UMASS/AMHERST ^ BlEDbbDaSflOblEl 7' i i DDnDaDDDDDDnnDDDaaDDDDnDnDDDDDDD ^fRSt UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LIBRARY S 73 E4 NO. 136-1 55 3 ^ s 1 □ iDDDDDnnnnDDnnnnnDDnnaDnnDDnDDDD DATE DUE 07 ^08 PRINTED IN U. S. ft BULLETIN No. 136. FEBRUARY 1911. .M.\SS.\CHL SETTS AGRICLLTLR.AL EXPERI.ME.NT ST.ATIO.N. INSPECTION OF COMMERCIALFEEDSTUFFS BY • P. H. SMITH and C. L. PERKINS. This bulletin is published in accordance with the provisions of the Massachusetts feeding stuffs law. It contains a tabulation of the analyses of commercial feediag stuffs found offered for sale in the Massachusetts markets; presents a discussion of their relative values, calls attention :o desirable and undesirable feeding stuffs for Massachusens conditions and gives other information of interest to purchasers of commercial feeding stuffs. In addition will be foimd a tabulated list of the wholesale cost of feeding stuffs for the year igio. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst. Mass. O MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. AMHERST, MASS. COMMITTEE ON EXPERIMENT STATION. J. Lewis Ellsworth, Charles E. Ward, Charles H. Preston, Chairman, Arthur G. Pollard, Harold L. Frost, The President of the College, ex Officio. The Director of the Station, ex Officio. STATION STAFF. \A^illiam P. Brooks, Ph.D., Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D., George E. Stone, Ph.D., Frank A. Waugh, M. Sc., J. E. Ostrander, C. E., James B. Paige, D. V. S., Henry T. Fernald, Ph.D., Fred C. Sears, M. Sc., Burton N. Gates, Ph.D., Edward B. Holland, M. Sc, Fred W. Morse, M. Sc, Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc, Philip H. Smith, B. Sc, Henry J. Franklin, Ph.D., Erwin S. Fulton, B. Sc, Edwin F. Gaskill, B. Sc, George H. Chapman, M. Sc Sumner C. Brooks, B. Sc, Lewell S. Walker, B. Sc, James C. Reed, B. Sc, Joseph F. Merrill, B. Sc, Clement L. Perkins, B. Sc, J. K. Shaw, M. Sc, D. W. Anderson, B. Sc, Arthur 1. Bourne, B. A., James T. Howard, James R. Alcock, Harry L. Allen, C. M. Damon, Direclor and Agriculturist. Vice Director and Chemist. Botanist. Horticidturist. Meteorologist. Veterinarian. Entomologist. Pomologist. Apiarist. Associate Chemist (Research Sec). Research Chemist (Research Sec). Chemist in Charge (Fertilizer Sec). Chemist in Charge (Feed and Dairy Sec). Assistant Entomologist (Cranberry In- vestigations). Assistant Agriculturist. Assistant Agriculturist. Assistant Botanist. Assistant Botanist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Horticulturist. Assistant in Horticulture. Assistant in Entomology. Inspector. Assistant in Animal Nutrition. Assistant in Laboratory. Observer. Annual reports and btilletins on a variety of subjects are published. These are sent free on request to all interested in agriculture. Parties likely to find publications on special sub- jects only of interest will please indicate these subjects. Corre- spondence or consultation on all matters afTecting any branch of our agriculture is welcomed. Communications should be ad- dressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. DEPARTMENT OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CHEMISTRY. J. B. LiNDSEY, Chemist. INSPECTION OF COMMERCIAL FEED STOFFS By P. H. Smith, Chemist in Charge. Assisted by C. L. Perkins, C. D. Kennedy and J. C. Reed. INTRODUCTION. Requirements The Massachusetts feeding stuffs law requires of Law. that all feeding stuffs sold or offered for sale in Massachusetts shall have affixed to each package in a conspicuous place the following information: 1. Name and address of the manufacturer or person re- sponsible for placing the commodity on the market. 2. The net weight of the contents of the package. 3. The guaranteed minimum percentage of crude protein and of crude fat that the feeding stuff" contains. 4. In case of admixtures the name of the foreign substance must be plainly printed upon each sack or parcel. 5. When feeding stuffs are stored in bulk and sold to order in purchasers' sacks, the foregoing information must be tacked up in a conspicuous place on or near the bin in which the material is stored. The feeding stuff's exempted from the provisions of the act are hays and straws, the whole seeds and unmixed meals made directly from the entire grains of wheat, rye, barley, oats, Indian corn, bvickwheat and broom corn, wheat bran, wheat middlings, wheat mixed feed. The above-mentioned grains when ground together and unmixed with other substances are also exempt. The object of the law is, primarily, to protect Object of the consumer from misrepresentation and fraud. the Law. It accomplishes this purpose by obliging the manufacturer to tell the truth about what he sells. The law is also of benefit to the honest manufacturer in that he is not obliged to enter into unequal competition with un- scrupiilous manufacturers of inferior adulterated products. The law has, indirectly, an edticational value in that the enforcement of the statute stimulates a desire for knowledge in regard to feeding and the publication of the bulletins brings such information be- fore the public. With few exceptions a spirit of co-operation Observance of between manufacturer, retailer and those having the Law. the enforcement of the law in charge is mani- fest. Occasional violations, possibly unavoid- able but more often due to carelessness, are encountered. Re- tailers should always stipulate in contracts that "goods must conform to requirements of the IMassachusetts law." During the past season a number of violations have been placed in an attorney's hands for settlement. In one instance proceedings were instituted against a dealer who had previously violated the law by offering for sale untagged goods. A plea of guilty was entered and the case placed on file. It is not the intention of the experiment station to be unreasonable in regard to the matter, but where persistent violations are encountered the only resource is to prosecute. Massachusetts was the pioneer state in feed Needs of control inspection. The law as originally Law. drafted simply provided for inspection and for the publication of results. Not anything was obligatory on the part of manufactiirers, and inspectors were simply allowed access to places where feed stuffs were stored or offered for sale, with the privilege of taking samples. In 1902 the old law was repealed and the present law substituted. Profit- ing by the experience of the pioneer states other states have now enacted superior control laws. It is felt that the Massachusetts law shotild be revised and rewritten in the near future. Follow- ing are some of the essential features which should be incorporated. 1. Revenue. An increase of revenue for the more satis- factory execution of the law. 2. Fiber. In addition to the guaranteed minimum per cent of protein and fat the maximum fiber guarantee should be stated. Protein and fiber are a much better index for determining the value of a feeding stuff than protein and fat. 3. A statement of the 'uigredienls contained in mixed or com- pounded feeds. The fiber guarantee and statement of ingredients are included in the requirements of all of the more recently enacted laws and, in fact, many feeding stufl's manufactured in other states and found on sale in Massachusetts have tags attached which give this information. At present there is more or less confusion in Definitions, different states and in different sections of the country in regard to names of commercial by- products used for feeding. A feeding stuff which is recognized by one name in the west may be known by an entirely different name in the east. For example, the term provender throughout New England is quite generally taken to signify a mixture of pure corn and oats ground together, while in other sections of the coun- try the term has no such significance. Again, manufacturers of low grade goods often attach names which are misleading or at best have no definite meaning. For example, the term flax bran is used, although the material so named is not a bran at all but the ground refuse, (stalks and pods) of the flax plant. The Na- tional Association of Feed Control Officials is considering the matter of uniform definitions for the different commercial feeding stuffs. Such a group of definitions if adopted by the feed control officials of the different states will be of great benefit to the re- tailer and manufacturer. Fiber forms a large part of the framework of Fiber. plants and the tough outer coating of seeds. In pure form it is known as cellulose. It is a usefiil component of feeding stuff's intended for farm animals in that it gives the necessary biilk to the ration and is found in an amply sufficient amount in home-grown coarse fodders. The value of a feeding stuff used as a supplement to home-gro\\Ti feeds especially in dairy farming is measured largely in terms of protein and digestibility, home-grown coarse feeds being generally deficient in both protein and digestible matter. There is no ingredient present in feeding stuff's which so depresses digestibility as fiber. In purchasing concentrated feeds the feeder should look for high protein and low fiber, as a high fiber content is indicative of the addition of oat hulls, ground corn cob or other low grade material. 6 An important factor to be considered is that fiber derived from different sources has a different feeding value. Thus the fiber derived from the hull of the cottonseed, oat and barley and from corn cobs has a much lower digestibility and consequently nu- tritive value than that derived from the hull of corn or wheat. There is a growing tendency on the part of Weight of some manufacturers to state gross weight of a Sacked Feeds, package instead of the weight of the contents. Others state both net and gross weights. The state law calls for the weight of the contents of the package. Pur- chasers who buy sacked feeds should see that they are getting full weight. The difference between gross and net weight will amount to about one pound per sack. During the past year J. T. Howard, the official Work of inspector, has covered the state twice and has the Year. drawn 1055 samples of the various feeding stuffs offered for sale. These have been care- fully examined and the results are herewith presented. The classification of feeding stuffs used in this Classification, bulletin, with the exception of a few minor changes, has been in use since the publication of the first feeding stuffs bulletin and was the work of Dr. J. B. Lind- sey. In the present publication it has been thought best, where the name of a subdivision was not entirely self-explanatory, to accompany it with a definition placed at the head of each analyti- cal table. STANDARDS FOR CATTLE AND POULTRY FOODS. A standard for comparison is always necessary in passing judg- ment on the composition of concentrated feeds. The percentages of protein, fat and fiber serve as an index of their character in the majority of cases. To be of standard quality, the various: concen- trates should be free from foreign material, mould and rancidity, in good mechanical condition, and maintain the following percent- ages of protein, fat and fiber: — * Feed Stuff. Protein. ' Blood meal ... 85 Cottonseed meal (choice). 41-40 Cottonseed meal (prime, good)36-41 Cottonseed meal (low grade) 24 N. P. linseed meal . . 38 O. P. linseed meal . 32 Gluten feed ... 25 Protein I Distillers' dried grains (corn) 31 Feeds. 1 Malt sprouts ... 25 Brewers' dried grains . 22 Wheat middlings (flour) 18-20 Wheat middlings (standard) 17-19 Wheat mixed feed . . 16-18 Wheat bran . . 15-17 Oat middlings . 17 Rye feed ... 15 Ground oats . . .11 Ground wheat . . 11 Barley meal . . .11 Rye meal ... 10 Corn meal . . . 8.5 Hominy meal. . . 10 Provender . . .10 Corn and oat feed . . 8-10 Fortified oat feed . . 12-14 Oat feed . . 5-8 Corn bran ... 9 Dried beet-pulp 8 Meat scraps . . .50 Meat and bone meal . 40 Bone meal ... 25 Poultry J Poultry mash and meal . 15 Feeds. Chick and scratching grains 10 Alfalfa meal, entire plant 14 Clover meal, entire plant 12 *riber is the Iea.st valuable of the several constituents; the above standards for fiber represent the maximum percentage which the feed should contain to be of standard quahty. Starchy (Carbohydrate) Feeds. Fat. 0.2 8-10 7-9 5-6 9 10 1 5 5 5 4.5 4.5 7 3 4 2 1.5 1.5 3 7.5 3.5 3-5 3-5 2 5 0.3 15 10 4-5 3 1.5 9 Fiber. 18 9 9 7.5 12 12.5 12 3.5 7 8.0 10 2.5 4 10 3 6 2 2 4.5 6 20-26 10 18 CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF FEED STUFFS. 1910 Collection. I. Protein Feeds. COTTONSEED MEAL. Definitions.*COTTONSEED MEAL is the sround residue obtiiiiied in the extraction of oil from the cottonseed kernel. CHOICE cottonseed meal contains at least 41 per cent protein. PKIME cuttonsced meal contains at least 3S.5 per cent protein. GOOD cottonseed meal contains at least 36 per cent protein. COTTONSEED FEED is a mixture of cottonseed meal and cottonseed hulls containing less than 36 per cent protein. 1 Sampled at: Protein. .Fat. Manufacturer or Jobber, T^rund and Retailer. Fiber. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Choice. 1 American Cotton Oil Co., New York. ] F. E. Smith W. Lord Amherst Athol 40.85 42.73 41.00 41.00 8.93 6.92 9.00 9.00 — F. W. Brode & Co., Memphis. Owl F. E. Smith Owl Bryant & Soule Owl, Godina; Bros Dove, ,r. W. Doon & Son Amherst Middleboro N. Easton Natick 41.07 47.30 41.31 41.56 42.07 41.00 41.00 41.00 38.00 38.00 7.58 7.88 7.40 7.35 7.24 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.00 7.00 — Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Buckeye F. H. Whitaker Buckeye G. Methe & Son E. Longmeadow . Springfield 40.35 41.24 39.00 39.00 7.51 7.50 5.50 5.50 . S. P. Davis, Little Rock, Ark. Good Luck Fosketts Mills Good Luck A. H. Wood & Co Brimfield Framingham ... 41.24 46.64 41.00 33.00 7.45 8.98 7.00 9.00 J. B. Garland & Son, Worcester. Golden Eagle F. Diehl & Son Golden Eagle J. B. Garland & Son Wellesley Worcester 42.56 42.16 41.00 41.00 8.20 8.51 9.00 9.00 ~ Humphreys, Godwin & Co., Memphis. Dixie 15. C. Frost Dixie Tauntcin Teaming Co. . . . Shelburne Falls. . . Taunton 43.17 42.29 38.50 38.50 7.66 9.53 7.00 7.00 Imperial Cottoi) Milling Co., Memphis. J. F. Shine Dedham 40.76 45.06 43.61 41.07 41.00 41.00 41.00 41.00 9.99 7.33 7.62 8.23 g.oo! — Hobart Mills Lamb Bros. & Co. J. Paull & Co E. Braintree Orange Taunton 9.00 9.00 9.00 = . McCaw Manufacturing Co., Hurtsboro, Ala. Prime I. W. Doon & Son . Natick . 40.75 42.59 39.00 39.00 6.83 8.26 9.00 9.00 Prime, Sjiringfield Flour&Gr Co Springfield J. E. Soper Co., Boston. Choice bolted ]3edford Coal & Grain Co. J'i'ime Knight Grain Co Bedford Newburyport . . . . 41.59 41.64 40.00 38.50 3.61 7.41 7.00 5.00 — Highest 47.30 40.76 42.35 — 9.99 6.83 7.96 — Lowest Average *Definition3 used in connection with these tables merely indicate our basis of classification, they are based on trade usage, and are .subject to future ch mge and revision. In so far as possible COTTONSEED MEAL (Continued). Manufacturer or Jobber, Braii'l and Retailer. Samplo.l at: Protein. Found. Guar Fat. Found. Guar. Fiber. Hubbardston Rockland . . . S. Easton . . Hingham Athol Priiiib. American Cotton Oil Co., New York. ♦Choice C. T. Wyman ♦Choice A. Culver Co ♦Choice. J. O. Dean & Co F. W. Erode & Co., Memphis. Hingham Gr. Mill Co., Inc. Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Prime W. Lord Prime, S. P. Puffer ' N. Amherst . . Prime, Glen Mills Cereal Co .Rowley Cbapin & Co., Boston. *Green Diamond C. L. Beals & Co IWinchendon . De Soto Oil Co., Memphis. De Soto, H. Houghton Millbury . . . . • De Soto W. F. Fletcher Southwick . . Humphreys, Godwin & Co., Memphis. i Dixie, F. Knight iCharlton . . . . Dixie W. J. Meek Fall River Dixie A. Culver Co Rockland . . . . H. G. Hill Co Williamsburg Hunter Bros. Milling Co., St. Louis. Prime G. C. Turner I Chester Prime Hobart Mills E. Braintree . Prime O. F. Metcalf & Sons. . . Franklin C. C. Johnson & Co., Memphis. Prime E. A. Cowee '.Jefferson . . . . J. E. Soper Co., Boston. j ♦Choice Prenti.ss, Brooks & Co. . . Easthampton . Blackstone Smith, New Orleans, La. I Purity, Taunton Grain Co Taunton J. Lindsay Wells Co., Memphis. ♦Red Star .7. F. Ray Franklin . . . , Highest Lowest Average Good. American Cotton Oil Co., New York. ♦Choice Potter Grain Co .Shelburne Falls Davisboro Cotton Oil & Grain Co., Davisboro, Ga. Prentiss Brooks & Co. . . . Westfield Humphreys, Godwin & Co., Memphis. Dixie H. G. Hill Co Williamsburg . J. E. Soper Co., Boston. ♦♦Prime Eastern Grain Co Bridgewater . Cottonseed Feed. Florida Cotton Oil Co., Jacksonville, Fla. Durham Ropes Bros Danvers Durham E. O. Parker Stoughton Humphreys, Godwin & Co., Memphis. 77 Peed Meal J. B. Bridges & Co S. Deerfield . . 40.10 3S.52 38.74 40.14 40.24 39.05 38.79 39.97 39.88 38.31 38.91 40.72 39.24 39.38 38.54 39.36 40.32 39.27 39.14 40.45 39.31 40.72 38.31 39.45 37.04 37.01 33.02 37.86 41.00 41.00 41.00 41.00 39.00 39.00 39.00 41.00 41.00 41.00 38.50 38.50 38.50 41.00 38.50 41.00 38.50 41.00 41.00 41.00 41.00 41.00 38.62 38.62 38.60 23.39 25.75 23.52; 25.75 22.29 22.25 7.27 13.10 7.83 7.60 6.30 7.00 7.75 7.34 8.35 9.84 6.39 6.66 7.49 8.38 6.71 7.31 9.33 7.70 6.82| 13.10 6.30 8.31 9.41 7.67 7.07 6.87 6.73 9.00 9.00 9.00 7.591 7.00 6.50 6.50 6.50 12.40 9.00 — 8.50 8.501 7,00 7.00 7.00 7.00 6.50 7.50 6.501 8.00| t 8.00 5.00 9.00 9.00, 6.00, -- 5.00 — 3.79 4.50 23.06 17.71 17.03 ♦Misbranded Choice. ♦♦Misbranded Prime. 10 LINSEED MEAL. Definition. Linseed meal is the ground residue obtained in the extraction of oil from flaxseed. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. 1. Xew Process. American Linseed Co., New York. Cleveland Flaxnieal, . . Cleveland Flaxiiieal, . , C^leveland Flaxnieal, . . Ropes Bros . C. B. Sawin & Son . . .C. B. Sawin & Son . . . Dennison Plummer Co. J. PauU & Co Average 2. Old Process. American Linseed Co., New York. Cutler Co A. J. Lane Co Springfield FIour&Gr. Co. Bliss & Co Siimpled at: Salem South boro. . . South boro. . New Bedford Taunton . . . N. Wilbraham Springfield . . - Springfield . . Taunton . . , Chapin & Co, Buffalo, N. Y. S. R. Carter Mann Bros. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Bedford Coal & Or. Co. . . Guy G. Major Co., Toledo, Ohio. C. Bond H. A. Crossman Co W. T. McLaughlin & Co. Midland Linseed Co., Minneapolis, Minn. C. S. Barber H. K. Webster Co A. Milot & Son ■ C. G. Jordan Metzger Seed & Oil Co., Toledo, Ohio. J. F. Ray Kelloggs & Miller, Amsterdam, N. Y. C. T. Wyman . . A. D. Potter A. D. Potter Average W. Berlin Bedford . Charlton . . Needham . . . W. Roxbury Bernardston Lawrence . . Taunton . . Weymouth Franklin Hubbardston Orange .... Orange .... Protein. Found. Guar. 38.75 33.70 37.21 33.02 37.12 37.96 37.12 37.17 37.73 36.95 35.64 37.71 31.00 36.36 29.26 36.47 34.59 37.34 36.30 33.31 37.13, 37.27 36.43 35.96 Fat. Fiber. Found. Guar 36.00. 36.00 35.00 36.00 36.00 32.00 32.00: 32.00i 32.00! 30.00 30.00 30.00 32.00 32,00 32.00 32.00 30.00 33.00 33.00 33.00 5.38 5.47 6.10 5.63 33.001 4.25 34.001 5.58 6.95 5.54 7.87 7.73 5.69 7.58 5.90 6.89 6.23 5.56 7.19 5.10 1.00 — 5.00, 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.001 6.00: 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 GLUTEN FEED. Definition. Gluten feed is a product obtained in the manufacture of starch and glucose from corn, and consists largely of the flinty portion of the kernel and corn bran. American Maize Products Co., New York. Cream of Corn, Thatcher & Ireland Cream of Corn, C. P. Washburn Cream of Corn, A. Carr Cream of Corn, W. P. Barney Cream of Corn, I<\ Diehl & Son . . . . B. W. Brown B. W. Brown Ropes Bros J. Shea J. Shea Littleton . . Middleboro North boro Seekonk . . Wellesley Concord . . . Concord . . . Dan vers . . . Lawrence . . Lawrence . . Average Corn Products Refining Co., New York. Buffalo, Buffalo, Buffalo, Buffalo, Buffalo, Buffalo, Buffalo, Buffalo, . Bedford Coal & Grain Co. .J. O. Ellison & Co .J. O. Ellison & Co .C.T. Wyman . Conant & Co .M.G.Williams .C O. Parmenter & Co. . . .Bliss & Co Average Bedford Haverhill Haverhill . Hubbardston Littleton . . . Raynham . . . S. Sudbury . Taunton . . . 27.11 23.00 6.15 2.50 26.57 23.00 2.20 2.50 23.96 23.00 2.44 2.50 26.44 23.00 2.38 2.50 25.35 23.00 3.05 2.50 24.87 23.00 4.19 2.50! 23.95 23.00 3.54 2.50! 23.55 23.00 3.55 2.50 23.78 23.00 2.78 2.50 25.39 25.00 2.92 2.50 25.22 - 3.32 — 23.64 23.00 4.13 2.50 28.33 24.00 1.98 2.50 23.02 24.00 2.05 2,50 25.43 24.00 3.74 2.50 27.27 23.00 2.7C 2.50 27.53 24.00 2.53 2.50 24.30 23.00 3.57 2.50 23.39 24.00 3.52 2.50 26.00 3.03 — 5.90 5.68 5.99 5.65 5.50 6.15 6. as 6.09 6.56 5.64 5.19 11 GLUTEN FEED— (Continued). Corn Products Refining Co., (Cont). Crescent A. H. Wood & Co Crescent Hathawav & Mackenzie Globe F. G. Cover & Co Globe J. W. Doon & Sons. . . . Globe Potter Grain Co Pekin, D. H. Cruvi Curley Bros., Wakefield. Boston Curley Brot Franiingham New Bedford Lowell Natick Shelburne Falls Tlviuoutli . . . . J. C. Hubinger Bros. Co., Keokuk, Iowa. K. K. K H. Houghton . . . K. K. K J. Paull & Co. . . K. K. K P. W. Eaton & Cc Huron Milling Co., Harbor Beach, Mich. Jenks. J. Burkhardt Jenks, Loham Bros. Wakefiel. Millburx . Taunton ... Williamstowii . 23.34 24.10 23. S2 26.59 25.09 26.55: 24.00 24.00 24.00 24.00 24.00 23.00 24.83 24.00 2.50 2.50 2.60 2.50 2.50 2.50 3.30 3.00 Fiber. 7.85 6.04 7.20 6.46 6.10 B*\erl.v . JMarblehead Narragansett Milling Co., E. Providence. R. M. Ree 1 |n. Westport Union Starch & Refining Co., Edinburg, Ind. Union, W. H. Cunningham & Sou I Maiden Highest Lowest ... Average Second Grade (below 2.3 per cent protein) . Clinton Sugar Refining Co., Clinton, Iowa. I Clinton A. ^L Butler j Avon , Clinton, W. C. S. Wood [Norton Meech & Stoddard, Middletown, Conn. 1 J. A. Bouvier J. E. Soper Co., Boston. Bay State, Marlboro Grain Co. Bay State, Cole Bro.'; Globe Elevator Co., Buffalo, N. Y. j Royal, I\L H. Rolfe Est jNewburyport Average 24.39 24.18 23.85 22.68 24.57 28.341 24.66J 28.34 22.68 25.22 21.16 22.33 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 20.00 24.00 20.00 2O.OOI 2.46 2.23 4.29 2.69 3.55 3.57 4.15 6.15 1.77 3.17 5.64, 3.69: 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 — 3.00 6 33 2.50 3.00 7.85 4.11 5.92 3.00 5.93 3.00 — New Bedford 'Marlboro {Swansea . 18.70; 22.00! 8.59 4.00 6.47 20.67 21.64 20.97 20.91 22.00 22.00 20.00 5.51 6.80 4.76 6.00 4.00 4.00 2.00 10.19 — 7.53 DISTILLERS' DRIED GRAINS. Definition. Distillers' dried grains are the dried residue obtained from cereals in tlie manufacture of alcohol and distilled liquors. Ajax Milling & Feed Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Ajax Flakes, Eastern Grain Co. Ajax Flakes Robinson & Jones Co. Ajax Flakes Morse Bros Ajax Flakes, H. W. Hill & Co. Average . . J. W. Biles Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Dearborn J. Shea Dearborn, A. Carr Fourex, Mackenzie & Winslow Fourex Bryant & Soulc Fourex I. W. Doon & Son Fourex, Potter Bros. & Co. Fourex Cutler Grain Co Bridgewater Natick Southbridge Williamsburg 28.48 31.06: 29.551 31.81 31.00 31.00 30.38 31.00 30.23 — Lawrence North boro . . . . Fall River Middleboro . . . . Natick N. Adams S. Framingham 23.95' 22.84 31.02 32.47 31.46' 31.24 31.091 22.00 22.00 31.00 31.00 31.00 31.00 31.00, 12 00 12.11 14.12 12 34 12.00 11.97 12 05 11.00 12.62 12.51 12.00 12.92 12.25 — 12.91 7 34 8.00 11.69 8.78 8.00 12.1: 11.78 12.00 12.3- 10 81 12.00 11. c: 12.46 12.00 12.02 10.48 12.00 12.58 11.47 12.00 12.43 12 DISTILLERS' DRIED GRAINS— (Continued). Miimifacturer or Jobber, Brnnd and Retailer. Sampled at: Protein. Fat. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Fiber. Continental Cereal Co., Peoria, 111. Continental Potter Grain Co Shelburne Falls . . Shelburne Falls . . Lawrence Beverly . . . 30.65 28 85 31.00 91 00 12.311 13.50 10.971 13.50 10.75 12.00 *6.34 8.00 *5.94 8,00 11 16 7.65 8.64 12.03 15 03 Dewey Bros. Co., Blanchester, Ohio. Dewey's J. Shea Hottelet Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Rye Grains, J. Burkhardt 30.9ll 30.00 *14.09 15.00 *13.20, 16.00 1 29 67 Lexington 16.03 12 24 ♦Not included in average. MALT SPROUTS. Definition. Malt sprouts consist of the dried sprouts of the barley grain removed after the process of malting. American Malting Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Ropes Bros J. B. Garland & Son Danvers . . Worcester Atlantic Export Co., Chicago, 111. S. B. Boutelle & Sons. E. A. Cowee Geo. J. Mayer Malting Co., Buffalo, N. Y. B. W. Brown . . Shrewsbury Jefferson . . Concord Perot Malting Co., Buffalo, N. Y. C. O. Parmenter & Co. . . S. Sudbury M. G. Rankin & Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Jersey, J. W. Doon & Son . . . D. W. Ranlet Co., Boston, Mass. Ropes Bros. Natick. Salem Average 28.22 31.17 26.62 25.96 24.34 27.56 25.80 24.08 26.72 25.00 21.17 1.03 1.01 3.00 1.96 25.00 25.00 1.19 .39 1.50 1.50 20.82 .91 1.15 25.00 .79 1.10, 25.00 1.28 2.00 23.00 .97 1.50 — 1.01 - 13.85 13.08 10.92 11.95 14.02 11.51 12.31 12.34 12.56 BREWERS' DRIED GRAINS. Definition. Brewers' dried grains are the dried residue obtained from cereals in the manufacture of malted liquors. Atlantic Export Co., Chicago, 111. H. A. Grossman Co Needhani 33.08 27.00 5.54 7.00 12.41 M. F. Baringer, Philadelphia, Penna. 27.61 25.00 7.08 6.00 13.48 13 WHEAT MIDDLINGS. Definition. Wheat middlings consist of tlic finer portions of bran, the germ and more or less flour obtained from the wheat kernel in the milling of wheat. Standard middlings contain the smallest proportion of flour, flour middlings considerably more, while red dog is a flour miildlings in which the flour predominates.* Brand. Manufacturer. Protein. Found. Guar. Fat. Found, i Guar. 1. Flour Red Dog JBay State Milling Co., Winona, Minn jBufTalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y Red Dog , Wm. G. Crocker, Minneapolis, Minu Superb Red Dog ^Eagle Roller Mill Co., New Tim, Minn Ben Hur 'Hennepin Mill Co., Buffalo. N. Y Powerful Red Dog . . . A. B. McCrillis & Son Co., Boston Powerful " " " " AAA Comet Northwestern Consolidated Milling Co., Minneapolis .\ A XX Daisy Pillsbury's Mills, Minneapolis Russell-Miller Milling Co., Minneapolis ! Southwestern Milling Co., Kansas City, Mo. . . Thornton & Chester Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. ^drian Washburn-Crosby Co., Minneapolii [Arlington Highest Lowest Average 2. Standard. American Hominy Co., New York William Tell Ansted & Burke Co., Springfield, 111 Shipstuff Ballard & Ballard, Louisville, Ky Barber Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn L. G. Campbell Milling Co., Blooming Prairie, Minn. Nodak Chaffee-Miller, Casselton, North Dakota Commander Commander Mill Co., Minneapolis, Minn Wirthmore Chas. M. Cox Co. .Boston Crocker Milling Co.. Minneapolis. Minn Davis & Co., Rochester, N. Y Ape.x 1 Detroit Milling Co., Detroit, Mich Superior Duluth-Superior Milling Co., Duluth, Minn Eckhardt & Swan Milling Co., Chicago Lucky [Federal Milling Co., Loekport, N. Y H Hecker-Jones-Jewell ISIilling Co., New York Ben Hur 'Hennepin Mill Co.. Minneapolis J. H. Hinds Co., Rochester. N. Y jC. Hoffman & Son. Enterprise. Kansas Hubbard Milling Co.. Mankato, Minn Interstate , Hunter-Robinson- Wenz Milling Co., St. Louis, Mo. . Carnation Gray Kempler Mill & Elevator Co., Kansas City, Mo. . . Lyon & Greenleaf, Wauseon, Ohio Powerful ' A. B. McCrillis & Son Co., Boston Millbourne Mills, Philadelphia, Pa 17.721 15.78' 20.541 20.23 19.00 IS. 59 18.91 20.54 18.74 18.09 18.48 19.99 17.82 19.44 15.81 18.35 17.69 20.54 16.78' 18.82 13.93 17.74! 16.92' 18.79 19.29 18.47 18.53 18.30 18.54^ 20.19: 17.25 18. 47^ 17.01' 19.31; 17.54' 17.11! 18.37i 19.18 18.49 15.67 18.56 17.61 15.65 15.97 17.25 17.00 15.90 20.25 15.50: 16.501 16.25' 15.00! 16.00' 16. 00! 16.00 14.50 14.00 17.00 14.501 15.45 14.00 16.40 16.00 15.00 15.00 17.00 15.00 15.00 14.00 17.38 16.00 17.50 14 50 14 50 16 CO 15 75 14 00 4.10 4.63 5.20 5.88 5.25 5.60 5.87| 5.8O1 5.28! 5.10' 4.61 5.75 4.95 4.55 4.56 4.98 3.671 5.88; 3.67 5.12 6.11 5.79 3.80 5.00 4.80 5.25 4.50 4.00 5.25 5.00 4 00 4 60 4 00 5 70 4 50 4 00 4 00 5 00 5 00 4 00 4 00 6 05 4 00 5 30 5 10 4 00 4 30 5 25 4 00 *There is no sharply drawn? line between the different grades of middlings. Owing to diflferent milling processes and the difference in the resulting by-products, any attempt to classify the different grades is unsatisfactory. 14 WHEAT MIDDLINGS— (Continued). Brand. Protein . Manufacturer. Found. Guar. Fat Found. Gusu-. Tekonsha Pennant Black Hawk Minot Flour Mill Co., Minot, X. D IS. S7 Mosely & Motley Milling Co., Rochester, X. Y 13. 79 National Feed Co., St. Louis, Mo 15.42 Niagara Falls Milling Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y 17.36 Northwestern Milling Co., Little Falls, Minn 15.92 Pillsburv's Mills, Minneapolis 17 34 17.64 Geo. P. Plant Milling Co., St. Louis, Mo 19.39 Quality MUls, Enterprise, Kansas 17.95 James Quirk Milling Co., Montgomery, Minn 17. 97 A. H. Randall Mill Co., Tekonsha, Mich 16. 30 Star & Crescent Milling Co., Chicago, 111 17.55 S. Stewart, Morris, Minn 17.51 David Stott, Detroit, Mich 13.55 Thompson Milling Co., Lockport, N. Y 13.47 Thornton & Chester Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 15.97 Voight Milling Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. . 15. 53 Washbura-Crosby Co., Buffalo, N. Y. . . . 13 . 45 Western Flour Mill Co., Davenport, Iowa. 13. 42 Highest 2C.19 Lowest .. 13.93 Average . . 17.55 — 4.92 — — 5.65 — 16.00 4.65 4.00 — 5.62 — 15.75 5.23 5.25 15.00 4.99 4.50 15.00 5.33 4.50 17.11, 5.37 4.41 15.55' 4.55 4.75 17.25 5.92 5.25 14.00 4.27 4.00 15.00 5.45 4.00 13.40 5.55 5.50 17.00 5.45 5.50 — 5.57 — 14. CO 4.54 3,00 — 4.17 — — 5.41 — 15-00 5.93 4.75 5.48 3.58 5.20 WHEAT MIXED FEED. Definition. Wheat mixed feed is a mixture of the wheat by-products obtained in the milling of wheat. Some brands contain more middlings than others. Acme Acme-Evans Co., Indianapolis, Ind Akin-Erskine Milling Co., Evansville, Ind. . Amco Amendt Milling Co., Monroe, Mich E. W. Bailey, Montpelier, Vt Banner Banner Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y White Satin Barber Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn Dnnim Bemmels ^Milling Co., Lisbon, N. Dak Big Diamond Big Diamond Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Bulls Eye Blish Milling Co., Sej-mour, Ind. . C. W. Bowker & Co., Worcester . . All Right Burbeck & Brett, No. Abington. . . J. Andrew Cain, Versailles, Ky. . Edison Chapin & Co., Boston . Erie Pine Tree "" " Rutland " Vermont " Claro ... Claro Milling Co., Lakeville, Minn. . . . Commercial Milling Co., Detroit, Mich. . . Commander Commander Mill Co., Minneapolis, Minn. . . Columbia Chas. M. Cos Co., Boston Eagle " " " " 17.67 17.03 17.33 17.08 17.70 17.63 15.40 15.30 17.09 17.47 17.13 15.87 15.20 17.03 15.81 17.45 17.99 17.50 15. 05 16.99 16.90 15.90 15.00 4.07 16.72 3.93 — 5.04 — 4.47 — 5.82 15.00 5.47 14.00 4.83 15.30 15.00 16.00 15.00 15.00 14.00 15.00 14.00, H.OOj 14. 00^ 15.00] 14.611 15. 50! 4.77 4.07 4.82 5.19 4.07 4.34 4.21 4.32 4.00 4.01 4.50 5.00 4.40 4.50 4.75 14.00| 4.17 3.00 15 WHEAT MIXED FEED— (Continued). Brand. I Regent . . Samoset . Wirthmore Manufacturer. Chas. M. Cox Co., Boston Protein. Fat. Found. Guar. Found. Guar Adrian Detroit Milling Co., Adrian, Mich Boston Duluth Superior Milling Co., Duluth, Minn Eagle Eagle Roller Mills, Inc., Lawrenceburg, Ky Eckhardt & Swan Milling Co., Chicago Elk River Milling Co., Elk River, Minn Eaco Winged Horse . . Everett-Aughenbaugh & Co., Waseca, Minn Lucky [Federal Milling Co., Lockport, N. Y 'Garland Garland Milling Co., Greensburg, Ind Glen Mills Cereal Co., Rowley Royal Gopher State Milling Co., Little Falls, Minn. jXtragood jGriswoId & Mackinnon, St. Johnsbury, Vt jGwinn Milling Co., Columbus, Ohio iRed Star Hannibal Milling Co., Hannibal, Mo New York Hecker-Jones-Jewell Milling Co., New York iC. Hofifman & Son, Enterprise, Kansas Sunshine Hunter Bros. Milling Co., St. Louis, Mo j Matchless ' " " " " " " Certified Hunter-Robinson & Wenz Milling Co., St. Louis . . Sunshine Wildfire i Kehlor Flour Mills Co., St. Louis, Mo Crescent Kempler Mill & Elevator Co., Kansas City, Mo. . . Eastern " " " " " " " ■■ Snowflake iLawrenceburg Roller Mills Co., Lawrenceburg, Ind. Liberty Mills, Nash\-ille, Tenn Lidgeswood !Mills Co., Lidgeswood, N. Dak. Lexington Roller Mills, Lexington, Ky. . . Lexington . . . Thoroughbred Lyon & Greenleaf, Wauseon, Ohio A. B. McCrillis & Son Co., Boston Extra Macceo . . Extra Powerful . Powerful King R. P. Moore Milling Co., Princeton, Ind. Pennant , National Milling Co., Toledo, Ohio Osota i Northland Planet . . . Durum Fancy .... Tally Ho.. Buckeye . . Regular . . Occident . Gold Mine Try Me . . Northland Milling Co., Larimore, N. Dak North-western Milling Co., Little Falls, Minn Northwestern Consolidated Milling Co., Minneapolis Oakes Flour Mills, Oakes, N. Dak Pillsbury Mills, Minneapolis, Minn Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, III. . . Russell Flour Co., Albany, N. Y Russell-Miller Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Shefiield-King Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Sparks Milling Co., Alton, 111 17.41' 17.13 17.19 16.72 16.69^ 17.32 16.46 16.60 16.76 16.67 17.42 17.86 16.00 16.46 17.69 17.29 16.11 15,70 18.17 17.81 18.20 17.13 14.59' 16.38 17.34 17.10 16.55 17.43 17.32 16.59 16.92! 16. 5l' 16.95; 16.52| 17.911 17.43 17.70 16.42 17.23 16.59 16.55 16.85 18.74 15.68 17.08, 17.95| 16.29: 18.20' 18.01 17.15 17.3l| 15.00 16.00 17.50 16.00 15.00 14.00 15.25 14.02 16.39 14.00 18.69 15.00 15.00 14.50 14.50 14,50 14.00 15.00 17.00 15.20 16.00 14.40 15.09 15.00 16.50 15.00 15 30 14 02 15 00 12 10 16 00 16 00 15 00 15 00 16 50 17 15j 5.50 4.65 4.44! 4.42 3.76 5.19! 4.04 4.04 4.57 4.48 4.23 4.30 4.36 4.17 4.37 4.16 3.27 3.92. 4.93 4.89 4.18 3. SO 5.28 3. so' 5.19 5.31 5.37 5.28' 4.64{ 3.00 4.00 5.00 4.50 3.00 4.50' 3.75 4.03 4.60 4.00 6.10 5.67 5.25 5.25 5.00 4.40 4.03 4.00 6.00 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.45 16 WHEAT MIXED FEED— (Continued). Brand. Wabash. Hone^•t Heavy Manufacturer. Protein. Fat. Found. Sparks Milling Co., Terre Haute, Ind IE . Star & Crescent Milling Co., Chicago, 111 David Stott, Detroit, Mich. Stratton & Co., Concord, N. H jThornton & Chester Milling Co., B\iffalo, N. Y. Valier Valier & Spies Milling Co., Marine, 111 ! 16 Farmer's FriendVinico j Valley City Milling Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. Superior Washburn-Crosby Co., Minneapolis Webster j Webster Mill Co., Webster, So. Dak Best Whitman Grain & Coal Co., Whitman Kent [Williams Bros. Co., Kent, Ohio Searchlight Wisconsin Milling Co., Menominie, Wis Highest Lowest Average 18.74 15.05 16.97 Guar. Found. Guar, 15.00 16.00 14.00 15.00| 15.22| 16.001 16.00 5.33 12.00 4.48 16.19 5.50 — 5.32 — 3.27 — 4.71 4.50 5.00 WHEAT BRAN. Definition. Wheat bran is the coarse outer coating of the wheat berry. Allen Baker Commission Co., St. Louis, Mo .\shton Flouring Mills Co., Ashton, So. Dak Atlas Atlas Flour Mills, Milwaukee, Wis Ballard & Ballard, Louisville, Ky Flakes Barber Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn Winona Bay State Milling Co., Winona, Minn A. II. Brown & Bros., Boston L. G. Campbell Milling Co., Blooming Prairie, Minn. Cha'pin & Co., St. Louis, Mo L. Christian, Minneapolis, Minn Jersey Geo. C. Christian, Minneapolis, Minn Wm. A. Coombs Milling Co., Coldwater, Mich Commander Commander Mill Co., Minneapolis, Minn .Wm. G. Crocker, Minneapolis, Minn I [J. G. Davis Co., Rochester, N. Y IDuluth Imperial jDuluth Superior Milling Co., Duluth, Minn jFarmer's Milling Co., Cold Springs, Minn Lucky IFederal Milling Co., Lockport, N. Y Flavelle Milling Co., Lindsay, Ontario Clover Leaf 'Gardner Mill, Hastings, Minn I .Gwinn Milling Co., Columbus, Ohio ilOO Percent " " " " " I jHecker-Jone.s-Jewell Milling Co., New York Ben Hur :Hennepin Mill Co., Minneapolis, Minn I ;C. Hoffman & Son, Enterprise, Kansas Dreadnaught . . Diamond Hunter-Robinson-Wenz Milling Co., St. Louis, Mo. W. J. Jennison Co., Minneapolis, Minn Kempler Mill & Elevator Co., Kansas City, Mc. . . 16.55 14.00 4.80 4 16.64 13.00 5.53 4 17.86 15.00 5.15 3 16.35 15.78 3.98 4 17.85 13.00 5.50 4 15.71 15.00 4.90 5 15.92 15.50 5.19 4 16.00 14.70 4.96 4 17.55 14.00 4.38 3 16.78 15.00 5.23 4 15.49 13.00 4.91 4 15.13 14.00 4.32 3 15.69 14.00 4.95 4 15.68 14.50 6.09 4 16.46 — 5.14 - 16.68 14.50 4.86 4 14.39 14.00 4.34 3 15.66 14.00 5.02 4 17.07 — 3.85 — 16.12 13.50 2.95 4 17.05 — 4.35 — 16.99 15.79 3.95 4 15.49 14.95 4.55 5 16.81 14.50 5.74 4 17.51 — 4.15 - 14.72 14.50 3.74 4 16.37 15.00 4.76 4 17.41 14.50 4.69 4 WHEAT BRAN— (Continued). Brand. Manufacturer. Protein. Found. Guar 2 i Powerful 1 3 Bell Cow. [Robin Hood Try Me Lyon & Greenleaf.Wauseon, Ohio A. B. McCrillis & Son Co., Bo.ston Northwestern Milling Co., Little Falls, Minn Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111 Rus.^^ell-IMiller Milling Co., Minneapolis, Minn Saskatchewan Flour Mills Co., Ltd., Moose Jaw, Sask. Sparks Milling Co., Alton, 111 Star & Crescent Milling Co., Chicago, 111. S. Stewart, Morris, Minn F. W. Stock & Sons, Hillsdale, Mich. . David Stott, Detroit, Mich : Black Hawk Webster Mill Co., Webster, So. Dak Western Flour Mill Co., Davenport, Iowa Highest Lowest Average 15.86 16.81 15.93 16.84 17.38 16.64 17.25 17.30 15.64 16.12 17.28 18.11 16.69 16.23 17.86 14.39 16.50 Fat. Found. Guar 14.50 12.50 13.00 14.50 15.00' 15.00 16.00 14.001 22 41 03, 65, 76! 4.69 5.16' 5.19 4.05! 4.471 5.26; 5.57 4.891 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.35 6.17 — 2.95 — 4.86 — 18 ADULTERATED WHEAT FEEDS. Definition. Adulterated wheat feeds are wheat products to which has been added material derived from some other source than wheat. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Sampled at: Fitehburg 1. Middlings. New Occident Mfg. Co., Minneapolis, Minn. *Aloras, F. F. Woodward & Co. 2. **Mixed Feed . Indiana Mlg. Co.,Terre Haute, Ind. Holstein, E. C. Packard Brockton Holstein, Mackenzie & Winslow . . . |Fall River . Jersey, W. J. Meek iFall River Jersey, Cutler Grain Co jS. Framingham Sterling, O. P\ Metcalf & Son 'Franklin Sterling, H. K. Webster Co Lawrence Sterling, J. W. Doon & Son Natick Henry Jennings, Boston. Daisy, J. H. Nye Brockton Daisy, L. A. Snow Upton Daisy, Worcester Hay & Gr. Co. Worcester A. Waller & Co., Henderson, Ky. Blue Grass, J. A. Bouvier iNew Bedford Blue Grass, F. G. Cover & Co Lowell Blue Grass, Cutler Co N. Wilbraham Blue Grass, Smith Feed Co Westfield .... Blue Gra.ss, E. A. Cowee Worcester Oneida, Taunton Teaming Co. . ;Tauuton Protein. Found. Guar Fat. Found. Guar. Average 16.07 11.99 12.23 11.28 13.62 11.89 11.40 11.80 12.02 13.32 11.74 11.14 ll.SBl 12.20 11.89 10.66 11.88 11.94, 16.00: 7-46 13.00 12.00 10.00 12.00 11.50 13.00 11.50; 11.00 11.00! 11.00: 8.00 8.00 9.00' 9.00 8.00 10.00 5.00 3.67 3.39 2.39 3.60 2.83 2,97 2.66 2.75 3.33 2.91 Fiber. 3.18 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 2.50 8.75 15.88 15.44 15.69 13.49 13.72 15.07 14.51 13.61 12.39 14.65 10.55 14.62 14.94 14.93 14.05 14.93 14.28 *Contains ground screenings. **Contains ground corn cob. DAIRY FEEDS. Definition. Dairy feeds are proprietary feeds consisting of a mixture of several feeding stuffs and containing 15 or more per cent protein. J. Bibby & Sons, Liverpool, Eng. Oil Cake Feed, Dennison Plummer & Co. J. W. Biles Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. i New Bedford Ubiko Horse Feed, . Ubiko Horse Feed, . Ubiko Union Grains, Ubiko ITnion Grains, Ubiko Union Grains, . Red Mills Feed Co Ashley Falls . C. G. Burnham iHolyoke .Wallace Grain Co [Clinton .... . Blood Bros I Medfield . . . Hathaway & Mackenzie . New Bedford Ubiko Union Grains, . . . S. L. Davenport & Son N. Grafton Buffalo Cereal Co. , Buffalo, N. Y. Creamerv Feed, A. M. Butler i:^"^,?" . Creamery Feed, Griffin Bros iFall River. Creamery Feed, A. Culver Co I Rockland . Dairy Feed Chamberlain & Barnes. . . Sturbndge Chapin & Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Unicorn Dairy Ration, B. W. Brown Unicorn Dairy Ration, E. J. Adams Unicorn Dairy Ration, S. L. Davenport & Son Unicorn Dairy Ration, I. J. Rowell H. O. Mills, Buffalo, N. Y . Algrane, W. T. McLaughlin Algranc, Lenox Coal Co. . . Rusted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Husted's, J. E. Camp & Sons North West Mills Co., Winona, Minn. Concord Gt. Barrington N. Grafton . . . Pepperell W. Roxbury Lenoxdale . . Sugarota, Sugarota, Sugarota, .J. Burkhardt .... .J. H. Nve . F. W. Dorr & Co. Ropes Bros., Salem. Horse Feed, Ropes Bros. Caryville . 19.92' 16.00' Beverlj^ Brockton Newton Center Salem 18.25i 19.74' 24.02 25.80 24.01 25.13i 20.86 19.88 19.22 15.44 25.97 26.09 24.88 24.57 19.57 18.07 25.19 25.50 25.41 25.33 18.00 16.00 24.00 24.00 24.00 24.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 12.00 26.00 26.00 26.00 26.00 14.00 14.00 18.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 17.43 16.00 8.57 7.00 7.58 7.62 8.09 7.52 6.68 7.81 6.00 6.00 7.00 7.00! 7.00 7.00 S.17 6.06 5.53 4.31 4.00 4.00. 4.00; 3.001 6.31 6.58 4.91 6.37 5.50 5.50I ,5.50| 5.50 3.66 3.14 4.001 4.00 5.60 3.00 3.51 3.01 3.24 6.00 6.00- 6.00! 5.18 5.00 7.43 6.91 8.28 9.09 9.03 8.57 9.41 9.26 9.54 9.73 9.47 8.85 7.92 8.44 9.13 11.71 11.70 7.42 11.12 11.26 11.72 3.52 19 DAIRY FEEDS— (Continued). Manufaotui'cr or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Sampled at: St. Albans Grain Co., St. Albans, Vt. Protein. Fat. Found. Guar. Found. I Guar. Paraxon, A.. Culver Co Rockland 28. 07 Wirthniore, C. P. McClanathan Barre Plain.s 25^92 Wirthmore Whitney Coal & Gr. Co. . . N. Adams 25. 85 Wirthniore Whitney Coal & Gr. Co. N. Adams 25. 95 Wirthmore, A. Culver Co Rockland I 28. 39 Fiber. 28.00 26.00 26.00 26.00 26.00 6.57 6.26 5.37 6.05 4.36 6.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 6.00 MOLASSES FEEDS. Definition. Molasses feeds are mixtures of molasses, low grade milling offal and high grade feeding stuffs. \merican Mlg. Co., Chicago, III. Sucrene Dairy, Milford Grain Co Milford 16.17 17.29 16.90 10.77 9.17 16.50 16.50 16.50 10.00 10.00 4.54 3.73 4.02 2.92 2.35 3 50 Needham New Bedford .... Easthampton .... Springfield 3 50 Sucrene Dairy, Dennison Plummer Co. . . Sucrene Horse, Prentiss, Brooks & Co. . . . Sucrene Horse, G. Methe & Sons 3.50 3.00 3.00 3reat Western Cereal Co., Chicago, 111. Daisy, Evans & Bowker Daisy, G. F. Wetherbee Est Baldwinsville Gardner Littleton N. Dartmouth . . . 15.24 17.62 15.14 16.14 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 2.72 2.37 2.49 2.95 3.00 3.00 3.00 Daisy T. Jacobsen 3.00 Husted Milling Co., Buffalo. N. Y. 1 Husted's W. J. Meek Husted's, A. M. Haggart Husted's H. L. Patrick Husted's W. K. Gilmore & Sons . . . 18.83 18.60 22.51 19.92 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 3.56 3.99 5.18 4.87 4 00 Franklin Hopedale Walpole 4.00 4.00 4.00 1 Chas. A. Krause Mlg. Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Badger, T. Jacobsen Badger, N. Hatfield Grain Co Badger, H. C Puffer Co N. Dartmouth . . . N.Hatfield Springfield Worcester 13.51 14.90 15.94 18.23 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 2.59 3.15 1.18 1.84 3.50 3.50 2 00 Badger, A.N. Whittemore 3.50 t^orth West Mills Co., Winona, Minn. 1 Suparota Dairy P. M. Eaton & Co Sugarota Horse, J. E. Merrick & Co Sugarota Horse, J. Burkhardt Sugarota Horse, F. W. Dorr & Co Willi amstown Amherst Beverly Newton Center . . . 14.81 10.90 10.59 10.24 16.00 12.00 10.00 10.00 3.93 3.40 1.47 3.80 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111. Quaker F. Knight Quaker, Hobart Mills Charlton E. Braintree Feeding Hills .... Holyoke Mansfield Needham W. Springfield . . . 17.30 18.07 14.32 18.03 17.38 14.88 16.03 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 3.05 4.53 3.57 3.42 3.85 3.25 4.13 3.50 3.50 Quaker, E. A. Kellogg & Son Quaker, Mansfield M g. Co Quaker, H. A. Grossman Quaker, C. E. Terry 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 Western Grain Products Co., Hammond, Ind. Hammond Dairy F. G. Cover & Co Lowell 15.29 17.25 19.35 17.00 17.00 17.00 3.49 2.80 4.51 3.00 3.00 Hammond Dairy Berkshire Coal & Gr. Co. . N. Adams 3.00 13 37 13 57 12 25 14 43 11 24 12 85 13 57 12 83 15 04 7 35 5 30 7 43 7 94 13 19 12 02 13 50 13 45 13 37 17 73 16 18 14 30 14 77 19 41 16 99 14 39 14 20 13 37 16 78 13 55 9 72 10 00 20 Deri RYE FEEDS. :. Rye feeds are by-products obtained in the manufacture of flour from rye. Protein. Fat. sampled at: Fiber Found. Guar. Found. Guar. BontweU MIg. & Grain Co., Trov, K. Y. F. Knight G. G. Bumham Prentiss. Brooks & Co. J. B. Garland i Son . J. B. Garland & Son Brickett Mills, Perm Yan, N. Y. H . C. Puner Cc . Ccder Co., 2so. Wilbraham. Smith Feed Co. Ciitler Co Geo. T. CiUah^, Castle:on, ^. Y. G. C. Turner Waghhnm & Crosbv Co., Minneai>olis, Minn. C. E. Terry Ctarlton . Holyoke . Wesrfield . Worcester Worcester .1 iz 13. s: H. 15 13. sC 16. SO i; 3.23 3.Cw 3.w6 3.17 3.:: — 2.91 3.CC — 3.19 3.00 4. £4 13.5: 3.22 3.0C 3.23 3.25 3.95 Chester W. Snrlnsfield 13. -jT 15. C; • 2.33 3.00 14.43 13.:: 3.:: s.co 13. £9 :: :: 2.44 2.00 — 1S.3S 14. CC 3.32 3.00 5.33 CAiF ME.\L. De£ri^; : :l. Cal:' meal is a prtqjrietary mixture intended as a r'^ed : : r young calves. Blatchford Csli Meai Factory, Watikegan, 111. Blitchiord's, Blatchford's, . . Greene Coal Co. . .M.H. RcfeEst. Great Western Cereal Co., Chicago, HI. Gregscn, C. Bond Gregson, E. W, Davite. Gregson, B. W. Davies Xorth West MHIs Co., Wmona, Minn. Sngarota, J. Burkhardt . Sugarota, J. H. Xye . . . Sugarota, H. Hoti^ton Sugsrozz Morse Bros. . Qtakex Oats Co., Chicago, m. S-ti:t:r:Laciers, Conant 4 Co. Sc-h'smacher's, G. Methe urv M Orson. . . LawTenc* TanaTor! . Framin^iain Fltchbars - . . . 2: — 4. Jl ;.:2 .S3 — Ncrtitor. Arnhersi . Fall Paver. Chelsea . Ayer . . . BaockcoD MOfwd . WcMxester R.asdolpli ... XevrtfHi Center 4 ££ 2.43 7. 71 Maiden Taanion W". Bridcewater 1.4= 2.d: — : S2 3.44 — 1 .'• 3.75 — 1 33 3.74 1 n 3.77 3. SI — 1 s- 2. £6 — i-2; 3.SS — 1 5' 3.55 — 1.11 3.73 — 15= 4.53 — 1 :; 2 41 22 CORN MEAL— (Continued). Protein. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. San.pled a1 : Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111. Buckeye, Prentiss, Brook.s & Co. . . . Easthampton Feed Aleal, A. D. Potter Orange Smith, Northam & Co., Hartford, Ct. H. A. Crossnian Needliani . . . Whitman Coal & Grain Co., Whitman. Phillips, Bates & Co Hanover . . . . Average ■ Found. Guar. 8.14 — 9.83 9.00 .60 8.16 8.S5 Fat. Found. Guar. 1.00 7.53 4.00 4.06 - 2.20 — 3.81 — Fiber. .32 3.43 1.54 1.84 GROUND OATS. Ground by Retailer. U. S. Adams E. A. Briggs Co W. E. Brvant & Co J. O. Dean & Co Dennison Plunimer Co. , J. W. Doon & Son Hingham Grain Mill Co. Marlboro Grain Co A. H. Wood & Co Cutler Co., No. Wilbraham. Smith Feed Co. Smith, Northam & Co., Inc., Hartford, Ct. J. F. Ray J. F. Ray W. N. Potter & Sons, Greenfield. A. D. Potter . . . Townsend . . Attleboro . . . Brockton . . . S. Easton . . . New Bedford Natick Hingham , , . Marlboro . . Framinghani We.stfieid Franklin Franklin Orange Average 12.07 — 4.31 12.34 — 3.62 — 12.69 — 4.72 — 11.64 — 4.25 — 11.25 — 4.63 — 12.57 — 5.41 — 11.33 — 4.76 — 12.08 — 4.46 — 12.48 — 5.42 — 12.55 — 5.46 - 11.06 — 4.21 _ 11.38 — 4.74 — 12.60 -- 4.68 — 11.98 — 4.82 — 8.93 7.07 9.43 8.13 7.57 5.87 9.49 9.00 7.84 1 7.99 12.08 8.92 3.53 RYE MEAL. Ground by Retailer. I Glen Mills Cereal Co JRowley E. C. Packard Brockton H. K. Webster Co j Lawrence Potter & Wrightington, Boston. A. Dodge & Sons Corp. . . Beverly . 11.38 11.00 11.17 11.06, 1.72 1.88 1.79 1.93 1.89: HOMINY MEAL. Definition. Hominy meal, feed or chop is a by-product in the manufacture of hominy grits from corn, and con- sists of the hull and corn germ together with a considerable portion of the corn starch. American Hominy Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Homco, E. C. P.iokard Brockton . . . American Rice and Cereal Co., Keokuk, Iowa. Purity, J. Franks New Bedford M. F. Baringer, Philadelphia, Pa. W. N. Potter & Son.s Greenfield . . Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Scott Grain Co Amesbur.\- . . A. M. Butler [Avon Wallace Grain Co Chnton Griffin Bros jFall River. . . Griffin Bros |Fall River. . . W. M. Baylies New Bedford Chamberlain & Barnes. . . . Sturbridge L. A. Snow Upton 10.05 8.50 6.89 7.70 10.71 10.00 8.50 7.34 10.84 9.00 9.07 6.00 10.23 10.25 7.24 8.00 10.00 10.00 5.55 7.00 9.93 10.00 6.74 7.00 10.01 10.00 8.28 7.00 10.04 10.00 6.70 7.00 9.97 10.25 7.30 8.00 11.06 10.00 7.94 7.00 10.12 10.00 7.82 7.00 2.92 3.34 3.13 3.85 23 HOMINY MEAL— (Continued). iManiifacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Chapin & Co., Boston. Niagara J. H. Nye C. M. Cox Co., Boston. I'aragon, . . Wirthniore, Wirthmore, Wirthniore, Wirthmore, W. E. Bryant & Co. . W. J. Meek . T. Jacobsen . Warner Bros C. H. Mead & Co. . Davis Mlg. Co., St. Joseph, Mo. A. T. Butler & Co. Thorne Bros Sampled at : Brockton Brockton Fall River N. Dartmouth Sunderland . . W. Acton Adams. Millis.. Des Moines Corn Milling Co., Des Moines, Iowa. Hobart Mills E. Braintree No. Adams Grain Co. . . . N. Adams . . Deutsch & Sickert, Milwaukee, Wis. A. Dodge & Sons Beverly . . . , Success Blood Bros 'Medfield . Success, H. Houghton Millbury . . . Success, Morse Bros South bridge Evans Mlg. Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Evans', J. Shea (Lawrence . . . Evans' F. A. Fales & Co Norwood. . . . R. J. Hardy & Sons, Boston. Bosworth & Wood Hunter Bros. Mlg. Co., St. Louis, Mo. N. Paquin & Sons Leominster Fall River. J. Cushing & Co Hudson Hunter-Robinson- Wenz Mlg. Co., St. Louis, Mo. Capital, P.. \V. Brown jConcord .... Capital, Dod^e Mill Co iSaundersville Capital, J. B. Garland it Son {Worcester . Husted Mlg. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. | Yellow, H. C. Bowen & Son Cheshire Y'ellow, A. M. Haggart Franklin W. H. Haskell & Co., Toledo, Ohio. F. Gauvin, Jr Marlboro H. E. McEachron Co., Wausau, Wis. [ E. A. Cole jHousatonic . Miner-Hillard Mlg. Co., Wilkesbarre, Pa. E. & A. M. Fullerton .... .Brockton . . . J. A. Bouvier 'New Bedford H. C. Puffer Co Springfield . . E. A. Cowee Worcester Mystic Mlg. Co., Sioux City, Iowa. C. G. Burnham JHolyoke Cutler Co IN. Wilbraham . Cutler Grain Co IS. Framingham Patent Cereals Co., Geneva, N. Y. i C. P. Washburn Middleboro . . W. N. Potter Grain Co . . . [Princeton Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111. Howe Bros Gardner . . J. E. Soper Co.jBoston. Blue Ribbon, Knight Grain Co Newburyport Blue Ribbon, Taunton Grain Co Taunton .... Blue Ribbon, C. E. Terry I W. Springfield Protein. Fat. Found. Guar. Found. Guar, 10.23 10.33 10.39 10.75 10.20 10.15 10.52 10,72 11.28 10.82 9.89 10.24 9.85 11.21 10.79 10.38 11.43 10.23 10.71 10.40 10.62 10.26 9.90 9.48 10.27 10.16 10.42 10.48 10.07 10.18 10.36! 10.071 10.47 10.15 10.32 10.55 10.29 10.58 9.93 10.50 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 8.50 8.50 11.02 11.02 11.02 10.25 11.25 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 ■10.00 10. oo: 9 50 10 00 10 00 10 00 Fiber. 10.00 8.08 8.97: 8.83; 9.94: 7.50: 7.53i 9.10 7.54 8.05 8.74 5.36 8.21 9.75 9.72 7.92 6.42 7.99 7.13 7.61 5.43 8.18 .06 9.40 9.16 7.56 7.68 7.26 7.25 7.88 8.13 8.23 8.10 7.06 8.26 7.20 7.00 — 7.50 7.50' 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.70 7.70 7.00! 7.oo; 7.001 7.00 7.00 7.00 ,00 — .00 4.85 7.50i 7.00 7.00 7. 78 4.94 7.78 - 7 78 4.0c 5.00' — 6.00 2.54 8.10' 8.50i 7.50' 4.5S 7.50| 4.08 7.50I — 7.50' — 3.00 — 3.00 9 00 3.22 7.00 3.35 7.00 — 7.00 4.58 8.00 3.65 8.00 — 8.00 3.74 24 HOMINY MEAL— iContinued). Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Sampled at: Standard Cereal Co., Chillicothe, Ohio. Standee, D. B. Hodgkins Sons . . . Gloucester Standee Haverhill Mlg. Co Haverhill Standco, J. B. Garland & Son .... j Worcester Sufifern, Hunt & Co., Decatur, 111. W. E. Bryant & Co Brockton . Acme, F. Knight Charlton . Acme, Springfield Flour&Gr. Co. Springfield Acme, J. D. Norton Warren . . Toledo Elevator Co., Toledo, Ohio. *Star, W. E. Bryant & Co Brockton . *Star, Mackenzie & Winslow , . . Fall River. *Star, A. Paquin & Sons Fall River. *Star, F. Dieh I Wellesley Highest Lowest Average Piotein. Found. Guar. Fat. Found. Guar 10.27 11.50' 11.32 11.50 11.08, 11.50| 10.01' 11.12; 10.73! 10.44; 8.36' 8.84' 8.86 8.95 11.43 9.48i 10.401 9.30 7.10; 9.30! 9.30, 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 9.32 10.26 8.48 8.49 9.01 8.68 8.50 Fiber. 8.00 — 8.00' — 8.001 2.34 7.10 9.30 7.10 7.10 5.88 5.50 6.10 5.50 8.04 5.50 6.56 5.50 10.26 5.55 . — 8.03 11.44 9.97 10.40 10.09 *Contains ground corn cob, not included in average. PROVENDER. Definition. Provender is a mixture of straight corn and oats ground together. Corn, oat and barley, Ground by Retailer. E. J. Adams U. S. Adams M. E. Ballou C. S. Barber H. C. Bowen & Sons E. A. Briggs Co E.A.Cole F. G. Cover .J. O. Dean& Co Dodge Mill Co Dodge Mill Co P. W. Eaton & Co H. W. Hill & Co H. Houghton J. F. Hunt Marlboro Grain Co. . . . Morse Bros H. O. Parker Peterson Coal & Gr. Co. Potter Grain Co Prentis , Brooks & Co. . M. G. Williams M. G. Williams H. K. Webster Co. . . . . F. F. Woodward & Co. . E. A. Cowee, Worcester, Mass. L J. RowcU E. Crosby & Co., Brattleboro, Vt. W. N. Flynt & Son Gt. Barrington Townsend . . Becket Bernardston . . Cheshire Attleboro Housatonic . . . Lowell S. Easton Saundersville . Saunderaville . Williamstown. . Williamsburg . Millbury Lynn Marlboro .... Southbridge Pepperell Gt. Barrington Shelburne Falls Easthampton . . Taunton Raynham Lawrence Fitch burg Pepperell Monson . Cutler Grain Co., N. Wilbraham. Cutler Grain Co 8. Framingham Husted Mlg. & Elevator Co., Buffalo, N. Y. A. M. Haggart Franklin . . . (1-2 and 1-2), W. A. Dunham A.shley Falls (1-2 and 1-2), J. E. Camp & Sons Carvville. . . (1-2 and 1-2), R. W. Davies Greenfield . . 9.54 4.16 11.8^ — 4.58 — 8.71 — 3.55 — 7.8£ — 3.54 — 9.11 — 4.26 — 9.92 10.00 3.52 3.50 8.84 — 2.81 — 10.51 — 4.49 — 10.62 — 3.12 — 9.81 — 4.13 — 9.97 — 4.04 — 8.95 — 3.27 — 8.69 — 3.22 — 10.68 — 3.90 — 10.03 — 4.77 — 10.81 — 4.54 — 10.44 — 4.19 — 9.98 — 4.78 — 10.42 — 4.36 — 9.63 — 3.50 — 8.63 — 3. 59 — 9.54 — 3.96 — 9.25 — 4.07 — 10.20 — 4.39 — 11.86 — 4.41 — 10.24 8.00 4.23 4.00 10.34 -- 3.93 - 9.77 -■ 4.13 - 8.30 3.84 9.99 9.00 4.93 3.00 10.53 — 4.49 — 9.33 i 3.63 25 PROVENDER— (Continued). Manufaoturcr or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Sampled at: Protein. Fat. Found. Guar. Found. j i^mer. Guar. Imperial Grain & Mlg. Co., Toledo , Ohio. Holyoke . 8 82 10 on 4 19 4 50 2 62 Imperial H. K. Webster Co Imperial, W. Baylies Imperial, F. W. Dorr & Co Imperial, E. A. Cowee Narragansett Mlg. Co., E. Providence. Taunton Grain Co W. N. Potter & Sons, Greenfield. A. D. Potter Lawrence New Bedford .... Newton Center . . . Worcester Taunton 9.30 10.00 4.01 9.25 10.00 4.47 9.50 10.00 4.09 9.06 10.00 3.22 9.23 9.00 3.83 9.02 3 53 5.25 2.92 4.50 2.76 4.00 3.10 5.25 2.78 3.80 3 99 — 2 84 Smith, Northam & Co., Inc., Hartford, Conn. ,1. F. K.av J. F. Ray Stratton & Co., Concord, N. H. I. J. Rowell Franklin Franklin E. Pepperell 10.23 9.19 9.97 11.86 7.88 9.71 9.00 9.00 4.21 4.00 4.27 4.17< 4.00 3.84 2.90 — 4.34 4.93 — 7.50 2.81 — 2.58 3.97 — 4.14 1 CORN AND OAT FEEDS. Definition. Corn and oat feeds are proprietary mixtures consisting largely of oat by-products and corn, contain- ing less tlian 12 per cent protein, and usually from 8 to 15 per cent of fiber. Amendt Mlg. Co., Monroe, Mich. Amco, Rollstone Grain Co. Fitchburg American Hominy Co., New York. Hexagon, D. H. Craig jPlymouth Valor Scott Grain Co . | Amesbury A. H. Brown & Bros., Boston. Queen , Weld & Beck [Soutbi bridge Queen, .Weld & Beck jSouthbridge Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo. 1 Chop, G. W. Reynolds & Son . . . jChelsea Chop, Chamberlain & Barnes. . . . Sturbridge . . . . Horse, Griffin Bros |Fall River Horse, Griffin Bros Fall River Stock, W. Baylies, New Bedford . . Stock, G. R. brake W. Bridgew^ater Burbeck & Brett, N. Abington. All Right Burbeck & Brett N. Abington. C . M . Cox Co ., Boston . Charlestock E. & A. M. FuUerton ... iBrockton Wirthniore, Eastern Grain Co Bridgewater . . . Wirthmore, Eastern Grain Co Bridgewater Wirthmore, Prentiss, Brooks & Co. . . Holyoke J. Cushing & Co., Hudson. Hudson, I. Cushing & Co F. W. Dorr & Co., Newton Center. Matchless, F. W. Dorr & Co Matchless F. W. Dorr & Co. ... Empire Mills, Olean, N. Y. Empire, J. A. Bouvier Empire, J. A. Bouvier Hudson Newton Center Newton Center New Bedford New Bedford .58 7.90 7.45 9.83 10.79 7.36: 7.99 11.55 11.26 7.90 9.21 9.26 7.50 10.66 11.12 10.57 9.91 10.73 9.81, 9.11 8.50 9.10 6.00 6.00 lO.OOi 10.00: 7.00! 7.00' 10.00 10.00 s.oo; 8.00I 9.00 6.00; 9.00! 9.00 9.00, 10.00' 10.00, 10.00' 7.63| 7. BO 4.04 3.32 6.06 2.97 5.00 2.50 7.17 7.93 4.00 4.00 3.78 3.81 5.02 4.34 3.81 6.44 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00, 4.00 7.13 4.00 4.24 6.91 6.13 4.01 3.00 4.00 4.00' 4.00 6.33 4.OO1 7.25 7.78 4.00^ 4.00 3.86 3.75 3.97 3.00 8.41 13.73 12.15 9.66 7.79 12.14 12.30 9.37 8.46 7.95 8.79 9.10 16.15 7.74 7.89 8.29 7.79 6.93 7.31 6.70 8.86 26 CORN AND OAT FEEDS— (Continued). Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. J. B. Garland & Son, Worcester. Red Tag A Red Tag A Red Tag A, Red Tag A Red Tag B Red Tag B Red Tag B Red Tag B . H. Houghton . H. Houghton J. B. Garland & Son. .J. B. Garland & Son. .J. B. Garland & Son. .J. B. Garland & Son. . Brown Bros . Brown Bros Great Western Cereal Co., Chicago, 111. Bos.s, Harrv Bullukian Boss, G. F. Wetherbee Est Boss, W. Baylies Boss, Springfield Flour &Gr. Co. Sterling I. J. Rowell Sterling, E. A. Cowee Sterling, Bowen & Fuller Sterling, Dennison Plummer & Co. Sterling, Springfield Flour & Gr. Co. Green River Grain Co., Greenfield. O. K. Horse W. N. Potter & Sons W. H. Haskell & Co., Toledo, Ohio. Ha.skell's, Bliss & Co Haskell's, G. Milot & Son . . Haskell's F. Gauvin, Jr Haskell's Milford Grain Co. H. O. Mills, Buffalo, N. Y. .\lgrane Horse, Green Coal Co Algrane Horse, Lenox Coal Co Algrane Horse, S. L. Davenport & Son Algrane Horse, A. M. Reed De Fi, F. F. Woodward & Co. De Fi, F. F. Woodward & Co. De Fi, Knight Grain Co De Fi, Bliss & Co N. E. Stock, F. F. Woodward & Co. N. E. Stock, Knight Grain Co Rusted Mlg. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Eclipse W. A. Dunham Husted Stock, F. Dianto Husted Horse, W. K. Gilmore & Sons Mayflower, B. W. iirown Mayflower A. J. Lane Co Monarch, A. J. Lane Co Monarch A. Milot & Son Imperial Grain & Mlg. Co., Toledo, Ohio. Corn, oats and barle.y, C. G. Burnham Corn, oats and barley, H. K. Webster Co. Henry Jennings, Boston. Puritan J. Franks Maiden Grain Co., Maiden. Excel (XL), Maiden Grain Co. Excel (XL), Maiden Grain Co. Meech & Stoddard, Middletown, Ct. Korn Oato, A. Milot & Son . Mollett Grain Co., Frankfort, Ind. Park City W. Baylies Sampled at: Millbury . . . Millbury . . . Worcester . . Worcester . . Worcester . . Worcester . . Northbridge Northbridge Franklin . . . Gardner . . New Bedford Springfield . . E. Pepperell Jefferson ... Leominster . New Bedford Springfield . . Greenfield Taunton Taunton Marlboro Milford . Campello . . . Lenoxdale . . . N. Grafton . . Westport . . . . Fitchburg . . . Fitchburg . . . Newburyport Taunton . . . . Fitchburg . . . Newburyport Ashley Falls Randolph . . Walpole . . . . Concord . . . . Springfield . . Springfield . . Taunton . . . Holyoke . Lawrence New Bedford Maiden Maiden Taunton New Bedford Protein. Found. Guar 10. 3S 11.20 10.73 10.90 9.55 10.38 10.49 9.46 8.41 9.34 8.64 Fat. Found. Guar 10.79 11.49 8.98; 10.27, 9.30l 9.97, 11.91' 11.081 11.23' 10.20 8.65 8.80 8.88 9.23 3.45 3.32 11.76 11.40 8.99 10.58 8.98 8.45 9.11 3.41 9.21 9.74 10.55 9.46 5.92 9.43 12.00 12.00 12.00' 7.00 10.00 7.00 10.00 10.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 11.54! 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 8.00 3.00 3.30 8.30 9.00 9.00 9.00 3.00 12.00 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 6.90 8.90 .00 10.00 10.00 7.00 8.00 4.65 5.67 5.50 4.33 7.24 7.34 7.66 7.86 5.55 5.16 5.38 4.14 5.55 4.86 4.43 5.21 3.48 3.44 7.31 2.78 3.63 1.95 6.88 3.25 3.25 3.00 3.50 3.50 3.50 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.25 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.75 3.70 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.50 CORN AND OAT FEEDS— (Continued). Manulaoturor or Joblicr, liraiid niid Hclailcr. Noyes & Colby, Boston. New Era, Kollstono Grain Co Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111. Schumacher, A. B. Miner Schumacher, J. Enwrif;ht & Son Schumacher, E.J. Adams .