany being then in its infancy.
The list was made from personal work and expanded by
contributed lists by Prof. Carpenter of Indianola, Prof.
McLain of Fayette, Prof. Parker of Grinnell, and Rev.
Isaiah Reid of Nevada who had collected plants around
Burlington, Iowa. No doubt some mistakes were made by
the use of this method as would naturally be the case.
Clematis viorna I,. is given but it is probable that C.
pitchert T. & G. is the species considered. Anemone mul-
tifida DC. is probably a blunder. Hefatica triloba Chaix
is said to occur at Fayette and Burlington. It seems not
to have been found at Fayette by subsequent botanists and
its occurrence at Burlington was probably on the Illi-
nois side of the river. TZhalictrum cornuti Ll. (7. polyga-
mum 1,.) while it has been reported by others is doubtless
a mistake. Delphinium exaltatum Ait. is said to occur at
Grinnell but no doubt an error was made and that some
form of D. azureum Mx.wasexamined. All other species
mentioned have been confirmed.

Prof. Arthur in his Contributions to the Flora of Iowa, a
catalogue of Phenogamous plants published in 1876 by the
Iowa Centennial Commission, lists 38 species of the family.

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. 89

The list has three species of the genus Clematis, the two
given by Bessey and C. fitchert T. & G. Among the
Anemones, A. multifida DC. is omitted and A. cylindrica
Gray, a species overlooked by Bessey, is given. The two
Hepaticas and four Thalictrums given by Bessey are in-
cluded. Of the genus Ranunculus there appear the same
species as in Bessey’s list with the addition of R. recurvatus
Poir., giving the locality Davenport, and FR. aqguatilis L.
var. stagnalis DC., which variety is further mentioned in
the appendix, p. 37. Myosurus minimus L,. and AHydrastis
canadensis 1,. are for the first time mentioned in Iowa
literature, the locality for the former is given as Davenport
and for the latter, Lee county. J/sopyrum biternatum 'T.
& G., Caltha palustris y., and Aqguzlegia canadensis YL.
are mentioned. ‘The three Delphiniums, DY. azwreum Mx.,
D. tricorne Mx., and D. exaltatum Ait. are given, the
locality mentioned for the last is Davenport, probably an
error in determination. Actaca spicata L. var. rubra Mx.
appears for the first time in Iowa literature.

Messrs. Nagel and Haupt published their annotated lst
of Phenogamous plants collected in the vicinity of Daven-
port, Iowa, during the years 1870 to 1875 inclusive in vol-
ume one of the Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of
Natural Sciences. Advanced sheets were used by Prof.
Arthur in the compilation of his Centennial catalogue.
Messrs. Nagel and Haupt enumerate 23 species belonging
to the crowfoot family and follow the nomenclature of the
Sth edition of Gray’s Manual.

Prof. Halsted in Bulletin of the Iowa Agricultural Col-
lege, November, 1886, p. 6, mentions nine of the Ranun-
culaceae as occurring at Ames and studied by his class.
On page 37 of the same bulletin is an article on pistillate
flowers in Hepatica, and on pages 43 and 44 under the
heading, ‘‘Observations upon weeds and useless plants,’’
giving observations with a list of species studied, Ca/tha
palustris 1,. is included. On pages 48 to 52 is a list ot

90 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

species giving time of first blooming in which several of
the crowfoot family are included. In the next bulletin
from the Agricultural College Prof. Halsted gives a pre-
liminary list of lowa weeds, pages 36 to 47 in which nine
species of the Ranunculaceae are included. They are
Anemone dichotoma \,. [A. pennsylvanica ly., A. cana-
densts 1,.|], Thalictrum dtoicum 1,., T. polygamum Muhl.
[a continued error], 7. purpurascens L., Ranunculus
abortivus I,., R. repens ly., R. bulbosus y., R. acres L.,
and Delphinium azureum Mx.

From a weed standpoint none of these are of much im-
portance. Ranunculus abortivus I, is common but inof-
fensive. R. repens l., R. bulbosusl,.,and R. acris l. are
of such infrequent occurrence as not to be noticed except
by a botanist. Delphintum azureum Mx. would be better
placed among our ornamental species.

The first five editions of Gray’s Manual do not include
our limits but the sixth edition published in 1890 does.
However only three species of the crowfoot family are di-
rectly referred to Iowa. ‘They are: Ranunculus circinatus
Sibth., Coptzs trifolia (1,.) Salisb., and R. affinzis R. Br.
The former species has been observed a number of times
by Iowa collectors but the latter two seem entirely to have
escaped the vigilance of all. No Iowa list mentions them
and our long search fails to find them.

Prof. Hitchcock published his catalogue of the Axztho-
phyta and Pteridophyta of Ames, Iowain the fifth volume of
the Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science, the
same having been read Oct. 20, 1890. The nomenclature
used is a modification of Gray’s Manual, 6th edition, the
intention being to adhere to the law of priority. Twenty-
four species are enumerated and commented upon. All
these species still belong to the flora of Iowa and no errors
seem to have been made in identification.

Prof. Pammel in Proceedings of Iowa Academy of

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. 91

Sciences for 1895, volume 3, enumerates 14 species in his
article, ‘‘Notes on the Flora of Western Iowa.’’ In his
notes on some introduced plants of Iowa in volume 6, Pro-
ceedings of the lowa Academy of Sciences, p. 111, he men-
tions Ranunculus acris 1,. and Delphinium consolida ly.

Prof. Shimek in Bulletin Laboratories of Natural History,
S.U.I1., volume 3, pp. 199-200, 1896, publishes new local-
ities for Clematis pitchert 'T. & G., Anemone caroliniana
Walt., Ranunculus multifidus Pursh, R. recurvatus Poir.,
R. septentrionalis Poir., R. repens L., Delphinium azu-
reum Mx., D. tricorne Mx., and [sopyrum biternatum T.
& G. He also in his Flora of Lyon county published in
1900 in volume 10 of the Iowa Geological Survey enumer-
ates several species as is noted farther on under their
respective names.

Prof. Fink in his annotated Spermaphyta of the Flora of
Fayette, Iowa, published in volume 4, Proceedings of the
Iowa Academy of Sciences, lists 26 species. He notes
Clematis virginiana I,., five Anemones, A. fatens L. var.
nuttalliana Gray, A. caroliniana Walt., A. cylindrica
Gray, A. pennsylvanica V,., and A. nemorosa l,., Hepatica
acutiloba DC., given as common in woods and with the
note that HY. ¢riloba Chaix is frequently reported but
does not occur, Anemonella thalictrotdes Spach, Thalictrum
diotcum \,., T. purpurascens y., Ranunculus circinatus
Sibth., R. aguatzlis L. var. trichophyllus Gray, R. multifidus
Pursh, &. rhombotdeus Goldie, R. abortivus L., BR.
fascicularis Muhl., R. septentrionalis Poir., R. hispidus
Hook. which is reported for the first time from Iowa with
the note that it has probably been confused with FR. repens
L. or R. pennsylvanicus L,. {., Lsopyrum biternatum'T. & G.,
Caltha palustris \,., Aquilegia canadensis 1,., Delphintum
exaltatum Ait. [probably an error], D. ajaces L., new to
Iowa, Actaea spicata I,. var. rubra Ait., A. alba Bigelow,
and Hydrastis canadensis Ly.

T. J. and M. F. L. Fitzpatrick published in the Pro-

92 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

ceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences for 1897, vol-
ume 5, under the heading: ‘‘Notes on the Flora of North-
eastern Iowa, a list of 22 species. There are listed one
Clematis, five Anemones, one Hepatica, one Rue-Anemone,
two Thalictrums, six of the genus Ranunculus, Isopyrum,
the wild Columbine, two Actaeas, and Wydrastis canaden-
sts ly. In the same volume under title, ‘‘Flora of South-
ern Iowa,’’ 25 species are listed. In volume six, 1898,
under title, ‘‘Flora of Southern Iowa, II,’’ there are listed
ten species. The Manual of Flowering Plants of Iowa is-
sued in 1899 and 1900 contains descriptions of and refer-
ences for all forms known with certainty to occur within
our limits at that time.

G. B. Rigg in his Notes on the Flora of Calhoun county,
Iowa, privately published in 1896, lists the following:
Anemone patens ly. var. nuttalliana Gray, A. cylindrica
Gray, A. pennsylvanica ,., Thalictrum purpurascens \y.,
Ranunculus rhomboideus Goldie, R. abortivus ., R.
sceleratus 1,., R. septentrionalis Poir., [sopyrum biterna-
tum T. & G., Aquilegia canadensis ,., and Delphinium
exaltatum Ait. which he says is a tall graceful plant of the
fields. His specimen sent to the State University herbar-
ium labeled D. exaltatum Ait. is D. azureum Mx. (D.
carolinianum Walt.)

Messrs. Barnes, Reppert and Miller in their Flora of
Scott and Muscatine counties published in the 8th volume
of the Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural
Sciences, 1900, enumerate 27 species, all of which save
two have been communicated to our herbarium by Mr.
Reppert.

Britton and Brown in their Illustrated Flora refer only
four species directly to Iowa. They are: Caltha palustris
L., Hepatica hepatica (1,.) Karst., H. acuta (Pursh) Brit-
ton, and Ranunculus macouni Britton. The second species
is perhaps included as the result of an old continued error.

The above include the principal titles of works referring

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. 93

to Iowa Ranunculaceae. Many works and journals contain
notes on Iowa species the most important and accessible
being quoted in the text.

AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF OUR SPECIES.

The following lists divide our species with reference to
their environment rather loosely into four classes.

(a). Aquatic or hydrophytic plants.

Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix) Bossch.
B. divaricatum (Schrank) Wimm.
Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr.

(4). Semi-hydrophytic plants.

Ranunculus sceleratus L.
Caltha palustris L.
Anemone canadensis YW.

(c). Mesophytic species of woodlands and meadows.

Clematis virginiana \.

C. simsit Sweet.

Anemone cylindrica Gray.

A. virginiana LU.

A. quinguefolia \.

Hepatica acuta (Pursh) Britton.
Delphinium tricorne Mx.
Actaea rubra ( Ait.) Willd.

A. alba (\.) Mill.

Syndesmon thalictroides (.) Hoffmg.
Thalictrum dioicum L.

T. purpurascens .

Ranunculus repens \.

R. septentrionalis Poir.

R. recurvatus Poir.

R. pennsylvanicus \. f.

R. hispidus Hook.

R. abortivus \.

Myosurus minimus \.
Tsopyrum biternatum (Raf.) T. & G.
Aquilegia canadensis \.
Hydrastis canadensis \.

94 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

(d@). Xerophytic species of the dry prairies.

Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton.
Ranunculus ovalis Raf.

R. fascicularis Muhl.

Oxygraphis cymbalaria (Pursh) Prantl.
Anemone caroliniana Walt.
Delphinium carolinianum Walt.

A PHAENOLOGICAL STUDY OF OUR SPECIES.

The following table was compiled from various sources.
The time of first blooming for 1886 is from a record made
by Prof. Hitchcock at Ames, Iowa, and published by Prof.
Halsted in Bulletin Iowa Agricultural College, November,
1886. In using his observations we have corrected some of
his determinations in accordance with his catalogue of the
Ames Flora, a subsequent publication. For instance,
Clematis viorna I,. is changed to C. petchert T. & G.,
Ranunculus repens 1. to R. septentrionalts Poir., ete. The
observations for 1888, 1889, and 1890 were made by Mary
F. L. Fitzpatrick at Iowa City. The observations for the
other years were made by T. J. Fitzpatrick partly from
field work and partly by examination of herbarium material
checked by various notes made at the time. A general
uniformity in time of appearance will be noted for many
species which is the more remarkable when we consider
the different localities, soils, north or south slopes, early
or late seasons and the many other factors which tend to
hasten or retard plant growth. A few further notes may
be added. Actaea alba (1,.) Mill. fruited Aug. 25, 1894
and Aug. 20, 1896. Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. fruited
June 20, 1895. Hydrastts canadensis 1,. fruited July 10,
1894 and July, 1897 which dates appear in the table and
are intended for fruiting dates. Thespecies flowersin May.
Anemone quinguetolia 1,. flowered April 17, 1880; Ranun-
culus multifidus Pursh flowered May 15, 1882; Thalictrum
purpurascens I,. flowered June 21, 1884; Delphintum caro-
lintanum Walt. flowered June 29, 1884, all of which dates
agree well with those given in the table. —

95

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA.

Netaearallan(IG. a Nits. estas ce crema
ASTID ral a OAL ya WALL Gst cae sek ateicroistelatone’etal
Anemonecarolititiana Walt. c0 0c. - cee -
/do Gravina, Cre iegagnd0 caososoomeoadoT
JN (op SH ATS TOMA IO Sonn oscooosDedDadaGdc
PACA GAT AU CTISIS Hl jee sree ne earitie ts eter
ANG Spb ebivewibly bias ooonnd doepn 066 Dc

Aquilegia-canadensis L........ .... el

Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix) Bossch
B. divaricatum (Schrank) Wimm.........
Calthiay palustris an srt eerieee ee iotontetenetore
Clemiatis*sim(sil Sweets meeneeeierarere sen
Caving inianael ype snecteieteierer oc oe) erker
Delphinium carolinianum Walt..........
De tricorme Nix seekers even eerie
Hepatica acuta (Pursh) Britton. ......

Hydrastis canadensis L.............. meas Cok

Isopyrum biternatum T. & G.......... :

Whyosuniis minimis 1h cn.) va teers «i
Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton
lec pal beaver bulerS Ellovoycubiabls) JUG Sa gogconadasaue

. fascicularis Muhl. § Segre sean ea enS ee ea oat Net

Scra SH chokes) etic We ay oauaeooeccon dumdaod
MMCHMSEYIVAMICUS Lyte. cuiverin wc ei os
PTECIIEV AUS mE OLE ae cera cies winners s
BE POM Si Legh yc cee ders ct eietese eeepc ce ten Meee TA nist toto

bad ad bd bd ad bd Ba

+ Sey atgowoyo ibe leteybes Seopocan eapoodde
R. loniSyorOhisy Jako ep Ge noonudeo ovcodseonoUE
Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Spach......
Pebalictrtiminctoreritrie le erpetettereteiey eileen
se PUG pilcaSCenSelann ie acer er eiocirmare

see eee

see eee

ee eee

see eee

Ou Oe

eee eee

see eee

see t ee

Sele (vale

1895 y 1896 | 1897 1898 | 1899

1886 | 1888 | 1889 | 1890 | 1891 | 1894
“ye sets My 25|/My 10 My 14| May |.....
INES Greece | se Ragninli> sae Sra tee ‘My 19
sce Memisleuto meio Fae Eee | May
TiO Alo sales Gee (Exiles all araere.s My sly
Ap 20 Ap IS Ap 10) Apo. 2c l5e--
My 16/Jn 1 |My 14|My 20| Jn 6 |My 17
ya Skss|| Ura US) ain Sy ioe AO 546 2 || divers
| Ap 30) Ap 30) Ap 30 My 1 ..| My 6
ead os all te tisats aillone. wine May | .....|My 20
Heo ate leas Re oe lceoecracl Ota oree June | June
Ap 17| Ap10| Ap 8 |Ap 15) . ../My 28
Jn 4) Jn16)Jn12|Jn13}...... Jn 10
TNfop By Aen? PUTCO RO! Shs oe meat
Je nll Sees cece veiell Seer: Jn 9

Pe ail eek peel | eeden- ts | ace aes My 11
Ap9| Ap3|Mr 19} Ap2 |Ap12)......
wee eNe val|tetersraserei|Yonszs to gohe Miaiyay\ Seni. Jul 10
Ap 15|Ap15|Ap 10) Ap15)..... Sem eheces
Sees eens eae ; Sollee cton IPN Ly aS
seetons| Prem cc omararerer | ream veel sitar cece Ap9
SreeteREn is ekscakevellls easieneralliaseeterene Ap 29
SATS Z ERA. elle tonates ell lepsiees eel ete eaten: See
sane EAS) || Exoretustel one .| Ap 20
WEY WO As coe Urbans | Wey oo ooac My 17
JiT7Z9 ieee Se fate lliyete coves sillaperarenate salle
Hats My 23|/My 11|My 20)

Ap 26|Ap 19) Ap 20 Layee
chaste vel| ehereuametell etc tonen sae otstecakste Stan Ap 20).
7-4) 08 Us dae a cet ai checetorel oneness Ap 29
bio.Ad AleeasSoll Foc 0:0 lneoaeN .. |May
Ap 24| Ap10) Ap 6|......|.....- bree
ATISO | ah casttilhetcsemepotel teases ances ea nee eee one
Fn |g22 mls (tO x. pea hy

My 11|. pen Nt 8 84) Berne
Ure 6 so oe My 11} Jn 20

Ap 24 eaters eaile mere -
Wile Ns Be ee 2 My 22| Jn 24)...
Jn 13 ee: Jul 14/Jul 25) ..
My 1 il seavatec cll erates Sch
Jn 20 Secor Agl4
IVIinyiare |e rayel= tei c : ities
BV isp? SSL ne cosa lloatat ote |spavage es

Bi Siete ae eters Sue Jn10|Jn 27/Jn 27
Agi |Jul 12)Ag 10|Jul 25)...
ane ATT yo dl ile 740) ic
Errore iB) eines My 30).

Ap 7 Pe ooad |Mbd PR So coe
Sap aie Gece tue boone 2
IND TAR Baas May |Ap23)...
IM ay Alles seeteteha| eaters > apearelers ae
Ap 21| Ap 25|... :
P50) WHS oes byes anes sreyereCotlloes Rare
rec aoe ae Lay : ae
ul 7 pws, WOE San calb sac C
WiRP IDE oS oro- Uist lo gmc :

eae My 7|...
“Jn 4|In3l......(Jn21\Jn18

96 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The following key has been improvised for the genera

represented in Iowa:
* Carpels 1-2-ovuled or szveral-ovuled; fruit follicles or berries.
+ Flowers regular; leaves palmately nerved; petals wanting.
HyprastTis. Carpels ripening into a head of red berries.
CALTHA. Carpels ripening into a head of dry follicles.
++ Flowers regular; leaves ternately or pinnately compound or
decompound.
t Petals not spurred.
IsopyRUM. Flowers medium, white, solitary or panicled; fruit form-
ing follicles.
Coptis. Stemless herbs with trifoliolate leaves and umbellate
follicles.
ACTAEA. Flowers small, white, fruit forming berries.
tt Petals produced backward into hollow spurs.
AQUILEGIA. The only genus.
tt+ Flowers irregular, posterior sepal spurred.
DELPHINIUM. With us the only genus.
** Carpels r1-ovuled; fruit an achene.
+ Flowers involucrate.
t Styles none or short and glabrous or pubescent.
ANEMONE. Involucre foliaceous, remote from the flower.
HEPpPATICA. Involucre of 3 simple sessile leaves, calyx-like, close to
the flower.
SYNDESMON. Involucre of 3 compound sessile leaves, leaflets petiolu-

late.
t Styles elongated, densely plumose.

PULSATILLA. Involucre forming a cup.
t+ Flowers not involucrate.
¢ Leaves opposite.
CLEMATIS. Sepals petaloid; petals wanting.
ATRAGENE. Sepals petaloid; petals small, spatulate.
tt Leaves alternate or basal.
§ Sepals spurred.
Myosurus. Leaves basal, linear.
$$ Sepals not spurred.
A. Ffetals present.
RANUNCULUS. Flowers yellow; achenes compressed, smooth.
BATRACHIUM. Flowers white; achenes transversely wrinkled.
OXYGRAPHIS. Flowers yellow; achenes compressed, longitudinally

striate.
B. Fetals none.

THALICTRUM. Leaves ternately decompound.
HYDRASTIS CANADENSIS Z. Syst. Ed. 10, p. 1088.
1759.
This is a hairy vernal plant, about one foot high, springing

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. 97

from a thick yellow rootstock which contains a yellow dye.
Leaves 3, reniform, palmately lobed, doubly serrate, the
basal long-petioled, the 2 cauline terminal, alternate, pet-
ioled. Flower solitary, pedicelled, subtended by the upper
leaf, greenish-white, sepals 3, caducous; petals wanting;
stamens many; pistils 12 or more. Fruit 1—2-seeded
crimson berries.

This species is commonly known as Orange-root or
Golden Seal. It is rather rare within our limits. It oc-
curs in rich woods, flowering during the months of April
and May, and fruiting in July. Specimens before us are:
One flowering specimen from Muscatine county, May, 1890,
collected by Mr. F. Reppert who records, ‘‘rich woods,
scarce,’’ two fruiting specimens from Muscatine county
transferred to our garden in July, 1895, and pressed July,
1897, and one fruiting specimen from Fayette county col-
lected July 10, 1894 by Prof. B. Fink. We have seen a
specimen in the collection of Herbert Goddard collected by
him in Winneshiek county. Prof. J. C. Arthur reports the
occurrence of the species in Lee county. It willbe noticed
that the range in Iowa is limited to a narrow strip along
the eastern border. The species occurs in Minnesota (Up-
ham, MacMillan), Wisconsin, Michigan, Western Ontario
(Macoun), eastward to New York, New Jersey, and Dela-
ware (Tatnall), in Ohio (Newberry), Kentucky, Tennes-
see, Georgia, Missouri, and Arkansas (Coville). Iowaforms
a portion of the middle western boundary ofthe range of this
species. ‘The only other species of this genus occurs in
Japan. Pursh claims that the flowers are pale rose-colored
which does not agree with our observations. He further
says: ‘‘The roots are yellow and afford a fine dye.’’ The
use of this dye was known to the aborigines.

The species has suffered little at the hands of systema-
tists. Linnaeus named it Wydrophyllum verum canadensium
in the first edition of his Species Plantarum, vol.1, p. 146,
in note, with the idea that the species was some form of a

98 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

waterleaf. In 1759 he called it Hydrastzs canadenszs in his
Systema Naturae. This name is retained by Linnaeus in
the second (1763) and third (1764) editions of his Species
Plantarum. Willdenow, Michaux, Pursh, Elliott, Nuttall,
and most subsequent writers have without comment fol-
lowed the path of Linnaeus. Linnaeus however credits the
genus to Ellis. Miller (Dict. n. 1.) called the species
Warneria canadensis, the generic name, Warneria, is cred-
ited'to Miller, ie. 2. p.1 90:1: 2eas

Linnaeus, Species Plantarum, ed. 2, 1763, vol. 1, p. 784, who says:
“‘Habitatin Canadae aguis, 4. Similis Hydrophyllo. Folia bina,
petiolata, basi emarginata, palmata, serrata; lobis utringue lobulo later-
ali:’’ Willdenow, Species Plantarum, vol. 2, p. 1339, who quotes Lin-
naeus as above; Pursh, Flora Americae Sept., 1814, vol. 2, p. 389, who
Says, ‘‘In shady woods on fertile soil, and among rocks: Canada to Caro-
lina, principally in Allegany mountains;’’ Michaux, Flora Bor. Amer.
1803, vol. 1, p. 317, who says it occurs in the mountains of the Alleghan-
ies from Canada to Carolina, ‘‘HAB. in tractu montium Adleghanis, a
Canada ad Carolinam;’’ Nuttall, Genera N. A. Plants, 1818, vol. 2, p. 21;
Elliott, Sketch Bot. S. C. & Ga., vol. 2, p. 55; Torrey Compendium Fl.
Northern and Middle States, 1826, p. 224; Torrey, Flora of New York,
1843, vol. 1, p. 26; DeCandolle, Prodromus, vol. 1, p. 53; Darlington,
Flora Cest., p. 336; Botanical Magazine, t. 3019, and t. 3232 (the fruit)
Torrey & Gray, Flora of N. A., vol. 1, p. 40; Newberry, Cat. Fl. Plants
and Ferns of Ohio, p. 248 in Ohio Agr. Rep. 1859, ed. 1860; Tatnall, Cat.
Phaen. and Filicoid Plantsof Newcastle county, Del., 1860, p. 11; Gray’s
Manual, Sth ed., p. 46; 6th ed., p. 48; Britton and Brown’s Ills. Flora,
vol. 2, p. 50; Wood’s Botanist and Florist, 1889, p. 23; MacMillan,
Metaspermae of the Minnesota Valley, p. 230; Britton, Flora of New
Jersey, p. 40; Chapman, Flora of the Southern States, p. 11; Upham,
Flora of Minnesota, p. 20; Macoun, Flora of Canada, vol. 1, p. 27; Co-
ville, Flora of Arkansas, p. 163; Beal and Wheeler, Michigan Flora, p.
69; Stanley Coulter Cat. Flowering Plants and of the Ferns and their
Allies indigenous to Indiana, p. 745, in 24th Rep. State Geol. 1899; Kell-
erman and Werner, Cat. Ohio Plants, p. 174, in vol. 7, part 2 of Geology
of Ohio; Arthur, Contr. Flora of Iowa, p. 6, 1876; Fink, Proc. Iewa
Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, 1896, p. 83, who says: ‘‘Rich woods rare;”
Fitzpatrick, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, 1899, p. 6; Barnes,
Reppert and Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. 8, p.
202.

CALTHA. PALUSTRIS Z.'Sp: Pl., p.058: ~1/53-.. Marsh
Marigold.

A glabrous perennial succulent herb; stem 1-2 feet

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. 99

high, hollow, grooved, stout. Leaves entire or cre-
nate, basal leaves long-petioled, cordate or reniform, with
a narrow sinus, the upper with shorter petioles and more
or less truncate bases. Flowers conspicuous; sepals 5-9,
oval, obtuse, yellow, deciduous; petals wanting; stamens
many ; pistils 5-10;styles obscure; pods compressed, spread-
ing, bearing the many seeds in two rows along the ventral
suture.

This species occurs frequently in swamps, wet soil,
along banks of streams, flowering in April and May, fruit-
ing in May and June. Our specimens are from Winne-
shiek, Fayette, Muscatine, Johnson, and Emmet counties;
the State University herbarium has specimens from Story
and Dickinson counties. Messrs. Nagel and Haupt report
the species from Scott county; Prof. Bessey from Floyd
and Poweshiek counties; and Prof. Pammel from Wood-
bury county.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 91, in Fourth Report Iowa Agr.
Col. ed. 1872; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 6, 1876; Flora of
Floyd county in History of Floyd county, p. 310; Nagel and Haupt,
Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. 1. p. 154. Hitchcock, Trans.
St. Louis Acad. of Science, vol. 5, p. 483; Pammel, Proc. Iowa Acad. of
Sciences, vol. 3, p. 111; Fink, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p.
83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. lowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 5, p. 108 and p. 135;
Manual of the Flowering plants of Iowa p, 5; Barnes, Reppert, and Mil-
ler, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 8, p. 201; Britton and
Brown, Ills. Flora, vol. 2, p. 51; MacMillan, Met. Minn. Valley, p. 230.

ISOPYRUM BITERNATUM (Raf.) 7. & G. False Rue

Anemone.

A slender smooth perennial herb, 4-10 inches high; roots
many, fibrous, occasionally thickened into small tubers.
Leaves ternately decompound. Flowers long-peduncled,
axillary or terminal; sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous; petals
none; stamens many; pistils usually 4; pods ovate or ob-
long, sessile, 2-several-seeded. Exemzon biternatum Raf.
Journ. Phys. vol. 91, p. 70, 1820; /sopyrum biternatum
fecGay rl. NA. vol. 1, p. 660... 1840.

This species is very common in moist rich woods, bloom-

100 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

ing in May. Our specimens are from Winneshiek, Mus-
catine, Johnson, and Decatur counties. We have observed
it in Scott county. In the State University herbarium are
specimens from Henry, Calhoun, and Emmet counties.
Prof. Bessey and Prof. Hitchcock report the species from
Story county; and Prof. Fink reports it from Fayette
county. No doubt the species is more general in its dis-
tribution than our present knowledge indicates. Britton
and Brown gives its range as: ‘‘Ontario to Minnesota
south to Florida and Texas.”’

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Rep. Iowa Agr. Col.,
p. 90, ed. 1872; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Fink,
Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. lowa
Acad. of Sciences, vol. 5, p. 108 and p. 135; Manual of the Flower-
ing Plants of Iowa, p. 5; Rigg, Notes on the Flora of Calhoun
county, p. 10; Hitchcock, Trans. St. Louis Acad. of Science, vol. 5, p.
483; Halsted, Bul. Iowa Agr. Col., Nov. 1886, p. 48; Barnes, Reppert and

Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 8, p. 201; MacMil-
lan, Met. Minn. Valley, p. 231.

COPTIS TRIFOLIA (Z.) Salish. Gold-thread.

A low perennial scapose herb, 3-6 inches high, with ever-
green, trifoliolate, long-petioled leaves, and small, white, soli-
tary flowers. Rootstocks slender; leaves reniform, 3-divided,
petioles long, slender; divisions obovate, cuneate, mucron-
ate-crenate; sepals 5-7, oblong, obtuse, petaloid, decidu-
ous; petals 5-7, small, club-shaped; stamens 15-25; pis-
tils 3-7, slender pedicelled; follicles 3-7, stipitate, mem-
branous, 4—8-seeded. Helleborus trifolius lj. Sp. Pl., p.
784, 1762; Coptts trifolia Salisb. ‘Trans. Linn. Soc., vol.
8, p. 305, 1803; /sopyrum tritolium Britton, Bul. Torr.
Club; wol, 18, p.265,.14891.

We have not seen an Iowa specimen of this species. We
include it on the authority of Gray’s Manual which directly
refers the species to Iowa.

Gray’s Manual, 6th ed., p. 45; MacMillan, Met. Minn. Valley, p. 231.
ACTAEA RUBRA (A7zt.) Willd. Red Baneberry.

Stem 1-2 feet high, bushy, leaves 2—3-ternately compound ;

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. Oi

leaflets sharply cleft and toothed; flowers in an ovate
raceme; sepals 5, white, deciduous; petals 4-10, spatulate,
shorter than the numerous stamens; pistil1l; Jerry red,
globular, many-seeded, pedicels slender. Actaea spicata
Vane vulva Ait. Hort. Kew., vol. 2, p. 221, 1788. - Actaza
rubra Willd. Enum., p. 561, 1809.

We have two fruiting specimens from Winneshiek county
and have referred here flowering specimens from Fayette,
Johnson, and Shelby counties. The State University herb-
arium has specimens referred here from Emmet, Story,
Winnebago, and Pottawattamie counties. Prof. Pammel
reports the species from Woodbury county and Dr. Parry
reports it from Scott county.

Parry, in Owen’s Rep. Geol. Sur. Wis., lowa, and Minn., p. 609, 1852;
Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 6, 1876, where it is written
Actaea spicata ly. var. rubra Mx., as it is given in the 5th edition of
Gray’s Manual; Hitchcock, Trans, St. Louis Acad. of Science, vol. 5, p.
483; Pammel, Proc. lowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 3, p. 111; Fink, Proc.
Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad. of
Sciences, vol. 5, p. 108 and p. 135; Manual of the Flowering Plants of
Iowa, p. 6; MacMillan, Met. Minn. Valley, p. 233.

ACTAEA ALBA (L.) A@l/. White Baneberry.

This species which is of frequent occurrence in our woods
is distinguished from the preceding by its oblong raceme,
slender petals, thickened fruiting pedicels, and white ber-
ies. cued spicata var. alba... Sp. Pls, ps 504; 1753:
Actaea alba Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8, no. 2, 1768. <Actaea
alba Bigelow, as it is given in the 5th and 6th editions of
Gray’s Manual.

Our collection comprises good specimens from Winne-
shiek, Muscatine, Johnson, Jefferson, and Decatur coun-
ties. The State University herbarium has specimens from
Winnebago and Emmet counties. Prof. Fink reports the
species from Fayette county; Dr. Parry and Messrs. Nagel
and Haupt report it from Scott county; Prof. Bessey from
Story and Floyd counties; Mr. Mills by letter from Henry

102 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

county. In general we have found this species rather fre-
quent. It blooms in May and the fruit ripens in June.

Parry, in Owen’s Rep. Geol. Sur Wis., lowa, and Minn., p. 609, 1852;
Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 91; in Fourth Rep. Iowa Agr.
Col.; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 6, 1876; Hitchcock, Trans.
St. Louis Acad. of Science, vol. 5, p. 483; Nagel and Haupt, Proc. Day-
enport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 1, p. 154; Fink, Proc. lowa Acad. of
Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Sciences,
vol. 5, p. 108 and 135; Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 6;
Messrs. Barnes, Reppert, and Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat.
Sciences, vol. 8, p. 201.

AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS, 2. Sp.cbl)- peosossad poe

A perennial herb, 1-3 feet high, branched; leaves ternately
compound, long-petioled, leaflets lobed; flowers solitary,
showy, scarlet, nodding; sepals 5, petaloid; petals 5, pro-
longed backward into long hollow spurs; stamens numer-
ous, exserted; pistils 5; follicles 5, erect, slightly spread-
ing, tipped with a filiform beak, many-seeded.

A rather showy plant, common in our woodlands, pre-
ferring calcareous soil. It is not infrequently cultivated and
should be preferred to the European species. ‘The flowers
appear during April, linger through May and June, and
pass out the latter part of June or in the early part of July.
The range of this species as given by Britton and Brown
is: ‘‘Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to
Florida and Texas.’’ It has a vertical range of more than
four thousand feet.

Specimens before us are from Winneshiek, Fayette, Mus-
catine, Johnson, Decatur, and Shelby counties. The State
University herbarium has specimens from the additional
counties of Henry, Mahaska, Winnebago, Lyon, Story,
Jones, Calhoun, Polk, and Cerro Gordo counties. We
have observed the species in Allamakee, Clayton, Du-
buque, Scott, Des Moines, Van Buren, Ringgold, Page, and
Pottawattamie counties. Prof. Pammel reports the species
from Hamilton county and Prof. Bessey from Floyd and Powe-
shiek counties. In all probability there is not a county in

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. 103

the state that does not include this species in its flora.
The species has developed none of the tendencies of a
weed. Because of close pasturing the number of individ-
uals is becoming much less than formerly, yet all in all it
persists with remarkable tenacity, however, reaching its
ereatest development along bluffs and in wooded ravines.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 91, in Fourth Rep. Iowa Agr.
Col., 1872; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 6, 1876; Flora of Floyd
county in History of Floyd county, p. 310; Nagel and Haupt, Proc.
Davenport Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. 1, p. 154; Pammel, Proc. lowa Acad.
of Sciences, vol. 3, p.111; Fink, Proc. lowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4,
p. 83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 5, p. 108 and p.
135; vol. 6, p. 177; Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 5; Barnes,
Reppert and Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 8,
p. 201.

DEEPHENIUM. 2. Spy Pl 530: 1753:

Annual or perennial erect branching herbs, with pal-
mately cut or divided leaves, and racemose flowers. Sepals
5, the posterior one and occasionally the anterior one pro-
longed into a spur, petaloid. Petals irregular, 4 or 2,
rarely more, the upper pair prolonged backward into the
spur of the calyx. Pistils becoming many-seeded follicles
in fruit.

*Perenntals; leaves long-petioled; pristils 3.

DELPHINIUM TRICORNE (Zr. FI. Bor. Am., vol. 1,
p. 314. 1803. Dwarf Larkspur.

Stem simple or but very little branched, hollow, 1-3
feet high, glabrous or pubescent; roots a cluster of small
tubers; leaves about 5-parted, divisions 2—3-cleft; raceme
open; flowers blue or whitish; spur ascending, nearly
straight; follicles 3, diverging, tipped with a short beak.

This species is to be found in prairies and rich woods,
flowering in May. Its occurrence may be rated as frequent,
though in many localities it is quite common, and again in
some districts it is rare or not to be met with at all. Pres-
ent information confines this species within our limits to

V—2 2

104 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

the southwestern quarter of the state. Our specimens are
from Shelby and Decatur counties. We have observed the
species in Union and Clark counties. The State Univer-
sity herbarium has specimens from Mahaska and Pottawat-
tamie counties. Prof. Bessey reports the species from
Warren county.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Rep. Iowa Agr. Col., p.
90, 1872; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5; Shimek, Bull. Lab.
Nat. Hist., S. U. I., vol. 3, p. 200; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad. of
Sciences, vol. 5, p. 135; vol. 6, p. 177; Manual of the Flowering Plants
of Iowa, p. 6.

DELPHINIUM TRICORNE GRANDIFLORUM new var.

Petals mostly 8, the two upper as usual and six others, some-
times 6 or 7; anterior sepal spurred similarly to the pos-
terior one but with a smaller spur. Type locality, Lamoni,
Iowa.

For three consecutive seasons we studied individuals col-
lected in one locality. The deviation of the specimens
from the normal type was very pronounced and we think
constant enough to warrant distinction as a variety.

Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 6, p. 177, where this
form is spoken of in general terms only but not named.

DELPHINIUM CAROLINIANUM Wait. Fl. Car., p. 155.
1788.

Stem slender, 1-3 feet high, nearly solid, more or
less pubescent; leaves 3—-5-parted, the divisions cleft into
linear segments; raceme strict; flowers blue to whitish,
spur curved upward; follicles 3, erect or slightly spreading.
Delphinium azureum Mx. Fl. Bor. Am., vol. 1, p. 314,
1803.

This species is common in the western portion of the
state, occurring on the prairies, and blooming in June. In
the eastern portion of the state it is infrequent or rare.

Our specimens are from Muscatine, Jefferson, Decatur,
Union, Adams, Clark, Montgomery, Pottawattamie, Shelby,

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. 105

Lyon, and Emmet counties. The State University herbar-
ium has specimens from the additional counties of Page,
Fremont, Calhoun, Cerro Gordo, Polk, Hancock, and
Webster counties. Dr. Parry and Messrs. Nagel and Haupt
report the species from Scott county; Prof. Bessey from
Floyd and Story counties; Prof. Pammel from Woodbury
county; and Mr. Milis by letter from Henry county.

Parry, in Owen’s Rep. Geol. Sur. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 609, 1852;
Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Report Iowa Agr. Col.,
p. 91, 1872; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 6, 1876; Hitchcock,
Trans. St. Louis Acad. of Science, vol. 5, p. 483; Halsted, Bull. Bot.
Dept. Iowa Agr. Col., Nov., 1886, p. 50 and 1888, p. 37; Pammel, Proc.
Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 3, p. 111; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad. of
Sciences, vol. 5, p. 135; vol. 6, p. 177; Manual of the Flowering Plants
of Iowa, p. 6; Shimek, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist., S. U.I., vol. 3. p. 200, and
Flora of Lyon county, p. 170, in tenth volume, Iowa Geological Survey;
Nagel and Haupt, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 1, p.
154; Barnes, Reppert and Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat.
Sciences, vol. 8, p. 201.

DELPHINIUM URCEOLATUM Jacg. Coll., vol. 1, p.
153-1786.

Stem slender, 2—6 feet high; many-flowered, spur straight,
follicles erect; otherwise similar to the preceding. Delphin-
tum exaliaium Ait. Hort. Kew., vol. 2. p. 244, 1789.

The species ranges from Pennsylvania west to Minnesota
and Nebraska south to Alabama and North Carolina. We
have rather doubted its occurrence in Iowa although it has
been reported a number of times. Prof. Bessey reports it
from Poweshiek county on the authority of Prof. Parker;
Prof. Arthur from Scott county on the authority of Messrs.
Nagel and Haupt which report is not confirmed by Messrs.
Barnes, Reppert and Miller in their Flora of Scott and
Muscatine counties; and Prof. Fink from Fayette county.
Mr. J. B. Rigg in his notes on the Flora of Calhoun county
lists this species but his specimens sent to the State Uni-
versity herbarium so labeled are Delphinium carolinianum
Walt. (D. azureum Mx.)

106 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 91; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora
of Iowa, p. 6; Nageland Haupt, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sci-
ences, vol. 1, p. 154; Fink, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83;
Rigg, Notes on the Flora of Calhoun county, p. 10; Fitzpatrick, Manual
of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 6.

** Annuals, petals 2, prstils 1.
DELPHINIUM AJACIS Z. Sp. PI, op. cal. 1/ao:

Leaves nearly sessile; the divisions narrow, numerous;
flowers numerous; spur long and narrow; follicle erect,
pubescent.

This species has not infrequently escaped from gardens in
Johnson county where our specimens were obtained. Prof.
Fink reports it as occurring under similar conditions in
Fayette county.

Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 5, p. 135; Manual of
the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 6; Fink, Proc. lowa Acad. of Sciences,
vol. 4, p. 83.

DELPHINIUM CONSOLIDA Z. «Sp: Plp.py 30s. oor
Field Larkspur.

This species differs from the preceding only by its
glabrous follicles, longer and slightly bent spurs, and
shorter and more open racemes. Prof. Pammel reports it
as occurring at Corning, Adams county in Proc. Iowa Acad.
Or peicices, volo 4 cp. Ll;

ANEMONE JZ. Sp. Pl. p. 538. 1753.

Perennial herbs, with the leaves mostly radical, long-
petioled, the few cauline whorled so as to form a foliaceous
involucre remote from the flower, all compound or dis-
sected. Peduncle 1-flowered. Sepals 5-20, petaloid. Petals
none. Fruit compressed, 1-seeded achenes.

* Achenes densely woolly.
+ Leaves of the tnvolucre sesstle, 3-clett.

ANEMONE CAROLINIANA Wait. Fl. Car., p. 157. 1788.

Stem 3-8 inches high, pubescent, from a small tuber; root-

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. 107

leaves slender-petioled or 3-cleft; involucre far below the
flower; sepals 6-20, linear, purplish varying to whitish, head
of fruit oblong.

This species blooms in April and May and within our
limits it is of infrequent occurrence though often abundant
over small areas. Our specimens are from Muscatine county
contributed by Mr. Reppert who sends the following note:
‘‘Sandy soil, Muscatine Island, and along Cedar river.
Flowers vary from white to bluish-purple.’’ The State
University herbarium has specimens from Hancock and
iardin. counties. Dr: C..C. Parry reported the species
from Scott county which report is confirmed by Messrs.
Barnes, Reppert and Miller; and Prof. Bessey from Story
county which report is confirmed by Prof. Hitchcock. This
seems to confine the species within our limits to the north-
ern half of the state. The species ranges from Illinois to
Wisconsin and Nebraska, south to Georgia and Texas. Dr.
Parry in his catalogue has the following interesting note:
‘‘Anemone carolintana Walt., May 3d. Mississippi river
bank, Davenport and Rock Island. The geographical range
of this interesting species is deserving of notice. First
known as a native of the Carolinas, it is again met with in
Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas, thence finding its way to
the Missouri and Platte rivers; the locality just specified,
probably determining its northeastern limits. It here grows
always associated with Dradba caroliniana and Androsace
occidentalis, a significant relationship, connecting as it
were the two extremes, Carolina and Nebraska.”’

Parry, in Owen’s Geol. Rep. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 608, 1852;
Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Report Iowa Agr. Col.»
p. 90, 1872; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Nagel and
Haupt, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 1, p. 153; Hitchcock,
Trans. St. Louis Acad. of Science, vol. 5, p. 482; Fink, Proc. Iowa
Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83; Shimek, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist., S. U. I.,
vol. 3, p. 199; Fitzpatrick, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p.
2; Barnes, Reppert and Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences,
vol. 8, p. 200.

108 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

ANEMONE MULTIFIDA Porr. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl.,vol.
1, p. 13642 Asi.

This species is readily distinguished from the pre-
ceding by its sessile or short-petioled involucral leaves, red
sepals and globose or oval head of fruit. It is included by
Prof. Bessey in his contributions to the Flora of Iowa, p.
90, giving the locality and note, ‘‘Burlington—rare.’’ It
is to be presumed that he includes it on the authority of one
Rev. Isaiah Reid, of Nevada who at one time resided at
Burlington and collected plants in that vicinity and after-
wards sent Prof. Bessey a partial list of the plants of Bur-
lington, Des Moines county. As the range of this species
as given by Britton and Brown is north and west of our
limits and as no other collector has found or recorded it we
very much doubt its occurrence. Anemone multifida DC.
of Gray’s Manual, A. multzfida of authors, not Poiret, so
state late writers who claim the proper name to be A.
globosa Nutt. ex Pritz in Linnaea 15:673, 1841.

Tt Leaves of the tnvolucre slender-petioled; sepals 5-8, usu-
ally silky beneath.

ANEMONE CYLINDRICA Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vol.
3, p. 221. 1836. Long-fruited Anemone.

Stem slender, branching at the involucre, 1-2 feet
high, silky-pubescent; basal leaves tufted, long-petioled,
3—5-parted, divisions cuneate-obovate or cuneate-oblanceo-
late, narrow; involucral leaves 4-18, 3-divided, the di-
visions cuneate-lanceolate, cleft, toothed toward the apex;
flowers 2-6, on exserted naked peduncles, sometimes one-
involucellate; head of fruit cylindrical, one inch long;
achenes compressed, pubescent, tipped with the minute
styles.

This species is rather common on prairies and in hilly
woods, blooming in June and July, and is widely distrib-
uted. Specimens in our collection are from Winneshiek,
Johnson, Decatur, Union, Adams, Montgomery, Ringgold,

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. 109

Fremont, Pottawattamie, Shelby, Lyon,and Emmet counties.
We have observed the species in Allamakee, Clayton, and
Dubuque counties. The State University herbarium has
specimens from Story, Calhoun, Cerro Gordo, Dallas, and
Jones counties. Messrs. Nagel and Haupt report the
species from Scott county; Messrs. Barnes, Reppert and
Miller from Scott and Muscatine counties; Prof. Bessey from
Floyd county; Prof. Pammel from Sioux county; and Prof.
Fink from Fayette county.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Report of Iowa Agr.
Col., p. 90; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Bull. Iowa
Agr. Col., Nov. 1884, p. 155 and 167; Hitchcock, Trans. St. Louis Acad.
of Science, vol. 5, p. 482; Nageland Haupt, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat.
Sciences, vol. 1, p. 153; Pammel, Proc. lowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 3,
p- 111; Fink, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83; Fitzpatrick,
Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 5, p. 107 and p. 134; vol. 6, p. 177;
Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 2; Barnes, Reppert and
Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 8, p. 200; Shimek,
Flora of Lyon county, in vol. 10, Iowa Geol. Survey, p. 175; Halsted,

Bull. Iowa Agr. Col., Nov. 1886, p. 50; Rigg, Notes on the Flora of Cal-
houn county, p. 9; MacMillan, Met. Minn. Valley, p. 238.

ANEMONE VIRGINIANA LZ. Sp. Pl., p. 540. 1753.

Stem slender, rather stout, branching at the involucre,
2-3 feet high, pubescent; involucral leaves 3, 3-parted, the
divisions ovate-lanceolate, cleft and serrate; the first pe-
duncle naked, the later with a 2-leaved involucel near the
middle; sepals 5; head of fruit oval to oblong, achenes
compressed, woolly, tipped by the subulate styles.

This species occurs in woods, blooming from June until
August. It is of frequent occurrence and widely distribu-
ted within our limits. At the close of the season the heads
of fruit loosen and the woolly pubescence spreads to the
wind which is also characteristic of Anemone cylindrica
Gray. ‘This pubescence is commonly known as birds’ cot-
ton.

Our specimens are from Winneshiek, Allamakee, Musca-
tine, Jefferson, Johnson, Appanoose, Decatur, Ringgold,

110 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Page, and Fremont counties. We have observed it in Des
Moines and Pottawattamie counties. The State University
herbarium has specimens from Louisa, Lee, Henry, Floyd,
Story, Winnebago, Taylor, Cerro Gordo, and Webster
counties. Dr. C. C. Parry and Messrs. Nagel and Haupt
report the species from Scott county; Prof. Pammel from
Woodbury county; and Mr. Cratty by letter from Emmet
county.

Parry, in Owen’s Rep. Geol. Sur. Wis., lowa, and Minn., p. 608, 1852;
Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Report Iowa Agr. Col.,
p. 90, 1872; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Halsted,
Bull. Iowa Agr. Col., November, 1884, p. 155 and 167 and November,
1886, p. 50; Hitchcock, Trans. St. Louis Acad. of Science, vol. 5, p. 482;
Nagel and Haupt, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 3, p.
111; Fink, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83; Fitzpatrick, Proc.
Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 5, p. 107 and p. 134; vol. 6, p. 177; Manual
of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 2; Barnes, Reppert and Miller,

Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 8, p. 200; MacMillan, Met.
Minn. Valley, p. 237.

** Achenes pubescent, or nearly glabrous.
)
+ Leaves of the tnvolucre 3, sessile.

ANEMONE CANADENSIS Z. Syst. Ed. 12, vol. 3, p. 231
App. 1768.

Stem usually 1-2 feet high, hairy; radical leaves 5-
7-parted or 5—7-cleft, divisions cut or toothed toward the
apex; primary peduncle naked, two lateral ones with a 2-
leaved involucre; sepals 5, obovate, white; achenes in a
globose head, flat, nearly orbicular, pubescent, tipped with
the persistent style. Anemone pennsylvanica 1,. Mant.,
vol. 2,,p. 247, 1771. Sometimes erroneously tetemediira
Anemone dichotoma J, which is a Siberian species with
glabrous ovate achenes.

This species is common in low grounds, blooming in
June and July, and is widely distributed over the state. Our
specimens are from Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette, Mus-
catine, Johnson, Ringgold, Pottawattamie, Shelby, and
Emmet counties. We have observed it in Scott and Des

RANUNCULACEAE OF I0WA. 111

Moines counties. "The State University herbarium has
specimens from Chickasaw, Jones, Linn, Lee, Polk, Story,
Page, Mahaska, Calhoun, Winnebago, Cerro Gordo, Dal-
las, Dickinson, and Lyon counties. Prof. Bessey reports
the species from Poweshiek county, Prof. Pammel from
Woodbury county, and Mr. Mills by letter from Henry
county.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Report of Iowa Agr.
Col., p. 90; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5; Bull. Iowa Agr.
Col., Nov. 1884, p. 167; Nagel and Haupt, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat.
Sciences, vol. 1, p. 153; Hitchcock, Trans. St. Louis Acad. of Science,
vol. 5, p. 482; Pammel, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 3, p. bbl
Fink, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83; Fitzpatrick, Proc.
Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol 5, p. 108 and p. 134; vol. 6, p. 177; Manual
of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 2; Shimek, Flora of Lyon county,
p- 178 in vol. 10, Iowa Geol. Survey; Rigg, Notes on the Flora of Cal-
houn county, p. 9; Halsted, Bull. lowa Agr. Col., Nov. 1886, p. 44; and

Bull. Iowa Agr. Col., 1888, p. 36; Barnes, Roppert and Miller, Proc.
Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 8, p. 200.

tt Leaves of the tnvolucre 3, petioled.

ANEMONE QUINQUEFOLIA Z. Sp. Pl. p. 541. 1753.
Wind-flower.

Stem 4-8 inches high, simple, frail, smooth or slightly
pubescent, from horizontal rootstocks; involucral leaves 3,
leaflets wedge-shaped, conspicuously toothed, somewhat
lobed; sepals 4-7, ovate, white varying to blue or purple.
Anemone nemorosa Mx. Fl. Bor. Am., vol. 1, p. 319, 1803,
not L. as he refers. Anemone nemorosa var. quinquetolia
Gray, Manual, Ed. 5, p. 38, 1867.

This species occurs in rich upland woods, flowering in
April and May, and common only locally. Our present in-
formation limits this species in our state to the northeast
quarter. Many botanists have considered this species as
identical with the European Anemone nemorosa L. Our
species is said to differ much in aspect from the European
one, having smaller flowers, slender petioles, and the divi-
sions of the involucral leaves less lobed.

112 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Specimens in our collection are from Fayette, Muscatine,.
and Johnson counties. We have observed the species in
Winneshiek county. Prof. Bessey reports it from Story,
Floyd, and Des Moines counties, and Messrs. Nagel and
Haupt from Scott county.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Report Iowa Agr. Col.,.
p. 90; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Flora of Floyd
county in History of Floyd county, p. 310; Bull. lowa Agr. Col., Nov.
1884, p. 157, p. 167, and p. 174; Hitchcock, Trans. St. Louis, Acad. of
Science, vol. 5, p. 482; Nagel and Haupt, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat.
Sciences, vol. 1, p. 153; Fink, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p.
83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 5, p. 108 and p. 134;
Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 2; Barnes, Reppert and
Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 8, p. 200.

HEPATICA ACUTA (Pursh) Britton. Liverleaf. Hepatica.

Low perennial scapose herbs; scapes 4-8 inches high, vil-
lous. Leaves evergreen, thick, heart-shaped, 3-lobed or
sometimes 5-lobed; lobes and those of the involucre acute
or acutish. Flowers blue, purple or white; involucre 3-
leaved, close to the flower, calyx-like; stamens many, fila-
ments short, anthers 2-celled. Hepatica triloba var. acuta
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept., p. 391, 1814. Hepatica acutiloba
DC. Prodr. vol. 1, p. 22, 1824. Aefateca acuta Britton,
Amn NV. Acad.pci.,, vol, 6,p. 234, 199

This species is common in rich upland woods, blooming
in March and April,and preferring calcareous soil. It is
common in the eastern half of the state but apparently rare
or absent in the western portion. Some specimens before
us have the leaf lobes somewhat lanceolate and with the
margins fluted. Five-lobed leaves occur in our collection.
Prof. Halsted, one time botanist at Ames, discovered speci-
mens in Story county which exhibited dioecious tendencies,
a matter which he reported.

Our specimens are from Muscatine, Johnson, and Deca-
tur counties. We have observed it in Winneshiek, Allama-
kee, Clayton, Scott, Des Moines, and Linn counties. The
State University herbarium has specimens from Henry,
Cerro Gordo and Chickasaw counties. Profs. Bessey and

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. 1s

Hitchcock report the species from Story county; Profs.
Bessey and Fink from Fayette county; Prof. Bessey from
Floyd county; and Mr. Cratty by letter reports the species

as rare in the woods at Estherville, Emmet county.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Report Iowa Agr. Col.,
p. 90, 1872; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Flora of
Floyd county in History of Floyd county, p. 310; Nagel and Haupt, Proc.
Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 1, p. 154; Halsted, Bull. lowa Agr.
Col., Nov., 1886, pp. 6, 37 and 48; Bull. Tor. Bot. Club,vol. 14, p. 119; Hitch-
cock, Trans. St. Louis Acad. of Science, vol. 5, p. 482; Fink, Proc. Iowa
Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. lowa Acad.of Sciences,
vol. 5, p. 108 and p. 134; Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 2;
Britton and Brown, Illustrated Flora, vol. 2, p. 66; Barnes, Reppert and
Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 8, p. 200; Gray and
Robinson, Synop. Fl. N. A., 1:14.

HEPATICA HEPATICA (L.) Karst.

This species also commonly known as Liverleaf closely
resembles the preceding. It is distinguished by its rounded
or obtuse lobes of the leaves and involucre. Anemone
hepatica 1,. Sp. Pl., p. 538, 1753. AHepatica triloba Chaix
evil Hist: PI: Dauph.; vol: 1, p..336, 1786." Aleparica
hepatica Karst. Deutsch. Fl., p. 559, 1880-83.

Prof. Bessey reports this species from Des Moines
and Fayette counties. Prof. Fink does not confirm Prof.
Bessey in his Spermaphyta of the Flora of Fayette, Iowa,
published in volume 4, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences. He
says: ‘‘H/. triloba Chaix is frequently reported here, but
does not occur.’’ Messrs. Nagel and Haupt report the
species from Scottcounty. This, however, is not confirmed
by Messrs. Barnes, Reppert and Miller in a subsequent
flora. Some leaves of this species are inthe Burlington High
School collection but it is not apparent on which side of
the Mississippi river they were collected. Britton and
Brown refer this species to Iowa, but present evidence in-
dicates that it does not belong here.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Rep. Iowa Agr. Col.
p. 90, 1872; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Nagel and
Haupt, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 1, p. 153; Britton
and Brown, Illustrated Flora, vol. 2, p. 65; Fitzpatrick, Manual of the
Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 2.

114 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

SYNDESMON THALICTROIDES (L.) Hoffmg. Rue Anem-
one.

A low glabrous perennial herb, 3-5 inches high, with
stem and radical leaves rising from a cluster of tuber-
ous roots. Leaves 2—3-ternately compound; involucral
leaves similar, sessile; leaflets more or less 3-lobed, rounded
to heart-shaped at the base and long petiolate. Flowers
white or pinkish, umbellate; sepals 5-10, large, broad-
ovate, thin; petals none. Achenes terete, ribbed, sessile.
Anemone thalictroides I,. Sp. Pl., p. 542, 1753. Thalsec-
trum anemonotdes Mx. Fl. Bor. Am., vol. 1, p. 322, 1803.
Syuzdesmon thalictrocdes Hoffmg. Flora, 15: Part 2, Intell.
Bl. 4, 34, 1832. Anemonella thalictrotdes Spach, Hist.
Veo., vol-7;/p-240; 1839.

This pretty vernal species is common in rich upland
woods where it may be gathered during the months of April
and May, varying earlier or later according to the vicissi-
tudes of the seasons. ‘The flowering stem first appears,
later the basal leaves which much resemble those of a
Thalictrum, a fact which led Michaux to place the species
in that genus. Double flowered forms are not infrequent.
Occasionally the floral envelope and organs simulate leaves.

This species is the only one of the genus and its range
is confined to the New World. The limits as set by Brit
ton and Brown are eastern United States west to Kansas
and Minnesota, sparingly in Ontario. In Iowa it is more
common in the eastern counties. Our specimens are from
Muscatine, Johnson, and Decatur counties. We have ob-
served the species in Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Van
Buren counties. The State University herbarium has speci-
mens from Henry and Mahaska counties. Messrs. Nagel
and Haupt report the species from Scott county which re-
port is confirmed by Messrs. Barnes, Reppert and Miller.
Prof. Bessey reports the species from Fayette county, which

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. aS

report is confirmed by Prof. Fink, and from Story county,
confirmed by Prof. Hitchcock.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Rep. Iowa Agr. Col., p.
90; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5; Nagel and Haupt, Proc.
Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 1, p. 154; Hitchcock, Trans. St.
Louis Acad. of Science, vol. 5, p. 482; Fink, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sci-
ences, vol. 4, p. 83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 5, p.
108 and 134; Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 3; Barnes,
Reppert and Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 8, p.
200.

PULSATILLA HIRSUTISSIMA (Pursh) Britton.

Stem 6-14 inches high, villous; flowering before leafing;
leaves ternately-parted, the divisions dissected into narrow
linear lobes; involucral lobes linear; peduncle solitary,
lengthening after flowering; involucre forming a cup;
flower large, sepals 5-7, ovate, whitish or purplish; petals
none; stamens many, the outer ones often sterile; carpels
in a globular head, with long persistent plumose styles.
Clematis hirsutisstma Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept., p. 385, Ed.
1814; Anemone nuttalliana DC. Syst. vol. 1, p. 193, Ed.
1818; Anemone patens var. nuttalliana A. Gray, Man.
Edition 5, p. 36, 1867; Pulsatidlla hirsutissima Britton,
Mate Nel. eacad. Sci.) volo. pewel/ ~L8Ol.

A very pretty species, once common on the highest prai-
ries of the northern portion of the state. Being the first of
the vernal flora to unfold its flowers above the dead grass,
as is its usual habit, it presents a striking and wel-
come object in early spring, turning the brown and
sear hills to beautiful roseate tints. The plow has
played havoc with the prairies and this species lingers
by the waysides or in open upland thickets and out of way
places which have been untouched by the tillers of the soil.
It has long been called the American or Nuttall’s Pasque
flower. In portions of the state it is called Easter lily.
The flowers open in March or early April immediately after
the melting of the snow and are mostly fallen before May,

116 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

though in upland thickets, where the frost stays late in the
ground, a fewindividuals may be found even so late as the
last of June. ‘The lengthening of the peduncle after flow-
ering and the globular head of achenes with their long
plumose styles give a striking aspect to the plant as it
moves to and fro before the wind, a veritable little plumed
knight of the prairie. The plumose character of the styles
gave Pursh who first described the species the idea that it
was aclematis. He founded the species upon specimens
collected by Mr. Lewis on the plains drained by the Col-
umbia river. DeCandolle first assigned it to the genus
Anemone and gave it the specific name zzttalliana. Many
considered it only a form of the European Azxemone patens
L. ‘This was the position held by Dr. Gray who called it
Anemone patens var. nuttalliana. The range of the species
is from Illinois to the Northwest Territory, British Colum-
bia, Nebraska, and Texas. Iowa isnear the eastern border
of its range.

Dr. C. C. Parry in his catalogue of plants of Wisconsin
and Minnesota published in Owen’s report gives the follow-
ing interesting note concerning this species: ‘‘Pulsatilla
patens, (Mill.) May 15. In fruit. Galena, Il. This char-
acteristic and handsome plant occurs abundantly to the
north and west [ Probably referring to Iowa] of the locality
specified, preferring high prairies and gravelly ridges,
which, in early spring, it adorns with its elegant blue flow-
ers, or later, with its no less beautiful plumed fruit. It
posesses the acrid properties, and probably equal medicinal
qualities, with a closely allied European species. It is said
by the Indians frequently to occasion sores on the lips of
children, attracted by their showy blossoms. It may farther
be mentioned as an interesting fact in connection with its
geographical range, that the same plant is found in New
Mexico, specimens from that locality having been shown
me by Dr. Englemann, of St. Louis.’’

The specimens before us were collected in Winneshiek,

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. a7.

Allamakee, Emmet, and Shelby counties. The State Uni-
versity herbarium has specimens from Delaware, Hardin,
Calhoun, and Lyon counties. We have seen a specimen
from Crawford county. Prof. Bessey reports the species
from Fayette and Floyd counties; Prof. Hitchcock from
Story county; and Prof. Pammel from Woodbury county.
This restricts the species in our state to the northern half,
reaching its southern limit on the western border.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Report Iowa Agr. Col.,
p- 90, 1872; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Flora of
Floyd county in History of Floyd county, p. 310; Bull. Iowa Agr. Col.,
Nov. 1884, p. 157; Hitchcock, Trans. St. Louis Acad. of Science, vol.
5, p. 482; Pammel, Proc. lowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 3, p. 111; Fink,
Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, p. 4, 83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad.
of Sciences, vol. 5, p. 107 and p. 134; Manual of the Flowering Plauts of
Iowa, p. 2; Shimek, Flora of Lyon county in Iowa Geol. Survey, vol.
10, p. 170.

CLEMATIS VIRGINIANA Z. Amoen. Acad., vol. 4, p.
Dis ASD. Virgins: bower-

A rather long, trailing vine, with opposite trifoliolate
leaves, and small, white, polygamo-dioecious, cymose-
paniculate flowers. Sepals 4. Petals wanting. Stamens
many. Achenes many, in a globular head, with long,
persistent, plumose styles.

The Virgin’s Bower is rather common in low grounds in
thickets or along fenceways, flowering from July until
September. Our specimens are from Winneshiek, Alla-
makee, Fayette, Muscatine, Johnson, Appanoose, Decatur,
Ringgold, Page, Fremont, and Dickinson counties. We
have observed the species in Scott, Des Moines, and Union
counties. The State University herbarium has specimens
from Delaware, Jones, Lee, Story, Cerro Gordo, and Lyon
counties. Prof. Bessey reports the species from Floyd
county; Prof. Pammel from Woodbury county; and Mr.
Mills by letter from Henry county. This shows that the
distribution of this species is general throughout the state.

118 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Rep. Iowa Agr. Col., p.
90, 1872; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Nagel and
Haupt, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 1, p. 153; Hitch-
cock, Trans. St. Louis Acad. of Sciences, vol. 5, p. 482; Pammel, Proc.
Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 3, p. 111; Fink, Proc. Iowa Acad. of
Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. lowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 5,
p- 107 and p. 134; vol. 6, p. 176; Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa,
p- 1; Halsted, Bull. lowa Agr. Col., Nov. 1886, p. 52; Barnes, Reppert,
and Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 8, p. 200;
Shimek, Flora of Lyon county in vol. 10, Iowa Geological Survey, p.
175; Reppert, Iowa Geol. Sur., vol. 9, p. 381.

CLEMATIS SIMSII Sweef, Mort.(Brit.,-vol. 1, p. 1:

A rather high climbing vine, with opposite, pinnate
leaves, terminating in tendrils, and large purplish, solitary
flowers. Leaflets 3-7, ovate, entire, lobed or trifoliolate,
thick, reticulated, more or less mucronate. Calyx cam-
panulate, pubescent, less than an inch in length; sepals
thin, tipsrecurved. Achenes with filiform, persistent, silky
but not plumose styles. Clematis pitchert T. & G., FI.
N. A., vol..1, p. 10, 1838. Clematzs- cordate- Sims, ss0e-
Mag. pl. 1816, 1816. Not Pursh, 1814.

This species is frequent in thickets, flowering from June
until August. Our specimens are from Muscatine, John-
son, Appanoose, Decatur, Pottawattamie, and Shelby coun-
ties. We have observed the species in Union and Fremont
counties. The State University herbarium has specimens
from Louisa, Henry, Lee, and Story counties. Messrs.
Nagel and Haupt report the species from Scott county.
Our present information indicates that within our limits
this species is restricted to the southern portion of the
state. Britton and Brown give the range as southern In-
diana to Missouri and Texas which indicates a range south
of Iowa, a mistake however. A form with cream colored
flowers occurs at Moscow, Muscatine county.

Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Nagel and Haupt,
Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 1, p. 153; Shimek, Bul.
Lab. Nat. Hist., S. U. I., vol. 3, p. 199; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad.
of Sciences, vol. 5, p. 134; vol. 6; p. 177; Manual of the Flowering Plants
of Iowa, p.1; Barnes, Reppert and Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of
Nat. Sciences, vol. 8, p. 200.

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. i Lag

@LEMATIS VIORNA 2. Sp: Ply ip. 543. 1/53. " Weather-
flower.

This species was reported as belonging to the flora of
Iowa by Dr. C. C. Parry in Owen’s Rep. Geol. Sur. Wis.,
Iowa, and Minn., p. 608, 1852, and by Prof. Bessey in his
contributions to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Report of
Agricultural College, p. 90, 1872. Hegives Polk and Story
counties as localities. Prof. Hitchcock does not list this
species in his catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta
of Ames, published 18 years later. Prof. Bessey does not
list Clematis simsi¢ Sweet. (C. pitchert T. & G.). Prof.
Arthur in his contributions to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876,
repotts C. viorna 1,., C. simsit Sweet (C. pitchert'T. &
G.), and C. virginiana L,. Clematis viorna 1. very much
resembles C. szmszz Sweet except that the persistent styles
are plumose throughout in the latter species.

We have seen no reliable specimens from Iowa. ‘The
so-called specimens which have fallen into our hands are
Clematis simsizi Sweet. The range of the species as
given by Britton and Brown is southern Pennsylvania to
Ohio and West Virginia, south to Georgia and Tennessee,
a range much east of our limits. In all probability the
species does not belong to our flora; specimens which
have been referred here belong to the species Clematzs
stmsit Sweet.

ATRAGENE AMERICANA Szms, Bot. Mag. Pl. 887.1806.

A perennial, trailing or twining vine, with opposite,
petioled, trifoliolate leaves, and large, solitary, axillary flow-
ers; leaflets ovate, acute, entire or toothed, somewhat cor-
date; sepals, large, purplish blue; petals small, spatulate;
stamens many; styles persistent, plumose. Clematzs
eermcliarges WC. Syst. Nat., vol. 1, p. 166, 1813.

The only Iowa specimen we have of this species was sent
by Herbert Goddard of Decorah, Winneshiek county, Iowa.
Tt bears the label **E.-W. D. Holway, col., 5—27—’93.”?

V—2 3

120 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Mr. Goddard writes, July 7, 1899, ‘*This specimen was
found by Mr. Holway and Mr. H. E. Case growing on the
top of a bluff in open woods or thin brush, far from any
house, and one mile northwest of Decorah, the other side
of the river and three-quarters to one mile from the river.
Mr. Holway says that it had every appearance of being
native. No morethan one specimen has ever been found.”’

We have no doubt of the identity of the specimen
as it agrees with the description and compares well with
specimens received from the northeastern portion of the
United States. The species is commonly known as Purple
Virgin’s Bower.

Prof. Macbride informs us that many years ago he col-
lected this species in Delaware county and that at that time
it was of not infrequent occurrence. No specimens were
preserved and the species has since disappeared.

Fitzpatrick, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 139.

MYOSURUS MINIMUS ZL. Sp. Pl., p. 284. 1753. Mouse-
tail.

A small annual herb, 1-6 inches high, glabrous. Leaves
linear, basal, tufted, entire. Scapes 1-flowered. Sepals
5, spurred. Petals small, narrow. Stamens usually many.
Pistils numerous. Achenes numerous, on an elongated
receptacle, glabrous, apiculate. M/yosurus shortit Raf. Am.
Journ. Sci., vol. 1, p. 379, 1819. Myosurus minimus var.
short Huth, Engler’s Bot. Jahrb., vol. 16, p. 284, 1893.

We have only two sheets of this species from Iowa. They
were sent by Mr. Reppert of Muscatine county. The first
sheet bears the following note: ‘‘Moist grounds in places
along Cedar river, Moscow, Salisbury bridge, May 8th,
1894.’’ The second sheet bears the legend ‘*Wet or
damp places along Cedar river and Muscatine slough, not
common; Muscatine county, Cedar river region, May,
1895.’’ Inthe State University herbarium is a specimen
contributed by Mr. Reppert with the following note:

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. 121

‘‘Sandy bottom lands of Cedar river, Salisbury bridge re-
gion, Lake township, and at Moscow lake, Moscow where
it grows with Anemone caroliniana Walt. ‘The Anemone
occupying slight ridges while the Myosurus grows in the
shallow depressions where the soil is more damp or wet at
times, May 8th, 1894. No. 762. Muscatine county.
‘These specimens from Moscow.”’

The species is credited to Scott county by Prof. Arthur
in his Contributions to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; also
by Barnes, Reppert and Miller in their Flora of Scott and
Muscatine counties.

The range of this species is from southern Ontario to
Illinois, Kentucky and Florida. It is said to occur on the
Pacific coast and in central Europe. |

Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Fitzpatrick, Manual

of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 5; Barnes, Reppert and Miller,
Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. 8, p. 200.

RANUNCULUS Z. Sp. Pl., p. 548. 1753.

Annual or perennial herbs, withalternate, simple, entire,
lobed, divided or dissected leaves, and white or yellow, soli-
tary or sometimes corymbed flowers. Sepals 5, deciduous.
Petals 5, rarely more or less, sometimes minute, with a
nectariferous pit or scale at the base inside. Achenes
many, usually flattened, pointed, capitate or spicate.

* Aquatic.

RANUNCULUS DELPHINIFOLIUS Zorr. Eaton, Man. Ed.
2, p. 395. 1818. Yellow Water Crowfoot.

Stem floating or immersed, sometimes emersed; leaves
repeatedly 3-forked, the ultimate divisions long, capillary ;
out of water the leaves are often reniform, lobed or toothed
ort else the divisions are shorter and linear; petals 5-8,
bright yellow; achenes callous-margined, with a straight
beak which is one-half their length or more. Ranunculus
multifidus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept., p. 736, 1814, a name pre-
occupied by Forskal in 1775 for an Arabian species.

1122 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Ranunculus lacustris Beck and Tracy, N. Y. Med. and
Phys. Jouru:)2, 12, i823:

This species is to be found in ponds and slow streams
from May until June. It is sometimescommon locally, but
generally throughout the state it is very infrequent. Speci-
mens before us are from Muscatine, Emmet, Dickinson,
and Decatur counties. The State University herbarium
has in addition specimens from Johnson, Hardin, and Story
counties. Messrs. Nagel and Haupt report the species from
Scott county; Prof. Fink from Fayette county; Prof. Bessey
from Warren county; and Prof. Pammel from Hamilton
and Lyon counties.

Forms of this species growing out of the water closely
resemble Ranunculus purshi Richards, which is distin-
guished by the marginless achenes and different habitat.
Prof. Arthur sends a specimen from Dickinson county
labeled Ranunculus purshi Richards, but as the achenes
are more or less margined we have referred the specimen
to Ranunculus delphinttolius ‘Torr. Mud-flat forms of
the species constitute variety ¢errestris Gray, the flowers
and fruit being twice or thrice smaller, the leaves being
reniform and coarsely dissected.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Report of the Iowa
Agr. Col., p. 91, 1872; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 18763
Nagel and Haupt, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 1, p.
154; Halsted, Bull. Iowa Agr. Col., Nov. 1886, p. 50; Hitchcock, Trans.
St. Louis Acad. of Science, vol. 5, p. 483; Pammel, Proc. lowa Acad. of
Sciences, vol. 3, p. 111; Plant World, vol. 2, p. 44; Fink, Proc. Iowa
Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sci-
ences, vol. 6, p. 177; Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 3;
Shimek, Bull. Lab. Nat. History, S. U.I., vol. 3, p. 199; Barnes, Rep-
pert and Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 8, p. 201;
MacMillan, Met. Minn. Valley, p. 247.

** Plants of swamps or muddy shores; leaves narrow and

usually entire.
RANUNCULUS REPTANS. Z. Sp. Pl..o49. 1/53; (Greene
ing Spearwort.
A shore-plant, trailing or reclining, glabrous or pubes-

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. 123

cent, the branches and peduncles ascending; the leaves
linear, lanceolate, or spatulate, usually entire; flowers yel-
low, solitary, petals much exceeding the sepals; achenes
flattish, with a minute sharp beak. Ranunculus filitormts
Mx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1, 320, 1803; Ranunculus flammula var.
reptans KE. Meyer, Pl. Lab. 96, 1830.

This species is included on the authority of Prof. Pam-
mel as we have not seen an Iowa specimen. He says the
species occurs at Webster City in moist, sandy soil near
artesian wells, close to the Des Moines river. By letter,
Prof. Pammel also informs us that the species occurs at
Ames, Story City, and in Kossuth county.

Pammel, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, 1890-1891, vol. 1, part 2, p. 89;
MacMillan, Met. Minn. Valley, p. 246.

*** Plants terrestrial, trequently growing in wet or muddy
places.

+ Basal leaves or some of them crenate.

RANUNCULUS PEDATIFIDUS /. £. Smith in Rees
Cyclop. No. 72. 1613-16.

A small hairy or glabrous plant, from 4-10 inches high;
flowers small, pale yellow; root-leaves pedately cleft, stem
leaves with narrow oblanceolate divisions; heads of fruit
oblong; achenes oval, frequently hairy, tipped with a short
beak. Ranunculus affints R. Br. in Parry’s Voy. App.
269. 1823.

We have seen no specimen of this species collected in
Iowa. We include it only on the authority of Gray’s Man-
ual. Britton and Brown give the range of this species—
‘‘Labrador and Quebec to Alaska, south in the Rocky
Mountains to Arizona,’’ which indicates a range north of
ourlimits. Gray’s Manual gives; ‘‘Minn., Iowa, north and
west ward.’’

Gray’s Manual, 6th ed., p. 42; Fitzpatrick, Manual of the Flowering
Plants of Iowa, p. 5.

124 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

RANUNCULUS OvALIS Raf. Proc. Dec. 36. 1814.
Prairie Crowfoot.

Stem 4-16 inches high, hairy, somewhat branched; root-
leaves roundish to rhombic-ovate, toothed or crenate, others
3-5-lobed or 3-5-parted, the upper sessile or nearly so;
petals large, deep yellow; head of fruit spherical; achenes
oval or orbicular, minutely beaked. Ranunculus rhom-
bordeus Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Journ., vol. 6, p. 329. 1822.

A vernal species of the fields and prairies, ranging from
Labrador and Ontario to the Northwest Territory, Illinois
and Wisconsin, and coming within our limits only in the
northern portion. Our specimens were collected in Winne-
shiek, Fayette, and Emmet counties. The State Univer-
sity herbarium has specimens from Calhoun and Lyon
counties, and Prof. Bessey has reported the species from
Floyd county.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Report of Iowa Agr.
Col., p. 91, 1872; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Flora of
Floyd county in History of Floyd county, p. 310; Fink, Proc. Iowa
Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad. of
Sciences, vol. 5, p. 108; Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 5;

Rigg, Notes on the Flora of Calhoun county, Iowa, p. 9; Shimek, Flora
of Lyon county in Iowa Geol. Sur., vol. 10, p. 170.

RANUNCULUS ABORTIVUS ZL. Sp. PI., p. ool. Las.
Small-flowered Crowfoot.

Biennial, glabrous or nearly so, 6-20 inches high,
branched, conspicuous by having the primary root-leaves
round, heart-shaped, or kidney-shaped, obscurely crenate
and long-petioled, other leaves 3—5-lobed or 3—5-parted and
variously toothed, petioled or nearly sessile; flowers small,
inconspicuous, pale yellow; petals shorter than the reflexed
sepals.

This species is common throughout the state in moist
soil in fields and woods. ‘The flowers appear during the
months of April, May, and June. Our collection contains
specimens from Winneshiek, Fayette, Muscatine, John-
son, Decatur, Shelby, and Emmet counties. We have ob-

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. WS)

served the species in Allamakee and Page counties. The
State University herbarium contains in addition specimens
from Scott, Lee, Henry, Story, Mahaska, Pottawattamie,
and Lyon counties. Prof. Pammel reports the species
from Woodbury and Hamilton counties; Prof. Bessey from
Poweshiek and Warren counties ;and J. B. Rigg from Calhoun
county.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, in Fourth Report Iowa Agr. Col.
p. 91, 1872; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Hitchcock,
Trans. St. Louis Acad. of Science, vol. 5, p. 483; Nagel and Haupt, Proc.
Davenport Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. 1. p. 154; Pammel, Proc. Iowa Acad.
of Sciences, vol. 3, p. 111; Fink, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p.
83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 5, p. 108 and p. 135;
Manual of the Flowering plants of Iowa p, 4; Rigg, Notesof the Flora
of Calhoun county, Iowa, p. 9; Halsted, Bull. Iowa Agr. Col., Nov. 1886,
p. 6, and Bull. 1888, p. 36; Barnes, Reppert and Miller, Proc. Daven-
port Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 8, p. 201; Shimek, Flora of Lyon county
in yol. 10, lowa Geol. Sur., p. 176.

+t Leaves all lobed or divided.
t Plant glabrous; flowers small,
RAMUONCULUS SCELERATUS £. Sp. Pl. p..ool. 1753;

Annual; stem 6—20 inches high, glabrous, thick, hollow,
with acrid juice; root-leaves of 3-5 rounded lobes, others
3-parted, cut and toothed, the upper nearly sessile, deeply
lobed or divided; lobes oblong or linear, obtuse, entire or
toothed, petals about as long as the sepals, pale yellow;
head of fruit oblong or cylindric, achenes mucronulate.

This species occurs in wet ditches, flowering from June
until August, and is infrequent or rare within our limits.
There is a specimen in the State University herbarium
collected by G. B. Rigg in Calhoun county. Mr. Cratty
by letter reports the species common in Emmet county.
Messrs. Nagel and Haupt report the species from Scott
county; and Prof. Bessey from Story county.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, in Fourth Rep. Iowa Agr. Col.,
p. 91; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5; Nagel and Haupt, Proc.
Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 1, p. 154; Rigg, Notes on the
Flora of Calhoun county, Ia., p. 10.

126 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

{tt Plants more or less pubescent.
§ Beak of the achene strongly hooked.

RANUNCULUS RECURVATUS fozr. in Lam. Encycl. 6:
125. 1804. Hooked Crowfoot.

Stem 8-20 inches high, hirsute; leaves all similar, long-
petioled, broadly reniform, deeply 3-cleft, the divisions
cuneate, toothed and lobed beyond the middle; flowers
small, on long peduncles; calyx reflexed; petals shorter;
achenes compressed, tipped by a recurved beak which is
half their length.

This species ranges from Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south
to Florida and Missouri. In Iowa it is known to occur
only in three counties situated on or near the eastern bor-
der. It occurs rather infrequently in woods, flowering in
May and June. Specimens before us are from Winneshiek,
Muscatine, and Johnson counties. Prof. Arthur and
Messrs. Nagel and Haupt report the species from Scott
county which report is confirmed by Messrs. Barnes, Rep-
pert and Miller.

Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1872; Nagel and Haupt,
Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 1, p. 154; Fitzpatrick,
Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 5, p. 135; Manual of the Flowering
Plants of Iowa, p. 4; Shimek, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 200;

Barnes, Reppert and Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences,
vol. 8, p. 201.

§§ Beak of the achene short.
(a) Introduced erect plants, in fields.

RANUNCULUS AcRIS lL. Sp. Pl:, p:/s04. 17532 Sal
Crowfoot or Meadow Buttercup.

Stem 2-3 feet high, hairy; leaves of 3 sessile divisions,
the basal 3—7-divided, the divisions 3-cleft or 3-parted, the
segments cut into narrow or linear lobes; petals obovate,
2-3 times longer than the calyx; head of fruit globose;
achenes compressed; short-beaked.

This species occurs infrequently in fields and waste places,

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. We 76

flowering from May until September. We have seen one
specimen collected in Page county and another in the State
University herbarium from Jones county. Prof. Hitch-
cock reports the species from Story county and Mr. Mills
by letter from Henry county. The species is scarcely if at
all persistent.

Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Hitchcock, Trans. St.
Louis Acad. of Science, vol. 5, p. 483; Pammel, Proc. lowa Acad. of
Sciences, vol. 4, p. 111; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol.
5, p. 135; Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 4; Halsted, Bull.
Iowa Agr. Col. 1888, p. 36.

RANUNCULUS BULEOSUS Z,. Sp. -Pl.,..p. oot 2753.
Bulbous Buttercup or Bulbous Crowfoot.

Stem about one foot high, from a bulbous base; radical
leaves 3-divided, lateral divisions sessile, the terminal
stalked and 3-parted, all more or less cleft and 3-toothed;
calyx reflexed; petals much longer; head of fruit globose;
achenes compressed, short-beaked.

We have seen no Iowa specimen of this species. Prof.
Bessey reports it from Indianola, Warren county; Prof.
Arthur lists it in his Flora; and Prof. Halsted includes it in
his list of lowa weeds. If it belongs to the Iowa Flora it
is an introduced weed and apparently very rare.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Rep. Iowa Agr. Col.,
p. 91; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Halsted, Bull.
Iowa Agr. Col., 1888, p. 36; Fitzpatrick, Manual of the Flowering Plants
of Iowa, p. 4.

(6) Erect or ascending plants of moztst sort.

RANUNCULUS PENNSYLVANICUS ZL. f. Suppl., p. 272.
1781. Bristly Buttercup.

Annual; Stem 1-2 feet high, branching, bristly hairy;
leaves ternately compound, divisions frequently 3-cleft, the
lobes lanceolate, cuneate, cut or toothed; flowers small;
calyx reflexed; petals not longer than the sepals; head of
fruit oblong, achenes tipped by a sharp beak one-third
their length.

This species is infrequently found in wet soil, blooming

128 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

during the months of June, July, and August. Our speci-
mens are from Winneshiek, Allamakee, Muscatine, and
Linn counties. Additional specimens in the State Univer-
sity herbarium are from Henry, Winnebago, Cerro Gordo,
Hancock, Dickinson, Emmet and Woodbury counties.
Prof. Bessey reports the species from Des Moines county
and Prof. Hitchcock from Story county. Prof. Fink says
the species probably occurs in Fayette county.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Rep. Iowa Agr. Col.,
p. 91, 1872; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Hitchcock,
Trans. St. Louis Acad. of Science, vol. 5, p. 483; Fink, Proc. Iowa
Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad. of
Sciences, vol. 5, p. 108; Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 4;
Barnes, Reppert and Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences,
vol. 8, p. 201.

RANUNCULUS MACOUNII Sritton, Trans. N. Y. Acad.

Sci? dea 41892:

This species much resembles Ranunculus pennsylvanicus
L. f. and in some respects R. septentrionalis Poir. Annual
or biennial; ascending or declined, hairy or somewhat his-
pid; stems 1-2 feet long, rarely rooting; leaves 3-divided,
leaflets petiolulate, ovate or broadly oblong, cuneate,
mostly 3-parted or 3-cleft, or variously lobed or cleft, some-
what toothed; head of fruit oblong, achenes smooth, the
sharp straight beak about one-fourth their length. az-
unculus hispidus Hook. Fl; Bor. Am., vol. ‘1, p: 19513829:
not A. hispidus Mx. Fl. Bor. Am., vol. 1, p. 321, 1803:

The Iowa forms of this species are not well understood.
All the material which has fallen into our hands is in the
flowering stage. Prof. Fink who first reported the species
from Iowa sends us a specimen from Fayette county.
While we have referred it here we are by no means sure
that our reference is correct. Specimens from Henry, EKm-
met and Pottawattamie counties which we have examined
may belong here. Britton and Brown directly refer this
species to Iowa and remark that their description probably
includes two or more species. While this uncertainty ex-

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. 129

ists in regard to the true conception of the species but little
can be done with our material.
Fink, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83; Fitzpatrick, Manual

of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 4; Britton and Brown, Illust. Flora,
vol. 2, p. 80; Davis, Minn. Bot. Studies. 2nd Series, p. 469.

(c) Ascending or creeping by stolons.
RANUNCULUS REPENS Z. op. Plop. 554.1753.

Habit and foliage closely resembling Ranunculus septen-
trionalts Poir., more or less hairy, spreading by runners
and forming patches; leaves often blotched; achenes mar-
gined, the beak stout, short, and slightly bent.

The only genuine specimens of this species we have
seen are from Muscatine and Johnson counties. Messrs.
Nagel and Haupt reported the species from Scott county
which report is confirmed by Messrs. Barnes, Reppert and
Miller. Prof. Bessey reports the species from Poweshiek,
Warren and Story counties. Prof. Hitchcock does not
include this species in his Catalogue of the plants of
Ames, Story county. It seems entirely probable that the
species considered by Prof. Bessey was Ranunculus septen-
trtonalis Poir. which species is R. repens of Gray’s Man-
ual, Sth edition, the current edition at the time of the
publication of Prof. Bessey’s article. The same in part
may be said in regard to Messrs. Nagel and Haupt’s report
of the species from Scott county. ‘The species blooms in
low grounds from May until July, and is apparently infre-
quent.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Report of Iowa Agr.
Col., p. 91: Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5; Nagel and Haupt,
Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 1, p. 154; Shimek, Bull.
Lab. Nat. Hist., S. U. I., vol., 3, p. 200; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad.
of Sciences, vol. 5, p. 135; Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p.
4; Barnes, Reppert and Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences,
vol. 8, p. 201; Fink, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83, says it

probably occurs in Fayette county; MacMillan, Met. Minn. Valley, p.
242.

130 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

§§§$ Beak of the achene long and slender.
(a) Roots fibrous.

RANUNCULUS SEPTENTRIONALIS Poir. Lam. Encycl.,
vol. 6, p. 125: 1804.

Low, 6-20 inches high, pubescent, erect or in wet places
mostly procumbent and forming runners; roots many, fib-
rous; leaves petioled, 3-divided; the divisions usually all
stalked, 3-cleft or 3-divided, the segments toothed or cut;
achenes margined, tipped by a sword-shaped style of about
their length.

A common species, found in moist soil in all parts of the
state, blooming in April and May. ‘This species is consid-
ered one of our common weeds, though with us it is a harm-
less one, having no obnoxious spines or fruit and occupies
ground for the most part in neglect or unfit for cultivation,
spreads slowly and easily succumbs to proper cultivation.

Our specimens are from Muscatine, Johnson, Decatur,
Shelby, and Emmet counties. We have observed the
speciesin Winneshiek county. Additional specimens in the
State University herbarium are from Henry, Lee, Mahaska,
Calhoun, and Pottawattamie counties. Prof. Hitchcock
reports it from Story county; Prof. Pammel from Cherokee
county; Prof. Fink from Fayette county; and Messrs.
Barnes, Reppert and Miller from Scott county. The early
articles on the Iowa Flora do not include this species. It
was formerly included with Ranunculus repens L.

Hitchcock, Trans. St. Louis Acad. of Sciences, vol. 5, p. 483. Pammel,
Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 3, p. 111; Fink, Proc. Iowa Acad. of
Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 5,
pp. 108 and 135; Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 4; Shimek,
Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist., S. U. I., vol. 4, p. 200; Barnes, Reppert and Mil-

ler, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 8,201; Rigg, Notes on
the Flora of Calhoun county, p. 10.

(6) Roots thickened.
RANUNCULUS FASCICULARIS WZuhl. Cat. 54. 1813.

Plant pubescent, low, 3-10 inches high, fibrous roots

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. HL

thickened; leaves 3—5-divided, divisions lobed and cleft,
the ultimate segments oblong or linear; petals 5-7, spatu-
late-oblong; achenes flat, beaked by a subulate style.

This species occurs on the prairies and on the wooded
hillsides, flowering in early April and continuing until late
in May. In the eastern portion of the state it is generally
common. Our specimens are from Fayette, Muscatine,
and Johnson counties. We have observed the species in
Winneshiek and Scott counties. Additional specimens in
the State University herbarium are from Henry, Mahaska,
Polk, and Pottawattamie counties. Prof. Bessey reports
the species from Warren and Des Moines counties.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Report of Iowa Agr.
Col., p. 91, 1872; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5; Nagel and
Haupt, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 1, p. 154; Fink,
Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa
Acad. of Sciences, vol. 5, pp. 108 and 135; Manual of the Flowering

Plants of Iowa, p. 3; Barnes, Reppert and Miller, Proc. Davenport
Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 8, p. 201.

BATRACHIUM S.#. Gray, Nat: Arr. Brit. Pl.
22020, See.

Our species are perennial, aquatic herbs, with alternate,
dissected leaves, and solitary, white flowers, which are borne
on peduncles opposite the leaves. Sepals and petals 5.
Stamens several or many. Achenes oblique, compressed,
not margined, nearly or quite beakless, transversely wrinkled.
An assemblage of plants distinguished from Razzuzculus
by their white flowers and transversely wrinkled achenes.

BATRACHIUM TRICHOPHYLLUM (Chazx) Bossch. Water
Crowfoot.

Stem about one foot high; leaves 1-2 inches long, Aetz-
oled, flaccid, divided into capillary divisions, collapsing
when withdrawn from the water; petals ovate, twice as
long as the calyx, white; head of fruit small, globose;
achenes apiculate. Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix in
Vill. Hist. Pl. Dauph., vol. 1, p. 335, 1786; Batrachtum

jee NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

trichophyllum Bossch, Prodr. Fl. Bat. 5, 1850; Ranuncu-
lus aguatilts var. trichophyllus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 5; p.
40, 1867; Ranunculus aquatilis var. caespitosus DC. Prodr.,
vol. 1sp. 20, 1824.

Our species grows in the soft mud in shallow water and
is wholly immersed except the flower which is borne on a
stout peduncle and spreads its floral envelops just above
the surface of the water. ‘The time of blooming is during
the months of June, July, and August. Owing to the dry
years and the constant drainage of the ponds this species is
rapidly diminishing but may yet be found rather frequently
in favorable locations. A pond of still water with this spe-
cies in full bloom presents a pleasing picture.

Specimens before us are from Winneshiek, Fayette, and
Muscatine counties. ‘The State University herbarium has
in addition specimens from Delaware county and other
localities. Profs. Bessey and Pammel report the species
from Hamilton county; and Messrs. Barnes, Reppert and
Miller from Scott county.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Report of Iowa Agr.
Col., p. 91, 1872; Arthur Contr. tothe Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Fink,
Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa
Acad. of Sciences, vol. 5. p. 108; Manual of the Flowering Plants of

Iowa, p. 3; Pammel, The Plant World, vol. 2, p. 44; Barnes, Reppert
and Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 8, p. 201.

BATRACHIUM DIVARICATUM (Schrank) Wimm. Stiff
White Water Crowfoot.

Similar to the preceding, but leaves one inch long or
less, sessz/e or nearly so, rigid, zot collapsing; stipules con-
spicuous. Ranunculus divaricatus Schrank, Baier. F.,
vol. 2; p. 104;1789: Ranunculus circinatus Sibel eee
Smith, Fl. Brit., vol. 2, p. 596, 1800; Ranunculus agua-
tzlis var. divaricatus A. Gray, Man. Ed. 2, p. 7, 1856.

This species is found in similar situations and during the
same months as the preceding. It ranges quite extensively
over the United States, being found in New England, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ontario, westward to the Pacific

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. 133

coast, and in the Rocky Mountains extending southward
to Arizona. It is also found in Europe. ‘The flowers and
fruits of these two species apparently present no constant
differences; they are to be distinguished only by their
leaves.

Our specimens are from Emmet, Johnson, and Musca-
tine counties. Prof. Fink reports the species from Fayette
county.

Prof. Arthur in his Flora of Iowa, p. 37, Appendix, has
the following note concerning this species: ‘‘RANUNCU-
LUS AQUATILIS L. var. STAGNATILIS DC. (R. divaricatus
of Gray’s Manual.)

‘‘ “Rrequent forms occur connecting this variety with
the last. It can hardly be R. dzvaricatus Schrank, as
European and Asiatic specimens of that species show a
well-defined lamina to the segments of the leaves, while in
American specimens they are always filiform.’ Watson’s
Kap King’s Exp.”

Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, pp. 5 and 37; Fink, Proc. Iowa
Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad. of
Sciences, vol. 5, p. 135; Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 3;

Barnes, Reppert and Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences,
vol. 8, p. 201; MacMillan, Met. Minn. Valley, p. 248.

OXYGRAPHIS Bunge, Verz. Suppl. Fl. Alt. 46. 1836.

OXYGRAPHIS CYMBALARIA (Pursh) Prantl. Seaside
Crowfoot.

Perennial, low, smooth, spreading by long, rooting run-
ners; leaves clustered at the roots and on the joints of the
runners, long-petioled, cordate or kidney-shaped, crenate;
scapes 1-several-flowered, sometimes leaf-bearing toward
the base; petals 5 or sometimes as many as 8 or even 12;
each with a small nectar pit near the base; stamens and
pistils many; head of fruit oval or oblong; achenes com-
pressed, longitudinally striate. Ranunculus cymbalaria
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept., p. 392, 1814; Oxygraphis cymba-

134 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Jaria Prantl, in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 3; Abt. 2,
63,1891.

A species closely resembling those of the genus Ranuz-
culus but distinguished by the longitudinally striated
achenes. The habitat is wet prairies and sandy shores, the
flowers appearing in June, July, and August. ‘The range
of this species is from Labrador to New Jersey west along
the St. Lawrence river and Great Lakes to Minnesota and
Northwest Territory. Within our limits this species ap-
pears to be confined to the northwest. Our specimens are
from Dickinson, Emmet, and Lyon counties. Prof. Bes-
sey reports the species from Story county and Prof. Pam-
mel from Lyon county. ‘The University herbarium con-
tains in addition, specimens from several other northern

counties.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Report of Iowa Agr.
Col., p. 91, 1872; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Hitch-
cock, Trans. St. Louis Acad. of Sciences, vol. 5, p. 483; Pammel, Proc.
Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 3, p. 111; Fitzpatrick, Manual of the Flow-
ering Plants of Iowa, p, 5.

THALICT RUN s:.. Spx Pl oto. Liss:
THALICTRUM | DIOICUM "Zi ops, Pl) Pp. ishow8 didsee
Early Meadow-Rue.

Perennial, stem 1-2 feet high, glabrous; leaves alternate,
3-4-ternate, petioled; leaflets drooping, 3—-9-lobed, rounded,
thin, pale beneath, stalked; flowers dioecious, purplish or
greenish, in an elongated panicle which is laterally corym-
bose or umbellate; sepals 4 or 5; petals none; stamens
many, exserted, filaments shorter than the anthers; stigma
elongated; achenes ovoid, sessile or minutely stipitate,
deeply grooved, much longer than the style.

This species is frequent in upland woods and meadows,
flowering in April and May. Within our limits it seems to
be found mostly in the northern half of the state though it is
found in Missouri and Alabama to the southward, and ex-
tends eastward to Labrador and northwestward to the Sas-

katchewan.
The only specimens in our herbarium were collected in

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. 135

Winneshiek county. We have observed it in Allamakee,
Clayton, and Scott counties. The State University herbarium
has additional specimens from Des Moines, Webster, Dallas,
Dickinson, and Cerro Gordo counties. Prof. Bessey re-
ports the species from Story and Fayette counties. The
former locality is confirmed by Prof. Hitchcock and the
latter by Prof. Fink. The species is reported from Scott
county by Messrs. Barnes, Reppert and Miller.

Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876; Bessey, Contr. to the
Flora of Iowa in Fourth Report Iowa Agr. Coll., p. 90, 1872; Hitchcock,
Proc. St. Louis Acad. of Science, vol. 5, p, 482; Fink, Proc. Iowa Acad.
of Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences,
vol. 5, p. 108; Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 3; Halsted,
Bull. Iowa Agr. Coll., Nov. 1886, p. 48; 1888, p. 36; Barnes, Reppert and
Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 8, p. 200.

THALICTRUM PURPURASCENS Z. Sp. Pl., p. 546. 1753.

Perennial, stem 2-6 feet high, branching above, fre-
quently purplish, pubescent or glabrous; leaves 3—4-ter-
nate, the cauline nearly sessile; leaflets thick, oblong-ovate
to nearly lanceolate, veiny, often waxy beneath, usually
with three apical lobes; flowers greenish or purplish, dioe-
cious or polygamous, in a compound panicle; filaments
narrow; anthers linear or linear-oblong, cuspidate; stigma
linear, persistent; achenes ovoid, pubescent or glabrous,
short-stipitate, with 6-8 longitudinal wings.

This species is common in low prairies and woods
throughout Iowa, flowering in May and June. It ranges
westward to Arizona and northward to the Saskatchewan,
eastward to Nova Scotia and Anticosti, southward to Flor-
ida. The form with the leaflets waxy beneath is called
variety cerzferum, Austin in Gray’s Manual, p. 39, 5th ed-
ition, 1867.

Our specimens are from Winneshiek, Allamakee, Musca-
tine, Johnson, Appanoose, Decatur, Ringgold, Union,
Fremont, Pottawattamie, Shelby, and Sioux counties. The
State University herbarium has specimens from the addi-
tional counties of Henry, Des Moines, Lee, Linn, Calhoun,

V—2 4

136 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Winnebago, Dickinson, Cerro Gordo, Lyon, Webster, Dal-
las, Story, and Emmetcounties. Messrs. Nageland Haupt,
report the species from Scott county; Prof. Hitchcock from
Story county; Prof. Pammel from Sioux and Hamilton
counties; Prof. Fink from Fayette county; and J. P. Ander-
son by note from Lucas county.

Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Report of the Iowa
Agr. Coll., p. 90, 1872; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 5, 1876;
Halsted, Bull. Iowa Agr. Coll., 1888, p. 36; Hitchcock, Trans. St. Louis
Acad. of Science, vol. 5, p. 483; Nagel and Haupt, Proc. Davenport
Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 1, p. 154; Pammel, Proc. Iowa Acad. of
Sciences, vol. 3, p. 111; Fink, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 4, p. 83;
Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sciences, vol. 5, pp. 108 and 134; vol.
6, p. 177; Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 3; Barnes, Reppert
and Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. of Nat. Sciences, vol. 8, p. 200.

THALICTRUM POLYGAMUM Muhl. Cat. p. 54. 1813.

Very similar to the preceding but differing in having no
glandular or waxy pubescence, while the filaments are
broadened. ‘Torrey and Gray in Flora of North Amer-
ica, vol. 1, p. 38, 1838, referred this species to Thalictrum
cornutt 1,., a species entirely distinct, hence this name
becomes a synonym. In most cases where this species is
reported from Iowa it is under the Torrey and Gray name.

Britton and Brown give the range as Labrador and Que-
bec to Florida, west to Ohio, arange far east of our limits.
It has been nevertheless frequently reported from various
localities in Iowa. From the material which has fallen
into our hands we have concluded that 7halictrum purpur-
ascens I,. was the species examined and incorrectly labeled
T. polygamum Muhl. (7. cornuti L,. of Gray’s Manual.)
in most if not all cases. Prof. Bessey reports the species
from Story, Poweshiek, Fayette, and Floyd counties in his
Contributions to the Flora of Iowa in Fourth Report Iowa
Agr. Col., p. 90. Prof. Arthur lists the species in his cat-
alogue, p. 5, 1876, along with the other species mentioned
in this article. Prof. Hitchcock does not confirm Prof.
Bessey in his catalogue of the Ames flora. Messrs. Nagel

RANUNCULACEAE OF IOWA. WF

and Haupt report the species from Scott county in Proc.
Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. 1, p. 154
which report is not confirmed by Messrs. Barnes, Reppert
and Miller in their flora of Scott and Muscatine counties.
Prof. Halsted lists the species as an Iowa weed in Bull.
Iowa Agr. Col., 1888, p. 36.

Fitzpatrick, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, p. 3.

aa Nel Welle

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Meat O18 7G A HOSLUS;COILAU CHSUS a eee Teh eee eee p-
POdsiOf /SOPVAUINOLIGHILALIT Uae eee eee eee p-
Podsiof (Cala PpWlusids ta.) Peeper ee eee p-
iDabhhohavers eC hinve Olt ANA (WIN, Scoanapoednoanghaoboass ose p:
Mraitinion rac emlelO Le G00 LUE ena eee eer eee p:
HMOwetm One oleetarGOn aac SUSy ener eer eet re p-
Molliclesiol Aov7lecia GANAACISIS Batten eee p.
Follicles of Lelphigtuim Wj Q6iS saan s a= she a oe p.
Hollicles of Yelphinini. GOTOLINVANUI: ain aan eee p.
Hollicles Of JIClpPRintu ml U7 UCOVTIC nc ae weet rein a ene p:
Flower of Delphinium tricorne grandiflovum........0. 2200+ p.
IBUZEYGl pe snethhe tone aba oe (WPM TOD whe onansdo0cbAnosacdGr p:
Head of triit Of AV e10Me UIGLTILLOILD oe on een eee p:
Headlot frit of A 76770716 CANAACHSTS= peice cer p.
Atm achene On, 111677 O16 \CONDACTSISUos eee een ne p-
Head of fruit of Anemone quinquefolia .... .. ...+.4...---- p-
MNehenes atidunvolucrel Otek CAQLGd GLO ane ene eee p.

Achenes Of Sv7ACSH1O/ LAAILCLKOLA ES vols eee eee p:

PEATE 1.

Donk wp

6a.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

FOONUNCULUS!/ QSCLEWIAUIS es eee Ae ee ee Oe p-
AcHenes Olean CUulUs EPCS eee eee eee p-
Achenes of Ranunculus septentrionaliss ..., goes datennn ene p.
ACHEMeCS Ob AR OMULCULUS HECWEU ULL S eae eee separ) Ob
Ranunculus dcuphrnt/Ourus 70, 0 sti ee se eee p-
Achenes of Panuncwlus A2lphinijoleus, 2.565 ss 6 eae ee p:

A single achene of Ranunculus delphinifolius. ........ x2 pe

7and7a. Achenesanda single achene of Ranunculus purshit .
S8and8a. Achenesanda singleachene of Ranunculus abortivus .

Achenes of Ranunculus pennsylvanicus ..... ..2.+.eeeses-
Flowers and leaves of Batrachium tricophyllum..........
AGhenes Of VbQlKaGhtLyE LHICLOPAY LUN eee eee eee
Achenes of Batrachium divaricatum. .....-.-.0-+01-00s- ;
Oxyeraphts cymbalariad . 2... 10.222 a. ao haere sie cce eset opoiniees
Head rOhatitt Ot Ot 27 OD /LUSEGVIZ001 00:00 ein es
WN OSHS UALS = Oh BO PON OLOIS & SoH OCObD Bt aliepcaiis tated onayeeaiene

a

PEATE i.

=
“td

ee
a

Oe GN

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

PiulSQtill GLU SULSSTIL Ua ie Peas Te
Head of fruit of Pulsatilla hirsutissima
Head of fruit of Astragene americana
INCHEHeS Of MLALLCLAULTNAUOLCILIT Beart eee eae
Head of fruit of Clematis virginiana.....
Head of fruit of Clematis simstit.
VANCINONE GUFOUUNLANG.. a seo eee

Achenes of LQ 01GLriwis Puy PUraS CEM Sir. anti s atolls) eel

pall.
5 ls).
Sule).
. 134.
Pail.
5 KS).
. 106.
alos

PEATE:

PYRAMIDULA SHIMEKII (Pilsbry) Shimek.
BY B. SHIMEK.

In nearly all of the fossiliferous loess deposits of Iowa
and Nebraska there occurs a fossil mollusc which has had
a curious history. More that twenty years ago it was the
subject of earnest boyish dispute between Mr. H. A. Pils-
bry and the present writer, who together collected it at
Iowa City. For some years both Mr. Pilsbry and the
writer distributed it as Zonztes limatulus Ward, under
which name it was also published*, and no correspondent
questioned the identification, although the fossil is very
distinct from that species. Having reached the conclusion
that the species is distinct, the author prepared a descrip-
tion and flgure of the fossil in 1890, and was about to
publish it under the name Zonztes pilsbryz, when he tre-
received Pilsbry’s papert in which the same species is
described under the name Zonztes shimekiz! In that paper
Pilsbry calls attention to the fact that ‘‘except in sculpture,
tie (2. Skimekw is far more like’ 2. ‘vzizdus than’ tom Z.
limatulus.’’ -So great is this resemblance to Z. nz¢tzdus
that the author once referred the fossil to that speciest.

However, the coarser sculpturing on the upper surface

* B. Shimek: Am. Geologist, vol. i, p. 149, Mar., 1888; Bull. Lab. Nat.
Hist. State Univ. of Iowa, vol. i, p. 61, Nov., 1888; vol. i, p. 202, 1890.

C. L. Webster: Am. Naturalist, vol. 22, p. 419, May, 1888, (list of shells
by Shimek).

W J McGee: 11th Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Sur., p. 461, 1891.

C. R. Keyes: Ia. Geol. Sur., vol. vii, p. 344; 1897.

+ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. for 1890, p. 297.

¢ Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., vol. v, p. 33.

140 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

usually readily marks the fossil. The fossil form is widely
distributed in the loess, being one of the characteristic
species of that deposit, and has usually heretofore been
regarded as extinct. In the paper cited, Pilsbry says that
‘‘this form is interesting as being the only well-defined
species of loess fossil which seems to have become extinct,’’
and that has been the universally accepted opinion.

However, in 1898* Pilsbry described a living species of
Pyramidula from New Mexico and Colorado under the
name P. cockerelliz. While at Washington two years ago
the author had an opportunity, through the kindness of
Mr. C. T. Simpson of the Smithsonian Institute, to exam-
ine shells of that species, and was at once struck by their
resemblance to Zonztes shimekiz. Indeed, Mr. Simpson
himself had named a set of the fossil shells P. cockerellit!
Through the kindness of Rev. E. H. Ashmun, the author
‘subsequently received three sets of P. cockerellit number-
ing thirty specimens. They are from LaBelle (one of the
type-localities), Estes Park and Red River, in New Mexico.

A careful comparison of these shells with our fossil leaves
no doubt of their identity. The recent shells are some-
what more depressed than many of the fossils, but among
the latter are specimens which are even more depressed
than the most extreme recent forms. Moreover the dimen-
sions of the types, recorded by Pilsbry, indicate some
variation in this character in the recent shells. Im every
detail of form, size, apex, sculpture on upper and lower
surfaces, thickness of shell, tendency toward formation of
peripheral angle except on the last third of the fully-
formed body-whorl, size of umbilicus, etc., the fossils are
like the recent shells, and Pilsbry’s description of P. cock-
erellt exactly fits them in every detail which is still dis-
cernible in fossil shells.

A comparison of the original descriptions of 72. shimekit
and P. cockerelli is facilitated by bringing them together

* Nautilus, vol. xii, p. 85, December, 1898.

PYRAMIDULA SHIMEKII. 141

in parallel columns. ‘The wording of the original descrip-
tions is preserved, but they are so re-arranged as to bring
like characters opposite each to each.

Zonttes shimekit Pils. | Pyramidula cockerellit Pils.

A shell of about the size and Shell having the general shape
shape of Z. nitidus. of P. striatella*.

Surface sculptured with strong, Very irregu!arly wrinkle-striate,
curved riblets above, rather some specimens unequally
finely striated beneath. The ribbed in places above and at
outer three (whorls) ribbed- the margin of the umbilicus.
striate.

Spire low-conical. Spire convex.

First (or nuclear) whorl planor- The first whorl a little protrud-
boid but noticeably projecting, ing, whitish-corneous and
a trifle mammillated, snowy- glabrous when unworn.

white, smooth and polished.

Whorls 4%. Whorls 43.

Aperture oblique, nearly circu- Aperture oblique, rounded, the
lar, the ends of the peristome penultimate whorl cutting out
approaching. a segment of about one-fourth

the whole circle of the thin
| and simple peristome.

Alt. 4, greater diam. 534, lesser Alt. 2.8, diam. 5.5mm. (from New
54% mm. Mexico)

| Alt. 3.2, diam. 6.5 mm. (from
Colorado).
|

Width of umbilicus 14% mm. | Width of umbilicus ‘‘contained
| about 3.7 times in that of the
shell.’’—hence about 14mm.

The surface-markings are variable in both forms. Some-
times the upper surface is quite regularly ribbed, and again
merely ‘“‘irregularly wrinkle-striate,’’ while the lower sur-
face may or may not show plications or coarser stric
around the margin of the umbilicus. The large series of
fossils in the author’s collection especially shows much
variation in these characters.

The dimensions in the original descriptions would indi-

* All of the shells in the author’s collection resemble Z. mifidus much
more closely.

142 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

cate that the fossil is much more elevated. The fossils
however exhibit so much variation in this respect that
the flattest recent shell in the author’s sets easily falls
within its range. The dimensions of two fossil specimens
from the collections made at Iowa City illustrate this:

Flat form:
Great. diam. 7.4 mm.; alt. 3.5 mm., umbilicus 3 mm.

Elevated form:
Great. diam. 6.5 mm.; alt. 4.2 mm.; umbilicus 1.7 mm.

This may be compared with the dimensions given in the
original description, and with those of the two largest

shells in two of the author’s recent sets.

iVasibelle, aN. Wlex =
Gr, :diam, “6.2 mm -.;. alt. 3: mm, ; wobilicus 1-9 mime

Red River, N. Mex.:
Gr diam: 7/0mm’., alt. 3.7 mn umbilicus 19° mm:

The original description of P. cockerellit also contain the
following additional description which applies equally well
to the fossils:

‘The “rest (of whorls other than’ apical) ‘conwex,
regularly widening, separated by a deep suture; last whorl
obtusely angular at the periphery in front, becoming
rounded on its later portion; base well rounded, the
umbilicus showing all the whorls. . . The greatest diameter
of aperture contained about 2.4 times in that of shell.’’

The comparison of both the descriptions and the shells
of Z. shimekii and P. cockerclli therefore establishes their
identity. As Zonztes shimekti was described in 1890, and
Pyramidula cockerellit in 1898, the former specific name
will stand, but the species must be transferred to the genus
Pyramidula (=Patula), and the name becomes Pyramzd-
ula shimekit (Pils.) Shimek, of which P. cockerelli Pils.
is a synonym.