•^cliuinacher, Dennison, IMumnier & Co. .•Schumacher Special, . .Wallace Grain Co .■Schumacher Special, . . .J. Shine \ictor, Phillips Bates & Co ^'icto^ Curley Bros G. H. Reed, So. Acton. Acton's Best. G. H. Reed Reed's, G. H. Reed Toledo Elevator Co., Toledo, Ohio. He.\agon, J. H. Nye Hexagon, A. N. Whittemore Toledo H. Shacter Toledo G. Methe & Sons \alor H. Shacter David Stott, Detroit, Mich. Winner, Rollstone Grain Co. . Otto Weiss Alfalfa Stock Food Co., Wichita, Kan. Otto Weiss, Loham Bros Whitney Coal & Grain Co., N. Adams. Best, Whitney Coal & Gr. Co. Best Whitney Coal & Gr. Co. F. F. Woodward & Co., Fitchburg. Very Best, F. F. Woodward & Co. . Very Best F. F. W^oodward & Co.- . . Woodlock & Brennan Co., Chelsea. Morse, Woodlock & Brennan Co. Sampled at : Fitchburg Chicopee Fall River Great Barrington New Bedford . . . Clinton Dedham Hanover Wakefield S. Acton S. Acton Brockton Worcester Brockton Springfield Brockton Fitchburg Marblehead N. Adams N. Adams Fitchburg Fitchburg Chelsea Protein. Found. Guar, 9.72 10.00 11.25 10.07 10.81 11.58 9.32 9.56 8.20 8.32 10.22 9.07 8.42 8.62 10.86 11.54 7.09 9.00 11.84 9.76 9.98 9.21 9.72 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 9.25 9.25 7.50 7.50 10.00 8.00 6.00 6.00 9.00 9.00 5.00 8.00 12.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 Fat. Found. Guar .141 .00 8.38 3.34 3.35 4.51 3.01 3.48 3.36 3.66| 3.66 5.79, 3.06 6,27 7.57 6.77! 7.85 4.00 Fiber. 3.00 5.00 5.00 5.00i 5.00 .50 4.00 3.50 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.90 3.00 8.87 8 87 9 54 9 47 9.48 7.86 6 29 12.90 4.45 6.68 13.21 13.45 13.78 7.98 12.55 12 84 7,42 11 70 7.89 7.70 8.79 8.09 15.96 FORTIFIED STARCHY FEEDS. Definition. Fortified starchy feeds are corn and oat feeds to which has been added one or more protein feeds in order to bring the protein content of the mixture to between 12 and 15 per cent American Hominy Co., New York. Hexagon Dairy, Scott Grain Co Hexagon Dairy .J. A. Bouvier .June Pa.sture, C. W. Bowker Co Amesbury New Bedford .... 1 Worcester 15.07 13.83 14.78 12.00 12.00 12.00 3.89 4.16 3.96 4.00 4.00 4.00 13.56 14.79 12.23 Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Dairy, W. T. McLaughlin & Co. . W. Roxbury 13.35 12.00 3.80 3.00 9.44 J. Burkhardt, Beverly. Colonial . .T. Burkhardt '■olonial, .1. Burkhardt Beverly 13.49 13.40 12.52 12.00 12.00 12.00 5.14 6.44 4.41 5.00 6.00 4 25 7.30 7.75 Green River Grain Co., Greenfield. < ). K. Hor.se, W. N. Potter & Sons Greenfield 6.73 H. O. Mills, Buffalo, N. Y. .\lgrane Horse, W. T. McLaughlin W. Roxbury 12.20 12.00 4.15 4.50 10 72 Rusted Mlg. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 13.94 12.00 5.38 4.00 6.85 28 FORTIFIED STARCHY FEEDS— (Continued). m Sampled at: Protein. Fat. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Fiber. Lexington Grain Co., Lexington. Stock, Lexington Grain Co Horse, Lexington Grain Co Alfalfa Horse Lexington Grain Co Ralston-Purina Co., St. Louis, Mo. Purina Mule, A. A. Putney & Sons Purina Mule C. W. Bowker Co Lexington Lexington Lexington E. Brookfieid Worcester 13.42 11.99 12.43 12.55 12.08 3.50 11.00 11.00 12.50 12.50 5.43 6.09 6.07 4.84 3.92 3.50 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 7.52 7. 40 9.02 9.53 9. IS OAT FEED. Definition. Oat feed is a bj -product of the oat kernel obtained in the manufacture of cereal breakfast food from oats. It is largely oat hulls. C. M. Cox Co., Boston. O. M. P., O. M. P., O. M. P., O. M. P., O. M. P., .W. J. Meek Pall River. .Whitney Coal & Gr. Co. N. Adams Whitney Coal <& Gr. Co. .N.Adams . G. H. Reed W. Acton . .J. B. Garland & Son IWorcester 5.26 5.50 2.45 2.50 5.75 6.00 2.57 2.00 6.97 6.00 3.12 2.00 5.78 6.53 5.75 5.50 2.58 2.78 2.50 2.50 26.60 26.51 23.53 26.02 25.47 Definition. CORN BRAN. Corn bran is the outer hull ofthe corn kernel. Glen Mills Cereal Co., Rowley. | Coarse Glen Mills Cereal Co Rowley Intermediate Glen Mills Cereal Co Rowley Fine, Glen Mills Cereal Co Rowley Glen Mills Cereal Co Rowley W. N. Potter Grain Co., Gardner. W. N. Potter Grain Co. . . . Princeton Depot 7.67 9.00 3.71 4.00 10.46 9.00 6.49 4.00 7.92 9.00 4.59 4.00 10.79 9.00 7.25 4.00 5.52 - 1.23 — 12.00 6.47 11.80 7.69 14.67 DRIED BEET PULP. Definition. Dried beet pulp is the dried sugar beet residue obtained in the manufacture of beet sugar. Dried molasses beet pulp contains in addition to the dried pulp more or less waste molasses. Empire Beet Sugar Co., Lyons, N. Y. Pall River Hingham Worcester 12.11 12.13 11.91 8.00 8.00 8.00 .34 .30 .28 .50 .50 .50 13.42 Molasses beet pulp, . Hingham Gr. Mill, Inc.. Molasses beet pulp, . J. B. Garland & Sons .... 8.42 9.7E Larrowe Mlg. Co., Detroit, Mich. P. H. Whitaker Mansfield Mlg. Co Taunton Grain Co Taunton Grain Co E. I.ongmeadow . Mansfield Taunton Taunton 9.24 9. IS 9.21 8.60 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 .56 .44 1.05 1.10 .50 .50 .50 .50 17.73 18.42 18.82 21.72 Michigan Sugar Co., Caro, Mich. Br.vant & Soule Middleboro 8.86 8.00 .88 .40 18. 4S St. Louis Sugar Co., St. Louis, Mich. A. Rotch Dighton 9.52 8.00 .46 .50 18.11 2il MISCELLANEOUS STARCHY FEEDS. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Sampled at: Protein. Fat. Fil. 1 i Found. 1 Guar. ; Found. Guar. Glen Mills Cereal Co., Rowley. Corn Middlings, Glen Mills Cereal Co Rowley 10.84 12.00 6.3E 12.00 2 54 A. H. Brown & Bros., Boston. *Dried Grains, Lexington Grain Co. ♦Dried Grains, H. A. Grossman . . . ♦Dried Grains, H. A. Grossman . . . Lexington Need ham . Needham . Rockland A. R. Eales, Boston. Molas^ine Fdg. Meal, A. Culver Co Husted Mlg. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. **Germaline, A. Dodge & Sons Corp. . . Beverly .... **Germaline, A. Dodge & Sons Corp. . . Beverly **Germaline W. G. Horton Ipswich .... ***Mol. Corn Flakes, . . . A. M. Haggart Franklin . . . ***Mol. Corn Flakes, ... P. Foisy New Bedford 15.33 11.53 11. 7S 10.00 10.00 10.00 9.13 7.00 3.16 2.50 16.07 3.43 2.50 15.06 2.SS 2.50 15.14 .68 .05 5.89 2.20 2.77 1.74 7.39 6.96 ♦By-product from the manufacture of Mellen's Food. **Corn meal and molasses. ***Corn bran and molasses. 30 m. POULTRY FEEDS. MEAT SCRAPS. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Protein. Sampled at: First Grade (over 45 per cent Protein) American Agric. Chem. Co., New York. Pliillips, Bates & Co. Hanover Burlington Rendering Co., Burlington, Vt. X. Hatfield Grain Co N. Hatfield. Butchers Rendering Co., Fall River. Special, W. J. Meek Fall River. Bowker Fert. Co., Boston. Mansfield Milling Co 'Mansfield Geo. E. Marsh Co., Lynn. M. G. Williams iRaynham New England Dressed Meat & Wool Co., Boston. Thorne Bros iMillis. . . H. W. Hill & Co Willianusburg Park & Pollard Co., Boston. Blue Ribbon, Green Coal Co. . . Blue Ribbon, A. Culver Co. . . Red Ribbon, Cutler Co Pawtucket Rendering Co., Pawtucket, R. I. Taunton Grain Co Portland Rendering Co., Portland, Me. Scott Grain Co Amesbury Richmond Abattoir, Richmond, Va. I Rava, Lexington Grain Co Lexington M. L. Schoemaker, Phila., Pa. i C. Parkinson Seekonk C. Parkinson Seekonk Springfield Rendering Co., Springfield. Smith F'eed Co Westfield Swift's Lowell Fert. Co., Boston. W. J. Meek jFall River J. A. Torrey, Rockland. I No. 1, A. Culver Co jRockland H. K. Webster Co., Lawrence. I H. K. Webster Co Lawrence H. K. Webster Co. Lawrence Worcester Rendering Co., Auburn. J. W. Doon & Son Natick. Found. Guar. 51.05 40.00 49.56 40.00 62.03 50.00 56.59 40.00 53.72 45.00 52.821 53.00 47.23' 53.00 Fat. Found. Guar. Campello 57.01 60.00 Rockland N. W^ilbraham Taunton 71.99 70.00 72.96 50.00 13.65 10.31 12.64 13.75 I 14.54' 12.95 13.31 20.031 10.511 11.92' Average 46.81 , 40.00 10.75 46.94 40.00 12.32 88.41 85.00 7.42 61.37 57.75 55.00 55.00 11.42 14.58 46.05] 40.00 46.10j 40.00 45.54* 46.00 57.53 55.00 45.77 55.00 52.15 40.00 54.26 — 12.05 10.43 17.20 15.30 14.14 11.70 12.90 6.00 8.00 10.00 5.00 lo.ooi 10.00 10.00 10.001 10.00 10. oo' 9.001 I 8.00| 7'.Ool 10.00 10,00 3.00 8.00, 19.00' 12.00 12.00 .00 Ash. 22.31 27.95 14.71 13.05 21.77 21.93 30.23 12.14 7.61 6.50 31.88 31.09 3.61 13.12 15. IS 29.99 29.19 24.02 20.00 30.06 25.03 21.02 31 MEAT SCRAPS— (Continued). Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Protein. Sampled at: j I Found. Guar Second Grade (below 45 per cent Protein), Andrews & Spelman Co., Providence, R. I. Anchor, H. L. Patrick Star, Dresser, Hull Co Jos. Breck & Sons, Boston. J. Shine Burlington Rendering Co., Burlington, Vt. F. E. Smith Butchers Rendering Co., Fall River. Bliss & Co Fat. Found. Guar. John C. Dow Co., Boston. G. R. Drake L. T. Frisbie Co., New Haven, Conn. Red Mills Feed Co Greene Chicken Feed Co., Marblehead. Greene Chicken Feed Co. W. D. Higgins, S. Framingham. E. C. Packard Lowell Rendering Co., Lowell. Peerless, Highland IMills Peerless, U. S. Adams S. A. Meager Co., Milton. F. H. Crane & Sons Hopedalc Lee . . Dedham lAmherst Taunton W. Bridgewater Ashley Falls . . Marblehead Brockton I Newton Highlands Townsend Park & Pollard Co., Boston. J. F. Ray Springfield Rendering Co., Springfield. Springfield Flour & Gr. Co. J. A. Torrey, Rockland. Xo. 1, A. Culver Co Xo. 2, A. Culver Co Quincy Adams Franklin . Springfield . . Average Rockland Rockland 3S.02 37.47 44.04 42.73 42.95' 33.04 35,78, 32.62' 40.94 43.40 40.68 44.13 42.56 37.82 41.29 37.51 40.00 40.00 25.00 43.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 30,00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 35.00 40.00 40.00 44,00 12.03 15.03 17,47 3.23 9,43 15,23 13.571 17.22 15.89 12.78 11.40 15,72 16.63 11,15 19,79 13.41 14.13 8.00 6,00 12.00 8.00 8,00 12,00 8.00 I I 20,00 10.00 15.00 15 00 8 00 15 19 00 00 - 1 Ash. 36 92 36,95 26 86 38.50 34,81 29,74 39.90 32 10 34.02 32.62 35.38 32 18 29.02 38.23 25,47 32,22 33,44 MEAT AND BONE MEAL. American Agric. Chem. Co., Boston. Bradley's E. A. Fuller & Co. . , Armour Fertilizer Works, Chicago. W. F. Fillmore Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston. A. D. Potter I Orange Butcher's Rendering Co., Fall River. Griffin Bros John C. Dow Co., Boston. Favorite Poultry Meal, Greene Coal Co Hinckley Rendering Co., Somerville. E. O, Parker Springfield Rendering Co., Springfield. Prentiss, Brooks & Co. . . . Easthampton Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston. O. B. Crane I I Beichertown 42,53 30.00 9.91 8.00] Palmer fi2'?S 42.00 12.37, 8.00J 37.37 40.00 10.78 5.00: Fall River 38.83 35.00 12.72 8 00 28.07i 32.00 8.80 10.00 i ; 39.41 35.00 9.87 8.00 39. 49! 35,00 8,72 8,00 Avon j 38.16i 35.00 11.37 8.00 Campello Stoughton . 28,31 23,41 36,80 34.67 42 13 39,25 40.88 39.64 32 MEAT AND BONE MEAL— (Continued). Sampled at: Protein. Fat. Ash. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Worcester Rendering Co., Auburn. Bosworth & Wood Leominster 45.81 40.33 40.00; 15.90 — 11.16 8.00 31.71 35 20 BONE MEAL. Beach Soap Co., Lawrence. Knight Grain Co. Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co., Lowell. A. E. Lawrence & Son A. L. Warren, Northborough. Cracked Bone, Bosworth & Wood Bone Meal, Thorne Bros Newburyport Ayer ... . Leominster Millis 9.19 10.00 9.00 8.00 25.66 20.00 3.57 5.00 26.81 26.05 26,00 20.00 4.03 11.97 3.00 6.00 MILK PRODUCTS. Geo. L. Harding, Binghampton, N. Y. Uncle Sam Gran. Milk, N. E. Poultry Supply Co. . . Springfield 30.83 45.00 .67 7.00 20.39 POULTRY MASH AND MEAL. Local Mixtures. Eureka, O.K Complete, Meat Mash, Quality Developing, Quality Laying, ... Quality Mash Poultry Hash, Very Best, Very Best, Burbeck & Brett N. Abington. J. Burkhardt Beverly . . . . E. A. Cowee Worcester . . . .H. A. Grossman Co Needham . . . R. W. Davies j Greenfield . . R. W. Davies Greenfield . . J. O. Dean & Co S. Easton . . . .C. H. Felker & Co ; Brockton . . . S. B. Green & Co | Watertown . S. B. Green & Co |Watertown . Greene Chicken Feed Co. . !Marblehead Lexington Grain Co Le.xington Grain Co . Maiden Grain Co . Maiden Grain Co . . N. E. Poultry Supply Co. . .N. E. Poultry Supply Co. . . N. E. Poultry Supply Co. . Ropes Bros Thorne Bros . . F. F. Woodward & Co. . . .F. F. Woodward & Co. . . Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Griffin Bros. . . . E. A. Cowee, Worcester. Dry Mash I. J. Rowell I. J. Rowell Growing Feed I. J. Rowell .... Chas. M. Cox Co., Boston. Wirthmore Growing, . .A. Culver Co. Wirthmore Growing, ..CO. Parmenter Wirthmore Growing, . .Bliss & Co Wirthmore, Prentiss, Brooks & Co. Lexington Lexington. Maiden . . Maiden . . Springfield Springfield Springfield Salem . . . Millis Fitch burg Fitchburg 17.27 17.12 19.96 20.70 21.92 22.07 21.02 15.27 22.72 20.93 11.05 22.66 22.82 14.97 13.45 10.82 11.17 12.13' 19.051 20.44i 13.251 14.17i 16.00; 20.00 25.28 25.28, 11.88 20.00 11.00 18.00 18.00' 15.00 15.00 12.50' 16.00, 18.00 11.00, 11.001 5.99 4.48 4.46 6.50 6.27 3.27 3.83 Fall River I 16.71 15.00, 4.85 3.95 5.13 Pepperell Pepperell Pepperell Wirthmore, Rockland . . . . S. Sudbury . . Taunton . . . . Easthampton .W.J. Meek IFall River. Wirthmore A. Culver Co. Wirthmore, CO. Parmenter & Co. Wirthmore Bliss & Co. Wirthmore, Whitman Gr. & Coal Co. Whitman Rockland S. Sudbury Taunton . . 16.14i 18.74J 15.4ll 12.99 12.101 10.95 15.49 15.21 14.87 14.19 14.091 13.32 20.00' 19.001 12.001 15.001 15.001 15.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00i 12.001 4.39 4.00 5.00 4.60 4.60 4.89 5.00 3.00 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 4.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 3.50 4.00 4.00! 5.00, 5.00 5.00 3.00 3.00, 3.00 3.OO1 3.00| 3.00 3. 98 4.15 3.79 3.73 33 POULTRY MASH AND MEAL— (Continued). Mamifacturor or Jobl^cr, J^raml and Retailer. Cyphers Incubator Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Laying Masli, Knight Grain Co. . . . Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, IlL Queen, J. F. Ray Queen J. F. Ray R. B. Eaton Grain & Feed Co., Norwich, N. Y. Perfection, Prentiss, Brooks & Co. Greene Chicken Feed Co., Marblehead. Sampled at: New bury port Fish Mash, Fish Mash, Green River Grain Co. J. (). Ellison & Co. . Knight Grain Co. Franklin Franklin Greenfield. W. X. Potter & Sons . . Potter Bros. & Co. ... W. N. Potter Grain Co. H. O. Mills, Buffalo, N. Y. W. E. Bryant & Co. . . . Green Coal Co S. L. Davenport & Son, Lamb Bros. Co Easthanipton Haverhill . . . New bury port Greenfield N. Adams Princeton Depot Brockton . . Campello . N. Grafton Orange . . . Protein. Found. Guar, 15.92 9.851 9.23, Park & Pollard Co., Boston. Dry Mash Hathaway & McKenzie Gr. Co. Fattening Feed, .Hathaway & McKenzie Gr. Co. Growing Feed, . . . .Hathaway & McKenzie Gr. Co. Purina Mills, St. Louis, Mo. Chowder Mash, ^vlansfield Mlg. Co Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111. American Bowen & Fuller American, A. M. Reed Ross Bros., Worcester. Everv Morning. . . . . . I. J. Rowell New Bedford New Bedford New Bedford Mansfield 12.081 11.95 16.81 16.37 15.02 18.56 16.46 13.55 16.11 20.091 11.17; 17.20 Leominster Westport . . 11.00 11.00 I'ut. Aab. Found. Guar. 2.56 3.05 2.39 3 45 2.50 2 39 2.50 23.73 20.00i 3.54 4.00 10 44 11.00 11.00 16.46 16.46 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 20.00 10,00 14.00 17.04' 16.00 13.97 12.00 11.83. I2.OO1 2.89 2.62 4.16, 4.25 3.8O1 5.13: 4.37 4.30 4.55, 3.351 2.83 4.42 3.00 3.00, — 3.98 4.14 3.81 4.14 — 5.50 3.60 5.50' — 5.50 3.61 5.50: — 3.00: 12.13 3.00 2.63 3.50 10.11 2.8I! 2.50 10.49 5.27 4.59 3.50! 3.50 E. Pepperell 1 19.27' 12.00 5.34: 3.50, 8.53 G. T. Savage Poultry Supply Co., Boston. Meat Cereal, Bedford Coal & Grain Co. Growing & Forcing, .... Bedford Coal & Grain Co. Shredded Wheat Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Shredded Wheat Waste, F. A. Fales Bedford . Bedford . Norwood 12.90 11.50 11.67i 11.50 12.07i 10.00 4.35 4.67 1.86 3.50 3.47 3.50I 4.07 1.50 — CHICK AND SCRATCHING GRAINS. Chick. 1 Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 1 Griffin Bros Fall River W. Bridgewater . . 12.57 13.04 12.50 12 50 2.63 3.00 2.00 2.00 — G. R. Drake — E. W. Conklin & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. Arrow H. W. Hill & Co Williamsburg .... 12.69 11.50 3.19 4.30 — E. Crosby & Co., Brattleboro, Vt. H. \\. Davies Greenfield Franklin 10.97 10.44 11.00 10 50 1.76 3 43 3.00 3.00 Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, 111. Crescent ( D), .J. F. H:ty 7.26 Thos. W. Emerson Co., Boston. Weymouth 10.37 9.50 2.64 4.50 34 CHICK AND SCRATCHING GRAINS— (Continued). Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Green River Grain Co., Greenfield. W. N. Potter & Sons . . W. N. Potter Grain Co. H. W. Hill & Co Husted Mlg. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. W. L. Palmer Sampled at: Miner-Hillard Mlg. Co., Wilkesbarre, Pa. Denni-son Plummer Co. Park & Pollard Co., Boston. Gritless, Hathaway & McKenzie Gr. Co. Gritless, Hathaway & McKenzie Gr. Co. H. C. Puffer Co., Springfield. Fancy Gritieiss, D. W. Foskett Puritan Chick Food Co., Boundbrook, N. J. Puritan, Marlboro Grain Co Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111. Schumacher I. Morton & Co Schumacher, Dresser-Hull Co M. H. Rolfe Est., Newburyport. M. H. Rolfe Est Ross Bros. Co., Worcester. Wyandotte, I.J. Rowell Greenfield . . . Princeton . . . . Williamsburg Medway ... New Bedford New Bedford New Bedford Brimfield Marlboro Plymoutli Lee Wyandotte, Brow-n Bros G. F. Savage Poultry Supply Co., Boston. H. A. Cros.sman Co. . . F. F. Woodward & Co., Fitchburg. Very Best, ¥. F. Woodward & Co. Newburyport E. Pepperell Northbridge Scratching Grains. Local Mixtures. Barley Buckwheat , . . KafBr corn, . . Wheat, Wheat, Climax, Climax, King, King, Need ham . Fitchburg .L. A. Snow . Cutler Co , .Geo. Methe & Sons I Springfield . . . . . Cutler Co |N. Wilbraham Upton N. Wilbraham Blended Grains, Quality Pigeon, Mixed Grains, . . . . Mixed Grains, . . . . Scratching Grains, Scratching Grains, . Prentiss, Brooks & Co. . . . . E. A. Cowee .E. A. Cowee F. H. Crane & Sons W. H. Cunningham .Cutler Co .Cutler Co J. O. Dean & Co .C. H. Felker &Co Greene Chicken Feed Co. , Greene Chicken Feed Co. , HinghamGrain Mill, Inc. Hingham Grain Mill, Inc. .N. E. Poultry Supply Co. E. C. Packard H. C. Puffer Co .Ropes Bros . .Ropes Bros . Ropes Bros .Ropes Bros C. B. Sawin & Son Springfield Flour&Gr. Co. H. K. Webster Co H. K. Webster Co Easthampton Worcester .... Worcester .... Quincy Adams . Maiden N Wilbraham . S. Framingham S. Easton Brockton Marblehead . . . Marblehead . . . Hingham Hingham Springfield .... Brockton Springfield .... Salem Salem Salem Salem Southboro Springfield .... Lawrence Lawrence Protein. Found. Guar Fat. Found. Guar, 11.49: 11.101 11.06 11.25, 9.65, 10.46 13.20 11.181 13.44! 9.72 10.36 11.00 11.00 12.00 13.76 13.77 10.00 12.50 10.00 10.50 11.37 12.50 9.55 10.14; 10.77 11.16 11.97 11.63 10.95i 12.001 10,33' 10.51 10.11 10.20 11.99 10.58 11.21 11.53 10.71 11.99 12.77 10.94 10.11 12.82 12.02 11.41 11.82 11.671 11.60 11.52 11.42 11.32 11.38 11.28 8.25 8.25 9.50 11.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 15.00 15.00 12.00 10 00 10 00 12 00 12 00 11 00 10 00 10 00 3.90 3.66 4.06 2.94 2.74 2.24 3.28 2.40 5.91 2.94 2.94 4.03 2.55 3.53 2.31 3.42 1.77 2.55 3.09 1.89 1.61 5.28 Ash. 3.50 3.50 4.00 2.77 2.77 3.00 7.50 2.50 3.50 4,00 2.25 2.25 4.50 3,00 3.00 3.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.50 2.00 2.00 4.00 4.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 8.65 16.10 85 CHICK AND SCRATCHING GRAINS— (Continued). Maniifncturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Protein . l':.l. Sampled at: Fiber. Found. Guar. Found. Guar, Very Best, F. F. Woodward & Co. . . . Very Best, F. F. Woodward & Co. . . . Fitchburg, Fitchburg 11.06 11.17 11.00 2.66; 3. is! 3.00 - Ballard & Ballard Co., Louisville, Ky. 1 Whoiit Screenings, .... W. G. Horton [pswich 9.59 12.50 2.56 3.00 - Bemmels Mfg. Co., Lisbon, N. Dakota. Wlicat Screenings, . . . C. B. Sampson 15.29 5.15 — Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Griffin Bro.s Grittin Bros Fall River Fall River 11.32! 11.17; 10.00 4.22 3.16 3.00 — E. W. Conklin & Son, Binghamton, N. Y. Arrow, M. F. Fillmore 11.08 11.45 3.40 3.85 E. A. Cowee, Worcester. Crescent, C. P. McLanathan Barre Plains 10.77 10.00 3.45 3.00 — Chas. M. Cox Co., Boston. Wirthmore, Prentiss, Brooks & Co. . . Wirthmore, Prentiss, Brooks & Co. . Wirthmore, W. J. Meek Easthampton . . Easthampton . . Fall River Hubbardston .... 10.67 11.21 11. SO 11.03 11 58 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10 00 3.3li 2.87' 2.96 2.88 3 25 3.00 3.00 3.00 3,00 3 00 — E. Crosby & Co., Brattleboro, Vt. R. W. Davies Greenfield N. Hatfield 11.21 11.27 10.00 10.00 3.25 2.93 3.00 3.00 X. Hatfield Grain Co — Cyphers Incubator Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Watertown . 13 19 10,59 3.29 3.57 _ Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, 111. Globe, J. F. Ray Globe, J. F. Ray Franklin Franklin 12.33 11.95 10.50 10.00 2.95 2.92 3.00 2.50 — J. B. Garland & Son, Worcester. 1 Millbury 11.69 8.00 3.65 2.00 — Green River Grain Co., Greenfield. 0. K., A. D. Potter 10.82 10.44 10.00 10.00 3.58 3.81 3.00 3.50 — B. S. No. 2, W. N. Potter & Sons. Greenfield H. O. Co.,Buffalo, N. Y. 12.04 11.61 11.00 11.00 3.96 3.30 3.50 3.50 — A. M. Reed Westport — Husted Milling & Elevator Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Franklin Manchester 10.59 10.94 12.00 12.00 2.76 3,53 4.00 4 00 _ Competition, A. Dodge & Sons Corp. . — North West Mills Co., Winona, Minn. Sugarota, F. W. Dorr & Co Newton Center . . . 10.38 12.00 3.60 3.50 — Park & Pollard Co., Boston. Intermediate, Hathaway & McKenzie Gr. Co Pigeon, Hathaway & McKenzie Gr. Co New Bedford . . . . New Bedford . . . . 10.44 12.33 10.00 3.20 3.60 3.00 - H. C. Puffer Co., Springfield. 11.22 3.13 _ Purina Mills, St. Louis, Mo. Purina, Mackenzie & Winslow . . Fall River 11.03 11. oc 3.19 3.60 j — Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111. Hulled Oats, M. H. Rolfe Est Newburyport . . . . 10.44 6.20 — Sleepy Eye Milling Co., Sleepy Eye, Minn. Sleepy Eye, G. M. Foster 11.78 1 2.77 1 - _ 36 CHICK AND SCRATCHING GRAINS— (Continued). Sampled at : Protein. Fat. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Fiber. F. F. Woodward & Co., Fitchburg. Very Best Taunton Teaming Co. . . . Taunton 11.29 11.00 3.23 3.00 CLOVER AND ALFALFA MEALS. Cyphers Incubator Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Cut Alfalfa W. P. Barney Seekonk Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, 111. Alfalfa, Pliillips, Bates & Co. . Thos. W. Emerson & Co., Boston. Cut Clover Boswortli & Wood Great Western Cereal Co., Chicago, 111. Alfalfa Coding Bros Gorvin Flour & Grain Co., Wichita, Kansas. Alfalfa Taunton Grain Co Kornfalfa Feed Milling Co., Kansas City, Mo. Pioneer Alfalfa, S. L. Davenport & Son . . Pioneer Alfalfa, Deunison Plummer & Co. Purina Mills, St. Louis, Mo. Alfalfa F. Diehl Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111. Alfalfa Thorne Bros. Russell Grain Co., Kansas City, Mo. Square Deal H. K. Webster Co. . Square Deal Brown Bros Square Deal, J. B. Garland & Son. Hanover . . Leominster N. Easton. . 20.16 Taunton N.Grafton . . New Bedford Wellesley Millis. . . . Lawrence . . . Northbridge Worcester . . 14 38 9 91 15 55 12 07 15 16 36 41 14 39 13 66 17 18 19 86 83 42 17.60 2. 59 12.00 1.55 12.00 2.15 12.00 1.28 16.00 1.70 15.00 1.61 2.04 - 1.56 14.00 1.96 14.00 14.00 14.00 2.07 2.35 2.72 4.00 16.38 l.OO' 27.94 1 2.00; 23.26 2.0o| 28.80 2.02 34.84 2.001 28.42 — 23.65 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 28.41 26.93 19.70 20.17 17.55 37 DISCUSSION OF THE INSPECTION. Average Analyses and Retail Prices. Cottonseed Meal. Pages 8-9. No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent). Price a ton, No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent). Price a ton, No. Samples, Protein (per cent). Fat (per cent). Price a ton. Owing to the poor cotton crop of 1909, cottonseed meal has proved for the past season to be both scarce and high, the price in many cases exceeding that ever before asked for this product. The 1910 crop is much better and prices are ruling about the same as for 190S. According to the classification of the Interstate Cotton Crushers' Association, cottonseed meal is divided into three grades, (a) choice containing at least 41 per cent protein, (b) prime containing a minimum 38.50 per cent protein, and (c) good containing at least 36.00 per cent protein. Quite often crushers attempt to grade their product too high. "Prime" meal is found offered as "choice" and "good" meal offered as "prime." Such a practice is misleading and shippers are cau- tioned against it. It is the general practice of cottonseed crushers to pack their meal by gross weight instead of net. That is, a 100 pound sack of cottonseed meal will weigh 100 pounds, including meal and sack. This is a direct violation of the Massachusetts statute and the fact that a few crushers tag their sacks as weighing 100 HiRh Grades (Choice). Medium Grades (Prime and Good). lliyli and Me diuin Cirades. 1908. 1908. 1008. 31 10 41 43.07 3S.19 42.12 9.27 8.41 8.94 $32.18 $32.20 $32.19 1909. 1909. 1909. 32 21 53 42.62 39.49 41 .38 8.60 8.23 8.46 $34.12 $32.55 $33.48 1910. 1910. 1910. 23 25 48 42.35 39.14 41.51 7.96 8.07 8.02 $37.43 $38.21 $37.32 38 pounds gross does not render them any less liable to prosecution. At present prices, cottonseed meal furnishes a valuable and economical source of protein in the dairy ration. Consumers, when purchasing, should note carefully the guarantee, iveight of goods, and general appearance of the meal. When any reasonable doubt exists in the mind of the buyer as to the quality of the goods, he should correspond with the experiment station and if deemed necessary the station will give instructions for taking and ship- ping a representative sample for analysis. Low grade cottonseed meal or feed consists of the cottonseed hull and kernel or meat ground together. Three samples of this ma- terial were found on the market. While it was as represented and sold at somewhat lower figures than the high grade meal, one sample at least was found in a vicinity where a large foreign ele- ment is engaged in farming and a tag printed in English was of no value in furnishing them information in regard to the material which they were purchasing. This low grade article does not have over 60 per cent of the value of a high grade meal when used as* a fertilizer and not over 70 per cent when used for feeding. Low grade meals are usually very expensive. Average Analyses and Retail Prices. Linseed Meal. Page 10. ^^^^^' Process. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. No. Samples, 7 6 5 5 Protein (per cent), 35.89 35.09 37.35 37.96 Fat (percent), 3.16 3.28 3.37 2.50 Price a ton, $32.67 $33.50 $36.00 $37.80 Old Process. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. No. Samples, 12 9 11 17 Protein (per cent), 35.27 34.94 35.89 35.96 Fat (per cent), 7.71 6.73 6.22 6.10 Price a ton, $34.64 $35.44 $36.81 $40.65 New process linseed meal is the by-product resulting from the use of a fat solvent in extracting the oil from ground flaxseed. With old process meal the extraction is accomplished by means of heat and pressure. New process meal contains more protein and 39 less fat than that obtained in the old process method. Linseed meal is very seldom adulterated, contains a high percentage of protein and if it were not for the high price asked in comparison with other concentrates, would form a very satisfactory source of protein in formulating rations. Two of the samples put out by the Guy G. Major Co. ran considerably lower in protein than the average, while the price asked was equal to that for the better grade goods. One of these samples contained an appreciable amount of screenings. Average Analvses and Retail Prices. Gluten Feed. ,„ '„ ,„„„ •p 1908. 1909. 1910. Pages lO-II. First Second P'ir.st Second First Second Grade. Grade. Grade. Grade. Grade. Grade. No. Samples, 46 ' 31 50 5 33 6 Protein (percent), 25.52 21.22 26.52 21.83 25.22 20.91 Fat (percent), 2.83 3.04 2.81 4.63 3.17 6.00 Fiber (per cent), — — — — 5.92 7.53 Price a ton. $32.48 $32.66 $32.68 $32.00 $31.88 .$33.33 Gluten feeds as reported, are divided into two groups. Those which contain above 23 per cent protein are placed in the first group, while those having a less percentage are placed in the second gi'oup. With one exception the gluten feeds found on the market were free from adulteration. The sample of Royal Gluten Feed had a musty disagreeable taste and contained an excessive amount of fiber, presumably due to the addition of ground corn cob. This feed is no longer on the market. Reports of adulteration of gluten and the statement that this material is not as good as formerly, are in no way substantiated by our investigations. It is our belief that gluten feed continues to be one of the more economical protein concentrates. Gluten feed is a corn by-product and its use as the source of protein in a ration containing home-grown corn is hardly to be advised. It may be employed, however, where corn meal is not a predominant component of the ration. The average analysis of the six samples of second grade gluten feed showed a fat content considerably in excess of the average of the first grade samples. They also sold at a higher price. With the exception of the sample of Royal Gluten Feed the difference 1908. 1909. 1910. 17 18 14 30.21 30.54 29.67 8.25 11.09 11. IG — — 12.24 32.89 $34.00 -133.73 40 in analysis was not due to the addition of foreign material but to a different process of manufacture in which the starch and germ were not so completely separated from the corn gluten and bran. Distillers' Dried Grains. -Iverage Analyses and Retail Prices. Page II-I2. 1907. No. Samples, 27 Protein (per cent), 31.03 Fat (per cent), 12.35 Fiber (per cent), — Price a ton, $30.72 Distillers' dried grains vary widely in composition, the variation depending largely upon the cereal from which they are derived. For this reason purchasers should always note the guarantee before purchasing. Corn distillers' grains are the best and contain from 29-35 per cent protein. The fiber in corn distillers' grains is more digestible than that found in distillers' grains derived from other cereals. Distillers' grains are deficient in starch and for this reason can be best utilized when mixed with some feeding stuff relatively rich in that ingredient. Wheat flour middlings are excellent for this purpose, a mixture of 75 lbs. flour middlings and 100 lbs. distillers' grains forming a very satisfactory ration. The two samples of Dearborn distillers' grains averaged 23.40 per cent protein. They cannot be considered as valuable for feeding purposes as those grains containing a higher percentage. Rye Grains. The two samples of rye grains collected, showed an average analysis of 13.65 per cent protein, 6.14 per cent fat and 15.53 per cent fiber. Pound for pound they cannot be con- sidered as valuable as bran. The statement has been made by reputable commission men that the rye grains can be bought at the present time at about two-thirds the price of bran. If such is the case, they can be considered as an economical substitute for bran to be used in giving bulk to a ration. Malt Sprouts 41 and Dried Malt Sprouts. Brewers' Grains. '^'^< rage Analyses and Ret a // Prices. Page 12. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. No. Samples, 13 9 13 8 Protein (per cent), 25.91 27.()1 26.88 26.72 Fat (per cent), 1.20 0.89 1.08 1.01 Fiber (per cent), — — — 12.58 Price a ton, $23.56 $26.75 Brewers^ Grains. $27.67 $27.81 1909. 1910. No. Samples, 5 2 Protein (per cent), 26.86 30.35 Fat (per cent) 7.09 6.81 Fiber (per cen t), - 12.95 Price a ton, $29.75 $30.00 Malt sprouts and brewers' dried grains were not found generally distributed. They are satisfactory protein concentrates when sold at about the price of wheat bran, for which they can be substituted if the price warrants it. On accouj;it of the lack of palatability they are best used in rations consisting largely of feeding stuffs that are more highly relished. When sprouts are fed in any considerable amount (more than 2 lbs. daily), they should be moistened before feeding. Malt sprouts and brewers' dried grains are used extensively as a component of molasses and other proprietary feeds. Wheat By- products Average Analyses and Retail Prices. Pages 13-17. Wheat Middlings, Flour. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. No. Samples, 16 28 20 IS Protein (percent), 17.62 17.16 16.98 18.82 Fat (percent), 4.76 4.69 4.87 5.12 Price a ton, $30.39 $32.80 $33.56 $33.45 Wheat Middlings, Standard. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. No. Samples, 28 47 43 52 Protein (percent), 16.78 17.14 17.53 17.56 Fat (percent), 5.30 5.09 5.29 5.20 Price a ton, $28.50 $31.02 $30.04 $30.94 Fat (per cent), 4.86 Pric :e a ton, $28.93 1907. No. Samples, 58 Protein (per cent) , 15.60 Fat (per cent). 4.89 Pric ;e a ton, S29.67 1909. 1910. 124 163 16.49 16.97 4.74 4.71 $30.17 $29.93 1909. 1910. 38 63 15.92 16.50 4.57 4.86 $28.65 $28.68 42 Wheat Mixed Feed. 1907. 1908. No. vSamples, 97 133 Protein (per cent), 16.35 16.19 4.65 $31.12 Wheat Bran. 1908. 52 15.47 4.53 $29.40 Flour Middlings. An attempt to classify and group wheat by-products is at best unsatisfactory; this is especially true of middlings. While Red Dog flour is readily distinguished, there seems to be no sharp line of demarkation between flour and standard middlings. The digestibility of middlings depends to a certain extent upon the relative proportions of flour and bran present. Middlings which 1:hing to warrant the price asked, as the same ingredients in a cattle food would not bring over $1.60 a hundred. These mixtures are usually put up and sold in small amounts, which accounts in a certain measure 52 for the high price. It is believed, however, that where the poultry man is able to purchase feed in 100 lbs. lots or over, it will be possible for him to save money if he will purchase the several ingredients and do the mixing himself. Chick Feed consists of mixtures of grains Chick and Scratch- and seed reduced to such a size as to be ing Grains. suitable for young chicks. The price asked Pages 33-36. ranged from $2.00 to $3.00 a hundred. While this is somewhat in excess of the price asked for many whole grains, special machinery is required to reduce and i:)repare the seed which necessarily adds to the cost. Unless the poiiltry man owns an extensive plant, it will be best for him to purchase this material when wanted, at market prices, rather than to attempt to prepare it himself. In selecting a chick feed, pref- erence should be given to brands that do not contain grit, or an excessive amount of millet or weed-seed. Very few of the samples collected contained grit. Sixty samples of scratch grains and whole seeds were collected. Scratch grains consist of varying proportions of corn, wheat, oats, barley, Kaffir corn, buckwheat and often sunflower seed. Other ingredients are occasionally identified; grit and oyster shells are at the present time seldom found. One sample of Greene's scratching feed contained an excessive amount of weed-seed. Most of these mixtures will probably prove satisfactory although home mixtures will prove somewhat cheaper. Where poiiltry is kept on the farm, home-grown grain, especially corn, should be utilized. A mixture consisting of one-half cracked corn, one- fourth wheat and one-fourth barley or oats will make a satisfactory ration. The alfalfa meal collected showed a wide Alfalfa and variation in fiber content. The better grades Clover Meals. should not contain over 25 per cent of fiber. Page 36. The prices asked ranged from $1.55 to $2.50 a hundred. Finely cut rowen, home-grown clover cut in the bud and moistened with hot water, roots or cabbage will furnish vegetable matter more economically. When it is necessary to purchase, preference should be given to those brands which contain the smallest amount of fiber. 53 HOW A BALANCED RATION MAY BE CALCULATED.* Given the necessary amount of home-grown roughage, a grain ration which wovdd approximately balance or round out the ration should have the following qualifications: 1. It should be bulky, palatable and free from mould and rancidity. 2. It should contain from 20 to 25 per cent of protein. 3. It should not contain over 9 per cent of fiber. With home-grown corn and cob meal supposing it is desired to add wheat mixed feed and cottonseed meal in order to produce a ration containing 20-25 per cent of protein and less than 9 per cent of fiber. Protein. Fiber. % % Corn and cob meal contains 8 7 Wheat bran contains 16 ■ 10 Cottonseed meal contains 41 6 (o) Protein Calculation. 250 lbs. corn and cob meal x 8% protein =20.0 lbs. protein. 100 '' bran X 16% protein =16.0 " 100 " cottonseed meal X 41% protein =41.0 " " 450 lbs. total, 77.0 lbs. protein. Dividing 77 lbs. protein by 450 lbs. total weight, we get 17 per cent protein for the mixture, which does not meet our require- ment. In our trial ration we have too little protein and it will be neces- sary to reduce the amount of wheat bran or corn and cob meal. Reducing the corn and cob meal by 100 lbs. and the bran by 25 lbs. we have: 150 lbs. corn and cob meal x 8% protein =12.0 lbs. protein. 75 " bran X 16% protein =12.0 "■ 100 " cottonseed meal X 41% protein =41.0 " 325 lbs. total, 65.0 lbs. protein. Dividing 65 lbs. total protein by 325 lbs. mixture, we have 20 per cent protein for mixture which would make approximately a balanced ration. {b) Fiber Calculation. 150 lbs. corn and cob meal x 7% fiber =10.5 lbs. fiber. 75 " bran X 10% fiber, =7.5 " " 100 " cottonseed meal X 6% fiber = 6.0 " " 325 lbs. total, 24.0 lbs. pij^^fju. *In figuring a balanced ration by this method, it is necessary to take it for granted that if the protein supply is sufficient, the total digestible matter, — carbohydrates and fat — will take care of themselves. With all ordinary feeding stuffs this is practically true. For more scientific methods of calculating rations, see any of the standard works on feeding farm ani- mals. 54 Dividing 24 lbs. total fiber by 325 lbs. mixture, we have 7 per cent fiber for mixture, which is within the limit set. Therefore, a mixture of 150 lbs. corn and cob meal, 75 lbs. bran and 100 lbs. cottonseed meal would make a balanced ration. Where none of the fiber percentages exceed nine, the fiber content may be disregarded and the protein alone figured. Seven pounds of such a mixture is a fair average amount for cows weighing 800 to 900 lbs. , which are yielding 1 0 qts. of milk daily. For every two quarts of milk yielded in excess of this amount, the grain ration may be increased by one pound. Alwa3^s compare and mix feeding stuffs by pounds. After a ration is mixed it is an easy matter to find the quart equivalent and in feeding the feed can be measured instead of weighed. PROTEIN AND FIBER CONTENT OF THE MORE COM- MON COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. Protein. ' Fiber. Brewers' dried grains. Corn and cob meal, Corn meal. Cottonseed meal. Distillers' dried grains, Gluten feed, Hominy meal or feed. Linseed meal, Malt sprouts, Oats, ground, Rye middlings, Wheat middlings, flour. Wheat middhngs, standard. Wheat mixed feed. Wheat bran. 24 8 9 41 31 26 10 36 26 12 12 19 17 16 15 12 7 2 7 12 7 4 8 12 8 3 3 7 8 10 TYPES OF RATIONS. I. 125 lbs 100 lbs 100 lbs Mix (7 100 lbs 100 lbs 35 lbs Mix . bran, . flour middlings, . gluten feed, and feed 6 to S lbs. to 9 qts.) daily. III. . wheat bran, . gluten feed , . cottonseed ineal, and feed 7 lbs. to 9 qts.) daily. II. 125 lbs. bran, 100 lbs. corn or hominy meal, 100 lbs. cottonseed meal, Mix and feed 6 to 8 lbs. ( 7 to 9 qts.) daily. IV. 125 lbs. malt sprouts, 100 lbs. corn or hominy meal, 125 lbs. gluten feed, Mix and feed 7 lbs. (6 1-2 to 7 qts.) daily. 55 V. VI. 75 lbs. wheat bran, 150 lbs. distillers' grains, 150 lbs. corn and cob meal, 150 lbs. standard middlings, 100 lbs. cottonseed meal, 100 lbs. corn or hominy meal. Mix and feed 6 to 8 lbs. Mix and feed 7 lbs. or qts. daily. or qts. daily. WEIGHT VS. MEASURE OF CATTLE FOODS. This table has been prepared by weighing a carefully measured quantity of the several feeds. Feed Stuff. One Quart Weighs. One Pound W^fB^J^res. Protein Feeds. Cottonseed Meal, 1.5 lbs. 0.7 iBs^' N. P. Linseed Meal, 0.9 " 1.1 " O. P. Linseed Meal, 1.1 " 0.9 " Gluten Meal, 1.7 " 0.6 " Gluten Feed, 1.3 " 0.8 " Germ Oil Meal, 1.4 " 0.7 " Distillers' Dried Grains, 0.5-0.7 " 2.0-1.4 " Malt Sprouts, 0.6 " 1.7 " Brewers' Dried Grains. 0.6 " 1.7 " Wheat Middlings (flour), 1.2 " 0.8 " Wheat Middlings (standard), 0.8 " 1.3 " Wheat Mixed Feed, 0.6 " 1.7 " Wheat Bran, 0.5 " 2.0 " Oat Middlings, 1.5 " 0.7 " Rye Feed, 1.3 " 0.8 " Starchy Feeds. Whole Oats, 1.0 " 1.0 " Ground Oats, 0.7 " 1.4 " Wholewheat, 1.9 " 0.5 " Ground Wheat, 1.7 " 0.6 " Whole Barley, 1.5 " 0.7 " Barley Meal, 1.1 " 0.9 " Whole Rye, 1.7 '' 0.6 " Rye Meal, 1.5 " 0.7 " Whole Corn. 1.7 " 0.6 " Corn Meal, 1.5 " 0.7 " Corn and Cob Meal, 1.4 " 0.7 " Corn Bran, 0.5 " 2.0 " Hominy Meal, 1.1 " 0.9 " Oat Feed, 0.8 " 1.3 " Some good books on feeding: The Feeding of Farm Animals, Jordan, MacMillan & Co. , N. Y. ; Feeds and Feeding, Henry, Published by Author, Madison, Wis.; Feeding Farm Animals, Shaw, Orange Judd Co., N. Y. •oSuJOAy 56 O CO to cc CO o-i o CO CCIM o CO Q Pi:i <1 I— I O Or0t^Tf S fQ W c5 c3 I^H >^ ^^ C O o c c:3 >iS W W O O C Ph (iH BULLETIN No. 137. APRIL, 1911, MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. The Rational Use of Lime, WM. p. BROOKS. The Distribution, Composition and Cost of Lime, H. D. HASKINS and J. F. MERRILL. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. AMHERST, MASS. COMMITTEE ON EXPERIMENT STATION. Charles H. Preston, Chairman, J. Lewis Ellsworth, Charles E. Ward, The President of the College, ex Officio, The Director of the Station, ex Officio. Arthur G. Pollard, Harold L. Frost, STATION STAFF. WiUiam P. Brooks, Ph.D., Joseph B. Lindsev, Ph.D., George E. Stone, Ph. D., Frank A. Waugh, M. Sc, J. E. Ostrander, C. E., James B. Paige, D. V. S., Henry T. Fernald, Ph.D., Fred C. Sears, M. Sc, Burton N. Gates, Ph.D., Edward B. Holland, M. Sc, Fred W. Morse, M. Sc, Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc, Philip H. Smith, B. Sc, Henry J. Franklin, Ph.D., Edwin F. Gaskill, B. Sc, George H. Chapman, M. Sc, Sumner C. Brooks, B. Sc, Lewell S. Walker, B. Sc, James C. Reed, B. Sc, Joseph F. Merrill, B. Sc, Clement L. Perkins, B. Sc, J. K. Shaw, M. Sc, D. W. Anderson, B. Sc, Arthur I. Bourne, B. A., James T. Howard, James R. Alcock, Harry L. Allen, C- M. Damon, Director and Agriculturist. Vice Director artd Chemist. Botanist. Horticulturist. Meteorologist. Veterinarian. Entomologist. Pomologist. Apiarist. Associate Chemist (Research Sec). Research Chemist (Research Sec). Chemist in Charge (Fertilizer Sec). Chemist in Charge (Feed and Dairy Sec). Assistant Entomologist (Cranberry In- vestigations). Assistant Agriculturist. Assistant Botanist. Assistant Botanist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Horticulturist. Assistant in Horticulture. Assistant in Entomology. Inspector. Assistant in Animal Nutrition. Assistant in Laboratory. Observer. Annual reports and bulletins on a variety of subjects are pub- lished. These are sent free on request to all interested in agri- culture. Parties likely to find publications on special subjects only of interest will please indicate these subjects. Correspon- dence or consultation on all matters affecting any branch of our agriculture is welcomed. Communications should be addressed to the Agricultural ExPERIME^fT Station, Amherst, Mass. THE RATIONAL USE OF L Wm. p. Brooks. No subject connected with the various steps which may be taken to increase the productive capacity of soils interests our farmers at the present time more than the use of lime. The practice of applying lime, while it has always been somewhat in vogue, has become much more general during the past few years than formerly. This change must on the whole be regarded with favor; but there is a possible danger that the pendulum may swing too far in the other direction. It is well to remember that in most parts of the state there is sufficient lime in the soil to meet the direct requirements of our growing crops. This does not mean that lime is not often highly useful; but is mentioned simply to emphasize the fact that if useful it is usually because of indirect or secondary effects and not because more lime as a source of food for the growing crop is required. The facts being as stated, it is highly iinportant to know what these indirect or secondary ef- fects may be. POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF LIMING. The secondary or indirect results which will follow an applica- tion of lime must of course vary with soil conditions, but the principal possible effects which are of importance are as follows : 1 . Free acid if present is neutralized. A sour soil is sweetened. 2. Some of the less soluble potash compounds of the soil are rendered available and the need of potash manures will be lessened at least for a time. Liming will not permanently take the place of potash manuring, for it will be understood that it adds no potash to the soil. It simply makes it possible to draw upon the stock found in the soil more rapidly, and this, if persisted in with- out application of potash, will ultimately result in the exhaustion of this element. 3. Phosphatic fertilizers are often rendered more effective. This seems to be especially true of the less soluble materials, such ao fine ground rock phosphates. An application of lime appears also to increase the availability of the comparatively inert phosphates of the soil itself. 4. Organic matter decomposes more rapidly and the plant food it contains becomes more promptly available. This action is most important in its relation to nitrogen, and it is especially valuable in heavy soils, in which organic matter naturally decays slowly. Its effect is also often important after turning under a green crop. On the other hand rapid decomposition of the or- ganicmatter, naturally present in such soils in only small amount, may prove hamiful to the lighter soils. 5. Ammonia and its compounds change into nitric acid more quickly. In other words, ammonia nitrogen becomes more promptly available, as nitric acid when combined with bases which fomi nitrates is the most promptly available nitrogen compound for most crops. Sulfate of ammonia, when used as a fertilizer, gives poor results in many of our soils unless these are first heavily limed. 6. Lime mellows heavy and clayey soils. It does this because it flocculates the clay particles, thus making the soil more friable and permeable. Both drainage and capillary action are there- fore improved and the soil is less likely to become over compact and to form crusts and to crack. The maintenance of good tilth is therefore more easy. 7. A moderate application of lime, especially if used in con- nection with green manuring or an application of any organic manure, will increase the capacity of the lighter soils to retain moisture. 8. Heavy applications of lime in practically all locations in the state as far as tested, appear to be absolutely necessary for success with alfalfa. 9. The presence of lime in the soil is highly unfavorable to the parasitic organisms which are the cause of certain diseases. Most important among such diseases are club-foot of cabbages and cauliflowers and finger-and-toe of turnips and beets. If the soil is badly infested lime may not prove a complete prevention, but the free use of lime without doubt decreases the tendency to these diseases. HOW TO DETERMINE WHAT SOILS NEED LIMING. 1. Those soils on which, when seeded, timothy and clovers fail, and where sorrel comes in largely together with red top, usually need liming. It should be pointed out, however, that the presence of sorrel is not a proof that lime is needed. This weed will flourish even in soils which have been heavily limed; but on such soils the grasses and clovers are likely to crowd it out, while on soils which are in need of lime, they are unable to do so. The presence of much moss or an abundant growth of bluets (Houstonia caerulea), horse tails (Equisetum), or polypods (Polypodium) is an indication that lime will probably be beneficial. 2. When soil is sour it will turn blue litmus paper placed in contact with it red. To carry out the test, make about a table- spoonful of the soil into a thin mud with pure water and after it has stood for a short time lay a piece of blue litmus paper on it and cover with the mud. Be careful not to handle the paper with the fingers. After about ten minutes remove the paper, washing it if necessary to show the color. If it has turned red, the soil is sour and needs an application of lime. Practically all druggists keep litmus paper. 3. The most certain evidence of all as to whether lime will prove beneficial is afforded by a simple experiment which may be carried out as follows: Lay off two square rods in a part of the field to be tested which seems to be fairly representative and even in quality. To one of these apply 20 pounds of freshly slaked lime. After applying at once work it in deeply and thoroughly. A few days later apply to each plot a liberal quantity of either manure or fertilizer, precisely the same amount to each. Plant table beets. If the soil is much in need of lime, these will make a better growth upon the limed plot. • THE RELATION OF LIME TO CROPS. Different plants require varying amounts of lime. Some are extremely sensitive to and much injured by the presence of free acid. Others are comparatively indifferent to the presence of such acids, while still others appear to do better in soils contain- ing them. Among plants requiring large amounts of lime in the soil are alfalfa, clovers, peas, beans and vetches. Grasses, as a rule, require less lime than clovers, but timothy will not do well in soils markedly deficient in lime. On the other hand, red top thrives in sour soils. Neither com nor millets are especially sen- sitive to acid. They will often do well on soils which are sour. The same is true of potatoes ; although excessive acidity is unde- sirable for even these crops. Cabbages and turnips and all the cultivated members of the same family require large amounts of lime. Mangel wurzels, sugar beets and table beets are usually benefited by lime, as are also onions, spinach and lettuce; celery also is much benefited by liming. Among fruits the apple, pear , peach, plum and cherry usually do best where lime is abundant. The blackberry, on the other hand, does well in soils containing free acid, and some experiments indicate that the strawberry does not particularly require lime. Lime should not be applied immediately preceding a crop of potatoes. They are more likely to be affected with scab should such an application be made. METHODS OF APPLYING LIME. Although lime applied as a top dressing on grass land is often beneficial, it proves most effective in correcting most of the faults of soils needing liming if it can be applied to the plowed surface and thoroughly mixed with the soil. The autumn or early spring is usually best, but lime may be applied without hesitation at 6 any season of the year when the land is not occupied by crops and when it can be plowed. If manures or fertiHzers containing ammonia or organic nitrogen are to be used in connection with lime the latter should be put on and incorporated with the soil before the manure or fertilizers are applied. Lime should always be applied broadcast, and as soon as possible after it is spread upon the rough furrow it should be deeply worked into the soil. For this purpose either the disk, cutaway or spring-toothed harrow will be most effective. To apply by hand is disagreeable, especially in the case of the finest and driest forms of lime. A machine distributor or a manure spreader should be used if pos- sible, and the extent to which the lime will, fly into the air when a distributor is used will be much reduced by an apron of heavy burlap attached to the bottom of the hopper and extending to the ground. QUANTITY OF LIME NEEDED. The amount of lime needed under different conditions varies from a few hundred pounds to several tons; but an average of about one ton of good lime to the acre will usually be suiffcient. If grades of lime are used which contain 50 per cent or less of calcium oxide larger quantities will be required. Such applications as have been suggested will not unusually be called for a second time. Smaller applications — perhaps three to six hundred pounds — once in two to four years, will be preferable to very heavy applications at longer intervals ; and if basic slag be freely used as a source of phosphoric acid, it is probable that a second appli- cation of lime will in most cases be unnecessary. DEPARTMENT OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CHEMISTRY. J. B. LiMDSEY, Chemist* The Distribution, Composition and Cost of Lime, H. D. Haskixs and J. F. Merrill. I. MASSACHUSETTS LIME SOURCES. In the western part of this state there exists sufficient lime of excellent qualit}' to supply the requirements of Massachusetts agriculture for a long time to come. Hitchcock, as early as 1835 in his Geology of Massachusetts, makes this very emphatic in the following statements : "No part of the world is better supplied with limestone than the western part of Massachusetts. Enough exists to furnish the whole state, and I might say probably with truth, the whole of New England, through all future generations with marble and quicklime. In other parts of the state limestone is comparatively rare." The limestone belt, belonging chief h" to what is known as the lower Silurian formation, begins at Adams on the north and extends to the south the entire length of the state. Mention may be made of large active quarries at Adams, Cheshire, Lee and West Stockbridge. Deposits have also been found in other portions of the state but so small in area or so impure in quality as not to be considered relatively' of an}" commercial importance. The fact may be inentioned, however, that in earlier times, before the opening of the Boston and Albany railroad, the small deposits at Bernardston and Bolton were quarried, burned and used to supply the local demand. 2. PRESENT CONDITION OF TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL LIME. The lime trade in Massachusetts is at present in a rather chaotic state. This is due largely to two causes: (1) There are many different kinds and grades of lime offered, and dealers do not as a rule guarantee composition. Each is likeh" to represent the particular article he desires to sell as best, ♦This portion of the bulletin was undertaken at the suggestion of Dr. J. B. Lindsey, who also co-operated with Mr. Haskins in the preparation of the results for publication. The collection of samples and data was made by Mr. Haskins and the analytical work was per- formed by Messrs. Haskins and Merrill. and it is impossible by ordinary examination to discriminate between the various offerings. (2) Few among our farmers understand the special qualities and adaptations of the different kinds of lime, and few therefore would be able to select wisely even were the composition defi- nitely known. The fertilizer law now before the Legislature will help remove the first of these sources of uncertainty, for under it dealers will be required to guarantee composition. This bulletin, it is hoped, will prove helpful in the diffusion of such knowledge concerning the various kinds of lime as will enable fanners to correctly esti- mate their relative values for different purposes. An effort has been made to procure samples of all lime products that are being offered for sale in the Massachusetts markets and on subsequent pages will be found the composition and cost of the various products. The following states are represented: Maine, Vennont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. 3. CHEMISTRY OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF LIME. Lime occurs in nature as lime carbonate and in this form is widely distributed as limestone, marble, chalk and marl; also in the fomi of lime sulfate or gypsum. It likewise occurs as phosphate of lime in bones and mineral phosphates and as car- bonate in oyster shells and wood ashes. Limestone. — Most of the lime used in agriculture comes origin- ally from limestone rock (calcite) or carbonate of lime (CaCQs). Many limestones are composed partly of lime carbonate together with varying proportions of carbonate of magnesia (MgCQs) (20 to 40 per cent) . Such mixtures are termed dolomitic limestones, and their behavior is not greatly unlike the pure lime compounds. Caustic magnesia does not slake or take on water as readily as causticlime, and thereis reason to believe that it is more mild in its action in the soil. In this country, as abroad, it has frequently not met with as high favor as the high calcium limes. It is not advisable to apply magnesium limestones to soils already rich in magnesia and deficient in lime. Pure limestone or calcium car- bonate contains some 56 parts of calcium oxide (CaO). Many limestones contain from 50 to 53 per cent of calcium oxide and 40 per cent and over of carbonic acid, together with varying propor- tions of magnesia*, iron, alumina and sand. When limestone is used on the soil it should be finely ground so that the larger part of it will pass a 75 mesh sieve; in other words, its beneficial action will depend largely upon its degree of fineness. It is easy to see a very fine limestone can be more evenly distributed and more *High magnesium limes should not be used for spraying. 9 intimately mixed with the soil, thus requiring a smaller applica- tion per acre than would be the case with a coarse limestone. Marl. — Marls are geologically confined to the Alluvial and Ter- tiary strata. The composition of pure marls is quite similar to limestone, the lime being present in the form of carbonate. They differ in appearance from limestone in having an amorphous or non-crystalline structure. In some of the Southern states more or less phosphoric acid is found associated with marl deposits. This very likely is due to the bones of small animals being de- posited with the shells, which are in reality the source of marls. There are hardly any two marl deposits which have the same chemical composition — they contain varying quantities of earthy matter and should always be purchased upon a guaranteed analy- sis of calcium oxide. A deposit of considerable extent has been discovered in the vicinity of Barton, Vermont. It appears to be of good quality and should be a valuable source of lime provided it can be secured so that 100 pounds of calcium oxide compare favorably in cost with an equal amount in other lime products. Dried marls are usually in a suitable mechanical condition for direct application, and if of satisfactory quality, they are efficient sources of lime. Quick or Burned Lime. — Chemically speaking, this material is calcium oxide (CaO). It is known also as caustic or unslaked lime. It is made by heating to a red heat in kilns either lime rock or oyster shells. Kilns are constructed so that wood, coal or gas can be used as a fuel. The heating process drives off the carbonic acid (CO2) and the quicklime (CaO) results. This material is the most active form of lime and is not ordinarily used on the land. It will absorb moisture from the atmosphere and thus increase largely in volume. It cannot, therefore, be readily shipped in bags, and those who have used it in the ground fonn complain that the fine dust, settling upon the perspiring men and horses, causes serious burning and discomfort. Caustic lime can, of course, be bought in barrels or in bulk in lump form, so that 100 pounds of calcium oxide will cost less than when slaked or hydrated, or in the form of carbonate. One hundred pounds of quicklime contains as much calcium oxide as 178 1-2 pounds of carbonate of lime (ground limestone and marl), or 132 pounds of slaked or hydrated lime Ca(0H)2. Slaking Lime. Some advocate placing the Itmip lime in small heaps, covering with soil and allowing to slake gradually. If a machine is available for spreading the lime it should pref- erably be slaked in heaps of moderate size by the gradual addi- tion of water, using care not to apply enough to render the lime pasty or wet. The proportion of about two pailfuls of water to each 100 pounds of lime, if so applied as to wet all the lumps as 10 'evenly as possible, will usually be sufficient. It is best to allow the heap to stand a few days when it will probably be found that the lumps have crumbled to a fine powder. If a few still remain, they may be either raked out or separated by shoveling over a sand screen. These remaining lumps may be treated with more water or allowed to lie exposed to the weather in the open air until slaked. Water-Slaked or Hydrated Lime. — When water is added to caustic or burned lime, intense heat is evolved, due to its chemi- cal union with the calcium oxide, calcium hydrate Ca(0H)2, slaked or hydrated lime resulting. If just sufficient water is added to completely hydrate the lime, a perfectly dry, fine powder will be produced. One hundred pounds of quicklime takes substanti- ally 32 pounds of water, resulting in 132 pounds of dry, slaked lime. This material is an active form of lime not only readily neu- tralizing free soil acids, but also performing all of the other desir- able functions of lime in a most efficient manner. Some of the commercial slaked limes contain an excess of water, i. e., more than enough to combine with the lime. On the other hand, some samples have shown that an insufficient amount of water was used in the slaking process, quicklime still being present in the mixture. Air-Slaked Lime. — When caustic lime is exposed to the air it absorbs moisture and carbonic acid slowly, and gradually crumbles to a fine condition. The composition of the material will vary greatly depending upon the length of exposure and other condi- tions. Air-slaked lime is usually classed as a more mild form of lime than either the water-slaked or caustic lime. Lime Ashes. — This material is a mixture of ashes from the fuel used in burning lime together with small pieces of lime which fall from the kiln. Lime ashes vary in composition, depending upon the nature of the fuel used in the kiln as well as upon the length of exposure to the weather. All of the lime may be present as carbonate or, if not exposed for too long a time, some of it may be present either as slaked or in caustic form. If a good quality of wood has been used for fuel, there will be some potash and phosphoric acid present, which increases the value for agricul- tural purposes. Wood Ashes. — The lime in wood ashes is largely present as carbonate. One hundred pounds of calcium oxide from this source is as valuable as the same amount from fine ground lime- stone, marl or lime ashes. In addition to the lime, wood ashes contain varying quantities of potash in form of carbonate, as well as some phosphoric acid and magnesia, which add to the value of the ashes as a fertilizer. 11 Basic Phosphatic Slag. — This material is purchased chiefly as a source of phosphoric acid, of which it contains 16 to 18 per cent, mostly in an available form, in addition to 40 to 50 per cent of lime. The exact form in which the lime is united with the phosphoric acid is unknown, but recent investigations indicate a silico phosphate of lime and ferrous oxide. ^ (CaO)5 FeO PsQs Si02. The slag gives a decidedly alkaline reaction and a portion of the combined lime is easily liberated and will probably act in the soil as a base, but because of the complexity of the lime combination it is quite impossible to state the exact percentage of basic lime. Different samples also show from 2 to 7 1-2 per cent of free lime (calcium oxide and calcium carbonate) but largely as oxide. It would probably not be advisable to depend upon slag meal for the purpose of producing that sharp change in mechanical condition which is needed in the heavy, sour clays ; but by a rather free use of slag meal many of the ordinarily looked for bene- ficial effects of liming may be expected to follow; and in any case, if soil has once been brought into satisfactory condition by one heavy application of lime, we may doubtless depend upon the lime in slag meal freely used as a source of phosphoric acid, to hold the soil in a satisfactory condition as regards that element. Waste lime from tanneries can often be had for the cost of carting. It is a desirable form of lime, probably largely carbonate and hydrate. It may contain a large excess of water and not be as convenient to apply as some other forms. It may be conven- iently distributed, however, by means of a manure spreader. Many samples contain considerable nitrogen, coming from hair and fleshings from the hide, which gives the material an additional value. Waste lime from gas houses is not as desirable as that from tanneries. It is apt to contain injurious sulfites and sulfides and should be left exposed to the action of the air for some time before applying it to the land. The lime may be present in this ma,terial in several forms, such as sulfate, sulfide, sulfite, carbonate and hydrate. In many instances when in close proximity to its source, the farmer can use this material, provided it can be had at a slight expense. • Gypsum, sulfate of lime or land plaster, found in large quan- tities in Nova Scotia and in Onondaga County, New York, is a combination of lime and sulfuric acid. The Nova Scotia gypsum contains substantially 34 per cent of lime and 48 per cent of sul- furic acid ; the Onondaga plaster 30 per cent of lime, 32 . 5 per cent of sulfuric acid, 8 or more percent of carbonic acid, and rather 1. Morrison in the Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. Ill, Part 2, p. 169; also Hendrick in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Vol. XXVIII, No. 14, pp. 775-778. 12 more insoluble matter than the Nova Scotia article. This form of lime acts particularly as a liberator of soil potash, as a distribu- tor of plant food and as a source of sulfur for the legumes. It does not correct soil acidity but rather increases it. This latter action is explained by the fact that in liberating potash, the lime of the lime sulfate combines with the silicic acid of the soil, and the sulfuric acid thus liberated unites with soil bases, forming com- pounds having an acid reaction. Gypsum, therefore, should not be applied continuously to soils deficient in lime carbonate. Gypsum is likewise valuable as a stable absorbent, altho acid phosphate and kainit are considered more efficacious. 4. ANALYSIS AND COST OF LIME. The analyses following are arranged alphabetically according to the producer's name. They represent about all of the products that are sold for agricultural purposes in the state. Some of the samples have been collected by our inspector from stock found in the general markets, others have been forwarded by persons or agents interested in the purchase or sale of lime. In most cases the samples above referred to have been taken according to in- structions furnished by the station and are, therefore, representa- tive. The greater part of the samples reported was forwarded by the producers at our request, the samples being taken so as to rep- present fairly the material in question. Calculations have been made which show the average comparative cost of 100 pounds of calcium oxide (CaO) from the various sources, delivered in car lots in bulk for cash. The cost of bagging generally adds $1.50 per ton, in some cases bags are returnable. In the magnesium limes a pound of magnesium oxide has been calculated at the same value as h^as calcium oxide. CHESHIRE LIME MANUFACTURING CO., CHESHIRE, MASS. No. I. Agricultural lime, forwarded by the producer. No. II. Agricultural lime, forwarded by a consumer. No. III. Agricultural lime, forwarded by a consumer. I. II. III. Calcium oxide (CaO) 58.22 2.05 7.26 1.52 .93 13.37 33 62.78 .63 26.59 .26 32 58.83 Magnesium oxide (MgO) .77 Carbonic acid (CO2) 29.66 Iron and aluminium oxides Insoluble matter Uncombined moisture Average cost, in cents, of 100 lbs. of calcium and magnesium oxides 34 NOTE. — The quotation on this material was $4.00 per ton, bulk, delivered carload lots or $4.50 per ton bagged, the consumer to furnish bags. The greater part of the lime in sample 13 No. I was present as slaked lime altho the excess of moisture lowers the percentage of calcium oxide to about what is shown in the other two samples. Samples Nos. II and III show in round numbers about 2-3 calcium carbonate and 1-3 calcium hydrate; 28 per cent of No. Ill was too coarse to pass a sieve having circular openings 1-50 of an inch in diameter. ROBERT HARRIS, LIME ROCK, R. I. No. I. Slaked lime, forwarded by manufacturer. NEW ENGLAND LIME CO., DANBURY, CONN. No. II. Burned granulated lime (Adams product), for- warded by producer. No. III. Limestone dust (Adams product), forwarded by producer. No. IV. Limestone dust (Adams product), forwarded by consumer. No. V. Air-slaked lime (Canaan product), forwarded by producer. No. VI. Limestone dust (Danbury product), forwarded b}^ a consumer. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Calcium oxide (CaO) Magnesium oxide (MgO) 43.80 18.93 93.62 1.77 2.00 1.58 1.03 43 70.17 59.24 2.57 1 33 47.53 32.24 .32 4.48 4.00 35 54.39 .87 Carbonic Acid (CO2) 5.05 1.24 2.90 7.39 62 18.31 1.16 1.27 32 18.32 39 35.54 Iron and aluminium oxides Insoluble matter Uncombined moisture Cost, in cents, of 100 lbs. of cal- civun and magnesium oxides .... 51 NOTE. — The quotation on No.I was $5.00 per ton, bulk, f. o. b. Lime Rock, R. I. The freight rates to various points in Massachusetts are from 11 to 15 cents per hundred. The lime in this material was present largely as slaked lime, together with a large percentage of magnesia. No. II was quoted $6.50 per ton f. o. b. Adams, Mass., bulk, car load lots; if shipped in sacks, $1.50 per ton extra, sacks not returnable. Nos. Ill and IV were quoted $3.00 per ton, f. o. b. Adams, bulk, car load lots; $1.50 per ton extra in sacks. The freight rates on all three samples tovarious points in Massachusetts are from 7 to 15 cents per hundred. The analysis shows sample No. II to be largely caustic lime in fine granular form suitable for distribution in a fertilizer drill. Unlimited supplies may be had. Nos. Ill and IV contain the greater part of their lime as carbonate together with noticeable amounts of slaked lime. The product is the fine particles of stone which are drawn out of the kiln by draught and de- posited in the dust chamber at the back of the kiln. Originally they consisted of varying proportions of quick lime which has become air-slaked upon standing. Supply rather limited. No. V is a magnesium lime, the magnesium being present largely as magnesium oxide (MgO), and the lime largely as slaked lime with some (about 1-4) quicklime. Sample No. VI. is largely carbonate of lime, only 1-2 of its weight being present as slaked or hydrated lime. Samples V and VI were quoted at $4.00 per ton f. o. b. Canaan and Danbury, Connecticut. Freight rates are from 7 to 9 1-2 cents per hundred to various points in Massachusetts. NEW JERSEY LIME CO., HAMBURG, N. J. No. I. No. II. No. III. No. IV. WM. MITCHELL, 1505 CHAPEL ST., NEW HAVEN, CONN. No. V. Agricultural lime, forwarded by a consumer. No. VI. Agricultural lime, forwarded by a consumer. Top dressing lime, forwarded by producer. Sheldon's agricultural lime, forwarded by producer. Sussex hydrate lime, forwarded by producer. Agricultural lime, forwarded by a consumer. 14 I. 11. III. IV. V. VI. Calcium oxide (CaO) 59.40 2.26 17.20 3.82 7.57 41 90.76 1.38 none 1.08 1.58 39 72.00 71.49 2 . 50 86 65 60 55 52 Magnesium oxide (MgO) .66 83 Carbonic acid (CO2) .37 .88 .47 60 3.91 35 14 89 7 05 Iron and aluminium oxides Insoluble matter Cost, in cents, of 100 lbs. of cal- cium and magnesium oxides.... 36 36 NOTE. — No. I is composed of about equal parts of carbonate and slaked lime. It is not a finely ground material, only about 22 per cent will pass a 50 mesh sieve; the coarse portion varies from less than 1-16 of an inch up to over 1-4 of an inch in diameter. It was quoted at $2.00 per ton, car lots f . o. b. Hamburg, N. J. No. II contained about 3-4 of the lime in caustic form (CaO) and about 1-4 as carbonate; it is not fine ground but is in pieces varying from a very small size to particles 1-4 to 1-2 inch in diameter. It could not be spread by a fertilizer drill. This lime was quoted at $4.00 per ton, car lots, f. o. b. Hamburg, N. J. No. Ill is nearly pure slaked lime, in very fine condition, and can be distributed by fertilizer drill; quoted at SC.OO per ton, car lots, f. o. b. Hamburg, N. J. No. IV is a hydrated lime containing 7 to 8 per cent of carbonate. Price not given but $2.00 per ton, car lots, f. o. b. Hamburg, N. J. as- sumed. The freight rates from Hamburg to points in Hampden County are S2.80 per ton. To points reached by N. Y., N. H. &. H. R. R. and Boston & Albany R. R., .S3.00 to $3.50 per ton. Nos. V and VI are about 2-3 hydrated lime and 1-3 carbonate. These limes cost $4.70 and $4.00 in bulk, car lots, delivered at Pratt's Junction and East Brookfield. OLDS & WHIPPLE, HARTFORD, CONN. No. L Agricultural lime, collected in Hadley, Mass. BERKvSHIRE FERTILIZER CO., BRIDGEPORT, CONN. No. II. Marl, collected in Sunderland, Mass. F. H. PILLSBURY, BARTON, VT. No. III. Marl, forwarded by producer. No. IV. Marl, forwarded by producer. ROCKLAND-ROCKPORT LIME CO., ROCKLAND, ME. No. V. Lump lime, forwarded by producer. No. VI. Pine Cone hydrated lime, forwarded by producer. II. III. IV. V. 49.23 52.10 51.83 96.80 — none — 1.27 — — — none — .48 — .88 — 1.74 1.52 .42 86 41 41 41 VI. Calcium oxide (CaO) j 54.83 Magnesium oxide (MgO) ! 13.52 Carbonic acid (CO2) j 5.34 Iron and aluminium oxides — I Insoluble matter — I Cost, in cents, of 100 lbs. of cal-' cium and magnesium oxides 1 70 ! 71.96 1.45 1.70 1.18 .13 58 NOTE. — No. I is a magnesium lime in which most of the lime is present in the hydrated (water-slaked) form; cost $9.50 per ton delivered in Hadley, Mass. No. II is a fair quality of marl or lime carbonate, equivalent to 87.85 per cent carbonate of lime (CaCOs) ; cost $8.50 per ton, delivered in Sunderland, Mass. Nos. Ill and IV are a good quality of marl and would be equivalent to 92 to 93 percent calcium carbonate; this product quoted $6.00 per ton, car lots, sacks, delivered Massachusetts points, a rebate of 5 cents allowed for each sack returned in good condition; quoted in paper bags at $5.25 per ton and in bulk at $4.25 delivered at any Boston & Maine R. R. station. No. V was in lump form and would need to be slaked before application. It was of good quality, quotations not supplied for publication. No. VI is almost pure slaked lime in fine mechanical condition and if favorable quotations could be secured, would undoubtedly make a superior source of lime. Nos. V and VI are builders lime and the price of 100 pounds of calcium oxide as stated in the table approximates the cost to the trade. 15 ROCKLAND-ROCKPORT LIME CO., ROCKLAND, ME. No. L R. R. Land lime, forwarded b}' producer. No. II. Hydrated lime, forw-arded by a consumer. No. III. R. R. Land lime, forwarded by a consumer. Nos. IV, V, and VI. R. R. Land lime, forwarded by a consumer. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. 70.93 72.74 64.16 60.20 59.27 .94 .94 1.12 4.03 4.20 2.84 2.05 14.86 16.47 16.03 6.96 6.00 .58 — . 1.58 — • — — — 2.19 59 58 65 66 67 Calcium oxide (CaO) 62.80 Magnesium oxide (MgO) 1.56 Carbonic acid (CO2) 18.87 Iron and aluminium oxides 1.14 Insoluble matter 1.14 Cost, in cents, of 100 lbs. of cal- cium and magnesium oxides .... 66 NOTE. — No. I carries over 1-2 of its lime as hydrate, the remainder being carbonate. It was fine and could be easily drilled as could the other R. R. brands. Quotation of S8.00 to $9.00 per ton, car lots, bulk, delivered Massachusetts points, the price varying with freight rates. No. II is largely slaked lime but carries a little of quicklime and carbonate. .Quota- tion not furnished ; in calculating cost of 100 pounds calcium oxide S8.50 per ton was assumed. No. Ill is largely slaked lime but carries also about 1 3 per cent of quicklime and small amount of carbonate. Nos. IV, V and VI are about 2-3 slaked lime and 1-3 carbonate. The quota- tions on No. I apply to these numbers and also to No. III. VERMONT MARL CO.. BRATTLEBORO, VT. No. I. Marl, forwarded by producer. VERMONT LIME CO., INC., GREENFIELD, MASS. No. II. Burned lump lime, forwarded by producer. Nos. Ill, IV, and VI. Agricultural lime forwarded by a con- sumer. No. V. Agricultural lime, collected of consumer. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Calcium oxide (CaO) 47.25 Magnesium oxide (MgO) 1.04 Carbonic acid (CO2) — Iron and aluminium oxides 78 Insoluble matter 7.931 Cost, in cents, of 100 lbs. of cal- cium and magnesiiun oxides .... 54 87.78 4.52 2.79 3. 1. 46 61.78 6.04 1.80 63 r4.90 6.81 3.78 52 74.19 5.28 4.20 53 61.39 5.76 11.12 63 NOTE. — No. I contains all of its lime as carbonate. Quotations 83.00 per ton car lots, bulk, f.o. b. Vermont, So. 00 per ton burlap bags. Freight about S2.25 per ton to Massachu- setts points, making the cost 85.25 delivered car lots bulk. No. II largely caustic lime in lump form and must be slaked. Nos. Ill, IV, V and VI — largelyslaked limes with small quantities of carbonate, and in some cases from 10 to 20 per cent quicklime ; ground and can be drilled. Quotations of 88.00 to S9.00 per ton delivered, car lots, to Massachusetts points. CHARLES WARNER CO., 161 DEVONSHIRE ST., BOSTON, MASS. No. I. Cedar Hollow ground limestone (55 mesh) , forwarded by producer. No. II. Cedar Hollow ground limestone (85 mesh), forwarded by producer. 16 Xo. III. Cedar Hollow lump lime (quicklime), forwarded by producer. Xo. IV. Cedar Hollow groimd quicklime, forwarded by pro- ducer. Xo. V. Cedar Hollow limoid. forwarded by producer. Xo. VI. Cedar Hollow Hmoid. forwarded by a consumer. I. II. ni. IV. V. VI. Calcium oxide (CaO 29.40 29. S2 57.21 53.62 49.36 42.16 Masnesium oxide QIgO) 20. S9 20.67 41. OS 36.52 2S.94 2S.27 Carbonic acide (C62)-... — — .17 .97 1.03 IS. 15 Iron and aliuninium oxides .60 .48 .80 1.64 1.76 1.44 Insoluble matter 3.43 2.37 .76 3. OS 1.35 1.32 Costs, in cents, of 100 lbs. of cal- cium and magnesium oxides 60 74 3S 50 61 67 NOTE. — All of the producis in above labie are high magneaum limes. Xos. I and II are grotmd limestone with both lime and magnesium as carbonates, about SO per cent of Xo. I passed oO mesh sieve and &i per cent of X o. II passed SO n:esh sieve Xo. I quoted §6.00 and Xo. 11 $7.50 per ton delivered in bulk car lots. Xo. Ill is qtiicklime-magnesia in lumps; it quoted S7.00 to S-S.OO per ton, delivered, bulk, car lots. Xo. IV practically same as Xo. Ill with the exception of b«ng finely ground; quoted §9.00 per net ton in paper bags, delivered. car Io"5. Xo. V is a hydrated lime in very fine mechanical condition. Xo. VI is supposed -.: hethesameasXo. V, but contains considerable Umeandmagnesitrmas carbonate. "Limoid" has c*en quoted §9.50 per net ton, car load lots, and §11.50 per single ton delivered. CHARLES WARXER CO., 161 DEVOXSHIRE ST., BOSTOX, ^L\SS. Xo. I. '"Limoid". forwarded by a consumer. X'o. II. Berkeley ground limestone (SO mesh) forwarded b\- producer. Xo. III. Berkeley lump Hme. forwarded b\* producer. Xo. IV. Berkeley grotmd lime, forwarded by producer. X'o. V. Berkeley hydrated hme. forwarded by producer. I. II. III. IV. V. Calcium oxide CaO 46.50 51.45 95.76 88.56 72. 5S Magnesium oxide TMgO, 30.00 1.61 none 2.93 2.2S Carbonic acid (CO2) 1.76 — .56 2.40 1.28 Iron and aluminium oxides 1.16 1.88 .28 3.62 2.98 Insoluble matter 62 4.-34 .14 1.12 .40 Cost, in cents, of 100 lbs. of calcium and magnesium oxides 62 71 39 49 63 XCTH- — X; . I is a slaked magn^om lime in very fine mechanical condition; quoted $9.50 T - ind §11.50 per single ton, delivered. Xo. II is a finely ground high calcium per cent CaCOj) 99 per cent passing SO mesh sieve. Quoted §7.50 i. Xo. m is a high grade quicklime in lumps. Quoted §7.00 to §8.00 per " : - ^i.-.'rir _ Xo. TV is the ouickliine ground fine (S4 per cent quicklime, a small amount =!&;■ rm of carbonate) ; quoted §9.00 per ton, paper bags delivered car lots Xc. V ;= i L e : I'taining S7percent hydrated lime with a little caustic or quick- . _ I at §9.50 per ton, car lots and at $11.50 per single ton deliver- 17 WEST STOCKBRIDGE LIME CO., WEST STOCKBRIDGE, ^L\SS. No. I. Screened hydrate lime, fons'arded by producer. No. II. Hydrate lime tailings, forwarded by producer. No. III. H^-drate Hme tailings, for«-arded by consumer. No. IV. Unscreened hydrate lime, forwarded by producer. No. V. Out-of-door refuse Hme, forwarded b\- consumer. I. II. III. IV. V. Calciiim oxide (CaO) 66.80 61.53 64.0-3 61.04 62. .58 Magnesium oxide (MgO) 5.02 4.2.3 8.79 11.21 5.57 Carbonic acid (CO2) 1.50 1.71 3.20 1.21 4.36 Iron and aluminium oxides 3.82 5.96 — 5.22 — Insoluble matter 2.79 8.63 — 2.00 — Cost, in cents, of 100 lbs. of calcium and magnesium oxides 42 30 27 35 29 NOTE. — Xo. I contains about 83 i)er cent slaked lime vritb. few per cent caxistic magnesia and carbonate of lime; it will pass a 60 mesh sieve; quoted ^.00 per ton, bulk,_ f. o. b.. West Stockbridge. Average freight rates to Massachusetts points §2.00 per ton. Xos. 11 and III carry over SO per cent slaked lime with small amount caustic magnesia and carbonate lime. It is sufficiently fine to be used in a fertilizer diill; supply said to be limited as it is the residue from the slaked Hme which will not float in an air blast. Quoted S2.00 per ton, bulk, f. o. b. West Stockbridge. Xo. IV is unscreened slaked lime composed of about &1 per cent slaked lime and 11 per cent caustic magnesia, the whole fine enough for drilling. Quoted $3.00 per ton, bulk, f. o. b., car lots. West Stockbridge. Xo. V is refuse lime that has been thrown in a pile and allowed to slake. The sample analysed contained most of its lime in slaked form with only small amount as carbonate. Quoted S2.00 per ton, bulk, f. o. b. West Stockbridge. OTHER SOURCES OF LI:ME. Xo. I. Lime ashes, average of 42 analyses made at this lab- oratory. Xo. II. Wood ashes, average of 735 analyses made at this laboratory. X'o. III. Waste Hme from tanneries, average of 2 anal^^ses. X'o. IV. Oyster sheU Hme, average of 7 analyses. X'o. V. Waste lime from gas houses, average of 5 analyses. Xo. VI. Basic slag phosphate, average of 42 analyses. I. n. m. IV. V. ^^. Calcium oxide (CaO) 44.58 32.44 .54. 7S 45. S7 4S.19 44.33 Magnesium oxide (MgO) 1.30 3.31 — — S.30 — Carbonic acid (CO2) _ _ _ 20.73 — — iron and aluminium oxides — — ■ — — — 16. IS Insoluble matter 7.24 16. -52 2. S3 10. OS S.99 — Potash (K2O) 1.77 5.13 — — — — Phosphoric acid (P2O5) : 70 1.51 — — — 15-16* Nitrogen — — .65 — — — Moisture 9.10 12.67 — — 12. i — XOTE. — X^o. I. Lime ashes will vary widely in comi>osition. At SS.OO to S9.00 per ton delivered, it would be questionable economy to purchase the ashes as a lime source. Xo. II. Wood ashes of late years vary so widely in composition and run so low in potash as to gi\e the impression that few shipments are unleached but rather a product which has been either 18 leached artificially or stored carelessly so that a considerable portion of the potashhas leached out. The average price of 810.50 to $12.00 per ton delivered, bulk, makes it an expensive source of either lime or potash. The following materials would give equally as good results at a cost of $8.50 per ton unmixed: 170 lbs. basic slag phosphate, 206 " high grade sulfate of potash, 900 " hydrated lime, 724 " earth. 2,000 lbs. In practice it would be preferable to mix the 170 pounds slag and 200 pounds of potash with 1624 pounds of lime, the total materials, unmixed, costing $10.30 a ton. The mixture would yield some 500 pounds more actual lime than is contained in average wood ashes. No. III. Waste tannery lime is likely to vary considerably in composition, sometimes running as high as 40 to 50 per cent of moisture. The lime is present as hydrate and carbonate and the m aterial may contain considerable organic matter containing nitrogen. It is too wet to be applied by drill but may be distributed readily by means of a manure spreader and makes a very good source of lime. No. IV. Oyster shells when burned and slaked or finely ground make a satis- factory source of lime. When coarsely ground and unburned, their value as a lime source is greatly reduced. If ground so as to pass an 80 mesh sieve the material would probably com- pare favorably with unburned finely ground limestone. No. V is a fair sample of gas house lime. Its form, value and method of treatment has already been referred to. ♦Available, SUMMARY OF PRESENT COST OF LIME IN MASSACHU- SETTS MARKETS. Average, highest and lowest cost in cents of 100 pounds of cal- cium and magnesium oxides. Source. Ground limestone, Marl, Lump or caustic lime, Ground caustic lime, Slaked or hydrated lime, .... Lime tailings or screenings, Refuse lime, Average The above table shows that it is well worth while to become familiar with the composition as well as with the cost of the dif- ferent brands of lime. It is often possible to purchase lime of desirable quality for about one-half the price that is sometimes asked for another product which is very little or no better in quality. WHAT KIND OF LIME SHALL THE FARMER BUY? It is difficult or quite impossible to answer this question to suit the needs of each individual. In general the following brief statements may be made : 1 . Quick and hydrated limes are best suited to heavy, clay soils, when it is desired to improve their mechanical condition. 2. Carbonates in the form of finely ground limestone or marls work quite satisfactorily on light loams. 3. Lime containing large percentages of magnesia should not be applied to soils deficient in carbonate of lime. 19 4. Calcium oxide costs the least in the form of quick or freshly burned lime but is quite disagreeable to spread. 5. Slaked or hydrated lime can be spread with less discomfort than quicklime, but costs on an average 10 cents more per 100 pounds of calcium oxide. 6. One hundred pounds of calcium oxide in the form of ground limestone costs at least 10 cents more than a like amount in the form of marl or slaked lime, and some 25 cents more than in the fonn of quicklime. 7. Lime is an aid to good farming but cannot take the place of fertilizers, stable manure, thorough cultivation and proper crop rotation. BULLETIN No. 138 JUNE, 1911 MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION TOMATO DISEASES BY GEORGE E. STONE Diseases Induced by Parasitic Organisms BLOSSOM END ROT Theories in Regard to the Cause. Spraying for Tomato Rot. Investiga- tions on the Blossom End Rot of Tomatoes. Relation of External Conditions to the Blossom End Rot. Conclusions Regarding the Blossom End Rot. Timber Rot (Sclerotinia). Tomato Scab (Cladosporium) . Sleeping Disease or Wilt (Fusarium). Downy Mildew (Phytophthora) . Anthracnose (Colletotrichum). Leaf Blight (Cylindrosporium). Leaf Blight (Septoria). Leaf Mold (Alternaria). Blight (Bacillus). Eel Worms (Heterodera). Surface Mold. Diseases Induced by Abnormal Functions Burn or Scald. Hollow Stem. Oedema. Mosaic Disease. Soil Conditions. General Considerations in Regard to Greenhouse Diseases. Conclusion. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. AMHERST, A I ASS. COMMITTEE ON EXPERIMENT STATION. Charles H. Preston, Chainnaii, J. Lewis Ellsworth, Arthur G. Pollard, Charles E. Ward, Harold L. Frost, The President of the College, ex officio, The Director of the Station, ex officio. STATION STAFF. William P. Brooks, Ph.D., Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D., George E. Stone, Ph.D., Frank A. Waugh, M. Sc, J. E. Ostrander, C. E., James B. Paige, D. V. S., Henry T. Fernald, Ph.D., Fred C. Sears, M. Sc, Burton N. Gates, Ph.D., Edward B. Holland, M. Sc., Fred W. Morse, M. Sc, Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc, Philip H. Smith, B. Sc, Henry J. Franklin, Ph.D., Edwin F. Gaskill, B. Sc, George H. Chapman, M. Sc. Sumner C. Brooks, B. Sc, Lewell S. Walker, B. Sc, James C. Reed, B. Sc, Joseph F. Merrill, B. Sc, Clement L. Perkins, B. Sc, T. K. Shaw. M. Sc, b. W. Anderson, B. Sc, Arthur I. Bourne, B. A., James T. Howard, James R. Alcock, Harry L. Allen, C. M. Damon, Director and Agriculturist. Vice-Director and Clieiiiist. Botanist. Horticulturist. Meteorologist. Veterinarian. Entomologist. Poinologist. Apiarist. Associate Chemist (Research Sec). Research Chemist (Research Sec). Chemist in Charge (Fertilizer Sec). Chemist in Charge (Feed and Dairy Sec). Assistant Entomologist (Cranberry Investigations). Assistant Agriculturist. Assistant Botanist. Assistant Botanist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist: Assistant Horticulturist. Assistant in Horticulture. Assistant in Entomology. Inspector. Assistant in Animal Nutrition. Assistant in Laboratory. Observer. Annual reports and btilletins on a variety of subjects are pttblished. These are sent free on request to all interested in agriculture. Parties likely to find publications on special subjects only of interest w^ill please indicate these subjects. Correspondence or consultation on all matters affecting any branch of our agricttlture is welcomed. Commtmications should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. DISEASES OF THE TOMATO —by- George E, Stone. Although tomatoes are quite susceptible to disease here, they are much more so when grown in the Middle and Southern States, where the climatic conditions are more favorable for severe out- breaks. In this State field tomatoes are troubled more or less with fruit rots and leaf blights, such as are caused by species of bacteria, Septoria, Cladosporium, Alternaria, etc. Tomatoes under glass also have their .troubles, but these differ somewhat from those common to plants out-of-doors. Since the environ- ment of greenhouse plants is quite different from that of those grown out-of-doors and is very largely under control, it is more practicable to apply preventive methods of treatment. Spraying should be the last resort in greenhouse culture, and even when it is thought necessary to apply this method of treatment, it should be considered merely temporary. The great degree of skill developed by our master florists and market gardeners has demonstrated in a great many instances that the proper handling of conditions, or modification of environ- ment, is sufficient to hold most troubles in check. The skilled gardener learns to know his plants thoroughly ; he is familiar with their condition and succeeds in maintaining the proper rela- tionship between the plant and its environment, which enables him to accomplish wonderful results. The three principal factors in greenhouse management, viz., heat, light and moisture, must be judiciously handled, and when their control is in the hands of an expert, many of our common troubles are entirely avoided. Our experiments and observations on tomato diseases have ex- tended over many years, and it is not our purpose to give in detail the various experiments carried out. We shall confine ourselves merely to a resume of the results obtained. BLOSSOM END ROT,— FRUIT ROT One of the most troublesome diseases affecting tomatoes throughout the United States, and which occurs on greenhouse- grown and field plants is what is termed "fruit rot." There is often more than one organism associated with this rot, and much confusion has existed, not only in regard to the nature of the specific organism responsible for this trouble, but also as to the efficacy of certain remedial measures. The fungus Macrosporium tomato, Cook, is associated with a tomato rot, and according to Jones and Grout^ is the same as Alternaria fasciculata, (Cke., Jones and Grout). It is, however, a saprophytic species widely disseminated and not capable in itself of producirfg tomato rot, whether applied to the fruit externally or internally. This view has been confirmed by F. S. Earle^ and Miss E. H. Smith, both having found it impossible to produce tomato fruit rots by inoculations with the fungus. On the other hand, B. T. Galloway, who was among the first to give tomato rots serious attention, found that the spores of the Macrosporiiifn tomato would not cause rot when placed on the smooth cuticle of the fruit, but when the exposed inner tissue was inoculated or the spores were placed in fissures on the sur- face of the tomato, rot followed very quickly. The evidence derived from observations and experiments therefore would seem to preclude the probability of Macrosporium being the sole cause of tomato rot. Dr. Galloway^ also found, in connection with the tomato rot, a fungus known as Fusarmm solani, Mart., which he associated Fig. 1, showing blossom end rot of tomato. with the rot. His inoculation experiments showed that when the spores of this fungus were placed on the injured cuticle of either green or ripe tomatoes, no infection occurred, but when they were inserted under the skin of green, half-ripe and ripe fruit, only the latter rotted, and these were affected very quickly. Miss Smith isolated a species of Fusarium from greenhouse tomatoes, which in only one instance, however, produced a char- acteristic rot on green fruit when the fungus was placed about the style, but in numerous cases rot was produced on both the green and ripe fruit when inoculation was made by puncturing 1. Vt. Agr. Exp. Sta., 10th Ann. Rept., 1896-97, pp. 50, 51. 2. Ala. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. No. 108, 1900, pp. 19—25. 3. U. S. Dept. Agr. Rept., 1888, p. 344. the epidermis. Fusarium has frequently, but not always, been found by us growing on sections of tomato fruit in sterilized Petri dishes. An abundance of bacteria of a uniform character was also present along with the Fusarium, and when inoculations were made from isolated forms, the rot was always produced. The same type of bacterial organism was repeatedly found by Miss Smith in her investigations, and this has been described by her in technical bulletin No. 3 of this Station. Numerous observers have noted bacteria in connection with these tomato rots. F. S. Earle, after three years' study, came to the con- clusion that a species of bacillus was the sole cause of the rot, and William Stuart^ isolated a bacillus from a tomato rot found in a greenhouse in Indiana which would appear to be similar, if not identical, with that described by F. S. Earle and Miss Smith. B. D. Halsted,^ on the other hand, considered tomato rot in New Jersey as being caused by Macrosporium tomato, Cook. F. C. Stewart^ mentions Macrosporium and a species of Fusarium as being present in tomato rot which he studied, and S. A. Beach'* published a note on a tomato rot found in a green- house. F. C. Stewart, who made an examination of the disease, failed to identify any fungus trouble or isolate any organism. He mentions bacteria as being present in small numbers. Our observations on the rot, which have been extensive, coincide with those of F. S. Earle and Miss Smith, namely, that bacteria are the primary cause of the tomato rot and the presence of fungi is always secondary; and that in all probability most, if not all, of the so-called blossom end rot of tomatoes is caused by a specific bacterial organism. The bacilli isolated repeatedly by Miss Smith and myself are identical and appear to be the same as those briefly described by Earle and Stuart. THEORIES IN REGARD TO THE CAUSE OF ROT There are various ideas concerning the causes which underlie susceptibility to tomato rot. It has been maintained that soils too rich in nitrogenous fertilizers induce the rot, and that those plants fertilized with potash and phosphoric acid show more rot than those which are not fertilized. Some claim that a rainy season favors the rot, but practically all of the experienced grow- ers of tomatoes whom we have consulted maintain that a dry season is more favorable for rot than a wet season. Prof. L. H. Bailey has stated that heavy applications of 1. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta., 13th Rept, 1900, p. 13. 2. N. J. Agr. Exp. Station, 24th Rept., 1903, p. — . 3. N. Y. (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta., 14th Rept., 1895, p. 529. 4. N. Y. (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. No. 125, 1897, p. 305. 6 manure appear to aggravate the disease, an idea which Dr. B. T. Galloway has found to prevail generally. He also found that certain varieties were less susceptible to rot than others, and that a wet soil or mulching induces it. On the other hand, free access to the air, obtained by careful pruning, prevented rot. A. D. Selby's^ observations, extending over several seasons, seem to show that tomato rot is associated with insufficient moisture in the soil. He found that the amount of rot was decidedly more on surface watered plants than on those sub- irrigated, and that similar results took place with irrigated plants in the field during periods of drought. These observations ap- pear to have been verified by W. J. Green and C. W. Waid.^ They found that sub-irrigation gives the best growth and serves as a check to black rot. They recommend an abundant supply of water at all times while the plant is growing, and especially after tomatoes have reached a considerable size. They found that rot was not very troublesome, except in cases where surface watering was practiced, or when the water supply was deficient. F. S. Earle believes that infection is associated with attacks of such insects as thrips, boll weevils, etc. Both he and Miss Smith found that infection would not be produced by coating the stigma with a culture of an isolated bacillus. Our observa- tions seem to point to the conclusion that most of the infection occurs through fissures near the base of the style. Fissures and irregular cell formations are very common on tomatoes at this point, and when the style falls ofif a more or less rough scar often remains which favors infection. SPRAYING FOR TOMATO ROT Many experiments have been made relating to the control of tomato rot, and there are many conflicting ideas relating to the efifect spraying might have on the disease. P. H. Rolfs^ found that spraying with Bordeaux mixture proved a very efficient pre- ventive for this trouble in Florida, and HowelH obtained positive results from the use of Bordeaux mixture. He sprayed three times, at intervals of two weeks, beginning when the fruit was an inch or more in diameter. The results of his work show 4% of rot on the sprayed plants and 60% on the unsprayed. F. C. Stewart found that sprayed tomatoes sufi!ered much less from rot than those unsprayed. B. D. Halsted and L. H. Bailey^ also report beneficial results from spraying. F. S. Earle, on the other hand, states that in a laboratory 1. Ohio Agri. Exp. Sta., Bui. No. 73, 1896, pp. 241-242. 2. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. No. 153,1904. 3. Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. No. 121, 1893, p. 37. 4. U. S. Dept. Agr. Section Veg. Path., Bui. No. 11, 1890, pp. 61—65. 5. N. Y. (Cornell) Agr. Exp. Sta., Buls. Nos. 28 and 32, 1891; also see Bui. ^ 7 experiment he sprayed tomatoes, thoroughly ten times with the Bordeaux mixture, begining- when the hrst rough leaves were formed and continuing until the ripening of the fruit. "The treatment did not have the slightest effect in controlling the disease." Our own observations on the use of the Bordeaux mixture for the control of tomato rot have not always been of the most encouraging nature. INVESTIGATIONS ON THE BLOSSOM END ROT OF TOMATOES Our observations on and investigations of the blossom end rot of tomatoes under glass have extended over a period of six- teen years and many series have been recorded. From the first our observations and experiments were made on the influence of moisture conditions surroundirig the plants, as it was believed that the rot was associated with the moisture conditions of either the soil or air, or both. Investigations concerning the particular organism causing the rot were made by Miss E. H. Smith*, a former student, and her work has been repeatedly verified in our laboratory and green- house. That soil moisture is an important factor in the control of blossom end rot in the greenhouse, as pointed out by A. D. Selby, is shown in the experiments which follow, but it should be stated that there are many factors, such as light, transpiration, plant foods, etc., which play an important role and which may be of sufficient importance if not properly controlled to overcome the effects of sub-irrigation to some extent, at least. A liberal supply of soil moisture appears to cause the form- ation of more perfect fruit, thus eliminating the possibility of infection ; on the other hand, a plant not supplied with sufficient moisture has a greater tendency to produce fissures and abnor- mally developed tissue at the blossom end of the fruit, near where the style breaks off, providing a suitable entrance for germs. A large number of observations was made on top- watered and sub-irrigated plants, and records kept of the corky growths, irregular formations, fissures, etc., at the blossom end of the fruit, with the result that the top-watered plants produced a larger percentage of these irregular formations than those grown in sub-irrigated soil. These cracks, etc., furnish a suit- able entrance for the bacterial organisms which are largely responsible for the rot, if not in all cases, and the occasional ♦Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta., Tech. Bui. No. 5, 1907. presence of such fungi as Fusarium and others is of purely sec- ondary importance, according to our observations. The experiments which follow have been carried on for some years, and it should be pointed out that the houses in which the experiments were conducted were not the best arranged to pre- vent the rot. Although well adapted to the growth of certain crops, they were not well suited to that of others, and conditions were hardly such as would be found in a good commercial house. In short, our plants were under different light and atmospheric moisture conditions than usually prevail in commercial estab- lishments. The blossom end rot in greenhouses in this State seldom exceeds fifteen or twenty per cent, and as a rule is not a source of heavy loss to greenhouse growers, although in the field this percentage of loss is often exceeded, and in some parts of the United States tomato rot is a serious disease. Table Showing Result of Experiment with Blossom End Rot of Tomatoes as Affected by Sub-irri- gation and Top-watering. TABLE I. No. of Per cent of rot. Series. Sub-irrigated. Top-watered. No. 1, 4.5% 23.5% No. 2, 4.7 44.5 No. 3, 0.0 11.0 Average, 3.0% 33.0% The experiments shown in the preceding table were conducted as follows : In series No. 1 the plots were grown in a bed 20 feet long, 3 feet wide and 8 inches deep. This bed was divided into two equal parts, one-half being sub-irrigated and the other half top-watered. One-half of this bench, or the sub-irrigated part, was lined with zinc and filled with bricks with the lower edges clipped to furnish more space for water. The bricks were covered with soil and the water was supplied to the bottom of the bench under the brick. The other half of the bench w^as simply filled with soil and the plants top-watered. In series No. 2 the plants were grown in boxes 14x14x14 inches, inside measurement. The boxes containing the irrigated plants were placed in galvanized iron trays holding water, holes "being bored in the bottom of the boxes to allow the water to rise through the soil above, or in some instances, they were with- out bottom. In series No. 3 the sub-irrigation was accomplished by bury- ing perforated 2-inch galvanized iron pipes in the soil and supply- ing the water through these. In all cases the sub-irrigated plants were grown either alternately or in a bench beside those plants which were top-watered, and all differences likely to arise from exposure, etc., were obviated so far as possible. It should be pointed out, however, that the results given in the tables repre- sent the averages of many crops growing under similar condi- tions, in which a number of plants was employed in each experi- ment. Individual variation has therefore been largely eliminated, and the results should represent fairly true averages. From a study of the results shown in Table I it will be noted that the percentage of rot was much less in the sub-irrigated plots than in the top-watered plots. Careful records were also kept of the weight of the fruit as well as of the yield, with the result that the average weight of the fruit of the sub-irrigated plants was found to be 36% more than that of the top-watered plants. There was a dift'erence of 17% in the amount of fruit produced in favor of the sub-irrigated plants, which exhibited a more luxuriant growth and developed thicker stems and darker colored foliage, besides setting their fruit earlier as a rule than the others. After the above experiments w^ere completed, some further experiments were made during the summer of 1908 under the personal supervision of Director Brooks, relating to the influence of soil moisture on the blossom end rot. These experiments W'cre made in galvanized iron pots containing about 35 pounds of soil, all of which was treated with a complete fertilizer. The pots were placed on trucks and were kept outdoors, except in rainy weather, when they were removed to the greenhouse. Nine pairs of pots were arranged and the water content of the soil was maintained at 50% of the total capacity, until the plants commenced to blossom, after which time the water contents ot the pots were maintained as follows : Table II, Showing Pot Experiments with the Blossom End Rot of Tomatoes. Pair 1, Pots A and B, containing 15% moisture. 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, ^, 8, 9, A and B, " 25% A and B, " 35% A and B, " 45% A and B, " 55% A and B, " 65% A and B, " 75%- A and B, " 85% A and B, " 90% 10 The purpose of these experiments was to ascertain the opti- mum amount of water necessary to hold the rot in check. The plants in the first four series of pots (1 — i) were much inferior to those in the last four series (6 — 9). In the first four series the plants were more or less stunted and in the last four, which contained more water, the plants had more foliage and more and larger fruit, and appeared healthier. In the first series, in which the water was less than 55%, there were 11 cases of blossom end rot, while in the series in which the water exceeded this per- centage there were eight cases of rot. The results of this single experiment, however, are not conclusive, but they indicate that the presence of a certain amount of water exerts an influence on preventing the rot, and verify our own experiments to a certain extent. However, many factors enter into a problem of this nature, and a single experiment in pots was not on a large enough scale to be conclusive. Moreover, top-watering is entirely dif- ferent from sub-irrigation, whether in pots or in beds, as shown by Selby's and our own experiments. For the control of blossom end rot it is necessary that the soil contain the required amount of water, when the fruit is setting, and during its early maturity. A pot might be abun- dantly supplied with water at the surface of the soil in the morning, and on a very dry day would dry out before the next watering if the soil was of a loose texture. It is quite evident from the result of our experiments on the blossom end rot of tomatoes that the presence of water in liberal amount in the soil is of the greatest importance. Watering by sub-irrigation is quite dififerent from surface watering, since in the former method the water is most easily obtained by the roots. The surface of the soil may be comparatively dry, and the lower stratas well supplied with water in the sub-irrigation beds, while quite the reverse often occurs in the top-watered beds. The inexperienced gardener, when applying surface water, too often has little conception of the conditions below the surface. The roots of tomatoes, when not restricted in growth, will extend to quite a depth in good loam, and when surface watered, it often happens that the upper layers of soil get sufficient moisture, but the lower stratas which are well filled with roots, remain com- paratively dry. Then again, when water is supplied even liber- ally to the soil there may be periods when the soil dries out very rapidly, and the plant may sufifer from lack of water, as a result of which the rot will often occur. In controlling the blossom end rot in the greenhouse great care should be exercised as regards the percentage of moisture in the air. It is not advisable to keep the air too dry, especially during bright sunshine ; on the other hand, the air in the house \ 11 should not be too moist at night, as this condition may cause mildew (Cladosporium). In greenhouse culture the careful use of water and the proper control of the moisture and light condi- tions, should reduce the blossom end rot to a minimum. For field culture supplying the crops with sufficient water would prove beneficial. The irrigation of field crops will become more gen- eral in the future, and will undoubtedly exert an influence not only on the yield of the crop, but on the susceptibility to certain troubles. RELATION OF EXTERNAL CONDITIONS TO BLOSSOM END ROT The application of water to soil by sub-irrigation, even in large amounts, is not always successful in preventing the blossom end rot, as there are other factors which play an important part, as already pointed out. While experimenting we had occasion to observe the influence of the various external conditions on the rot and gained some idea of their importance. One of the most important factors which influences plant development is sunshine, and when tomato plants are exposed to bright sunshine conditions may arise which render the plants more susceptible to the rot, as is shown in the following table. TABLE II. Tarle Showing Effects of Bright Sunshine on Blossom End Rot of Tomatoes. Bright Sunshine. Shaded. 223 345 36 1.7 Number of fruit, Per cent of rot. The results shown in Table II give the differences in the percentage of rot occurring on plants growing in the same house in the same type of soil, but differently exposed. Those in the front rows were exposed to strong sunlight, while those in the back row were more or less shaded. The amount of rot on the plants in bright sunshine was 36%, while in areas partially shaded it was only 1.7 fo. The influence of sunlight on the rot is asso- ciated purely with transpiration, since in the sunlight plants transpire more than when partially shaded, and if transpiration is active, more water is withdrawn from the plant, and some portion of the plant may suffer. If water is withdrawn from the fruit, cracking is more likely to occur, and the blossom end rot will follow. Transpiration is more active, of course, in a house where the 12 atmosphere is dry. but it is also active even where there is more or less moisture when the sun is bright. The influence of sunlight on the blossom end rot is very clearly shown in the susceptibility of crops grown at diiTerent seasons. In the fall, when the light is poor, the disease is un- common in the greenhouse, whereas as the season advances and the sunlight becomes more intense, the blossom end rot increases. In a greenhouse the sunlight from February on is comparatively intense, and it is then that the blossom end rot is most trouble- some. It is also more common in a house where the atmospheric moisture is kept down. The plants in our experiments were in all cases grown in benches more or less close to the glass, with the rows not very close together, which is not often the case in commercial houses. When tomatoes are planted so closely that they are more or less shaded, the light is not such an important factor in causing rot. The proximity of tomatoes to steam and hot-water pipes is conducive to rot, since the heat accelerates transpiration ; moreover, the soil dries out more quickly under these conditions and root absorption is decreased. In practically all of our experiments those plants located near steam pipes and at the ends of beds were more susceptible to rot than others. In the spring, when the sun is very bright, partial shading of the plants by whitewashing the glass or other means should prove useful in holding the rot in check by lessening transpiration. Fertilizers and manures are also capable of inducing a tend- ency to rot, since they modify root absorption more or less and restrict the amount of water which the plant can take in. The greatest source of danger in this respect occurs in the excessive use of nitrates, and one should be careful in applying fertilizers and manures containing large amounts of nitrates. Where there is an excess of nitrates in the soil it can be easily detected by chemical analysis of the leaves. \ CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THE BLOSSOM END ROT From what has been stated regarding the various factors which may influence blossom end rot it is quite evident that we have here a complicated problem to deal with. Besides the necessity of applying water freely to the roots as a means of preventing the rot, it is well to pay attention to other factors, such as light, heat, moisture, etc., which induce the rot if not properly handled. In general, it may be said that sunshine is the principal de- terminative factor in greenhouse management, since crops grow and develop in proportion to the light they receive. It also afifects 13 the plant in many other ways, by modifying its structure and functions. At the present time it is impossible to determine quantitatively all of the factors which influence plant develop- ment, but in the future methods will undoubtedly be developed which will enable us to determine how many heat or light and moisture units are required to develop a plant to a certain stage, and to know more about the exact relationship of these factors to tissue formation and blights. Owing to the lack of practical methods of determining quan- titatively the conditions in a greenhouse, only general directions can be given in regard to the control of certain factors. We know, for example, that a certain amount of atmospheric mois- ture maintained in a house for a certain length of time will cause mildew, and that a lack of soil moisture will induce the blossom end rot. We also know a great deal about the effects of cold air, light, heat, etc., on plants as regards infection, and in some cases more or less specific directions can be given as regards the management of the house. It is necessary, however, that the gardener acquire skill and judgment in handling a crop, and the more he acquires the less he will be troubled with diseases. The effects of too much sunshine on the plant^ are obviated to a considerable extent by certain methods of planting. When the plants are set 12 or 15 inches apart and the rows are more or less close to one another (2 feet), there is some shading, and transpiration is checked. On the other hand, too close planting, especially in the fall, when the light is deficient, may induce leaf spots. Concrete walks in a house materially affect the moisture in the air, and if the soil is dry the air is likely to become deficient in moisture. We have found in some of our experiments that too much water is disastrous to the crop. In some cases the foliage turned yellow quite early and the plants died prematurely. The soil in such cases was very soggy and not suited to root development. This condition was present when an excess of water was ap- plied, particularly in the zinc-lined benches where there was no drainage. Too high night temperatures always result in the formation of a more tender tissue, which loses water rapidly, and as a consequence the plants wilt more easily. On general principles, therefore, lower night temperatures should be maintained during periods of cloudy weather, and too high day temperatures should not be run immediately following cloudy weather. Since the blossom end rot, in consequence of the poor light in the fall, is not so common in the greenhouse then as in the spring, less attention has to be given to its control during that season, since transpiration is less active. As the amount and 14 intensity of the sunlight increase more attention should be given to the water supply and to air moisture. The air moisture should be considerably more during the day, particularly on bright days, than in the night. If syringing the foliage is necessary, it should be done in the morning, when the bright sunshine will dry the foliage quickly, and never at night, as moisture remaining on the foliage at night favors the development of mildew. TIMBER ROT (Sclerotinia Libertiana, Fckl.) The fungus causing what is termed "timber-rot" is occasion- ally found on tomatoes, and the effects are similar to those pro- duced by the stem-rot of cucumbers. Tomatoes, however, are not as susceptible to timber-rot as cucumbers, although when Fig. 2, showing timber rot on the stem of tomato. The blackened areas on the stem represent masses of sclerotia. affected, the crop is greatly injured. We have repeatedly grown crops of tomatoes in soil badly infected with the timber-rot fungus, but as a rule only a few plants become diseased, and from this it would appear that tomatoes are generally immune to attacks from Sclerotinia. Sclerotinia is a sterile soil fungus, and gains entrance to the plant near the surface of the soil. When the plant becomes infected the fungus traverses the stem and breaks out some dis- tance above the ground, the part of the stem affected becoming whitish in appearance. Small, hard, black masses called sclerotia, about 1/33 or more of an inch in diameter, make their appear- ance on the surface of the stem. These sclerotia are capable 15 of throwing out filaments, or germinating and affecting other plants. Dessicating or drying the soil greatly increases the activity of the sclerotia, and infection in the succeeding crop is thereby materially increased. ^ A similar disease caused by a species of Sclerotinia, which appears to be responsible for a large amount of damage to tomatoes and other crops in the South, has been noted by P. H. Rolfs^ in Florida, and attention has been called to this by F. S. Earle-^ in Alabama. Since the disease has not proved to be of great importance on tomatoes in Northern greenhouses up to the present time, remedial measures are not urgently needed ; but should it ever become so, soil sterilization will be found efiicacious. and the treatment of the soil with formalin may prove valuable.'* SCAB OR MILDEW (Cladosporium fulvum, Cke.) This fungus is characterized by a velvety, mouse-colored mildew-like growth forming irregular spots on the under sur- face of tomato leaves. On the upper surface of the leaves these spots are yellowish in color. The fungus penetrates the leaf tissues and occasionally overruns the surface, thus causing much injury. It attacks both field and greenhouse tomatoes, and while we have never known of its completely killing the crop, it fre- quently causes much injury. It is much more common and severe in moist than dry weather. For the treatment of field crops the best remedy consists in spraying with any good fungicide such as the Bordeaux mixture, applied as occasion demands. For the control of the disease in greenhouses, W. F. JMassey and A. Rhodes^ have recommended the use of lime and sulphur applied to the steam or hot-water pipes. The most successful method we have found for con- trolling mildew consists in keeping the atmosphere of the house dry. Our experiments have extended over a period of many years, and we have carried through many crops without the slightest trace of this mildew. It is a comparatively easy matter to produce mildew in a house, and we have shown that by covering individual plants with glass or a cloth and greatly modifying the light and moisture conditions, mildew results. Watering or syringing the foliage should be done only on 1. Mass. (Hatch) Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. No. 69, 1900, p. 22. 2. Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., Ann. Rept., 1896, pp. 38—47; also Buls. Nos. 21 and 47. 3. Ala. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. No. 108, 1900, pp. 28—32. 4. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., Cir. No. — . 5. N. C. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. No. 170, 1900, pp. 6—7. 16 bright, sunshiny days, when it will dry ofif quickly, and care should be taken to maintain suitable moisture conditions of the air during the night. We have grown crops of tomatoes under glass every month in the year, and tind that if proper attention is given to moisture, Fig. 3, showing tomato leaf affected with mildew or scab (Cladosporium). ventilation and light one need have little fear of tomato mildew under glass. SLEEPING DISEASE OR WILT (Fusarium Lycopersici, Sacc.) This trouble has been described by G. P. Clinton^, who has noted its appearance on greenhouse tomatoes and who states that the disease does not usually show itself until the plants have attained full size and begun to bloom. He characterizes the disease as follows : "At first a lower leaf or two will wilt, turn yellow and finally die. Gradually the disease works up, successive leaves drying up and dying on the vines." Microscopical examination shows a discoloration of the vascular bundles of the leaf petioles and stems, which are more or less filled with the mycelium of the fungus. This causes a clogging of the vessels and interferes with the trans- ference of water, resulting in wilting. Dr. Clinton surmises that the fungus infects the plant through the soil, and that sterilization might succeed in preventing infection. During the past few years a similar trouble has been noted in many greenhouses, causing more or less serious trouble. In several instances Fusarium has been observed by us, affecting 1. Conn. Agr. Sta., 27th Ann. Kept., 1903, p. 366. II the stems near the surface of the soil most severely. This causes the plant to wilt, but the disease has apparently not been common enough to cause much injury. At the present time (U»l()) a serious and very destructive Fusarium wilt similar to that found on tomatoes, has destroyed a number of indoor crops of cucum- bers in the Xortheastern United States. Much injury has been done to field tomatoes in Missouri, Illinois' and other States by this wilt, but no efficient method of control has been discovered. Extensive forcing and other innovations in methods of grow- ing plants have been the cause of most stem rots, which have Fig. 4, showing filaments of fungus Fusarium, with conidia of the blossom end rot of tomatoes. increased materially during the past decade. From observations on Fusarium wilts we are convinced that something might bp gained by the use of seedlings which are well hardened and by planting not too deeply. Some years ago we observed that asteV seedlings grown under glass were more susceptible to Fusarium stem rot than those grown outdoors. The light and heat condi- tions under glass were not like those outside, and the tissue of the field plants was much more hardened than of those grown inside, consequently was much less susceptible to Fusarium rot. 1. 111. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. Xo. 144, p. 82—83. 1.8 DOWNY MILDEW (Phytophthora infestans, DBy.) The downy mildew of tomato is rarely seen in ^Massachusetts. It is caused by the same fungus which is responsible for the well- known blight of potatoes. In September, 1!)05, this mildew caused consideral)le injury to field grown tomato plants in this State, ^ and occurred during a period of heavy rainfall. Previous to this rainfall there had been a long period of drought. The same disease appeared to cause serious trouble in Cali- fornia^ during that season, and was associated in that State with heavy rainfall. The customary Bordeaux treatment recommended for pota- toes will undoubtedly prove efifectual for the down}- mildew of tomatoes in case it should become prevalent. ANTHRACNOSE One or more fungi (Colletotrichum, etc.) are responsible for a fruit rot which has occasionally been observed in this State, but no serious damage to crops has been reported in this localitv. It generally causes sunken blotches on the side of the mature • Fig. 5, showing Anthracnose (Colletotriclium) on tomato fruit. fruit, and in severe cases the whole fruit eventually becomes affected and decay quickly follows. The disease has been de- scribed by dift'erent writers and its appeai'ance has been noted in widely separated localities. 1. Mass. (Hatcli) Agr. Exp. Sta., Ann. Rept., 1906, p. lit 2. Cal. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. Xo. 175, 1906, p. 9. 19 F. D. Chester,! who studied this disease, was more or less confused in finding two different types of fungi associated with the rot. and \'. W. Pool,^ who has recently investigated the disease, claims that in all probability there are two distinct Anthracnoses affecting the tomato. F. M. Rolfs,^ who has had considerable experience with this disease in Florida, maintains that it can be held in check by spraying with Bordeaux mixture. LEAF BLIGHT (Cylindrosporium, sp.) Considerable trouble has been experienced with this blight on Long Island'^ and in New Jersey.-^ It occurs as brownish spots on the leaves, and as the trouble progresses it involves the Fig. 6, showing leaf spot (Cylindrosporium) on tomato leaf. whole leaf, causing it to turn brown and dry up. In severe cases of infection practically all the foliage may be destroyed. 1. Del. Agr. Exp. Sta., Ann. Rept., 1891, p. 60; 1892, p. 80; 1893, pp. 111—115. 2. Xeb. Agr. Exp. Sta., Ann. Rept., 1908, pp. 9—15. 3. Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., Rept., 1905, pp. 45—46. 4. X. Y. (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta., 14th Ann. Rept., 1895, p. 529. 5. X. J. Agr. Exp. Sta., 15th Ann. Rept., 1894, p. 361. 20 The trouble has occasionally been observed in this State on greenhouse tomatoes. For field crops spraying has been recommended. In the greenhouse the remedy is more simple, since the disease, accord- ing to our observation, results from too much crowding, and is of rare occurrence here. A similar spot is often found on chrysanthemums. On both tomatoes and chrysanthemums the disease is confined to the lower shaded leaves of closely planted crops, and it has never been observed by us on individual plants of chrysanthemums grown in pots or where light and air have access to the foliage. In the fall and winter, when the light is poor, the lower leaves of crowded plants often deteriorate and show signs of prematurity; consequently becoming more susceptible to disease. To prevent this trouble the crop should not be planted too closely, and the foliage should receive more air and sunlight. On too closely planted tomato plants the lower leaves may l)e removed, and if diseased, destroyed. The pruning of the lower leaves is not harmful and lets in more light and air where it is needed, LEAF BLIGHT (Septoria, sp.) Leaf blight ( Septoria ) is frequently seen on field crops of tomatoes, but we have not noticed it on crops grown under glass. 'WJ -1. ». Fig. 7, showing leaf sjjot (Septoria) on tomato leaf. 21 and on the whole the disease is not serious in this locahty. It is reported as being rather serious in New Jersey, Ohio and the South, and it lias recently caused much trouble in the Middle West. This disease is distinguished from other leaf diseases by the presence of circular spots, at first appearing on the lower leaves. The infection increases with the development of the plant, and in severe cases little remains of the plant but bare stems and small, stunted fruit. 1>. D. Halsted.^ who was the first to call attention to this fungus, and who has had considerable oppor- tunity to experiment wath it, finds that it yields to treatment with the Bordeaux mixture. The first spraying should be given about two weeks after transplanting, followed by two or three additional sprayings at intervals of three weeks. J. W. Lloyd, and I. S. Brooks^ have demonstrated that re- peated spraying of tomatoes reduces leaf blight materially and greatly increases the yield of fruit. LEAF MOLD (Alternaria Colani (E. & M.), Jones & Grout.) The fungus causing leaf mold is the same as that giving rise to the early blight of potatoes. It often occurs on the leaves and fruit of field crops, but we have never observed it on green- house plants. The leaves aiTected with this fungus present at first minute spots, which gradually enlarge and become marked with concentric lines. These spots are sometimes associated with the injuries caused by the flea beetle. The remedy advocated is similar to those that are applied for the early blight of potatoes, namely, spraymg with some good fungicide. BLIGHT (Bacillus Solanacearum, Smith.) This disease has not been observed in this State up to the present time, but has caused considerable injury farther South. E. F. Smith^ has fully described the disease and recommended as precautions against it an early and complete destruction of insect pests, and the removal of any diseased vines. He also 1. X. J. Agr. Exp. Sta., Ann. Rept., 180.5, p. 294. 2. 111. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. Xo. 144, 1910, p. 78—82. 3. U. S. Rept. Agr., Div. Veg. Path, and Phys., Bui. Xo. 12, 1896. advises the use of land on which there have been no diseased plants, together with seed taken from localities where the dis- ease has not existed. j. S. Robinson^ foiuid that by spraying plants affected with this blight three or four times in the summer with the Bordeaux mixture, an increased yield of from 2.2 to 2.5 tons per acre was obtained. EEL WORMS,— NEMATODES (Heteradora radicicola, (Greef.) Miill.) One of the common troubles on indoor tomatoes is caused by nematodes, — small worms which inhabit the soil. They gain entrance to the young roots, where a part of their development takes place. The presence of these minute worms in the tissue of the roots causes a reaction on the part of the cells, resulting in the formation of galls. On tomato roots many galls are formed, which cut off the water supply and cause more or less injury to the crop. These worms also attack cucumbers and melons, and some- times lettuce ; in the greenhouse melons being especially sus- ceptible. Since tomato plants are more hardy than either cucumbers or melons, they naturally suffer less from the effects of eel worms. Eel worms are very susceptible to treatment by desiccation, freezing, excess of water, and high temperatures, and the methods of treatment are based upon our knowledge of the influence of these factors upon the organisms. Desiccation, or drying the soil, has been employed in Europe on held crops and is very satisfactory when applied on a small scale in a green- house, but with deep benches we did not find the method effective. Removing the soil and replacing it with new, or freezing it, is quite effective, and the so-called catch-crop method has proved successful in some instances. This method consists in planting some crop like mustard or rape before the regular crop is planted, and when the galls are well formed the crop is dug up and the roots exposed to the drying action of the sun. which kills the worms. By this method the females are captured and destroyed at the most advantageous time. We have experimented with the catch-crop method in the greenhouse and found at times that it was fairly successful, especially when more than one catch- crop was planted. A variation in the catch-crop method, consisting in sowing some crop susceptible to eel worm infection at the same time 1. Md. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bui. No. 54, 1898, p. 122. that the regular crop is planted, might ])rove useful, since the organisms, according to our observations, show preferences in regard to the host attacked. The crop could be managed some- what similarly to a cover crop, and when the roots are well infected, which would be in a few weeks, the crop could be pulled up and destroyed and another planted in its place. One of the most practical methods of ridding a house of eel worms, when the proper facilities are at hand, consists in sterilizing.! With special appliances this can be done effectively at no great cost, and is on the whole the cheapest and best method of destroying this pest. Fig. 8, showing eel worm galls on tomato roots. In our sub-irrigation experiments with tomatoes we found that water allowed to remain in the soil for any length of time w^as very injurious to eel worms. In the boxes and plots which were sub-irrigated eel worms were rare, and in most instances entirely absent, whereas on the top-watered plants in all cases 1. Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta., Hatch, Bui. No. 55. 1898; also Hatch Exp. Sta., Rept., 1902, p. 74; Hatch Exp. Sta., Report, 1905, pp. 10—14; Hatch Exp. Sta., Rept., 1903, p. 38; Mas.s. Agr. Exp. Sta., Rept., 1909, pp. 58—61. 24 there were nuinennis galls. Some further exi)eriments were made along similar lines which showed the injurious influence of w^ater on eel worms. Dr. li. E. Bessey, of the United States Department of Agriculture, recently informed us that he had observed the same thing in the South along river banks where the soil is inundated for a certain length of time each year. The application of excessive amounts of water to the soil for brief periods of time might j^rove a practical method of ridding soil of this pest. Parasitic eel worms are not indigcnrms to this region on account of our severe winters, and infection comes about largely from the use of manures containing refuse in which eel worms are present. If once thoroughly eradicated from a greenhouse, precautions sliould ]je taken in regard to the introduction of manures or soils contaminated with eel worms, as well as j)lants from infested houses. Florists frequently make use of liquid decoctions of manure in feeding their plants, and since eel worms are destroyed by water, this practice shf^uld cause little trouble. SURFACE MOLDS (White Fly Excretions.) Tftniatoes under glass suffer to a considerable extent from the excretions of the greenhouse white fly (Aleyrodes). When this fly becomes abundant and is allowed to thrive in tlie hcjuse the plants become coated with a sticky substance (honey-dew), which fr, Brand and Retailor. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Husted MUling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. W. G. Horton W. L. Palmer Robin.son & Jones Chas. A. Krause Milling Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Badger, Jaquith & Co Northwest Mills Co., Winona, Minn Sugarota Dairy Evans & Bowker Sugarota Dairy, G. C. Turner Sugarota Dairy, McKenzie & Winslow. . . Sugarota Dairy, W. N. Potter Grain Co. Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111. Quaker Dairy, S. B. Green & Co Western Grain Products Co., Hammond, Ind. Hammond, Berkshire Coal & Gr. Co. Ipswich Medway Natick Woburn Baldwinsville . . Chester Fall River Princeton Watertown .... N. Adams % 21.15 19.63 19.97 17.14 16.30 17.33 17.58 16.62 15.50 17.14 % 18.00 18.00 18.00 16.00 16.00 16.50 16.50 16.50 16.00 17.00 % 4.42 3.65 5.10 1.35 3.99 3.70 4.59 4.10 4.45 4.12 % 4.00 4.00 4.00 1.25 3.00 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.00 % 7.22 7.74 6.95 15.70 16.05 14.62 12.76 15.77 16.04 10.70 % 9.00 9.00 9.00 15.00 15.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 12.00 10.00 RYE FEEDS. Definition. Rye feeds are by-products obtained in the manufacture of flour from rye. Boutwell Milling & Grain Co., Troy, N. Y. A. T. Butler Geo. T. Callahan, Castleton, N. Y. G. C.Turner. . . . Adams . Chester . 14.89 12.31 13.50 3.05 12.00 2.39 3.00 3.70 2.00 2.73 CALF MEAL. Definition. Calf meal is a proprietary mixture intended as a feed for young calves. J. Bibby & Sons, Liverpool, Eng. Cream Equivalent, . . . J. Loring & Co I Watertown ! Blatchford's Calf Meal Factory, Waukegan, 111. Blatchford's W. L. Palmer Blatchford's C. L. Beals & Co Great Western Cereal Co., Chicago, III. Gregson, G. F. Wetherbee Co . Northwest Mills Co., Winona, Minn. Sugarota, Brown Bros Medway. . . . Winchendon Gardner. Northbridge . 15.28 14.00 13.57 14.00 4.52 25.94 25.08 25.00 25.00 6.31 5.42 5.00 5.00 6.93' 5.70, 28.02 25.00 6.70 5.00 4.73 26.32 26.00 6.S2 6.00 4.49 MISCELLANEOUS PROTEIN FEEDS. J. Bibby & Sons, Liverpool, England. Pig Meal, J. Loring & Co Oil Cake for Horses, . J. Loring & Co Chas. A. Krause Milling Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Maizo Oil Meal, Jaquith & Co Ropes Bros., Danvers. Horse Feed, Ropes Bros Watertown Watertown Woburn Danvers 13.29 18.48 13.00 16.00 5.77 7.69 6.00 7.00 7.41 8.61 13.58 16.00 9.00 8.00 5.13 15.36 16.00 5.94 5.00 8.35 12 STARCHY (CARBOHYDRATE) FEEDS. CORN MEAL. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand or Sampled at: Water. Protein. Fat. Fiber. Retailer. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Ground by Retailer. C.Bond Charlton Billerica Norwood Brimfield Hingham or /o 18.97 20.54 20.07 20.71 23.95 20.99 15.75 21.33 18.13 20.60 20.62 19.78 22.92 19.30 18.39 20.11 18.02 20.05 21.00 22.92 16.75 20.12 % 7.98 7.95 8.67 8.36 8.00 8.95 8.99 7.99 7.98 7.B3 8.55 8.35 8.14 7.47 7.22 8.27 8.25 8.23 8.29 8.99 7.22 8.17 % % 3.49 3.00 3.21 3.38 2.94 2.58 2.75 2.61 3.47 2.72 2.14 3.68 3.08 1.00 1.65 3.10 2.19 1.97 3.60 3.68 1.00 2.77 % % 1.81 2.47 2.12 1.68 1.44 1.46 1.09 1.00 1.67 2.02 1.90 1.81 1.75 0.64 0.64 1.79 1.09 1.89 1.81 2.47 0.64 1.58 % E.E.Cole F. A. Fales&Co D. W. Foskett — Hingham GrainMill Co D. F. Howard . . . Bolted E.G. Packard . ... Brockton Amesbury . .... Warren Dighton Millia.. . Scott Grain Co Warren Grain Co J. Gushing & Co., Fitchburg, Mass. C.H.Smith Cutler Co.. North Wilbraham, Mass. - Thorne Bros J. O. Ellison & Co., Haverhill, Mass. Preble Bros. . . . Merrimac Orange Quincy Adams. — Elmore Milling Co., Oneonta, N. Y. A. D. Potter Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. F. H. Crane & Sons. W. Parlett — Taunton Natick W. Bridge water Dedham Mansfield Milling Co., Mansfield, Mass. Bliss & Co — Molett Grain Co., McClure, Ohio. AAA, Robinson & Jones Co . . . Narragansett Milling Co., E. Providence, G. S. Drake — Smith, Northam & Co., Hartford, Conn. J. F. Shine Highest Lowest, Average, GROUND OATS. Ground by Retailer. E. A. Cole F. A. Fales& Co. Whole Oats, . . W. G. Horton. . . . E. C. Packard . . . Ropes Bros E. A. Cowee, Worcester, Mass. I. J .Rowell Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Brockelman Bros. Average Housatonic . Norwood. . . Ipswich . . . . Brockton. . . Salem Pepperell . Clinton . 12.82 5.21 7.49 — 11.47 — 3.65 — 8.40 — 12.43 — 5.33 — 8.53 — 13.04 — 4.85 . — 9.38 12.69 5.52 8.01 - 11.59 — 4.46 — 9.48 11.82 4.94 9.81 — 12.27 — 4.85 — 8.73 13 RYE MEAL. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Sampled at: Protein. Fat. Fiber. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. J. Gushing & Co., Fitchburg, Mass. G. F. Wetherbee & Co. . E. C. Packard, Brockton. E. C. Packard Nathan Tufts & Son, Charlestown, Mass. Bunker Hill, I. Morton & Co Gardner Brockton Plymouth .... % 9.78 12.17 10.51 % % 1.87 1.91 1.72 % % 1.72 1.71 1.74 % HOMINY MEAL. Definition. Hominy meal, feed or chop is aby-product in the manufacture of hominy gritsfrom corn, and consists of the hull and corn germ together with a considerable portion of the corn starch. American Hominy Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Homco, G. F. Wetherbee Co . Homco C. A. Pierce Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Wm. Bavlies W. N. Potter Grain Co. Chas. M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Wirthmore, Eastern Grain Co . Wirthmore, C. A. Pierce . Gardner. Hinsdale . New Bedford Princeton. ... Bridgewater . Hinsdale . Wirthmore G. H. Reed ISo. Acton. Deutsch & Sickert Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Success Warren Grain Co Evans Milling Co., Indianapolis, Ind. J. A. Conners Hunter Robinson Wenz Milling Co.,St.Louis, Mo. Capital, Scott Grain Co . Capital, J. Shea Capital, Morse Bros. . . . Chas. A. Krause Milling Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Badger, J. O. Ellison & Co H. E. McEachron Co., Wausau, Wis. M. H. Rolfe Miner-Hillard Milling Co., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. McKenzie & Winslow. . . WorcesterHay&GrainCo. Patent Cereals Co., Geneva, N. Y. Warren . Maiden . Amesbury . . . Lawrence. . . . Southbridge . Haverhill . Newburyport . Fall River. Worcester . W. S. Harrington Adams. F. F. Woodward & Co. .Fitchburg. Patrons CoopAssociationiLowell . . . , 10.01 10.63 9.50 9.50 9.52 10.17 10.00 10.00 11.10 ..10.80 9.41 9.501 9.50 9.50 12.26 11.00 12.91 10.00 10.26 10.46 10.42 11.02 11.02 11.02 10.80 10.00 11.31 11.25 10.51 10.20 10.00 10.00 10.16 9.76 10.72. 10.00 10.00 10.00 7.31 7.00 7.38 7.00 7.08 7.00 7.67 7.00 8.17! 7.50 9.13 7.50 7.45 7.50 6.16 8.23 10.42 8.81 6.92 7.00 6.95: 8.00 7.43' 7.78 8.13 7.78 8.52 7.78 .00 .50 4.08 4.26 3.16 3.35 3.91 4.48 3.70 7.50| 3.20 7.501 2.66 7.00 7.00 4.00 4.00 5.48 4.00 4.78! 7.00 3.65 — 5.02 — 4.32 9.85 4.61 5.00 4.04 4.00 5.00 5.00 7.47| 7.00 3.89 5.00 7.73 7.00 3.19 5.00 8.10' 7.OOI 4.12 5.00 ♦Contains ground corn cob, not included in average. 14 HOMINY MEAL (Continued). Sampled at: Protein. Fat. Fiber. Muniitacturer or .loblcr, Bnuiil ;uul Retailer. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Standard Cereal Co., Chillicothe, Ohio. % 9.46 10.75 8.32 /o 11.50 9.30 7.00 /o 5.91 8.68 5.50 6.74 10.42 5.91 7.79 % 8.00 7 10 % 1.14 4 29 % 4 00 Suffern, Hunt & Co., Decatur, 111. Charlton Haverhill Lowell 10 00 Toledo Elevator Co., Toledo, Ohio. *Star Feed Haverhill Milling Co. . . . 5.50 10.36 5.50 10.41 — ' 5.48 — i 1.14 — 1 3 27 12.50 *Star Feed, E. E.McCauslin Highest 8.49| 7.00 12.911 — 9.41 — 10.55 — 12.50 PROVENDER. Definition. Provender is a mixture of straight corn and oats ground together. Protein. Fat. Fiber. Sampled at: Water. Retailer. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Ground by Retailer. C. Bond E A. Cole Charlton Hou.satonic .... Lowell Rockland Millbury Ware Warren Raynham Fitchbury 16.13 17.48 14.14 15.15 17.33 16.20 14.19 15.45 11.98 9.72 10.22 9.29 9.34 9.37 10.17 9.72 9.64 9.50 3.79 3.90 3.82 3.96 3.55 3.78 3.94 3.67 3.99 - 4.98 4.97 3.87 3.94 3.81 5.36 5.84 4.13 4.38 — J. B. Cover & Co A. Culver Co H. Houghton D F Howard — Warren Grain Co M. G.Williams F. F. Woodward - E. A. Cowee, Worcester, Mass. Xo.l. L.J.Rowell Pepperell 16.48 9.72 9.00 3.07 3.00 3.65 - Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 1-2 & 1-2 .... Brockelman Bros 1-2 & 1-2, .... Lenox Coal Co Corn and Oats, A. M . Haggart YellowProvender.A. M. Haggart Clinton Lenoxdale Franklin Franklin 16.57 16.23 16.32 17.00 8.45 9.29 8.74 7.44 9.00 7.00 3.55 4.52 3.27 2.71 4.00 • 4.00 3.85 3.39 3.05 4.90 - Imperial Grain & Milling Co., Toledo, O. Imperial, McKenzie & Winslow. . . Imperial, C. W. Bowker & Co. . . . Fall River Worcester — 9.65 9.19 10.00 10.00 4.05 4.72 4.50 4.00 3.25 2.93 5.00 5.00 Mollet Grain Co., McClure, Ohio. Corn and oat chop.W. Parlett Lee - 9.82 10.00 4.37 4.00 2.90 9.00 Smith, Northam & Co., Hartford, Conn. J. F.Ray Franklin 19.15 9.25 9.00 4.33 4.00 4.46 - 19.15 11.98 15.99 10.22 8.45 9.36 4.72 2.71 3.83 — 5.84 2.90 4.09 15 CORN AND OAT FEEDS. Definition. Corn and oat feeds are proprietary mixtures consisting largel.v of oat by-products and corn and con- tain less than 12 per cent protein, and usually from 8 to 15 per cent of fiber. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Protein. Fat. Fiber. Retailer. Sampled at: Water. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Amendt Milling Co., Monroe, Mich. % % % % % % Amco, RoUstone Grain Co Fitchburg 7.71 7.87 3.85 3.82 7.47 10.95 William C. Brett, North Abington, Mass. All Right W. C. Brett N. Abington. . . — 9.24 9.00 5.33 4.00 6.91 — A. H. Brown & Bros., Boston, Mass. Queen, Weld & Beck . Southbridge . . 8.96 10.00 5.68 4.00 9.70 Chapin & Co., Boston, Mass. Pi-arl A. W. Whittemore Worcester — 8,67 7.00 4.49 4.00 5.79 9.70 Chas. M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Wirthmore, . . Hoosac Val Coal & Gr Co — 10.11 9.00 6.12 4.00 7,59 J. Cushing & Co., Hudson, Mass. Hudson .J. Cushing & Co Hudson — 9.02 10.00 6.13 4.00 8.14 — Detroit Milling Co., Detroit, Mich. Ailrian, W. P. Barney . Seekonk — 7.44 9.50 3.07 5.00 8.45 3.00 F. W. Dorr Co., Newton Center, Mass. Matchless. F. W. Dorr Co Newton Center — 9.72 8.50 6.99 4.50 7.86 — Empire Mills, Olean, N. Y. XX Empire, P. Foisy New Bedford . — 8.28 7.63 4.38 3.97 6,58 J. B. Garland & Son, Worcester, Mass. . . Red Tag A, H. Houghton Red Tag A .J. B. Garland & Son. Red Tag B, Brown Bros Red Tag B, J. B. Garland & Son. Millbury Worcester Northbridge . . . Worcester 10.16 11.50 10.24 9.93 12.00 7.00 10.00 7.00 4.90 4.65 4.87 5.43 3.50 3.00 3.25 3.00 10.36 11.13 8.90 11.00 - Great Western Cereal Co., Chicago, 111. Boss G. F. Wetherbee Co. . . Sterling, E.J. Adams .... Sterling, E. A. Cowee .... Gardner Gt. Barrington. Jefferson — 8.54 10.42 9.98 8.00 10.00 10.00 4.66 4.32 3.50 3.50 4.00 4.00 10.72 7.13 7.60 9.00 9.00 8.00 W. H. HaskeU & Co., Toledo, Ohio. Haskells, Milford Gr Co Milford Taunton — 9.46 9.06 8.00 8.00 7.31 7.00 4.00 4.00 6.74 7.07 6.00 Haskells Bliss & Co 8.00 16 CORN AND OAT FEEDS (Continued.) Manufactuier or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. H. O. MUls, Buffalo, N. Y. Algrane Horse, . Algrane Horse, . N. E. S. F N. E. S. F .G.F.Green Coal Co... . S. L. Davenport & Son . S. L. Davenport & Son .Knight Grain Co Rusted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Husted Stock, W. C. Brett Imperial Grain and Milling Co., Toledo, Ohio. Corn, oat & barley chop H. K. Webster Co. . . Corn, oat & barley chop Mansfield Milling Co Corn, oat & barley chop W. Baylies Regal Mansfield Milling Co . . Kornfalfa Feed Milling Co., Kansas City, Mo. *KornfaIfa, McKenzie & Winslow. . *Kornfalfa, N. Adams Grain Co . . . Maiden Grain Co., Maiden, Mass. Excel Maiden Grain Co Marshall Mackel Co., Boston, Mass, Uniform, Jaquith & Co Uniform, A. N. Whittemore Meech & Stoddard Inc., Middletown, Conn. Korno-Oato, A. Milot & Son A. Milot & Son, Taunton, Mass. Milots, A. Milot & Son MoUett Grain Co., Frankfort, Ky. Park City Chop, J. Shea Park City Chop, Wm. Baylies. Noyes & Colby, Boston, Mass. New Era, Rollstone Grain Co Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111. Schumacher's, H. Houghton Scuhmacher's, G. S. Drake Schumacher's Special W. C. Witcher Schumacher's Special, Wallace Grain Co Schumacher's Special, WorcesterHay&GrainCo. Victor, Phillips Bates & Co Victor, A. F. Knight & Co White Diamond, Bedford Coal&GrainCo. . G. H. Reed, South Acton, Mass. Acton'sBest, G. H. Reed Toledo Elevator Co., Toledo, Ohio. Hexagon, A. N. Whittemore Sampled at: Campello N. Grafton . . . N. Grafton. . . Newburyport N. Abington . Lawrence Mansfield New Bedford . Mansfield Fall River N. Adams Maiden Woburn Worcester Taunton Taunton Lawrence New Bedford . Fitchburg Millbury W. Bridgewater Stoneham Clinton Worcester Hanover Hudson Bedford S. Acton Worcester Protein. Found. Guar Fat. Found. Guar % 10.12 10.51 10.59: 9.81 10.05 S.58 S.04 10.68 7.18 10.97 10.19: .62 8.39 9.19 5.56 8.93 9.67 9.28 8.97 10.84 10.59 9.14 9.54 9.37 8.41 7.15 7.95 9.15 8.41 % 12.00 12.00 9.00 9.00 8.00 12.00 11.00 10.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 8.00 8.00 10.00 10.00) 10.00! 9.25 9.25 9.25 7.50 7.50 8.00 10.00 6.00 % 4.38 4.60 4.89 5.83 6.55 3.20, 4.00 4.03, 2.90 2.61 3.69 2.84 4.23 4.37 1.79 3.19 6.56 7.47 6.74 3.63 3.58 3.96 4.08 3.61 4.42 3.19 3.30 6.30 5.08 % 4.50 4.50 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.70 3.70 3.70 3.50 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.50 3.60 4.00 4.00 5.00 Fiber. Found. Guar % 9. 9.43 8.12 12.85 7.10 12.33 13.53 14.07 13.96 12.22 10.94 8.50 5.81 5.54 16.05 5.57 5.53 7.03 .63 9.35 9.21 8.60 7.13 7.12 10.95 10.81 6.71 8.43 12.47 *Corn, oats and alfalfa. 17 CORN AND OAT FEEDS (Continued). Sampled at: Protein Fat Fiber. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. H. K. Webster Co., Lawrence, Mass. Royal, U.K. Webster Co Whitney Coal & Grain Co., N. Adams, Mass. Best, Whitney Coal & Grain Co. F. F. Woodward & Co., Fitchburg, Mass. Very Best, F. F. Woodward & Co . . Lawrence N. Adams Fitchburg % S.02 8.89 10.51 % 6.00 10.00 10.00 % 4.39 6.22 5.36 % 2.00 4.00 4.00 % 12.85 8.96 7.52 % FORTIFIED STARCHY FEEDS. Definition. Fortified starchy feeds are corn and oat feeds to which has been added one or more protein feeds in order to bring the protein content of the mi.xtiire to between 12 and 15 per cent protein. Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Horse, GrifTen Bros. Lexington Grain Co., Lexington, Mass. GoodValueHorse Feed, Lexington Grain Co. Alfalfa Horse Feed, . . . Lexington Grain Co. Purina Mills, St. Louis, Mo. Purina, Bowen & Fuller Fall River. [Lexington. Lexington Leominster , 12.32 10.00 5.01 4.00 9.01 12.85 12.24 9.00 11.00 5.53 5.29 3.00 3.00 6.39 8.50 12.65 12.50 4.40 4.00 12.21 .00 .00 ADULTERATED WHEAT FEEDS. Definition. Adulterated wheat feeds are wheat products to which has been added materialderi ved from some other source than wheat. Indiana Milling Co., Terre Haute, Ind. Holstein, IMcKenzie & Winslow. . . Fall River Holstein, .... Hathaway & McKenzie Grain Co. New Bedford . Jersey, A. Altman New Bedford . Jersey, A. E. Gilbert W. Brookfield . Sterling, Wallace Grain Co Clinton A. Waller & Co., Henderson, Ky. Blue Grass,. Blue Grass, . . E. A. Cowee ! Jefferson . . H. K. Webster Co Lawrence 10.40' 12.00 11.06 12.00 9.40 12,00, 10.68 12,00 10.00 lO.COi 11.51 9.68: 9.00 9.001 3.42 2.43' 2.73; 3.17, 3.21 3.05 2.65, 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00; H'SI' 15.00 }5-33 15 00 1^.13 15.00 16.34 15 00 13.26 14.00 2.00 15.10 15. CO 2.00, 14.90 15. CO DRIED BEET PULP. Definition. Dried beet pulp is the dried sugar beet residue obtained in the manufacture of beet sugar. Dominion Sugar Co., Wallaceburg, Ontario. I -\. .\ltman |New Bedford . . .Sprague it Williams ;.S. Fiamingham German-American Sugar Co., Bay City, Mich. PL K. Webster Co. Owosso Sugar Co., Lansing, Mich. W. P. Barney Lawrence . Seekonk. . Rock County Sugar Co., Janesville, Wis. J. B. Garland & Son. . . .Worcester. Average 7 7 55 58 8 93 8 34 11 56 8 79 00 0.84 0.73 0.50 16.61 17.65 00 0.66 0.50 18.26 00 0.43 0.50 18.40 00 0.40 0.50 18.31 0.61 17.85 20.00 20.00 20 CO 20.00 IS MISCELLANEOUS STARCHY FEEDS. Sampled at: Protein. Fat. Fiber. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. A. H. Brown & Bros., Boston, Mass. % % % % % % *Dried Grains H. A. Grossman Co . . . . Needham 12.57 10.00 3.65 2.50 15.25 — Chas. M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Oat Feed, J. B. Garland & Son. . . . Worcester 5.32 5.75 2.30 2.50 25.90 26.00 A. R. Bales, Boston, Mass. **Molassine Meal I. Morton & Co Plymouth 9.26 7.00 0.52 0.50 6.33 — Horton Milling Co., Ashtabula, Ohio. Buckwheat Feed .1. Shea Lawrence 12.87 12.70 3.02 2.63 29.47 34.21 Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. ***Germaline, A. Dodge & Sons Molasses Horse Feed, .A. M. Haggart Beverly Franklin 8.64 10.99 9.00 7.00 4.10 4.31 3.00 3.00 1.11 4.49 15.00 Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111. Flax Shives, . . . . H. W. Miller Pittsfield 9.11 — 4.75 — 32.91 *Said to be by-product from the manufacture of Mellen's Food. **Contained 21.82 % of water. ***Corn meal and molasses, contained 19.21 % of water. III. POULTRY FEEDS. MEAT SCRAPS. First Grade (over 45 per cent Protein.) I Butchers Rendering Co., Fall River, Mass. W. J. Meek 'Fall River. Geo. E. Marsh Co., Lynn, Mass. 1 A. Culver Co Rockland. . 54.38 45.57 N. E. Dressed Meat & Wool Co., Boston, Mass. Lexington Grain Co ... . Lexington 47. 81 M. L. Shoemaker, Philadelphia, Pa. W. P. Barney Seekonk 54. 90 Second Grade (below 45 per cent Protein.) Andrews & Spellman Co., Providence, R. I. Anchor, W. J. Meek Fall River ! 40.40 Greene Chicken Feed Co., Marblehead, Mass. Old Fashionetl Greene Chicken Feed Co Marblehead . . .j 35. 15 W. D. Higgins, South Framingham, Mass. J. F. Ray S. A. Meager & Co., Boston, Mass. F. H. Crane & Sons. Portland Rendering Co., Portland, Me. M. H. Rolfe Franklin . J. A. Torrey, Rockland, Mass. A. Culver Co. 38.98 Quincy Adams 43 . 69 Newburyport . . 39.95 Rockland ' 41.42 Ash. 40.00 12.40 10.00 20.98 45.00 13.10 10.00 30.43 53.00 14.61 10.00 26.76 55.00 15.83 10.00 18.55 40.00 13.03 8.00 35.48 40.00 14.55 10.00 30.72 40.00 20. 7S 12.00 25.13 40.00 15.02 15.00 29.94 40.00 13.15 8.00 37.10 40.00 23.95 15.00 22.47 19 MEAT AND BONE MEAL. Manufacturer or Jobber, lirand and Retailer. Sampled at: Protein. Fat. Ash. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Beach Soap Co., Lawrence, Mass. Star, Bowen & Fuller Leominster .... N. Grafton .... Newburyport. . Raynham /o 21.75 30.81 28.19 45.84 % 30.00 40.00 33.00 35.00 % 11.52 10.99 17.42 8.49 /o 10.00 5.00 10.00 8.00 % 56.22 41.86 42.46 35.95 % Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. S. L. Davenport & Son . Joseph Break & Sons, Boston, Mass. Knight Grain Co Swifts Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. ]\L G. Williams — BONE MEAL. American AgriculturalChemicalCo.,Boston,Mass. Potter & Co Athol 16.55 10.00 8.53 4.00 63.61 — Greene Chicken Feed Co., Marblehead, Mass. Coarse Ground Bone, Greene Chicken Feed Co Marblehead 24.26 — 1.85 — 54.55 — A. L. Warren, Northboro, Mass. Medfield 27.02 20.00 11.68 6.00 47.25 POULTRY MASH AND MEAL. Sampled at: Protein. Fat. Fiber. >Linufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Local Mixtures. Be.st of All Dry Mash . Bosworth & Son Morning Mash, N. E. Bryant & Co Perfect Dry Mash, . . J. B. Cover & Co Crescent Dry Ration, . E. A. Cowee Crescent Poultry Feed E. A. Cowee Eureka Dry Mash, . . H. A. Grossman Co Poultry Dry Mash. . . .R. W. Davies Fish Mash, Greene Chicken Feed Co. Growing Feed, Greene Chicken Feed Co. Mash Feed, Greene Chicken Feed Co. Poultry Mash S. B. Green & Co LexingtonPoultryMashLexington Grain Co ... . Mash Feed, Livingston Grain Co .... Poultry Hash Ropes Bros Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. I eominster .... Brockton Lowell Worcester Worcester Needham Greenfield Marblehead. . . . Marblehead. . . . Marblehead. . . . Watertown .... Lexington Lowell Danvers Fall River 18.83 19.14 14.54 22.12 14.94 20.23 18.74 11.12 11.78 7.84 22.86 23.99 13.84 15.76 20.14 17.68 14.00 15.00 20.00 15.00 20.00 18.00 12.00 12.00 11.00 20.00 18.00 10.00 18.00 4.87 5.35 5.53 4.77 4.12 4.72 3.67 2.28 3.24 2.50 6.26 3.38 4.25 4.87 5.31 5.85 5.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 5.00 5.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 5.00 3.50 3.00 4.00 8.30 7.03 3.08 6.09 6.05 6.93 9.04 4.20 4.46 3.70 4.49 4.52 8.23 8.65 3.62 5.00 20 POULTRY MASH AND MEAL.— (Continued). Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Chas. M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Wirthmore Growing Feed A. Culver Co Wirthmore Growing Feed H. A. Grossman Co. Wirthmore Growing Feed C. W. Bowker & Co Wirthmore Poultry Mash C. W. Bowker & Co E. A. Cowee. Worcester, Mass. Crescent Dry Ration .1. J. Rowell Growing Feed, I. J. Rowell. Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, 111. Queen Mash, Queen Mash, .J. F. Rav .F. A. Fales&Co. Green River Grain Co., Greenfield. A. D. Potter Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Laying Mash J. Lally Mystic Milling & Feed Co., Rochester, N. Y. Puritan Laying Mash, H. B. Howland . . . Park & Pollard Co., Boston, Mass. Dry ^Lash Fee 1, Conant & Co Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111. American McKenzie & Winslow, Purina Mills, St. Louis, Mo. Chicken Chowder, .... W. Parlett Ross Bros. Co., Worcester, Mass. Every Morning Mash C. L. Beals & Co. Shredded Wheat Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. .Shredded Wheat Waste W. G. Horton . . . Sampled at: Rockland. Needham . Worcester . Worcester . Pepperell . Pepperell . Franklin . Norwood . Orange. Mil ford . Spencer Littleton , Fall River. Lee Winchendon . Ipswich . Protein. Fat. Fiber. Found. Guar. Found. Guar % % 11.43 15.00 12.69 15.00 12.481 15.00 12.34 12.00 23.91 15.20 12.34 11.08 15.46 16.29 % % 20.00 12.00 11.00 11.00 16.46 15.00 24.30 23.00 22.42 17.39 19.09 19.44 10.99 2.97 2.91 2.45 3.78 4.31 4.64 3.49 3.53 3.80 Found. Guar 5.00 5.00 5.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 2.50 2.50 4.14 23.00 12.00 16.00 12.00 5.04 3.00 5.201 7.00 2.22, 3.00 5.73 3.50 4.29 2.50 % 3.66 4.20 3.61 7.77 5.86 3.52 6.52 6.69 .00 4. 82 7.11 6.05 3.83 7.43 4.72 3.50 8.90 2.72, 2.11 10.00 10.00 ,00 .00 11.50 CLOVER AND ALFALFA MEALS. Clarence S. Briggs, Fowler, Colorado. Alfalfa Mea', A. M. Haggart Franklin Milford 14,28 12,52 12,00 12.00 1.76 1.12 1.50 1.50 25.42 30.27 34.00 34.00 Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, 111. \lfalfa Meal Dennison Plummer Co. . New Bedford . 15.85 12.00 1.68 1.00 25.28 30.00 Thos. W. Emerson & Co., Boston, Mass. Cut Clover G. F. Greene Coal Co. . . Campello 9.53 12.00 1.68 2.00 24.13 — Russell Grain Co., Kansas City, Mo. Beverly Milford 13,27 18.26 12.00 12.00 1.13 1.39 1.50 1.50 30.15 22.10 25.00 SquareDealAlfalfaMeaQIilford Grain Co 25 00 21 DISCUSSION OF THE INSPECTION. Cottonseed Meal. Pages 6-7 I. Protein Feeds. Fifteen samples each of choice and prime meals and one sample of cottonseed feed are reported. None of the samples collected were particularly inferior and there was no decided variation between analysis and guarantee. Several prime meals were misbranded as choice. The difference in average fiber con- tent between choice and prime meals amounted to about 2 per cent which would indicate that prime meal may be simply a choice meal containing a larger percentage of hulls. As a source of protein in the dairy ration, cottonseed meal continues to be comparatively economical. Pound for pound, it fur- nishes about 11-2 times as much digestible protein as gluten feed and about three times as much as wheat bran. One sample of cottonseed feed collected contained about 24 per cent of protein and sold for $31 a ton. It has not much over 1-2 of the value of meal of good quality. Average Analyses and Retail Prices. High Grades Medium Grades 1 High and Me- (Choice) (Prime and Good; ). dium Grades. 1909. 1909. 1909. No. Samples, 32 21 53 Protein (per cent), 42.62 39.49 41.38 Fat (per cent), 8.60 8.23 8.46 Price a ton, $34.12 $32.55 $33.48 1910. 1910. 1910. No. Samples, 23 25 48 Protein (per cent), 42.35 39.14 41.51 Fat (per cent), 7.96 8.07 8.02 Price a ton. $37.43 $38.21 $37.32 1911. 1911. 1911. No. Samples, 15 15 30 Protein (per cent), 42.37 39.69 41.03 Fat (per cent). 8.38 8.07 8.23 Fiber (per cent), 6.86 8.54 7.70 Price a ton, $34.36 $33.84 $34.06 22 Two samples of New Process and eight sam- Linseed Meal. pies of Old Process linseed meal were collected . Page 8. The price asked was too high to render it an economical feeding stuff. The guarantee was practically maintained in every case. Average Analyses and Retail Prices. New Process. No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent). Fiber (per cent). Price a ton. No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent), Fiber (per cent). Price a ton. 1908. 6 35.09 3.28 1909. 5 37.35 3.37 $33.50 $36.00 Old Process. 1908. 1909. 9 11 34.94 35.89 6.73 6.22 $35.44 $36.81 1910. 5 37 . 96 2.50 $37.80 1910. 17 35.96 6.10 $40 . 65 1911. 2 39.95 2.70 7.20 $39.00 1911. 8 37.11 5 . 76 7.15 $40 . 50 But one sample of gluten feed, the Bay State, Gluten Feed. ran below its guarantee. This was not due to Page 8. adulteration but rather to the fact that more starch was left in this product than in other brands. Gluten feed is a com by-product resulting from the manu- facture of corn starch. It contains the corn gluten, some of the com germ and all of the hull or bran together with more or less corn starch and other similar bodies. In the past, in order to satisfy a popular prejudice, it has been colored yellow, a practice which is now happily falling into disuse. Gluten feed can be considered a satisfactory and economical feed when used as a component of rations for dairy stock. 23 Average Analyses and Retail Prices. No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent). Fiber (per cent), Price a ton. 1 900. 910. 1911. First Grade. Second Gr.ide. FiKSt Grade. Second Grade. All Samples. 50 5 33 6 11 26.52 21.83 25.22 20.91 25.77 2.81 4.63 3.17 6.00 3.35 — ■ — ■ 5.92 7.53 6.42 32.68 $32.00 $31.88 $33.33 $28.88 Distillers' Dried Grains. Page g. Seven samples of corn distillers' grains and five samples of rye grains were collected. The com grains contain about 30 per cent of pro- tein while the rye grains contain from 12 to 18 per cent. The corn grains have been on the market in New England for a number of years, while the rye grains have not, until the past sea- son, been extensively offered, having previously been exported. During the past season rye grains have been freely offered at $16 per ton in bags, wholesale, f. o. b. Boston points, which would be substantially $1 per hundred at retail. Such a price renders this article decidedly economical for northern feeders.* Average Analyses and Retail Prices. _ Corn Grains. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. No. Samples , 17 18 14 7 Protein (per cent), 30.21 30.54 29.67 30 17 Fat (per cen t), 8.25 11.69 11.16 11 84 Fiber (per cent). — — 12.24 11 .16 Price a ton, $32.89 $34.00 $33.73 $32 66 Rye Grains. 1911. No. Sampl< 3S, 5 Protein (per cent), 16.44 Fat (per cent). 6.35 Fiber (per cent), 13.62 Price a ton , $22.33 *For further information in regard to distille:s' grains, see Part II. of the Twenty-third Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, page 72. 24 But one sample of brewers' dried grains and Malt Sprouts five samples of malt sprouts were collected. and Brewers' Malt sprouts and brewers' dried grains are ex- Dried Grains. tensively used as components of molasses and Page 9. other proprietary feeds. In New England, brewers' grains are sold direct to nearby con- sumers undried. In the Middle West, the large brewers maintain drying plants where the product can be dried and then shipped to a distance, much of the product being exported. The brewers' grains and malt sprouts collected practically met their guarantees and were of good quality.* Average Analyses and Retail Prices. No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent), Fiber (per cent). Price a ton. Alalt Sprouts. 1908. 1909. 9 27.61 0.89 $26.75 13 26.88 1.08 ^27.67 8 26.72 1.01 12.58 27.81 1911. 5 26.14 1.01 12.98 26.50 Brewers' Grains. No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent), Fiber (per cent). Price a ton. 1909. 5 26.86 7.09 1910. 9 30.35 6.81 12.95 1911. 1 25.54 6.77 15.35 $29.75 $30.00 $27.00 Owing to a lack of funds the analysis of wheat Wheat by-products was not made. These products By- were given a cursory examination to deter- Products. mine if adulteration was being attempted. Be- yond the fact that some samples contained rather more added screenings than should be found in a first-class wheat feed, no adulteration was found. *For further information relative to these products, see the article "Distillery and Brewery By-products," Twenty-third Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experin.ent Station. 25 No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent), Price a ton, Average Analyses and Retail Prices. Wheat Middlings, Flour. 1908. 28 17. IG 4.69 $32.80 1909. 20 16.98 4.87 >33 . 56 1910. 18 18.82 5.12 45 Wheat Middlings, Standard. No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent), Price a ton, No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent). Price a ton, No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent), Price a ton. 1908. 1909. 47 43 17.14 17.53 5.09 5.29 $31.02 $30.04 Wheat Mixed Feed. 1908. 133 16.19 4.65 ;31.12 1909. 124 16.49 4.74 $30.17 Wheat Bran. 1908. 52 15.47 4.53 .40 1909. 38 15.92 4.57 $28.65 1910. 52 17.56 5.20 .94 1910. 163 16.97 4.71 $29.93 1910. 63 16.50 4.86 $28.68 1911. 7 yz.o( 1911. 30 17 1911. 76 .51 1911. 23 $28.30 Mixed proprietary feeding stuffs consisting of Dairy Feeds. several by-products and containing 15 or more Page 10. per cent protein are classified in this bulletin as dairy feeds. They are usually advertised as complete grain rations for dairy stock; a statement which is not always borne out by feeding practice. Experience has shown that in order to feed a balanced ration when the necessary amount of home-grown roughage is at hand, the grain ration should have the following qualifications : 1. It should be bulky, palatable and free from mould and rancidity. 2. It should contain from 20 to 25 per cent of protein. 26 3. It should not contain over 9 per cent of fiber. Seven pounds of such a mixture is a fair average amount for cows weighing 800 to 900 lbs., which are yielding 10 qts. of milk daily. For every two quarts of milk yielded in excess of this amount, the grain ration may be increased by one pound. The dairy feeds collected varied widely in composition, as will be seen by referring to the tables of analyses. Union grains. Unicorn and Wirthmore brands are generally found to be the most satisfactory of this class of feed stuffs. Bibby's Oil Cake Feed, an imported product, is comparatively expensive. It is doubtful if it has a much greater nutritive value than standard wheat middlings.* Buffalo Creamery Feed carried a fair percentage of protein, and rather more fiber — derived from oat hulls — than is economical. Algrane Milk Feed did not contain enough protein to be con- sidered a complete grain ration. Sugarota Milk Meal contained a large amount of malt sprouts, which would tend to render the mixture rather unpalatable. The Blue Ribbon Dairy Frecf exceeded its maximun guarantee in fiber. It was the only feed in this group that contained molasses, but on account of its high protein content was not placed with the molasses feeds. Molasses feeds usually consist of cereal grains Molasses Feeds, or their by-products, grain screenings, one or Pages lo-ii. more high grade concentrates and molasses. Owing to the fact that feeds of this character contain low grade by-products which would have little or no sale when unmixed with other material, manufacturers usually offer these goods at a price considerably below that ruling for standard feeding stuffs. Retailers frequently adopt the short-sighted policy of selling molasses feeds at such a price as to leave a wide margin of profit. When sold on their merits at a fair profit, they form a legitimate outlet for low grade material. Molasses feeds have im- proved considerably in composition and in consequent feeding value within the last few years. Many of them have their true composition attached in order to comply with the laws of other states, and the purchaser by noting the tag can usually inform *See 18th Annual Report of the Hatch Experiment Station, pp. 79-8.5. 27 himself as to the materials of which they are composed as well as their chemical composition. Five samples of calf meal are reported. They Calf Meals. are intended as a whole or partial milk sub- Page II. stitute for young calves. All of these meals wdll undoubtedly serve as a partial milk sub- stitute for calves intended for dairy purposes; it is not best to be- gin to feed them until about three weeks after birth. A satisfac- tory calf meal should be finely ground and composed of clean ma- terial free from taint or any noticeable amount of fiber. Pig Meal, manufactured by J. Bibby & Sons Miscellaneous of Liverpool, England, practically met its Feeds. guarantee. It is a proprietary mixture con- Page II. sisting of several concentrates. The retail price as given by the agent was $2.75 a hun- dred. It is believed that fully as satisfactory a ration could be made of domestic products, and at a more economical figure. Maizo Oil Meal appeared to be a corn product quite similar in appearance to hominy feed, but containing rather more of the corn germ. It is a desirable article. Oil Cake Feed for Horses is an imported product sold at a price in excess of its comparative feeding value. Ropes' Horse Feed,^put up and sold only by the manufacturer, was composed of satisfactory by-products and at the price asked could not be considered expensive. II. Starchy (Carbohydrate) Feeds. Nineteen samples of corn meal were collected. Com Meal. Many of these did not consist of the entire Page 12. ground grain, but were more in the nature of by-products derived from the manufacture of table meals and cracked corn. From other samples a considerable portion of the bran and germ had been removed. While such meals are more attractive in appearance, they cannot be considered of any greater feeding value than meals made from the entire grain. The high moisture content of the meals collected is worthy of note; the average for the nineteen samples being over 20 per cent. This can be explained by the fact that at the time the samples were 1909. 1910. 1911. 41 51 19 S.S5 8.55 8.17 3.59 3.81 2.77 1.8S 1.84 1.58 iO.79 $29.28 $24.10 28 drawn (Jan. — Feb.) new com was just coming into the market. The water content of meals made from old corn and collected dur- ing the present autumn will be determined with a view to ascer- taining the difiference in water content due to the drying out of the corn as the season advances. If dealers carry corn during the win- ter months which contains an excessive amount of water, it is not surprising that a great deal of trouble is experienced through heat- ed meal as the weather grows warmer. Average Analyses and Retail Prices. No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent), Fiber (per cent). Price a ton, Ground Oats. Several samples of ground oats and rye meal Rye Meal. were collected, examined and found to be free Pages 12-13. from adulteration. Hominy meal, feed, or chop is a pure corn by- Hominy Meal. product usually made from white corn, al- Pages 13-14 though yellow hominy is occasionally found. It has substantially the same feeding value, and can be substituted for corn meal whenever the latter can be used to advantage. It contains slightly more protein and more fiber and fat than clear com and correspondingly less starchy matter. Hominy meal, when fed with oats, constitutes a very satisfactory ration for horses. The twenty-three samples collected were of good quality and practically met their guarantees. Star Feed cannot be properly classed with hominy feed as it is an admixture of hominy feed and ground corn cob. This fact is, however, clearly stated on the attached tag and no one need be mis- led as to its true composition. Its feeding value is less than that of the straight feed. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 47 51 ()2 21 10.20 11.21 10.29 10.55 7.79 8.61 7.94 7 . 79 — — 4.21 3 . S7 29 Average Analyses and Retail Prices. No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent), Fiber (per cent). Price a ton, $31.SS $31.72 -130.13 .$2().()2 Provender is a local name for mixtures of pure Provender. corn and oats ground together in varying pro- Page 14. portions. All samples collected proved to be free from adulteration, but in many instances the moisture content proved rather high, due, no doubt, to the quality of the corn used. Under this heading are grouped proprietary Com and Oat mixtures usually consisting of some inferior Feeds. by-product such as oat feed together with Pages 15-17. com and possibly small amounts of high grade protein concentrates in order to make them more saleable. They are extensively advertised and sold un- der attractive trade names. They can in no way be considered as balanced grain rations for dairy cows, but if clean and sweet give fair satisfaction as an oat substitute for horses. If used at all for milch cows, it should be as a component part of a grain ration containing cottonseed meal, gluten feed or other high protein feed stuff. Many samples contained an excessive amount of fiber which tends to materially lower their digestibility and consequent feeding value. The feeding stuffs found in this group are Adulterated simply wheat by-products containing a con- Wheat Feeds. siderable proportion of ground corn cobs. The Page 17. average price for wheat mixed feeds at the time of the collection was made was $29.51 per ton; that of the adulterated wheat feeds was $26.43 per ton. Figuring on the digestible matter contained in these two classes of feed, if straight wheat feed is worth $29.50 per ton, the adulterated product would be worth about $25 a ton. Do not buy the adulter- ated article! 30 Dried beet pulp, the dried residue from beet Dried sugar factories, may or may not contain the Beet Pulp. residual molasses. The greater part of that Page 17. found in the Massachusetts markets does not contain molasses. The amount offered for sale appears to be on the increase. Beet pulp should be moistened before feeding and can be considered a satisfactory though not eco- nomical substitute for silage, roots or other succulent home-grown feeds.* Miscellaneous Dried Grains, put out by A. H. Brown & Bros. Starchy Feeds. are said to be the dried cereal residue result- Page 18. ing from the manufacture of Mellen's Food. Oat Feed, of which but one sample is reported, cannot be said to have a feeding value equal to good English hay. Molassine Meal consisted of molasses and an unidentified ab- sorbent. It contained about 22 per cent of water. Buckwheat Feed. The sample collected contained 12.,S7 per cent protein and nearly 30 per cent fiber. The high fiber content indicates a large excess of hulls and makes it an undesirable feeding stuff. Buckwheat middlings with about 25 per cent protein and some 10 per cent fiber is a decidedly more desirable article. Germalinc is simply a mixture of corn meal and molasses. The sample collected contained about 19 per cent water. Molasses Horse Feed according to its guarantee contained corn, oats, oat clippings, middlings, molasses and salt. At the price asked, $26 a ton, it could not be considered expensive. Flax Skives. The sample reported had about the same com- position as overripe English hay. It consisted of ground flax stalks and pods and is quite indigestible and unsatisfactory for feeding purposes. III. Poultry Feeds. Meat Scraps. A good grade of scraps should Animal be free from taint, should be ground moderate- By-Products. ly coarse, and should not contain an excess of Pages 18-19. ash or fat. Meat scraps are sometimes made from diseased animals. While disease germs *See special article on "Dried Beet Residue," by Dr. Lindsey in Part II of 22d Annual Re- port of this station, pp. 21-26. 31 harbored in meat of this character are probably killed by thorough cooking, it is felt that meat scraps should be so tagged as to indicate their source. As reported, they are divided into two groups; (a) those con- taining over 45 per cent and (b) less than 45 per cent protein. The difference in protein content is due largely to the amount of bone present. As scraps are purchased and fed largely on account of their meat or protein content, other things being equal, the prefer- ence should be given to those brands containing the highest per- centage of protein. Meat and Bone Meal. But four samples are reported. Those of the Beach Soap Co. and Bowker Fertilizer Co. fell noticeably be- low their guarantees. This is not usually the case, and it would be an injustice to these firms to state that these samples represented the average output. The manufacture and sale of prepared poultry Poultry Mashes mashes appears to be growing rapidly. Most and Meals. of those offered do not contain ingredients Pages 19-20. that cost over $1.60 per hundred, they usually sell for SI. SO to $2. It is economy for the poultry man to study the needs of his fowls and to purchase and mix the in- gredients himself. The chick and scratching grains collected were Chick and Scratch- not analyzed, as these feeds consisting as they ing Grains. do largely of whole or cracked grains, can be readily examined by the purchaser and the presence of an excessive amount of weed seeds, grit or other unde- sirable material easily detected. Most of these mixtures will prob- ably prove satisfactory although home mixtures will prove some- what cheaper. Where poultry is kept on the farm, home-grown grain, especially com, should be utilized. A mixture consisting of one-half cracked corn, one-fourth wheat and one-fourth barley or oats will make a satisfactory ration. The alfalfa meal collected showed a wide va- Alfalfa and riation in fiber content. Finely cut rowen. Clover Meals. home-grown clover cut in the bud and moist- Page 20. ened with hot water, roots or cabbage will fur- nish vegetable matter more economically. When it is necessary to purchase, preference should be given to those brands which contain the smallest amount of fiber. 32 •a3r!j8AY ct3 O fin 13 P I — I o o o o O M Pi ^^ c — ' c cc J-^ Oi ■— ' ~^ M c O oj O Or;:;! &^ 5^ "*^ cc -ti "t; -t^ — ' ~ -^ C d 3 K' rt Q c c 3 2 P ^1; ■3 >■. ijxjo'A';^ BULLETIN No. 140. DECEMBER 1911. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. INSPECTION OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS BY H. D. HASKINS, L. S. WALKER, J. F. MERRILL and R. W. RUPRECHT. This bulletin gives a detailed report of the fertilizer inspection for 191 1. It gives the full text of the new fertilizer law recently enacted, states the number of fertilizers inspected, gives trade values of fertilizer ingredients, provides a summary showing aver- age composition of unmixed fertilizing material as well as pound cost of each element of plant food furnished. Special attention is called to commercial shortages existing in both unmixed fertilizing materials and mixed goods. Particular emphasis is laid upon the economy of purchasing only high grade fertilizers. A summary table shows the general standing of each manufacturer's brands. A discussion is made of the quality of plant food found present in the mixed goods, particularly with reference to the activity of the organic nitrogen. Tables of analyses give the detailed composition of all fertilizers sold in the state. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. AMHERST, MASS. COMMITTEE ON EXPERIMENT STATION. Charles H. Preston, Chairman, J. Lewis Ellsworth, Arthur G. Pollard, Charles E. Ward, Harold L. Frost, The President of the College, ex officio. The Director of the Station, ex officio. STATION STAFF. William P. Brooks, Ph.D., Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D., George E. Stone, Ph.D., Frank A. Waugh, M. Sc, J. E. Ostrander, C. E., James B. Paige, D. V. S., Henry T. Fernald, Ph.D., Fred C. Sears, M. Sc, Burton N. Gates, Ph.D., Edward B. HoUand, M. Sc, Fred W. Morse, M. Sc, Henri D. Haskiiis, B. Sc, Philip H. Smith, M. Sc, Henry J. Franklin, Ph.D., Edwin F. Gaskill, B. Sc, George H. Chapman, M. Sc, E. A. Larrabee, B. Sc, Lewell S. Walker, B. Sc, James C. Reed, B. Sc, Joseph F. Merrill, B. Sc, Clement L. Perkins, B. Sc, R. W. Ruprecht, B. Sc, J. K. Shaw, Ph.D., D. W. Anderson, B. Sc, Arthur I. Bourne, B. A., James T. Howard, James R. Alcock, Harry L. Allen, R. N. Hallowell, Director and Agriculturist. Vice- Director and Chemist. Botanist. Horticulturist. Meteorologist. Veterinarian. Entomologist. Pomologist. Apiarist. Associate Chemist (Research Sec). Research Chemist (Research Sec). Chemist in Charge (Fertilizer Sec). Chemist in Charge (Feed and Dairy Sec). Assistant Entomologist (Cranberry In- vestigations). Assistant Agriculturist. Assistant Botanist. Assistant Botanist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Horticulturist. Assistant in Horticulture. Assistant in Entomology. Inspector. Assistant in Animal Nutrition. Assistant in Laboratory. Observer. Annual reports and bulletins on a variety of subjects are pub- lished. These are sent free on request to all interested in agricul- ture. Parties likely to find publications on special subjects only of interest will please indicate these subjects. Correspondence or constiltation on all matters affecting any branch of our agriculture is welcomed. Communications should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. DEPARTMENT OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CHEMISTRY. J. B. LiNDSEY, Chemist. INSPECTION OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS FOR THE SEASON OF 1911. By H. D. Haskins, Chemist in Charge. Assisted by L. S. Walker, J. F. Merrill* and R. W. RuPRECHT.f The fertilizer inspection work for the year has been carried on under the old fertilizer law as amended in 1907 (Chapter 289.) December 1, 1911, a new fertiHzer law went into effect, the full text of which is herewith given. AN ACT TO REGULATE THE SALE OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS. (Chapter 388, 1911.) Be it enacted, etc., as follows : Section 1. No commercial fertilizer shall Statements to be be sold or offered or exposed for sale in this printed on label commonwealth without a plainly printed accompanying the label accompanying it, displayed in the man- fertilizer, ner hereinafter set forth, and truly stating the following particulars : — 1. The niimber of pounds of the fertilizer sold or offered or exposed for sale. 2. The name, brand or trademark under which the fertilizer is sold, and, in the case of agricultural lime, its particular form. 3. The name and principal address of the manufacturer, im- porter or other person putting the fertilizer on the market in this commonwealth . 