PYRAMIDULA SHIMEKII. 143

The following references show the previous history of
the name:

Zonites shimekit Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1890, p. 297.
Zonitoides shimekii Pilsbry, Nautilus, vol. xi, p. 131, March., 1898.
Pyramidula cockerellit Pilsbry, Nautilus, vol. xii, p. 85, Dec., 1898.

The fossils in the author’s collection are from the
following localities:

Neat Rome. Henry icountyydiowa, (coll.; Prof. I; Js;
Savage). Very common.

Columbus Junction, Louisa county, Iowa (coll. Prof. J.
A. Udden). Not rare.

Iowa City, Iowa, several exposures. Quite common.
Marshall county, Iowa, (coll. Prof. S. W. Beyer). Rare.

Story county, Kelley and Ames, Iowa (coll. of S. W.
Beyer). Rare.

Carroll county, Iowa. Quite common.
Woodbury county, Iowa. Rare.
Monona county, Iowa. Rare.

Pottawattamie county, Iowa, several localites. (coll.
Prof. J. A. Udden and the author). Widely distributed in
the county, but not common.

Fremont county, Iowa. Quite common.
Otoe county, Nebraska. Rare.

Lancaster county, Nebraska. Not common.
Saunders county, Nebraska. Quite common.
Cuming county, Nebraska. Not rare.

The last four localities bring the western range of the
fossils comparatively close to Colorado, the present eastern
limit of distribution of P. cockerelliz.

That this species should now be represented by living
colonies in regions quite remote from the deposits in which
the fossils occur is not remarkable, for other species

144 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

quite as characteristic of the loess show similiar peculiar-
ities of distribution. Thus Pupa muscorum (1,.), widely
distributed in the loess of Iowa and Nebraska, is now
found living in this country only in the north, from Maine
to Montana, and thence through the dry western regions
to Utah and Nevada, and its near relative, Pupa blandi
(Morse) Binn., also frequent in the loess, is likewise
found only in the dry west, from the Dakotas to New
Mexico; Sphyradium edentulum alticola (Inger.) Pils., a
common loess fossil, while scarcely distinct from the type,
is the form commonly living in the Rocky Mountain
region, and occurs only sparingly with the type eastward;
Pyramidula strigosa towensts Pils., the fossil form, while
now considered extinct, belongs to a species which now
spreads over all the western dry regions from Montana and
Washington to Mexico, and its extremely great variation
in form, size and sculpturing warrants the belief that the
now fossil form was a mere geographical race in no wise
outranking the dozen or more living varieties of Pyramzd-
wla strigosa now recognized; while less marked examples
are found in such species as Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.,
Succinea grosvenoriu Lea and Helicina occulta Say, which,
though now living, are yet entirely extinct in many
localities in which the fossils are found. There is,
therefore, nothing unique in the relative distribution
of the recent and fossil shells herein discussed.

That the first-described, and for many years only known,
specimens of this species were fossils is an interesting fact
which has its counterpart in the history of another common
loess fossil, Helecena occulta Say, which was described by
Say from fossil specimens, and which for many years was
regarded as extinct. Yet it has been discovered living in
widely-separated isolated colonies from Virginia and
Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and Iowa.

It is interesting to note in this connection that the few
species of loess fossils which form marked exceptions to

IOWA PTERIDOPHYTA. 145

the rule that the loess-fauna of any region is essentially the
same as its recent terrestrial molluscan fauna, are species
of land-shells now living in the western, comparatively dry
highlands. "They are Pupa muscorum (l,.), Pupa blandt
(Morse) Binn., Sphyradium edentulum alticola (Inger.)
Pils, Pyramzdula strigosa towensts Pils. (represented only
by other varieties of the species), and now Pyrvamzdula
shimekw (Pils.) Sh.

IOWA PTERIDOPHYTA

in the Herbarium of the State University of Towa.

BY B. SHIMEK.

It is the purpose of this paper to recordthe Pterzdophyta
from Iowa now found in the herbarium of the State
University of Iowa. Such lists are of two-fold interest:
they assist the student of geographical distribution of
plants, and they locate material for study and reference.

In a modest paper such as this it seems presumptuous to
discuss the question of nomenclature. Yet this question is
met in the very effort to make such a record as that here
presented.

Few groups of equal size with the Pteridophyta present
as much variation in characters. Representing the most
ancient vascular vegetation which formerly formed the forests
of the earth, and still constituting an important feature of
the tropics, thissubkingdom has been sufficiently plastic to
adjust itself to the varied conditions of several geological
ages, and this probably accounts for that intergradation of
characters which is the delight of the evolutionist, but
which has furnished many pitfalls to the systematist. This
is equally true of both the more important structural and
developmental characters which mark larger groups, and

146 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

the minor morphological characters which determine
species or even genera, and accounts for the wide
difference between the extravagant genus-making of Fee,
Presl and John Smith, and the extreme conservatism of
many more recent English and American students of the
group. It is not purposed here to enter upon a general
discussion of the subject of nomenclature, nor indeed to
take up the discussion in detail with reference to this group.
The purpose of this paper is fully accomplished in the
recording of certain forms under names which will leave
no doubt of their identity, but as there are afew deviations
from the names now ordinarily recognized, some explana-
tion is desirable.

So far as the larger subdivisions are concerned the
writer sees no reason for the abandonment of the names
applied by earlier writers to well-defined groups. For that
reason Willdenow’s Gonofterides and Hydropterides,
elevated to the rank of classes, are here used.

Willdenow* defined these groups in 1810, though he had
already made use of the names in the preceding yeart.

The group Gonopterides was made to include the genus
Equisetum, and was well defined.

The group fydropterides included the class as used
here and the genus /soe¢es. As the position of the latter is
still problematic, and as no specimens from Iowa are found
in the University herbarium,{ no attempt is here made to
assign to ita definite place. It may be necessary to still
further subdivide the Wydropterides. ‘The name Stachyop-

* Sp. Plantarum, vol. v, pp. XXxxi and xxxxii.
tin Enumeratio Plantarum, pp. 1064-1076 (1809).

tlsoetes melanopoda J. Gay was collected in Iowa by G. Vasey in 1862
(Botanical Works of Englemann, p. 452, foot-note), and was
reported from Clinton county by Prof. Arthur (Proc. Dav. Acad.
Sci., vol. iv, p. 67, 1886). All subsequent reports are based on these
records.

IOWA PTERIDOPHYTA. 147

terides was not adopted for any group because it is made
toinclude such divers formsas Lycopodium and Botrychium,
and hence does not represent a natural group.

For the remaining classes Swartz’s names /vdzces (used
by Linné in a broader sense) and Lycofodinee are adopted.
The group /v/zces as recognized by him* was assigned the
same limits as are here recognized. Later Willdenow
(1. c.) used the name in a more restricted sense, omitting
the eusporangiate groups now called Ophzoglossacee and
Marattiaceet, and also the Schzzeacee and Osmundacee.

The name Lycopodineet was the first name applied to the
correctly defined group, and it is retained in its original
form for the same reason, and because in that form it has
become a familiar name.

The use of these names can scarcely cause confusion,
and it is warranted by the law of priority.

Generic names, because entering directly into all binomial
combinations, present a much more serious problem.
Genera, at least among ferns, are not distinct entities, for
well-defined characters which would absolutely mark them
do not exist in most cases. That thisistrue has been amply
demonstrated by the wide divergence in the definitions of
genera offered by the many eminent pteridologists who have
sought to introduce order into the classification of this
fascinating group. ‘Thus the genus Polyfodium as defined
by Hooker was subdivided by John Smith into nearly
thirty genera, and the more restricted Polypodium of
American authors is now subdivided into five genera.
Swartz’s Asfidium (with occasional combinations with

*F1. Ind. Occ., vol. iii, pp. 1578-1758 (1806) and in Synopsis Filicum.
(1806).

+If a separate class is created out of this family as has recently been
done by Bitter (Eng. and Prantl Nat. Pflanzenf., 195 Lief., p. 422,
—1900) it should bear the name /orofterides (Willdenow, /. c.)

tSyn. Fil., p. 87 (1806).

148 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

parts of other genera) has been divided and re-divided into
overlapping genera until the application of the strict
laws of priority to the nomenclature of the group has been
made extremely difficult, if not in many cases impossible.
The confusion in nomenclature has been due only in part
to improper citations,—it results more frequently in its
most serious phases from the fact that the grouping of the
varied and more or less blending characters of these plants
has been left largely to the judgment of individuals, and of
course each new grouping has resulted in the displacement
of old names, or in their application in a sense different
from that in which they were first used. In consequence
comparatively few generic names are now used strictly in
the original sense, and most of our ferns have been shifted
from one genus to another until a cumbersome and con-
fusing synonymy has resulted.

It is absolutely impossible to establish a stable nomen-
clature until pteridologists reach some substantial agree-
ment concerning the limits of genera. Until this is done
in the more confusing (and hence confused) groups all
the binomials which are employed for members of such
groups must be considered provisional. The more recent
classifications, which are by no means in harmony, indicate
that a thorough systematic discussion of the best grouping
of class, ordinal and generic characters is desired above
any mere juggling with names. ‘This discussion should be
sufficiently comprehensive to include the morphology,
histology, habit and fruit of the sporophyte, and the
development and correlation of both oOphyte and sporo-
phyte, and all these should be collectively employed in
settling so far as this is possible the vexed questions of
rank and relationship. So long as only a portion of these
characters is employed confusion is inevitable.

Another source of confusion is to be found in the
attempt to apply rigidly various ‘‘codes of uomenclature’’
which in every case are recognized by only a part of the

IOWA PTERIDOPHYTA. 149

working systematists of the world. Anything approaching
stability of nomenclature is out of question until these
codes are reduced to one.

The difficulties which result from the condition of affairs
above set forth are well illustrated in a number of
cases. Thus Phegopierts dryopteris (1,.) Fee was described
as Polypodium dryopterts by Linné. In 1803 Michaux*
referred it to the genus Nephrodium, and recently Diels
restored the namef. In 1850-1852 Fée established the
genus Phegopteris to which our species was referred. Up
to this point, then, the synonymy would stand as follows:

Polypodium dryopteris \.

Nephrodium dryopterts Michaux.
Phegopterts dryopteris (1,.) Feée.
Nephrodium dryopteris (1,.) Mx. (restored).

But O. Kuntze refers Nephrodium to Dryopterts, and if
Diels’ view of genera and Kuntze’s nomenclature be
adopted the name would stand as Dryopteris dryopteris
(L,.). But there are those who insist that homonyms are
not permissible, hence they would drop the specific name
dryoptcris. ‘The next specific name which could be used
is calcarea,—Polypodium calcareum Pursht (non Smith),
and accordingly the name would stand Dryopterts calcarea
(Pursh). But ca/carea had previously been used by Smith$
for the form now knownas Phegopteris dryopteris robertiana
(Hoffm.) Dav. If those, who hold that ‘‘once a synonym
always a synonym,’’ reached this point therefore they
would wholly discard the specific name ca/carea, and if
they further believed P. vobertzana to be distinct from ?.
dryopteris the latter would be left without a name! Or if

*Flora Boreali-Americana, vol. ii, p. 270.
+Nat. Pflanzenfamilien, 188-189 Lief., p. 175 (1899).
¢{F1. Am. Sept., vol. ii, p. 659, (1814).

SF. Brit. p. 117 (1804).

150 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

robertitana and dryopterts were to be regarded as varieties
of the same species, the former would be the type and the
latter the variety!

Another striking case is that of our common ostrich-fern
the synomymy of which has been recently discussed by
Underwood.*

This case, as he shows, presents possibilites of complica-
tions without number. Admitting the identity of the
European and American forms, of which there is little
question, we may still have the following names for a
species concerning the identity and distinctness of which
there is no question:

1. Ifthe species is retained in the genus Ovzoclea the
name would be Oxoclea struthtopteris (1,.) Hoffm.
If placed in a separate genus several possibilities arise:

2. In 1810 Willdenow established for the species the
genus Struthiopteris. ‘The name had been previously used
by Scopoli for the genus now called Lomarza and by
Bernhardi for the present Osmunda. But Lomariza has
been united, with some reason, with the genus Blechnum
by several authors.t If thisis done, and Osmumnda is used
in the sense in which it has been so long understood, then
the generic name Struthiopterts might be used for our
species and the name would be Struthzopterts struthtopterts

(Ey).

3. Or if objection is made to the homonym, then the
next name would be Struthiopterts nodulosa (Mx.).

4. Or if the generic name Struthzopter:s is given up
(so far as this species is concerned) for the reasons given
in (2), the name would be Matteucta struthiopteris (1,.)
Todaro.

*Our Native Ferns, 6th ed., pp. 49-50 (1900).

+Most recently by Diels in Engler and Prantl’s Nat. Pflanzenf., 190-
191 Lief., p. 245 (1899).

IOWA PTERIDOPHYTA. LS

And this suggests other complications. If ZLomarza is
not recognized as a distinct genus the name S¢ruthzopterts
might be applied to the present genus Osmunda, and the
latter name might again be retained for the genus
Botrychtum on the ground that the first species of the
genus is the type, and the first species of the Linnean
Osmunda are now referred to Botrychium! ‘The foregoing
transfers are based on the practices of various botanists, or
on views concerning generic relationship and nomenclature
actually expressed, and clearly illustrate the causes of the
great confusion in nomenclature which actually exists.

Considering this state of affairs it seems hardly worth
while to offer more than a bare list of names, such as_ will
be readily traced or recognized, in a paper of this charac-
ter, for it is impossible to make a final disposition of many
specific and generic names until the limits of genera are
more definitely fixed.

For that reason some of the names here inserted are
used without hesitation because they clearly designate
well-defined and well-known species, rather than because
the disposition of their nomenclature is considered a
finality. Thus on account of the doubt, to which reference
has already been made, the generic name Struthiopteris
is retained because its use will not add to the confusion
already existing, and because the species is thus sufficient-
ly marked. That the genus is distinct from Ozxoclea,
however, seems clear. Not only does it differ from that
genus in habit of growth and venation, but the indusium
approaches that of Cystofteris, while Onxoclea resembles
Woodsta more nearly in that character.

Cystopterts is retained because of its long usage, and
because it is a question whether 77/7x Adanson should not
be relegated with Zzchen and other similar generic names.

No group of ferns offers greater difficulties to the

V—2 5

152 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

systematist than the Family Asfzdiez, and the writer does
not presume to be able to remove them.

Unless the indusium is practically disregarded as a
generic character, as has been suggested by Gilbert* and
the group is subdivided on new lines, generic limitations
will remain more or less indefinite and unsatisfactory. But
so long as this character is employed there can be no
warrant for the union of Asfpzdium (restricted) and
Nephrodium under one generic name (Dryopteris Adan-
son, according to Kuntzet,) while Phegopteris is recognized
as a valid genus, for whatever may’ be the difficulty in
distinguishing between Aspzdium (restricted) and We-
phrodium, it is even greater between Nephrodium and
Phegopterits. Yet much of this difficulty is due to
imperfect material, and a change in classification ought
scarcely to be demanded merely for the purpose of facilita-
ting the disposition of imperfect material. On the same
ground objection may be made to Diels’ union of a part
of Phegopterts with Nephrodiumt{ while Polystichum,
Aspidium, Nephrodium, etc. are recognized as genera.

Whatever may be the difference of opinion as to the
name, the conviction that the group known as Polystichum
should constitute a distinct genus seems to be growing.
The habit of growth, texture, venation and distinctly
peltate indusium separate all of the species distinctly from —
other members of the family, and Roth’s name Polystechum
is probably the correct one for the genus.

The generic name Dryopterzs has been used in such a
variety of senses in recent years$ that it is impossible to
determine its correct application from recent references,

*Report of Boston Meeting, Linnaean Fern Chapter, pp. 19-25 (1899).

+Britton and Brown, Ill. Flora, vol. i, (1896). Prof. Underwood has
since restricted Dryopteris to the species formerly included
under Nephrodium,—vide ‘‘Our Native Ferns,’’ 6th ed., 1900.

tNat. Pflanzenfamilien, 188-189 Lief., pp. 166, ef seq.
§$See Britton and Brown, 1. c., Engler, 1. c., Underwood, 1. c., etc.

IOWA PTERIDOPHYTA. 153

and until generic limits are better defined; and the writer
prefers to retain the well-known WNephrodium for the
present because its use cannot in the least increase the exist-
ing confusion, and may be a final necessity. Phegopteris
is retained in its original sense for the clearly non-indusiate
forms.

It is easy to subscribe to Diels’,and Underwood’s
restoration of the genus Prerzdium for our Pteris aquilina
L., the double involucre separating it at once from Prerzs.
Equally satisfactory is the transfer of Pelle@a gracilis Hk.
to the genus Cryftogramma under the earliest specific
name ste//erz, provided the genus Cryftogramma is to be
maintained, which seems desirable.

The genus Adzantum is removed from the Prerzdzee and
placed in a separate family,—John Smith’s Adzantee.
The position of the sori onthe reflexed involucre, and the
habit and texture of these ferns certainly entitle them to
take rank as a family with such groups as Davalliee and
Lindsayee@.

Still other changes may be necessary. Thus, as already
stated, the eusporangiate ferns,—the Ophzoglossacee and
Marattiacee, the latter of course not represented in Iowa,
may have to be removed from the class Fi/zces (and from
each other), and the Selagznellacee and Lycopodiacee may
also take rank as related classes. However, further com-
prehensive comparative study is necessary before these
points can be satisfactorily decided.

The following is acomplete list of the lowa Pteridophytes
in the State University Herbarium in April, 1901. Unless
the collector’s name is given the specimens were collected
by the writer.

154 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA Cohn.

Class | GONOPTERIDES Willd., Sp.
Pie vol. V, pexcoca, ieee

Order EQUISETACEZ DC., Fl. Fr. vol. Il, p. 580,
(1805).

Genus. HOUISE TUM Z., Sp. Pl, vol. Usps ttce
(1753)e

EQUISETUM ARVENSE ZL.

Very common in sandy or clayey soil. The fertile stems
appear late in April or early in May, and are soon followed
by the sterile shoots. The herbarium contains a large
series of specimens, — mostly sterile. The following
counties are represented: Lee (July, 1895 andJune, 1897) ;
Henry (J. H. Mills, no date); Muscatine (Oct., 1900) ;
Johnson (7. H. Macbride, May, 1880, fertile; Shzmek,
1882, fertile; fertile in April and sterile in May, 1891);
Linn (June, 1894); Winneshiek (7. &. Savage, May,
1899); Cerro Gordo (July, 1896, June, 1899); Hancock
(July, 1896); Winnebago (Sep., 1895); Emmet (A. /.
Cratty, no date, fertile; Shzmek, Aug., 1899); Lyon
(Aug., 1896); Webster (July, 1897) ; Dallas (July, 1897) ;
Adair (J. E. Gow, Aug., 1900); Pottawattamie (/. £.
Cameron, May, 1898).

EQUISETUM FLUVIATILE ZL.

Not common, in swamps in the north-central part of
the state. This is &. zmosuml,. Four counties are repre-

IOWA PTERIDOPHYTA. 155

sented: Emmet (2. /. Cratty, June, 1884, fruiting) ;
Winnebago(July, 1899, old fruit, branching); Hancock
(July, 1896, sterile, somewhat branched); Hamilton
(May, 1882, fertile).

EQUISETUM ROBUSTUM A. Braun, Engelm., Am. Jour.
Sci., vol. XVI,p. 88 (1844).

This species is not rare in the state, but is often con-
fused with £. hyemale and sometimes with £. levigatum.
It is readily distinguished from these species, even when
sterile, by the short sheaths whose ridges are ¢7z-carinate,
at least toward their tips. The ridges are four-carinate in
the former and two-carinate in the latter. The species
grows commonly on wet banks. The following counties
are represented: Henry (/. A. Wills, no date); Johnson
(Mch., and Apr., 1901); Linn (May, 1892, fertile; Jackson
(7. H. Macbride, Aug., 1883); Winnebago (Sep., 1895) ;
Shelby (7. J. Fitzpatrick, May, 1884). The last speci-
men is well-fruited. It was labelled Z. /evigatum, but,
though the sheaths are rather elongated, it seems clearly
to be the present species.

EQUISETUM HYEMALE ZL.

This species does not seem to be common in the state.
Two counties only are represented: Lee (July, 1895);
and Des Moines (P. Bartsch, Aug., 1895). It is readily
recognized by the slender stems (usually tufted) and by
the four-carinate ridges on the elongated sheaths.

EQUISETUM La&VIGATUM A. Braun; Engelm. Am. Jour.
Sci. vol. 46, p. 87. (1844).

This is the most common species of the genus in the
State. It is found most commonly on sandy banks or ridges,
often in rather dry places, and does not often produce
sterile branches. Some specimens are quite strongly
tuberculate, as for example the Lee county specimens
(1895) and those from Winnebago and Webster counties.
The latter have rather strong transverse tubercles as in Z.

156 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

robustum, and there is also an occasional faint trace of a
central carina on the ridges of the sheaths, which brings
these specimens still nearer to that species. It fruits in
May and June. ‘The following counties are represented:
Tee (July, 1895; June, 1897); Linn (June, 1894, and
May, 1896; fruiting); Black Hawk (July, 1898); Cerro
Gordo (Mason City, July, 1896; Clear Lake, June, 1899,
the latter well-fruited) ; Winnebago (July, 1899); Emmet
(R. L. Cratty, July, 1886, fruiting; Shzmek, Sept., 1895) ;
Dickinson (July, 1897, fruiting); Webster (July, 1897) ;
Dallas (July, 1896); Adair (/. &. Gow, Aug., 1900);
Pottawattamie (J. E. Cameron, May, 1896); Woodbury
(Aug., 1900); and Lyon (Rock Rapids, Aug., 1897;
northwest corner, June, 1897, fruiting; Granite, June,
1897, fruiting).

Class I]. FILICES (L.) Swartz, (I. G2:
Sub-class I. EUSPORANGIATA Goebel.
Order I. OPHIOGLOSSACEZ Lindl.”

Genus BOTRYCHIUM Swartz, Schrad. Jour. Bot.
vol. II, p. 8 (1800).

1. BOTRYCHIUM VIRGINIANUM (Z.) Swz.

This species, while nowhere gregarious, is widely
distributed through the wooded portions of the State. It
prefers deeper shade, but may sometimes be found in more
open woods. Specimens from the following counties are
in the herbarium: Johnson (June, 1891; May, 1894;
May, 1896); Black Hawk (Mss Minnie Howe), Henry
(J. H. Mills); Shelby (7. J. Fitzpatrick, June, 1894) ;
Jones (7. AH. Macbride, Aug., 1895; J. E. Cameron,

* On authority of Underwood (1. c.)

IOWA PTBRIDOPHYTA. 157

June, 1895); Winnebago. (July, 1896); Cerro Gordo
(July, 1896); Pottawattamie (J. E&. Cameron, June,
1897); ‘Webster (July, 1897); Bremer (July, 1898);
Emmet (Aug., 1899); Delaware (J. E. Cameron, Sept.,
1899).*

Sub-class Il. LEPTOSPORANGIATA: Goebel.
Order FILICACE/E.

Sub-order OSMUNDACEZ, PR. Br., Prod. Fl. N. Holl.,
vol ljsp Gl (1S1@))-

meus Oho NM Ui NDAs Lo Sas 21 vol! Oh pe 20Gs
(753).

OSMUNDA REGALIS ZL.

Rare in the state.. Iwo specimens, one well-fruited,
collected in 1891, the other sterile, collected in 1893, both
secured by Mr. Fred. Reppert in ‘‘swampy depressions on
sandy hills near Cedar river, Lake twp., Muscatine
county’? are in the herbarium. Mr. Reppert notes that
they are being tramped out by cattle.

OSMUNDA CINNAMOMEA JZ.

The collection contains one fine fruiting specimen from
Lake twp., Muscatine county. Mr. Reppert collected it in
June, 1891, ‘‘in one of the frequent hillside swamps of the
sandy hills along the Cedar river.’’ About twenty years
ago the writer collected fruiting specimens of this species
near Old Man’s creek in Johnson county. Some of the
specimens were in the University herbarium for a time,
but they have disappeared.

*¢B. ternatum Swz.’’ (B. obliquum Muhl.) has been reported from
Fayette county (Fink), and from Floyd county (Arthur), but the
University herbarium contains no specimen from Iowa.

158 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

OSMUNDA CLAYTONIANA JZ.

Very common in shady places, especially at the heads of
heavily wooded ravines. ‘The following counties are repre-
sented in the herbarium: Johnson (June, 1880 and 1892);
Jones (J. E£. Cameron, July, 1895); Delaware (/. £.
Cameron, Oct., 1897); Allamakee (7. Z. Savage, June,
1899); Adair (J. &. Gow. August, 1900.)

The specimens vary from the unfolding fertile fronds of
spring through the fully expanded state still retaining the
withered fertile pinnz, to the sterile forms of late summer
and autumn. ‘The species is much more common in the
State than it would seem to be from the comparatively
small number of locality sets in the collection. However,
with the clearing and pasturing of timber it is very rapidly
diminishing in numbers.

Sub-order POLYPODIACEZE FR. &r., Prod. Fl. Holl.,
vol. 1, p: 145. (1810);

Family POLYPODIEH J. Sm., Hk. Jour. Bot., (1841).

Genus POL YPODIUM Z,, Sp. Pl. vol. I, p. 1082,
(1753).

POLYPODIUM VULGARE ZL.

This species has thus far been received only from the
extreme eastern part of the State, where it is locally
common on moss-covered banks, etc. The specimens are
all in full fruit, those from Clayton county alone being
somewhat immature. Three counties only are represented:
Muscatine (7. H. Macbride, Sept., 1882; F. Reppert,
Aug., 1894, ‘‘on sandstone ledges’’; Shzmek, Nov., 1897,

IOWA PTERIDOPHYTA. 159

and Oct., 1900); Allamakee (7. H. Macbride, Aug.,
1893); and Clayton (7. J. Fitzpatrick, July 7, 1895).

Family WOODSIEZ Zaton, FernsN.Am., vol. ii, p. xi.(1880).

ents WoO OD Sl A-.27.\. Tr. Linn. Soc.4) vol Hy, p:
17/0 ACUS 12 Ve

WOODSIA SCOPULINA DD. C. Eaton.

A species which was first found by the writer in the
extreme north-western corner of the State, in Lyon county,
in August, 1896. In June, 1897, much finer sets were
secured on two exposures, about two miles apart. ‘These
have an abundance of younger fruit with well-developed
involucres, and their excellent condition makes the indenti-
nication certain. ‘Iliree representative sets are in the
herbarium.

Woopsta oBTusa (Spreng.) Torr.

This species seems to be rather rare in the State. It is
found sparingly in a number of localitiesin Johnson county,
usually on the moss-covered tops of limestone ledges. The
fruiting begins in June. Some of the fronds from Johnson
county in the herbarium measure nearly seventeen inches
in total length. The following counties only are repre-
sented: Johnson (Sep., 1893; June, 1894); Boone (ZL.
HT. Pammel, Aug., 1896).

Genus ON OCLEA Z., Sp. Pl. vol II, p. 1062 (1753).

ONOCLEA SENSIBILIS Z.

This species is locally common in rather wet meadows,
in the bottoms of wooded ravines, etc. The fruiting fronds
begin to appear in June and mature in August. The
herbarium specimens are from Johnson county (Sep.,
1880; Aug., 1893); Muscatine county (/. Reppert, June,

160 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

1891, ‘‘from wooded island opposite Fairport’’); Ringgold
county (July, 1890, sterile); Delaware county (J. £.
Cameron, Sep., 1897, sterile); and Linn county, (July,
1898).

Genus STRUTHIOPTERIS Willd.,Mag. Ges. Nat.”
Fr. Berl., p. 160 (1809).

STRUTHIOPTERIS STRUTHIOPTERIS (Z.).

Quite widely distributed in the State. It prefers moist
banks and alluvial (more or less sandy) flats. Specimens
have been received from the following counties: Johnson
(June, 1891; Sept., 1894; 7. .S. Ady, no date); Jackson
(7. H. Macbride, Aug., 1883); Muscatine (/. Reppert,
no date; Shzmek, Oct., 1900); Shelby (7. J. Fitzpatrick,
May, 1894); Webster (July, 1897, sterile).

Genus CVS TOPTERIS Sernhardz, Schrads New
Jour. Bot. vole 1, pt. 2, p. 26°(1606):

CYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS (Z.) Beruh.

One of the most common fernsin the State. It appears
early in clumps of hazel-bushes, etc., most commonly in
rather low, rich woods, and begins to fruit in June or even
in May. Occasional fruiting specimens may be found in
favorable localities all summer long, but most of the fronds
wither and die by theendof July. Ifa wet autumn follows
a long dry summer a second growth of fertile fronds may
be developed. The following counties are represented.
Emmet (R. Z. Cratty, June, 1882); Pottawattamie (J.
E. Cameron, June, 1897); Webster (July, 1897); Dallas
(July, 1897); Ringgold (July, 1890); Delaware (J. Z.
Cameron, Sept. 24, 1897, the largest fronds in the collec-
tion, in fine fruit); Johnson (July, 1880; June, 1900);
Louisa (P. C. Myers, August, 1897, sterile); Lee (June,
1897).

IOWA PTERIDOPHYTA. 161

CYSTOPTERIS BULBIFERA (L.) Berih.

A common species, and one of the prettiest, in eastern
Iowa, growing on shaded limestone banks. It begins to
fruit in June, and endures longer than the preceding
species. Nearly all of the specimens in the herbarium
have the characteristic bulblets. The following counties
are represented: Allamakee (7. H. Macbride, Aug.,
1893; 7. E. Savage, June, 1899, young frond); Winne-
shiek (7. J. Fitzpatrick, July, 1896; 7. &. Savage, May,
1899, sterile); Cerro Gordo (July, 1896, sterile) ; Clinton
(ZL. A. Pammel, Sep., 1896); Jones (J. &. Cameron,
aly, 1895: 7: A. Macbhride, Aug., 1895); Delaware
(J. £. Cameron, Sep., 1897); Johnson (June, 1881 and
1896); Webster (July, 1897).

Family ASPIDIEB J. Sth, Hk. Jour. Bot. (1841.)

Genus. PHE GOP TE R1iAS #ee; Gen. Bil.,, p. 242:
(1850-2).

PHEGOPTERIS PHEGOPTERIS (Z.) Underwood.

Rare, in low woods, etc. ‘The herbarium contains but
one specimen from Iowa, collected by Prof. T. H. Macbride
in Delaware county in July, 1878. It is in full fruit, and
is a typical specimen.

PHEGOPTERIS HEXAGONOPTERA (JZ/x.) Fee.

Locally common in the eastern part of the State on
wooded slopes in leaf mould, etc. The following counties
are represented in the herbarium: Johnson (July, 1881,
in fine fruit); Delaware (/. &. Cameron, Oct., 1897, with
mature fruit); Muscatine (Pine creek and Sweetland creek,
Oct., 1900; the former scantily fruited, the latter in full,

162 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

mature fruit). Fruiting specimens may be found from
June until October.

PHEGOPTERIS DRYOPTERIS (ZL.) Fee.

Rare in Iowa. Two specimens from Johnson county,
probably collected by Prof. Macbride, arein the collection.
They are well-fruited. The species was formerly occasion-
ally found in deep woods north of Iowa City.

PHEGOPTERIS ROBERTIANA (Hoffm.) Fee.

Probably a mere variety of the preceding. Not common
in Iowa. One county only is represented: Allamakee
(7. H. Macbride, Aug., 1893, in full fruit.)

Genus NEPHRODIUM Richard (?)* in Michaux,
Flor. Bor. Am., vol. II, p. 266. (1803).

NEPHRODIUM THELYPTERIS (Z.) Desv.

Quite common in wet meadows and ravines. Usually
fruiting in July and August. The following counties are
represented: Johnson (July, 1881, and August, 1893,
both fruiting); Delaware (7. H. Macbride, Aug., 1883, in
full fruit); Cerro Gordo (July, 1896, sterile); Hancock
(July, 1896, sterile).

NEPHRODIUM CRISTATUM (Z.) Mx.

Two specimens, one in fine fruit, were furnished by Mr.
Fred. Reppert, whocollectedthem in July, 1894, in Bloom-
ington township, Muscatine county, in ‘‘damp ravines,
etc.’? No other Iowa specimens are in the herbarium.

NEPHRODIUM GOLDIEANUM (/Z2.) A. & G.

This handsome species has been received only from the
eastern part of the State, where it grows in a number of
localities on well-shaded banks, etc. It begins to fruit in
August, and fertile fronds may be found until late in
October. The herbarium contains specimens from the

* Richard’s name does not appear in Michaux.

IOWA PTERIDOPHYTA. 163

following counties: Muscatine (7. A. Macbride, Sep.,
1882; Shimek, Oct., 1900; both in full fruit); Jackson
(7. H. Macbride, Aug., 1883, with mature fruit).

NEPHRODIUM SPINULOSUM (Retz.) Desv.

Quite rare in the State, two counties only being repre-
sented: Johnson (Aug., 1881, sterile); .and Muscatine
(Fred. Reppert, no date, in fine fruit; Shzmek, Oct., 1900,
in full frit; 7. A. Machride, Sept., 1882, fruiting; De-
Jong, Oct.,, 1894, fruit immature). The last two
specimens are clearly the variety zztermedium, having the
glandular indusium, etc. The other specimens probably
also belong to the variety. |

Eema i OLY S Tle UM Xoez, Vent, Hl. Germ,
vol. III, (1800).

POLYSTICHUM ACROSTICHOIDES (JZ/x.) Schott.

Found only in the eastern part of the State, growing on
well-shaded banks and slopes. It begins to fruit in
August. The following counties are represented in the
collection: Jackson (7. WH. Macbride, Aug., 1883. with
mature fruit); Muscatine (7. H. Macbride, Sep., 1882, in
full fruit; Szzmek, Oct., 1900, in fruit); Johnson (fall,
1894, sterile; Aug., 1895, cultivated from a native
rootstock).

Family ASPLENIEB J. Smzth, Hk. Jour. Bot. (1841).

eens A oH YOR IU M oz, Vent) Ri Germ., vol. 1
(Gizesie

ATHYRIUM FILIX-FGiMINA (L.) Roth.

This is probably the most common and most widely
distributed fern in Iowa. It is found in more or less
shaded places, and varies in size and cutting with the

164 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

habitat. Fruit begins toappear in Juneand continues until
September, or even later. The athyrioid character (like
so many similar characters of ferns) becomes obscured as
the fern grows older, and the sori then sometimes almost
cover the back of the frond, especially in fronds with
narrow divisions. The specimens from Jackson county
collected by Prof. Macbride in 1883 show this very well.
The following counties are represented: Louisa (P. C.
Myers, Aug., 1897, sterile); Muscatine (July, 1895,
sterile); Johnson (July, 1880, well-fruited); Jones (/. Z.
Cameron, July, 1895, fruit nearly mature); Jackson (7.
HT. Macbride, Aug., 1883; well-fruited and with un-
usually narrow segments); Delaware (7. HY. Macbride,
Aug., 1883, irtuit advanced) ;. J: 4, Camerom, Oct. 18974
with old fruit); Allamakee (7. &. Savage, June, 1899,
with young fruit); Cerro Gordo (July, 1899, shows some
mature fruit); Winnebago (July, 1896, fruit scant);
Emmet (Sept., 1895, fruit well advanced) ; Webster (July,
1897, sterile); Polk (pupzls of E. Des Moines High School,
no date; well-fruited); Ringgold (July, 1890, sterile) ;
Calhoun (CG. 4. Rigg, no date, sterile); Pottawatiause
(J. &. Cameron, June, 1897, sterile); Lyon (July, 1899,
sterile).

ATHYRIUM THELYPTEROIDES (J/v.) Desv.

Locally rather common in the eastern part of the State.
It grows in shady places, in the lower parts of wooded
ravines, etc., preferring rather moist places, and begins to
fruit in August. Mature fruits show apparent diplazioid
characters, and the species has been referred to
Diplazium.* An examination of young fruits however
shows very clearly that the seemingly two sori are one
reverted in athyrioid fashion. It will probably be neces-
sary to similarly remove other species of Dzflazzum to

*Underwood, /. c., refers it to the sub-genus Athyrium.

IOWA PTERIDOPHYTA. 165

Athyrium.+ Specimens from the following counties are in
the herbarium: Muscatine (7. H. Macbride, Sep., 1882,
in fine fruit); Johnson (1882, well-fruited); Jones (7. ./7.
Macbride, Aug., 1898, in fine fruit); Jackson (7. JZ.
Macbride, Aug., 1883, well-fruited); Delaware (7. 7.
Macbride, Aug., 1883, well-fruited; J. &. Cameron, Sep.,
1897, in fine fruit); Cerro Gordo (Sept., 1900; sterile,
rather more hairy than is usual, and the veins are more
frequently forked. )

Cents oF LEN LUM, #., Sp. Pl:, vol. I, p, 1078
(1753').

ASPLENIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM J/x.

Not common in the State. Growing in deep woods, on
rocky slopes, etc. northeastward. All the specimens in
the herbarium show well-fruited fronds. Mature fruits
appear in the latter part of August. Two counties only
are represented: Jackson (7. H. Macbride, Aug., 1883;
Shimek, Aug., 1894); Delaware (7. H. Macbride, Aug.,
135557. 2. Cameron, Sep., 1897):

ASPLENIUM PLATYNEURON (Z.) Oakes.

The only specimens in the herbarium were received (as
A. ebeneum) from Mr. Fred. Reppert. ‘The first set was
collected ‘‘in open woods along Leutzinger’s creek, 4 mi.
below Muscatine, Iowa, by Kenneth McKenzie.’’ ‘The
second was cultivated in Muscatine by Mr. Reppert from
native rootstocks in 1894, and is reported by him ‘‘from
sandy hill-side woods, rare.”’

Beas ic AMP LOS OR US 2272, Hort. Berol., vol. IT,
p269), (1833)

CAMPTOSORUS RHIZOPHYLLUS (Z.) Lizk.
Locally common in the eastern part of the State, grow-

+Milde (in Soc. Siles. Cult. Nat., Nov., 1869) includes Diplazium in
Athyrium.

1166 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

ing in shaded places on moss-covered rock, etc., usually
on or near limestone ledges. Fruiting specimens may be
found at all seasons of the year. All of the specimens in
the herbarium are well fruited, and most of them show the
proliferous habit. The following counties are represented:
Muscatine (7. HY. Macbride, Sept., 1882; Shzmek, Oct.,
1900); Johnson (Aug:, 1881; Aug., 1893: Sept. 1897¢
March, 1898. ‘These are from different stations); Jones
(7. H. Macbride, Aug., 1895); Delaware (J. &. Cameron,
Sept., 1897); Winneshiek (7. &. Savage, June, 1899);
Dubuque (J. A. Anderson, July, 1900).

Family PTERIDIEBZ J. Smzth, Hk. Jour. Bot. (1841).

Genus PTE RIDIUM Scopolz.*

PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM (ZL.) Kuhn.

This species, so common in the eastern part of the
State, is represented by a comparatively small series. It
grows in deep woods where its long creeping rootstocks
frequently send up fronds at intervals of two to four feet.
It begins to fruit in July, or even in June. The following
counties are represented: Muscatine (Oct., 1900, sterile) ;
Johnson (Sept., 1880; another without date); Delaware
(J... Cameron, Sep., 1897, stele); Allamakee (7-7
Savage, June, 1899, sterile); Winneshiek (7. J. Fitz-
patrick, June 24, 1896, well-fruited); Winnebago (July,
1899, well-fruited).

Genus PELL AA Link, Fil. Hort. Berol., p. 59,(1841).

PELLAA ATROPURPUREA (ZL.) Link.

Locally rather common in crevices of rock on exposed
limestone ledges. New fruits are formed in June or July
and may continue all winter. The following counties are
represented: Johnson (July, 1880, well-fruited); Jones

* On authority of Diels (1. c.).

IOWA PTERIDOPHYTA. U7

(7. A. Macbride. Aug., 1895, mature fruit); Delaware
we 2. Cameron, Nov:, 1897, with) mature frait)):
Winneshiek (7. &. Savage, May, 1899, with old fruit).

Pomc CRY PO GR AwUM A A. Br, Exe Ape.
Erankl,; Nait.,.p #67, (1823),

CRYPTOGRAMMA STELLERI (Gymel.) Prantd,

On sandstone or limestone rocks, in less exposed situa-
tions than the preceding species. It begins to fruit in
May and June. All the specimens show more or less fruit,
those collected in May and some of those in June, being
immature. The following counties are represented:
Johnson (D7. C. 47. Hobby, June, 1880); Cedar (7. A.
Macbride, July, 1893); Delaware (7. A. Macbride, Aug.,
1883); Jackson (Aug., 1894); Dubuque (/. J. /rish,
May, 1891; J. A. Anderson, July, 1900); Winneshiek
(7. £. Savage, May, 1899); Cerro Gordo (July, 1896).

Sentinel HLT AN TH S Swarz, Sy. Fil. .peleo
(1806).
CHEILANTHES FEEI Moore.
Chetlanthes lanuginosa Nutt.

Ouite rare, on rocky ledges. The specimens in the
herbarium are all well-fruited. They are from the follow-
ing counties: Jones (7. H. Macbride, Aug., 1895);
Dubuque (Paul Bartsch, July, 1895); Allamakee (7. Z.
Savage, May, 1899).

Family ADIANTEB J. Smzth, Hist. Fil., p: 273, (1875).

Senne AD TA N-T UM, 4.,.Sp. Pl., vol. I, p. 1094
(1753).

ADIANTUM PEDATUM Z.

This species rivals Athyrium filix-teemina in abundance

168 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

andextent of distribution, and is found in similar habitats.
It begins to fruitin June. Specimens from the following
counties are in the herbarium: Lee (June, 1897, sterile) ;
Louisa (P. C. Myers, Aug., 1897) ; Muscatine (F. Repfert,
July, 1894); Johnson (7. A. Macbride, 1883; Shimek;
Sept. 1895)> Jones (7: @. WMochride, Aug. 1895-37
Cameron, June, 1895, young fruit); Delaware (J. Z.
Cameron, Sept., 1897, young fruit); Black Hawk (uly,
1898, young fruit); Allamakee (7. H. Macbride, August,
1893 7. ££. Savage, June, 1899. young anmt)\. Ceme
Gordo (July, 1896, sterile); Emmet (2. 7. Cratty, no
date); Webster (July, 1897, sterile); Calhoun, (G. 2.
Rigg, July, 1895, sterile); Polk (Aupzls of E. Des Moines
Fligh School, no date); Adair (J. E. Gow, Aug., 1900);
Pottawattamie (J. E. Cameron, June, 1897, young fruit) ;
Shelby (7. J. Fitzpatrick, June, 1894, young fruit).

Class IT. HYDROPTERIDES: Walle
denow-op: Fl, Voley, Becca

Order]. MARSILEACEAE R.Br, Prod. Fl: No Holle
p. 166 (1810).

Genus MARS 1, EA «22, op. Pll vol tl paces
(1753).

MARSILEA VESTITA H. & G.

This species was reported from Iowa by Arthur (JZ. c.),
but no known specimens were extant in Iowa herbaria. In
July, 1899, the writer re-discovered the species in the
northwestern corner of Lyon county.* ‘The specimens

*Reported in Rep. Iowa Geol. Sur., vol. x, p. 180, (1900).

IOWA PTERIDOPHYTA. 169

were growing in a shallow pool on an exposure of Sioux
Quartzite, and were all sterile. Several specimens are in
the herbarium.

@rder Il, SALVINIACEA: Bartling; Ord. Nat.; Pl.
pets. (1870).

fens AZ OL LA Loam, wucye: Bot. vol. I, p: 343
(1783).

AZOLLA CAROLINIANA Willd.

This interesting species was discovered by Mr. F.
Reppert in Muscatine slough, Muscatine county, and has
since been found in the lower portion of the slough in
Louisa county. It begins to fruit in August. The sterile
(young) fronds are green, the fertile red. The following
sets are in the herbarium: Muscatine county (7. Reppert,
Oct., 1895, many fertile); Louisa county (Aug., 1897,
mostly sterile; £. C. Myers., later in Aug., 1897, some
fertile).

Class IV. LYCOPODINEA Swartz,
Was

Order I. LYCOPODIACE Mx., Fl. Bor. Am., vol.
I, p. 284 (1803).*

Pease, YC OPO D1 UM. Z., Sp. Pl., vol. Il, p. 1100,
ase e

LYCOPODIUM LUCIDULUM Mx.
One Iowa specimen only is in the herbarium. It was

*Michaux wrote Lycopodacee, evidently a mistake.

170 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

collected by the writer on a wooded slope with sandstone
outcroppings, along Pine creek, Muscatine county, in
November, 1897, and is in fruit.

LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM ZL.

Quite rare. The specimens in the herbarium are all
from Johnson county (7. HY. Macbride, no date, sterile;
Mary F. Linder, no date, sterile; Shzmek and P. C. Myers,
March, 1897, sterile). They have been found in but two
localities in the county,—both in rather low woods.

LYCOPODIUM COMPLANATUM Z.

Found with the preceding species in Johnson county,
and in a similar locality in Muscatine county. Rare in
Iowa. The herbarium contains specimens from two
counties: Johnson (7. H. Macbride, no date, sterile;
Shimek, March, 1897, sterile); Muscatine (7. Reppert,
Aug., 1894, in fruit.)

Order Il. SELAGINELLACE/E Underwood, Our
Nat. Ferns, P. 103, (1881).

Gents SELAGINELLA Seau., Prod. Ae
101, (1805).

SELAGINELLA RUPESTRIS (ZL.) Spring.

This species is found in several widely separated locali-
ties in the State, always in barren, sandy or rocky, soil.
All the sets in the herbarium contain more or less fruit.
They are from the following counties: Muscatine (7. 7H.
Macbride, July, 1895; Shimek, Oct., 1896; both from
sand along the Cedar river); Dubuque (7. Bartsch, 1895) ;
Lyon (Aug., 1896; July, 1899; both from Sioux Quartzite
exposures ).

DESCRIPTIONS OF AMERICAN UREDINE4, III.

IBN Age, PAIN SHON ANINAD) BEG Wiig Op SKON OMe Ar

The species of Uredinee to which this article is devoted
embrace those forms whose teleutospores occur on grasses
belonging to the tribes Waydee, Andropogonee, Panicee,
Oryze@, and Phalaride@. In studying the plant rusts it
has been found very helpful to bring together all available
material on closely related hosts. In this way we have
been able to get a more comprehensive and accurate view
of the limitations and variations of species, and, moreover,
to detect a numberof errors that have crept into the litera-
ture and led to misconceptions. To carry out this
plan we have taken the material for this article from the
hosts belonging to a circumscribed portion of the great
family of the Gramznee, rather than indiscriminately from
the hosts of any part of the family, as in the previous
article of the series.

The present article like the two preceding ones, is based
upon the material in the authors’ Uvedinee Exsiccate et
Icones, each article corresponding to a fascicle. The first
article was published in this journal (3:44-57) March,
1895, and the second (4:377-402) December, 1898. ‘The
first fascicle of the distribution was issued September, 1894,
and the second, December, 1898.

The illustrations, which are the same for the Descrzpizons
andthe Lyszccat@, are from camera-lucida drawings made
directly from the material of the distribution. The
figures and the packets have the same numbering, Arabic
numbers being used to designate species, and letters to
indicate the collections under each species.

The intimate association of host and parasite in case of
V—2 7

1972 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

the Uredinee makes the accurate determination of the
host of the utmost importance: sometimes it is only
necessary to know the genus, but more often the species
must be unquestionably established in order to give full
value to aspecimen. Butit is not enough that the name
of the host should be written on the packet to make the
specimen of greatest worth: there should be within the
packet such fragments of the host, bits of inflorescence,
fruits, leaves, stipules, or other parts not too bulky, and
that may or may not be affected by the rust, as may
furnish characters for independent verification, or strong
presumptive evidence. Moreover, the limits of species and
genera among flowering plants are not unchangeably fixed,
and it sometimes becomes necessary to revise the nomen-
clature of the host as well as of the rust, when such
characteristic fragments become very important. The
more difficult the host the more imperative the need of
such helps. Among grasses and sedges, especially, we
have often had occasion to deplore their absence. The
ligules of grasses should in particular be included, and
bits of their inflorescence whenever possible.

We have experienced much difficulty in securing good
material of the uredo stages for our distribution, and in
some cases even for purposes of study. The idea that
diagnostic characters are lacking in the uredo seems to be
so widely and firmly established, that collectors do not
search for this stage ofa rust, and rarely collect it even
when conspicuous. The idea is erroneous, however,
although it seems to have support from the customary
omission, or subordination, of such characters in technical
descriptions. Sometimes the uredosori are much more
distinctive of the species than the teleutosori, and rarely
less so than are the ecidia. Specimens showing the best
development of the spermogonia, ecidia, uredosori, and
teleutosori should in most cases be independently collected
for each species. The finest specimens are those which
show one of these stages in optimum development, and

AMERICAN UREDINE. L7e

one or more of the others in much less abundance. either
just beginning to appear, or nearly vanished.

Still another sort of spore sometimes occurs among
grass-forms that has had special attention called to it lately
by the researches of M. A. Carleton, until now only
partially published (Science 13:250). It has long been
recognized in Puccinta vexans Farl., and considered to be
a peculiar - teleutospore-like uredospore: but Carleton
finds that it has, moreover, a peculiar manner of germina-
tion. He has given the name amphispore to it. We have
ventured to apply the name to what has heretofore been
called the uredospore of Puccenza tripsacz, both on account
of the structure and texture, and of the association with
the other spore-forms. But this assignment of its role
must be accepted as somewhat tentative until opportunity is
given for studying the mode of germination, which is at
present unknown.

In this article we have extended and varied the use of
signs for designating spore stages of the Uredinee. For
some time the Roman numerals, I, II, HI, have been
generally: employed to indicate ecidial, uredo, and
teleutosporic stages, respectively, and occasionally of late
the spermogonial stage has been represented by O. To
these we now add X for the amphisporal stage. When
these signs are used in connection with specimens of
Exsitccate, we have found it convenient to indicate the
relative abundance of each stage by using capital forms for
the dominant stages and lower case forms for deficient
stages: thus ii, iii, X applied to a specimen of Avszccate,
means that it exhibits chiefly amphisporic sori, but that
some more or less perfect sori of uredospores and teleuto-
spores are present, or at least that some spores of these
may be found by moderate search among the amphisori.

The first article of this series contained descriptions of
species numbered from one to seventeen, the second
article contained numbers eighteen to thirty-four, and the
present article contains numbers thirty-five to forty-four.

174 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

35. PUCCINIA TRIPSACI Dzet. G Holw. (1897. Bot. Gaz
24:27).

35a. On Tripsacum dactyloides \. X, iii. Near City of Mexico,
Mex., Holway.

Oric. Desc. ‘‘Sori on both sides of the leaves, at first covered by the
epidermis, at length erumpent, somewhat linear: uredosori cin-
namon-brown, spores globose or elliptical, 30-37 by 28-33u, epispore
up to 4u thick, chestnut-brown, echinulate, with four germ-pores:
teleutospores elliptic or obovate, rounded at both ends, with a
hooded thickening at apex, slightly constricted, smooth, brown,
33-41 by 20-254: pedicel longer than spore, firm, brownish.”’

SYN:

1897. Urvredo pallida D. & H. Bot. Gaz. 24:37.

Sori amphigenous, but especially beneath, prominent,
somewhat linear, 1-3 mm. long, tardily naked, encircling
epidermis conspicuous.

II. Uredosori pale, uredospores nearly round to obovate,
small, 13-18 by 20-26, colorless when dry, wall thin,
echinulate, pores four, equatorial.

X. <Amphisori cinnamon-brown, amphispores round or
elliptical, wall thick up to 4, dark yellowish-brown,
coarsely echinulate, 28-33 by 30-37, pores four, rather
noticeable, equatorial; pedicel thick, fugacious.

III. Teleutosori dark brown, teleutospores elliptic or
obovate, slightly or not at all constricted, smooth, dark
golden-brown, 20-25 by 33-41“, apex rounded, occasion-
ally obtuse, considerably thickened, base rounded, pedicel
as long or longer than the spore, colored, firm.

The apportionment between this species and the follow-
ing one of the four or five forms of uredineous spores now
known on 7yzpsacum is based upon their association in the
material that has come to hand. The absolute proof of
relationship must await careful field observation or

AMERICAN UREDINE. 175

cultures. Itis assumed in the first place that what were
described originally as uredospores of this
species are true amphispores. We use the
name recently proposed by Carleton
(Science 13:250) to designate a form of
spore having definite physiological and
morphological characters, intermediate in
most respects between uredo and teleuto-

Fig. 1. : :
UrEpo parripa Spore, to which the uncertain term, meso-

D. & H. From type c
collected at the city SPOre, has heretofore been applied. In the

of Mexico, Oct. 1, specimens (35a) published with the present

= fascicle of eaxszccate, the amphispores and
teleutospores are well shown. Ina specimen collected by
Mr. Holway at Tizapan, near City of Mexico, Sept. 27,
1899 (No. 3504), the true uredospores (Uvredo pallida D.
& H.) and the amphispores are in similar manner associa-
ted. Other specimens in our possession show only one
form of spore in each case. The specimens in this
distribution are part of the type collection, and show
amphispores and in some cases teleutospores.

36. PUCCINIA POLYSORA Und. (1897. Bull. Torr. Bot.
Club. 24:86).

36a. On Tripsacum dactyloides ,. 11. Cuernavaca, Mex., Holway.

Oric. Desc. ‘II, III. Amphigenous: sori very small, short, very
numerous but irregularly scattered, remaining long enclosed by
the tough epidermis of the host, at length rupturing by a narrow
slit: uredospores large, broadly oval, 35X30”, scarcely echinulate,
the epispore of medium thickness, pale rusty-brown: teleutospores
variable, usually short, irregularly oblong, often somewhat con-
stricted at the septum, averaging 25x40y, the cells often irregu-
larly angled, the upper usually broader than long, blunt or rounded
above; apex not thickened; pedicel short.”’

The gross appearance of this species is similar to that
of the preceding, except that the sori are smaller, longer

176 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

time covered, and usually more abundant. The uredo-

spores are thin-walled, closely
ant fe apes and finely echinulate, and have
Be J ) + | CY four equatorial germ - pores.
\ \

oa) The specimens in this fascicle

KZ LJ \ (36a) show only uredospores,
a as also does a specimen in the
Puccinra Potysora Und. From type herbarium of Mr. S. M. Tracy,

collected at Auburn, Ala., Oct. 1891. collected by him at Mobile,
Ala., Oct. 17, 1886, but the type collection, made by B
M. Duggar at Auburn, Ala., Oct., 1891, shows both
uredo- and teleutosori. The irregular, thin-walled teleuto-
spores (fig. 2) are very different from the teleutospores of
the preceding species.

3/7. POCCINIA: -VIRGATA £.. G&. £-.- (1893... Prec! Acad
Nat.’ Se. Phila. +154).
37a. On Chrysopogon avenaceus (Michx.) Benth. ii, III. Rooks Co.
Kans., Bartholomew.

Oric. Desc. “III. Sori amphigenous, but more fully developed on
the lower side of the leaf, linear, often lcm. or more long, erumpent
and margined laterally by the ruptured epidermis, dark chestnut-
brown, almost black. Teleutcspores mostly wedge-shaped or
clavate, but also some of them oblong, 40-70 X 18-22u, the upper
cell shorter and elliptical or subglobose and dark, the lower cell
longer, narrower, and lighter colored, apex rounded and obtuse
or subtruncate, and sometimes a little roughened. Epispore
thickened at apex but without any distinct papilla. Hasa general
resemblance to P. graminis, but the spores are different.”

SYN:
1834. Cacoma (Uredo) andropogt Schw. Trans. Amer.
Phil. Soc. 4:290.

1896. Puccinia clavispora Ell. & Barth. Erythea 4:79.
1897. Uredo alabamensts Diet. Bull. Cornell Univ. 3:22.

Sori amphigenous, but more abundant beneath, linear,
elongated, early naked, ruptured epidermis prominent.

AMERICAN UREDINEZ. 17%

II. Uredospores obovate, rarely subglobose, 18-30 by
28-45, wall reddish-brown, deeper colored at the apex,
also somewhat thicker at the apex (up to 4), strongly and
closely tuberculate, pores distinct, four, equatorial; para-
physes numerous, light brown, somewhat capitate, usually
curved, wall thickened above.

III. ‘Teleutospores clavate, cuneate or oblong, 18-22 by
40-70%, septum above the middle, lower ceil pale, thin-
walled, upper cell oblong or often subglobose, dark brown,
apex much thickened, rounded, obtuse or nearly truncate,
pedicel thick and short.

EXSIC:

Ellis & Everhart, N. A. F., 2888, 3476.
Sydow, Uredineen, 1066.
Seymour & Earle, Econ. Fungi, 535.

This rust has proved to be a puzzling species, and no
one heretofore has wholly compassed its form and habit;
even now the eecidial stage is not known. Still it possesses
strongly marked characters in both its uredo- andteleuto-
sporic stages. The structure and color ofthe uredospores,
together with the clavate paraphyses, are strongly

diagnostic, while the unequal and dis-
similar-celled teleutospores are fairly

{ distinctive. The uredo stage is often

prolonged without intermixture of teleu-

- tospores, especially in the eastern

states. Only uredospores were known

to Schweinitz, and only uredospores

\ occur in the collection made by B. M.

Duggar in Alabama, which Dietel,

ees sixty-five years later, made the basis

Caroma (UREDO) anpro- of a new name. We have examined

poct Schw. From type i" type material of these descriptions, and

at Bethlehem, Pa. 1829, present herewith drawings of spores
and paraphyses from each (figs. 3 and 4).

Puccinia virgata Ellis & Everhart was founded on
material collected in Rooks Co., Kans., on Jan. 23, 1892

178 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

(see fig. 5), and the host determined as Panicum virgatum.
A collection made from the type
locality on May 21, of the same year,
was distributed in Ellis & Everhart’s
N. Am. Fungi, as No. 2888. ‘This is
teleutosporic material, as would be
natural in a winter collection, but a
little search reveals the presence of
uredospores and paraphyses, and these,
together with the teleutospores, agree
exactly with those of the type collec-
Fig. 4. tion of Puccinta clavispora Ellis and

Bee eae ee Everhart, and of the two types already
burn, Bla, Ocl aa oe nentioned. le wleavesm eis ta 77007

virgatum and of Chrysopogon avenaceus can not be certainly
told apart by any characters derived from the color,
texture or surface markings of the blades, but on the other
_.__ hand the ligules are wholly

an — Ve \ distinct, those of the Pazzcum
( ) \ )) ( _) being prominent and fringed
with long, white, silky hairs,

} \ |/ and those ofthe Chrysopogon
| being still larger and entire.

| \ | \\ | Diagnoses drawn from both
y MOY

rust and host show that these
two Kansas collections sup-
PUCCINIA VIRGATAZ. € Z.. Fromtype Posed to be on Panicum ate
collected in Rooks Co., Kans., Jan. 23, 1892. jqdentical with Puccinia clavt-
spora known to be on Chrysopogon, and that the host of
the type of the earlier name was not a Panicum but was
Chrysopogon avenaceus. It appears that with the possible
exception of material found in the herbarium of the
Kansas Agricultural College no collection of the supposed
P. virgata on Panicum has been made since 1892, and it
was then only found ‘‘on one solitary tuft of grass about
two feet across’’ (see Bartholomew’s ‘‘Kansas Uredinez’’
in Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 16:183).

AMERICAN UREDINE. 179

The published descriptions of P. clavispora and P.
virgata also agree, except that in the latter the teleuto-
spores are said to be ‘‘sometimes a little roughened.’’
This can only be explained by supposing the statement to
apply to the uredospores, which occur sparingly in the
original material, and being colored like the teleutospores
and of the same apical form, might easily be mistaken for
them. So far as we know Puccinza virgata occurs only on
Chrysopogon avenaceus (Michx.) Benth. (Sorghum nutans
Gray, Andropogon avenaceus Michx.).

38. PUCCINIA ELLISIANA 7huem. (1878. Bull. Torr. Bot.
Chib.. (6-215),

38a. On Andropogon scoparius Michx. III. Rooks Co., Kans., Bar-
tholomew. "
386. On Andropogon scoparius ii, III. Decorah, Iowa, Holway.

OrIGc. Desc. ‘‘P. acervulis hypophyllis, gregariis, plus minusve
lineariformibus, seriatis, elevatis, atro-fuscis, liberis; sporis ellip-
soideis vel subclavato-ellipticis, septatis, medio vix constrictis,
vertice rotundatis, incrassatis,apice rotundatis,ab pedicello separa-
tis, episporio disseptimentoque crasso, obscuriore, 30-40 mm. long.,
18-23 mm. crass., fuscis; pedicello subrecto, equali, 18-22 mm.
longo, pallidissime fusco; paraphysibus nullis — Certe a P.
andropogonis, Fckl., diversa.’’

New Jersey: Newfield, in Andropogonis virginiani Lin., foliis
aridis, Jan., 1877. Leg. J. B. Ellis.’’

SYN:

1895. Puccinia andropogt Lagerheim (non Schw.)
Wired. Herb: Fries: 745.

1898. Diceoma ellistanum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3:468.

Sori as in P. andropogonis Schw. Uredospores yellowish-
brown, thick-walled, (about 4“), closely and finely tuber-
culate, subglobose, 16-24, mostly 20 in diameter, pores
four, equatorial, distinct: teleutospores elliptical to oblong
or clavate, averaging larger than those of P. axdropogonis,
the elliptical ones 20-24 by 32-40, and others 16-20 by

180 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

44-52"; apex thickened, rounded or often pointed in the
oblong-clavate ones; pedicel nearly hyaline, frequently up
to 80» long.

EXSIC:

Thuemen; Myc. Uniy. 1336.

That two species of rusts have been confounded under
the name of Puccinza andropogi was first pointed out by
Lagerheim in his account of the Uredznee inthe herbarium
of Elias Fries, now in the Botanical Museum of the
University of Upsala, Sweden. He was unfortunate, how-
ever, in assuming that the species having thick-walled
uredospores was the true Schweinitzian P. andropogt.

The writers have not examined the type specimens of
Puccinia ellistana, but the examination of specimens in
three sets of Thuemen’s ‘‘Mycotheca universalis,’’ viz.,
those in possession of the New York Botanical Gardens, of
De Pauw University, and of Mr. Holway, which apparently
contain part of the type collection, uniformly shows the
presence of the characteristic uredospores. It is possible,
however, that some of the following species may be inter-
mixed, as is likely to be the case in almost any collection
of this rust. It is doubtful if the host of the type collec-
tion, which was taken in mid-winter, is really dudropogon
virginicus, as published, for the ligules of the leaves in
specimens available are broad, entire, or slightly jagged,
and correspond with those of Azdropogon glomeratus, a
species which grows in the type locality, instead of being
narrow and ciliate, as in 4. wzrginicus. But this is not a
matter of moment as the species occurs upon A. scoparius,
A. turcatus, and probably upon other native species of
Andropogon, and might well occur on A. wirginicus. The
specimen in Ellis & Everhart’s ‘‘Fungi Columbiana,’’ No.
1376, on Axdropogon hallit, is Puccinia andropogonts,
and not P. ellistana as labelled. The species doubtless
ranges throughout the central and eastern United States,
for specimens have been examined from different localities

AMERICAN UREDINEZ. 181

in Kansas, Iowa, Indiana, Mississippi and New Jersey. It
is far less abundant than the true Puccinza andropogonts
Schw.

A trust which closely resembles 7. ellistana is the
European Pucctnta cesatit Schroeter (P. andropogonis
Fckl.). This species was collected on Axdropogon
furcatus by A. B. Seymour on Aug. 22, 1884, at Brainerd,
Minn., on his journey to Washington Territory, and also
on A. halliz, by H.J. Webber, in Sept., 1889, in Howard
Co., Nebraska. Both the teleutospores and uredospores
resemble those of P. elliscana, but the uredospores are
much larger, having nearly twice the diameter, and the
germ-pores, instead of being four and equatorial, are more
than four and scattered. Both of the above collections
have passed until now for P. axdropogt.

The ecidia of both P. ed/zscana and P. cesati yet remain
undetected.

39. PUCCINIA ANDROPOGONIS Schw. (1834. Trans. Amer.
Phil, Soc. 42295).

39a. On Pentstemon hirsutus (\.) Willd. o, I. Lafayette, Ind., Stuart.
396. On Pentstemon albidus Nutt. I. Rooks Co., Kans., Bartholomew.
39c. On Pentstemon grandifiorus Nutt. 0, I. Long Pine, Neb., Bates.
39d. On Andropogon scoparius Michx. II, iii. Spirit Lake, la., Arthur.
39e. On Andropogon scoparius III. Wafayette, Ind., Stuart.

397. On Andropogon scoparius ii, III. Lafayette, Ind., Miss Snyder.
39g. On Andropogon furcatus Muhl. II, iii. Spirit Lake, Ia., Arthur.
39h. On Andropogon furcatus ii, III, Lafayette, Ind., Miss Snyder.
397. On Andropogon furcatus III. Decorah, Ia., Holway.

397, On Andropogon furcatus ii, Il. Rockport, Kans., Bartholomew.
39k. On Andropogon hallit Hack. ii, III. Cody, Neb., Bates.

Oric. Desc. ‘449. 20. Pentastemonis Sz. A. orbiculare minus cras-
sum purpureum subtus luteum, peridiis candidis congestis.

Non infrequens in foliis et caulibus Pentastemonis hirsuti.
Distincta species. Lineas duaslatum. Peridia pro ratione plante
magna. Sporidia luteo-fusca, simplicia, vesiculosa.’’

SEconD Desc. ‘*2911. 7. BP. andropogi, L. v. S., frequentissima
autumno in foliis culmisque etiam vaginis variarum specierum
Andropogi, Bethl.

P. maculis obliteratis, acervis dense aggregatis, elevatis, fuscis,

182 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

obtusis, linearibus, abbreviatis. Sporidiis fuscis. Quamquam non
confiuit, tamen fere tota folia occupat.’’
SVN
1822. <Aecitdium pentastemonis Schw. Schrift. d. Nat.
Ges. zu Leipzig 1:68.

1895. Puccinia americana Wagh. Ured. Herb. Fries
245.

1898. Diceoma andropogonis Kuntze. Rev. Gen. Pl.
3:467.

O. Spermogonia few, amphigenous, bright orange when
fresh: spots none or colorless: spermatia elliptical or
oblong, 3-4 by 5-7».

I. Spots circular, yellow and splashed with purple, or
with a distant purple border: zecidia mostly hypophyllous,
the border low, recurved and split into few segments:
spores angular, 16-18 by 18-24», slightly tuberculate:
peridial cells quadrangular, 16-20 by 24-32».

II and III. Hypophyllous: sori small, elliptical, or
confluent and linear, numerous, surrounded bythe ruptured
epidermis: uredospores yellowish-brown, echinulate, glob-
ose, mostly 20-244, membrane rather thin (about 2):
teleutospores smooth, thickened above, obovate to ellipti-
cal, 20-24 by 28-324, dark brown, with apex rounded, or
oblong to clavate, 16-20 by 36-44, color paler and with
apex sometimes pointed: pedicel tinted, about the length
of the spore.

EXSIC:

Ellis, N. A. F., 1470311.

Carleton, Ured. Amer., 12111,

Ellis & Everhart, Fungi Columb., 1376 +11, 1457 111.
Sydow, Uredineen, 57 111.

Kellerman & Swingle, Kans. Fungi, 28'.

The cultures on which the association of ecidia and
teleutospores is based were made by Messrs. Arthur and

Stuart in 1899 (Bot. Gaz. 29:272). ‘The species is very
abundant east of the Rocky mountains in both the ecidial

AMERICAN UREDINEZ. 183

and teleutosporic stages, but the uredo stage is of brief
duration and rarely collected. Specimens gathered as early
as the middle of June in central Indiana show teleutosori.

Inthe teleutosporic condition it is difficult to distinguish
this species from the preceding. Some search, however,
will usually reveal at least a few of the characteristic
uredospores, even in collections made in the winter season,
and the chief reliance should be placed upon these. The
thin-walled echinulate uredospores of P. andropogonis are
wholly unlike the thick-walled, small, and finely tubercu-
late uredospores of P. elliszana.

The type specimen of P. anxdropogonts Schw. is in the
Schweinitz collection of the Philadelphia Academy of
Sciences. It is an ample one, in the original packet,
unmounted, and labeled in Schweinitz’s handwriting. The
sori are very numerous. The host is not named on the
packet, but appears to be Andropogon scoparius. ‘The
type locality is not given, but it is probably Bethlehem,
Pa., as stated in the author’s list of N. Am. Fungi (Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. 4:295). We have examined the type and
find the characteristic, thin-walled, echinulate uredospores,
and no other sort. There can be no question regarding
the error of Lagerheim in supposing the Schweinitzian rust
to be a thick-walled uredoform rather than a thin-walled
one. No other specimen of rust on Andropogon occurs in
‘the Schweinitz collection, unless one include his C@oma
(Uredo) andropogt, a very dissimilar form on Chrysopogon
avenaceus (Andropogon of earlier authors). (See page 177.)

The specific name Pezéastemonzts, which Schweinitz gave
to the «ecidial form a dozen years before he employed the
one we have adopted, can not be used, as there is already
a Puccinia pentstemonis given by Peck in 1885, to a rust
on Pentstemon found in western North America.

The form of the name as Schweinitz wrote it, was

‘*Puccinia andropogt,’’ but we have followed Schroeter,
Saccardo, Kuntze, and many others in writing it P.

184 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

andropogonis. ‘The Greek noun xéyor being in the third
declension, a Latin derivative like Andropogon should be
also in the third declension, and not in the second as
assumed by Schweinitz and others.

The rust is very common, especially upon Azdropogon
scoparius Michx. We have examined specimens on this
host collected in New York, Pennsylvania, Alabama,
Louisiana, Indiana, Iowa, North Dakota, Nebraska,
Kansas and Nevada. We have examined specimens on 4.
furcatus Muhl. (A. provincialis Lam.) from Mississippi,
Indiana, Iowa and Nevada: on A. wirginicus I, from
Alabama: on A. argyraceus Schultes from Alabama: on
A. hallit Hack. from Nebraska: on Pentstemon hirsutus
(L.) Willd. (P. pubescens Sol.) from Alabama, Indiana
and Kansas: on P. aldidus Nutt. from Kansas: on P.
grandifiorus Nutt. from Nebraska, and Iowa, and on P.
gracilis Nutt. from Iowa.

40. PUCCINIA VERSICOLOR Diet. & Holw. (1897. Bot.

Gaz. 24:28).
40a. On Andropogon melanocarpus Ell. III. Guadalajara, Mex.,
Holway.
406. On Andropogon melanocarpus Ell. ii, III. Cuernavaca, Mex.,
Holway.
40c. On Andropogon melanocarpus Ell. II, iii. Cuernavaca, Mex.,
Flolway.

40d. On Andropogon contortus ly. Il, II]. Chapala, Mex., Holway.

OriIc. Desc. ‘‘Spots epiphyllous, purple-red, or brown and yellow;
sori hypophyllous, oblong or linear; uredosori yellow, surrounded
by the ruptured epidermis; spores ovate, 30-40 by 25-31yu, epispore
very thick, colorless, with short spines, contents irregularly
branched, or often star shaped; teleutosori firm, pulvinate, black,
surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores elliptical, scarcely
constricted, rounded at both ends, smooth, chestnut brown, apex
variously thickened, (generally not over 8) 35-45 by 27-33; pedicel
hyaline, firm, up to 130y long.’’

This species has a uredospore of remarkable appearance.
The walls are colorless and appear to be thickened like the
sclerenchymatous cells of seed coats, thus forcing the

AMERICAN UREDINE2. 185

contents into star shaped forms. ‘The scar made by the
separation of the pedicel can rarely be detected. The
germ-pores are also obscure. The collection on Andropo-
gon contortus appears to differ from that on A. melano-
carpus, by having more truly elliptical and thicker-walled
teleutospores, but there appears to be no specific distinc-
tion. /The specimens of this distribution collected at
Guadalajara, Mex., are part of the type collection.

41. PUCCINIA CENCHRI Diet. & Holw. (1897. Bot. Gaz.
24:28).

4la. On Cenchrus multiforus Presi. ii, III. Guadalajara, Mex., Hol-
way.

Oric. Desc; ‘‘Sori very small, hypophyllous, scattered; uredosori
surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores obovate or elliptical,
36-45 by 30-35u, brown, echinulate, with equatorial germ-pores;
teleutosori covered by the epidermis, black; spores oblong, mostly
clavate, apex truncate, or irregularly angled, sometimes constrict-
ed, narrowed or rounded at base, 40-53 by 18-25”, epispore smooth,
brown, strongly thickened at apex; pedicel very short, brown.”

The specimens in this distribution are part of the type
collection. This species has also been found on Cenchrus
echinatus 1,., E. Ule, Herbarium Brasiliense, No. 2549.

42. PUCCINIA SUBSTRIATA Ell. & Barth. (1897. Erythea
5:47).

42a. On Paspalum setaceum Michx. II, III. Rooks Co., Kans., Bar-
tholomew.

426. On Paspalum paniculatum lV, I, iii. Cuernavaca,Mex., Holway.

42c. On Pennisetum mexicanum Hemsl. ii, III. Patzcuaro, Mex.,
Holway.

42d. On Pennisetum mexicanum Hemsl. ii, III. Near Morelia, Mex.,
Holway.

Oric. Desc. “II & III. Amphigenous. Uredospores globose or obo-
vate, 19-23 by 22-30u, ferruginous, very faintly echinulate, in minute
(4-1mm.) punctiform or elliptical sori, covered by the irregularly
ruptured epidermis. Teleutospores obovate or clavate, rusty
brown, distinctly constricted, upper cell mostly broader and very

186 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

slightly roughened, only moderately thickened at apex, which is
regularly rounded or sometimes flattened, without any distinct
papilla, very faintly striate, 27-52 by 19-23, on stout, short, (15-20)
slightly colored pedicels. Sori mostly oblong and about 1mm.
long, covered by the epidermis, which finally splits either along
the top of the sorus, or oftener along one side, leaving it coveredas
if by a cap or lid.

Differs from Puccinia paspali Tracy & Earle in the shape of the
sori, the slightly echinulate uredospores and the thick, short
pedicels of the teleutospores.’’

Sori amphigenous, oblong, small, at first bulliform then
tardily naked; ruptured epidermis prominent, sometimes
stretched over the sorus in bands.

II. Sorus pale yellow; uredospores obovate or globose,
19-24 by 20-304; wall rather thin, yellowish-brown, finely
and abundantly echinulate; pores four, equatorial.

III. Sorus brown; teleutospores oblong or obovate, dark
brown, 19-24 by 28-50; apex more or less thickened,
rounded, obtuse or slightly truncate; pedicel somewhat
colored, firm, from short to the length of the spore or

longer.

IDOE
Sydow, Uredineen 1080.

This appears to be a polymorphous species. The
Kansas collections upon Paspalum setaceum have teleuto-
spores with mostly broad and short pedicels, while the
Mexican collections on Pennisetum mexicanum have most-
ly broad and long pedicels; otherwise the two forms appear
essentially alike. But the form on Paspalum paniculatum,
on the contrary, has smaller and more delicate spores
of both uredo stage and teleuto stage, andthe teleutospores
are quite irregularly shaped, with short and more slender
pedicels, which are sometimes attached obliquely.

Comparing this material with the type collection of
Puccinia paspali Tracy & Earle, which was secured at
New Orleans, La., upon Paspalum virgatum I,., one is
struck with the lack of distinctive characters: “lite
uredospores of Puccinza paspali are like those on Paspalum

AMERICAN UREDINE. 187

setaceum, only somewhat irregular in form, while the
teleutospores are intermediate between those of Paspalum
setaceum and P. paniculatum. The oblique irregular
teleutospores of Puccinta paspali, and the linear sori, are
the only marked characters with which to separate this
species from Puccinta substriata, and these may be a
local result of the influence of the host. We are inclined
to think either that there is but one polymorphous
species, or that the forms here included in Puccinza
substriata on Pennisetum mexicanum and on Paspalum
paniculatum are to be separated, making four species in
all. The material at our disposal is inadequate for a
definite conclusion, and it may be that cultures will be
required for the final decision.

The markings on the teleutospores mentioned in the
original description have not been detected by us. ‘The
upper cell is said to be ‘‘very slightly roughened’’ and the
fpex very faintly striate.’’ These characters do not
appear in our material, either when viewed dry or wet.

43. UROMYCES HALSTEDII De Tonz. (1888. Saccardo,
oyll. Pung. 77557).
43a. On Homalocenchrus virginicus Il, Ill, ( Willd.) Britton. Dalles

of the Wisconsin river, Wis., Arthur.

ORIG. DEsc. ‘Sori mostly hypogenous, small, elongated, forming
irregular rows; uredospores 22-25 by 26-30, elliptical, light yellow,
indistinctly echinulate, tips dark; teleutosori shining black, spores
wedge-shaped and quite irregular, 17-30 by 25-33u, pedicel about
one half the length of the spore. The broad free end of the spore
is divided into 5-20 sharp or blunt projections, the longer with
hyaline tips.’”’ Halsted, 1. c.

SYN:
1887. Uvromyces digitatus Halst. Jour. Myc. 3:138.
1889. Uvromyces halstedii Ladw. Bot. Centrbl. 37:120.
1898. Ceomurus halstedit Kuntze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 3.450.
EXSIC:
Ellis & Everhart, N. Am. Fungi, No. 2227.
V—2 8

188 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

A very distinctive species, especially in the form of the
teleutospores, and it is unfortunate that the descriptive
name first given to it had to be abandoned, because already
used. The sori are tardily naked: uredosori pale brown,
the teleutosori blackish-brown.

The uredospores have thin walls with four to six
scattered pores. The fine, abundant echinulation, al-
though indistinct when wet, is very prominent when
examined dry. Most of the spores come within 20-24 by
24-26 pb.

The teleutospores are amber-colored, with the upper part
darker and brownish; lateral walls thin. The pedicels
are slender and colored.

44. PUCCINIA MAJANTHAS (Schum.) nom. nov.
44a. On Polygonatum commutatum (R. & S.) Dietr. o, I. Decorah, Ia.,

Hlolway.

446. On Phalaris arundinacea Y. Ul, Il. Sailor’s Encampment,

Mich., Harper.

Oric. Desc. ‘£1518. AX. Majanthe, macula orbicularis pallide-vir-
idis centro flava; peridiis distantibus depressis primo flavis, demum
subferrugineis, ore laciniato: laciniis subrotundis obtusis; pulvere
primo aurantiaco demum cinereo ferrugineo.

In foliis Convalarie bifolie. A%state.’’

SECOND Dersc. ‘47. Puc. sessilis n. sp. Schneider. Pucc. sitzend,
keilf6rmig mit abgesttitzten Scheitel. In langlichen von der
Oberhaut bedeckten Haufchen. An Phalaris arundinacea L.
Neuhaus b. Pirscham. Sch. Schwarzwasserbruch b. Liegnitz.”

1803. <&£cidium majanthe Schum. Enum. Pl. Saell.
2:224.

1824. Caoma elegans Schlecht. in part. Fl. Berol.
224415:

1825. Ca@oma convallariatum Lk. in part. Sp. Plant.
2:42.

1827. Uredo convallariarum Spreng. Linnei Syst.
Veg. ed. sexta 4:573.

1869. Puccinta sesstlis Schneider (as emended by
Magnus). Schroeter’s Brand- und Rostpilze Schlesiens
19:

AMERICAN UREDINEA. 189

1896. Puccinta smilacearum-digraphidis Kleb. Zeits. f.
Pflkr. 6:261.

O. Spermogonia epiphyllous in small clusters, puncti-
form, rather prominent, orange-colored; spermatia ellipti-
cal, about 3 by Swe.

I. Afcidia small,, hypophyllous on yellow spots, in
circular clusters, often irregularly confluent; margin nearly
entire, slightly recurved; spores subglobose, 20-26 in
diameter, peridial cells subglobose, somewhat angular,
28-32 by 24-28 p.

IJ and III. Sori numerous, very small, elliptical to
shortly linear, on both sides of the leaf; uredospores
yellowish-brown, echinulate, obovate to globose, 24-32 by
16-20, pores scattered: teleutosori black, covered by the
epidermis: teleutospores oblong or wedge-shaped, more
rarely shorter and elliptical, apex sightly thickened,
generally darker, rounded, truncate, oblique, or rarely
pointed, smooth, brown, mostly 44-52 by 16-24; pedicel
short or wanting; paraphyses none.

EXSIC:

Ellis, N. A. F., 2291, 14211, 1475 111,

Sydow, Uredineen, 95', 967.

Rabenhorst- Winter, Fungi Kuropzi, 3024, 3026a, b & c.

Thuemen, Myc. Univ., 271.

Kunze, Fungi secl. exsicc., 554'.

The Puccinias on Phalaris arundinacea have been
divided into several so-called physiological or biological
species. Dr. Dietel defines the former as species morpho-
logically similar, but whose teleutospores are only able to
produce the ecidium from which they themselves were
derived. Klebahn describes biological species as fungi
that are indistinguishable morphologically, but are clearly
separated from each other by the choice of host
plant upon which they develop. The question has been
raised whether they are entitled to this designation, or
whether they are to be regarded as ‘‘biological races.”’

190 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Magnus has used the term ‘‘adaptive-races,’’ meaning
parasitic fungi which for several generations have become
habituated to a particular host plant, and therefore more
easily infect that species than another upon which the
saine parasitic fungus also occurs. Klebahn says:
(translated) ‘‘I would speak of biological races, when
among fungi that are morphologically similar, yet infect a
series of host plants, there are those that infect one host
easily and abundantly, and another host with diffi-
culty and sparingly, and also others that, conversely, infect
the latter readily and the former with difficulty, and still
others that infect all equally. The totality of these fungi
would form the species, the last being the typical form of
it and the first two biological races. From this it will be
seen that Puccinta smilacearum-digraphidis and Puccinia
convallarie-digraphidis as they have shown themselves in
my experiments, are to be regarded as biological species.’’

The following forms on Phalarzs having teleutospores
nearly or quite identical, but having ecidia on different
species of hosts, have been described:

1. Puccinia phalaridis Plow. 1888. Jour. Linn. Soc.
—:88. Infects only Arum maculatum.

2. Puccinia winteriana Magn. 1894. Hedw. 33:83. (P.
sessilis Schneider, as used by Winter, Plowright, and
Klebahn). Infects only Al/zum ursinum.

3. Puccinia smilacearum-digraphidis Klebahn. 1896.
Zeits. 1. Pilkr. 62261. (CP. sesszdes Sclineidegeas: used aby,
Magnus and Dietel). Infects Polygonatum, Majanthemum
Convallaria and Paris.

4. Puccinia convallarie-digraphidis Klebahn. 1896.
lic. (P. digraphidis Sopp.) Infects only Convallaria.

5. Puccinia paridis-digraphidis Kiebahn. 1896. 1. c.
(P. paridis Plow.). Infects only Parzs.

6. Puccinia schmidtiana Dietel. 1896. Ber. d. Naturf.

AMERICAN UREDINE. 191

Ges. zu Leipzig, Jahrg. 1895-6 :198. Infects Leucozum
vernum.

7. Puccinia orchidearum-phalaridis Kiebahn. 1898.
Zeits.. ft, Pilkr. 8:23, 9:155. Infects Orchis maculata,
Platanthera chlorantha, and Listera ovata.

Puccinia sessilis was the first of these species published,
and the description, based upon teleutospores collected in
Silesia, would apply to all. Dr. Winter in Saxony made
the first cultures (Ber. d..Nat.Ges. zu Leipzig, 1874 :41),
and showed that the teleutospores of a Puccznza not dis-
tinguishable from Puccinza sessilis, produced its zecidium
on Allium, and the experiments were repeated by Plow-
right in England with the same result (1887. Jour. Linn.
Soc. 24:89). Magnus claimed (1894. Hedw. 33:83) that
as the ecidium on Alum and Arum did not occur in
Silesia where the teleutosporic type material was collected,
while an zecidium was common there on all the four hosts
named above under ‘‘3’’, therefore the name Puccinza sesszlts
must apply to the Puccznza producing these latter ecidia.
This would require a new name for the Puccinza infecting
Allium, which he accordingly called Puccinza winteriana.

The culture experiments in Europe have been numerous
and carried on for several years, and the results seem, in
general, well established. Klebahn tried growing Puccinza
smilacearum-digraphidis for a number of seasons on Po/y-
gonatum,to see whether it would develop a tendency to
less easily infect the other hosts. He found that it did in-
fect Polygonatum more strongly than other hosts, and in
his last article he says that although it is wise to guard
against too hasty conclusions, he thinks that his experi-
ments appear to indicate the possibility of a change in the
character of a fungus through cultures.

This species has been called Pucctnta striatula Peck
(Puc. linearis Pk.), a name of uncertain application, but
which is probably not to be cited as a synonym.

192 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

No cultures of this species have been made in the
United States, but the collections presented herewith are
so clearly indistinguishable from what Klebahn has called
Puccinita smilacearum-digraphidis that we do not hesitate
to associate the American ecidia and teleutospores.

What will be the ultimate systematic standing of bio-
logical species among the Uvedinee is yet uncertain.
There is no gainsaying the statement that ‘“‘the races of
one generation of botanists often become the species of the
next generation, who as they study them more minutely
and carefully, discover constant marks not previously
recognized.’’ In our opinion there appears to be consider-
able utility and no material harm in treating the biologi-
cally distinguishable forms of Phalarzs rust as normal
species. In an address on ‘‘The conception of species as
affected by recent investigations on fungi’’ delivered by
Dr. Farlow three years ago before the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science, the conclusion is
reached, after reviewing many specific cases including the
one in hand, that ‘‘as systematic botany develops in the
future it may very well become the study of races rather
than species as we now consider them. In some cases, as
in the Uredinacee@, the time may be not far distant when
this condition of things will be reached.’’ To meet the
requirement of utility and the growing tendency in syste-
matic work we have undertaken to select the name for the
forms of rust presented in this fascicle in the same manner
as we would for thoroughly distinct and unquestioned
species. We therefore feel it incumbent upon us to
recognize the law of priority, which at once compels us to
ignore such a recent, but attractively descriptive name as
Puccinia smilacearum-digraphidis. The earliest name
that we have found is by Schumann, who cites for his name
but the single host, Convallaria bifolia, since transferred
to the genus Smz/acina, and now resting under the genus
Unitolium. Immediately following £cidium majanthe

AMERICAN UREDINEZ. 193

on the page in Schumann’s work is 4c7dium convallarie
occuring on Convallaria majalis, which should clearly
provide the specific name for Klebahn’s Puccenza conval-
larie-digraphidis. So far as we know the latter species
does not occur in this country.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

The drawings have been made from a Zeiss microscope fitted witha
D objective and No. 8 compensating ocular, and by the use of an Abbe
camera lucida. They are uniformly drawn to a magnification of 625
diameters, and reduced in engraving to 470 diameters.

The essentially correct dimensions of the spores may be obtained
from the plates by multiplying the measurements taken in millimeters
by two, the results being in mucros (/).

The pores shown for the uredospores do not always represent the full
number, but only those that were evident. When the scar on the
uredospores left by the separation of the pedicel is shown, it is placed
lowermost.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

35a. PUCCINIA TRIPSACI Diet. G& Holw.
On Tripsacum dactyloides 1,., from Mexico.
Five amphispores and four teleutospores.
36a. PUCCINIA POLYSORA Und.
On Tripsacum dactyloides ., from Mexico.
Four uredospores.
37a. PUCCINIA VIRGATA Ell. G Everh.
On Chrysopogon avenaceus (Michx.) Benth., from Kansas.
Four uredospores,three paraphyses and four teleutospores.
38a. PUCCINIA ELLISIANA 7huem.
On Andropogon scoparius Michx., from Kansas.
Three uredospores, one drawn as if opaque, and seven
teleutospores.
385. PUCCINIA ELLISIANA Thuem.
On Andropogon scoparius Michx., from Iowa.
Two uredospores and eight teleutospores.

39a.

396.

39c.

39d.

39e.

39f,

392.

39h.

392.

397.

39k.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

PUCCINIA ANDROPOGONIS Schw.
On Pentstemon hirsutus (.) Willd., from Indiana.
Five spermatia and four ecidiospores.
PUCCINIA ANDROPOGONIS Schw.
On Pentstemon albidus Nutt., from Kansas.
Four ecidiospores.
PUCCINIA ANDROPOGONIS Schw.
On Pentstemon grandifiorus Nutt., from Nebraska.
Five spermatia and five ecidiospores.
PUCCINIA ANDROPOGONIS Schiv.
On Andropogon scoparius Michx., from Iowa.
Four uredospores and one teleutospore.
PUCCINIA ANDROPOGONIS Schw.
On Andropogon scoparius Michx., from Indiana.
One uredospore and three teleutospores.
PUCCINIA ANDROPOGONIS Schw.
On Andropogon scoparius Michx., from Indiana.
Two uredospores aud five teleutospores.
PUCCINIA ANDROPOGONIS Schw.
On Andropogon furcatus Muhl., from Iowa.
Four uredospores and one teleutospore.
PUCCINIA ANDROPOGONIS Schw.
On Andropogon furcatus Muhl., from Indiana.
Two uredospores, one drawn as if opaque, and five teleuto-
spores.
PUCCINIA ANDROPOGONIS Schw.
On Andropogon furcatus Muhl., from Iowa.
One uredospore, drawn as if opaque,and four teleutospores.
PUCCINIA ANDROPOGONIS Schw.
On Andropogon furcatus Muhl., from Kansas.
Two uredospores and five teleutospores.
PUCCINIA ANDROPOGONIS Schw.
On Andropogonis hallit, Hack., from Nebraska.
Two uredospores and two teleutospores.

40a.

406.

40c.

40d.

4la.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

PUCCINIA VERSICOLOR Diet. & Holw.
On Andropogon melanocarpus Ell., from Mexico.
Two uredospores and four teleutospores.
PUCCINIA VERSICOLOR Diet. & Holw.
On Andropogon melanocarpus Ell., from Mexico.
Three uredospores and four teleutospores.
PUCCINIA VERSICOLOR Diet. & Holw.
On Andropogon melanocarpus Ell., from Mexico.
Six uredospores, one drawn as if opaque, and three teleuto-
spores.
PUCCINIA VERSICOLOR Diet. & Holw.
On Andropogon contortus l,., from Mexico.
Two uredospores and three teleutospores.
PUCCINIA CENCHRI Diet. & Holw.
On Cenchrus multiflorus Presl., from Mexico.
Two uredospores and six teleutospores.

42a.

420.

43a.

44a,

44d,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Puccinia suBsTRIATA Ell. & Barth,
On Paspalum setaceum Michx., from Kansas.
Four uredospores and four teleutospores.
PUCCINIA SUBSTRIATA Ell. & Barth.
On Paspalum paniculatum \., from Mexico.
Four uredospores and six teleutospores.
PUCCINIA SUBSTRIATA Ell. & Barth.
On Pennisetum mexicanum Hemsl., from Mexico.
Four uredospores and five teleutospores.
PUCCINIA SUBSTRIATA Ell. & Barth.
On Pennisetum mexicanum Hemsl., from Mexico.
Two uredospores and six teleutospores.
UROMYCES HALSTEDII De Tont.
On Homalocenchrus virginicus (Willd.) Britt., from Wisconsin.
Seven uredospores and five teleutospores.
PUCCINIA MAJANTHA (Schum.) Arth. & Holw.
On Polygonatum commutatum (R. & S.) Dietr., from lowa.
Nine spermatia and five ecidiospores.
PUCCINIA MAJANTHZ: (Schum.) Arth. & Holw.
On Phalaris arundinacea l,., from Michigan.
Five uredospores and three teleutospores.

i. -
1 ;
‘ iY neo

THE LOSS OF IOWA CITY AND VICINITY .*

BY B. SHIMEK.

The loess of Iowa City presents no unique features. It
is of the type which prevails in the eastern part of the
state, being fine and homogeneous; found chiefly on high-
lands, especially in its undisturbed condition, and follow-
ing their vertical contours, thus varying but little in thick-
ness which seldom exceeds twelve or fifteen feet; contain-
ing both tubules and loess-kindchen in the usual varying
proportions; and more or less fossiliferous. It has been
quite fully discussed by McGeet. Lists of the fossils
which are found about Iowa City have already been
published,{ and it is not the purpose of this paper to offer
much that is new in this direction, but rather to present a
detailed account of the habits of the local modern molluscs,
and their bearing on the loess.

In probably no other locality in the country have these
modern and loess faunas been studied side by side more
fully than at Iowa City. Besides the early work of Witter,
and that of Keyes (chiefly upon State University Museum
specimens collected and identified by the writer), the
efforts of Pilsbry and Bayard Elliott were especially note-
worthy, though the former published but little, while the
latter made no permanent record of his observations, but
submitted a part of his collection to the present author,
who has been engaged in loess and molluse studies with

* This paper was presented in abstract to the Iowa Academy of Sci.,
December, 1900.

+ U. S. Geol. Sur., vol. xi, pt. i, 1891.

+ WJ McGee, /..c.;,. C.. lL. Webster, Am. Nat.,. May, 1887, p. 419; B.
Shimek, Am. Geol., vol. i, pp. 149-152, 1888; Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist.,
State Univ. Ia., yol. i, pp. 200-209, 1890; etc.

196 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

more or less interruption for many years, and has gathered
together great numbers of both fossil and modern forms
which bear on this question.

The lists representing these faunas are therefore more
complete than is possible where resident observers are not
engaged in the investigation of both branches of the
subject, and this fact, coupled with the comparative rich-
ness of both faunas, makes a comparison of them especi-
ally interesting and suggestive. Since all of the fossils
which have been found at Iowa City are molluscs, and
belong with few exceptions to the local modern molluscan
fauna, a study of the habits of the living species is of the
highest importance because of the lhght which is thus
thrown upon the conditions which existed during the
deposition of the loess. The species included in this list
are therefore grouped according to habit in order that
comparisons and conclusions may be facilitated. All notes
on distribution, etc. of both modern and fossil shells in
the following list have reference to the vicinity of Iowa
City only, unless otherwise specifically stated. ‘‘Western
’» means that of western Iowa and eastern Nebraska.
The material was abundantly collected and studied in the
field by the author, and is now in his private collection.

The names of the local fossil (loess) species are pre-
ceded by two asterisks. Those which have been found
fossil in the loess in other localities, but not at Iowa City
though now found living here, are marked by one asterisk.
The latter series does not however include all the species
of the modern fauna of Iowa City which were reported in
the earlier Missouri and Nebraska lists of loess fossils,
as no specimens are extant and the species are not now
known to occur in undoubted loess. The species living
near Iowa City but not represented in the loess are un-
marked. ‘The territory covered by this report is included
within a radius of six miles from Iowa City.

loess

IOWA CITY LOKSS. 197
REGENT AND FOSSIL MOLLUSCS: ABIOWA CIrry.
1. SPECIES HERE FOUND ONLY AS FOSSILS.

**PYRAMIDULA SHIMEKII (P2ls.) Shim.

Quite common in the loess of Iowa City, which furnished
the type specimens. A more complete discussion of this
species is given on pp. 139-145 of this Bulletin.

**PYRAMIDULA STRIGOSA IOWENSIS /2/s.

This variety is now extinct. All other forms of this
extremely variable species however belong to the dry
western plateaus and mountains. It is locally quite com-
mon in the loess, and the type specimens were from this
locality.

**PUPA MUSCORUM (Z.).

Now living in the U. S. from Maine to Montana, thence
to Nevada. Also in Europe. Not rare in the loess.

**PUPA BLANDI (Morse) Binn.

Two specimens were recently found in the loess near
lowa City. It is not rare in the western loess, and is
found living from New Mexico to Montana. ‘The shells
usually formerly reported under this name are Aifdaria
pentodon(?). The easternmost localities from which fossils
have been received are Muscatine and Stockton in Musca-
tine county, Iowa. ‘They were erroneously reported as
P. muscorum.*

**VALLONIA GRACILICOSTA Rezzh.

Quite common in the loess. It is common in western

* Through the writer’s error they were so reported in Prof. Udden’s
note on Hershey Ave. fossils in Leverett’s Report in U.S. Geol.
Sur. vol. xxxviii, p. 174, 1899. In that list P. blandi should be
substituted for P. muscorum. Also in Udden’s Report, Ia. Geol.
Sur., vol. ix, p. 359, 1899, where the same substitution should be
made in the Fulton township (Stockton) list. P. muscorum does
however occur at Muscatine.

198 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

and northwestern Iowa, and thence westward, where it
lives in high, dry situations. Its easternmost known
station in Iowa is in Winnebago county.

**SUCCINEA GROSVENORII Lea. (?)

A form referable to this species is quite common in the
local loess. ‘The species now lives abundantly in the South,
and in Nebraska and western Iowa, and is uniformly found
(so far as the writer’s experience shows) in situations
which are exposed to severe drouth during at least a portion
of each year.

The Succineas of this group, both recent and fossil,
require further elaboration.

It is interesting to note that the foregoing species, now
extinct at Iowa City, all belong to the modern terrestrial
fauna of the dry west, from Montana to New Mexico, and
that only two species extend eastward as far as Iowa.

2. TERRESTRIAL SPECIES, NOW LIVING AT IOWA CITY.
a. Species of higher, more. or less exposed, and
often rocky slopes. |
*VALLONIA PARVULA \Sterkz.

Common on exposed rocky slopes, hence occuring in
scattered colonies. Rare in the loess of western Iowa.

*TLEUCOCHEILA FALLAX (Say) J77ry.

Locally common on higher exposed slopes, chiefly under
fragments of limestone. Rare in the loess of western Iowa
and eastern Nebraska.

**BIFIDARIA ARMIFERA (Say) Sterkz.

Very common. Most frequent on more or less exposed
slopes under limestone, among roots of grasses, etc.
Sometimes also in deeper shade, and occasionally on lower

IOWA CITY LOESS. 199

grounds, under logs, etc. Rare in the loess at Iowa City,
but very common in the western loess at Council Bluffs,
Iowa.

*BIFIDARIA HOLZINGERI (S¢erkz).

Quite common under stones, etc. on exposed hillsides.
Rather rare in western loess.

**BIFIDARIA PENTODON (Say) Sterkz.

Quite common on rather open rocky slopes, sometimes
on lower grounds, under stones, etc. As a fossil this
species is widely distributed, and in this locality is very
common.

*BIFIDARIA CURVIDENS (Gld.) Sterkz.

Not uncommon. It is rare in the loess of the west and
south, but has not been found fossil at Iowa City.

*BIFIDARIA CORTICARIA (Say) Sterkz.

Common in a few restricted localities among the roots of
tufted grasses, etc. growing on exposed rocky slopes. Not
found in the local loess, but reported from Des Moines by
Keyes, from Muscatine by Witter and from Illinois by
Leverett. It is not rare in the loess of Natchez, Miss.

*POLYGYRA LEAI (Ward) Pils.

Found here under sticks, etc. on slopes near a prairie
swamp. Also more rarely on scantily wooded slopes.
Rare in the loess of the west, etc.

*SUCCINEA AVARA Say.

Not rare on more or less exposed rocky slopes. ‘This is
the small, typical form which is now found on low grounds.
The same form occurs abundantly as a fossil, being one of
the most characteristic species of the loess. It occurs in
all the fossiliferous exposures near Iowa City, being the
only fossil found in some of them.

**VITREA INDENTATA (Say) Pils.

Not rare on rocky slopes. This, and the following

200 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

species, also occurs on lower grounds, but both are more
common on drier slopes. Rare in the loess.

**7 ONITOIDES MINUSCULUS (Bzmn.) Pils.

Common under stones, etc. on higher slopes, and under
sticks, leaves, etc. on lower grounds. Rare in the loess.

6b. Species of higher, more deeply shaded (often
mossy and rocky) banks and slopes, some-
times in deep woods.

**HELICINA OCCULTA Say.

This species, though a prosobranch, is strictly terrestrial
in its habits. It is found living in but one locality, a
steep, rocky northern slope near Turkey creek, six miles
north of Iowa City, the locality in which it was first dis-
covered by the writer about twenty-two years ago. It is
quite abundant in this very restricted locality, being found
under stones and fallen leaves. It is very common in
the loess, and is found in nearly all the exposures. The
body-whorl of the fossil shell sometimes still contains the
operculum.

The writer recently found this species (living) common
on the rocky slopes along Pine Hollow creek in Dubuque
county, and Little Turkey river and its small tributaries in
Clayton county, Iowa localities not hitherto reported.

**POLYGYRA PROFUNDA (Say) Puls.

Common under sticks, stones, leaves, etc. on higher
shaded slopes. It is found in but one loess-exposure in
this vicinity, but is very common in the loess of Natchez,
Miss.

*POLYGYRA CLAUSA (Say) Pils.

Widely distributed in deeper woods near Iowa City, but

nowhere common. As a fossil it is rare, occurring occa-

sionally in more southerly loess. None have been found at
Iowa City.

IOWA CITY LOESS. 201

*POLYGYRA HIRSUTA (Say) Pils.

Locally quite widely distributed in deeper woods, though
never gregarious. Fossil shells are found sparingly in the
western loess at Council Bluffs, Ia.

*POLYGYRA MONODON (Rack.) Pils.

This species is very similar to the preceding in its
habits, and in the distribution of both the recent and fossil
forms, both, however, being rather more abundant.
Neither has been found fossil at Iowa City, though their
discovery would not be surprising. Common in the loess
at Natchez, Miss., and also fossil in Indiana.

*STROBILOPS VIRGO (Pis.).

Locally common on rocky, shaded slopes. It is occa-
sionally found fossil in the western loess. This has
ordinarily been reported as Strobzla labyrinthica Say.

VERTIGO MILIUM (G/d.) Bini.

Not common, on mossy banks and slopes. Not found
fossil. Its minute size might easily cause it to be over-

looked.
**VERTIGO OVATA Say.

Rare, on mossy, shaded banks, sometimes on lower
grounds. Somewhat more common as a fossil, occurring
sparingly in several of the exposures.

*VERTIGO BOLLESIANA (JVorse.)

Rare, on mossy banks, usually in shady places. It is
rare in the western loess.

*VERTIGO TRIDENTATA Wolf.

Locally common, usually on rather exposed rocky, moss-
covered banks. Found sparingly in the western loess.

**COCHLICOPA LUBRICA (AZill.).

Rare on rather open slopes, etc. It is more common as

202 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

a fossil, but is one of the rarer species of the local loess.
*CIRCINARIA CONCAVA (Say) Pals.

Widely distributed on shaded, especially rocky, slopes,
but not gregarious. It is not found in the local loess,
but is quite common southward. It is one of the common
fossils at Natchez, Miss.

**CoNULUS FULVUS (Drap.) Mill,

Not uncommon on shaded slopes in moss, and under
sticks, leaves, etc. Fossil shells are not rare, and as a rule
are better developed than the modern specimens.

*ZONITOIDES ARBOREUS (Say) Sterkz.

Very common, usually under logs in high or low places,
and not uncommonly in comparatively open woods. It
can not yet be reported from the local loess, but has been
found by Prof. Savage in the loess of Henry county, Iowa,
and it is not rare in the western loess.

**PYRAMIDULA ALTERNATA (Say) Pals.

Locally common, usually on higher, deeply-shaded slopes
under logs, stones, leaves, etc. _ Not common in the loess
at Iowa City.

**PYRAMIDULA PERSPECTIVA (Say) Puls.

Common on shaded banks, etc. under decaying logs.
This species is not generally distributed in the loess, though
it is very common at Natchez, Miss. At Iowa City it
occurs rather abundantly in but one exposure.

**HELICODISCUS LINEATUS (Say) Morse.

Scattered specimens are not infrequent. They are
usually found in deeper shade under sticks and logs.
Fossil shells are quite rare.

*PUNCTUM PYGMAUM (Drap.) Binn.

This minute shell is easily overlooked, but is quite
common under sticks and fallen bark on northerly shaded

IOWA CITY LOESS. 203

slopes, and among clumps of hazel, etc. on lower grounds.
The author collected fossil shells in the loess of Natchez,
Miss., but none have yet been found in the northern
loess.

**SPHYRADIUM EDENTULUM ALTICOLA (/zger.) Pils.

While this form scarcely deserves rank as a variety, the
name is here retained to designate the common loess fossil
which is identical with recent shells (commonly known
under the varietal name) which are now found in Wyom-
ing, Colorado, etc. This form is much elevated, and has
a distorted body-whorl, which destroys the symmetry of
the otherwise almost perfectly cylindrical shell. Typical
edentulum is exactly like the upper part of the shell of the
variety and is a less fully developed form. An occasional
shell of the varietal form is found eastward with the type.
Speaking of the recent shells Dr. Sterki says:* ‘‘There
are, among the common form, high specimens with
narrower penultimate and wider last whorl, found every-
where occasionally in this country as well as in Europe;
and thus P. altzcola Inger. is not even a true var. here.’’

However in the Rocky Mountain region the variety is
the common form, and it is likewise generally distributed
through the northern loess, belonging to the category of
the most common and most characteristic loess fossils.

Only two recent specimens have thus far been taken at
Iowa City. As both are rather young shells it is impossible
to determine whether they are the type or the variety. As
the distinction between them, however, is not worthy of
maintainance, they are here grouped together.

c. Terrestial species of lower, shaded, alluvial
grounds, under sticks, leaves, etc.

**POLYGYRA MULTILNEATA (Say) Pils. (Large form).

Two forms of this species occur here. The larger, the

* Nautilus, vol. vi, pp. 6 and 7, May, 1882.

+ First described as Pupilla alticola Ingersoll, in Bull. U. S. Geol.
Sur. of the Terr., 2, p. 128,—1875.

204 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

more common form, lives on wooded alluvial bottom-lands
which are not too dry, and may befound abundantly creep-
ing or hiding among the smaller plants, under fallen
leaves, etc. Four fossil specimens only were found in one
of the exposures at Iowa City, and it is rare in the loess of
the Missouri river in eastern Nebraska. ‘The smaller form,
discussed under (ad), is much more common in the loess.

*BIFIDARIA CONTRACTA (Say) Sterkz.

Very common on rather low grounds, under logs, etc.,
sometimes ascending to higher slopes. Absent from the
local loess and rare westward. It is more common in the
southern loess.

BIFIDARIA PROCERA (G/d.) Sterk7.

Only one local specimen was collected on rather low
ground. Westward this species is quite common in drier
situations, under sticks and leaves in clumps of bushes,
etc. None have yet been found in the loess.

**VITREA HAMMONIS (S/vém.) Pils.

This name is used for the species commonly known as

Zonites viridulus Mke. on the authority of Pilsbry. Bin-
ney refers elzx hammonzis Strom. to Zonztes tabricit Beck,
—a species from Greenlatid.* Our species is’ quite
common under logs, etc. on rather low, more or less
wooded, grounds. Rather rare in the local loess, but
more common westward.

**PYRAMIDULA STRIATELLA (Azzh.) Puls.

Quite common on scantily timbered alluvial bottom-
lands, under logs, fallen leaves, etc. Also on higher
slopes. Asa fossil it is very common, and is widely dis-
tributed, appearing almost universally in our northern
loess deposits. Fossil eggs, agreeing exactly with recent
eggs of this species, are also frequently found.

* W. G. Binney: Terr. Air-Breath. Moll. U. S., vol. v, p. 127, 1878.

IOWA CITY LOKESS. 205

**SUCCINEA OBLIQUA Say.

Very common under leaves, etc. on timbered alluvial
bottom-lauds. Westward the species frequently appears on
higher grounds. Quite common as a fossil.

*CARYCHIUM EXIGUUM (Say) Gild.
This species is common in damp places on rather low

grounds, under logs, etc. No local fossil specimens have
been found, but the species is rare in the western loess.

*POMATIOPSIS LAPIDARIA (Say) 77ry.

Locally common with Pyramzdula_ striatella. ‘This
species, like Hlelzczna occulta is a gill-bearing mollusc, yet
it is strictly terrestrial in its habits. The author has col-
lected living specimens in widely separated sections of the
State, and found the habitat uniformly the same. Not
found in the local loess, but reported from Memphis,
Tenn.,* from Missourit and from Arkansas.{

While the species of this group are more common on lower
grounds, most of them occasionally appear on higher
slopes. Thus VPolygyra multilineata (medium sized),
Bifidaria contracta, Vitrea hammonts, Pyramidula stria-
tella and Succinea obliqua are very common on a rather
scantily wooded, rocky, steep slope in Iowa City at an
altitude of from twenty-five to seventy-five feet above the
Iowa river. Most of these species also occur sparingly at
higher altitudes in the western part of the State. Bzfdaria
contracta is so common in such situations in all parts of
the State, that it might well be classed ingroup (0).

d. Species of mud-flats, edges of swamps, etc.

ZONITOIDES NITIDUS (AZi//,) Sz.

This species is locally not uncommon under sticks and

* James M. Safford: Geol. Tenn., p. 434; 1869. Reported as Amnicola.

+ G. C. Swallow: Geol Sur. of Mo., vols. i and ii, p. 215. Also reported
as Amnicola.

¢ R. E Call: Rep. Ark. Geol. Sur., vol. ii, pp. 166, 167 and 179.

206 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

leaves in low, wet places. It has not been found in the
loess.

**POLYGYRA MULTILINEATA (Say) Puls.

The smaller form, already mentioned, is not uncommon
along the edges of a prairie swamp near Iowa City. It is
almost exactly like the locally more common fossil form of
this species. This small form is also common in other
portions of the State,—especially westward.

*SUCCINEA RETUSA Lea.

This species is now common on mud, etc. among plants
in swampy places. The large variety magzster Pils. is the
common form. A few fragmentary specimens of young
shells from the loess of Nebraska are in the writer’s
possession. They are probably young shells of the
variety. None have been found at Iowa City.

** SUCCINEA ———— sp. (?).

A rather iarge Swccznea, which has not yet been satis-
factorily placed, is quite common on bare mud-flats along
streams, and also occurs in the local loess. In some
respects it is intermediate between S. avara and.S. obliqua,
sometimes approaching the smaller, more slender forms
of the latter species quite closely.

The foregoing species are wholly terrestrial in habit,and
moreover, with few exceptions flourish in comparatively
dry situations. While all require a certain amount of
moisture when active, the lower surface of a fallen leaf, a
stick, or a stone, even in a comparatively exposed place,
furnishes all that is necessary.

The following summary of the preceding notes is of
interest:

Species found at Iowa City only as fossils : : ‘ 6
Species found here both living and fossil : : : 5 ie
Species now found living here, but occurring as fossils

in the loess of other localities - ; - : Ue)
Species living here, but not yet reported from the loess 3

Total 47

IOWA CITY LOESS. 207

These shells represent more than 90% of the fossils in
the loess, and, the fossil fauna so far as it occurs, is very
similar to the living surface fauna. ‘he latter is richer in
species, but this difference may be only apparent. A close
study of the local living fauna shows that species
frequently occur in very restricted areas. Different parts
of the same slope, often but a few feet apart, not in-
frequently show much variation in the distribution of
species. When we take this peculiarity of distribution of
land-shells into account with the comparatively very small
total area of all the loess exposures of this vicinity, we can
readily see that the opportunities for finding the recent
shells are much better.