4. The minimimi percentage of each of the following constit- uents which the fertilizer may contain : (a) nitrogen, (b) phosphoric acid soluble in distilled water, (c) available phosphoric acid, (d) total phosphoric acid, (e) potash soluble in distilled water; except that in the case of undissolved bone, untreated phosphate rock, tankage, pulverized natural manures, the ground seeds of plants, and wood ashes, when sold unmixed with other substances, the minimum percentage of total phosphoric acid therein may be stated in place of the percentages of soluble and available phosphoric acid ; and except that in the case of agricultural lime the label shall truly ♦Resigned December 1, 1911. tMr. James C. Reed assisted in the work for three months, beginning September 1st. Note: The writer wishes to acknowledge valuable suggestions and criticisms offered by Dr. J. B. Lindsey relative to the subject matter of this bulletin. state the follovi-ing: (a) rainimuin and maximum percentage of total lime, (b) minimum and maximiun percentage of total magne- sia, (c) minimum percentage of lime and magnesia combined as carbonates, (d) minimtun percentage of lime sulphate in g}-psum or land plaster. 5. If any part of the nitrogen contained in the fertiHzer is de- rived from pulverized leather, raw, roasted or steamed ; or from un- treated hair, wool waste, peat, garbage tankage, or from any inert material whatsoever, the label shall truly state the specific material or materials from which such part of the nitrogen is derived. Section 2. When any fertilizer is sold or of- Conceming attach- fered or exposed for sale in packages, the label ment of label. shall be affixed in a conspicuous place on the outside thereof. "When any fertilizer,other than the product of gas-houses, known as gas-house lime, is offered or ex- posed for sale in bulk the label shall be affixed in a conspicuous place to the bin or other enclosure in which the fertilizer is con- tained but need not state the number of pounds thereof. And when any fertilizer other than gas-house lime aforesaid is sold in bulk the label shall be affixed in a conspicuous place to the car or other vehicle in which the fertilizer is shipped or delivered and shall state the nimiber of pounds thereof. When any fertilizer is sold in packages fiimished by the purchaser the seller shall furnish the labels therefor. Section 3. The provisions of the printed Definition of guar- label required by this act relating to the con- anteed analysis ; stituents contained in any fertilizer shall be Wagner method to- known and recognized as the guaranteed an- be used for alysis of such fertilizer, and the available phosphatic slag. phosphoric acid in basic phosphatic slag shall be stated in the label thereof on the basis of the results of an analysis by the Wagner Method, so-called, until such time as the Association of Official Agriciiltural Chemists of North America shall adopt a method of analysis for basic phosphat- ic slag, after which the available phosphoric acid shall be stated on the basis of an anah'sis by the method of said association. Section 4. Any manufacturer, importer, Definition of viola- or other person selling or offering or exposing tion of previous for sale in this commonwealth a commercial sections. fertilizer or brand of commercial fertilizer, any constituent part of which is of a smaller percentage than it is stated to be in the label of said fertilizer, and any maniifactiu-er, importer, or other person selling or offering or exposing for sale in this commonwealth a fertilizer or brand of fer- - ofer or <3rose fc-r :T^ Agncciiniral Ex- ac" fen: TO. the 'Z:rr;":r .: :_ xxcgi tirior to ihe nrsr 6sr The: j-TQi ■ »=rr^r _ .=^ -O .; li ■ --e ^P.!- If ^ r- faj of -rT t:e_- _ __ -1"^^T— - ■:£ Trie label. Xc S^CJ-L. Ol nr rv 1^-^— ar son mav oifer or esr.: i-. ; . : _>.-_ _^ :_; .^v^ _ . . moawealTh. Tipon r?T-^g a cer" ^ -J as a5jrei ThsTeoi and paying The fr:II -- - ----- fee -'\'' oTbe- rerson shAlT be obliged tc nLe a copy analysis fee for. any brand of f errfliie" f . ' ^ - : ~ of The !"be! hss beei nled and The 2n2l"-?ii : t the '"--." ■ - - - hnporre- of ? : - . ' rector of The Massacfeserrs A^- -_ EsrtsrhneiT STaTi-jti a false copy .of The prinTed label of iJi: : ' ' " :' ferril- izer shall re deened to have cotnmiTT . .i j: . Sectiox 6- Wr i copy Director TO issae of The label of an --—__:-: ; _ _j^beei Tnrai E: : STSTion shall ssce or canse 6 to be issued a certificate to that effect ; and the certificate shall be deemed to authorize the sale in this commonwealth, in compliance with this act, of the brand of fertilizer for which the certificate is issued up to and including the thirty-first day of December of the year for which it is issued. Section 7. Every commercial fertilizer and Collection and brand of commercial fertilizer sold or of- analysis of samples fered or exposed for sale in this common- and publication of wealth shall be subject to analysis by the di- results. rector of the Massachusetts Agricultural Ex- periment Station or by his duly designated deputy or deputies. And the said director is hereby authorized and it is made his duty to make or cause to be made in each year one or more analyses of every fertilizer and brand of fertilizer sold or offered or exposed for sale in this commonwealth, and to collect the annual analysis fee provided for by section five of this act. The said director, his inspectors and deputies, are further author- ized to enter upon any premises where any commercial fertilizer is sold or offered or exposed for sale to ascertain if the provisions of this act are complied with, and to take samples for analysis as pro- vided for by this act. The analysis of all fertilizers shall be made by the methods adopted by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists of North America, except that basic phosphatic slag may be analyzed by the Wagner Method, so-called, until a method of analysis therefor is adopted by said association. The said director shall have the right to publish or cause to be published in reports, bulletins, special circulars or otherwise, the results obtained by said analyses, and in connection therewith shall, in each case, state the cost of equivalent amoiuits of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash in unmixed materials when bought for cash on the market at retail. Said reports, bulletins, circulars, or other publications shall also contain such additional information in relation to the character, composition, value and use of the fertilizers analyzed as the said director in his discretion may see fit to include. The said director may at any time make or cause to be made for any person a free analysis of any commercial fertilizer or brand of commercial fertilizer sold or offered or exposed for sale in this com- monwealth, but he shall not be obliged to make such free analysis or to cause the same to be made, unless the samples therefor are taken and submitted in accordance with the rules and regulations which may be prescribed by him. The results of any analysis made in accordance with the provisions of this act, except a free analysis as aforesaid, shall be sent by the director to the person named in the printed label of the fertilizer analyzed at least fifteen days be- fore any publication thereof. Section 8. All samples of commercial fer- Sampling tilizers taken for analysis shall be of not less of fertilizers. than substantially one and one-half pomids in weight, and every sample shall be taken, \vhene\'er the circumstances conveniently permit, in the presence of the person selling or offering or exposing for sale the fertilizer sampled, or of a representative of such person. Broken packages shall not be sampled, and all samples shall be taken from substan- tially ten per cent of the fertilizer to be sampled, except that in the case of a fertilizer sold or offered or exposed for sale in bulk ten single samples shall be taken from as many different portions of the lot. All samples taken shall be thoroughly mixed and divided in- to two nearly equal samples, placed in suitable vessels, and marked and sealed. Both shall be retained by the director, but one shall be held intact by him for the period of one year at the disposal of the person named in the label of the fertilizer sampled. Section 9. Any person hindering or ob- Penalty for ob- structing the director of the Massachusetts structing director or Agricultural Experiment Station, or any in- deputy. spector or deputy of the said director, in the Prosecutions at discharge of the authority or duty conferred discretion of direc- or imposed by any provision of this act and tor. any person violating any provision of sec- tions one, two, three, four and five of this act shall be fined not less than fifty dollars and not more than two hundred dollars for each offence. It shall be the duty of the said director to see that the provisions of this act are complied with, and he may, in his discretion, prosecute or cause to be prosecuted any person violating any provision of this act. But no complaint based upon an analysis of samples shall be made for any such vio- lation, if the samples were taken otherwise than as provided in this act. And no complaint shall be made for failure of any fertilizer or brand of fertilizer to meet the guaranteed analysis thereof if the analysis of such fertilizer made by the director, or by his deputy or deputies, shows the amounts of the constituents thereof to be substantially equivalent to the percentages stated in the label of the fertilizer. Section 10. All fees collected by the direc- Analysis fees tor of the Massachusetts Agricultural Ex- turned over to periment Station imder the provisions of treasurer. this act shall be turned over by him to the Accounts to be treasurer of the said station, and the amounts audited. received and disbursed shall be kept in a separate account, and shall be audited and reported, as are other moneys placed in charge of the trustees of 8 the Massachusetts Agricultural College. The money collected under the provisions hereof shall be used under the authority of the said director to meet the expenses incurred in carr^^ng out the provisions of the act, and should there be a surplus, the surplus shall be used in the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment vSta- tion, under the authority of its director, for experiments and re- search relative to soils, fertilizers and manures. Section 11. In this act unless the context Definition of terms, or subject-matter otherwise requires, "Agricultural lime" includes all the various forms of lime intended or sold for fertilizing purposes. "Available phosphoric acid" means the sum of the soluble and reverted phosphoric acid, except that, as applied to basic phos- phatic slag, the tenii "available phosphoric acid" shall mean that part of the phosphoric acid made soluble by the Wagner Method, so-called, until such time as the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists of North America shall adopt a method for basic phos- phatic slag, after which it shall mean that part of the phosphoric acid made soluble by the method of said association. "Brand" means any commercial fertilizer distinctive by reason of name, trademark or guaranteed analysis or by any method of marking. "Commercial fertilizer" includes every natural or artificial manure containing nitrogen or phosphoric acid or potash or lime, except the excrements and litter from domestic animals when sold in their natural state ; but dried or partly dried manure, pulverized or ground, shall be included as a commercial fertilizer. "Copy" means certified copy. "Fertilizer "means commercial fertilizer. "Importer" means a person who procures for sale in this com- monwealth commercial fertilizers made in other states or countries. "Label" means printed label. "Lime" means calcium oxide (CaO). "Magnesia" means magnesium oxide (MgO). "Packages" includes sacks and bags and all other receptacles. "Person" includes a corporation or partnership or two or more persons having a joint or common interest. "Phosphoric acid" means phosphoric anhydrid (P2O0.) "Potash" means potassium oxide (K2O). Section 12. Sections eleven to seventeen inclusive of chapter fifty-seven of the Revised Laws and chapter two hundred and eighty-nine of the acts of the year nineteen hundred and seven are hereby repealed. Section 13. This act shall take effect on the first day of De- cember in the year nineteen hundred and eleven. (Approved. May 4, 1911.) Remarks on the Law. A comparison of the new law with the one which is superseded shows a number of essential differences, among the most important of which may be mentioned : 1. The provisions for the inspection and analysis of the vari- ous brands of agricultural lime. 2. The requiring of a statement of available phosphoric acid in basic slag phosphate, based upon an analysis made by the Wag- ner Method. 3. The payment of an analysis fee of $8.00 for each ingredient, nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid, in place of $5.00 as required in the old law; also an analysis fee of $12.00 for each brand of agricultural lime. The increase in income due to the pa^Tnent of a larger analysis fee will enable the Station to make a more exten- sive and complete collection of fertilizer samples and likewise pro- vide for a study of the availability of the organic nitrogen. 4. The filing of a certified copy of the label and the payment of the insp8ction fee on all fertilizer materials on or before Jan- uary 1st, instead of May 1st as formerly. 5. The taking of duplicate samples one of which is to be held intact by the Station for one year at the disposal of the manufac- turer or the person responsible for placing the article upon the market. It was believed that the samples thus cared for would be more easily available if wanted than when left with the agent who, in many cases is likely to be careless in this respect. Manufacturers and Brands. During the year, 88 manufacturers, importers and dealers, including the various branches of the trusts, have secured certifi- cates for the sale of 492 different brands of fertilizer, agricultural chemicals and raw products in the Massachusetts markets. In- spection fees have been paid on twenty-seven more brands than during the previous year. These brands may be classed as follows: Complete fertilizers ..... 332 Fertilizers furnishing phosphoric acid and pot- ash ...... . 10 Ground bone, tankage and dry ground fish 53 Chemicals and organic nitrogen compounds 97 492 Following will be found a list of those who have recorded their goods for sale in Massachusetts for the season of 1911, together with the name of each brand : 10 W. H. Abbott, Holyoke, Mass. Abbott's Aiiiiual Fertilizer, Abbott's Tobacco Fertilizer, Abbott's Onion Fertilizer, Abbott's Eagle Brand. The American Agricultural Chemical Co., 92 State St., Boston, Mass. Bradley's Niagara Phosphate, Bradley's EcHpse Phosphate for All Crops, Bradley's Columbia Fish and Potash, Bradley's Corn Phosphate, Bradley's Potato Fertilizer, Bradley's Seeding Dowti Manure, Bradley's XL Superphosphate of Lime, Bradley's Potato Manure, Bradley's Complete Manure for Corn and Grain, Bradley's Complete Manme for Top Dressing Grass and Grain, Bradley's English Lawn Fertilizer, Bradlej-'s Complete Manure for Pota- toes and Vegetables, Bradley's Complete IVIanure with 10% Potash, Bradley's High Grade Fertilizer with 10% Potash, Clark's Cove Bay State Fertilizer, Clark's Cove Bay State Fertilizer, G. G. Clark's Cove Potato Manure, Clark's Cove Great Planet Manure, Clark's Cove Potato FertiHzer, East India A. A. Ammoniated Super- phosphate, Cumberland Superphosphate, Cimiberland Potato Fertilizer, Crocker's Potato, Hop and Tobacco Phosphate, Church's Fish and Potash "D", Northwestern Empire Special ISIanure, Darling's General Fertilizer, Darling's Farm Favorite, Darling's Potato Manure, DarHng's Potato and Root Crop Ma- nure, Darling's Complete 10% Maniu-e, Darling's Blood Bone and Potash, Farquhar's Vegetable and Potato Fer- tilizer, Farquhar's Lawn and Garden Dressing, Farquhar's Pui-e Ground Bone, Great Eastern Garden Special, Great Eastern Northern Corn Special, Great Eastern Vegetable, Vine and Tobacco, Great Eastern General, Pacific Potato Special, Pacific High Grade General, Soluble Pacific Guano, Packer's Union Gardeners' Complete Manure, Packer's Union Animal Corn Fertilizer, Packer's Union Potato Manure, Quinnipiac Corn Manure, Quinnipiac Potato Phosphate, Quinnipiac Potato Manure, Quinnipiac ]\Iarket Garden Manure, Quinnipiac Phosphate, Read's Standard Superphosphate, Read's Practical Potato Special, Read's Farmers' Friend Superphos- phate, Read's Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer, Read's High Grade Farmers' Friend Superphosphate, Standard Guano for all Crops, Standard Fertilizer, Standard Special for Potatoes, Standard Complete Manure, \\Tieeler's Corn Fertilizer, ^ATieeler's Potato Manure, Wheeler's Havana Tobacco Grower, A. A. C. Co.'s Grass and Oats Fertilizer, WilHams & Clark's Americus Potato Manure, Williams & Clark's Americus Ammoni- ated Bone Superphosphate, Williams & Clark's Potato Phosphate, WiUiams & Clark's Americus High Grade Special for Potatoes and "\'egetables, WiUiams & Clark's Prolific Crop Pro- ducer, Williams & Clark's Royal Bone Phos- phate for all Crops, Williams & Clark's Americus Corn Phosphate, Genuine German Kainit, Dissolved Bone Black, Plain Superphosphate, Thomas Phosphate Powder (Basic Slag), Tankage, Muriate of Potash, High Grade Sulfate of Potash, Nitrate of Soda, Sulfate of Ammonia, Double Manure Salt, Ground Untreated Phosphate'Rock, Fine Ground Bone, Dry Ground Fish, High Grade Fertilizer with 10% Pot- ash, 11 Grass & Lawn Top Dressing, Tobacco Starter and Grower, Special Grass and Garden Mixture, American Cotton Oil Co., 27 Beaver St., New York City. Choice Cottonseed Meal, Prime Cottonseed Meal. Armour Fertilizer Works, 930 Equit- able BIdg., Baltimore, Md. Grain Grower, AU Soluble, Market Garden, Complete Potato, Fish and Potash, Ammoniated Bone with Potash, High Grade Potato, Bone, Blood and Potash, Fruit and Root Crop Special, Onion Special, Special Value, Bone Meal, Nitrate of Soda, • Muriate of Potash, R. T. Prentiss' Top Dressing, R. T. Prentiss' Potato and Vegetable, R. T. Prentiss' Corn Fertilizer, Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Stock Exchange Bldg., Baltimore, Md. Rawson & Hodge's Potato Mixture, Rawson & Hodge's Garden Fertilizer, Rawson & Hodge's Peerless Brand, Rawson & Hodge's Corn and Grain, Fine Ground Bone, Atlantic Dissolved Phosphate, Atlantic Nitrate of Soda, Atlantic Muriate of Potash, Baltimore Pulverizing Co., Baltimore, Md. Market Garden, Qualitj' Brand, Beach Soap Co., Lawrence, Mass. Beach's Top Dressing Fertilizer, Beach's Seeding Down FertiHzer, Beach's Market Garden Fertilizer, Beach's Advance FertiHzer, Beach's Reliance Fertilizer, Beach's Lawn Dressing, Beach's FertiHzer Bone. Berkshire FertiHzer Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Long Island Special, Grass Special, Tobacco Special with Carbonate of Potash, Complete FertiHzer, Potato and Vegetable Phosphate, Ammoniated Bone Phosphate, Economical Grass Fertilizer, Complete Tobacco Fertilizer. Charles M. BoUes, East PeppereU, Mass. NissittLssit Brand. Bowker Fertilizer Co., 43 Chatham St., Boston, Mass. Bowker's Highly Nitrogenized Mix- ture, Bowker's Blood, Bone and Potash, Bowker's Complete AikaHne Tobacco Grower with Sulfate Potash, Bowker's Early Potato Manure, Bowker's Lawn and Garden Dressing, Bowker's Onion FertiHzer (Potash from Sulfate), Bowker's Market Garden FertiHzer, Bowker's Potato and Vegetable Fertil- izer, Bowker's Soluble Animal FertiHzer, Bowker's High Grade FertiHzer, Bowker's Cranberry Phosphate, Bowker's Corn, Grain and Grass, Bowker's Fish and Potash, Square Brand, Bowker's HHl and DrtU Phosphate, Bowker's Potato and Vegetable Phos- phate, Bowker's.Farm and Garden Phosphate, Bowker's Corn Phosphate, Bowker's Bone and Wood Ash FertiH- zer, Bowker's Bristol Fish and Potash, Bowker's Ammoniated Food for Flow- ers, Bowker's 10% Manm-e, Bowker's Sure Crop Phosphate, Bowker's Potash Bone, Bowker's Gloucester Fish and Potash, Bowker's Tobacco Ash Elements, (Pot- ash from Sulfate), Bowker's Fresh Ground Bone, Bowker's Acid Phosphate, Bowker's Nitrate of Soda, 12 Bowker's Sulfate of Ammonia, Bowker's Dried Blood, Bowker's Fine Ground Bone Tankage, Bowker's Muriate of Potash, Bowker's High Grade Sulfate of Potash, Bowker's Kainit, Bowker's Canadian Hardwood Ashes, Bowker's Dry Ground Fish, Bowker's Basic Slag, Bowker's Pulverized Sheep Manure, Stockbridge's Tobacco Manure (Pot- ash from Sulfate), Stockbridge's Special Manure for Top Dressing and Forcing, Stockbridge's Special for Potatoes and Vegetables, Stockbridge's Special for Corn and all Grain Crops, Stockbridge's Special for Seeding Down, Permanent Dressing and Le- gumes. Joseph Brack & Sons Corporation, 61- 52 N. Market St., Boston, Mass. Breck's Lawn and Garden Dressing, Breck's Market Garden Manure, Breck's Ram's Head Brand Sheep Ma- nure. F. W. Erode & Co., 40 S. Front St., Memphis, Tenn. Owl Brand Cottonseed Meal. Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., Cincinnati, O. Buckeye Cottonseed Meal. Buffalo Fertilizer Co., William St., Buffalo, N. Y. Fish Guano, Farmers' Choice, New England Special, Celery and Potato Special, Vegetable and Potato, High Grade Manure, Buffalo Tobacco Producer, Top Dresser, Bone Meal. The E, D. Chittenden Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Chittenden's Complete Tobacco and Onion Grower, Chittenden's Grain and Vegetable, Chittenden's Potato and Grain, Chittenden's Connecticut Tobacco Grower, Chittenden's Tobacco Special, Chittenden's Grass and Grain, Chittenden's Fish and Potash. Clay & Son, Stratford, London, Eng. Clay's London Fertilizer. The Coe Mortimer Co., 51 Chambers St., New York City. E. Frank Coe's Celebrated Special Po- tato Fertilizer, E. Frank Coe's Columbian Corn and Potato, E. Frank Coe's Complete Manure with 10% Potash, E. Frank Coe's Excelsior Potato Fer- tilizer, E. Frank Coe's Famous Prize Brand Grain and Grass Fertilizer, E. Frank Coe's Gold Brand Excelsior Guano, E. Frank Coe's High Grade Ammoniat- ed Bone Superphosphate, E. Frank Coe's New Englander Corn and Potato Fertilizer, E. Frank Coe's Red Brand Excelsior Guano, E. Frank Coe's Special Grass Top Dressing E. Frank Coe's XXV Ammoniated Bone Phosphate, E. Frank Coe's Double Strength Po- tato Manure, E. Frank Coe's High Grade Soluble Phosphate, E. Frank Coe's Ground Animal Tank- age, E. Frank Coe's Peruvian Vegetable Grower, E. Frank Coe's Peruvian Market Gar- deners' Fertilizer, E. Frank Coe's Peruvian Grass Top Dressing, E. Frank Coe's Peruvian Tobacco Fer- tilizer, B. M. Warner's Special Onion Fertili- zer, Cowls' Special 4-6-6, Cowls' Special 4-7-8, Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash, Sulfate of Potash, Thomas Phosphate Powder (Basic Slag), S. P. Davis, Little Rock, Ark. Good liUck Brand Cottonseed Meal. 13 John C. Dow Co., 13-14 Chatham St., Boston, Mass. Dow's Pure Ground Bone. Eastern Chemical Co., 37 Pittsburg St., Boston, Mass. IMP Plant Food. Essex Fertilizer Co., 39 N. Market St., Boston, Mass. Essex Al Superphosphate, Essex Lawn Dressing, Essex Grain and Grass Fertilizer, Essex Grass and Top Dressing, Essex Tobacco Starter and Grower, Essex Potato Grower with 10% Potash, Essex XXX Fish and Potash, Essex Market Garden and Potato Ma- nure, Essex Complete for Potatoes, Roots and Vegetables, Essex Complete for Corn, Grain and Grass, Essex Special Potato Phosphate, Finch, Pruyn & Co., Glens Falls, N. Y . Lime Ashes. German Kali Works, Continental Bldg., Baltimore, Md. Kainit, Acid Phosphate, Manure Salt, Muriate of Potash, Sulfate of Potash, Nitrate of Soda, W. R. Grace & Co., Hanover Sq., New York City. Nitrate of Soda. Chas. W. Hastings, 76 Center St., Dorchester, Mass. Ferti-Flora. J. P. Hawes, 88 Broad St., Boston, Mass. Nitrate of Soda. Thomas Hersom & Co., New Bedford, Mass. Pure Bone Meal, Meat and Bone. Home Soap Co., 103 Worcester, Mass. Ground Bono. Webster St., Humphreys, Godwin & Co., Memphis, Tenn. Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal. John Joynt, Lucknow, Ontario, Can- ada. Pure Unleached Hardwood Ashes. Lister's Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Lister's High Grade Special for Spring Crops, Lister's Success FertiUzer, Lister's Special Corn Fertilizer, Lister's Special Potato Fertilizer, Lister's Potato Manure, Lister's Special Tobacco Fertilizer, Lister's Grain and Grass Fertilizer, Lister's 10% Potato Grower, Lister's Standard Grass Fertilizer, Lister's Complete Tobacco Manure, Lister's Ground Tankage 6 & 30, Lister's Nitrate of Soda, Lister's High Grade Sulfate of Potash. Jas. E. McGovem, Andover, Mass. Andover Animal Fertilizer. Mapes' Formula and Peruvian Guano Co., 143 Liberty St., New York City. Mapes' Potato Manure, Mapes' Tobacco Starter Improved, Mapes' Tobacco Manure Wrapper Brand, Mapes' Fruit and Vine Manui-e, Mapes' Economical Potato Manure, Mapes' Vegetable or Complete Ma- nure for Light Soils, Mapes'Average Soil Complete Manure, Mapes' Cauliflower and Cabbage Ma- nure, Mapes' Corn Manure, Mapes' Grass and Grain Spring Top Dressing Mapes' Lawn Top Dressing, Mapes' Complete Manure "A" Brand, Mapes' Dissolved Bone, Mapes' Complete Manure for General Use, Mapes' Cereal Brand, 14 Mapes' Top Dresser Improved, Full Strength, Mapes' Tobacco Ash Constituents, Mapes' Complete Manure 10% Potash, Mapes' Grain Brand, Mapes' Nitrate of Soda, Mapes' Double Manure Salt, Mapes' High Grade Sulfate of Potash, Mapes' Complete Manure for Heavy Soils. The Geo. E. Marsh Co., Lynn, Mass. Marsh's Pure Ground Bone, Marsh's Dry Ground Tankage. D. M. Moulton, Monson, Mass. Ground Bone. Geo. L. Munroe & Sons, Oswego, N.Y. Pure XJnleached Wood Ashes, National Fertilizer Co., 92 State St., Boston, Mass. Chittenden's Complete Corn and Grain Fertilizer, Chittenden's Fine Ground^Bone, Chittenden's Fish and Potash, Chittenden's XXX Fish and Potash, Chittenden's Market Garden Fertilizer, Chittenden's Ammoniated Bone Phos- phate, Chittenden's High Grade Special To- bacco Fertilizer, Chittenden's Complete Root Fertilizer, Chittenden's Potato Phosphate, Chittenden's Complete Tobacco Fer- tilizer, Chittenden's Connecticut Valley To- bacco Grower, Chittenden's Connecticut Valley To- bacco Starter, Chittenden's Tobacco Special with Carbonate Potash, Chittenden's Tobacco Special with Sulfate of Potash, Chittenden's Dry Ground Fish, Chittenden's Complete Grass Fertilizer Chittenden's Eureka Potato Fertilizer, Chittenden's High Grade Top Dress- ing, Chittenden's Double Manure Salt, Chittenden's High Grade Sulfate of Potash, Chittenden's Muriate of Potash, Chittenden's Nitrate of Soda, Chittenden's Plain Superphosphate, (12% Available Phosphoric Acid), Chittenden's Plain Superphosphate, (16% Available Phosphoric Acid), Natural Guano Co., Aurora, 111. "Sheep's Head Brand" Pulverized Sheep Manure. New England Fertilizer Co., 40 A North Market St., Boston, Mass. New England Corn Phosphate, New England Superphosphate, New England Potato Fertilizer, New England High Grade Potato Fer- tilizer, New England Corn and Grain Fertihzer, New England Top Dressing for Grass and Grain, New England Complete Manure. New England Mineral Fertilizer and Chemical Co., 19 Exchange Place, Boston, Mass. The New Mineral Fertilizer. Nitrate Agencies Co., 24-26 Stone St., New York City. Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash, Sulfate of Potash, Acid Phosphate, Peruvian Guano. W. C. Nothern, Little Rock, Ark. Bee Brand Cottonseed Meal. Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Conn. Olds & Whipple's Complete Onion Fer- tilizer, Olds & Whipple's Complete Tobacco T" f*rt ill 7^x* Olds & Whipple's Dry Ground Fish, Olds & Wliipple's Complete Grass Fer- tihzer, Olds & Whipple's Complete Corn and Potato, Olds & Whipple's High Grade Potato, Olds & Whipple's Fish and Potash, Olds & Wliipple's Castor Pomace, Olds & Whipple's Tankage, Olds & Wliipple's Acid Phosphate, Olds & Whipple's Sulfate of Potash- Magnesia, 15 Olds & Wlupple's Muriate of Potash, Olds & WTiipple's Nitrate of Soda, Olds & Whipple's Cottonseed Meal, Olds & "WTiipple's Bone Meal, Olds & Whipple's High Grade Sulfate of Potash. Parmenter & Polsey Fertilizer Co., 40 N. Market St., Boston, Mass. Parmenter & Polsey Plymouth Rock Brand, Parmenter & Polsey Special Potato Fertilizer, Parmenter & Polsey Potato Fertilizer, Parmenter & Polsey A. A. Brand, Parmenter & Polsey Potato Grower, Parmenter & Polsey Star Brand Super- phosphate, Parmenter & Polsey Aroostook Special, Parmenter & Polsey Grain Grower, Parmenter & Polsey Maine Potato Fer- tilizer, Parmenter & Polsey Lawn Dressing. Pulverized Manure Co., 28 Exchange St., Chicago, 111. Wizard Brand Pulverized Manure, Geo. B. Robinson, Jr., 18 Broadway, New York City. Robin Brand Cottonseed Meal. Robinson Glue Co., Gloucester, Mass. Dry Ground Fish Scrap. The Rogers Manufacturing Co., Rock- fall, Conn. AU Round Fertilizer, Complete Potato and Vegetable, High Grade Corn and Onions, Fish and Potash, High Grade Oats and Top Dressing, High Grade Tobacco and Potato, High Grade Grass and Grain, High Grade Tobacco Grower, High Grade Tobacco, Pure Knuckle Bone Flour, Pure Fine Bone, Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash, High Grade Sulfate of Potash, Acid Phosphate, Ground Fish. The Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middle- town, Conn. Hubbard's Bone Base Complete Phos- phate, Hubbard's Bone Base Potato Phos- phate, Hubbard's Bone Base New Market Garden Phosphate, Hubbard's Bone Base Soluble Corn and General Crops, Hubbard's Bone Base Soluble Potato Manm-e, Hubbard's Bone Base Soluble Tobacco Manure, Hubbard's Bone Base Grass and Grain Fertilizer, Hubbard's Bone Base Oats and Top Dressing, Hubbard's Bone Base Pure Ra'ff Ivnuckle Bone Flour, Hubbard's Bone Base Strictly Pure Fine Bone, Ross Bros. Co., 88 Front St., Worcester, Mass. High Grade Potato Fertilizer, Corn, Grass and Grain, Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer, Odorless Lawn Dressing. N. Roy & Son, S. Attleboro, Mass. Roj^'s Complete Animal Fertilizer, Sanderson Fertilizer and Chemical Co., New Haven, Conn. Sanderson's Formula "A", Sanderson's Formula "B", Sanderson's Top Dressing for Grass and Grain, Sanderson's Potato Manure, Sanderson's Special with 10% Potash, Sanderson's Corn Superphosphate, Sanderson's Atlantic Coast Bone, Fish and Potash, Sanderson's Blood, Bone and Meat, Sanderson's Fine Ground Bone, Sanderson's Fine Groimd Fish, Sanderson's Nitrate of Soda, Sanderson's Muriate of Potash, Sanderson's High Grade Sulfate of Pot- ash, Sanderson's Sulfate of Potash-Magne- sia, Sanderson's Basic Slag Phosphate, Sanderson's Plain Superphosphate, Sanderson's Castor Meal. 16 M. L. Shoemaker & Co., Ltd., Phila- delphia, Pa. Rwift-Suro Superphosphate for ClciuM-al Use, Swift-Sure Superphosphate for Pota- toes, Swift-Sure Bone Meal. J. E. Soper Co., Chamber of Commerce, Boston, Mass. Pioneer Cottonseed Meal. W. Newton Smith, Baltimore, Md. Dirip;o Brand Cottonseed Meal. Springfield Rendering Co., Springfield, Mass. Raw Ground Bone, Tankage, Steamed Bone. Thomas L. Stetson, Randolph, Mass. Pure Ground Bone. Chas. Stevens, Napanee, Ontario, Can. "Beaver Brand" Hardwood Ashes. George Stevens, Peterborough, On- tario, Can. Canada Unleached Hardwood Ashes. E. P. Swan Co., S. Deerfield, Mass, Lime Ashes. Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co., 40 N. Market St., Boston, Mass. Swift's Lowell Swift's Lowell Swift's Lowell Swift's Lowell Swift's Lowell Swift's Lowell ash, Swift's Lowell Swift's Lowell Swift's Lowell Swift's Lowell Swift's Lowell Swift's Lowell Swift's Lowell Swift's Lowell Swift's Lowell Swift's Lowell Empress Brand, Bone Fertilizer, Potato Manure, Animal Brand, Potato Phosphate, Superior with 10% Pot- Special Grass Mixture, Potato Grower, Special Potato, Sterhng Phosphate, Market Garden Manure, Ground Bone, Tankage, Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash, Acid Phosphate, Swift's Lowell Lawn Dressing, Swift's Lowell Dissolved Bone and Potash, Swift's Lowell Perfect Tobacco Ma- nure, Swift's Lowell Seeding Down Fertilizer, Swift's Lowell High Grade Sulfate of Potash, Swift's Lowell Dissolved Bone Black, Swift's Lowell Special Corn and Vege- table Manure, Swift's Lowell Cereal Brand Fertilizer, Swift's Lowell Dried Blood, Swift's Lowell Sulfate of Ammonia. Wm. Thomson & Sons, Ltd., Tweed Vineyard, Clovenfords, Scotland. Thomson's Vine, Plant and Vegetable Manure, Thomson's Special Chrysanthemum and Top Dressing. 20th Century Specialty Co., 26 Brattle St., Boston, Mass. Ready Complete 20L Fertilizer, No. 1. A. L. Warren, Northboro, Mass. Warren's Pure Ground Bone. Whitman & Pratt Rendering Co., Low- ell, Mass. Corn Success, All Crop, Potato Manm-e, Potato Plowman, Vegetable Grower, Potash Special, Ground Bone, Sulfate of Potash, Muriate of Potash, Nitrate of Soda, Sulfate of Ammonia, Dissolved Bone Black, Acid Phosphate, Dried Blood, Fine Ground Tankage. Wilcox FertiUzer Co. Mystic, Conn. Wilcox Potato, Onion and Vegetable Phosphate, Wilcox Grass Fertilizer, Wilcox High Grade Tobacco Special, Wilcox 4-8-10 Fertilizer, Wilcox Complete Bone Superphosphate Wilcox High Grade Fish and Potash, 17 Wilcox Potato Fertilizer, Wilcox Fish and Potash, Wilcox Special Superphosphate, Wilcox Nitrate of Soda, Wilcox Dry Ground Fish Guano, Wilcox Dry Ground Acidulated Fish, Wilcox High Grade Tankage, Wilcox Pure Ground Bone, Wilcox Ground Steamed Bone, Wilcox Acid Phosphate, Wilcox Basic Slag Meal, Wilcox Muriate of Potash, S. Winter Co., Brockton, Mass. Winter's Pure Ground Bone. A. H. Wood & Co., Framingham, Mass. Wood's B. B. Fertilizer, Wood's S. P. Fertilizer, Wood's 777 Fertilizer, J. M. Woodard, Greenfield, Mass. Woodard's Unground Tankage. Worcester Rendering Co., Auburn, Mass. Wilcox High Grade Sulfate of Potash. Ground Tankage. The samples were taken by our regular inspector, Fertilizers Air. Jas. T. Howard assisted by Mr. E. C. Hall Collected. and Mr. E. L. Winn. An effort has been made in all cases to get representative samples. At least 10 per cent of the bags found present have been sampled by means of an instrument taking a core the entire length of the bag. In no case have there been less than ten bags of each brand sampled wherever that number has been found in stock. In case of bulky mixed goods which might have a tendency to mechanical separa- tion in transit, a sample has been taken from both sides of the bag so that in case any of the fine, heavier chemicals such as potash salts had sifted through the more bulky portion, the sample taken would be more representative. Whenever possible, samples of the same brand have been col- lected in various parts of the state, the object being to sample as large a proportion of the tonnage shipped into the state as possible. In most cases where duplicate samples have been drawn, a com- posite made up of equal weights of the various samples served for the analysis. In some instances several analyses have been made of the same brand ; this has been done at the request of large con- sumers who[^have bought heavy shipments of some special brand. It is difficult to tell how large a per cent of the total tonnage shipped into the state has been sampled. An effort was made at the end of the season of 1910 to ascertain approximately the num- ber of tons sold, but some of the larger manufacturers refused to furnish the data. As complete and extensive a collection as pos- 18 sible has been made in the limited time at our disposal and with the means available for the work. During the season IK) towns were visited and 1063 samples representing 519 distinct brands were drawn from stock found in the possession of 284 different agents, as against 897 samples and 487 distinct brands collected and examined in 1910. Some of these brands represent private formulas which would have been sent to the station for analysis by the consumer had they not been taken by the inspectors. Arrangements can be made in most cases to have large shipments of private formulas sampled by one of our regular collectors, provided notification is given sufficiently early in the season so that the various places may be visited while the collectors are in that vicinity. Six hundred and sixty-two analyses have been Fertilizers made in connection with the 1911 fertilizer in- Analyzed, spection. The analyses made may be grouped as follows : Complete fertilizers ..... 427 Fertilizers furnishing phosphoric acid and potash, such as ashes, etc. .... 18 Ground bones, tankage and fish ... 73 Nitrogen compounds, including the mineral fornis of nitrogen; also the various organic forms both animal and vegetable. . 69 Potash compounds ..... 50 Phosphoric acid compounds .... 25 Total 662 The following table of trade values was adopted Trade Values by the Experiment Stations of New England, of New York and New Jersey at a conference held Fertilizing the first of March, 1911, and has served as the Ingredients. basis of valuing the fertilizers published in this bulletin. The schedule for 1910 is also given for comparison. 19 Cents per pound. Nitrogen. 1910. 1911. In ammonia salts 16 16 In nitrates 16 16 Organic nitrogen in drv and fine ground fish, meat and blood " 20 23 Organic nitrogen in fine* bone, tankage and mixed fertilizers 20 20 Organic nitrogen in coarse* bone and tankage 15 15 Organic nitrogen in cottonseed meal, castor pomace, linseed meal, etc., — 21 Phosphoric Acid. Soluble in water 43^ 43^ Soluble in neutral ammonium citrate solution (re- verted phosphoric acid) ** 4 4 In fine* ground bone and tankage 4 4 In coarse* bone, tankage and ashes 33^ 33^ In cottonseed meal, linseed meal and castor pomace .33^ 4 Insoluble (in neutral ammonium citrate solution) in mixed fertilizers 2 2 Potash . As sulfate, free from chlorides 5 5 As muriate (chloride) 434 ^}4: As carbonate 8 8 In cottonseed meal, castor pomace, linseed meal, etc. — 5 The basis for these trade values was the average wholesale quotations of chemicals and raw materials as taken from the com- mercial publications during the six months preceding March 1, 1911, plus about 20 per cent. They are supposed to represent the average cost per pound for cash at retail of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash as found in unmixed fertilizing material in the principal markets in New England and New York. There has been but little change in the cost of the various forms of plant food, with the exception of the better forms of organic nitrogen which have shown a considerable advance as compared with the previous year. In connection with the valuations which are published in the tables of analysis there will be found the average retail cash price and percentage of difference. The usual care has been exercised in *Fine and medium bone and tankage are separated by a sieve having circular openings 1-50 of an inch in diameter. Valuations of these materials are based upon degree of fineness as well as upon composition. ♦♦Dissolved by a neutral solution of ammonium citrate, sp. gr. 1.09, in accordance with method adopted by Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. 20 procuring the agent's cash price through coiTespondence, and in most cases the prices pubHshed have been verified over the agent's signature. The percentage difference is pubHshed in each case to conform to the law. Its significance has been so often discussed in previous bulletins that it seems unnecessary to enlarge upon it at this time. It simply represents in percentages the excess of the average retail cash price over the commercial value in raw materials of the plant food in the fertilizer. Unmixed Fertilizing ]\1aterial. Thirty-three samples of ground bone have been Ground collected and analyzed. Ten were foiind de- Bone, ficient in phosphoric acid and five in nitrogen. The average retail cash price for ground bone has been $31.32 per ton, the average valuation .$29.80 and the percent- age difference 5.10, Two of the brands analyzed showed a commer- cial shortage of 50 cents or over per ton: Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Bone Meal No. 859. Nitrogen fotmd 2.47%, guaranteed 2.9%; total phosphoric acid found 22.96%, guaranteed 22%. Geo. E. Marsh & Co., Marsh's Pure Bone Meal, No. 333-368. Nitrogen foimd 2.68%, guaranteed 2.48%; total phosphoric acid found 26.12%, guaranteed 28%. Eighteen samples of tankage have been analyzed ; Ground three were found deficient in nitrogen and five in Tankage. phosphoric acid. The average retail cash price per ton was $34.14, the average valuation per ton $32.69 and the percentage difference 4.43. Nitrogen in fine tank- age has cost on the average 20.89 cents; nitrogen in coarse tank- age has cost 15.65 cents per pound. Three samples have shown a commercial shortage of over 50 cents per ton. They are as fol- lows: Bowker Fertilizer Co., Ground Tankage No. 220-807. Nitrogen found 5.12%, guaranteed 4.94%; total phosphoric acid foimd 11.45%, guaranteed 13.73%o- Coe-Mortimer Co., Tankage No. 249. Nitrogen fotmd Z.lb%, guaranteed 4.96%; total phosphoric acid found 13.29%, guaran- teed 13.70%. Another sample said by the Coe-Mortimer Co. to be from the same lot, was shipped to the Agricultural Department of the Ex- periment Station; this sample tested 5.13% nitrogen and 14.40% phosphoric acid. Springfield Rendering Co., Ground Tankage No. 974-1028. Nitrogen found 7.03%, guaranteed 7.40%; total phosphoric acid found 11.46%, guaranteed 12%. 21 Twenty-two samples of dry ground fish have been Dry ground examined ; three were found deficient in nitrogen Fish. and two in phosphoric acid. The average retail cash price per ton was $41.90, the average valu- ation $42.71 and the percentage difference in excess 1.93. Nitro- gen from dry ground fish has cost on the average 22.56 cents per pound. None of the brands showed a commercial shortage of over 50 cents per ton. Three samples of sulfate of ammonia have been Sulfate of analyzed and found well up to the guarantee. Ammonia. The average cost of a pound of nitrogen in this form has been 16.78 cents. Twenty-three samples of nitrate of soda have Nitrate of been analyzed and three were found deficient in Soda. nitrogen. The average cost of nitrogen in this form has been 16.19 cents per poimd. The brands showing a commercial shortage of 50 cents or over per ton were as follows : Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Nitrate of Soda No. 398. Nitrogen found 15.50%, guaranteed 15.82%. J. P. Hawes, Nitrate of Soda No. 637-892. Nitrogen found 15.3%, guaranteed 15.65%. Wilcox Fertilizer Works, Nitrate of Soda No. 285-290. Nitro- gen fotmd 14.7%, guaranteed 15%. Four samples have been examined which, with Dried Blood. one exception, showed overruns in nitrogen. The pound of nitrogen from blood has cost 23.29 cents. Four samples have been analyzed. The average Castor cost of nitrogen in this form has been 26.11 cents Pomace. per pound. The following brand showed a com- mercial shortage of over 50 cents per ton : Sanderson Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Castor Pomace No. 972- 1022. Nitrogen found 5.73% and 5.45%; guaranteed 6.50%. Twent^^-three samples have been examined, all Cottonseed of which were ptirchased as a nitrogen source for Meal. tobacco. Nitrogen from this source has cost on the average 23.08 cents per poimd. Six samples have shown a nitrogen deficiency which has, in three cases, amoimt- ed to 50 cents or more per ton. Thev are as follows : 5. P. Davis, Cottonseed Meal No'. 24. Nitrogen found 6.32%, guaranteed 6.50%, Humphrey's, Godwin & Co., No. 26. Nitrogen found 6.43%, guaranteed 6.56%. No. 27. Nitrogen foimd 6.25%, guaranteed 6.56%. 22 Potash Compounds. Twenty-one samples have been examined and the High Grade potash guarantee was maintained in all but one Sulfate of instance. The pound of actual potash in this Potash. form has cost on the average 5.2 cents. Brand No. 887, licensed by the Whitman & Pratt Ren- dering Co., showed 39.04% potash, 48% being guaranteed. The company state that all of their potavsh was sold in original bags as imported. Two cases of misbranding were discovered by our inspectors. Material put out by the Nitrate Agencies Company as High Grade Sulfate of Potash proved upon analysis to be Muriate of Potash. The sale of the material as sulfate of potash was discontinued and the material was properly labelled. The Nitrate Agencies Com- pany have this to say concerning the matter : "All of the potash which we sell is imported from Gemiany and is shipped as received in the original bags of the German Kali Works. Altho we license Muriate of Potash, Sulfate of Potash and Kainit, attaching our tags to the bags when shipping, thereby assuming the responsibility" the shipments in question "were branded Sulfate of Potash, 48% Actual Potash, and without ex- amining the entire lot we shipped the goods according to the brand- ing, as Sulfate of Potash. It is very evident that it was Muriate of Potash bagged in error from Gemiany in Sulfate of Potash bags, so that we cannot but feel that the circumstances surrounding the shipment of Muriate of Potash as Sulfate of Potash were beyond our control. As soon as the matter was called to our attention by the consignees we put forth every effort to rectify the matter, al- lowing them the full difference in value between muriate and sulfate of potash and shipping them some sulfate of potash from another lot." "We realize fully the seriousness of the error but we believe that under the circumstances you appreciate that it was beyond our normal control and that there was no intention on our part to sub- stitute one material for another." As the Nitrate Agencies Company are simply distributors of raw products and agricultural salts, it is readily seen how the mis- take happened. Occasion was taken, however, to point out the seriousness of the error and that as the material was sold under their brand name, they w^ere responsible for the delivery of proper material. We have the assurance of the company that shipments will be examined hereafter before forwarding. Potash- Six samples of potash-magnesia sulfate have been Magnesia examined and all but two were found fully up to Sulfate. the guarantee. The pound cost of actual potash in this fonn has been 5.91 cents. 23 One sample put out by the Sanderson Fertilizer and Chemical Company was found seriously deficient in potash, containing only 23.72% when 26% was guaranteed. A further study revealed the presence of 31.61% of sand. A test for magnesia showed only 4.82% whereas a bona fide sample of potash-magnesia sulfate should contain between 13 and 14 per cent magnesium oxide. These results indicated that high grade sulfate of potash had been reduced by the addition of sand and kieserit and sold as potash- magnesia sulfate. Mr. Sanderson states concerning the matter that the potash salt was bought by the compan}^ as sulfate of pot- ash-magnesia and sold in original packages to their customers; that if any adulteration took place it was before the material was shipped to this country; that the potash salt was purchased through the International Agricultural Corporation, but their con- tract with these people has become cancelled by action of the Ger- man Government; that very little of the material has been sold unmixed and never as double sulfate of potash, the guarantee be- ing simply Sulfate of Potash; and that the rebate due for the de- ficiency of potash will be made to customers who purchased the material. Two other cases of a similar character have been detected, the material having been shipped through Olds & Whipple of Hartford, Conn. These cases, however, did not show a shortage in potash, a considerable overrun being recorded in each case. They showed 30.33% and 25.32% of sand respectively, the magnesia being about one-half as much as is usually found in the ordinary potash- magnesia salt. The Olds & Whipple Company claim that the ma- terial was sold by them in original bags as received from Germany, that the material was purchased as bona fide potash-magnesia sul- fate and in proof of this sent their original contract with the Ger- man Kali Works. The matter was then taken up with the Ger- man Kali Works who made a complete investigation and reported that one of the mines in Germany had been detected in reducing high grade sulfate of potash with sand and kieserit and shipping the same as sulfate of potash-magnesia whenever heavy orders for this salt came in that could not be readily filled with the bona fide double manure salt. A further statement was made that the Ger- man Kali Works did not favor the practice and shipments of this material when discovered had been returned and the mine had been heavily fined for the practice. The German Kali Works have offered to compensate the buyers by allowing them the value of the deficient magnesia less the value of the overrun in potash. Eighteen samples of muriate of potash have been Muriate of examined and three were found deficient in pot- Potash, ash. The pound of actual potash as muriate or chloride has cost on the average 4.43 cents. Two 24 brands have shown a commercial shortage amounting to over 50 cents per ton. They are: Armour Fertilizer Works, Muriate of Potash No. 978. Potash found 41.88%, guaranteed 48%. Bowker Fertilizer Company, Muriate of Potash No. 227-266-488. Potash fotmd 47.40%, guaranteed 49%. It has been pointed out through correspondence with Dr. H. A. Huston, Secretary of the German KaH Works, that muriate of pot- ash has given some trouble due to its tendency to absorb moisture from the atmosphere. This would cause the material to weigh con- siderably more and the piuchaser would get all of the potash he was entitled to, and yet the analysis would show an apparent short- age. A test made on muriate of potash shipped by the German Kali Works showed an apparent shortage of .32% potash. In order to test the statement made by the Potash Syndicate, at our request weights of all the unbroken packages of muriate of potash were made by a local agent, who found them to vary between 206 and 207 pounds. According to Dr. Husron an empty bag will weigh about 1)4, pounds and the sack and contents will weigh 2013^ pounds when it leaves Gennany. This would indicate an absorp- tion of moisture, and according to our analysis which gave 49.68% potash would show that each bag contained 102.59 pounds of ac- tual potash, equivalent to 51.29% assuming, of course, that the salt carried the same moisture content as when it left the mines in Germany. The tendency of this salt to absorb moisture may ac- count in a measure for the low tests shown on the Bowker brand mentioned above, which had a moistiu-e content of 1.85%. Three samples of kainit have been analyzed and Kainit. foimd well up to the guarantee. The pound of actual potash from kainit has cost 4.34 cents. Phosphoric Acid Compounds. Two samples of dissolved bone black have been Dissolved analyzed and both showed a commercial short- Bone age of over 50 cents per ton. The pound of Black. available phosphoric acid from this sovirce has cost on the average 6.11 cents. The two brands are: The American Agricultural Chemical Co., Brand No. 232. Sol- uble phosphoric acid found 10.91%, guaranteed 13%; reverted phosphoric acid found 1.82%, guaranteed 2%; insoluble phos- phoric acid found .92%, guaranteed 1%. The company procured and analyzed the duplicate sample left with the agent by our in- spectors and found in addition to the phosphoric acid present 3.10% potash and .3% nitrogen. A statement from the factory 25 superintendent was made to the effect that the stock from which this lot was shipped ran over 15% available phosphoric acid, but that in making the shipment, which consisted of only about one ton, it was remilled through a mill which evidently was not proper- ly cleaned after milling complete goods. The other brand showing a shortage was put out by the Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co., Brand No. 344. It tested 13.68% available phosphoric acid, 15% being guaranteed. Fifteen samples of acid phosphate have been ex- Acid amined and all but two were found well up to the Phosphate. minimum guarantee. No commercial shortage of over 50 cents a ton occurred. The pound of available phosphoric acid from acid phosphate has cost 5.44 cents. Seven samples have been analyzed and all were Basic found well up to the guarantee. The pound of Slag available phosphoric acid from basic slag, as de- Phosphate, termined by Wagner's Method, has cost on the average 5.12 cents. Mixed Complete Fertilizers. The grouping of the complete fertilizers into Study of three different grades furnishes a convenient Grades of means of showing the superior advantages to be Fertilizer. derived from the piirchase of high grade fertilizers . In the tables below the high grade fertilizers are represented by those brands having a commercial value of $24 or over per ton; the mediiun grade by those which value between $18 and $24; and the low grade those which value $18 or less per ton. Table showing average cash price, commercial value, money difference between cash price and valuation, and percentage dif- ference of the three grades of fertilizer. High Grade Medium Grade j Low Grade 1910 1911 1910 I 1911 1910 1911 Average Cash Price per ton .... $38.40 $40.87 $33.5l|$35.08$27.80 $29.64 Average Ton Valuation $28.81 $28.89 $21. 04, $21. 04 $15.61 $15.37 Average Money Difference $ 9.59 $11.98 $12.47 $14.04 $12.19 $14.27 Percentage Difference 33.28 41.47 I 59.26 66.73 78.08 92.84 26 Table showing the average composition of the three grades of fertilizers. GRADE •2 <^ OX: (C o I Per Cent of I Phosphoric Acid O^ I 3 >-►? : 3 EiJ High j 153 Medium 103 Low 75 46.22;4.12 4.00 31.12 2.612.93 22.66 1.664.53 3.32 2.94 2 827 7.32 5.87 35 7.64 5.12 2.90 19.08 13.6a 11.91 What is shown by the above tables : (1). That the average ton price for the three grades of fer- tilizer has been nearly $2.00 more for 1911 than for the previous year, altho but little difference is noticed in the average valuation per ton for the two years. (2). That the percentage excess of the selling price over the valuation in the low grade fertilizers is about 234 times more than it is in the high grade goods and over 1}^ times more than in the medium grade fertilizers. (3). That with a 38 per cent advance in price over the low grade fertilizer, the high grade furnishes about 88 percent increase in commercial value. (4). The average high grade fertilizer with a 16.5 percent ad- vance in price over the medium goods, furnishes 47.6 percent more plant food and 37.3 percent increase in commercial value. (5). That with a 38 percent advance in price over the low grade fertilizer, the high grade furnishes more than 60 percent in- crease in available plant food. (6). A ton of the average high grade fertilizer furnishes 49.2 lbs. more nitrogen and 94.8 lbs. more of actual potash than does a ton of the low grade goods. (7). A ton of the average high grade fertilizer furnishes 30.2 lbs. more nitrogen and 50.4 lbs. more potash than does a ton of the medium grade goods. 27 Table showing the comparative pound cost of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid in its various forms in the three grades of fer- tilizer. ELEMENT Low Grade Fertilizer Medium Grade Fertilizer High Grade Fertilizer Xilrogon Potash (as Muiiaic) Soluble Phosphoric Acitl Reverted Phosphoric Aciil Insoluble Phosphoric Acid 38.6 cts. 8.2 " 8.7 " 7.7 " 3.9 " 33.4 cts. 28.3 7.1 " 6.0 7.5 " 6.4 6.7 " 5.7 3.3 •' 2.8 cts. This table shows : (1). That the purchase of high grade fertilizers in place of low grade goods has saved over 10 cents on every pound of nitrogen and over 2 cents on every pound of potash and phosphoric acid purchased. (2). That the purchase of high grade fertilizers in place of medium grade goods has saved over 5 cents on every pound of nitrogen and over 1 cent on every pound of potash and phosphoric acid. (3). Taking the average analj'sis of the high grade fertilizer as a basis the purchase of the high grade in place of the low grade goods would mean a saving of $14.23 on every ton purchased; the purchase of the high grade in place of the medium grade would mean a saving of $7.12 on every ton ptirchased. (4). About 54% of the number of brands sold in Massachu- setts are classed as medium or low grade fertilizers. Assuming that the tonnage of these goods was as large as for the high grade brands, there would have been a tremendous saving to the Massa- chusetts farmer had he bought only high grade fertilizer. (5). The purchaser of fertilizers should look to the guaran- teed analysis and remember that he is bu^Hng pounds of plant food as well as tons of fertilizer. He should know the form and about the proportion of the various elements of plant food and should purchase the brand which sells for the least money which comes nearest fulfilling his reqmrements. (6). Everyone should consider and profit by the lessons taught by the above data. 28 Sttmmary of results of analyses of the complete fertilizers as compared with the manufacturers* guarantee. MANUFACTURER. m T3 TS i* « >> O CI eS "^ e.a 2. O 'O OJ 0) 4> « ctf 3 Pjo a u •a m 2 3 •d at T3 CD •d a C4 O c« to 'S << > o § o 3 o 4) > o u a a 3 o a 3 O In 3 o a 3 0 u 3 0 175 10.77 1.08 2.03 .86 3.97 4.00 .26 7.14 5.61 13.01 10.00 7.40 7.00 7.04* 10.00 196 11.05 1.24 1.83 .72 3.97 4.00 .23 6.87 4.64 11.74 10.00 7.10 7.00 9.67** 10.00 201 10.36 .75 1.78 .73 3.26 3.50 trace 6.20 5.92 12.12 10.00 6.20 8.00 8.41* 7.00 75 11.29 1.73 1.16 .40 3.29 3.29 7.02 2.22 .99 10.23 9.00 9.24 3.00 3.91* 4.00 317 10.90 1.16 1 .49 .42 3,07 3.29 5.61 2.20 1.63 9.44 9.00 7.81 8.00 4.88 4.00 947 8.39 1.42 1 .35 .40 3.17 3.29 3.36 4.73 2.58 11.17 9.00 8.59 8.00 3.93* 4.00 533 10.74 .37 1 .47 .48 2.32 2.47 3.13 2.63 1.79 7.55 7.00 5.76 6.00 10.20 10.00 333 1 931 / 9 .54 .91 1.05 .38 2.34 2.47 3.76 2.42 2.42 8.60 7.00 6.18 6.00 10.57 10.00 405 3.54 1.67 1.94 .56 4.17 3.91 3.67 2.07 .41 6.15 6.00 5.74 5.00 2.62 2.00 691 1 926 ; 7.46 1.78 1.52 .41 3.71 3.91 2.78 2.47 .97 6.22 6.00 5.25 5.00 2.04 2.00 36 6.87 3.50 3.37 1.37 8.24 8.43 1.31 4.58 1.33 7.22 7.25 5.89 6.25 3.54 8.25 477 6.05 2.51 4.56; 1.31 8.48 8.43 .98 3.72 .84 5.54 7.25 4.70 6.25 7.85 8.25 157 \ 298 1 10.01 .41 1.3l! .38 2.10 2.06 3.04 3.34 1.43 7.81 7.00 6.38 6.00 2.25 2.00 939 10.68 .68 1.25 .32 2.25 2.06 5.33 2.09 .92 8.34 7.00 7.42 6.00 2.64 2.00 241 1 311 / 268 10.67 1.42 1 .58 .42 3.42 3.29 4.57 2.60 2.19 9.36 9.00 7.17 7.00 7.25 7.00 13.60 .70 1.50 .41 2.61 2.47 6.54 2.44 2.09 11.07 10.00 8.98 9.00 2.43 2.00 165 1 i 275 14.19 .84 1.26 .45 2.55 2.47 6.16 2.56 2.40 11.12 10.00 8.72 9.00 2.46 2.00 401 624 292 1 386 :• 13.46 .64 1.40; .46 2.50 2.47 6.03 3.94 1.56 11.53 10.00 9.97 9.00 1.94 2.00 9.92 .73 1.44 .45 2.62 2.47 4.40 2.33 1.43 8.16 7.00 6.73 6.00 5.42 5.00 395 J 383 1 556 I- 566 12.40 .78 .97 .47 2.22 2.06 5.46 2.94 1.91 10.31 9.00 8.40 8.00 1.75 1.50 765 12.40 .51 1.35 .36 2.23 2.06 5.17 3.36 1.73 10.26 9.00 8.53 8.00 1.43 1.50 353 11.54 .30 .59 .28 1.17 1.C3 5.49 2.70 1.25 9.44 9.00 8.19 8.00 2.21 2.00 606 1 780 / 10.26 .13 .85 .18 1.16 1.03 5.63 2.36 2.45 10.49 9.00 8.04 8.00 2.14 2.00 399 ] 433 J 11 .94 .94 .79 .39 2.12 2.06 5.78 2.44 1.53 9.75 9.00 8.22 8.00 3.21 3.00 615 \ 626 i 12.99 .53 1.10 .46 2.09 2.06 5.78 2.59 2.04 10.41 9.00 8.37 8.00 3.16 3.00 43 11.21 1.26 1.60 .61 3.47 3.29 6.29 1.95 1.38 9.62 9.00 8.24 8.00 7.35 7.00 114 11.13 2.45 .67 .32 3.44 3.29 5.55 3.18 1.91 10.64 9.00 8 73 8.00 7.35 7.00 402 11.60 .95 1.77 .51 3.23 3.29 4.82 3.32 2.37 10.51 9.00 8.14 8.00 7.21 7.00 39 7.78 3.14 1.41 .42 4.97 4.94 5.01 .60 .64 6.25 6.00 5.61 5.00 2.96 2.50 110 7.63 4.42 .26 .13 4.81 4.94 2.10 3.64 .64 6.38 6.00 5.74 5.00 2.92 2.5C 927 9.90 3.46 1.01 .32 4.79 4.94 2.91 2.50 .61 6.12 6.00 5.51 5.00 2.77 2.50 41 10.97 1.23 1.48 .58 3.29 3.29 3.13 3.76 1.17 8.06 7.00 6.89 6.00 10.73 10.00 393 11.83 .99 1.73 .59 3.31 3.29 3.89 2.49 1.58 7.95 7.00 6.38 6.00 10.16 10.00 936 8.54 1.37 1 .45 .44 3.26 3.29 4.59 2.12 1.56 8.27 7.00 6.71 6.00 10.09 10.00 751 10.55 1.39 1.51, .46 3.36 3.29 1 8.36 3.33 1.12 12.81 13.00 11.69 12.00 3.83 3.00 *Xo. 175 Chlorine .27%, e quivale nt to . i5%o po tash, 6 69% p otash a 3 sulfate ** " 196 Potash as sulfate. * " 201 Chlorine ..36%, e quivale nt to . 