While, as stated, the great majority of the local loess
fossils belong to the preceding lst of terrestrial forms, a
few additional species of aquatic habit are also sparingly
found. In no case, however, are they generally distribu-
ted in the loess, and with the possible exception of
Limnea caperata and L. humilis, very few individuals are
found. In order that the comparative scantiness of the
fossil aquatic molluscan fauna may be more fully appreci-
ated a list of the local aquatic species is here given. Those
which also occur in the local loess are marked by two
asterisks, and those which are positively known as fossils
only from other localities are marked by one asterisk.

2. AQUATIC SPECIES NOW LIVING AT IOWA CITY.
a. Species of smaller ponds, etc., which often
become dry in summer.
*LIMNZA REFLEXA Say.
Common some years in shallow ponds. Not found inthe

loess of Iowa and Nebraska, but reported from Missouri by
Hambach.*

**TAIMNA&A CAPERATA Say.

Locally very common. As a fossil it occurs in but few

* Geol. Sur. of Mo., Bull. no. 1, p. 82; April., 1890.

208 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

exposures, and in these is usually restricted to narrow
bands or pockets, in which it is quite abundant.
**LIMNAA HUMILIS Say.

Very common in shallow ponds, or on mud-flats. As a
fossil it occurs with the preceding species, and is even
more common.

**T IMNAHA DESIDIOSA Say (?).

Some of the smaller fossil shells of Zzmn@a may belong
to this species. It is probably found inthe loess westward,
though in some cases at least the fossils reported under
this name undoubtedly belong to the preceding species.
Common in shallow ponds.

**PHYSA GYRINA Say.

Very common in shallow ponds. ‘Two very small speci-
mens, probably this species, were found in the loess at
Iowa City.

PHYSA INTEGRA /ffald.

Very common in ponds, etc. Hitherto reported as P.
heterostropha Say. In a very large series of shells from
Iowa and Nebraska not one specimen of the latter species
was found.

PHYSA SAYI Zap.

Quite common locally. None fossil.
PLANORBIS CAMPANULATUS Say.

Rare locally in ponds. None fossil.
*PLANORBIS TRIVOLVIS Say.

Very common in shallow ponds. Reported from Mis-
souri, but, if occurring at all, certainly not common.
*PLANORBIS BICARINATUS Say.

Common in shallow ponds. One fossil specimen was
collected by Prof. Beyer at Ames, and the species has been
reported from the loess of Tennessee.*

* Safford, Geology of Tenn., p. 434; 1869.

IOWA CITY LOESS. 209

PLANORBIS EXACUTUS Say.

Locally common in shallow ponds.
*PLANORBIS PARVUS Say.

Very common in ponds, etc. Rare in the western loess.
*PLANORBIS ALBUS Muell.

Quite rare in rather more permanent ponds. Prof.
Udden collected one specimen in the loess of Milan, Ill.

PLANORBIS DILATATUS Gld.(?).
Locally rather frequent. None fossil.
*SEGMENTINA ARMIGERA (Say) A. & A. Ad.

Common in ponds. Reported from the loess of Missouri,
but not known as a fossil in Iowa and Nebraska.

ANCYLUS DIAPHANUS fald,
Common on sticks, etc. in more permanent ponds.
*VALVATA TRICARINATA (Say).

Quite common. It also occurs in deeper ponds. Prof.
Udden collected it in the loess of Milan, Ill., and it is re-
ported from Missouri. It is, however, very rare as a
fossil.

PISIDIUM COMPRESSUM Pr7me(?).

A few valves of this, or a closely related species, were
found in the local loess. The species is now common,
especially westward, in small prairie streamlets, etc.

All but the last two species in this list are air-breathing
forms. The last one is a bivalve.

b. Species of deeper ponds, bayous, etc.

GASTEROPODS.

BITHYNELLA OBTUSA (Zea) Sf. Quite common.
AMNICOLA CINCINNATENSIS (dnth.). Very common.
AMNICOLA LIMOSA (Say) Hald. Quite common.

V—2 10

210 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

VALVATA BICARINATA Lea. Rather rare.
LAMELLIBRANCHS.

SPH#RIUM RHOMBOIDEUM (Say). Pr. Quite common.
CALYCULINA PARTUMEIA (Say). Common.
CALYCULINA SECURE (Prime). Not common.
CALYCULINA TRANSVERSA (Say). Wery common.
PIsipIUM ABDITUM Hiald. Very common.

UNIO* SUBROSTRATUS Say. Quite common.
ANODONTA GRANDIS Say. Common.

ANODONTA IMBECILLIS Say. Common.

c. Species of the larger creeks and the river.

GASTEROPODS.

PLEUROCERA SUBULARE (Lea) 7Jry. Common.
SOMATOGYRUS SUBGLOBOSUS (Say). Common.
SOMATOGYRUS INTEGER (Say) Binn.

CAMPELOMA SUBSOLIDUM (Anth.) Call. Very common.
CAMPELOMA Two other possible species.
LiopLaX SUBCARINATA (Say) Tros. Not common.
ANCYLUS RIVULARIS Say. Very common.

LAMELLIBRANCHS.

SPHARIUM SULCATUM (Lam.) Pr. Very common.
SPH#RIUM SOLIDULUM (/r.). Quite common.
SPH#RIUM STRIATINUM (Lam.) Pr. Rather frequent.
UNIO a!sopus Green. Common.

Unio ALATUS Say. Common.

UNIO ANODONTOIDES Lea. Common.

Unio CAPAX Green. Rather rare.

Unio coccingeus Hild. Common.

Unto cornutus Aarnes. Quite common.

UNIO DONACIFORMIS Lea. Quite common.

UNIO EBENUS Lea. Rare.

UNIO ELEGANS Lea. Common.

UNIO ELLIPSIS Lea. Rather rare.

UNIO FRAGOSUS Con. Quite common.

Unio GRACcILIS Barnes. Common.

UnNIo La&vissimus Lea. Common.

UNIO LIGAMENTINUS Lam. Very common.

*For convenience the old generic names of this group are
retained.

here

IOWA CITY LOESS. a4

UNIO LUTEOLUS Lam. Quite common.

UNIO METANEVER Raf. Common.

UnIo oBLIOUUS Lam. Not common.

UNIO ORBICULATUS FAii/d. Rare.

UNIO PARVUS #arnes. Common.

Unio pricatus Ze S. Very common.

UNIO pusTULOSUS Lea. Very common.

UNIO RECTUS Lam. Common.

UNIO RUBIGINOSUS Lea. Not rare.

UNIO SECURIS Lea. Rare.

UNIO SPATULATUS Lea. Rather common.

UNIO TENUISSIMUS Zea. Rare.

UNnIo TRIGONUS Lea. Very common.

UNIO TUBERCULATUS Sarnes. Very common.
UNIO UNDULATUS Barnes. Quite common.
UNIO VENTRICOSUS Barnes. Very common.
UNIO VERRUCOSUS Barnes. Rare.
MARGARITANA COMPLANATA Barnes. Common.
MARGARITANA HILDRETHIANA Lea. Locally common.
MARGARITANA MARGINATA Say. Rather rare.
MARGARITANA RUGOSA Larnes. Quite common.
ANODONTA EDENTULA Say. Common.
ANODONTA FERUSSACIANA Lea. Not rare.

Probably other species of Azodonta occur.

A summary of the aquatic species here listed presents
the following results:

Aquatic species found here both living and fossil : : 5
Aquatic species living here and occurring in the loess
elsewhere : : : : : : , 7
Aquatic species of the occurrence of which in
undoubted loess no record exists 5 . ; C . 66
Total 78

It will be observed that the proportion of local aquatic
shells found in the loess, here or elsewhere, is compara-
tively insignificant, and what is true of species applies with
even greater force to individuals. The fossil shells of
aquatic species, with the two exceptions already noted,
occur very sparingly indeed. The writer’s own sets of
these fossils, a part of the fruit of twenty years of careful
search, form such an insignificant part of his collection
that they seem scarcely worthy of serious attention. But

212 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

it will be further noticed that even these aquatic fossils
belong to the fauna of the small pond or streamlet which
may, and often does, remain dry during the greater part of
summer, and that their presence in no wise proves that
large bodies of water existed where the loess was deposited.
Indeed the total absence of species which are truly
fluviatile, or which at least prefer larger bodies of water,
would point to the contrary conclusion. These fluviatile
species are today very abundant in this vicinity, and their
shells are, for the most part at least, quite heavy, and
often large. Had large streams or other bodies of water
existed where the loess is deposited, thus furnishing con-
ditions favorable to this fluviatile fauna, it is reasonable to
suppose that some of these shells would be found fossil
today to relate the story of the conditions under which
they existed. Yet no such evidence has ever been foundin
undoubted undisturbed loess, and the conclusion that such
bodies of water did not exist where loess is now found is
irresistible. Indeed the molluscan fauna of the loess points
to comparatively dry, upland, terrestial conditions such as
exist over the greater part of Iowa today. It suggests
land-surfaces clothed with vegetation offering shelter and
food to terrestial snails,;—a vegetation developed under
medium conditions of moisture and temperature such as
exist here today.

IOWA PTERIDOPHYTA (Continued. )

BY Be SUEUR Ke

The writer’s recent visit to Dubuque and Clayton
counties, Iowa, a part of the time in company with Messrs.
Anderson and Nelson of the Dubuque High School, resulted
in interesting additions to the collection of Iowa Pteri-
dophyta in the Herbarium of the State University, which
were received too late for insertion in the main paper on
pp. 145-170 of this Bulletin. The region in which these
additional collections were made lies in Liberty township,
Dubuque county and Millville township, Clayton county,
and includes the interesting gorge known as Pine Hollow,
together with smaller ravines of a similar nature which are
tributary to the Little Turkey river. The collections were
made May 10-13, 1901. A list of the additional material,
with references to the main paper, is here given:

EKQUISETUM ARVENSE L. (p. 154).
Common, and still fruiting in both counties.

EQUISETUM PRATENSE Ehrh. (Insert on p. 154).

Sterile specimens of this species were quite common on
rocky slopes along Pine Hollow creek in both counties.
The species has not been reported from this State.

EQUISETUM ROBUSTUM A. Braun. (p.155).

Very common on lower ground in both counties. <A few
specimens are in fruit.

EQUISETUM HYEMALE Z. (p. 155).

Quite common in low sandy soil along Pine Hollow
creek in Dubuque county. None fruiting.

214 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

EQUISETUM LASVIGATUM A. Braun. (p. 155).

No specimens were found in the counties under con-
sideration, but sterile fronds were collected ez route in
Delaware county,—an additional locality.

BOTRYCHIUM VIRGINIANUM (Z.) Swz. (p. 156).

Rather young plants with green fruit were quite common
in both counties.

OSMUNDA CLAYTONIANA Z. (p. 158).

Finely fruited plants were common in both counties.
ONOCLEA SENSIBILIS Z. (p. 159).

Young sterile fronds were collected in Dubuque county.
STRUTHIOPTERIS STRUTHIOPTERIS (Z.). (p. 160).

Young sterile fronds were rather common in _ both
counties, and a last year’s fruiting frond was taken in
Dubuque.

CYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS (Z.) Bernh. (p. 160).
Plants with young fruit were common in both counties.
CYSTOPTERIS BULBIFERA (Z.) Beruh. (p. 161).

Common in both counties. The fruit was just beginning
to appear.

PHEGOPTERIS ROBERTIANA (Hoffm.) Fee. (p. 162).

A few sterile fronds were just beginning to appear in
moss-beds on rocky slopes in Dubuque county.

NEPHRODIUM CRISTATUM (L.) AZ. (p. 162).

A few plants with partly unrolled fronds were found in a
low swampy place in Dubuque county. Some of the fronds
displayed very young fruit.

NEPHRODIUM SPINULOSUM (fefz.) Desv. (p. 163).

Rather rare, on rocky slopes in Dubuque county. Very
young fruiting fronds were just appearing.

ADDENDA TO THE FLORA OF LYON COUNTY. 215

ATHYRIUM FILIX-FGiMINA (Z.) Roth. (p. 163).
Sterile immature fronds were common in both counties.

ATHYRIUM THELYPTEROIDES (JZx.) Desv. (p. 164.)
Young sterile fronds were not rare in Dubuque county.

CAMPTOSORUS RHIZOPHYLLUS (L.) Zink. (p. 165).
Common in both counties. Last year’s proliferous

fruiting fronds were in excellent condition.

PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM (ZL.) Kuhn. (p. 166).
Very young fronds were common in higher woods in

Dubuque county.

PELLA‘A ATROPURPUREA (L.) Link. (p. 166).
Well-fruited last year’s fronds were rather common in

both counties.

CRYPTOGRAMMA STELLERI (Gmel.) Prantl. (p. 167).
Very common in both counties. Young fruiting fronds

were abundant.

ADIANTUM PEDATUM ZL. (p. 167).

Very young fronds were common in both counties.

Note: The following locality-specimens, collected by Mr. Herbert
Goddard in Winneshiek county, should also have been noted on pp. 162
and 163.

Phegopteris robertiana (Hoffm.) Fée. (June, 1896). Very close to P.
dryopteris,—too close. Some are well-fruited.

Nephrodium goldicanum (Hk.) H. & G. (July, 1896). Well-fruited.

ADDENDA TO: THE, FLORA OF LYON COUNTY.

BY B. SHIMEK.

As a result of a brief visit made in August, 1900, to the
large grove occupying the southwestern corner of Lyon
county, Iowa, the writer is enabled to add several species
of flowering plants to his recently published list.*

One additional native tree, Juglans nigra 1,., the Black
Walnut, occurs sparingly on lower slopes, and should be

* “Flora of Lyon county,’’? Iowa Geol. Sur. vol. x, pp. 157-184, 1900.
J a) p

216 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

inserted on p. 162 of that paper. The remaining additional
species are herbs, and should be classed with the esophytic
species of wood and meadow .**

They are as follows:

VIOLA CANADENSIS £. Canada Violet.

One specimen in flower was collected on a wooded slope.
The lower surface of the leaves, the petioles, stipules and
peduncles in this specimen. are more pubescent than in
typical forms of the species.

IMPATIENS FULVA Nuét. Spotted Touch-me-not.

Not rare in marshy, shaded places.

SICYOS ANGULATUS Z. Star Cucumber.

Not rare on wooded alluvial bottoms along the Big
Sioux river in the large grove.

EUPATORIUM AGERATOIDES Z. White Snake-root.

Not rare on the shaded slopes.

BIDENS CONNATA Juhl. Swamp Beggar-ticks.

The typical form was rather common on shaded lower
slopes.

CHENOPODIUM HYBRIDUM Z. Maple-leaved Goosefoot.

Quite common on lower wooded slopes.

CHENOPODIUM BOSCIANUM JdZog. Goosefoot.

More common than the preceding species, and growing
with it, though usually selecting rather more open tracts in
the woods.

ARISAMA TRIPHYLLUM Zorr. Indian Turnip.

A few large fruiting specimens were found in rich soil
on the shaded lower slopes.

PANICUM CRUS-GALLI MUTICUM. Awnless Barnyard Grass.

This awnless form of a species already reported, was
found in some numbers in a little swamp surrounding a
spring, and both the locality and the surroundings indi-
cated that it is native. The plants were very vigorous,
the culms reaching a half-inch in thickness at the base,
and six to seven feet in height.

a5 See ibid), p. V/SteL.Seq.

This Bulletin, as all the preceding, is sent free to all institutions
and individuals from whom the University of Iowa receives sim-
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fifty cents.

BULLETIN OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.
NEW SERIES NO. 56. PRICE FIFTY CENTS.

VoL. V. No. 3
BULLETIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA

THE COLEOPTERA OF. COLORADO,

DESCRIPTIONS OF AMERICAN
UREDINEZ:, IV, .. . . J.C. ARTHUR AND E, W. D. Honway

Cre ele eee id H. F. WICKHAM

PUBLISHED

BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS

IOWA CITY, IOWA
OCTOBER, 1902

eECOOOoOoOoOC—————_——————————_—_—_—————_—_————=£=£=—[{=*_=*—>~CxL][=]]|[]]=—_—_—q—qE———————

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NUMBERS EVERY CALENDAR YEAR. ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT
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Wor. V. No. 3
BULLETIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA

PUBLISHED

BY AUTHORITY OF THE REGENTS

IOWA CITY, IOWA

OCTOBER, 1902

Secretary Wn. J. McCHESNEY:

We take pleasure in submitting herewith Bulletin No. 3,
of Vol. V, from the Laboratories of Natural History, of the

State University of Iowa.

Tue EpITors.
October, 1902.

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A CATALOGUE OF THE COLEOPTERA OF
COLORADO.

By H. F. WICKHAM.

The Coleoptera of Colorado have been made the subject of
numerous memoirs, of more or less importance, since Congress
gave the region its name and territorial standing in 1861.
Most of the earlier explorations were made under the auspices
of the Federal Government, and the results were published in
the reports of the department which had the expedition in
charge. A short sketch of these papers may not be out of
place.

In the year 1869, C. Thomas made a collection which was
reported upon by Dr. G. H. Horn.! The route followed ran
from Cheyenne, along the eastern flanks of the Rocky Moun-
tains, to Denver, whence side trips were made to Georgetown,
Central City and the Middle Park. The party then went
southward, through Colorado City, Soda Springs, Cafion City,
and Trinidad, across the Raton Mountains into New Mexico.
Returning, Colorado was again entered and collections made
in the San Luis Valley, Poncha Pass, Arkansas Valley, South
Park and Denver. No records of localities were kept and
consequently the list has little value to the student of distri-
bution.

A few years later, Lieut. W. L. Carpenter, U. S. A., col-
lected some beetles at various points, among which may be
noted Colorado Springs, Fairplay, Twin Lakes, the South

1A List of Coleoptera collected by C. Thomas in Eastern Colorado and
Northwestern New Mexico during the Survey of 1869. By Dr. G. H. Horn.

Hayden’s Preliminary Report of the U. S. Geol. Survey of Wyoming and
portions of contiguous Territories, for 1870. Washington, 1872.

V—3 I

218 NATURAL HISTORY -BULLETIN.

Park and Estes Park. Unfortunately but few of the locality
records were preserved. ‘The list is from the pen of Henry
Ulke.! Lieut. Carpenter added to Mr. Ulke’s paper a sep-
arate account of some forms taken at an altitude of more than
12,000 feet. A number of Colorado records are contained in
an article by Mr. Ulke that appeared at a later late.?

The next contribution is by Mr. J. Duncan Putnam.? He
publishes a list of some two hundred and fifty species taken
by himself, chiefly near the sources of Clear Creek, in the
neighborhood of Empire City; a few are from the Middle
Park, others from the base of the mountains at Denver,
Boulder and Canon City. The determinations are credited
to Mr. Ulke. Exact localities are not quoted, and as he made
excursions to the summits, the collection represents a mixed
fauna and gives no data on vertical distribution.

Mr. P. R. Uhler follows with a report which is of interest
and importance on account of the notes regarding localities
and habits; his paper4 deals with what is now well-trodden
ground,—the valley of Clear Creek, through Golden and
Beaver Brook. He also spent some time in the Arkansas
valley near Cafion City as well as at Denver, Manitou and
Colorado Springs. All of this work was done in the month
of August. Dr. A.S. Packard made a collection in the valley
of Clear Creek and on Gray’s Peak during the same summer,
and has given careful records. °®

1 List of Species of Coleoptera collected by Lieut. W. L. Carpenter, U.S. A.,
for the U. S. Geological Survey of Colorado. By Henry Ulke. Seventh
Annual Report of the U. S. Geological Survey, for 1873. Washington, 1874.

? Report on the collections of Coleoptera made in portions of Nevada,
Utah, California, Colorado, * * * * * during the years 1871, 1872, 1873 and
1874. Report of the Geographical and Geological Explorations and Surveys
west of the 1ooth meridian, Vol. V, Washington, 1875.

8 List of Coleoptera coliected in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado in 1872.
Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, 1876.

4 Report upon the Insects collected by P. R. Uhler during the Explorations
of 1875. Coleoptera. Bulletin of the Geological and Geographical Survey,
isi Wolly JOO

5 Ninth Annual Report of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey,
for 1875. Washington, 1877.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 219

The University of Kansas Expedition, in charge of Prof.
F. H. Snow, made large collections in 1876, chiefly in the
neighborhood of Colorado Springs, whence trips were made
to the surrounding plains and mountains. The South Park
was visited by way of the Ute Pass and a stay was made in
Engelmann’s Cajion on the Pike’s Peak trail. The results
were published by Prof. Snow.! | The omission: of locality
from many of the records detracts much from the value. Two
years later, another party from the same University camped
near Dome Rock in the Platte Cafon and took nearly a
hundred species. This collection was also reported upon by
Prof. Snow.? About this time a list was published by Dr. H.
Strecker, on a series of Coleoptera taken in the San Juan
region.* No definite localities are affixed to any of the names,
but from a perusal of the accompanying notes on Lepidoptera
it is evident that the expedition worked about Pagosa Springs
and along the small rivers flowing southward out of the San
Juan Continental Divide through Hinsdale, Archuleta and La
Plata counties into the Ute reservation. Some may be from
the adjacent regions of New Mexico.

Dr. J. L. Leconte is the author of some important memoirs
on the Rocky Mountain fauna, though the material on which
they are based was obtained by others. In the first of these
papers‘ no localities are cited for most of the species other than
saying that they came from Southern Colorado and Northern
New Mexico, chiefly from the eastern foot hills of the Rocky
Mountains. The second and third papers appeared under

1 List of Coleoptera collected in Colorado in June, July and August, 1876,
by the Kansas University Scientific Expedition. Transactions of the Kansas
Academy of Science, Vol. V, 1877.

2 List of Coleoptera collected near Dome Rock, Platte Cafion, by the Kan-
sas University Scientific Expedition for 1878. Transactions of the Kansas
Academy of Science, Vol. VI, 1877-1878.

® Coleoptera. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1878.

4Report upon new species of Coleoptera collected by the expeditions for
Geographical Surveys West of the rooth Meridian. Annual Report of the
Chief of Engineers for 1876, Appendix jj.

220 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

one title! and treat respectively of collections made by Mr.
Fred C. Bowditch and Mr. E. A. Schwarz. Mr. Bowditch
collected mostly in the vicinity of Georgetown, in the Leaven-
worth Valley, the South Park and near Florissant. A number
of records, however, are of species taken at Alma, Garland
and Manitou, or on high mountains. The collections of Mr.
Schwarz are from the southern part of the state—Alamosa,
Garland, La Veta and Veta Pass. These papers are of the
highest scientific value.

Finally we have the publications of Prof. T. D. A. Cock-
erell, who resided for some time at West Cliff, in Custer
county, and who printed several articles on the insect fauna
of Colorado, the most important being one dealing with the
entomology of Custer county.2, This memoir is not a mere
list of species but contains numerous valuable notes on habits
together with a discussion of several distributional problems.
Other papers by this author treat of the insects of different
parts of the state.

The amount of work done by investigators who have not
published the results is very considerable and probably their
records would more than equal those which have appeared in
print. Some of the more important trips may be noted here.
In 1877, the late Mr. H. K. Morrison spent three months in
the state, making collections in all orders, but I believe that
he did not furnish accurate localities with his material; at any
rate I have seen nothing more definite than “Colo. Morr.” on
any of the labels. In 1885, Messrs. Roland Hayward and
Fred. C. Bowditch made a long journey on horseback from
Gunnison to Montrose, thence through part of the Uncom-
pahgre country to Placerville, Rico, Durango and Northern
New Mexico. Returning, they went back to Durango, thence
eastward to Pagosa Springs, up the valley of the San Juan to

1 The Coleoptera of the Alpine Regions of the Rocky Mountains. Part I.

Bulletin of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey, Vol. IV, No. 2,
1G O meant lays t CMV OlmVE INO sao 70:

2The Entomology of the Mid-Alpine Zone of Custer County, Colorado.
Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Vol. XX, 1893.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 221

Summitville, down to Del Norte, through the San Luis Valley
to Saguache and from there to Gunnison. Accurate records
were kept and through the kindness of Mr. Hayward and Mr.
Bowditch I am able to include them in this paper. The work
done at the Colorado Agricultural College by Prof. C. P.
Gillette and his assistants is very important, since they have
brought together a great number of species from Fort Collins
as well as many from other parts of the state. Having seen
practically all of these collections, which were kindly sent me
for study by Prof. Gillette, the data are now made available
for reference. Mr. E. J. Oslar has sent me collections from
the neighborhood of Denver, as well as some from other local-
ities which have been useful. My own work as a collector in
Colorado may be stated briefly as follows,—a stop at Greeley
during the early part of May, 1889; a visit to Cafion City,
Salida, Red Cliff and Grand Junction in May, 1891; about two
months at Colorado Springs, Buena Vista, Leadville and
Breckenridge in 1896, followed the next summer by a trip of
several weeks duration to Denver, Georgetown, the Leaven-
worth Valley, Silver Plume and Ouray.

From the foregoing remarks it will be seen that nearly all
of the collecting has been done in a strip extending north and
south, embracing the territory covered by the principal moun-
tain chains and their foot-hills, while the great slope of plains
lying east of the longitude of Pueblo is practically untouched.
Nothing is known of the extreme northwestern corner and in
fact most of the region west of the ro8th meridian is still
waiting to be worked. Further study should be made of the
very high peaks, in search of remnants of the Arctic fauna.

The phenomena of distribution in Colorado are of much
interest. Within a radius of a few miles we may find assem-
blages of species representing at least three distinct faune.
The first, that of the great plains surrounding the mountains,
is marked by a great development of wingless or imperfectly
winged forms, probably largely invaders from the south where
we may suppose that the arid deserts first made their appear-
ance and where this characteristic feature is more in evidence

222 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

among the beetles. Good examples may be found among the
Meloidae, Tenebrionidae and epigzeal Rhynchophora. Occa-
sionally these forms leave their natural haunts and extend for
long distances up the river valleys. Thus Eleodes may some-
times be met with at altitudes exceeding ten thousand feet.
As we enter the timbered country on the higher foot-hills and
lower mountain sides, we encounter a fauna which while not
unmixed with species that have come up from the plains,
shows a strong affinity to the life about our Great Lakes.
Higher still—that is to say from about eight thousand to nine
thousand feet, according to the exposure, presence or absence
of near-by snow-fields and so on—we meet with many species
of genera still more boreal in habits. We may mention
Nebria with its many species, usually taken along the coldest
mountain streams, the flattened Bembidia, and the large
Aphodii. Above timber line the peaks sustain a few beetles
which seem to be of arctic origin, left, probably, by the
retreating ice-sheets of the Glacial period.

I cannot agree with Prof. Cockerell! who claims that the
Glacial epoch would, for the time being, result in the almost
complete extermination of the insect fauna of Colorado and
the adjacent table-lands. He assumes that the arid region
‘‘where not actually glaciated would be a frozen desert,”
something which I think is not indicated by such geological
evidence as we possess. The glaciation of Colorado was
apparently not particularly extensive. Neither does it seem
likely that the western ice-sheet went so far south as San
Diego; at any rate the indications seem to show that along
the highlands of Southern California only the loftier mount-
ains were glaciated at all. Today great glaciers exist in the
immediate vicinity of well-wooded districts rich in animal
life. The same phenomenon may have occurred during
ancient times.

For the present I refrain from discussing the correlation
between alpine and isothermal life-zones; the more readily as
I hope soon to treat the matter from a standpoint different

1 Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Vol. XX, p. 319.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 223

from that usually taken. There is of course that parallelism
between alpine and boreal productions which is due to con-
ditions of climate and temperature, so that generally speaking,
the ascent of a mountain takes us through a series of plants
and animals corresponding more or less closely to what we
should see in passing from south to north along the base of
the chain. However, migration up or down a mountain-side
is easy — often enforced by freshets or high winds— and
insects may occasionally occur in great numbers in situations
where they could not possibly breed.

LIST OF LOCALITIES CITED, WITH APPROXIMATE ALTITUDES.

While many of the altitudes here cited are not quite exact,
they are sufficiently accurate for our purpose. Some of the
data are drawn from the publications of the United States
Geological Survey, others from various railroad maps, and
the remainder are estimates or measurements furnished by
the collectors themselves. It must not be forgotten that the
actual altitude at which a specimen was collected may differ
by several hundred feet from that cited for the station, since
many of the towns are built on mountain-sides and a collector,
in order to save trouble, may label all of his captures alike.
Others adopt the plan of inclusive labelling, giving the ex-
tremes of altitude reached during work in a certain neighbor-
hood.

In addition, I have appended to each station of importance
the name of the investigator, and where one of these localities
is cited in the following pages the credit of collecting must be
allotted accordingly. Some instances occur where a different
plan had to be adopted and in these cases the collector or
authority is mentioned directly in the proper connection.

Alamosa. 7,500. Schwarz.

Alma. 10,250. Bowditch.

Arapahoe Peak. 11,000-12,000. Summit 13,520.
Argentine Pass. 13,286. Bowditch and Wickham.
Arkins. 6,000. O. E. Buffum.

224 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Aspen. 7,874. W. W. Willard.

Bailey’s. 7,714.

Beaver Brook. 6,391. Uhler.

Beaver Creek. Flows into the Poudre. Géillette.

Berkeley. Suburb of Denver. Oslar.

Big Narrows of Poudre. 6,800. C. F. Baker.

Boulder. 5,500.

Breckenridge. 9,674. Wickham. July.

Buena Vista. 7,925. Wickham. July.

Cafion City. 5,400.

Cafion of Big Blue. 8,500. Hayward and Bowditch. July.

Cerro Summit. Above Montrose, on D. & R.G.R.R.
Gillette.

Cheyenne Cajion. 6,200.

Chimney Gulch. 5,909. Oslar.

Cimarron. 6,874. Gillette.

Clear Creek Cafion. Near Denver, 6,000-—8,000.

Cochetopa Pass. 10,000. Bowditch and Hayward. August.

Colorado Springs. 6,000.

Cusack Ranch. In Wet Mountain Valley. 8,192. Cock-
erell.

Delta. 4,950. Géillette.

Dolores. Gillette.

Dome Rock. 6,200. Snow. July.

Durango. 5,500—7,000.

Engelmann’s Cafion. 6,000—-8,000. Snow.

Estes Park. 8,600. The toll road runs between the Park
and Lyons.

Florence. 5,199.

Florissant. 8,184. Bowditch.

Fort Collins. 5,000. The collections from this vicinity
were made by Professor C. P. Gillette together with his col-
laborators or assistants, C. F. Baker, E. J. G. Titus, E. D.
Varney and Miss Emma A. Gillette. The same parties also
took the species recorded from the following points in the
same general neighborhood, at altitudes ranging from 5,000
to 6,000 feet. Dixon, Rist, Owl, Soldier’s, Poudre and Spring

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 225

cafions; Howe’s Gulch, Horsetooth Gulch, Pleasant Valley,
Baxter’s Ranch, Bellevue, Laporte, Warren’s Lake, New
Windsor and Redstone.

Garden of the Gods. 6,100.

Garland. 7,900. Schwarz. (List by Leconte.)

Georgetown. 8,500.

Glenwocd Springs. 5,758. Gillette.

Golden. 5,690.

Gore Pass. 10,000. Gillette.

Grand Junction. 4,561. Wickham. May.

Grape Creek. In Wet Mountain Valley. Cockerell.

Gray’s Peak. Summit, 14,348; Kelso’s Cabin, 11,200.
Packard.

Greeley. 4,642. Wickham. May.

Gunnison. 7,500. Hayward and Bowditch.

Happy Hollow. Gillette.

Holly. 3,377. Gillette.

Horsefly Peak Divide. 8,000. Hayward and Bowditch.
July.

Horseshoe Park. In Estes Park. . Gillette.

Horsetooth Mountain. 8,000. C. F. Baker, J. H. Cowan.

Hotchkiss. 5,000. Gillette.

Hourglass Lake. Almost at timber line, near Little South.
Gillette.

Idaho Springs. 7,500.

La Junta. 4,000. June.

Lamar. 4,000. Gillette.

La Veta. 7,000. Schwarz. (List by Leconte.)

Leadville. 10,178. Wickham. July.

Leavenworth Valley. 9,000-10,000. Bowditch and Wick-
ham.

Little Beaver. Gillette.

Little Willow Creek. 8,000. Bowditch and Hayward.
July.

Little South. Small stream about thirty miles west of Fort
Collins, flowing into the Poudre. Gillette.

Livermore. 6,000. E. D. Varney.

226 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Long Gulch. 6,000-6,500. About six miles west and
north of Stove Prairie. Gillette.

Longmont. 4,935. Géillette.

Long’s Peak. Summit, 14,271; Lamb’s Ranch over 9,000.
Gillette.

Manhattan. 7,500. Gillette.

Manitou. 6,300.

Marshall Pass. 10,850. Gillette.

Micawber Mine. In Custer county, about 10,000. Cock-
erell.

Mineral Point Trail. Above Ouray, 9,000-10,000. Wick-
ham. July.

Montclair. Suburb of Denver. Oslar.

Montrose. 6,000. Bowditch and Hayward. July.

Monument Gulch. 7,000-9,000. Bowditch and Hayward.
July.

Moose Mountain. Above Leadville; about 11,000—12,000.
Wickham. July.

Morrison. 5,753. Oslar.

Mountains southwest of Montrose. 9,000-10,000. Hay--
ward and Bowditch. July.

Mount Abrams. In the vicinity of Ouray, about 11,000-
12,000. Wickham. July.

Mount Lincoln. 11,000-12,000. Bowditch.

Nathrop. 7,673. Cockerell.

North Park. 8,000-9,o00. Gillette.

Ouray. 7,640. Wickham. July.

Pagosa Springs. 7,100. The records sent by Mr. Hay-
ward, for himself and Mr. Bowditch, call for 8,o00—gooo.

Palmer Lake. 7,238. Gillette.

Peak Eight. 10,000-12,000. In the Ten Mile Range
near Breckenridge. Wickham. July.

Pike’s Peak. Summit, 14,147.

Placerville. 8,388. Hayward and Bowditch.

Platte Cafion. Station, 5,492.

Poncha Springs. 7,480. Oslar.

Poudre Cafion. N. Anderson.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 227

Pueblo. 4,669.

Red Cliff. 8,650. Wickham. May.

Red Mountain Road. 8,500-10,000. Above Ouray. Wick-
ham. July.

Rico. 8,500—-10,000. Bowditch and Hayward. July.

Rocky Ford. 4,160. F. A. Huntley.

Rustic. 7,000. Summer resort 50 miles west of entrance
to Poudre Cafion, on river. Gillette.

Salida. 7,028.

San Luis Valley. 7,700. Hayward and Bowditch. August.

Short Creek. In Wet Mountain Valley. Cockerell.

Silver Plume. 9,176. Wickham. Most of my collections
with this label were made in the creek valley a mile or two
above the town. June.

Silverton. 9,400. Gillette.

South Fork of San Miguel. 8,500. Bowditch and Hay-
ward. July.

South Park. 8,000—10,000.

Steamboat Springs. 6,500. Gillette and Baker.

Stove Prairie. 6,000. Eighteen miles west of Fort Col-
lins. Gillette and Baker.

Summitville. 10,o00-11,500. Hayward and Bowditch.
August.

Swift Creek. In Wet Mountain Valley. Cockerell.

Texas Creek. Also in Wet Mountain Valley. Cockerell.

Trinidad. 5,900.

Trout Lake. 9,700.

Twin Lakes. 9,357. Ulke.

Ula. In Wet Mountain Valley. Cockerell.

Ute Pass Road. 7,000-9,000. Snow.

Upper San Juan. 7,000-10,500. Bowditch and Hayward

Veta Pass. 9,500. Schwarz. (Leconte list.)

West Cliff. 7,842. Cockerell.

West Las Animas. 3,886. Hayward.

Wet Mountain Valley. 8,000-10,000. Cockerell.

Williams River Valley. Bowditch.

228 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The preparation of this paper was begun five years ago
and has proceeded with more or less interruption up to the
present. My thanks for aid are due to most of the active
Coleopterists of the country, since help in one form or another
has been rendered by nearly all. I wish, however, to acknowl-
edge special indebtedness to these: the late Dr. Geo. H. Horn,
who was always ready to examine puzzling forms; Mr. Henry
Ulke, who gave me names of many species during the earlier
years of my entomological studies; Major Thos. L. Casey and
Mr. Chas. Liebeck for identifications in special groups; Mr.
Roland Hayward for names of Bembidium and for a very
large number of manuscript records; Mr. Fred. C. Bowditch
and Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell for manuscript records; Prof.
C. P. Gillette for allowing me to examine the entire collection
of the Colorado Agricultural College and afterwards sending
data corresponding to the accession numbers; and finally to
my wife who has done the major part of the bibliographical
and clerical work in connection with the preliminary construc-
tion of the catalogue.

LIST OF SPECIES.
CICINDELIDA.

AMBLYCHILA CYLINDRIFORMIS Say. One specimen, found dead in spider’s
web. Webster Park, Snow.

TETRACHA CAROLINA Linn. Colorado, Ulke.

CICINDELA OBSOLETA Say. Southeastern CoJorado, Horn.

C. VULTURINA Lec. Durango, July 23-August 8, Hayward and Bowditch.

C. PRASINA Lec. Colorado, Ulke.

C. LONGILABRIS Say. Near Long’s Peak; Bellevue and Rist Cafion, June;
Stove Prairie and Little South, July; West Cliff; Brush Creek, 10,000 to
12,000 ft., June.

C. LAURENTII Schaupp. Estes Park, Snow; Hall Valley, South Park, July,
Oslar; Dolores and Silverton, June; Leadville and Breckenridge, July;
Toll Road above Ouray, July; Georgetown and passes in mountains
above, 8,500 to 11,500 ft., Packard; Bowditch, Wickham.

C. PERVIRIDIS Schaupp. Red Mt. Road, July; Silverton, June; Horsefly
Peak Divide, July; Rico, July; Pagosa Springs, August.

C. SCUTELLARIS Say. Cafion City, May, Denver, June, Wickham; Bear
Creek Cafion, Jefferson Co., April, Oslar; Bellevue and Lamar, May.

C. NIGROCGRULEA Lec. Colorado, Leconte.

(Pieler (e

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 229

. PULCHRA Say. South Park, Ulke; Pueblo, June, San Luis Valley, Aug-

ust, Hayward; Chimney Gulch, May; Cafion City, August, Uhler;
Lyman Junction, August, Bruner; Fort Collins, June and August.

. PATRUELA Dej. West Cliff.
. PURPUREA Oliv. In the Putnam list and both of Ulke’s reports; Veta

Pass; Fort Collins, March and May. A variety was taken by H. G.
Smith, Jr., at Denver, (Cockerell zz /zt¢.).

. AUDUBONII Lec. Bear Creek Cafion and Denver, Oslar, April; Fort Col-

lins, April and May; Dome Rock, Snow; South Park, Snow and Bow-
ditch.

. GRAMINEA Schaupp. Northern Colorado, August, Gillette; Lamar and

Fort Collins, June; Denver, July, Wickham; Clear Creek, Oslar.

. CIMARRONA Lec. Southern Colorado or Northern New Mexico, Le-

conte; South Park, Snow.

. DECEMNOTATA Say. Colorado, Schaupp.

. LIMBALIS Klug. Horsefly Peak Divide, one specimen, July.

. AM@NA Lec. Southern Colorado, and Northern New Mexico, Leconte.
. SPLENDIDA Hentz. Denver, July, Wickham; a record, with doubt, is

given from the South Park in the Bowditch list.

. DENVERENSIS Casey. All of the specimens that I have seen were col-

lected by Mr. Oslar. He has sent it to me from Platte Cafion, Boulder
Cafion, Chimney Gulch and Denver. The dates are April and May.

. FORMOSA Say. Salida, May, Denver, June, July, Wickham; Rist and

Poudre Cafions, April; Lamar, May.

. GENEROSA Dej. Colorado, Leng and Beutenmueller, Jour. N. Y. Ent.

Soc., I, p. 92.

. VENUSTA Lec. Near Colorado Springs, Snow; same place, June, Wick-

ham; Trinidad, May, Gillette.

. TENUICINCTA Schaupp. Colorado, Schaupp.
. FULGIDA Say. Cafion City, May, Wickham; Fort Collins, June; Banks

of the Platte, South Park, Snow.

. VULGARIS Say. Cafion City, Grand Junction, Denver and Buena Vista,

Wickham; Gunnison; Lamar, May; Trinidad, May, Montrose, June,
Gillette.

. REPANDA Dej. Cafion City, Colorado Springs, Buena Vista, Wickham;

Boulder, Packard; Arvada, Oslar; Lamar, Dolores, Trinidad and Poudre
Cafion, Gillette. The dates run between the last week in April and the
middle of June.

. OREGONA Lec. Gunnison, June; South Fork of San Miguel, July; Cafion

City, May, Wickham; South Park, Bowditch; West Cliff.

. GUTTIFERA Lec. Manitou, Snow; South Park, Bowditch; Southern Col-

orado and Northern New Mexico, Leconte.

. I12-GUTTATA Dej. Manitou, Snow; Beaver Brook Gulch, Uhler; Plateau

Creek, near Eagalite, Mesa Co., September, Cockerell; Dome Rock;
Gunnison; road from Gunnison to Montrose; South Fork of San Miguel.
I doubt if all of these records refer to the true 12-gu/tata.

. HIRTICOLLIS Say. Colorado, Ulke. I have seen a specimen from Trin-

230 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

idad, collected in May by Prof. Gillette which might possibly belong
here, but seems to me more like a slightly abnormal repanda.

C. pusiIi,A Say. Colorado, Ulke. Buena Vista, July, Wickham. In a
swarm of Cicindelas taken at the place mentioned, I found a great
variety of forms running from pusilla to cinctipennis.

C. CINCTIPENNIS Lec. Buena Vista and Leadville, Wickham; Horsefly
Peak Divide, July; Fort Collins, June, specimen of the green variety.

C. PUNCTULATA Fabr. Fort Collins; Denver, July, August, September;
Garden of the Gods, Packard; Clear Creek Cafion, Uhler; San Luis Val-
ley, La Junta, Durango, Hayward; Colorado Springs, Pike’s Peak,
g,000-10,000 feet, Wickham.

C. MICANS Fabr. Red Creek, Custer Co., Cockerell; La Junta, June, Hay-
ward; Denver and Colorado Springs, Wickham.

C. MACRA Lec. ‘‘ This species and sperata Lec., will undoubtedly, occur in
Colorado, as I have them from a few miles south of the southern
boundary ”’ (Bowditch). i

C. LEPIDA Dej. Colorado, Leng and Beutenmueller, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc.,.
II, p. 95.

C. HA MORRHAGICA Lec. Colorado, Ulke.

CARABIDA.

OMOPHRON AMERICANUM Dej. Bellevue, May; Berkeley; La Veta.

O. TESSELLATUM Say. Fort Collins, at light, July.

TRACHYPACHYS INERMIS Mots. Argentine Pass, Bowditch; Ouray; Veta
Pass; West Cliff; Breckenridge, in moss under log.

CYCHRUS ELEVATUS Fab. Reported from Colorado by Ulke, (coll. Carpen-
ter) and by Leconte; Fort Collins, Wm. Fairfield, June; Engelmann’s
Cafion.

C. snow: Lec. Durango, Bowditch and Hayward.

CARABUS MASANDER Fisch. West Cliff.

C. Tapatus Fabr. This species and its varieties occur at many points in
the state, but it seems likely that different recorders have carried their
determinations to different grades of completeness. Under the name
te@datus, we find the following localities:—Above 12,000 feet, Carpen-
ter; Dome Rock; West Cliff; Kelso’s Cabin, foot of Gray’s Peak; Idaho
Springs, Packard; Wales Cafion, Pueblo Co., Cockerell; Plains south
of Denver and Roaring Fork, Ulke; Argentine Pass, 13,000 feet, Bow-
ditch; Elk River, ten miles north of Steamboat Springs, Baker; vicinity
of Fort Collins, April, May, July and August; Little Willow Creek;
Cafion of Big Blue; Rico; Upper San Juan; Summitville; Mountains
southwest of Montrose; South Park. For the variety agassizi we have
Leconte’s record, Southern Colorado, and Putnam’s record, with Ulke
as authority. The localities credited with orvegonensts are: Rist Cafion,
June; Silver Plume; Leavenworth Valley (above Georgetown), 10,000
to 11,000 feet; Argentine Road and Argentine Pass, 12,000 to 13,500
feet; Georgetown; Ouray; Buena Vista, wooded bottoms; Leadville,
along mountain streams; Moose Mountain (near Leadville), above tim-
ber line; Breckenridge, in deep woods.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 234

C. SERRATUS Say. Near Manitou, Wickham; Buena Vista, in wooded
creek bottom; Rist Cafion, April and June; Fort Collins, July; Denver,
Ulke; Mace’s Hole, Puebio Co., Cockerell; West Cliff.

CALOSOMA SCRUTATOR Fab. Southern Colorado, Leconte.

C. PEREGRINATOR Guer. La Junta, Hayward.

C. TRISTE Lec. Colorado, Ulke; Estes Park, August, Varney; vicinity of
Fort Collins, July.

C. OBSOLETUM Say. South Park, Ulke; plains west of Denver, Uhler;
West Las Animas, Hayward; Dixon Cafion, September; Fort Collins,
May; Greeley; Salida, Wickham.

C. MORRISONII Horn. Colorado, Horn.

C. HAYDENI Horn. Southern Colorado, Horn; Durango, Hayward and
Bowditch.

_C. cALipuM Fab, Plains south of Denver, Ulke; Southern Colorado, Le-
conte.

C. TEPIDUM Lec. This name occurs in the Putnam list.

C. LUXATUM Say. Denver; Fort Collins, April and June.

ELAPHRUS CLAIRVILLEI Kirby. Leavenworth Valley, 9,000-10,000 feet;
Georgetown; Buena Vista; Leadville.

E. LECONTEI Crotch. Buena Vista.

EK. RIPARIUS Linn. Manitou, Snow; South Park, Ulke; Berkeley, Oslar;
Garland; Alamosa; Placerville; Gunnison; Georgetown; Leavenworth
Valley.

E. RUSCARIUS Say. Warren’s Lake, October.

LORICERA CASRULESCENS Linn. South Park; Georgetown; Cochetopa
Pass.

OPISTHIUS RICHARDSONII Kirby. Kemmling, Grand Co., Cockerell; Red
Cliff; Ouray; Fort Collins, June; Trout Lake, Bowditch; Rico; South
Fork of San Miguel; Gunnison; Pagosa Springs; Upper San Juan.

NOTIOPHILUS SEMISTRIATUS Say. Southern Colorado, Leconte.

N. siprricus Mots. West Cliff; Leadville; Veta Pass, 9,000 to 9,500 feet.

N. HARDYI Putz. Georgetown; Silver Plume; Argentine Pass, 13,000 feet,
Bowditch; Leavenworth Valley, Wickham; Breckenridge; Veta Pass;
Cochetopa Pass; Rico; Little Willow Creek; Mountains southwest of
Montrose; Durango; Little Beaver Creek, July.

NEBRIA PURPURATA Lec. First taken above Georgetown, in the Leaven-
worth Valley, by Mr. Bowditch; afterward found in the cafion of the
Big Blue by Hayward and Bowditch. As the stream was very high and
the beaches covered, specimens were found under the bark of half-
submerged logs. San Juan river, 9,000 feet, August; South Fork of San
Miguel; I took it at various points above Georgetown, representing alti-
tudes from 9,000 to 11,000 feet.

N. optusaA Lec. North Fork of the South Platte, 6,000 to 7,000 feet, Bow-
ditch; South Fork of San Miguel; Upper San Juan; Garland, Bowditch;
Ouray, and points above, Wickham.

N. osigua Lec. North Fork of the South Platte, Bowditch; Gunnison;
Monument Gulch; South Fork of San Miguel; Upper San Juan; San

232 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Imis Valley; Garland; La Veta; Georgetown; Leavenworth Valley;
Ouray; Leadville.

. LONGULA Lec. Colorado, Leconte.

. SAHLBERGI Fisch. Peaks above 12,000 feet, Carpenter; Rico; Summit-
ville; Upper San Juan; Trout Lake; Leavenworth Valley; Silver Plume;
Argentine Road and Pass.

N. TRIFARIA Lec. Jeadville; Red Cliff; Ouray; Red Mountain Road, 10,000
to 11,000 feet; Leavenworth Valley, 9,000 to 11,000 feet; Foot of Mam
Mountain, Mesa County, Cockerell; Durango; Cafion of Big Blue;
Mountains southwest of Montrose; South Fork of San Miguel; Rico;
Upper San Juan; San Luis Valley.

N. MANNERHEIMII Fisch. Mr. Hayward writes that he has a specimen
from the South Fork of the San Miguel which he refers to this species.

N. ESCHSCHOLTzII Men. I have taken a series of Nebria at various points
which Mr. Hayward has compared with specimens in the Leconte cabi-
net and pronounces the opinion that they are a small race of this species.
Silver Plume; Leavenworth Valley, 9,000 to 11,000 feet; Red Mountain
Road and Mineral Point Trail, 9,000 to 11,000 feet.

PASIMACHUS DUPLICATUS Lec. Southern Colorado, Leconte.

P. opsoL_Eetus Lec. Colorado Springs, Wickham; recorded from the state
without definite locality by Leconte and Ulke.

P. ELONGATUS Lec. Colorado Springs; Denver; La Junta, Hayward; Du-
rango, Bowditch and Hayward; Golden, Oslar; La Veta; Larkspur,
Uhler; Vicinity of Fort Collins, May to September.

P. CALIFORNICUS Lec. Colorado, Leconte.

DYSCHIRIUS 4/NEOLUS Lec. Garland; Alamosa,

. GLOBOSUS Say. Rico.

. SPHARICOLLIS Say. Southern Colorado, Leconte.

. TRUNCATUS Lec. West Cliff; Garland; La Junta, Bowditch.

. ERYTHROCERUS Lec. A specimen from the Leavenworth Valley is re-

ferred here with some doubt.

D. MONTANUS Lec. Garland; Alamosa.

D. sETosuS Lec. One specimen marked Colorado is in my collection.

SCHIZOGENIUS SALLEI Putz. A record, with the mark of doubt, is given in
the Schwarz list, for the locality La Veta.

S. AMPHIBIUS Hald. Durango, Hayward. I have anundetermined species
from Colorado Springs.

BEMBIDIUM NITIDUM Kirby. Gunnison; North Fork of South Platte, Bow-
ditch; Dixon Cafion; Salida, Wickham; Buena Vista; Colorado Springs;
West Cliff.

B. INAXQUALE Say. Rocky Mountains, Leconte, Ann. N. Y. Lyceum, IV,
452.

B. LITTORALE Oliv. Dolores; Gunnison; South Fork of San Miguel; Upper

San Juan; Red Cliff.

. LORQUINI Chaud. South Fork of San Miguel; Upper San Juan.

. COXENDIX Say. La Junta, Hayward; Delta, April, Gillette.

. CONFUSUM Hayward. Colorado, Putnam. Mr. Hayward also gives me
a state record.

Zz

OO 09

nwWh

coco iee)

Boh

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 233

. BIFOSSULATUM Lec. Warren’s Lake, October; Clear Creek Cafion, August;

Beaver Brook Gulch; South Platte River, west of Denver, Uhler; Colo-
rado Springs, Wickham; Denver, Packard; Alamosa; Garland; La Veta;
Gunnison; Durango; West Las Animas; La Junta, Hayward.

. AMERICANUM Dej. Near Sloan’s Lake, west of Denver, Uhler.
. CHALCEUM Dej. Greeley, Wickham.
. LONGULUM Lec. Georgetown; Leavenworth Valley, 9,000 to 10,000 feet;

Garland; La Veta; Gunnison; Cafion of the Big Blue; Horsefly Peak
Divide; Durango; Pagosa Springs; Cochetopa Pass.

. QUADRULUM Lec. Gunnison; Placerville; Red Cliff.
. RECTICOLLE Lec. Gunnison; Monument Gulch; Mountains southwest of

Montrose; Durango; Upper San Juan; Florissant.

. PLANATUM Lec. Red Cliff; Gunnison; South Fork of San Miguel; Pagosa

Springs; Upper San Juan; Ouray; San Luis Valley; Ironton, Gillette.

. PLANIUSCULUM Mann. Trout Lake; Ouray; Red Mountain Road, 9,000

to 10,000 feet; Gunnison; Cafion of the Big Blue; Pagosa Springs; Upper
San Juan; San Luis Valley; South Fork of San Miguel; Leavenworth
Valley; Silver Plume.

. COMPLANULUM Mann. Upper San Juan.
. MHKLINI Lec. San Miguel County, Hamilton; Red Cliff.
. INCERTUM Mots. Plentiful above Leadville, along little streams; South

Park; Alma; Mountains southwest of Montrose; Williams River Valley;
Alamosa; Ouray; Leavenworth Valley; Argentine Road, 12,000 to 13,000
feet.

. BREVE Mots. Silver Plume.
. NEBRASKENSE Lec. Cochetopa Pass; Gunnison; Cafion of Big Blue;

Mountains southwest of Montrose; Horsefly Peak; Durango; South Fork
of San Miguel; Leadville; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista.

. FUGAX Lec. Red Cliff.
. TRANSVERSALE Dej. Pueblo and Trout Lake, Bowditch; Colorado

Springs and Cafion City, Wickham; Spring Cafion; Georgetown; Ouray;
Red Cliff; Garland; La Veta; Gunnison; Upper San Juan; a common
species found indiscriminately on alkaline flats and margins of streams.

. LUGUBRE Lec. Cafion City and Colorado Springs, Wickham; La Veta;

Pagosa Springs; vicinity of Fort Collins, March and April.

. CONSANGUINEUM Hayward. Cafion City, Wickham.
. STRIOLA Lec. Cafion City; Mountains southwest of Montrose; specimens

which Mr. Hayward doubtfully refers here were taken at Ouray and in
the Leavenworth Valley.

. BIMACULATUM Kirby. West Cliff; Idaho Springs, Packard; South Park,

8,000 to 10,000 feet; Gunnison; Leavenworth Valley; Garland; Buena
Vista; Breckenridge; Leadville.

. USTULATUM Linn. Cafion of Big Blue; Upper San Juan; Gunnison; South

Fork of San Miguel; Florissant; Idaho Springs.

. LUCIDUM Lec. Near Fort Collins, March and April; Dome Rock; West

Cliff; Garland; La Veta; Veta Pass; Florissant; Ouray; Georgetown;
Leavenworth Valley; Buena Vista; Breckenridge; Leadville; Colorado

V—3 2

234 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Baww

ww

Springs; La Junta; Gunnison; Cafion of Big Blue; South Fork of San
Miguel; Durango; Pagosa Springs; Upper San Juan; Salida; Cafion City.

. FUSCICRUM Mots. Salida; Leavenworth Valley; Poudre Cafion; Floris-

sant; Gunnison; San Luis Valley; Buena Vista; Breckenridge; Leadville.

. SCOPULINUM Kirby. Vicinity of Fort Collins, March and April; George-

town; Leavenworth Valley; Mountains southwest of Montrose; North
Fork of South Platte; Garland; Colorado Springs; La Veta; Veta Pass,
9,400 feet.

. GRAPII Gyll. Leavenworth Valley, 10,000 to 11,000 feet; Alma; Rico;

Cafion of Big Blue; Dolores, June; Breckenridge; Leadville; Peak Eight,
above timber.

. CONSIMILE Hayward. Colorado Springs, Wickham, on alkaline mud.
. CORDATUM Lec. Warren’s Lake, October; Colorado Springs; La Junta;

West Las Animas; La Veta; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

. DENTELLUM Thunb. Garland; West Cliff; both of these records are un-

der the name arcuatum Lec.

. COLORADENSE Hayward. Mountains southwest of Montrose; Monument

Gulch; Horsefly Peak; South Fork of San Miguel; Rico; Upper San
Juan; Williams River Valley, 9,000 feet.

. INDISTINCTUM Dej. West Cliff; Little Blue Creek, Gunnison County,

Cockerell.

. UMBRATUM Lec. Montrose; Durango; Garland.
. ENEICOLLE Lec. Garland; Mr. Hayward writes that a single specimen

from Colorado is in the Horn collection.

. VARIEGATUM Say. Vicinity of Fort Collins, March, April, June, July,

October; Manitou; Colorado Springs; Denver; Ouray; Leavenworth
Valley.

. NIGRIPES Kirby. Buena Vista; Leadville; Gunnison; Little Willow

Creek; Mountains southwest of Montrose; Durango; San Luis Valley;
Florissant; Leavenworth Valley; Georgetown.

. INTERMEDIUM Kirby. South Park, 8,000 to 10,000 feet, Bowditch; Gar-

land; Veta Pass; Colorado Springs; La Junta, Hayward; Grand Junction,
Wickham.

. TIMIDUM Lec. Mountains southwest of Montrose; Durango; Upper San

Juan; Colorado Springs; Spring Cafion, March; Warren’s Lake, October.

. VERSICOLOR Lec. Warren’s Lake, October; La Veta; Alamosa; Garland;

Breckenridge; Colorado Springs; Grand Junction.

. DEJECTUM Casey. Colorado Springs, June, Wickham.
. OBTUSANGULUM Lec. South Park, 8,000 to I0,o00 feet, Bowditch; San

Luis Valley; Salida, Wickham.

. RUBIGINOSUM Lec. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

. CONSTRICTICOLLE Hayward. Colorado Springs, July, Wickham.

. DYSCHIRINUM Lec. Leavenworth Valley; Breckenridge; Leadville.

. PRASCINCTUM Lec. Alamosa; Florissant; Gunnison; Horsefly Peak; Lead-

ville; Buena Vista; Leavenworth Valley; Ouray.

. DUBITANS Lec. Garland; Buena Vista; Ouray; Leavenworth Valley.
. MUTATUM G. & H. Durango; Mountains southwest of Montrose; Veta

Pass, 9,350 feet; Leadville; Williams River Valley, 9,000 feet.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. As5

B. QUADRIMACULATUM Linn, Reported from the state by Ulke; vicinity of
Fort Collins, March; Colorado Springs.

B. AFFINE Say. Colorado, Hayward, 72m ditt.

B. ACUTIFRONS Lec. Alamosa; La Veta; Veta Pass; Ouray; Williams River
Valley.

B. cAuTUM Lec. La Veta.

B. CONNIVENS Lec. La Veta.

B. ASSIMILE Gyll. Ouray; Colorado Springs, Wickham.

TacHys NANUS Gyll. Veta Pass; Ouray; Rist Cafion, April, under pine

bark; Colorado Springs in same situations.

. INCURVUS Say. West Cliff; Salida; La Veta.

. DOLOSUS Lec. Colorado, Hayward.

. AUDAX Lec. Western Colorado, Hayward.

. NEBULOSUS Chaud. Cafion City; Colorado Springs.

. FERRUGINEUS Dej. Recorded from Colorado by Leng and Beuten-

mueller.

. VITTIGER Lec. Colorado Springs, Wickham; the name is from Dr. Horn.

. CORAX Lec. Colorado, 10,000 feet, Hayward.

PATROBUS LONGICORNIS Say. Garland; La Veta; Boulder, Packard; Colo-
rado Springs; Buena Vista.

P. SEPTENTRIONIS Dej. Aspen; Leadville; Gunnison; Ouray; Silver Plume;
Leavenworth Valley.

P. ATERRIMUS Dej. Idaho Springs, Packard; Nathrop, Cockerell; Gunni-
son; South Fork of San Miguel; Ouray; Red Mountain Road; George-
town; Silver Plume; Leavenworth Valley.

TRECHUS CHALYBEUS Mann. Garland; Plateau Creek, near Eagalite, Sep-
tember, Cockerell; Mountains southwest of Montrose; Rico; Durango;
Red Cliff; Breckenridge; Leadville; Peak Eight, above timber; Mineral
Point Trail, 9,000 to 10,000 feet; Leavenworth Valley.

PTEROSTICHUS HERCULEANUS Mann. Wales Cafion, Pueblo County, Cock-
erell.

P. vVALIDUS Dej. Colorado, Bowditch.

P. pRoTRACTUS Lec. Dome Rock, Snow; Roaring Fork and Fort Garland,
Ulke; Marshall Pass; Fort Collins, September; Estes Park, July; Iron-
ton, Gillette; near Long’s Peak; Red Mountain Road, 8,000 to 9,000
feet; Leavenworth Valley; Durango; Horsefly Peak; Pagosa Springs;
Red Cliff; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Breckenridge; Leadville;
often found under logs in wooded districts.

P. LONGULUS Lec. Omitting several more or less indefinite localities, we
have the following records for this widely distributed species; Cimarron,
Cockerell; West Cliff; San Luis Valley; Roaring Fork; Red Cliff; Gar-
land; Veta Pass, 9,000 feet; Durango; Rico; Summitville; Upper San
Juan; Georgetown; Silver Plume; Leavenworth Valley, 10,000 to 11,000
feet; Red Mountain Road; Breckenridge; Leadville.

P. SUBSTRIATUS Lec. Pueblo, Bowditch; Colorado Springs, common under
stones and about Yucca roots, August, Uhler.

P. constrictus Say. Southern Colorado, Leconte; Colorado Springs,
Wickham.

list) Ist isi tel ist isi

236 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

las} Ine}! dae) Tnefalacl lac)

ne}! Lael ae) alae)

. Incisus Lec. Colorado Springs, Snow; La Junta, Hayward; La Veta;

Greeley.

. LACHRYMOSUS Newm. Colorado, Bowditch.
. sciTuLus Lec. Pueblo; Berkeley, July; Colorado Springs, Juneand July;

Fort Collins, May and October.

. LUCUBLANDUS Say. Berkeley, May; Colorado Springs.

. CONVEXICOLLIS Say. Alamosa; vicinity of Fort Collins, March to May.
. CAUDICALIS Say. Fort Collins, April; Greeley, May.

. LucTuosus Dej. Fort Collins.

. MuTUS Say. Red Cliff, determined by Dr. Horn; Nathrop, Cockerell.

. ORINOMUM Leach. South Park, Bowditch; Leavenworth Valley, 9,000 to

10,000 feet; Ironton, Gillette; Salida; Red Cliff; Garland.

. LuczoTit Dej. Vicinity of Fort Collins, March and June; Idaho Springs,

Packard; Berkeley, June; South Park, 8,000 to 10,000 feet, Bowditch;

West Cliff; San Luis Valley, Ulke; Pleasant Valley, Fremont County,

Cockerell; Gunnison; Little Willow Creek; Cafion of Big Blue; Rico;

Mountains southwest of Montrose; Durango; Silver Plume; Georgetown;-

Leavenworth Valley; Buena Vista; Colorado Springs, June and July;

Breckenridge; Leadville; common under logs in woods and near streams.
ERYTHROPUS Dej. Greeley; Fort Collins, April.

. FEMORALIS Kirby. Colorado Springs.
. HUDSONICUS Lec. Red Cliff. The name is from Dr. Horn.
. SURGENS Lec. Moose Mountain, about 12,000 feet, near snow bank;

Alma; Durango; Leavenworth Valley and Argentine Pass, 10,000 to
13,000 feet; Red Mountain Road.

. RIPARIUS Dej. Slope of Gray’s Peak, 12,000 feet, Packard. This and

the two preceding species are closely allied and it is possible that one or
more of the records are in error.

EVARTHRUS TORVUS Lec. Colorado, probably taken in the vicinity of Fort

Collins.

AMARA AVIDA Say. North Fork of South Platte, 7,000 to 8,000 feet; Idaho

AS

ale

Springs; La Junta, Bowditch.
RUFIMANA Kirby. Grand Junction, Bowditch; Little Willow Creek;
Cafion of Big Blue.
CYLINDRICA Lec. South Park, 8,000 to I0,o00 feet; Cochetopa Pass;
doubtful records are at hand for western Custer County, and Durango.

. JACOBINAS Lec. Mr. Hayward gives me the record Colorado, with a mark

of doubt.

. LATICOLLIS Lec. West Cliff; La Junta; Mountains southwest of Mont-

rose; Cafion of Big Blue; Durango; Cochetopa Pass; Little Willow
Creek; Mr. Hayward does not feel certain of the correctness of identifi-
cation in the case of the last five localities, this being a very difficult
section of the genus and the original descriptions insufficient.

. CARINATA Lec. Colorado Springs.
AS
A.

ESCHSCHOLTz1I Chaud. Roaring Fork, Ulke; Cochetopa Pass, Bowditch.
HYPERBOREA Dej. Pike’s Peak, a short distance below summit, Snow;
summit of Mt Abrams, above Ouray, about 13,000 feet, Wickham; Peak

rrr rrr Pe

a

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 237

Eight, above timber; mountains above 12,000 feet, Carpenter; Colorado,
14,000 feet, Bowditch.

. BRUNNIPENNIS Dej. Above timber line and up to 15,000 feet. Recorded

from Moose Mountain, Peak Eight, Arapahoe Peak, Pike’s Peak, Mt.
Lincoln and the Argentine Pass. Seems scarcely distinct from hyfer-
borea.

. TRISTIS Putz. Williams River Valley, Bowditch.
. LATIOR Kirby. West Cliff; Colorado Springs; Ouray; Salida; Mountains

southwest of Montrose; Durango.

. SEPTENTRIONALIS Lec. La Junta; Durango.

. ANGUSTATA Say. Mountains southwest of Montrose.

. PALLIPES Kirby. Colorado, Horn; Aspen, Gillette.

. SCITULA Zimm. Rico.

. IMPUNCTICOLLIS Say. Red Cliff; Colorado, Snow.

. FALLAX Lec. South Pueblo County, Cockerell; Florissant; La Junta;

Dome Rock; Buena Vista; Breckenridge; Ouray.

. SUBPUNCTATA Lec. Florissant; South Park; Leavenworth Valley; Rico;

Gunnison; Little Willow Creek; Mountains southwest of Montrose; San
Luis Valley.

. CONFUSA Lec. Little Willow Creek; Durango; San Luis Valley; Coche-

topa Pass; La Junta, Bowditch; Garland; Rio Grande, Ulke; West Cliff;
Fremont County, Cockerell; Colorado Springs; Breckenridge; Leadville.

. PROTENSA Lec. Monument Gulch.
. POLITA Lec. West Cliff; Salida; Little Willow Creek; Georgetown;

Leavenworth Valley; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Ouray; Garland;
Rico; San Luis Valley; Mt. Lincoln.

. ERRATICA Sturm. Alma; South Park; Cafion of Big Blue; Rico; Little

Willow Creek; Veta Pass; Williams River Valley; Leavenworth Valley;
Breckenridge; it is also doubtfully recorded from West Cliff.

. INTERSTITIALIS Dej. West Cliff; Wales Cafion, Pueblo County, Cock-

erell; Veta Pass; South Park, 8,000 to 10,000 feet, Bowditch; Montrose;
San Luis Valley; Cochetopa Pass; Idaho Springs, Packard; Colorado
Springs, July; Buena Vista; Georgetown, June; Ouray, July; Salida,
May.

. FARCTA Lec. Colorado Springs; Leadville; Cafion of the Big Blue; Little

Willow Creek.

. OBESA Say. In the Bowditch list this species is said to occur everywhere

between 8,000 and 10,000 feet; Alma; Florissant; San Luis Valley; South
Park; Cafion of the Big Blue; Dome Rock; West Cliff; Idaho Springs,
Manitou and Golden, Packard.

. REMOTESTRIATA Dej. West Cliff; Clearwater Creek, Mesa County, 9,800

feet, Cockerell; Cimarron, Cockerell; Cafion City, Wickham; Veta Pass,
9,400 feet; Idaho Springs, Packard; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista;
Breckenridge; Leadville; Georgetown; Silver Plume; Argentine Pass;
Mt. Lincoln; Gunnison; Monument Gulch; Little Willow Creek; Cafion

of Big Blue; Montrose; Rico; Durango; Cochetopa Pass; South Park,
Bowditch.

238 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

A. CHALCEA Dej. ‘‘8,o00 to 10,000 feet, everywhere,’’ Bowditch; West
Cliff, in doubt; Silver Plume; Georgetown, Wickham.

A. BRUNNEA Gyll. Colorado, Horn.

A. GIBBA Lec. ‘‘8,000 to 10,000 feet, everywhere,’’ Bowditch; Salida. Pro-
fessor Cockerell gives a record, with doubt, from western Custer County.

A. RUBRICA Hald. Colorado, Horn; La Junta, Bowditch.

A. SUB4/NEA Lec. Rico; Upper San Juan; Montrose.

A. MUSCULUS Say. West Cliff; Ouray.

A. FEMORALIS Horn. Mt. Lincoln; Argentine Pass; Gunnison; Cafion of
Big Blue; Rico.

A. NUPERA Horn. Fremont County, Cockerell; West Cliff; Little Willow

Creek.

DIPLOCHILA MAJOR Lec. Fort Collins, August.

DICALUS LASVIPENNIS Lec. Northern Colorado, May; Fort Collins.

D. sCULPTILIS Say. Manitou, Packard; Colorado Springs, near mouth of
Cheyenne Cafion, Wickham.

BADISTER PULCHELLUS Lec. Ouray, on bank of small lake.

B. optusus Lec. Southern Pueblo County, Cockerell.

CALATHUS INGRATUS Dej. 8,000 to 13,000 feet, Bowditch; Buzzard Creek,
Mesa County, Cockerell; Marshall Pass, Gillette; Veta Pass, 9,400 to
10,000 feet; Dome Rock; Red Cliff; Leadville; Leavenworth Valley,
10,000 to 11,000 feet; Argentine Pass; Ouray; Alma; Rico; Mountains
southwest of Montrose; Durango.

C. ADVENA Lec. Rico; Upper San Juan.

C. IMPUNCTATUS Say. Ouray.

C. puBius Lec. Buena Vista; Ouray; Idaho Springs; La Junta; Florissant;
Horsefly Peak; Cafion of Big Blue; Mountains southwest of Montrose;
Cochetopa Pass; Durango.

PLATYNUS LARVALIS Lec. Fort Collins, May.

P. CAUDATUS Lec. Durango.

P. DIssECcTUS Lec. Ouray; some specimens from Denver are also provision-
ally included here, but they are smaller than. usual. Taken by Hay-
ward and Bowditch at Durango, Cochetopa Pass, Upper San Juan and
Gunnison.

P. JEJUNUS Lec. Squaw Creek, Eagle and Chaffee Counties, Cockerell; the
identification is credited to the United States National Museum.

P. OVIPENNIS Mann. Straight Creek, Summit County, Cockerell, deter-
mined by Hamilton.

P. DECENS Say. Ouray.

P. EXTENSICOLLIS Say. Fort Collins, August; Mr. Hayward reports the
form viridis from Durango,

P. CALIFORNICUS Dej. Professor Cockerell took specimens along Cotton-
wood Creek, Fremont County, which Dr. Hamilton referred to the
variety fexanus.

P. BICOLOR Dej. Red Cliff; Cafion of Big Blue; South Fork of San Miguel;
Durango. ;

P. PICEOLUS Lec. Aspen; Ouray; Upper San Juan; South Fork of San
Miguel; Durango.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 239

. ERRANS Say. South Park, 8,000 to 10,000 feet; Salida; Buena Vista.

. PROPINOQUUS G. & H. Ouray.

. AFFINIS Kirby. This is recorded, with doubt, from West Cliff, by Cock-
erell,

P. CARBO Lec. Gunnison, Bowditch.

P. CUPRIPENNIS Say. Ouray; Gunnison; Alamosa; Nathrop; South Park,
8,000 to 10,000 feet; Buena Vista; Leadville; Colorado Springs. Mr.
Hayward writes that he has a specimen of the variety swbsericeus from
Little Willow Creek,

. BASALIS Lec. ‘‘ Nebraska, near the Rocky Mountains,’’ Leconte.

. NUTANS Say. Dixon Cafion.

. PLACIDUS Say. Vicinity of Fort Collins, Marchand August; Dome Rock;
Florissant; Idaho Springs; Salida; Denver; Ouray; Red Mountain Road;
San Luis Valley; Roaring Fork; South Fork of San Miguel; Pagosa
Springs; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista.

. PLANIPENNIS Mots. Colorado, Hamilton. According to Dr. Horn, this
is probably a variety of P. fossiger Dej.

. CUPREUS Lec. South Park; San Luis Valley, Bowditch.

. CRASSICOLLIS Lec. Little Willow Creek.

OBSOLETUS Say. Colorado, Snow; South Park, Ulke.

BEMBIDIOIDES Kirby. Little Beaver Creek, July, Gillette; Silver Plume.

SORDENS Kirby. West Cliff; Durango; Garland.

RUFICORNIS Lec. Ouray.

EBIA DIVISA Lec. Vicinity of Fort Collins, March to May.

. GRANDIS Hentz. Colorado, Snow.

. ATRICEPS Lec. Vicinity of Fort Collins, February to July; Pueblo, Bow-

ditch; Colorado Springs.

PULCHELLA Dej. Horsefly Peak.

. VIVIDA Bates. West Cliff.

. CYANIPENNIS Dej. This species and the variety ruficollis Lec., are both

reported from Durango by Mr. Bowditch.

. VIRIDIS Say. West Cliff; Pueblo, Cockerell; Durango; South Fork of
San Miguel; Berkeley, June; Colorado Springs; Rustic; Dolores; Mar-
shall Pass, August; vicinity of Fort Collins, March to June, September
and October. Mr. Bowditch has the variety moesta from the valley of
the Upper San Juan.

. SCAPULARIS Dej. San Luis Valley, Bowditch.

. FURCATA Lec. West Cliff; Berkeley, June 15.

. DEPICTA Horn. Rist Cafion, August; Livermore.

. GUTTULA Lec. Durango, Bowditch.

. BIVITTATA Fabr. Colorado Springs, on the open prairie.

APRISTUS SUBSULCATUS Dej. Gunnison; La Veta.

BLECHRUS NIGRINUS Mann. West Cliff; Garland; Colorado Springs; Fort

Collins, March to June and also in September.

B. Lucipus Lec. Colorado, Horn.

METABLETUS AMERICANUS Dej. Garland; Veta Pass; Horsefly Peak; Little

Willow Creek; Leavenworth Valley, 9,000 to 11,000 feet; Leadville;

Breckenridge; Buena Vista.

Ot herd

las) ae} Lae} '5e|

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ee A

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240 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

AXINOPALPUS BIPLAGIATUS Dej. Garland; vicinity of Fort Collins, April
and May.

TECNOPHILUS CROCEICOLLIS Men. La Junta, Hayward; a specimen from
Colorado, without definite locality, is in my cabinet. Mr. Hayward’s
specimen belongs to the variety pz/atez.

CALLIDA FULGIDA Dej. Dixon Cafion, Marchand May; Bellevue, May.

C. PURPUREA Say. Colorado, Snow.

PHILOPHUGA AMGENA Lec. Fort Collins, April; Horsetooth Gulch, May;
Florissant; Durango; Pagosa Springs; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista,
chiefly about the roots or lower leaves of Yuccas.

CYMINDIS LATICOLLIS Say. South Park, Snow; Veta Pass.

C. CRIBRICOLLIS Dej. South Park, Snow; Black Lake Creek, Summit
County, Cockerell; Roaring Fork; Breckenridge; Leadville; Moose
Mountain, above timber; near Long’s Peak; Plains south of Denver;
Fort Garland; Horsefly Peak; Argentine Pass; Leavenworth Valley and
Argentine Road, 9,000 to 11,000 feet; Mt. Lincoln; Pike’s Peak, Bow-
ditch; Cafion of Big Blue; Little Willow Creek; Mountains southwest
of Montrose; Rico.

C. PLANIPENNIS Lec. Pikeview, El Paso County, and Lakeview, Fremont
County, Cockerell; West Cliff; Denver, May; Colorado Springs; Buena
Vista; Fort Collins; Ouray; Gunnison; Monument Gulch; Cochetopa
Pass; San Luis Valley; Durango; Pagosa Springs; La Junta; South
Park, Snow.

C. UNICOLOR Kirby. Red Mountain Road, 9,000 to 10,000 feet; summit of
Mt. Abrams, over 11,000 feet; Argentine Pass, 12,000 feet; Mt. Lincoln;
Summitville; Rico; Breckenridge; Leadville.

HELLUOMORPHA TEXANA Lec. Fort Collins and Bellevue, May and June.

BRACHYNUS MINUTUS Harr. Denver, Packard; specimens from Fort Col-
lins are referred here with doubt.

B. CONFORMIS Dej. Recorded from the state by Putnam and Ulke; Mont-
rose, Bowditch.

B. BALLISTARIUS Lec. Durango; Fort Collins.

CHLA:NIUS SERICEUS Forst. Denver, June and August; Colorado Springs,
July; Ouray; Alamosa; Gunnison; Durango; La Junta; vicinity of Fort
Collins; Delta.

. LATICOLLIS Say. Southern Colorado, Leconte.

. PRASINUS Dej. Colorado, Leng and Beutenmueller.

. LEUCOSCELIS Chev. Delta, April; Durango.

. SOLITARIUS Say. Fort Collins. Reported from the state without definite
locality, by Dr. Horn.

. NEBRASKENSIS Lec. Bellevue, May; Cafion City.

. TRICOLOR Dej. Dolores, June.

. BREVILABRIS Say. Colorado, Horn; Durango, Bowditch.

. PENNSYLVANICUS Say. Fort Collins, May; Alamosa; Ouray.

. INTERRUPTUS Horn. A pair from Buena Vista, taken in a salt marsh.
The identification is due to Dr. Horn.

BRACHYLOBUS LITHOPHILUS Say. Ouray; Garland.

GEOPINUS INCRASSATUS Dej. Fort Collins, June; Denver; Pueblo; Poncha

Springs, July; Greeley, September.

(el (ee

MAG (ee

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 241

NOTHOPUS ZABROIDES Lec. Fort Collins; Denver; Pueblo; Colorado Springs;
Salida; Durango; Lamar; La Junta; occurs from May to September.
CRATACANTHUS DUBIUS Beauv. Fort Collins, April and May; Colorado
Springs, June to August; Denver; Pueblo; Garland; Durango; La Veta;

La Junta; Clear Creek Cafion; Buena Vista.

PIOSOMA SETOSUM Lec. Durango, May and July; Fort Collins, July and
August; Alpine, Snow; Colorado Springs, June to August; Pagosa
Springs; La Junta.

AGONODERUS LINEOLA Fab. Fort Collins, May and June; Greeley; La
Junta.

A. PALLIPES Fab. Denver; Livermore; Fort Collins; Ouray; Colorado
Springs; Buena Vista; West Cliff; Idaho Springs. Prof. Cockerell
records a variety zzgricollis trom Cottonwood Creek, Fremont County.
The species may be found from March to August.

A. INDISTINCTUS Dej. Dixon Cafion, April.

DISCODERUS IMPOTENS Lec. La Junta, Bowditch.

HARPALUS AUTUMNALIS Say. A few specimens taken at Colorado Springs
were referred here by Dr. Horn.

H. ERRATICUS Say. Montclair and Clear Creek Cafion, August.

H. RETRACTUS Lec. San Luis Valley; South Park, August, Oslar; Durango;
Pagosa Springs; Garland; West Cliff; Colorado Springs, June and July.

H. ampuTatus Say. An abundant species in open spots. La Junta; Cafion

of Big Blue; Mountains southwest of Montrose; Durango; Upper San

Juan; San Luis Valley; Cochetopa Pass; Summitville; South Park; Ala-

mosa; Garland; West Cliff; Denver; Cimarron; Colorado Springs;

Buena Vista; Cafion City, May; Fort Collins, March to August; Golden.

CALIGINOSUS Fab. Fort Collins; Denver; Golden; Berkeley; Clear

Creek; La Junta; Durango.

. FAUNUS Say. Montrose; Durango.

. VAGANS Lec. Nathrop, Cockerell. The name is from the U.S. National

Museum.

or ss

H. PENNSYLVANICUS De Geer. Denver; Golden; Fort Collins; La Junta;
Durango. The variety compar is known from Salida and Colorado
Springs, while evythropus is from the latter locality only.

H. SPADICEUS Dej. Colorado, Snow.

H. FALLAX Lec. Georgetown; Ouray; La Junta; Gunnison; Cafion of Big
Blue; Mountains southwest of Montrose; Rico; Durango; Idaho Springs;
Kelso’s Cabin, Gray’s Peak, July; Cafion City, August; Colorado Springs,
June to August; Buena Vista; Breckenridge.

H. PLEURITICUS Kirby. Cochetopa Pass; Alamosa.

H. HERBIVAGUS Say. Alma; South Park; Little Willow Creek.

H. VENTRALIS Lec. Garland, Bowditch.

H. OPACIPENNIS Hald. Colorado, Ulke.

H. nitipuius Chaud. Recorded in doubt from West Cliff.

H. ELLIPsis Lec. Garland; Veta Pass; San Luis Valley; Cafion of Big Blue;

South Park; La Junta; Gunnison; Georgetown; Leavenworth Valley,
10,000 to 11,000 feet; Colorado Springs.

Vea

242 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

H. rnnocuus Lec. Breckenridge and Leadville, abundant.

H. CARBONATUS Lec. Veta Pass; Little Willow Creek.

H. MONTANUS Lec. Cafion of Big Blue; San Luis Valley; Leadville; Argen-
tine Pass; Mt. Lincoln; Silver Plume.

H. LATICEPS Lec. San Luis Valley. :

H. FRATERNUS Lec. Denver; South Park; Gunnison; Pagosa Springs;
Leavenworth Valley, 9,000 to 10,000 feet.

H. FUNESTUS Lec. Fort Collins; Nathrop; Garland; La Junta; Cochetopa
Pass; San Luis Valley; Ouray; Georgetown; Leavenworth Valley; Ar-
gentine Road.

H. opiitus Lec. Fort Collins; Denver; Beaver Brook; Manitou; Colorado
Springs; Salida; Cafion City; Pagosa; Idaho Springs; Georgetown; Sil-
ver Plume; Garland; Veta Pass; La Junta; Greeley; Gunnison; Monu-
ment Gulch; Little Willow Creek; Cafion of Big Blue; Durango; Coche-
topa Pass; South Park; North Fork of South Platte; Buena Vista;
Breckenridge.

H. CLANDESTINUS Lec. Garland; Buena Vista.

H. FuRTIvuS Lec. Golden; Idaho Springs; Manitou; Garland; Little Wil-

low Creek; San Luis Valley.

H. ocHRopus Kirby. South Park; San Luis Valley; Cochetopa Pass; Mont-
rose; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista.

H. LUSTRANS Casey. South Park; Cafion City; Chimney Gulch; Fort Col-
lins; Gunnison.

H. BASILARIS Kirby. South Park; Alamosa; Gunnison; Cochetopa Pass;
West Cliff; Cafion City; Fort Collins; Greeley; Georgetown; Ouray;
Buena Vista; Breckenridge; Leadville.

H. VARICORNIS Lec. Colorado, Putnam.

H. ALIENUS Lec. Veta Pass.

SELENOPHORUS PEDICULARIUS Dej. San Luis Valley; Clear Creek; Fort
Collins; Golden; Colorado Springs, common about the roots of plants
on dry hillsides.

S. FOSSULATUS Dej. La Junta, Hayward.

STENOLOPHUS PLEBEIUS Dej. Denver, H. G. Smith, Jr., determined by Dr.
Horn.

S. CONJUNCTUS Say. Vicinity of Fort Collins, February to May; West Cliff;
Florissant; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista.

S. UNICOLOR Dej. Colorado Springs, June; I found a small colony under a
board on an alkali flat. The name is from Dr. Horn.

S. OCHROPEZUS Say. Fort Collins, March and April; Colorado Springs,
June; Buena Vista.

BRADYCELLUS COGNATUS Gyll. Cattle Creek, Garfield County, Cockerell;
Fort Collins; Greeley; Cochetopa Pass; Garland; Georgetown; Ouray;
Buena Vista; Breckenridge; Leadville.

B. RUPESTRIS Say. Fort Collins; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Alamosa.

TACHYCELLUS NIGRINUS Dej. West Cliff.

T. BADIIPENNIS Hald. West Cliff.

ANISODACTYLUS DILATATUS Dej. Colorado, Bowditch.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 243

. RusTICUS Dej. Colorado, Ulke; Bellevue, May.

. CARBONARIUS Say. Colorado, Horn.

. HARRISH Lec. Fort Collins, April.

NIGRITA Dej. Cottonwood Gulch, Saguache County, Cockerell.
BALTIMORENSIS Say. Fort Collins, April; Alamosa.

. PITYCHROUS Lec. Colorado, Horn.

. TERMINATUS Say. Colorado, Ulke.

. LUGUBRIS Dej. Colorado, Snow.

>> > p> D> > > p

AMPHIZOIDAE.

AMPHIZOA LECONTEI Matth. Glenwood Springs, at the junction of the
Roaring Fork with Grand River, Hubbard; Georgetown, one specimen,
Wickham; Mr. Hayward reports that he and Mr. Bowditch found a
specimen floating down stream in the cafion of the Big Blue, and about
a dozen others under stones at the edge of the river along the Upper
San Juan, at an altitude of about 8,000 feet.

HALIPLIDA.

HALIPLUS CRIBRARIUS Lec. Garland; Ouray.

H. RUFICOLLIS De Geer. Gunnison, Bowditch; West Cliff; Alamosa; Gar-
land.

CNEMIDOTUS EDENTULUS Lec. ‘‘ Kansas, near the Rocky Mountains,’’
Leconte.

DYTISCIDA.

LACCOPHILUS MACULOSUS Germ. Inthe Putnam list; vicinity of Fort Col-
lins, March, April and August.

I. DECIPIENS Lec. Gunnison, Bowditch; Alamosa; West Cliff; Fort Col-
lins, August; Denver; Buena Vista.

L,. QUADRILINEATUS Horn. Colorado, Crotch.

BIDESSUS AFFINIS Say. Durango and Gunnison, Bowditch; San Tuis Val-
ley; West Cliff; Garland; Alamosa; Mr. Schwarz reports the variety
obscurellus from Garland and I have the form macularis from Colorado
Springs. A species of Aidessus closely allied to affinis, if not identical
with it, was taken at Ouray.

B. LACUSTRIS Say. Fort Collins, August, in stagnant water.

CasLAMBUS INAQUALIS Fab. Garland.

C. PATRUELIS Lec. Mr. Hayward records this species, with a mark of doubt,

from Horsefly Peak Divide.
. SUTURALIS Lec. Fort Collins, August; Placerville, Bowditch.
. SELLATUS Lec. Gunnison, Bowditch; Denver, Packard; Alamosa.
. MEDIALIS Lec. Colorado Springs, June; Buena Vista.
. NUBILUS Lec. Buena Vista; Colorado Springs, June; Fort Collins,
August; Florissant, Bowditch.

. IMPRESSOPUNCTATUS Sch. Placerville, Bowditch. A species of this
genus was taken by Mr. Bowditch at Ricoand Alamosa, which he thinks
may be new.

OP (e)

QO

244 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

DERONECTES CATASCOPIUM Say. In the Putnam list; West Cliff; Ouray.

D. GRISEOSTRIATUS De Geer. Alamosa; Gunnison; Durango; the last two

records come from Mr. Bowditch.

D. STRIATELLUS Lec. Florissant; Colorado Springs; Durango, Bowditch;
Dolores; Howe’s Gulch and Rist Cafion, April; Garland; Alamosa.
HYDROPORUS I2-LINEATUS Lec. A specimen from Georgetown is presumed

to belong here.

H. SEPTENTRIONALIS Gyll. Durango and San Juan River, Bowditch.

H. RIvALIS Gyll. Georgetown; Florissant; the latter record is for the form

congruus Lec.

H. caLictnosus Lec. Reported under the name puberulus, from the

Leavenworth Valley.

H. TENEBROSUS Lec. Montrose, Bowditch.

H. TARTARICUS Lec. Upper San Juan and Leavenworth Valley, Bowditch;
Horsefly Peak Divide, Hayward. A species closely allied to this and to
morto Sharp, was taken at Leadville and Breckenridge.

. TRISTIS Payk. Abundant in Ute Pass, below the Bridal Veil falls, Snow.

. CONTRACTULUS Mann. Veta Pass, Bowditch.

. OBLITUS Aube. Colorado Springs.

.vinis Lec. Durango, Bowditch; Montrose; Georgetown, Wickham;
Red Mountain Road.

H. BELFRAGEI Sharp. Colorado, Snow, (record from Bowditch).

ILYBIUS SUB4:NEUS Er. Placerville, Bowditch.

I. VIRIDI4Z,NEUS Cr. A specimen from Denver is doubtfully referred here.

I, QUADRIMACULATUS Aube. Colorado, Ulke.

I, ANGUSTIOR Gyll. Gunnison, Bowditch.

I. BIGUTTALUS Germ. Abundant below Bridal Veil falls, Snow.

I. conFusus Aube. Denver, Packard.

COPTOTOMUS LONGULUS Lec. Colorado, Crotch.

AGABUS CORDATUS Lec. Abundant in a small stream in Williams Cafion,

near Manitou; Gunnison; Montrose; Horsefly Peak; Georgetown.

A. INTERSECTUS Cr. West Cliff; Georgetown; Ouray; Manitou, Bowditch;

Placerville.

A. SERIATUS Say. Durango; Upper San Juan; Gunnison; Manitou, Bow-

ditch; Garland; La Veta; West Cliff.

A. LUGENS Lec. Vicinity of Fort Collins, March and April; Colorado

Springs.

A. TEXANUS Sharp. Cafion City, Bowditch.

A. PUNCTULATUS Aube. Placerville, Bowditch.

A. T2HNIOLATUS Harr. Colorado, Putnam.

uN

A

mm

. DISINTEGRATUS Cr. Denver, Packard.
. AUSTINII Sharp. Florissant; Georgetown; Gunnison; Leavenworth Val-
ley, 10,000 to 11,000 feet.
A. STRIGULOSUS Lec. Florissant. The record is under the name vanus.
A. MOROSUS Lec. West Cliff; also in the Putnam list.
A. INFUSCATUS Aube. Leavenworth Valley; Durango; Williams River.
A. OBSOLETUS Lec. San Luis Valley and Gunnison, Bowditch.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 245

A. LECONTEI Cr. South Fork of San Miguel; Williams River; West Cliff.

A. GRISEIPENNIS Lec. Colorado Springs; Georgetown; Silver Plume;
Leavenworth Valley; Ouray; Red Mountain Road, 10,000 to 11,000 feet.

A. OBLITERATUS Lec. Southern Colorado and northern New Mexico, Le-
conte; West Cliff; Placerville; Rico; Leavenworth Valley, 10,000 to
11,000 feet.

A. TRISTIS Aube. Garland; Rico.

RHANTUS Divisus Aube. Florissant; Rico; Gunnison; Dillon, September,
Cockerell.

R. BINOTATUS Harr. South Park, August, Oslar; Rio Grande, Ulke; Floris-
sant; Gunnison; South Fork of San Miguel; Rico; Cochetopa Pass; Den-
ver, August; Berkeley, May; West Cliff; Colorado Springs; Fort Collins
and vicinity, April, May and August.

R. BISTRIATUS Berg. Gunnison, Bowditch.

COLYMBETES LONGULUS Lec. Gunnison, Bowditch.

C. SCULPTILIS Harr. In both Ulke’s and Putnam’s lists; Fort Garland.

DYTISCUS MARGINICOLLIS Lec. Colorado, Putnam and Ulke; Durango,
July, Oslar; Upper San Juan, Hayward.

D. DAuRICUS Gebl. Pagosa, Ulke.

ACILIUS SEMISULCATUS Aube. Mountains southwest of Montrose.

A. FRATERNUS Harr. Alamosa.

GRAPHODERES CINEREUS Linn. Fort Collins, July and August.

GYRINIDA.

GYRINUS 4SNEOLUS Lec. Gunnison, Bowditch.

. AQUIRIS Lec. San Luis Valley; Durango, Bowditch.

. MACULIVENTRIS Lec. San Juan Valley, Bowditch; Saguache Creek,
Saguache County, October, Cockerell, determined by Horn.

. CANADENSIS Reg. Durango; Montrose; San Juan Valley; Gunnison; all
of these records are from Mr. Bowditch.

. AFFINIS Aube. Colorado, Ulke.

. ANALIS Say. Dolores, June.

. MARINUS Gyll. Gunnison and Durango, Bowditch.

. BOREALIS Aube. Alamosa.

DINEUTES ASSIMILIS Aube. Colorado, Roberts, Trans. Am, Ent. Soc., XX,
285.

Q20000600dl6L6DO

HYDROPHILIDA.

HELOPHORUS OBLONGUS Lec. Placerville; Garland; Alamosa; Veta Pass,
9,500 feet.

H. LACUSTRIS Lec. Garland; Alamosa; San Luis Valley; Little Willow
Creek.

H. NiTImpuLUS Lec. Leadville; Leavenworth Valley, 10,000 to 11,000 feet;
Montrose; Little Willow Creek.

H. LINEARIS Lec. Colorado Springs.

H. LINEATUS Lec. Arapahoe Peak, 11,000 to 12,000 feet, Packard; Garland;
Mountains southwest of Montrose; South Fork of San Miguel.

vV—3 4

246 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN:

OCHTHEBIUS DISCRETUS Lec. A variety of this species is reported by Mr.
Schwarz from Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

. CRIBRICOLLIS Lec. Garland.

. HOLMBERGI Meekl. Alamosa; Garland.

. LINEATUS Lec. Colorado, Horn.

. INTERRUPTUS Lec. Colorado, Horn; Cafion City, Wickham.

HYDRANA PENNSYLVANICA De Geer. Buena Vista; Colorado Springs. A

new species of this genus was found by Mr. Schwarz, ‘‘everywhere.’’
HYDROPHILUS TRIANGULARIS Say. Poncha Springs, July; Denver, August;
Buena Vista.

TROPISTERNUS DORSALIS Brulle. Fort Collins; Denver; Sloan’s Lake; Colo-
rado Springs; Buena Vista.

. GLABER Hbst. Berkeley; Denver; Colorado Springs.

. CALIFORNICUS Lec. Colorado, Horn; Fort Collins.

. SUBLA:VIS Lec. Colorado, Ulke.

. ELLIPTICUS Lec. Pagosa Springs, Bowditch.

. STRIOLATUS Lec. Ouray.

HYDROCHARIS OBTUSATUS Say. Berkeley, one specimen, May.

BEROSUS STYLIFERUS Horn. Denver, Packard.

B. INFUSCATUS Lec. Colorado, Horn.

B. STRIATUS Say. Garland; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Gunnison,
Bowditch.

LIMNOCHARIS PICEUS Horn. Cafion City, determined by Dr. Horn.
LACCOBIUS AGILIS Rand. West Cliff; Garland; Florissant; Colorado Springs.

PHILYDRUS DIFFuUSUS Lec. Gunnison; Alamosa; Garland; Berkeley; West
Cliff.

P. PERPLEXUS Lec. Garland, Bowditch.
HYDROCOMBUS n. sp. Pagosa Springs, Bowditch.

CYMBIODYTA MORATA Horn. Cafion City; Colorado Springs, June, not un-
common.

HYDROBIUS SCABROSUS Horn. Veta Pass, 9,350 feet; San Luis Valley; Up-
per San Juan; Mountains southwest of Montrose.

H. FuscIPES Linn. Colorado Springs; Leadville; Garland; Veta Pass;
Georgetown; Leavenworth Valley; Silver Plume; Ouray.

CRENIPHILUS SUBCUPREUS Say. Garland; West Cliff.

CERCYON PYGM4Us Il. Buena Vista.

C. TrRisTis Ill. Ouray. Mr. Schwarz reports finding an unnamed species at
Garland, La Veta and Veta Pass.

Si@iOre

ist el lst It ls

SILPHIDZ.

NECROPHORUS MARGINATUS Fab. Fort Collins; Golden; West Cliff; Colo-
rado Springs; it is known to occur from July to October.

N. GuUTTULA Mots. Recorded from West Cliff; Little Willow Creek; George-
town; between Fort Garland and Costilla; Fort Collins; all except the
first and third of these records are for the variety ecate Bland.

N. PUSTULATUS Hersch. The variety melsheimeri Kirby, is known from
Montrose and Little Willow Creek, Bowditch. There are several state
records without definite locality.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 247

N. VESPILLOIDES Hbst. Summit and Delta Counties, Cockerell; Fort Col-
lins, October.

N. TOMENTosuS Web. Boulder, Oslar; Fort Collins, September.

SILPHA TRUNCATA Say. Southern Colorado, Leconte; West Pe Animas
and Grenada, Hayward; Colorado Springs, Wickham.

S. LAPPONICA Hbst. Denver; Georgetown; Idaho Springs; Florissant; West
Cliff; Ouray; Little Willow Creek; Fort Collins; near Long’s Peak;
Livermore; South Park; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Breckenridge;
Leadville. An abundant species occurring from March to October.

S. TRITUBERCULATA Kirby, variety coloradensis Wickham. Argentine Road
above Georgetown, 12,000 to 13,000 feet. Mr. Bowditch has a specimen
ot ¢trituberculata from Gunnison which may belong to this variety.

S. RAMOSA Say. Over 12,000 feet, Carpenter; Gunnison and South Park,
Bowditch; plains south of Denver, Ulke; West Cliff; Clear Creek Cafion,
Oslar; vicinity of Fort Collins, March to August; Buena Vista.

S. opaca Linn. Mr. Bowditch has a specimen from the Argentine Pass
which he refers here with doubt.

PTEROLOMA TENUICORNIS Lec. Cafion City, Wickham.

CHOLEVA SIMPLEX Say. Fort Collins, October.

C. BASILLARIS Say. Rico; South Fork of San Miguel; the form drunnipen-
nis is recorded from La Veta in the Schwarz list.

C. CLAVICORNIS Lec. Colorado, Horn; Rico, Bowditch.

PTOMOPHAGUS CONSOBRINUS Lec. Colorado, Bowditch; Georgetown, Wick-
ham.

COLON PUSILLUM Horn. Colorado, Horn.

C. CLAVATUM Mann. Veta Pass, I1,000 feet.

C. INERME Mann. Colorado, Horn.

C. MAGNICOLLE Mann. Leavenworth Valley, 10,000 to 11,000 feet.

C. LIEBECKI Wickham. Breckenridge.

HYDNOBIUS LONGIDENS Lec. Garland.

. SUBSTRIATUS Lec. Colorado, Horn.

. CURVIDENS Lec. [La Veta; Garland.

. PUMILUS Lec. Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

. LATIDENS Lec. Colorado, Horn; Durango, Bowditch.

. OBTUSUS Lec. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

ANISOTOMA VALIDA Horn. Silver Plume; Breckenridge.

A. ASSIMILIS Lec. Colorado, Horn.

A. PUNCTATOSTRIATA Kirby. Colorado, Hamilton.

A. COLLARIS Lec. Colorado, Horn. A species ‘‘allied to col/aris’’ is re-
ported from Garland and Veta Pass by Dr. Leconte, in the Schwarz list.

A. STRIGATA Lec. Leavenworth Valley, 10,000 feet; Red Mountain Road,
8,000 to 9,000 feet.

A. OBSOLETA Melsh. Colorado, Horn.

LIODES GLOBOSA Lec. Veta Pass; Ouray.

? CYRTUSA sp. Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

AGATHIDIUM EXIGUUM Melsh. Colorado, Horn.

A. ESTRIATUM Horn. Ouray; Garland.

oopmenaysopmcnigs?)

248 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

A. CONCINNUM Mann. Ouray; Breckenridge; Garland.

A. ANGULARE Mann. Colorado, Horn; Veta Pass, Bowditch. Two uniden-
tified species are reported from Veta Pass.

CALYPTOMERUS OBLONGULUS Mann. Veta Pass, 9,000 to 11,000 feet; Ouray,
in mycelia of fungi, under logs.

CLAMBUS VULNERATUS Lec. Garland.

C. GIBBULUS Lec. Garland.

SCYDMANID.

SCYDMA:NUS TRISTIS Casey. Colorado, Casey. An unidentified species of
this genus is reported from Garland, and another from Garland and
Veta Pass.

CONNOPHRON FOSSIGER Lec. Colorado, Casey.

EUTHIA LONGULA Lec. Garland.

PSELAPHIDA.

TYCHUS MICROPHTHALMUS Brend. Cafion City, Wickham.

BATRISUS FRONTALIS Lec. Colorado Springs, June, two specimens with
Lasius claviger Rog.; Buena Vista.

B. GLoBosus Lec. Colorado Springs, June, one specimen with Camponotus
herculaneus. ‘This and the preceding species are of my own collecting.

REICHENBACHIA ALBIONICA Mots. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

R. PROPINQUA Lec. A specimen from Buena Vista is referred with some
doubt to this species.

R. ARTICULARIS Casey. Southern Colorado, Casey.

R. WICKHAMI Brend. Cafion City, Wickham.

EuPLECTUS near californicus Casey. Buena Vista, one specimen in rot-
ten log.

STAPHYLINIDA.

A great number of our native Staphylinide are still nondescript, while
many of the described species are so imperfectly characterized as to render
their proper determination a matter of difficulty and uncertainty. The suc-
ceeding list is therefore necessarily incomplete. It might be very materially
lengthened by the inclusion of a number of generic records, but it seems
scarcely worth while to incorporate these at present.

FALAGRIA DISSECTA Er. West Cliff.

F. VENUSTULA Er. Fort Collins, April, under boards.

ECHIDNOGLOSSA MONTICOLA Casey. Colorado, Casey. Possibly this is the
species recorded from Veta Pass by Mr. Schwarz.

HOMALOTA PLANA Gyll. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

COLPODOTA SORDIDA Marsh. La Veta; Colorado Springs, June; Fort Col-
lins, March.

C. FUNGI Grav. Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

XENODUSA CAVA Lec. West Cliff; Pueblo; I took a species of this genus
from ants’ nests at Cafion City.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 249

X. CASEYI Wasmann. Sent to Dr. Wasmann by a correspondent in Pueblo.
Lives with Formica subpolita Mayr. It is possible that all of the Colo-
rado specimens are referable to this form.

DINARDILLA LIOMETOPI Wasm. Collected by Rev. P. J. Schmitt at Coto-
paxi, in the nests of Liometopon microcephalum Pz., variety occidentale
Em., during the month of March.

APTERONINA SCHMITTI Wasm. Cotopaxi, with the preceding.

TRICHOPHYA LATIVENTRIS Casey. Colorado Springs, June.

TACHYUSA NIGRELLA Lec. Colorado, Bowditch.

ALEOCHARA BIMACULATA Gray. Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Williams
River; Fort Collins; Garland; Willow Creek, on Cusack’s ranch.

A. NITIDA Grav. Leadville; Williams River.

DASYGLOSSA PROSPERA Er. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,200 to 9,400 feet.

OXYPODA SAXATILIS Casey. Cafion City, Casey.

MYRMECOCHARA CRINITA Casey. Cafion City; I found several specimens
in the nest of a small yellow ant.

NOTATAPHRA LUGUBRIS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

HETEROTHOPS FUMIGATUS Lec. West Cliff; Garland; Fort Collins, March
and April.

QUEDIUS SPEL4US Horn. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

Q. FULGIDUS Fab. Colorado, Putnam.

QO. sP. near SUBLIMBATUS Lec. Breckenridge, from about 10,000 feet to
timber line, under wood in wet spots.

Q. LAVIGATUS Gyll. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

Q. MOLOCHINUS Grav. Veta Pass, 9,200 feet; a small variety is reported
from the snow fields at an altitude of 11,000 feet.

Q. FULVICOLLIS Steph. This species is reported, under the name hyfer-
éoreus, from Garland and Veta Pass.

Q. BRUNNIPENNIS Mann. Williams River, Bowditch.

Q. DEBILIS Horn. Garland, Bowditch.

QO. PROSTANS Horn. Colorado Springs; Garland; Veta Pass; West Cliff.

LISTOTROPHUS CINGULATUS Grav. Ouray; Georgetown.

CREOPHILUS VILLOSUS Grav. Georgetown; Little Willow Creek; La Junta;
Fort Collins; Clear Creek; Ouray; Pagosa Springs; Durango; San Luis
Valley; Fort Garland to Costilla; West Cliff; Colorado Springs; Buena
Vista.

STAPHYLINUS FOSSATOR Grav. Upper San Juan, Hayward.

PHILONTHUS POLITUS Linn. West Cliff; Straight Creek, Summit County,
Cockerell; Buena Vista.

P. FURVUS Nord. West Cliff; Salida; Red Cliff; Fort Collins; Colorado
Springs; Williams River Valley; Georgetown; Ouray; Leavenworth
Valley, 9,000 to 10,000 feet.

P. SERICINUS Horn. Little Willow Creek, Hayward. Name in some doubt,
as is the next.

P. rRINUS Horn. Gunnison, Hayward.

P. SEMIRUBER Horn. Salida; Cafion City.

P. BASALIS Horn. Williams River Valley; Alma; Red Cliff.

ies

250 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

. HEPATICUS Er. Colorado Springs, Bowditch; Rico (in doubt), Hayward.
. PALLIATUS Gravy. Colorado, Horn.
. QUISQUILIARIUS Gyll. Durango; La Junta. Both of these records are
from Mr. Hayward who expresses some doubt as to the determinations
of his Philonthi. Allowance must be made for this doubt in the case of
the other species of this genus credited to him.
P. THEVENETI Horn. Williams River Valley.
P. DEBILIS Grav. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.
P. VARIANS Payk. Buena Vista; Pike’s Peak, 10,000 to I1,o00 feet; Moose
Mountain, above timber; Georgetown; Fort Collins.

P. LONGICORNIs Steph. Summit County, Cockerell.

P. piscoripEuS Grav. Gunnison; Montrose. Both records are from Mr.
Hayward.

P. FUSIFORMIS Melsh. Colorado, Horn; Buena Vista.

P. OCCIDENTALIS Horn. Saguache Creek, above Rock Cliff, Saguache
County, Cockerell; Colorado Springs; Durango and mountains south-
west of Montrose, Hayward.

. FERREIPENNIS Horn. West Cliff, name in doubt.

BRUNNEUS Gray. Dixon Cafion, March.

. SORDIDUS Grav. Colorado, Horn.

CEPHALOTES Grav. Colorado Springs, Wickham.

. INVERSUS Horn. Garland, Horn.

. VIRILIS Horn. Cafion City. A species closely allied or identical was
taken by me at Ouray, Georgetown, and in the Leavenworth Valley, up
to about I1,000 feet.

. NIGRITULUS Grav. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

. MICROPHTHALMUS Horn. Cafion City; Ouray, with Formica obscuripes. A
species, probably the same, was taken at Georgetown, Leadville, Buena
Vista and in the Leavenworth Valley.

P. INSTABILIS Horn. Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Leadville.

P. LECONTEI Horn. Colorado, Horn; Cochetopa Pass, Hayward.

P. AURULENTUS Horn. Salida; Buena Vista, on marsh land; Fort Collins.

ACTOBIUS SENILIS Horn. Colorado, Horn.

A. pusio Horn. Garland, Horn.

A. PASDEROIDES Lec. Colorado Springs; Spring Cafion.

BISNIUS PROCERULUS Gray. Colorado, Horn.

XANTHOLINUS CEPHALUS Say. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

X. OBSIDIANUS Melsh. Fort Collins.

X. EMMESUS Gray. West Cliff.

X. opscurus Er. Vicinity of Fort Collins, April and May; Colorado

Springs; Buena Vista; Alamosa; West Cliff.

X. HAMATUS Say. Fort Collins; Trinidad.

DIANOUS NITIDULUS Lec. Garland.

STENUS PUNCTIGER Casey. Garland, Casey.

S. CoLON Say. West Cliff (in doubt), Cockerell.

S. RENIFER Lec. Colorado Springs, June; Pleasant Valley, March, Gil-

lette.

S. PERPLEXUS Casey. Williams River Valley, Bowditch.

2} Ino}! 92}

rm dd

se} I9)

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 251

. SECTATOR Casey. Alamosa, Bowditch.

. RUGIFER Casey. Alamosa, Casey.

. SCABIOSUS Casey. Buena Vista; Leadville; both records come from Mr.

Bowditch.

. INCULTUS Casey. Cafion City.

. ALPICOLA Fauv. Garland; Veta Pass.

. HUMILIS Er. Fort Garland, Casey; Buena Vista, Bowditch.

. STYGICUS Say. Greeley.

. DOLOSUS Casey. Fort Garland, Casey.

. MORIO Grav. Alamosa; Veta Pass.

ENODIS Casey. Veta Pass, Casey.

DIVES Casey. Cafion City, Wickham.

MONTICOLA Casey. Williams River Valley, Bowditch.

ALACER Casey. Colorado, Casey.

. TAHOENSIS Casey. Colorado Springs.

. NIMBOSUS Casey. Fort Garland, Casey; Dixon Cafion, March; Salida.

AMICUS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

ANNULARIS Er. Greeley.

. POLLENS Casey. Alamosa, Casey, (under name pazens).

. TARSALIS Ljungh. Greeley; Alamosa; Garland; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

. PINGUIS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

. UTENSIS Casey. Alamosa, Bowditch; Fort Garland, Casey.

. TRAJECTUS Casey. Veta Pass, Casey.

LATHROBIUM TERMINATUM Grav. Alamosa.

L. TENUE Lec. Alamosa.

IL. LonGIuscuLUM Gray. Colorado Springs.

IL. COLLARE Er. Alamosa.

I... PALLIDULUM Lec. Colorado, Leconte.

P4&sDERUS GRANDIS Aust. This is reported in the original description as
coming from ‘‘Col.’’ and Arizona. I think, however, that it was from
the neighborhood of the Colorado river, at Fort Yuma.

P. COMPOTENS Lec. Cafion City; Buena Vista, Bowditch.

P. LiTTORARIUS Grav. West Cliff; Routt County, Cockerell; Fort Collins,
March and April.

SUNIUS BINOTATUS Say. Fort Collins, March and April.

HypocyPpTws NIGRITULUS Lec. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

TACHINUS AGILIS Horn. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

ANGUSTATUS Horn. Leadville; Mountains southwest of Montrose,

YOnDW

PORONDONDODHDOHDHHOHDHOYUD

T.
Hayward, in doubt.

T. PARALLELUS Horn. Veta Pass, 11,200 feet.

T. NIGRICORNIS Mann. Buena Vista, Bowditch.

T. REPANDUS Horn. Garland; La Veta.

T. FUMIPENNIS Say. Little Willow Creek, Hayward, in doubt.

TACHYPORUS MACULIPENNIS Lec. Fort Collins.

T. Jocosus Say. Buzzard Creek District; Mesa County; southern Pueblo
County; Custer County, subalpine. All the records are from Cockerell.

T. CHRYSOMELINUS Linn. Fort Collins; West Cliff; Red Cliff; Buena

252 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Vista; Williams River Valley; Alamosa; Garland; La Veta; Little Wil-
low Creek.

T. NANUSEr. Alamosa.

T. NITIDULUS Fab. Fort Collins; Leadville; Veta Pass.

BOLETOBIUS DIMIDIATUS Er. Dome Rock.