18% po tash, 7. 93% p Dtash as sulfate " 7o .82% *' " 1. 19% " 2 20% " ' ' " ' 947 ** .7 7% * •' 1. 00% " 2 93% ** * 1 14 42 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. American Agric. Chem. Co. (Continued). Bradley's Comp. Man. for Corn and Grain Bradley's Seeding Down Manure Bradley's Niagara Phcsphate Where Sampled. Bradley's English Lawn Fertilizer Bradley's English Lawn Fertilizer .... Bradley's Columbia Fish and Potash . . . Bradley's H. G. Fertilizer with 10% Potash Clark's Cove Bay State Fertilizer .... Clark's Cove Bay State Fertilizer G. G. . . Clark's Cove Potato Manure " Fertilizer Clark's Cove Great Planet Manure Crocker's Ammoniated Corn Phosphate . . . . Crocker's Potato, Hop and Tobacco Phosphate Cumberland Superphosphate Cumberland Potato Fertilizer Darling's Potato Manure Darling's Farm Favorite Darling's Complete 10% Manure Darling's General Fertilizer . . . Darling's Blood, Bone and Potash Darling's Potato and Root Crop Manure . Farquhar's Lawn and Garden Dressing . . Farquhar's Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer Great Eastern Northern Corn Special "A" Great Eastern Northern Corn Special . . . Great Eastern Vegetable Vine and Tobacco Great Eastern Garden Special Great Eastern General Fertilizer Pacific Potato Special Pacific High Grade General ....". Soluble Pacific Guano Packers' Union Animal Corn Fertilizer Packers' Union Potato Manure Plolyoke .... Sterling .... Plymouth . . . Westfield . . . Middleboro . \ Brockton . . j Amesbury . . . Westfield . . . Amesbury . . . Man'f't'r's sample Concord .... Man'f't'r's sample Concord .... Spencer .... Spencer .... Worcester . . . Worcester . . . N. Leominster . N. Leominster . Sunderland N. Amherst Worcester . Barre Plains E. Pepperell E. Pepperell Worcester . . / Worcester Boston Boston Pratt's J'ct So. Athol Agawam Chelmsford Pratt's Jct'n / E. Longmeadow Concord . . . ! Upton . . . ! Concord . . . | Agawam . . J Newburyport . Wa.vland . . , Newburyport Amherst . . . \ Upton . . .1 Amherst . , . \ Upton • ■ . / -:h $37.00 32.00 2S.00 25.65 48.00 1 42.00 / 55.00 27.55 36.00 32.00 2S.00 32.00 30.00 32.00 40.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 30.00 32.00 38.00 32.00 40.00 1 40.00 / 39.00 50.00 45.00 31.00 \ 29.00 J 32.00 32.00 \ 31.00 / 39.00 30.00 27.00 24.00 32.00 40.00 30.00 35.00 1 35.00 1 $25.98 20.02 12.26 12.25 25.12 23.69 13.87 24.63 20.66 17.72 20.23 18.89 18.19 26.07 17.11 19.44 16.18 18.10 21.21 20.12 17.78 26.56 16.61 26.49 25.83 28.07 24.39 21.05 20.51 20.45 25.89 14.90 17.63 25.72 16.75 19.63 21.89 43 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. | Potash (K2O) in 100 lbs X> to 0) ■4-* TO 11 « 1 i s> U o > o § Total. 4> Total Available. o 2 o Xi It w 3 .2 'S •a a be IH O .fe 1 •6 a 3 o . 1 0) V a OS O 2 3 I u 1 ■6 V-i 1) "o e ■6 a 3 O ■6 V a a en 3 o •6 a 3 O (U V d IS v. tS 3 o ■0" 3 •0 ■s s 3 0 930 12.07 2.22 .88 .32 3.42 3.29 8.80 3.44 1.56 13.80 13.00 12.24 12.00 3.28 3.00 824 ,15.29 .50 1.25 .61 2.34 2.47 7.59 2.16 1.96 11.71 10.00 9.75 9.00 2.02 2.00 610 10.63 .34 .50 .24 1.08 .82 5.36 2.04 1.35 8.75 8.00 7.40 7.00 1.44 1.00 934 9.57 .63 .28 .18 1.09 .82 4.76 2.30 1.48 8.54 8.00 7.06 7.00 1.98 1.00 409 1 436 1 8.69 2.57 1.90 .52 4.99 4.94 3.57 1.53 .79 5.89 6.00 5.10 5.00 2.90 2.50 605 3.94 3.39 .97 .44 4.80 4.94 1.31 4.18 .56 6.05 6.00 5.49 5.00 2.89 2.50 924 7.94 .19 1.09 .41 1.69 1.65 2.81 1.94 2.50 7.25 6.00 4.75 5.00 2.57 2.00 600 11.20 .88 1.14 .42 2.44 2.47 4.31 1.92 2.14 8.37 7.00 6.23 6.00 10.93 10.00 1056 13.40 .59 1.72 .52 2.83 2.47 5.04 3.69 2.04 10.77 10.00 8.73 9.00 1.76 2.00 525 12.11 .81 .90 .50 2.21 2.06 6.12 2.17 1.79 10.08 9.00 8.29 8.00 1.85 1.50 1053 10.99 .53 1.40 .61 2.54 2.47 3.70 2.71 1.45 7.86 7.00 6.41 6.00 5.19 6.00 429 11.29 .50 1.21 .51 2.22 2.06' 5.84 2.22 1.53 9.59 9.00 8.06 8.00 3.25 3.00 909 12.54 .98 .71 .37 2.06 2.06 5.65 2.95 1.45 10.05 9.00 8.60 8.00 3.18 3.00 910 11.52 1.07 1.59 .48 3.14 3.29 6.06 2.38 1.94 10.38 9.00 8.44 8.00 7.34 7.00 385 11.84 .81 .93 .37 2.11 2.06 6.93 2.25 2.02 10.20 9.00 8.18 8.00 1.61 1.60 884 12.39 .85 i.oo' .40 2.25 2.06 6.76 1.48 2.35 10.59 9.00 8.24 8.00 3.44 3.00 639 11.29 .58 1.01 .42 2.11 2.06 5.33 2.33 2.14 9.80 9.00 7.66 8.00 1.63 1.50 640 13.22 .93 .79 .34 2.06 2.06 5.97 1.89 2.14 10.00 9.00 7.86 8.00 3.37 3.00 116 10.63 1.31 .92 .33 2.56 4.47 4.97 1.99 1.61 8.57 7.00 6.96 6.00 6.26 5.00 651 12.30 1.33 .82 .36 2.51 2.47 4.89 2.53 2.04 9.46 7.00 7.42 6.00 4.59 5.00 819 11.70 .65 1.07 .36 2.08 2.06 5.20 2.25 2.32 9.77 9.00 7.45 8.00 3.02 3.00 842 9.97 1.08 1.55 .56 3.19 3.29 4.46 1.97 1.68 8.11 7.00 6.43 6.00 9.38 10.00 686 12.14 .24 .96 .44 1.64 1.23 5.97 1.76 1.73 9.46 7.00 7.73 6.00 3.26 3.00 685 \ 309 / 11.42 .98 2.02 .59 3.59 4.11 5.04 2.06 2.14 9.24 8.00 7.10 7.00 6.89 7.00 816 10.89 1.38 1.28 .51 3.17 3.29 6.06 1.80 1.94 9.80 9.00 7.86 8.00 7.36* 7.00 538 568 4.63 10.65 .71 1.42 2.15: 1.18 .71 .41 3.57 3.01 3.30 3.00 trace 4.76 6.88 2.38 6.05 2.27 12.93 9.41 14.00 7.00 6.88 7.14 4.00 7.68 7.53 7.00 7.00 874 \ 901 / 12.06 .88 1.14 .39 2.41 2.47 6 .67 1.52 1.89 10.08 10.00 8.19 9.00 4.86 2.00 970 12.08 .76 1.34 .49 2.59 2.47 7.14 1.96 1.84 10.94 10.00 9.10 9.00 2.38 2.00 536 1 872 / 12.05 .75 1.06 .41 2.22 2.06 6.57 1.64 1.99 10.20 9.00 3.21 8.00 4.83 6.00 1034 389 12.24 .90 1.58 .64 3.12 3.29 6.29 2.13 1.68 10.10 9.00 8.42 8.00 7.18 7.00 740 806 11.60 .20 .41 .33 .94 .82 6.10 1.92 1.96 9.98 9.00 8.02 8.00 4.10 4.00 977 689 1045 694 11.45 11.49 11.74 .75 1.49 .71 .87 1.30 .92 .41 .45 .40 2.03 3.24 2.03 2.06 3.29 2.06 5.55 6.22 5.61 2.33 2.73 2.40 1.25 .74 1.76 9.13 9.69 9.77 9.00 9.00 9.00 7.93 8.95 8.01 3.00 8.00 8.00 3.19 6.90 1.80 3.00 7.00 1.50 687 \ 766/ 14.29 .74 1.13 .56 2.43 2.47 6.35 2.53 1.84 10.72 10.00 8.88 9.00 2.38 2.00 698 \ 753/ 13.17 .56 1.20> .43 2.19 2.06 6.91 2.23 1.71 9.86 9.00 j 8.14 8.00 6.82 6.00 *No. 816 Chlorine 3 . 93% Equivalent to 5 . 22% potash ,2.14 potash as sulfate. 44 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand Where Sampled. American Agric. Chemical Co. (Continued.) Packer's Union Gardeners' Complete Manure . . . Quinnipiac Phosphate Quinnipiac Potato Manure Quinnipiac Market Garden Manure Quinnipiac Corn Manvire Quinnipiac Potato Phosphate Read's Farmers' Friend Superphospliate Read's Practical Potato Special Read's Standard Superphosphate Read's Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer Read's H. G. Farmers' Friend Superphosphate . . . .Standard Fertilizer Standard Guano for all Crops Standard Complete Manure Standard Special for Potatoes Wheeler's Corn Fertilizer Wheeler'.s Potato Manure Wheeler's Havana Tobacco Grower Williams & Clark's Anier. Ammo. Bone Superphos. Williams & Clark's H. G. Special for Potatoes & Veg's Williams & Clark's Americus Potato Manure . . Williams & Clark's Americus Corn Phosphate . . Williams & Clark's Potato Phosphate Williams & Clark's Royal Bone Phosphate . . . Williams & Clark's Prolific Crop Producer . . . mple iple I Concord . Amherst . Man'f't'r'ss Seekonk . N. Amherst Fall River Seekonk . N. Amherst Holyoke . N. Amherst Fall River Holyoke . Billerica . Billerica . Sheffield . Man'f't'r's sam So. Barre Marlboro So. Barre Marlboro Whitman Upton Upton Clifton . Munson , Whitman Upton Clinton . Chelmsford Littleton Concord . Danvers . Agawani Danvers . Littleton Agawam Southboro W.B'water Southboro Brockton Southboro Sheffield . Man'f't'r's sample Brockton Newburyport Brockton Worcester $38.00 \ 39.00 i 32.00 33.00 J 37.00 38.00 37.00 J 30.00 30.00 \ 30.00 J 32.00 32.00 30.00 32.00 \ 34.00 / 40.00 \ 40.00 / 32.00 1 32.00 / 32.00 \ 29.00 / 40.00 32.00 33.00 33.00 30.00 1 32.00 / 32.00 1 29.60 32.00 ] 35.00 38.00 \ 35.00 J 31.00 38.00 1 37.00 / 36.00 \ 28.00 i 30.00 32.00 32.00 \ 26.00 / 28.00 \ 28.00 I ■c a a o O. Vh B ^ $25.72 20.71 19.00 25.19 17.00 18.50 17.55 14.14 14.49 13.72 21 21 26 36 17 .11 13 .61 26 .25 18.14 16.02 18.54 26.06 19.75 26.33 18.09 16.53 19.60 13.60 12.88 45 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid n 100 lbs. Potash (K2O) in 100 lbs a 3 a « CO ID a> ca a < < u •a Ef o < -a <=> o c« a Total. 1 CO IH V •6 Pi 3 "o a IH Total. Available. i 3 0 Laboratory N 1 •6 a O V a 2 § 0 803 1 848 / 7.45 1.34 .92 .37 2.63 2.47 4.46 1.79 1.66 7.91 7.00 6.25 6.00 10.26* 10.00 1058 13.46 .53 1.70 .57 2.80 2.47 5.10 3.93 1.89 10.92 10.00 9.03 9.00 1.69 2.00 246 V 548/ 11.40 1.17 .93 .29 2.39 2.47 3.89 2.51 2.07 8.47 7.00 6.40 6.00 4.75 5.00 301] 312 582 11.74 1.28 1.36 .50 3.14 3.29 5.29 2.31 2.50 10.10 9.00 7.60 8.00 7.10 7.00 948 565 229 1 929 / 13.07 13.16 .78 .91 .98 .97 .41 .38 2.17 2.26 2.06 2.06 5.49 5.78 2.30 2.02 2.19 1.61 9.98 9.41 9.00 9.00 7.79 7.80 8.00 8.00 1.50 3.21 1.50 3.00 617 12.56 1.10 .69 .34 2.13 2.06 4.82 2.89 1.86 9.57 9.00 7.71 8.00; 2.97 3.00 618 1014 7.97 7.12 .16 .24 .48 .55 .34 .30 .93 1.09 .82 .82 2.27 2.14 2.07 1.99 1.35 1.28 5.69 5.41 5.00 5.00 4.34 4.13 4.00' 4.00j 7.19 7.40 8.00 8.00 1054 833 1 867 / 10.16 .34 .31 .22 .87 .82 4.97 3.10 1.04 9.11 9.00 8.07 8.00 3.69 4.00 12.20 .49 1.17 .48 2.14 2.06 6.10 1.88 2.02 10.00 9.00 7.98 8.oo! 6.17 6.00 840 \ 873 / 10.43 1.82 1.08 .34 3.24 3.29 5.01 1.50 1.63 8.14 7.00 6.51 6.00 10.00 10.00 471 \ 756 1 11.44 .82 .95 .36 2.13 2.06 5.80 2.11 1.99 9.90 9.00 7.91 8.00 1.81 1.50 769 1 876 1 12.60 .29 .53 .27 1.09 1.03 4.06 4.07 1.56 9.69 9.00 8.13 8.00 2.29 2.00 1035 12.77 1.19 1.71 .56 3.46 3.29 6.40 2.41 2.22 10.03 9.00 7.81 8.00 6.68 7.00 475 1 704 • 877 11.81 .77 .86 .43 2.06 2.06 B.74 2.27 1.94 9.95 9.00 8.01 8.00 3.23 3.00 569 1 658 / 11.89 .34 .89 .43 1.66 1.65 5.74 2.25 1.99 9.98 9.00 7.99 8.00 2.21 2.00 370 1 514 966 J 12.76 1.09 .78 .25 2.12 2.06 5.17 3.53 .99 9.69 9.00 8.70 8.00 3.60 3.00 523 1 679 968 6.83 1.32 .87 .36 2.55 2.47 4.06 2.11 1.56 7.73 7.00 6.17 6.00 11.02* 10.00 694 12.46 1.26 .86 .36 2.48 2.47 7.25 1.89 2.65 11.79 10.00 9.14 9.00 2.05 2.00 449 \ 712/ 11.60 1.51 1.34 .45 3.30 3.29 5.97 1.99 2.47 10.43 9.00 7.96 8.00 7.52 7.00 469 1 683 / 12.44 .86 .77 .46 2.09 2.06 5.71 2.20 1.66 9.57 9.00 7.91 8.00 3.37 3.00 1008 10.59 .91 .88 .33 2.12 2.06 5.29 2.37 1.91 9.57 9.00 7.66 8.00 1.60 1.50 1055 10.88 .70 1.23 .51 2.44 2.47 3.34 3.20 1.30 7.84 7.00 6.54 6.00 5.07 6.00 447 1 590/ 11.64 .27 .57 .28 1.12 1.03 4.95 3.06 1.20 9.21 9.00 8.01 8.00 2.29 2.00 435 1 832 / 11.49 .42 .48 .22 1.12 .82 6.33 2.51 1.40 9.24 8.00 7.84 7.00 1.61 1.00 *No. 802-848 Chlorine .43%, equivalent to .58%pota8h, 9.68% potash as sulfate. " 523-679-968 " .30% " " .39%, " 10.63%, 46 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Armour Fertilizer Works, Baltimore, Md Armour's Grain Grower Where Sampled. Salem .... 1 Newburyport ! Plymouth . . j • • " " i Marblehead . { " •' " I W. Springfield " I W. Springfield Armour's All Soluble . ' Amherst . " " Taunton \merican Farmers' Market Garden Special .... Fall River • • " " " " ... Woburn . Armour's Complete Potato Fall River • • " " Woburn . Armour's Fish and Potash Taunton " " " " Woburn . " " " " Marblehead Armour's Ammoniated Bone with Potash ' Fall River . " " I Salem . . . " " .....< Easthampton Armour's Hii^h Grade Potato Fertilizer | Amherst. . " " " " " 1 Taunton Armour's Blood Bone and Potash i Amherst . . " " " ! N. Hadley . Armour's Blood Bone and Potash | Leominster Armour's Fruit and Root Crop Special Billenca . " " .. •' " " Newburyport Armour's Onion Special | No. Hadley " " " ' Marblehead R. T. Prentiss' Top Dressing W.Springfield " " " Holyoke . " " " i Granby . R. T. Prentiss' Corn Fertilizer ! Easthampton " " " \ Holyoke Granby R. T. Prentiss'Potatoand Vegetable Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md. Easthampton W. Springfield Holyoke . . . Granby . . . Rawson and Ho Ige?' Peerless N.Beverly Rivvson and Hodges' Garden Fertilizer Beverly . Rawson and Hoiges' Potato Fertilizer ! Beverly . Rawaon and Holges' Corn and Grain Fertilizer . . Bridgewater BiUimire PaUerizing Co., Baltimore, Md. Market Garden Fertilizer ...... Quality Brand Fertilizer Beach Soap Co., Lawrence, Mass. Beich's .Advance Brand Fertilizer Beach's Reliance Fertilizer . . . Beach's Market Garden Fertilizer Beach's Top Dressing Fertilizer . Dighton Dighton Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence ^ a $26.00 ] 30.00 I 26.00 26.00 i 25.00 I 27.00 33.00 \ 34.00 I 32.00 \ 30.00 / 26.00 \ 35.00 1 25.00 1 28.00 30.00 25.00 29.00 29.00 33.00 1 34.00 / 38.00 j 37.00 29.00 \ 31.00 1 33.00 40.00 1 43.00 40.00 35.00 36.00 [ 34.00 ) 37.00 36.00 37.50 36.00 35.00 27.00 32.00 30.00 30.00 33.00 33.00 23.00 40.00 47.00 ^6.54 18.00 24.35 29.78 30.20 19.09 23.72 30.00 33.65 25.42 28.87 29.46 19.26 26.51 18.09 19.37 27.11 27.26 20.80 32.64 41.31 59.19 21.92 52.83 26.30 17.87 20.43 48.93 17.25 60.41 53.71 37.53 27.60 22.52 57.15 10.00 21.84 33.75 26.88 18.80 40.19 20.71 65.83 54.88 40.17 21.06 34.61 22.55 13.77 47 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. 0) Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Potash (K2O) in 100 lbs. 1 1 09 0) u Total. 4> Total. 1 Available. •a a. ^ 2 3 73 •o •0 >> \ .1 OJ -M M o V V V »; (u ■" m Wi V "o "O 6 V 4) en o CO a a 3 O fit 3 o a 3 hi Hi 3 o a 3 0 (8 3 0 366 ] 581 613 779 14.26 .53 .74 .51® 1.78 1.65 5.65 2.77 .74 9.16 8.60 3.42 8.00 2.62 2.00 957 960 1 141 259 ' 11.11 1.48 .86 .56 2.90 2.68 6.25 1.92 .89 9.06 8.50 8.17 8.00 4.67 4.00 270 1 607 f 284 \ 622 ] 12.51 .84 1.55 .85 3.34 3.30 5.80 2.64 .69 9.13 3.60 8.44 8.00' 6.88* 7.00 ^10.32 .61 .87 .54 2.02 1.65 4.85 2.75 1.43 9.03 10.00 7.60 7.00 6.76 6.00 310 1 621 |13.47 .96 .73 .56® 2.25 2.06 4.24 2.88 .79 7.91 7.00 7.12 6.00 3.04 2.00 799 276 t 1 392 12.09 .61 1.34 .72 2.67 2.47 3.57 2.60 .87 7.04 7.00 6.17 6.00 2.65 2.00 849 155 277 1 12.04 .60 .72 .60 1.92 1.65 6.12 2.42 1.28 9.82 8.50 3.54 8.00 9.84* 10.00 138 \ 169 / 8.62 2.53 1.24 .60 4.37 4.11 6.95 1.59 .26 8.80 8.50 8.54 8.00 7.70* 7.00 715 112.16 1.59 2.09 .78 4.46 4.11 { 5.86 2.59 .94 9.21 8.60 8.27 8.00 7.14 7.00 603 / ,13.25 .56 .77, .51® 1.84 1.65 6.10 1.94 1.35 9.39 8.50 8.04 8.00; 5.41 5.00 112 11.76 1.41 .90 .41 2.72 2.47 10.20 2.00 .38 12.58 12.50 12.20 12.00 9.40* 10.00 623 11.74 .72 1.42 .53 2.67 2.47 9.57 1.91 .77 12.25 12.50 11.48 12.00 11.12 10.00 917 1 942 11.61 2.59 2.42 .83 5.84 5.76 4.97 1.61 .59 7.17 6.60 6.58 6.00 1 7.48 8.00 1017 851 943 13.56 1.20 1.17 .64 3.01 2.89 6.35 1.74 .99 9.08 8.60 8.09 8.00 8.04 8.00 1015 916 1 1 920 944 12.92 1.61 1.36| .56 3.53 3.30 6.31 2.11 .74 9.16 8.50 8.44 8.00 9.85 10.00 1018 487 i 9.78 1.81 1.28 .44 3.53 3.70 6.80 2.64 1.20 10.64 9.00 9.44 7.00 9.50 10.00 526 9.35 .70 1.06' .48 2.24 2.47 4.12 3.28 3.42 10.82 — . 7.40 8.00 3.72 4.00 527 9.82 .93 1.59 .57 3.09 2.47 7.21 2.17 1.05 10.43 — . 9.38 8.00 7.34 7,00 1043 9.21 .13 .80 .52* 1.45 1.65 8.07 1.70 .61 10.38 — 9.77 8.00 4.15 3.00 363 8.25 1.22 .65 .35* 2.22 2.46 5.93 1.83 .84 3.60 7.76 8.00 5.09 4.00 325 1 6.49 2.39 .61 .30* 3.30 3.04 5.40 2.30 .64 8.34 8.00 7.70 7.00 10.42 10.00 512 9.54 .75 1.56 .55 2.86 2.50 7.76 2.93 1.40 12.09 10.00 10.69 8.00 ' 6.75* 6.00 510 8.42 .40 1.30 .44 2.14 1.65 2.59 7.18 3.67 13.44 10.00 9.77 8.00 3.55 3.00 509 1 7.25 2.32 1.84, .55 4.71 4.74 4.31 2.68 2.07 9.06 8.00 6.99 7.00 9.00* 9.75 513 4.32 2.00 3. -00 .82 5.82 5.76 Trace 4.54 3.37 7.91 7.00 4.54 4.00 17. 24 15.00 *=Xo. 270-607 Chlorine 4,43%, equivalent to 5.89%potttsh, .99%potash as sulfate. 155-27'; 1.38-109 112 512 509 3.27% 5.07%, 6.81% 1.06% .94% 4.. 34% 6.74% 9.05% 1.40% 1 . 25% 5.50% .96% .35% 5.35% 7.75% ^Waler insoluble organic Nitrogen less than 50. 00% active indicatiny that some low grade organic Nitrogen was used in the fertilizer. 48 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Beach Soap Co., Lawrence, Mass. Beach's Lawn Dressing Fertilizer . . . Beach's Seeding Down Fertilizer . . . Berkshire Fertilizer Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Berkshire Complete Fertilizer .... Berkshire Complete Fertilizer .... Berkshire Complete Fertilizer .... Berkshire Complete Tobacco Fertilizer Berkshire Complete Tobacco Fertilizer Berkshire Complete Tobacco Fertilizer Berkshire Potato and Vegetable Phosphate Berkshire Long Island Special Berkshire Long Island Special Berkshire Grass Special Where Sampled. Berkshire Ammoniated Bone Phosphate .... Berkshire Tobacco Special with Carbonate of Potash Berkshire Tobacco Special with Carbonate of Potash Berkshire Tobacco Special with Carbonate of Potash Berkshire Economical Grass Fertilizer Bonora Chemical Co., 584 Broadway, N. Y. City Bonora C. M. Belles, East Pepperell, Mass.; Nissitissitt Plant Food Bowker Fertilizer Co., 43 Chatham St., Boston, Mass Bowkfir's Alkaline Tobacco Grower Bowker's Early Potato Manure Bowker's Lawn and Garden Dressing Bowker's Market Garden Fertilizer Bowker's Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer .... Lawrence Lawrence Sunderland N. Hadley . Had ley . • Somerset W.Bridgew't' N. Hadley Hadley . Bradstreet . Sunderland No. Hadley Easthampton Somerset W.Bridgew't'r Sunderland N. Hadley Seekonk . Sunderland Hadley . W.Bridgew' N. Hadley Hadley • Upton Sunderland N. Hadley N. Hadley Sunderland N. Hadley Hadley t'r Boston Pepperell Ayer . • Northampton Wobuin . . N. Abiiigton Fall River Concord . . Northampton Brockton Concord . . Hudson . . Northampton Leominster Franklin N. Abington Holyoke . . $43.00 39.00 33.00 33.00 31.00 33.00 34.00 32.00 32.00 35.00 31.00 32.00 31.00 31.00 32.00 35.00 33.00 35.00 33.50 33.00 37.00 33.00 33.00 32.00 37.00 35.00 36.00 35.00 36.00 50.00 50.00 48.00 31.50 38.00 39.00 60.00 45.00 33.50 37.50 35.00 37.00 28.50 32.00 30.00 32.50 34.00 'S a at O A u a s $26.54 30.34 23.56 23.06 22.86 25.14 24.81 24.74 17.56 26.03 25.58 24.43 15.74 31.50 30.88 28.58 41.28 56.87 31.12 27.23 25.28 20.61 23.50 21.28 49 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, PJiosphoric Acid and Potasli. Nitrogen in 100 IbE 1 Phosphoric Acid in 1 00 lbs. Potash (K2O) a in 100 lbs. •e Total. 1 Total. AvaUable. s a 01 m •a s >> U) V m •6 9 •6 •e •e 1) *; bO a> V 4) 4> o 0) „ Id « "3 •ts V a> «s k4 ^■g o 4) u "5 w v 3 "S "S a M .ti o 4) ■Z a •6 ? u u a •d rt •6 ctf •d C0 o Mois AsN Amm a 3 O bi 3 o 1 Pi g a § o S S O a s o 3 o s 0 495 8.47 2.17 1.40 .42 3.99 4.00 2.78 3.50 3.67 9.95 9.60 6.28 7.50 6.53 5.26 496 3.55 .20 1.14 .63 1.97 2.06 trace 5.59 9.90 15.49 j 15.00 5.59 16.69 15.00 69 10.53 1.25 .93 .84 3.02 2.60 4.66 3.58 1.02 9.26 9.00 8.24 8.00 6.90 6 00 96 350 ] 10.09 1.69 .53 .50* 2.72 2.50 4.38 3.65 .92 8.95 9.00 8.03 8.00 7.41 6.00 355 400 11.00 1.26 .94 .56 2.75 2.60 4.66 3.12 1.10 8.88 9.00 7.78 8.00 6.75 6.00 559 9 8.93 1.31 .98 .67 2.96 2.50 6.00 2.24 .64 8.88 9.00 8.24 8.00 7.06* 6.00 35 9.72 1.16 1.00 .63 2.79 2.60 6.12 2.40 .84 9.36 9.00 8.52 8.00 6.96* 6.00 163 549 701 9.91 .97 1.25 .72 2.94 2.60 5.68 2.84 .69 9.21 9.00 8.52 8.00 6.33* 6.00 331 1 408 / 7.74 .52 .93 .64 2.09 1.70 3.29 2.53 1.02 6.84 7.00 5.82 6.00 4.98 4.00 61 9.65 1.64 1.35 .77 3.76 3.30 3.74 2.74 1.28 7.76 7.00 6.48 6.00 7.39 7.00 177 293 347 10.75 1.29 1.38 .85 3.52 3.30 3.74 2.43 1.25 7.42 7.00 6.17 6.00 7.90 7.00 371 406 , 176 335 / 9.71 2.37 1.63 .89 4.89 5.00 .48 2.84 1.68 ■ 5.00 5.00 3.32 4.00 4.001 2.00 770 8.98 .07 .64 .73® 1.44 .80 5.04 2.66 1.10 8.80 9.00 7.70 8.00 3.46 2.00 50 8.36 .77 2.68 1.70 5.15 4.60 .74 3.54 .08 4.36 4.00 4.28 3.00 6.53* 5.60 77 9.54 .87 2.76 1.57 5.20 4.60 .57 3.79 .03 4.39 4.00 4.36 3.00 6.79* 5.60 174 1 1 : ■ or 337 10.53 1.71 2.10 1.44 5.26 4.60 .32 3.46 .38 4.16 4.00 3.78 3.00 5.81* 6.50 550 J 352 3.19 6.49 1.16 .49 8.14 8.00 trace 4.00 3.60 7.60 8.00 4.00 4.00 10.91 8.00 631 4.61 — — — 15.24 15.00 4.46 .13 none 4.59 — 4.59 5.00 4.69 3.00 648 ) 676/ 6.95 1.76 1.89 .68 4.33 4.00 2.36 3.38 4.72 10.46 10.00 6.74 4.50 10.00 10.00 221 6.65 .17 2.83 1.22 4.22 4.11 .51 2.85 4.62 7.88 6.00 3.36 4.00 6.03* 5.00 601 1 I^M 12.92 1.51 1.33 .48 3.32 3.29 5.36 1.91 2.63 9.90 9.00 7.27 8.00 6.84 7.00 230 \ 459 / 9.23 2.04 .96 .30 3.30 3.29 3.32 1.35 .89 5.56 3.00 4.67 4.00 6.42 6.00 219 472 476 11.63 .66 1.30 .43 2.39 2.47 3.89 2.46! 1.61 7.96 7.00 6.35 6.00 9.84 10.00 331 206 1 732 1 733 12.58 .69 1.31 .47 2.47 2.47 5.61 2.65 2.17 10.43 9.00 8.26 8.00 4.50 4.00 797 j 923 ! \ *No. 9 Chlorine .77% equivalent to 1.02% potash, 6.03% potash as sulfate. '• 35 " .76% " 1.00% " 5.96% "163-549-701" 1.14% " 1.51% " 4.82%, " 50 " .58% " .77% " 3.13% " " " 2.63% potash as carbonate, total potash 7.09%. *No. 77 Chlorine .21% equivalent to .28% potash, 3.04% potash as sulfate 2.47% potash as carbonate, total potash 7.08%. *No. 174-337-550 Chlorine .37% equivalent to .50% potash, 5.31% potash as sulfate, total potash 6.03%. " 221 " .47% " .61% " 5.42% " " ®Water insoluble organic Nitrogen less than 50.00% active, indicating that some low grade organic nitrogen was used in the fertilizer. 50 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Bowker Fertilizer Co. (Continued). Bonker's Soluble Animal Fertilizer Bowker's High Grade Fertilizer . Bowker'a Cranberry Phosphate . • . •. • • Bowker's Corn, Grain and Grass Fertilizer Bowker's "Square Brand" Fiah and Potash Where Sampled. Bowker's Tobacco Starter .... Bowker's Hill and Drill Phosphate Bowker's Potato and Vegetable Phosphate Bowker's Farm and Garden Phosphate . . Bowker's Corn Phosphate Bowker's Onion Fertilizer Bowker's Onion Fertilizer Bowker's Onion Fertilizer Bowker's Sheep Manure Bowker's Bristol Fish and Potash . . . . Bowker's Bone and Wood Ash Fertilizer Bowker's 10% Manure Bowker's Blood, Bone and Fish . . Bowker's Sure Crop Bone Phosphate Bowker's Potash Bone Bowker's Gloucester Fish and Potash Bowker's Aminoniatei Food for Flowers Bowker's Highly Nitrogenized Manure] Stockbridge's Spec. Comp. Man. for Tobacco . . . Stockbridge's Spec. Comp. Man. for Top Dressing Stockbridge's Sp. Com. Man. for Top Dress. & Forc'g Stockbridge's Sp. Comp. Man. Potatoes & Veget'bl's Fall River Dighton . Beverly . Woburn . Man'f't'r's sample Leominster Northampton Dighton . . Conway . . Northampton Boston . . Leominster Taunton Bridgewater Chelmsford . Bridgewater Hudson . . Sterling . . Lawrence . Chelmsford Sunderland Sunderland Northampton Sunderland Boston . . N. Raynham Fall River . Beverly . . Leominster Leominster Hudson . . W. Peabody Lawrence . Leominster W. Acton . Plymouth . Taunton Franklin Boston . . Man'f't'r's sample Northampton . Sunderland . . Northampton 1 Dighton . . . / Northampton Dighton . . Bridgewater > . ■-M a a o a "^ 0 S. $32.00 \ 33.25 / 34.00 \ 32.00 J 32.00 27.00 \ 28.00 / 35.00 28.50 32.00 32.00 31.00 32.00 30.00 30.00 31.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 33.00 32.00 40.00 28.00 40.00 30.00 23.00 32.00 34.00 41.00 26.00 28.00 26.50 28.00 31.00 42.50 37.50 36.00 33.95 36.00 33.95 39.00 $21.16 21.82 20.20 20.88 15.09 21.64 19.79 15.65 15.96 15.94 23.26 28.54 27.72 14.11 14.53 14.37 16.04 28.38 13.80 11.85 12.62 19.13 41.71 33.44 27.28 27.28 26.60 Qot « c S « o a I) 54.21 51.24 53.25 70.92 61.74 55.79 93.08 90.04 38.20 15.63 15.44 183.50 92.71 127.35 105.75 44.47 94.42 136.28 145.65 27.09 37.46 23.25 42.73 51 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. h4 41 3 w 'o Nitrogen in 100 lbs Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs • Potash (K2O) in 100 lbs. 1 B e « CO V) (U 2d K 1 to a < < •a cd o > < Total. a> •d "3 3 Total. Available. 1 3 (2 \ Laboratory Ni e 3 O « O •d a 3 O V a; d I 3 o •d d 3 O d V .^0 •a 0 1 a << > < So a 3 0 u ca 3 0 a 4) > "o m a • a 3 0 b s 0 a 3 u a 3 0 a 3 1 £ 01 3 0 144] 1 818 1 S55 10.66 1.35 i 1.36 .70 3.41 3.29 7.42 2.45 1.15 11.02 11.00 9.87 10.00 7.43 7.00 410 J 673 10.66 .75 ' 2.01 .67 3.43 3.29 7.08 2.18 .92 10.18 11.00 9.26 10.00 7.75 7.00 883 ] 1 867 9.28 1.05 , .94 .29 2.28 2.47 3.89 2.25 1.51 7.65 9.00 6.14 6.00 '10.25 10.00 330 J i 686 12.92 .86 1.25 .42 2.53 2.47 1 j 6.25 2.75 2.25 11.25 10.00 9.00 9.00 2.21 2.00 662 3.84 1.58 1.90 .63 4.11 4.11 3.38 2.82 3.19 9.39 6.00 6.20 5.00 5.12 5.00 867 7.18 — — — 2.31 2.25 — — — 1.59 1.50 2.01t 1.60 861 13.40 .38 .55 .30 1.23 .80 4.27 4.86 1.43 10.56 10.00 9.13 9.00 2.54 2.00 763 1 825 / 12.78 .32 .34 .24 .90 .80 3.95 4.09 1.30 9.34 9.00 8.04 8.00 5.61 5.00 166 13.37 .76 .58 .48* 1.82 1.60 I 5.84 3.83 1.30 10.97 10.00 9.67 9.00 4.78 5.00 689 ] 814 12.67 1.00 .47 .25 1.72 1.60 5.55 3.56 1.05 10.16 10.00 9.11 9.00 5.98 5.00 941 81 11.46 .54 .80 .49* 1.83 1.60 5.59 2.54 1.51 9.64 9.00 8.13 8.00 9.82 10.00 810 \ 834 / 12.10 1.14 .40 .26® 1.80 1.60 4.21 3.95 1.15 9.31 9.00 8.16 8.00 9.53 10.00 394 938 8.87 1.45 .58 .34 2.37 2.40 5.10 2.88 1.22 9.20 9.00 7.98 8.00 8.02 7.00 1010 115 9.59 2.24 .68 .56® 3.42 3.30 5.17 2.12 .87 8.16 8.00 7.29 7.00 9.13 10.00 674 1 8U 839 654 8.53 2.21 .78 .37 3.21 3.30 5.68 1.92 .87 8.47 8.00 7.60 7.00 9.50* 10.00 7.84 2.69 1.45 .78 4.93 4.51 3.19 2.94 2.42 8.55 5.00 6.13 5.64* 5.50 66S 6.07 2.46 1.71 .73 4.90 4.51 3.19 2.57 2.40 8.16 5.00 6.76 5.60* 5.50 120 10.23 4.98 .50 .38 5.86 5.74 4.82 1.97 1.30 8.09 7.00 6.79 6.00 4.97 5.00 680 6.40 3.42 1.48 .59 5.49 5.74 4.50 1.60 1.15 7.25 7.00 6.10 6.59* 5.00 72 12.32 1.93 1.09 .37 3.39 3.30 7.05 1.14 .87 9.06 10.00 8.19 8.00 7.08 6.00 810 13.90 1.52 1.30 .56* 3.38 3.30 5.52 2.72 1.81 10.05 10.00 3.24 8.00 6.94 6.00 131 10.03 2.00 .90 .37 3.27 3.30 6.33 2.22 1.73 10.33 10.00 8.60 8.00 4.49t 5.00 706 8.35 1.34 1.57 .55 3.46 3.30 6.12 1.94 2.09 10.15 10.00 8.06 8.00 5.37t 5.00 149 13.73 .65 1.37 .51 2.53 2.47 6.83 1.59 .97 9.39 10.00 8.42 3.00 5.79 6.00 164 ) 415/ 8.33 2.97 1.21 .34 5.02 4.95 3.67 1.44 .99 6.10 6.00 5.11 4.00 8.54* 8.00 814 15.21 2.36 1.06 .41* 3.83 4.10 4.89 1.51 1.02 7.42 8.00 6.40 6.00 4.77 5.00 705 7.91 2.31 1.54 .63 4.48 4.30 3.06 .95 .71 4.72 5.00 4.01 3.00 6.25* 5.50 546 13.66 1.91 1.47 .72 4.20 4.00 .26 .91 5.97 7.14 7.00 1.17 1.12 .33 .08 860 1 1 960/ 9.30 .38 .78 .56 1.72 1.65 4.66 2.97 1.12 8.75 9.00 7.63 8.00 3.88 4.00 891 I 903/ 9.08 .44 .58 .35 1.37 1.23 5.17 3.20 1.30 9.67 9.50 8.37 8.50 2.71 2.50 tNo. 367 Total potash, associated with organic matter, valued at 6 cents per pound. ^Water insoluble organic Nitrogen less than 50 .00% active indicating that some low grade organic nitrogen used in the fertilizer. *No. 574-811-839 Chlorine5.74% equivalent to 7.61% potash, 1.89% potash as sulfate. ' 554 " .11% " .15% " 5.49%o " 668 " .43% " .56% " 5.04%, " " " 580 " .45% " .58% " 6.01% " " JPotash as Sulfate. *.N'o. 164-415 Chlorine . 17% equivalent to .22% potash, 8.32% potash as sulfate. " 705 " .22% •' .30% •' 5.95% " " 54 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, PJiosphoric Acid and Potasli. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Coe Mortimer Co., (Continued.) E. Frank Coe's Excelsior Potato Fertilizer . . . E. Frank Coe's Amtnoniated Bone Superphosphate E. Frank Coe's New Englander Corn and Grain . E. Frank Coe's Red Brand Excelsior Guano . . . E. Frank Coe's Special Grass Top Dressing . . . E, Frank Coe'sXX V Ammo. Bone Superphosphate E. Frank Coe's Gold Brand Excelsior Guano . . E. Frank Coe'sComplete Manure with 10% Potash E.Frank Coe's Standard Potato Fertilizer .... E. Frank Coe's Double Strength Potato Manure . Peruvian Vegetable Grower Peruvian Guano Base Market Garden Fertilizer . . Peruvian Grass Top Dressing Peruvian Tobacco Fert. (Peruvian Guano Base) Cowl's Special 4-6-6 Cowl's Special 4-7-8 Eastern Chem. Co., 37 Pittsburg St., Boston, Mass. IMP Plant Food Essex Fertilizer Co., 39 N. Market St., Boston, Mass. Essex XXX Fish and Potash Essex Complete Manure Potatoes, Roots and Veg. Essex Market Garden and Potato Manure . . . Essex Complete Corn, Grain, and Grass .... Essex Special Potato Phosphate Essex AI Superphosphate Essex Lawn Dressing Essex Potato Grower with 10% Potash Essex Grain and Grass Fertilizer Essex Grass and Top Dressing Essex Tobacco Starter and Grower C. W. Hastings, Dorchester, Mass. Ferti-Flara Lister's Agricultural Chem. Works, Newark, N. J. Lister's 10% Potato Grower Lister's High Grade Special for Spring Crops . . Lister's Success Fertilizer Where Sampled. Dighton . . Grafton . . Grafton . . Lee .... New Bedford S.Williamst'n Concord . . . Concord . . Concord . . Dighton . . Man'f 't'r's sample Dighton . . Baldwinsville New Bedford Billerica . Concord . Attleboro Billerica . Lynn . . Easthampton N. Amherst N. Amherst Boston Taunton . . So.Fr'mingh'm Taunton Leominster Leominster Sterling . S.Framingh'm Southwick Sterling . S.Framingh'm Taunton Leominster Spencer . Webster . Marlboro Southwick Boston So. Deerfield Pepperell . Marblehead Pepperell Hingham O d $38.00 38.00 31.00 32.00 30.00 29.00 34.00 31.50 34.00 38.00 36.00 36.00 38.00 36.00 36.00 41.00 51.00 57.00 53.00 38.00 40.30 30.00 32.00 40.00 40.00 35.00 35.00 40.00 40.50 40.00 28.00 45.00 40.00 39.00 27.00 42.00 38.00 40.00 35.00 36.00 29.00 29.00 $20.46 16.84 12.32 25.97 22.72 13.60 24.27 22.04 24.91 30.15 28.16 34.47 40.37 35.11 27.06 30.42 102.72 16.92 26.68 18.85 26.77 21.75 13.37 25.63 23.58 16.30 28.95 25.88 19.42 25.84 22.36 15.93 ♦*No. 629 sold in small packages, 11 oz. for 25 cents. No. 773 sold only in small bottles. 55 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Potash (K2O)] in 100 lbs. (A 0) u 'S Total. V 3 Total. Available. K •e •o •o V ^ 0) -A^ tU) « 0) 4) t> u Q> ^ 4) 9) « o l-i 3 11 O .li •o a «4 CO u V 2 s •6 •d "2 1 o « k4 'S << < «5 a 3 C s O 4> "3 5 a es 3 o a 3 CS 3 o 0 3 9 0 362 1 760 / 8.62 1.07 .81 .35* 2.23 2.47 4.21 2.34 .82 7.37 8.00 6.55 7.00 7.54 8.00 3.00 768 1 1018/ 10.31 .64 .80 44® 1.88 1.65 5.36 2.39 1.15 8.90 9.00 7.75 8.00 3.10 260 1 906 8.51 .35 .29 .24* .88 .80 4.27 3.00 .94 8.21 8.50 7.27 7.50 2.89 3.00 343 375 382 J 323 10.64 1.04 1.57 .78* 3.39 3.30 3.00 4.85 .82 8.67 9.00 7.85 8.00 7.45 7.00 7.93 2.35 1.59 .56* 4.50 4.94 2.63 1.45 .36 4.49 5.00 4.13 4.00 3.26* 3.00 1059 7.83 .31 .36 .41* 1.08 .80 5.29 3.59 1.04 9.92 9.50 8.88 8.50 1.74 1.50 327 1 896 ' 10.05 .88 1.78 .55 3.21 2.47 5.87 2.09 .66 8.62 9.00 7.96 3.00 5.79 6.00 287 ' 9.44 1.15 .80 .54* 2.49 2.47 4.15 1.80 .84 6.79 7.00 6.95 6.00 8.80 10.00 801 10.15 1.55 .88 .63* 3.06 3.30 4.59 1.48 .87 6.94 7.00 6.07 6.00 9.71 10.00 377 8.49 1.53 1.86 .57 4.06 3.70 2.10 4.51 .69 7.30 8.50 6.61 7.00 11.00 10.00 274 8.04 1.55 1.22 .53 3.30 3.30 3.00 5.37 1.95 10.33 9.00 8.37 8.00 8.47* 9.00 537 9.47 2.77 1.68 .63 5.08 4.96 2.08 6.65 1.99 10.72 9.00 8.73 8.00 8.44* 10.00 785 7.29 4.41 2.99 .83 8.23 8.24 .93 4.17 2.27 7.37 6.00 5.10 4.50 5.98* 6.00 1035 7.89 1.23 2.71 .96 4.90 4.96 1.08 6.44 .26 7.78 7.00 7.52 6.00 10.39* 10.00 776 8.41 1.21 2.02 .70 3.93 4.00 2.27 4.04 2.42 8.73 7.00 6.31 6.00 6.16* 6.00 808 10.34 1.11 2.22 .74 4.07 4.00 2.04 4.95 3.34 10.33 6.99 7.00 8.00* 8.00 629 .32 13.36 — — 13.36 13.00 25.76 none none 25.76 25.30 25.76 — 26. lot 24.60 282 1 844 / 8.43 .36 1.15 .40 1.91 2.00 4.85 2.78 .89 8.52 9.00 7.63 8.00 3.08 3.00 254 \ 696 1 7.01 .93 1.70 .55 3.19 3.28 4.34 2.40 .56 7.30 7.00 6.74 6.00 10.13 10.00 734 \ 830 i 6.82 .37 1.15 .32 1.84 2.00 5.55 2.62 .84 9.01 9.00 8.17 8.00 5.12 5.00 843 1 935 / 829 6.28 .53 1.98 .56 3.22 3.28 3.95 2.61 .69 7.25 7.00 6.56 6.00 10.00 10.00 8.82 .56 1.41 .50 2.47 2.46 5.49 2.67 1.28 9.44 9.00 8.16 3.00 5.56 6.00 722 5.45 .16 .81 .40 1.37 1.20 3.87 2.94 1.05 7.86 8.00 6.81 7.00 2.08 2.00 279 -' 729 1051 5.92 2.17 1.21 .46 3.84 4.00 6.06 1.50 .38 8.04 8.00 7.66 7.00 >.03 6.00 7.41 .90 1.25 .35 2.51 2.46 1 5.29 1.37 .36 7.02 7.00 6.66 6.00 9.72 10.00 893 7.63 .10 .56 .33 .99 .82 1 6.16 3.38 2.09 11.63 9.00 9.54 8.00 3.93 4.00 866 10.49 1.62 1.75 .56 3.93 4.00 ■ 6.12 1.33 1.48 8.93 8.00 7.45 7.00 8.67 8.00 925 6.59 1.20 2.08 .72 4.00 4.00 3.99 1.27 .71 5.97 5.00 5.26 4.00 I 6.13* 6.00 773 83.32 3.12 — — 3.12 3.25 3.98 — — 3.98 3.67 3.98 3.67 3.36t 3.30 1020 11.40 1.64 1.09 .53 3.25 3.29 4.89 1.51 .97 7.37 __ 5.40 6.00 10.76 10.00 656 1 778 : 11.79 .67 .65 .29 1.61 1.65 5.84 2.40 1.56 9.80 9.00 8.24 8.00 10.19 10.00 655 ) 793 / 12.42 .55 .56 .29 1.40 1.23 6.44 2.79 1.79 11.02 10.00 9.23 9.00 2.38 2.00 *Wa . 'C a ca o a s. $15.38 17.74 20.58 26.42 19.74 23.73 24.54 27.46 25.39 22.35 25.06 31.71 29.16 26.89 25.25 22.21 30.61 14.19 21.53 20.70 23.17 16.17 21.07 26.17 41.25 42.28 14.07 25.21 20.16 57 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs • Phosphor ic Acid in 100 lbs. Potash (K2O) in 100 lbs. .a 3 « rn* u 'a ' Total. 3 Total. Available. 2; . ^ 1 w a> es •0 3 •0 •0 ■0 S • i « -!i M) 0 0) rati tur itra oni 0 «> 4) U •6 CO Wi 2 _3 •6 a •6 a St •d Labo Mois AsN Amm > < is? a a 3 0 4> 4) > Pi "S CO a a 3 0 3 0 a 3 0 u a 3 0 a 1 u 3 0 437 13.98 665 .65 .53 .27 1.45 1.23 5.57 2.22 1.35 9.14 9.00 7.79 8.00 3.26 3.00 795 228 664 673 13.72 .55 .91 .37 1.83 1.65 5.74 2.53 2.04 10.31 9.00 8.27 8.00 3.35 3.00 804 912 994 11.33 .25 1.32 .71 2.28 2.06 5.65 2.71 3.27 11.63 9.00 8.36 8.00 3.16* 3.00 870 11.94 1.56 1.27 .46 3.29 3.29 5.55 2.87 2.22 10.64 9.00 8.42 8.00 7.44 7.00 890 11.81 .83 1.19 .38 2.40 2.47 7.05 2.08 1.66 10.79 10.00 9.13 9.00 2.50 2.00 669 3.60 2.25 1.11 .59 3.95 4.11 2.81 2.22 1.22 6.25 5.00 4.03 4.00 5.10* 5.00 503 10.15 .39 2.36 .98 3.73 3.00 .13 6.90 3.21 9.24 6.00 6.03 5.00 4.48 3.00 252 "51 4.70 2.13 1.12 .51® 3.76 3.71 1.31 6.65 1.22 9.18 8.00 7.96 8.00 7.26* 6.00 434 1 897 1 11.22 2.27 1.66 .85» 4.78 4.12 none 6.28 3.39 9.67 8.00 6.28 6.00 1.76* 1.00 263 755 13.92 .66 .81 .60® 2.07 1.65 none 3.73 4.36 8.09 7.00 3.73 5.00 10.04* 10.00 557 7.94 2.17 .80 .53® 3.60 3.29 .93 3.39 1.51 6.33 6.00 4.32 4.00 3.31* 3.00 236 8.64 3.10 1.47 .70® 5.27 4.94 1.19 5.98 1.56 8.73 8.00 7.17 6.00 6.85* 6.00 651 9.36 2.54 1.69 .74® 4.97 4.94 .96 7.43 2.40 10.79 10.00 8.39 8.00 3.68* 3.00 653 \ 738 9.31 2.97 .90 .65® 4.42 4.12 1.40 6.82 .84 8.06 8.00 7.22 7.00 6.40* 6.00 644 1 741 ] 1IO.66 3.00 .70 .49® 4.19 4.12 .93 5.66 1.05 7.53 6.00 6.48 6.00 6.11 6.00 239 1 632 1 10.34 .71 1.07 .69® 2.47 2.47 .80 6.83 3.60 11.23 10.00 7.63 8.00 6.21 6.00 267 1 7.44 2.02 2.13 .87® 5.02 4.94 .55 5.29 1.94 7.78 6.00 5.84 5.00 7.69 7.00 233 12.84 1.92 .37 .31® 2.60 2.47 .99 2.38 1.02 4.39 3.00 3.37 2.00 2.51 2.50 561 10.11 1.17 1.01 .51® 2.69 2.47 .89 8.42 3.83 13.14 12.00 9.31 10.00 3.10 2.50 952 1 9.78 .99 .60 .47® 2.06 2.06 .48 4.19 1.22 5.89 5.00 4.67 3.00 10.56 10.00 243 11.74 1.26 1.35 .56® 3.17 3.29 1.02 6.81 2.96 10.79 10.00 7.83 8.00 4.40 4.00 262 1 ,. .. 894/ 10-44 1016 3.36 .62 .82 .56® 2.00 1.65 .68 4.42 3.29 8.39 8.00 6.10 6.00 3.77 3.00 3.35 .95 .36® 4.66 4.94 .57 1.90 1.61 4.08 4.00 2.47 2.50 2.62* 2.00 1048 9.47 .20 .42 .29® .91 .50 .15 1.90 4.41 6.46 5.70 2.05 — 14.73* 15.00 III] 9-09 2.80 2.56 .92 6.28 6.18 .23 4.75 .99 5.97 4.50 4.98 — 10.41* 10.60 940 5.52 9.24 .48 .23 9.95 9.88 .19 6.36 .51 7.56 8.00 7.05 5.00 4.17* 4.00 956 9.13 .17 .35 .42® .94 .82 .77 6.70 1.51 8.98 7.47 8.00 4.46 4.00 680 710 10.57 .81 1.74 .69 3.24 3.29 6.12 1.91 1.15 9.18 9.00 8.03 8.00 6.35 6.00 719 i 80 11.80, .70 1.48 .60 2.78 2.88 4.91 1.95 1.35 8.21 7.00 6.86 6.00 3.62 4.00 ''Water insoluble organic nitrogen less than 50.00% active, indicating that some low grade organic nitrogen was used in the fertilizer. *Xo. 994 Chlorine .37%equivalent to .49% potash . 2.67% 669 .87% 1.15% " 3.95% 252-485 .59% .78% 6.47% 484-897 .25% .34% 1.42% 263-755 .79% 1.04% 9.00% 551 .67% .87% 2.81% 557 .32% .43% 7.88% 236 1.06% 1.41% 5.44% 558-738 .35% .44% 4.96% 1016 .92% 1.22% 1.40% 1048 1.76% 2.34% 4.24%, 898-902 .67% 87%, 3.41% 940 .79% 1.05% 3.12% 8.15% potash as carbonate. 6.13% potash as carbonate. Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. National Fertilizer Co. (Continued.) Chittenden's Fish and Potash . . . Chittenden's XXX Fish and Potash Chittendens' Marl 5 « d a ^ a 50.98 54.74 53.64 90.04 23.42 60.48 25.32 34.72 32.61 25.09 36.00 34.68 38.07 43.48 28.85 28.13 30.98 31.92 21.98 22.94 18.09 9.17 25.68 26.03 61.16 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 1 00 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Potash (K2O) in 100 lbs. 6 a ■§ u Total. V Total. Available. S Oi M •a 2 >k 0) a a. •e 9 •o •a •0 c? 0) *; f* v u V a o u u « 2 •o i v 0) 4> S a I'i O 4) 1 > V "3 d 3 CD 3 o a 3 o CD 3 o 1 0 171] 646 689 12.44 .81 1.26 .48 2.55 2.88 4.44 2.83 1.53 8.80 7.00 7.37 6.00 4.03 4.00 953 649 693 984 90 9.29 .81 1.33 .59 2.73 2.47 3.89 2.26 1.91 8.06 6.00 6.15 5.00 3.97 3.00 13.53 1.51 .59 .23 2.33 2.47 6.29 2.18 1.07 9.54 9.00 8.47 8.00 6.02 6.00 339 1 448 465 11.53 1.01 1.19 .40 2.60 2.47 6.31 1.85 1.66 9.82 9.00 8.16 8.00 6.03 6.00 643 641 1 718/ 11.14 .60 .79 .33 1.72 1.65 5.10 3.06 2.04 10.20 9.00 8.16 8.00 2.11 2.00 993 450 1 684 J 8.08 2.29 2.66 .81 5.76 5.76 3.06 1.71 .87 5.64 6.00 4.77 5.00 10.02* 10.00 12.39 .70 .87 .44 2.01 2.06 6.00 2.01 2.04 10.05 9.00 8.01 8.00 5.45 6.00 20 11.48 1.12 1.70 .52 3.34 3.29 6.54 2.85 1.43 10.82 9.00 9.39 8.00 6.98 6.00 46 11.48 1.06 1.71 .64 3.41 3.29 5.84 1.94 1.99 9.77 9.00 7.78 8.00 6.57 6.00 342 1 374 587 i 708 946 11.80 1.11 1.81 .49 3.41 3.29 6.25 2.02 1.30 9.57 9.00 8.27 8.00 6.20 6.00 8 9.12 1.60 1.37 .61 3.58 3.29 5.84 3.11 2.91 11.86 9.00 8.95 8.00 5.29* 5.00 17 9.64 1.64 1.26 .57 3.47 3.29 6.00 2. 82 2.63 11.45 9.00 8.82 8.00 5.30* 5.00 37 9.28 1.68 1.22 .57 3.47 3.29 5.91 2.97| 2.78 11.65 9.00 8.88 8.00 5.42* 5.00 117 1 166 195 J 10.03 1.90 1.13 .40 3.43 3.29 5.74 2.76 1.81 10.31 9.00 8.50 8.00 5.05t 5.00 426] 564 595 1 10.52 1.45 1.30 .41 3.16 3.29 5.23 3.19 2.32 10.74 9.00 8.42 8.oo: 5.08* 5.00 918] 18 9.18 .16 3.52 1.37 5.05 4.94 none 2.91 2.12 5.03 4.00 2.91 1.00 8.45* 8.00 78 9.38 .22 3.23 1.52 4.97 4.94 .77 2.85 1.53 5.15 4.00 3.62 1.00; 7.93t 8.00 599 9.81 .26 3.36 1.57 5.19 4.94 .74 1.71 2.07 4.52 4.00 2.45 l.OOi 7.31t 8.00 95 7.92: 5.27 1.71 1.10 8.08 8.23 .41 3.98 .87 5.26 4.00 4.39 3.00; 2.95* 2.56 538 9.501 4.11 3.23 1.37 8.71 8.23 .77 3.29 .65 4.72 4.00 4.06 3.00' 2.58t 2.50 6 9.93 .29 2.97 1.38 4.64 4.53 trace 2.75 2.91 5.66 4.00 2.75 3.00 4.76* 5.50 13 10.01 .29 2.85 1.41 4.55 4.53 .48 2.61 2.78 5.87 4.00 3.09 3.00' 5.58* 5.50 74 10.13, .15 3.42 1.31 4.89 4.53 .26 3.34 1.99 5.59 4.00 3.60 3.00! 5.06* 5.50 98 151 1 188 10.02 .23 3.08 1.56 4.87 4.53 1 .64 3.14 2.32 6.10 4.00 3.78 3.00 5.46t 5.60 9.31 .48 2.92 1.16 4.56 4.53 trace 3.96 2.86 6.81 4.00 3.95 3.00 5.96* 5.60 417 1 667 1 985 J ! 9.75 .14 3.16 1.21 4.51 4.33 .26 4.33 2.22 6.81 4.00 4.59 3.00 5.58* 5.50 187 1 642 ' 10.79 2.51 1.02 .33 3.86 4.11 3.95 2.07 1.48 7.50 7.00 6.02 6.00 5.10 5.00 681 1 i 1 *No. 993 Chlo rine .27%equi valent t o .36%pota£ h,9.66%potas h as su Itate. 8 .31% " .41% " 4.88% ' .. j7 .53% " .71% " 4.59% * " 37 .21% " .28% " 5.14% ' " 426-564-J )95-918 .92% *' 1.21% " 3.87% ' " 18 Donate .45% ** .60% " 1.04% ' ' 6.81% potash as ear- ■" 95 .38% " .51% " 2.44% ■ 6 .3 7% ** .49 % " .79< Vo * ' 3.48^ 5 potash as car- .32% equivalent to .41% potash, .99% potash as sulfate 4.18% potash as bonate. Total Potash 5.43%. *No. 13 Chlorine carbonate, Total Potash 6.43%. *No. 74 Chlorine .04% equivalent to .06% potash, .98% potash as sulfate 4 .02% potash as carbonate. Total Potash 7.13%. *Xo. 151-188-417 Potash as sulfate. Total potash 6.90%. *No. 667-985 Chlorine .67% equivalent to .89% potash, 4 .69% potash as sulfate. fPotash as sulfate. JPotash as carbonate. 60 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. National Fertilizer Co. (Continued.) Chittenden'a Eureka Potato Fertilizer Chittenden's High Grade Top Dressing Chittenden's High Grade Top Dressing Chittenden's Tobacco Special with Sulfate Natural Guano Co., Aurora, 111. Pulverized Sheep Manure New England Fert. Co., 40AN.Market St.,Boston,Mass. New England Corn Phosphate New England Potato Fertilizer New England High Grade Potato Fertilizer . New England Corn and Grain Fertilizer . . New England Superphosphate — All Crops . . New England Top Dressing Grassand Grains New England Complete Manure New England Mineral Fertilizer & Chem. Co., Boston, New Mineral Fertilizer Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. Peruvian Guano Olds and Whipple, Hartford, Conn. Olds & Whipple Complete Onion Fertilizer. Olds & Whipple Complete Onion Fertilizer. Olds & Whipple Complete Grass Fertilizer Olds & Whipple Complete Tobacco Fertilizer Olds & Whipple Complete Tobacco Fertilizer Olds & Whipple Complete Tobacco Fertilizer Olds & Whipple Complete Tobacco Fertilizer Olds & Whipple Complete Tobacco Fertilizer 01ds& Whipple High Grade Potato Fertilizer Olds A Whipple Fish and Potash Olds & Whipple Complete Corn & Potato Fertilizer Parmenter & Polsey Fert. Co., Boston, Mass. P. & P. Plymouth Rock Brand P. & P. Special Potato Fertilizer P. & P. A.A. Brand . . P. & P. Potato Fertilizer . . . Where Sampled. Ayer .... 1 Saundersville / N. Hadley . . . Ayer .... 1 Saundersville / Man'f't'r's sample Fitchburg . Brockton . Marblehead Brockton Marblehead Brockton . Marblehead Brockton Brockton Brockton Manf't'r's sample Sunderland . . No. Hadley No. Hadley Hatfield . Bradstreet Man'f't'r's sampi Bradstreet N. Hadley N. Hadley N. Hadley Sunderland Hadley . Sunderland Hadley . Bradstreet N. Hadley N. Hadley So. Deerfield Whately Whitman N. Attleboro W. Acton Adams N. Attleboro Auburn Whitman N. Attleboro Adams . . O a $36.50 37.00 48.00 55.00 55.00 32.00 32.00 \ 29.00 32.00 30.00 35.00 26.50 34.00 41.00 38.00 17.00 23.00 33.00 33.00 35.00 33.00 37.00 36.00 36.00 1 36.00 36.00 37.00 , 38.00 ' 35.00 37.00 36.00 35.00 30.00 35.00 35.00 33.00 34.00 34.00 39.00 39.00 35.00 32.00 33.00 $23.95 39.60 44.93 24.39 13.53 16.78 15.61 22.55 13.25 19.72 26.42 26.11 2.30 19.44 25.00 25.62 25.40 30.11 31.44 31.30 29.01 26.24 31.57 19.05 24.46 19.96 25.33 27.77 13.36 <3 a »aS S W M « * u 2 d ^ cs St; « P< 0. 53.42 21.21 22.41 136.51 81.76 93.60 55.21 100.00 72.42 55.19 45.54 639.20 44.03 32.00 32.71 22.83 14.50 15.81 26.41 37.19 14.03 57.48 43.09 70.34 53.97 40.44 81.54 61 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. 4) O so Total. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Total. Available. Potash (K2O) in 100 lbs. 9.77 1.43 .71 5.86 6.33 1.11 6.67j 2.01' 4.781.65 7.59! I.73I 1.54' .75 7.47 10.08 8.24 9.80 7.01 8.34 9.16 7.88; .66 8.44 9.39 10.93 12.54: .08 1.14; .39 .40 .79, .39 .83' 1.14' .54 .14 .79' .34 .88 1.13, .40 .98 2.12 .71 .81 1.67 .60 .47 1.02 .97 .32 .08 6.91 8.33 7.84 13.45 10.27 9.03 9.04 9.00 7.37 1.691.16 2.03'1.30 1.87 1.10 2.86 1.36 3.13jl.02 2.49 1.55 2.26 1.58 2.38 1.84 1.89:1.01 1.65' .93® 1.69 1.01 2.60 7.81 8.44 4.02 2.34 1.61 1.58 2.61 1.27 2.41 3. 81, 3.08 .63 2.31 3.56 3.71 2.47 8.43 8.43 4. S3 2.25 4.34 2.07 4.06 2.83 1.53 2.94 2.40! 2.04 1.64! 6.99 1.10 1.64 5.46 1.33 2.46 1.23 2.46 4.11 3.28 .45 2.34 3.30 3.30 .67 1.27 .46 .87 1.81 .57 I.37I l.or .73 .13 1.241 .47 3.64 4.98 4.85 3.30 4.50 4.50 4.77 4.50 4.66 4.50 4.53 3.84 2.74 3.48 4.50 3.30 2.50 3.30 2.40 2.46 3.25 4.01 3.23 4.10 1.84 1.64 6.28 4.08 6.85 6.12 4.59 1.19 .45 .13 .57 trace none trace none 1.44 2.07 .51 5.68 5.84 4.66 4.12 2.01 2.86 1.19 1.30 1.69 7.41 5.37 5.40 5.37 3.72 3.77 3.57 3.44 3.57 5.09 3.80 5.74 1.63 1.12 1.45 1.56 1.81 .79 .84 1.20 .38 .97 .54 5.71 1.63 1.51 1.79 .18 .13 .33 .41 .43 1.71 .51 1.35 2.24 1.14 1.54 2.16 .92 .86 1.98 1.12 8.04 8.01 5.92 6.00 2.50 9.90 7.58 9.13 8.14 8.42 8.39 7.00 7.25 7.25 4.00 1.75 9.00 8.00 9.00 8.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 .24 .23 14.31 — 7.00 7.00 7.73 3.90 3.90 7.00 3.50 3.60 3.90 3.50 3.85 3.50 4.00 8.24 6.38 7.60 3.50 7.00 6.00 7.00 9.06 9.00 8.30 7.68 9.00 8.00 7.22 7.00 6.41 6.89 4.47 4.44 6.00 6.25 6.25 3.00 8.09! 8.00 6.79 7.00 10.43 8.31 9.96 5.78t 10.00 8.00 8.00 5.00 2.17t 1.50 8.29 6.94 8.04 7.42 6.28 8.60 5.82 5.63 5.94 3.72 3.77 3.57 3.44 3.57 6.53 5.87 6.25 7.92 7.38 6.82 8.00 7.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 7.90 6.00 6.00 6.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.OOI 3.00J 6.001 5.00: 6.00i .00 8.00 7.00 2.95 3.90 6.55 2.17 4.13 5.91 10.28 .18* 3.00 4.00 6.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 10.00 .10 2.05 2.44 6.10 6.00 7.02 7.10 6.88 6.02** 6.08** 6.69** 5.76** 5 42** 11! 97** 3.67 6.34 4.17 7.26 7.73 6.30 6.60 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 10.00 3.00 6.00 4.00 7.00 8.00 .00 tPotash as sulfate. *No. 1002 Acid Soluble Potash 1 .04%. tTotal potash, associated with organic matter, valued at 5 cents per pound. **No. 19 Chlorine .68% equivalent to .90% potash, 2 .02%, potash as sulfate, 3 .10% potash as •arbonate. **No. 99 Chlorine .21% equivalent to .27% potash, 5.81% potash as carbonate. **.\o. 122-159-168-192 Chlorine . 23% equivalent to .31% potash, 1.09% potash as sulfate, 5 .29% potash as carbonate. Total Potash 6 .96%.. **No. 340-418^43 Chlorine .42% equivalent to .57% potash, 1. 10% potash as sulfate, 4 .09% potash as carbonate. Total potash 6 .31%. **No. 583 Chlorine .42% equivalent to .57% potash, 4.85% potash as sulfate. " 160 " 5.34% " 7.09% " 4.88% " 1021 " 3.86% " 5.14% " 1.20% ^ Water Insoluble organic nitrogen less than 50 .00% active, indicating that some low grade organic nitrogen was Msed in the fertilizer. 62 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Parmenter & PolseyFert. Co. (Continued.) P. & P. Potato Grower with 10% Potash . . P. & P. Star Brand Superphosphate .... P. & P. Aroostook Special P. & P. Grain Grower , P. & P. Maine Potato Fertilizer P. & P. Lawn Dressing Patron's Co-operative Association, Boston, Mass Top Dressing Onion Fertilizer Pulverized Manure Co., Chicago, lU. Pulverized Sheep Manure Rogers Manufacturing Co., Rockfall, Conn. All Round Fertilizer Complete Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer . . Complete Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer . . Complete Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer . . Complete Corn and Onion Fertilizer Fish and Potash High Grade Oats and Top Dressing High Grade Oats and Top Dressing High Grade Oats and Top Dressing High Grade Fertilizer for Grass and Grain . . High Grade Soluble Tobacco & Potato Manure High Grade Soluble Tobacco Manure High Grade Soluble Tobacco Manure High Grade Tobacco Grower . . . Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown, Conn. Hubbard's Bone Base Complete Phosphate Hubbard's Bone Base Potato Phosphate Where Sampled. W. Acton Adams Whitman Adams Adams Groton . . . N. Attleboro Sunderland Sunderland Fall River . . W.Springfield Concord . . . Worcester . Sterling So. Deerfield N. Amherst Worcester . Sterling . . Deerfield Worcester Sunderland Sunderland Taunton N. Amherst N. Amherst Plainville . Deerfield N. Amherst Fitchburg . Plainville . Deerfield W. Springfield N. Amherst Fitchburg Deerfield W. Springfield Buckland N. Hadley Hadley . . N. Westport E. Milton Rockland Hadley . N. Westport E. Milton Upton N. Hanover O a $38.00 39.00 35.00 43.50 23.50 39.50 35.50 35.00 25.00 21.00 23.00 29.00 30.00 30.00 29.00. 34.00 34.00 35.00 35.00 34.00 $23.45 16.11 23.12 13.35 25.38 24.66 26.92 26.84 13.02 17.34 21.96 21.70 21.26 23.85 21.58 37.33 35.67 36.53 35.45 31.95 37.97 36.31 29.66 18.19 21.72 aJ , •a ■a 0 •0 V "d a 4-> t« V ■3 •a V V V V s u 3 2e ■« 2 O 1 4) 6 •d a u 2 3 •6 § •d a of •6 d ctf o >-l 'o ^1 << > o •< « 2, u 3 o V 1 > Pi 0 a a 3 0 a 3 0 a 3 0 CIS 3 0 a 3 0 3 0 184 1 235 1 163 522 8.27 .65 1.01 .46 2.12 2.00 2.68 4.31 1.61 8.50 7.00 6.99 6.00 10.68 10.00 737 796 183' 474 523 761 792 7.57 .83 1.18 .55 2.61 2.50 2.19 5.07 2.90 10.16 3.00 7.25 6.00 8.21 8.00 140 ' 1 193 • 273 14 191 1 251 j 9.83 1.78 2.54 .71 5.03 6.00 ■ .80 6.09 4.54 11.43 10.00 5.89 7.00 5:57* 5.00 8.11 1.93 2.40 .75 5.03 5.00 I .74 5.87 4.54 11.25 10.00 5.61 7.00 10.55* 10.00 11.51 2.02 2.11 .68 4.81 5.00 .61 6.84 3.93 11.38 10.00 7.45 7.00 9.76* 10.00 182 1 446 520 9.22 .46, 1.34 .62 2.42 2.20 trace 8.10 7.20 15.30 16.00 8.10 6.50 12.54 12.00 743 ' 186 231 271 5.78 4.81 2.63 .82 8.26 3.50 trace 5.41 2.63 8.09 8.00 5.41 4.50 9.98 8.00 545] 749 14.21 .78 .68 .41 1.87 1.65 5.91 2.79 .66 9.36 8.50 8.70 8.00 5.32 5.00 908 14.21 1.20, .88 .60 2.68 2.88 4.69 2.99 1.04 8.72 8.50 7.58 8.00 10.73 8.00 767 9.88 1.50 .65 .51* 2.66 2.00 1.89 3.96 3,21 9.06 10.00 5.85 6.00 5.09 4.00 743 1 836 1 12.52 .70 1.62 .76 3.03 2.83 6.31 2.11 .38 8.80 3.50 8.42 8.00 9.46* 10.00 744 7.60 .75 1.85 .85 3.45 4.00 .38 11.89 4.57 15.94 15.00 12.27 — 8.50* 3.00 52 6.44 1.18 1.54 .50 3.22 3.30 5.36 1.50 2.07 8.93 9.00 6.36 6.00 5.71 6.00 67 10.45 .90 2.04 .65 3.50 3.30 5.36 2.12 .89 8.37 9.00 7.48 6.00 5.32 5.00 89 349 1 423 11.05 2.48 1.27 .57 4.32 3.30 5.29 2.37 1.58 9.24 9.00 7.65 6.00 7.21 6.00 9.19 1.28 1.48 .46 3.22 3.30 5.26 1.14 1.94 8.34 9.00 5.40 5.00 5.89 6.00 143 'i 199 8.30 1.93 1.21 .52 3.66 3.33 5.74 1.43 1.58 8.75 10.00 7.17 6.00 7.09* 6.00 333 479 579 11.53 1.54 1.28 .66 3.48 3.33 4.53 2.92 1.33 8.78 10.00 7.45 6.00 5.56* 5.00 975 147 1 336 f 7.69 3.10 .67 .26 4.03 4.00 5.61 1.53 1.61 8.75 — 7.14 7.00 7.28 7.00 1013 \ 1027 / 8.66 .57 .91 .40 1.88 1.67 3.35 2.72 1.76 7.83 8.00 5.07 5.00 6.26 6.00 N'( ). 140-193-278 Chlorine ' 14 ' 191-251 ' 743-830 ' 744 ' 143-199-338 .73% .66% .64% 3.88% 3.36%, .45% squivale nt to 5 4 97% p 87% 84% 15% 48% 60% otash, 4.60% potash s " 9.68% " 8.92% " 4.31%c> " 4.12% " 6.49% IS sulfat e. ' 479 -579-9 75 " .64% 85% " 4 .81% '* " (Foi S •o 0) 0) •d 4) o u o •a 9> > Insol Foun ii C3 3 o a 3 u at 3 o a 0 7 973 1 1003 / 6.45 1.51 1.21 1.40 3.12 2.47 4.97 1.48 1 .97 7.42 8.00 6.45 5.00 11.43 10.00 10.33 .86 1.12 .48 2.46 2.47 .38 4.75 2.04 7.17 8.00 5.13 5.00 10.46* 10.00 1037 12.28 .19 1.161 .59 1.94 1.67 1.28 5.38 2.88 9.54 9.00 6.66 7.00 2.64 2.00 328 13.87 .78 .84 .46 1 2.08 1.67 .92 3.54 1.56 6.02 6.00 4.46 4.00 5.37 4.00 124 212 1 933 / 9.03 1.07 1.60 .48 3.15 2.88 7.50 3.04 1.20 11.74 12.00 10.54 9.00 5.62* 4.50 11.43 .76 1.50 .61 2.87 2.88 6.83 2.76 1.43 11.02 12.00 9.59 9.00 5.17* 4.50 162 12.39 .74 1.39 .71 2.84 2.88 6.38 3.07 .48 9.93 11.00 9.45 8.00 7.83 7.00 403 1 660 1 832 ' 11.04 .11 1.29 .46 1.86 1.64 6.67 1.85 1.91 10.43 9.00 8.52 8.00 2.97 3.00 971, 134 1 357/ 7.90 1.06 1.06 .34 2.45 2.46 6.72 1.80 .23 8.75 9.00 8.52 8.00 6.24 6.00 650 11.14 .71 1.27 .55 2.63 2.46 5.91 2.43 .46 8.80 9.00 8.34 8.00 6.16 6.00 88 161 1 134 345 369 8.59 .78 1.34 .43 2.55 2.46 5.36 2.86 .56 8.78 9.00 8.22 8.00 4.00 4.00 11.01 .81 1.30 .53 2.64 2.46 5.69 2.35 1.12 9.06 9.00 7.94 8.00 4.42 4.00 577 727 332 491 647 407 9.09 1.64 1.63 .55 3.92 4.10 5.23 2.27 .56 8.06 8.00 7.50 7.00 5.97 6.00 678 ■ 9.69 .27 .97 .53 1.77 1.64 4.06 2.79 .99 7.84 8.00 6.85 7.00 4.25 4.00 726 524 \ 762 1 5.24 3.47 .21 .24* 3.92 4.00 6.10 1.99 .20 8.29 3.00 8.09 7.00 5.69 6.00 145 691 1 672 / 6.65 2.18 1.24 .42 3.84 4.10 5.80 1.42 .66 7.88 8.00 7.22 7.00 5.89 6.00 S.24 1.05 1.63 .56 3.24 3.28 4.63 2.15 .36 7.14 7.00 6.78 6.00 9.83 10.00 388 500 1 9.37 .14 .97 .60 1.71 1.64 5.27 3.66 1.58 10.51 10.00 8.93 9.00 2.05 2.00 707 1 733 • 7.80 .14 .96 .43 1.53 1.25 3.48 3.69 1.02 8.19 8.00 7.17 7.00 2.15 2.00 828 826 8.87 .16 .51 .42® 1.09 .82 5.36 2.78 2.37 10.51 9.00 8.14 8.00 4.01 4.00 146 6.37 2.21 1.02 .50 3.73 4.10 4.46 .95 .18 5.59 5.00 5.41 4.00 6.47t 6.00 798 133 1 341 10.27 .88 1.07 .53 2.43 2.48 6.89 2.04 .10 9.03 9.00 8.93 8.00 5.97 6.00 7.30 1.17 1.07 .33 2.57 2.46 5.36 1.38 .28 7.02 7.00 6.74 6.00 10.55 10.00 307 326 490 ' 9.37 1.54 1.44 .70 3.68 3.69 5.91 1.79 .45 3.16 8.00 7.70 7.00 9.92 10.00 677 J *No. 973-1003 Chlorine 3. 64% equivalent to 4.83% potash, 5.63% potash as sulfate. " 124 " .15% " .20% " 5.42% " 212-933 _ " .49% " .67%, " 4.50% ® Water insoluble OTgmncnitTogen less than 50.00% active, indicating that some low grade organic nitrogen was used in the fertilizer. tPotash as sulfate. 68 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co., (Continued.) Swift's Special Corn and Vegetable Manure . . Swift's Cereal Brand Fertilizer 20th Century Specialty Co., Boston, Mass. Ready Complete 12L Wm. Thomson & Sons, Ltd., Clovensford, Scotland. Improved Vine, Plant and Vegetable Manure . Chrysanthemum Manure Whitman & Pratt Rend. Co., Lowell, Mass. Whitman & Pratt's Corn Success Whitman & Pratt's All Crops Whitman & Pratt's Potato Plowman Whitman & Pratt's Vegetable Grower . . . . Wilcox Fertilizer Co., Mystic, Conn. Wilcox Potato, Onion and Vegetable Phosphate Wilcox Grass Fertilizer Wilcox High Grade Tobacco Special . Wilcox Complete Bone Superphosphate Wilcox Potato Fertilizer Wilcox Fish and Potash Wilcox Fish and Potash Wilcox 4-8-10 Wilcox High Grade Fish and Potash . Wilcox Special Superphosphate . . . A. H. Wood & Co., Framingham, Mass. Wood's B. B. Fertilizer Wood's S. P. Fertilizer Wood's 777 Fertilizer Where Sampled. Seekonk . . . \ Amesbury . . J Southwick . . . Man'f't'r's sample Boston Boston Woburn . . . \ 27.00 Pepperell . . 1 Woburn . . . \ 30.00 32.00 Pepperell . . ] 30.00 N.Chelmsford . 40.00 Concord . . . 32.00 Concord Jet. . 32.00 Concord . . . [ 34.00 Concord Jet. . , 35.50 Amherst . . . ] 35.00 New Bedford \ 36.00 Fall River . . 1 35.00 Fall River . . \ 37.50 Seekonk ... J 37.00 Amherst .... 37.00 Fall River . . 1 30.00 Marblehead . f 32.00 Amherst ... 1 30.00 Fall River . . J 30.00 Amherst .... 23.00 New Bedford 30.00 Fall River . . . 41.50 Dighton .... 31.00 N.Wilbraham . 23.50 Framingham . . 30.00 Framingham . 1 40.00 Framingham . I 40.00 Framingham . \ 45.00 Framingham . / 45.00 u a $34.00 \ 37.00 J 25.00 13 H p. i-i 6 '" $25.74 11.87 17.21 28.51 30.88 19.84 23.34 27.39 26.93 25.33 27 74 23 21 19 14 18 57 17 96 18 42 29 53 23 95 15 40 22 73 32 56 38 10 **No. 570 Sold only in small quantities, 56 lb. bags for .S7.00. No. 547 Sold only in small quantities, 112 lb. bags for .S7.00. 69 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Potash (K2O) in 100 lbs. 1 V-i 'S a ■" H ■*-* TO 11 11 u ■3 « Ef 0 4) > < 0) 0 •Eld 55 Total. ii 3 "o u 1 ■d V u V > 0) 3 3 0 Total. Available. •d 1 a 3 0 >> o a t-i o x> Id a 3 0 PC4 •0 = -J , p. =. ! I--t,~ i.Tir. ■I'i^' ?-" •-" ij'x'n. .... 5c'*rksr's Ttc*ecc j=Lst- i^isaisi-is SEudesJaaiii - ti.j. .- - - - X. HadJer - - 27. S£ . X. HAdley . . — ^ " ~ ~ " ......... SnQaeria^nc 3 1 5C "Rrrg-to"'- ToDaDBt j^gt-' EfeiuEi.'rs Soniji'wiek . . — -^ *- - EssrhiaiLZ '. : * ■^ "^ ^ " 5fi.iiiiaer5^1_r Cie Micninsr Cd_ Xew Tcci Cirr. T_ T-f.-rV ~.nt£ Tirrr,-rp- prise H-KTir, f^^-Rsg i GlSli!l g 1ft 1 1 |-at.TnJ^,-rg-r. - -— - - HiidlsT - - - ^ : : D AESES. i>U»'£sr r ~.»--Tih.r!iKT HiiCrdTi"i»r»i ^sVtftr FsJl EiT^IT . . MTIirrrd .... J'ciiiii JpTiE, 1<{*C£S:W, C'l ' - ' - : ; -J- .........--.- rikii 2jT^r . » ............. stiiidsrlsaMi - C-ztneard - - - ............. ATT.Viprsn ... _ _ ^ __ _ . .... ..=_. : Vrr.iwrgl . . . Purs 5jax:trr.rtti jRsjifes ............. N-Aniirsrsi GeoE^Llfcinroe ASocns, (^w«gu,3f.T. j 3iircTTeer&£ic, IQss. ! T.THtf- Aihjes Jiisi'f x'r'f «L~ -.y — If: ^3 : n.3£ 42 102. 33.38 XI >.A . ■ > **ii 11 :; 12.0 ; »*• ; 3; w . 1* •' a=rS -9 i;- 12 - :- \ **s £2. 12 : 15 4£ .ii r «i: 31 ::. '.; : ; **ii S3 * - 71 ^t»m.jwiir-<- *.-rff --T 'H Z3S. TnaC 2 3* 2 i£ : :s :z 33 irso n^s ii lo z.s : s: us . "i T5** 2£ 2E — sc-i -stn.iSi » UTS u m si.is ax bb z.S£ roo — 3S€ S : -^ .^ U ax I1.3ID 2X-ZS XiX.B> S.IZ UBT — 554 ■^^ f SJ-SS — — — --S 1-30 — — tss t.r: X3S ss: zz -z 3&i 221 :- :: — — — : u si — — rar i m U-LE t?" ".i ;i — — — ji : iw — — in. i sd] S£.30 s I at z 3S S.SD S-36 531 I vr — — z S 2- us ^s- 5a : ar — — i rs. s ar £ SS S 1 ar — — ± -^ 2 a: E is U 1 sc — — : ss 2 ar s u r« : a: — — E 32 2 Xi a s^ 3S : a: — — i ?* : ~' rr s I" 1 *w — — ; :. ; :: :- i« 1141 ni*— — — nia:— — i^: sx2s^ X.-. ?-~— iaii— rji C^jLCTTTg 3U"^ «sa^'aiiB!iS3i I.JS*^, a«ita^ I3.S^ 'auQa.ssanfiBK Tm:- 72 Fertilizers for Private Use, Officially Collected (Not Licensed.) Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Armour Fertilizer Works, Baltimore, Md. Martin's Potato iSpecial Berkshire Fertilizer Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Fish and Potash Hibbard's Special Mixture Special Mixture Special Mixture Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Special Mixture Coe Mortimer Co., New York City. Special Mixture Florist Chemical Co., 60 Trinity PI., New York City. Brazilian Plant Food Mitchell Fertilizer Co., Tremley, N. J. Mitchell's ^■egctable Fertilizer Mitchell's Special Fertilizer National Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Chittenden's Universal Fertilizer Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Conn. Cfinant's Special Mixture M. H. Pease, East Longmeadow, Mass. Homo Mixture for Grass Patrons' Co-operative Association, Boston, Mass. Special Mixture — marked M. H Prof. J. W. Sanborn, Pittsfield, N. H. SanT)orn's Chemical for use in hill, 1911 . . . . Sanborn's Chemical for Corn and Potatoes . . Sanderson Pert. & Chem. Co., New Haven, Conn. Bronson's Special Formula Cranson's Special Mixture Berkshire Fertilizer Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Cjround Castor Pomace H. G. Sulfate of Potash Dry Ground Fish Dry Ground Fish Dry Ground Fish Muriate of Potash A. W. Dodd & Co., Gloucester, Mass. Fish Edmun Mortimer, Grafton, Mass. Nitrate of Potash Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Conn. Dried Bhiod Ross Bros., Worcester, Mass. Nitrate of Soda Berkshire Fertilizer Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Tankage Tankage Russell Cutlery Co., Turners Falls, Mass. Bone Dust Where Sampled. Littleton N. Hadley . N. Hadley . Amherst . . Amherst . . W.Hatfield . W.Springfield Clinton . . . Seekonk . . . Seekonk ... W. Action . . Sunderland E. Longmeadow Sunderland So. Ashfield . So. Ashfield . Plainfield . . Buckland . . Sunderland N. Hadley . . Sunderland N. Hadlev . . N. Hadley . . N. Hadley . . N. Beverly W. Springfield Hockanum W. Spriugficid N. Hadley . Sunderland Montague O a $41.00 26.00 34.00 22.00 37.50 36.00 100.00 40.00 33.00 26.50 35.00 39.00 33.00 29.00 35.00 31.00 27.00 50.40 44.00 45.00 44.00 42.40 35.00 92.00 58.00 45.00 42.40 42.40 20.00 I" (-1 $36.65 13.32 29.40 31.07 19.45 31.72 26.75 38.77 25.07 29.96 13.59 28.26 37.55 26.18 21.91 23.78 31.59 25.34 21.38 49.80 40.62 39.80 40.14 44.00 42.70 83.94* 60.90 47.30 39.81 39.36 34.76 0^ .E '5 Q en rt S, « S? *> •« 3 "^ o d & « s « s V u Pn Pi 11.87 41.92 15.55 13.11 18.03 34.58 157.92 59.55 26.84 95.00 23.85 3.86 26.05 32.35 21.51 22.34 25.29 1.20 8.35 13.07 9.62 13.54 tl8.03 9.60 % 4.75 t 4.36 6.51 7.72 t42.46 JValuation in excess of selling price. **The potash in nitrate of potash is valued at 5 cts. per pound. 73 Fertilizers for Private Use, Officially Collected (Not Licensed.) Nitrogen in 100 lb s. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Potash K(20) in 100 lbs. .0 B •0 1 Total. Total. Available. 1 3 f^ 0 a a "a t3 1 "d •0 ■d >> 4) <-• be V V V V (U -5 « u 0 "3 •o V V a> •2 tur itra oni 0 .£:-a •0 a C4 CO u V u 3 _3 "2 a a •0 a •6 0 .0 Mois AsN Amm < iff a 0 9> V > 4) 0 m a a s 0 0 a a 0 0 a 3 1 <* \ S35 5.831 2.51 I1.5, .70 4.78 4.11 7.1a 2.26 .8! 10.31 ' 9.5C g.i4{ 9.00 11.10* 10.00 33ft IO.70I .14 ll.64 .92 2.70 2.50 .36 4.47 1.68 6,51 ' 6.00, 4.83 _ 3.60 3.00 94 8.00; 2.25 1.17 .69 4.11 3.80 5.71 2.61 .56 8.88 — 8-32 8.00 7.57* 8.00 670 5.92 1.52 1.78 .89* 4.19 3.80 5.74 2.66 .71 9.11 j — i 8.40 8.00 8.12* 8.00 775 10.79 .02 .15 — 9.35 1.60 1 .10, 11.05 ! 