B. INTRUSUS Horn. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet; Williams River Valley.

B. pyGmMa4us Fab. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,200 feet; North Park, Gillette;
Gunnison, Hayward.

BRYOPORUS RUFESCENS Lec., variety rubidus Lec. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

MYCETOPORUS HUMIDUS Say. Mr. Schwarz reports a very large form from
Garland.

M. TENUIS Horn. A variety of this speciesis reported by Mr. Schwarz,
from Garland and Veta Pass.

M. consors Horn. Garland.

M. SPLENDIDUS Grav. Garland; Veta Pass.

PSEUDOPSIS SULCATA Newm. Garland; Veta Pass; Ouray.

P. OBLITERATA Lec. La Veta.

BLEDIUS ARMATUS Er. Fort Collins; Denver.

. ADUSTUS Casey. Garland, Casey.

. TENUIS Casey. Grand Junction, Bowditch.

. FUMATUS Lec. Buena Vista.

. RUFICORNIS Lec. Dome Rock; Buena Vista.

. TURGIDUS Casey. Veta Pass, Bowditch; Fort Garland, Casey.

PLATYSTETHUS AMERICANUS Er. West Cliff; Garland; La Veta; Lead-
ville; Buena Vista; Breckenridge; Ouray; Micawber Mine.

OXYTELUS PENNSYLVANICUS Er. West Cliff.

O. FUSCIPENNIS Mann. Veta Pass; a species closely allied to fuscipennis,
or identical with it, is found at Ouray, Buena Vista and in the North
Park.

O. ALPICOLA Casey. Colorado, Casey.

O. NITIDULUS Grav. Fort Collins; West Cliff; Garland; La Veta; Veta
Pass, 9,400 feet.

TROGOPHLCUS MEMNONIUS Er. Alamosa.

T. CORTICINUS Grav. Garland; Veta Pass.

T. SCRUPULUS Casey. Greeley. :

APOCELLUS CRASSICORNIS Casey. Fort Garland, Casey.

A. SPHARICOLLIS Say. Fort Collins; Garland.

DELEASTER CONCOLOR Lec. Cafion City; Colorado Springs.

PORRHODITES FENESTRALIS Zett. Roaring Fork.

GEODROMICUS OVIPENNIS Lec. San Juan Valley; Leavenworth Valley,
9,000 to 11,000 feet; Silver Plume; Georgetown; Ouray; Leadville; Veta
Pass.

G. DEBILIS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

TILEA CASTANEA Casey. Colorado, Casey.

LESTEVA FUSCONIGRA Mots. Veta Pass, 9,400 to 11,000 feet; Williams
River Valley.

ACIDOTA QUADRATA Zett. Colorado, Hamilton.

Bandww

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 253

ARPEDIUM sp. Leadville; Leavenworth Valley, 10,000 to 11,000 feet.

DELIPHRUM EXPANSUM Lec. Summitville, Bowditch; Veta Pass.

OLOPHRUM MARGINATUM Kirby. Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

O. ROTUNDICOLLE Sahlb. Leadville.

OMALIUM PUSILLUM Grav. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

O. PLANUM Payk. Garland, Bowditch.

O. FORAMINOSUM Meekl. Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

ANTHOBIUM SPP. Veta Pass, 9,000 to 11,000 feet; Pike’s Peak, 8,000 to
9,000 feet; Leadville; Breckenridge.

OROBANUS SIMULATOR Lec. Leavenworth Valley, I0,o0o to 11,000 feet;
Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

MICRDUS AUSTINIANUS Lec. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet; Leavenworth Valley,
9,000 to 10,000 feet.

MEGARTHRUS SINUATOCOLLIS Lec. Ouray; Veta Pass, 9,200 to 11,000 feet.

SIAGONIUM PUNCTATUM Lec. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

MICROPEPLUS LATICOLLIS Meekl. Veta Pass, 9,200 to 11,000 feet.

TRICHOPTERYGID.

PTILIUM N. sp. Garland.

PTENIDIUM EVANESCENS Marsh. Garland.

TRICHOPTERYX near californica Matth. Garland; Veta Pass, 11,200 feet.

T. near haldemanni Lec. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,200 feet. I have an un-
determined species from Buena Vista.

SCAPHIDIIDA.

SCAPHIDIUM ORNATUM Casey. Supposed by the describer to have come
from Colorado.

SCAPHISOMA CONVEXUM Say. Dolores; Pleasant Valley.

S. CASTANEUM Mots. Durango, Bowditch.

PHALACRIDAS.

PHALACRUS PENICILLATUS Say. Pueblo; Garland; Fort Collins; North
Park; Dolores; Marshall Pass; Little South; Livermore; Colorado
Springs.

P. SIMPLEX Lec. Alamosa; Garland.

P. pPoLITUS Melsh. Pueblo.

P. SERIATUS Lec. Garland.

PHALACROPSIS DISPAR Lec. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

OLIBRUS VITTATUS Lec. Holly; Fort Collins; Livermore; Durango.

O. SEMISTRIATUS Lec. Durango and La Junta, Bowditch.

STILBUS APICALIS Melsh. Fort Collins; La Veta; Garland.

CORYLOPHID,

SACIUM LUGUBRE Lec. Garland; Veta Pass; West Cliff.
S. MONTANUM Casey. Colorado, Casey.

V—3 6

254 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

S. BIGUTTATUM Lec. Ouray; Garland; Veta Pass, 9,200 to 11,000 feet. I
have an undetermined species from Colorado Springs.

SERICODERUS FLAVIDUS Lec. Northern Colorado; Fort Collins.

ORTHOPERUS SCUTELLARIS Lec. Fort Collins; Garland.

O. PRINCEPS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

COCCINELLIDA.

The arrangement of this family follows Casey’s recent revision as far as
possible, though of course it is out of the question to correlate the old rec-
ords with his arrangement in every case. It seems too, that Major Casey
had very little material from Colorado before him, so that we are left with-
out a clue as to the disposition he would have made of doubtful or osculant
forms. For the present it seems unnecessary to make comments on the
status of some of the new names proposed, as more than one opinion may
easily exist regarding the separation of certain races and varieties. The
trinomial system seems destined to prevail in Entomology, as it has already
done in some of the kindred sciences, and most of the names will probably
be perpetuated in some form, even if a succeeding monographer degrades
them from specific rank.

MACRON4:MIA EPISCOPALIS Kirby. West Cliff; Garland; Greeley; Fort Col-
lins. May be takenfrom April to June, in sweepings.

PARANZEMIA SIMILIS Casey. Durango, Oslar; Fort Collins and vicinity;
Greeley; Colorado Springs, in swampy spots, on flowers of Umbelliferze;
West Cliff. This is recorded in most lists as Megzilla vittigera Mann.

MEGILLA FUSCILABRIS Muls. La Junta, Bowditch. The insect is equiva-
lent to what has been called Megzlla maculata De Geer, in this country.

HIPPODAMIA TREDECIMPUNCTATA Linn. West Cliff; Garland; Gunnison;
Delta; Grand Junction.

H. QUINQUESIGNATA Kirby. Clear Creek Cafion; Beaver Brook Gulch;
Leavenworth Valley, 10,000 to 11,000 feet; Ouray; Red Mountain Road;
Aspen; Durango; Montrose; Surface Creek, Delta County; Fort Collins;
Livermore; Denver; Colorado Springs; Palmer Lake; Golden; Pike’s
Peak, 9,000 to 10,000 feet; Buena Vista; Breckenridge; Leadville; Mar-
shall Pass.

H. LECONTEI Muls. Denver; Greeley; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista;
Pike’s Peak, 9,000 to 10,000 feet; Garland; La Veta; West Cliff; La
Junta; Durango.

. DISPAR Casey. Colorado, Casey.

. GLACIALIS Fab. Fort Collins and Livermore.

. CONVERGENS Guer. Denver; Colorado Springs; Fort Collins; Greeley;
Manitou; Buena Vista; Berkeley; Chimney Gulch; Florence; Salida;
Palmer Lake; Livermore; Dolores; Wales Cafion; Pueblo; La Junta;
Trinidad; Delta; Montrose; Durango; Cafion of Big Blue; Upper San
Juan; Cochetopa Pass; Red Mountain Road; West Cliff; Micawber
Mine; Garland; Veta Pass. The commonest species of Hippodamia in
the state.

H. QUINDECIMMACULATA Muls. Colorado Springs, one specimen.

mm

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 255

H. spurtIA Lec. Buena Vista; Hesterburgs Lane, Custer County, Cockerell.
Mr. Baker bred Euphorus sculptus from this species and convergens, at
Fort Collins.

H. stnvata Muls. Denver; Berkeley; Fort Collins; Colorado Springs, com-
mon on Helianthus; Glenwood Springs; Durango.

H. PARENTHESIS Say. Durango; Gunnison; Monument Gulch; Rico; Coche-
topa Pass; Williams River Valley; Alamosa; Garland; Veta Pass; Ula;
Pueblo; Roaring Fork; Riverside, Chaffee County and Cottonwood
Gulch, Saguache County, Cockerell; Denver; Stove Prairie; Little
South; Cerro Summit; Marshall Pass; Cafion City; Greeley; Clear Creek
Cafion; Colorado Springs; Pike’s Peak, 8.000 to 9,000 feet; Buena Vista;
Leadville; also included by Carpenter in his list of species taken at
altitudes over 12,000 feet.

ADALIA BIPUNCTATA Linn. Fort Collins, June.

A. HUMERALIS Say. Fort Collins; Little Willow Creek; Cafion of Big Blue;
Placerville; Ouray.

A. ANNECTANS Crotch. Colorado Springs; Manitou; Rocky Ford; Fort Col-
lins; Little Willow Creek; Gunnison.

A. FRIGIDA Schn. Little Willow Creek; Cafion of Big Blue; Placerville;
Upper San Juan; Veta Pass; Garland. I do not know which of Casey’s
names fit these specimens.

A. ORNATELLA Casey. Colorado, Casey.

COCCINELLA NOVEMNOTATA Hbst. Denver; Berkeley; Clear Creek Cafion;
Cafion City; Colorado Springs; Pike’s Peak; Buena Vista; Leadville;
Fort Collins; Greeley; La Junta; Pueblo; West Cliff; Little South; Do-
lores; Cimarron; Little Beaver; Monument Gulch; Durango; Pagosa
Springs; Williams River Valley; Ouray.

. DEGENER Casey. Colorado, Casey.

. DIFFICILIS Crotch. Greeley.

. PROLONGATA Crotch. Southern Colorado, Leconte; Cafion City, Bow-
ditch.

C. SUTURALIS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

C. MonTICOLA Muls. Clear Creek, Oslar; Garland; Leadville; Buena Vista;

Colorado Springs; Fort Collins.

C. QUINQUENOTATA Kirby. This is what we have been calling transverso-
gutiata Fald. It is known from Ouray and the pass above; Georgetown;
Gunnison; Cafion of Big Blue; Mountains southwest of Montrose; Rico;
Pagosa Springs; Upper San Juan; Cochetopa Pass; Delta; San Luis Val-
ley; South Park; Eagle River; Roaring Fork; Buena Vista; Leadville;
Moose Mountain; Breckenridge; Micawber Mine; Marshall Pass; Salida;
Palmer Lake; Livermore; Fort Collins; Estes Park; Golden; Nathrop;
Cafion City; Idaho Springs; West Cliff; in the Carpenter list of species
occurring over 12,000 feet. The form which we have heretofore desig-
nated transversalis is now called by Casey, xugatoria Muls., and this
comes from the following points; Denver; Colorado Springs; Cafion
City; near Steamboat Springs; Glenwood Springs; Delta; Fort Collins;
Silver Plume; above Ouray; Clear Creek Cafion; Breckenridge; West

Cee

256 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Cliff, in doubt; Lake and Chaffee Counties, Cockerell; Gunnison; Leaven-
worth Valley.

C. PERPLEXA Muls. Known to us as ¢rifasciata Linn. North Park; Rist
Cafion; Steamboat Springs; Rocky Ford; Ula; Micawber Mine; La Veta;
Veta Pass, 9,400 feet; Cafion of Big Blue; Mountains southwest of Mont-
rose; Little Willow Creek.

C. TRICUSPIS Kirby. Upper San Juan, Bowditch.

CYCLONEDA SANGUINEA Linn. I retain the Linnzean designation, as it is
impossible to assign the names of Casey without access to the original
specimens. Trinidad; Dolores; Cimarron; Chimney Gulch; Dome Rock;
Colorado Springs; Pike’s Peak, 9,000 to 10,000 feet; West Cliff.

OLLA ABDOMINALIS Say. Denver; Salida; Fort Collins; Lamar; Manitou;
La Junta; Pueblo.

CLEIS PIcrA Rand. Dome Rock; Garland; Veta Pass; Cusack Ranch, Custer
County, Cockerell; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Peak Eight, 11,500
to 12,000 feet; Fort Collins; Horsefly Peak Divide; Mountains southwest
of Montrose.

ANATIS RATHVONI Lec. Placerville; West Cliff; Red Mountain Road, 9,000
to 10,000 feet; Fort Collins; June; not a common species.

NEOMYSIA HORNII Crotch. West Cliff; Garland; Mountains southwest of
Montrose; Fort Collins; Durango.

N. SUBVITTATA Muls. South Fork of San Miguel; Garland; Veta Pass, 9,400
feet.

N. MONTANA Casey. Colorado, Casey.

PSYLLOBORA VIGINTIMACULATA Say. La Veta; Garland; Ouray; West
Cliff; Fort Collins; Colorado Springs; Pike’s Peak, 7,000 to 8.000 feet.

EPILACHNA CORRUPTA Muls. Boulder; Colorado Springs; Denver; Golden;
Fort Collins; Trinidad; Buena Vista; Durango.

CHILOCORUS BIVULNERUS Muls. Golden; Colorado Springs; Manitou;
Salida; Greeley; Fort Collins; Durango.

EXOCHOMUS HOGEI Gorh. West Cliff; Delta; Durango; Buena Vista; Breck-
enridge; Leadville. This is what we have been calling marginipennis.

E. #THIops Bland. Ouray; Durango; Garland; Veta Pass; Montrose; vicin-
ity of Fort Collins; Stove Prairie; Rustic; Horsetooth Mountain; Colorado
Springs; Buena Vista; Leadville, not common.

BRACHYVACANTHA URSINA Fab. Southern Colorado, Leconte; Garland; La
Veta; vicinity of Fort Collins, Juneto August. Specimens intermediate
between this and albifrons were taken by Gillette and Baker at various
points in the neighborhood of Fort Collins.

B. DECEMPUSTULATA Melsh. Colorado Springs, July; a specimen, not very
typical, was taken near Palmer Lake by Prof. Gillette.

B. ILLUSTRIS Casey. Beaver Brook.

B. ALBIFRONS Say. Colorado Springs; Fort Collins; Gunnison; Durango;
Little Willow Creek; Beaver Brook.

B. DENTIPES Fab. Colorado, my cabinet; Dolores, Gillette.

B. INDUBITABILIS Crotch. Montrose; Gunnison, Bowditch.

HYPERASPIS LATERALIS Muls. Garland; Leadville; Montrose; Clear Creek

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 257

Cafion; Rocky Ford; Cerro Summit; vicinity of Fort Collins; except the
first two, all of the records are due to Prof. Gillette’s collecting.

. BINOTATA Say. Cimarron, August; Durango, Bowditch. This is signata
Lec., not Olivier, according to Casey.

. FIMBRIOLATA Mels. West Cliff; Pueblo; Bouider; vicinity of Fort Col-
lins; Golden; Colorado Springs; Dome Rock; La Junta.

. TRISTIS Lec. Colorado, Leconte.

. CINCTA Lec. Mr. Bowditch thinks this occurs near Durango, as he has
it from just across the line in New Mexico.

. LUGUBRIS Rand. Colorado, Leconte.

. UNDULATA Say. Colorado Springs; Cafion City; La Junta.

. SEXVERRUCATA Fab. Colorado Springs, Bowditch.

. QUADRIVITTATA Lec. Colorado Springs and Buena Vista, chiefly about
roots of herbs on dry ground; Leadville; Denver; Bellevue; Williams
River Valley. ;

HELESIUS NIGRIPENNIS Lec. Florissant; Garland, in doubt, Bowditch.

HYPERASPIDIUS TRIMACULATUS Linn. Alamosa; Garland; La Veta; Gun-

nison; Fort Collins and vicinity; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Lead-
ville; occurs from May to August. Frequently found in rubbish about
the roots of plants.

H. INSIGNIS Casey. Colorado Springs.

H. MILITARIS Lec. Foothills near Fort Collins, May.

STETHORUS PUNCTUM Lec. Cafion City, Gillette, on plum. Buena Vista,

on dwarf pines which were badly infested with Aphides.

S. UTILIS Horn. Leadville, one specimen, concerning which Dr. Horn

wrote that it was a little less distinctly punctured than the types.

SCYMNUS FLAVESCENS Casey. Colorado Springs.

. PALLENS Lec. Palmer Lake, October; Horsetooth Gulch, June.

. NUGATOR Casey. Colorado, Casey.

. FRATERNUS Lec. Clear Creek Cafion; Palmer Lake, August.

. BRULLEI Muls. Spring Cafion, May.

. CERVICALIS Muls. Garland, in doubt.

. COLLARIS Melsh. Colorado Springs; Fort Collins; Montrose; Rocky
Ford; Lamar. Mr. Bowditch writes that he calls these cervicalis.

. PUNCTICOLLIS Lec. Ouray; Fort Collins; Colorado Springs.

. MONTICOLA Casey. Colorado, Casey.

. GARLANDICUS Casey. Garland, Casey.

. TENEBROSUS Muls. Horsetooth Mountain, August.

. LACUSTRIS Lec. Garland; Veta Pass; West Cliff; Dome Rock; Dolores;
Colorado Springs.

. ARDELIO Horn. Horsetooth Gulch; vicinity of Fort Collins; Rocky Ford.
Possibly these should go to dacustris.

S. cincTus Lec. Buena Vista; name from Dr. Horn.

S. CONIFERARUM Crotch. Garland; Veta Pass, 10,500 feet; Mountains south-

west of Montrose; Rist Cafion, May.

S. opacuLuUS Horn. Colorado, Horn.

S. AMERICANUS Muls. Fort Collins, March, April and June.

joos> yey mao? ie? a? ©

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mw

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258 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

. PHELPSII Crotch. Garland; Mountains southwest of Montrose.
. NAVICULATUS Casey. Colorado, (Rocky Mountains), Casey.

. COLORADENSIS Horn. Garland, Horn.

. INTRUSUS Horn. Salida, Wickham.

COCCIDULA OCCIDENTALIS Horn. Fort Collins.

NDDNDDD

ENDOMYCHID.

LYCOPERDINA FERRUGINEA Lec. West Cliff.

APHORISTA MOROSA Lec. Pagosa Springs, Hayward; Durango, Bowditch;
Horsetooth Gulch; Estes Park; Veta Pass; Ouray; West Cliff; not a
common insect.

A. PALLIDA Horn. Colorado, Horn.

EPIPOCUS UNICOLOR Horn. Colorado, Horn.

EROTYLIDA.

LANGURIA MOZARDI Lat. Fort Collins, April.

L. L&TA Lec. Vicinity of Fort Collins, April and June.

L. LECONTEI Crotch. Colorado Springs.

L. pivisA Horn. Colorado, Horn.

TRITOMA THORACICA Say. Colorado, Snow.

T. CALIFORNICA Lec. Smith’s Park, Cockerell; La Veta; Gunnison.

T. FLAVICOLLIS Lec. Colorado Springs, common; Trinidad; Fort Collins;
Gunnison; Pagosa Springs; Mountains southwest of Montrose.

EROTYLUS BOISDUVALI Chey. ‘‘Usually taken on Pinus ponderosa and not
taken at an altitude of above 9,o00 feet. Abundant in the foothills
of the Front Range, not found by Carpenter on the Pacific slope’’
(Ulke); Custer County, Cockerell; Durango; Pagosa Springs; Chimney
Gulch; Dome Rock; Boulder; Fort Collins and vicinity; Stove Prairie;
Denver to Georgetown; Clear Creek Cafion and adjacent mountains;
Colorado Springs; Pike’s Peak, 7,000 to 8,000 feet. Generally found on
logs or flying.

COLYDIIDA.

DITOMA ORNATA Lec. Trinidad, May, collected from beneath bark of cot-
tonwood log by Professor Gillette.

AULONIUM LONGUM Lec. Colorado, Horn.

BOTHRIDERES MONTANUS Horn. Mountains near San Juan, Horn.

CUCUJIDAS.

SILVANUS SURINAMENSIS Linn. Fort Collins.

S. PLANATUS Germ. Colorado Springs, one specimen; Trinidad, under bark
of cottonwood log, Gillette; Northern Colorado, Gillette.

PEDIACUS FUSCUS Er. Alamosa; Breckenridge; Pike’s Peak, 7,000 to 8,000
feet.

P. DEPRESSUS Hbst. Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 259

CuUCUJUS CLAVIPES Fab. ‘Trinidad, under bark of cottonwood in May, Gil-
lette; Monument Gulch; Mountains southwest of Montrose; Horsefly
Peak.

LAMOPHLAUS BIGUTTATUS Say. West Cliff.

L. ANGUSTULUS Lec. Colorado, Casey.

DENDROPHAGUS GLABER Lec. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

CRYPTOPHAGIDAS.

TELMATOPHILUS AMERICANUS Lec. Greeley.

ANTHEROPHAGUS OCHRACEUS Melsh. In the Putnam list; I have a specimen
from the slope of Pike’s Peak, above Manitou, (7,000 to 8,000 feet),
which I refer here with very little doubt.

A. CONVEXULUS Lec. Buena Vista; Garland; West Cliff.

EMPHYLUS AMERICANUS Lec. Veta Pass, 11,500 feet.

HENOTICUS SERRATUS Gyll. Garland; Veta Pass, 10,000 feet.

CRYPTOPHAGUS CELLARIS Scop. Inthe Putnam list with a mark of doubt.
Mr. Schwarz took four species at Garland and Veta Pass.

C. CONFERTUS Casey. This and all of the following species belonging to
the family are described by Major Casey as coming from Colorado, with-
out citation of definite locality.

C. PORRECTUS Casey.

CANOSCELIS OCHREOSA Casey.

C. PARALLELA Casey.

AGATHENGIS CRASSULA Casey.

. CAPITATA Casey.

. QUADRICOLLIS Casey.

. CONSTRICTA Casey.

. TENEBROSA Casey.

. COLORADENSIS Casey.

. LUCIDA Casey.

. FORTICORNIS Casey.

ATOMARIA EPHIPPIATA Zimm. Colorado. Mr. Schwarz took seven species
of this genus at Garland and Veta Pass.

A. INCERTA Casey.

A. BREVICOLLIS Casey.

A. OBLONGULA Casey.

PPP SP PP Pp

MYCETOPHAGID.

MYCETOPHAGUS CONFUSUS Horn. This and the following species are re-
corded by the describer from Colorado, without definite locality.

M. TENUIFASCIATUS Horn.

LITARGUS BALTEATUS Lec. Colorado, Horn.

I. NEBULOSUS Lec. Vicinity of Fort Collins.

HYPOCOPRUS FORMICETORUM Mots. Garland, in doubt.

DERMESTID.

DERMESTES MARMORATUS Say. Denver; Pueblo; Colorado Springs; Lamar;
Fort Collins; West Cliff; Buena Vista; Leadville; Durango; common.

260 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

D. MANNERHEIMII Lec. Colorado, Putnam.

D. FASCIATUS Lec. Fort Collins; Trinidad; Mountains southwest of Mont-
rose; La Veta; West Cliff; Buena Vista; Denver.

D. CANINUS Germ. Denver, Ulke; Pueblo, Bowditch. So much confusion
exists in the application of names here, that I give the rest of the records
that should belong with this species as understood in Henshaw’s list, in
the original form; murinus, Cafion City; mubilus, Colorado, (Putnam,
Ulke, Leconte, ); Pikeview, Cockerell.

D. TALPINUS Mann. Colorado, Putnam; Dome Rock; near Long’s Peak;
Fort Collins.

D. LARDARIUS Linn. Berkeley; Fort Collins; the variety szgnatus Lec., is
known from Durango, (Bowditch), and West Cliff.

PERIMEGATOMA CYLINDRICUM Kirby. Garland; Alamosa; West Cliff.

ATTAGENUS PICEUS Oliv. Colorado Springs; Denver; West Cliff; Pueblo.

TROGODERMA ORNATUM Say. Fort Collins.

T. TARSALE Melsh. Fort Collins.

ANTHRENUS SCROPHULARLZ Linn. The form known as lepidus Lec., is
from Garland, Beaver Brook and Colorado Springs; at the last-named
place it is often common on flowers. I have taken flavipes Melsh., at
Ouray. Records for scrophularie are West Cliff; Fort Collins; Dolores.

A. VERBASCI Linn. Colorado Springs, Hayward.

CRYPTORHOPALUM BALTEATUM Lec. Manitou, Montrose and Dolores, Gil-
lette; Colorado Springs and the adjacent lower slopes of Pike’s Peak,
common on flowers.

C. HAMORRHOIDALE Lec. Montrose and Dolores, Gillette; Colorado, Horn.

C. APICALE Mann. This ora closely allied species comes from Fort Collins
and vicinity; Mr. Hayward reports it from Colorado Springs.

C. RUFICORNE Lec. Garden of the Gods, Packard.

C. TRISTE Jayne. Vicinity of Fort Collins.

ORPHILUS SUBNITIDUS Lec.. Dome Rock; Beaver Creek; Little South; Fort
Collins; Colorado Springs; Pike’s Peak, lower slopes; South Fork of
San Miguel; Ouray; Durango; Georgetown. Common on flowers.

HISTERIDAS.

HISTER SUBOPACUS Lec. West Cliff.

. GUTTIFER Horn. Rist Cafion, Titus, April.

. SELLATUS Lec. Near Ula, Cockerell.

. INSTRATUS Lec. Lamar; Horsetooth Gulch; vicinity of Fort Collins;

Greeley; Berkeley.

. TUNICATUS Lewis. Cafion City, Lewis, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1898,
(Os W9Oe

ULKEI Horn. Denver; Berkeley; Colorado Springs.

. HARRISII Kirby. West Cliff; Denver, July, Oslar.

. MERDARIUS Hoffm. Ouray.

. F@DATuS Lec. La Junta, Bowditch.

. ABBREVIATUS Fab. West Cliff; Greeley; Colorado Springs; La Junta,

Hayward; a common species.

. DEPURATOR Say. Durango and Rico, Bowditch; Cusack Ranch; Buena
Vista; not common.

mt te tt

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 261

H. FuRTIvus Lec. Durango, Bowditch.

H. PERPLEXUS Lec. Alamosa,

H. LECONTEI Mars. Durango, Bowditch; Fort Collins; Colorado Springs.

H. PUNCTIGER Lec. Durango, Bowditch; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

EPIERUS ELLIPTICUS Lec. Pagosa Springs; Upper San Juan. ‘The records
come from Mr. Hayward, who marks them with doubt.

HETARIUS MORSUS Lec. West Cliff.

H. TRISTRIATUS Horn. Rist Cafion, April; Georgetown, June; Ouray, July.
Lives in nests of ants.

ONTHOPHILUS SOLTAUI Casey. Denver, Casey.

PAROMALUS ESTRIATUS Lec. Trinidad, May, under cottonwood bark, Gil-
lette.

P. 14-STRIATUS Steph. Fort Collins, June.

P. DEBILIS Lec. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

SAPRINUS LUGENS Er. Denver; Fort Collins; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista;
Salida; Beaver Brook Gulch; West Cliff; Trinidad; Pagosa Springs;
Durango; Ouray; Montrose; Gunnison; Little Willow Creek; La Junta.
A very abundant insect on carrion.

S. PENNSYLVANICUS Payk. Denver; Lamar; Pueblo; Colorado Springs; Gree-
ley; La Junta; Durango.

S. OREGONENSIS Lec. Near Long’s Peak; various points in Custer County;
Colorado Springs; La Junta; Alamosa; Garland; Buena Vista; Leadville;
Horsefly Peak; Monument Gulch; Little Willow Creek; Mountains south-
west of Montrose; Durango; Gunnison.

. CILIATUS Lec. Cafion City; name from Dr. Horn.

. LARIDUS Lec. La Junta, Bowditch.

. INSERTUS Lec. Little Willow Creek, Bowditch.

. LUBRICUS Lec. Montrose and adjacent mountains, Bowditch; Ouray,
Gillette; Dolores; Fort Collins; Grand Junction, Wickham.

S. PLENUS Lec. Grand Junction, Wickham; Livermore; Bellevue; La Junta;
San Luis Valley; Durango; Mountains southwest of Montrose; Horsefly
Peak.

S. FIMBRIATUS Lec. Cusack Ranch, Custer County, Cockerell; Cafion City;
Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Alamosa; Garland; La Junta; Durango;
San Luis Valley.

S. SPHASROIDES Lec. Eastern Custer County, Cockerell.

S. FRATERNUS Say. Garland; several specimens which seem to belong here
were taken at Buena Vista and Leadville, in carrion.

S. MANCUS Say. Little Willow Creek, Bowditch.

S. PROFUSUS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

S. DETRACTUS Casey. Greeley, Wickham.

PLEGADERUS TRANSVERSUS Say. Rist Cafion, under pine bark.

P. SAYI Mars. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

P. consors Horn. Colorado, Horn.

P. CRIBRATUS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

TERETRIUS AMERICANUS Lec. La Veta; Veta Pass.

T. MONTANUS Horn. Veta Pass.

v—3 8

DODD

262 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

NITIDULIDZ

BRACHYPTERUS URTIC4 Fab. La Veta; Garland.

B. GLOBULARIUS Murr. Rico; Gunnison; Placerville; Cafion of Big Blue;
Montrose.

CARPOPHILUS PALLIPENNIS Say. La Junta; Gunnison; Montrose; Pueblo;
Big Narrows of Poudre; Dolores; Larimer County, foothills; Clear Creek
Cafion; Evans Peak region; Durango; Cafion City; Denver; West Cliff;
Ula; Buena Vista; Colorado Springs, common in cactus blossoms.

C. DIMIDIATUS Fab. Colorado, Hamilton.

C. NIGER Say. Colorado Springs, Wickham.

C. DISCOIDEUS Lec. Colorado, Putnam.

EPUR4A INTEGRA Horn. Colorado, Horn.

E. ERICHSONII Reitt. Veta Pass. The identification is in doubt, specimens

are said to be larger than usual.

. PAPAGONA Casey. Eastern Custer County, sub-alpine, Cockerell.

AVARA Rand. Fort Collins; the name is credited to Mr. Schwarz.

. LINEARIS Mekl. Veta Pass. 9,400 feet.

TRUNCATELLA Mann. Veta Pass; Colorado Springs; Leadville; Dome

Rock.

. PLANULATA Er. Ouray.

ovATaA Horn. Montrose, June, Gillette, name credited to Dr. Riley; Gar-

land.

. ZSTIVA Linn. Colorado, Hamilton.

. LABILIS Er. West Cliff, on flowers of Sambucus.

. SCAPHOIDES Horn. Colorado, Horn.

NITIDULA BIPUNCTATA Linn. Colorado, Hamilton.

N. RUFIPES Linn. Fort Collins.

N. ziczac Say. Fort Collins; Dome Rock; West Cliff; Colorado Springs;
Buena Vista; Leadville; Gunnison; Mountains southwest of Montrose;
Durango.

PHENOLIA GROSSA Fab. Cafion City, Uhler. A few specimens are said to
have been found on plants.

OMOSITA COLON Linn. Fort Collins, common.

O. DISCOIDEA Fab. Veta Pass, 9,200 feet; lower slopes of Pike’s Peak.

ORTHOPEPLUS QUADRICOLLIS Horn. Colorado, Horn.

MELIGETHES BRASSICA Scop. West Cliff.

M. Muratus Har. Vicinity of Fort Collins; Rustic; West Cliff; Colorado
Springs; Buena Vista; Garland; La Veta; Dome Rock; Ouray; Leaven-
worth Valley; not uncommon.

M. SEMINULUM Lec. La Veta; Garland; Veta Pass, 9,000 to 10,000 feet; West
Cliff. ?

PALLODES PALLIDUS Beauy. Caifion of the Arkansas, on plants at entrance,
Uhler. If this record is correct it shows a habit unusual to this species.

CRYPTARCHA STRIGATA Fab. Colorado, Hamilton.

IPS QUADRIGUTTATUS Fab. Clear Creek, August, Oslar.

I. vITraTus Say. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet; also in the Ulke and Putnam lists
without definite locality.

Boe He bade

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 263

PITYOPHAGUS VERTICALIS Horn. Colorado, Horn; eastern Custer County,
Cockerell.

RHIZOPHAGUS SCALPTURATUS Mann. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

R. DImip1aTus Mann. Colorado, Hamilton.

R. BIPUNCTATUS Say. Ouray. This name is probably correct, but there is
a chance of error, the specimens not being typical.

LATHRIDIIDA.

LATHRIDIUS MONTANUS Fall. Leavenworth Valley, 10,000 feet.

I. COSTICOLLIS Lec. Veta Pass.

ENICMUS MINUTUS Linn. Colorado, Fall.

. STRENUUS Fall. Ouray.

. FicTus Fall. Garland; Veta Pass.

. MIMUS Fall. Denver.

. VANUS Fall. Ouray.

. TENUICORNIS Lec. Ouray.

CARTODERE FILUM Aube. Greeley.

CORTICARIA PUBESCENS Gyll. Fort Collins.

. VARICOLOR Fall. Garland.

. PARALLELA Fall. Garland.

. VALIDA Fall. Garland.

. PLANULA Fall. Leadville.

. SERRICOLLIS Lec. Garland; Veta Pass.

. occIDUA Fall. Veta Pass.

. DENTIGERA Lec. Garland; Breckenridge; Leadville.

FERRUGINEA Marsh. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

MELANOPHTHALMA PICTA Lec. Greeley.

M. pumILaA Lec. Garland.

M. AMERICANA Mann. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,200 to 11,000 feet. The rec-
ords appeared under the names scissa and eapansa, which are reduced
by Mr. Fall to synonyms of americana.

M. cavicoLuis Mann. Colorado, Fall; Garland, Schwarz list, under name
angularis.

BHeowas

(evieNoveneuoucue:

TROGOSITIDA.

NEMOSOMA CYLINDRICUM Lec. Dome Rock; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

TROGOSITA VIRESCENS Fab. Fort Collins; Dome Rock; Durango.

TENEBRIOIDES MAURITANICA Linn. Durango, Bowditch.

T. corTICALIS Melsh. Southwestern Colorado, Strecker; Buena Vista; Lead-
ville.

T. sryuata Lec. Durango, Bowditch.

T AMERICANA Kirby. Cochetopa Pass, Bowditch.

PELTIS PIPINGSKG@LDI Mann. West Cliff; Red Cliff.

P. FERRUGINEA Linn. Engelmann’s Cafion; Cochetopa Pass; Cafion of Big
Blue; Silver Plume; Leadville; Breckenridge.

CALITYsS SCABRA Thunb. Cheyenne Cafion; West Cliff; Cusack’s Ranch;
Georgetown; Breckenridge; Leadville; above Ouray; Montrose, Gillette;
Rico; Durango. Occurs under bark and on woody fungi.

264 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

MONOTOMA PICIPES Hbst. Ouray.
M. FULVIPES Melsh. Garland.

BYRRHIDA.

CYTILUS SERICEUS Forst. Colorado, Ulke.

C. TRIVITTATUS Melsh. Leadville; Red Cliff; Moose Mountain, 12,000 feet.

BYRRHUS AMERICANUS Lec. Veta Pass, Schwarz.

B. CYCLOPHORUS Kirby. Colorado, Putnam.

B. GEMINATUS Lec. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

B. KIRBYI Lec. Mount Lincoln; Leadville.

SYNCALYPTA GRISEA Lec. Garland.

LIMNICHUS MONTANUS Lec. La Veta; an undetermined species is in my
cabinet from Buena Vista.

GEORYSSID.

GEORYSSUS PUSILLUS Lec. Garland.

PARNIDZ.

DRYOPS STRIATUS Lec. West Cliff and other points in Custer County; Gar-
field County, Cockerell; below Bridal Veil Falls; Colorado Springs;
Manitou; Spring Cafion; Garland; La Veta; Veta Pass; Pagosa Springs;
Upper San Juan; Durango. Often exceedingly abundant under stones
in running water.

ELMIS CONCOLOR Lec. Colorado Springs, one pair, Wickham. Taken in
June.

E. CORPULENTUS Lec. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet; Buena Vista. Mr. Bowditch
has a new species from the Upper San Juan.

HETEROCERIDA.

HETEROCERUS PALLIDUS Say. La Junta, Bowditch.

H. uNDATuUS Melsh. Buena Vista; the form mo/linus Kies., comes from
Ouray. The form substriatus is known from Alamosa; Garland; Moun-
tains southwest of Montrose; South Fork of San Miguel.

H. COLLARIS Kies. San Luis Valley; Durango.

H GEMMATUS Horn. Gunnison, Hayward.

DASCYLLIDA.

EUCINETUS TERMINALIS Lec. West Cliff.
CYPHON CONCINNUS Lec. Rist Cafion; Horsetooth Gulch.
C. VARIABILIS Thunb. Fort Collins; West Cliff.

ELATERIDA.

DELTOMETOPUS AMGENICORNIS Say. Colorado Springs, June, Wickham.

ANELASTES DRURII Kirby. Pagosa Springs, Oslar; Mountains southwest of
Montrose; Upper San Juan; West Cliff; Dome Rock; Wales’ Cafion, Pueblo
County, Cockerell.

EPIPHANIS CORNUTUS Esch. South Fork of San Miguel, Hayward.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 265

ADELOCERA RORULENTA Lec. Durango, Bowditch.

A. PROFUSA Cand. Garland.

LACON RECTANGULARIS Say. La Junta, common; Fort Collins, March and
May; Colorado Springs; Pueblo, Snow.

ALAUS OCULATUS Linn. Poudre Cafion, July; Fort Collins, June.

A. Lusciosus Hope. Southern Colorado, Leconte; La Junta, Hayward.

A. MELANOPS Lec. Cheyenne Cafion, Snow; Durango, Bowditch.

CARDIOPHORUS CONVEXUS Say. Garland, Bowditch; Montrose, Gillette.

C. EDWARDsII Horn. Colorado Springs; Buena Vista, in the evergreen scrub.

C. FENESTRATUS Lec. Greeley; Berkeley; Spring and Dixon Cafions; Little
Willow Creek; road from Monument Gulch to Montrose.

C. LONGIOR Lec. Garland, Blanchard, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., XVI, p. 16.

C. puLLUS Blanch. Garland, Blanchard, t. c. p. II.

C. LURIDIPES Cand. Garland.

C. TENEBROSUS Lec. Ouray; Rist Cafion; Horsetooth Gulch; Smith’s Park
Gulch, 10,000 to 12,000 feet, Cuckerell; Colorado Springs. Specimens
which seem to belong to a small variety of this species have been taken
in the neighborhood of Fort Collins.

C. PUBESCENS Blanch. Colorado, Blanchard.

CRYPTOHYPNUS IMPRESSICOLLIS Mann. Colorado, rare, Horn; Horsefly
Peak, Bowditch. :

C. ABBREVIATUS Say. Garland, Bowditch; Dolores, Gillette; Red Cliff;
Ouray; Georgetown; South Fork of San Miguel; Rico.

C. NocTuRNUS Esch. Under this name we have the following records;—
Leadville; Durango; Red Cliff; Little Willow Creek; Mountains south-
west of Montrose. For dzcolor the localities are, Breckenridge; Lead-
ville; Buena Vista; Colorado Springs; Pike’s Peak, 10,000 to 11,000 feet;
Veta Pass; Garland; South Fork of San Miguel; Roaring Fork; Leaven-
worth Valley; Georgetown; Alma; Aspen; Marshall Pass.

C. musculus Esch. Argentine Pass, Bowditch.

C. TUMESCENS Lec. Leavenworth Valley; Silver Plume; Leadville; Breck-
enridge.

C. sTRIATULUS Lec. La Junta; Gunnison. Both records are from Mr. Hay-
ward.

C. ExiGuus Rand. Trinidad, Gillette.

C. GENTILIS Lec. Alamosa; Garland.

CEDOSTETHUS FEMORALIS Lec. Colorado, Horn.

MONOCREPIDIUS VESPERTINUS Fab. Near the Grand Cafion of the Arkan-
sas, Uhler.

M. sorpipus Lec. Cafion City, Wickham.

M. auritus Hbst. Colorado, Horn; Trinidad and northern Colorado, Gil-
lette.

ELATER RUBRIVENTRIS Lec. Rist Cafion, Gillette.

E. ATER Lec. Little Willow Creek, Hayward; Manitou.

E. mixtus Hbst. Colorado, Snow.

E. MGERENS Lec. Colorado, Hayward; a specimen from the state is in my
own cabinet.

3. 9

266 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

E. Luctuosus Lec. Rist Cafion, May, Gillette.

E. APICATUS Say. Breckenridge; Leadville; Durango; Rist Cafion; Leaven-

worth Valley; Veta Pass; Little Willow Creek; Ouray.

E. AFFINIS Lec. South Fork of San Miguel, Bowditch.

DRASTERIUS ELEGANS Fab. Durango; La Junta; Little Willow Creek; Col-

orado Springs; Berkeley; vicinity of Fort Collins; Montrose.

MEGAPENTHES STIGMOSUS Lec. West Cliff.

AGRIOTES Fucosus Lec. Fort Collins.

A. MONTANUS Lec. Vicinity of Fort Collins.

DOLOPIUS LATERALIS Esch. Horsefly Peak; Little Willow Creek; Chimney

Gulch; Berkeley; Horsetooth Gulch; Ouray; Pagosa Springs; Garland;
Rico; Cafion City. It was also taken by Cockerell on the eastern slope
of the Sangre de Cristo range along Brush Creek, at an elevation of Io,-
ooo to 11,000 feet.

MELANOTUS DECUMANUS Er. Southern Colorado, Leconte.

M. FIssiLis Say. Berkeley, June.

M. SCROBICOLLIS Lec. Rist Cafion, May.

M. pPARADOXUS Melsh. Colorado, Cockerell.

LIMONIUS CALIFORNICUS Mann. Colorado, determined by Mr. Liebeck. A

species allied to this was taken at Bellevue.

L. cANuS Lec. Vicinity of Fort Collins, April to June.

ATHOUS FERRUGINOSUS Esch. West Cliff; Micawber Mine, Cockerell; Leav-

enworth Valley.

A. SIMPLEX Lec. Colorado, Leconte; Leadville and Breckenridge, beaten

from foliage of conifers.

A. CRIBRATUS Lec. Southern Colorado, Leconte.

CORYMBITES MAURUS Lec. Cafion City; Pagosa Springs; Little Beaver to
Cipango, Gillette.

. MONTICOLA Horn. Horsetooth Gulch; Rist Cafion, May.

. MGSRENS Lec. Garland; Veta Pass.

. MORULUS Lec. Colorado.

FALLAX Say. Rist Cafion, May; Fort Collins, June.

. PLANULUS Lec. Beaver Brook, Leconte; Buena Vista; Colorado Springs.

. TRIUNDULATUS Rand. Garland; Mountains southwest of Montrose.

. NIGRICOLLIS Bland. Rocky Mountains, Colorado, Bland.

. HIEROGLYPHICuS Say. Cafion of Big Blue; Horsefly Peak Divide; Placer-
ville; South Fork of San Miguel; Ouray; Mineral Point Trail, 9,000 to
10,000 feet; Golden.

. SEMIVITLATUS Say. Fort Collins and Poudre Cafion, May.

. ZZRIPENNIS Kirby. Mountains southwest of Montrose; Veta Pass; Silver

Plume; Golden.

CARBO Lec. West Cliff; Horsefly Peak; Rist Cafion, June.

. CONJUNGENS Lec. West Cliff.

. LEUCASPIS Germ. Veta Pass, Bowditch.

. METALLICUS Payk. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,200 to 9,400 feet.

. INFLATUS Say. Vicinity of Fort Collins, May, June and August; Mr.
Schwarz records the form g/aucus from Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

one @Vlievielevel lclele

euleigliel ie!

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 267

ANTHRACOPTERYX HIEMALIS Horn. West Cliff, common, crawling on the
ground early in the year; Northern Colorado, February, Gillette.

ASAPHES CARBONATUS Lec. West Cliff; Durango; Rico road; South Fork of
San Miguel; Dome Rock; Golden.

A. DILATICOLLIS Mots. Colorado, Hayward. Also in my own collection.

A. DECOLORATUS Say. Professor Snow records two specimens of a variety
of this species from Colorado.

A. MEMNONIUS Hbst. La Junta, Bowditch; Wales’ Cafion, Pueblo County,
Cockerell.

MELANACTES PICEUS DeGeer. La Junta, Hayward.

M. PUNCTICOLLIS Lec. La Junta, Bowditch.

BUPRESTID.

GYASCUTUS OBLITERATUS Lec. Delta, on Sarcobates vermiculatus, Gillette.

CHALCOPHORA ANGULICOLLIS Lec. Fort Collins; Estes Park; Rio Grande,
Ulke; Durango, Bowditch.

C. VIRGINIENSIS Drury. Cusack Ranch, Cockerell.

PSILOPTERA DRUMMONDI Lap. & Gory. West Las Animas, Hayward.

DICERCA PROLONGATA Lec. Denver; Idaho Springs, on Populus, Packard;
Horsefly Peak; Short Creek, Custer County; Prof. Cockerell took a
larva which presumably belongs here in logs of Populus tremuloides.

D. DIVARICATA Say. Vicinity of Fort Collins, April to August.

D. TENEBROSA Kirby. Colorado, Snow; Leadville.

D. CALIFORNICA Crotch. A specimen from Colorado, in the collection of
the Agricultural College, is labelled thus with a mark of doubt. The
determination is credited to Mr. Schwarz.

TRACHYKELE LECONTEI Gory. Garland.

PaCILONOTA CYANIPES Say. Denver; La Junta; Horsefly Peak Divide;
Durango, Bowditch; Fort Collins and vicinity; Ouray; Leadville; Col-
orado Springs. I have taken this species on poplars.

BUPRESTIS CONFLUENS Say. Gunnison; Fort Collins; Ouray; Pueblo, Snow;
Fort Garland, Ulke.

B. CONSULARIS Gory. Dome Rock; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Lead-
ville; Little Beaver.

B. NUTTALLI Kirby. Florissant; Durango; Cusack Ranch, Cockerell; Dome
Rock.

B. MACULIVENTRIS Say. Pass between Wheeler and Red Cliff, Cockerell;
Dome Rock; Engelmann’s Cafion; Cusack Ranch; Beaver Brook Gulch;
Upper San Juan; Florissant; a rather common species, often found
out of its natural range on account of shipments of lumber in which it
breeds. The form swbormata is known from Greenhorn; Durango;
Buena Vista; Colorado Springs and Leadville. For the name rus¢i-
corum we have Packard’s record, Manitou, and several which refer
simply to its being found in the state.

B. FASCIATA Fab. Little Willow Creek. The form known as /angii comes
from Denver; Arkins; Steamboat Springs; and Bear Creek Cajion.

B. AURULENTA Linn. Ouray; Leadville; Fort Collins.

268 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

B. ADJECTA Lec. Colorado Springs; Leadville.

MELANOPHILA MIRANDA Lec. Southern Colorado, Leconte.

M. ACUMINATA De Geer. Leadville; Breckenridge; Rico; Montclair; West
Cliff; Chaffee and Summit Counties, Cockerell; Garland; South Park,
Ulke.

M. ATROPURPUREA Say. Clearwater Creek on the Grand Mesa, 9,800 feet,
Cockerell; Rico; Upper San Juan; Durango; Garland; Gunnison; South
Park Region, Oslar; Fort Collins; Denver; Colorado Springs.

M. DRUMMONDI Kirby. Leavenworth Valley, 10,000 to 11,000 feet; Ouray;
Durango; Monument Gulch to Montrose, 7,900 feet; Rico; Upper San
Juan; Dome Rock; Garland; Buena Vista; Leadville.

M. GENTILIS Lec. Durango; Horsefly Peak; Mountains southwest of Mont-
rose, 9,000 to Io,o00 feet; Dome Rock.

ANTHAXIA ANEOGASTER Lap. Dome Rock; Dolores; Horsetooth Gulch
and other points in the vicinity of Fort Collins; near Boulder; Upper
San Juan; South Fork of San Miguel; Durango, Oslar; Ouray; Colo-
rado Springs; Pike’s Peak, 7,000 to 8,ooo0 feet. A common species on
various wild flowers.

A. DELETA Lec. Durango, Bowditch.

A. VIRIDIFRONS Lap. Cafion of Big Blue.

CHRYSOBOTHRIS FEMORATA Fab. Colorado Springs; Horsefly Peak.

. CUPRASCENS Lec. Colorado, Horn.

. IGNICOLLIS Horn. Buena Vista; Placerville.

. SPECULIFER Horn. Colorado, Horn; Montrose, Bowditch.

. DENTIPES Germ. MHorsefly Peak; Durango, Oslar; Ouray; Pagosa
Springs; Florissant; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Dome Rock; a
common species.

C. LUDIFICATA Horn. Colorado, Horn; Rico; Durango; Horsefly Peak;
Little Willow Creek; Mountains southwest of Montrose; Pagosa Springs;
all of the above localities were furnished by Hayward and Bowditch.

C. TRINERVIA Kirby. Cafion of Big Blue; Florissant; Salida, Oslar; Mi-
cawber Mine, Cockerell; The Divide, (on the railroad), Packard; Leav-
enworth Valley, 8,000 to 10,000 feet, Bowditch; Colorado Springs;
Buena Vista.

C. CAURINA Horn. Little Willow Creek; Rico; Florissant; Leavenworth

Valley; Leadville.

. CARINIPENNIS Lec. Colorado Springs; Durango; Rico; Florissant.

. SCABRIPENNIS Lap. Rico; Leavenworth Valley, Bowditch.

. TEXANA Lec. Colorado, Horn.

. MALI Horn. Colorado, Horn.

. ANEOLA Lec. Cafion of Big Blue, Hayward.

. ATROFASCIATA Lec. La Junta, Bowditch.

ACMAODERA MILIARIS Horn. Colorado, Snow.

A. SPARSA Horn. Durango, Oslar; Manitou, Horn; near Colorado Springs,
Wickham.

A. ORNATA Fab. Colorado, Hayward; common near base of mountains,
Snow.

(viet (ere

AACE

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 269

A. VARIEGATA Lec. Colorado, Leconte; also recorded from the state by
Fall.

A. PULCHELLA Hbst. Spring Cafion; The Rustic; La Porte; Clear Creek
Cafion, Gillette; Poncha Springs, Oslar; La Junta and Montrose, Hay-
ward; Durango, Bowditch; Dome Rock; Colorado Springs, abundant
on Compositze and Geranium, June and July. The form mzzx/a is re-
corded from Manitou and Garden of the-Gods, Packard; Pueblo, Snow;
Morrison, Oslar.

A. QUADRIVITTATA Horn. Colorado, Bowditch.

CHRYSOPHANA PLACIDA Lec. Dome Rock, Snow.

AGRILUS LATERALIS Say. Colorado Springs, one specimen, answering the
description except in size, which reaches .36 inch. It is probably of the
same form as the New Mexican specimen mentioned by Horn as occur-
ring in the Ulke cabinet.

A. NIVEIVENTRIS Horn. Colorado Springs, one female. The specimen is
in perfect condition and agrees exactly with the description; the re-
corded range is western Nevada and southern California.

. ANXIUS Gory. West Cliff; Horsefly Peak; Colorado Springs.

. PULCHELLUS Bland. Colorado, Horn.

. POLITUS Say. North Park; Little Beaver; Montrose, Gillette; Berkeley;
Alamosa; Garland; Veta Pass; Red Mountain Road; Pueblo, Ulke;
Gunnison; Little Willow Creek; San Juan Valley; South Fork of San
Miguel; Colorado Springs; Leadville; a common species, infesting wil-
lows and poplars.

A. OBSOLETEGUTTATUS Gory. Colorado, Snow.

A. LACUSTRIS Lec. Bellevue; Colorado Springs.

A. PUSILLUS Say. Colorado, Horn.

TAPHROCERUS GRACILIS Say. Greeley; Fort Collins; Colorado Springs;

near Denver, Uhler.

BRACHYS 4ROSA Melsh. Colorado, Snow; Durango, Oslar.

> > >

LAMPYRIDA.

RHYNCHEROS SANGUINIPENNIS Say. Stove Prairie Gulch; Little South,
July; Ouray; Red Mountain Road; Pagosa Springs, June, Oslar; La Veta;
Manitou, Snow; Colorado Springs, Wickham.

LYCOSTOMUS LATERALIS Melsh. Colorado, Bowditch.

I. FULVELLUS Lec. Colorado Springs, one specimen, Wickham.

CALOPTERON TERMINALE Say. Colorado, Ulke; Fort Collins, August.

C. RECTICULATUM Fab. Colorado, Bowditch.

CANIA AMPLICORNIS Lec. Colorado, Snow; the record is by Dr. Leconte,
Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., 1881, p. 22.

EROS AURORA Hbst. Rist Cafion; Ironton, Gillette; West Cliff.

PLATEROS TImIDuUS Lec. Vicinity of Durango, Hayward.

P. FLORALIS Melsh. Dolores, June.

LYGISTOPTERUS RUBRIPENNIS Lec. Pagosa Springs, Hayward and Oslar;
Dome Rock; occurs from June to August.

CALOCHROMUS FERVENS Lec. Colorado, Leconte.

V—3 Io

270 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

C. RUFICOLLIS Lec. Upper San Juan; Pagosa Springs; Cochetopa Pass.

ELLYCHNIA FLAVICOLLIS Lec. Colorado, Leconte.

E. CALIFORNICA Mots. Vicinity of Pagosa Springs, Hayward.

FE. corrusca Linn. Northern Colorado, Gillette; West Cliff; Dome Rock)
Garland; Veta Pass; I have a specimen from Colorado Springs, which
is nearly intermediate between this and californica.

PYROPYGA FENESTRALIS Melsh. Ula, Cockerell; Nathrop; Denver; Fort
Collins; Chimney Gulch; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Horsefly
Peak Divide; San Luis Valley; Montrose; Durango.

P. NIGRICANS Say. Reported from Colorado by Leconte, Horn and Snow.

PYRACTOMENA BOREALIS Rand. West Cliff; Cusack Ranch, May and June.

P. LUCIFERA Melsh. Colorado, Ulke.

PHOTINUS PYRALIS Linn. Near Denver, August, not abundant, Uhler.

MicropHorus ANGUSTUS Lec. Colorado, Putnam.

PHOTURIS PENNSYLVANICA De Geer. Fort Collins, July; not uncommon at
Ouray, flying after dusk.

CHAULIOGNATHUS LIMBICOLLIS Lec. Colorado, Leconte.

C. BASALIS Lec. Goldenand Denver, Oslar; Pleasant Valley, Fremont Coun-
ty, Cockerell; near West Cliff; Livermore; vicinity of Fort Collins; Gar-
land, Bowditch; Upper San Juan; West Las Animas; Bijou; Colorado
Springs; Cafion City. A common species in August and September.

C. PENNSYLVANICUS De Geer. La Junta, Wickham; Boulder and Durango,
Oslar; Palmer Lake.

PODABRUS sp. near guadvatus Lec. Ouray.

P. sp. near modestus Say. Rico.

P. TOMENTOSUS Say. Mountains southwest of Montrose.

P. BREVIPENNIS Lec. Argentine Pass, 13,000 feet, Bowditch.

P. PINIPHILUS Esch. Cafion of Big Blue; Summitville; Little Beaver; Stove
Prairie; Little South.

P. LATERALIS Lec. Little Willow Creek; Rico; Durango; South Fork of
San Miguel; Mountains southwest of Montrose; Pike’s Peak, 10,000 to
11,000 feet; South Park region, Oslar; Ouray; Red Mountain Road;
Silver Plume; Leavenworth Valley; Georgetown; Brush Creek, Custer
County, Cockerell, 10,000 to 12,000 feet; Peak Hight, above timber;
Breckenridge; Leadville; Fort Collins; Stove Prairie; Little South; West
Cliff; Dolores; Little Beaver; Argentine Pass; Garland; Veta Pass. A
common species, chiefly confined to the higher altitudes.

P. LASVICOLLIS Kirby. Over 12,000 feet, Carpenter; Roaring Fork.

SILIs MUNITA Lec. Boulder, Gillette; Fort Collins and vicinity; Chimney
Gulch; West Cliff; Garland.

S, pIFFICILIS Lec. West Cliff; Mountains southwest of Montrose.

S. PERCOMIS Say. Lamar; Dixon Cajfion.

‘TLEPHORUS FRAXINI Say. Fort Collins; Berkeley; Colorado Springs; Bear
Creek Cafion, Evans’ Peak region, Oslar; Garland; La Veta.

T. LINEOLA Fab. Denver; Fort Collins; June and July.

T. rEcTUS Melsh. Buena Vista; the identity is in some doubt.

T’. FLAVIPES Lec. Fort Collins and vicinity.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 271

. RUFICOLLIS Lec. Cafion of Big Blue; Little Willow Creek; Rico; Mont-
rose; La Veta.

. FIDELIS Lec. Dolores; Colorado, Snow.

. ALTICOLA Lec. Garland.

. BILINEATUS Say. On grass and weeds near mouth of the Cafion of the
Arkansas, Uhler.

POLEMIUS PLATYDERUS G. & H. Caijion of Big Blue.

MALTHODES CONCAVUS Lec. Colorado, Bowditch.

M. FURCIFER Lec. Veta Pass. Specimens from La Veta, (Bowditch) and

Leadville, (Wickham) are referred to this species with some doubt.

Si lelist ~ Ini

MALACHIDA.

COLLOPS TRICOLOR Say. Colorado, Horn.

C. puncTatus Lec. Vicinity of Fort Collins, May to July; Dolores.

C. EXIMIUS Er. Dome Rock; Upper San Juan; Durango; with doubt, Gar-
land; Alamosa; La Veta.

C. NIGRICEPS Say. Colorado Springs. Closely allied or identical forms
come from the South Park, (Oslar) and from Dolores.

C. cRIBROSUS Lec. South Park, Ulke; over 12,000 feet, Carpenter; state
records are in the Putnam list and Ulke’s Hayden report.

C. HIRTELLUS Lec. Durango, Oslar; Mount Lincoln; Pike’s Peak; Red
Mountain Road, 8,000 to 9,000 feet; Montrose, Gillette. A new species
allied to Azrtel/us is reported from Alamosa, and another (or the same?)
from Little Willow Creek and Cimarron, (Bowditch).

C. BIPUNCTATUS Say. Nathrop; Montclair; Fort Collins; Trinidad, Gillette;
Cafion City; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista. A common species, often
seen in great numbers on Composite during the late summer.

C. QUADRIMACULATUS Fab. Dolores; La Junta; near Cafion City, common
on sunflowers, August 10, Ulke.

C. LIMBELLUS G. & H. Colorado, Horn.

C. virratus Say. Fort Collins; Bellevue; West Cliff; Alamosa; Garland;
Mr. Schwarz took a form which was thought to be either new or a
variety of this at Alamosa.

TROPHIMUS 4ASNEIPENNIS Horn. Colorado, Horn.

MALACHIUS MONTANUS Lec. Alamosa; Garland; La Veta; South Fork of
San Miguel; West Cliff; Dolores; Fort Collins. Occurs in June and
July.

MICROLIPUS LASVICOLLIS Horn. South Fork of San Miguel; Mountains
southwest of Montrose.

ANTHOCOMUS ERICHSONII Lec. Fort Collins; Manitou; Dolores; May and
June.

A. FLAVILABRIS Say. Mountains southwest of Montrose.

PSEUDEBHUS APICALIS Say. La Junta, Bowditch. An undetermined
species of this genus was taken at Colorado Springs.

P. opscurus Lec. Garland.

ATTALUS BASALIS Lec. Upper San Juan; Garland.

272 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

A. MORULUS Lec. Cafion City, Wickham; Colorado Springs; Alamosa;
Garland; Buena Vista; Pike’s Peak, 7,000 to 8,oo0 feet; Dome Rock;
Red Mountain Road, 9,000 to 10,000 feet.

A. NIGRIPES Horn. Colorado, Horn.

A. cincrus Lec. Colorado, Horn. A specimen in the Agricultural College
collection marked ‘‘cimctus det. Riley’’ differs from the description in
not having a yellow abdomen and in the elytra being broadly mar-
gined with yellow.

TRICHOCHROUS SPARSUS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

T. ANTENNATUS Mots. This name occurs in the Packard list as from
Golden. I have also seen a number from Montrose with this label but
it is doubtful where they would go by Major Casey’s revision. His
understanding of Motschulsky’s species is different from that of Dr.
Leconte.

T. INASQUALIS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

T. FUNEBRIS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

T. TEXANUS Lec. Southern Colorado, Leconte.

T. 4NESCENS Lec. Upper San Juan, Bowditch.

CRADYTES SERRICOLLIS Lec. Trinidad and Rocky Ford, Gillette; taken in
September.

C. SERRULATUS Lec. San Luis Valley, Bowditch.

IISTRUS INTERRUPTUS Lec. Fort Collins; Steamboat Springs.

L,. SENILIS Lec. Southern Colorado, Leconte; Durango; Cochetopa Pass;
Florissant; Cafion City; Colorado Springs; West Cliff; Eastern Custer
County, Cockerell; Buena Vista; Estes Park Toll Road; Fort Collins;
Steamboat Springs. Common and widely distributed over the state.

L. LUTEIPES Lec. Vicinity of Fort Collins; Dolores.

I,. RUBRIPES Casey. Colorado, Casey.

DASYTELLUS NIGRICORNIS Bland. Southern Colorado, Leconte; this or an
allied species occurs at Dolores and Ouray.

DASYTES HUDSONICUS Lec. North Park; Timber line above Smith’s Park
Gulch, Custer County, Cockerell; Garland; Veta Pass; Leadville, not
uncommon on the foliage of dwarf pines; Breckenridge; Mountains south-
west of Montrose; Upper San Juan; Little Willow Creek.

D. optusus Casey. Colorado, Casey.

D. BREVIUSCULUS Mots. The name occurs in the Putnam list. This is not
the species to which Casey applies Motschulsky’s name, as he does not
follow Leconte in his identification.

DASYTASTES RUFICOLLIS Ulke. Colorado, Bowditch.

ESCHATOCREPIS CONSTRICTUS Lec. Montrose, Bowditch.

PSEUDALLONYX PLUMBEUS Lec. Beaver Brook; South Fork of San Miguel.

DOLICHOSOMA FOVEICOLLE Kirby. North Park; Steamboat Springs.

EURELYMIS ATRA Lec. Beaver Brook.

MECOMYCTER OMALINUS Horn. Colorado Springs, June.

CLERIDA.

CYMATODERA MOROSA Lec. Between Aztec, New Mexico and Durango,
Colorado, Bowditch; possibly not taken in this state.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 273

TRICHODES ORNATUS Say. West Cliff and vicinity, common on various
flowers; Dillon; South Park; Poncha Springs; Durango; Ouray; Red
Mountain Road; Upper San Juan; Little Willow Creek; Cafion of Big
Blue; Mountains southwest of Montrose; South Fork of San Miguel;
Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Leadville; Breckenridge; Denver; Fort
Collins; Boulder; Stove Prairie; Georgetown; Leavenworth Valley;
Silver Plume; Micawber Mine; Beaver Brook; Dome Rock; Garland; La
Veta; more abundant at high altitudes.

T. NUTTALLI Kirby. Golden, Packard; Boulder, Gillette; Dome Rock.

CLERUS SPINOLA Lec. Durango, Hayward.

C. ANALIS Lec. Colorado, in flowers of prickly pear, Putnam; La Junta,
Bowditch.

C. QOUADRIGUTTATUS Oliv. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet; Lamar.

C. ABRUPTUS Lec. Fort Collins, June to August; Chimney Gulch; Poncha
Springs; La Junta; Colorado Springs; Durango.

C. CORDIFER Lec. Fort Collins, July and August; Morrison, Oslar; Colo-
rado Springs; southern Colorado, Leconte.

C. NIGRIVENTRIS Lec. Buena Vista and Leadville, running on lumber
piles in July; Little Willow Creek; Mountains southwest of Montrose;
Florissant.

C. SPHEGEUS Fab. Leadville; West Cliff; Beaver Brook, not common.

C. maistus Klug. Ouray; Durango; Little Willow Creek; Buena Vista, on
lumber piles; Montrose, Gillette; Florissant.

THANASIMUS UNDULATUS Say. Little Beaver; Dome Rock; Veta Pass,
9,200 to 11,500 feet; Breckenridge; Leadville; Rico; often found running
in the sunshine on piles of lumber.

HYDNOCERA UNIFASCIATA Say. Rocky Ford, Gillette.

H. suBFASCIATA Lec. Vicinity of Fort Collins; The Rustic; Big Narrows of
Poudre; Bellevue; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Mount Lincoln,
10,000 to 13,000 feet; Garland; La Veta; Alamosa; Durango; Rico.
Occurs from June to August.

. SUBZSNEA Spin. Colorado, Horn.

. HUMERALIS Say. Vicinity of Fort Collins; Colorado Springs; Cafion
City; Durango; Mountains southwest of Montrose. Not usually com-
mon, occurs from June to August.

. CYANESCENS Lec. Upper San Juan.

. DIFFICILIS Lec. Mount Lincoln, Bowditch.

. PUBESCENS Lec. Colorado, Putnam.

. SCABRA Lec. Upper San Juan; Durango; Alma.

. PEDALIS Lec. Spring Cafion; Rist Cafion; March and July.

. LONGICOLLIS Ziegl. Fort Collins, July, Baker.

NECROBIA RUFIPES Fab. Pikeview, El Paso County, Cockerell.

N. vioLacEa Linn. West Cliff; Florissant; La Junta; Colorado Springs;
Buena Vista; Breckenridge; Leadville; Durango; Montrose; Ouray; Fort
Collins; Dolores; Manitou; Garland; La Veta; a very common species
on drying carrion.

come

copgevagsommeragso ams?

274 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

PTINIDAS.

ERNOBIUS TRISTIS Lec. Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

E. GRACILIS Lec. Garland.

XESTOBIUM SQUALIDUM Lec. North Park, July, Gillette.

OLIGOMERUS SERICANS Melsh. Dome Rock.

GASTRALLUS MARGINIPENNIS Lec. Garland.

TRYPOPITYS PUNCTATUS Lec. Buena Vista.

XYLETINUS FUCATUS Lec. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet; Pike’s Peak, 8,000 to 9,000
feet, one specimen by beating.

X. LUGUBRIS Lec. Colorado.

CASNOCARA OCULATA Say. North Park, July, Gillette.
AMPHICERUS BICAUDATUS Say. Catlin; Denver; Fort Collins; Rocky Ford.
Depredates on apple twigs. The dates run from February to June.
DINODERUS SUBSTRIATUS Payk. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet; Colorado
Springs; Durango; Leavenworth Valley.

D. paciIFIcus Casey. Colorado, Casey.

D. CRIBRATUS Lec. Boulder, Packard.

D. PUSILLUS Fab. Fort Collins, from rice purchased in Chicago.

LYCTUS PLANICOLLIS Lec. Colorado, Horn; and with doubt, Veta Pass,
9,400 feet.

CIOIDAS.

CIs STRIOLATA Casey. Salida.
ENNEARTHRON THORACICORNIS Ziegl. Fort Collins, bred in cage. Feb-

ruary.
SPHINDIDA.

SPHINDUS CRASSULUS Casey. Buena Vista.

LUCANIDA.

LUCANUS MAZAMA Lec. Southern Colorado, Leconte; Durango, Oslar.

PLATYCERUS DEPRESSUS Lec. Delta County, Cockerell; Rist Cafion;
Horsefly Peak; Ouray; not uncommon in July.

CERUCHUS PUNCTATUS Lec. Colorado, Leng and Beutenmueller.

SCARABAHIDA.

CANTHON EBENUS Say. Denver, Packard; La Junta, Hayward.

C. PRATICOLA Lec. La Junta, Bowditch; Colorado Springs; Fort Collins
and vicinity, April to June; West Cliff; Garland.

C. SIMPLEX Lec. Specimens of the form corvinus are reported from Colo-
rado by Mr. Blanchard; I took this variety at Ouray.

C. VIGILANS Lec. Colorado, Ulke and Blanchard.

C. Laivis Drury. Hilly region west of Denver, Uhler; Berkeley; Fort Col-
lins, April and June; Pueblo.

PHAN&US CARNIFEX Linn. State records are given in several lists but the
only definite localities that can be cited are Greenhorn and Fort Collins.

ONTHOPHAGUS HECATE Panz. Lamar; Fort Collins and vicinity; La Junta;
Colorado Springs; Pueblo; Cafion City.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 275

O. JANUS Panz. Cafion City, Wickham.

ABGIALIA RUFESCENS Horn. Ouray; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

AH. LACUSTRIS Lec. Argentine Pass; Rico; Garland; La Veta; Veta Pass,
g,200 feet; Buena Vista. What seems to be a smaller form of the same
species was taken on Peak Eight, in the Ten Mile Range, at an altitude
of about 12,000 feet.

RHYSSEMUS SCABER Hald. Greeley; vicinity of Fort Collins, March, April
and June.

R. sonATUS Lec. Cafion City, Wickham.

AT4SNIUS ABDITUS Hald. Cafion City, Wickham.

A. WENZELU Hald. Colorado? Horn. The locality is cited as open to
doubt.

APHODIUS VALIDUS Horn. Durango, Bowditch, in doubt.

A. HAMATUS Say. Buena Vista; Garland, (as omissus ); Alamosa, (as
torpidus).

A. DENTICULATUS Hald. Fort Collins; Bellevue; Placerville; Buena Vista;

Cafion City; Greeley.

. BIDENS Lec. Veta Pass, over 9,000 feet; Garland.

. FIMETARIUS Linn. Durango, July, Oslar; Berkeley.

. CONGREGATUS Mann. Leavenworth Valley, 10,000 to 11,000 feet; Rist

Cafion.

A. ALEUTUS Esch. Leavenworth Valley, 10,000 to 11,000 feet; Alma; Ar-
gentine Pass; Moose Mountain, 11,500 to 12,000 feet; Summitville; Up-
per San Juan.

> bP PS

A. FaTIDUS Fab. Leavenworth Valley, 10,000 to 11,000 feet.

A. DUPLEX Lec. Colorado, Horn.

A. RURICOLA Melsh. Colorado Springs.

A. ANTHRACINUS Lec. Red Mountain Road, 9,000 to 10,000 feet; Ouray.

A. GRANARIUS Linn. La Junta; Rico; West Cliff; Fort Collins and vicinity;
Trinidad; Greeley; Cafion City; Berkeley.

A. VITTATUS Say. Hayden’s, Lake County, Cockerell; West Cliff; Cimarron;
Rico; Montrose; Durango; Garland; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista;
Leadville; Peak Eight; Moose Mountain; Greeley; Fort Collins and
vicinity; Berkeley; Georgetown; Leavenworth Valley; Argentine Pass;
Ouray. This is the commonest species of the genus in Colorado, and
ranges from the lower altitudes of the eastern part of the state to the
peaks above timber line.

A. Livibus Oliv. Hardscrabble district, Custer County, Cockerell.

A. oBptusuS Lec. Colorado, Horn.

A. ALTERNATUS Horn. Durango; Gunnison; Little Willow Creek; Ala-
mosa; Garland; West Cliff.

A. EXPLANATUS Lec. Rico Road; Garland; West Cliff.

A. RUDIS Lec. Dome Rock.

A. PHASOPTERUS Lec. Moose Mountain, 11,500 to 12,000 feet.

A. BREVICOLLIS Lec. West Cliff.

A. MARGINATUS Lec. West Cliff.

A, RUBEOLUS Beauy, La Junta, Bowditch.

276 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

. CONCAVUS Say. Colorado, Horn; Fort Collins.

. COLORADENSIS Horn. Durango; Garland; Monument Gulch to Mont-

rose; Colorado Springs, June and July.

. INQUINATUS Hbst. Argentine Pass, Bowditch.

. PUMILUS Horn. South of Durango, Bowditch. Mr. Hayward reports it

from Aztec, New Mexico, twenty miles south of the Colorado line.

. TERMINALIS Say. Argentine Pass; Mount Lincoln.

. CRUENTATUS Lec. Upper San Juan; Rico Road; Durango; La Junta;

Veta Pass; West Cliff.

. SCABRICEPS Lec. Dixon Cafion, April; Durango, July, Oslar.

. SUBTRUNCATUS Lec. Colorado, Horn.

. FEMORALIS Say. Summitville, Hayward.

. OBLONGUS Say. Colorado, Horn.

OCHODUS SIMPLEX Lec. Fort Collins, May and June; Little South, July;
Manitou, April, Gillette.

O. BIARMATUS Lec. Greeley, Wickham.

O. MuUsCULUS Say. Denver, May; Fort Collins, June.

O. sPpARSUS Lec. Colorado, Horn.

BOLBOCERAS LAZARUS Fab. Southern Colorado, Leconte; Fort Collins,
June and July; Greeley.

ODONTAUS OBESUS Lec. Veta Pass; Buena Vista, one male. The occur-
rence of this species in the Rocky Mountains is interesting as it is other-
wise Pacific in distribution.

TROX SCUTELLARIS Say. Pueblo, Bowditch; La Junta, Hayward.

T. SCABROSUS Beauv. Lamar.

T. SUBEROSUS Fab. Pueblo; Fort Collins and vicinity.

T. punctatus Germ. Lamar; vicinity of Colorado Springs; Fort Collins;
La Junta; Denver; a common form in the Southwest.

T. TUBERCULATUS De Geer. Vicinity of Fort Collins.

T. GEMMULATUS Horn. Durango, Hayward.

T. SONORA Lec. South Park region, Oslar; Florissant; Buena Vista; West
Cliff; Durango.

T. UNISTRIATUS Beauv. Colorado Springs.

T. ATROX Lec. Near Long’s Peak, Leconte; Fort Collins; Greeley.

HoPLIA LATICOLLIS Lec. Southern Colorado, Leconte.

DICHELONYCHA BACKII Kirby. Vicinity of Fort Collins; near Brush Creek,
10,000 to 12,000 feet, Cockerell; Southern Colorado, Leconte; Garland;
Veta Pass; common at times.

D. TRUNCATA Lec. Durango, Oslar; Placerville; South Fork of San Miguel;
Mountains southwest of Montrose.

D. suLcaTA Lec. Chimney Gulch, June; Fort Collins, May; Garland; Veta
Pass, 9,100 feet.

SERICA VESPERTINA Gyll. Horsetooth Gulch, May; Greeley; Colorado,
without definite record, Horn and Snow. Specimens which may be-
long here were taken at Buena Vista and Colorado Springs.

S. SERICEA Ill. Southern Colorado, Leconte.

S. CURVATA Lec. Southern Pueblo County, Cockerell.

> Pr PP > Pp

> PP P

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 2447

S. FRONTALIS Lec. Fort Garland, Ulke; specimens with this label are in
the Agricultural College collection, the determination being credited to
Schwarz.

S. very near ¢rociformis Burm, Buena Vista; differs from eastern speci-
mens of ¢rociformis in the weaker sculpture.

MACRODACTYLUS SUBSPINOSUS Fab. Colorado, Riley, Insect Life, IT, p. 297.

DipLoraxis near /zberta Germ. Rist Cafion, April.

D. BREVICOLLIS Lec. Road from Monument Gulch to Montrose; Mont-
rose; Mountains southwest of Montrose; Garland; Veta Pass; Rio
Grande, Ulke; West Cliff; Leadville; this or a closely allied form comes
from Rist Cafion with the date June 14.

. OBSCURA Lec. Rico; Veta Pass, Bowditch.

. CARBONATA Lec. Colorado Springs, a few about Yucca bunches, Uhler.

. ATRATULA Lec. Colorado, Snow; Pueblo, Ulke.

SUBANGULATA Lec. West Cliff, Cockerell.

. PACATA Lec. West Cliff, in doubt, Cockerell.

. HAYDENII Lec. Southern Pueblo County, Cockerell; West Cliff, com-
mon at light; Durango; Florissant; Horsefly Peak; Pueblo, Gillette;
Fort Collins; Colorado Springs; Greeley.

LACHNOSTERNA LANCEOLATA Say. Found creeping out of holesin patches
of buffalo grass on hills near the Garden of the Gods, August 13 and 16,
Uhler; Boulder, Packard; La Junta, Bowditch; Colorado Springs, Ulke;
Fort Collins, July.

. GRACILIS Burm. La Junta, Hayward.

. A FINIS Lec. Colorado, Horn.

. GRANDIS Smith. Colorado, Smith.

. DUBIA Smith. Colorado, Smith; Greeley, Wickham.

. FuSCA Froeh. Southern Colorado, Leconte; Denver; both of these rec-
ords were made before the separation of the various forms of this group,
and they may not refer to fusca as now understood. Indeterminates of
this section of the genus are known from Colorado Springs and the
Upper San Juan.

. FRATERNA Harr. South of Denver, Ulke

. RUGOSA Melsh. Colorado, Horn.

. LIMULA Horn. Colorado, Horn.

. RUBIGINOSA Lec. Buena Vista, one female.

. GLABRICULA Lec. Colorado, Hayward.

. CRINITA Burm. Near Swift Creek, Custer County, Cockerell.

LISTROCHELUS DISPARILIS Horn. Colorado, Horn; Durango, Hayward.

I. FIMBRIPES Lec. Colorado, Horn.

I. FALSUS Lec. Pagosa Springs, June, Oslar; Dome Rock, Snow.

POLYPHYLLA DECEMLINEATA Say. Southwestern Colorado, Strecker; San
Luis Valley; Greenhorn; Pueblo County; Salida; Colorado Springs; not
common.

P. SPECIOSA Casey. Colorado, Casey.

ANOMALA BINOTATA Gyll. Cafion City, Wickham.

CYCLOCEPHALA IMMACULATA Oliv. Fort Collins, July; Pueblo, Snow.

feist eS is) Isi\s} (sh 5} le

Jel lel ohsleal cals

V—3 II

278 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

LIGYRUS GIBBOSUS De Geer. Denver, Packard; Fort Collins; Pueblo; oc-
curs in June and July.

IL. RELICTUS Say. Chimney Gulch; Denver; Fort Collins; June to August.

APHONUS PYRIFORMIS Lec. Southwest Colorado, Strecker; South Park
region, Oslar; Durango; Fort Collins; Greenhorn; Colorado Springs;
found from June to August.

A. TRIDENTATUS Say. Durango; Upper San Juan; vicinity of Long’s Peak,
Leconte.

XVYLORYCTES SATYRUS Fab. Fort Collins, July.

EUPHORIA KERNII Hald. La Junta; West Las Animas; Colorado Springs;
southern Colorado; Chimney Gulch; Montrose; Fort Collins and vicin-
ity; often abundant in flowers of Argemone and thistles.

E. FULGIDA Fab. Colorado Springs, one specimen, less green than the
eastern form.

E.INDA Linn. Colorado Springs; Fort Collins, one in nest of Laszus,
March, another flying in April; Bellevue; Denver; Mace’s Hole, Pueblo
County, Cockerell; Pueblo; Bijou, flying in August, Uhler.

CREMASTOCHILUS SAUCIUS Lec. Berkeley and vicinity, April, May and
June; Salida, Oslar.

. WHEELERI Lec. Rist Cafion; Bellevue, May.

. CASTANE Knoch. Salida, Wickham; Fort Collins and vicinity, April.

. CRINITUS Lec. Salida, Wickham.

. KNOCHII Lec. Berkeley; Chimney Gulch; Fort Collins and vicinity;
West Cliff; Greeley; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; La Junta; found
from April to August.

TRICHIUS PIGER Fab. West Cliff, on Rosa; Manitou, Packard.

T. TEXANUS Horn. West Cliff; Beddoes’ old ranch, Custer County, Cock-

erell.

T. AFFINIS Gory. Beaver Brook; Horsefly Peak; Mountains southwest of
Montrose; South Fork of San Miguel; La Junta; Little South; Stove
Prairie; Fort Collins; Steamboat Springs; near Long’s Peak; La Veta;
Colorado Springs. A common insect in June and July, especially in
cafions among the foothills.

AiG (ee

SPONDYLIDZA.

PARANDRA BRUNNEA Fab. Colorado, Horn; Durango, Oslar.
SPONDYLIS UPIFORMIS Mann. Colorado, Ulke; West Cliff.

CERAMBYCID.

ERGATES SPICULATUS Lec. Vicinity of Fort Collins, Julyand August; Colo-
rado Springs; Engelmann’s Cafion; West Cliff; Durango. Many of
the Colorado specimens show lighter areas on the wing covers, consti-
tuting Cockerell’s variety #zarmoratus.

PRIONUS CALIFORNICUS Mots. Greenhorn; Estes Park; Fort Collins; Sa-
lida; Dome Rock; Engelmann’s Cafion; Durango, Hayward; West Cliff;
a specimen from the last-named place is but 25 mm. in length, or only

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 279

about half the usual size. Mr. Oslar sent mea specimen from Durango,
which is referable to the variety curvatus Lec.

P. FISSICORNIS Hald. Vicinity of Fort Collins, June and July.

P. PALPALIS Say. A specimen from the Agricultural College collection,
without label, is supposed by Prof. Gillette to have been taken in
Colorado.

HoOM4STHESIS INTEGER Lec. Fort Collins, July; Denver; West Las Animas,
Hayward.

H. EMARGINATUS Say. Estes Park, July; Fort Collins, June; Willow Creek,
Custer County, Cockerell; Colorado Springs, Snow; southwestern Colo-
rado, Strecker.

TRAGOSOMA HARRISII Lec. Salida, Oslar; South Park region, July; Wil-
low Creek, Custer County, Cockerell; Pagosa Springs; Cochetopa Pass;
Durango. I have retained Leconte’s name for the present, in view of
the differences of opinion as to the identity of our form with the Euro-
pean 7. depsarium.

ASEMUM ATRUM Esch. Leadville, Bowditch; Rio Grande, Ulke; West
Cliff.

A. Maistum Hald Near Long’s Peak; Estes Park; Fort Collins; Meder-
land, Packard; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet; Leadville, common on lumber
piles and sidewalks.

NoOTHORHINA ASPERA Lec. Colorado, Snow; West Cliff.

CRIOCEPHALUS PRODUCTUS Lec. Pagosa Springs, June, Oslar; South Park,
Snow; Garland; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet; Leadville.

C. AGRESTIS Kirby. Denver; Fort Collins; Cafion City; Pagosa Springs;
Leadville; found from June to August.

C. aASPERATUS Lec. Mountains southwest of Montrose; San Luis Valley;
specimens from Denver, Fort Collins and the Poudre Cafion are not
very typical and may be well developed individuals of agrestis.

C. MONTANUS Lec. West Cliff; Leadville.

C. oBSOLETUS Rand. Colorado, Putnam.

TETROPIUM VELUTINUM Lec. Colorado, Bowditch.

T. CINNAMOPTERUM Kirby. Leavenworth Valley, 9,000 to 10,000 feet,
Bowditch.

T. PARALLELUM Casey. Colorado, Casey.

GONOCALLUS COLLARIS Kirby. Colorado, Bowditch.

HYLOTRUPES LIGNEUS Fab. West Cliff; Fort Collins.

PHYMATODES VARIABILIS Fab. Colorado, Snow; Red Mountain Road, on
willows.

P. MACULICOLLIS Lec. Garland; Red Mountain Road, 8,000 to 9,000 feet.

P. DIMIDIATUS Kirby. Ouray and above; West Cliff; Veta Pass; Leadville.

MERIUM PROTEUS Kirby. Colorado, Leng.

CALLIDIUM ANTENNATUM Newm. Salida; Berkeley; Bellevue.

C. JANTHINUM Lec. Little Willow Creek; West Cliff; Fort Collins and
vicinity, April and May; Leavenworth Valley, 9,000 to 10,000 feet;
Georgetown.

C. cIcCATRICOSUM Mann. West Cliff, June.

280 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

C. HIRTELLUM Lec. Dome Rock, Snow; Leadville, two specimens beaten
from conifers. Mr. Bowditch has an unidentified species of Callidium
from the Leavenworth Valley.

PCCILOBRIUM CHALYBEUM Lec. Garland.

MOLORCHUS BIMACULATUS Say. Rist Cafion, May and June.

RHOPALOPHORA RUGICOLLIS Lec. Upper San Juan, Hayward.

R. LONGIPES Say. Colorado Springs, on flowers of Helianthus; Horsetooth
Mountain; Rustic; Durango; Upper San Juan, Bowditch; Dome Rock;
Denver.

STENASPIS SOLITARIA Say. Colorado, Leng.

TRAGIDION Coguus Linn. South Park region, Oslar; Engelmann’s Cajfion;
Prof. Snow also records the variety /u/vipenne Say, from this last
locality.

AMANNUS PECTORALIS Lec. Colorado, Leng.

BATYLE IGNICOLLIS Say. Boulder; Golden; Colorado Springs; Dome Rock;
entrance to Beaver Brook Gulch, Uhler; Rocky Ford; Durango; La
Veta; Garland. Occurs from June to August, on flowers.

B. SUTURALIS Say. Custer County, Cockerell; Denver; Colorado Springs;
Ute Pass; Engelmann’s Cafion; Dome Rock; Golden; Clear Creek
Cafion; Fort Collins and vicinity; Estes Park Toll Road; Ouray; Du-
rango. Often very abundant on flowers.

OXOPLUS CRUENTUS Lec. Bridgeton, Bowditch.

O. Jocosus Horn. Garland, Bowditch; in the Agricultural College collection
is a specimen which agrees in color with O. corallinus Lec., but the
sutural angle is not prolonged.

CROSSIDIUS TESTACEUS Lec. Colorado, Leng.

C. PULCHELLUS Lec. Montclair; Dixon Cafion; Livermore; Boulder;
Holly; Trinidad; San Luis Valley; Garland. Occurs in August and
September.

C. DISCOIDEUS Say. Custer and Fremont Counties, Cockerell; Denver;
Colorado Springs; Boulder; Glenwood Springs; Beaver Brook Gulch;
Garland; not rare in August.

SPHANOTHECUS SUTURALIS Lec. Cafion City, August, Uhler.

CYLLENE DECORUS Oliv. Colorado, Leng; Boulder, September, Gillette.

XYLOTRECHUS UNDULATUS Say. Florissant; at Buena Vista I took speci-
mens of the form with white pubescence and reduced markings. Mr.
Putnam records the variety /unulatus Kirby, while Mr. Hayward has
the form zzterruptus Lap., collected in the state by Prof. Snow.

X. ANNOSUS Say. Monument Gulch to Montrose; Horsefly Peak; Gun-
nison; Durango; Ouray; Garland.

X. PLANIFRONS Lec. Recorded (in variety) from Short Creek, Custer
County, by Prof. Cockerell.

X. OBLITERATUS Lec. Colorado, Leng. I have a specimen from Ouray
that seems to belong here though not agreeing exactly with the original
description.

NEOCLYTUS MURICATULUS Kirby. Ouray, common on felled trees, logs and
sawed lumber; Little Willow Creek; Rico; Rist Cafion; Fort Collins;

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 281

West Cliff; Boulder; Leavenworth Valley, 9,000 to 10,000 feet; Colorado
Springs; lower slopes of Pike’s Peak; Buena Vista; Leadville.

N. ASCENDENS Lec. Leavenworth Valley, 9,000 to 10,000 feet, Bowditch.

N. APPROXIMATUS Lec. Morrison, August, Oslar.

CLYTANTHUS ALBOFASCIATUS Lap. A variety is reported from Garland, in
the Schwarz list.

ATIMIA CONFUSA Say. Garland; West Cliff.

RHAGIUM LINEATUM Oliv. Golden; Little Willow Creek; Veta Pass; Cus-
ter County, (Splann’s Ranch), Cockerell; Rio Grande, Ulke.

TOXOTUS VIRGATUS Lec. Placerville, Bowditch.

T. optusus Lec. I have seen a specimen from Colorado.

PACHYTA LITURATA Kirby. Fort Collins; Aspen; near Steamboat Springs;
South Park region; Georgetown; Twin Lakes, Ulke; Custer and Lake
Counties, Cockerell; Engelmann’s Cafion; South Fork of San Miguel;
Breckenridge; Leadville. At the last place a nearly black variety occurs
along with the ordinary form. Mr. Ulke says that it occurs on Populus
tremuloides and P. balsamifera, but I found most of mine on piles of
sawed pine lumber.

ANTHOPHILAX MIRIFICUS Bland. Colorado, Leng.

A. SUBVITTATA Casey. Supposed by the describer to have come from Colo-
rado.

ACMA{OPS BIVITTATA Say. Colorado, Leng.

A. ATRA Lec. Mount Lincoln, 11,000 to 13,000 feet, Bowditch; Brecken-
ridge; Durango, May, Oslar.

A. TUMIDA Lec. Dome Rock, Snow.

A. LONGICORNIS Kirby. Vicinity of Fort Collins; Little Beaver; Leaven-
worth Valley, 9,000 to 10,000 feet; Georgetown; lower slopes of Pike’s
Peak; Garland; Veta Pass; Red Mountain Road; Ouray; Montrose;
Durango; Cafion of Big Blue; Mountains southwest of Montrose; South
Fork of San Miguel; Little Willow Creek. Sometimes abundant on
flowers of various Rosacez.

A. vIncTA Lec. Lower slopes of Pike’s Peak; South Fork of San Miguel;
Durango; Ouray and above; Georgetown; Colorado Springs; Little
Beaver; vicinity of Fort Collins. Thought by Mr. Leng to be only a
variety of the last, with which it is frequently found feeding.

A. LIGATA Lec. Georgetown, abundant; Clear Creek; Leavenworth Valley;
Veta Pass; Colorado Springs; Monument Gulch to Montrose, and
mountains to the southwest, Bowditch and Hayward; West Cliff. Also
placed by Mr. Leng as a variety of /ongicornis, and found in the same
situations.

A. PROTEUS Kirby. Salida; Fort Collins; Denver; Georgetown; Colorado
Springs; Buena Vista; Breckenridge; Leadville; Peak Eight, above
timber; Dome Rock; West Cliff; Brush Creek, Custer County; Little
Willow Creek; Summitville; Rico; Valley of Upper San Juan; Cafion
of Big Blue; Pagosa Springs. The variety gibbula is recorded from
Garland, Veta Pass and the Leavenworth Valley.

A. PRATENSIS Laich. South Park; Little Willow Creek; Cafion of Big

282 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Blue; South Fork of San Miguel; Rico; Cochetopa Pass; Horsefly Peak;
Durango; Ouray and above; West Cliff; Micawber Mine; Veta Pass;
Leavenworth Valley; Georgetown; Colorado Springs; Manitou; Pike’s
Peak, to summit; Arapahoe Peak, 11,000 to 12,000 feet; Breckenridge;
Leadville; Peak Eight, above timber; North Park; Steamboat Springs;
Little Beaver; Fort Collins and vicinity; Denver; Cameron Pass; Mar-
shall Pass. Often found in numbers on flowers.

GAUROTES CRESSONI Bland. Denver; above Ouray, up to about 10,000 feet;
Veta Pass; Little Willow Creek; Cafion of Big Blue.

TyPOCERUS BRUNNICORNIS Lec. West Las Animas, Hayward; South Park,
Snow.

4 pavtEatus Horn. Garland. I havea pair from Colorado Springs which
I refer here with some doubt.

T. srnuatus Newm. Vicinity of Fort Collins; Golden.

LEPTURA SOROR Lec. Colorado, my collection.

I. PROPINQUA Bland. Little Beaver; Bear Creek Cafion, Snow; Estes Park;
Bailey; Custer County, up to about 10,000 feet, Cockerell; Leavenworth
Valley; Ouray and road above, up to 10,000 feet; South Park; South
Fork of San Miguel; lower slopes of Pike’s Peak.

I. PLAGIFERA Lec. Colorado, Leng.

L. SUBARGENTATA Kirby. West Cliff; Micawber Mine; Fort Collins and
vicinity; North Park; Chimney Gulch, Leavenworth Valley, 9,000 to
10,000 feet; Colorado Springs; Poncha Springs; Veta Pass; South Park;
Mountains southwest of Montrose; Durango; Upper San Juan; Ouray
and road above; Horsefly Peak; common at times, on wild roses.

I. INSTABILIS Hald. Prof. Snow reports a black variety from Colorado;
the form called convexa Lec., comes from Dome Rock; Chimney Gulch;
South Park; Durango; Cimarron; Cafion of Big Blue; while Prof. Snow
took five specimens atan altitude of 10,000 feet, on Astragalus flexuosus.

I. SEXMACULATA Linn. Gore Pass; Denver; Bullion Peak; Leadville;
Leavenworth Valley, 9,000 to 10,000 feet; Red Mountain Road, 8,000 to
10,000 feet, on flowers of wild parsnips and mountain ash; South Fork
of San Miguel; Little Willow Creek; this is a species which is partial
to high altitudes.

I). NIGRELLA Say. South Park, Snow. A form with testaceous elytra was
taken at the same place.

L. CARBONATA Lec. Dome Rock; Durango; Ouray and road above, both
large and small specimens.

L. CANADENSIS Fab. Rist Cafion; Beaver Creek and Little South; North
Fork of South Platte Cafion; Little Willow Creek; Custer County,
Cockerell. I have a specimen of erythroplera from the South Park re-
gion, collected by Mr. Oslar. The variety cribripennis Lec., is known
from the following points: Engelmann’s Cajion; South Park; North
Fork of South Platte; Pagosa Springs; Upper San Juan.

L. RUBRICA Say. Beaver Brook and Cafion City, Uhler.

lL. SANGUINEA Lec. Fort Collins; Estes Park; Stove Prairie; Little Beaver;
Clear Creek; Dome Rock; Colorado Springs; Manitou; lower slopes of

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 283

Pike’s Peak, up to about 10,000 feet; Veta Pass; South Park; South
Fork of San Miguel; Leadville.

I. CHRYSOCOMA Kirby. South Fork of San Miguel; Rico; Summitville;
Pike’s Peak, 9,000 to 10,000 feet; Colorado Springs; Manitou; Cheyenne
Cafion; Engelmann’s Cation; Dome Rock; Fort Collins; Little Beaver;
Stove Prairie; Beaver Brook, Bowditch; Georgetown; Leavenworth Val-
ley; Breckenridge; Peak Eight, nearly to timber line; South Park;
Custer County, Cockerell; Ouray and road above; a common insect on
flowers.

I. NIGROLINEATA Bland. South Park; Upper San Juan; Summitville;
Ouray; Red Mountain Road; Denver; Leadville; Breckenridge.

L,. ASPERA Lec. Colorado, Leng; I took it along the Red Mountain Road
and the Mineral Point Trail, at an altitude of about 9,000 feet or more,
on flowers of mountain ash.

L. CUBITALIS Lec. Veta Pass, Bowditch.

MOoONILEMA ANNULATUM Say. La Junta; Horsetooth Mountain; Colorado
Springs, under leaves of Opuntia; found from June to August.

M. L2vVIGATUM Bland. Pueblo, Ulke.

M. ARMATUM Lec. Cafion City, under leaves of Opuntia arborescens,
August, Gillette; Pueblo, Bowditch.

MoNOHAMMUS MACULOSUS Hald. Dome Rock; Buena Vista; southern
Colorado, Leconte.

M. SCUTELLATUS Say. Fort Collins and vicinity; near Long’s Peak; Little
Beaver; Colorado Springs; Engelmann’s Cafion; Dome Rock; South
Park; Buena Vista; Leadville; Red Mountain Road; Durango; Upper
San Juan. The variety oregonensts is known from Fort Collins; Glen-
wood Springs; and West Cliff.

LIoPpus ALPHA Say. Dome Rock.

DECTES SPINOSUS Say. La Junta; Colorado Springs; Manitou; Engelmann’s
Cafion; Fort Collins; Denver; Golden; near Pueblo; Cafion City.
Sometimes common on wild sunflowers.

HYPERPLATYS ASPERSUS Say. Ouray, on piled poplar logs; Fort Collins;
Horsefly Peak; Upper San Juan.

ACANTHOCINUS OBLIQUUS Lec. Fort Collins; Engelmann’s Cafion; West
Cliff; Ouray.

A. SPECTABILIS Lec. West Cliff; Ute Pass.

POGONOCHERUS PENICELLATUS Lec. Colorado, Leng and Hamilton.

P. mrxtus Hald. Ouray, on piled poplar logs; Placerville; Rico road;
Gunnison; Garland; West Cliff; Estes Park; Little Beaver; Fort Col-
lins; Dome Rock; Colorado Springs; Idaho Springs; Breckenridge;
Leadville; the form szmplex Lec., is known from West Cliff and Veta
Pass.

P. OREGONUS Lec. MHorsefly Peak; Upper San Juan.

SAPERDA CALCARATA Say. Southern Colorado, Cassidy, injurious to Popu-
lus angulatus and Lombardy poplar; Pueblo, Gillette.

S. Masta Lec. Along the Mineral Point Trail, above Ouray, common on
small trees of quaking asp; Pagosa Springs; Fort Collins.

284 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

S. CONCOLOR Lec. Gunnison, Bowditch.

MECAS INORNATA Say. Colorado, Leng and Hamilton.

M, PERGRATA Say. Fort Collins and vicinity; Denver; Colorado Springs.
Occurs in June.

OBEREA OCULATICOLLIS Say. Colorado, Horn.

O. TRIPUNCTATA Swed. Colorado, Leng and Hamilton; on the slopes of
Pike’s Peak just above Manitou, I took specimens from raspberry bushes
which closely opproximate Horn’s O. fexana. The form basalts Lec.,
was taken by Mr. Oslar at Chimney Gulch.

O. QUADRICALLOSA Lec. Dome Rock.

O. RUFICOLLIS Fab. Fort Collins and Bellevue, June and July.

TETROPS CANESCENS Lec. West Las Animas, Hayward.

TETRAOPES COLLARIS Horn. Colorado, Leng and Hamilton.

T. FEMORATUS Lec. San Luis Valley; Colorado Springs; Denver; Clear
Creek Cafion; Fort Collins; Rocky Ford; Delta. I have dasalis from
Montclair.

T. QUINQUEMACULATUS Hald. Mr. Bowditch has the variety ¢exanus Horn,
from Durango.

T. CANESCENS Lec. Fort Collins; Colorado Springs; Denver; Pueblo;
Delta; occurs on Asclepias, from June to August.

CHRYSOMELIDA.

DONACIA CINCTICORNIS Newm. The variety magnifica Lec., is recorded
from Alamosa.

D. suBTILIS Kunze. Colorado, Leng.

D. EMARGINATA Kirby. Colorado Springs.

D. PUSILLA Say. The variety cuprea Kirby, is reported by Putnam, while
pyritosa Lec., is known from Garland.

ORSODACHNA ATRA Ahrens. This species occurs commonly in the high-
lands, mostly in the form childreni Kirby. Colorado Springs; Fort
Collins; Stove Prairie; Little Beaver; Pike’s Peak, 9,000 to 10,000 feet;
Georgetown; Leavenworth Valley; Silver Plume; Argentine Pass road,
up to 12,000 feet; above Ouray; Silverton; Brush Creek, Custer County;
Chimney Gulch; Garland; Veta Pass; Little Willow Creek; Cafion of
Big Blue; South Fork of San Miguel; Horsefly Peak.

ZEUGOPHORA SCUTELLARIS Suffr. Colorado Springs. Specimens of an in-
termediate nature, allied to consanguinea and californica were sent from
Rocky Ford by Prof. Gillette.

Z. ABNORMIS Lec. Micawber Mine; Veta Pass; Gunnison; Placerville;
Little Willow Creek; Pike’s Peak; Breckenridge; Leadville, common
on poplars, eating irregular holes in the leaves.

SYNETA CARINATA Mann. Cajfion of Big Blue; Horsefly Peak, Bowditch.

S. FERRUGINEA Germ. Veta Pass; I have specimens collected in Hall Val-
ley by Mr. Oslar which I place here.

LEMA TRILINEATA Oliv. Colorado Springs; La Junta; La Veta; Fort Col-
lins, larva on Physalis virginiana, Baker; Golden; Berkeley.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 285

I. COLORADENSIS Linell. Fort Collins; Greeley.

I. LONGIPENNIS Linell. Cafion City.

EURYSCOPA LECONTEI Crotch. On oak bushes in the vicinity of Manitou,
Uhler.

COSCINOPTERA AXILLARIS Lec. West Cliff; Ouray; Upper San Juan;
Berkeley; Colorado Springs, very abundant; Fort Collins.

C. DOMINICANA Fab. Colorado Springs, on scrub oak; Buena Vista;
Berkeley; Fort Collins; occurs in June and July.

C. VITTIGERA Lec. Rather common in South Park, Snow; Little Beaver;
Happy Hollow; vicinity of Fort Collins; Ouray; West Cliff, on Oxy-
tropis lamberti; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Leadville, common on
various plants; Pike’s Peak; Alamosa; Garland; La Veta; San Luis
Valley; Cafion of Big Blue; Placerville.

MEGALOSTOMIS SUBFASCIATA Lec. Colorado, Putnam.

BABIA QUADRIGUTTATA Oliv. Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; West Cliff,
on Yucca angustifolia; Holly; Clear Creek Cafion; Ouray; a common
insect, found on many different plants.

SAXINIS OMOGERA Lac. Poncha Springs; Durango; Fort Collins; Cimar-
ron; Buena Vista.

S. saucta Lec. Gunnison; Durango.

CHLAMYS PLICATA Fab. Fort Collins; Colorado Springs; Evans’ Peak
region.

EXEMA CONSPERSA Mann. Colorado Springs; Denver; Boulder; Grand
Junction; Bellevue.

BASSAREUS DETRITUS Oliv. Colorado Springs.

B. MAMMIFER Newm. Dome Rock.

CRYPTOCEPHALUS QUADRIMACULATUS Say. Georgetown; Ouray; Garland;
La Veta; Boulder; Fort Collins; Berkeley; Colorado Springs. The
variety zotatus Fab., is recorded from Colorado by Dr. Leconte and by
Prof. Snow, while Mr. Ulke reports finding it at Cafion City and
Manitou.

. QUADRUPLEX Newm. Fort Collins, June.

. GUTTULATUS Oliv. Cafion City, Uhler, one specimen.

. LEUCOMELAS Suffr. The variety vitticollis Lec., is recorded from Colo-
rado by Dr. Horn; it has also been taken at Fort Collins in July and
August.

C. CONFLUENS Say. Colorado Springs and Buena Vista, not uncommon on
Artemisiz; Fort Collins, May and June; Little Beaver; Big Narrows of
the Poudre, July; Durango; The Rustic.

C. VENuSTUS Fab. Fort Collins, July, on Artemisia dracunculoides. The
variety cinctipennis Rand., comes from Fort Collins with the label July.

PACHYBRACHYS MOROSUS Hald. Colorado Springs, along the creeks; Rist
Cafion, June.

P. sTRIATUS Lec. Colorado, ‘entirely black,’’ Leconte; Garland, Bow-
ditch.

P. virGATUS Lec. Colorado Springs, Wickham.

QA0Nn

V—3 I2

286 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

P. Lrr1c10sus Suffr. North Park, July; vicinity of Fort Collins, June and
July; Colorado Springs, common and variable.

P. ABDOMINALIS Say. Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; not uncommon.

P. oTHONUS Say. Colorado, Horn; Horsetooth Gulch, June.

P. PUBESCENS Oliv. This is the species heretofore known by the name
viduatus Fab. It is known to occur at Cafion City; Berkeley; Denver;
Montrose; Dolores; Colorado Springs and Fort Collins, on willows.

. TRIDENS Melsh. Colorado Springs, Uhler.

. CONFORMIS Suffr. Colorado, Leconte.

. LIVENS Lec. La Junta, Bowditch.

. LUSTRANS Lec. Durango; South Fork of San Miguel; Rico; San Luis
Valley; Colorado Springs and lower slopes of Pike’s Peak.

. RENIDENS Lec. Veta Pass, Leconte; and, in doubt, from Little Willow
Creek and from the mountains near Montrose.

. SUBVITTATUS Lec. Leadville, beaten from foliage of dwarf pines.

. ATOMARIUS Melsh. Dome Rock; Alamosa; Garland; La Veta.

. SPUMARIUS Suffr. Durango, Bowditch.

. HEPATICUS Melsh. West Cliff; Rist Cafion; Little Beaver; Colorado
Springs.

DIACHUS AURATUS Fab. La Veta; Dome Rock; Colorado Springs.

D. 4RUGINOSUS Lec. Mountains southwest of Montrose; Montrose; Gar-

land; Denver, eating strawberry fruit.

XANTHONIA DECEMNOTATA Say. Horsetooth Gulch, June; Dome Rock;
Durango; South Fork of San Miguel.

ADOXUS OBSCURUS Linn. The dark form is recorded from West Cliff, and
I have seen it from the Red Mountain Road and Montrose Pass; the
variety vitis Fab., is known from Custer County; above timber line on
Pike’s Peak, Snow; Red Mountain Road; South Park; Rico Road;
Cafion of Big Blue; Fort Collins; Denver; Montrose Pass; near Palmer
Lake; Upper San Juan; Buena Vista; Breckenridge; Leadville.

MYOCHROUS SQUAMOSUS Lec. Colorado Springs; Fort Collins, May to July;
Lamar.

CHRYSOCHUS AURATUS Fab. Colorado, Horn; Pueblo, Ulke; Berkeley,
July, Oslar. ;

C. COBALTINUS Lec. Dome Rock; Delta; Spring Cafion; Denver, Packard.

TYPOPHORUS CANELLUS Fab. The variety guadriguttatus Lec., has been
seen from Lamar; Montrose; Fort Collins; and Pagosa. The form
aterrimus Oliv., comes from Colorado Springs, where I took it com-
monly in sweepings, and from Fort Collins, where it was found on wil-
lows and on Aster multiflorus.

GRAPHOPS OBSCURUS Lec. Colorado, Horn.

. VARIANS Lec. Fort Collins; West Cliff; Leadville.

. PUBESCENS Melsh. Fort Collins, in sweepings, May.

. MARCASSITA Crotch. Dome Rock, Snow.

. NEBULOSUS Lec. Fort Collins; Colorado Springs; Leavenworth Valley;

Williams River; specimens were seen in the Agricultural College col-
lection, from Northern Colorado, which had been taken in February,

a)

ae}! tae) tae) tae,

Q000

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO, 287

March and April, so that this species probably hibernates in the imago
state, like some of our eastern forms.

METACHROMA LONGULUM Horn. La Junta, Bowditch.

CHRYSODINA GLOBOSA Oliy. Colorado, Horn; Lamar; Horsetooth Gulch;
Boulder.

RHABDOPTERUS PICIPES Oliv. La Junta, Bowditch; Fort Collins.

NODONOTA TRISTIS Oliv. La Veta; Poncha Springs; Durango; Berkeley;
Colorado Springs; Fort Collins; a common species.

N. PUNCTICOLLIS Say. Dome Rock,

METAPARIA CLYTROIDES Crotch. La Junta, Wickham.

ENTOMOSCELIS ADONIDIS Fab. Mt. Lincoln; Williams River Valley; Rico;
summit of Mt. Abrams; Mineral Point trail, 9,000 to 10,000 feet; George-
town; Hesterburg’s Lane, Custer County; Rist Cafion; Breckenridge;
Leadville; Moose Mountain, above timber line. Prof. Cockerell found
a specimen on Czicus, but I took the insect chiefly on Crucifere.

PRASOCURIS PHELLANDRII Linn. Veta Pass, 11,500 feet.

P. OBLIQUATA Lec. Georgetown, Wickham.

DORYPHORA CLIVICOLLIS Kirby. A specimen without locality label in the
Agricultural College collection is supposed to be from Colorado.

D. DECEMLINEATA Say. Livermore; Pueblo; Golden; Denver; Colorado
Springs.

CHRYSOMELA EXCLAMATIONIS Fab. La Junta; Durango; Boulder; Fort
Collins, on Ffelianthus annuus; Colorado Springs, common on sun-
flowers; La Veta; Pueblo; Denver; Clear Creek Cafion.

. CONTINUA Lec. Colorado, Linell; Horseshoe Bend Gulch, August 15, on
Gymnolomia multiflora, Cockerell.

@

C. conjuNCTA Rog. Beaver Creek and Little South, July.

C. SUTURALIS Fab. Fort Collins, August.

C. DISRUPTA Rog. Howe’s Gulch, June; Dome Rock.

C. ELEGANS Oliv. Fort Collins, August; Colorado Springs, July.

C. HETEROTHEC Linell. Colorado Springs; vicinity of Fort Collins.

C. LUNATA Fab. Horsetooth Gulch and other points in vicinity of Fort
Collins; Rocky Ford; Dolores.

C. SCALARIS Lec. Fort Collins.

C. MULTIPUNCTATA Say. Alamosa; La Veta; Fort Collins. The form
bigsbyana Kirby, is recorded in the Putnam list, and verrucosa Suffr., is
reported from the state by Dr. Horn.

C. SIGMOIDEA Lec. Horsefly Peak, Bowditch.

C. MULTIGUTTATA Stal. This name occurs in one of Dr. Leconte’s lists.

C. FLAVOMARGINATA Say. Fort Collins, larvee feed on Artemisia dracun-

culoides, Baker; West Cliff.

C. BASILARIS Say. Colorado, Linell.

C. MONTIVAGANS Lec. Pike’s Peak; Argentine Pass; Leavenworth Valley;
Mount Lincoln; all of the foregoing records are from Mr. Bowditch;
Custer County, Cockerell.

C. AURIPENNIS Say. Leavenworth Valley, 10,000 to 11,000 feet.

PLAGIODERA PRASINELLA Lec. Florissant, Bowditch.

288 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

P. OVIFORMIS Lec. Buena Vista; Breckenridge; Florissant; Salida; Stove
Prairie; Little South; West Cliff; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet; Georgetown;
Leavenworth Valley. Mr. Bowditch has a new species of this genus
from Little Willow Creek.

GASTROIDEA DISSIMILIS Say. Fort Collins, on Rumex crispus,; Estes Park
Hill; peaks above 12,000 feet, Carpenter.

G. CYANEA Melsh. Durango; Denver; Leavenworth Valley; Fort Collins;
Colorado Springs, on Rumex.

G. FORMOSA Say. Fort Collins, June, on Rumex.

LINA LAPPONICA Linn. Denver; Fort Collins; Montrose; Cerro Summit to
Cimarron; Placerville; Gunnison.

I. SCRIPTA Fab. Pueblo; La Junta; Berkeley; Fort Collins and vicinity;
Estes Park; Little Willow Creek; Placerville; Colorado Springs, com-
mon on willows and poplars.

GONIOCTENA PALLIDA Linn. Estes Park, July, Gillette.

TRIRHABDA CANADENSIS Kirby. Golden; Livermore; Palmer Lake; Gar-
land; La Veta; Colorado Springs, very abundant on Artemisiz.

T. NITIDICOLLIS Lec. Colorado, Horn; Poncha Springs, July, Oslar.

T. pipucTA Horn. Specimens from Durango are doubtfully referred here
by Mr. Bowditch.

T. LEWIsiI Crotch. Big Narrows of Poudre, on Bigelovia; Clear Creek
Cafion, Gillette; Durango; South Park; San Luis Valley, Bowditch.

T. CONVERGENS Lec Dome Rock; Garland; La Veta; peaks over 12,000
feet, Carpenter; West Cliff; Little South; Dolores, on Bigelovia; Ouray;
Durango; Cochetopa Pass; Upper San Juan; Little Willow Creek; Gun-
nison; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista. Prof. Cockerell describes a
variety virescens from West Cliff and Silver Cliff, but ina note expresses
a doubt whether it may not belong to favolimbata.

T. ATTENUATA Say. Denver; Pinewood; Little Willow Creek; occurs in

July and August.

. FLAVOLIMBATA Mann. South Park; Poncha Springs; Nathrop; West
Cliff; Buena Vista; the insect is said to occur on Solidago. Mr. Bow-
ditch has luteocincta Lec., from Garland.

GALERUCELLA AMERICANA Fab. Fort Collins, June; Dixon Cafion, Febru-
ary; the variety cribrata Lec., is recorded from West Cliff and Ula, oc-
curring in May and July respectively. j

G. CAVICOLLIS Lec. Palmer Lake, August, destroying foliage of Prunus
pumila.

G. NOTULATA Fab., variety bi/ineata Kirby. Colorado, Putnam.

G. NYMPH24 Linn. Fort Collins, Baker.

G.

G.

Hy

TUBERCULATA Say. Gunnison; Pagosa Springs.

DECORA Say. La Veta; Garland; West Cliff; Upper San Juan; Horsefly
Peak; Colorado Springs and Buena Vista, common on willows. The
variety carbo Lec., is recorded from the state by Dr. Horn.

MONOXIA PUNCTICOLLIS Say. Colorado Springs, not uncommon on alkali
flats; Cafion City; Fort Collins; Boulder; Delta; Clear Creek Cafion;
Denver.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 289

M. consputTa Lec. Durango; Upper San Juan; Dolores; Montrose; Berke-
ley; Fort Collins; Hotchkiss; Colorado Springs; West Cliff; Pueblo.

M. pEBILIS Lec. Garland; a Veta; Veta Pass, 9,000 feet; Williams River
Valley; Little Willow Creek; Leadville; Fort Collins; North Park;
Pueblo.

M. sorDIDA Lec. Denver; Pueblo; Cerro Summit; Delta; Dolores; all of
these records are from Prof. Gillette’s collections.

DIABROTICA TRICINCTA Say. Durango, Bowditch; Fort Collins; Pueblo;
Rocky Ford; Little Beaver; Golden; Colorado Springs. Sometimes
taken in abundance by sweeping in meadows.

. DUODECIMPUNCTATA Oliv. Denver; Palmer Lake; La Junta.

. ATRIPENNIS Say. Colorado, Horn; southern Pueblo County, Cockerell.

. VITTATA Fab. Denver; Clear Creek; Rocky Ford.

. LEMNISCATA Lec. Prof. Cockerell writes me that a specimen supposed
to represent a color variety of this species was taken at Denver by H.
G. Smith, Jr. The name is credited to Dr. Horn.

PHYLLOBROTICA DECORATA Say. Near Boulder, Gillette; Dolores; Fort
Collins; Pleasant Valley; Clear Creek, Oslar. Occurs in May, June
and July.

SCELOLYPERUS LONGULUS Lec. Veta Pass; Durango; Little Willow Creek;
Montrose; Cochetopa Pass; Horsefly Peak; Dolores.

I,UPERODES VARICORNIS Lec. Fort Collins, August.

I. LUTEICOLLIS Lec. Colorado, Horn.

I. LECONTEI Crotch. North Park, July; Happy Hollow; Fort Collins,
August; South Fork of San Miguel; Upper San Juan.

I, MERACA Say. La Veta; Georgetown, Wickham.

I. CVANELLUS Lec. North Park; Clear Creek; Colorado Springs, on
flowers along Bear Creek; Rist Cafion.

I. SPRETUS Horn. I have specimens referred here with some doubt from
Durango, (Oslar) and from the road above Ouray.

I. VARIPES Lec. Rico; Veta Pass, 9,250 feet; Colorado Springs, rather
common; Palmer Lake.

GALERUCA EXTERNA Say. - Breckenridge and Leadville, under wood and
stones; Summitville; Durango; Summit of Mt. Abrams; Dolores; Red
Creek, Custer County; Veta Pass; Mt. Lincoln; Argentine Road, over
12,000 feet.

BLEPHARIDA RHOIS Forst. La Veta; Chimney Gulch; vicinity of Fort Col-
lins, April to June.

CEDIONYCHIS LUGENS Lec. Williams River; Elk River, near Steamboat
Springs; Marshall Pass; West Cliff; Breckenridge.

CY. PETAURISTA Fab. Colorado Springs, one specimen.

C2. MINIATA Fab. Colorado Springs, one specimen.

DISONYCHA QUINQUEVITTIATA Say. Pagosa; Durango; La Veta; West Cliff;
Fort Collins and vicinity; Stove Prairie; Little South; Chimney Gulch;
Cafion City; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista. A common species on
willows.

D. CRENICOLLIS Say. Clear Creek, Oslar; Little Willow Creek.

Silslls) S|

290 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

D. GLABRATA Fab. Southern Colorado, Leconte.

D. FUNEREA Rand. Colorado, Bowditch.

D. TRIANGULARIS Say. West Cliff and Red Creek, Cockerell; Cafion City;
Colorado Springs; Fort Collins; Little Beaver; Denver; Clear Creek;
Durango; Upper San Juan.

D. XANTHOMELANA Dalm. Colorado, Horn.

D. MELLICOLLIS Say. Colorado, Horn.

HALTICA BIMARGINATA Say. Durango; Dome Rock; Dolores; Fort Collins;
Denver; Beaver Brook Gulch; Palmer Lake; Holly; Little Beaver; Col-
orado Springs; Manitou; lower slopes of Pike’s Peak.

H 1Gnira Ill. North Park; Dolores; a species near im@rata Lec., was
taken by Mr. Schwarz at Alamosa and Veta Pass

H. vicARIA Horn. Colorado, Horn; Delta, August.

H. CARINATA Germ. La Junta; Durango; Mountains southwest of Mont-
rose; the variety forguata Lec., I have from Denver and Colorado
Springs, while specimens from Dolores and Montrose are in the col-
lection of the Agricultural College.

H. OBLITERATA Lec. Colorado, Snow; Colorado Springs.

H. Evicra Lec. West Cliff, Cockerell.

H. ARUGINOSA Lec. Leadville, a few specimens only.

H. OBOLINA Lec. Williams River Valley; Gunnison; Alamosa; Upper San
Juan.

H. PUNCTIPENNIS Lec. Custer County, on Epilobium angustifolium,
Cockerell; Idaho Springs; Fort Collins; Little Beaver; Denver; Colo-
rado Springs; Cafion City; Breckenridge; La Veta; La Junta; Durango;
South Fork of San Miguel.

H. LAZULINA Lec. Colorado, Horn.

H. Tincta Lec. Durango, Bowditch.

H. FOLIACEA Lec. West Cliff; Cottonwood Springs, Pueblo County, Cock-
erell, on Cucurbita perennis; Poncha Springs; Florissant; Dome Rock;
Pueblo; Colorado Springs and lower slopes of Pike’s Peak; Buena Vista;
Fort Collins; Garland; La Veta; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

C. HELXINES Linn. Ouray; Garland; Cerro Summit to Cimarron; Trinidad;
Dolores; Lamar; Fort Collins; Little Beaver; Pagosa Springs; West
Cliff; Buena Vista; Colorado Springs. Common on willows.

EPITRIX CUCUMERIS Harr. Ja Veta; Cafion City; Fort Collins.

E. PARVULA Fab. La Veta; Fort Collins; Colorado Springs.

ORTHALTICA MELINA Horn. Montrose, June, Gillette.

MANTURA FLORIDANA Crotch. Alamosa.

CHATOCNEMA PERTURBATA Horn. Veta Pass; Williams River Valley.

C. CRIBRATA Lec. Garland, Bowditch.

C. IRREGULARIS Lec. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet; Garland; Buena Vista.

C. SUBCYLINDRICA Lec. Garland; Buena Vista.

C: PROTENSA Lec. Vicinity of Fort Collins; Leadville; Garland; Veta Pass,
9,200 feet.

C. DENTICULATA Ill. Vicinity of Fort Collins; Colorado Springs; Greeley.

C. CRIBRIFRONS Lec. Alamosa; Colorado Springs.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 291

. OPACULA Lec. Alamosa; Garland.

. MINUTA Melsh. Garland, Horn.

. SUBVIRIDIS Lec. Fort Collins; North Park; Cerro Summit; La Veta;
Alamosa; Garland; Veta Pass, 9,200 feet; Ula and West Cliff; Colorado
Springs, extremely abundant; Buena Vista.

. OPULENTA Horn. Durango, Bowditch.

. PULICARIA Crotch. Garland; Alamosa.

. CONFINIS Crotch. Colorado, Horn; Fort Collins; Cerro Summit.

. ELONGATULA Crotch. Colorado, Horn.

SYSTENA HUDSONIAS Forst. Fort Collins, July.

S. ELONGATA Fab. Recorded in the Putnam list.

S. TASNIATA Say. Pagosa Springs; Cerro Summit; Trinidad; Upper San
Juan; Durango; Dolores; Aspen; North Park; Fort Collins. Said by
Prof. Gillette to feed on potato, beet, alfalfa, lettuce, parsnip, egg plant,
summer savory, Chenopodium, [va axillaris, I. xanthitfolia, Salvia
lanceolata, Verbena bracteosa, Solanum triflorum, S. rostvatum, Heli-
anthus annuus, 1, petiolarits, Portulaca oleracea and Amarantus bli-
toides. I find that some of the varietal forms are recorded from the
state as follows: S. mztis Say, Colorado Springs and Alamosa; S.
ligata Lec., Idaho Springs, Packard; and S. d/anda VWec., Colorado
Springs and La Junta.

GLYPTINA NIVALIS Horn. Fort Collins, June.

G. SPURIA Lec. Veta Pass, Bowditch.

G. CERINA Lec. Fort Collins; Garland; Alamosa; Veta Pass, 9,400 to It,-
500 feet.

G. ATRIVENTRIS Horn. Garland, Bowditch; Colorado Springs and lower
slopes of Pike’s Peak; Greeley; Fort Collins; Livermore; Micawber
Mine.

APHTHONA TEXANA Crotch. Colorado, Horn.

PHYLLOTRETA SINUATA Steph. Breckenridge.

P. VITTATA Fab. Alamosa; Garland; Montrose; Bellevue; Williams River
Valley.

P, ROBUSTA Lec. Colorado Springs; Alamosa; Garland.

P. ALBIONICA Lec. La Veta; Alamosa; Garland; Mountains southwest of
Montrose; Pueblo; Idaho Springs and summit of Pike’s Peak, Packard;
Leadville. Said by Prof. Gillette to feed on cabbage, radish, beet,
mustard, cauliflower, horseradish and Cleome integrifolia.

P. ANEICOLLIS Crotch. Montrose, June, Gillette; La Junta, Wickham.

P. LEWIstI Crotch. Colorado Springs; La Junta; Salida; Cafion City; Pueblo;
Fort Collins and vicinity, February to June.

P. pUSILLA Horn. Denver, on turnips, Cockerell; West Cliff; Micawber
Mine; Trinidad; Salida; Palmer Lake; Greeley; Stove Prairie; Fort
Collins; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; San Luis Valley and Durango,
Bowditch; Cafion City; Lamar.

LONGITARSUS SUBRUFUS Lec. Spring Cafion and Bellevue, July and

October.

L. vANUS Horn. Dolores, June; Dixon Cafion and Bellevue, March and
October.

CrO7@

(PuUPuice'

292 . NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

LL. OCCIDENTALIS Horn. Colorado, Horn; La Junta, Bowditch.

I,. BICOLOR Horn. Durango; Ouray.

I,, ALTERNATA Ziegl. Denver, Horn.

I). NITIDELLUS Ckll. West Cliff; La Junta; Cafion of Big Blue; Fort Col-
lins; Williams River Valley. I have a species of this genus from
Breckenridge that is allied to Z. erro Horn, but is probably different.

DIBOLIA BOREALIS Chev. Buena Vista; Leadville; Veta Pass, 9,000 feet;
Rist Cafion; Little Beaver.

PSYLLIODES PUNCTULATA Melsh. Fort Collins, on alfalfa; Colorado Springs;
Pleasant Valley; Cerro Summit; Trinidad; Montrose; Gunnison; Upper
San Juan.

P. CONVEXIOR Lec. West Cliff; Little Willow Creek; Upper San Juan;
Gunnison.

MICRORHOPALA VITTATA Fab. Berkeley; Fort Collins, larvee mining in
leaves of Solidago. ‘The variety /etula comes from Fort Collins and
Marshall Pass.

M. XERENE Newm. Colorado.

M. CVYANEA Say. Little Beaver; Denver; Pueblo; Colorado Springs, both
blue and green specimens.

M. porcaTa Melsh. Near Palmer Lake, August, Gillette.

ODONTOTA COLLARIS Say. Ia Veta; Montrose; Big Narrows of Poudre, on
Bigelovia,; vicinity of Fort Collins; I took several pairs in copula, on
grass blades, in Williams Cafion, near Manitou.

O. NERVOSA Panz. Clear Creek Cafion, near Denver, Uhler; vicinity of
Fort Collins.

STENOPODIUS FLAVIDUS Horn. Fort Collins, May.

PHYSONOTA UNIPUNCTATA Say. Rist Cafion and Fort Collins, May.

CASSIDA NIGRIPES Oliv. Fort Collins, on wild morning glory; Rocky Ford.
I have the variety ellipsis Lec., from Berkeley and Colorado Springs.

CoPprocycLA AURICHALCEA Fab. Fort Collins, on dock and morning glory;
Colorado Springs; La Veta.

C. GuTTaTa Oliv. Vicinity of Fort Collins; Colorado Springs, common in
June and July.

CHELYMORPHA ARGUS Licht. Denver; ColoradoSprings, abundant in June
and July. Prof. Gillette found it on Zpomaa leptophylla. The Colo-
rado specimens belong to the variety /ezwisiz Crotch.

BRUCHIDAS.

BRUCHUS PISI Linn. Fort Collins, June.

B. DISCOIDEUS Say. Fort Collins, June; La Veta; Prof. Snow found it in
the seeds of /pomeea leptophylla.

B. AUREOLUS Horn. Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; lower slopes of Pike’s
Peak.

B. Prosopis Lec. Southern Colorado, Leconte.

B. FRATERCULUS Horn. Fort Collins, in seeds of Glycyrrhiza lepidota; near
Boulder; Denver; Cerro Summit; Cimarron; Marshall Pass; La Veta;
Durango; Mountains southwest of Montrose; West Cliff.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 293

B. AMIcUuS Horn. La Veta; Garland; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

B. OBSOLETUS Say. Specimens of the bean weevil, B. fabe Riley, were
taken at Denver, in the haricot bean, by H. G. Smith Jr.

B. Ex1GuuS Horn. Bellevue.

B. SEMINULUM Horn. Montrose; Lamar; Fort Collins, on alfalfa; Laporte.

ZABROTES CRUCIGER Horn. Colorado, Horn.

TENEBRIONIDAS.

EDROTES GLOBOSUS Casey. Greeley; found about the roots of weeds in
May.

E. rotTuNpDus Say. Pueblo, Bowditch; La Junta; Denver; Fort Collins;
Colorado Springs.

STIBIA OVIPENNIS Horn. [La Junta, Bowditch.

TRIMYTIS PRUINOSA Lec. La Junta; Pueblo; Dixon Cafion; Denver; Clear
Creek; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Cafion City; Greeley; Salida.
EMMENASTUS ACUTUS Horn. Placerville; San Luis Valley; Gunnison; South

Park; Garland; West Cliff.

E. oBEsuS Lec. La Junta and San Luis Valley, Hayward.

EPITRAGUS CANALICULATUS Say. Colorado Springs, not uncommon on
herbage, usually resting in crotches of branches or in axils of leaves;
La Junta; Denver; Pueblo; Dixon Cafion; Poudre Cafion; Salida; Lamar;
Cafion City; Fort Collins.

BATULIUS SETOSUS Lec. Greeley; La Junta.

ZOPHERUS ELEGANS Horn. Durango, May, Oslar.

ANEPSIUS MONTANUS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

OLOGLYPTUS ANASTOMOSIS Say. Pueblo; La Junta; West Las Animas.

ASTROTUS CONTORTUS Lec. Colorado, Hayward.

ASIDA OPACA Say. Denver; The Rustic; Poudre Cafion; Fort Collins;
Pinewood; Trinidad; Sterling; Golden; Poncha Springs; La Junta; West
Las Animas; Durango; Pueblo; Upper Arkansas Valley; west of South
Park; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Bijou; West Cliff. Mr. Uhler
writes—‘‘ Each hill west of Colorado Springs seems to afford a variety
peculiar to itself. These variations are shown in the proportions of the
thorax and elytra, the amount and prominence of their sculpture and
the shape of their outline.’’

A. SORDIDA Lec. West Cliff; Wales’ Cafion, Pueblo County, Cockerell;
Holly; Dixon Cafion; Alder; Fort Collins; Trinidad; Denver; Colorado
Chiquito River; Rio Grande; San Luis Valley; La Junta; Colorado
Springs.

A. POLITA Say. Colorado Springs; Pueblo; Dutch George; West Las Ani-
mas; sometimes common.

A. ACTUOSA Horn. Southwestern Colorado, Strecker.

A. OBSOLETA Lec. Fort Collins; Trinidad; Holly; Sterling; all of the
records come from the Agricultural College collection.

A. LECONTEI Horn. Durango, July, Agricultural College collection. The
specimen represents a varietal form.

V—3 ‘13

294 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

A. CONVEXA Lec. Pueblo; Holly; Trinidad; Pagosa Springs; West Las
Animas.

A. CONVEXICOLLIS Lec. Colorado Springs; La Junta; West Las Animas.

A. MARGINATA Lec. West Cliff; the variety ~z#ataz Lec., is reported from
Colorado by Leconte and Ulke.

A. ELATA Lec. Garland, Bowditch; South Park; Fort Collins; Pueblo;
Berkeley; Colorado Springs; Cafion City; reported from southwestern
Colorado by Strecker.

CONIONTIS OVALIS Esch. Fort Collins; Dome Rock; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet;
plains south of Denver; Buena Vista.

C. OBESA Lec. San Luis Valley; Placerville; Durango; Cafion of Big Blue;
Garland; Veta Pass, 11,500 feet; West Cliff; Trinidad; Salida; Long’s
Peak; Rist Cafion; Manitou; Golden; Buena Vista.

CYCLOSATTUS WEBSTERI Casey. Colorado, Casey.

EUSATTUS RETICULATUS Say. La Junta; Durango; West Las Animas;
Pueblo; banks of Arkansas, west of Cafion City.

E. DIFFICILIS Lec. San Luis Valley; Berkeley; Fort Collins; Holly; Colo-
rado Springs.

ELEODES OBSCURA Say. Greenhorn; Trinidad; San Luis Valley, Hayward.
The form dispersa Lec., is recorded from the San Luis Valley by Mr.
Bowditch, while sudcipennis Mann., is said by Dr. Strecker to occur in
southwestern Colorado.

E. SUTURALIS Say. La Junta; Berkeley; Orchard; Cafions near Boulder,
Gillette.

E. TRICOSTATA Say. La Junta; West Las Animas; Colorado Springs;
Golden; Poudre Cafion; near Long’s Peak; Estes Park; Lamar; Sterling;
Holly; Fort Collins; La Veta; Veta Pass; Garland.

. CARBONARIA Say. La Junta; Garland; Pleasant Valley on the Arkansas
River, Snow.

. OBSOLETA Say. La Junta; Golden; Durango; South Park; San Iwnis
Valley; Pueblo; West Cliff; Cafion City; Colorado Springs; Denver.

- QUADRICOLLIS Esch. South Park; Pagosa; Manitou.

. HUMERALIS Lec. South Park, 8,000 to I0,o00 feet, Bowditch; Buena
Vista,

. GRANULATA Lec. Leavenworth Valley, Bowditch.

. EXTRICATA Say. Denver; Colorado Springs; Manitou; Idaho Springs;
Fort Collins; Poudre Cafion; West Cliff; Wales’ Cafion, Pueblo County;
Buena Vista; La Junta; Pueblo; Monument Gulch to Montrose; Rico;
Durango; Rio Grande; San Luis Valley; Pagosa Springs; Montrose;
Placerville; Florissant.

E. LONGICOLLIS Lec. La Junta; Colorado Springs; southwestern Colorado,
Strecker; Holly; Fort Collins; San Luis Valley; Trinidad.

. GENTILIS Lec. Ouray; the name is from Dr. Horn.

NIGRINA Lec. Mountains southwest of Montrose; Durango; South

Park; San Luis Valley; Ouray; Veta Pass, 9,200 feet; Buena Vista; Colo-

rado Springs; Florissant; Garland; Idaho Springs; Georgetown; near

Long’s Peak; Fort Collins.

Bh Bhs ms

td bo

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 295

FE. HISPILABRIS Say. La Junta; West Las Animas; Colorado Springs; Cafion
City; San Luis Valley; Fort Garland; south of Denver; Trinidad; Holly;
Fort Collins.

. SPONSA Lec. Southern Colorado, Horn.

. CAUDIFERA Lec. Colorado, Ulke.

. SCABRIPENNIS Lec. Colorado, Bowditch.

. LECONTEI Horn. Colorado, Leconte, under name subaspera; Colorado

Springs; Buena Vista; Georgetown; Silver Plume; Ouray.

CONSOBRINA Lec. Horsefly Peak; Mountains southwest of Montrose.

PLANIPENNIS Lec. Manitou, Packard.

. CORDATA Esch. Prof. Snow reports one specimen from Colorado.

. BRUNNIPES Casey. Buena Vista, not rare about the roots of gooseberry

bushes.

. PIMELIOIDES Mann. Horsefly Peak; Idaho Springs; Garland; Aspen;
Fort Collins; Leavenworth Valley, 9,000 to 10,000 feet; Roaring Fork;
Monument Gulch to Montrose; Little Willow Creek; Cafion of Big
Blue; Montrose and adjacent mountains.

E. OPACA Say. Trinidad; Colorado Springs, Snow; West Las Animas.

E. FUSIFORMIS Lec. Colorado, Horn; Bellevue; La Junta, Bowditch.

EMBAPHION MURICATUM Say. Fort Collins; Bellevue; West Las Animas;
Colorado Springs.

E. CONTusUM Lec. Fort Collins; Clear Creek; South Park region; San
Luis Valley; Colorado Springs.

E. PLANUM Horn. San Luis Valley; Montrose, Bowditch; Dr. Horn re-
ported it from Kansas and Colorado.

IPHTHIMUS SERRATUS Mann. Golden; Dome Rock; Engelmann’s Cafion;
Cafion City; North Fork of South Platte, Bowditch; Colorado Springs;
lower slopes of Pike’s Peak; Durango; Pagosa Springs. For the variety
lewisit Horn, we have Packard’s record, Blackhawk. The form sudle-
vis Bland, is known from Colorado Springs; Rist Cafion; Durango; Up-
per San Juan; Pagosa Springs; Ouray; Mineral Point Trail, 9,000 to
10,000 feet.

CG@LOCNEMIS DILATICOLLIS Mann. North Fork of South Platte, 7,000 to
8,000 feet, Bowditch.

UPIS CERAMBOIDES Linn. Colorado, Snow.

TENEBRIO OBSCURUS Fab. Denver.

T. MOLITOR Linn. Fort Collins.

T. TENEBRIOIDES Beauv. [La Junta, Hayward.

BLAPSTINUS INTERRUPTUS Say. Colorado, Casey; northern Colorado, Agri-
cultural College collection.

B. DILATATUS Lec. Cafion City, name from Dr. Horn.

B. CASTANEUS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

B. PRATENSIS Lec. South Park, abundant, Snow; San Luis Valley;
Durango; Gunnison; Cafion of Big Blue; Alamosa; Garland; Platte River
Valley; West Cliff; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista; Leadville.

B. Mastus Melsh. Alamosa; Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

B. GREGALIS Casey. Veta Pass, Casey.

Ho Heed Poa

296 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

B. SUBSTRIATUS Champ. Durango; Placerville; Garland; South Park; all of
these records are due to Mr. Bowditch.

B. VESTITUS Lec. West Cliff; Platte River Valley, Leconte; La Junta; Gar-
land; Veta Pass.

B. HOSPES Casey. Garland, Casey.

B. LECONTEI Muls. West Cliff.

B. SULCATUS Lec. La Junta, Hayward.

TRIBOLIUM MADENS Charp. Fort Collins; Buena Vista; Pike’s Peak, 7,000
to 8,000 feet.

T. CONFUSUM Duval. Bear Creek Cafion; Evans Peak region, Oslar.

PARATENETUS FuSCUS Lec. Pleasant Valley, Gillette; West Cliff.

PLATYDEMA EXCAVATUM Say. Rist Cafion, May.

P. OREGONENSE Lec. Colorado, Snow.

P. AMERICANUM Lap. Durango, Bowditch.

HYPOPHL@US PARALLELUS Melsh. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet; Rist Cafion;
Ouray.

HELOPS PERNITENS Lec. Colorado, Hayward.

H. RUGICOLLIS Lec. Grand Junction, Hayward.

H. CONVEXULUS Lec. Mountains southwest of Montrose; Cafions near Fort
Collins; Dome Rock; Garland; Veta Pass. The last two records appear
under the name montanus Lec.

H. DIFFICILIS Horn. Cochetopa Pass; San Luis Valley; Trinidad; Buena
Vista; Dr. Horn reports it as occurring in the mountains of western
Colorado.

H. SPRETUS Horn. Colorado, Horn.

CISTELIDA.

HYMENORUS PILOSUS Melsh. Horsefly Peak; Mountains southwest of Mont-
rose; Colorado Springs; Dome Rock.

H. NIGER Melsh. Mountains southwest of Montrose.

H. OBSCURUS Say. La Junta, Bowditch; Colorado Springs.

CISTELA PINGUIS Lec. Colorado Springs; Ouray.

ISOMIRA QUADRISTRIATA Coup. Colorado Springs.

MONOMMID®.

HYPORHAGUS GILENSIS Horn. La Junta, Bowditch.

MELANDRYIDAS.

TETRATOMA CONCOLOR Lec. Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.
XVYLITA LAVIGATA Hellw. West Cliff, in doubt.
SCOTOCHROA BASALIS Lec. Garland.

SERROPALPUS STRIATUS Hellw. Ouray.

EUSTROPHUS TOMENTOSUS Say. Rist Cafion.

E. ARIZONENSIS Horn. Durango, Bowditch.
HALLOMENUS SCAPULARIS Melsh. Durango, Bowditch.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 297

H. SCAPULARIS Lec. Little Willow Creek, Bowditch.

CANIFA PALLIPES Melsh. La Veta.

LACCONOTUS PINICOLUS Horn. West Cliff; Veta Pass, 9,200 to 9,400 feet.
MYCTERUS CONCOLOR Lec. Colorado Springs, June; Dolores.

PYTHIDA‘.

LECONTIA DISCICOLLIS Lec. Dome Rock; Cochetopa Pass; Fort Collins and
vicinity; West Cliff.

PyTHO PLANUS Oliv. Upper San Juan, Bowditch.

PRIOGNATHUS MONILICORNIS Rand. Toll road, above Ouray.

SALPINGUS VIRESCENS Lec. Leadville, rare. A species of this genus is re-
ported from Garland and Veta Pass, which Mr. Bowditch suggests may
be elongatus Mann.

G2 DEMERIDAY.

CALOPUS ANGUSTUS Lec. Found at altitudes above 12,000 feet by Lieut.
Carpenter; I took a specimen at Georgetown, in debris along Clear
Creek, and it may well have been carried down by the current.

COPIDITA OBSCURA Lec. Colorado Springs and Manitou, not rare; Buena
Vista; Ouray; Gunnison, on the train; Pueblo and Custer Counties,
Cockerell; Salida; Durango.

ASCLERA PUNCTICOLLIS Say. Colorado, Horn.

CEPHALOIDAS.

CEPHALOON VERSICOLOR Casey. Colorado; I have an undetermined species
from Ouray.

MORDELLID.

DICLIDIA LAXTULA Lec. Cave near Manitou, Packard.

PENTARIA TRIFASCIATA Melsh. Montrose; Ouray; Fort Collins; Colorado
Springs; Palmer Lake; La Veta.

P. FUSCULA Lec. Upper San Juan; Durango; Big Narrows of Poudre; Dixon
Cafion; Fort Collins; Livermore; Manitou; lower slopes of Pike’s Peak.

ANASPIS NIGRA Hald. Dome Rock; Garland; Veta Pass; Beaver Brook,
Bowditch; lower slopes of Pike’s Peak.

A. ATRA Lec. Durango; Cafion of Big Blue; Rico; San Luis Valley; Leaven-
worth Valley; West Cliff; Garland; Colorado Springs; Buena Vista;
lower slopes of Pike’s Peak; Black Lake Creek, Summit County,
Cockerell; Denver; Beaver Creek.

A. FLAVIPENNIS Hald. Rist Cafion, August.

A. RUFA Say. Durango; Little Willow Creek; Montrose; Dolores; Ouray;
Veta Pass; La Veta; South Park; Dome Rock; Micawber Mine; Estes
Park; Little Beaver; Rocky Ford; Georgetown; Beaver Brook, Bow-
ditch; Pike’s Peak, lower slopes; Colorado Springs; Breckenridge;
Leadville.

MORDELLA BOREALIS Lec. Leadville.

298 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

M. MELANA Germ. South Fork of San Miguel; Cafion of Big Blue; Little
Willow Creek; Beaver Brook, Bowditch; Micawber Mine; West Cliff.

M. SCUTELLARIS Fab. Little Willow Creek; South Fork of San Miguel;
Dome Rock; Red Mountain Road; Garland; Georgetown; Micawber
Mine; lower slopes of Pike’s Peak; Colorado Springs; Fort Collins;
North Park; Dolores; Montrose.

MORDELLISTENA ARIDA Lec. Mouth of Cafion of the Arkansas, Uhler.

M. comata Lec. Fort Collins; Horsetooth Gulch, June.

M. NIGRICANS Melsh. Fort Collins, on Chenopodium and Helianthus.

M PusTULATA Melsh. Denver; Fort Collins; La Veta; Garland.

M. MORULA Lec. Dolores; Bellevue; Montrose; Garland; Veta Pass; West
Cliff; Mr. Baker writes that the larvae are common during the winter
in stems of Jva xanthifolia, at Fort Collins.

M. UNICOLOR Lec. Dolores; Lamar; Golden; Fort Collins; Durango; La
Veta; Garland; Buena Vista; Colorado Springs; Denver.

M. MARGINALIS Say. Colorado, Putnam, under the name divisa Lec.

M. FuscATA Melsh. La Veta.

M. 4THIOPS Smith. La Junta, Bowditch; Fort Collins.

M. SUTURELLA Hel. Colorado, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., VI, p. 5.

M. ANGuUSTA Lec. Colorado, Putnam; Veta Pass, 9,000 to 9,400 feet.

M. amuLA Lec. West Cliff; Pueblo; Platte River; La Veta; Manitou;
Garland.

ANTHICIDA.

EURYGENIUS CONSTRICTUS Lec. Colorado.

STEREOPALPUS GUTTATUS Lec. Gunnison; Placerville; found by Lieut. Car-

penter at altitudes above 12,000 feet.

S. PRUINOSUS Lec. Durango, Bowditch; I have an undetermined species

from Buena Vista.

CORPHYRA LEWISII Horn. Mountains southwest of Montrose; Horsefly
Peak; Cafion of Big Blue; North Park; Fort Collins; Colorado Springs;
lower slopes of Pike’s Peak; Buena Vista; West Cliff; Beaver Brook,
Bowditch; Ouray; Garland; La Veta; Veta Pass. The form variabzlis
Horn, I have from Georgetown and Ouray.

. ABNORMIS Horn. Colorado, Horn.

. PULCHRA Lec. Colorado, Putnam.

. COLLARIS Say. Colorado, Horn.

. LUGUBRIS Say. Colorado.

LAPPUS STURMI Laf. Colorado, Horn, as Anthicus elegans Vaf.

L,. NITIDULUS Lec. Colorado, Putnam; Pike’s Peak, 7,000 to 8,000 feet.

I, ANIMATUS Casey. Colorado Springs, identity not quite certain.

THICANUS MIMUS Casey. Colorado Springs, June.

VACUSUS FORMICETORUM Wasm. Garland.

V. SUSPECTUS Casey. Supposed by the describer to have come from Colo-

rado.

HEMANTUS RIXATOR Casey. Colorado Springs, July.

ANTHICUS FLAVICANS Lec. Salida; Colorado Springs.

ASCE

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 299

. BIGUTTULUS Lec. Fort Collins; Williams River Valley.

. PUNCTULATUS Lec. Short Creek, Custer County, Cockerell; specimens
doubtfully referred here, but smaller than the Californian form, were
taken by Mr. Schwarz at Garland and La Veta.

. CERVINUS Laf. Garland; the name is marked with doubt.

. HALDEMANNI Lec. West Cliff.

. STELLATUS Casey. Colorado Springs, June.

. LECONTEI Champ. Gunnison, Bowditch.

. NANUS Lec. Colorado, Horn.

. LUTULENTUS Casey. Colorado Springs, June.

SAPINTUS FESTINANS Casey. Greeley.

AMBLYDERUS GRANULARIS Lec. Colorado, Snow.

Noroxus TALPA Laf. Colorado, Horn.

. NUPERUS Horn. Buena Vista.

. BIFASCIATUS Lec. Placerville; Durango; Fort Collins; Garland.

. MONTANUS Casey. Ouray; Colorado Springs.

. ANCHORA Hentz. Fort Collins; Little South; Greeley; Ula; West Cliff;
Dome Rock; Garland; La Veta; Alamosa; Veta Pass.

. SERRATUS Lec. Nathrop; Fort Garland; southern Colorado, Leconte, as
NV. digitatus.

PP

rr PP PP

Ze ee ae

MELOIDA.

MEGETRA VITTATA Lec. Southern Colorado and northern New Mexico,
Leconte.

MELOE CARBONACEUS Lec. West Cliff, rather common on open prairie.

M. AFER Bland. Colorado, Putnam.

M. sTRIGULOSUS Mann. Mt. Lincoln; Florissant; I have a specimen from
Breckenridge that seems to belong here.

M. Lavis Leach. Berkeley; South Park region; Colorado Springs.

NOMASPIS PARVULA Hald. Colorado, Snow and Ulke; Trinidad, Gillette,
found on Astragalus in May. ;

TRICRANIA STANSBURII Hald. Montclair, May; West Cliff.

NEMOGNATHA LURIDA Lec. Denver; Golden; Fort Collins; Colorado
Springs; Ute Pass; Cafion City; Julesburg; Delta; Cimarron; Little
Willow Creek; Rocky Ford; Dome Rock.

N. APICALIS Lec. Upper San Juan, Bowditch; Durango; Pueblo; southern
Colorado, Leconte.

N. LUTEA Lec. Chimney Gulch; Texas Creek; Colorado Springs; Fort Col-

lins; Delta; Big Narrows of Poudre.

. BICOLOR Lec. Durango; Pagosa Springs; Poncha Springs; Rocky Ford;

Fort Collins; Colorado Springs, common.

. DICHROA Lec. Denver, Packard.

. PALLIATA Lec. Upper San Juan, Bowditch.

. PIEZATA Fab. Colorado, Horn.

. NIGRIPENNIS Lec. Colorado, Snow.

. NEMORENSIS Hentz. Atlantic to Colorado, Hamilton.

. IMMACULATA Say. Denver; Golden; Antonito; Stove Prairie; Fort Col-

Aa aaaaA 4

300 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

lins; Bijou; Cafion City; Red Creek, Custer County; Dome Rock; Colo-
rado Springs, July.

N. SPARSA Lec. Colorado Springs; Manitou; Golden; Fort Collins; Durango.

N. CRIBRICOLLIS Lec. Colorado, Bowditch.

GNATHIUM MINIMUM Say. Rocky Ford; Pueblo; Denver; Golden; Cafion
City. ;

ZONITIS ATRIPENNIS Say. Lamar; Antonito; Golden; Cafion City; Colorado
Springs; Pueblo.

Z. BILINEATA Say. Morrison, Bowditch; Pueblo; Cafion City; Colorado
Springs.

M ,CROBASIS ALBIDA Say. Julesburg; Fort Collins; Pueblo.

M. rorsa Lec. Upper San Juan, Bowditch.

M. uNICOLOR Kirby. Cafions near Boulder; Fort Collins and vicinity;
Golden.

M. IMMACULATA Say. Colorado, Horn; La Junta, Bowditch.

PLEUROPOMPHA COSTATA Lec. Fort Collins, July.

EPICAUTA FERRUGINEA Say. Durango; Denver; Cafion City; Golden;
Colorado Springs; Clear Creek Cafion; Dome Rock; Engelmann’s Cafion;
Manitou; Ute Pass; Wales’ Cafion; Livermore; Stove Prairie; Fort
Collins.

E. SERICANS Lec. Colorado, Putnam; Denver, Oslar.

E. PRUINOSA Lec. Alma; South Park; Stove Prairie; Rist Cafion; Leadville;
Pike’s Peak, 9,000 to 10,000 feet; Mt. Lincoln; San Luis Valley.

E. CALLOSA Lec. Rocky Ford, July.

E. PARDALIS Lec. Southern Colorado, Packard.

E. MACULATA Say. La Junta; Julesburg; Delta; Trinidad; La Veta; Gar-
land; Veta Pass, 9,200 feet; Chimney Gulch; Golden; Fort Collins;
Little Beaver; Colorado Springs; Red Creek, Custer County, and Cot-
tonwood Springs, Pueblo County, Cockerell.

E. STUARTI Lec. Holly; Fort Collins; Montclair.

E. WHEELERI Ulke. Little Willow Creek, Bowditch.

E. CINEREA Forst. Arkansas Valley, Cassidy; Colorado Springs and lower

slopes of Pike’s Peak; Boulder; The Rustic; Fort Collins; Rocky Ford;
Trinidad.

E LEVETTEI Casey. Colorado, Casey.

E. CORVINA Lec. Colorado, Horn and Ulke.

E. PENNSYLVANICA DeGeer. Pueblo; Montclair; Fort Collins; Veta Pass;
Cusack Ranch; Arkansas Valley; Larimer County.

E. MAURA Lec. Southwestern Colorado, Strecker.

PYROTA MYLABRINA Chey. Denver; Pueblo; Rocky Ford; often common in

August.

. TERMINATA Lec. Thirty miles west of Denver, Ulke.

. ENGELMANNI Lec. Chimney Gulch, May; Fort Collins, June; Bijou.

. LINEATA Oliv. Pueblo, Bowditch; Denver, May, Oslar.

P. BILINEATA Horn. Colorado, Horn; Owl Cafion to Manhattan, Gillette.

CANTHARIS NUTTALLI Say. West Cliff and vicinity; Manitou; northern
Colorado; Pinnacle; South Park; Mountains southwest of Montrose;
Gunnison.

ae} lye} lac}

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO, 301

C. CYANIPENNIS Say. Southwestern Colorado, Strecker.

C. VIRIDANA Lec. West Cliff; Gunnison; Rico; Mountains southwest of
Montrose; Ouray; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet; Georgetown; Little Beaver;
Fort Collins.

C. PUBERULA Lec. Durango, July, Oslar.

C. BIGUTTATA Lec. Antonito; Trinidad; Cafion City; Fort Collins; Colorado
Springs.

C. FULVIPENNIS Lec. Colorado, Horn.

C. SPHARICOLLIS Say. Denver; West Cliff; South Park; Poncha Springs;
Alma; Upper San Juan; Little Willow Creek; The Rustic; Fort Collins;
Blackhawk; Garland; Colorado Springs.

C. COMPRESSICORNIS Horn. Leavenworth Valley; Alma; Denver; . West
Cliff.

CALOSPASTA VIRIDIS Horn. Colorado, Horn.

RHIPIPHORID#.

RHIPIPHORUS OCTOMACULATUS Gerst. Poncha Springs, July, Oslar.
R. PECTINATUS Fal. Colorado Springs, July.
MYODITES POPENOI Lec. Colorado, Leconte.

RHINOMACERIDA.

RHINOMACER COMPTUS Lec. Veta Pass, 9,200 to 9,400 feet.

RHYNCHITIDA.

AULETES CONGRUUS Walk. Veta Pass, 9,200 feet; Little Beaver; Leaven-
worth Valley, 10,000 to 11,000 feet; Upper San ao Rico.

RHYNCHITES CYANELLUS Lec. Colorado.

R. BICOLOR Fab. Ouray, on wild roses; West Cliff, on Cricus,; Fort Col-
lins; North Park; Berkeley; Georgetown; La Veta; Dolores; South Fork
of San Miguel; Little Willow Creek; Cafion of Big Blue; Colorado
Springs; Breckenridge; Leadville.

R. Exrmius Lec. Colorado Springs, one of the most abundant insects dur-
ing June, becoming scarcer during July.

R. HRATUS Say. Colorado Springs; Ouray; Bear Creek Cafion, Evans’
Peak region, Oslar.

DEPORAUS GLASTINUS Lec. Mountains southwest of Montrose; Durango;
Cimarron; La Veta; Veta Pass, 9,000 feet; Ouray.

ATTELABIDA.
ATTELABUS NIGRIPES Lec. Montrose, Gillette.
A. GENALIS Lec. Colorado Springs, one specimen.
BYRSOPIDA.

THECESTERNUS HUMERALIS Say. La Junta; Pueblo; Fort Collins; Cafion
City; Colorado Springs; Denver.

V—3 14

302 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

OTIORHYNCHIDZ.

MINYOMERUS INNOCUUS Horn. Florissant and South Park, Bowditch.
GRAPHORHINUS VADOSUS Say. Fort Collins and Denver, March to May.
EPICZRUS IMBRICATUS Say. Denver; Dolores; Durango; Pagosa Springs.
CALYPTILLUS CRYPTOPS Horn. Spring Cafion, May.

OPHRYVASTES VITTATUS Say. Northern Colorado; ee Pueblo; La Junta;
Berkeley; Cafion City; Colorado Springs.

O. TUBEROSUS Lec. Holly; West Cliff; Wellsville, Fremont County, Cock-
erell.

O. LATIROSTRIS Lec. Colorado, Putnam.

O. SULCIROSTRIS Say. La Junta; San Luis Valley; Trinidad; Boulder;
Greeley; Colorado Springs.

EUPAGODERES DECIPIENS Lec. Colorado, Putnam.

ANAMETIS GRISEA Horn. Colorado, Bowditch.

ORIMODEMA PROTRACTA Horn. Mountains southwest of Montrose; Horse-
fly Peak; Little Willow Creek; Veta Pass, 9,300 feet.

MIMETES SETULOSUS Lec. Placerville, Bowditch.

DIAMIMUS SUBSERICEUS Horn. Salida; Berkeley; Garland.

PERITAXIA RUGICOLLIS Horn. Cochetopa Pass; Cafion of Big Blue; Little
Willow Creek; Rico Road; Rist Cafion; Dome Rock; Leadville; West
Cliff; Garland; Veta Pass; this species does not seem to occur in abun-
dance, in spite of the numerous records.

P. HISPIDA Horn. Garland, Bowditch; northern Colorado; Fort Collins.

THRICOMIGUS LUTEUS Horn. Rico, Bowditch.

THRICOLEPIS INORNATA Horn. Dolores; South Fork of San Miguel;
Mountains southwest of Montrose; Placerville; Horsefly Peak; Little
Willow Creek; Pagosa Springs; Ouray; Garland; Veta Pass, 9,000 to
9,400 feet.

ARAGNOMUS GRISEUS Horn. Garland.

RHYPODES BREVICOLLIS Horn. Garland.

PANDELETEJUS HILARIS Hbst. La Veta; Colorado Springs, on oak scrub.

COMPSUS AURICEPHALUS Say. Colorado, Horn.

PHACEPHOLIS CANDIDA Horn. Colorado, Horn.

SCYTHROPUS n. sp. Mountains southwest of Montrose; Little Willow
Creek; Garland.

EVvotTus NASO Lec. Colorado, Horn.

CURCULIONIDA.

SITONES TIBIALIS Hbst. Colorado Springs; Fort Collins; Breckenridge;
North Park; West Cliff; a species, which may be this occurs in Marshall
Pass, and at Livermore and Cimarron. An undetermined species was
taken at Durango by Mr. Bowditch.

ACM4;GENIUS HYLOBINUS Lec. Veta Pass; Rico.

TRICHALOPHUS DIDYMUS Lec. Breckenridge, one specimen.

T. ALTERNATUS Say. Steamboat Springs; Bellevue; Marshall Pass; Ouray;
Argentine Road; Leavenworth Valley; Breckenridge; Leadville; Peak

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 303

Eight, up to timber line and occasionally above; peaks above 12,000
feet, Carpenter. Found under logs, usually not common.

T. PLANIROSTRIS Lec. South Park, Bowditch; Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

LEPIDOPHORUS LINEATICOLLIS Kirby. West Cliff. A species of this genus,
supposed to be new, is recorded from Veta Pass, 9,200 feet; Rico; and
Durango.

APION ERRATICUM Smith. Colorado, Smith.

. VIRILE Fall. Greeley.

. ROBUSTUM Smith. La Junta, Bowditch.

. OCCIDENTALE Fall. Colorado Springs, June.

PUNCTINASUM Smith. Colorado, Smith.

ACROPHILUM Fall. Buena Vista; Garland.

TENUIROSTRUM Smith. Colorado, Fall.

MODESTUM Smith. Colorado, Fall,

PROCLIVE Lec. Colorado, Smith.

WALSHII Smith. Colorado, Smith.

. GRISEUM Smith. Colorado, Fall.

. CENTRALE Fall. Colorado, Fall.

. COLORADENSE Fall. Colorado Springs, June.

. OBLITUM Smith. Colorado Springs, June.

. VARICORNE Smith. Colorado Springs, June, rather common,

. VENTRICOSUM Lec. Colorado, Fall.

PHYTONOMUS COMPTUS Say. Spring and Dixon Cafions, June, on willows.

LEPYRUS GEMELLUS Kirby. Argentine Pass, Bowditch.

I,. PINGUIS Casey. Colorado, (Rocky Mountains), Casey.

L. GEMINATUS Say. Dome Rock; Greeley; Garland; Berkeley; Fort Col-
lins; Dr. Horn reports Z. colon Linn., from eastern Colorado. Dr.
Hamilton includes under the name palustris Scop., both of the follow-
ing:—Z. colon Linn., Kirby and Leconte; ZL. geminatus Say and Casey.

LISTRONOTUS TESSELATUS Casey. Denver, Casey.

L,. LATIUSCULUS Boh. Alamosa, in doubt.

Macrops souutus Boh. Fort Collins; Alamosa; Colorado Springs.

. INDISTINCTUS Dietz. Colorado Springs.

. TENEBROSUS Dietz. Greeley.

. MONTANUS Dietz. Greeley.

. LONGULUS Dietz. Leadville; the identity is not quite certain.

. ECHINATUS Dietz. Colorado, Dietz.

. MYASELLUS Dietz. South Park, Dietz.

. VITTATICOLLIS Kirby. West Cliff; Alamosa; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

PISSODES COSTATUS Mann, Southwestern Colorado, Strecker; Veta Pass,
g,200 to 9,400 feet.

P. FasciaTus Lec. Leadville; Breckenridge; above Ouray, 9,000 to 10,000
feet.

Lixus pLacipus Lec. Colorado, Casey.

L. MuscuLus Say. La Veta.

ly. PARCUS Lec. Fort Collins, May and June; Boulder.

I. concaAvus Say. Fort Collins, April; Berkeley, June.

PPP PPP PP PP PPP PD

SS SS S888

304 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

I. MIxTus Lec. Colorado, Casey.

L. MACER Lec. Colorado, Leconte; Fort Collins.

DINOCLEUS ANGULARIS Lec. La Junta, Bowditch; northern Colorado, Gil-
lette; Cafion City.

STEPHANOCLEONUS PLUMBEUS Lec. Southern Colorado, Leconte; La
Junta, Bowditch.

S. CRISTATUS Lec. Florissant; Leadville.

CLEONASPIS LUTULENTUS Lec. Southern Colorado, Leconte.

CLEONUS COLLARIS Lec. Colorado, Leconte; Fort Collins, June and
August; northern Colorado, February and March.

C. CANESCENS Lec. La Junta, Bowditch; northern Colorado, March and
April; Golden; Fort Collins; Poncha Springs; Berkeley; Cafion City.

C. CARINICOLLIS Lec. Colorado, Leconte.

C. TRIVITTATUS Say. Northern Colorado, March; Dixon Cafion, February
and September.

C. SsPARSUS Lec. Cochetopa Pass, Bowditch.

C. FRONTALIS Lec. Northern Colorado, March; the form puberulus Lec.,
comes from Fort Collins and Greeley.

C. QUADRILINEATUS Chey. West Cliff; reported from Colorado by Prof.
Snow.

C. KIRBYI Casey. Southern Colorado, Leconte, as vittatus Kirby.

C. circuMDUucTUS Casey. Fort Collins, March to May, also in September.

C. TEXANUS Lec. La Junta, Bowditch. Heretofore included in Lixus, but
now placed in Cleonus by Maj. Casey.

DORYTOMUS MUCIDUS Say. La Junta, Bowditch; Fort Collins; Golden; La

Veta.

. LATICOLLIS Lec. Greeley, on cottonwoods; Denver; Cameron Pass.

AMPLUS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

. HISPIDUS Lec. Garland.

. FILIOLUS Casey. Colorado.

NUBECULINUS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

. LURIDUS Mann. Garland; Lamar.

. BREVICOLLIS Lec. Denver, Packard.

. SQUAMOSUS Lec. Garland; North Park.

GRYPIDIUS EQUISETI Fab. Fort Collins; a specimen doubtfully referred to
this species was taken by Mr. Schwarz at Garland.

G. BRUNNIROSTRIS Fab. North Park; Garland; Veta Pass, 9,200 feet;
Leadville.

ERYCUS MORIO Mann. Leavenworth Valley, 10,000 to 11,000 feet; Lead-
ville.

E. PUNCTICOLLIS Lec. Fort Collins, March, April and July.

PrRocAS sp. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

DESMORIS CONSTRICTUS Say. Eastern Custer County, Cockerell; Colorado
Springs, common on Helianthus.

SMICRONVYX FULVUS Lec. Eastern Custer County, Cockerell; Durango;
Colorado Springs, on Helianthus.

S. VESTITUS Lec. West Cliff; Fort Collins; La Veta.

bobo NyNY

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 305

. SPARSUS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

. SERIATUS Lec. Gunnison; Durango, Bowditch.

. CONGESTUS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

. TYCHOIDES Lec. La Veta; Durango; La Junta.

PHYLLOTROX NUBIFER Lec. West Cliff, July; Leadville, abundant; Fort
Collins; Horsetooth Mountain; The Rustic; Cerro Summit; Veta Pass,
9,200 feet; Ouray.

ENDALUS LIMATULUS Gyll. Fort Collins. A species near @ratus Lec., was
taken at Alamosa and Garland by Mr. Schwarz.

E. ovaLis Lec. Alamosa and Garland.

LIXELLUS FILIFORMIS Lec. Alamosa.

BAGOUS CALIFORNICUS Lec. Alamosa; a new species was taken at Garland.

PROMECOTARSUS FUMATUS Casey. ‘The Rustic, August.

MAGDALIS CUNEIFORMIS Horn. Dome Rock.

M. LECONTEI Horn. Fort Collins; Dome Rock; West Cliff; Garland; Veta
Pass, 9,400 to 11,000 feet; Mountains southwest of Montrose; Little Wil-
low Creek.

. IMBELLIS Lec. Leavenworth Valley, 10,000 to 11,000 feet.

. AENESCENS Lec. Placerville, Bowditch.

. GRACILIS Lec. Montrose, June.

. GENTILIS Lec. Little Willow Creek; Mountains southwest of Montrose;
Garland; Veta Pass, 9,000 to 11,000 feet.

. HISPOIDES Lec. Specimens belonging near this species are recorded
from Garland; Veta Pass, 9,000 to 11,000 feet; Rico; Horsefly Peak;
Mountains southwest of Montrose.

M. INcoNsPIcUA Horn. Alamosa.

M. ARMICOLLIS Say. Described under the name alutacea Lec., from the
Leavenworth Valley; Mr. Bowditch has it from the Upper San Juan and
Cafion of Big Blue. Several records exist referring to the occurrence of
new species of Magdalis in Colorado, but it does not seem worth while
to enter them here.

TACHYPTERUS QUADRIGIBBUS Say. South Fork of San Miguel; Montrose;
Fort Collins; Colorado Springs.

ANTHONOMUS SCUTELLARIS Lec. Fort Collins, on wild plums; Rocky

Ford.

. RUFIPENNIS Lec. Garland.

. SYCOPHANTA Walsh. Denver; Dolores; Fort Collins.

. soUAMOSUS Lec. Fort Collins, larva on Grindelia squarrosa,; Colorado
Springs; La Junta, Bowditch; Trinidad, Cockerell; Montclair; Dome
Rock; La Veta.

. TECTUS Lec. Colorado, Dietz.

. MURINUS Dietz. Colorado, Dietz.

. JACOBINUS Dietz. Colorado, Dietz.

. CANUS Lec. West Cliff; Garland; Veta Pass, 9,200 feet. A closely allied
form occurs on the lower slopes of Pike’s Peak.

. NANUS Lec. Dolores; Livermore; Bellevue; Fort Collins; Stove Prairie;

Golden.

DOnDM

S SEES

PP Pp

PP PP

>

306 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

A. ELONGATUS Lec. Dolores; larva on Bigelovia, Baker.

ANTHONOMOPSIS MIXTUS Lec. Fort Collins; Colorado Springs.

PSEUDANTHONOMUS VALIDUS Dietz. Colorado, Dietz. I have a species of
this genus from Colorado Springs, where it was abundant on wild
cherry.

CHELONYCHUS LONGIPES Dietz. Colorado, Dietz.

ORCHESTES NIGER Horn. La Veta; Garland; Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

O. PARVICOLLIS Lec. Colorado, Dietz.

O. CANUS Horn. Horsetooth Gulch; Rist Cafion; San Juan.

O. RUFIPES Lec. Near Swift Creek, Custer County, above 8,000 feet,
Cockerell; Buena Vista; West Cliff; La Veta; Garland; Veta Pass, 9,200
feet.

O. SUBHIRTUS Horn. Durango, Bowditch.

ELLESCHUS EPHIPPIATUS Say. Alamosa; Garland; La Veta; Fort Collins.

MACRORHOPTUS HISPIDUS Dietz. Greeley.

PROCTORUS DECIPIENS Lec. La Veta; Garland.

TYCHIUS LINEELLUS Lec. A variety of this species is reported by Packard
from Golden and Manitou.

T. TEcTUS Lec. Garland; Montrose; cafions near Boulder; Pleasant Valley;
Fort Collins; Buena Vista; often very abundant.

NANOPHYES PALLIDULUS Grav. Alamosa, Schwarz.

LA MOSACCUS PLAGIATUS Fab. Southern Colorado, Leconte.

CONOTRACHELUS AFFINIS Boh. Rist Cafion, May.

C. nIvosus Lec. Rist Cafion; Trinidad; vicinity of Fort Collins in general.

C. LEUCOPH#ATUS Fah. Fort Collins, Cassidy; Colorado Springs; Chimney
Gulch.

RHYSSEMATUS LINEATICOLLIS Say. Fort Collins, on Asclepias speciosa.

ACALLES BASALIS Lec. Colorado, Leconte; La Junta, Bowditch.

A. porosus Lec. Colorado Springs, abundant on cacti; La Junta; Trinidad;
what seems to be the same species was taken by Prof. Gillette in north-
ern Colorado in February.

A. CLATHRATUS Lec. West Cliff, Cockerell.

CNEMOGONUS EPILOBII Payk. Durango, Bowditch.

ACANTHOSCELIS CURTUS Say. West Cliff; La Veta.

A. ACEPHALUS Say. Colorado, Dietz; Fort Collins, on G@nothera biennis,;
I have the variety tenebrosus Dietz, from Colorado Springs.

AULEUTES ASPER Lec. Colorado, Dietz.

Ca@LIODES APICALIS Dietz. Colorado, Dietz; Fort Collins, June and July.

CEUTORHYNCHUS RAPA; Gyll. Mr. Bowditch reports it from the mountains
southwest of Montrose. Dr. Dietz thinks that the specimens referred
to rape in this country are really different and gives to them the name
affluentus.

C. SERICANS Lec. Alamosa; Garland; Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

C. DECIPIENS Lec. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,400 feet; Colorado Springs; Fort
Collins.

C. puso Mann. Buena Vista; Leadville; North Park; Dolores; Mineral
Point Trail, above Ouray, 9,000 to 10,000 feet.

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 307

C. PuSILLUS Lec. Alamosa; Garland; Fort Collins; North Park; Dolores.

C. CONVEXICOLLIS Lec. Leadville.

C. SEPTENTRIONALIS Gyll. Fort Collins, May.

C. PUBERULUS Lec. La Junta, Bowditch.

C. ZIMMERMANNI Gyll. Spring Cafion; North Park.

PELENOMUS GRACILIPES Dietz. Garland, Dietz.

P. sguamMosus Lec. Garland. Possibly this may be the same as the pre-
ceding species.

RHINONCUS PYRRHOPUS Boh. Colorado, Leconte.

TYLODERMA FOVEOLATUM Say. Northern Colorado, March.

T. 4REUM Say. Dolores; Durango.

T. BARIDIUM Lec. Dolores, June.

ZASCELIS IRRORATA Lec. Colorado, Leconte.

PIAZURUS CALIFORNICUS Lec. Mountains southwest of Montrose, Bow-
ditch.

COPTURUS OPERCULATUS Say. Colorado, Putnam.

C. NANULUS Lec. Garland.

C. ADSPERSUS Lec. Colorado Springs;Fort Collins; Palmer Lake; La Junta,
Bowditch; La Veta.

C. OBSCURELLUS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

TACHYGONUS CENTRALIS Lec. Raton Mountain, on Rhus aromaticum,
Leconte.

BARIS STRIATA Say. Southern Colorado, Leconte; La Veta.

. UMBILICATA Lec. Denver, Casey.

. HISPIDULA Casey. Colorado, Casey.

. STRENUA Lec. La Junta, Bowditch; Fort Collins.

. TUMESCENS Lec. Cajion City.

. SOLUTA Casey. Colorado, Casey.

OBLONGULA Casey. Colorado, Casey.

TRANSVERSA Say. Golden; Manitou; La Junta; West Cliff.

APRICA Casey. Colorado, Casey.

. POROSICOLLIS Casey. Greeley, Casey. Differs from the type in having

a single series on the fifth interval.

B. INCONSPICUA Casey. Colorado, Casey.

PYCNOBARIS PRUINOSA Lec. Colorado, Casey.

ONYCHOBARIS CORROSA Casey. Colorado, Casey.

O. MILLEPORA Casey. Colorado, Casey.

O. SUBTONSA Lec. La Veta.

O. ILLEX Casey. Colorado, Casey.

AULOBARIS IBIS Lec. South Park, Snow.

PSEUDOBARIS FARCTA Lec. Colorado, Leconte.

P. ANGUSTA Lec. Alamosa.

TRICHOBARIS TRINOTATA Say. La Junta, Bowditch.

T. TEXANA Lec. Colorado, Casey; Fort Collins; Golden.

RHOPTOBARIS CANESCENS Lec. Colorado, Casey; La Junta, Bowditch.

ORTHORIS CROTCHII Lec. Durango, Bowditch; Colorado Springs, com-
mon; vicinity of Fort Collins.

Dit dW Wh

308 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

CENTRINUS PUNCTIROSTRIS Lec. Colorado, Casey.

C. SALEBROSUS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

C. PULVERULENTUS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

CALANDRINUS GRANDICOLLIS Lec. Colorado Springs, a few specimens
taken about the roots of plants on the prairies and foothills; Dixon
Cafion; West Cliff; Bellevue.

C. INSIGNIS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

C. OBSOLETUS Casey. Colorado, Casey.

CENTRINOGYNA STRIGATA Lec. Greeley.

LIMNOBARIS CONFUSA Boh. Colorado, Casey.

L. PROLIXA Lec. Greeley.

BARILEPTON FAMELICUM Casey. New Windsor, September, Gillette; Fort
Collins; Greeley.

BALANINUS UNIFORMIS Lec. Durango, Bowditch; La Veta.

. LONGIPES Casey., Manitou, Casey.

. MONTICOLA Casey. Colorado Springs, on scrub oaks.

. NASICUS Say. Dome Rock; several state records are extant.

. QUERCUS Horn. Colorado, Snow.

lcoflooioo ime)

BRENTHIDAS.

EUPSALIS MINUTA Drury. Colorado, Leconte.

CALANDRIDAS.

SCYPHOPHORUS ACUPUNCTATUS Gyll. La Junta, Bowditch.

CACTOPHAGUS VALIDUS Lec. West Cliff.

RHODOBASNUS TREDECIMPUNCTATUS Ill. Lamar; Rocky Ford.

SPHENOPHORUS SIMPLEX Lec. A specimen supposed to come from Colo-
rado is in the Agricultural College collection.

S. VOMERINUS Lec. La Junta, Bowditch; Prof. Snow reports a specimen of
the variety daridioides Lec.

S. ULKEI Horn. Alamosa; Garland; Durango; Fort Collins; Berkeley;
Chimney Gulch; Colorado Springs.

S. OCHREUS Lec. Rocky Ford.

S. VARIOLOSUS Lec. Colorado, Horn.

TRICHISCHIUS CRENATUS Lec. Colorado, Leconte and Horn.

COSSONUS PLATALEA Say. La Junta, Bowditch; North Park.

C. SUBAREATUS Boh. Durango; Upper San Juan.

STENOSCELIS BREVIS Boh. Rist Cafion.

SCOLYTIDAS.

This family is in very chaotic state at present, and seems to have been but
little understood by cataloguers. The records that follow are those pub-
lished in the papers referred to in the earlier pages of this work, and the
authority for each can be readily determined by consulting the list of local-
ities; the few exceptions are properly noted. Prof. A. D. Hopkins has been
at work on the Scolytide for several years, and has kindly sent a list of

THE COLEOPTERA OF COLORADO. 309

many forms from Colorado. Most of these are manuscript names however,
and as he does not wish them used in anticipation of the descriptions they
are not available for our purpose.

GNATHOTRICHUS MATERIARIUS Fitch. Mr. Bowditch has a specimen from
H. K. Morrison, with the label Colorado, that he refers to this species.
Prof. Hopkins will describe a new form from Ouray.

G. RETUSUS Lec. Dome Rock, Snow; Veta Pass.

PITVYOPHTHORUS CARINICEPS Lec. This is reported by Dr. Leconte as oc-
curring at Veta Pass among the Schwarz collections.

P. FOSSIFRONS Lec. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,000 feet.

P. NITIDULUS Mann. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,000 to 9,400 feet.

P. DELETUS Lec. Garland; Veta Pass, 9,000 to 9,400 feet.

PITYOGENES CARINULATUS Lec. Colorado, Hopkins 77 ditt.

XYLOTERUS LINEATUS Oliv. Colorado, Putnam; Garland.

CRYPHALUS MUCRONATUS Lec. Veta Pass, 9,300 feet.

DRYOCGTES SEPTENTRIONIS Mann. Colorado, Ulke, as Xyleborus.

D. AFFABER Mann. Gray’s Peak, 11,200 feet, Packard; Leavenworth Val-
ley, 10,000 to 11,000 feet.

TOMICUS INTEGER Eich. Veta Pass and Rico, as 7. plastographus. Speci-
mens were taken at Boulder, (Hopkins) and Buena Vista, (Wickham),
the determinations being due to Prof. Hopkins in these last two cases.

T. RECTUS Lec. Veta Pass; Leavenworth Valley; Rico, Bowditch.

T. PINI Say. Southern Pueblo County, Cockerell; Gray’s Peak, Packard;
Dome Rock.

T. Ca&LATUS Eich. Veta Pass.

T. HUDSONICUS Lec. Leavenworth Valley, 10,000 to 11,000 feet.

T. INTERRUPTUS Mann. Leavenworth Valley, 10,000 to 11,000 feet.

T. TRIDENS Mann. Boulder, Hopkins, in bark of Engelmann’s spruce;
Leadville and the Argentine Pass Road, Wickham; all of the identifica-
tions are by Prof. Hopkins.

T. LATIDENS Lec. Veta Pass.

T. OREGONI Eich. Boulder, Hopkins, common in bark of Engelmann’s

spruce; Leadville; Colorado Springs; Leavenworth Valley; Peak Eight,
above timber line. All of the identifications are from Prof. Hopkins.

SCOLYTUS UNISPINOSUS Lec. Veta Pass, 9,200 feet.

POLYGRAPHUS RUFIPENNIS Kirby. Gray’s Peak, Packard.

PHL@OTRIBUS PUBERULUS Lec. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet.

HYLESINUS SERICEUS Mann. Garland.

H. NEBULOSUS Lec. Colorado Springs, Wickham; name from Hopkins.

PHLGOSINUS SERRATUS Lec. This ‘‘or a new species’? is reported from
Garland.

DENDROCTONUS TEREBRANS Oliv. Red Creek, Custer County, Cockerell;
West Cliff; Rio Grande, Ulke; Colorado Springs; Ouray. The variety
valens Lec., is reported from Garland.

D. RUFIPENNIS Kirby. Colorado, Dietz; Leavenworth Valley; Leadville;
Rico; Blackhawk and Manitou, Packard; peaks above 12,000 feet, Car-
penter.

V3 15

310 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

D. stminis Lec. Garland; Leavenworth Valley.

D. PICEAPERDA Hopk. Boulder, Hopkins, in bark of Engelmann’s spruce;
Leadville; Silver Plume; Argentine Road. The specimens were all
named by Prof. Hopkins and belong to a new variety or subspecies
which will be characterized by him in due time. There is little doubt
that some of the older records for Colorado Dendroctoni belong really
to this species, which has been confounded with D. rufipennis.

D. SIMPLEX Lec. Colorado, Dietz.

D. APPROXIMATUS Dietz. Colorado, Dietz.

HYLASTES MACER Lec. Colorado, Snow.

H. LonGcus Lec. Leadville; West Cliff; Garland; Veta Pass.

H. porosus Lec. Boulder, Hopkins, in bark of pine; Rico, in doubt.

H. GRACILIS Lec. Colorado, Putnam. :

HYLURGOPS RUGIPENNIS Mann. Veta Pass, 9,400 feet; Leadville.

ANTHRIBIDAS.

GONOTROPIS GIBBOSUS Lec. West Cliff.

EURYMYCTER FASCIATUS Oliv. Northern Colorado, May, Gillette.

ALLANDRUS BIFASCIATUS Lec. Garland; Ouray; Horsefly Peak; Rico.

BRACHYTARSUS ALTERNATUS Say. La Veta; Colorado Springs.

B. GRISEUS Lec. South Park, Snow, common on Actinella richardsonii;
Buena Vista.

ADDENDA.

After the first part of this catalogue had been printed, a ‘‘ Revision of the
Cicindelidze of Boreal America’’ by Mr. Chas. W. Leng, appeared in the
Transactions of the American Entomological Society. The following
records should be added to those which I have already given for that
family.

CICINDELA OSLARI Leng. Bronze specimens from King Solomon’s Peak,
Needle Mountains, San Juan Range, 9,500 feet, July and August; green
specimens from southwest slope of Mount Wilson, San Miguel Range,
12,000 feet, July. Both lots were collected by E. J. Oslar. This form
will rank as a not very pronounced race or variety of C. /ongilabris.

C. BOWDITCHI Leng. Vicinity of Durango, July and August, Bowditch.

C. UNICOLOR Dej. Colorado.

C. OBLIQUATA Dej. Mr. Leng revives this name for the broadly marked
forms of C. vulgaris; I have a specimen from Buena Vista.

DESCRIPTIONS OF AMERICAN UREDINEZA, IV.
BY J. C. ARTHUR AND E. W. D. HOLWAY.

The following descriptions apply to American plant-rusts
inhabiting species of Graminee belonging to the sections
Agrostidee and Chloridee, with their accompanying ecidia
so far as known. Of the sixteen species included in this
paper, only one, however, has had its full cycle of develop-
ment traced. ‘That one is the very conspicuous rust on the
leaves of cord grass, which produces ecidia on ash trees,
and in the latter stage also occasionally attracts much atten-
tion.

The present article, like the three preceding ones, is based
upon the material in the authors’ Uredinee Ewsiccate et
Lcones, each article corresponding to a fascicle. The first
article was published in this journal (3: 44-57) March, 1895,
the second (4:377—-402) December, 1898, and the third
(5:171-193) May, Igor.

The illustrations, which are the same for the Descr/ptions
and the Fwssccate, are from camera-lucida drawings made
directly from the material of the distribution. The figures
and the packets have the same numbering, Arabic numbers
being used to designate species, and letters to indicate the
collections under each species.

The numerals O, I, II, III, X, are used to designate the
spermogonial, xcidial, uredo, teleutosporic, and amphisporic
stages of the rust. When placed in capital type the material
employed for study and distribution showed well developed
sori, when in lower case type, thus, 0, i, ii, iii, x, the particular
Stage so indicated was in comparatively small amount or
inferior development.

312 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The nomenclature of the hosts is that used in the first
edition of Britton’s JZanual, so far as there represented.

The first article of this series contained descriptions of
species numbered from one to seventeen, the second article
contained numbers eighteen to thirty-four, the third thirty-
five to forty-four, and the present article contains numbers
forty-five to sixty.

45. Uromyces arisTipzA #. & &. (1887. Jour. Myc.
3: 50-)
45a. On Aristida basiramea Engelm., III, Long Pine, Neb., Bates.
456. On Aristida oligantha Michx., III, Denton, Texas, Long.

Oric. DEscr. ‘III. Sori linear, 1-2 millim. long, naked (when mature),

dark ferruginous-brown; spores loosely compacted in the sori, elliptical

or obovate, 25-35 X 18-22”, smooth, yellowish-brown, on long (80-

roo), stout but deciduous pedicels, epispore not distinctly thickened
above.

II. Uredospores nearly globose, 24-27 in diameter, wall

rather thin, golden yellow, minutely verrucose.

Ill. 'Teleutosori epiphyllous, oblong to linear, intercostal,
early naked, dark ferruginous brown; teleutospores broadly
oblong or obovate, to nearly globose, 18-26 by 28—38y, side
walls rather thick, apex considerably thickened, pedicel stout,
tinted, once to twice and a half the length of the spore.

EXSIC:

Carleton, Ured. Amer., 26.

Shear, Ell. & Ey., Fungi Columb. Cont., 1469.

We have not been so fortunate as to secure satisfactory
uredosporic material for distribution or study. "The emended
description for the second stage was drawn from the few
spores associated with the teleutospores, and is necessarily
imperfect.

The original description of the teleutospores does not
accord exactly with the appearance of the spores in the
several collections we have examined (we have not seen the
type), more particularly regarding the thickness of the apex,

AMERICAN UREDINE. 212

and yet there is little reason for supposing there is more than
one species represented.

46. PUCCINIA ARISTIDICOLA f/fenn. (1896. Hedw. 35:243.)

46a. On Aristida fasciculata Torr. (A. dispersa Trin. & Rupr.), III.
Torreon, Mex., Holway.
466. On Aristida fasciculata Torr. III. Chapala, Mex., Holway.

OrIc. DEescr. ‘‘Soris foliicolis oblongis vel striiformibus, atris epidermide
rupta cinctis; uredosporis subglobosis vel late ellipsoideis, brunneis,
levibus, 24-30 X 22-2541, episporio 4.6 crasso, levi; teleutosporis inter-
mixtis late ellipsoideis, oblongis vel subclavatis, atrobrunneis vel casta-
neis, utrinque rotundatis apice incrassatis, medio leniter constrictis,
28-40 X 18-284, episporio atrocastaneo, levi, 4-6 crasso, pedicello
usque ad 1204 longo, 6-8 crasso, subhyalino apice brunneolo.”’

II. Uredospores globose or broadly elliptical, 22-30 by
26-32, wall pale-yellow, thick, 4u or more, finely verrucose,
pores 4, equatorial.

III. Teleutosori epiphyllous, between the veins, oblong to
elongated linear, prominent, very dark-brown; teleutospores
oblong or elliptical, rounded at both ends, 22-30 by 30—40,,
slightly or not constricted at the septum, side walls thick, up
to 64, apex somewhat thicker, pedicel thick, firm, slightly
tinted, long, once to thrice the length of the spore.

The type of this species was collected in Argentine in
1881, upon an undetermined Arvst7da. It appears to differ
materially from Puc. aristide Tracy, coming from Africa.
One of the numbers of this distribution has been mistaken
for Puc. subnitens Diet. (Lot. Gaz. 24:28), a species having
a close resemblance in both gross and microscopic appear-
ance. The uredospores, however, show marked differences,
especially in the number and arrangement of the germ-pores.

A collection upon Arvzsteda gracilis Ell., made in Nebraska
by Rev. J. M. Bates agrees well with the two numbers of
this distribution, except that both uredo and teleutospores are
smaller and thinner walled, in which respects it seems to be
intermediate between this species and P. arzstide.

314 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

47.. Uromyces Epicampus Diet. & Holw. (18947. Bot.
Gaz. 24523);
47a. On Epicampes macroura Benth. III. Near City of Mexico, Mex.,
FHlolway.

ORIG. DEscR: ‘‘Sori epiphyllous, between the veins, linear, naked: uredo-
sori yellowish-brown; spores mostly round, 28-32; epispore thickly set
with short spines; germ-pores numerous, scattered over the whole sur-
face: teleutosori black-brown; spores round or ovate, rarely conical at
apex, 26-35 by 20-26, chestnut-brown, epispore rather thin, apex
darker and strongly thickened (5-7/4), pedicel firm, up to too long.”’

The specimens of this distribution are part of the type

collection.

48. Uromyces minimus Davis. (1894. Bot. Gaz. 192415.)

48a. On Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr., 111, Somers, Wis., Davis.

ORIG. DEscr. ‘‘Hypophyllous. Uredosori light brown, teleutosori
black, oblong or linear, soon naked. Uredospores globose or oval, light
brown, echinulate, 12-19” in diameter, usually 14-16. ‘Teleutospores
brown, smooth, spheroidal, oval or oblong, 14-22 x 12-194, usually
17-20 X 15-174, apex rounded, conical or occasionally truncate, very
strongly thickened, the apical thickening constituting nearly half the
length of the spore; pedicels moderately stout, tinted, once to twice the
length of the spore. Colorless clavate paraphyses present.’’

II. Uredosori hypophyllous, light brown; uredospores
globose or nearly so, 12—20u in diameter, average about 18u,
wall rather thin, yellowish-brown, strongly and densely
echinulate, pores about 4, scattered.

III. Teleutosori hypophyllous, dark brown, linear-oblong;
teleutospores spheroidal, oval or oblong, 12-20 by 14-22,
apex rounded or obtuse, very strongly thickened, even to half
the length of the spore, base rounded or somewhat narrowed,
pedicel moderately stout, firm, tinted, about once the length
of the spore.

EXSIC:

Ellis & Everhart, N. Am. Fungi, 3240.

Until recently this species has been known from only the
type locality at Somers, in Kenosha Co., Wis. It was first
observed in October, 1893; and in June, 1894, an undescribed

AMERICAN UREDINEA. 315

species of AXcidium was found in the type locality, abundantly
covering Mesadenia reniformis (Muhl.) Raf. (Cacalia reni-
formts Muhl.), which the discoverer and describer (1. c.) sug-
gested might be a part of the same species. In a communi-
cation dated Dec. 7, 1901, Dr. Davis says of the species:
“I know of but one station for it. The land on which that is
situated has been enclosed and used for grazing, and for the
last two or three years I have not found the rust. Coinci-
dently the ecidium on Cacalia reniformis disappeared, al-
though grazing has seemed to disturb the Cacalia very little.
From 1894 to 1897 all three forms were abundant, but over a
very limited area.” There appears to be great probability
that we have in hand the ecidiostage of this species, but so
far no cultures have been made.

In July, 1900, the species was collected by Mr. Wm. C.
Cusick at Wallowa Valley, Oregon, on JZuhlenbergia race-
mosa (Michx.) B.S. P. and on JZ. comata Benth. No infor-
mation about the collection has been received, other than
what the specimens furnished, which appear to be entirely
typical.

The species is quite distinct from the U/romyces found upon
Muhlenbergia in Mexico, which has been referred to Urom.
Peckianus Farl. (Bot. Gaz. 24:23). The latter has much
larger uredospores with equatorial pores. The spores of
Uredo muhlenbergie Diet. are also larger, and have equa-
torial pores.

49. Puccinta pocumia Berk. & Curt. (1858. Proc. Am.
Acad. Sci. 4: 126.)
49a. On Muhlenbergia ciliata Trin., III, Chapala, Mex., Holway.
496. On Perteilema crinitum Presl., III, Chapala, Mex., Holway.

Oric. DEscr. “131. P. dochmia, Berk. & Curt.: soris oblongis; sporis
brevibus obtusissimis fuscis; pedunculo hyalino laterali. On leaves of
grasses, Nicaragua.’’

SYN:
1891. Puccinia windsorie australis Anders. Jour. Myc.
Or1r23.

316 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

1898. Diceoma dochmia Kuntze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 3: 468.

O, 1. Spermogonia and ecidia unknown.

II, II. Sori hypophyllous or sparingly ~ amphigenous,
small, oblong or linear-oblong, soon naked, ruptured epider-
mis inconspicuous. II. Uredosori brownish-yellow; uredo-
spores globose or nearly so, 16-24 in diameter, wall thin,
brownish-yellow, minutely tuberculate or barely echinulate,
pores indistinct, scattered. III. Teleutosori chocolate-
brown; teleutospores globoid or somewhat longer than broad,
dark brown, average diameter of 26u, ranging 24-28 by 25-
35H, not constricted, septum more or less oblique, walls rather
thick, somewhat thicker opposite the insertion of the pedicel,
which is hyaline and almost colorless, slender, delicate, one to
three times the length of the spore.

Although the name of this species has been much used, the
species itself is little known. So far as we know no specimen
has appeared in any published exsiccati.

The type collection was made by Charles Wright in Nica-
ragua while on the North Pacific Exploring Expedition. The
type is in the Royal Kew Herbarium, London, and a part in

the National Herbarium at Washington;

both specimens are small and fragmen-
tary. The host is unnamed, “leaves of
// grasses” so the record reads; and after
an extended comparison of the Wash-
Fig. 1

ington specimen with Mexican and Cen-
tral American grasses in the National
Herbarium nothing more definite was
ascertained than that it probably is

P N 5 . . . .
From type collected i, Nica, Some species of Muhlenbergia or Pert-

ragua, now in the Royal Kew __-
Herbarium. SS @2/ema. It is usually assumed to belong

to the former genus, possibly because that is more generally
known.

We have examined both the Kew and Washington type
material, and it agrees closely in all essential respects with
the material of the present distribution. There is also in the

AMERICAN UREDINEA. 317

National Herbarium a scanty specimen of the same rust on
an undetermined species of J/uhlenbergia, but which Prof. F.
L. Scribner has kindly examined for us and considers to be
M. exilis, collected by E. Palmer in Mexico in 1886, and also
an ample specimen on MWuhlenbergia tenella collected by C.
G. Pringle in Mexico in 1890.

This species does not appear to have been collected north
of Mexico. The name has often been applied, however, to
the species following, which it somewhat resembles.

50. PUcCINIA MUHLENBERGLE SP. nov.

50a. On Muhlenbergia diffusa Willd., II. iii, Lafayette, Ind., M/iss
Snyder.

506. On Muhlenbergia mexicana (1,.) Trin., III, Decorah, Iowa, Hol-
way.

5o0c. On Muhlenbergia mexicana (\.) Trin., III, Rockport, Kans.,
Bartholomew.

5od. On Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P. (M. glomerata
Trin.), III, O’Neill, Neb., Bates.

50e. On Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B.S. P., III, Phillips Co.,
Kans., Bartholomew.

SYN:

1885. Puccinia windsorte Burrill non Schw., Bull. Ill.
Lab. Nat. Hist. 2: 197.

O. 1. Spermogonia and ecidia unknown.

II. HI. Sori hypophyllous or sparingly amphigenous,
prominent, oblong or linear-oblong, soon naked, ruptured
epidermis inconspicuous. IJ. Uredosori light brown, pul-
verulent; uredospores globose or globose-elliptical, 22—30m in
diameter, wall thin, yellowish brown, closely and distinctly
echinulate, pores about 5, scattered. III. Teleutosori choco-
late-brown; teleutospores obovate or oblong-obovate, dark
brown, 19-27 by 30—40y, not constricted at the septum, nar-
rowed somewhat toward the base, side walls rather thin, apex
rounded and somewhat thickened, pedicel hyaline, tinted,
stout, firm, about the length of the spore.

V—3 16

318 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

EXSIC:

Ellis & Everhart, N. Am. Fungi, 1854, 2886.

Shear, Ellis &Everhart’s Fungi Columbiani, 1467.

Sydow, Uredineen, 1068, 1173.

Rabenhorst-Pazschke, Fungi Europ. et extraeurop., 4220.

Griffiths, West Am. Fungi, 296. ;

This species is rather common throughout the United
States east of the Rocky mountains. It has heretofore pass-
ed indifferently under the names of Puc. Windsori@ and Puc.
dochmia. The former name belongs to a wholly different
species inhabiting Z7rzcuspis (Trzodia). The error was in-
troduced by Burrill in his Parasztic Fungi of llinots, and has
been followed by De Toni in Saccardo’s Sylloge fungorum
(7:664), Farlow and Seymour, Host /ndex of Fung?, page
152, and by many others. It is readily separated from the
true P. wndsorie, from P. emaculata and many other gra-
mineous species by its small and delicate uredospores.

There is, however, much resemblance between this species
and P. dochmza, both macroscopically and microscopically.
The most pronounced differences are the larger and more
echinulate uredospores, and the larger and differently shaped
teleutospores. Oblique septa in Puc. muhlenbergie are not
common, while in Pac. dochmza they are the rule.

The uredosporic pores of this species are not readily count-
ed. They are usually without order, but occasionally four
are placed in the equatorial zone and one at the apex.

The Uredo muhlenbergie Diet., found in Alabama, is
wholly distinct, having much larger spores and equatorial
pores. It is an isolated form more likely to belong to the
genus Uvomyces, than to Puccinza.

“51. PUCCINIA AMPHIGENA Det. (1895. Hedw. 34: 291.)

51a. On Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack. (Calamagrostis longi-
folia Hook.), I1I, Chicago, Ill., Arthur.

516. On Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack., III, Chicago, I1.,
Arthur.

51c. On Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack., III, Bassett, Neb.,
Bates.

AMERICAN UREDINE. 319

Orc. DEescr. ‘ Uredolager klein, rostbraun, keine Paraphysen enthaltend.
Uredosporen kugelig, ca. 21m in Durchmesser oder eiformig, 21-25
lang, 19-24 breit, blassbraun, stachelig. Teleutosporenlager auf beiden
Seiten der Blatter und an den Blattscheiden, in Form von kurzen oder
langeren Strichen, polsterformig, fest, schwarz. Teleutosporen von
verschiedener Gestalt, kurz keulenformig bis lang spindelformig, an
der Basis in den Stiel verschmalert, an der Spitze abgerundet, abge-
stutzt oder, in der Mitte zugespitzt, wenig eingeschniirt 33-60 lang,
13-224 breit. Membran glatt, intensiv gelbbraun, am Scheitel massig
oder stark verdickt. Stiel etwas kurzer oder langer als die Spore,
gebraunt, fest.

SYN:

1898. Diceoma amphigenum Kuntze. Rev. Gen. PI.
3: 4067.

O.I. Spermogonia and ecidia unknown.

II. Uredosori amphigenous, small, brownish-yellow, ob-
long to linear, ruptured epidermis noticeable, paraphyses
none; uredospores globose, about 24 in diameter, or ovoid,
19-24 by 21—28y, wall rather thin, golden brown, echinulate
with low, blunt points, pores 6-8, scattered.

II]. Teleutosori amphigenous, oblong to linear, promi-
nent, ruptured epidermis conspicuous, nearly black; teleuto-
spores cuneate to obovate-oblong, 18-26 by 35-56mu, very
little constricted at the septum, apex rounded, obtuse or
acutish, much thickened, lower cell longer than the upper
and narrowed into the pedicel, which is stout, firm, golden
yellow, and the length of the spore or shorter.

EXSIC:

Sydow, Uredineen, gro.

This species extends from Michigan and Illinois to Kansas
and Montana. It is especially variable in the size of the
spores, a fact noted by Dietel in drawing up the original de-
scription. A specimen collected by F. W. Anderson in Mon-
tana, Sept., 1888, has teleutospores that are 22-33 by 41-674
(according to measurements by E. M. Fisher), and the ure-
dospores average about 27 in diameter. On the other hand
a specimen secured from a phanerogamic collection made by
L. H. Bailey at South Haven, Mich., Sept., 7, 1882, possesses

320 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

teleutospores measuring 16-20 by 30-48y, and the uredo-
spores average about 20u in diameter. The gross appear-
ance of the fungus does not vary much, and the microscopic
appearance, except for size, is also quite uniform.

The material of number 51@ of the accompanying distribu-
tion is part of the same collection as that distributed by Sydow
in his Uredineen No. g10, and both are of the type collection.
An error occurs on the label of the Sydow exsiccatz: the
host is given as Calamagrostis Canadensis, but is in reality
Calamovilfa longifolia, as any one may convince himself by
examining the fragments of inflorescence that accompany the
specimens. Number 514 is also a collection from the type
locality.

The species resembles Puc. poculiformis in its teleutospores,
but is easily distinguished by the uredospores, both by their
form and the number and arrangement of their pores.

52. Uromyces AcuMINATUS Arth. (1883, May. Bull. Minn.
Acad. Sci. 2: 35.)

52a. On Spartina cynosuroides (1,.) Willd., Il. iii, Spirit Lake, Iowa,
Arthur.
526. On Spartina cynosuroides (1,.) Willd., III, Decorah, Iowa, Holway.

52c. On Spartina cynosuroides (.) Willd., III, Spirit Lake, Iowa,
Arthur.

52d. On Spartina cynosuroides (1,.) Willd., III, Fargo, N. D., Bolley.

OrIc. DEscr. “I. Unknown. II and III. Sori linear, narrow, elongated,
on the under surface of the leaves, plane or slightly convex, sunken,
soon naked; encircling epidermis somewhat conspicuous. II. Ure-
dosori yellowish, inconspicuous; uredospores large, round or elliptical,
finely and plentifully echinulate, brownish yellow, 22 to 304 broad by
26 to 354 long. III. Teleutosporesori brownish-black; teleutospores
oblong-club-shape and oblong-lanceolate to obovate, smooth, golden-
brown, darker at the apex, 15 to 22” broad by 25 to 42 long; wall thin;
apex much thickened, 8 to 124 thick, more or less obliquely acuminate,
or rarely only apiculate, sometimes with two pointed terminations, one
longer than the other, very rarely obtuse or rounded, base narrowed or
only acute; pedicel of uniform thickness, as long as the spore, or shorter,
very rarely longer, colored.’’

AMERICAN UREDINES. 321

SYN:

1883, July. Uvromyces spartine Far]. Proc. Amer. Acad.
Sci. 18:77.

O, I. Spermogonia and ecidia unknown.

II, II. Sori epiphyllous, between the nerves, linear, soon
naked, ruptured epidermis conspicuous. II. Uredosori yel-
lowish, inconspicuous; uredospores globose or broadly ellip-
tical, large, 22-35 in diameter, average 30m, wall golden
yellow, thick while immature, becoming thin, echinulate with
low stout points, pores 5 to 8, scattered. III. Teleutosori
blackish-brown, sunken between the nerves or protruding;
teleutospores dark brown, obovate or oblong-clavate, 15-22
by 25-40, apex darker, acuminate or obtuse, or with two or
more projections, much thickened, 8-124, base narrowed,
pedicel colored, firm, once to thrice length of the spore, often
shorter.

EXSIC:

Rabenhorst-Winter, Fungi Europaei, 3623.

Sydow, Ured., 251.

Ellis, N. Amer. Fungi, 239, 1443.

Seymour and Earle, Econ. Fungi, 67, 68, 546.

This species is very abundant in the upper Mississippi val-
ley, but is also found throughout the northern United States
and Canada. It is unusually variable in both sori and spores,
and until recently (see Bot. Gaz. 34:3) has been separated
into two species, the larger form, well represented by the ac-
companying 52d, being called Uvom. spartine, and best
shown in sea coast collections. The differences, however,
appear to be of an ecological character, and scarcely worthy
of taxonomic recognition.

53. PucciniA SEYMOURIANA Arth. (1902. Bot. Gaz. 34:11.)

53a. On Spartina cynosuroides (1,.) Willd., ii. III, Racine, Wis., Davis.
530. On Spartina cynosuroides (1,.) Willd., III, Racine, Wis., Davis.

ORIG. DrEscrR. ‘‘Sori epiphyllous, intercostal, prominent, oblong, ruptured
epidermis inconspicuous. II. Uredospores globose, or broadly ellip-

322 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

tical, 26-39 by 30-454, contents orange when fresh, becoming faintly
yellow when old, at first globose, afterward angular and shrunken, wall
colorless, thickened above, sometimes to more than half the diameter of
the spore, prominently tuberculate, pores obscure. III. Teleutosori
pulvinate, chocolate brown; teleutospores elliptical or oblong, 20-26 by
37-524, slightly constricted at the septum, apex obtuse, thickened;
pedicel firm, slender, tinted, once to thrice the length of the spore.”’

EXSIC.

Ellis and Everhart, N. Am. Fungi, 1474.

Seymour and Earle, Econ. Fungi, 69.

Rabenhorst-Winter-Pazschke, Fungi Europaei, 4026.

This species is not so common as the following one, and
does not have so wide a distribution. It is at present known
from Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, North Dakota
and Ontario. Until recently (see Bot. Gaz. 34:12) it has
been confounded with the following species, from which it can
be readily distinguished by the position of the teleutosori on
the upper (rough) side of the leaf, and by the unique uredo-
spores. Number 53¢ of the accompanying distribution is part
of the type collection.

There is reason to believe, especially from the similarity of
spore structure, that the zcidial stage of this species inhabits
Cephalanthus (Aicidium cephalanthi Seym.), but no cultures
have yet been successfully carried out.

In Ellis and Everhart’s exsiccati No. 1474 the host is er-
roneously stated to be Phragmites communis; it has not yet
been observed upon any other host than Spartina cynosur-
oides.

54. PuccriniA FRAXINATA (L&.) Arth. (1902. Bot. Gaz.

34:6.)

54a. On Fraxinus lanceolata Borck. (F. viridis Michx. f.) O, I.
Rockport, Kas., Bartholomew.

546. On Fraxinus lanceolata Borck. I. Spirit Lake, Iowa, Arthur.

54¢c. On Fraxinus lanceolata Borck., I. South Hero, Vt., Jones.

54d. On Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh., (F. pubescens Lam.) O, I.
Long Pine, Neb., Bates.

54e. On Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh., I, South Hero, Vt., Jones.

54f. On Spartina cynosurotdes (1,.) Willd., II, South Hero, Vt., Jones.

AMERICAN UREDINE#. 323

542. On Spartina cynosuroides (1,.) Willd., II, iii., Ames, Iowa, Hume.

542. On Spartina cynosurotides (1,.) Willd. ii, III., Paleo, Kas., Barthol-
omew,

54t. On Spartina cynosuroides (,.) Willd., III, Rooks county, Kas.,
Bartholomew.

547. On Spartina cynosurotdes (1,.) Willd., III, Decorah, Iowa, Holway.

54&. On Spartina cynosuroides (1,.) Willd., III, Ames, Iowa, Hume.

ORIG. DEscR. ‘430. I. Fraxini Sz. A peridiis in conum badium depres-
sum elevatis, demum in lacinias latas fissis. Maculas badias rotundas
in foliis subtus prominulas, supra planas, margine fusco cinctas efficit.”’
Schweinitz in Schrift. d. nat. Ges. zu Leipzig 1:66.

SECOND DeEscr. ‘‘Uredo peridermiospora, z. s. On Spartina glabra,
Ocean Springs, Miss., Tracy, September, 1889. Epiphyllous, sori lin-
ear, near the base of the leaf, long covered by the remains of the rup-
tured epidermis; spores bright red, pyriform, echinulate, much thick-
ened at the apex, 19-22 by 36-454; pedicel short but distinct.’’ Ellis
and Tracy in Jour. Myc. 6:77.

SYN:
1822. cidium fraxint Schw. Schrift. d. rat. Ges. zu
Leipzig 1: 66.
1825. Caeoma fraxinatum Link. Linné Sp. Pl. 62:62.
1890. Uredo peridermiospora E. & T. Jour. Myc. 6:77.
1896. Puccinia sparganioides E. & B. Erythea 4: 2.
1899. Puccinia peridermiospora Arth. Science 10: 565.

O.1. Spermogonia epiphyllous, yellow, inconspicuous, sper-
matia obovate or oblong, about 3 by 5u. Acidia hypophyl-
lous or on petioles and fruit, in dense rounded groups, usually
on swollen and discolored spots; peridia cylindrical, often
elongated, margin lacerated; «cidiospores obovate or ellip-
tical, 22-26 by 33-37", contents orange when fresh, becom-
ing pale, wall colorless, thin at the sides but greatly thickened
at the rounded apex, tuberculate.

II. III. Sori hypophyllous, amphigenous on some hosts,
supercostal, very prominent, large, oblong, elongated on
sheaths and culms, ruptured epidermis attached in shreds or
disappearing. II. Uredosori pulverulent, at first bright or-
ange, becoming yellowish and indistinct; uredospores obovate
or elliptical, 22-30 by 33-44, contents orange when fresh,
becoming pale, wall colorless, thin at the sides but greatly

qi4 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

thickened at the rounded apex, prominently tuberculate, pores
obscure. III. ‘Teleutosori pulvinate, blackish-brown; teleu-
tospores elliptical or oblong, 16-22 by 35-62, dark-brown,
slightly constricted at the septum, apex obtuse, thickened,
pedicel firm, slender, tinted, once to twice the length of the
spore.

EXSIC.

Sydow, Uredineen, 262, 1167.

Ellis and Everhart, N. Am. Fungi, 1851, 3475.

Ellis and Everhart, Fungi Columb., 1288.

Carleton, Ured. Amer., 33.

This species is one of the most common of American grass
rusts wherever Spartina grows. Until recently (see Bot. |
Gaz. 29 :275, and 34:9) it was not given autonomous rank,
but was associated with the rusts on Phragmites and Arun-
dinaria. In its teleutosporic stage it is especially conspicuous
on account of the large, blackish, and exceedingly numerous
sori, which come upon the upper and exposed side (morpho-
logical under side) of the leaves as they stand on the plants
in the field. When the leaves roll up in drying, the sori are
still outside and attract attention.

The uredostage is of short duration, and is very rarely col-
lected. We are especially indebted to L. R. Jones of Ver-
mont and H. H. Hume, formerly of Iowa, for the collections
in the present distribution, search having been made particu-
larly for this purpose. The uredospores are remarkable for
their greatly thickened apices. By removing the spores from
an unbroken sorus with a point of a knife the spores with
the pedicels attached may be secured, as in 549.

The ecidiostage upon the various species of /raxinus is
often so abundant as to attract marked attention. The clus-
ters of zcidia may be small or they may cause hypertrophy
of the tissues and thickly cover swellings a half inch or more
in diameter. This is especially likely to occur when the mid-
rib or petiole of the leaf is attacked. The zcidial cups, when
well grown, are long and cylindrical, which induced Schwei-
nitz, undoubtedly, to transfer the form to the genus Poestelia,

AMERICAN UREDINE#. 325

in his latter work, but the cups are fragile and herbarium spec-
imens often fail to show the true structure of the uninjured
form.

The ecidiospores are not only remarkable for their thick-
ened apices, but for the close morphological resemblance be-
tween them and the uredespores. Both havea colorless wall,
which is apically thickened, and studded with minute papille,
and have protoplasmic contents of the same orange hue.
The shape is also the same, except that the ecidiospores, re-
ceiving pressure from all sides while forming, are nearer iso-
diametric than the uredospores, which are somewhat elon-
gated by the greater lateral pressure while in the sorus.

The record of cultures establishing the connection between
the /raxinus and Spartina forms may be found in the Botan-
ical Gazette (29: 275).

Number 544 of the present distribution is part of the type
collection for Puccinia sparganioides Ellis & Barth. When
first collected and described the host was supposed to be
Carex sparganiordes, afterwards it was considered to be
Carex stricta, as stated on the label in Ellis and Everhart’s
N. A. F. No. 3475, but it is now known beyond question to
be Spartina cynosurotdes.

foe UCCINIA DISTICHLIDIS CH. &. Ee. (1893... Proc. Phila:
mead, Sci. for 1893: 152.)
55a. On Spartina gracilis Trin. III. Ten-mile Creek, Mont., Anderson.
ORIG. DEscr. ‘III. Sori elongated, 2-1o mm. long and 1-2 mm. wide,
erumpent, naked, nearly black. Teleutospores oblong or oblong-ellip-
tical, 45-70xI5-20u, constricted in the middle, pale brown, becoming
deep chestnut brown; epispore smooth, thickened at summit which is
either regularly rounded or sub-acuminately or mucronately pointed.

Pedicels 80-100” long, stout ( 6-74 thick ) and persistent, yellowish-
hyaline.’’

SYN:

1898. LDicwoma distichlidis Kuntze. Rev, Gen. Pl,
33468.

W317

326 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

O. I. Spermagonia and ecidia unknown.

II. III. Sori epiphyllous, intercostal, early naked, ruptured
epidermis conspicuous. II. Uredospores broadly elliptical,
broadly obovate or globose, 26-32 by 27—40p, wall pale yel-
low, thick, abundantly echinulate with stout points, pores six
or more, scattered, indistinct, contents sometimes centrally
shrunken. III. Teleutosori blackish, prominently linear-
lanceolate with acute ends; teleutospores obovate or lance-
oblong, 17-21 by 48-56», slightly constricted at the septum,
apex obtuse or sub-acute, thickened, side-walls thin, base
somewhat narrowed, pedicel firm, rather thick, tinted, as
long as the spore or longer.

EXSIC:

Ellis and Everhart, N. Am. Fungi, 2890.

Griffiths, West Amer. Fungi, 14a.

This species, which occurs on Spartina cynosuroides as
well as on S. gracilis, is at present known only from the
northwestern United States: Montana, Wyoming, North
Dakota, and northwestern Iowa. Until recently (Bot. Gaz.
34:14) it has been supposed to inhabit Dystichlis spicata,
owing to an error in determining the host of the type collec-
tion, and hence the specific name. ‘The specimen in Ellis &
Everhart’s N. A. F. is in reality on Spartina gracilis,
although stated to be on Dstichiis. The very different Puc.
subnitens Diet. is a true Destzchlis rust, however.

The dark, pointed, epiphyllous teleutosori and the uredo-
spores with their colored and uniformly thick walls readily
distinguish this species from the other forms upon Spartzna.

56. PuccInIA cHLoRIDIs Sfeg. (1891. Fungi Guaran-
ifiers a7).

56a. On Chloris elegans H. B. K., ii. III, Cardenas, Mex., Holway.

565. On Chloris elegans H. B. K. III, Acamboro, Mex., Holway.

ORIG. DEscr. ‘‘ Hemi puccinia; uredosporze ovatee minutissime asperulze
subhyalinz; teleutosporaze obscure cinnamomeze ellipsoidez constric-
tulze, leves non v. vix umbonatee, pedicello hyalino elongato.

AMERICAN UREDINE2S. 327

Ffab. Ad folia viva Chloridis speciei cujusdam in herbosis propre
Paraguari, Febr., 1884 (sub. n. 4310 et 4312).

Obs. Maculze null v. totum folium vix pallescens: sori hypophylli
densiuscule gregarii, uredosporici teleutosporicis conmixti. Sori uredo-
spori minutissimi (100-150u diam.) sublineares, epidermide lacerata
cincti vix prominuli pallide flavescentes: uredosporee e globoso-ovatze
(18-24 X 12-20”) episporio, crassiusculo hyalino laxe minutissimeque
papillato, endoplasmate nubiloso e hyalino flavescente farctae non v.
I-guttulz. Sori teleutosporici majores (300—-6o0u diam.) ex orbiculari
elliptici, pulvinulato-prominuli subcompactiusculi, intense atro-fuliginei:
teleutosporee pulchre intenseque cinnamomee ellipticee v. vix obovatze
(28-24 18-204) medio non v. vix constrictze, episporio subcrassiusculo,
preecipue ad apicem ubi seepe parce umbonato, leevissimo, medio I-sep-
tatee, parce constrictze, loculis seepius minute I-guttulatis, infero non y.
vix minore, pedicello cylindraceo longiusculo (50-100 X 5) deorsum
attenuato, antice chlorinulo, caeterum hyalino suffultee: paraphyses non
visee.”’

SYN:

1892. Puccinia chloridis Diet. Hedw. 31:290.
O, 1. Spermogonia and ecidia unknown.

Ii, WI. Sori amphigenous and on stems and sheaths, oblong
to oblong-linear, soon naked, ruptured epidermis evident.
II. Uredosori pale, uredospores obovate or elliptical, small,
15-22 by 20-26, wall colorless or nearly so, comparatively
thick, 2.54, and often twice as thick at the apex, minutely
verrucose, pores minute and obscure. III. Teleutosori
blackish, teleutospores oblong, oblong-globose or more rarely
oblong-obovate, very dark brown, 19-26 by 28—40y, slightly or
not constricted at the septum, wall thick, 44, somewhat thicker -
at the apex, which is rounded or obtusish, base rounded or rarely
somewhat narrowed, pedicel tinted, much more colored next
the spore, collapsing into ribbon-form and becoming twisted,
thick, two to three times the length of the spore, often at-
tached obliquely.

Type material of Spegazzini’s species, which was gathered
in Brazil, has not been available for comparison with the
North American forms. The description, however, so
exactly accords with the specimens in hand, even to the ure-
dospores, that we have no hesitancy in declaring them to be
but one species. The statement in the original description

328 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

that the teleutospores measure “ 28-24u” is undoubtedly a
misprint for 28-34, for the author everywhere else places the
larger number last.

The type material of Dietel’s species, which was gathered
in Kansas on Chloris verticillata, has been examined, and
does not differ materially from the Mexican collections. The
gathering was made in the last of March and was consider-
ably weathered. This undoubtedly accounts for the yellowed
walls of the uredospores and for the more delicate and twisted
pedicels of the teleutospores.

The uredospores of this species are especially interesting
because they belong to a class having a colorless wall, often
noticeably thickened at the apex, and roughened with minute
equidistant papille, of which Puc. fraxinata is the best
known example. It is likely that the ecidium when discov-
ered will be found to have spores with corresponding char-
acteristics.

57. PucciniA scHEDONNARDI fell. &. Sw, (1888. Jour.
Myc. 4:95.)
57a. On Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. (S. Texanus S/eud.),
III, Rooks county, Kans., Bartholomew.

576. On Schedonnardus paniculatus ( Nutt.) Trel., III, Long Pine, Neb.,
Bates.

Oric. DEscr. II. Sori amphigenous, but mostly hypophyllous, soon
erumpent, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, small (one-fifth to
one-half millimetre in diameter) oval or oblong, solitary. Uredospores
dull orange, globular, 20-25 micr. diameter, mostly 22 micr., always
free from pedicels when mature, covered with short sparse tubercles;
pedicels subpersistent, hyaline or slightly tinted, enlarged at tip, base
3-5 micr. in diameter, tip 5-8 micr.

Ill. Sori amphigenous, small ( one-sixth to one-half millimetre in
diameter) mostly circular, solitary or rarely confluent, though often
abundant, teleutospores clear brown, slightly constricted at the middle
and often slightly thickened at the apex, subglobose, oval or oval-
oblong, 27-35 X 20-26, mostly 28-30 21-24, pedicel variable, taper-
ing, tinted, usually once to thrice as long as the spores.”’

SYN:
1898. Diceoma schedonnardi Kuntze. Rev. Gen. PI.

3:470.

AMERICAN UREDINEA. 329

EXSIC:

Kellerman and Swingle, Kansas Fungi, 44.

Not a very abundant or widely distributed species. The
uredospores have golden yellow walls, that are thin, and are
minutely and closely verrucose. The pores are small and
difficult to count, but are certainly more than four, and scat-
tered over the surface without order.

Bo. se UCCINIA VEXANS, J//a7l. (1883. Proc.. Amer. Acad:
Sci. 18:82.)

58a. On Atheropogon curtipendulus ( Michx.) Fourn. (Bouteloua cur-
tipendula 7orr, and B. racemosa Lag.), II. iii, Lafayette, Ind., Stuart.

586. On Atheropogon curtipendulus ( Michx.) Fourn, X. iii, Long Pine,
Neb., Bates.

58¢c. On Atheropogon curtipendulus ( Michx.) Fourn., X. ii, Hot Springs,
N. M., Holway.

58d. On Atheropogon curtipendulus ( Michx.) Fourn., x. III, Lafayette,
Ind., Start.

58e. On Atheropogon curtipendulus ( Michx.) Fourn., III, Decorah,
Iowa, Holway.

OrIc. DEscr. ‘‘ Uromyces Brandegei.— Spots none; sori scattered, rarely
slightly confluent, prominent, orbicular, elliptical or oblong, black;
spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, rough with minute warts or
papillee, .oo12-.0916 of an inch long, .oo1I-.oo15 broad; pedicel hyaline,
usually equal to or exceeding the spore in length.’’—Peck, 1. c.

SECOND Dxscr. ‘‘ The two-celled spores are oval, obtuse at both ends,
smooth or somewhat roughened in the upper part, and measure from
30-384 X 19-24". The one-celled spores are dark brown, like the two-
celled, obovate, distinctly papillate or roughened in the upper part, and
of about the same dimensions as the two-celled, perhaps a trifle smaller.”’
Farlow, l. c.

SYN:

1879. Uromyces brandeget Peck. Bot. Gaz. 4:127.

O. 1. Spermogonia and ecidia unknown.

II. Uredosori amphigenous, oblong, tardily naked, brown-
ish-yellow, inconspicuous; uredospores globose, 23-33 in
diameter, wall golden-brown, thin, echinulate, pores 8, scat-
tered.

330 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

III. Teleutosori amphigenous, oblong, pulvinate, early
naked, ruptured epidermis inconspicuous, blackish-brown;
teleutospores oval, very dark brown, rounded at both ends or
somewhat narrowed below, 18-25 by 28-4oyu, wall medium
thickness, about 3u, very slightly thickened above, smooth or
rarely roughened in the upper part, (not constricted at the
septum) pedicel moderately stout, firm, tinted, once to twice
the length of the spore.

X. Amphisori amphigenous, resembling the teleutosori
but a little lighter brown; amphispores broadly obovate to
globose, of the same dark brown color as the teleutospores,
28-34 by 32-45, side-walls thick, 54, much thicker above,
strongly papillate above, becoming less so toward the base,
pores 3, equatorial, inconspicuous, pedicel persistent, like that
of the teleutospores.

EXSIC:

Seymour and Harle, Econ. Fungi, 532a, 5320.

Sydow, Uredineen, 1086.

Ellis, N. Am. Fungi, 1051.

Rabenhorst-Winter, Fungi Europzi, 3718.

Griffiths, West Am. Fungi, 253.

The amphispores of this species were the first form to attract
attention, being described as a species of Uromyces. Not long
afterwards the supposed uredo form was described by one of
the present writers, first as an emendation to the original
description (Bull. Minn. Acad. Sct. 2:36), and subsequently
as a species of Uredo ( Uredo bouteloue Arth., in Bull. lowa
Agric. College for Nov. 1884: 164), some doubt having arisen
of the wisdom of the first assignment, as no teleutospores had
been found closely associated with it. The author of the
species has now ascertained beyond question that the host of
Uredo bouteloue is not a Bouteloua, but is Poa pratensis and
the name, therefore, does not apply to the uredo of Puc.
vexans and is not a synonym of that species.

About the time of this unfortunate error, it was shown by
Dr. W. G. Farlow, (1. c.) in comments upon a collection made
by one of the present writers and distributed in Ellis’ N. Am.

AMERICAN UREDINES. aa%

Fungi, No. 1051, that the supposed Uromyces was associated
with genuine bilocular teleutospores, even in the same sorus,
and that the species must be transferred to the genus Puc-
cinta. He says regarding the Uromyces-like spores: ‘I
have not been able to find any other spores which represent
the uredo of the species, and never having seen the unicel-
lular spores in germination, there is, so far as we yet know,
no reason why they may not be the uredo spores.” The true
nature of these spores remained in doubt until within a year
or so. They were brought to germination by Mr. M. A.
Carleton (Science 13:249) who found that they were neither
uredospores nor teleutospores, but a new sort, to which he
has given the name amphisfore. On account of their abun-
dance and highly attractive form the amphispores of Puc.
vexans are likely always to be considered the best representa-
tive of this kind of development.

The true uredo form of this species, which has the general
characteristics of the uredo of other grass forms, has rarely
been collected, or even seen. So far as we know, the only
genuine record of it is in the Catalogue of the Flora of
Nebraska, 1890. It was found by Mr. H. J. Webber, the
author of the Catalogue, at Crawford, Neb., in the latter part
of July. He feels sure of the genetic connection, “having
several times found the uredospores and teleutospores in the
same sorus” (p. 68). From the context we learn that the
specimens bore only uredospores and amphispores, not true
teleutospores. It should be noted that the spores of this
species of whatever form are without paraphyses.

59. PuccINIA BARTHOLOMA&I Diet. (1892. Hedw. 31:290.)

59a. On Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr., Il. IIJ., Rooks county,
Kans., Bartholomew.

595. On Bouteloua oligostachya ( Nutt.) Torr., III, Valentine, Neb.,
Bates.

59¢c. On Bouteloua hirsuta Lag., III, Simeon, Neb., Bates.

59a. On Atheropogon curtipendulus ( Michx.) Fourn. (Bouteloua curti-
pendula 7Zorr.), III, Austin, Texas, Zong.

332 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

59e. On Leptochloa dubia Nees., ii. III, near Tula, Mex., Holway.