10.95 10.00 :10.73 10.00 598 6.95 .23 3.36 1.56 5.15 — .04 4.17 2.14 6.35 — 4.21 — 7.18* 922 7.21 1.72 1.26 .54 3.52 3.29 3.42 5.22 .72 9.36 ; - 8.64 8.00 6.50t 8.00 375 7.77 1.01 3.87 1.59 6.47 — .61 10.87 .16 11.64 — 11.48 — 4.39t — 563 13.80 .99 1.63 .63 3.25 3.29 6.23 1.88 1.05i 9.21 9.00 8.16 8.00 6.22 6.00 269 11.63 1.11 2.13 .79 4.03 4.11 3.38 4.58 1.73, 9.69 9.00 7.96 8.00 8.64 8.00 S80 10.59 i -24 .48 .26 .98 .82 5.27 2.92 1.94 10.13 9.00 8.19 8.00 2.35 1.00 76 9.90 .51 1.91 .91 3.33 — .89 8.60 .82 10.31 — 9.49 — 3.63 — 1033 6.16 2.45 2.63 .75 5.83 — 5.04 .83 .36 6.28 1 — 5.92 — 10.35* - 578 9.94 1.40 1.22 .85 3.47 3.80 3.32 3.11 1.91 8.34 8.00 6.43 — 8.45 7.00 995 11.95 1.16 .94 .51 2.61 2.50 4.59 3.81 3.62 12.02 12.00 8.40 7.00 4.44 4.00 993 11.39 1.05 1.81 .60 3.46 3.50 6.22 2.83 1.79 10.84 10.00 9.05 7.00 8.07* 8.00 999 10.25 3.21 1.22 .47 4.90 4.57 1.43 .48 6.48 6.00 9.61* 1000 18.16 1.18 1.62 .61 3.41 — 4.38 2.41 1.20 7.99 — 6.79 — 7.04* 1 — 51 3.86 2.97 2.22 5.09 4.50 . 1 _ 109 .73 — . — — — — — — — — 49T8O 49.00 53 6.77 — — — 7.84 7.40 — . 4.34 2.73 7.07 6.00 4.34 — 70 7.27 . — . 5.66 1.91 7.57 7.40 — 5.07 2.30 7.37 6.00 5.07 — 178 8.13 — — — 7.71 7.40 — 4.74 2.20 6.94 6.00 4.74 — 79 1.68 — — — — — — — ■ — — — — — 51.76 50.54 489 8.82 _ 1 5.33 1.74 7.07 — — 9.88 5.71 15.59 — 9.88 — — — 921 2.53 12.18 12.08 — — 12.08 13.24 14.00 — — — — — — — 45.28 44.00 320 Mechanical 2.03 14.78 14.78 _ Analysis 958 Fine 1 Coarse Bone Bone 69 8.50 — 5.97 2.03 ; 8.00 7.40 . 12.76 10.00 74.09 i 25.91 106 7.74 — 6.00 1.60 7.60 7.40 — — — I3.50I 10.00 — — 79.49 20.61 1011 9.21 — — — 3.70 — — — — 26.30 — — — 83.06 16.94 *No. 835 Chlorine .93% equivalent to 1 .23% potash, 9.87%potash as sulfate. .. .. .. 5 g3C7^ 6.99% 6.38% 10.56% 2.30% 6.34% 2.05% tPotash as sulfate. ®Water Insoluble organic nitrogen less than 50.00% active, indicating that some low grade organic nitrogen was used in the fertilizer. 94 1.31% 1.74% 670 .85% 1.13% 598 .62% .80% 1033 .22% .29% 998 4.35% 5.77% 999 2.47% 3.27% 1000 3.76% 4.99% 74 Ground Bone. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. American Agricultural Chemical Co., Boston, Mass. Fine Ground Bone Fine Dry Groiuul Bone Fiirtiuhar'.s I'ure Ground Bone Armour Fertilizer Works, Baltimore, Md. Raw Bone Meal Bone Meal Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md. Rawson & Hoilges Fine Ground Bone Beach Soap Co., Lawrence, Mass. Fertilizer Bone Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Fresh Ground Bone Bu£falo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Bone Meal John C. Dow Co., Boston, Mass. Dow's Pure Ground Bone Thos. Hersom & Co., New Bedford, Mass. Bone Meal Home Soap Co., Worcester, Mass. Pure Ground Bone Geo. E. Marsh Co., Lynn, Mass. Marsh's Pure Bone Meal D. M. Moulton, Monson, Mass. Ground Bone National Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Chittenden's Ground Bone . . . . Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Conn. Pure Bone Meal Rogers Mfg. Co., Rockfall, Conn. Pure Knuckle Bone Meal Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown, Conn. Hubbard's Bone Base Pure Raw Knuckle B. Flour . Hubbard's Bone Base Strictly Pure Fine Bcnie . . Sanderson Fertilizer & Chemical Co., New Haven, Ct. Sanderson's Fine Ground Bone Sanderson's Fine Ground Bone M. L. Shoemaker & Co., Ltd., Philadelphia, Pa. Swift -S\ne Bone Meal Swift-Sure Bone Meal Springfield Rendering Co., Springfield, Mass. Ground Steamed Bone Ground Steamed Bone Raw Bone Meal Amherst . New Bedford Middleboro Boston . . Amherst . . Marblehead :} Beverly . Lawrence Beverlv . Milford . Webster .... Boston .... New Bedford Worcester . . . Concord ... 1 Salem . . . . / Manf't'r's sample Leominster . . Man'f't'r's sample Fitchburg . . \ Greenfield . . j Hadlev . . . \ E. Milton . . J Man'f't'r's sample Sunderland Southwick . Sunderland Sunderland Sunderland N. Amherst Springfield . Springfield . O a $28.00 30.00 34.00 33.00 29.00 30.00 30.00 32.00 1 30.00 / 32.00 32.00 28.00 31.00 32.00 1 31.00 / 31.00 37 40 00 00 40 40 00 00 30 30 00 40 34 34 00 00 31 30 40 40 00 00 a, u a g. $29.29 28.41 27.94 30.85 26.54 25.58 26.36 27.15 26.64 27.73 30.10 23.34 29.74 25.55 28.45 26.63 32.12 33.35 30.47 27.85 24.95 39.09 38.85 32.15 30.11 32.92 JValuationin e.xcess of selling price. /o Ground Bone. n Nitrogen in 00 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Mechanical Analysis. s •o U Total. 4> Total. Available. Laboratory Nt 3 '3 0 * u 0) V 11 to 0 << •a a o < 15 •6 a 3 O Guaranteed. CO 1 0) > 1) 3 o a •6 a 3 O Guaranteed. •6 a 3 O Guaranteed. i e i o n In « o O 84 6.99 2.75 2.47 24.01 22.88 82.22 17.78 i 308 1 ' 396 / 7.50 — — — 2.86 2.47 — — — 22.37 22.83 — — 81.87 18.13 531 10.05 _ — — 2.91 2.47 — — — 22.20 22.80 — — 71.65 23.35 100 €25 . 7.14 4.29 . — 4.00 1.70 3.70 2.47 — — — 20.84 27.52 22.00 22.50 — — 70 05 48.87 29 95 51.13 486 10.61 — — — 1.24 2.47 — — — 28.33 23.00 — — 49.73 50.27 eo4 7.72 — — — 3.11 3.00 — — — 22.63 20.00 — — 19.14 80.86 493 1 .690/ 8.34 — — 2.53 2.47 — — — 22.63 22.88 — — 77.71 22.29 859 6.99 _ 1.75 .72 2.47 2.90 — — — 22.96 22.00 — — 66.35 33.65 543 6.34 _ — 2.19 2.00 — — — 25.69 24.00 — — 66.77 33.23 S39 3.93! — "" — 2.22 2.22 — — — 27.48 23.54 — 34.61 15.39 813 4.59; _ — 3.13 2.00 - - — 23.73 23.00 — — 42.69 57.31 333 1 368 / 4.37 _ — — 2.68 2.46 — — — 26.12 28.00 — — 64.34 35.66 1042 7.25 — — 4.26 4.26 — — — 17.37 18.00 — — 10.01 39.99 633 4.92 — — 3.02 2.47 - — — 22.65 22.88 — — 66.95 33.05 1039 3.33 — — 2.08 2.50 — — — 23.93 22.00 — — 81.52 18.48 657 1 895 / 10.28 — — — 3.71 3.80 — — 25.72 24.00 — 1 47.59 52.41 189 1 470 1 9.76 — 3.92 3.32 _ 25.26 24.70 60.72 39.28 931 9.00 — — — 3.76 2.85 — — — 22.43 22.00 — — 68.06 41.94 73 5.49 — — 3.01 2.47 — — — 21.81 20.00 — — 68.61 31.49 518 1 576 / 6.80 — — — 2.33 2.47 — — — 22.12 20.00 — — 54.36 45.64 55 127 2.91 — 3.64 — — 5.53 5.56 4.53 4.53 — - 22.31 22.07 20.00 20.00 83.35 86.44 16.15 13.56 4 9S7 97S 5.25 — 3.52 — 5.56 — 2.97 2.57 3.91 2.46 2.47 3.00 = — — 25.51 26.00 24.22 23.00 25.00 25.00 = 97.59 31.15 67.01 2.41 13.35 32.99 76 Ground Bone, Dissolved Bone and Tankage. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. T. L. Stetson, Randolph, Mass. I'uie Ground Hone Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Ground Bone A. L. Warren, Northboro, Mass. I'ure Ground Bone Whitman & Pratt Rend. Co., Lowell, Mass. Ground Bone Wilcox Fertilizer Co., Mystic, Conn. Pure Ground Bone Sanford Winter Co., Brockton, Mass. Pure Ground Bone DISSOLVED BONE. W. H. Abbott, Holyoke, Mass. Abbott's Animal Fertilizer Abbott's Animal Fertilizer Mapes'Form. APeruv. Guano Co., New York City, Mapes' Dissolved Bone TANKAGE. American Agricultural Chem. Co. .Boston, Mass. Tankage Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Bowker's Ground Tankage Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City. Tankage Thos. Hersom & Co., New Bedford, Mass. Meat and Bone Lister's Agricultural Chem. Works, Newark, N. J. Tankage Geo. E. Marsh Co., Lynn, Mass. Ground Tankage Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Conn. Tankage Sanderson Fert. & Chem. Co., New Haven, Conn Blood, Bone and Meat Springfield Rend. Co., Springfield, Mass. Ground Tankage Dry Ground Tankage Ground Tankage JValuation in excess of selling price. Where Sampled. u a Man'f s samp Brockton Fall River . Worcester . Man'f's samp Northboro . Woburn . . . New Bedford Westfield . . ManTssamp. Brockton . . Man'f s samp. N. Hadley . Sunderland. Whately . . Conway . . Amherst . . . Northampton. N.Abington . Attleboro . . New Bedford Hockanum Hadley . . Concord . . N. Hadley . Bradstreet . Southwick . Amherst . . Southampton Springfield . Westfield . ^ (-1 $33.00/ 31.00 1 32.00 / 30.00 i 35.00 30.00 1 30.20 / 32.00 27.00 27.00 27.00 34.00 32.00 31.50 1 32.00 / 35.00 28.00 46.00 1 33.00 / 33.00 36.00 36.00 1 36.00 / 36.40 30.00 35.00 \ 36.00 f $28.20 30.16 29.78 29.10 29.62 34.52 25.93 28.10 24.19 34.23 28.04 23.20 32.97 30.81 29.68 38.54 31.01 40.87 33.40 33.25 >ti = a Si, c G S « i' DO .H (1. cu 13.48 4.44 .74 20.28 1.62 t 7.30 4.13 t 3.91 40.55 j 6.52 13.23 50.86 115.07 28.21 11.19 t 6.59 16.09 I {10.94 {10.18 6.77 77 Ground Bone, Dissolved Bone and Tankage. Nitrogen in too lbs Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Mechanical Analysis. e .11 a 1 in 0 << U Total. Total, Available. >> o « o x> m V w 3 "S ■a o > "1 >i 5o •6 a 3 O V 1 S 1 a 2 § ! o 3 3 tn 1 •6 Pi io 3 o 01 d •6 a 3 o D 4) S a u 3 o •d e 3 o V 4> C a u a 3 o 1 a § pq 4> u CS O O 781 1 784/ 11.06 — — 4.22 4.20 — — — •■ 20.89 20.66 — — 14.63 35.37 245 \ 836 / 4.59 — — — 2.93 2.46 — — — 24.80 23.00 — — 74.15 25.85 855 \ 857 i 6.97 — — — 2.84 2.00 — — — 24.01 22.78 — — 35.02 14.93 592 6.84 — — 2.55 2.47 — — — 26.61 25.00 — — 54.15 45.85 283 1 1032/ 8.82 — — 3.05 2.46 — — — 24.31 22.00 — — 62.93 37.07 439] 467 963 9.50 — — — 5.17 3.08 1 — — — 17.40 25.08 48.48 51.52 113 1 123 J 1019 10.35 8.87 .74 .56 2.09 2.44 1.10 1.20 3.93 4.20 3.00 3.00, 1.12 1.40 9.04 10.58 6.40 5.08 16.56 17.07 15.00 15.00 10.16 11.98 11.00 11.00 60.15 39.85 913 7.62 .23 1.74 .87 2.84 2.06 6.89 7.75 1.53 16.17 — 14.64 K.OO — — 119 13.29 — 5.38 1.33 6.71 4.94 — — — 14.57 13.73 — — 47.75 52.25 220 \ 807/ 8.58 .44 3.45 1.23 5.12 4.94 — — — 11.45 13.73 — — 74.38 25.62 249 10.01 .31 2.11 1.33 3.75 4.96 — — — 13.29 13.70 — — 52.03 47.97 295 5.12 .05 3.21 1.59 4.35 5.00 — — — 18.57 17.00 — — 80.81 19.19 315 1 992 / 11.31 .47 4.09 1.17 5.73 4.94 — — — 14.80 13.73 — — 45.22 54.73 324 8.60| .41 3.54 1.89 5.84 5.00 — — — 11.33 12.00 — — 60.61 39.39 990 10.26' .41 1 6.24 1.95 8.60 — — — — 9.49 9.00 — — 63.84 36.16 425 \ 499 / 7.90| .21 4.24 1.42 5.87 5.74 — — — 12.32 10.00 — — 67.32 32.63 5 702 5.25 — 5.47 .11 6.29 4.16 1.96 1.45 8.25 5.72 6.00 5.00 — — z 11.51 15.95 12.00 9.00 — z 85.86 69.36 14.14 30.64 974 \ 1023/ 8.39 .26 i 4.98 1.79 7.03 7.40 — — — 11.46 12.00 — — 50.61 49.39 78 Tankage and Dry Ground Fish. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Swift's Lowell Fert. Co., Boston, Mass. Ground Tankage J. M. Woodard, Greenfield, Mass. Unground Tankage Worcester Rendering Co., Worcester, Mass. Ground Tankage DRY GROUND FISH. American Agr'l. Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. Dry Ground Fish Dry Ground Fish Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Bowker's Dry Ground Fish Bowker's Dry Ground Fish National Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Chittenden's Dry Ground Fish Chittenden's Dry Ground Fish Chittenden's Dry Ground Fish Chittenden's Dry Ground Fish Chittenden's Dry Ground Fish Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Conn. O. & W. Dry Ground Fish O. & W. Dry Ground Fish O. & W. Dry Ground Fish Robinson Glue Co., Gloucester, Mass. Dry Ground Fish Roger's Mfg. Co., Rockfall, Conn. Dry Ground Fish Sanderson's Fert. & Chem. Co., New Haven, Conn Sanderson's Fine Ground Fish Sanderson's Fine Ground Fish Wilcox Fertilizer Co., Mystic, Conn. Wilcox Dry Ground Fish Guano Wilcox Dry Ground Acidulated Fish Where Sampled. Concord . Greenfield Worcester Sterling :::} Bradstreet . Sunderland Sunderland Northampton Dighton . . . Sunderland . Had ley . . Bradstreet . Bradstreet . So. Deerfield Hadley . . Sunderland Sunderland N. Hadley . Sunderland N. Hadley N. Hadley Hadley . Worcester Deerfield Sunderland Southwick Sunderland . Feeding Hills Amherst . . N. Hadley . Fall River . o a $30.50 44.00 32.00 40.00 44.00 42.00 40.00 46.00 41.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 44.00 40.00 42.00 42.00 42.00 41.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 43.00 41.85 43.00 40.00 45.00 •■3 a ct O A u o " O $32.13 30.83 36.30 42.39 44.37 46.42 44.55 42.73 41.31 43.99 44.61 42.60 42.39 41.18 42.61 45.45 42.19 41.42 42.24 45.10 39.99 t^■aluBtion in excess of selling price. Tankaga and Dry Ground Fish. V XI 3 Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Mechanical Analysis. ■§ " Total. Total. Available. z, •9 3 •o ■6 i >i m" M u V V V Q V 3 itrat( onia eOr ive nic. •6 a "3 to u 3 3 ■6 a •6 a § pq o 5 x> CS 'S ^1 ^1 < So a 3 o ki 3 Revei Insol a 3 1 a 3 1.4 ft 5 o a s 5 o o 372 9.81 .22 3.97 1.30 5.49 5.00 — — 1 — 16.10 14.00 — — 61.70 38.30 899 7.61 .23 3.69 1.34 5.26 4.50 — 18.04 18.00 — — 34.22 65.78 771 1 822 / 8. 39 .24 5.76 1.87 7.87 7.00 — — 12.02 12.00 — — 47.12 52.88 38 10.05 5.87 2.39 8.26 8.24 4.18 2.63 6.81 7.00 4.18 107 11.22 — 8.62 8.23 — 4.97 1.84 6.81 7.00 4.97 — 71 9.39 9.04 8.23 5.10 1.89 6.99 6.00 5.10 ' 213 ] 261 9.83 8.55 8.23 4.98 3.11 8.09 6.00 4.98 — — 709 J 3 9.35 8.32 8.23 4.18 2.81 6.99 6.00 4.18 _ 10 10.37 8.07 8.23 3.93 2.63 6.56 6.00 3.93 — — 11 9.95 1 8.56 8.23 4.84 1.84 6.68 6.00 4.84 — — 47 8.79 . 1 8.68 8.23 4.24 2.98 7.22 6.00 4.24 — — 185 1 198 453 11.13 j 8.25 8.23 4.66 2.30 6.96 6.00 4.66 — — 571 716 J 93 9.71 8.14 7.40 5.36 1.66 7.02 6.00 5.36 4.50 _ _ 137 9.40 — t — 7.94 7.40 4.80 2.04 6.84 6.00 4.80 4.50 — — 428 8.90 — 1 — — 8.26 7.40 .19 4.35 2.40 6.94 6.00 4.54 4.50 ~ 764 9.66 — — 8.07 - — 3.98 5.38 14.36 — 8.98 — — - 915 12.60 — — — 8.13 7.81 — 5.46 1.05 6.51 5.00 5.46 4.00 — — 86 9.14 8.23 8.23 3.04 2.83 5.87 6.00 3.04 _ _ 481 ] 572 12.35 — — 8.18 8.23 4.59 2.35 6.94 6.00 4.59 — — 1 — 979 j 121 \ 173 f 8.10 9.02 8.50 3.31 2.40 . 6.71 6.00 3.31 4.00 1047 ' 10.76 — — — 7.63 7.81 1 — 5.82 .58 6.40 5.00 5.82 4.00 — — 80 Nitrogen Compounds. Where Sampled. Dealer's Cash Price per Ton. Comparative Valuation per Ton. Percentage Difference Between Selling Price and Valuation. u .a s 3 >. u O o at 1 w 'S Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Found. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. 11 a 0) c « a 3 c SULFATE OF AMMONIA. Anierican Agric. Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. Boston .... Boston .... Taunton . . 1 Woburn . J Sunderland . . NewBedford 1 Boston . . J Bellerica . 1 FeedingHills J Millis Northampton 1 Dighton . . 1 Taunton . i Beverly . . J Attleboro . 1 W.Springfield / Fitchburg . \ Webster . . / N. Amherst Littleton Man'f sample Framingham . . Hockanum 1 Leominster / Conway .... Bradstreet . . . So. Deerfield . . So. Acton . 1 W.Springfield / Sunderland . . Amherst . . 1 Concord . . J $75.00 68.00 66.00 \ 70.00 / 46.00 53.00 1 51.00 / 55.00 1 54.00 1 48.00 1 52.00 52.00 55.00. 51.00 1 49.50/ 47.00 1 50.00 / 49.60 - J 48.00 53.00 \ 49.00 / 50.00 48.00 50.00 50.00 1 45.00 / 48.00 48.00 \ 48.00 / $67.65 67.90 65.60 49.22 49.09 48.45 49.60 48.58 49.22 48.96 49.28 49.47 48.19 49.28 52.22 49.31 49.47 49.54 48.03 10.87 .15 3.66 16.54 5.93 12.49 6.51 2.09 J. 94 .65 t2.97 5.83 1.46 t8.08 1.40 13.98 J3.ll J. 06 560 536 351 1 619 i 83 309 1 533/ 552 1 980 / 398 222] 256 264 493] 240 1 951 / 637 1 892 / 452 1 338 ' 987. 723 321 1 661/ 900 15 48 879 1 962 / 54 153 1 373/ .64 1.16 1.54 1.57 1.84 1.50 .86 1.70 1.99 1.89 2.08 1.60 1.95 j 1.55 i 1.80 1.75 .46 .96 1.50 21.14 21.22 20.50 1 15.38 15.34 15.14 15.50 15.18 15.38 15.30 15.40 15.46 15.06 15.40 16.32 15.41 15.46 15.48 15.01 _ 20.16 Bowker Fert. Co., Boston, Mass. 19.75 Swift's Lowell Fert. Co., Boston, Mass. 20.00 NITRATE OF SODA. American Agric. Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. Nitrate of Soda Nitrate of Soda 15.00 15.00 Armour Fert. Works, Baltimore, Md. Nitrate of Soda 14.31 Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md. Nitrate of Soda Bowker Fert. Co., Boston, Mass. Nitrate of .Soda 15.32 " " " 15.00 •■ •< 1. Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City. Nitrate of Soda 15.00 J. P. Hawes, 88 Broad St., Boston, Mass. Nitrate of Soda 15.65 German Kali Works, Baltimore, Md. Nitrate of Soda 15.00 " " « W.R. Grace & Co., New York City. Nitrate of Soda Lister's Agric. Chem. Works, Newark, N. J. Nitrate of Soda 15.00 15.00 Mapes' Form. & Peruv. Guano Co., N. Y. Nitrate of Soda 15 00 National Fert. Co., Boston. Nitrate of Soda Nitrate of Soda 15.00 15.00 Nitrate of Soda 15. OC Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. -Nitrate of Soda Nitrate of Soda 15.00 15.00- {Valuation in excess of selling price. * 81 Nitrogen Compounds. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. g u * . a .2 3 I V > . tD O « '^ i =• o Percentage Difference Between Selling Price and Valuation k4 0) B 3 >. o o Sunderland J Taunton . ] Beverly . . [ Amesbury . Seekonk . . 1 NewBedford J Man. sample N. .\mherat Boston . . . N.Chelmsford Hatfield . . 1 Bradatreet . J Feeding Hills Whately . . . Bradstreet . . Hatfield . . . N. Hadley . . Easthampton Hadley . . . Deerfield . . N. Amherst . N. Hadley . . Sunderland Sunderland Sunderland . Holyoke . . . $51.00 52.00 50.00 49.50 [ 46.00 1 50.00 48.00 J 47.00 \ 53.00 / 51.40 55.00 44.00 25.00 \ 25.00 / 31.00 30.00 31.50 31.75 30.00 30.50 30.00 32.00 32.20 31.00 30.75 30.75 30.50 30.50 $48.19 48.06 49.47 48.00 48.64 47.04 51.11 46.89 48.88 49.44 22.47 24.07 22.39 29.61 29.40 27.38 27.09 28.18 26.12 26.54 30.41 29.02 28.64 27.93 28.64 5.83 5.11 3.65 tl.32 6.29 9.62 12.52 til. 00 11.27 28.79 31.06 6.38 7.99 9.57 12.59 6.46 22.51 21.33 1.94 5.96 7.37 9.20 6.50 316 862 91 424 515 640 J 378 1 502 604 1 285 \ 290 j *1061 * 2 *567 *858 215 1 444 / 972 1022 32 33 64 703 846 847 24 28 65 66 200 932 2.62 1.46 1.75 2.74 2.19 2.45 11.08 10.96 9.92 10.60 11.08 9.78 10.81 7.53 7.05 8.60 6.97 8.90 9.04 8.67 8.39 7.25 7.10 8.45 7.70 15.06 15.02 15.46 15.00 15.20 14.70 1 — '15.00 'Patrons' Co-Op. Association, Boston, Mass. Nitrate ol Suda : Sanderson Fert.&Chem. Co., New Haven. — 115.00 — Il5.00 >> .. •> : Swift's Lowell Pert. Co., Boston, Mass. Nitrate of Soda — 15.00 1. .. 11 ^ Wilcox Fertilizer Co., Mystic, Conn. Nitrate of Soda — 15.00 DRIED BLOOD. 1 Bowker Fert. Co., Boston, Mass. Dried Blood 10.55 10.07 9.86 9.76 5.35 5.73 5.45 7.05 7.00 6.52 5.45 6.71 6.22 6.32 7.24 6.91 6.82 6.65 6.82 9.87 Swift's Lowell Fert. Co., Boston, Mass. Dried Blood 9.84 Dried Blood 9.84 ' Whitman & Pratt Rend. Co., Lowell, Mass. Dried Blood 9.84 CASTOR POMACE. I Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Conn. 4.9S • Sanderson Fert. & Chem. Co., New Haven, Sanderson's Castor Pomace ~ luderson's Castor Pomace COTTONSEED MEAL. > American Cotton Oil Co., New York City. , Choice Cottonseed Meal Choice Cottonseed IMeal Choice Cottonseed Meal Choice Cottonseed Meal Choice Cottonseed Meal i Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., Cincinnati, O. Buckeye Cottonseed Meal \ S. P. Davis, Little Rock, Ark. . . . 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.24 6.50 Good Luck, Cottonseed Meal Good Luck, Cottonseed Meal Good Luck, Cottonseed Meal Good Luck, Cottonseed Meal Good Luck, Cottonseed Meal 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 tValuation in excess of selling price. *No. 1061 Phosphoric Acid 3.68% 2 " " 4.29% 567 " " 4.70% " 858 " " 5.68% NOTE — Castor pomace contains on the average 2.12 per cent of phosphoric acid and 1.20 per cent potash. NOTE — Cottonseed Meal contains from 2 to 3 per cent of phosphoric acid and from 1.50 to 2.50 per cent of potash of which about 1.28% is water soluble. 82 Nitrogen Compounds. ' a Nitrogen in V _o 0 a u 100 lbs. £ « 1 Found. Where 53 > > . s >> Name of Manufacturer and Brand. •6 Sampled. " § \ IS ■ Q Comparat per Ton •2 ge a & « K ■!:t 4) o 2 o 2 3 'S u •a CS w O o C 2 3 o COTTONSEED MEAL. (Concluded.) Humphreys.Godwin & Co., Memphis.Tenn. Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal Hadley ....' $30.00 $27.89 7.57 21 3.63 — 6.64 6.56 Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal Had ley . . 30.00 23.52 5.19 22 7.59 — 6.79 6.56 Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal N. Amherst 31.00 27.47 12.85 23 7.33 — 6.54 6.18 Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal Cushman . 30.50 27.01 12.92 26 7.90 — 6.43 6.56 Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal Cushman . 30.50 26.25 16.19 27 8.30 — 6.25 6.56 Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal Amherst . . 30.00 28.01 7.11 29 9.21 — 1 6.67 6.56 Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal Sunderland. i 31.00 27.30 14.54 30 6.88 — , 5.50 6.18 Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal So. Deerfield 31.25 28.27 10.54 31 7.15 — : 6.73 6.18 Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal Hadley . . , 31.00 28.81 7.60 34 7.91 — 6.86 6.18 Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal Hadley . . 1 30.00 29.06 3.24 44 8.40 — ,6.92 6.56 Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal Bradstreet . i 32.00 27.64 15.77 45 9.02 — ! 6.58 6.50 Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal Sunderland 1 30.00 27.22 10.21 63 8.35 — : 6.48 6.56 Dixie Brand Cotton.seed Meal Sunderland 31.50 26.63 18.29 721 8.17 — '■ 6.34 6.18 Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal Easthampton 31.00 27.34 13.39 845 9.01 — 6.51 6.18 Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Conn. Bradstreet . . . 35.00 30.20 15.89 25 6.50 — 7.19 6.50 Geo. B. Robinson, Jr., New York City. Robin Brand Cottonseed Meal .... Hatfiela .... 30.00 27.51 9.05 202 7.93 — 1 6.55 6.50 W. Newton Smith, Baltimore, Md. Dirigo Brand Cottonseed Meal .... Hadley .... 29.00 26.96 7.B3 632 9.67 — 1 6.42 6.18 Dirigo Brand Cottonseed Meal .... Hadley .... 29.00 26.12 11.03 633 10.02 6.22 6.18 Dirigo Brand Cottonseed Meal .... Hadlev .... 29.00 26.59 9.06 634 9.28 . — 6.35 6.18 Dirigo Brand Cottonseed Meal .... Hadley .... 29.00 26.38 9.93 688 9.06 — 6.28 6.18 J. E. Soper & Co., Boston, Mass. Pioneer Cottonseed Meal Southwick . . . 31.00 27.51 12.69 501 10.22 1 6.55 6.60 NOTE — Cottonseed Meal contains from 2 to 3 per cent phosphoric acid and from 1.60 to 2.50 per cent of potash, of which 1.28 per cent is water soluble. 83 Potash Compounds. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. ClJ "^ Pi k) 10 s 2 Hen « o jj 4> O ki P4 P< Potash (K2O) in 100 Ibs.' raOH GRADE SULFATE OF POTASH. American Agric. Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. H. G. Sulfate of Potash H, G. Sulfate of Potash H. G. Sulfate of Potash Bowker Pert. Co., Boston, Mass. H. G. Sulfate of Potash Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City. H. G. Sulfate of Potash .... German Kali Works, Baltimore, Md. H. G. Sulfate of Potash .... Lister's Agric. Chem. Works, Newark, N.J. H. G. Sulfate of Potash Mapes' Form. &Peruv. Guano Co., N. Y. H. G. Sulfate of Potash National Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. H. G. Sulfate of Potash Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. H. G. Sulfate of Potash H. G. Sulfate of Potash Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Conn. H. G. Sulfate of Potash Patron's Co-Op.Asso., Boston, Mass. H. G. Sulfate of Potash Sanderson Fert. & Chem. Co., New Haven H. G. Sulfate of Potash H. G. Sulfate of Potash Swift's Lowell Fert. Co., Boston, Mass. H. G. Sulfate of Potash Whitman & Pratt Rend. Co., Boston, Mass. Sulfate of Potash Wilcox Fert. Co., Mystic, Conn. H. G. Sulfate of Potash SULFATE OF POTASH-MAGNESIA. American Agric. Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. Double Manure Salt Double Manure Salt German Kali Works, Baltimore, Md. Double Manure Salt Double Manure Salt Mapes' Form. &Peru. Guano Co., N. Y. City Double Manure Salt National Fert. Co., Boston, Mass. Double Manure Salt Bradstreet Sunderland Boston Northampton Boston . Attleboro N. Amherst Lawrence Fitchburg N. Amherst Man. sample Hockanum Man. sample Sunderland Sunderland Sunderland Hockanum Marlboro . Sunderland Southwick . Springfield N. Chelmsford Westfield . . Bradstreet . Amherst . . Man. sample Amherst . . Conway . . Bradstreet . $52.00 53.00 55.00 54.00 \ 53.00 / 52.00 50.10 50.00 50.00 44.50 52.00 50.00 51.00 51.30 54.00 53.00 52.00 53.00 50.00 53.00 30.00 31.00 $49.36 5, 49.72 6, 50.72 8, 50.32 6 50.43 3 .35 42 ,60 136 .44 553 o«l 203 1 .32 535 ) .01 305 49.68 J 2.07 50.75 51.92 50.56 50.20 49.58 50.32 49.12 50.52 48.32 50.00 39.04 62.40 2.44 t 1.11 421 505 636 777 983 . 772 1049 440 58 148 .311 319 865 26.42! 13.56 27.12 14.31 — 21.52 28.20 ; 26.86 33.00 30.00 26.80 25.86 108 619 969 887 1031 40 102 982 4.99 1001 23.14 16 01 906 1 1.47 .44 .48 .30 .51 .48 .44 .13 .44 .30 1.66 .23 .83 1.09 1.02 .20 .64 .37 1.98 9.50 49.36 49.72 60.72 50.32 50.48 49.68 50.76 51.92 50.56 50.20 49.53 50.32 49.12 50.52 48.32 50.00 39.04 52.40 7.16 26.42 8.92 27.12 21.52 26.86 26.30 25.861 48.00 48.00 48.00 43.00 48.00 48.00 48.00 48.67 43.00 48.00 48.00 43.00 48.00 48.00 43.00 48.00 48.00 26.00 26.00 20.00 20.00 25.96 26.00 ^Valuation in excess of selling price. 84 Potash Compounds. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. ja OS SULFATE OF POTASH-MAGNESIA. ({-'oncluded.) Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Conn. Sulfate of I'otash-Magnesia Sulfate of l^otash-Magne.sia Sanderson Fert. & Chem. Co., New Haven Sulfate of Potash-Magnesia MURIATE OF POTASH. American Agric. Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. Muriate of Potash Muriate of Potash Armour Fertilizer Works, Baltimore, Md . Muriate of Potash Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md. Muriate of Potash Bowker Fert. Co., Boston, Mass. Muriate of Potash N. Hadley Hadley . Bradstreet Sunderland \ NewBedford / Boston . . . Feeding Hills Millis .... Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City. -Muriate of Potasli German Kali Works, Baltimore, Md. -Muriate of Potash National Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Muriate of Potash -Muriate of Potash Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. -Muriate of Potash Muriate of Potash ; . . Muriate of Potash Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Conn. Muriate of Potash Sanderson Fert. & Chem. Co., New Haven Muriate of Potash Muriate of Potash Northampton Dighton . . Beverly • ■ W.Springfi'd W.Springfi'd Fall River N. Amherst Marlboro . Man. sample Bradstreet Sunderland Sunderland Amherst . Amherst . Swift's Lowell Fert. Co., Boston, Mass. Muriate of Potash Wilcox Fert. Co., Mystic, Conn. Muriate of Potash KAINIT. American Agric. Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. Kainit Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Kainit German Kali Works, Baltimore, Md. Kainit Whately . Sunderland Bradstreet Southwick Beverly . NewBedford Westfield Man. sample Beverly . . Framingham Man. sample $29.00 29.00 31.00 43.00 45.00 46.00 43.00 45.00 43.00 50.00 42.10 45.00 45.00 33.00 45.00 45.00 44.00 42.50 42.50 47.00 45.00 45.00 43.00 45.00 46.00 44.30 16.00 12.50 > > . rt o c fc !« 0. a $26.34 27.16: 8.04 150 6.73 415 23.72: 30.59 455 42.64 44.54 35.59 43.13 40.29 41.96 42.23 43.76 42.94 44.131 43.55, 42.53 43.661 44.64 44.10 43.59 43.01 4.36 3.23 34.87 13.32 3.79 tl.73 2.83 4.80 t.30 12.41 ;.07 7.65 .31 i.23 154 ] 233 / 539 973 354 227 256 433 945 959 248 774 371 933 16 441 56 104 179 1023 129 419 478 3.24 511 5.55 231 \ 1041 J 12.47 — |1057 12.51 27.90 492 11.23 11 ^ll 7^3 1 11.31 936 j .66 .54 5.02 .70 .99 .04 1.43 1.85 Potash (KjO in 100 lbs. ,j 90 1 97 1 2 20 39 2 3 3 18 15 07 1 66 59 1 01 93 1 24 1 45 54 3 34 1 25.84 27.15 23.72 50.16 52.40 41.83 50.80 47.40 49.36 49.68 61.48 49.00 50.52 49.00 51.92 51.24 50.04 51.35 52.52 51.33 51.28 50.60 14.67 14.72 13.33 ^Valuation in excess of selling price. 85 CJ oo o c> o c^ o o o o o o c o o o o o o o o c> o <^ <^ •paaiuBJBno ;^ 2 ■«< CO ■»»« ■ CO CO o c« •^ c^ e« o o .-• o> O CO N J3 < •punoj c« CO ■«l« t. 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CO CO CO CJ» C9 COio t- 1 noijBntBA P"* aoud c« C9 O tj" CO ■«• CO ainxias naaMisg t^ n> ^ 1 <^ r-t CO CO 1 n ■«• co 33n3J9gia 33B}U80Jad ■o« lO CO CI CM o o C9 •o< CO 9- ■^ ■^ .-t .-» rH r-i ■^ ■^ ■^ "^ "^ . — - — . , . . — -_, •UOX J8oo to oo o aDiJd qsro s.jaiBaQ CO o c~ toto t^oico ' to 1 en ■oo o. £1 ;-— ; c • • 0 c rt — t. t. ■ £o 0. ~ 33 (J i:; " 4) a > c o c 3 > 15 • O 3 ^ c « 111 III c o 1 a 1 n CO Ul s C O O PQ ^ CO fa c o to o /j! o CJ u bi "a o C O CO O W (Xi Q < o -5 fil a a, U 5" PQ d > >- .H.H in O PQ d U !> o o &. C -a, ■^ < < fe o d s §1 r * o ■ « o _^ "5 a o o o n 6 u k4 b "3 "3. "5 ^5 Q u '? Q f- 1 << V > - > o' 0 o 0} < c _o ^ !<' »8 -3 < CO < < PQ O O 2 s o 1 6? ^ 86 'C3 C£ O C/) iaqmntl itJojeioqBi •uox -lad UOIJEtllBA aAI}BJB(IXU03 •nox J3d m tr> 13 ir> CO o ^ C9 o o o o o o o to o> « C9 t~ o c« CO CO o> •<«• CO o o o :: :: t- ^ ^ 2 t~ tr~ 2 CO o c« o CO C3 CO CO CO o •«« t^ o o ■-4 en C3 o t-« ca CO lOCO NOOCO lf>00>t-l •-•eicoca en oc^mco S CO CO CO c» 7i d to t- lO s CO CO •-t^l£>l>> CO into IT) ^ a ccHm fcico a o- „ " sS i; c3 «.a o a m2;oS a 9 ^ ■- °Jd § S g o o o mKOO §2 ~ o X 4) 01 S rt rt ■a 0.0. q; « <]; Soi H w o w o ^2 2 o. o ^ „, CU '"- • ^ a8 2 t; o u eS- 4)— >-l o ■ rt c3 - ci ^ j5 qS; CO (S i-H 2 £ « f^ O^ ^- c.i. a o '. ax: - "t- iS _3 V IS 0:= so 01 T3 > o o a 3 oi a o a a n 3 -OT) y ii> tj oj ^^ fl 0. o IN ej m 3 03 ^ o> 73 BULLETIN No. 141. SEPTEMBER, 1912 MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. THE MICROSCOPIC IDENTIFICATION OF CATTLE FOODS By G. H. CHAPMAN Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. A-MUEllST, MASS. COMMITTEE ON EXPERIMENT STATION. J. Lewis Ellsworth, Charles E. Ward, Charles H. Preston, Chairman, The President of the College, ex officio. The Director of the Station, ex officio. Arthur G. PoUaixl, Harold L. Frost, STATION STAFF. ^^■illi.•lm p. Brooks, Ph.D., Joseph B. Lindsev, Ph.D., George E. Stone, Ph.D., Frank A. Waugh, M. Sc., J. E. Ostrander, C. E., James B. Paige, D. V. S., Henry T. Fernald, Ph.D., Fred C. Sears, M. Sc., Burton N. Gates, Ph.D., Edward B. Holland. M. Sc, Fred W. Morse, M. Sc, Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc, Philip H. Smith, M. Sc, Henry J. Franklin, Ph.D., Edwin F. Gaskill, B. Sc, George H. Chapman, M. Sc, E. A. Larrabee, B. Sc, Lewell S. Walker, B. Sc, James C. Reed, B. Sc, George R. Pierce, B. Sc, Carleton P. Jones, B. Sc, R. W. Ruprecht, B. Sc, Carlos L. Beals, B. Sc, J. K. Shaw, Ph.D.. H. A. Turner, B. Sc, Arthur I. Bourne, B. A., James T. Howard, James R. Alcock, Harry L. Allen, R. N. Hallowell, Director and Agriculturisl. Vice-Director and Chemist. Botanifit. Horticulturist. Meteorologist. Veterinarian. Entomologist. Pomologist. Apiarist. Associate Cheniiot (Research Sec). Research Chemist (Research Sec) Chemist in Charge (Fertilizer Sec). Chemist in Charge (Feed and Dairy Sec). Assista7it Entomologist (Cranberry Investigations). Assistant A gric ulturist . Assistant Botanist. Assistard Botanist. Assistant Chemist. Assista7it Chemist. Assistant Chemist. As,'iista7it Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistaiit Chemist. Assistant Horticulturist. Assistant in Horticulture. Assistant in Erdomology. Inspector. Assistant in Animal Nutrition. Assistant in Laboratory. Observer. Annual reports and bulletins on a variety of subjects are pub- lished. These arc sent free on request to all interested in agricul- ture. Parties likely to find publications on special subjects only of interest will please indicate these subjects. Correspondence or consultation on all matters affecting any branch of our agriculture is welcomed. Communications should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. CONTENTS. Page Introduction ....... 4 PART I Characteristics and Identification of Grain AND Grain Products .... 6 PART II Characteristics and Identification of Legumes AND Oil Seeds . . . , . 19 PART III Characteristics and Identification of Weed Seeds and Miscellaneous Products . . 30 PART IV Characteristics and Identification of Condi- ments ...... 45 PART V Identification of Chemicals and Miscellaneous Sltbstances . . . . • . 55 Analytical Key to some Commonly Occurring Starches 61 Index ........ 70 THE MICROSCOPIC IDENTIFICATION OF CATTLE FOODS. By G. H. Chapman. INTRODUCTION. The microscopical examination of stock feeds, condimentals and poultry feeds, that is, practically all the commercial feed- ing stuffs of the United States, has not been taken up systemati- cally to any great extent thus far. Although several books have appeared dealing with the microscopical examination of vege- table foods, spices and technical products, no single work has appeared which has dealt exclusively with the microscopical ex- amination of commercial feeding stuffs. This phase of microscopy is becoming more and more important, as the number of commercial feeds put out each year by various manufacturers increases. The examination of stock feeds microscopically is much more difficult in a way than the examination of vegetable foods, inas- much as there are as a rule a great many different constituents in a stock feed, especially in condimentals. The commercial feeding stuffs may be enumerated briefly as follows: cotton- seed meals, linseed meals, gluten meals, corn products, wheat feeds, mixed feeds, sugar and molasses feeds, miscellaneous feeds, proprietary stock feeds, animal meals and poultry feeds, and these may be classed under a few general heads, viz: 1st, cereal products, under which come the grains; 2nd, byproducts such as linseed, cotton seed, corn cobs, malt sprouts, peanut residues, distillers' grains and the like; 3rd, animal residues including ani- mal meal, bone meal, dried blood; 4th, mineral residues such as ground rock, ground oyster shells and sand; 5th, weed seeds. Most condimental feeds contain in addition one or more drugs of vegetable or mineral origin. Under the first may be placed such substances as anise, capsicum, fennel, fenugrec, gentian and ginger. Under the second head such chemicals as alum, calcium carbonate, charcoal, iron oxide, resin, saltpetre and Epsom salts. It is especially important that in addition to having a thorough knowledge of the appearance of the whole grain and its various parts, the microscopist should be thoroughly familiar with the weed seeds which always occur to a greater or less extent in cereal products. While the greater part of them are without harmful effects, two or three more commonly occurring seeds are injurious to cattle and poultry. Halsted^^^ and likewise the United States Department of Agriculture ^2) have put out a collection of the more commonly occurring seeds which will be found of in- estimable assistance to the microscopist. In this bulletin it has been our object to cover the ground in as brief a manner as possible and yet give the essential ele- ments of a substance, so as to render its diagnosis certain. It cannot be taken as a complete treatise on the subject, but it is hoped that the more important products have been covered. Free use has been made of all the literature available and credit given to the proper authorities. No directions have been given for methods of mounting or clear- ing sections and fragments of tissue, but these can easily be found in Winton^s) or other books on technique. A set of sieves of different sizes will be found convenient to separate the feed into portions of different sized particles. A good hand lens and compound microscope will also be necessary, but as the mount- ing is only temporary, no extensive apparatus is required. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The author at this time wishes to express his appreciation of the kindness of Dr. E. A. Bessey, of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station for the loan of parts of Figs. 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, and 40; also to Messrs. Wiley and Sons for loan of Fig. 9. Many other fig- ures have been adapted, partially at least, from Winton's "Mi- croscopy of Vegetable Foods". The author wishes to thank Drs. Stone and Lindsey and Mr. Smith, of this Station, for valuable suggestions and material often donated; also Mr. R. E. Torrey for many of the drawings. 1 One Hundred Species of American Weed Seeds. Issued by B. D. Halsted New Bruns- wick, N. J. 2 Distribution of Economic Seeds, U. S. Dept. Agr., Prepared in Seed Laboratory by F. C. Coville and G. H. Hicks. Issued 1898. 3 Microscopy of Vegetable Foods, (Wiley & Sons). PART I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND IDENTIFICATION OF GRAIN AND GRAIN PRODUCTS. WHEAT. {Trilicum sativum var. vulgare, Hack.) Common wheat, or some portion thereof, is a very common constituent of many cattle foods. The grain of wheat is oval Figure 1 Fig. 1. Wheat. (1) Hairs from apex of grain; (3) tube cells. (4) Wheat starch. (2) Cross cells and lengthwise and somewhat heart-shaped in transverse section, with a depression at the lower end, and a deep depression or groove on the ventral side, and has a slight beard on the upper end. In color the kernel varies from light yellow to brown. No more detailed description of the grain is necessary as its appear- ance is familiar to every one. In feeds it may occur as mid- dlings, a product intermediary between flour and bran, or as bran which is composed chiefly of the seed coats of the kernel; and also it may occur in simply cracked form. In all the differ- ent products there is usually starch present, which greatly aids in the diagnosis. Other elements which are of aid also in the diagnosis are the hairs, the cross cells and the tube cells. Wheat starch is composed of two distinct forms of grains, namely, large lenticular grains from 30 — 40/x in diameter, with faintly \'isible laminae and hilum, and small rounded or some- what polygonal grains less than 8^ in diameter. With polarized light, indistinct crosses are evident, and the selenite plate gives but a faint display of colors. The hairs, which are found up to 1 mm. in length, are usually awl shaped, with a rounded base about 25 ix in diameter. The cell cavity, which appears black under the microscope, is much narrower than the hair walls, but extends well up into the tip of the hair. The cross cells are found in the bran coats and are more or less characteristic of wheat. They are transversely elongated, and are arranged side by side in rows, with porous cell walls. Usually the cells are from 100 — 200 fx long and 15 — 25 m in di- ameter. The side walls are about 4 — 7 /x thick, but the end walls are usually much thinner, and are not swollen by alkali; a distinction from rye. Crossing this layer of cells are usually found more or less detached layers of cells to which the name of tube cells is given. These cells vary greatly in size, but are characteristic of wheat, as in the case of the other cereals this layer of cells is less broken up. The starch grains and the cross cells are the most useful elements in diagnosing wheat products. Fig. 1 shows the ele- ments noted. MAIZE— INDIAN CORN. {Zea Mays, L.) Indian corn is one of the most important constituents of cattle foods; it occurs in various forms, such as cracked corn in which the kernel is broken up into large, coarse fragments; com meal, a finer ground feed; hominy feed in which the particles are ground very fine and in which some of the bran is usually present, and com and cob meal which contains besides the corn, ground fragments of the cob. The horny part of the kernel is usually white or yellow in color, and has usually enough of the starch endosperm adhering to suffice for identification. The coarser particles are readily 8 recognized with the naked eye, and the more finely ground feeds are to a great extent recognized by the characteristic starch Fig. 2. from glume, starch. Figure 2 Maize. (1) Epidermis and (2) single and multiple celled hairs (3) Cells h'om woody zone, and (4) haii's from cob. (5) Corn grains. The grains are roughly polygonal in shape and vary in size fron 15—30 ju in diameter. The hilum is distinctly \-isible and usually has radiating clefts. The laminae or rings are not visible under normal conditions, and the grains do not occur in compact aggregates as do some of the other polygonal starches. The only other starches likely to be confused with that of maize, are those of the broom corn, and these are practically the same and it is impossible to differentiate them. The presence of ground cob in a feed is easily determined also, and the two or three characteristics given below are suffi- cient for its identification. Fragments of the glumes and palets can be picked out and examined under the microscope, the cells having wavy walls, and often one to three or four celled hairs are present. Thick- ened glumes consisting of woody tissue are usually present and the characteristic stone cells are another aid in the diagnosis. 9 The presence of ground cob in meal can often be detected by chewang a portion of the feed, when the hard woody fibre of the cob can be felt in the mouth. ^^^ The hairs found in corn cob vary greatly in size and shape. The single celled hairs, however, are usually long, with a cell cavity or lumen several times thicker than the walls of the hair, extending well up into the tip. The multicellular hairs seem to have thicker walls, and are usually shorter, with a blunt tip on the terminal cell and are often pitted. These elements are shown in Fig. 2. RICE. {Oryza saliva, L.) Rice used largely as a human food, is now being found in cattle feeds. When the grain itself is found in the feed the identification is a simple matter, as it depends entirely on the starch grains which have a characteristic size and appearance. They are sometimes distorted, owing to a cooking process, but can ordinarily be identified without much trouble. The starch cells. Fig. 3. Rice. Figure 3 (1) Rice starch; (2) Cells from epicarp; (3) Epidermal grains are in size the smallest of the poh^gonal starches, having a range of from 2 — 9 n in diameter, very rarely exceeding the latter 1 J. B. Lindsey, Mass. Ag'I. Exp. Sta. 10 size. They are found singly and in aggregates of from two to many grains. Sharply polygonal grains predominate, but there are also many grains with one or more rounded facets which come from the outer portion of the aggregates, which are oval in form and usually present. No laminae are visible, but the hilum is as a rule evident and is central. With polarized light distinct crosses are seen, but it is extremely difficult to observe any marked play of colors with the selenite plate. Rice hulls and rice bran are sometimes found in food stuffs. The chief distinguishing characteristics of rice hulls are the rectangular epidermal cells with thick convoluted walls. These are best seen when the preparation is cleared with chloral hydrate or potash. Another striking characteristic of the hulls is the broadly linear-lanceolate hairs which are abundant along the edges of the glume. When a dry portion of the layer is scraped with a needle its silicious character is easily detected. Rice bran may be identified by the cells of the epicarp. These cells are from 100 — 500/x long and from 30 — lOOfx in width; are transversely elongated and have peculiar wavy end walls. (Fig. 3.) They are arranged side by side in rows. The presence of rice starch is usually noted in all rice bran preparations. Bran, however, is not in general use at present as a cattle food. MILLET. {Panicuvi miliaceum, L.) Millet is one of the oldest cereal grains known and is still Figure 4 Fig. 4. Millet. Starch cells showing beaded network left after treating with dilute alkali. II used extensively. When found in commercial feeding stuffs it is usually present as the whole grain. The seed itself is tightly enclosed in the glumes and palets. In size it is 2 — 3 m.m. long and from 1.5 — 2 m.m. broad, and in shape a more or less laterally flattened ellipsoid, with the ends of the long diameter slightly pointed. Its color varies from a light yellow straw color, through orange to brownish yellow. The surface of the seed is sinooth and shiny. The starch contained in the endosperm is dissolved by dilute alkali, leaving a beaded cell wall behind. (Fig. 4.) The ground seed has not been observed in cattle feeds. It finds its chief use in chick feeds, forming sometimes 10% of the whole feed. For further means of identification Winton's "Micro- scopy of Vegetable Foods" may be consulted. RYE {Secale cereale, L.) Rye is occasionally found in cattle feeds, and there are a few differences in structure between it and wheat so that its identi- Fig. 5. Rye. grains. Figiire 5 (1) Cells of epicarp, and (2) cross cells; (3) Starch fication is comparatively simple. The kernels are longer and more sharply pointed at the ends, especially at the base, and are darker in color than those of wheat. The epicarp or outer layer of cells in rye are about the same size but have thinner walls and are less distinctly beaded than in wheat. The cell cavity or lumen of the hairs remains relative- 12- ly broad even to the apex of the hair in rye, while in wheat it becomes merely a line as it approaches the apex. The cross cells are arranged side by side in rows and are 100 — 200ac long, and 15 — Sdjj, wide. The side walls of these cells are thinner than those of wheat, and the end walls are often swollen, with intercellular spaces; in wheat the end walls are thinner than those of the sides and there are no intercellular spaces. The starch grains are also of aid in the diagnosis of rye prod- ucts, they being of two distinct sizes, the larger averaging about 50/x but often exceeding this size, of a circular disk shape and showing rings (laminae) and fissures radiating from the hilirni. The small grains are round or angular and are from 8 — 14/^ in diameter and are more numerous than the small grains of other similar starches. Fig. 5 shows the different elements of rye which are useful in the diagnosis of this grain when found in mixtures. BARLEY. {Hordeum sativum, L.) Barley or some of its by-products are of common occurrence in cattle feeds, and as there is some similarity between it and the other grains, as wheat and rye, it is sometimes rather difficult to diagnose unless the whole kernel, coarsely ground, is present, although some of the characteristics differ from others of this group. The grain itself is shaped much like that of wheat, but the glumes adhere more finiily to the seed and there are found five prominent ribs which are not noticeable on other grains of this character. The lateral depression is also more marked in barley than in other grains. The epidermal cells of the glumes are strongly silicious in character. There are three forms found; first, long cells with thick wavy side walls; second, elliptical or circular cells which have the appearance of short hairs and also circiilar or elHptical cells which are usually found in pairs. These elements are shown in Fig. 6. The parench}-ma cells of barley are rectangular in shape, with thin walls, and large, roughly circular intercellular spaces which are more or less characteristic of this grain. 13 The hairs found in barley are of two kinds, one of which has walls thinner than the cell ca\'ity and are less than loO/z long. Figure 6 Fig. 6. Barley. (1) Palet showing (t) twin cells and (c) circular cells; Haii-s from (2) inner and (3) outer epidermis; (4) Spongy parenchyma and (5) starch grains. usually, and the second in which the hairs are somewhat shorter, and have very thick walls and a narrow cell cavity or lumen. The starch grains are also of use in the diagnosis of barley and are usually found in most of the bA'-products. They are of two sizes; large grains circular or disk-shaped from 20 — SO/j. in diameter, and smaller grains less than T/j. in diameter. The hilum is not always evident, but is sometimes cleft. The small grains 14 are spherical in shape for the most part, and do not occur in aggre- gates. Two by-products of barley will be dealt with under grain products; namely, brewers' grains, and malt sprouts. OATS. (Avena saliva, L.) Oats, either whole, crushed or ground, form one of the chief ingredients of many cattle foods and are a very important article of food. In general appearance the oat is similar to other cereals, but is easily distinguished by the smooth glossy glume which is Figure 7 Fig. 7. Oats. (1) Epicarp with long hairs; (2) Starch grains and aggregates; (3) Spongy parenchyma; (4) Hairs and (t) crescent cells from outer epidermis. not ribbed as in barley. The grain itself is spindle shaped and very narrow, compared with wheat or barley, and has a shallow 15 groove on the ventral side. Under the microscope the epidermis of the glume is seen to be made up of elongated thick walled cells, and twin cells which are more or less crescent shaped. (Fig. 7.) The parench^-ma cells are roughly star shaped, a distinguishing feature from the other cereals. The hairs at the apex of the grain are long and narrow, meas- uring up to 250^4 in length and are about 20/u in diameter in the middle, the base often tapering almost to a point. Other thick walled hairs are often found which measure up to IOOai in length and have a broad base measuring 20/i or less in diameter. These hairs, however, are stiff while those found at the apex of the grain are more or less wavy. In ground products the starch grains are the most characteris- tic element, being polygonal in shape for the most part and from 5 — S^t in diameter. Rounded aggregates, composed of from few to many grains often occur. The spindle shaped grains very often found are characteristic of oats. BUCKWHEAT. (Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench.) Buckwheat is occasionally found whole or ground in cattle and °J Fig. 8. Buckwheat. (2) Starch grains. Figure 8 (1) Spongy parenchyma and (1) inner epidermis; chick foods. When whole the seed is sharply triangular, pointed, and varies in color from gray brown to dark brown. In size it ranges from 5 — 8m.m. in length and from 3 — 4m.m. in breadth. All products are easily identified by the tissues of the spermoderm and 16 the starch grains. The spemiodcrm or inner covering of the seed is yellowish is color and made up of three layers, the outer epider- mis being made up of wavy-walled rectangular cells of varying size. Under this is found a second layer of spongy parench^ona, the cells of which are very irregular in both size and shape, and between which are found a great many circular intercellular spaces. The cell content is yellowish or greenish in color. This layer is characteristic of buckw^heat. The grains of buckwheat starch are either sharply polygonal or sphaero-polygonal with one or more facets, and range in size from 5 — VIjjL in diameter. Angular or rod-like aggregates are often present but large oval aggregates are never found. Occasion- ally an isolated, angular cell of the starch parench\Tna will be found in which the grains entirely fill the cell. After treatment with alkali the starch cells show a network of homogenous threads throughout the cell. Fig. S shows the elements of buckwheat mentioned above. KAFFIR CORN. (Andropogon Sorghum, Brot.) Several varieties of sorghum have been grown in the past, and now the grain is becoming more important as a food for stock and other farm animals. It is often found also in chicken feeds, in a more or less coarsely ground condition. When found finely ground, the glumes removed, it is very difficult to disting- uish it from com meal, as the starch grains of Kaffir corn Fig. 9. Kaffir Corn. show practically no differences in structure from those of maize. As a rule, however, the glumes adhere somewhat to the grain, and as they are in color reddish brown to almost black, one can usually find fragments by which the product can be iden- tified. The glumes also tend to darken the ground product. When coarsely ground the pieces are rather easy to identify on account of the color and shape of the grain. The whole grain is 17 nearly globular in shape, dependent somewhat on the variety and is about 4 m.m. in diameter, in color varying from white through red, brown, to almost black, with mottled grains of two or more colors. Its microscopic structure varies very little from that of any broom com and only a very few elements differ in micro- scopic structure to any extent from those of other cereal grains. The starch grains are very similar to those of maize, being as a rule sharply polygonal with a distinct hilum, and often showing radiating clefts. In size the grains are up to SO/jl in diameter, but average about 20/^, very few reaching the former size. As a rule it is comparatively easy to identify Kaffir corn in a mixture, but if a more detailed description of differences in structure is deemed necessary, Winton^^) gives a complete and particular description of all the different tissues found, and the comparisons with other grains. Fig. 9 shows this grain. BREWERS' GRAINS. Brewers' grains are the residue of the mash left after beer brew- ing and consist of the barley grains after the starchy and soluble matter has been removed. They are fed both wet and dry, but as commonly occurring in cattle feeds are in the dry form. They show more or less the characteristics of ground barley (see barley) , with the exception of the starch grains, although these also may be found. Usually a sourish characteristic odor is associated with them, dependent somewhat on their age. The tissues may be more or less disintegrated but can usually be identified very easily. DISTILLERS' GRAINS. These are the dried residue from the manufacture of spirits, made from the grains of com, rye, oats and barley. Usually they are more disintegrated than brewers' grains and may be a little harder to diagnose, but tisually the cooking process does not destroy the tissues sufficiently to render diagnosis impossible. The methods used in connection with the grains are employed with the exception of the starch determination. Occasionally a sour odor will be noticed. 1 Microscopy of Vegetable Foods, Winton. 18 MALT SPROUTS. Malt sprouts are the radicles which are rubbed off in the preparation of malt from JDarley. When dry they are of a pale straw color. Under the microscope they are almost colorless with a darker central portion. The surface cells are roughly rectangular in shape, and from the centers of these cells many typical root hairs grow. The hairs Figure 10 Fig. 10. Malt Sprouts. Epidermis with root hah's. are of different lengths and have blunt rounded points. Usually, however, they are easy to identify with the naked eye. Fig. 10 shows a typical sprout with hairs. GLUTEN FEED. This is the dried residue obtained in the manufacture of starch and glucose from corn, and as sold for cattle food, consists usually of all the remaining tissues, including the gluten, left after the starch has been removed. This product is best diagnosed by the tissues mentioned under corn, with the exception of the starch grains, which are altered and greatly distorted. Those brands of gluten feed which are artificially colored a bright yellow, are easily detected by a chemical examination. The Pure Food Law now requires feed stuffs which carry artificial coloring mat- ter to be so labeled. BREAKFAST CEREAL REFUSE, ETC. Occasionally there will be found in feeds certain forms of damaged cereal preparations, such as rolled oats, l^ut these can be identified usually without the aid of the microscope. If, however, it is necessary to make a more particular examination, the use of the tissues mentioned under the ^rrains will be sufficient. 19 PART 11. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND IDENTIFICATION OF LEGUMES AND OIL SEEDS. PEA. {Pisum saliviDii, L.) Both field and garden peas are sometines found in commercial feed stuft's and are so well known in their whole state as to require little description. The field peas are, however, of a brownish color and smooth, while those of the latter class are pale green and may have a roughened surface. Both classes are nearly spherical in shape. As a rule they are found in ground condition. Figure 11 Fig. 11. Pea. (1) Palisade cells with (1) "Light" line, and (a) hour glass or "figure eight" cells; (2) Pea starch. When the whole pea is ground the identification is very easy as the grains of pea starch are characteristic. They are ellipsoidal or roundly elliptical, and often have rounded protuberances on the grain. In size they are rarely over 40m through their longest diameter. The laminae are usually distinct and the hilum much 20 elongated, but seldom distinctly cleft. With polarized light, beautiful distinct crosses are shown and with the selenite plate a brilliant play of colors is displayed. In case the hulls alone are used in the feeds, starch grains may not occur and their presence may be detected by the appearance of the seed coats under the microscope. The size and appearance of the palisade cells (Fig. 11) and the column cells of the spermoderm are the best means of diagnosis. The palisade cells are from 60 — lOO^u in length and have a "light line" immediately under the cuticle. They also have a lumen or cell cavity of irregular shape. The column cells which constitute the layer next below the palisade layer are shaped like an hour glass or "figure 8", and are in the pea never more than 20fx in length. This layer of column cells is only one cell thick. These cells are easily isolated by heating and macerating with dilute alkali, and they do not contain crystals, a distinction from the column cells of other leguminous seeds. BEAN. {Phaseolus vulgaris, Metz.) There are several varieties of beans used as food by man, and some of these are occasionally found in commercial stock feeds. These are never found whole, but are either ground coarsely or simply the hulls are used. The whole bean is more or less kidney shaped, and longer than it is broad, although the different var- ieties vary greatly in their measurements and the color also varies greatly, white, brown, red, spotted and black being found. When the common ground bean is present the starch grains are sufficient for its identification. These are large ellipsoidal, kidney shaped grains from 16 — 60^ in length, with the laminae distinct, hilum elongated and conspicuously cleft; with polarized light, brilliant, distinct crosses are seen and with the selenite plate a fine play of colors is obtained. In the absence of starch grains elements of the spermoderm are sufficient for identification. The palisade cells are elongated, (rarely over 60/i long,) narrow and have a "light line" immedi- ately under the cuticle. This light line is characteristic of most of the leguminous seeds, and each cell has a lumen, or cell cavity, 21 more or less oval in shape, which is very distinct. The column cells are roughly hexagonal in shape, with thickened cell walls, Figure 12 Fig. 12. Bean. (1) Palisade cells with "light" line; Subepidermal cells with calcium oxalate crystals; (2) Palisade cells in cross section; (3) Starch grains. but no intercellular cavities. This layer of cells is only one cell thick. Each cell contains one large monoclinic crystal of calcium oxalate; very rarely more than one crystal is present, and never more than two at the most. Fig. (12) shows the ele- ments mentioned in connection with the common bean. CAROB BEAN. {Ceratonia Seliqua, L.) Grotmd carob beans are used as a cattle food to some ex- tent, and while in general the seeds resemble those of other legumes, there are a few characters which make the identification of the grotind product a comparatively simple matter. In the cells of the mesocarp are found large, brown, wrinkled bodies, which are characteristic ; on treating with dilute alkali and heating carefully a deep blue or violet color is obtained. The long palisade cells 22 of the seed are also characteristic; they are from 170 — 250/x in length, of which an outer layer of about l-oth the total height Figure 13 Fig. 13. Carob Bean. (1) Wrinkled bodies in cells of mesocarp and (2) endosperm cells with thickened walls. is swollen and shows no cell cavity. The endospemi cells are striking on account of the enormously thickened cell wall. These cells are best seen in sections cut from the white horny fragments of the seed. Fig. 13 shows the elements of the carob bean which have been mentioned. SOY BEAN. {Soja hispida, Moench.) Soy beans are sometimes found in cattle feeds, but are usually ground into the form of meal. The seed itself varies from 5 — 10 m.m. in diameter, and is usually nearly globular, but occasionally is somewhat flattened. The color is varied, being yellow, brown or even black. In general the elements of the seed resemble greatly other legumes, but it is characterized by the absence of all starch grains, and the presence of thick walled layers of spermodeiTn cells which have a proteid content. This layer is not always easy to find in ground preparations, but is quite characteristic. The cells themselves are rectangular or polygonal in shape and are from 15 — 45/i in diameter. The palisade cells are about the same as those of the common bean, but the column cells are thicker and heavier looking than 23 those of most legumes. In lenofth they vary from 30 — QOjjl, occa- sionally being found longer than this. In width they vary from 16 — 4()/z. It is usually easy to find these cells in a preparation Fig. 14. Soy Bean, heavy hour glass cells. Figure 14 (p) Palisade cells with "light" line, and (h) very as they easily separate from the other elements and are found isolated in the ground product. The absence of starch, together with the presence of the col- umn cells and palisade layer prove usually the presence of soy bean in a preparation. Fig. 14 shows the elements noted above. FENUGREC. {TrigoneUa Foenum — Graccum, L.) Fenugrec seeds are used in condimental foods and condition Figure 15 Fig. 15. Fenugrec. (1) Cross section showing (p) palisade cells and (s) subepidermal layer showing radiating cells; (2) Surface view of subepider- mal layer. 