ORIG. DeEscr. ‘ Puccinia Bartholomewii n. sp. Amphigena, sori nudi,
pulvinati, elliptici vel oblongi, 4-2 mm. longi, interdum confluentes.
Uredospore globose vel ovoidez, flavo-brunneze, dense et breviter
echinulatz, ca. 24” longze, 224 latze. Sori teleutosporiferi fusco-atri;
teleutosporz utrinque rotundatz, medio vix comnstrictee, apice parum
incrassate, leves, longe (usque 140”) pedicellatze, obscure brunnez.
Longitudo sporarum 32-401, iatitudo 20-24u.

In foliis Boutelouz oligostachyze, Kansas (Amer. bor.) Martio 4,
1892, legit E. Bartholomew (No. 522), comm. J. B. Ellis.”

SYN:
1898. Diceoma Bartholomewi Kuntze. Rev. Gen. Pl.
3:468.
O. 1. Spermogonia and ecidia unknown.

II. Uredosori amphigenous, oblong, pale yellow, incom-
pletely uncovered, pulverulent, ruptured epidermis conspicu-
ous; uredospores ovoid or globose, 18-23 by 23-26p, con-
tents orange-yellow when fresh, wall medium thick, colorless,
minutely tuberculate or sometimes barely echinulate, pores
obscure, 4 or more, scattered.

III. Teleutosori amphigenous but especially hypophyllous,
pulvinate, early naked, blackish-brown, ruptured epidermis
usually noticeable; teleutospores broadly oblong, elliptical,
or nearly globose, dark brown, not constricted at the septum,
20-25 by 27—40p, side-walls medium thick, apex rounded or
very obtuse, slightly thickened, base rounded, pedicel once to
twice the length of the spore, 4—Sy thick, delicate and often
collapsed, tinted.

EXSIC:
Ellis & Everhart, N. Am. Fungi, 2999, 3349.
Bartholomew, Ellis & Everhart’s Fungi Columbiani, 1569.

Sydow, Uredineen, 1061.

Griffiths, West Amer. Fungi, 269.

This species is common on different species of Lowteloua,
especially on LB. oligostachya, from Iowa, Nebraska, and
Kansas to Texas, but rare on Afheropogon. Its gross ap-
pearance is not materially different from that of Puc. vexans,
which occurs on the same hosts throughout the same region.

AMERICAN UREDINEZ. 333

It does not, however, like that species, possess amphispores,
and its uredospores are of an entirely different class.

Dietel (Hedwigia 31:290) has called attention to the resem-
blances between Puc. chloridis, Puc. dochmia (by which is
meant the Puc. muhlenbergi@ of this article), and Puc. bar-
tholome:. There is indeed much similarity between the first
and last named, in both teleutospores and uredospores, as
may be seen at a glance by comparing the figures under
numbers 56 and 59, or by comparing descriptions. The
uredospores, especially, are notably alike in being small, with
colorless, verrucose, and rather thick walls. Those of Puc.
bartholomet, however, seem to have no tendency toward
apical thickening.

In all three species referred to by Dietel the teleutospores
show a considerable intermixture of globoid spores with the
septum obligue or even vertical. This tendency is still more
marked in the true Puc. dochmia. A form on Louteloua cur-
tipendula was collected at College Station, Texas, in 1889,
by N. S. Jennings, and was described by the collector ( Bull.
Texas Exper. Sta. No. 9:25) in 1890 under the name of
Diorchidium bouteloue, which appears to bear about the
same relation to Puc. bartholomei that Puc. dochmia does to
Puc. muhlenbergia, or possibly a closer relation. The uredo-
spores are very similar in size and other characters to those
of Puc. bartholomez, but the teleutospores differ in being
almost wholly diorchidium-like. This form does not appear
to have been collected but once. The specimen in the present
distribution shows no unusual diorchidium tendency.

The spelling of the specific name here used is in accord
with correct Latin form, as pointed out by Mr. E. Bartholo-
mew being slightly changed from the spelling in the original
publication.

60. Puccinta KANSENSIS F//. & Barth. (1896. Erythea

As1e)
60a. On Bulbilis dactyloides (Nutt.) Raf. (Buchloe dactyloides Engelm.)
ii. III, Rooks county, Kans., Bartholomew.

V—3 #18

334 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Oric. Descr. ‘II and III. Sori amphigenous or mostly epiphy!lous,
sparsely scattered, very small, sublinear to linear by confluence. Ure-
dosori soon appearing through the ruptured epidermis, which falls
away leaving the spore-mass mostly superficial. Uredospores sub-
globose or ovate, 16-20 X 14-16”, epispore smooth but irregular, thick
(about 2-3), hyaline; nncleus consisting of coarse, bright golden-yel-
low, granular matter. Teleutosori almost wholly superficial. Teleuto-
spores bright yellowish-brown, short-elliptical, rounded, slightly con-
stricted, nearly equal, lower cell sometimes wedge-shaped, not thickened
at apex, 25-30 X 15-18u. Pedicels hyaline, short, weak and shriveled,
inclining to fall away. Differs from Puccinia buchloes Schaf. on the
same host, in its smaller teleutospores, not thickened at the apex, and
in its weak, shriveled, hyaline pedicels.”’

EXSIC:

Ellis and Everhart, N. Am. Fungi, 3351.
Seymour and Earle, Econ. Fungi Suppl., B 13.
Sydow, Uredineen, 1073.

This species has very small spores, without apical thicken-
ings. The uredospores have colorless walls and orange-yel-
low contents when fresh. The surface is minutely and
densely verrucose with occasional slight echinulation. The
pores are minute, obscure, and scattered over the surface
without order.

The species has not yet been reported from any locality

outside the state of Kansas. The type was collected Sept.
18, 1894.

EXPLANATION OF PLATEs.

The drawings have been made from a Zeiss microscope fitted with a D
objective and No. 8 compensating ocular, and by the use of an Abbe camera
lucida, They are uniformly drawn to a magnification of 625 diameters,
and reduced in engraving to 470 diameters.

The essentially correct dimensions of the spores may be obtained from
the plates by multiplying the measurements taken in milimeters by two,
the result being in microns (/).

The pores shown for the uredospores do not always represent the full
number, but only those that were evident. When the scar on the uredo-
spores left by the separation of the pedicel is shown, it is placed lowermost.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

45a. UROMYCES ARISTIDA £. @& £.
On Aristida basiramea Engelm., from Nebraska.
Two uredospores and five teleutospores.

456. UROMYCES ARISTIDA Z.& E£.
On Aristida oligantha Michx., from Texas.
Five teleutospores.

46a. PUCCINIA ARISTIDICOLA Henn.
On Aristida fasciculata Torr., from Mexico.
Three uredospores and five teleutospores.

466. PUCCINIA ARISTIDICOLA Henn.
On Aristida fasciculata Torr., from Mexico.
Four uredospores, one drawn as if opaque, and four teleutospores.

47a. UROMYCES EPICAMPUS Diet. & Holw.
On Epicampus macroura Benth., from Mexico.
Three uredospores and six teleutospores.

48a. UROMYCES MINIMUS Davis.
On Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr., from Wisconsin.
Four uredospores and five teleutospores.

49a.

490.

50a.

500.

50¢.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Puccrnta pocuMia Berk. & Curt.
On Muhlenbergia ciliata Trin., from Mexico.
One uredospore and six teleutospores.

PuccINIA DOCHMIA Berk. G& Curt.
On Perietlema crinitum Presl., from Mexico.
Two uredospores and four teleutospores.

PUCCINIA MUHLENBERGILA Arth. & Holw.
On Muhlenbergia diffusa Willd., from Indiana.
Four uredospores and one teleutospore.

PUCCINIA MUHLENBERGLE Arth. GS Holw.
On Muhlenbergia mexicana (1,.) Trin., from Iowa.
Five uredospores and seven teleutospores.

PUCCINIA MUHLENBERGLE Arth. & Holw.
On Muhlenbergia mexicana (1,.) Trin., from Kansas.
Three uredospores and six teleutospores, one drawn as if opaque.

PLATE IX.

50d.

50e.

51a.

510.

51c.

EXPLANATION OF PuiatE III.

PUCCINIA MUHLENBERGIE A7vth. G@ Holw.

On Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P., from Nebraska.

One uredospore and five teleutospores.

PUCCINIA MUHLENBERGLE Arth. & Holw.
On Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. S. P., from Kansas.
Three uredospores and four teleutospores.

PUCCINIA AMPHIGENA Diet.
On Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack., from Illinois. ©
Four uredospores and eight teleutospores.

PUCCINIA AMPHIGENA Diet.
On Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack., from Illinois.
Two uredospores and four teleutospores.

PUCCINIA AMPHIGENA Died.
On Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack., from Nebraska.
Two uredospores and six teleutospores.

52a.

520.

52¢.

52d.

530.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

UROMYCES ACUMINATUS Ar7th.
On Spartina cynosuroides (1,.) Willd., from Iowa.
Five uredospores and one teleutospore.

UROMYCES ACUMINATUS, A7th.
On Spartina cynosuroides (1,.) Willd., from Iowa.
Nine teleutospores; a slender form.

UROMYCES ACUMINATUS Arth.
On Spartina cynosuroides (1,.) Willd., from Iowa.
One uredospore and six teleutospores.

UROMYCES ACUMINATUS A7th.
On Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd., from North Dakota.
One uredospore and seven teleutospores.

PUCCINIA SEYMOURIANA 47th,
On Spartina cynosuroides (1,.) Willd., from Wisconsin.
Six uredospores and four teleutospores.

530.

542.

540.

54.

54d.

54e.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

PUCCINIA SEYMOURIANA A/th,
On Spartina cynosuroides (1,.) Willd., from Wisconsin.
Five teleutospores.

PUCCINIA FRAXINATA (L&.) Arth.
On Fraxinus lanceolata Borck., from Kansas.
Five ecidiospores.

PUCCINIA FRAXINATA (L2.) 7th.
On Fraxinus lanceolata Borck., from Iowa.
Four ecidiospores.

PUCCINIA FRAXINATA (L&.) Arth.
On Fraxinus lanceolata Borck., from Vermont.
Five cecidiospores.

PUCCINIA FRAXINATA (L&.) Arth.
On Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh., from Nebraska.
Four ecidiospores,

PUCCINIA FRAXINATA (L&.) Arth.
On Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh., from Vermont.
Five ecidiospores.

PUCCINIA FRAXINATA (“2.) Arth.
On Spartina cynosuroides (1,.) Willd., from Vermont.
Seven uredospores.

548.

54h.

542.

54]:

54k.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

PUCCINIA FRAXINATA (L&.) Arth.
On Spartina cynosuroides (1,.) Willd., from Iowa.
Six uredospores, two shown with pedicels, and one teleutospore.

PUCCINIA FRAXINATA (L&.) Arth.
On Spartina cynosuroides (1,.) Willd., from Kansas.
Two uredospores and three teleutospores.

PUCCINIA FRAXINATA (L&.) Arth.
On Sparlina cynosuroides (1,.) Willd., from Kansas.
Four teleutospores.

PUCCINIA FRAXINATA (L2.) Arth.
On Spartina cynosuroides (1,.) Willd., from Iowa.
Five teleutospores.

PUCCINIA FRAXINATA (L&.) Arth.
On Spartina fraxinata (1,.) Willd., from Iowa.
Five teleutospores.

56a.

560.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

PUCCINIA DISTICHLIDIS Z. & E.
On Spartina gracilis Trin., from Montana.
Three uredospores, one drawn as if opaque, and four teleuto-
spores

PUCCINIA CHLORIDIS Speg.
On Chloris elegans H. B. K , from Mexico.
Six uredospores and five teleutospores.

PUCCINIA CHLORIDIS Speg.
On Chloris elegans H. B. K., from Mexico.
Six uredospores and five teleutospores.

PUCCINIA SCHEDONNARDI Kell. & Sw.
On Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel., from Kansas.
Two uredospores and four teleutospores.

PUCCINIA SCHEDONNARDI Kell. G& Sw.
On Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel., from Nebraska.
Three uredospores and four teleutospores.

58a.

585.

58c.

58d.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

PUCCINIA VEXANS Farl,
On Atheropogon curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn., from Indiana.
Four uredospores, one amphispore and one teleutospore.

PUCCINIA VEXANS Far,
On Atheropozon surtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn., from Nebraska.
Three amphispores and one teleutospore.
PUCCINIA VEXANS Far.
On Atheropogon curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn., from New Mexico.
One uredospore, four amphispores, one drawn as if opaque, and
two teleutospores.

PUCCINIA VEXANS Far.
On Atheropogon curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn., from Indiana,
Two uredospores, one amphispore, and three teleutospores.

PUCCINIA VEXANS Far.
On Atheropogon curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn., from Iowa,
One uredospore and six teleutospores,

PLATE VIII

59a.

596.

592.

60a.

EXPLANATION OP PLATE IX.

PUCCINIA BARTHOLOMAI Diet.
On Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr., from Kansas.
Five uredospores and nine teleutospores.

PUCCINIA BARTHOLOMAI Diet.
On Bouteloua obligostachya (Nutt.) Torr., from Nebraska.
One uredospore and five teleutospores.

PUCCINIA BARTHOLOMA Diet.
On Bouteloua hirsuta Lag., from Nebraska.
Two uredospores and five teleutospores.

PUCCINIA BARTHOLOMA:I Diet. |
On Atheropogon curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn., from Texas.
One uredospore and four teleutospores.

PUCCINIA BARTHOLOMAI Diet.
On Leptochloa dubia Nees, from Mexico.
Four uredospores and three teleutospores.

PUCCINIA KANSENSIS Ell. & Barth.
On Bulbilis dactyloides (Nutt.) Raf., from Kansas.
Four uredospores and five teleutospores.

BULLETIN OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.
NEW SERIES NO. 92 PRICE FIFTY CENTS.

VOL V: No. 4.

BULLETIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA

DOV ACTINOME TRA LOWENSESUS fits . FRANK SPRINGER

WI TRAE FLORA) OF THEE ST) PELER
SANDSTONE IN WINNESHIEK

COMIN E YE LOTR oP Pe Bayh Coles Yas Sh SABA ta we ar Eg DA
WI, THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN
ERMC AR HS a TSN VAN Gh CN GUE alts cagA NECROSS EEA NEB

BA NT BO IRS A rg 2 8 gas a Co AT AA YL annie
THE LOESS OF NATCHEZ, MISS.
THE LOESS AND THE LANSING MAN.
THE LANSING DEPOSIT NOT LOESS.
LOESS AND THE IOWAN DRIFT,
EVIDENCES (?) OF WATER-DEPOSITION
OF LOESS.

B. SHIMEK

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
IOWA CITY, IOWA
1904,

THE UNIVERSITY BULLETINS PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY ARE
ISSUED EVERY SIX WEEKS DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR, AT LEAST SIX
NUMBERS EVERY CALENDAR YEAR. ENTERED AT THE POST OFFICE AT
IOWA CITY, IOWA, AS SECOND CLASS MAIL, MATTER.

WoL. Vv. No. 4.

BULLETIN

FROM THE

LABORATORIES OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

Sybe UNIVERSITY OF IOWA

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
IOWA CITY, IOWA

NOVEMBER, 1904.

Be LINOVMET RE 1OW ENSIS

A NEW UNSTALKED CRINOID FROM THE FLORIDA REEFS
By FRANK SPRINGER

Through the courtesy of Professor C. C. Nutting, I have
recently had the opportunity to examine the magnificent col-
lections made by the Bahama Expedition of the State Univer-
sity of Iowa in 1893, under his direction. The extent and
variety of the material obtained, and the fine condition of the
specimens, elicited my warmest admiration, and I cannot
refrain from extending to Prof. Nutting and the ladies and
gentlemen of his party, my sincere congratulatios upon the
extremely valuable contribution to science made by them.

Among the Echinoderms there is a remarkable form of the
Comatulid genus Actznometra, found in the shallowest water
yet recorded for any crinoid. It seems to differ very decidedly
from all other described species, and it was thought advisable
to publish a preliminary notice of the occurrence in advance
of the description now given. This was done in the American
Geologist for August, 1902. With the permission of Prof.
Nutting, I have proposed for it the name Actenometra towen-
sts, 1 commemoration of the extremely successful marine
expedition sent out under the auspices of the University.

ACTINOMETRA IOWENSIS, n. sp.
PUALE 1—“Bics 1-6,

A large species; with long, slender arms, having a spread of
about 27 cm. Disk 20mm. Color in alcohol, brown. Cen-
trodorsal rather small, with basal star visible; bearing around
the margin about 30 stout cirri, composed of 12 to 18 ossicles.

220 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Radials barely visible at the outer part; facing outward. Rays
spreading almost horizontal, connected by perisome extending
down to the radials. First and second primibrachs united by
articulation. Secundibrachs (distichals) 4,— the third and
fourth united by syzygy. Rays dividing two or three times;
in the latter case there are generally 3—exceptionally 2 or 1
—tertibrachs (palmars) below the last bifurcation, the axillary
and the next one below it constituting a syzygial pair. In
the ultimate arm divisions there is a syzygial union between
the second and third brachials; the next syzygy is at about the
twelfth or thirteenth brachial; and beyond that they occur at
intervals of about 4 or 5 brachials. Pinnules occur on the
second secundibrach on the outer side of the ray, on the first
brachial above the axillary secundibrach, and on the first
brachial of the ultimate arm-division on the outer side; beyond
this they occur on every brachial at alternate sides, not count-
ing the hypozygal. Treating the form as primitively 1o-
armed, and counting the arm-branches as occupying the places
of pinnules, the succession would be on secundibrachs 2, 4, 5,
7, 8. Proximal portion of first pinnules fixed by perisome.
Arms 4, 5, or 6 to the ray,—giving 23 and 26 arms respect-
ively in the two specimens found. ‘They are about 13 cm.
long, slender, and extremely brittle; the first six or seven
brachials wider than long, quadrangular, with parallel trans-
verse articulations; beyond that becoming strongly triangular
with zig-zag articulations, and the relative length increasing.
Oral pinnules about 22 mm. long; those at the middle of the
arin 12 mim.; they are stout at the base, tapering rapidly, and
slender, distally the lower ones have the combing characteristic
of the genus. Ambulacral grooves lined with alternating cov-
ering plates on the arms and pinnules, and to some extent on
the disk. Disk naked, without sign of other plates or spicules,
and finely granular; mouth marginal and radial; anus central
and protuberant, composed of longitudinal spicules.
Locality: Dry Tortugas, Florida. Depth, three feet.

This species is apparently quite distinct from any hereto-

ACTINOMETRA IOWENSIS. 221

fore described. ‘The presence of covering plates on the ambu-
lacra differentiates it widely from all others of the genus. It
belongs to the type which Dr. P. Herbert Carpenter, in his
great work on the Comatulae of the Challenger Expedition,
called ‘“‘tridistichate”,—that is, having three distichals, the
axillary one with a syzygy,—by which he meant that it was
divided into two parts with a syzygial union between them.
Other species he called ‘“‘bidistichate” which have “two dis-
tichals united by syzygy.” (Chall. Rep. Comatule, p. 277).
This shows the confusing manner in which Carpenter employed
the term “syzygy”,—for in these cases either the “two disti-
chals united by “syzygy” should be called one, or the “three
distichals, the axillary a “syzygy” ought to be called four. A
syzygial pair should be uniformly treated, either as one plate
orastwo. The latter course is now adopted by Mr. Bather,
but I think there is much force in the reasoning of Carpenter
that the syzygial pair—at least in the arms—represents only
one brachial, since the hypozygal loses its individuality, and
bears no pinnule. ‘The trouble is that in practice he did not
follow out hisreasoning. Which ever plan is adopted, it ought
to be used consistently; and we should not call four plates, of
which two are united by syzygy, “‘tridistichate,” and in the
same breath call two plates of the same order, also united by
syzygy, “bidistichate”. Following the plan of Bather, the
form under consideration has four secundibrachs (distichals),
the first two united by bifascial articulation, and the next two
by syzygy.

Our species belongs to the anomalous group /vmdbriata,
comprising seven described species, which differ from all others
in this genus, and from all but one in Azfedon, in having
the first syzygy in the arms between the second and third
brachials; or, as Carpenter states it, ‘in the second brachial.”
In all others, with the exception alluded to, the first arm syzygy
is either between the first and second, or the third and fourth,
brachials; and the first arm pinnule is borne on the second
brachial, instead of on the first, as in the /7mérzata group.

222 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Only one species of this group has been described from
Atlantic waters, viz, Actinometra lineata P. H. Carpenter,
which has been dredged in the Caribbean Sea, and off the
coast of Brazil, at depths of from 7 to 88fathoms. It is a con-
siderably smaller species than ours, which is one of the largest
of the genus, and ours does not pussess the dark medio-dorsal
line of that species; the form of the brachials is also different.
From <Actenometra fimbriata and its allies of the Indian
Ocean it differs in the number and size of the cirri, and in the
form of the brachials.

From all it differs in the presence of plated ambulacra.

Carpenter mentions without description (Chall. Rep. Comat.
p- 316), under the name Actznometer discordea, another species
of this group, dredged by the “Blake” at 88 to 118 fathoms.
The only character of it which he specifies is that it has the
“arm-joints quadrate,” which is the case with our species for
the first six or seven brachials, but above that they are very
different.

The presence of alternating covering plates in the ambulacra
is really the most remarkable feature of this peculiar form.
This is very conspicuous, and may be readily seen at several
places on the photographic figures 2 and 3 on the accompanying
plate as well as in the drawings of portions of arms and pin-
nules, figs. 4and 5. The absence of a plated ambulacral skeleton
on arms and pinnules has hitherto been regarded as one of the
most striking characters of Actznometra. In this structure it
differs from Az¢edon, and all the stalked crinoids. | No other
crinoid, recent or fossil, was known to be thus constructed
until it was found, as I have lately pointed out, in the remark-
able Cretaceous genus Uzztacrinus (Memoirs Museum Com-
parative Zoology, Harvard, Vol. XXV, No. 1.) Our species
has the other characters of Actznometra in a marked degree.
No one who has any acquaintance with these crinoids would
hesitate to refer it to this genus, on the first glance at the
exocyclic disk and combed pinnules, which are thoroughly
characteristic.

ACTINOMETRA IOWENSIS. 223

Why this species, alone of all known, should have an ambu-
lacral structure similar to that of Aztedon and the Pentacrin-
edae, we cannot even conjecture. It is exceptional among
Actinometrae for its very shallow habitat; but this does not
seem to suggest any explanation, since there are plenty of
Antedons and Actinometras living at equal depths in deep
water, which preserve their distinct ambulacral structures. It
is evidently to be treated as a transition or intermediate form
and it seems to me that we can only accept this as another of
those perplexing facts which are constantly coming to light
to show us how little we really know of the exact limits of
Nature’s groups.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Actinometra towensis, n. sp.

Big. 1; Dorsal view of specimen. =) = 2 = is & Nabturalesize
Fig. 2. Ventral view of another eerie: eon which one

ray has been removed, so that the cirri show

through at that side. This shows the disk-ambu-

lacra, central anal tube, marginal mouth, and

plated ambulacra in the arms; also in some places

the combed pinuules’ =. 2 a 2 = WNaturallsize
Fig. 3. Ventral view of lower part of an arm, showing the
covering plates of the ambulacrum . ..... 2nd

The above three figures are from photographs direct from the speci-
mens, and may be advantageously studied with a low power magnifier,
such as an ordinary reading glass. The following figures, 4, 5, and 6,
are from drawings.

Fig. 4. Ventral side of arm at median part, showing the

covering plates of the ambulacrum .. . ac x6
Fig. 5. Ventral side of a pinnule from distal portion of arm,

showing the covering plates , Aisin: coh, 6 x10
Fig. 6. Terminal comb of proximal pinnule. ..... . x10

PLATE 1.

:
HK
een need Sah OPT

bait ee

Tera”

BOSTON.

HELIOTYPE CO.,

DEL.

ADA SPRINGER

M. RICKER PHOT.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES I. AND II.

PLATE I. Exposure of St. Peter sandstone northeast of Hesper, Iowa,
looking north. Prunus pumila grows on its summit. (See p. 226.)

Pirate Il. Same exposure, but looking east. The shrub on the left
side of the ledge is Aronia nigra. (See p. 226).

St, Peter Flora

PLATE, I:

ae ee

2G Gee osname ee a

4

EXPLANATION OF PLATES III. AND IV.

PLATE III. Exposure of St. Peter sandstone northeast of Hesper,
and a half mile west of that shown in Plates I. and II. Looking north.
Selaginella rupestris, Woodsia tlvensis, Cystopteris bulbifera, and Rubus
baileyanus grow on the east side of this exposure. The sandy talus pro-
duces Polygonum tenue, P. douglasit, Potentilla tridentata, and the fol-
lowing trees and shrubs: Betula papyrifera (the most common), Quercus
borealis, O. macrocarpa, Prunus virginiana, and Amelanchier rotundt-
folia. (See pp. 225-7).

PLATE IV. Characteristic St. Peter standstone plants:

Polygonum douglasii Greene.

Aronia nigra (Willd. ) Britt.

Potentilla tridentata Sol.

Woodsia tlvensis (1...) R. Br.

Selaginella rupestris (1,.) Spring.
(See pp. 226-7).

Fig.
Fig,

hy
-
oe
sR eS

St. Peter Flora

| [A Sao CS. Seep» — Sys Saat ah ec ir ce al aaa CRT 5. |

PLATE IV;

eee

sede s/s

Piva woe OF TiiksSst) PETER-SAND-
SLONE EN WINNESHIEK
COUNTY 10W A

By B. SHIMEK
Read before the A. A. A. S. at St. Louts, Mo., Dec. 29, 1903

The exposures of St. Peter sandstone in Iowa are limited
to Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton and the extreme north-
eastern part of Dubuque counties. They are found in large
part along the bluffs which border the deep, narrow valleys
of the streams of this part of the state, but in some portions
of the area they are remote from streams, being then found
along the borders of depressions which were evidently formed
by the erosion of large quantities of the sandstone.

In Winneshiek county this sandstone is exposed only in
interrupted areas along the Oneota river below Decorah, and
along Canoe creek, where it forms portions of the bordering
bluffs, and in several localities in the extreme northeastern
part of the county, notably near the state line, where the
exposures are evidently remnants of formerly extensive de-
posits, or the visible margins of sandstone strata now buried
under geest, or drift, or loess.

The St. Peter sandstone of Allamakee county, which lies
east of Winneshiek, has been described as follows: *

‘“’The formation is made up almost entirely of water-worn
Stains on quartz. 7 "9 * -* Fhe Saimt Peter sandstone
is in some places practically as incoherent as when the beds
were first laid down in the Ordovician sea. In portions
exposed to the weather for some time the constituent sand

* Calvin, S., Iowa Geol. Sur., vol. IV, p. 69; 1895.

226 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

grains become more or less cemented at and near the surface.
* * * At a laree proportion of tie localities. 7. maa
the sandstone is so far indurated as to admit of being taken
out in blocks.”

This description applies equally well to the exposures in
Winneshiek county. The sandstone is usually so easily eroded
that the bases of the exposures are buried in a broad talus of
sand* upon which a scant sandy soil is held in place by the
scattered vegetation. Upon this sandy talus, and upon the
more or less projecting ledges of sandstone} and the thin sandy
soil which here and there appears upon their upper surfaces,
an interesting flora is established. It is noteworthy because
it adds five species of flowering plants and one fern to the
hitherto known flora of the state, but its chief interest lies in
its relationship to peculiar local floras in remote portions of
the state, and in the fact that it is made up in part of com-
mon plants belonging normally to other habitats but which
have here established themselves in very much reduced sizes.

The new state records are the following:

Woodsia tlvensis (1,.) R. Br. This widely distributed north-
erly species, long known from Minnesota and Wisconsin, was
found in considerable numbers at two localities northeast
from Hesper, in both cases on northerly exposures.

Polygonum douglas’ Greene. Very conimon on sandy talus
northeast from Hesper.

Polygonum camporum Meisn. Rare. The species also occurs
westward in the state, but has heretofore been confused with
Polygonum ramosisstmum Mx.

Aronia nigra (Willd.) Britt. In crevices of rock at one
point, only, northeast from Hesper. (See Plate IJ).

Prunus pumila 1, This was associated with the preceding
species. It has been reported from southwestern Wisconsin.*

Rubus baileyanus Britton. Rare. On ledges northeast from
Hesper.

*See Plate I.
+See Plates II and III.
*IL, H. Pammel; Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. I, pt. Il, p. 78; 1892.

THE FLORA OF THE ST. PETER SANDSTONE. 227

It should also be noted that Phragmidium fragari@ (?) was
found abundantly upon /oentilla tridentata Sol., a host-plant
hitherto unrecorded from Iowa for this fungus.

The flora under discussion varies more or less with the
texture of the rock or soil, and with exposure, and may, for
convenience, be considered in several groups.

Upon the harder exposed rock surfaces the following species
of lichens and mosses were found:

Lecanora rubina (Vill.) Ach. Buellia spuria (Schaer.) Arn.
Physcia cesia (Hoffm.) Nyl. Bryum intermedium Brid.
armelia conspersa (Khrh.) Ach. Ceratodon purpureus Brid.
Urceolaria scruposa (1,.) Ny]. Dicranella heteromalla Schimp.

Placodium aurantiacum ight.) N. & H.

Upon the upper portions of the ledges, 1m crevices, or on
surfaces on which a little sandy soil had accumulated, but
which are more or less exposed, the following species occurred:
Cladonia cornucopioides Gir Linum sulcatum Rid.

Cladonia rangiferina (1,.) Hoffm. Polygala viridescens \.
Grimaldia barbifrons Bisch. Potentilla tridentata Sol.
Polytrichum piliferum Schreb. Prunus pumila Vy.
Sellaginella rupestris (1...) Spring. Aronia nigra (Willd. ) Britt.
Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. Scutellaria parvula Mx.

and upon mosses, etc., in similar situations, were:

Physcia pulverulenta (Schreb. ) Nyl.
Omphalia, probably umbratilis Fr.
Flumaria—sp. ?
Where the sandy soil on the rock ledges was somewhat
better developed, the following species were found:

Muhlenbergia racemosa(Mx. )B.S.P. Helianthemum canadense (L.) Mx.

Aristida basiramea Eng. Lechea tenutfolia Mx.

Bouteloua hirsuta Vag. Polygonum camporum Meisn.
Eragrostis frankii Steud. Gnaphalium obtustfolium 1.
Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. Euthamia caroliniana (1. ) Greene.
Lespedeza capitata Mx. Solidago rigidiuscula (T. & G.) Port.
Amorpha canescens Pursh. Aster sericeus Vent.

and where somewhat better shaded or protected:
Woodsia ilvensis and Rubus batleyanus.
The sandy talus below the ledges yielded the following
native plauts:

228 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Festuca octoflora Walt.. Polygonum douglasii Greene
Sporobolus brevifolius (Nutt.) Nash. Polygonum tenue Mx.
Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. Solidago nemoralis Ait.

and stunted forms of Helianthemum canadense (1,) Mx. and Lechea
tenutfolia Mx.

Also the following introduced weeds:

Chetochloa glauca (1,.) Scrib. Rumex acetosella Vy.
Syntherisma linearis Krock.)Nash. Lepidium virginicum \.
Syntherisma sanguinale (1...) Dulac. O-xalis stricta \.

Poa pratensis Vj. Nepeta cataria I,.
Polygonum aviculare \,. Ambrosia artemisicfolia 1,.
Polygonum convolvulus Vy. Leptilon canadense (1,.) Britt.

Polygonum pennsylvanicum Y,,

Both the talus and the sandy soil on the ledges gradually
shade off into deeper and better soil, and trees and shrubs,
such as Betula papyrifera Marsh., Quercus macrocarpa Mx.,
Quercus velutina Lam., Amelanchier canadensts (1,.) Medic.,
Amelanchier rotundifolia (Mx.) Roem., Prunus pennsylvanica
L., Prunus virginiana J,., etc., and their accompanying meso-
phytic herbs, were found, but it is scarcely proper to refer
these to the flora of the St. Peter sandstone.

In the saine doubtful category should be placed Alarchantia
polymorpha \,., Porella platyphylla Landb., Athyrium filix-
femina (1) Roth, and Cystopteris bulbifera (1,.) Bernh,
which were found upon moist rocks in sheltered places.

It will be noticed that with these exceptions the flora of
the St. Peter sandstone is almost wholly xerophytic. More
permanent terrestrial xerophytic areas in Iowa are practically
limited to the following:

Unsheltered rock exposures of comparatively limited extent.

Higher sands not subject to frequent overflows, including
secondary sandy terraces and sand-dunes.

Dry ridges in wooded areas, usually rocky or gravelly,
sometimes loess-covered.

Dry prairies.

Ordinary sand bars may also be included, but the fact that
they are subject to frequent overflows renders the conditions
which exist on them somewhat mixed, and subject to rapid
change.

THE FLORA OF THE ST. PETER SANDSTONE. 229

In its ecological characters the St. Peter sandstone com-
bines more or less the qualities of all these areas. Its more
indurated ledges furnish the exposed rock; its talus supplies
all the conditions of the sand-area, and the gradually in-
creasing sandy soil which extends back from the tops of
the ledges, is equivalent in character to the dry ridge
and prairie. Consequently we find a blending of the floras
of these several areas. The lichens, bryophytes and pterid-
ophytes point to a relationship with the flora of the Sioux
Quartzite in the extreme northwestern part of the state; such
forms as Lenum sulcatum, Scutellaria parviula, Helhanthemum
canadense, Lechea tenutfola, Aster sericeus, Swsyrinchium
augustifolium, Polygala viridescens, etc., recall the dry, often
sandy-ridge flora; the grasses, sedges, Polygonums, etc., sug-
gest the flora of the higher sand-bars and dunes of Muscatine
county; while Lespedeza capitata, Amorpha canescens, Solidago
rigidiuscula, etc., connect this flora with that of the dry
prairies, which blend westward with the almost desert-like
loess and drift ridges of the western part of the state.

By no means the least interesting part of the flora is that
which has been comparatively recently introduced. At least
thirteen species of common weeds have demonstrated their
great adaptability to evironment by flourishing,—if that
term is permissible under the circumstances,—upon the sandy
talus of the areas under discussion. ‘They are much reduced
in size, but flower and fruit freely. These sandy areas are
unlike ordinary sand-bars, because they are not subject to
overflow, nor are they like the sand-dunes, on which the con-
stantly shifting sands make the existence of many plants
impossible. These sands are more permanent, and will remain
in their present condition for a long time, since there isa
constant gradual addition of sand from the ledges above. The
interesting question arises,—will these more permanent con-
ditions finally give rise to distinct races, or forms, or varieties,
of the plants which have been introduced either from other
uative floras, or as weeds?

THE - DISCOMY CETESI0OF EASIER
IOWA

By FRED JAY SEAVER

PREFACE

In view of the fact that the Discomycetes have been very
little studied in this State, the work presented in the follow-
ing paper was taken up in the fall of 1902 at the suggestion
of Professor T. H. Macbride, under whose direction the work
has been conducted and to whom I wish to acknowledge my in-
debtedness for his untiring aid and attention. I am also in-
debted to Professor B. Shimek for valued suggestions and
many collections of material.

Beginning with the fall of 1902 much material was collected
in the woods surrounding Iowa City on account of the favor-
able season resulting from the unusually heavy rain-fall, which
material was preserved for study. In the spring of 1903 several
specimens were collected near the Agricultural Experiment
Station, Lafayette, Indiana, all of which, with one or two ex-
ceptions, have been duplicated in this State. In June of the
same season one very interesting specimen was collected in
Washington Park, Chicago,which is here described and which
has not been collected in the State so far as known. In the
following summer one species was collected in Pocahontas
county and at the same time several were collected by Pro-
fessor B. Shimek in Winneshiek county, Iowa.

In all nearly one hundred species belonging to this group
have been collected, the most of them in the vicinity of Iowa
City. Fifty of these, including the one collected in Illinois,
are described in this paper. The remaining specimens col-

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 231

lected are retained for further study and it is hoped will appear
in a later paper.

In making the determinations I wish to extend thanks to
Dr. E. J. Durand of Cornell University for suggestions and

exchange of material.
FRED J. SEAVER.

Iowa City, April, 1904.

INTRODUCTION

The Discomycetes include all those forms of ascomycetous
fungi in which the fruiting surface, or hymenium, is well
exposed at maturity. This character distinguishes them from
the closely allied group, the Pyrenomycetes, in which the
hymenium is entirely inclosed in the perithecium, or open to
the exterior by a small aperture only. On account of the
peculiar cup-like form assumed by many of the plants of this
group in their fruiting phase, they are often called cup-fungi.
Ranging, as they do, in size from cups three or four inches
in diameter to those scarcely visible to the unaided eye, many
of the smaller and often more beautiful forms are seldom, if
ever, seen by the casual observer.

As all other fungi, the individuals of this group are either
parasitic, or saprophytic; the parasitic forms being found for
the most part, on the stems and leaves of living plants, while
the saprophytic forms, which comprise by far the larger num-
ber, occur on almost every kind of decaying organic material,
where the conditions of moisture are suitable. In damp shady
woods, scarcely a decaying log may be found which does not
bear on its surface some form of discomycetes, although the
aid of the hand-lens is often necessary to bring their minute
forms into view. But although small in size, they are no less
perfect in structure and beautiful in appearance; their colors
often rivaling those of the most brilliant flowers of our gardens
and their microscopic sporidia being often beautifully colored
and delicately sculptured.

232 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The predominating colors to be found among the plants of
this group are shades of red or yellow; the red ranging from
brilliant scarlet to dull brownish black, and the yellow includ-
ing almost every conceivable tint. In addition to these colors,
some plants are black, some white, and a few a dull green.
As to the function of the color in fungi, little is known. De
Bary attributes it to the presence of minute globules which
are the aggregations of fatty materials in the protoplasm of
the cells of the fungus. But whether the color should be
attributed to the fatty substances themselves or to other color-
ing matters which are only associated with them is not known.
In this locality the most brilliant forms occur in the late fall
or early spring and it may be that the bright colors are asso-
ciated with low temperatures. The most brilliantly colored
form to be found in this region is Sarcoscypha coccinea (Jacq.)
Sace. Pl. XXII Fig. m1. Plants of this species may be found
attached to sticks which are buried under leaves and soil in
the late fall. The same plants have been found in the spring
while the ground was still frozen, apparently in a fresh and
living condition. There seems to be no doubt that these
plants live during the winter under snow and ice, and it may
be that the brilliant scarlet colors are concerned in this fact.

The life-history of the discomycete, as well as that of all
other fungi, exhibits two distinct phases, the vegetative or
growing phase and the reproductive. The unit of structure
of the fungus is the hypha, and in this group of fungi the
vegetative phase consists of a net-work of delicate, thread-like
hyphae, or of combinations of hyphae forming larger cord-like
mycelial strands which branch and permeate through the
substratum on which the fruiting discs or cups are found, and
is consequenty generally hidden from view. But the repro-
ductive phase generally appears above ground and is often
elevated on a pedicel in order that the spores may be more
widely distributed at maturity.

In many of the plants of this group two distinct methods
of reproduction have been studied; the sexual and the asexual.

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 21313

The asexual method of reproduction consists in the formation
of spores which are called gonidia or conidio-spores. When
present they may often be seen in the form of delicate chains,
each of which is composed of a great number of minute globu-
lar, or slightly elongated bodies which are formed by a series
of constrictions in a simple or branching aerial hypha. These
minute reproductive bodies are broken apart at maturity and
carried away by the wind or other agency to produce a new
fungus. In addition to the ordinary method of asexual re-
production these plants may also be reproduced vegetatively.
Portions of the mycelium may be kept in a dry condition for
an indefinite length of time and finally made to revive and
grow by placing them in a moist chamber with suitable
material for nourishment.

The sexual method of reproduction is much more difficult
to study, especially in its early stages, but in general takes
place in the following manner as described by DeBary for
Ascobolus furfuraceus Pers. Pl. XV Fig. 11. The method
varies somewhat with different species.

A branch arises from the mycelium and becomes very much
enlarged at its upper extremity and separated by transverse
walls into a number of cells which are well provided with
protoplasm. This hyphal branch is called the archicarp.
Other branches arise from near its base which grow upward
and apply themselves at its extremity. This contact is fol-
lowed by the production of another mass of hyphee which en-
tirely surround the archicarp and become closely united form-
ing a layer of tissue which is called pseudo-parenchyma. The
outer layer of this tissue forms a rind, some of the cells of
which send out rhizoid or root-like hyphe into the sub-
stratum below and in many species, still other cells produce
hairs, differing in form and structure, which cover the exterior
of the cup. Sterile branches called paraphyses are given off
at the apical region just beneath the rind, or perithecium.
This constitutes the beginning of the hymenium or fruiting
surface. As new branches are thrust up between the old ones,

234 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

the surface becomes broader until it ruptures the perithecium
and the hymenium is exposed in the form of a disc. At this
time branches are sent out from one of the cells of the ferti-
lized archicarp and are added to the subhymenial layer. These
branches are called the ascogenous hyphe. From the cells
of this tissue arise the spore bearing hyphz or asci, which
are thrust up between the paraphyses and continue to grow
until they reach the surface of the hymenium.

The spores are formed endogenously by successive division
of the nucleus within the terminal cell of the ascus. The
number of spores in each ascus is generally two or some
multiple of two, increasing in the following ratio:—2-4-8-16-
32-64-128. This complete series is represented among the
species described in this paper, with the exception of the first
and last. /umaria tetraspora (Fckl.) Sacc., Pl. XI Fig.
I, shows constantly four spores in each ascus. Any of the
common forms will showeight. Ryparobius sexdecimsporus
(Cr.) Sace., Pl. XVIII Fig. 1, will show the next number in
the series which is sixteen. ‘Thirty-two are found in each
ascus of Ryfarobius pelletiert (Cr.) Sacc., Pl. XVII Fig. 1
and sixty-four in Ryparobius crustaceus (Fckl.) Rehm., Pl.
XVII Fig. u. One other representative has been studied in
which there are more than sixty-four but the exact number
could not be determined definitely. In adddition to this series
sone species which ordinarily have eight spores sometimes
contain only four or six. This has been found to occur in
plants of Ascobolus immersus Pers., Pl. XVI Fig. 1, which
were grown in the laboratory. Several plants were examined
in each of which asci were found containing eight spores,
several in each plant also being found containing only four,
and in one or two cases, six.

The arrangement of the spores in the ascus varies with
different species and genera and depends to some extent upon
their form.

As to form, the sporidia may be spherical, elliptical, fusi-
form or spindle-shaped, or linear with many gradations

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 235

between all of these forms. ‘The spherical spores are gen-
erally disposed in one row iu the ascus, those of an elliptical
form in one, two, or four rows, or they may be irregularly
arranged as in many species of Ascobolus. ‘The elliptical
spores are generally parallel or oblique with reference to the
ascus. The fusiform spores may be in one or two rows and
are generally nearly parallel with the ascus and those of a
linear form are side by side and also parallel or nearly so.

The spores may be free in the ascus or imbedded in a
gelatinous substance. In several species each individual
spore is imbedded in this way, and in one genus, Saccobolus,
the eight spores are closely united and the whole number
imbedded in a block of gelatine, in which they are ejected
from the ascus, still remaining united after being ejected.

Externally the spores may be smooth or marked in various
ways. The markings may be the form of minute spines
' which are sometimes long, and sometimes very short, or they
may form larger wart-like structures when the spores are said
to be verrucose. In still other cases the spores are marked
by elevated ridges arranged so as to form various patterns.
In this case the spore is said to be reticulate.

Internally the spores are colored, transparent or hyaline, or
granular, and in many cases there are one or several trans-
parent drops, the number being quite constant with the
different species, and the spore is then said to be guttate or
guttulate. In many cases, especially when the spores are
long and slender, they are divided by cross walls into several
cells, and are then septate.

One of the most interesting points in connection with the
sexual fructification of the discomycetes is the manner in
which the spores are ejected from the ascus at maturity. If
fresh material of almost any of the common species, such as
Peziza aurantia Pers., Pl. VIII, Fig. 1. be placed in a moist
chamber and left for some time, on suddenly lifting the
bell jar, a cloud of spores will be seen to issue from the
hymenium in such numbers that the fungi are often said to

236 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

smoke. This so-called smoking takes place at intervals and
seems to be brought about by any slight disturbance in the
atmosphere; the breath often being sufficient to cause the
ejection of thousands of spores. This phenomenon is well
known to all those who are familiar with the plants of this
group, but the cause is not so well known. Since the puffing
of the spores takes place after removing the bell jar, it is
thought by some students of fungi that the ejection of the
spores is due to the contraction of the ascus in- drying. This
is not the case for if uninjured asci from fresh plants be
placed on a slide in water, thus preventing every possibility
of drying, the ejection will take place and may be easily
studied with the microscope. The addition of water does
not hinder the processs aud the activity of the apparatus is
even stimulated in this way.

The ejection of the spores probably takes place continually
while the plants are under cover but the ejection of the spores -
in large numbers at the moment of raising the bell jar is
probably due to the sudden change in the atmospheric
pressure. The bursting of the ascus is brought about by the
internal pressure resulting from the process of endosmosis.
The ejection of the spores does not take place if the asci are
immersed in a solution of alcohol or glycerine, showing that
those agencies which tend to promote the process of endomosis
stimulate the spore-dispersal.

If asci immersed in water are carefully studied during the
process of spore ejection, they will be seen not to contract, but
to expand just before the ejection of the spores and then to
assume their normal form except for the rupture at their free
end, and to remain thus if unmolested. If several asci from
fresh plants of Zachnea scutellata (JAnn.) Sace., Pl. VI, Fig.
I, in which the spores are arranged in a definite row in the
ascus, be studied as described above, the spores will be seen
to crowd toward its free end so that the row is broken up and
the spores are crowded together, the ascus becoming very
much expanded at that point. They remain in this position

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 237

for some time as though under tension, when suddenly the
ascus breaks at a certain point called the point of dehiscence
and the spores are ejected in a mass.

The position and form of the rupture of the ascus for the
exit of the spores varies in different species. In some species
it is a simple slit-like opening across the end of the ascus,
while in others it is in the form of a circle near its end so that
the whole top is entirely removed or remains attached at one
side in the form of a lid. That the operculum should remain
attached at one side seems to be accidental. The spore
pressure from within would be likely to be more on one side
than the other, and the operculum, having broken loose on
that side would naturally remain attached at the other, as it
does in many species. Boudier has placed a great deal of
importance upon the manner of dehiscence of the ascus and
in one of his papers he suggests that this be used asa basis of
classification for separating the discomycetes into two large
groups, the operculate and the non-operculate forms.

In many of the species of this group the asci emerge
beyond the surface of the hymenium at maturity, this being
brought about, in part at least, by the elongation of the mature
ascus. ‘This is characteristic of the family Ascobolacee, in
many of which the spores become purple at maturity.
Measurements show that the asci which contain purple spores
are much longer than those in which the spores are not yet
mature. ‘This may be in part due to the stretching of the
ascus from the pressure within, as is indicated by the fact
that the asci tend to retract after the spores have been
ejected.

‘The emergence of the asci in this group led to the old idea
that the asci themselves were ejected with their spores. This
was commonly thought to be the case by early writers on
account of the disappearance of the asci after the ejection of
their dark colored contents. Prof. Underwood, of Columbia
University, in his book entitled “Moulds, Mildews and Mush-
rooms,” page 56, describes it in the following words: ‘The

238 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Ascobolacee are peculiar in their habit of discharging their
asci so as to more widely disseminate their spores.”” That
this is a mistake may be shown by a simple experiment. If
a small piece of glass be moistened on one side with glycerine
or some other substance which will furnish a sticky surface,
and suspended over the plants with the moist surface down
until the asci have had time to eject their spores, the sticky
film will be found upon examination to contain spores and no
ascl.

The most interesting form for this experiment is Ascobolus
zmmeersus Pers. Pl. XVI, Fig. 1. Plants of this species may
be grown in the laboratory on suitable material. In spite of
the small size of the plants they may be easily studied on
account of the large size of the spores and asci. If grown
under cover, after removing the cover the emergent asci can
be seen with the naked eye and counted with the aid of the
hand-lens. The asci do not all mature at one time but from
three to five may be seen at one time in the same plant. At
the time of the maturity of the spores, the asci, project to
such an extent that the eight spores are borne in that part of
the ascus above the surface of the hymenium. After leaving
the plants uncovered for a short time the asci will be seen to
suddenly disappear one at a time or several at once. DeBary
says that in the Ascobolacee the spores are ejected from all
the mature asci in each plant at one time and not in suc-
cession. In this case the mature asci do not always eject
their spores at one time, but it may take place in succession.
If a glass be suspended over these plants as described above
it will soon be found to contain spores in clusters of eight
each; the spores having been ejected with such force that all
of the spores from each individual ascus remain attached to
the glass. In this case the spores are in clusters but not in
close contact as they were in the ascus but scattered as shot
would scatter when fired from a gun. In other species of
Ascobolus, in which the asci are more numerous the spores are
not in clusters but cover the entire surface of the glass, but in
no case are asci found to be present.

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 239

The process of spore-dispersal may also be studied with the
low power of the microscope in almost any of the members of
this family. In Ryfarobius crustaceus (Fckl.) Rehm., Pl.
XVII, Fig. 11, the asci have been seen to protrude very much
until the spores have been ejected and then to gradually
retract toward their original position.

DeBary in his Morphology and Biology of Fungi, p. 92,
describes this process in the following words: ‘When the
asci are ready to eject their spores they are very much
extended and their broad club-shaped apex rises considerably
above the surface of the hymenium; this led to the erroneous
idea which was reproduced by Boudier, that the asci became
detached from their point of insertion and wandered up
among the paraphyses; they really remain firmly attached as
in all the rest of the Discomycetes. The projecting asci are
moreover distinctly visible to the naked eye in the larger
species as dark points, by reason of the dark violet-colored
spores in their apices. These points disappear at the moment
of dusting, because the spores fly off and the empty tubes are
drawn back beneath the surface of the hymenium. Older
observers were led by these appearances to the mistaken
notion that the entire asci were ejected from the hymenium
and hence the name Ascobolus.”

The habitat of the discomycetes varies with the different
species and seems to be quite constant in each individual
case. Only one of the species described in this paper is
parasitic, Mollista dehnii (Rabenh.) Karst., Pl. XXIII, Fig.
1. This plant occurs on living plants of Potentilla norvegica
and grows in such numbers as to almost completely cover the
stems and leaves, those on the leaves being found on or near
the veins.

The remaining forms are saphrophytic and occur on nearly
every kind of organic matter, such as decaying wood, leaves
and stems of herbaceous plants, damp soil which is mixed
with organic material, charcoal, ashes, old cloth, paper, etc.

Ascophanus testaceus (Moug.) Phill. Pl. XIII, Fig. 1, is

240 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

commonly found on old sacking, probably on account of the
material of which the sacking is made. ‘This species has
been described by many authors as occurring on this kind of
habitat; and for this reason, during the spring of 1903 an old
sack found in a damp place among weeds at Lafayette, Indiana,
was examined for the purpose of finding this particular
species. It was found to be covered in places with the beau-
tiful, pale red plants. Specimens of this material after being
kept dry for several months were placed ir a moist chamber
and resumed growth. Other pieces of sacking were inocu-
lated from this and produced mature plants in a few weeks.
Specimens of the same plant have been found in smaller
quantities in this state growing on old rag carpet.

Several genera, including the one just mentioned, are
usually found on the dung of different animals. These
genera belong to the family Ascobolacea. Nearly all of the
plants described here belonging to this family have been
grown on such materials in the laboratory. Fresh material
may be used but in most cases the material used was that
obtained outside and which had stood in the open field for
some time. ‘This material would be crowded with spores
and spawn of various kinds.

Several different species were grown on the same sub-
stratum but generally appear at different times. In several
cases the same specimen has been grown on different kinds of
dung but in many cases the plants seem best adapted or
restricted to one particular habitat, so that knowing this, we
may predict the species likely to appear.

One species Ascobolus atro-fuscus (P. & P.) Pl. XV, Fig.
I, is commonly found on burnt ground and charcoal, but as a
group the Ascobolacee are dung-inhabiting plants.

Those specimens which were grown in the laboratory and
the kind of material on which they were grown is indicated
in the descriptions and need not be repeated here.

The history of the study of the discomycetes extends back

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 241

over several centuries. The first available reference to the
name /ezzza used as a botanical term, under which most of
those forms now included in the /ezzz7enee were at first
studied, is in “ Plinie’s Naturall Historie,” Vol. 2, p.:7, Chap.
3, a translation published in 1601 from the original written
about 70 A. D., and reads as follows: ‘ Within the province
of Cyrenaica in Affrick, there is found the like excresence
called Missy, passing sweet and pleasant, as well in regard of
the smell as the taste, more pulpous also and fuller of
carnositie than the rest: likewise, another of that nature in
Thravia, called Ceraunium. As touching all the forts of
Mushromes, Toad-stools, Puffes, Fusbals or Fusses, these
particulars following are observed, First it is known for
certain, That if the autumn be much disposed to raine, and
withall the aire bee troubled and disquieted with many
thunders, during that season: there will be good store of such
Mushromes, &c., especially (I say) if it thunder much. * *
ne) As fouchine the Frafiiesor Mushromes
of Afia, the most excelent of all others be neare unto Lamp-
sacuim and Alopeconnesus: but the best that Greece yieldeth
are in the territorie about the citie Elis. In this Toad-stoole
or Mushroome kind are those flat Fusses and Puffes to be
reckoned, which the Greeks name /ezzt@ (Pezici): as they
have no root at all, so they bee altogether without either stele
or taile.”

Whether the plants referred to in this article are the same
as those now included under that name is not known.

In 1719, Dillenius in “‘Catalogus Plantarum” p. 194-196
describes several species of Pezzza.

In 1769, Linnzus in Systema Natura Vol. 3, p. 725
describes several species of fungi under the same namie.

In 1791, Bulliard in Historie des Champignons described
and illustrated many species belonging to both the Pezzzinee
and the Helvelinee. Other authors who have described
much material belonging to this group are Persoon, who
published Synopsis Methodica Fungorum in the year 1801,

242 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Fries in Systema Mycologicum published in 1823, and Cooke
in Handbook of British Fungi, in 1871.

Phillips in his book entitled British Discomycetes, pub-
lished in 1887 describes more than six hnndred species of
plants belonging to this:group, which occur in England.

In 1889 Saccardo published Sylloge Fungorum in which
all the known species up to that date are described, and in
1897 Engler and Prantl published that part of the Naturlichen
Pflanzen Familien in which the principal groups are des-
cribed and illustrated.

The classification of the group varies at different times and
with different authors. Most of the forms now belonging to the
Pezizine@ were at first included under the genus Pezzza and
it was represented by only a small number of described species
The /ezzzinee are now represented by about three thousand
known species which are distributed among many different
genera, the exact number of genera depending upon the
author. The Discomycetes represent one of the largest groups
of fungi and are world-wide in their distribution.

The external characters were used by the early authors as
the only basis for classification, but since the microscope has
come into use, in addition to the external characters, much
attention is given by recent writers on the subject to the
internal characters such as the size of the asci, spores and
paraphyses, also to the form, markings and coloration of the
spores.

By most of the recent authors the /ezzzzmeae are divided
into nine families, the distinction between the families being
made on the internal and external characters as given above.

Dr. E. J. Durand of Cornell University suggests a new
basis of classification for separating the Pezzzznee into families.
He divides the Pezzzznee into four families, the distinction
being made upon the structural characters of the sterile part
of the fruiting phase. Since the aim in modern classification
is to show as far as possible the natural relationship, a classifi-

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 243

cation based upon structural characters is that by which this
may best be done.

The classification used here with few exceptions is that pre-
sented by Schroeter and Lindau in Engler-Prantl, Natur-
lichen Pflanzen Familien. ‘The complete key to the genera
of the two orders /felvellinee and Pezizinee is given here as
presented in that work.

Since the determinations have been made for the most part
without material for comparison, any corrections by those
interested will be gratefully received.

KEY TO THE- GENERA

A—Hymenium exposed from the first : é Flelvellinee
A—Hymenium at first closed.
b—Hymenium open at an early stage, without
firm covering : : ¢ : Pezizine@
b—Hymenium inclosed in fae covering, opening
at maturity.
c—Opening with a star-like aperture F Phacidiineeé
c—Elongate opening with a slit-like aperture //ysteriinew

HELVELLINE A

A—Receptacle borne on a stem.
b—Pileus clavate or knob-like; asci non-oper-

culate. ; : : é 6 : Geoglossace@
b—Pileus capitate or pileate; asci operculate Flelvellaceé
A—Receptacle sessile. . j : Rhizinacee
GEOGLOSSACE 4%

A—Receptacle sessile on the stem or adnate with it.
b—Receptacle clavate, sessile on the stem.
c—Spores colorless, 1-celled.
d—Pileus sharply distinguished from the

stem, bright colored : Mitrula
d—Pileus not sharply cease et ee
or dark colored ‘ ; 3 ; Microglossum
c—Spores several-celled.
d—Spores colorless j : : : Leptoglossum

d—Spores brown : ; < ; Geoglossum

244 ATURAL HISTORY

b—Receptacle spoon-shaped, adnate with the stem.

c—Receptacle adnate on one side only
c—Receptacle adnate on both sides of stem.
d—Spores spherical
d—Spores linear
A—Receptacle knob-like, pileate, Caer aly eee
guished from the stem, with a definite rind.
b—Spores elongate-elliptic, fusiform or needle-
shaped.
c—Spores elongate-elliptic.
d—Receptacle gelatinous
d—Receptacle waxy
c—Spores linear.
d—Receptacle fleshy;
rind :
d—Receptacle waxy; pilenee cup- eed
b—Spores spherical

jae pileate, with

HELVELLACE#

A—Pileus hollow entirely or in the upper part only.
The cavity of the pileus is a continuation of that
of the stem.
b—Upper surfare of the pileus marked by deep

pits
b—Upper ene of the piers eared vy apeul
folds :

beil - slied or ecea!

attached to the stem at the central point only.

b—Pileus bell-shaped

b—Pileus flat, inverted almost are

b—Pileus lobed, wrapped around the stem

RHIZINACE2A

A—Spores elliptical or fusiform.
b—Receptacle flat, fleshy-membranous, spread out
or inverted.
c—Under side smooth 3
c—Under side with root-like processes
b—Receptacle fleshy upright columnar
A—Spores spherical; receptacle roundish

PEZIZINEZX

A—Receptacle free. Stroma entirely wanting or
consisting of a felt-like layer or a thin black
crust.
b—Receptacle fleshy or waxy, rarely gelatinous;

ends of paraphyses free.

BULLETIN.

Hemiglossum

NNeolecta
Spathularia

Leotia
Cudontella

Cudonia
Vibrissea
Resleria

Morchella

Gyromtitra

Verpa
Cidaris
FHtelvella

Psilopeziza
Rhizina
Underwoodia
Spherosoma

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 245

c—Peridium and hypothecium of nearly the
same structure.
d—Receptacle open from the first, convex;
peridium wanting or poorly developed
d—Receptacle at first concave; peridium
developed; fleshy.
e—Asci at maturity forming an even
layer, not emergent
e—Asci at maturity emergent
c—Peridium forming a more or less well dif-
ferentiated layer.
d—Peridium composed of elongate, thin,
bright-walled cells parallel with each other
forming the pseudo-parenchyma
d—Peridium composed of roundish or angu-
lar, thin, dark-walled cells forming the
psudo-parenchyma ;
b—Receptacle leathery or ete enone ends of
paraphyses united to form an epithecium.
c—Peridium wanting or poorly developed
c—Peridium well developed, mostly leathery.
d—Receptacle free from the first, never in-
closed in a membrane 5 :
d—Receptacle at first submerged, later
breaking through the epidermis, cup- or
beaker-shaped often at first inclosed in a
membrane
A—Receptacle seated on a met aercianed erromia
consisting of strands or knob-like structures.
b—Stroma consisting of strands; receptacle on
ends of strands ;
b—Stroma consisting of abe ine = endnee
receptacles imbedded

PYRONEMACE A:

A—Receptacle seated on loose hyph; hypothecium
very poorly developed; peridium wanting; asci
free on the receptacle.
b—Epispore colored
b—Epispore colorless

A—Receptacle seated on a spider- wade tiie, or felt-
like mass of hyphz; hypothecium well developed,
fleshy; peridium poorly developed.

b— Spores elliptical
b—Spores spherical

Pyronemaceeé

Pezizacee

Ascobolaceé

FHelotiacee

Mollisiaceeé

Celidiaceé

Patellariacee

Cenangiacea

Cordieritidacee

Cyttariacee

Ascodesmis
Ascocalathium

Pyronema
Pyronemella

246 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

PEZIZACEA

A—Spores spherical.
b—Receptacle externally clothed with hairs.
c—Receptacle bright colored; hairs long, sharp .Sph@rospora
c—Receptacle dark colored; hair fine short Pseudoplectania
b—Receptacle externally smooth . : : Plicariella
A—Spores elliptic, blunt, rarely pointed.
Serre externally hairy.
Lachnea

ee: first buried or partly ariel in ground,

margin irregularly splitting . : : Sarcosphera
b—Receptacle externally smooth.
c—Regular, cup-shaped, margin smooth . Peziza

Sub-genera
d—Juice colorless.
e—Asci blue with iodine

f—Receptacle sessile. : : Plicaria
f—Receptacle stipitate . é : Tazzetla

e—Asci not blue with iodine.
f—Spores smooth or rough.
g—Entirely sessile . 3 : Flumaria
g—More or less sessile.

i—Stem smooth.
j—Receptacle goblet- or beaker-

shaped : : : Geopyxts
j—Receptacle at last entirely
Hat 63 3 , : Discina
i—Stem uneven, grooved . Acetabula
h—Stem long thin; receptacle out-
side rough ; ; . Macropodia
f—Spores at last reticulate . : Aleuria
d—Juice milky, colored : Z : Galactinia

c—Cup irregular, split or elongated on one side Ofidea

ASCOBOLACE At

A—Spores colorless.
b—Spores spherical . : : : : Cubonia
b—Spores elliptical.
c—Peridium developed.
d—Asci 8-spored.

e—Receptacle hairy “ ; : Lastobolus

e—Receptacle smooth 3 ; : Ascophanus
d—Asci 16- to many-spored.

e—Asci without ring at summit : Ryparobius

e—Asci with ring at summit . ; Slreptotheca

c—Peridium wanting.

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN
d—Cup not surrounded with gelatinous layer
d—Cup with gelatinous layer

A—Spores colored, at last violet or brown.

b—Spores spherical

b—Spores elliptical, or fusiform.
e—Spores united in a ball in the ascus
c—Spores free in the ascus

HELOTIACEK 4}

A—Receptacle between fleshy and
thick or membranous.
b—Receptacle fleshy waxy, bright fragile or dull

leathery; not coherent.

c—Externally hairy.
d—Externally tomentose
d—Externally bristly

c——Externally smooth.

waxy Or waxy,

IOWA.

Zukalina
Gleopeziza

Boudiera

Saccobolus
Ascobolius

Sarcoscypha
Pilocratera

d—Receptacle not springing from sclerotium.

e——Spores at length not stalked.
f—Substratum green
f—Substratum not colored
e—Spores, at length, stalked
d——Receptacle arising from a sclerotium
b—Receptacle waxy, thick, tough or membranous.
c—Receptacle externally hairy.
d—Receptacle seated on a web of hyphe.
e—Spores |-celled =
e—Spores at last more than 1- bailed
d—Receptacle without web of hyphe.
e—Spores spherical
e—Spores elliptical or elongate.
f—Hymenium clothed with dark hairs
f—Hymenium smooth.
g—Paraphyses blunt at the apices.

h—Apothecium delicate; spores
l-celled or 2-celled
h—Apothecium thick; spores at

last 2-celled :
g—Paraphyses sharp at the apices.
Spores at last 1-celled
h—Spores at last more than 1-celled
c—Receptacle externally smooth.
d—Spores spherical
d—Spores elliptical or fusiform.
e—Spores at last l-celled.
f—Apothecium smooth .
f—Apothecium notched

Chlorosplenium
Ciboria
Rutstremia
Sclerotinia

Eriopeziza
Arachnopeziza

Lachnellula

Desmazierella

Dasyscypha
Lachnella

Lachnum
Eerinella

Pitya

Flymenoscypha
Cyathicula

247

248

e—Spores at last 2-4-celled.
f—Receptacle sessile; rarely crowded,
on ground

f—Receptacle stipitate; stems united.

g—Apothecium waxy; stem short
delicate :

g—Apothecium waxy fee stem
thick

d—Spores linear.
e—Receptacle sessile
e—Receptacle stipitate :
A—Receptacle cartilaginous or gelatinous.
b—Spores at last 1-celled.
c—Receptacle at first spherical, sessile, at last
stipitate, small

c—Receptacle stipitate from frets spherical,
then cup-shaped, larger
b—Spores at last several-celled
MOLLISIACE 4

A—Receptacle fleshy-waxy or rarely membranous.
b—Receptacle from the first free on the substratum.

c—Seated on a conspicuous web of hyphe.
d—Spores at length 1-celled
d—Spores many-celled, linear
c—Not seated on a web of hyphae.
d—Spores at length 1-celled.
e—Spores spherical .
e—Spores elongate
d—Spores at last 2-celled
d—Spores fusiform, 4- to many-celled
d—Spores linear many-celled
b—Receptacle at first immersed in the substratum,
then erumpent.
b—Bright colored, only slightly erumpent.
d—Spores at last only 1-celled
d—Spores at last many-celled
e—Dark colored and strongly erumpent.
d—Spores at last 1-celled.
e—Externally beset with spines
e—Externally smooth-margined, at most,
d—Spores many-celled

A—Receptacle cartilaginous, horny when ne

b—Spores at last 1-celled
b—Spores at last 2-4-celled

NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Belonitum

Belontoscvpha
flelotium

Gorgoniceps
Pocillum

Stamnaria

Ombrophtila
Coryne

Tapesia

Trichobelonium

Mollisiella
Mollisia
Niptera
Belonidium
Belonopsis

Pseudopeziza
Fabrea
Pirott@a
Belontella

Orbilia
Calloria

A—Apothecium thin;
b—Spores hyaline.

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA.

CELIDIACE At

A—Spores 1|-celled.
b—On wood or bark
b—On lichens

A—Spores 2-celled.
b—On wood or bark
b—On lichens

A—Spores 4-6-celled;

on lichens

PATELLARIACE AS

c—Spores 1- often at last 2-celled
c—Spores septate, 4-6-celled

b—Spores brown, 2-celled
A—Apothecium thick; hypothecium well d@retonee:
b—Asci 8-spored.

c—Spores 1- or 2-celled.
d—Spores at last 1-celled.
e—Paraphyses not thickened above
e—Paraphyses club-shaped at their apices.
f—Receptacle from the first on the sur-
face; saprophytic :
f—Receptacle at first feimemed: erum-
pent; parasitic
d—Spores 2-celled.
e—Receptacle smooth.
f—Spores hyaline
f—Spores hyaline then beowe; Zeidler
brownish.
g—Receptacle free, sessile, rarely
slightly immersed; saprophytic.
h—Receptacle round
h—Receptacle elongate or irregular
h—Receptacle linear or stellately
branched
g—Receptacle at first Pameraed en
erumpent; parasitic
e—Receptacle hairy; on living leaves
c—Spores needle-shaped or thread-like, 4 to
many celled.
d—Spores not breaking into single cells in
the ascus.
e—Spores fusiform or elongate.
f—Spores elliptic, mostly 4-
celled hyaline then brown;
parasitic .

(6 or 8)
mostly

hypothecium poorly developed.

Agyrium
Phacopsts

Lecideopsis

Conida
Celidium

Patellea
Durella
Caldesia

Starbeckia

Patinella

Nesolechia

Scutula

Karschia
Melaspilea

249

flysteropatella

Abrothallus
Johansonia

Leciographa

250

f—Spores fusiform, 4- or more celled,
hyaline; saprophytic
e—Spores long, thread-like.
f—Receptacle sessile.
g—Spores rod-like, 4-6 celled.
many celled
f—Receptacle top-shaped, stipitate
d—Spores thread-like, many celled, break-
ing into single cells in the ascus
b—Asci many spored.
e—Spores spherical, 1-celled
c—Tpores elongate, 4-celled

CENANGIACE AS

A—-Receptacles when fresh leathery, horny, or waxy.

b—At first immersed, stroma not present.
e—Spores l-celled.
d—Receptacles bright-colored outside, downy
d-—Receptacles dark-colored outside.
e—Spores hyaline; receptacle smooth out-
side F : : of
e—Spores colored; receptacle externally
downy :
gate 2-4-celled.
Spores hyaline.
e—Spores always 2-celled;
ternally smooth
e—Spores 2 or 4-celled;
ternally downy :
Spores when mature brown to ieowmniehe
black.
e—Receptacle elongate, with thick rind.
e—Receptacle roundish.
f—Spores 2-celled; margin thin
f—Spores 4-celled; margin of receptacle
involute
c—Spores thread-like, many celled
b—Receptacle seated on a more or less well de-
veloped stroma; at first under the bark.
c—Spores 8 in the ascus, not a in
ascus
c—Spores surodeme in fae ascus, ascus filled
with conidia
A—Receptacle in fresh eondeeand satitinanet
b—Receptacle sessile or stipitate, smooth and
cup-shaped,
c—Spores l|-celled.

d

receptacle ex-

receptacle ex-

d

NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Fatellaria

Pragmorpora
Scutularia
Lahmia

Bactrospora

Biatorella
Baggea

Velutaria

Cenangium

Schweinitzia

Cenangella

Crumenula

Tryblidiella

Pseudotryblidium

Rhytidopeziza
Godronia

Dermatea

Tympants

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 251

d—Spores spherical. : : é Pulparia
d——Spores elongate.
e—Receptacle within gelatinous, soft.

f—-Receptacle sessile thin : 3 Bulgariella
f—Receptacle stipitate thick . : Bulgaria
e—Receptacle within watery-gelatinous Sarcosoma

c—Spores 2-celled.
d—Spores unequally 2-celled, rounded, par-

asitic on algze ; : : Paryphedria
d—-Spores elongate Raiited, 2-celled, on

wood : c : : ; F Sorokina
c——Spores thread-like : - : : Flolwaya
e——Spores muriform - : Sarvcomyces

b—Receptacle with disc folded, peace ities

c—Spores l-celled, hyaline : F Flamatomyces
c—Spores septate muriform, dark coined : Heaematomyxa

Order I—HELVELLINEE Schreter.

Receptacle vertical, stipitate, mitrate, pileate, or clavate;

) y ) ) )
hymenium superior, exposed from the first; substance between
fleshy and waxy, rarely gelatinous.

Family I—GEOGLOSSACE 2

Receptacle fleshy, waxy, or gelatinous; fructification sepa-
rated into a sterile stem and a fertile receptacle. Hymenium
on the outside of the receptacle, always exposed. Asci clavate,
non-operculate.

Genus SPA TAY Eb AR LA Pexsoon:

Receptacle fleshy, stipitate, vertical, compressed laterally,
extending down two opposite sides of the stem; sporidia 8,
filiform, hyaline, paraphyses filiform.

One species has been collected in the northeast part of the
state which is distinguished by its yellow color. It is common
in that part of the state on naked soil in woods.

252 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

SPATHULARIA CLAVATA (Schaeff.) Sacc.
PLATE A, Me:41.

1800 #lvella clavata Scheeffer, t. CXLIX.

1801 Spathularia flavida Persoon, Syn. Fung., II, p. 610.

1818 Spathularia flavida Martius, Flora Crpt. Erlang., p. 400.

1860 Spathularia flavida Berkeley, Outl. of Brit. Fung., p. 360.

1871 Spathularia flavida Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung., II, p. 661.

1884 Spathularia fovida Ellis and Everhart, N. A. Fung. No. 1268.

1887 Spathularia flavida Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 30.

1889 Spathularia clavata Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 48.

1896 Spathularia clavata Underwood, Minn. Bot. Studies, reprint, p. 498.
Receptacle spatulate, compressed, nearly even, yellow; mar-

gin often crisped or undulated, 1 to 3 inches high; stem light

colored, whitish; asci clavate; sporidia 8, filiform, 50 to 60 by

2 to 3 microns, guttulate or granular within; paraphyses fili-

form, branched, numerous.

Habitat—On the ground in woods, summer; collected by
B. Shimek, Winneshiek county, Iowa.

Plants distinguished by their yellow color. The pileus is
flattened laterally so as to be spoon-shaped or spatulate and is
often much contorted and twisted. The plants are found
among leaves and sticks on damp soil in woods.

Genus II—-L EO TIA fl.

Receptacle stipitate, gelatinous, pileate, roundish or spread-
ing, revolute at the margin; hymenium covering the upper
surface and the margin of pileus, under surface sterile; hymen-
ium undulated or even. Stem cylindrical or laterally com-
pressed. Asci clavate, 8-spored; sporidia fusiform or linear,
colorless.

LEOTIA STIPITATA (Bosc.) Schroeter.
PEATE. | tie.

1823 Leolia chlorocephala Fries, Syst. Myc., II, p. 30.

1874 Leotia chlorocephala Berkeley, Grev., III, p. 149.

1887 Leotia chlorocephala Phillips, Brit. Dise., p. 23.

1889 Leotia chlorocephala Saccardo Sylloge Fung. VIII, p. 609.

1896 Leotia chlorocephala Underwood, Minn. Bot. Studies, reprint, p. 498,
1897 Leotia stipiata Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil., II, p. 166,

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 253

Plants stipitate, 1 to 3 inches high by 1 inch broad; pileus
globose or spreading, smooth, dark ceruginous green; stem
long, flattened or twisted, light colored, yellowish, covered with
minute hair-like structures; asci clavate; sporidia 8, guttuiate
and granular within, 20 by 5 microns; paraphyses filiform.

Habitat—On soil in woods among leaves, summer and fall,
Iowa City.

This species is recognized by its dark green pileus and light
colored stem. The light yellowish stem distinguishes it from
the very closely related species, Lzotza lubrica Pers. in which
the stem and pileus are both green.

Several plants were examined by Dr. E. J. Durand of Cor-
nell University and reported to be the species named above.

Family II—HELVELLACE#,.

Plants fleshy, saparated into stem and pileus. Stem sharply
distinguished from the receptacle, for the most part hollow,
fragile. Receptacle pileate covered outside with the hymen-
ium, which is always exposed, composed of asci and well de-
veloped paraphyses. Asci operculate. Spores elliptical,
colorless or light yellowish.

: Genus I_-M OR CH EY lL A Dullenzs.

Fleshy, stipitate, fragile, with pileate receptacle. Stem
cylindrical, hollow. Receptacle sharply distinguished from
the stem and pitted. Hymenium covering the outer surface
of the receptacle. Asci 8-spored cylindrical, operculate.
Sporidia elliptic, 1-celled. Paraphyses cylindrical or clavate.

Two species have been collected in this part of the state.
Plants of the same species vary greatly in external form but
these differences do not seem to be definite enough to mark
distinct species. )

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

a—Receptacle adnate at the base with stem ; ; M. conica.
a—Receptacle free at the base : : : : M. hybrida.

254 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

MORCHELLA CONICA fers.
PLATE I, he A.
1823 Morchella conica Fries, Syst. Myc., II, p. 7.
1887 MWorchella conica Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 4.
1889 Morchella conica Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 9.
1896 Morchella conica Underwood, Minn. Bot. Studies, reprint, p. 493.
1897 Morchella conica.Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil., I, i, p. 169, fig. 141.
1900 Morchella conica Atkinson, Mush., p. 218, fig. 206.

Pileus conical, or terete, oblong, adnate at the base, yellow-
ish; primary ribs longitudinal, secondary forming transverse
folds; pits elongated, narrow; stem cylindrical or tapering to-
ward the top, whitish; asci cylindrical, 8-spored; sporidia
elliptic, 15 to 20 by 10 to 12 microns, granular within para-
physes a little enlarged at their apices.

Habitat—On the ground in spring; Iowa City.

The principle distinction between this species and A/orchella
esculenta Linn. seems to be in the form and external appear-
ance of the plants. In the species described here the primary
ribs tend to be longitudinal with the pileus forming oblong
pits which are more or less rectangular. In M/orchella escul-
enta Linn. the pileus is more nearly rounded and the pits are
irregular and show no definite arrangement.

MORCHELLA HYBRIDA (.Sow.) Pers.
PLATE Il igs I.

1801 Morchella hybrida Persoon, Syn, Fung., II, p. 620.

1823 Morchella semilibera Fries, Syst. Myc., II, p. 10.

1828 Morchella semilibera Fries, Elench. Fung., 1, p. 2.

1860 Morchella semilibera D.C., Berkeley, Outl. of Brit. Fung., p. 358.
1871 Morchella semilibera D.C., Cooke, Handbk, of Brit. Fung., I, p. 656.
1887 Morchella semilibera D.C., Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 7.

1889 Mouchella hybrida Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 13.

1897 Morchella hybrida Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil., I, i, p. 169.

1899 Morchella hybrida Underwood, M. M. & M., p. 66.

1900 MWorchella semilibera D.C., Atkinson, Mush., p. 219.

Pileus free half way up; ribs longitudinal, forming oblong
pits which are veined within; stem cylindrical, even, often
very long and enlarged at the base; asci cylindrical; sporidia 8,

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 255

elliptic, yellowish, 20 to 25 by 12 to 14 microns; paraphyses
filiforin, slightly enlarged at their apices.

Habitat—On the ground; spring; Iowa.

The stem is long and generally even and the pileus is
a small cap-shaped body often of a dark brownish or yellow-
ish color. The plants often grow to a height of from 5 to 6
inches. ‘The stem is covered with minute hair-like structures,
which are very irregular, consisting of loosely united roundish
or elongated cells.

Genus. (I-A EVE LG A Przes.

Receptacle pileate, supported by the center, deflected, con-
cave and sterile beneath. Upper surface of pileus covered by
the hymenium which is even. Stem always present, united
by the center to the pileus, hollow or filled with cavities. In
mature plants pileus compressed, lobate, substance waxy-
membranaceous; asci cylindrical; sporidia 8, elliptic, smooth;
paraphyses linear.

Several species have been collected in this part of the state,
two of which are described. The plants described are found
in woods in the spring or fall.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

a—Stem grooved, large; pileus free at the margin : HI. crispa.
a—Stem even, slender; pileus free . ‘ ‘ : Hf. elastica.

HELVELLA CRISPA (.Scop.) Fries.
PLATE AT ng. I.

1823 Helvella crispa Fries, Syst. Myc., II, p. 14.

1860 Helvella crispa Berkeley, Outl. of Brit. Fung., p. 350.

1871 Helvella crispa Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung., II, p. 658.

1887 Hfelvella crispa Phillips Brit. Disc., p. 10.

1889 Helvella crispa Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 18.

1896 Helvella crispa Underwood, Minn. Bot. Studies, reprint, p. 489.
1897 Helvella crispa Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil., I, i, p. 170, fig. 141.
1900 Helvella crispa Atkinson, Mush., p. 219.

Pileus deflected, lobed, free, crisped, pallid; stem hollow

256 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

“with deep grooves; asci cylindrical; sporidia 8, elliptical, 15
to 18 by 10 to 12, paraphyses filiform, slender.
Habitat—On the ground in woods; Iowa City.

Plants are from 2 to 3 inches in height and the pileus from 1
to 2 inches in diameter. Margin of pileus is entirely free from
the stem and the whole plant is of a very light color being
almost white. The color and the pileus which is entirely free
and expanded distinguishes this species from //elvella lacu-
nosa. Plants are found in the spring in woods near Iowa City.

HELVELLA ELASTICA Lud.
PLATE WL, ie. Ds:

1793 Helvella elastica Bulliard, Champ., p. 262.
1823 Helvella elastica Fries, Syst. Myc., II, p. 21.
1860 Helvella elastica Berkeley, Outl. of Brit. Fung., p. 359.
1871 Helvella elastica Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung., p. 639.
1887 flelvella elastica Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 15.
1889 Felvella elastica Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 24.
1896 Helvella elastica Underwood, Minn. Bot. Studies, p. 490.
1897 Helvella elastica Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil., I, i, p. 171, fig. 114.
Pileus free, even, inflated, at length acutely lobed; stem
elongated, slender attenuated upwards, pruinose; asci cylin-
drical; sporidia 8, elliptic, 18 to 20 by Io to 12 microns;
paraphyses filiform, slightly enlarged above.
Habitat—On the ground in woods; spring; Iowa City.
Distinguished by the long slertder stem and free pileus
which is lobed often being very regular in outline, but some-
times more or less irregular. Margin of pileus is often
slightly incurved. Plants are of a very light yellowish color
and from 1 to 2 inches in height and .5 to x inch broad.

Order I PEZIZINE 7

Receptacie well developed, fleshy or more or less leathery
generally regu'ar. At first closed spherical (except Pyrone-
maceé) gradually opening becoming shallow cup-shaped or
beaker-shaped. Hymenium forming a covering on the upper,
inner surface, composed of asci and paraphyses arranged in
the form of a palisade.

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 257

Family I—PYRONEMACE2.

Receptacle seated on a mass of thread-like hyphe. Hyim-
enium at length plane or subconvex. Peridium wanting or
poorly developed.

Genus I—P YRONEMA Carus.

Receptacle seated on a mass of hyphe, fleshy, at first spher-
ical, then expanded. Peridium very poorly developed or
wanting. Sporidia elliptical, hyaline.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

a—Plants very minute, crowded, on charcoal . P. aurantio-rubrum.
b—Plants larger, scattered, on burnt ground . £. melaloma.

PYRONEMA AURANTIO-RUBRUM (f¢k/.) Sacc.
BEA ie IN, diss 1.
1823 Peziza omphalodes

a. aurantio-rubrum Fries, Syst. Myc., Il, p. 73.
1889 Pyronema aurantio-rubrum Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 73.

Receptacle fleshy, distinct, gregarious or crowded, 1 mm in
diameter, sessile, brick red or paler; hymenium plane; asci
cylindrical, 8-spored; sporidia elliptical, 8 to 9 by 5 to 6,
microns, 2 to 3 guttulate, granular within, paraphyses en-
larged upwards and filled with colored granules.

Habitat—On charcoal and ashes where fire has been in the
fall; Iowa City.

These plants grow closely crowded together on charcoal
and surrounding soil forming large reddish masses in such
places in the fall of the year during very wet weather. This
species is distinguished from Pyronema omphalodes (Bull)
Fckl., as described in Saccardo by the much smaller sporidia.
A plant collected at Lafayette, Indiana, by a student of Purdue
University, seems to conform to the description of P. ompha-
lodes Bull. These plants were collected on clay which was

255 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

mixed with charcoal, and in this case the cups had run
together so as to form an irregular mass about 1 to 2 inches
in diameter, the individual cups near the center having been
fused into one mass, the sporidia also being much larger.
The color of the plants in both specimens is nearly the same.

PYRONEMA MELALOMA (/7.) Fcki.

PLATE LY, ae. iL:
1823 Peziza melaloma Fries, Syst. Myc., II, p. 68.
1889 Pyronema melaloma Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 197.

Cups at first hemispherical then expanded, nearly plane,
hymenium dull orange-red, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, externally
clothed with dark brown, indistinct, hair-like processes; asci
cylindrical; sporidia elliptic, 1- to 2-guttulate 7 to 10 by 15
to 18 microns, smooth, hyaline; paraphyses filiform, septate,
somewhat enlarged upwards.

Habitat
City.

Similar to Lachnea melaloma (A. & S.) Sace. but cups
smaller and orange-red instead of brown and the hair-like pro-
cesses not so well developed. In this species these hair-like
structures consist of dark brownish lines near the margin of
the cup which in some cases seem to be hairs but are not
very well developed. The plants were numerous in the fall
where wood had been burned.

On the ground iu a burnt place in the fall; Iowa

Family II—PEZIZACE.

Receptacle, for the most part, borne on the surface, not im-
mersed in the substratum, ‘sessile or stipitate, externally
smooth or clothed with hairs, fleshy. At first closed then
opening by a small aperture at the top and gradually expand-
ing. Peridium and hypothecium composed of loose roundish
cells. Asci not protruding at maturity, often operculate, or
opening by a flap-like structure. Spores hyaline.

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 259

GenusI—S PH ZH ROSPORA Saccardo.

Receptacle sessile, at first hemispherical, then expanded,
externally clothed with simple, sharp pointed, septate hairs.
Asci 8-spored; spores spherical with one large guttula, smooth
or beset with spines, arranged in one row in the ascus. Para-
physes thickened above and filled with colored granules.

One species common in woods near Iowa City. In external
appearance the plants resemble those of the genus Zachnea
from which they are distinguished by their spherical spores.

SPHAEROSPORA CONFUSA (Cooke) .Sace,
PEATE Vi, te. 0.

1889 Sphaerospora confusa Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 479.
1897 Sphaerospora confusa Engler-Prantl, Pflan Famil., I, i, p. 179.
1900 Sphaerospora confusa Durand, Bull, Torrey Bot. Club, 27, p. 479.

Cups gregarious or scattered, hemispherical, then depressed,
5 to 10 mm in diameter, dark reddish brown, clothed extern-
ally with numerous, short, septate brown hairs, which are
often enlarged near the base; asci cylindrical, 14 by 150 to
160 microns; sporidia spherical, 1-guttulate, 13 to 15 microns
in diameter; paraphysis filiform, enlarged at their apices.

Habitat—On soil in woods; Iowa City.

These plants are common on shady banks in the woods, all
summer, on naked soil or among moss. ‘The plants are dull
brown and very hairy on the outside. They are easily dis-
tinguished from the different species of Zachnea which they
resemble in external appearance, by their spherical spores.

Genus II—L ACHNEA Ayres.

Receptacle sessile or stipitate, externally more or less haired,
at first hemispherical, then expanded. When mature more or
less cup-shaped or expanded. Asci 8-spored; sporidia elliptical,
rarely fusiform, hyaline, smooth or rough, with one or two
guttule, or eguttulate. On wood, soil, or other decaying
organic materials. Receptacle fleshy, varying in color.

260 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The plants of this genus are very common and readily dis-
tinguished by their external covering of hairs. Three species
are described here of the eight or ten collected near Iowa
City, the rest to appear later.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

a—Receptacle cup-shaped, hymenium white or blu-
ish white : : : : :

a—Receptacle expanded, hymenium nearly plane.
b—Hairs on the exterior sharp pointed, hymenium

L. hemispherica.

scarlet . 3 : ; : 5 : L. scutellata.
b—Hairs on the exterior flexuose, hymenium,

reddish brown 5 . : * i L. melaloma.

LACHNEA HEMISPHERICA (MWigg.) Gill.

PLATE VI, fig. 1.
1791 Peziza labellum Bulliard, Champ., t. III, p. 204
1801 Peziza hemispherica Persoon, Fung., II, p. 204.
1824 Peziza hemispherica Fries, Syst. Myc., p. 82.
1839 Peziza hemispherica Link, Handbk., III, p. 323.
1960 Peziza hemispherica Berkeley, Brit. Fung., p. 367.
1871 Peziza hemispherica Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung., II, p. 680.
1874 Peziza hemispherica Cooke, Grev. III, p. 73, pl. 23, fig. 95.
1882 Peziza hemtspherica Ellis, N. A. Fungi. No. 837.
1887 Lachnea hemisphérica Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 211.
1889 Lachnea hemispherica Saccardo, Sulloge Fung., VIII, p. 166.
1897 Lachnea hemispherica Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil. I, i, p. 180.
1900 Lachnea hemispherica Durand, Bull. Tor. Bot. Club, 27, p. 478.
1902 Sepultaria albida Morgan, Jour. of Myc. 64, p. 188.

Cups scattered, sessile, hemispherical, entire, .5 to 1 inch in
diameter, margin at first incurved; externally brown, covered
with brown, rigid, septate hairs, more numerous near the
margin; hymenium bluish white; asci cylindrical or slightly
enlarged upwards; sporidia 8, elliptic, 2-guttulate, asperate,
20 to 22 by 10 to 13 microns; paraphyses septate, clavate at
the apices.

Habitat—On the ground in damp shady woods; Iowa City.

A very common species on naked soil in woods about Iowa
City. The plants are at first almost spherical, gradually open-
ing until they become hemispherical, as the name implies.

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 261

The hairs, with which the exterior is covered, are nore num-
erous and much longer near the margin, forming a fringe
which especially in the young specimens projects inward. ‘The
cups are often I inch in diameter but generally smaller.

LACHNEA SCUTELLATA (Lzz7.) Sace.
PLATE V Lig. 4.

1767 Peziza scutellata Vinneeus, Syst. Nat., III, p. 725.
1801 FPeziza scutellata Persoon, Syn. Fung., II, p. 650.
1823 Peziza scutellata Fries, Syst. Myc,, II, p. 85.
1833 Peziza scutellata Link, Handbk., III, p.323.
1860 Feziza scutellata Berkeley, Outl. of Brit. Fung., p. 368.
1871 Peziza scutellata Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung., II, p. 682.
1885 FPeziza scutellata Ellis and Everhart, N. A. Fung., No. 1310.
1887 Lachnea scutellata Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 222.
1889 Lachnea scutellata Saccardo, Sylloge Fung. VIII, p. 173.
1897 Lacinea scutellata Engler-Prantl, Pdan. Famil.,I, i, p. 180, fig. 147.

Cups scattered or gregarious, fleshy, sessile; externally as
well as the elevated margin, brown, clothed with rather long,
septate, brown, sharp pointed hairs; hymenium at first concave
then plane, bright red; asci cylindrical; sporidia 8 elliptic,
smooth, when fresh, often fitted with numerous guttule and
granules, generally with 2 or 3 large guttule, 20 to 22 by 12
to 14 microus; paraphyses simple or branched, enlarged at
their apices, often spirally marked, filled with orange granules.

Habitat—On decaying wood in the fall; Iowa City.

The plants of this species are very closely related to one or
two other common species which are not described in this
paper, but may be easily distinguished by the bright red disc
and the smooth spores which are filled with numerous gran-
ules. The hairs on the exterior are long and dark colored.
The planis are common in the late fall on much decayed wood
in wet places.

LACHNEA MELALOMA (4. @ 5S.) Sace.
PLATE VI; fig. Hu:

1860 FPeziza melaloma Berkeley, Outl. of Brit. Fung., p. 366.
1871 Peziza melaloma Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung., II, p. 674.
1887 Peziza melaloma Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 109.

1889 Lachnea melaloma Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 107,

262 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Sessile crowded, yellowish, slightly concave, then nearly
plane, becoming dingy orange brown, 3 to 8 mm. in diameter,
externally clothed with delicate flexuose, septate, black or
brown hairs; asci cylindrical; long; sporidia eight, elliptic, 1-
to 2-guttulate, 17 to 20 by 7 to 8 microns; paraphyses slender,
slightly enlarged at their apices.

Habitat—On and surrounding an old burnt stump, in open

woods; fall Iowa City.

The plants are very abundant on burnt wood and the sur-
rounding soil. When mature they are of a dark brownish
color and clothed on the outside of the cup with dark, reddish
brown hairs which are not errect but adpressed, forming dark
lines which extend from near the base toward the margin of
the cup. Fresh plants grown in the laboratory are at first
yellowish, becoming brown with age. At maturity the mar-
gin is generally elevated leaving the hymenium slightly con-
cave.

Genus. LII—_N FOP 7) EB A Caare:

Receptacle sessile or stipitate, externally clothed with hya-
line hairs. Asci 8-spored; spores ellipitial or fusiform, hya-
line, smooth, or verrucose, with or without guttulz. Plants
found on earth or wood. ;

One species has been collected near Iowa City on damp soil.

NEOTIELLA LUTEO-PALLENS (JVy/.) Sace.
PLATE V, fig. 1

1889 Neottella luleo-palens Saccardo, Sylloge Fung. VIII, p. 191.

Cups sessile, at first hemispherical, then expanded, pale
orange yellow, 4 to 5 mm. in diameter, externally clothed with
light colored septate, rather rigid hairs; asci cylindrical,
operculate; sporidia elliptic, 15 to 17 by 9 to 10 microns gran-
ular within; paraphyses stout thickened at their apices, filled
with large pale yellow granules, 5 to 7 microns in diameter.

Habitat—On naked soil in woods; also grown in laboratory
from same soil.

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 263

The light colored hairs with which the exterior of these
plants is clothed distinguish this genus from the genus Lach-
mea in which the hairs are dark colored. They are dis-
tinguished from the genus Sacroscypha which also has ight
colored hairs, by the small sessile plants. Two plants were
grown in the laboratory from soil on which the plants were
found in the field. The hymenium is almost plane but gen-
erally surrounded by a delicate fringe. The asci often show
only four or six spores. Spores are often surrounded by a
gelatinous substance.

Genus II—S AR CO SP BAR A Auversw.

Receptacle at first closed, immersed in the ground, opening
at the summit and gradually spreading, often splitting at the
margin, when mature only partly immersed. Externally
clothed with soft, flexuose, septate, brown hair, longer near
the base, or nearly smooth. Asci 8-spored; sporidia elliptical,
hyaline, smooth, 1-guttulate. Paraphyses colorless clavate.

The one species described here was collected in the summer
on sandy soil on the bank of a small lake in Washington park,
-Chicago. The plants were partly immersed in the sand and
constricted at the mouth. Mature specimens were only slightly
split at the margin.

SARCOSPHAERA ANENICOLA (Lev.) Lindau.
PrATE VI, fie.cir.

1887 Lachnea arenicola Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 210.
1889 Lachnea arenicola Saccardo, Sylloge,Fung., VIII, p. 172.
1897 Sarcosphaera arenicola Engler Prantl, Pflan. Famil., I,i, p. 181, fig. 147.

Cups sessile, subterranean, subglobose, then cup-shaped, de-
pressed, waxy, about one inch in diameter, clothed, especially
near the base with long, brown, flexuose hairs encrusted with
sand; mouth constricted, becoming split; hymenium white or
brownish; asci cylindrical; sporidia 8, broadly elliptic, 1-
guttulate, smooth 20 to 25 by 12 to 14 microns; paraphyses cla-
vate at the apices.

Habitat—In sandy soil on the bank of a small lake in
Washington park, Chicago.

264 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

This specimen has not been collected in Iowa, but is des-
cribed here as a representative of this genus which is distin-
guished from Lachuea by the fact that the cups are buried or
partly buried in the ground. The margin of the cup is at
first even but splits irregularly as the plant matures. The
cups are about one inch broad and when removed from the
soil are found to be flattened.

Genus VW—P EZ1Z A. Dillenums.

Receptacle at first closed, spherical, then opening becoming
more or less cup-shaped, stipitate or sessile, externally smooth,
furfuraceus, or covered with flexuose, soft hairs, never clothed
with sharp pointed ones, fleshy, brittle. Asci 8-spored; spor-
ida elliptical fusiform, smooth, asperate, or reticulate. Para-
physes slender, clavate, or curved at their apices. Plants vary-
ing in color, growing on earth, wood, or other decaying
materials.

The genus Pez7za is separated into several groups which
are treated as subgenera by Lindau and the most of these
groups are included iiere as separate genera as they are treated
by Saccardo in Sylloge Fungorum.

A large number of speciinens have been collected several of
which are described here, distributed through the different
genera.

Subgenus I-A L EURTIA #cki.

Receptacle borne on a short stem or stem-like base and col-
ored by the red granules contained by the paraphyses. The
spores are marked on the outside by net-like reticulations.

Two species have been collected which show very distinctly
the net-like markings on the surface of the spores which are
given as a characteristic of this subgenus.

KEY DLO THE SPECIES:

a—Plants large more than 1] inch in diameter, spores

2-guttulate , : ‘ ; : , ; P. aurantia.
a—Plants much smaller, stipitate, spores reticulate,

1-guttulate : : ‘ ; : : : P. rutilans.

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 265

PEZIZA AURANTIA fersrs.
PraiE VIG, fig.s1.

1783 Peztza cochleata Batsch, Elench. Fung., p. 223.

1791 Peziza coccinea Bulliard, Champ., t. 1V, p. 474

1800 Peziza aurantia Persoon, Fung., I, p. 58.

1823 feziza aurantia Fries, Syst. Myc., p. 49.

1833 Peziza aurantia Link, Handbk., III, p. 318,

1860 Peziza aurantia Berkeley, Outl. of Brit. Fung., p. 363.
1871 Feziza aurantia Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung., IJ, p. 60%.
1877 Peziza aurantia DeBary, Morph. of Fungi, p. 7.

1887 feziza aurantia Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 56, pl. 3, fig. 14.
1889 Feziza aurantia Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 74.

1897 Feziza aurantia Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil. I, i, p. 187, fig. 150.
1898 FPeziza aurantia Strasburger, Text, p. 358. :
1902 Otfidea aurantia Morgan, Jour. of Myc., 64, p. 191.

Cups subsessile, irregular, 1 to 2 inches in diameter; hymen-
ium bright orange, externally whitish; asci cylindrical; spor-
idia 8, elliptic, 2-guttulate, rough with the projections of
the net-like reticulations, 15 to 17 by 8 microns; paraphyses
slender, enlarged upwards, filled with orange granules.

Habitat—In a grassy place at the base of a large oak stump,
also in damp places in woods, among leaves and moss, in the
fall; Iowa City.

The finest specimens were found at the base of a large stump
in open woods near Iowa City. When growing alone the
plants are quite regular but when crowded, become irregular
in form. Those forms found in damp shady woods were more
regular in outline but much smaller in size. They are recog-
nized at once on account of their large size and bright orange
color.

PEZIZA RUTILANS /yies.
Br Ay WO ie. 1

1823 Feziza rutilans Fries, Syst. Myc., II, p. 68.

1871 Peziza rutilans Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung., II, p. 6/4.
1374 Peziza rutilans Cooke, Grevillea, III, fig. 74.

1887 feziza rutilans Phillips, Brit. Disc., p- 89, pl. IV, fig. 20.
1889 Humaria rutilans Saccardo, Syloge Fung., VIII, p. 133.

1897 FPeziza rutilans Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil., I, i, p. 185.

266 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Gregarious, sessile or with a short stem, about 1 cm. in
diameter; hymenium orange colored, externally covered with
very minute white hairs; asci cylindrical, 8-spored; sporidia,
elliptical, x-guttulate, externally covered with net-like retic-
ulations, giving the spore a roughened appearance, 22 to 25
by 12 microns; paraphyses slender, enlarged upwards, filled
with orange granules.

Habitat—In sandy soil in woods with plants of Polyévichum.
Iowa City.

Cups about 1 cm. in diameter generally with a short stem,
which tapers toward the base, generally found among plants
of Polytrichum. Mature spores show distinct reticulations on
the surface which are very regular and resemble those found
on the spores of Pezzza aurantia Mull. except that they may
be finer and a little more numerous. In no available descrip-
tion is there any reference to the reticulate spores in this
species although they are always described as being rough.
In all other respects these plants seem to be identical with
those described as Pezzza rutilans Fr. Among the characters
given in Engler-Prantl for the subgenus A/eurza are the net-
like reticulations of the spores. The reticulations in this
species are very distinct in mature specimens.

PEZIZA CEREA Sow.
PLATE UX, fies.

1791 Peziza cerea Bulliard, Champ., t. II, pl. 44.

1801 Peziza cerea Persoon, Syn. Fung. I-II, p. 643.

1823 feziza cerea Fries, Syst. Myc., II, p. 49.

1860 FPeziza cerea Berkeley, Brit. Fung., p. 363.

1871 FPeziza cerea Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung., II, p. 670.
1875 Peziza cerea Cooke, Grev., III, p. 127, pl. 38, fig. 132.
1887 eziza cerea Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 74.

1889 FPeztza cerea Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 74.

1900 feziza cerea McIlvaine, Amer. Fung., p. 558.

Cups large, gregarious, hemispherical, or infundibuliform
when young, becoming repand with age, 1 to 3 inches in dia-
meter, fleshy, very fragile, furfuraceus, whitish, or sometimes
reddish brown near the margin and slightly cleft, often with

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 267

a stem-like base below; asci cylindrical operculate; sporidia 8
elliptic, smooth, 20 to 22 by 10 microns, granular within;
paraphyses slender, enlarged upwards, filled with granules.

Habitat—On rich ground and dung heaps in the fall, Iowa
City.

This species has been found but once in a large mass grow-
ing on a dung pile which was mixed with straw. The plants
were at first hemispherical but in older species the margin
becomes wavy. The flesh is very brittle and resembles wax
as is indicated by its specific name. Especially when young,
the plants have a mealy appearance on the outside, and cups

are sometimes produced into a short stem below.

Genus VI—G AL AC TINIA Cooke.

Receptacle sessile, cup-shaped, entire, fleshy, when wound-
ed exuding a milky colored juice. Asci cylindrical; sporidia
8, elliptic, hyaline.

One species has been collected near Iowa City.

GALACTINIA SuccosA Perk.

PEATE UX ig. 1
1860 Peziza succosa Berkeley, Brit. Fung., p. 363.
1871 FPeziza succosa Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung., II, p. 667.
1887 FPeziza succosa Phillips, Brit. Disc. p. 70, pl. 4, fig. 16.
1889 Galactinia succosa Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 1006.
1897 fPeziza succosa Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil., I, i, p. 187.
1902 FPeziza succosa Morgan, Jour. of Myc., 64, p. 190.

Cups large or medium sized, 1 to 2 inches in diameter, ses-
sile, hemispherical, then expanded, pale wax-brown, extern-
ally paler, whitish, pruinose; margin slightly inflexed; juice
from broken flesh, thick, milky, golden yellow; asci cylindri-
cal; sporidia 8, elliptic, asperate, 1 to 2 guttulate, 18 to 20 by
I2 microns; paraphyses clavate, filled with brown granules.

Habitat—On the ground in damp, shady woods in summer,
Iowa City.

The plants of this species were found on naked soil in dense
woods near Iowa City. ‘They are not striking in their exter-

268 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

nal appearance, but are easily distinguished by the thick
milky juice which is golden yellow. The margin of the cup
is irregular and sometimes slightly wavy.

Genus VII—H U MARIA ries.

Plants small, entirely sessile, for the most part red, or yel-
low. Hymenium plane or subconvex. Asci generally 8-spored,
sporidia elliptical or fusiform. Growing generally on damp
soil, often among moss.

Two species are described both of which have fusiform
spores and are common among moss in shady places.

KEY TO -LEHb SPHCInS:

a—Asci 4-spored, spores fusiform - : ° f1. telraspora.

a—Asci 8-spored, spores fusiform : : : Fl. muralis.

HUMARIA TETRASPORA (f¢k/.) Sace.
PEATE AL dig, 1.
1874 Peziza tetraspora Cooke, Grev. III, p. 121.
1889 Humaria tetraspora Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 121.
Cups sessile, gregarious or scattered, hymenium slightly
concave or plane, bright orange red, whitish near the margin,
2 to 3 mm. in diameter; asci clavate 4-spored; 20 to 22 by Io

microns; parphyses clavate at the apices, filled with orange
granules.

Habitat—On shady mossy banks by the roadside, fall, Iowa
City.

Plants scattered, on mossy banks in the late fall, small but
easily distinguished on account of their bright orange color.
The margin of the cup is bordered by a delicate white fringe.
The cups are similar in external appearance to those of
Flumaria muralis Quel. but are smaller in size. The spores
are also similar in form and appearance to those of /Zwmarza
murals but are somewhat smaller in size and generally con-
tain one large central guttula and two or three smaller ones.
Spores are fusiform and attenuate at the ends. This species

269 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

is easily distinguished on account of the number of spores in
the ascus which is constantly fouras is indicated by its specific
name.

HUMARIA MURALIS Qvyel.

PEATE XO fig. 1
1879 Peziza (Humaria) muralis Quellet, Grev., VIII, p. 116.
1889 Humaria muralis Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 127.

Cups minute, sessile, gregarious or scattered, hemispherical,
then expanded, orange yellow, 2 to 5 mm. in diameter; hymen-
ium plane or nearly so; asci clavate; sporidia 8, fusiform, 2 to
3-guttulate, smooth, 25 to 30 by 7 to 9 microns, in one or two
rows in the ascus or irregularly arranged; paraphyses much
enlarged at their apices and filled with orange granules, 6 to
Io microns in diameter.

Habitat—On sandy soil among moss, Indiana and Iowa.

Plants collected only in small numbers but very conspic-
uous on account of their large elongated spores which are
generally very irregularly arranged in the ascus. ‘The spores
generally have one large guttula near the center and one or
more smaller ones on each side. Similar to (7. ¢etraspora ex-
cept as to the number of spores in the ascus and a slight var-
iation in the size of the spores.

Genus VIII—G EOPYXI1S Persoon.

Receptacle funnel-shaped or spreading. For the most part,
large fungi with a distinct stem which is generally short and
thick.

One species collected which is common on decaying wood
in woods; Iowa City.

GEOPYXIS NEBULOSA (Cke.) Sace.
PLATE, 2c l, fig’ i.
1879 Peziza nebulosa Ellis and Everhart, A. N. Fung., No. 281.

1889 Geopyxis nebulosa Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 70.
1897 Geopyats nebulosa Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil., I, i, p. 185.

270 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Gregarious, stipitate, globose, then expanded, becoming
funnel-shaped, yellowish brown, 1 to 2 cm. in diameter: mar-
gin incurved; hymenium concave, same color as exterior; stem
1 to 10 mm. in length, tapering toward the base; asci cylin-
drical, sporidia fusiform, 25 to 35 by 6 microns, granular
within; paraphyses filiform, abundant.

Habitat—In woods on rotten logs, summer; Iowa City.

Plants found on wood which is generally very much de-
cayed. They are generally found in groups and may be quite
easily distinguished in the field by their short stems and
uniform dull, smoky, brown color. Upon microscopic exam-
ination, they may be distinguished by their long slender
spores.

Genus IX—M A CROP ODTIA Syche

Receptacle borne on a stem which is generally long and
slender, externally rough or clothed with minute hairs; hy-
menium dark colored, spores elliptical or fusiform.

One species common in woods on naked soil near Iowa City.

MACROPODIA PUBIDA (2. & C.) Sace.
PLATE CX, fe. 1.

1874 Peztza pubida Berkeley and Cooke, Grev. III, p. 15.
1884 Peziza pubida Ellis and Everhart, N. A. Fung., No. 12069.
1889 Macropodia pubida Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 159.
1902 Peziza pubida Masse, Morgan, Jour. of Myc. Vol. 8, No. 64, p. 190.

Cups gregarious or scattered, hemispherical, shortly stipi-
tate below, .5 to 1 inch in diameter; hymenium dark brown,
often purplish when dry: externally covered with short, brown,
septate hairs, giving the plants a mealy appearance, hair longer
near the base; asci cylindrical; sporidia 8, fusiform, rough, 2
guttulate, granular within, 38 to 42 by 10; paraphyses slender
enlarged upward, brown.

Habitat—On the ground in woods all summer, Iowa City.

The stem is short and generally covered with long, brown
hairs, and immersed in the ground so that the cups seem to

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 271

be sessile. In the field, the plants resemble those of Lachnea

hemispherica but are distinguished by the dark colored hy-
menium and by the soft hairs instead of the sharp bristly ones

on the exterior.

These specimens have been compared with those of Pezzza
pubrda in Ellis and Everhart’s N. A. Fungi and found to be
the same.

Peziza morgant Masse is referred to here for the reason that
the description given for this species in the ‘Journal of My-
cology” seems to conform in every particular to the material
described is Peziza pubida B. & C. in Ellis and Everhart’s N.
A. Fungi, and to the same material collected here. The fusi-
form, warted, biguttulate spores given as a distinguishing
character for Pez¢za morgant Masse are found in AZacropodia
pubida (B. & C.) Sace., and it seems possible that the two
species may be identical.

Genus X=20 4 I Dee Ao Perscon.

Receptable large, elongated on one side or split on one side
to the base. Cups more or less stipitate, scattered or crowded.
Asci 8-spored; spores elliptical, smooth, hyaline, with one or
more guttulae. Paraphyses clavate, or bent in the form of a
hook at the apex.

Two species have been collected in the northeast part of
the state.

KY 71O) GEE SPE ClES:

a

Plants large, hymenium brown, paraphyses hooked O. leporina

a—Plants sinaller, yellowish, paraphyses not hooked O. ocharcea

OTIDEA LEPORINA (Latsch) Fekl.
PATH OX. fie:

1783 Peziza leporina Batsch, Elench. Fung., p. 118.

1801 /Feziza leporina Persoon, Syn. Fung., II, p. 637.

1823 Peziza leporina Fries, Syst. Myc., II, p. 47.

1833 Peziza leporina Link, Handbk., III, p. 317.

1860 eziza leporina Berkeley, Brit. Fung., p. 263.

1871 Feziza leporina Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung., II, p. 668.
1887 Peztza leporina Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 53.

272 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

1889 Otidea leporina Saccardo. Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 94.
1897 Otidea leporina Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famel., I, p. 187.

Cups substipitate, elongated on one side, split on the short
side near the base, cleft margin ircurved, margin inclined to
be scalloped, 1 to 3 inches in diameter; hymenium dark brown,
externally lighter; asci cylindrical; sporidia 8, elliptic, smooth,
2-guttulate, 12 to 14 by 7 to 8 microns; paraphyses filiform,
curved at their apices.

Habitat—On the ground in the woods; collected by B.
Shimek in Winneshiek County, Iowa.

Plants distinguished from those of Ofzdea ochracea Fr. ex-
ternally by their larger size and darker color. Upon micro-
scopic examination they are distinguished by their paraphyses
which are always curved in the form of a hook at the apex.
These characters also distinguish this species from Odcdea
onotica which is similar to Otzdea ochracea Fr. but much
larger in size and more stipitate in form.

OTIDEA OCHRACEA (f77es.) Sace.
PLATE x, ite. a
Peziza onotica

B—2chracea Fries, Syst. M.c., I, p. 48.

Otidea ochracea Saccardo, Sulloge Fung., VIII, p. 9%.

Cups small, 2 to 3 cm. in diameter, caespitose or solitary,
continued into a short thick stem-like base below, base cor-
rugated; cups split on one side to the base and margin in-
curved; asci cylindrical, 8-spored, 110 to 130 by Io microns;
paraphyses not enlarged at their apices, septate, granular,
branched often several times.

Habitat—On soil among leaves in woods, Winneshiek
County, Iowa. Collected by B. Shimek.

This form is distinguished from O¢zdea onotica (Pers.) Fckl.
by its smaller size and yellowish color. The spore measure-
ments also seem to be somewhat less. The cups are not much
elongated on side, if any, but are split to the base. Plants
distinguished from O. /eporza (watsch) Fckl. by their smaller
size size, yellow collor, and straight paraphyses.

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 273

Family III—ASCOBOLACE AS.

Receptacle generally sessile on the surface, at first closed,
later more or less expanded, nearly always found on dung.
Peridium thin or wanting. Hypothecium for the most part
well developed, consisting of roundish cells. Asci at maturity
protruding beyond the surface of the hymenium, generally
operculate.

Genus Ib ASI OBO LU 8S) Saccaraa:

Receptacle similar to Ascophanus but externally clothed
with sharp pointed hairs. "I'wo species have been collected
one of which is very common on the dung of horses and cows
in wet places.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

a—Plants minute, hairs abundant, simple : : L. equinus.
a—Plants larger, hairs few, septate : : é L. raripilus.

L,ASIOBOLUS EQUINUS (Mdu/l.) Karst.
PLATE XIN, figs 1
1801 P.z‘za papillata Persoon, Syn. Fung., II, p. 652.
1823 Peztza papillata Fries, Syst. Myc., 11, p. 88.
1889 Lasiobolus equinus Sacardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 536.
1879 Lastobolus equinus Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil., I,i,p.189, fig. 152.
1900 Lasitobolus equinus Durand, Bull. Torrey Bot. Blub, 27, p. 480.
1902 Lasiobolus equinus Morgan, Jour. Myc., 64, p. 182.

Gregarious, crowded or scattered, minute, sessile, .5 to I mm.
in diameter, yellowish, externally clothed with numerous,
straight, non-septate, colorless spines; asci 8-spored, clavate
operculate; sporida elliptical, hyaline, smooth, 20 to 22 by Io
to 12 microns, paraphyses slender, septate, granular, simple
or branched.

Habitat—On dung of cows and horses in wet places in sum-
mer and fall; also grown in the laboratory.

This material has been compared with Rehm’s Ascom., No.
1036 which was received by the kindness of Dr. E. J. Durand
and seems to be the same. ‘These plants have been collected
in large quantities on cow dung in the spring and summer

274 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

and on horse dung in the late fall. In some cases they grow
crowded together so as to entirely cover the substratum. The
paraphyses are filled with granules which are often orange
colored but seem to vary uw: der different conditions. The
paraphyses are simple or branched. In some specimens grown
in the laboratory, they are branched many times but in other
respects the material seems to be the same as that described
by Saccardo as Laszobo/us equinus.

LASIOBOLUS RARIPILUS (P27ll.) Sace.
PLAGE) Sel, aie aay
1878 Ascobolus raripilus Phillips, Grev. VII, p. 23.
1889 Lasiobolus raripilus Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 537.
1897 Lasiobolus raripilus Engler-Prantl, I, i, p. 189.

Gregarious or crowded, minute, sessile, glabrous, at first
globose then expanded, 1 to 3 mm. in diameter, disc convex,
pale, lemon yellow, very scantily clothed externally, with a
few, pale, septate, straight hairs; asci broadly clavate; sporidia

» pale, septate, g j y Sp
8 elliptical or ovate 30 by 10 microns; paraphyses simple,
clavate at the apices.

Habitat—On cow dung and the surrounding soil in ravine,
Iowa City.

This species seems to agree with the description given by
Phillips in Grevillea. The plants grow crowded together in
dense pale yellow masses sometimes covering a considerable
area in a wet place in a ravine near Iowa City. It is very
scantily clothed with hairs, several specimens having been
examined before any of the hairs were seen. The hairs differ
from those of Laszobolus equinus by being much more slender
and septate.

Genus II—A SCOPHANUS SBoudier.

Receptacle at first closed, then expanded, fleshy or fleshy-
gelatinous, externally smooth, hymenium at maturity plane
or convex. Asci cylindrical or clavate, operculate, 8-spored,
protruding beyond the surface of the hymcnium. Spores

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 275

elliptical, hyaline, smooth or sometimes rough. In one or two
rows in the ascus. Plants generally occur on dung.
Several species have been collected or grown in the labora-

tory.
KBY 1O LHE SPECIES:

a—Plants minute, paraphyses with globose apices,

yellow : : : : é ? : A. microsporus
a—Plants larger, paraphyses not globose.
b—Receptacle red, paraphyses clavate, on sacking A. testaceus.
b—Receptacle blackish, paraphyses filiform, on
dung : : - : ; : ; A. cinereus.

ASCOPHANUS MICROSPORUS (2. and Gr.) Phill.
PEATE XL fist 11,
1871 Ascobolus microsporus Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung. II, p. 730.

1887 Ascophanus microsporus Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 307.
1889 Ascophanus microsporus Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 528.

Very minute, sessile, light yellowish red, sometimes almost
white, depressed, about .5 to 1 mm. in diameter; asci broadly
clavate, often furnished at the base with a little narrow, ob-
lique stem, 85 to 90 by 12 microns; sporidia 8, elliptical, hya-
line, 7 to 8 by 4 microns; paraphyses slender septate, with
large, globose apices, filled with a greenish yellow endochrome.

Habitat— On old cow dung in a culture in the laboratory.

Numerous plants of this species were found growing, either
eregarious or scattered, on old cow dung which was kept moist
under glass in the laboratory for several weeks. The plants
are very small in size and of a transparent reddish brown
color. They are easily distinguished on account of the small
size of the plants, their minute spores, which are generally
arranged in two rows in the ascus and the paraphyses with
their large globose apices, the apices alone being filled with
yellow coloring matter, making them very conspicuous. Phil-
lips in his “ British Discomycetes” (page 307) describes the
spores as being at length violet. In no case were the spores
seen to be violet in the specimens studied in this laboratory,
and the plants were kept growing for more than four weeks,

276 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

and examined often. Saccardo in Sylloge Fungorum, ( page
528 ) describes the spores as being hyaline.

ASCOPHANUS CINEREUS (Cyouan) Bound.
PLATE XIV, fig. 1.

1871 Ascobolus cinereus Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung., II, p. 731.
1887 Ascophanus cinereus Phillips, Brit. Dise., p. 308.
1889 Ascophanus cinereus Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 531.

Scattered or gregarious, sessile or slightly stipitate, at first
globose then expanded; hymenium plane or convex, to 2 min.
in diameter; externally pruinose, cinereus, or blackish brown;
asci cylindrical or slightly clavate; sporidia 8, elliptical or
slightly attenuate at the ends, granular within, 20 to 22 by
Io microns; paraphyses filiform, slender.

Habitat—Grown on horse dung in culture in laboratory.

This species is distinguished from the other species of Ascop-
hanus described here by the color of the plants, the habitat
also being different. The plants are similar in size to those
of Ascophanus testaceus but are different in color and general
appearance. The spores are somewhat larger and inclined
to be narrow at the ends. The paraphyses are much more
slender and not enlarged at their apices nor colored.

ASCOPHANUS TESTACEUS (Moug.) Phill.
PLATE XIII, fig. 1.

1860 Helotium testaceum Berkeley, Outl. of Brit. Fung., p. 372.
1871 Ascobolus testaceus Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung., I, p. 732.
1887 Ascophanus testaceus Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 310.
1889 Ascophanus testaceus Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 535.
1807 Ascophanus testaceus Engler-prantl, Pflan. Famil. I, i, p. 190.

Gregarious, waxy, sessile, smooth, depressed, convex, brick
red, I to 2 mm.in diameter; asci broadly clavate; sporidia 8,
elliptical, often granular, 18 to 20 by 9 to Io microns; para-
physes stout, septate, simple or branched at the base, clavate
at the apices, filled with numerous reddish granules.

Habitat—Abundant on old sacking in wet places, also on
heavy paper, Indiana and on old rag carpet, Pocahontas, Iowa.

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 279

The color of these plants varies according to conditions;
they are generally dark red but often lighter. A piece of old
sacking found near the experiment station at Lafayette, Indi-
ana, was almost entirely covered with the plants of this
species. This species seems to be best adapted to old cloth,
especially sacking. It has also been found on heavy building
paper in wet places. It is easily recognized on account of its
red color and its habitat. The spores are arranged in two
rows in the ascus and are generally hyaline or sometimes
slightly granular.

Genus III—R YPAROBIU S Boudter.

Receptacle minute, fleshy, spherical or conical, then expand-
ed or depressed, white or whitish, externally smooth or downy.
Asci cylindrical or very broad and elliptical, present in small
numbers generally operculate, 16 to many spored. Spores
elliptical or fusiform, hyaline, smooth. Paraphyses slender,
colorless.

Several species have been grown in the laboratory.

KBY TO THE SPECIES.

a—Receptacle at first conical, then cylindrical, asci

32-spored ‘ : : : ‘ R. pelletiert.
a—Receptacle minute, deprecsda:

b—Plants scarcely visible with lens, asci few

many spored : ‘ : R. pachyascus.
b—Plants larger, whitish. asci 16 to 64- spored.

c—Asci 16-spored : ; ¢ : R. sexdecimsporus.

c—Asci 64-spored - c : - R. crustaceus.

‘RYPAROBIUS PELLETIERI (C7.) Sac.
PLATE XVII fig.

1881 Ascobolus pelletieri Phillips and Plowright, Greyv., X, p. 69.
1887 Thecotheus pelletieri Phillips, Brit. Disc.‘ p. 297.
1889 Ryparobius pelletieri Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 542.
1897 Ryparobius pelletieri Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil., I, i, p. 190.

Gregarious or scattered, conical, then cylindrical, grey or
dull whitish; externally pruinose; hymenium at first slightly
concave, then plane or convex; asci few, large, cylindrical,
operculate, stipitate, 300 to 320 by 50 to 60 microns; sporidia

278 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

32 in each ascus, large, attenuate at the ends, often filled with
large guttulae, or granular, 23 to 24 by 35 to 38; paraphyses
slender, branched.

Habitat—Grown on cow dung in the laboratory, Iowa City.

The plants of this species have been grown several times
under glass in the laboratory. They are at first white or
nearly so, and taper to a point at the top which gradually
spreads until the plant becomes cylindrical with the hyme-
nium convex. When mature the whole plant is from 2 to
3 mm. in diameter and about the same in height. The spores
are often surrounded by a hyaline gelatinous substance.

RYPAROBIUS SEXDECIMSPORUS (C7.) .Sace.
PLATE XVIII, fig. 1.

1871 Ascobolus sexdecimsporus Cooke, Hanbk. of Brit. Fung., II, p. 730.
IS8T Ascophanus sexdecimsporus Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 311.
1889 Ryparobius sexdecimsporus Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 541.
1897 Ryparobius sexdecimsporus Engler-Prantl, Pflan Famil., I, i, p. 190.

Scattered, very minute, sessile, yellowish white, just visible
to the naked eye, hymenium papillate with the emergent
asci; asci broad, curved or straight, 75 to 80 by 16 to 18
microns, terminated by a short, curved stem below; sporidia
16 in each ascus, elliptical, guttulate, smooth, 10 to 12 by 6
microns; paraphyses numerous, filiform, simple or branched.

Habitat—Grown on old cow dung in the laboratory, winter,
Iowa City.

These plants resemble in external appearance and size the
plants of Ryfarobius crustaceus but are distinguished by the
number of spores in each ascus which is 16. The asci in this
case are not quite as broad as in the other, as would naturally
follow from the smaller number of spores contained. The
plants were found scattered but in considerable numbers.

RYPAROBIUS PACHYASCUS Rehm.
PLATE XVIUII, fig. 11.

1889 Ryparobius pachyascus Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 541.

‘THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 279

Gregarious or scattered, very minute, scarcely visible with
the lens, 70 to go mm. in diameter, partly immersed, yellow-
ish brown; asci few in each plant, 3 to 5, broad, acute at the
base, not stipitate, 70 to 76 by 32 to 35, many spored; sporidia
minute, elliptical, 5 to 7 by 3 microns; paraphyses not distinct.

Habitat—Grown on old cow dung in the laboratory, winter,
Iowa City.

Plants are very small and could not be distinguished except
as they were collected accidently with other specimens. The
number of asci in each plant is small and varies in different
cases but is generally from 3 to 5. The entire ascus is filled
with the spores which seem to be arranged radially around
the outside of the ascus. The exact number of the spores in
the ascus could not be determined but there are more than
64. The paraphyses if present were indistinct.

RYPAROBIUS CRUSTACEUS (Fckl.) Rehm.
PLATE. XVII, be. TE

1888 Ayparobius crustaceus Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 539.
1897 Ryparobius crustaceus Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil., I, i, p. 190.

Gregarious or scattered, sessile, hemispherical then de-
pressed, very small, not more than .5 mm. in diameter, gener-
ally less, dirty white or slightly yellowish, hymenium convex,
papillate with emergent asci; asci very broad, curved, stipitate,
from 10 to 15 in each plant, or sometimes more, 100 by 30
microns, stem 12 to 14 by 4 microns; sporidia elliptical, when
mature I-guttulate, 64 in each asctis, 10 by 6 microns; para-
physes numerous, filiform, branched.

Habitat—Grown on old cow dung in culture, winter, Iowa
City.

Plants are very small and difficult to see but may be easily
seen with the aid of the lens. The asci are very large and
not very numerous in each plant. The spores being borne
in a mass are not very easily counted. If one ascus be separ-
ated from the rest on a slide, and crushed under a cover until
the spores are all in one plane they can be easily counted.

280 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

In this way the spores were found to be 64 in each ascus,
although the number may vary as it does in some other
cases.

Genus IV—ASCOBOLUS fPersoon.

Receptacle fleshy-gelatinous, at first closed, spherical, later
more or less cup-shaped, externally smooth, furfuraceus, or
clothed with hairs. Asci cylindrical or clavate, operculate,
protruding at maturity. Spores elliptical, smooth reticulate,
or verrucose, at first hyaline, then purple and at last brown.
Paraphyses scarcely enlarged upwards. Plants generally

found on dung but often found on decaying plant material.
The ends of the asci with their dark colored spores appear as

black dots on the hymenium.

KEY LO) Cab SPECIES:

a—Plants minute, externally smooth : ; A. glaber.
a—Plants externally furfuraceus or pilose.
b—Plants minute, partly immersed, pilose with
soft hair - : : : : : A. tmmersus.
b—Plants larger, furfuraceus.
c—Plants light colored, yellowish, spores retic-

ulate : : : : : E A. furfuraceus.
c—Plants brownish-black, spores verrucose,
on charcoal . 2 3 , ‘ : A, atro-fuscus.

ASCOBOLUS GLABER eres.
PLATE OW by ie. re

1801 Ascobolus glaber Persoon, Syn. Fung., II, p. 677.

1817 Ascobolus glaber Martius, Flora Crypt. Erlang., p. 472.
1823 Ascobolus glaber Fries, Syst. Myc., p. 164.

1833 Ascobolus glaber Tink, Handbk, III, p. 333.

1869 Ascobolus glaber Berkeley, Outl. of Brit. Fung., p. 374.
18Tl Ascobolus glaber Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung., p. 728.
1887 Ascobolus glaber Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 288.

1889 Ascobolus glaber Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 517.
1897 Ascobolus glaber Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil., I, p. 193.

Plants sessile, minute, often gregarious, smooth and shin-
; ) g )
ing, obconical, base immersed, appearing hemispherical, gen-

erally convex, brown or reddish brown, hymenium papillate
with its projecting asci filled with dark colored spores; asci

NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN. 281

clavate; sporidia elliptical, violet then brown, reticulate, ro

to 12 by 22 to 25 microns; paraphyses very slender, often
branched.

Habitat—Found growing on horse dung on which Z2szod-
olus was abundant in a culture in the laboratory.

These plants which are from 1 to 2 mm. in diameter were
found growing sparingly on the material described above.
When growing they appear as small, spherical, shining dots
but removed from the substratum, they are found to be pyri-
form, the lower part of the plant being immersed. The
sporidia of this species are similar in size to those of Ascobolus
furfuraceus Pers. but are easily distinguished by their surface
markings. ‘The sporidia of Ascobolus furfuracens are marked
by a few branching reticulations which are for the most part
longitudinal while in Ascobolus glaber they may extend in
any direction and are very much more numerous, giving the
entire surface of the sporidia a roughened appearance.

ASCOBOLUS IMMERSUS /¢7%S.
PEATE PV 1, fie. a.

1801 Ascobolus tmmersus Persoon, Syn. Fung., II, p. 677.

1823 Ascobolus immersus Fries, Syst. Myc., p. 164.

1833 Ascobolus immersus Vink, Handbk., III, p. 164.

1871 Ascobolus tmmersus Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung., II, p. 728.
1887 Ascobolus immersus Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 292.

1889 Ascobolus immersus Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 523.
1897 Ascobolus immersus Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil., I, p. 193.

Immersed or partly immersed, very small, about 1 to 2 mm.
in diameter, appearing hemispherical or pyriform, yellowish
brown, coated externally with numerous hyaline, septate,
flexuose hairs; hymenium shining; asci very large broad, and
clavate, when mature, much elongated and exserted; sporidia
very large, elliptical, or oblong-elliptic, violet, then brown,
each inclosed in a hyaline membrane, nucleus visible when
young, when mature marked with longitudinal, branching,
reticulations, 50 to 60 by 20 to 32 microns;paraphyses filiform,
simple or branched.

282 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Habitat—Grown on cow dung, in culture, in the laboratory.

The material on which these specimens were grown, had
been kept dry in the laboratory for several weeks. It was
then moistened and placed under a bell jar. Ina few days
abundant growth was seen. The first discomycetes to be
found being those of Ascobolus furfuraceus, which were
mature in about one week from the time the material was
placed in culture. About the same time, the much smaller
plants of Ascobolus tmmersus made their appearance. On
removing the bell jar, the minute plants with their emergent
asci filled with dark colored spores presented a very beautiful
appearance under the hand lens. Ina few minutes, the asci
disappeared, having ejected their spores. The asci are pro-
truded half their own length or more but only the spores are
ejected.

ASCOBOLUS FURFURACEUS fees.
PLATE XV, fig. II.

1791 Peziza stercoraria Bulliard, Champ., t. III, p. 376.

1801 Ascobolus furfuraceus Persoon, Syn. Fung. II, p. 676.

1817 Ascobolus furfuraceus Martius, Flora Crypt., p. 472.

1823 Ascobolus furfuraceus Fries, Syst. Myc. Il, p. 163.

1828 Ascobolus furfuraceus Fries, Elench, Fung. I, p. 16.

1833 Ascobolus furfuraceus Ink, Handbk., III, p. 332.

1860 Ascobolus furfuraceus Berkeley, Outl. of Brit. Fung., p. 374.
1871 Ascobolus furfuraceus Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung., II, p. 727.
1887 Ascobolus furfuraceus DeBary, Morph. of Fung., p. 296, 186, 92.
1887 Ascobolus furfuraceus Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 290.

1887 Ascobolus furfuraceus Goebel, Class. and Sp. Morph., p. 110.
1889 Ascobolus furfuraceus Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 516,
1900 Ascobolus furfuraceus Durand, Bull. Tor. Bot. Club, 27, p. 481.
1902 Ascobolus furfuraceus Morgan, Jour. of Myc., 64, p. 182.

Sessile, gregarious, globose, then expanded, 1 to 5 mm. in
diameter, externally pale yellow, covered with bran-like par-
ticles, especially near the margin; hymenium concave, some-
times plane or slightly convex, same color when young,
becoming dark with age on account of the dark colored
spores; flesh very brittle; asci clavate, emergent; sporidia
elliptical, reticulate, violet, then brown, 20 to 25 by 10 to 12;

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 283

microns; paraphyses filiform, septate, imbedded in sulphur
yellow gelatine.

Habitat—On old cow dung in pastures and woods, also
easily grown in culture.

This is a very common species in this locality. ‘The plants
are very pale in color, but when mature, the hymenium is
covered with small, black dots, the dots being the ends of the
emergent asci filled with dark co'ored spores. They may be
found growing scattered or densely crowded.

ASCOBOLUS ATRO-FUSCUS Ph2l. and Plow.
READE OV. to. 1,

1873 Ascobolus atro-fuscus Phillips and Plowright, Grev. , II, p. 186, pl. 24, 1.
1887 Ascobolus atro-fuscus Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 291.
1897 Ascobolus atro-fuscus Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil., I, p. 193,
1900 Ascobolus atro-fuscus Durand, Bull. Tor. Bot. Club, 29, p. 458.

Sessile, crowded or scattered, brownish-black, concave or
plane, 2 to 8 mm. in diameter, margin crenuiate, externally
rough; sporidia 8, elliptical, violet, then brown, externally
very rough with minute spicules, appearing granular 20 by
I2 microns; paraphyses linear, surrounded by a greenish
yellow mucus, brown near the surface of the hymenium.

Habitat—On burnt ground which is mixed with charcoal
in October; Iowa City.

Plants found growing on hard clay soil on the bank of the
Iowa river, near Iowa City, where a brush-pile had been
burned. The plants grow scattered also densely crowded on
and surrounding the pieces of charcoal with which the soil is
mixed. ‘They are dark brown in color and very granular on
the outside. The asci are slightly clavate, 8-spored, the
spores being rather irregularly arranged in the ascus, at first
violet, then brown. ‘The paraphyses are often branched.

This material, by the kindness of Dr. E. J. Durand, has
been compared with his material collected in New York and
reported to be the same.

284 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Genus V—-SACCOBOLUS Bouder.

Receptacle similar to Ascobolus, externally smooth. Asci
emergent, operculate, clavate, often stipitate, 8-spored.
Spores elliptical or fusiform, at first hyaline, then purple, at
last brown, smooth, united into one globular mass in the ascus.
Generally found on dung.

One species has been grown in the laboratory.

SACCOBOLUS KERVERNI (Cvouwan) Loud.

PLATE XIV, fig. 11.
1871 Ascobolus kerverni Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung., II, p. 729.
1886 Saccosolus kerverni Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 294.
1889 Saccobolus kerverni Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 524.
1897 Suaccobolus kerverni Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil., I, p. 192,

Plants very small, scattered or crowded, golden yellow, about
.5 mm. in diameter, smooth, shining, sessile, hemispherical
then expanded, depressed, hymenium convex, asci broad,
clavate, operculate; sporidia 8, elliptical, at first hyaline
becoming violet, then brown, smooth inclosed in a hyaline
gelatinous material, with which they are discharged from the
ascus, 18 to 20 by g microns; paraphyses branched enlarged
at their apices, filled with golden yellow coloring matter.

Habitat—Grown on old cow dung in culture in the labor-
atory; Feb. 20; Iowa City.

Plants of this species have been found growing either scat-
tered or crowded on cow dung in the laboratory. They are
very small and difficult to see with the naked eye. With the
lens they are easily seen. The plants are light colored and
when mature are covered with dark colored dots, the ends of
the asci filled with purple spores which contrast very strongly
withthe light colored hymenium. Before maturity the spores
are transparent and fill almost the entire ascus, but at maturity
they become purple, are much more closely compact, and im-
bedded in a mass of gelatine. The asci at this time are also
much larger so that the spores occupy only a small part of the
ascus. The asci open by a lid and the spores are ejected, still

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 285

imbedded in the block of gelatine. The spores at maturity
are arranged in four rows in the ascus.

Family [V—HELOTIACE#,

Receptacle generally on the surface, seldom beneath the
epidermis, sessile or stipitate, smooth or clothed externally
with hairs, waxy membranaceous or thick. Apothecium com-
posed of thin walled, bright colored cells. At first closed then
expanded. Asci 8-spored; spores spherical, elliptical, or linear,
1 to 8-celled. Paraphyses slender.

Genus I-SA RCOSCYPHA Pres.

Plants generally gregarious or tufted, more or less long-
stocked. Receptacle generally cup-shaped, externally hairy.
Asci cylindrical, 8-spored; spores elliptical, seldom rough,
hyaline, with 1 to many guttule. Paraphyses slender,
branched, enlarged above. Plants large, generally bright col-
ored, growing on decaying wood.

Three species are common in woods near Iowa City.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

a—Externally clothed with numerous long, rather rigid

hairs F : : 4 Ss e/laccosa:
a—Externally dlothed with foun soft, aerinee hairs

b—Cups large, stem short, thick : ‘ wes GOLELICA:

b—Cups small, stem long, slender - : . oS. occidentalis.

SARCOSCYPHA FLOCCOSA (Schw) Sac.
PLATE XIX, fig. 1.

1783 Peziza floccosa Batsch, Elench. Fung., p. 223

1875 Peziza floccosa Cooke, Grey., III, ae 13, fig. 87.

1880 Peziza floccosa Ellis and Everhart, N. A. Fung., I, No. 435.
1889 Surcoscypha floccosa Saccardo, erilape Fung., VIII, p. 156.
1899 Sarcoscypha floccosa Underwood, M. M. & M., p. 57.

1900 Sarcoscypha floccosa Durand, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 27, p. 477.
1900 Sarcoscypha floccosa Atkinson, Mush., p. 222.

Stipitate, infundibuliform when mature, 1 to 2 cm. in dia-
meter, stem .5 to r inch in length, margin at first incurved;

286 ‘NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

hymenium bright scarlet, whitish externally and clothed with
a dense covering of straight or somewhat flexuose, hyaline
hairs, erect and longer near the margin; asci cylindrical; spor-
idia 8, elliptical granular within, 20 to 25 by 11 to 12
microns; paraphyses filiform, slender.

Habitat—On sticks half buried in the ground in spring;
Iowa City.

The cups are stipitate, the length of the stem varying ac-
cording to the depth at which the sticks from which they grow
are buried. ‘This is a common species in the woods in spring,
and recognized on account of the bright colored hymenium
and the dense covering of white hairs on the exterior.

SARCOSCYPHA COCCINEA (/acq.) Cke.
PLATE XX, fig. II.
1791 Peztza epidendra Bulliard, Champ., t. 4, pl. 467.
1801 FPeziza coccinea Persoon, Syn. Fung., II, p. 652.
1823 Peziza coccinea Fries, Syst. Myc., II, p. 79.
1833 Peziza coccinea \,ink., Handbk., III, p. 328.
1860 Peziza coccinea Berkeley, Brit. Fung. p. 363.
1871 Feziza coccinea Cooke, Handbk., of Brit. Fung., II, p. 679.
1874 Peziza coccinea Cook, Grev. III, p. 73, fig. 87.
1887 FPeziza coccinea Phillips, Brit. Disc. p. 202.
1897 Sarcoscypha coccinea Engler-Prantl, Pflan Famil., I, p. 195, fig, A-B.
1899 Sarcoscypha coccinea Underwood, M. M. and M., p. 57.
1900 Sarcoscypha coccinea Atkinson, Mush., p, 222.
1900 Sarcoscypha coccinea Durand, Bull. Tor. Bot. Club, 27, p. 477.
1902 Geopyxts coccinea Morgan, Jour. of Myc., 64, p. 188.

Cups large, stipitate, infundibuliform; externally whitish,
clothed with a dense covering of delicate, flexuose, septate
hairs; hymenium brilliant scarlet; margin, especially when
young, inflexed; cup often flattened laterally; asci long, cyl-
indrical; sporidia 8, oblong, elliptical, 26 to 27 by 8 to Io
microus; paraphyses linear.

Habitat—On buried or half buried sticks in the woods
spring and fall; Iowa City.

This is one of the most common but most beautiful speci-
mens found in this locality. On account of its brilliant scar-

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 287

let hymenium, it is made very attractive and easy to collect.
The plants always grow attached to sticks, which are generally
buried under leaves and soil.

SARCOSCYPHA OCCIDENTALIS (Schw) Che.
PEATE OOS Vie: 01, ,

1875 Peziza occidentalis (Sarcoscypha) Berkeley, Grev. III, p. 153.
1880 Feziza occidentalis Ellis and Everhart, N. A. Fung., No. 4306.
1889 Surcoscypha occidentalis Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 154.
1897 Sarcoscypha occidentalis Engler-Prantl, PAan. Famil., I, p. 194.
1900 Surcoscypha occidentalis Durand, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 27, p. 476.

Stipitate, cupulate, subinfundibuliform, 1 to 2 cm. hyme-
nium dull scarlet, externally lighter, clothed with a few short,
flexuose, septate hairs; stem .2 to 1 inch in length; asci cylin-
drical; sporidia 8, elliptical 18 to 20 by 10 to 12 microns, 2-gut-
tulate; paraphyses filiform, slightly emiaecd at their apices,
filled with orange Bice

Habitat—On decaying sticks in woods, spring; Iowa City.

This species is found under the same conditions, as .S.
Hoccosa, from which it is distinguished by the more shallow
cups and the exterior which is almost smooth, the hairs being
small and inconspicuous. The length of the stem varies
greatly, sometimes being as much as 2 inches, at other times
the plants are almost sessile. The length of the stem depends
upon the depth at which the sticks are buried under leaves
and soil.

Genus: TE Bi, OF T UMW frzes:

Plants generally gregarious, stipitate or sessile, externally
generally smooth, bright colored, waxy; hymenium concave,
plane or convex. Asci 8-spored; spores elliptical or fusiform,
blunt or sharp-pointed, at maturity 2 to 4-celled, guttulate.
Paraphyses slender. For the most part small plants growing
on wood and stems.

One species is very common on decaying wood distinguished
by its bright yellow color.

288 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

HELOTIUM CITRINUM (ffedw.) Fr.
PLATE XOX]; figs 1:
1801 Feziza citrina Persoon, Syn. Fung., II, p. 663.
1823 Feziza citrina Fries, Syst. Myc., II, p. 131.
1860 fFfelotium citrinum Berkeley, Brit. Fung., p. 372.
1871 Helotium critrinum Cooke, Handbk., of Brit. Fung. II, p. 711.
1881 Helotium citrinum Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 157.
1889 FHlelotium citrinum Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 224.
1897 Flelotium citrinum Engler-Prantl, Pflan, Famil., I, p. 207, fig. 162.
1899 Flelotium citrinum Underwood, M. M. and M., p. 57.
1900 Ffelotium citrinum Durand, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 27, p. 483.

Cups sessile or shortly stipitate, plane, slightly concave or
convex, hymenium lemon yellow, often whitish outside, firm,
smooth, 1 to 8 mm. in diameter; asci cylindrical or clavate;
sporidia 8, fusiform or oblong elliptical, 2 to 3-guttulate,

often pseudo-septate, 10 by 3 microns; paraphyses filiform,
very slender.

Habitat—On decaying wood in moist places; summer and
fall; Iowa City.

The plants of this species are very common on wood and
easily recognized on account of their bright yellow color.
They are generally produced into a short stem below, but are
often sessile and more or less irregular in outline. The sub-
stance of the plant is firm as is shown by the fact that they do
not shrink much in drying.

Genus TI—C OR Y N B& Zalasune.

Plants tufted, with a short, thick stem, externally smooth
gelatinous, hard when dry. Hymenium at first concave be-
coming nearly plane, generally dark colored. Asci cylindrical,
8-spored; spores fusiform, at last 2 to 8-celled, generally in 2
rows. Paraphyses slender, enlarged upwards. Found on de-
caying wood.

One species is found in woods near Iowa City.

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 289

CORYNE SARCOIDES (/acg.) Tul.
EL AE eo. ips F.

1801 Peziza sarcoides Persoon, Syn. Fung., II, p. 633.
1817 Ascobolus inguinans Martius, Flora Crypt. Erlang., p. 471.
1823 Bulgaria sarcoides Fries, Syst. Myc., II, p. 1068.
1833 Bulgaria sarcoides Wink, Handbk. p. 334.
1800 Bulgaria sarcotdes Berkeley, Brit. Fung., p. 375.
S71 Lulgaria sarcoides Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung. II, p. 733.
L887 Ombrophila sarcoides Phillips, Brit. Dise., p. 323.
1889 Coryne sarcoides Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 642.

Caespitose, sessile or substipitate, firm, subgelatinous, flesh-
red, or dark purple, 5 to 10 mm. in diameter; bymenium plane
or concave and repand; asci cylindrical or slightly enlarged
upwards; sporidia 8, fusiform, straight or unequal sided,
granular within, guttulate 15 to 25 by 4 microns; paraplhyyses
filiform, slender, enlarged at their apices, abundant.

Habitat—In woods on the decaying trunks of trees; often
growing crowded together in thick masses from the crevices
of the wood.

These plants may be found in large numbers in damp shady
woods on decaying logs in the summer and fall. They are
often crowded together so as to become very irregular in out-
line. The color of the older specimens is dark purple, but in
younger plants it is of a reddish purple or flesh color. The
plants are often nearly sessile, spreading in irregular masses
over the surface of the wood, but they are often shortly stipi-
tate. When young the hymenium is concave, becoming plane,
sometimes with a little depression in the center.

Family V—-MOLLISIACE &.

Receptacle either free from the first or at first immersed
then breaking through the epidermis. Apothecium consisting
of roundish cells. At first spherical, then more or less ex-
panded. Asci 8-spored; spores hyaline, 1 to many celled.

Genus I-MOLLISIA frees.

Receptacle entirely sessile, waxy, at last plane light colored,

290 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

externally smooth. Asci clavate, 8-spored; spores elongate,
curved, 1-celled, often in 2 rows. Found on the stems of
plants.

“Two species have been collected, one of which is sometimes
included in another genus.

KE Ye TOS TEE SPECIES:

a—On living plants of Potentilla : : : M. dehnii
a—On decaying plants of Polygonum : 3 y M. polygont

MOLLISIA POLYGONI (Lash) Gill.
PrATE XXL, dig. a0:

1888 Peziza polygont Farlow and Seymour, Fung. of U. S., II, p. 92.
1889 Mollisia polygoni Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 322.
1897 Mollisia polygoni Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil., I, p. 212.

Gregarious, sessile, at first hemispherical, then expanded,
about 1 mm. in diameter, dark greyish, often lighter when dry;
hymenium slightly concave or plane; asci clavate, 7 to 9 by 2
microns; sporidia fusiform, elongated on one side, often gut-
tulate; paraphyses filiform, slender.

Habitat—On stems of Polygonum in wet places among
weeds; Lafayette, Indiana and Iowa City, Iowa.

These plants have been found almost completely covering
decaying stems of Polygonum in woods near Iowa City. The
plants are very small and generally dark colored but some-
times yellowish. These plants seem to be especially adapted
to the stems of this host plant as they have not been found on
plants of any other species.

MOLLISIA DEHNII (Rabenh.) Karst.
PLATE ORC hick.

1888 Peziza dehnii Farlow and Seymour, Bung. of U. S:, 8) p: a0:
1889 Mollisia dehnii Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 325.

Gregarious or crowded, sessile or with a very short stem,
about 1 mm. in diameter, dull lead color; hymenium at first
concave then plane; asci clavate; sporidia elongate, straight

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 2g!

or curved, often guttulate, 10 by 3 microns; paraphyses filiform
slender.

Habitat—On growing stems and leaves of Pofentilla nor-
vegica; Pocahontas, Iowa.

The individuals of this species were found growing ona
living plant of Potentilla norvegica in a yard at Pocahontas,
Iowa, in the summer. ‘The plants are dark colored and were
found in such numbers as to cover the stems in places. They
grow on the leaves, especially on the under side and generally
near the veins. In external appearance these plants are sim-
ilar to those of A/ollista polygont but may be distinguished
from their habitat, as well as from the size of the spores.

Family VI—PATELLARIACE 2.

Receptacle either always on the surface or at first immersed,
breaking through the substratum, generally leathery or hard,
for the most part dark colored, hemispherical or elongated.
At first closed, not protected by a covering membrane, then
opening. Hypothecium generally well developed, dark col-
ored. Asci thick-walled especially at the apex, 8-spored.
Spores spherical, elongated, or filiform, 1 to many celled.
Paraphyses forming a well developed epithecium. Plants
saprophytic.

Genus I—PATELLARIA Frees.

Receptacle for the most part always on the surface, black
or blackish, coriaceous. Plants spherical or elongated; hyme-
nium concave or plane. Asci clavate, 8-spored; spores fusi-
form, often clavate and curved, or straight, 4 or more celled,
hyaline, in 2 rows. Paraphyses forming a brown epithecium.
Found on decaying wood.

Several species have been collected recently.

292 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

PATELLARIA MELAXANTHA (/vzes) Phillips.
PLATE XXIT ‘ig. U1:

1823 Peziza melarantha Fries, Syst. Myc., II, p. 150.
1871 Peziza melanotheja Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung., I, p. (06.
1887 Putellaria melazantha Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 370.
1889 Blytrydium melaxanthum Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 8006.

Plants minute, not more than 1 mm. in diameter, generally
less gregarious, or often confluent, depressed, yellowish brown,
darker externally near the base; hymenium concave, plane or
slightly convex, more or less papillate or rough; asci clavate
12 to 14 by 100 to 110 microns, very slender at the base, apex
rounded, attenuated; spores 8, fusiform, generally curved,
5 to 7 septate, hyaline, 35 to 40 by 3 to 4 microns, obliquely
arranged in the ascus, more or less twisted around each other;
paraphyses filiform, branched.

Habitat—On decaying wood, Iowa City.

There is doubt as to the specific name given above on ac-
count of the incomplete description given for that species.
The plants described here have been collected several times
in the summer and fall. ‘They are minute in size but always
gregarious, and often forming a confluent yellowish mass.
The internal characters are quite distinct. Spores are fusi-
form, generally curved or double curved, becoming very
slightly S-shaped, from 5 to 7 septate (generally 7), and often
apparently constricted at the septa. Paraphyses are less dis-
tinct, but filliform and branched.

Family VII-CENANGIACE.

Receptacle at first immersed then breaking through the sub-
stratum, leathery or gelatinous, generally dark colored, at first
closed then expanded, becoming cup-shaped, when young cov-
ered with a tough membranous covering which disappears
with age. Asci generally 8-spored; spores I to many celled,
often muriform, hyaline to black. Paraphyses often enlarged
upwards, forming a well developed epithecium.

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 293

Genus ICENANGIUM /M7res.

Cups scattered or tufted at first immersed, then breaking
through the substratum, ‘sessile, leathery or waxy, brown or
blackish. Receptacle, cup-shaped. Asci clavate, 8-spored,
elongated, cylindrical or fusiform, straight or curved, spores
1-celled, hyaline, in 2 rows. Paraphyses enlarged at their
apices, forming an epithecium.

One species collected in the northeast part of the state, on
limbs of Populus tremulordes.

CENANGIUM POPULNEUM (Pers.) Rehm.
PLATE, KOU... lige, 3:

1891 Peztza populnea Persoon, Syn. Fung., II, p. 671.
1889 Cenangium populneum Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 565,
1897 Cenangium populneum Engler-Prantl, Pflan. Famil., p. 232.

Cups sessile, caespitose, 3 to 7 mm. in diameter, often very
irregular, forming dense rosettes springing from beneath the
epidermis, or solitary, dark brownish black; hymenium con-
cave; margin irregularly lobed, often splitting; asci clavate;
sporidia oblong, or fusiform, elongate, 12 to 14 by 3 to 4 mic-
rons, each containing 1 small central guttula; paraphyses fili-
form, slender, slightly enlarged upwards, often branched.

Habitat—On dead branches of Populus tremulordes. Col-
lected by B. Shimek, Howard Co., Iowa; early spring.

Plants spring from beneath the epidermis of the host and
often form rosettes nearly an inch in diameter, or a ring
which extends nearly around the branch. The plants are
crowded together so as to become very irregular, sometimes
compressed and twisted in various shapes. ‘They are quite
easily recognized by these characters. The spores are often
much curved with a very small guttula in the center.

Genus II—B U LG ARIA frees.

Cups gregarious with a short thick stem. Growing at first
under the bark then breaking through. Externally dark col-
ored, rough, often with short hairs, gelatinous, shrinking when

294 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

dry. Asci cylindrical, generally 8-spored; spores elliptical,

or unequal sided, 1-celled, hyaline, then brown. Paraphyses

forming a colored epithecium. Plants large growing on wood.
Two species have been collected near Iowa City.

KEY -1O) DASE CIES:

a—Hymenium dark colored, spores unequal-sided : B. inquinans
a—Hymenium light colored, reddish, spores elliptical B. rufa.

BULGARIA RUFA Schw.
PLATE XXIV, fig. I.
1881 Bulgaria rufa Ellis and Everhart, N. A. Fung., No. 449.
1889 Bulgaria rufa Sacceardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 638.
Subturbinate, caespitose, at first closed, then expanding,
concave, gelatinous, 1 to 2 inches in diameter, margin in older
specimens repand; hymenium light colored reddish; externally
dark brown or black, covered with minute, flexuose, black,
septate hairs, rugose near the base; asci cylindrical, sporidia
8, elliptical 10 by 20 microns; paraphyses filiform, slender.

Habitat—On decaying sticks in woods; Iowa City.

These specimens have been found in large numbers on de-
caying branches in woods near Iowa City. The plants are
large and attractive and may be found in clusters of several
each, growing from beneath the bark of decaying wood. The
light colored hymenium contrasts strongly with the very dark
exterior. The hymenium has a reddish tint which suggests
its specific name. This species is easily distinguished from
Bulgaria inquinans by its light colored, concave hymenium.
The spores in this species are equal-sided.

BULGARIA INQUINANS /77es.
PLATE XXIV, fig...

1791 FPeziza nigra Bulliard, Champ., t. 4, p. 460.

1801 Peziza inguinans Persoon, Syn. Fung., p. 631.

1823 Bulgaria inguinans Fries, Syst. Myc. II, p. 167.

1861 Bulgaria inguinans Berkeley, Outl. Brit. Fung., p. 375, pl. 22, fig. 7.
1871 Bulgaria inguinans Cooke, Handbk. of Brit. Fung. II, p.732, fig. 239,
1887 Bulgaria inguinans Phillips, Brit. Disc., p. 314.

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 295

1889 Bulgaria inguinans Saccardo Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 636.

1897 Bulgaria inguinans Engler Prantl. Pflan. Famil., I, p. 239.
Caespitose, turbinate, firm, gelatinous, externally rough,

umber; hymenium at first concave, becoming plane, black or

very dark purple; asci clavate; sporidia 8, elliptic, unequal-

sided, often nearly pointed at one end, Io to 14 by 5 to 6 mic-

rons; paraphyses filiform slender.

Habitat—On oak logs growing from crevices in the bark;
Iowa City.

Plants common forming very dark colored gelatinous masses
when wet, hard when dry. The cups are continued into a
short stem below and are at first concave opening until the
hymenium becomes plane, then margin becomes reflexed until
the hymenium at maturity, is convex often with a little depres-
sion in the center. The cups are more or less irregular at
maturity. The spores are of a dark brownish color and
arranged in one or two rows in the ascus. ‘The asci are very
long so that the spores occupy only a small portion near its

end.
Genus URNULA J/7ees.

Cups stipitate, urn-shaped, at first closed, then opening by
a circular or stellate aperture, externally dark colored, fur-
furaceus or clothed with minute, dark colored hairs. Asci
cylindrical, 8-spored; sporidia oblong-elliptical.

One species is common in woods in the early spring. This
species is included, by Engler-Prantl with the subgenus Geo-
pyxts.

URNULA CRATERIUM (Schw.) F7.
PLATE XXV, fig. IL.
1823 Peziza Craterium Fries, Syst. Myc., II, p. 74.
1883 Peziza craterium Ellis and Everhart, N. A. Fung., No. 982.
1889 Urnula cralerium Saccardo, Sylloge Fung., VIII, p. 549.
1897 Peziza craterium (Geopyxis) Engler-Prantl. Pflan. Fam. I, p. 185.
1902 Urnula craterium Kupfer, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 29, p. 137.

Large, long-stipitate, subceespitose, dark brownish black, at
first closed, hollow within, opening at the top by an irregular

296 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

rupture, leaving the margin notched, involute, clothed exter-
nally with minute black hairs; asci very long, cylindrical,
8-spored; sporidia oblong hyaline, granular within, 25 to 30
by ro microns, paraphyses slender septate.

Habitat—On_ half-buried branches and sticks in woods;
spring; Iowa City.

A large species common on decaying sticks in woods in the
spring. A number of plants may often be found attached to
a small stick. They are at first club-shaped, black structures,
hollow in the center, finally opening by a star-shaped rupture
at the apex, when mature, leaving the margin notched. In
Engler-Prantl, this species is included with the subgenus Geo-
pyxts. ‘There is some difference of opinion as to whether this
plant should be included with that genus or allowed to remain
where it is (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 29, p. 137.)

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
SPATHULARIA CLAVATA (Schaeff.) Sacc.

Fig. 1, a. Plants to show habitat, natural size.
Fig. 1, 6. Ascus and paraphyses, x 1000.
Fig. I, c. One spore removed, x 1200.

LEOTIA STIPITATE (Bosc. ) Schr.

Fig. 1, a. Several plants, natural size.
Fig. u, 6. Ascus with paraphyses, x 750.
Fig. 0, c. One spore removed, x 2000.

PLATE I.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

lenin Eilon Eien!

ie
Il,
II,
iit,

d.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
MORCHELLA CONICA (Pers. )

Plant, natural size.

Section to show pits.

Ascus and paraphysis, x 500,
One spore, x 750.

MoRCHELLA HYBRIDA (Sow. ) Pers.

Plant, natural size.

Section to show free pileus and pits.
Ascus and paraphysis, x 400.

One spore, x 800.

Rian ll

Th Lae

pay sane! a a

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.
HELVELLA CRISPA (Scop.) Fr.

I, a One plant, natural size.
1, 6. Ascus and paraphyses, x 609.
I, c. One spore removed, x 1400.

HELVELLA ELASTICA Lu//.

11, a. Two plants, natural size.
11, 6. Ascus and paraphyses, x 500,
II, ¢. One spore, x 1200.

PEATE, Ui:

|

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.
PYRONEMA AURANTIO-RUBRUM (FCk/.) Sacc.

Group of plants, natural size.
Same enlarged to show habitat.
Two plants removed, x 10.
Ascus and paraphyses, x 1200.
One spore, x 2500.

PYRONEMA MELALOMA (/7.) Fekl.

Group of plants, natural size.
Several cups enlarged, x 5.

Ascus and paraphyses, x 700.

Spores with guttule, x 1000.
Hair-like structure from cup, x 700.

PEATE lV;

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Fig.
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Fig.
Fig.
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Fig.
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Fig.
Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
SPH4SROSPORA CONFUSA (Che. ) Sacc.

Cups, natural size.

One cup, x 3.

Ascus and paraphysis, x 500.
Hair from margin of cup, x 500.
Diagram section, x 3.

One spore removed, x 1200.

NEOTIELLA LUTEO-PALLENS (NVy/.) Sacc.

Several cups, natural size.

One cup, x 10.

Ascus and paraphysis, x 600.
Hair from cup, x 600.

Ascus to show operculum, x 1200.
Diagram section, x 10.

One spore, x 1500.

PLATE V.

ein an wl
Pale f
¥

2)

Fig.

>

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

5

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

en a |

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.
LACHNEA SCUTELLATA (Linn.) Sacc.

Plants showing habitat, natural size.
One plant, x 2.

Ascus and paraphyses, x 600.

Hair from cup, x 500.

Ascus to show operculum, x 1000.
Spore with granules, x 1200.

LACHNEA MELALOMA (A. @ S.) Sace.

Plants to show habitat.
Plants, x b-

Ascus and paraphysis, x 700.
One spore, x 1400.

Hairs from cup, x 700.

PEALE, Var

274
A gms
-

SER ee

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.
LACHNEA HEMISPHERICA (Wigg.) Gill.

Several cups, natural size.
Ascus and paraphysis, x 400.
One spore removed, x 1000.
Hair from cup, x 500.

SARCOSPH-ERA ARENICOLA (Lev. ) Lindau.

Two cups a little enlarged.

One cup removed showing hairs.
Ascus and paraphysis, x 400.
One spore, x 1100.

Portion of hair from cup, x 500.

PLATE VII.

a! |
se
.
*
rn
*
*
E
i
»
" 4
&
eh cole ars
ee! a? ct
fon y Vee ;
Pa f AR = f ie ‘Opi
Way a i ines
er iM ayaa
ish “
iy ie ie oa

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

an Sa

2 >

d.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.
PEZIZA AURANTIA Fferss.

Group of plants, natural size.

Diagram section, natural size.

Ascus and paraphysis, x 600.

One spore to show reticulations, x 1800.

PEZIZA RUTILANS /7ies.

Cups showing habitat, x 2.
Diagram section, x 2.

Ascus and paraphysis, x 500,

Spore to show reticulations, x 1500.

PRAT Vint

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig’

>

15; a:
1 2:
1.
ul, d.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.
PEZIZA CEREA Sow.

Several cups reduced one-third.
Ascus and paraphysis, x 500.

One spore, x 1200.

Ascus to show operculum, x 1000.

GALACTINIA succosa Lerk.

Several cups, natural size.

Ascus and paraphysis, x 500.

One spore to show verrucose markings, x 1500.
Diagram section, natural size.

PLATE LX:

>

So =—2
-

eee =
a .
¥ -

i
aes:

:

ey iia

bi an Ate

Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

its We

Te 0!
Tite

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.
OTIDEA OCHRACEA (Fries. ) Sacc.

Several plants, natural size.
Ascus and paraphysis to show branching, x 800.
Spores removed, x 2000.

OTIDEA LEPORINA (#atsch) Fckl.

Cups natural size.
Ascus and parapyosis showing hooked apex, x 700,
One spore removed, x 2000.

Pin) OX

al ol Nahe enlist
nanos

cada,
(ee, Ah
aetle
ee 6

Il,

NAH SR

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.
HUMARIA TETRASPORA (Fvk/.) Sacc.

Several plants showing habitat, natural size.

Three cups, x 5.

Ascus with its four spores and paraphysis, x 000.
Diagram section showing concavity of hymenium, x 10.
Spore with guttulz, x 1500.

HUMARIA MURALIS Quel.

Cups showing habitat, natural size.
Cups, x 5.

Ascus and paraphysis with spores, x 400.
Diagram section, x 10.

Spores with guttule, x 1000.

Piast XT,

: 1
ier 7
:
a

i
7
:
¥
ar
ma
= -
)
7)
a
Oe
{ 7
a
Fi
uf
oe

ine)

i] ’ A_th)) ie |
or

Le

q

ft
4 SOR

Nd
aS

; a
7)

eae
fa

an
+i

a
——_

-

heeotaets
eoraee|

wie

a.
—

Ms ge
hi Sater

7

ae

a Sa

a.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.
LASIOBOLUS EQUINUS (Mull.) Karst.

Several plants showing habitat, natural size.
One plant to show spines, x 20.

Ascus and paraphysis, x 500.

One spine, x 590, often much longer.

Ascus to show operculum, x 750.

One Spore, x 1200.

LASIOBOLUS RARIPILUS (PAIL. ) Sacc.

Group of plants, natural size.

One plant spines diagramatic, x 10.
Ascus and paraphysis, x 400.

One spore, x 1200.

Hair, x 500.

PLATE Xf.

MAM. wy aa

Rees

SESE Sinise)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.
ASCOPHANUS TESTACEUS (Mong.) Phill.

Plants showing habitat, natural size.
Several plants, x 10.

Ascus and paraphsis, x 6000.

One spore removed, x 1200.

Diagram section, x 10.

ASCOPHANUS MICROSPORUS (B. & Br.) Phill.

Several plants, natural size.

Plants, x 10.

Two plants, x 20.

Ascus and paraphyses with globose apices, x 1000.
One spore removed, x 2000.

PEATE, Xai

ein

Seka PUR
ed Fes aa) i a
OPES SRI
tbs ee ant
pee | hs) 53 oe

eS

Lowe

b.

da.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.
ASCOPHANUS CINEREUS (Cr. ) Boud.

Plants, natural size.

One plant, x 10.

Ascus and paraphyses, x 700.
One spore, x 1200.

SACCOBOLUS KERVERNI (Cy. ) Loud.

Plants, a little enlarged.

One plant, x 25.

Ascus and paraphyses, x 800.
Ascus to show operculum, x 800.
Diagram section, x 25.

PVA Sly.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.

Fig

Ss:

Fig.
Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.
ASCOBOLUS ATRO-FUSCUS Phill. & Plow.

Group of plants showing habitat, natural size.
Several plants, x 2.

Ascus and paraphyses, x 500.

Diagram section, x 4.

One spore showing verrucose markings, x 1200.

ASCOBOLUS FURFURACEUS /¢rxs.

Group of plants, natural size.

Plants showing projecting asci, x 3.
Ascus and paraphysis, x 400.

One spore to show reticulations, x 1200.
Diagram section, x 5.

PLATE XV.

ay GA! A
Sa

Ave
> ere
i * .

tp

fe) Be rie hberty

Ah tee ee Paris, yi
oy) | gan Ua er rr
weeny

ihe

Yenc y
“pe ay Lie Boh tt e ¥
f i"

My

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

ae
Fig.

I,

Xo AH &R

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.
ASCOBOLUS IMMERSUS /erss.

Several plants, natural size.

Mature and immature plant, x 5.

Mature plant, x 25.

Ascus with spores and paraphyses, just before maturity, x 300.
Mature spore showing reticulations, x 600.

ASCOBOLUS GLABER /¢yss.

Several plants, natural size.

Mature plant with projecting asci, x 20.

Same removed from substratum.

Ascus with mature spores and paraphyses, x 411.
Mature spores showing numerous reticulations, x 1299,

PEATE 2V i

‘ { 5 pins Sa a
Ra eee Wt
Be esis

at

Gag

a

= neg aay in
——-

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.
RYPAROBIUS PELLETIERI (Cr.) Sacc.

Several cups, natural size.

Mature and immature cups, x 10.
Ascus and paraphyses, x 411.
Ascus to show operculum, x 400.
One spore with membrane, x 1000.

RYPAROBIUS CRUSTACEUS (Fekl.) Rehm.

Plants, about natural size.

Plants, x 10.

One plant to show projecting asci, x 30.
Ascus and paraphyses, x 1000.

Ascus to show operculum, x 800.

TEE pe Bsa IBE

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

SEE Geeks

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.
RYPAROBIUS SEXDECIMSPORUS (Cr. ) Sacc.

Plants, natural size.

One plant, x 20.

Ascus and paraphyses, x 1000.
Spores, x 1500.

RYPAROBIUS PACHYASCUS Rehm.

Diagram section, x 500.
Ascus with spores, x 1111.
Spores, x 2000.

PLATE xX Vi

Pe as Ley
Rad aa pry Sesh?
LALOR
ES a! e

PS}

LA

—- ;

See btk ft en,

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

HAW OW

Tat
I,
ioe
1a,

XP S &

AQP Ss

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.
SARCOSCYPHA FLOCCOsA (Schw.) Sacc.

Several cups showing habitat, natural size.
Ascus and paraphyses, x 500.

One hair removed, x 500.

Spore with guttulae, x 1000.

SARCOSCYPHA OCCIDENTALIS (Schw.) Che.

Cups to show habitat, natural size.
Ascus with paraphsis, x 500.
Hairs, x 500:

One spore removed, x 1000.

PLATE XIX.

SoS Sey

cid 2st oa

ae y
he Corey
‘nae ee 2,

ne
Pe ta
as

—_—

> pity

’ a4
aetna a a SY

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.
MACROPODIA PUBIDA B. & C.

Fig. 1, a. Cups, natural size.

Fig. 1, 6. Cup removed to show stem, natural size.

Fig. 1, c. Ascus and paraphyses, x 400.

Fig. 1, d. One spore showing verrucose markings, x 1000.
Fig. 1, e. Portion of hair, x 700.

SARCOSCYPHA COCCINEA ( /Jacg.) Sacc.

Fig. m1, a. Cups to show habitat, natural size.
Fig. u, 6 Ascus and paraphysis, x 400.

Fig. 11, c. One spore, x 1000.

Fig. m1, d. Hairs, x 1400.

I

a4

——
we Tit

ny Seni fae WA

fale ay Sith yf AKA
Wl vay i i
ve

es se or i ”
2 My an _ Aa

vb al ‘ana
A
3

Ly ! hie

by
nae

Ss

Sous

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.
HELOTIUM CITRINUM (Hedw.) Fr.

Group of plants to show habitat, natural size.
Plants enlarged, x 3.

Ascus and paraphyses, x 1500.

Spores, x 2000.

GEOPYXIS NEBULOSA (Cke.) Sacc.

Group of plants showing habitat, natural size.
One plant, x 3.

Ascus and paraphyses, x 500.

Spores, x 800.

POATEH, X2cr

Kes SO2AAATES

a

oI
LS

eee

Fig

g.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig,

Rn SR

Ro Sa

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.
CORVNE SARCOIDES ( Jacq.) Tul.

Several plants to show habitat, natural size.
Plants a little enlarged.

Ascus and paraphyses, x 1000.

Spores removed, x 2000.

PETALLARIA MELAXANTHA (Fries.) Phill.

Plants showing habitat, natural size.
Several plants, x 10.

Ascus and paraphyses. x 1000.

Two spores removed, x 2000.

PLATE XXII.

i igi

.

oY
;

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.
MoLLIstA DEHNU (Rabenh.) Karst.

Plants showing habitat, natural size.
Several plants, x 3.

Ascus and paraphyses, x 1000.

One spore, x 2500.

MoLLISIA POLYGONI (Lasch.) Gill.

Plants showing habitat, natural size.
Several plants, x 5.

Ascus and paraphysis, x 1200.

Two spores, x 2300.

PEATE, XOX

ae

th

" . =: . 80 iene gem es
De seniehfh eArvenn 9s orem m sues bail Mae? tte

“
: aa ee arin

_ iid ia moo i o
Bay Ps i ALL ‘¥ Miaih 5 :
aay ow a v. a) Sa Lum,
: — ip 5
7) if : ; : rar :
i ‘ shi 2 Lael :
; MS ,
. fi 1
= + a
, 7 7 ;
2 > i
a | Ar =
( eee, Ay
os 1
: i = :
2 ie : ' :
7 _ oF 7 :
i a
: | - : - :

+ a
: mt i —
oh ar)

le wa 7 ew
a i : fos - Ns : wt
; rar wee a 4 i. i‘ = i ‘fy F
. cn a oe a ae / ¥ -
i ‘ é , aa ee Oo : eel] :
ian uh tates J a — pet : na ,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.

BULGARIA RUFA Schw.

. 1, a. A cluster of cups showing habitat, natural size.
. I, 6. One cup removed showing stem, natural size.
. I, ¢. Ascus and paraphyses with spores, x 500.

BULGARIA INQUINANS /7ies.

Young and mature plants to show habitat, natural size.
One plant removed to show stem.

a.
b.

. I, c. Ascus and paraphyses, x 750.
d.

One spore with guttule, x 2000.

XXIV.

PEA

ji

ON eres

es

a ye — 24 a = eo ~~
ie a out = - , rex ed = :
405-0 oe rt a a geal ae. ae “4

es

Seweh
—

“

se

oP

BMAD a: CN,
» my oe

4. 5 »

iP my re

a

O / s,' ye A
‘ ae bye eee es)
3 a Pie y Ay\

UB A shila, Br eh
Ria Yeoke

ad

Gite pee eB ora

3 A)
ig
ene

°

eet Nae Ny:

i emdmnonhia §
tere Weak Be
i

ERAN) BR
" Aa

Oa AS
x aS ut

rt tah te pid ite
ba MRR LL Nl YK We Al
oi te 4. th

Bay ]

ibipes
+e.

ed
yee

he abe
AG

%

=e

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.

CENANGIUM POPULNEUM (Fers.) Reh.

Cups natural size to show habitat.
Ouneé ‘cip, x5:

Ascus and paraphyses, x 1000.
One spore, x 2000.

URNULA CRATERIUM (Schw.) Fr.

Three stages in development of cup, natural size.
Ascus and paraphyses, x 500.

Hairs from cup, x 1000,

One spore, x 1200.

PLATE XXV.

i ene

THE DISCOMYCETES OF EASTERN IOWA. 297

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The following is the list of the literature used in the preparation of
this work.

1900
1783
1860
1879

1791
1878
1887
1719
1890

1878
1897
1836
1888

1823
1828
1872
1833
1897
1767
1900
1817
1902
1801
1887
16001

1889
1897
1800
1898
1896
1899
1795

Atkinson, G. F., Mushrooms Edible Poisonous, ete.

Batsch, A. J. G. C., Elenchus Fungorum.

Berkeley, Rev.-M. J., Outlines of British Fungi.

Boudier, M. E., On the importance that should be attached to the
dehiscence of the asci in the classification of the Discomycetes.
Grev. VIII, pp. 45 to 49.

Bulliard, Pierre, Historie des Champignons de la France.

Cooke, M. C., Handbook of British Fungi.

DeBary, A., Morphology and Biology of Fungi.

Dillenius, J. J., Catalogus Plantarum circa Gissam nascentium.
Durand, E. J., Classification of the Fleshy Pezize, Bull. Torrey
Bot. Club.

Ellis, J.’B., North American Fungi.

Engler-Prantl, Natiirlichen Pflanzen Familien, I. Teil.

Endlicher, Genera Plantarum.

Farlow, W. G., and Seymour, A. B., Host Index of the Fungi of
the United States.

Fries, Elias M., Systema Mycologicum.

Fries, Elias M., Elenchus Fungorum.

Grevillea, various volumes.

ini. Os Ee Ie) land booksder ewachse:

Lindau, G.,—see Engler- Prantl.

Linnzeus, C., Systema Nature.

Melivaine, C., One Thousand American Fungi.

Martius, C. F. P., Flora Cryptogamica Erlangensis.

Morgan, A. P., Discomycetes of the Miami Valley.

Persoon, D. C. H., Synopsis Methodica Fungorum.

Phillips, W., British Discomycetes.

Plinius, C., The Historie of the World; English Translation of
Pliny’s work written about 60 A. D.

Saccardo, P. A., Sylloge Fungorum.

Schroeter, S.,—see Engler-Prantl.

Schieffer, D. I. C., Icones Fungorum.

Strasburger, E., Text Book of Botany.

Underwood, lL. M., Distribution of N. A. Helvellales,
Underwood, ly. M., Moulds Mildews and Mushrooms.

Uster, P., Neue Annalen der Botanik.

PAPERS ON THE LOES=:

By B. SHIMEK.

The question of the genesis of the loess of the Mississippi
valley has interested two generations of geologists. Until
quite recently the great majority of American writers on the
subject ascribed the deposition of the loess to water in some
form or manner. ‘This general conclusion was fortified and
entrenched by a series of able papers by professors Chamber-
lin, Salisbury, McGee, Hilgard, and others, which appeared
in various journals and periodicals in the years 1878 to 1892.
A lull followed this period of activity. Some of the earlier
champions of the aqueous theory turned to other lines of effort,
and those who remained had little to say upon the subject in
a public way. But it is not just to judge of the latter class
today by their writings of several years ago, for some of the
ablest former advocates of the aqueous theory have materially
changed their views upon the subject. It is true that here
and there individual efforts were made to strengthen the
aqueous side of the case, and recently these have been more
frequently renewed largely for the purpose of sustaining
theories or views on related subjects. But it is safe to say
that no material facts have been added in a dozen years to
strengthen the aqueous theory o1 hypothesis. Those who
have recently argued in its favor have relied not so much upon
new confirmatory observations, as rather on the earlier utter-
ances of men whose more mature judgment and experience
today contradict their former views.

The recent discussions of the Lansing skeleton have again
precipitated the question of the origin of the loess because of
the attempt to deduce the age of the skeleton from the age of
the deposit under which it was buried, and which was assumed
to be loess.

THE LOEKSS OF NACHEZ, MISS. 299

The writer’s own contributions to the literature of the loess
in recent years have been on the zolian side. One of these,
that on the Loess of Natchez, Miss., published in the Ameri-
can Geologist,* should have been credited at the time of pub-
lication to this Bulletin as an advanced publication. It is
reprinted here because originally prepared for this Bulletin,
and because it bears more or less directly on the reply to Pro-
fessor Wright, and advantage is taken of this opportunity to
add a few notes to the original paper. The paper on the Loess
and the Lansing Man also appeared in the American Geo-
logist, and is here reproduced to make the subsequent notes
and articles intelligible.

THE LOESS OF NATCHEZ, MISS.

PILI DS) MOWAOE

The loess of Natchez, Miss., and of the lower Mississippi
valley, besides presenting a specially interesting field to the
student, is classic ground, for here loess was first recognized
in America by Sir Charles Lyell, who visited the region in
1846.

It has received much attention since that time, and has been
reported upon successively by Wailes*, Hilgard}, Chamberlin
and Salisbury{, McGee§, and Mabry||, while its fossils have
received some attention from Binney.{

**Vol. XXX, pp: 279=299, Nov., 1902.

*“Wailes, B. L. C. Report on the Agri. and Geology of Mississippi,
1854.

+ Hilgard, KE. W.—Agriculture and Geology of Mississippi, 1860.

iChamberlin, T. C., and Salisbury, R. D.—Sixth An. Rep. U. S.
Geol. Survey, 1885.

§$McGee, W. J.—Twelfth An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891.

Mabry, T. O.—Journal of Geology, vol. VI., 1898.

Binney, W. G.—A Manual of American Land Shells. Appendix
IX, 1885, ete.

300 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

While it was at first regarded as distinct from the loess of
the upper Mississippi drainage, it is indistinguishable from
it in its physical characters,—especially from that which may
be designated as Missouri river loess. There are certain pecu-
liarities of the fossil fauna of the southern deposit which have
already received some notice, but for the most part the refer-
ences to them are vague and unsatisfactory and do not suffi-
ciently set forth their significance.

It was the writer’s good fortune to visit Natchez (and also
Vicksburg) in May and June, 1898. The visit was made
chiefly for the purpose of studying the fossils of the loess and
comparing them with the modern molluscan fauna now in-
habiting the same region. Asa result of this investigation
more than 4,6v0 fossil shells were secured; and some additions
were made to the collections of modern molluscs from Missis-
sippi1 and adjacent states made by the writer in previous years.
The season, however, was very unfavorable for collecting liv-
ing snails because of the long-protracted drought which caused
them to hide away. This probably accounts for the compar-
atively small number (less than g00 specimens) of modern
snails in the Natchez collection, of which more than one-half
belong to a species (.Succinea grosvenori ) not represented in
the local loess.

In all more than fifty exposures of loess were studied at Nat-
chez, and several were examined at Vicksburg, where but one
day was spent. The location of the principal exposures which
received attention at Natchez is shown in the accompanying
map. ‘The topography of the region is striking. The Mis-
sissippi has cut away the deposits on the east side until bluffs
exceeding 200 feet in height face the river. In addition to this
smaller streams have washed out deep gullies, whose almost
perpendicular sides rise from 50 tonearly 200 feet. In all the
region which was investigated the highest points are uni-
formly close to the river, while the outlying region is much
lower. This is well illustrated by the ridge on which Natchez
stands. Reference to the map will show that the altitudes* in

*These were obtained in part from barometric readings, and in part
from more exact data furnished by Captain Babbit of Natchez.

THE LOESS OF NACHEZ, MISS. 301

the western part of Natchez, near the bluffs, vary from 180 to
210 feet above low water in the river, but gradually drop to
75 feet on the plain into which St. Catherine’s creek has cut
its channel. ‘This plateau, or broad ridge, is seamed and cut
by the “breaks,” “gulfs” and ‘guts’? described by McGee,*
which offer abundant opportunities for the study of numerous
exposures, most of which reach far below the loess, and per-
mit easy penetration into its undisturbed mass. The loess is
uniformly the uppermost deposit, forming the immediate sub-
soil on the ridge on which Natchez is located. Underlying it
in most of the exposures is the Yellow or Brown loam, which
closely resembles loess, but is not fossiliferous and is usually
of a deeper red color, though sometimes practically indis-
tinguishable from it. Hilgard**described the Yellow or Brown
loam as overlying the loess. Later McGee?t, in giving the or-
der of the members of the Columbia formation, places the
Brown or Yellow loam above the loess, but adds: ‘The order
of the first two members might be reversed with equal pro-
priety in the southern portion of the embayment; for the loess
is buta phase of the loam, and is frequently underlain as well as
overlain by the loamy deposits.” Again(p.393) referring to the
succession of strata at Natchez, he places the loess at the sur-
face and the brown loam below it,—which accords with the
writer’s observations in that vicinity. Still later Mabryt dis-
cussing the relation of the brown loam to the loess, said: “It
would appear that, if my observations be accurate, the Brown
loam and the loess of this region are not only homotaxial but
synchronous as well.”

Whatsoever may be the exact relation existing between
these two deposits elsewhere, at Natchez there appears no
trace of the brown loam above the loess so far as the writer
was able to determine.

*McGee, W. J., l. c., p. 434. See also Plate II.
**Hilgard, E. W., 1. c., pp. 194-195.

tMcGee, W. J., 1. c., p. 392.

PMabry, Le Oty dl. @, p. 295:

302 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The thickness of the loess at Natchez has been variously
reported. Lyell§ gave it as sixty feet, but he probably in-
cluded the brown loam; Hilgard|| reported its average thick-
ness as between twenty-five and thirty-five feet; McGee] states
it as ten to fifty feet; while Capt. C. W. Babbit, of Natchez,
an experienced surveyor and civil engineer, who has had much
to do with excavations, assured the writer that it nowhere ex-
ceeded twenty-five feet in thickness. The writer’s own meas-
urements showed a maximum thickness of about thirty feet,
though in the exposures numbered 29 and 31 on the map, it
seemed to be much more, but accurate measurements could
not be made. It is probable that the front portion of the bluff
had slipped in part and thus exaggerated the apparent thick-
ness of the loess. Such slipping was well illustrated opposite
exposure No. 12 at x. A mass of loess about 25 feet high, 15
feet wide and 165 feet long, slipped vertically about two feet.
Subsequent erosion of the face of the bluff at one end of the
mass made it appear as though the mass extended from the
original upper surface to the new lower surface,—a distance
of about 27 feet. The underlying Orauge sands, which are
easily washed out, always make such faults possible, and con-
sequently care must be exercised in making measurements on
‘the exposed faces of bluffs.

The material of the deposit possesses typical loess charac-
ters. It is a fine yellow or slightly bluish clay, showing a
tendency toward vertical cleavage, containing lime nodules
and iron tubules, occurring on higher grounds, and abund-
antly fossiliferous. Its hypsometric distribution is also like
that of the northern loess, for it mantles the hills, and varies
but little in depth. This is well illustrated in Plate III. In
many respects it is strikingly like the loess along the Missouri
river, being somewhat coarser and containing more lime, and
consequently eroding less readily, than the loess of the upper
Mississippi valley in Iowa and Illinois. But for the under-

§$Prin. of Geology, vol. I, p. 460.

IP; 31d, 1. <;
APS. O97, A. xc:

THE LOESS OF NACHEZ, MISS. 303

mining of the underlying sands and gravels it would long resist
the action of air and water. Along the N.O. & N. W.R.R.,
in the cut near the depot, (exposure 1 on the map), the very
steep sides still retained the marks of pick and shovel at the
time that the photograph reproduced in Plate IV. was taken,
though the excavation had been made about seven years
before.

This similarity of the Natchez loess and that of the Mis-
souri river bluffs in all excepting fossils suggests the probable
source of much, if not all, of the material which composes it.

The fossils are the most interesting feature of the southern
loess. Here, as elsewhere, the characteristic fauna is mollus-
can, but differs in many respects from that of the northern
loess. Notwithstanding the fact that the fossils formed the
special object of the writer’s investigations, there were found
among them no species which are aquatic, or in any sense
even “semi-aquatic.” Not even those forms which belong to
the fauna of the small pond and shallow stream, and which
sometimes occur in northern loess, were found here. Singu-
larly, too, such species are quite absent from the modern fauna
of the uplands in and about Natchez, for there are no springs,
or ponds, or swampy areas in which such snails as Physa,
Limnea, etc., might thrive. It is true that aquatic species
have been reported from this loess, but in all cases the reports
are either indefinite, or refer to that which may not be loess.

As early as 1846, Lyell* noted a deposit at Natchez resemb-
ling loess and with “land, fluviatile and lacustrine shells of |
species still inhabiting the same country,” but he did not
designate them by name. Later, discussing the loess of Nat-
chez in the London Timest+ he said that the deposit ‘‘contains
abundance of fresh water and land shells, of which I myself
obtained more than 20 species.... They belong to the
genera Helix, Helicina, Pupa and Succinea, accompanied or
rather replaced in a few places where the loam passes into
shell-marl by ZLymnea, Planorbis, Physa, Cylas.... All

*Atheneum, Sept., 1846.
+Dec. 8, 1846; reprinted in the Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 2nd series,
vol. III, pp. 267-269, 1847.

304 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

species are identical with Testacea, now inhabiting the same
part of the U. S.” The species of Helix, Helicina, Pupa and
Succinea are, however, in no sense aquatic, and it will be ob-
served that the deposit from which the shells of the species
belonging to the aquatic genera Lzmnea, Planorbis, Physa
and Cyclas (Spherium or Pisidium) were obtained is very
doubtfully loess,—certainly not typical loess. Finally, in the
Principles of Geology* Lyell says that this loess is “full of
land-shells such as Helix and Pupa,together with the amphib-
ious genus Succinea, all of species now living in the same
country. Ata few points in the lower part of this formation,
I observed shells of living species of Lymnea, Planorbis and
Cyclas,—genera which inhabit ponds.... The only fossils
of a truly fluviatile character, which have been met with any-
where in this loess are the remains of three fish discovered
lately (March 19, 1866) by Colonel Green. They were found
in the great platform of loess, two miles north of Vicksburg,
and only four feet below the surface, at the height of 200 feet
above highwater mark.”

The genus Swccznea cannot be properly designated as am-
phibious. It consists of two very distinct groups of species,
to only one of which, represented by the species retusa
(ovalis), the term may be applied, and this one is not
represented in the southern loess, and but very sparingly

in that of the north. The common and characteristic species
of the loess, not only at Natchez but in all the Mississippi
valley, belong to the other section of the genus, of which
S. chliqua, S. grosvenorim and .S. avara are members, and all
of these are upland species, or at least are commonly found on
higher grounds,—and none of them are in the remotest sense
aquatic or “semi-aquatic.”” Viewed in the light of the quota-
tion from the London Times, the deposit in which the pond
snails were obtained can scarcely be referred to as typical loess.
The occurrence of the fish-bones is unique and throws no light
on the prevaili: g loess conditions. Such limited quantities

*Vol. I, p. 460, 1872.

THE LOESS OF NACHEZ, MISS. 305

of material might have been carried to the highlands by birds
or mammals, and subsequently buried deeply by dust.

McGee also says* that this loess “yields... shells of land
snails sometimes associated (particularly at lower levels) with
shells of water snails and other fluviatile mollusca.”” No names
are given, and the reference is probably based on Lyell’s state-
ments. The saine is probably true of the following reference:**
“The loess is unusually rich in shells of land and swamp mol-

lusca, together with a few aquatic species.”’+
Altogether the evidence of the occurrence of aquatic shells

in the southern loess is very unsatisfactory. They certainly
cannot be very abundant or widespread if among the 4,600
specimens collected by the writer there is not one aquatic
shell.

The occurrence of vertebrate remains in the southern loess
is quite as doubtful. Lyell’s fishes have already been dis-
cussed. He had previously stated? that the shells already
noted are ‘“‘associated with bones of mastodon, elephant, tapir,
and other megatheroid mammals.” Again, in the Principles
of Geology§ he says: “As to the mammalia of which some
bones have been found in the lowest part of the loess and in
clay at its base, they are many of them extinct species.
Among them are Mastodon giganteus, a species of Megalonyx,
a Mylodon, Bison latitrons, Equus americanus, Felis atrox,...
two species of deer, two of bear and other quadrupeds, some
extinct and others still living.”

Wailes, in his first report, said:|| ‘‘The following list of the
mammals found in a solid blue clay, said to belong to this for-
mation (“‘bluff,” or loess), was furnished by Dr. Leidy:

*P. 393, 1. c.

**P. 399, L e.

tSee also notes on Dr. Amos Binney’s paper at close of this paper.
tAthenceum, 1846.

§P. 461, vol. I, 1872.

See also Hilgard, 1. c., p. 196.

306 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

felis atrox, Weidy. Tapirus Haysi1, Leidy.
Ursus Americanus, foss. LE-quus Americanus, Leidy.
Ursus amplidens, Weidy. Bootherium cavifrons, Leidy.
Megalonyx Jeffersoniti, Harlan. Cervus Virginianus, foss.
Megalonyx dissimtlis, Leidy. Bison latifrons, Weidy.
Mylodon Harlani, Owen. Elephas primigenius.
Ereptodon priscus, Weidy. Mastodon giganteus.

Tapirus Americanus, foss.

Of these the last named is by far the most common.... -
They are found about twenty feet below the surface, and the
bones of other animals are associated with them.”

A comparison of the two citations shows that the two lists
are practically the same. The “solid blue clay” is in all prob-
ability not loess. The writer found no trace of these mam-
mals in the loess at Natchez, though molluscan remains were
abundant. But even if it proves that these mammals are
found in true loess, the problem herein discussed will not be
affected, as they are terrestrial and, if in true loess, only in its
lowest, or oldest, parts.

The characteristic fossils of the loess at Natchez, as else-
where, are land snails. They are found in all fossiliferous
loess-exposures north and south, and the writer at least, has
failed to find any other fossils in undoubted loess in the south.

These fossils have already received some attention. Lyell’s
references to them have already been quoted. Wailest gives
the first specific listt of species from the southern loess, identi-
fied wholly or in part by Conrad. They were obtained from
the “bluff formation,” or loess, of Mississippi, and most of
them were probably from Natchez. ‘They are:

Flelix albotabris Flelix perspectiva
Flelix alternata Flelix profunda
Flelix concava Helix thyroides
Flelix elevata Flelix tridentata

Flelix fraterna
To this list Hilgard adds Hehx monodon and “a large
Achatina found in Wilkinson county.” Of these species /7,

TP. 283, 1. c., also quoted in Hilgard, 1. c., p. 196.

This is an error, See Dr. A. Binney’s list in additional notes at
the close of this paper.

$b. 195, 4c:

THE LOESS OF NACHEZ, MISS. 307

alternata and ff. perspectiva are now placed in the genus
Pyramidula, 1. concava in the genus Czrcznaria, and the re-
maining species of /7e/zx in the genus Polygyra, H1. fraterna
being a variety of P monodon. ‘The “Achatina’’ is probably
Bulimulus, and not from the loess, At least it has not been
found in the loess along the Mississippi, though it is a char-
acteristic species of the southern modern terrestrial molluscan
fauna, and its occurrence as a fossil would not be surprising.

W. G. Binney frequently refers to the loess or ‘‘post-plio-
cene”’ fossils in his works on modern terrestrial molluscs, and
many of them are unquestionably from the bluffs of the lower
Mississippi,— some of them being specifically reported from
Natchez. In 1865* he reported two species of terrestrial mol-
luses from the “‘post-pliocene of the Mississippi valley’’(for the
most part undoubtedly loess), one of them being a southern
species which is known from the Natchez loess. In 1869+ he
reported 1g terrestrial species from the same indefinite source.
Of these 15 species were found by the present author at Natchez.
They are the following:

Hyalina (now Gastrodonta) ligera.
Macrocyclis (now Circinaria) concava.
Helix (now Pyramidula) alternata.
Helix (now Pyramidula) perspectiva.
Strobila (now Strobilops) labyrinthica.
Helix (now Polygyra) stenotrema.

sie ce AG hirsuta.

Ge ae 3b monodon,

Uk ae aie palliata.

se Ob 3G inflecta.

ge os ot albolabris.

KE ef ue elevata.

oe aC ne exoleta.

eit UC we profunda.
Succinea obligua (now ovalis Say).

Of the remaining four species one, elzx (now Pyramidula)
solitaria does not belong to the southern fauna.

*Smith. Miscell. Coll., no. 144, Sept., 1865.

tIn Binney and Bland,—Land and F. W. Shells of N. Am.—Smith.
Miscell. Coll., p. 194; Feb., 1869.

{The writer has reason to believe, from private correspondence with
Mr. Binney, that the shells reported under this name are Pyramidula
strigosa toensis, a species belonging to the northern loess.

308 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The remaining three species, Helix (now Polygyr.) thy-
rotdes, Hf. clausa, and [felix (now Gastrodonta) gularis, are
found in the modern southern fauna and their occurrence in
the southern loess would not be surprising. Mr. Binney later
specifically reported P. clausa from the “post-pliocene”’ of
Natchez. In 1870, in the 2nd edition of Gould,* he similarly
reported nine of the foregoing species, of which the present
author failed to find but one at Natchez, namely /7. thy7ozdes.
The variety ducculenta of this species does, however, occur at
Natchez, and may have been the form to which reference was
made. In 1878 Binney again similarly reported} the nineteen
species already mentioned, and added Zozztes (now Ompha-

lina) fuliginosa and Z. (now Gastrodonta) intertexta, and spe-
cifically reported Zrzodopsis (now Polygyra) obstricta from
“Natchez Bluff.” These three additional species are southern.
The specimen reported as Zonztes fuliginosus is really Ompha-
lina kopnodes, a species not rare in the loess of Natchez. Gas-
trodonta intertexta (Binn.) Pils. is not known from Natchez,
but is found in the South. /olygyra obstricta is frequent in
the Natchez loess. "The same species were again reported in
the text of his Manual of Am. Land Shells in 1885, but in
addition to this that work contains a catalogue of the Binney
collection donated to the U. S. National Museumf{ in which
twelve species are reported from the ‘“‘post-pliocene” of Nat-
chez. They are the following:

Macrocyclis (now Circinaria) concava 4 specimens.
Zonites (now Omphalina) Sfuliginosus 1
Stenotrema (now Polvgyra) stenotremum 2
ae AG BE hirsutum y)
46 AG ot monodon +
Triodopsis <“* < obstricta 1
36 iC at inflecla 4 ce
4
)
3
4
3

ae

ce

Mesodon Be ae albolabris
Gi as ae elevatus
Ms ae axe exoletus
ot iG 3E clausus
a ot ib profundus

*Invertebrata of Mass., A. A. Gould. Edited by W. G. Binney, 2nd
ed. 1870.

+The Terr. Air-Breathing Moll. of the U. S., vol. V.

~See Appendix IX, pp. 475-499,

THE LOESS OF NACHEZ, MISS. 309

It was the writer’s privilege to examine this collection in
1899, and he found that not only is the single specimen
marked Zonztes fuliginosus (No. 38,806 of the collection)
doubtfully from the ‘‘post-pliocene,” but it is Omphalina kop-
nodes. Mr. Charles T. Simpson of the U. S. National Mu-
seum, to whom the question was later referred, states in a
private letter that “this Omphalina is more solid than any
capnodes, friabilis, or fuliginosa I have seen but agrees most
nearly with capnodes.”* Omphalina fuliginosa is therefore
omitted from the final list of Natchez loess fossils, as Mr. Bin-
ney’s specimen is the only one reported from the loess. Its
occurrence as a fossil, however, would not be strange as the
species is common in the south, and occurs living on the bluffs
at Natchez.

With the exception of Polygyra clausa all the species in
Binney’s list were found by the writer in the loess at Natchez
and 27 species and recognized varieties were added to that
locality list, and two further species, Polygyra fraudulenta and
P. palliata, were added at Vicksburg. Of these 29 species
Polygyra thyroides bucculenta, P. fraudulenta, Pyramidula
alternata costata, Gastrodonta multidentata,Vitrea placentula,
Punctum pygmeum, Vertigo tridentata and Carychium exile,
are here reported for the first time from undoubted loess, while
Polygyra palliata and Gastrodonta ligera have heretofore
appeared only in Binrey’s rather indefinite ‘‘post-pliocene”
lists, without locality. Inasmuch as several of the fossil
species are now also living in the vicinity of the loess expos-
ures great care was exercised in collecting the fossils. Some
specimens of every species in the list of fossils, with the excep-
tion of Pupordes marginatus, were obtained by digging in
undoubted undisturbed loess. Plate IV. shows one of these
excavations at the right. In some cases additional specimens
were collected in the loess talus, but their characteristic heavy
chalky appearance, the presence of like shells in the undis-

*TIt is a striking fact that the shell quite uniformly appears heavier
in loess fossils than in modern specimens of the same species.

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THE LOESS OF NACHEZ MISS. 311

turbed loess above the talus, and the absence of modern shells
of the same species from the immediate vicinity of the par-
ticular exposures from which the shells were obtained, leave no
doubt that they too are true loess fossils. The single specimen
of Pupoides was collected in such talus, but its appearance is
that of a loess fossil. Moreover, the species occurs in the loess
elsewhere. It is therefore here included as a fossil.

In some cases the fossil shells were imbedded in large lime-
stone nodules, and occasionally small nodules form partial
casts of the she!ls. Some are shown in Plate V. Fossils were
coliected from twenty-six exposures at Natchez, and from a
cut along the Vicksburg and Meridian Railway at Vicksburg,
and the several locality sets were kept separate. ‘The accom-
panying table of species gives the number of fossils of each
species collected from each exposure,* thus giving a compre-
hensive view of the distribution and relative abundance of the
several species. In making comparisons, however, it must be
borne in mind that the several exposures are not of equal ex-
tent, nor are they even relatively equally fossiliferous. Eight
of the larger exposuresf proved to be non-fossiliferous. Ex-
posures I, 2, 3 and 4, are really in the same large cut, and
exposures 5 and 6 are likewise opposite sides of one cut, while
on the other hand No. 11 is a more or less broken series of
exposures around the great “gulf,” shown on the map, just
south of Natchez. It is especially fossiliferous on the south
and east sides of the “gulf.”

Nimmhers 1) 2.6376, 7.0, 0.01 and-17, arethe most exten-
sive of the fossiliferous exposures, and relatively the richest.
They are all located in the southwestern part of the area under
discussion.

Exposures 19 to 26, inclusive, along the Liberty road, are
mostly smaller cuts and “guts” along a wagon road, and are
not to be compared with the large exposures mentioned.

*The Natchez exposures are numbered, the number at the top of each
column corresponding to the number on the map. No fossils were
found in the exposures not included in the table.

+Compare map and table of fossils.

312 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The number of modern shells of each species found at Nat-
chez is given in the last two columns of the table. In order
that some conception of the peculiarity of the local distribu-
tion of modern shells may be gained, the collections made on
the bluffs toward the north are listed separately from those
which were taken on the hills southwest of Natchez. The
grouping of the fossils of the species in the loess is singularly
like that of modern shells on the surface.

The modern shells were all collected on higher slopes. No
collections were made on the Mississippi bottom lands.

Polygyra clausa should be added to the list of Natchez fos-
sils on the authority of Binney.

It will be noticed that all the species of the accompanying
table are terrestrial, and all are now found living either on the
hills in the immediate vicinity, or in similar situations 1n other
parts of the south. The fossil molluscan fauna of Natchez
resembles the modern fauna of the southern spurs of the Cum-
berland mountains in northern Alabama and Georgia, so far as
terrestrial forms are concerned only, for it contains no aquatic
species. It therefore presents a distinctly southern facies. It
belongs to the fauna of the interior region of the eastern pro-
vince of Binney,* and with the possible exception of Vertzgo
tridentata and Sphyradium edentulum, all its species are now
found living in the southern part of that region, within the
limits of which Natchez is located. The distribution of Ver-
tigo tridentata has not yet been satisfactorily determined,
partly because the species is often overlooked on account of
its small size, and partly because it has commonly been con-
fused with other species. It has, however, not yet been re-
ported south of the Ohioriver. Sphyradium edentulum, which

now seems to be restricted to the northern region, is a com-
mon fossil in the loess of the upper Mississippi drainage, and
was evidently once much more widely distributed. It is also
a species rather easily overlooked on account of its small size,
though it is more readily recognized than the preceding
species.

*Terr. Air-Br. Moll., vol. V, pp. 26-34.

THE LOESS OF NATCHEZ, MISS. 203

Not only do so many of these species occur in the southern
part of the Interior Region, but several are restricted to it.
Such are Helictna orbiculata, Polygyra stenotrema, Polygyra
thyrowdes bucculenta, Omphalina kopnodes, Vitrea placentula
and Pyramidula alternata costata. Polygyra obstricta and
P. inflecta, whose northern range is but little greater, may
also be added to this list. The predominance of the larger
species of land shells* is also characteristically southern, the
Natchez fauna approaching that of the Cumberland sub-
region. Moreover, the small form of Pulygyra hirsuta, the
Polygyra monodon with nearly closed umbilicus, and the large
form of Crrcinaria concava, all suggest a southern origin, the
fossils being like the predominating corresponding living
forms in that section.

Only four species of modern molluscs occurring at Natchez
were not found as fossils. They are: Polygyra espiloca (Bld.)
Binn., Omphalina laevigata (Pfr.) Pils., Gastrodonta gularts
(Say) Try., and Swccinea grosvenori Lea. The first three
species are restricted to the southern states. Swccinea gros-
venorit is now locally very common northward to South Da-
kota, especially in the country bordering the Missouri. Its
center of distribution is far north of Natchez, and its southern
extension may be of comparatively recent date. The species
is very common in the northern loess along the Missouri river.

The Natchez fossils bear out the writer’s oft-repeated state-
ment that the loess fossils of any given region are practically
identical with the modern molluscan fauna of the same region. f
Indeed, they furnish the most convincing proof of this inter-
esting and important fact which has yet been presented. The
most characteristic and widely distributed species of the north-

*See Plate VI.

+ Bull. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. Iowa, vol. I, p. 213.
Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. III, p. 84.—1896.
Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. V, p. 41.—1898.
Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. VI, p. 99.—1899.
Jour. Geol., vol. VII, p. 132.—1899.

1890.

314 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

ern loess, such as //elicina occulta, Succinea grosvenori, Pyra-
midula striatella, Vallonia gracilicosta, Polygyra multilineata
and Pupa muscorum, are wholly absent from the southern
loess, as, with the exception of S. gvosvenorz, they are from
the modern fauna of that region, while Swzccznea avara, so
common in the north, and so frequent there as a fossil, is very
rare in both the fossil and modern faunas of Natchez.

More than one-half the species in the Natchez list of fossils
have also been found in the northern loess, while the follow-
ing eighteen species are thus far known only from the loess of
the south:

Flelicina orbiculata Omphalina kopnodes
Polygyra fraudulenta Vitrea placentula
we inflecta Gastrodonta ligera
ce albolabris BC multidentata
ws exoleta Pyramidula alternata costata
«s palliata Punctum pygmaeum
ee obstricta Strobilops labyranthica(prabably* )
os elevata
os thyroides bucculenta
oe stenotrema

Polygyra albolabris and Punctum pygmeum are the only
species in this list which, judging from present distribution,
are likely to be found in the northern loess. The remaining
twenty-four of the species listed in the table of fossils have all
been found more or less abundantly in northern loess.

Several additional points of interest are presented by some
of the Natchez fossils. Only two of the shells of Polygyra
thyrotdes bucculenta have the parietal tooth. The remaining
edentate specimens somewhat simulate P. clausa, but they
are less elevated, and not so heavy nor so coarsely striate as
the shells of that species. The parietal tooth is easily broken
off in the fossils of this and other species, and in identifying
fossil species, too much importance must not be attached to
its absence.

The fossil Polygyra hirsuta is the small form, approaching

“The S. dabyrinthica of the earlier reports on northern loess fossils is
probably all S. virgo.

THE LOESS OF NATCHEZ, MISS. 315

maxillatum, which is the common form in the south. Puly-
gyra monodon is the form usually named /eaz,and P. monodon
fraterna is the form generally known as typical sonodon.*

The modern shells and the two fossils are of the /eaz type,
but have a smaller umbilicus than the northern form. Most
of the fossils are of the larger fraterna type. It was at first
thought by the writer that the fossil shells of Gastrodonta
multidentata might be G. lamellidens Pilsbryt, but a careful
examination of the teeth shows that the fossils are without
doubt G. multidentata. Modern G. multidentata is reported
from southeastern Tennessee by Ferris. {

Fossil Pyramzdula alternata and vat. costata are not always
sharply distinguishable, but the specimens listed as cos¢a¢a all
show more or less clearly the coarse ribs which characterize
this southern variety.

Succinea ovalis Say is the species well known as .S.ob/zqgua.§
The snails’ eggs could not be identified, but they are undoubt-
edly eggs of land snails. ‘Two species were collected.

The Natchez loess is of special interest because it furnishes
particularly weighty arguments against both the aqueous and
glacial theories of the origin of the loess. That this loess is
not of aqueous origin is shown by its fossils, which are terres-
trial upland species, and by its distribution over a high ridge,
higher than the surrounding country for many miles around.
A body of water sufficient to cover this ridge would form an
inland sea, with land on which the molluscs might develop
so remote from present Natchez hill that it would have been
necessary to transport them a great distance by water. That
it is extremely improbable that the shells of the loess at any
point have been transported any considerable distance by water

*On authority of Pilsbry.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. for 1900, pp.
454-5.

+See Nautilus, vol. XI, p. 134.
t Nautilus, vol. XIV, p. 58.—1900.

$See The Mollusca of Chicago Area, Frank C. Baker,in Bull. Chicago
peat. oci., No, Ill, pt. 2:

316 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

has already been shown by the writer.* That those of Nat-
chez have not been so carried seems to be established beyond
a doubt by the following facts:

1. At Natchez several shells of Helczna orbiculata were
found with the operculum lying within the aperture, a posi-
tion which it could not occupy if the shell-bearing animal had
been deposited in water, for it becomes detached immediately
after decay has set in, and would be carried away. Modern
upland dead specimens are frequently found with the oper-
culum lying within the shell.

2. The extremely delicate shells of snails’ eggs are pre-
served in the loess. ‘They are so frail that they would scarcely
stand transportation by water. :

3. The larger perfect fossil snails uniformly have the spire
of the shell empty, no clay having been carried into the shell
beyond the body-whorl, as would have been the case in drift-
ing and finally submersed shells.

4. The fact that the local fossil and modern faunas are _
very similar, has already been emphasized, and further indi-
cates that transportation of shells from a distance has not takeu
place.

5. There are no traces of beaches, shore-lines, etc., such as
would be left by a large body of water such as this theory pos-
tulates, nor does the remarkable homogeneity of the deposit
taken together with its distribution suggest the possibility of
deposition in flooded streams.

That the Natchez loess was not deposited by glaciers or ice-
bergs is, 1f possible, even more evident. Natchez lies far south
of the limits of glaciation, hence floating icebergs only need
to be considered. Icebergs, however, would require a great
body of water to float them over Natchez hill, and the objec-
tions to this have already been considered. Moreover, the
fossils of the Natchez loess are, as shown herein, in large part

* Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. V. pp. 40-41. -1898.

THE LOESS OF NATCHEZ, MISS. an7

such species as inhabit the warmer parts of our country today,
and there is nothing in the molluscan fauna of this loess
which would suggest even the remotest possibility of a glacial
climate.

It appears that the aeolian theory offers the best explana-
tion of the origin of the loess not only of Natchez, but of all
the Mississippi drainage. ‘The writer’s first paper in which a
modified form of the aeolian theory was presented,* was based
almost wholly on the study of fossils, and subsequent inves-
tigations, geological, paleontological and botanical (for the
loess presents an interesting problem to the plant ecologist,
and the influence of plants on the formation of the deposit
seems to be great), have only served to emphasize in the main
the conclusions therein presented, though perhaps modifying
them in some details. The chief purpose of the subsequent
papers} was rather the demonstration of the impracticability
and impossibility of the generally accepted theories which
postulated aquatic and glacial conditions.

While it is not purposed here to enter upon a detailed dis-
cussion of the positive evidence in favor of the aeolian theory,
this being reserved for a more extended paper on that subject,
certain considerations which have a direct bearing upon loess
in general, and upon that of the southern Mississippi valley
in particular, are here presented together with the writer’s
conception of the origin of the loess.

To make the formation of such a deposit as the loess pos-
sible it is necessary to have: 1) A source of supply of material
at hand; 2) an agency capable of transporting the material;
and 3) a lodging place upon which it may be safely anchored.
Where any of these conditions fail there can be no deposition

*A Theory of the Loess. —Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. III, pp. 82-89.
—1896.

+Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. V, pp. 32—45, 1898; vol. VI, pp. 98-113,
1899; vol. VII, pp. 47-59, 1900.

Journal of Geology, vol. VII, Mch., 1899.
Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. St. Univ. of Iowa, vol. V, pp. 195-212, May, 1901.

318 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

of material, and no loess will be formed; where these condi-
tions are best developed, there the deposit will be thickest. It
has long ago been observed that the loess is best developed
along our larger river-courses, and it is there that these con-
ditions are all most likely to be presented. A more detailed
reference to these conditions may be of interest:

1. The source of supply.—It is quite generally conceded
that the finely comminuted particles which make up the loess
originated primarily in the drift. In the north it was loosened
and sifted out from the coarser material by rain, by wind, by
burrowing worms, insects, mammals, etc., and by scratching
birds, and to some extent by growing plants, while its voluine
was increased by the chemical decomposition and disintegra-
tion of the coarser materials thus exposed.*

Some of this material was washed into the streams, and
some of it was (and is) blown about by the winds. In the
southern Mississippi valley, where there is no glacial drift
and yet an abundance of loess, the material of the loess was
probably all brought down by the great river, and chiefly by
its Missouri branch. During the summer months our streams
reach their lowest levels. Great bars of sand and mud are
thereby exposed to the dessicating influence of sun and wind.
During the summer, too, strong winds sweep along their val-
leys and gather up the fine material so exposed.{

With it is also mingled more or less of the finer material
gathered by the winds directly from higher grounds, and per-
haps with calcareous particles from fluviatile shells where pres-
ent in the streams, but the main supply in the south and per-
haps in large part elsewhere where loess was formed, was ob-
tained from the bars of the stream.

*That finer material is thus removed and the coarse material so con-
centrated near the surface has already been observed. See Proc. Ia.
Acad Seis, vole slV, spy 00; 89% Fete:

+t For discussion of the probable amount of this material see Jour.
Geol., vol. VII, p. 135.—1899; or Proc. Ia. Acad, Sci., vol. VI, pp. 109
aud 110,—1899,

THE LOESS OF NATCHEZ MISS. 319

2. The agency.—The objections to water and ice as agen-
cies of transportation have already been briefly stated. Wind
does carry large quantities of material, and in the loess regions
winds are strong and frequent during the summer season when
the soils are loose and easily eroded. Moreover, the general
southerly course of the larger streams in the Mississippi val-
ley, along which most of the loess is deposited, favors the con-
centration of the prevailing southerly winds in the troughs of
the valleys, through which they crowd with increased force,
and dislodge the fine particles of detritus brought down by
the streams and exposed in bars. In the north drifting snows,
especially in the Missouri river region, also gather up and
carry great quantities of dust.

3.—The anchorage.—The material so gathered up must be
deposited in a place from which it cannot easily be dislodged
by erosion if it is to add to the sum-total of the deposit. It
isa well known fact that plants check or prevent erosion.
The more luxuriant the vegetation the less erosion is pro-
duced by rainstorms. The most violent rainstorms will
scarccly disturb the finest leaf-mould even on very steep
slopes in the woods, while they wash out great quantities of
material in more open country. Vegetation, and especially
forest vegetation, is best developed along the streams.

It will thus be seen, that these three favorable conditions,
while not restricted to streams, are yet best developed adjacent
to them, and could accomplish more than would be possible
at more remote points. ‘That thisis true appears also from
the evidence of the snail fauna. The loess is thickest, and
also most fossiliferous, in close proximity to streams, and near
them, too, modern land-snails are most abundant. The fact
that fossils are more abundant near streams than they are in
more remote regions, does not indicate a difference in the or-
igin of the respective deposits,* but merely further shows that
torrestrial conditions along streams, even on high grounds

*See Hershey’s article in Am. Geol., vol. XXV, pp. 369-374.—1900.

320 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

favor the development of snails. The reason that snails are
not found fossil in the loess remote from streams is that when
living, they do not, to any extent, inhabit such places.

Time.—The element of time is also to be taken into ac-
count. It might seem that, if loess was deposited most abun-
dantly where vegetation was comparatively vigorous, there
ought to be an abundance of plant remains in-the deposit.
The rate of deposition, however, must have been so slow that
all organic matter would have disintegrated long before it
could have been covered and sealed in the deposit. Organic
remai.is can thus be preserved only when overwhelmed, es-
pecially in wet places, and their absence would rather mili-
tate against the aqueoustheory. If the rate of net deposition,
after deducting loss by erosion, already estimated by the writ-
er,* namely, I mm. per year, be accepted, it is evident that a
stick or log, or even a leaf, would decay long before it could
be entombed in the deposit. At that rate a log one foot in
diameter, for example, would require more than three hun-
dred years for burial. The shells of molluscs do not similar-
ly disintegrate, and are preserved as fossils, partly because of
their composition and texture which better enable them to
resist exposure, and partly because all of these terrestrial
snails are more or less inclined to burrow, or at least conceal
themselves in the lowest strata of leaf-mould, ete., and their
shells are soon covered up.t In many respects the borders of
of the drift-sheets in the north, especially where morainic,
presented conditions similar to those now existing along the
larger streams. This question, however, does not concern
the loess of Natchez and Vicksburg, and will be discussed at
another time.

*Jour. Geol., vol. VII, p. 135, and Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. VI, pp.
109 and 110.

+To collect some of our smaller species of modern snails which are
also represented in the loess, in autumn or during dry summers, it is
necessary to pull up the roots of smaller plants among which many of
the snails are concealed.

THE LOESS OF NATCHEZ, MISS. 321

Whatsoever may be the difference of opinion concerning
the soundness of the foregoing conclusions, the loess of Nat-
chez materially reinforces the evidence against the possibility
of the aqueous origin of the loess, and practically renders the
theory of glacial origin untenable.

The writer desires here to express his obligations to Presi-
dent Fish of the Illinois Central R. R. and Prof. Samuel Cal-
vin of the Iowa Geological Survey, whose kindly courtesy
made the preparation and public ition of this paper possible.

Since the publication of the foregoing paper the writer has
obtained other papers on southern loess, in which references
to fresh-water shells are made.

The earliest of these is by Dr. Amos Binney,* who discussed
the loess of Natchez as follows:+

“Tt is made up of nearly parallel strata of calcareous loam,
clays, sands and gravels, which contain in the different lay-
ers, besides inorganic substances, great numbers of terrestrial,
and some fluviatile, shells, remains of mammalia, and numer-
ous water-worn, agatized pebbles, imbedding corals, madre-
pores, encrinites, and marine shells. The most remarkable
portion of the formation is the upper bed, or that next below
the soil of the surface. It consists of a yellowish calcareous
loam, thickly filled in many places with terrestrial shells, and
in others, with a few fluviatile species. The depth or thick-
uess of this bed is described to be from twenty to fifty feet.
Below the loam is a bed of light ash-colored marl, containing
fluviatile shells, and having a thickness of from five to ten
feet; this with only an intervening stratum of fine gravel, is
succeeded by a bed of sandy loam, from twenty to thirty feet
in thickness, containing bones of the mastodon.”

*Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. I, pp. 126-130; read April 1,
1846, published in July, 1846.

Pp. 126-7, 1c.

322 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

The first of the quoted statements shows clearly that Dr,
A. Binney’s information concerning the limits of loess, evi-
dently obtained at second-hand, was very much confused.
The description of the deposit, probably furnished to Dr. Bin-
ney by Mr. John Bartlett who collected the shells, shows that
there was here an indiscriminate reference of practically all
the looser superficial deposits to the loess, probably including
even tertiary.*

Evidently only the uppermost ‘“‘yellowish calcareous loam”
is loess, and even a portion of this may be brown loam. From
this part of the deposit ‘‘a few fluviatile species” are reported,
together with many terrestrial shells. None of these “fluvia-
tile shells’ are mentioned by name. Not only is there doubt
as to the exact character of the deposit from which they came,
but Dr. Binney’s use of the term “‘fluviatile” was not exact.
This is shown in a discussion of the Wabash deposit, probably
loess, written at about the same time as the paper on the Nat-
chez loess, or a little earlier,t in which he says that it ‘‘con-
tains, in vast numbers, terrestrial and fluviatile shells,” and in
a foot-note on the same page he enumerates the land shells
(ten species), and adds that these occur “together with several
species of Lzmnea, Planorbis, Amnicola, Valvata.’ As these
are the only aquatic shells mentioned he evidently considered
them fluviatile. Lzmnaea and P/lanorbis are pulmonate pond-
snails which occur commonly in small ponds. Va/vata, while
sometimes found in larger streams and lakes, often occurs in
small ponds, and the same is true of Ammnzcola, though the
shell here referred to may be Pomatiopsis lapidaria, a terres-
trial species, which was then included in Amuzcola. ‘The
aquatic shells here mentioned indicate, both by their scarcity
and their habits, that the bodies of water in which they oc-
curred were individually and collectively of slight extent.

*See Wailes, 1. c., pp. 269 et seq., for discussion of the deposits in
which the marine forms mentioned by Binney occur.

+Terr. Air-breathing Moll. of the U. S., vol. I, p. 181, written by Dr.
Binney prior to 1847, the year of his death, but published under the
editorship of A. A. Gould in 1851.

THE LOESS OF NATCHEZ, MISS. 323

Even if such shells had been found at Natchez, though there
is nowhere any definite record of their occurrence in the loess
of that vicinity, they would prove only the existence of a few
scattered small ponds, such as are not infrequently found upon
loess ridges today.

The description of the deposit containing bones of the mas-
todon shows also that it was not loess. It is probably the
same as the deposit containing mammalian remains described
by Lyell and Wailes. It was probably a deposit of mud
formed in marshes on the pre-loessial surface.

Dr. A. Binney’s paper gives the first* specific report of fos-
sils from the southern loess, and contains only terrestrial
forms. The list follows:+

Flelix albolabris Flelia inflecta
‘« alternata OC WKRADIS
‘¢ concava ‘© monodon
‘« elevata ‘« palliata
Se sGO Leta, ‘¢ perspectiva
6c gularis ‘« profunda
6c hirsuta ‘¢ thyroidus
‘© gnornata Ffelicina orbiculata

Succinea obliqua

It will be observed that this list is nearly identical with
that published by W. G. Binney,{ lacking but three spec-
cies of that list, and containing in addition Helzx znornata
and /lelicina orbiculata. All the species in this list but two
were collected by the writer at Natchez. The two excep-
tions are Helix gularis and Felix iwnornata. The former
has been noted on p. 308, and the latter (Omphalina tnornata
(Say) Pils.) is closely related to Omphalina fuliginosa and O.
kopnodes (see p. 308), and may have been confused with the
latter. It is, however, a southern shell, and its presence in
the loess of the region would not in any way affect the argu-
ment herein presented.

*This is a correction of the statement made on p. 306 of this Bulletin.
+ For correction of generic names see pp. 307 and 308 of this Bulletin.
tSee p. 307 of this Bulletin.

3224 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

In addition to the references already given to Lyell’s works,
there should be mentioned the several editions of his Prin-
ciples of Geology, beginning with the ninth, and of the Man-
ual of Elementary Geology following the third(?). In these
so far as noted (a few were not available) there are references
to land and freshwater shells, and to bones of mammals, in the
loess of the lower Mississippi valley, similar to those already
noted in the previous citations of Lyell’s works. They are
evidently based on the same observations.

The list of fossils quoted from Wailes’ first report* is given
on p. 283 of that report. Another list appears on p. 339, in
which three species of the first list are wanting, namely: /7e/7x
alternata, Ff. fraterna, and F7. tridentata, while three addi-
tional species are enumerated, namely: /lelzx palliata, H. sayt,
and /7. helicona. ‘The first of these was found by both W. G.
Binney and the writer. The second, /le/zv (now Polygyra)
sayz is closely related to P. albalabris, and it is very probable
that large forms of the latter species were mistaken for it.
Like all the shells of Wailes’ lists it is terrestrial, and belongs
to the modern southern fauna. Hence, even if the identifica-
tion was correct, it does not affect the status of the case.
flelix helicina of this list is /Telzcina orbiculata, a common
southern loess fossil.

Another probable source of subsequently repeated errors is
Humphreys and Abbot’s Report. f

Speaking of the bluffs between Vicksburg and Baton Rouge
the authors say: ‘‘They are composed of loess, a post-pliocene

formation, similar to that of the Rhine.... That of Vicks-
burg.... is 300 feet high, and underlain near low-water
mark by a solid stratum of blueclay... Above the latter is

a stratum containing many marine shells and corals. Next
are deposits of yellow loam and sand containing vast numbers

*See p. 306 of this Bulletin.

+ Report on the Physics and Hydraulics of the Mississippi River, by
Capt. A. A. Humphreys and Lieut. H. L. Abbot, no. 4, Professional
Papers of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, U. S. Army,—1801 ;
p. 95.

THE LOESS OF NATCHEZ, MISS. 325

of fresh-water shells... The Natchez bluff is about 150 feet
in height. The lower part is composed of gravel and sand,
containing many corals and other fossils. Next comes a stra-
tum of clay, rich in fossils of large extinct species of quad-
rupeds. The top is made up of yellow loam, sand, and clay,
also fossiliferous.”’

Here again the authors included various deposits under one
name. Evidently only the uppermost portion is loess. If the
“vellow loam” of Vicksburg is loess, as seems probable, the
statement that it contains ‘vast numbers of fresh-water shells”
is a myth, and the authors evidently knew nothing of the
habits of these snails. Of asimilar nature is Foster’s state-
ment* that the shells of the loess ‘‘are all of fresh-water origin.”’
Foster subsequently, + however, speaking of the southern loess,
says: “The Tertiary beds are of marine origin, while those of
the loess are of fresh-water, and contain numerous shells, all
of which are of terrestrial origin.”

On p. 61 of the same work Foster also discusses the reported
occurrence of human remains in the Natchez loess, with this
conclusion: ‘The probabilities are a hundred to one, that this
bone was not of Bluff formation.” t

Dr. A. Binney’s, and Humphreys and Abbot’s reports of
marine fossils from the loess are probably referred to by Hil-
gard§ when, discussing the Natchez Bluff, he says that “ma-
rine shells have also been reported as occurring.” He, how-
ever, adds that there are no fossiliferous marine deposits.

Finally Dana|| speaking of the “Bluff formation” states that
“south of New Orleans there are marine shells,” evidently
confusing the Gnathodon beds with loess.

*]. W. Foster, The Mississippi Valley, —1869; p. 345.
+ Prehistoric Races of the U. S. of America,—1873; p. 59.

{This bone was also discussed by Lyell in his ‘‘Second Visit to
America,’’ vol. II, p. 197.

$E. W. Hilgard, On the Geology of Lower Louisiana, Smithson.
Contrib. to Knowledge, no. 248,—1872; pp. 3 and 4.

J. D. Dana, Manual of Geology, 2nd ed.,—1875; pp. 547-8.

326 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Discussing chiefly the loess of the lower Mississippi Dana
also says:* ‘The loess of the Mississippi contains numerous
fresh-water shells, among them Paludina ponderosa Say, Me-
lania canaliculata Say, Cyclas rivularits Say, Cyclostoma lapt-
daria Say, Physa heterostropha Say, Limnea elongata Say,
Planorbrs bicarinatus Say, Valvata tricarinata Say, Untos, ete.”

The first three species of this list, and the Unios, are fluy-
latile, Cyclostoma (= Pomattopsts) lapidaria is terrestrial, and
the remaining species are chiefly pond snails. Evidently
these shells came from the deposit below loess, noted on p.304
and referred by Wailest to Lake Marl, which he properly rec-
ognized as distinct from the loess.

These additional citations add nothing to the weight of the
testimony concerning the occurrence of fluviatile shells in the
loess. ‘They only show additional sources of the errors which
have been thus transmitted to those who have not investigated
the details of the case for themselves in the field.

= Pi 4G, lore:
TPp;, 2a and! 283,. 1."¢:

THE LOESS AND THE LANSING MAN.

The discovery of certain human remains near Lansing,
Kansas, has provoked much discussion* which reveals a differ-
ence of opinion as to the value of the discovery. The writer
has nothing to contribute directly to the facts concerning the
Lansing remains, as his knowledge of them and their environ-
ment was gained at second hand.+ But an effort has been
made to correlate the Lansing skeletons with the formation of a
supposed loess horizon,t} and the theory of the glacio-fluviatile
origin of the loess has been resurrected to form the basis of
an estimate of their age. It is to this that the writer desires
to give attention.

Notwithstanding the fact that many trained geologists have
in recent years been engaged in field work in the loess-covered
regions of the Mississippi val'ey, no material facts have been
added in a dozen years past to the support of the fluviatile
theory, which was formerly generally maintained in this coun-
try in various modified forms. ‘The recent arguments in its
support are not based on additional observations and field in-
vestigations, but are specifically founded{ upon the great
works of Chamberlin and Salisbury on “The Driftless Area of

*S. W. Williston, Science, vol. xvi, pp. 195-6, Aug. 1, 1902. War-
ren Upham, Science, vol. XVI, pp. 355-6, Aug. 29, 1902; Am. Geolo-
gist, vol. XXX, pp. 135-150; Sept., 1902. N. H. Winchell, Am.
Geologist, vol. XXX, pp. 189-194; Sept., 1902. T. C. Chamberlin, S. Cal-
vin, and R. D. Salisbury, Jour. of Geol., vol. X., pp. 745, et seq., Nov.,
1902. Warren Upham, Am. Geol., vol. XXXI, pp. 25-34, Jan., 1903. N.
H. Winchell, Bull. Geol. Soc. of Am., vol. 14, pp. 133-152, Apr., 1903;
Am. Geol., vol. xxxi, pp. 263-308, May, 1903, etc.

tSee additional notes at the close of this article.

+t Warren Upham, Science, 1. c.; Am. Geol., vol. xxx, p. 143, ete. ;
vol. xxxi, pp. 25-34, N. H. Winchell, Bull. Geol. Soc. of Am., vol.
xiv, p. 141; Am. Geol., vol. xxxi, p. 268, etc., May, 1903.

tSee Amer. Geol., vol. xxxi, pp. 26-27; 268; 278; etc.

328 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

the Mississippi Valley,” published in 1885, and that of McGee
on “The Pleistocene History of Northeastern Iowa,” published
in 1891.

The cautious, conservative statements of Chamberlin and
Salisbury scarcely warrant the declaration that they “leave no
doubt” as to the fluviatile origin of the greater part of the
loess. Furthermore, at least one of the authors, Dr. Cham-
berlin, has materially modified his views concerning the loess
since the publication of the work cited.

The splendid work of McGee, like that of Chamberlin and
Salisbury a classic in glacial literature, had for its purpose the
presentation of fundamental facts and conclusions bearing on
glacial phenomena. If we omit loess from the series of de-
posits discussed therein, the conclusions still remain of great
value. It is a fact long established that the loess forms a
mantle pretty uniformly covering the underlying deposits of
drift, etc., especially in eastern Iowa, and that, therefore, the
so-called “loess-topography”’ is really drift-topography. Ifthe
loess could all be removed, the underlying drift would present
essentially (though not exactly, especially along the Missouri
river,) the topographic features of the present surface. The
altitudes of the more broken regions would be relatively less,
as the loess is usually thicker in hilly country. Whatever,
then, is prominent or striking in the topography of the pres-
ent surface, was at least approximately equally striking in the
post-giacial surface before loess was deposited upon it, and
many of the peculiarities in the structure and distribution of
these underlying deposits were well elucidated by that author,
and are in no wise affected by dissent with the inclusion of
the loess.

In justice to Professor McGee it should also be stated that
he was misled by erroneous information concerning the fos-
sils of the loess, for his inclusion of the loess among giacial
or subglacial deposits was evidently due largely to this fact.
Several species which are not only terrestrial, but frequent
uplands, had been reported as aquatic or semi-aquatic; other

THE LOESS AND THE LANSING MAN. 329

species were incorrectly identified; and in still other cases
conclusions concerning the mollusks were unwarranted by the
facts.

Some of the earlier reports upon the fossils of the loess were
inexcusable. Aughey’s list of fossils from the loess of Ne-
braska* is impossible. No such series of shells was ever ob-
_ tained in the loess. His method of identification as related
by himself** is sufficient to condemn the list as unworthy of
serious notice. ‘This list contains a large number of southern
fluviatile molluscs, and the author states positively that “fresh-
water shells are quite abundant at some horizons.”’ He also
states that many of his specimens fell to pieces, and conse-
quently he had no specimens to show! It was the writer’s
privilege to examine a remnant of Professor Aughey’s collec-
tion while at Lincoln in 1889-1890, and he found a small set
of very ordinary loess fossils of terrestrial species. It is re-
markable that the heavy-shelled Vivzparidw, Strepomatide
and (/nzonzd@ mentioned in the list should have so disinteg-
rated, while the delicate Pupze, and other fragile forms of the
ordinary loess fauna should have been preserved !

Similar to this are the erroneous reports concerning the
modern habits of the species of snails found in the loess.

Lyell speaks of the “amphibious genus .Swcczzea”’} and of
the abundance of freshwater and land-shells in the vicinity
of Natchez, yet no aquatic shells have been discovered since.

Todd§ refers to Succineas and Helicinas as semi aquatic.

*See Hayden’s U. S. Geol. Sur. of Colorado and adjacent territory,
1876, pp. 266-269; also a practical reprint in Sketches of Phys. Geog.
and Geol. of Neb., 1880, pp. 287-290.

**See ‘Sketches of Phys. Geog.,’’ 1. c.

+For discussions of Succinea see the writer’s recent paper on the
Loess of Natchez. Am. Geol., vol. xxx, pp. 283-284.

tIn a recent private letter Dr. Hilgard, for many years a student of
the loess in Mississippi, corroborates the writer’s recent declaration (1.
c. p. 282) that no aquatic species are as yet known from the loess of
Natchez.

§Reprint from Proc. A. A. A. S., vol. xxvii, 1878, p. 6.

330 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

Call, who alone of this list of writers made a pretense of
special knowledge of conchology, reported //elicina occulta*
and Pomatiopsis lapidariat} as aquatic, and Swccinea as semi-
aquatic!

But these forms are terrestrial, and a mere tyro who would
have taken the trouble to go to the field could have avoided
such misstatements. Yet they have been accepted with
others quite as unreliable and have been incorporated in geo-
logical papers to form the basis of important conclusions.
Todd and Call both reported (1. c.) on the depauperated shells
of the loess, and concluded that cold was responsible, and
these conclusions were relied upon by McGeet who used
them to support the theory of the sub-glacial origin of the
loess. Yet the living fauna of the loess-covered regions shows
essentially the same depauperation. ‘The comparisons which
Call makes in the paper on the Des Moines loess are based in
part, at least, upon measurements of eastern modern shells. $

Had the author taken recent shells from Iowa, especially
from the prairie sections, he would have been left practically
without support for his conclusions. ||

The causes which produced a “‘depauperation” of some of
the shells are in operation today in Iowa and adjacent terri-
tory, for practically all of the fossil cases may be duplicated
in the modern fauna.

Another source of error of a more excusable nature in the

* As Helicina oculata:—Am. Nat. vol. xv, p. 586, 1881. This error
concerning habit is copied by McGee, 1. c. p. 461, in a statement at the
close of a list of fossils quoted from the present writer. There was no
warrant for such a statement in the article quoted.

tAm. Nat.. 1. c., Ark. Geol. Sur., vol. ii, pp. 166, 167, 168, 1891;

The Léss and Associated Deposits of Des Moines, p. 16, 1882.

tSee Loss and Associated Deposits of Des Moines, p. 23, et seq.

§$The present writer, then a college student, made the drawings for
the plate which illustrates that paper.

|For discussion of depauperation of shells by the present writer see;
Proc. Ia. Acad. of Sci., vol. iii, p. 85, 1896; vol. v, pp. 43-4, 1897:
vol. vi, p. 101, 1899; Jour. Geol., yol. vii, pp: 126; 127, 1899.

THE LOESS AND THE LANSING MAN. 331

reports on fossils is to be found in misconception of species
and incorrect identification. For example, what was gener-
ally reported as Vadlonia pulchella from the loess is Vallonia
gracilicosta, a northwesterly upland species; under fossil
Succinea obliqua were included two, possibly three species;
Carychium exiguum (reported as semi-aquatic by Call, in
paper on Des Moines loess, 1. c., p. 16!) has not been found in
the loess, the fossil species being C. exzle, a decidedly upland
species ; the form commonly reported by earlier writers as
Pupa blandi is Bifidaria pentodon (though P. bland occurs in
the loess), and possibly a Vertzgo,; and other instances might
be cited showing that species were not clearly recognized by
conchologists, and in consequence comparisons of fossil shells
were sometimes made with recent shells of different species.
Manifestly conclusions drawn from such comparisons are val-
ueless.

Both Drs. Chamberlin and Salisbury, and Professor McGee,
relied upon such information and were misled by it. ‘The
aquatic shells of the loess are relatively very few, and all of
that type which inhabit small ponds. ‘There is not a single
well authenticated species of fluviatile molluscs known from
clearly undisturbed loess in this country! And yet reference
is constantly made to the few paltry pond snails, coupled with
vague references to ‘semi-aquatic” forms, while the vastly
greater number of truly terrestrial and upland species is made
subordinate!

The writer thus refers to these details at some length to
show that the supposed information upon which these emi-
nent authors based their conclusions, at least in large part,
was erroneous, and that consequently the conclusions them-
selves cannot be entirely correct. Mere reference to these
conclusions, therefore, does not settle the case. Both the
great works cited represent the results of pioneer efforts, and
were not primarily concerned with the origin of loess, that
question being largely incidental. With this prop removed
there remains nothing but generalities for the support of the
recent revival of the glacio-fluviatile theory.

332 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

In this connection the writer desires to refer at some length
to certain statements made by Professor Winchell* concern-
ing the Unio which was found in the Lansing deposit. In
order that there may be no misunderstanding concerning
these statements they are here reproduced in full:

“Tn case the Unio were a true fossil, it would be, of itself,
sufficient proof of the subaqueous deposition of the materials
in which it lay. Land shells may form fossils in aqueous
deposits, but never water shells in land deposits. It is, a
priori, however, the strongest evidence of sub-aqueous origin
of the loess in which it was found,....and the agreement
which it has with obvious other features of the deposit serves
to accumulate such a weight of testimony in the same direc-
tion that it requires the greatest hardihood to attempt to ex-
plain it on the hypothesis of land origin of the deposit.”

The same author had previously} made the following state-
ment:

“Many land forms may exist in an aquatic formation but
the exzstence of a single aquatic fossil species in the loess re-
guires the presence of water. Many have been identified by
good authorities.”

In face of the foregoing statements it may be an exhibition
of greatest hardihood to venture to still maintain the ground
that the loess is of land origin, and that as evidence of the
sub-aqueous origin of the loess the Lansing Unio is worthless,
but regard for scientific truth makes the exhibition impera-
tive.

Granting for the sake of argument that the Lansing de-
posit is true loess,—though the difference of opinion among
those who have examined it makes this extremely doubtful, {
—if it can be shown that aquatic shells of the fluviatile types,
or at least, types of aquatic shells other than such as inhabit

*am. Geol., vol. xxxi, p. 282.
TBull. Geol. Soc. of Am., vol. 14, p. 145, April, 1903.

tSee discussion of the Lansing deposit in the following paper.

THE LOEKSS AND THE LANSING MAN. 266

insignificant pools and ponds, are extremely rare, if occurring
at all in the loess; and if it can be demonstrated that fresh-
water shells are sometimes transported to higher points by
agencies other than floods; then the dogmatic statements
quoted above fall of their own weight.

The present writer has repeatedly called attention to the
absence of fluviatile shells from the loess,* giving in each case
specific detailed lists. He here takes the liberty to state that
he has searched for loess fossils north and south for nearly a
quarter of a century; that starting out as a believer in the
water theory of loess deposition he diligently sought aquatic
forms, and for many years would have welcomed them with
the same avidity with which the advocates of the theory have
pounced upon the Lansing Unio; that after the conviction
was forced upon him, against his earlier views, that the loess
was not of aqueous origin, he equally carefully collected and
preserved all fossil shells of aquatic species;—and the result
of these efforts has been that no fluviatile shells were found
in undoubted loess, the aquatic species, comparatively insig-
nificant in number, being all such as are known to conchol-
ogists as pond-shells. The same species occur today all over
the loess territory in small bodies of water,—creeks and
ponds,—which may remain dry during many weeks, or even
months, each year. This negative evidence is not conclusive
excepting as to one point, namely: that fiuviatile shells are
extremely rare, if not wholly wanting, in the loess.t| That
modern fluviatile shells may occasionally be transported to

*Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., vol. v. pp. 32-45, 1898; vol. vi, pp. 98-113,
1899; Jour. Geol., vol. vii, March, 1899; Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State
Univ. of Iowa, vol. v, pp. 195-216, 1901, (reprint Am. Geol., Dec.,
1901); Am. Geol., vol. xxx, pp. 280-298, 1902.

+The writer has collected a few fluviatile Unios at Sioux City and
Hamburg, Iowa, in a loess-like deposit, probably washed loess, lying
far below the adjacent typical bluff loess, where high water might have
reached it. Dr. Bain reports Unios from a deposit in Plymouth county,
Iowa, which he does not consider true loess. See Iowa Geol. Sur.,
vol. viii, p. 340.

334 NATURAI, HISTORY BULLETIN.

higher grounds without floods has also been shown by the
writer. *

The following specific references may be added: Several
years ago the writer saw a crow picking at a small fresh Unio
on a timbered river-bluff not less than fifty feet above the
river, near the state quarries north of Iowa City. The Unio
was on the ground and was probably brought up from the
river, then at a low stage, by the crow.

About twenty-two years ago, while engaged in zoological
work as a college student, the writer shot a solitary sandpiper
one of the toes of which was clasped by a living Spherium
transvei sum, a small aquatic bivalve. This might easily
have been dropped on high ground in one of the longer
flights of the bird.

Three years ago the writer found a medium-sized shell of
Campeloma subsolidum on a rocky, almost inaccessible slope
below the University observatory at Iowa City, at a point not
less than forty feet above the river. ‘The shell, though dead,
still retained its epidermis. Campeloma_ subsolidum lives
abundantly in the river, and at low water is often exposed on
the sand-bars near this bluff, from which blue-jays or other
birds could have easily carried it for food while it still con-
tained the soft parts.

In view of these facts, and of the numerous possibilities
suggested by them, it is extremely rash to say that “the ex-
istence of a single aquatic fossil species in the loess requires
the presence of water,” for such shells as those which have
been mentioned could be covered by dust, and in time become
fossils in a land-deposit. Manifestly, this ‘‘strongest evidence
of the subaqueous origin of the loess” is very weak and un-
satisfactory.

The advocates of the aqueous theory can find little solace
in the fossils of the loess, and without them their case has but
little tangible support.

*Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. v, p. 37, 1898.

THE LOESS AND THE LANSING MAN. 335

In the papers cited it is assumed:

1. That there “were widely extended depressions of our
vast glacial area,’—and that in these depressions loess was
deposited in water, and by subsequent elevation was brought
to the present level.

2. ‘That the streams flowed in ice-walled channels, and the
swollen rivers were uplifted on them to hights of 150 to 250
feet above their present beds, and that the floods of these riv-
ers deposited loess in successive layers.

3. That the valleys were filled with loess and subsequently
eroded, so that the loess now represents only a remnant which
remained after extensive erosion.

4. ‘That the loess was deposited wholly (or at least in
greater part) during the Iowan stage of glaciation.

5. Since the evidence of ceolian origin cannot be wholly
set aside, it is assumed that there is an “upland loess” of ceol-
ian origin, but that a ‘“‘valley loess” owes its origin to fluvia-
tile agencies.

6. Professor Winchell, (1. c.) especially maintains that there
is no satisfactory distinction between the loess and the drift.

The first of these assumptions has been made repeatedly
simply to meet an emergency. There is no direct evidence
that such movements have taken place in more recent time.
There is evidence in other parts of the world that slight move-
ments do take place, but nothing has thus far been produced
in the area under discussion, other than the assumption which
is essential to a theory of the formation of the loess. Such
depression would result in the formation of large bodies of
water. Where are the shore-lines or other evidences of the
existence of such bodies of water?

The second assumption is based on McGee’s explanation of
the formation of the river-valleys along the highest ridges,
which, while applying to the underlying drift cannot be ex-
tended to the loess. The ice-walled channels would call for

336 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

climatic conditions which are impossible in view of the fossil
fauna of the loess, and the vegetation which was necessary to
maintainit. To show the possibility of the existence of plants,
etc., even in close proximity to perennial ice, attention has
been called to the fact that in alpifie regions trees and other
plants sometimes grow on masses of earth which were carried
over glaciers by land slides. The conditions in the glacier-
covered Mississippi valley, however, must have been entirely
different. If the glacial mass was so thin and in a climate so
warm that it melted away during each season to expose the
necessary land surfaces, then there could have been no steady
advance of the ice-mass by which enormous quantities of ma-
terial were carried hundreds of miles from the northern ledges
of rock to which they can be traced. If on the other hand
the greater part of the ice-mass persisted year after year, the
climate must have been such that snails of the species which
we find in the loess, and the plants which they required for
food, could not have existed. Glaciers in mountainous regions
are not to be compared with such a mass, and do not neces-
sarily indicate a cold climate. A difference of a few feet in
altitude, or the protection offered by a sheltered valley or ra-
vine, may be sufficient to preserve a small glacier even in a
climate in which plants may grow abundantly. The writer
has seen a profuse mass of summer flowering plants growing
against the side of an ice-house within two feet of a great mass
of ice! But imagine plants and snails growing in such a region
as is pictured by McGee in pl. LX, p. 575 of his great report!

The third assumption is untenable. It would be remark-
able indeed if over the greater part of the loess-covered region
the assumed loess-silt originally filling the valleys should have
been removed with such nice exactness that a practically unt-
form thickness remains, covering the irregularities of the drift
surface beneath, on sides and tops of slopes, even on opposite
sides of the same ridge, and hence in different drainage areas !
Moreover, loess frequently shows a lamination parallel with
the present surface, and hence not often horizontal. This is
especially noticeable in northeastern Iowa, where the loess-

THE LOESS AND THE LANSING MAN. 347

sheet thins out, as for example in most of the exposures north
of Decorah. It is also common along the Missouri.

The fourth assumption, that loess is of the Iowan age, has
a certain amount of foundation in fact, but is unwarranted in
the extent of its attempted application. It is based on the in-
vestigations and reports of the geologists of the Iowa Geolog-
ical Survey,* who investigated the loess in some of the coun-
ties along the border of the Iowan drift. All the Iowa refer-
ences cited have special reference to this restricted area, and
in most cases the authors specifically so state. Bain (l. c., p.
461)says: “The loess found in the region has been referred to
the Iowan since it is believed to be in this region the equiva-
lent of the Iowan drift farther north, and now in part buried
under the Wisconsin. It is believed that loess of widely dif-
ferent ages occurs in the Mississippi valley.” Calvin (1. c., p.
118) says: “Loess, or a product resembling loess, was developed
in connection with more than one drift sheet, and it is possible
that the Iowan loess blends into loess-like deposits of different
age in some portions of the extra-marginal territory.”’

There is at present no warrant whatever for the reference
of all loess, and especially that of the Missouri river, to the
Iowan age, and even if it be possible to show that the Lansing
skeletons rested in undisturbed loess, this will not prove that
they belong to the Iowan.

A thin layer of loess is found over a part of the Iowan and
the Wisconsinf and no connection has yet been established

“Calvin, S., Ia: Geol. Sur., vol. vii. p- 89, 1897; vol. viii, pp. 173-4,
ZG, 1696, Ball. Geol: Soc. of Am., vol) =, pr TES 1s99) Bain, iH.
Foster, Ia. Geol. Sur., vol. v, pp. 155-6, 1896; vol. vi, pp. 461-3, 1897.
Beyer, S.-W.; Ia. Geol... Sur.,; vol. vii. p._ 266; 1897; voli =. p..281;
1900. Leverett, Frank, of the U. S. Geol. Survey, also tentatively re-
fers a part of the loess of Illinois to the Iowan. See U. S. Geol. Sur.,
vol. xxxviii, p. 153, 1899.

tShimek, B., Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. iv. pp. 68-72, 1898. Bain,
H. Ps, *la: (Geol Sut.,-vol.- iz, p. 91, 1899) Jenlvitm (S., Bull! Geol.
Soc. of Am., vol. x. p. 119, 1899: Iowa Geol. Sur., vol. xiii, pp. 328-9,
1903.

338 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

between the Iowan and the loess of the Missouri and Big Sioux
river regions. Indeed, Bain refers to the northwestern loess
in the following words:*

“Tt is known, however, that loess in northwestern Iowa prob-
ably belongs to more than one geological epoch, and Professor
Macbride’s observations in Humboldt county make it conclu-
sive that the Iowan did not cover the region immediately north
of Carroll county, as has heretofore been believed. The cor-
relation of this loess in Carroll county with the Iowan drift is
accordingly open to considerable doubt.”

If these words apply to loess comparatively near to the
Iowan border, what shall be said of the great mass of loess
along the Missouri and lower Mississippi rivers, covering an
area vastly greater than the known Iowan border region, and
between which and the Iowan no connection whatever has
yet been established ? +

It is the writer’s opinion that the accumulation of a com-
paratively large amount of loess along the border of the Iowan
drift is explained by the fact that this border follows the
larger streams of this part of the state, the Iowa, Cedar, Wap-
sipinicon, Maquoketa and Turkey. The deposit is thickest
in the southern portions of the area, where the river valleys
are broad, and where winds could easily gather up quantities
of dust from the sand and mud bars exposed at low water.
In any case no proof has yet been furnished that the Lansing
loess is contemporaneous with the Iowan drift.

The attempt which Upham makesf to divide the loess into
an aeolian ‘upland loess” and an aqueous ‘valley loess,”
which is practically a repetition of Hershey’s effort,§ is not
successful. He says: “. . the winds. . . blew away much of

*Ta. Geol. Sur., vol. ix, p. 92, 1899.

+See paper on Loess and the Iowan Drift, which follows.
tAm. Geol, 1. c., p. 29.

$See Am. Geol., vol. xxv, pp. 369-374, 1900,

THE LOESS AND THE LANSING MAN. 339

the fine loess dust and spread it far and wide over the inter-
fluvial higher lands.” Unfortunately the interfluvial lands
are often lower than the loess ridges along the streams. As
the loess recedes from the streams it usually becomes thinner
and its materials finer, both of which facts can probably be
accounted for by the greater distance from the source of sup-
ply of the material,—the bars of the streams. He further
states that ‘In these great areas of eolian loess only terrestrial
shells are found.” Asa matter of fact most of the loess re-
mote from streams (the “upland loess’’) is non-fossiliferous.
However, where fossils do occur they are chiefly, or wholly,
terrestrial. But so are the fossils from Natchez and Council
Bluffs; so are the fossils of by far the greater part of the loess
wherever it is found. No line of demarkation, vertical or
horizontal, can be drawn between two such divisions of the
loess. There certainly is nothing known at present to indi-
cate genetic differences.

Hershey (I. c.) attempted to separate the upland non-fossil-
iferous loess from that which is fossiliferous, but the presence
or absence of fossils does not prove difference in origin. This
point has already been sufficiently discussed by the writer.*
Neither differences in altitude nor differences in fossils offer
satisfactory characters for a division of the loess, for both fail
when subjected to the only reliable test,
tion in the field.

namely, applica-

Differences in composition and texture may frequently be
observed in the loess. It is evident that not all loess is of the
same age as measured with reference to the several drift sheets
which have extended southward into the latitude of Iowa.
The deposition of loess has continued through all the inter-
vals of the ice age. In the more northerly regions (1. e. lowa,
etc.) over which the several ice-sheets passed, there were more
or less sharply defined differences between different portions
of the loess. Such differences have been observed by ‘Todd

*The Distribution of Loess Fossils, Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. vi, pp.
98-103, 1899; Jour. of Geol., vol. vii, March, 1899,

340 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

and other earlier observers. Tilton reported two loesses in
Warren county,* andin Madison county, Iowa.} The pres-
ent writer reported differentiation in the loess at Council
Bluffs.{ Calvin discovered two distinct beds of loess in Page
county, Iowa.§ During the past summer professor Calvin
found two superimposed loesses 1-1 sec. 20, Bluffton township,
Winneshiek county, Iowa, the lower, evidently pre-Iowan,
being bluish-gray, with very large iron-tubules and numerous
lime-nodules, while the upper is yellow and homogeneous.
The writer subsequently examined a similar exposure in sec.
3, Decorah township, and several were observed in other parts
of the county. In these exposures the line separating the two
loesses is distinct, and they evidently differ very much in age.
Even more striking is the case of two loesses, both fossilifer-
ous, discussed by Udden in Rock Island county, Illinois, and
reported by Leverett,|| for they are separated by more than
go feet of drift and black soil. Loess is found upon the Wis-
consin, the Iowan, the Illinoisan and the Kansan drift-sheets,
and some of it is evidently pre-lowan. Certainly all of it is
not Iowan.

Southward, in the regions not reached by the later drift-
sheets, including therefore the vicinity of Lansing, there were
no such abrupt interruptions in the deposition of loess, and
this continued to the present time, possibly in varying degree,
through all the climatic changes which so materially modified
the northern surfaces, but southward probably affected only
the character of the vegetation. Thus a deposit of southerly
loess might be the equivalent in age of several of the north-
ern drift periods, without showing lines of demarkation be-
tween the several periods, which inthe south were more or

*Ta. Geol. Sur., vol. v, pp. 318-19.
T Proc. Ta. Acad, Sci.; yol: iv; p. 49:

+ Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. vi, pp. 107-8; Jour. of Geol., vol. vii, pp.
132-3, 1899.

§Ia. Geol. Sur., vol. xi, pp. 444-5, 1901.
[U. S. Geol. Sur., vol. xxxviii, p. 115: 1899.
See paper on Loess and the Iowan Drift, which follows.

THE LOESS AND THE LANSING MAN. 341

less merged into one. With our present knowledge it is cer-
tainly impossible to correlate southern loess, or any part of it,
with any particular drift-sheet.

The seventh proposition, that loess and drift intergrade, is
emphasized by Winchell* for the purpose of showing that the
loess was deposited under glacial conditions. To judge from
his statement there is no clear distinction between the two
deposits, yet the statement that loess can be “in most cases cer-
tainly identified by student and layman alike” is just as true
as it was when McGee wrote it. It is true that at some
points, especially along the border of the Iowan drift, sand is
more or less mingled with the base of the loess and that us-
ually the line between the loess and the drift is not absolute-
ly sharp, but this is precisely what would be expected under
the aeolian hypothesis. The recession of the glaciers left the
surface covered with till, boulders andsand. Along the drift-
borders, and especially along the streams near the Iowan _bor-
der, there were ridges of overwashed sand presenting sand-
dune conditions perhaps not unlike those which now prevail
along the Missouri, near Missouri Valley and Modale, Ia., and
Blair, Neb., or along the Platte river near Fremont, Neb. As
soon as a vegetation, at first scant, gained a foothold, dust was
retained more or less, but for a time stronger winds, perhaps in
drier seasons, would occasionally sweep sand over the plant-cov-
ered areas, and a mingling of sand of different degrees of fine-
ness, and of dust, was the result. As vegetation gained a bet-
ter foothold over larger areas these incursions of sand became
less frequent, and finally ceased. Such mingling of sand and
fine soils may be observed today at the localities named, and
fine illustrations may be seen along the road leading east from
West Point, Neb., where sand and loess, evidently wind-
blown, are interstratified in various ways. At one point along
this road fossiliferous loess has been covered by wind-blown
sand in comparatively recent years. That the fine sands at

*Bull. Geol. Soc. of Am., vol.:14, pp. 141-2; Am. Geol., vol. xxxi,
pp. 279-282.

342 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

the base of the loess sometimes (though rarely) contain fos-
sils is not inconsistent with the ceolian hypothesis. The
writer has found living Swccenea grosvenori in mingled sand
aud loess on top of the high ridge northwest of Hamburg,
Iowa. Some of the dead shells, still somewhat fresh, were
already partly covered with dust andsand.. Some of the sand
so transported by wind today is coarse and even contains
small pebbles.

The “southern loess’? discussed by McGee, whom Dr. Win-
chell quotes so extensively, is the loess of the Iowan border in
Iowa, and this rests upon morainic sands,* which must have
presented ideal conditions for such a mingling of sand and dust.
It is here that his hybrid “‘drift-loess” was formed. ‘There is
no connection, so far as known, between this “drift-loess”
and Calvin’s “‘flooded-valley deposits” which are referred to
the “drift-loess” by Winchell.

The occurrence of real till in loess, excepting where slip-
ping may account for its presence, has not yet been demon-
strated. Even Bain’s example,{ is not conclusive. He says
that the exposure of till to which he refers is ‘about 150 feet
above the river, and the till is above any similar deposit
known to occur in this vicinity.” Anyone who is familiar
with the topography and altitudes of the part of Woodbury
county referred to, will be. very slow to make unquestioned
application of Bain’s careful statement concerning a point
only 150 feet above the river. In any case the extreme rarity
of such cases should lead to great caution. Loess and drift
are not so intermingled as to warrant sweeping conclusions
concerning genetic relationship.

The fineness and homogeneity of the loess, together with
the presence of numerous terrestrial fossils which required
abundant vegetation for their maintenance, are sufficient to

*Calvin, S., Ia. Geol. Sur., vol. vii, pp. 88-9, 1897. Beyer, S. W.,
Ia. Geol. Sur., vol. vii, p. 236, 1897; vol. x, p. 281, 1900.

tAsm: Geol. 1. c..-p. 279.
tCited by Winchell, Am. Geol., 1. c. p. 281.

THE LOESS AND THE LANSING MAN. 343

‘show that the loess was not deposited by ice. If it is main-
tained that the loess was deposited by flooded streams after
the ice receded, then it devolves upon the advocates of this
theory to explain the following phenomena:

a. ‘The region immediately adjacent to the larger streams
in our loess-covered sections is the highest, as arule, and has
the thickest deposit of loess. There are no bluffs or eleva-
tions lying beyond, which could have formed the banks of
the swollen streams. If there were great barriers southward
which retained the vast volumes of water postulated by this
supposition where are traces of them?

b. ‘The loess is fine and comparatively homogeneous. The
movement of such enormous volumes of water, would certain-
ly have resulted in the transportation of more coarse material.

c. The loess is usually of approximately uniform thick-
ness on tops and slopes of hills, and is often laminated paral-
lel to the surface. Under what conditions could flooded
streams have produced this result. If it is assumed that the
loess was deposited in enormous lakes, where are their shore-
lines, and where were the land areas which produced the ter-
restrial molluscs?

ad. The loess is more or less fossiliferous, especially where
it is thickest, and where therefore the floods should have had
greatest influence. The shells are, with slight exceptions,
those of land snails which are not found, at least in large
part, upon alluvial low lands adjacent to streams. Great
floods covering such areas would render them wholly unfit
for such plant life as these snails require. Presumably these
floods would come in late spring and summer. How much
advancement of plant and snail growth could be expected in
the fall, winter and early spring ?

In his recent article* Upham makes the remarkable state-
ment that in “the summers of each year the floods pouring
along the valleys from the ice melting and rains added little

*Am. Geol., 1. c. p. 29.

344 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

to the surface of the whole flood plain; but in autumn, win-
ter, and spring, the diminished rivers flowed in comparative-
ly narrow channels, probably permitting the main part of the
flood plain to become more or less covered by grass and other
vegetation, and to be inhabited by air-breathing mollusks.”’*

It is fair to presume that under the climatic conditions here
assumed the winters were still long, and that much ice was
formed each season. If the streams were flooded four months
each year, as suggested, and much of the remainder of the
year was winter, when did the grass and snails grow? And,
furthermore, where do modern representatives of the loess
species of molluscs live under such conditions?

If it is argued that the mass of loess was gradually accumu-
lated by a succession of floods, which periodically receded
sufficiently to expose land-surfaces, then it is necessary to con-
sider movements of enormous volumes of water in compara-
tively short time, for the loess-covered regions are not in re-
stricted depressions, and enormous floods would be required
to cover them. In Iowa, for example, these floods would have
covered the greater part of the state. The loess-topped hills
at Iowa City are lower than the loess border near the Missis-
sippi river, and the hill south of Carroll about 275 miles west
of Iowa City, and more than 600 feet higher, and forming a
part of the great divide between the Mississippi and Missouri,
is covered with fossiliferous loess! To periodically drain such
an area sufficiently to leave land areas exposed for a sufficient
length of time each year to enable a flora and a snail fauna
to develop, would require currents so strong that much coarse
material would be transported, and the loess would not be so
uniformly fine in texture.

But the absurdity of the proposition that snails could grow
under such conditions, will appeal to everyone familiar with
their rate of growth and their habits. It may be that those

* Substantially the same statement had been previously made by him
in Bull. Geol. Soc. of Am., voi. 5, p. 94.

+See R. R. profiles, Iowa R. R. Commission, 1881.

THE LOESS AND THE LANSING MAN. 345

who have made the earth’s surface in the loess-covered region
conveniently move down and up through a vertical distance
of 300-500 feet to accommodate their theories, may find it easy
to conceive of a change in the habits of insignificant snails, or
may not consider their testimony of much weight. But those
who have studied these snails in the field know that many of
them show a remarkable persistence in habits. Thus (elicina
occulta, the most universally distributed loess fossil of the
northern Mississippi drainage, lives in a few restricted and
widely separate areas,* invariably upon high grounds in hilly
country covered with abundant vegetation. Swccznea gros-
venorit, also common in the loess, habitually seeks dry and
more or less elevated surfaces,—whether in Mississippi or Ne-
braska,—and, so far as the writer’s experience goes, is never
found living on low alluvial bottom lands.

Such forms as Vallonia gracilicosta, Strobilops virgo, Leu-
cochella fallax, Bifidaria holzingert, B. curvidens, Cochlicopa
lubrica, Vitrea indentata, Succinea avara, Pyramiaula alter-
nata, and P. perspectiva, of our northern loess, and most of
the species of the southern loess,t habitually frequent higher
grounds, while all the species, without exception, which are
found in the loess north or south, are living today upon high
grounds which are not subject to overflow, though in some
cases these species also extend to the lowlands.

The fauna of the loess is not such, species for species, as is
found today on the alluvial bottom lands along our streams,
and it is lacking in fluviatile forms. The significance of this
fact must not be underestimated, and the value of such testi-
mony must be placed far above merely supposed phenomena
for the support of which there is no direct evidence, but which
are necessary to sustain a theory. Fossil shells are not rare
in the loess. They are as widely and as generally distributed
in that deposit as their modern prototypes are upon the sur-

*At Iowa City, Eldora and Dubuque, and in Allamakee, Clayton,
Howard, and Winneshiek counties in Iowa; Winona, Minn.; and iso-
lated localities in Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Tennessee,

tSee Am. Geol., vol. xxx, p. 290, etc,, 1902.

346 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

face today.* The habits of these snails are known. They
present a tangible, definite basis for conclusions, and their oc-
currence is wholly consistent with, and best explained by the
eeolian hypothesis of the origin of the loess. These fossils
will continue to be the rock which will wreck the arguments
of the advocates of the glacio-fluviatile and aqueous theories,
until an explanation of their presence in the loess, consistent
with these theories and based upon observation and fact, can
be presented.

THE LANSING DEPOSIT NOT LOESS.

The preceding paper was written, as stated therein, before
a visit was paid to the Concannon locality, and deals only with
the general question of the loess. The writer has since visited
the Lansing cave, and made an examination of the deposit
under which the Lansing human remains were found, and fully
agrees with Dr. Chamberliny “that the deposit is not true origi-
nal loess.” ‘The Concannon cave and its surroundings have
been quite fully described and discussed, { but there are still
certain features of the Lansing case, and of the loess in gen-
eral, which call for further discussion.

In the paper cited (p. 264), Professor Winchell describes the
Lansing deposit as “upland loess of the mixed nature of much

*See the writer’s discussion of this subject: Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. v.,
pp. 14-15, 1898; vol. vi, pp. 98-113, 1899; etc.

tJour. of Geol., vol. x, p. 769,—1902.

tSee especially the following:

Chamberlin, T. C., Jour. of Geol. vol. x, pp. 754-769, 1902.

Winchell, N. H., Am. Geol., vol. xxxi, pp. 295-303, 1903.

THE LANSING DEPOSIT NOT LOESS. 347

of the upland loess in southwestern Minnesota and in Iowa,”
and attempts to convey the impression that it is not unusual
to find loess mingled with rock - material, and that, therefore,
the Lansing deposit might be loess notwithstanding the pre-
sence of rock-fragments. ‘The writer’s examination of the
Minnesota loess has not been sufficiently extensive to warrant
a general statement concerning its character, but so far as the
loess of Iowa is concerned, there is no similarity between any
known part of it and the Lansing deposit. Professor Win-
chell’s statement is based chiefly upon McGee’s description of
the loess of Northeastern Iowa, but McGee states explicitly*
that the ‘‘ deposit is approximately homogeneous from summit
to base; but below it passes quickly yet by imperceptible gra-
dations into a sheet of sand, gravel, and bowlder - charged
clay....,” and those who have examined the deposits in the field
know that but for occasional difficulty in a thin intermediate
portion, the loess and drift are readily distinguished. Even
in those sections along the border of the Iowan drift} which
show alternating bands of fine sand and loess, the several lay-
ers are clearly marked. There is nowhere in it such mingling
with rock - debris as occurs in the Lansing deposit. The writer
has examined great numbers of loess-sections from Minnesota
to Mississippi, and from Nebraska to Indiana, but has not else-
where seen such a mixture excepting in very limited masses
where the evidences of land-slides were indisputable, or where
the environment indicated the very great probability of such
land - slides.

Of the remaining citations{ which are intended to sustain
the contention that such a heterogeneous mass as that which
entombed the Lansing remains may be loess, and which might
appear to have a real bearing on the question at issue, only
those from the reports of Calvin, Bain and Udden contain

*p. 436, 1. c. For more complete discussion of McGee’s observations
see the following article.

+See the following paper.
tSee pp. 279-281, 1. c.

348 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

descriptions of specific exposures which can, therefore, be
definitely discussed.

It is evident from Professor Calvin’s own words that he did
not regard the Page county deposit as loess, for he states that
‘unlike loess it contains pebbles and pockets of sand,” and in
private conversation he pronounced this deposit equivalent to
the member of this series which is designated as “‘ gumbo”
in this and the following papers.

The possibility of the derivation of the material reported by
Bain from some higher deposit of the same kind has already
been noted (see p. 342), and too much stress should not be
placed on the occurrence of such material in the loess in an
isolated instance, unless all such doubt is removed.

The Loveland exposure, discussed by Udden, has certainly
been misunderstood by Professor Winchell. The writer re-
cently made an examination of this exposure, and was able to
confirm Professor Udden’s observations, though with some
modifications. There are two loesses, separated more or less
distinctly by a narrow dark band, and both are fossiliferous,
though unequally so. ‘The lower loess, however, does not
rest directly on drift. Professor Udden evidently recognized
the fact for he says that ‘‘it is possible that the lower, darker
division corresponds to the gumbo in other localities.” He
evidently did not intend to include in the loess all that lies
between the drift and the dark band between the two loesses,
for this portion is clearly divisible into a lower part, which is
the gumbo referred to, and an upper part which is certainly
loess. ‘The sequence of deposits in the Loveland bluff, begin-
ning at its base, is as follows: A blue clay, probably pre-
Kansan, two feet at the very base of the bluff; Kansan drift,
about forty feet; gumbo, about twenty feet; lower loess,
about twenty feet; a dark inter-loessial band, from one to three
quarters of an inch; upper loess, probably fifty feet. The
gumbo is wholly devoid of fossils, so far as the writer could
discover after careful search. It contains pebbles, especially
in its lower part, large calcareous nodules in its basal portions,
and a few small nodules in its upper part. It is darker in

THE LANSING DEPOSIT NOT LOESS. 349

color than the loess, and is much harder, as was revealed by
digging. As far as the writer was able to ascertain on the
accessible parts of the bluff, at this level much obscured by
talus, the transition from the gumbo to the loess above it is
quite abrupt, though no sharp line appears. The lower loess
is much softer than the gumbo, contains fossils, and is wholly
devoid of pebbles. It is true loess in all its characters. The
whole series much resembles that which is splendidly dis-
played in the first cut northeast of Carroll, Iowa, along the C.
G. W. Ry., and which is described in the following paper. In
both cases the distinction between the gumbo and loess is clear
enough. It may be added that in describing what appears to
be the same deposit at Emerson and Malvern, Iowa, Udden
says* that “the transition from this gumbo to the loess above
is usually well-marked.” This gumbo is evidently not loess
and the writer knows of no point where these deposits occur
in the same exposure, where they cannot be as satisfactorily
differentiated as other pleistocene deposits. The confusion is
found in the literature of the subject rather than in the de-
posits themselves. While the line between loess and associated
deposits is not always sharp, the transition, excepting in cases
of evident rearrangement, takes place within very narrow
limits,—usually about one to three inches. There is however,
no such wholesale mingling of rock-materials and loess as
would be necessary to parallel the Lansing deposit.

Professor Winchell intimates that ‘‘a typical loess deposit”
is a question of definition. While it is true that there has
been some difference of opinion as to what should be included
under the term in certain local cases, no very great doubt as
to what constitutes real loess was entertained until the publi-
cation of McGee’s great report, and no more extreme applica-
tion of his definition has been attempted than in the case in
which it was so expanded as to cover the Lansing deposit
under discussion. A detailed discussion of some of the de-

*Geol. of Mills and Fremont county, Iowa Geol. Sur., vol. xiii, p.
167, 1903.

350 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

posits evidently erroneously included in loess by McGee is
given in the following paper. The objection to the inclusion
of the Lansing deposit in typical loess is that both its com-
position and position indicate that it was formed largely by
slumping or creeping from the adjacent highlands, and that
it is, therefore, a talus. If shells, or the bones of a mammal,
were buried in the sandy talus at the base of a Minnesota St.
Peter sandstone bluff, we would scarcely assign such remains
to the St. Peter formation. Similarly, even if the clay under
which the Lansing remains were found was originally loess,
if it has been disturbed, either by a slow creeping movement
or by a sudden land-slide, we cannot include any remains
overwhelmed in such movement with the original loess. If
only the possibility or probability of such movement can be
shown, it at least throws doubt upon the age of materials im-
bedded in such a deposit and makes the evidence of their age
extremely unsatisfactory.

As already indicated the composition of the Lansing deposit
shows that it 1s not loess, and its position is such that the pro-
bability of creeping and slumping is at once apparent.

The details of the location of the Concannon cave have been
quite fully set forth in the papers of Chamberlin and Winchell,
but the accompanying plat and views may be of assistance in
still further elucidating the environment of the deposit in which
the excavation was made, and showing its probable origin.

The cave or tunnel, is situated at the base of a long ridge
which slopes downward toward the north.*

The core of this ridge consists of carboniferous rocks,covered
in its upper part with more or less drift and loess, and at the
base with the talusin question. Carboniferous limestone here
crops out high above the talus in which the cave was excavated
and this, and the loess and drift above, appear to have fur-
nished the material which makes up the talus. The higher

*See Plate viii, c for location of cave, and Plate ix, figs. 1 and 2 for
the ridge.

THE LANSING DEPOSIT NOT LOESS. ger

portion of the ridge rises at least 180 feet above its northern
base, and an abundance of such material lies above the bottom
of the cave.

Two species of land molluscs are common in the talus;
namely Polygyra albolabris and Pyramidula alternata. Both
were also found living on the higher slopes of both ridges, a
and 4, Pl. VIII, and their shells could have been mingled with
the slipping material. Recent specimens of these species, and
of Polygyra profunda and P. deaz, were found at an altitude of
over 100 feet above the cave.

The position of the deposit in which the human remains
were found is, therefore, such that the source of all the material
can be traced to higher points south of the Concannon house.
Much has been written concerning the thin, laminated band
which appears only on the west side of the cave, and Dr.
Chamberlin* regards it as probable that it was deposited by
the Missouri river when it occupied a higher level, about sixty
feet above its present bed. Professor Calvin} thinks the in-
creased altitude was “less than fifteen or twenty-five feet,”
through which the Missouri may have cut since the formation
of the band, which would probably be approximately since the
deposition of the skeleton. Both of these writers were evi-
dently anxious to allow all the benefit of doubt on the side of
the greatest possible age of the deposit. Dr. Salisbury ex-
ptesses{ the opinion that the water-laid layer was formed‘‘when
high water in the Missouri ponded the tributary.” This might
be possible, as the floor of the cave at the entrance is less than
four feet above the Missouri river high-water mark in 1903,
but it seems to the writer that the presence of this band can
be accounted for without reference to the Missouri river. The
hill north of the cave, marked 6 on Pl. VIII, is higher and
more abrupt than the ridge-a, in which the cave is excavated.
There has, however, been more or less washing and slipping

* Pp. W4,2ete,,, lsc
+In comments on Dr. Chamberlin’s paper, 1. c., p. 778.
{In comments on the same paper, 1. c., p. 778.

352 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

from 4, so that a lower talus has been formed, which extends
to the south to meet the base of the ridge a, but which is cut
off from it by the little stream. . A part of this talus is shown
in fig. 2, Pl. X, to the right, and its position at the base of the
north bluff will be made clearer by reference to d, Pl. VIII,
and fig., 1, Pl. XI. If at any time the talus @had been pushed
across the narrow creek-bed to the ridge a, the waters of the
little streamlet would have formed a pond. If this had occurred
when the talus at the base of a reached only to the dotted line
at c, the horizontal distribution of the thin silt layer which
has created so much comment, would be exactly accounted for.
This damming of the tributary, and the subsequent slipping of
the talus might have occurred very recently, and even at low
water in the Missouri river.

With the exception of this thin silt-layer, the Lansing
deposit seems to be a talus, and hence of but little value in
determining the age of the human remairs. It certainly is
not loess, unless under that term we are to include practically
all the pleistocene deposits consisting of more or less inco-
herent materials.

LOESS AND THE IOWAN DRIFT.

It has been customary in very recent years to associate the
greater part of the loess with the Iowan drift, and because of
the alleged correlation, in some of the discussions of the Lans-
ing man the loess was employed as a measure of the age of
the humanremains. Ina previous paper* the writer attempted

*Am. Geol., vol. xxxii, pp. 362—4, Dec., 1903; also this Bulletin, pp.
337—40.

LOESS AND THE IOWAN DRIFT. 253

to show the unsatisfactory character of such reference, but
since its first publication, Mr. Frank Leverett reiterates and
emphasizes the reference of loess to the Iowan drift period.*
The reference of loess to any drift period must be objected to,
and not the least on account of the frequent presence of num-
erous land-snails, which indicate also the existence of a vig-
orous vegetation.+ The several loesses represent interglacial
and post-glacial periods during which conditions could not
have been materially different from those which exist at
present, and nothing has yet been presented which would
shake their evidence. Leverett himself recognized this when
he stated{ that the fossils “‘bear clear evidence of having lived
during its deposition.” It may be true, as everett says in the
American Geologist, that “the study of fossils alone will be
insufficient to fully clear up the question of the mode or modes
of deposition of the loess,’””—and so faras the writer knows no
one has attempted this,--but neither can the question be cleared
up by disregarding entirely, or distorting the evidence which
the fossils offer, as has been done by several of those who have
recently taken part in the discussion of the loess question.

It is interesting in this connection to scan the evidence
which Leverett offers in his published papers in support of
the contention that the loess is Iowan.§

In the proceedings of the Iowa Academny (I. c.) he defines
loess as “that sheet of loess which connects at the north with
Iowan the Iowan till sheet,” and refers to it a number of times

*Am. Geol., vol. xxxiii., pp. 56-7, Jan., 1904.

+The writer has repeatedly called attention to the fact that these mol-
luses are herbivorous. See: Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. iii, p. 85, 1896;
vol. v, p. 39, 1898; vol. x, p. 46, June, 1903. Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. S.
Wz of-Ia., vol. vy, ps 212) May, 1901.

t Monographs U. S. Geol. Sur., vol. xxxviii, p. 165, 1899,

§The following are the most important: Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur. of
the Chicago Acad. Sci., Bull. no. II, pp. 16-17, 1897; Proc. Ia. Acad.
Sci., vol. v, pp. 74-5, 1898; Monographs U. S. Geol. Sur., vol. xxxviil,
pp. 153-187, 1899; Am. Geol., vol. xxxiii, pp. 56-7, Jan., 1904,

354 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

without, however, submitting any evidence of its contem-
poraneousness with the Iowan.

In the monograph of the Illinoisan Glacial Lobe he says
(p. 131): “The sheet of drift to which the name Iowan is here
applied, is referred to the Iowan stage of glaciation, not because
of direct connection with the Iowan drift of eastern Iowa, but
because of an apparent similarity with the Iowan drift of east-
ern Iowa in its connection with the great sheet of loess in the
Mississippi Basin.”’ On p. 143 he argues that the presence of
loess-like silt “brings strong support to the view that the ice-
sheet, at the Iowan stage, did not fall short many miles of
reaching the line occupied at a later date by the Wisconsin
ice-invasion.” In both these cases, as well as in the discussion
on p. 133, he seems to take it for granted that the loess zs
Iowan, and uses it to determine the age of the drift sheet!

His reference to the relation between the loess and the Iowan
drift on p. 153 is much more cautious than his later utter-
ances, for he says: ‘Deposits of silt, tentatively classified with
the loess and supposed to be of Iowan age, cover the entire
surface of the Ilinoisan drift so far as it lies outside the limits
of the Iowan and Wisconsin drift sheets.” Indeed, he seems
to question the identity of the drift in Illinois with the Iowan,
as is shown in the citation from p. 131, and on p. 141, where
he says that “there is some evidence suggesting a slight exten-
sion of ice from Iowa into northern !llinois at the Iowan
stage.” Similar doubt is expressed in the discussions on pp.
T4t—2, 148-0, 155, 54, etc:

‘The writer does not here raise the question of the identity
of the deposits in question with the Iowan drift, but refers to
the citations merely to call attention to the doubt which ex-
isted in Leverett’s own mind at a time when the supporting
field observations were still fresh in mind. He also recognizes
the fact that a field-worker might have legitimately changed
his views in the period of five years which has elapsed since
the publication of the work cited, but so far as he is aware,
Mr. Leverett has published no additional observations to for-

LOESS AND THE IOWAN DRIFT. 355

tify such a change, and certainly none appear in the recent
contribution in the American Geologist.

So far as the writer has been able to determine, no one has
yet presented direct evidence of such lateral blending of loess
and Jowan drift as would prove their contemporaneousness.
According to Leverett’s own testimony the loess is sometimes
above and sometimes below the Iowan drift. Referring to the
Iowan on p. 131 (I. c.), he says that “the loess overlaps the
drift sheet only a short distance,” and on p. 147 he reports a
drift, evidently Iowan, at the base of a thick loess deposit.
On p. 137 he states that “in places the Iowan till is covered
to a depth of several feet by loess,” and on p. 138, that low
Iowan drift knolls at Polo “are capped by 4 feet of loess-like
silt.” In the foregoing cases the loess caps the Iowan drift, but
in other sections Leverett found the loess under the Iowan. On
p. 138 (1. c.) he says: “At the village of Stratford, ... the rail-
way exposes a bed of fossiliferous silt at the base of the Iowan
drift, resting on an old land surface formed on the Illinoisan. ...
In two other localities fossiliferous silts have been found at the
base of the Iowan, one being... west of Irene,... and another
... one mile east of Belvidere. Here as at Stratford, the fos-
sils are mainly one species.” *

This fact, that loess is found both above and below the Iowan,
suggests that in the territory under discussion there were two
non-glacial periods of loess deposition, the one preceding and
the other following the advance of the Iowan glacier.

Leverett evidently placed some reliance upon the greater
thickness of the loess along the Iowan drift-border in conclud-
ing that the two deposits were contemporaneous, for on p. 155
he says: “On the margin of the Iowan ice-sheets, especially
the one which occupied eastern Iowa, there is a thicker deposit

*The species is Succinea avara, a common loess land-snail, of which
Leverett says (1. c., p. 165):—‘‘a form which is now found in swampy
places as a rule, but which occasionally occurs in dry places. Shimek
regards this as strictly terrestrial rather than a semi-aquatic form.’’
Succinea avara is not found in swampy places as a rule, a fact which
the writer will demonstrate to anyone who will go to the field with him,

356 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

of loess than in districts remote from the ice margin.” But
he continues, “the ice-lobe which extended southwestward into
northern Illinois has a less marked thickening of the loess
near its border,” and then points out on pp. 155-6, the well-
known fact that there is a similar thickening along the main
drainage lines of our larger rivers! These thickenings along
the Missouri and Mississippi rivers extend in some cases to
points several hundred miles from the border of the Iowan
drift-sheet, and no direct connection between them and the
latter has yet been shown. It is true, as has been repeatedly
noted, that there is an accumulation of loess without the border
if the Iowan drift in Iowa which thins out more or less in the
outlying sections, and fades out in large part within the Iowan
drift area. But it is not true that the heaviest deposits of loess
in the state lie along the Iowan drift-border, for that dis-
tinction belongs to the loess in the Missouri river drainage,
which is not directly associated with the Iowan.

The writer has already expressed the opinion* that the
greater thickness of the loess along the Icwan border is due
in large part to the fact that it follows the larger streams in
the eastern half of the state,+ especially along those portions of
their courses which have broad valleys. In such valleys the
winds had, and now have, free sweep over the numerous mud
and sand bars which abound at low water; and the bordering
highlands were then, as now, clothed with a vigorous vegeta-
tion which retained the dust. This would be possible only
after the glacier had wholly retreated and the climate was
sufficiently tempered to support such a vegetation. After the
recession of the glacier the surface which had been ice-covered
was uo doubt barren for a time, and even after vegetation ap-
peared it was probably at first tufted like that of sand-dunes
and sand-bars, leaving comparatively large bare areas.

Hence wind and water easily shifted the finer materials, re-
moving them from the higher Iowan areas to the river-valleys,

*See p. 338 of this Bulletin.
tSee map, Pl. III, showing position of Iowan border, in Iowa Geol.
Sur., vol. viii.

LOESS AND THE IOWAN DRIFT. 357

where they formed extensive bars, and whence they were
carried to the adjoining slopes, where vegetation had already
secured a foothold.

That more or less extensive sand-dunes were also formed
before the deposition of the loess along this border, appears
in the fact that finer sands underlie this loess very commonly
along the greater part of the border. The fact that these sands
are so commonly present was emphasized by McGee for the
northeastern part of the area, and has been observed by all the
Iowa geologists who have worked in the Iowan border terri-
tory.*

These sands suggest a sand-dune origin rather than water-
deposition, by the fineness of the sand and the absence of
pebbles, by the lamination characteristic of sand-dunes, by the
frequent alternation of very fine and somewhat coarser sands
often seen in sand-dunes, and by the vertical outlines of the
deposits which, at least in the border area north of Iowa City,
are like the vertical contours of ordinary sand-dunes. These
sand-dune conditions have been preserved in the same region
to some extent even to the present day, but after the disap-
pearance of the Iowan ice they were at their best, and evi-
dently formed the characteristic surface deposit just outside of
the Iowan border. As vegetation gained a footing upon the
dunes, soils were formed, vegetation increased, and the de-
position of loess was made possible. ‘The sand-dunes along
the border of the drift, as well as the extensive bars in the
streams occupying the same border territory, furnished a large
amount of dust, and the immediate vicinity of the drift-border
received larger quantities of this material than the outlying
districts, and hence accumulated more loess. Borders of large
streams, especially those flowing in broad valleys, have the
same advantage and accumulate more loess than regions more
remote.

As a matter of fact Leverett himself based his opinion con-

*See especially Calvin’s discussion in Towa Geol. Sur., vol. vii, pp.
88-9, 1897.

358 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

cerning the correlation of loess and Iowan drift largely upon
the conclusions drawn by McGee, Calvin, and other Iowa
geologists who were investigating special problems in com-
paratively restricted areas. McGee’s discussion* of the cor-
relation of loess and the Upper Till, now known as the Iowan,
is SO positive, and the numerous examples which he cites seem
to be so conclusive, that it is not strange that most students
of pleistocene geology accept his conclusions. That Leverett
did so is evident from his statements* that “this sheet of loess
seems to be intimately connected with the Iowan drift sheet,
as shown by McGee, a relation while subsequent investigators
fully confirm.” The latter were chiefly members of the Iowa
Geological Survey.

McGee correlated these two deposits chiefly because he
often failed to find a sharp line of demarkation between them.
On p. 442, l.c., he says: ‘The northern loess is never with-
out a basal pebbly layer or sand bed...” and he includes this
in the loess series. In the subsequent discussion of the
southern loess, pp. 442-6, he includes a sandy or pebbly layer
capping the Upper Till (Iowan drift) with loess. In the dis-
cussion of the “loess of the river ridges and paha,” on pp.
454, 455, 459 and 460, he refers sands and gravel to loess.
The same is true of his “southern loess,” on pp. 462, 466, 467,
etc., though here he finds the loess grading directly into drift
clays.

The reference of these underlying deposits to loess is evi-
dently erroneous.t{ McGee himself recognized the fact that
loess is usually readily identified.s

The only reason, so far as appears from his discussion, which
he had for including some of the basal sands and gravels in

*1lth An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur.

TOn p. 25 of the monograph on the Illinoisan Glacial Lobe.

tLeverett makes the same error in the monograph of the Illinoisan
Glacial Lobe, p. 157, etc.

§See pp. 292-3, etc., l. c.

LOESS AND THE IOWAN DRIFT. 359

the loess-series is found, as stated, in the fact that the line
between the lower deposit and the loess is not always sharp.
It should not be inferred from this, however, that there is
great indefiniteness or confusion along the dividing line. ‘This
line is often quite sharp, but even in the cases in which there
is a blending, the complete transition takes place usually
within a vertical distance of from one to three inches. This
blending does not indicate a unity of origin as has been as-
sumed, and is entirely consistent with the zeolian hypothesis
of loess-origin, as has been indicated on p. 341 of this Bulletin,
and as may be determined by the study of soil-accumulation
in sand-dune regions. The inter-lamination of sand and loess
has been observed only where fi-te sands underlie the loess,
and suggests an original sand-dune area which would become
covered with soil-retaining vegetation for a time, but in which
sand-dune conditions were occasionally restored, perhaps dur-
ing periods of protracted drouths, the soil (loess) and sand thus
alternately occupying the surface. A fine example of inter-
lamination may be seen along the Cedar Rapids & Iowa City
electric line, near the north line of section 27, T.. 81 N.,
R. 7 W., in Johnson county, Iowa. Here the alternating bands
have a total thickness of several feet, six feet Leing exposed
in the cut. The largest loess-band measures two feet in thick-
ness, and is fossiliferous. The remaining layers of sand and
loess are mostly from one-eighth to two and one-half inches
in thickness. No pebbles were found, and the fossils occur
only in the loess. An interesting fact in connection with this
deposit is the proximity of sandy areas (low sand-dunes) bor-
dering the broad river valley to the west and joining with the
ridge through which this cut passes. In portions of this area,
within the recollection of the writer, there have been such
alternating changes in surface conditions, the sandy prairie
being sometimes covered with soil-retaining vegetation, and
again with shifting, wind-blown sands. Professor Cowles
similar'y reports “‘many fossil soil Jines.... on the S’eeping
Bear dunes at G!en Haven, Mich.”*

*Bot. Gazette, vol. xxvii, p. 111, 1899.

360 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

In cases where drift underlies the loess, and once formed
the land-surfaces, the gradual accumulation of soil upon plant-
covered areas would usually result in such blending as may
sometimes be observed between the drift and loess.

This blending, therefore, does not prove a common origin,
and McGee’s lowest member of the loess series, that including
sand and pebbles, should be excluded from the loess. It seems
to be made up, in part, of residual sands and gravels, such as
in places cap every drift-sheet in Iowa, and evidently repre-
sents the product of post-glacial action upon superficial por-
tions of the underlying drift, and, in part, of gumbo which quite
generally overlies the Kansan drift, and probably also repre-
sents post-glacial modifications of old drift surfaces. It is evi-
dent that but for the occasional blending here discussed, McGee
himself would have separated this member from his series, for,
speaking of the pebbly and sandy layer, on p. 442, l. c., he
says: ‘This structure is sounlike the mass of the loess, and so
like the upper drift sheet in composition and texture, that in
a taxonomy based on these characters it might with propriety
be classed with the latter deposit.”

The writer has made a personal examination of the majority
of the sections reported by McGee to prove the intergradation
of loess and drift, and has also been able to examine other sec-
tions in the same territory.* Reference to McGee’s work, pp.
464-5, l. c., shows that most of the sections cited are situated
in the southwestern part of Johnson county, and in Iowa
county, and that in connection with but one of these, is it
specifically stated that the fossils extended beneath the pebbly
layer, namely the well-section in sec. 15, T. 79 N., R. 7 W.
For obvious reasons this section could not be examined, but
in no other one of the many sections examined in that part of
the county, were fossils found beneath the upper line of peb-
ble-bearing clay. The fact is the loess does not blend with

*In a paper now in preparation, the writer will give the exact loca-
tion of all the significant sections which were examined in this terri-
tory.

LOESS AND THE IOWAN DRIFT. 361

drift in this part of the territory, and is not only itself divided
into two more or less distinct divisions, but is separated from
the Kansan drift either by a layer of Buchanan gravel, includ-
ing a ferretto zone, or by gumbo, or by both gumbo and the
gravel. Where the loess rests directly upon the ferretto, as in
the lower part of an exposure on the north side of the road in
the southwest quarter of section 11, T. 79 N., R. 7 W., the line
is quite sharp. Where gumbo and the gravel separate the
loess from the drift, as in the middle slope of the same section,
the line bet ween the gumbo and the loess is less distinct, the
intergradation occurring chiefly within one to three inches of
thickness. The same is true of cases in which gumbo directly
separates the loess from the drift, as in the first exposure east
of the foregoing section, where there is but one loess, passing
within three to six inches intoa gumbo-like layer containing
a few small pebbles and coarse grains of sand, chiefly in its
lower part. In none of the exposures examined in that part
of the county were fossils found below what is clearly loess.

The three remaining sections, mentioned on p. 464, 1. c., as
containing fossil shells mingled with pebbles, are here con-
sidered separately:

The section on Sixth street, west of Harrison, in Davenport,
is still much as McGee found it. The only fossils found in
the loess of this section are Swccénea avara. ‘The writer
found none of these below the line between the loess and the
underlying drift, but McGee reports that they “extend to
and just within the pebbly horizon.” This might be true
without proving the identity of the two deposits. Szccznea
avara, judging from its present occasional occurrence upon
exposed rocky slopes, might have lived among plant-tussocks
when some of these pebbles still projected above the old sur-
face, and when the whole was buried under loess dust the
shells and pebbles were apparently mingled in a very narrow
horizon near the line of division.

The writer was not able to find the exposure described as
being on the Princeton road near the middle of section 20,

362 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

near Davenport, Iowa. Even the upper Princeton road is at
least one-half a mile from the center of section 20, and fossil-
bearing exposures were found neither along this road, nor
along the road leading north through the middle of section
20. ‘The second exposure along the latter road north of the
south line of section 20, however, showed two distinct loesses,
separated from each other by an oxidized band, and the lower
resting on a buried soil grading below into a gumbo-like layer,
which in turn rests upon Kansan drift. Neither of these loesses
here showed any trace of fossils, but the lower, light-bluish
loess contained iron-tubules and a few lime-nodules, the latter
extending also into the buried soil (Yarmouth), and the gumbo
below it.

The Green street cut in Muscatine is no longer avail-
able for study, as the banks have been sodded, but an excel-
lent similar section has been made recently about two blocks
farther west, facing Hershey avenue. In this section a light-
bluish fossiliferous loess, with tubules and nodules, lies between
Kansan and IJlinoisan drift-sheets. In several places there is
loose sand under the loess, and in such pockets, near the loess,
occassional fossil shells are found. Several facts which may
throw light on this case here deserve special consideration.
This kind of loess has nowhere been found at the very top of
the hills. The presence of a relatively large number of
shells of Lzmnea, as well as the somewhat peculiar mucky
texture of parts of this loess, suggest the presence of ponds,
or of seepy, soggy places, such as are not uncommon on hill-
sides. In such places springs often carry drift-sand out over
the muck of the surface, and produce a similar mixture of ma-
terials. There are also in this loess numerous land-shells,
such as exist on hillsides, often near such soggy places, and
whose shells could be carried out over them, and finally buried
in further accumulations of loess. In the deposit under dis-
cussion the mixture of shells and sand was noticed only for a
short distance below the loess, and this suggests the possibility
that underground streamlets, or those occupying deep gullies,

LOESS AND THE IOWAN DRIFT. 363

undermined some of the loess, washed the shells out, and
mingled them finally with sand brought from a higher drift,
the cavity finally being filled with such sand and loosened
loess.

An additional possibility is also suggested by the fact that
this region lay in the path of the Illinoisan glacier, and that
much of the frozen loess was probably displaced, and in its
basal parts mingled with the underlying drift. As the Illi-
noisan drift lies over this loess, there is no question that the
ice-sheet passed over it.

The occurrence of fossils in the sub-loessial gravelly belt
might make the reference of this belt to loess appear more
plausible, but would not absolutely prove its correctness. Such
cases are exceedingly rare, and may be due wholly to local dis-
turbances. Occasionally gullies are cut through loess into the
underlying drift. In such cases fossils are sometimes washed
out of the loess, and mingle at the bottom of the gully with
sand and gravel washed from the drift. Ifsucha gully should
again be filled by slumping, and perhaps further covered by
subsequent deposition of loess, a misleading mixture of fos-
siliferous loess and drift would result. Some such local canse
may account for the very rare cases in which fossiliferous mix-
tures of the kind have been observed. In any event the con-
ditions here discussed are very unusual, and as proof of the
intergradation of loess and drift, are certainly of little value.
It should also be noted that McGee placed more or less em-
phasis on the occurrence of loess-kindchen and iron-tubules in
his gravelly member of the loess series* and it is probable that
this also influenced him in referring this layer to loess, but it
is not uncommon to find lime-nodules and iron-tubules in both
gumbo and undoubted drift, and their presence offers no ab-
solute measure of the identity of the deposit.

In his communication to the American Geologist, Leverett
positively states that “the part in eastern Iowa has been c'early

*See l.c., pp. 465, 492, etc.

364 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

shown by Calvin and his associates on the Iowa survey to be
a correlative of the Iowan drift, for it connects definitely with
the border of that drift sheet.” It is a matter of some interest
however, that neither Professor Calvin nor his associates ever
considered the evidence as absolutely conclusive, and that Cal-
vin now holds au opinion contrary to that which this refer-
ence implies.

The contention that the loess is coeval with the drift is not
well supported by facts in the field, and must face the objec-
tion that much of the loess contains numerous fossils which
required an abundant vegetation for their maintenance, a fact
which precludes glacial conditions, and that the loess and
drift after all occupy a definite vertical relation entirely incon-
sistent with contemporaneousness. Especially is there excellent
evidence to show that all the loess is not associated with Iowan
drift. Not only are there enormous deposits of loess along
the Missouri and the Mississippi rivers, which can in no way
be connected with the Iowan drift, but in the drift-border
areas of Iowa there is direct stratigraphic evidence (which
therefore ought to appeal to Mr. Leverett) that a very large
part of the loess is not even immediately post-Iowan. That
more than one loess exists in Iowa has already been shown,*
but during the past year so many conclusive evidences of this
fact have been observed by the writer that the wide extent of
their occurrence can no longer be questioned. A few of the
most striking cases are here noted.

The Hershey Ave., exposure in Muscatine, in which there
is a distinct fossiliferous loess between the Kansan and the
Illinoisan drifts, has already been noted, as has that in section
20 near Davenport, in which two sharply defined loesses overlie
gumbo.

A very similar section, showing only the two loesses how-
ever, may be seen opposite Crescent Ave., in East Davenport.
The loesses are separated by a well-defined oxidized band, and
the lower, pale bluish loess is very fossiliferous.

*See p. 340 of this Bulletin,

‘ | 365
th of
or less
fossili-
ich is
sts on

Similar loesses occur at a number of points west and south-
west of Iowa City. Some of the striking examples are the
following:

In the southwest quarter of section 7, T. 79 N. R. 6 W., a
yellow loess (post-Iowan) caps a fossiliferous pale bluish loess
(post-Kansan) which is exposed to a depth of six or eight feet.
The gully in section 12, T. 79 N., R.7 W., noted by McGee,
shows similar loesses, the line between them being quite dis-
tinct, and the lower resting on a gumbo-like clay which over-
les Kansan drift.

In the southwest quarter of section 23, T. 79 N., R. 7 W.,
about three feet of yellow loess overlie about three feet (all
that is exposed) of pale bluish loess containiug nodules and
tubules, but no fossils.

A cut along the diagonal road in the northeast quarter of
section 20, T. 79 N., R. 6 W., exposes seven feet of yellow loess
resting on pale bluish-gray fossiliferous loess. In the south-
west quarter of the same section an exposure shows yellow
loess resting directly on guinbo.

Near the north-central part of section 30, T. 79 N., R. 6
W., the two loesses are very distinct.

A cut along the road north of the church in the northeast
quarter of the northwest quarter of section 27, T. 79 N., R. 7 W.,
shows Kansan drift, or Buchanan gravel, at the base, then
about a foot of gumbo, then the pale-blue post-Kansan loess,
one to one and a half feet in thickness, then yellow loess four
to five feet. A long cut along the road near the center of
section 17, T. 79, N., R. 6 W., shows yellow, post-Iowan,
loess resting directly on gumbo, but the upper slope shows a

i CORRECTION

P. 364. The followi
ae, ollowing words were accidental] i
th the word ‘‘conclusive’’ in the fifth line: Soe a
“fl at least so far as the whole body of the loess {s concerned.’
Cc |
vi

ence implies.

The contention that the loess is coeval with the drift is not
well supported by facts in the field, and must face the objec-
tion that much of the loess contains numerous fossils which
required an abundant vegetation for their maintenance, a fact
which precludes glacial conditions, and that the loess and
drift after all occupy a definite vertical relation entirely incon-
sistent with contemporaneousness. Especially is there excellent
evidence to show that all the loess is not associated with Iowan
drift. Not only are there enormous deposits of loess along
the Missouri and the Mississippi rivers, which can in no way
be connected with the Iowan drift, but in the drift-border
areas of Iowa there is direct stratigraphic evidence (which
therefore ought to appeal to Mr. Leverett) that a very large
part of the loess is not even immediately post-Iowan, ‘That
more than one loess exists in Iowa has already been shown,*
but during the past year so many conclusive evidences of this
fact have been observed by the writer that the wide extent of
their occurrence can no longer be questioned. A few of the
most striking cases are here noted.

The Hershey Ave., exposure in Muscatine, in which there
is a distinct fossiliferous loess between the Kansan and the
Illinoisan drifts, has already been noted, as has that in section
20 near Davenport, in which two sharply defined loesses overlie
gumbo.

A very similar section, showing only the two loesses how-
ever, may be seen opposite Crescent Ave., in East Davenport.
The loesses are separated by a well-defined oxidized band, and
the lower, pale bluish loess is very fossiliferous.

*See p. 340 of this Bulletin.

LOESS AND THE IOWAN DRIFT. 365

In Iowa City, in the brickyard east of Lucas and north of
Ronalds streets, a yellow fossiliferous loess streaked more or less
with pale bluish-gray, fifteen feet in thickness, overlies a fossili-
ferous pale bluish loess, two to six feet in thickness, which is
evidently post-Kansan and pre-Iowan. ‘The latter rests on
somewhat sandy gumbo.

Similar loesses occur at a number of points west and south-
west of Iowa City. Some of the striking examples are the
following:

In the southwest quarter of section 7, T. 79 N. R. 6 W., a
yellow loess (post-Iowan) caps a fossiliferous pale bluish loess
(post-Kansan) which is exposed to a depth of six or eight feet.
The gully in section 12, T. 79 N., R. 7 W., noted by McGee,
shows similar loesses, the line between them being quite dis-
tinct, and the lower resting on a gumbo-like clay which over-
lies Kansan drift.

im the southwest quarter of section 23, I. 79 N.; Ri 7 W.,
about three feet of yellow loess overlie about three feet (all
that is exposed) of pale bluish loess containiug nodules and
tubules, but no fossils.

A cut along the diagonal road in the northeast quarter of
section 20, T. 79 N., R. 6 W., exposes seven feet of yellow loess
resting on pale bluish-gray fossiliferous loess. In the south-
west quarter of the same section an exposure shows yellow
loess resting directly on guinbo.

Near the north-central part of section 30, T. 79 N., R. 6
W., the two loesses are very distinct.

A cut along the road north of the church in the northeast
quarter of the northwest quarter of section 27, T. 79 N., R. 7 W.,
shows Kansan drift, or Buchanan gravel, at the base, then
about a foot of gumbo, then the pale-blue post-Kansan loess,
one to one and a half feet in thickness, then yellow loess four
to five feet. A long cut along the road near the center of
section 17, T. 79, N., R. 6 W., shows yellow, post-Iowan,
loess resting directly on gumbo, but the upper slope shows a

366 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

paie bluish post-Kansan loess interposed between the gumbo
and the yellow loess. In a road-cut in the north-central part
of section 21, T. 78 N., R. 6 W., about three feet of yellow
loess overlie about six feet of bluish fossiliferous loess.

In the northeast quarter of section 4, T. 79 N., R. 6 W.,
a fossiliferous bluish loess lies below a non-fossiliferous yellow
loess.

In a number of exposures southwest from Iowa City the
upper loess only is present, and is sometimes fossiliferous.
That the lower, bluish loess is pre-lowan is shown in the ex-
posures along the Cedar Rapids and Iowa City Electric rail-
way in Jefferson township, Johnson County, Iowa.

In the first exposure north of the river about seven feet of
Kansan drift is exposed at the base; upon this rests an irregular
band of Buchanan gravel, over which lies a bed of bluish
fossiliferous loess (post-Kansan), twelve feet in thickness, and
over this a layer of sand, probably Iowan. Inthe third cut
north of the river* six feet of bluish fossiliferous loess appear
at the base; upon this rest four or five feet of sand, in places
with pebbles, and evidently Iowan drift, and over this a newer
loess about two feet in thickness. The third, fourth, seventh
and eighth cuts north of the river, in sections 21, 16 and 17,
show pale bluish loess covered by from two to four feet cf
Iowan drift, largely sand and gravel, over which lies a foot of
newer loess.

With the exception of the Muscatine cut all these exposures
are near the Iowan drift border, and show that all the loess of
this region is not Iowan or post-Iowan, for the bluish loess is
certainly pre-Iowan and shows much greater age. Its bluish
materials were probably derived directly from the Kansan
blue clays when they formed the old land surfaces.

At the “Quarry” west of West Amana, Iowa County, Iowa,
four feet of Kansan drift rest directly on the carbonifer-
ous sandstone; above this are four feet of Iowan drift, and

*See Plate XII, fig. 2.

LOESS AND THE IOWAN DRIFT. 367

on the latter ten feet of yellow loess, the lower five or six feet
being fossiliferous. Other exposures along the same road show
the Iowan drift capped with loess.

An exposure east of Greenwood Park, Des Moines, Iowa,
shows fossiliferous loess between the Kansan and Wisconsin
drifts, and several similar examples were reported by McGee
and Call.*

In the first Chicago Great Western Railway cut northeast
of Carroll, Iowa, the following succession of strata is clearly
shown: Kansan-drift at the base, overlaid by a foot of gumbo
the upper part of which grades into a layer of black mucky
soil (the Yarmouth), also about a foot in thickness; next a pale
bluish fossiliferous loess (post-Kansan), six feet in thickness,
separated from the yellow (post-Iowan) fossiliferous loess above
by an oxidized band, the whole being capped with one to five
feet of Wisconsin drift. In several cuts along the Chicago
Great Western Railway between Carroll and Lanesboro a thin
loess-like veneer appears on the Wisconsin, the latter often
showing a distinct band of pebbles and boulders along its upper
line. The first Chicago Great Western cut south of Carroll,
represented in Pl. XI, fig. 2, shows Kansan drift below, a
sharply defined layer of bluish fossiliferous loess above this,
and over it a deposit of yellow loess. ‘This is outside of the
Wisconsin drift border, and no Wisconsin appears in the sec-
tion. Of the more than twenty cuts between Carroll and
Manning fully half the number show essentially the same re-
lative arrangement of drift and loesses.

All the foregoing exposures in which the two loesses occur
together, lie outside the Iowan drift-border, and the loesses
are uniformly separated by a more or less distinct oxidized

band.

The cut at Loveland, showing two loesses which are not so
clearly differentiated, has already received attention. It is
more remote from the Iowan border. The foregoing, and
other similar sections indicate the following succession of de-

* Am. Jour. Sci., vol. xxiv, pp--202, ef seg., 1882.

368 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

posits above and including the Kansan drift: 1.) Kansan drift;
2.) Kansan residual sands and gravels (Buchanan); 3.) Gum-
bo; 4.) Black soil (Yarmouth); 5.) Post-Kansan loess; 6.) Illi-
noisan drift; 7.) Illinoisan residual sands and gravels; 8.) Black
soil (Sangamon); 9g.) Post-Ilinoisan loess; 10.) Iowan drift;
11.) Iowan residual sands and gravels (Peorian); 12.) Black
soil; 13.) Post-Iowan loess; 14.) Wisconsin drift; 15.) Wis-
consin residual sands and gravels; 16.) Post-Wisconsin loess.
The post-Kansan loess is widely distributed, very compact, of
a pale bluish gray color, with numerous iron-tubules and some
lime- nodules, and it is frequently fossiliferous, the fossils being
uniformly very fragile (“‘rotten’’), and closely imbedded so that
it is often difficult to remove them entire.

The post-Illinoisan loess is restricted to the southeastern
part of the state, and is not as prominent as the following.

The post-Iowan loess is yellow or brownish, partially leached
only in its lower part in thick deposits, often fossiliferous, the
fossils usually being well-preserved and firm, and it is best
developed near the Iowan drift margin.

The post-Wisconsin loess is not a conspicuous member of
the series, appearing in patches, and as a thin veneer, in the
northern and northwestern parts of the state.

These several loesses are quite distinct near the drift bor-
ders, but the distinction grows less clear as we recede from
the drift-margins, especially southward, and finally practically
disappears, probably in the regions in which plant-life was
not wholly destroyed by the advances of the several ice - sheets
succeeding the Kansan.

Manifestly, however, there were several periods of loess for-
mation, and they appear to have been interglacial and post-
glacial. Far beyond the border of the newer drift sheets,
however, the sharp lines of distinction between them disap-
pear, and there the deposits of loess probably represent the
combined accumulation of several interglacial and later drift
periods.

EVIDENCES(??) OF WATER-DEPOSITION OF LOKESS.

The American Geolrgist for April, 1904, contained two pa-
pers* portions of which were presented for discussion before
the Geological Society of America, at the St. Louis meeting,
by Professor Wright. In these papers an attempt is made to
sustain the theory that loess was deposited in water. Both
papers show a complete misconception of the arguments which
in recent: years have been offered in support of the zeolian
origin of the loess.

In the opening portion of his papert Professor Wright
attempts to present the writer’s views on this question, and
suitmarizes them under four heads. He quotes a list of the
writer’s papers, giving the results of studies of the loess, and
in this list includes twof in which practically no reference to
fossils is made, and omits several in which detailed studies are
reported.§ ‘This is perhaps a matter of no great concern, but
it indicates carelessness, which perhaps extended to other por-
tions of the paper.

3efore passing to the discussion of Professor Wright’s chief
arguiments it 1s necessary to notice these four conclusions as
reported by him. ‘The first one is substantially correct, for no
“distinctively water species,‘ at least such as occur in large

“Wright, G. Frederick, ‘‘Evidence of the Agency of Water in the
Distribution of the Loess.in the Missouri Valley,’’ pp. 205-222.

Owen, Miss Luella A., ‘‘ The Loess at St. Joseph,’’ pp. 223-8.

eee 20 e.c

«Additional Observations on Surface Deposits in Iowa,’’ Proc. Ia.
Acad. Sci., vol. iv, pp. 68—Sl. ‘‘The Distribution of Forest Trees in
Towa,” 1. c., vol. vii, pp. 47—59.

§$ ‘Is the Loess of Aqueous Origin ?’’ Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. v, pp.
32-45, 1899; Jour. Geol., vol. vii, pp. 122-140, 1899. ‘‘The Loess of
Iowa City and Vicinity,’’ Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist., St. Univ. of Iowa, vol.
v, pp. 195-216, 1901; Am. Geol , vol. xxviii, pp. 348-58. ‘‘ Report on
Ioess Molluscs of Pottawattamie county,’’ Ia. Geol. Sur., vol. xi, pp.
261-5, 1901.

370 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

streams or lakes, have been found iu the loess. "The second
observation,—on “‘the presence of land - shells of species that
live on the shores of ponds,’”’—is not correct, and the writer
has repeatedly called attention* to the fact that the vast ma-
jority of loess fossils are those of species which inhabit high,
comparatively dry grounds, and this statement has been sub-
stantiated by detailed lists. The third conclusion is also in
part incorrect. The writer’s arguments have applied not only
to a “permanently standing body of water,” but to any large
body of water, and more particularly to large bodies of moy-
ing water. t

Moreover, the loess fauna shows a total absence of the mol-
luscs inhabiting large streams,—i. e., the strictly fluviatile
forms,—and this fact indicates that there were no such streams
where the loess was deposited.

Professor Wright’s comment on the fourth conclusion con-
cerning the influence of vegetation as a dust retainer is also
likely to lead to a misconception. His reference to this as an
“ingenious reversal of a former opinion” would make it appear
that this was merely an opinion,—a device for supporting a
theory. Asa matter of fact it is the result of long-continued
field observations in plant - ecology. It is evident that Pro-
fessor Wright here entered an unfamiliar field, or he would

*««A Theory of the Loess,’’ Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. iii, pp. 83, 85.
‘Is the Loess of Aqueous Origin ?’’ 1. c., vol. v, pp. 33, 39. ‘‘The Dis-

tribution of Loess Fossils,’’ 1. c., vol. vi, p. 103; Jour. of Geol., vol.

vii, pp. 127-132. ‘‘ The Loess ot Iowa City and Vicinity,’’ Bull. Lab.
Nat. Hist., St. Univ. of Ia., vol. v, pp. 206, 212; Am. Geol., vol. xxviii,
p. 303. ‘‘The Loess of Natchez, Miss.,’’ Am. Geol., vol. xxx,- pp.
289, etc. ‘‘ The Loess and the Lansing Man,’’ 1.'c., vol. xxxii, p. d6/7.

This Bulletin, pp. 312-13, 343.

tViz: ‘*A Theory of the Loess,’’ 1. c., p. 86. This Bulletin, pp.
315—6, 366—7, etc.

EVIDENCES(?) OF WATER-DEPOSITION OF LOESS. 371

have known that the importance of plants on soil- and sand-
accumulation is recognized by plant ecologists. *

This most important phase of the subject has already been
briefly discussed by the writer} in its relation to loess-forma-
tion, but a much more detailed presentation of the subject is
now in preparation.

In his paper Professor Wright presents what he considers
certain objections to the zeolian theory.

1. He says that “at Omaha the bluffs of loess on the west
side of the river are scarcely, if any, less in dimensions than
those of Council Bluffs on the east side.... As the prevail-
ing wind in this region is from the southwest, it would be
hardly possible for it to pile up such deposits of loess upon the
west side of the river, and especially upon the southwest side,
as at Kansas City.” Asa matter of fact if Professor Wright
will examine the bluffs of the Missouri from Sioux City to
Kansas City, he will find that they are, as a rule, higher, more
abrupt, and with thicker loess deposits on the east side, and
the same is true of the Mississippi.{ Where deviations from
this rule occur they may usually be readily explained by local
topographic features, and by meanderings in the river-valley,

*Those who are interested in the plant ecology of wind-deposits will
find the following incomplete list of references of use:

Cowles, H. C., ‘‘ The Ecological Relations of the Vegetation of the
Sand Dunes of Lake Michigan,’’ Bot. Gazette, vol. xxvii, pp. 95, ef seq.,
1899. <‘‘The Physiographic Ecology of Chicago and Vicinity,’’ 1. c.,
vol, xxxi, pp. 73, ef seq.

Rydberg, P. A., Cont. U. S, Nat. Herbarium, vol. iii, p. 135, 1895.

Gifford, John, ‘‘ The Control and Fixation of Shifting Sands,’’ The
Engineering Magazine, Jan., 1898.

Schimper, Dr. A. F. W., Plant Geography, trans. by Wm. R. Fisher,
revised ed., pp. 654-5, 1903.

King, F. H., ‘‘ Destructive Effect of Winds on Sandy Soils and Light

Sandy Loams,’’ llth An. Rep. Ag. Ex. Sta., Univ. of Wisconsin, 1895.
Udell, Geo., The Strand Magazine for March, 1904, p. 176.

+See especially ‘‘ Living Plants as Geological Factors,’’ Proc. Ia.
Acad. Sci., vol. x, pp. 44-48, 1903.

{This fact is also reported by Leverett, Monograph U. S. Geol. Sur.,
vol. xxxviii, p. 156.

372 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

and were probably also affected by inequalities in forest and
plant distribution during the deposition of the loess, to say
nothing of the variation in the winds themselves. Strong
winds carry the dust over the entire valley, and its final set-
tling and accumulation may be affected by various local causes.

2. He further states that “the exclusive dependence upon
wind for the distribution of the loess finds it difficult to account
for the extensive level-topped terraces which frequently occur.”
This statement conveys an exaggerated idea of the extent and
frequency of such terraces. They represent a very small part
of the loess-area even along the Missouri river, and where they
do occur their vertical contour is determined largely by the
underlying deposits on which the loess accumulated. In
any event they are too insignificant when compared with the
extent of loess deposits, fo form a safe basis for generalizations.

3. He criticises the writer’s explanation, which is con-
sistent with the zolian hypothesis, of the fact that loess is
thickest near the streams, and that its particles are here some-
what coarser, but he evidently failed to grasp its significance.
It is not here a question of moving sand upon the lower
heights. The particles of which the loess is composed are
all sufficiently fine to have been sustained in the air as dust.
They are not uniformly fine, but the differences between them
are not to be compared with the diffzrences between particles
carried by water-currents, and those sustained in sluggish wa-
ters. Naturally the coarser particles would usually be deposited
nearer the chief source of supply,—namely the bars of. the
streams,—and their retention would be favored by the usually
greater, though unequal, extent of forest growth, or at least
plant growth, in such places. But Professor Wright signally
fails to explain why under his hypothesis of great floods /azd-
snails, favoring high, comparatively dry grounds, should be
most abundant in the portions of the deposit nearest the thread ~
of the streams, and where the greatest amount of mud was de-
posited.

In this connection it may be well to notice also the ob-

EVIDENCES(?) OF WATER-DEPOSITION OF LOESS. 373

jections to the writer’s conception of the source of material,
presented in Miss Owen’s paper. She asks: “.... where could
there have been river bars of sufficient extent to yield the
supply for the deep mantle covering the region about St.
Joseph ?” Miss Owen might look out, at St. Joseph, across
the Missouri to the west, and she can see some of them.*

Here there are extensive bars and sand-dune areas, and the
writer has seen great volumes of dust and sand raised from
these bars, the sand being soon dropped, while the dust
“was widely diffused. Such bars are common at low water
not only in the Missouri, but in all streams with wide valleys,
and each succeeding flood brings new fine material to be again
transported to the uplands. Loess is evidently a deposit which
required a long period for its formation, and consequently
accumulated only a little at a time.

It is surprising, however, that a resident of the Missouri
valley familiar with these bars, and with the dust-storms which
are so common, should resurrect this question.

Miss Owen further says: ‘Then too, it might be asked, by
what law of nature did the winds confine their energy wholly
to the flat, low-lying river bars while the higher and, sup-

posedly, dryer mantie of till and beds of residual clay remained

undisturbed to be gently but deeply covered?” Inreply it may
be said that it is the same law as that which today prevents
winds from raising quantities of dust from plant-covered slopes
and hills, while great clouds of it are carried upward from
barren sandbars. During dry seasons, or in barren places,
even the highlands yield dust, but so long as vegetation holds
its own not only is there no wind-erosion, but the covering of
plants retains much of the dust brought to it from other
sources.

But Professor Wright’s chief objection to the writer’s ex-
planation of these phenomena is contained in the statement
that the explanation ‘notably fails to account for numerous

*See Pl. XIII, fig. 2.

374 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

facts mentioned in Miss Owen’s paper concerning the com-
position and stratification to which Professor Winchell has
called attention.” The “numerous facts” referred to are practi-
cally embodied in the statement that at a number of points
lamination and stratification appear in the loess, and it is as-
sumed that this proves water-deposition. This is submitted
as one of the most important “evidences” contained in the
papers under discussion,* but it is neither new nor unusual, for
the writer can point out a large number of exposures in which
lamination may be observed. But he desires here to protest
against the further perpetuation of the error that lamination
or stratification are in themselves proof of water-deposition.
While water deposits are often laminated, not all laminated
deposits were formed in water. The writer has already called
attention to this fact as illustrated in the road-cut near the
Bohemian cemetery in West Cedar Rapids,j where distinctly
laminated sand was found covering afence. This cut is about
100 feet above the river, and there can be no question that
the deposit was formed by winds. The “White Sands,” an
extensive gypsum sand-dune formation west of Alamogordo,
N. Mex., often clearly show lamination, yet there is no question
that these dunes were formed by winds, as ranches have been
overwhelmed by them within the memory of old settlers.
West of Missouri Valley, Iowa, there is an extensive sand-
dune area along the Missouri river. The writer has made
sections of some of the dunes, and invariably found them
laminated and sometimes stratified, more or less parallel to the
surface. Yet they are undoubtedly zolian. One of the largest
of these (see Pl. XIV, fig. 2) rises more than 40 feet above the
Missouri, and the testimony of old settlers shows that it has
been formed since the year 1883, and that the waters of the
Missouri have never covered it, even during the flood of 1903.
Yet even its uppermost portions distinctly show lamination,
especially if moist lumps of the cohering sand be broken (not
cut) vertically.

*It is also emphasized by Professor Broadhead in Am. Geol., vol.
xxxiii, p. 39. j
TProc. Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. iv, p. 70, footnote.

EVIDENCES(?) OF WATER-DEPOSITION OF LOESS. 375

It is an interesting fact that most loess, especially where
there has evidently been rapid deposition, shows similar lami-
nation if broken vertically. Such lamination is shown in Plate
XIII, fig. 1, and also in Plate VII, fig. 1 of Professor Wright’s
article, and is wholly unlike water-lamination, as may be de-
termined by comparing it with sections of pond-mud which
has cracked and scaled off on drying. The writer has seen a
few exposures in which what appears to be water-lamination
(which is much more regular and much less like cross-bedding
on a minute scale than wind-lamination) may be observed,
but these bands appear only between different loesses, as if
the older loess had been over-washed for a short time, or at
intervals, by water from the melting glacier which had inter-
rupted the formation of the loess. Another possibility is well
illustrated by the C. G. W. Ry. cut east of Lanesboro, Iowa.
Here there is evidently a buried pond, into which loess-
materials had been carried by winds and erosion from higher
parts of the ridge, until this portion of the pond was com-
pletely filled. The loess material in this old pond is very dis-
tinctly stratified, and contains numerous bands of iron oxide.*
Its only fossils are shells of a Peszadvum, a small bivalve which
now inhabits prairie pools and streamlets. ‘The same ridge
still retains what appears to bea part of the same bog, and
such bogs and ponds are common in Iowa on both drift and
loess ridges. But these cases are rare and purely local, and
the lamination here observed is wholly unlike that which loess
usually reveals when broken vertically. They furnish no
warrant for the general conclusion that the whole deposit was
formed in great bodies of water, and it could be drawn from
this evidence only in utter disregard of the processes which
may be observed in the same region today.

Professor Wright’s additional evidence in support of the
theory of water-deposition of loess, contained in pp. 210-222
of his paper, is equally unsatisfactory. Stripped of its ver-
biage it may be briefly summed up in the statement that 1.)

‘peaels XLV, Ag. ft.

376 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

he found boulders about 40 miles south of what has been
considered the limit of drift, and 15 to 60 feet above the Osage;
and 2.) that the Missouri could discharge the amount of water
necessary to flood the bordering loess-covered highlands.
These propositions are here considered separately:

1. In the first place Professor Wright should not have
been “startled” by the occurrence of the boulders in the Osage
region, for a similar boulder had previously been found by
Professor L. C. Wooster* near Eureka, Kas., at a point still
farther south than Tuscumbia, Mo., and farther removed from
the recognized drift border. Professor Wright found one
boulder at a point “from fifty to sixty feet above highwater
mark in the river,’ and a number of others on a sedimentary
terrace “from fifteen to twenty feet above high - water mark,”
and from this he argues that the river must have been dammed
sufficiently to account for the water deposition of loess on its
bluffs. The weight of this argument will be appreciated, even

when allowance is made for the fall to the mouth of the Osage,
when it is considered that in Iowa, for example, the hills and
bluffs a ong the Missouri rise to a height of 300 to 400 feet
above high water, and that even in Missouri they are frequently
much more than sixty feet high,} and that in all this territory
their top - most bulk consists of loess !

30th Professor Wright and Miss Owen rejoice that, now
that they have found evidence of a barrier so far south, the
deposition of loess along the Missouri can easily be explained
by the aqueous hypothesis. But they have yet to show how
they would account for the deposition of the great sheet of
loess which continues on down the Missouri and Mississippi
rivers for several hundred miles, and which at Vicksburg and
Natchez rises more than 200 feet above the Mississippi !

2. Professor Wright and Miss Owen, and Professor Broad-
head who comes to their assistance in a reminiscent letter in

*Reported in Science, vol. xii, p. 132, Sept. 14, 1888.
+Miss Owen herself reports, 1. c. Pl. x, some of the loess at St.
Joseph 270 feet above the river!

EVIDENCES(?) OF WATER-DEPOSITION OF LOESS. 377

the Am. Geologist, 1. c., argue that the Missouri could have
discharged the amount of water necessary for these vast floods.
Their arguments only demonstrate that powerful currents
would be necessary to accomplish this. They underestimate,
however, the volume of water which would have been moved
during each great flood if the loess was deposited in this man-
ner. Manifestly every part of the area covered by loess would
have to be flooded. Professor Broadhead says that ‘it is very
rarely that the loess is found more than six miles from the
Missouri river....”? This is not correct even for Missouri as
the writer knows from personal observation, and as Professor
Marbut reports,* but it is entirely wrong for Iowa, where the
loess extends from the Missouri to the Mississippi, passing
over the divide between the two drainage-systems! There-
fore, these floods would have formed an enormous body of
water, and not only would more time have been required to
move them, but the necessary strong currents would not have
left fine material such as loess on the bluffs which border the
main streams, and which, therefore, would have been exposed
to these strong currents. Professor Wright argues that the
fact that loess- particles nearer the main stream are somewhat
coarser than those in outlying districts, supports his conten-
tion, but this difference is entirely too insignificant for his pur-
pose, for the particles of the coarsest loess are still very much
finer even than Miss Owen’s building -sand (see p. 227, I. c.).
In their anxiety to prove that the Missouri could discharge
these floods and carry enough material to form the loess de-
posits, these authors have called into existence conditions
which would result in the distribution of material much
coarser than appears in the loess. Excepting where it is cov-
ered by the newer drifts the loess uniformly forms the surface
deposit. In no part of the vast loess-covered area is there
any deviation from this rule. If we eximine the valley of
any larger stream after a flood, we find masses of sand and
gravel moved out over at least some of the higher ground

*See map opposite p. 80 in Williams’ ‘‘ The State of Missouri,’’ 1904.

378 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

which was flooded. South of the Iowan drift - border the loess
is uniformly the superior member, and whatever amount of
sand and gravel may appear is uniformly beneath it. The
writer repeats: Under what conditions could flooded streams
have produced these results? Professor Wright’s answer to
this question is entirely inadequate. He is confronted by two
horns of a dilemma: Either there were-strong currents, and
somewhere there ought to be evidences of them in coarser de-
posits; or the currents were not strong and the vast volume of
water was moved too slowly to accomplish the desired result.

But there is another feature of the case to be considered.
Professor Wright reports that it would take 96 days to carry
off 500 cubic miles of water under his hypothesis. If all the
loess area in the Missouri drainage was flooded, it required a
much larger volume than this, but assuming this as correct,
we still have to consider that the combined time required for
the rise and fall of this vast volume of water would take out
of each year the greater part of the season suitable for the
growth of plants and snails. It would leave only the very
highest areas exposed for a sufficient period to develop a flora
and a fauna, and we ought to find fossils only (or at least very
much more abundantly) in the highest deposits. That this is
not true is known to everyone who has collected these fossils
extensively. But if Professor Wright would take the trouble
to investigate the subject in the field he would know that the
species which predominate in the loess do not live on areas
subject to overflow, and that the condition which he pictures
would be unfit for such species. Professor Broadhead’s com-
ments on the snails are quite as unfortunate. Onp. 394,1.¢.,
he says: “On every wreck heap I would find among the trash
hundreds of land shells, mostly Helices, and sometimes the
small Pupa, all being landshells, and rarely did I find a Plan-
orbis or Lymnea. The Succinea I could also find. These
shells are also found with the loess. Those in the river were
washed down from the hills by the rains, and the shells in the
loess came the same way.”’ In the first place it is fair to call
upon Professor Broadhead for a bill of particulars. The term

EVIDENCES(?) OF WATER-DEPOSITION OF LOESS. 379

“Helices” is very comprehensive, and includes forms which
Species of the genera Pupa and
Succinea exhibit the same variation in habits. Is Professor
Broadhead quite sure that he found the same species through-
out in both the wreck-heaps and the loess? ‘The writer has
collected thousands of shells along the Missouri river from both
sources, and among them he frequently found shells that were
evidently washed from the near-by highlands, mingled with
those of lower grounds. Will Professor Broadhead explain
where such shells developed when the Azghest loess-bearing
ridges were covered with water, as he assumes? But the shells
of the ‘“‘wreck-heaps”’ are not identical throughout with those
in the loess. A comparisoi of a list of modern shells from
Nebraska City and Sioux City, collected in river drift, with
the shells of the lcess, may be of interest:

vary very much in habit.

NEBRASKA CITY Sioux CITy LOoOESS

Land - shells:

Vallonia gracilicosta...
Vallonia parvula .. .
Polygyra leai.
Strobilops virgo .
Leuchocheila fallax ......
Bifidaria armifera aypakoke re
Biidariacoutracta. . =. = « + =
Bihdakia Holzingen . .) 5+. 2 <
Bifidaria pentodon. ......
Bilidaria procera |i... 5 = o -
Vertigo milium .. .
Vertigo ovata

Vertigo tridentata. ......

Cochhcopa lubrica. ......
Vitrea hammonis ...

Vitrea indentatus .. .
Hiuconulussulwus. 2304
Zonitoides arboreus ......
Zonitoides minusculus
Fyramidula alternata .....
byramidula striatella.....
Helicodiscus lineatus ...
Punctum pygmeum Pare
Succinea ovalis (obliqua) .. .
Succinea retusa (semi-aquatic) .
Succinea av ara Oe RCM Pelee otal. ss

Pond - snaiis (Pulmonates):

Limneea caperata .
Limnea humilis.
Limneza palustris te
Physa gvrina . eer art:
Rlanorpisexacutuss. o)<r.) 5 «0
Planorbis dilatatus ... 6
RlanorbisparvusS.. 5. ....
Planorbis trivolvis.......
Segmentinaarmigera .. .

Prosobranchs (aquatic):
Amnicola cincinnatensis ...
Bythinella obtusa. . .....
Valvata tricarinata ...

Very common
Common

Not common
Not rare

Not rare

Very common
Very common
Very common
Common

Not common
Not common
Common

Not common
Not common
Not common
Rare

Rare
Common
Rare

Not rare

One

Common
Rare

Rare

Not rare

Rare

Very common

Common
Common
Common
Rare

Not rare
Common
Not rare
Not rare

Not common
Rare
Not common

|
=n!

Not common
Common

Not common
Not rare
Very common
Very common
Very common
Not common
Not common

poeon

Not rare

Common
Not rare
Not common
Rare
Common
Rare

Rare

Not rare

Not rare

Common
Common
Not common
Common
Not rare
Common
Not rare
Not rare

Com. westward
Not common
Quite rare
Quite rare

Not rare

Rare

I spec. known
Very conimon

Not common
Rare

Not common
Not rare
Rare in north
Rather common
Not rare
Very rare
Not rare
Very common
Rather rare
None north
Common
Very rare
Very common

Local
Local
Very rare
Very rare

Very rare

350 NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN.

It will be seen that a large part of these species do not oc-
cur in the loess, or are exceedingly rare, and that 12 are aqua-
tic,.—a much larger percentage than can be found anywhere
in true loess, notwithstanding the fact that the Missouri river
is poorer in aquatic forms than any other river within the
loess - covered territory. There is also a striking absence or
scarcity of such characteristic loess forms as Swccinea gros-
venorit, S. avara, Pyramidula striatella, etc. ‘The list in-
cludes only forms which were found in the ‘“wreck-heaps,”
and does not include other aquatic forms which are sometimes
found in somewhat different situations along the river. In
such cases as this the upland shells were carried down for
short distances, and their distribution is wholly unlike that of
the loess-fossils, for they are more or less banded and heaped
together, a condition which is very rare in the loess, and en-
tirely local.

But the most peculiar objection to the value of fossils is
made by Miss Owen on p. 227, 1. c. It is so absurd that but
for the fact that it was published in a scientific journal, and
hence might be credited by others who are unfamiliar with
the subject, it would go unnoticed. Inorder that comments
may be properly appreciated i's most interesting parts are here
reproduced in full: ‘‘ Professor Shimek asserts with much
positiveness that ‘there is not a single well authenticated
species of fluviatile mollusks known from clearly undisturbed
loess in this country.’ Such a statement leaves no doubt as
to personal conviction, but carries no proof of its correctness,
so it may be asked if the loess fossils can be positively identi-
fied. On the subject of identification of snails Theodore Gill,
supporting his conclusions by those of Professor Huxley, says:
‘The same kind of shell may be common to forms that are
radically different in their organization, and there is no a
priori reason why the modifications of the shell should be of
any greater value than those of any other single part of the
organism.... It is thus seen that the form of the shell, and
even the presence or absence of a shell, are of very inferior

EVIDENCES(?) OF WATER-DEPOSITION OF LOESS. 381

systematic significance....’ If this is true, we are at liberty
to assume that the loess fossils from the water -tower hill,
identified for Professor Winchell by Professor Shimek as Poly-
gyra multilineata, Pyramidula alternata, and Succinea obliqua,
may with equal certainty be referred to the genera Planorbis
and Limnea of the family Limnzidae, and Paludina integra
of the family Paludinidze. The ceolian theory would accord-
ingly suffer the loss of its best support.”

Of course those who have studied the subject, know that
Dr. Gill had reference to classification of molluscs, and not to
specific identifications. Pyramidula alternata, for example,
will always be readily recognized as a distinct species even by
the beginner, whether it be placed in the genus Pyramzdula
of the family Z7dodontide, or, as formerly, in the genus /felzx
of the family //e/zczd@. Miss Owen is not familiar with mol-
luscs, and it 1s to be regretted for her sake that her statement
was published, as it is sure to invite the ridicule of all who
have even the most rudimentary knowledge of shells. "The
efforts made by these latest critics to discredit the ‘best sup-
port” of the ceolian theory are certainly not a success.

aa >

woos we
PRP U EL aN
ae Se, i ee e \

* EXPLANATION OF THE MAP.

The figures in the parentheses represent altitudes above low water
mark (O) in the Mississippi river.

The bridge across St. Catherine’s creek on the Liberty road, not
shown on the map, is 75 feet above low water.

The remaining numbers mark the exposures, the numbers correspond-
ing to those employed in the table of fossils.

The following exposures lie beyond the limits of the map:

No. 26, along Liberty road, east of St. Catherine’s creek. Its alti-
tude is about 105 feet.above low water.

No. 30, made by a deep gulley in a mass of loess lying consider-
ably lower than the bluffs, some distance north of no. 29. Like
no. 28, it contains broken fossils, which suggest possibilities of
land-slides from the bluff above.

No. 31, north of no. 30, forming a high bluff facing the river, and
very similar to no. 29.

No. 32, an exposure high up on a hill north of the National ceme-
tery, at an altitude of about 210 feet above low water.

No. 33, an exposure about half-way down the bluff along the road
leading to the river bottom north of the National cemetery.

No. 34, along the road just north of no. 35, and somewhat higher.

NA

NATCHEZ,MISS

VICINITY.

PLATE I.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

A small ‘‘gulf’’ southeast from exposure no. 6. The stratified
orange sands show in the bluff. The loess is not very distinct. The
bottoms of most of the broader gulfs are quite flat, and contain no per-
manent streams.

Tl avd

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Looking southeast from a point east of exposure no. 7. The upper
vertical portion is loess. Below it is an irregular, rather narrow layer
of dark brown loam, and below that the orange sands and gravels are
covered largely by a loose talus.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Looking west along the N. O. & N. W. R-R., from a point near its
eastern terminus. The excavation to the right is exposure no. 1. The
over-head bridge in the back ground is on Canal street.

‘AT ALVWId

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

The figures are all natural size. Numerous large nodules were found,
but none contained a greater number of shells than those figured.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. Polygyra albolabris (Say) Pils.
2. Polygyra exoleta (Binn. ) Pils.
3. Polygyra profunda (Say) Pils.
4. Polygyra elevata (Say) Pils.
5. Polygyra obstricta (Say) Pils. The upper specimen has
lost the parietal tooth.
6. Polygyra thyroides bucculenta (Gla. ) Pils. The upper
specimen without parietal tooth.
7. Polygyra stenotrema (Fer. ) Pils.
8. Polygyra monodon fraterna (Say) Pils.
9, Polygyra monodon (Rack. ) Pils.
10. Polygyra hirsuta (Say) Pils.
11. Polygyra inflecta (Say) Pils.
12. Omphalina kopnodes (Binn.) Pils.
13. Pyramidula alternata (Say) Pils.
14. Pyramidula alternata (Say) Pils.
15. Circinaria concava (Say) Pils.
16. Succinea ovalis Say.
17. Gastrodonta ligera (Say) Pils.
18. Pyramidula perspectiva (Say) Pils.
19... Cochlicopa lubrica (Mill. )
20. Helicina orbiculata Say.
21. Vitrea indentata (Say) Pils.

Two views of each species are given, front and lower surface, ex-
cepting in figs. 9 and 19, of each of which only one view is given, and
13 and 14 which show three views each. The figures are natural size.

PLATE VI.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

View of Natchez bluffs, looking southwestward. At low water the
water in the foreground recedes and exposes extensive mud-bars. Ex-
posure no. 26 is just visible near the top of the hill along the road in
the foreground. The deep cut in the projecting point of the bluff in
the background shows exposure along the N. O. & N. W. R. R. Expos-
ures 5, 6, 7 and 8 also show indistinctly.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

The plat roughly represents the vicinity of the Concannon house, and
was made “from sketches taken in the field.

a) The ridge which rises southward from the Concannon house,
and is shown also in Pl. IX.

6) The ridge which rises northward and is also shown in Pl. X1.,
fig. 1, to the right.

©) The entrance to the cave, from which the cave extends southward
to a point west of the Concannon house.

d) The talus, low and of limited extent, which was evidently formed
by slipping from 6.

e) Carboniferous exposure at base of bank, along south side of
streamlet.

The position of the R. R., the tributary streamlet, the Concannon
house, etc., is also shown.

PLATE, VII.

Toess Papers

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Fic. 1. A view of the Concannon ridge looking southeast. The
entrance to the cave is just to the left of the tree, which shows against
the bank below the northwest (or nearest) corner of the house. The
highest point on this ridge toward the south is about 180 feet above the
mouth of the cave. (See p. 350).

Fic. 2. A view along the Concannon ridge, looking west of south.
The cave is at the northern base of the ridge tothe right. (See p. 350.)

PLATE | ae Ioess Papers

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Fic. 1. The entrance to the Concannon cave is shown at the right.
Extending from it toward the left is an artificial embankment made of
material taken from the cave. In 1903 the Missouri river floods covered
the basal portion of this embankment. The bed of the streamlet is
shown in the foreground. Looking east of south. (See pp. 351-2.)

Fic. 2. Looking west of south. The entrance to the cave, and the
artificial embankment show to the right. In the right foreground is a
portion of the talus d. (See p. 352.)

Loess Papers

PLATE, X.

FIG I.

FIG 2,

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

Fic. 1. The ridge 6 shows to the right. The talus d appears indis-
tinctly at its base. The Concannon house is on the basal part of the
ridge a, to the left. Looking west of north. (See p. 351).

Fic. 2. The first cut along the C. G. W. Ry. southwest of Carroll,
Iowa, looking north.

The topmost layer is yellow non-fossiliferous loess. The whitish
band is pale bluish loess with abundant fossils, iron - tubules and lime-
nodules. Below that is Kansan drift. (See p. 367).

PLATE xX f Loess Papers

reyegece ten —-—- - - - - EEE

FIG. I.

FIG 2,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

Fic, 1. Shows the two loesses in section 3, near Decorah, Iowa.
(See p. 340). The two markers indicate the line of separation, here
quite sharp.

The lower is bluish (post-Kansan) loess, and the upper is yellow
(post-Iowan).

Fic. 2. The third exposure north of the Iowa river in Jefferson
township, along the Cedar Rapids and Iowa City electric line. The two
upper markers indicate the line of division between the uppermost loess
layer, and the Iowan sands below. ‘The whitish band below this is only
a moisture band. ‘The two lower markers separate the lower, fossilifer-
ous loess from the Iowan sand. ‘There is a strongly oxidized band below
this, extending into the lower loess, and the latter is exposed to the
base of the cut. The portion of the surface with markers was scraped
to show the position of the several parts. (See p. 366).

PLATE x I If Loess Papers

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FIG, 2.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.

Fic. 1. Laminated loess in cut on the north side of M. street, east
of Thirteenth street, So. Omaha, Neb. This is very unlike water-lami-
nation. (See p. 375).

Fic. 2. Sand-bars along the Missouri river, opposite St. Joseph,
Mo. (See p. 373). Clouds of dust were being swept from these bars
at the time the picture was taken.

EL, ATE xX I i ie Ioess Papers

FIG. 2.

EXPLANATION, OF PLATE XIV.

Fic. 1. The laminated and stratified deposit, evidently a buried
pond - bed, in first cut east of Lanesboro, Iowa, along the C., G. W. Ry.
There are strongly oxidized bands, alternating with loess-like material,
which is compact, and contains shells of Pisidium. (See p. 375).

Fic. 2. A large sand - dune, with cotton-woods, west of California
Junction, Harrison county, Iowa. Sections of this dune showed lami-
nated sand clearly. (See p. 374).

PLATE 54 LW: Loess Papers

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