24 powders and are usually found in ground condition. When pres- ent the characteristic taste and odor are of great importance as an aid to diagnosis. The taste is bitter and mucilaginous and the odor peculiar and characteristic. The seeds themselves are about 3 m.m. long and from 1.5 — 2 m.m. thick, oblong in shape and some- what flattened. The ground powder is j-ellowish-brown in color, but contains no starch grains. The palisade cells and column cells are the elements which are useful in the diagnosis of fenugrec. The palisade cells are 60 — 75)u high and from S — 20/i wide, and the cell cavity, which is very broad at the base, tapers to a point at the top of the cell. The cell walls are pointed at the top as a rule, but sometimes blunt ended cells are found, these always being higher tha.n the pointed cells. A narrow "light line" is found about 30/x from the top of the cells. The column cells are short and broad, and are highly charac- teristic; they are about 20/^ high, hour-glass shaped, very wide at the base, or inner portion, the upper end being smaller. The walls are ribbed, and when seen in surface view give a radiating effect. The cells are varying in size, ranging from 30 — 75yu in breadth. These elements are easily found in the ground prodvtct, which contains fragments of the hulls. No other elements are of use in the diagnosis. Fig. 15 shows the seed and the elements noted above. PEANUT. {Arachis hypogaea, L.) Peanuts and peanut shells are used in a variety of ways as foods, but it is usually in a ground condition that they find their way into cattle foods. Usually the whole fruit is crushed or ground, and is as a rule immature or damaged. Lately, however, another form has appeared on the market which consists chiefly of the radicle, and is designated as "peanut germs", but it is not in general use as yet, being found only locally. The cells of the fibre layer of the pericarp or shell are of great use in diagnosing a whole peanut product. Their shape and appearance are characteristic. They are very irregular, but there will always be found those of a "T" or "L" shape, which are char- acteristic of the peanut and resemble true stone cells. Very often 25 these cells are covered on the outer edge with sharp excrescences like saw teeth. The cells of the inner part of the hypoderm are Figure 16 Fig. 16. Peanut. (2) Cells from fibre layer; T and L shaped cells and (1) long fibre cells. (3) Cells from hypoderm. also characteristic of the peanut. These are roughly rectangular in shape, and their walls are very porous. These porous walled cells are very easily identified in the powdered shells. The starch grains are also a help in the identification. They are spher- ical in shape and range in size from 5 — 15^ in diameter; seg- mented forms are of rare occurrence, and the grains do not occur in aggregates. The laminae in the grains are not visible, but the hilum is central and very distinct, and is seldom cleft. The polarization crosses are not very distinct under ordinary condi- tions. Fig. 16 shows the elements of the peanut which are useful in its diagnosis. COTTON SEED. {Gossy-pium, sp.) Cotton seed meal has come into prominence as a feed and is sold in bulk as well as mixed with other substances. It has a vellowish color and a characteristic taste and odor which can 26 usually be detected even when only small quantities of this sub- stance are present in feeds. There are three microscopical charac- teristics which serve to identify this product. The first is the epidermal layer of cells which are very irregular in shape and size, varying up to 70// in length. These cells have very thick, Figure 17 Fig. 17. Cotton seed. (1) Epidermal cells; (2) Colorless "fringe cells" of perisperm. (3) Palisade cells in cross and (1) longitudinal section. stratified walls of a yellowish color and a deep brown cell content. Hairs with thickened walls and a dark interior are almost always present and aid in the diagnosis. The palisade cells are next in importance ; they have a yellow- ish brown color and in surface view appear polygonal, giving the tissue a honeycomb appearance. More or less parallel lines cross the cell but are sometimes difficult to see; in diameter these cells are from 10 — 20/1 and have a length of about loO/i. Covering the embryo is found a thin layer of cells, the walls of which are fringed, giving to the whole the appearance of a network of lace. These are almost colorless and it is sometimes difficult to find them in a sample, but they are highly charac- teristic of cotton seed. Fig. 17 shows these cells as well as those elements previously discussed. 27 LINSEED. {Linum usitalissimwn, L.) Ground linseed is used chiefly as a medicine, but the cake left after extracting the oil is used extensively as a cattle food. This ly^ Figure 18 Fig. 18. Linseed. (1) Pigment cells; (2) Round cells of spermoderm; (3) Fibre cells and (c) cross cells. ground cake is usually gray in color, and possesses a more or less characteristic taste or odor. There are three characteristics which serve to identify this product. The first is the long, sclerenchymatous cells with pitted walls and a light yellow or straw colored cell content, which are over 100 — 200^ and have a diameter of from 5 — lO/j, when seen in surface view. The second characteristic layer of cells is the so-called pig- ment layer. This layer is made up of more or less square cells, with thick, pitted walls and a brown cell content which in the presence of ferric chloride is stained a deep blue. The round cells of various sizes are also particularly noticeable. These have marked intercellular spaces and are easily recognizable, and are of a light yellow color. The elements of linseed noted are shown in Fig. IS. SUNFLOWER. {Helianthiis annus, L.) The seeds or achenes, more properly, of sunflower, are found principally in chick feeds, but in foreign countries particularly 28 the cake left after the extraction of oil has been fed to cattle. The achenes are too well known to need any detailed description ; they are obovate, more or less flattened and four sided. In size Fig. 19. layer. Sunflower. (1) Figure 19 Epicarp and twin hairs (2) Cells of fibre they vary from 4 — 10 m.m. in length, and are sometimes even longer, and from 3 — 6 m.m. broad at the top. The color ranges from black to nearly white, usually alternately striped black and white. The twin hairs are characteristic of sunflower meal, but these are usually broken and hard to find whole. The fibre la3'er is composed of large cells with pitted walls and pores, and often the cork like layer of cells, called the hypoderm, containing many fine pores, are found. Sunflower meal is not used, however, in this country to any extent. Fig. 19 shows the elements of the achene which are an aid to diagnosis. OLIVE POMACE. Olive pomace, a by product in the manufacture of olive oil, has been used to some extent as a cattle food but is of very rare occurrence, in this country at least. If one suspects its presence a sample may be mounted in dilute alkali when the large, irreg- 29 ular stone cells of the mesocarp will be stained yellow. These cells are so irregular and grotesque as to be characteristic of the Figure 20 Fig. 20. Olive Pomace, (m) Cells of mesocarp and (s) isolated stone cells from same. olive. The pigment cells containing a purple coloring matter are stained red with sulphuric acid. Fig. 20 shows the stone cells as well as some of the pigment cells. CASTOR POMACE. This substance need not be looked for unless sickness is report- ed among animals fed, as it is not used as a feed owing to the poisonous principle it contains. Fig. 21. Castor Pomace, (e) Outer epidermis, surface view, and (p) palisade cells. It is the residue left after the oil has been expressed from the castor bean. {Ricinus cmmunis, L.) The polygonal cells of the epidermis are pitted and may or may not contain a pigment of a brown color. These cells vary greatly in size. The brown sclerenchymatized palisade cells up- wards of 200/x long, with brown walls and distinct pores are also an aid to diagnosis. In surface xdew the cells are polygonal and about 10 — lojx in diameter. Fig. 21 shows these elements. 30 The seeds of the castor bean are obovoid, flattened somewhat and are irregularly splotched with black or brown, a character- istic appearance of this seed. PART III. CHARACTERISTICS AND IDENTIFICATION OF WEED SEEDS AND MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS. CORN COCKLE. {Agroslemma Githago, L.) This seed is very often found and is objectionable on account of the poisonous substance, sapotoxin, which it contains. The seed is roughly kidney shaped (Fig. 22) resembling, as Winton aptly Figure 22 Fig. 22. Corn Cockle, (b) Cross section of epidermal layers and starch masses. puts it, a rolled up caterpiller. In size it measures from 2 — 4 m.m. through its greatest diameter, and in color varies from a deep brownish black to a dead black. The surface of the seed is covered with many sinuous folds which to the naked eye seem arranged in parallel rows, especially along the top of the seed. Under the microscope these rows are seen to be made up of a series of convolutions of the outer epidermis. One glance through 31 a lens at the epidermis is sufficient for the identification of this seed. Another striking characteristic of the cockle is the oval, elongated starch aggregates found in the endosperm. These starch bodies are made up of very minute grains. In size the aggregates vary from 20 — 100^1 in length. (Winton.) COW HERB. {Vaccaria parviflora, Moench.) This seed is very rarely found in feeds in this country, but is reported to be of common occurrence in Europe. The seed is spher- ical in shape with a diameter of from 1.5 — 2 m.m.; has a dull bluish black color and under the hand lens is seen to be free from papillae on the surface of the epidermal cells. 9 9 ¥^ a Fig. 23. hilum. Figure 23 Cow Herb, (o) Epidermal cells and rectangular cells from near The microscopic appearance of the epidermal cells in surface view is characteristic of this seed, they being very regular in out- line and saw-toothed, but are smaller than those of Saponaria officinalis. The layer of thick walled rectangular cells found near the hilum is also characteristic. The walls of these cells are usually colorless, but the cell content itself is brown in color. They resemble somewhat the pigment cells of linseed but are smaller and not so purely rectangular. (Fig. 23.) 32 BOUNCING BET. {Saponaria officinalis, L.) The seed is flat, somewhat disk-shaped, resembHng a Hma bean and of a dull black color. In size it varies from 1 — 2 m.m. Figure 24 Fig. 24. Bouncing Bet. Epidermal cells. in length. Under the hand lens the surface is found to be rough- ened and covered with small papilla-like projections which are arranged in more or less parallel lines along the long axis of the seed. The appearance of the epidermal cells under the microscope when cleared is the best guide to a correct diagnosis. These cells are large and saw-toothed in outline, with fairly distinct walls ^ but the interior is clear, containing no dots or other characteris- tic markings (a distinction from the epidermal cells of catchfly.) (Fig. 24.) This seed is found whole and occasionally somewhat broken, but usually is not ground fine enough to prevent identifi- cation. SPURRY. {Spcrgula arvensis, L.) The seeds of this weed are very often found in concentrated feeds, but are easily recognizable. They are about 1 m.m. broad, circular, and flattened like a discus, and along the edge is a frill 33 of lighter color. The seed is usually dark brown, dull, with the frill of lighter color, usually more or less straw color. Figure 25 Fig. 25. Spui-ry. (o) Club shaped bodies of epidermis. • The seed is identified under the microscope by the warty, club-shaped bodies on the epidermis, and the very sinuous epi- dermal cells. (Fig. 25.) NIGHT-FLOWERING CATCH-FLY. {Silene nocliflora, L.) This seed is occasionally found in cattle feeds. Its shape is similar to that of the bean, but much smaller, the maximum Figiu-e 26 Fig. 26. Night-Flowering Catch-Fly. (o) Epidermal cells. 34 diameter being only 1.2 m.ni. Usually the seed measures about 1 m.m. In color it is dull gray and the surface has many small papilla-like projections. The epidemial layer of the seed coats is sufficient for its iden- tification. The cells of this layer are very characteristic, being large, roughly polygonal in shape, with a sharp saw-tooth out- line. The walls are highly refractive and show distinctly. In the center of each cell there is a rounded protuberance which shows dark under the microscope and gives the roughness to the seed. Besides this large hump there are many small projections which appear as dots under the lens. (Fig. 2G.) MISCELLANEOUS WEED SEEDS. JIMSON WEED, JAMESTOWN WEED. (Datura stramonium, L.) This weed occasionally occurs in feeds as an impurity and is very harmful on account of the alkaloid which it contains. It is an easy matter to identify this seed as its external markings are characteristic. It is from 3 — 4 m.m. long and from 2 — 2.75 m.m. broad, in Figure 27 Fig. 27. Jimson Weed. shape resembling a lima bean. The color of the seed varies from brown to black, and to the naked eye the surface appears to be covered with small depressions of a roughly pentagonal form, giving a wrinkled appearance to the seed. Under the microscope the surface is found to be made up of cells with extremely sinuous outlines and very irregular in size and form. These features are sufficient for a diagnosis of this seed. (Fig. 27.) 35 ROUGH PIGWEED. {Amaranthiis sp.?) There are several species of this seed found in feed stuffs and as their characteristics are practically the same they will not be differentiated in this work. Thev are all glossv l^lack in color, Figure 28 Fig. 28. Rough Pigweed. Epidermal cells. or glossy brown, if unripe, and double convex in shape, rather more so usually than the lambs-quarters. In size they are usual- ly smaller than lambs-quarters, varying in the different species from .5 — 1.25 m.m. in diameter. The seeds very rarely exceed the latter size, and the seed envelope is seldom found adhering to the seed. Under the microscope the surface layer of cells is seen to be polygonal in shape, and ordinarily six-sided, the division lines between the cells being very distinct when the layers are cleared with potash or Javelle water or chloral hydrate. The surface of the cells is covered thickly with very minute projec- tions, much smaller than those of the lambs-quarters, giving a dotted appearance to the surface. (Fig. 28.) PIGWEED, LAMBS-QUARTERS, GOOSEFOOT. (Chenopodium album.) This seed is usually found whole, and on account of its similar 36 characteristics is likely to be confounded with the true pigweeds, which, however, are Amaranthus, and not Chenopodium. The seed as found is double convex in shape, and its diameter laterally varies between .75 — 1.5 m.m. In color it is black and d Figure 29 Fig. 29. Lambs-Quarters. shiny. Very often the seed is found encased in the hull or cover in which it grows. It is then gray in color and of the same gen- eral shape as the seed itself. By rubbing between the fingers the covering may be removed and the shiny black seed exposed. The outer seedcoats when cleared and examined under the mi- croscope are seen to be made up of large, roughly rectangular irregular cells which vary in diameter from 25 — 75ai and which are covered with minute rough projections similar to those of rough pigs\'eed. The size and rectangular shape of the cells distinguish this seed from species of Amaranthus. LADIES' THUMB, SMARTWEED. {Polygonum Persicaria, L.) This seed is often found in feeds and more especially in chick feeds, and is much like a flattened buckwheat seed having two Figure 30 Fig. 30, Ladies' Thumb. faces instead of three; it is from 1 — 2 m.m. in length and .75 — 1 m.m. broad, and dark glossy brown to black in color, and very smooth. 37 The seed coat of persicaria differs somewhat from those of others of this family, the surface la^-er being found in well cleared specimens to have irregular rows of dark dots which are in the middle of the irregular polygonal cells. It is difficult to clear sufficient h' to get more details of the cell structure, but this characteristic is sufficient to identify the seed. (Fig. 30.) HARE'S EAR. {Couringia orientalis.) In size this seed is from 1.5 — 2.5 m.m. long and about 1.5 inches in diameter. It is roughly egg shaped w^th a somewhat Figui-e 31 Fig. 31. Hare's Ear. depressed pointed end, and a more or less pronounced ridge along the back of the seed and a slight depression on the ventral side. In color it varies from light to dark browm, with a grejdsh tinge sometimes not noticeable. The surface is covered with very small projections which give a slightly roughened appearance to the surface. Under the hand lens these projections appear to be in more or less parallel rows. (Fig. 31) PEPPER GRASS. {Lepidium Virffinicum, L.) This seed is small, flattened and ham-shaped, of a rusty brown color and in size from 1 — 2 m.m. in length and from .5 — 1 m.m. in width. Along the edge of the seed is usually found a thin pro- 38 nounced membraneous ruffle which is easily seen with a hand lens and is usually \4sible to the naked eye. The only microscopic characteristic of value in identifica- Figure 32 Fig. .32. Pepper Grass. tion are the mucilage cells, which on the addition of water burst, and the cell contents from a column broadened at the top. (Fig. 32.) SHEEP SORREL. {Rumex acetosella, L.) The seed is shaped like that of buckw^heat but is not nearly so large, measuring only 1 — 1.5 m.m. in length. The color of Figure 33 Fig. 33. Sheep Sorrel. the seed is a dull reddish brown. The surface shows rough under the hand lens, being covered with a number of small ridges and projections. The epidermal la^^er is highly characteristic, being made up of irregularly strongly convoluted small cells which give the rough appearance to the seed. The ridges formed by these convolutions are more or less parallel. (Fig. 33.) 39 CURLED DOCK. (Ruinex crispiis, L.) The seed of the curled dock is slightly larger than that of the sorrel, having a length of from 1.5 — 2 m.m. The color is a 7 O Figure 34 Fig. 34. Curled Dock. beautiful glossy reddish brown to brown; in shape the seed re- sembles that of buclavheat but is proportionately broader at the base. It is usually found whole in feeds. The seed coats are very difficult to clear sufficiently to see the cell structure, but in well cleared specimens the surface layer is found to be made up of irregular cells with sinuous walls which are well defined and near- ly clear. The cells are much larger than those of the sorrel. (Fig. 34.) CHARLOCK. {Brassica arvensis, L.) This seed is very abundant, and is found in quantity in wheat screenings, as well as an impiuity in other cattle feeds. It is a deep brown to dull black in color and nearh' spherical in shape, and the surface is almost smooth, showing practically no rough- ness, even under the hand lens. In size the seed varies from 1 — 1.5 m.m. in diameter, being smaller than rape. The epidermal layer and the single layer of palisade cells, containing a dark brown substance are the chief aids to a correct diagnosis. The epidermal cells average COai in diameter and contain a mucilaginous deposit, which when the cross section is mounted 40 in alcohol and treated with water, is seen to have a characteristic radial appearance, much like the ribs of an umbrella. The water must be carefully added or this will not be seen. The palisade cells are of a deep brown color and this is changed Figure 35 Fig. 35. Charlock. to a blood red when cross sections are heated slightly with a so- lution of chloral hydrate. This reaction is characteristic of charlock. (Fig. 35.) RIB GRASS. {Plantago lanceolata, L.) The seeds of rib grass as well as of other species of plaintain are very often found in the examination of foods, but each is so different in structure that by the use of a hand lens it is very easy to identify them. The seed of Plantago lanceolata is shaped like a double ended canoe. In length the seed varies from 1.5 — 2.5 m.m., seldom, however, reaching the latter size. In color Figure 36 Fig. 36. Rib Grass. 41 the seed varies from dark, shiny brown to black and has no trans- verse depression. The cotyledons are right and left of the per- pendicular axis of the seed. The surface of this variety is smooth, and has very few mucilage cells in evidence. Fig. 36 shows the rib grass seed and the elements of vise in its diagnosis. BRACTED PLANTAIN. (Plantago arislata, L.) The seeds of this plantain are somewhat larger than those of Plantago lanceolata, but are very similar in shape; i.e., canoe shaped, but are broader and flatter. They vary in length from 2 — 32 m.m. and on the concave side are distinctly marked with a concentric ring of light color, enclosing an inner portion of whitish color. The seeds are light brown in color, and the con- vex side which is usually darker in color is marked with a slight transverse depression that is barely distinguishable to the naked eye, but is very easily seen under the hand lens. The surface is covered with mucilage cells which, when swollen with water, Figui'e 37 Fig. 37. Bracted Plantain. are of the "open 8" or hour glass type. The cotyledons are right and left with respect to the central axis, but are broader than those of the rib grass. Fig. 37 shows the bracted plantain and some of its elements. 42 RUGEL'S PLANTAIN. {Planlago Rugelii.) The seeds arc dark brown to black, varying in length from 1.25 — 2.5 m.m. They are slightly flattened with sharp angles, D / * '^ Figure 38 Fig. 38. Rugel's Plantain. and vary in shape from oval oblong to rhomboidal. The surface of the seed is minutely roughened and dull, but with no ridge or lines as in P. major. The cotyledons have the ventral and dorsal position in the seed. The epidermal layer consists of rectangu- lar cells arranged in rows, which, however, are not continuous or parallel as in P. major. This seed greatly resembles P. major but is slightly larger. (Fig. 3S.) GREEN FOXTAIL. {Chat'tochloa viriiUs, L.) YELLOW FOXTAIL. (Chaetochloa glauca, L.) The seeds of these two varieties are different in size, although both have the same general appearance. The seeds of both are fiat on the palet side and very convex on the other. In size they vary from 2 — 3 m.m. in length and from 1.5 — 2 m.m. in width. The seeds of the yellow foxtail are usually somewhat larger and less convex than those of the green, and the color o^ the ripe fruit is somewhat different. Glauca is greenish yellow in color, while viridis is from pale green to light brown in color. The histological characteristics of the foxtails are almost identical and it is extremely difficult to separate the two varie- ties when they occur in ground condition. 43 Under the hand lens it is easily seen that the transverse wrin- kles on the glume of glaiica are much more prominent than those on viridis owing to their being further apart. Figure 39 Fig. 39. Green and Yellow Foxtail. The glumes are the chief means of identification, and closely envelop the grain when ripe. The cells in surface view are thick walled, with very sinuous side walls and the end walls also are usually sinuous. They are arranged in longitudinal rows and to some extent in transverse rows as well. The folds of the cell walls are very regular. In size and shape the cells vary somewhat, depending whether they are taken from the middle or edge of the glume, but are usually from once and a half to twice as long as broad. Usually, however, the seeds occur whole, and a glance at them under a hand lens is sufficient for their identification. (Fig. 39.) ALFALFA. Occasionally the seeds of alfalfa are found as an impurity in some cattle feeds, principally those containing wheat, but lately chopped alfalfa hay is used in some feeds. It is usually chopped fine and may be recognized by its green color and odor. Usually it is not necessary to make a microscopic examination of the specimen, as the characteristic odor and color are the best indi- cations of its presence. COCOA SHELLS. These are used in a number of ways in commerce, and are often found in cattle feeds as well as in human foods. 44 There are three microscopical characteristics which are to be depended on in diagnosing this product, and these are (1) the stone Fig 40 Fig. 40. Cocoa shells. (1) Stone cells; (2) Cross cells of endocarp and (3) epidermal cells. cells; (2) the cross cells of the endocarp and (3) the large, strong- ly walled cells of the epidermis. The stone cells are, in surface view, elongated polygonal in shape, having a characteristic dark interior and thick, lighter walls. The cells vary from 15 to 25/x in length and the cell walls vary from 3 — 5fjL in thickness. The cross cells are more or less characteristic, also. This layer of cells runs transversely around the seed and are longitud- inally parallel. They are from 10 — 15/x in width and about 200^ long, or sometimes more. The cells of the epidermis are large, polygonal in shape and have distinct walls; in size they are from 40 — 50/x in width and about 150 — 200^1 in length. In order to clearly see these cells the specimen should be treated with Javelle water. The ground shells have in bulk a peculiar, almost greasy brown color, quite characteristic of this product. Fig. 40 shows the elements of aid to a diagnosis. SUGAR BEET PULP. This pulp is coming into prominence as a cattle food and is sometimes found in mixtures. In bulk the pulp is whitish grey, with a sweetish odor and somewhat mealy taste. Under the microscope the only two characteristics which serve as an aid to its identification are the large, irregularly polygonal cells of the parenchyma which have walls from 3 — 5fj, in width, and the cells sometimes reach a length of 300/x but are 45 more commonly about 200/x. Numerous intercellular spaces are found in carefully mounted slides. Many reticulated vessels are also noticeable; these have an average diameter of from 50 — SO/x although occasionally wider Figure 41 Fig. 41. Sugar beet pulp. (1) Parenchj'ma cells and (2) reticulated vessels. ones are found. The reticulations are large and irregular in shape, giving the vessels the appearance of a sieve. In length the vessels vary greatly, and are very seldom found entire in materials. Fig. 41 shows these elements. PART IV. CHARACTERISTICS AND IDENTIFICATION OF CONDI- MENTS. ASFAETIDA. {Ferula foetida and spp.) This substance is a gum-like resin in its natural state and occurs in some condimentals. When seen under the microscope it appears as irregular greyish masses streaked with brown and these are semi -lustrous. There is no certain microscopical meth- od of diagnosis, but the substance is best detected by its charac- teristic alliaceous odor which is very persistent, and by its bitter taste. When triturated with water the gum yields a milky emulsion. ANISE. {Pimpinella Anisum, L.) This is occasionally found in cattle foods of a condimental nattire, and is used to flavor them and give an agreeable odor, 46 also to mildly excite the action of the stomach. It has a warm taste and an agreeable characteristic odor which is an aid in its diagnosis. The peculiar warty hairs of the epidermis and the large, more or less branching oil ducts are highly characteristic of anise. (Fig. 42.) The hairs are up to 200;u in length and about 15^ broad, and have minute protuberances on the surface. The base is more or less poh^gonal in shape and similar to the brownish epidennal cells. Occasionally the hairs are divided by a cross partition. The oil ducts are of various sizes and range in diameter from 10 — 150/1. They are very numerous and as a rule can be easily found and are usually branched to a certain extent. They are found in the mesocarp, or the layers of cells directly underneath Figure 42 Fig. 42. Anise. (1) Warty haii's from epidermis, and (2) oil ducts. the surface layer. The odor of anise is a great help in its diag- nosis. BLOOD ROOT. {Sangidnaria canadensis.) This drug is occasionally found in condimentals and is usually in powdered condition, but unless present in a reasonable quantity is extremely hard to identify. It has no odor practically, but the taste is striking, being very bitter and acrid. The powder is of a reddish color on account of the number of reddish pigment cells it contains. None of the cells contain calcium oxalate crystals, 47 but starch grains are present and are spherical in shape, ranging in size from 4 — S/i in diameter. The taste and color are about the best methods of identification. CARAWAY. {Cariun Carvi, L.) The residue from the manufacture of caraway oil is sometimes used as a cattle food and the fniit, either whole or ground, is used in condimentals to a certain extent. The whole fruit resembles fennel somewhat except that in cross section the pentagons are more nearly equilateral, the inner surface being about the same width as the four exposed sides. In structure it also resembles fennel, with a few differences; among which may be mentioned the absence of brown polygonal parenchyma cells and reticulated cells which arc characteristic of fennel. The oil ducts are much larger in caraway than in fennel, sometimes reaching SOO^i or more in diameter. Isodiametric sclerenchyma cells are also found in caraway and not in fennel. The endocarp cells are broader and transversely arranged and are never parqueted as in fennel. The odor and taste are agreeable and are of great aid in the identification. Both are more or less characteristic, but are not so strong as anise or other members of this group. CAPSICUM (PEPPER). {Capsicum spp.) This spice is very often found in condimentals and to a much less extent in foods. The ground fragments are usually large enough to be seen with a hand lens and are often red in color. The fragments have a characteristic, burning, biting, taste which is familiar to everyone, and the powder when inhaled irritates the nasal passages and induces sneezing. The cells of the epicarp, or the epidermis are the best means of identification microscopically. These are quadrilateral cells approximately 30 — 50^t in diameter, with double walls about 4;u thick. The walls are more or less wavy in outline, but the cells themselves are arranged in longitudinal rows, differing in this way from other varieties. Another feature of considerable use in diagnosing this spice are the epidermal cells of the spermo- 48 derm. These cells are sinuous, with strongly convoluted walls, Figure 43 Fig. 43. Capsicum. (1) Epidermal cells of epicarp and (2) cells of spermoderm. resembling, as Moeller has it, tripe. These elements are shown in Fig. 43. CASCARA SAGRADA. {Rhantnus Piirshiana.) This drug is sometimes found in condimentals and may best be recognized by one familiar with it, by its distinctive odor and bitter, acrid taste. The powder is light brown in color. Among the elements will be found very long, thick, liquified bast fibres, as well as roughly rectangular stone cells about oOjjl in diameter, with thick walls ; and both monoclinic crystals and rosette aggre- gates of calcium oxalate. Another layer of cells of interest is the parenchyma layer, the cells of which contain a yellowish sub- stance which is colored red with alkalis. CORIANDER. {Coriandrum sativum.) The coriander fruit is used both whole and ground, and acts as a flavoring substance chiefly, although it may have some little tonic effect on the digestive juices. It has a mild and pleasing odor and flavor, somewhat resembling that of fennel but not so pronounced. While most of the tissues resemble those of fennel, celery and other fruits of this family, the layer of fibre cells, which cross each other and form a layer from 50 — 175;u thick, are characteristic. These fibres have thick sclerenchymatized, porous walls and are easily recognized. Usually also will be found portions of the oil ducts, which with the fibre layer are of aid in the diagnosis. These oil ducts are from 300 — 400ju in diameter. In bulk the powdered coriander is light brown in color. 49 CURCUMA. {Curcuma longa.) Curcuma or tumieric is used as a coloring matter and also as a spice in foods. It is closely related to ginger and has a charac- teristic pungent taste. None of the elements, with the exception of the starch grains and their reactions, are of use in its identi- fication, but these are found in both nomial and altered condition; the broken down starch grains sometimes filling the whole cell. The starch lumps are yellow and become red brown with alkali; also if a drop of sulphuric acid is introduced on the slide a crimson Figure 44 Fig. 44. Curcuma. (1) Unaltered starch grains and (2) polygonal corky cells. color is seen. Fig. 44 shows the starch masses as usually found and some unaltered grains, also the polygonal layer of cork cells, which, however, are not characteristic of curcuma. ELECAMPANE. {Inula Helenium.) This substance occurs as a yellowish brown powder, but has few elements of use in its diagnosis. It is best recognized by its aromatic odor, and bitter acrid taste. FENNEL. {Foeniculum capillaceiim.) The seeds of this spice are sometimes found whole in foods, but as a rule the refuse from the manufacture of the essential oil is used to feed to cattle. The whole seed is made up of two carpels ; flat on the contact surfaces and with five distinct ribs running longitudinally the length of the seed. The carpel is roughly canoe-shaped, and curves concavely on the contact surface on long drying. In 50 Icn^^th the seed is from 5 — 10 m.ni. long and from 1 — 2 m.m. broad. The crushed seeds have a characteristic taste and odor. Aside from the taste there are few characteristics of the tiss- ues which are useful in diagnosing the seed. GENTIAN. {Geritiana lulea.) This powder is brownish in color and has a characteristic bitter taste and odor. The cells contain no oxalate crystals and no root hairs arc present. Usually small cells with broken walls and having numerous oblique pores arc found. The odor is suffi- cient to identify this drug. It is, however, of very rare occurrence. GINGER. {Zingiber officinale.) There are several varieties of ginger in use at present, both as a spice and drug, and these are sometimes used in certain feeds, but ginger is not of common occurrence. When found it is usually in a ground state and the fragments have a few charac- teristics which serve as a means of identification for this s])ice. Of primary importance are the characteristic starch grains \\4aich in the case of the ordinary ginger are irregular in shape, some- what resembling curcuma but very much smaller. They are flattened ovate and generally have an angled or sharp point at the narrow end which is quite distinct. The cxccntric hilum is always within the angle and is distinctly visible. The grains have many laminae which are sometimes visible and sometimes not, as the case may be. Usually the grains are found singly, although in some varieties aggregates of two or three grains may occur. In size the grains range between 20 — 30;u through their longest diameter, although sinaller grains may occur and occa- sionally some ranging a little larger than 30/i. In addition to the starch grains the bast fibres are of use in diagnosing this substance. These are very flat, broad, long ves- sels with thin walls and sometimes reach a length of 3 — 5 m.m. and a width of approximately 50/x. The cell walls have pores which arc usually crossed with diagonal clefts. 51 The reticulated vessels occurring in connection with the bast fibres are also a help to recognition. These are long and rounded Figure 45 Fig. 45. Ginger. (1) Starch grains; (2) Bast fibres and (3) reticu- lated vessels. in cross section, usually have pointed ends, and vary more in size than do the bast fibres. (Fig. 45.) LICORICE. {Glycyrrhiza glabra arid var.) Licorice is said to occur sometimes in condimentals and when found in any quantity may be recognized by the odor and taste which is quite characteristic. There are, however, no particular cell characteristics which would be of aid to a rapid diagnosis. The color of the powder is light yellow, with a somewhat sweetish odor and slightly acrid taste. This substance is not of general occurrence, however. In addition to variety glabra there are other varieties used which differ somewhat in structure and com- position, the details of which are unnecessary to the diagnosis. The appearance, odor and taste are the best aids to the diagnosis of this product when found in condimentals or condition powders. LOBELIA. {Lobelia inflala.) This drug is made up of the ground stem, top leaves and flowers of the plant. In color the powder is dark green and pos- 52 sesses a characteristic acrid taste when held in the mouth for a short time. Under the microscope are found larj^e, one-celled Figure 46 Fig. 46. Lobelia. (1) Unicellular hairs and (2) Pollen grains. hairs with thick walls from 0.3 — 0.6 m.m. in length; spiral ducts, but no oxalate crystals are present. Frequently smooth ellips- oidal pollen grains from 15 — SO/jl in diameter are found. The elements noted are shown in Fig. 40, By means of the color and taste the diagnosis of this drug is made comparatively easy. MAY APPLE. ( Podopli yllus peltaium . ) The powder of this drug is occasionally found in condimentals but is rather hard to distinguish as there are no especially charac- teristic tissues that aid in the diagnosis. The drug has scarcely any odor, in color is usually a light yellow or whitish, and pos- sesses a bitter acrid taste. It is used occasionally as a purgative or tonic, and is usually present only in small quantities. NUX VOMICA. (Strychnos Ignalic) {S. nux vomica.) The powdered dnig is grayish white in color but does not possess any great odor; the taste is intensely and persistently bitter. The epidennal cells are modified so that they resemble strongly lignified hairs. No calcium oxalate crystals are found in the powder. The oil cells are thick walled and finely porous. If on examination the presence of this drug is suspected, a sample may be treated with potassium chromate and sulphuric acid, when the endosperm cells will be stained blue or violet. Occa- sionally very small spherical starch grains occur, which, however, 53 are not characteristic. Fig. 47 vshows the elements of aid in the diagnosis of this drug. Fig. 47. Nux Vomica. Figure 47 (1) Epidermal cells and (2) Oil cells. OAK BARK. (Quercus alba.) White oak bark is occasionally used as a drug and occurs as a light brown powder, of no particular odor, but having a some- what characteristic astringent taste. One or two elements of the powder are useful in its diagnosis. Long, thick walled lignified bast fibres are found, and also crystal cells containing rosettes or monoclinic prisms of calcium oxalate about 10 — 20/x.in diameter. There are also found thick walled stone cells with numerous la- mellae and simple pores. The parenchyma, while not character- istic, contains irregularly shaped brownish tannin masses. The characters noted above will be found illustrated in Fig. 48. Fig. 48. Figure 48 Oak Bark. (1) Bast fibres; (2) Crystal cells and (3) stone cells. SASSAFRAS. {Sassafras officinale.) This powdered drug is light brown in color, and possesses a characteristic aromatic odor, and has an astringent, aromatic, somewhat mucilaginous taste. Its presence can usually be de- tected by these characteristics when present in any quantity. 54 Under the microscope are found thick walled, lignified bast fibres, which are not usually found in aggregates. Single starch grains Q ®0 Fig. 49. Sassafras. Figure 49 (1) Lignified bast fibres; (2) Starch grains. and aggregates of two or three are often found, the grains ranging in size from 7 — 20/x. Irregular masses of tannin are found in the parenchyma tissue, and usually there are numerous oil globules present. Fig. 49 shows the elements of sassafras which are an aid to its diagnosis when found in condimentals. SENNA. {Cassia spp.) This drug is sometimes found in condimentals. In bulk the powder has a greenish color and a characteristic bitter taste. Fig. 50. Senna. Figure 50 Non secretion hairs from leaf. Under the microscope are usually found numerous non-secretion hairs from the under side of the leaf. These are quite character- istic and vary in length from 0.1 — 0.2 m.m. ; are pointed, broadly awl shaped with distinct walls, and are unicellular. Fragments of the powder become reddish in color upon the addition of alkali. Calcium oxalate crystals arc found which are both rosette sha]3ed and in monoclinic [msnis from 10 — 35/i in length. (Fig. 50.) 55 There arc other substances which are sometimes used as con- dimentals, but which camiot be taken up at this time. Some of them are placed in other parts of this bulletin, where it is thought they more properly belong. A few, which have been reported rarely, have been left out, as it is believed that they are of little importance. PART V. IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICALS AND MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTANCES. ALUM. Alum is sometimes added to the so-called condimental stock- foods and if present is usually in sufificient quantity to be easily detected by its characteristic taste. This cannot be easily des- cribed, but is more or less acid and bitter, and when touched to the tongue "puckers" the skin at that point. If alum is suspected but cannot be positively identified by the taste, the following test may be used. A portion of the sample, or particles thought to be alum, may be shaken up with 10 c.c. of water in a test tube, and 1 c.c. of an alcoholic tincture of log^vood added (5 gm. log- wood digested in 100 c.c. alcohol), then 1 c.c. of a saturated so- lution of ammonium carbonate added, and the whole shaken for some time. If alum is present the mixture will have a decided lavender blue color, w^hich will remairi for some time. This meth- od is applicable to cattle foods and gives a good indication as to its presence or absence in condimentals. The presence of alum, is, however, not a usual thing in foods. ARSENIC. This substance has been reported in certain foods, but has never been found by the author. Its presence or absence may be detected by the well known "Marsh Test", a description of which may be found in any good anal^-tical work. The chemical analysis will usually reveal its presence. It is of very rare occurrence in condimentals. 56 ANTIMONY. This lias also l;)ccn rc])ortcd in foods, 1:)iit has never come under our observation. As a certain amount of organic matter does not interfere ■ with the "Mansh Test", it can be tested for, by that method, the difference between arsenic and antimony being that the arsenic mirror dissolves in sodium hypochlorite, and the antim- ony mirror does not. This substance is also of rare occurrence in condimentals. CALCIUM CARBONATE. The particles of this substance, when it is found in stock foods, are usually large enough to be picked out with the forceps. They are white in color and do not possess any particular taste or odor. Small particles of the suspected substance may be picked out and placed on a slide containing a couple of drops of water. A drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is added from a stirring rod and an effervescence of carbon dioxid indicates the presence of calcium carbonate. If it is necessary to prove calcium present, the same solution is rendered alkaline with ammonia and a small amount of ammonium oxalate is added. A white cloudiness or precipi- tate indicates calcium. As a confirmatory test for calcium, a small particle may be held in a colorless flame; calcium is indi- cated in the absence of other compounds by the yellowish red color imparted to the flame. CALCIUM PHOSPHATE. If the presence of this substance is suspected, a little of it may be mounted in glycerine on the slide and small tetragonal and cubi- cal crystals arc sometimes observed. When the suspected crystals are treated with a little nitric acid (dilute) and then a few drops of ammonium molybdate solution are added, diamond shaped yellow crystals of small size may be obtained, or at least a yellow color will be observed. CHARCOAL. Charcoal very often occurs in stock and chick feeds. It is used partly as an absorbent for the odors arising from the other constituents. In stock feeds it is usually ground fine, but in 57 chick feeds it is very often foiind in particles large enough to be easily picked out. When a piece of charcoal is rubbed along the surface of a white paper it gives a black smear, and this is the quickest way to identify it. Under the microscope the particles of charcoal appear black and are not cleared by ordinary reagents. Charcoal is not bleached by either aqua regia or any other bleach- ing-agent. GLAUBERS AND EPSOM SALTS. These are often met with in condimentals but no accurate method may be given for their identification microscopically. Slide tests may be made, when their presence is suspected, for sulfates of soditmi or magnesium, but this may be shown better by a chemical examination. The particles of these salts are colorless and have a peculiar cooling taste somewhat character- istic. They are used as purgatives in condiments. IRON SULPHATE. Copperas (iron sulphate) sometimes occurs in cattle foods, more especially in the condimentals. The particles are usually coarsely ground and are large enough to be picked out. They are pale green or brownish (if oxidized) in color and may be treated on the slide as in the case of calciimi, using barium chloride as a reagent. A white or milky precipitate indicates sulphuric acid; the iron is usually detected in the chemical analysis and is rather hard to identify microscopically. IRON OXIDE. Iron oxide (Venetian red) is also sometimes found in finely pulverized condition. It is used as a co^pring matter in the foods and is easily recognized by its characteristic red color. Iron oxide (Princess metallic) is also occasionally found in foods. Its identification is the same as that for the previously mentioned oxide of iron. Both of these substances are dry paints and have no medicinal value, being used simply as covers for other substances and to give color to the mixture. 58 POTASSIUM NITRATE. Potassium nitrate (saltpetre, nitre) is frequently found in condimental foods; it is a white, finely crystalline salt, and is best detected by its characteristic taste. The taste of this salt may best be described as slightly bitter and cooling to the tongue. In medicine it is used to excite the action of the kidneys and to keep down fever. ROSIN. Rosin occurs occasionally in foods and may be identified by its odor when rubbed between the fingers. The small particles are of an amber brown color, and when ground become light- yellowish in color. On a slide particles of rosin may be identified by the addition of a little 75% alcoholic tincture of alkanna root. After a short time the rosin is stained a beautiful red. It has no medicinal value, but is used in the substance as a filler. SALT. Common salt is very often found in cattle foods in varying a- mounts from 1 — 30%. It is easily detected by its taste. It occurs as small crystals, colorless or white, and can usually be picked put with the forceps. Micro-chemically it may be iden- tified by placing a few of the suspected crystals in a drop of water on a slide and adding a drop of silver nitrate solution. A white precipitate shows the presence of chlorine, and may be taken as proof that it is there as sodium chloride or salt. SULPHUR. Sulphur is sometimes present in a few of the condimentals, and may be recognized by its characteristic lemon-yellow color and by the odor of the oxide fumes when a portion of the sample is ignited. It is usually present as a fine powder. If the chemical analysis of a food gives an abnormally high fat content, the presence of free sulphur is to be suspected and the sample is examined as directed. Its object in a condimental appears to be that of a mild laxative. SAND. Sand is used in commercial foods as a filler, and can be easily distinguished from other gritty substances by its color. While 59 ground shells are white or pearly in color, sand, under the micro- scope varies from white through various shades of pink, red, bro^^^l and yellow. The edges of the particles are not usually so sharph^ defined as in the case of clam or oyster shells. If there is any doubt as to whether the substance under examination is sand or shells a drop of hydrochloric acid may be introduced on the slide and in the case of sand, no effervescence takes place, such as occurs when ground shells are treated with this reagent. The particles of sand are also as a rule much smaller than those of shells. CLAM SHELLS, OYSTER SHELLS. Ground clam and oyster shells are very often found in chick feeds as well as in other commercial feeds. The particles are large enough to be seen with the naked eye and are white or pearly in color with a decided lustre. Under the microscope they may be distinguished from ground fragments of bone by the absence of the characteristic bone structure, and show no lacunae or any canaliculi. They also give off carbon dioxid more abundantly than do the fragments of bone when a drop of hydrochloric acid is introduced under the cover glass. BONE MEAL. Fragments of bone meal may be recognized by the characteris- Figure 51 Fig. 51. Bone meal. Showing lacumae and canaliculi. 60 tic lacunae and canalictdi of the bone tissue when cleared and ex- amined under the microscope with a low'power lens. It also gives off a little carbon dioxid on the addition of hydrochloric acid. (Fig. 51.) DRIED BLOOD. This substance, when it occurs in feeds, appears to the naked eye to be made up of irregular black lumps, small in size, which Figure 52 Fig. 52. Dried Blood. Hemin crystals. are rather hard to crush in dry condition. Its presence may be confirmed by the so-called hematin test.^^^ This is made as follows : — The material is placed on a slide with a little water to which a small crystal of sodium chloride has been added; the solution is then allowed to evaporate until nearly dry and a cover slip put on. A few drops of glacial acetic acid are then introduced under the slide and the whole heated on a radiator for three or four minutes, adding acid from time to time ; — then the slide is removed and slowly cooled. If sufficient care has been used small plate crystals of the substance will be found on the slide. These in- dicate the presence of blood. (Fig. 52.) 3 U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. of Chem., Bui. 108, p. 78. Figs 51 and 52 are reproduced from this bulletin. 61 ANIMAL MEAL. The presence of animal meal or tankage can be easily confirmed by clearing a portion of the suspected substance by means of chloral hydrate and obser\ang the characteristic striated muscle fibre, which is always present in abundance. The characteristic odor of animal meal also helps a great deal in its diagnosis. ANALYTICAL KEY TO SOME COMMONLY OCCURRING STARCHES. The key which follows is not entirely original with the author; it is more a compilation of the keys found in Winton's "Micro- scopy of Vegetable Foods," Leach's "Food Inspection and Analysis" and Moeller's "Mikroskopie der Nahrung-und Gen- ussmittel", but as all these books are not usually available it has been thought advisable to prepare a key which shall be brief, ac- curate and contain the salient points of difference in the starches. The author has differed in a few instances from the results of other investigators, but only after the closest examination into the points of difference. The first principal difference in starches being their shape, they have been classed in this key under five general heads, viz., polygonal, spherical, circular, ellipsoidal and irregular grains, the last class containing all those starches which do not fall strict- ly under the head of the four former divisions. The starches under each division are then arranged according to their descend- ing sizes, and under these their particular characteristics are given. This table is of use principally to those who are more or less familiar with the microscopical appearance of the starches, for as its name implies, it is simply an anal>i:ical key for their recog- nition. The measurements have been given in microns (^t) instead of decimal parts of a millimeter, it being more common to use this unit of measurement in this connection. A /x equals 1-1000 millimeter or 0.001. G2 I. POLYGONAL GRAINS. A Corn (Maize). L Size. Grains usually 15— 25^ in diameter. (Very few smaller.) 2. Form. Sphaero-polygonal or sharply polygonal. a. Compact aggregates not present. 3. Laminae (rings). Not visible. 4. Hilum. Central, — very distinct. a. Often with radiating clefts. 5. Polarization Crosses. Brilliant, distinct crosses. 6. Selenite Plate. Indifferent play of colors. B BUCKWHEAT. 1. Size. Grains usually 5 — 12/x in diameter. 2. Form. Sharply polygonal or sphaero-polygonal, more often. a. Angular aggregates or rod-like aggre- gates usually present. 3. Laminae. Not visible. 4. Hilum. Very distinct. 5. Polarization Crosses. Distinct. 6. Selenite Plate. Indifferent play of colors. C OATS. 1. Size. Grains usually 5 — S^u in diameter. (Very seldom larger) . 2. Form. Well defined polygons. a. Spindle-shaped single grains also occur. (Characteristic of oat starch.) b. Rounded aggregates often occur. 3. Laminae. Not visible. 4. Hilum. Absent. 5. Polarization Crosses. Distinct. 6. Selenite Plate. Indifferent play of colors. D RICE. \. Size. Grains commonly 2 — lix in diameter. (Rarely larger) . 63 2. Form. Sharply polygonal, occasionally sphacro-polygon- af. a. Rounded ellipsoidal aggregates of usual occurrence. 3. Laminae. Not evident. 4. Hilum. Central. (Not always evident.) 5. Polarization Crosses. Brilliant, distinct crosses. 6. Selenite Plate. No play of colors. II. SPHERICAL AND SEGMENTED-SPHERICAL GRAINS. A SWEET POTATO. 1. Size. Grains are of two sizes, the larger 25 — 40^t, the smaller 5 — 15^ in diameter. 2. Form. Spherical, with one or two flat sides. 3. Laminae. Indistinct or lacking. 4. Hilum. Distinct, excentric. a. Excentricity about one-half. 5. Polarization Crosses. Very distinct, brilliant. 6. Selenite Plate. Indifferent play of color. B CASSAVA. 1. Size. Grains from 12 — 20 fi in diameter, (seldom reach- ing 35m.) 2. Form. Segmented-spherical. (Kettle-drum shaped.) a. Spherical grains rare. b. One or two flat sides common, over two rare. c. Aggregates of two to five grains some- times found. 3. Laminae. Very indistinct or lacking. 4. Hilum. Central, very distinct. a. Radiating clefts sometimes present. 5. Polarization Crosses. Brilliant. 6. Selenite Plate. Mediocre play of colors. C PEANUT. 1. Size. Grains from 5 — Ion in diameter. (Never larger.) 64 2. Form. Spherical. a. Segmented spherical forms rare. b. Not found in compact aggregates. 3. Laminae. Not visible. 4. Hilum. Central, distinct. 5. Polarization Crosses. Faint. 6. Selenite Plate. No play of colors. III. CIRCULAR, DISK-SHAPED GRAINS. A RYE. 1. Size. Grains occur in two sizes: 30 — 60m in diameter and 8 — 14ju in diameter. 2. Form. Large grains circular. a. Occur singly. Small grains sphaero-polygonal. a. Seldom in aggregates. b. More numerous than in other starches of this class. 3. Laminae. Very distinct. 4. Hilum. Central, very distinct. a. Radiating clefts often present. 5. Polarization Crosses. Very distinct. 6. Selenite Plate. Play of colors. B WHEAT. 1. Size. Grains occur in two sizes; 25 — 50^ in diameter, and less than Q/j, in diameter. 2. Form. Large circular flattened grains. a. Found singly. Small sphaero-polygonal grains. a. Singly or in loose aggregates. 3. Laminae. Indistinct. 4. Hilum. Central. a. Not usually cleft to any great extent. 5. Polarization Crosses. Indistinct, (diametrically oppo- site.) 6. Selenite Plate. No play of colors. 65 BARLEY. 1. Size. Two sizes of grains occur; large ones 20 — SOju in diameter, small ones less than 7/x in diameter. 2. Form. Large grains irregularly circular. Small grains circular. a. Not in aggregates. 3. Laminae. Indistinct or lacking. a. Sometimes cleft. 4. Hiluni. Indistinct or lacking. 5. Polarization Crosses. Distinct. 6. Selenite Plate. Faint play of colors. IV. ELLIPSOIDAL STARCH GRAINS. A BEAN (Common) 1. Size. Grains usually 15 — 60^ in length, (rarely 60/^.) 2. Form. Ellipsoidal or kidney shaped in case of larger grains. 3. Laminae. Usually distinct. 4. Hiluni. Elongated. a. Branching cleft conspicuous. 5. Polarization Crosses. Brilliant distinct crosses. 6. Selenite Plate. Fine play of colors. B PEA. 1. Size. Grains usually less than 40At in diameter. 2. Form. Ellipsoidal or roundly ellipsoidal. a. Rounded protuberances often present. 3. Laminae. Distinct. 4. Hilum. Elongated. a. Seldom distinctly cleft. 5. Polarization Crosses. Brilliant crosses. 6. Selenite Plate. Play of colors. C LENTIL. 1. Size. Grains usually less than 30/i in diameter. Few 40m. 2. Form. Ellipsoidal. a. Very few grains have protuberances. 66 3. Laminae. Indistinct or lacking. 4. Hilimi. Distinct. a. Elongated. 5. Polarization Crosses. Brilliant and distinct crosses. 6. Selenite Plate. Fine play of colors. D ACORN. 1. Size. Grains usually 15- — 20/x in diameter. a. Few varieties have grains up to 50ju in diameter. 2. Form. Ellipsoidal. a. More irregular than others of this class. b. Sometimes in aggregates of few grains. 3. Laminae. Invisible. 4. Hilum. Elongated, very distinct. 5. Polarization Crosses. Very indistinct or not visible. 6. Selenite Plate. No play of colors. V. IRREGULAR GRAINS, (OVOID, PEAR-SHAPED, ROD- SHAPED, ETC.) A CURCUMA. 1. Size. Dependent on the variety. Grains usually GO — 120^1 long. 2. Form. Very much elongated Rod-like fomis often present. a. Blunt point at hilum end. 3. Laminae. Distinct 4. Hilum. Small, distinct, in pointed end of grain. 5. Polarization Crosses. Distinct. 6. Selenite Plate. Beautiful play of colors. B POTATO. 1. Size. Large grains from 65 — lOO/x long. Seldom larger. Very few small grains. 2. Form. Oyster shell shaped. Sometimes broadly spindle shaped. a. Aggregates very rare. 3. Laminae. Very distinct. 67 4. Hilum. Distinct, in small end. Excentricity usually 1-3— 1-6. 5. Polarization Crosses. Very distinct, striking. G. Selenite Plate. Fineplay of colors. C CANNA. 1. Size. Grains usually 5(V — lOO long, occasionally larger. 2. Form. Flattened, — ellipsoidal. Obtusely angled at one end. a. No aggregates. 3. Laminae. Distinct, striking. 4. Hilum. Distinct, circular. a. Within obtuse angle. b. Excentricity 1-5 — 1-7. 5. Polarization Crosses. Remarkable, distinct. 6. Selenite Plate. Beautiful play of colors. D TUMERIC. 1. Size. Grains usually 40 — SO/i long. Seldom larger. 2. Form. Clam shaped, ovoid. a. Often in loose aggregates. b. Starch lumps yellow. 1 . Become crimson with H2SO*. 3. Laminae. Very distinct. 4. Hilum. Visible. 5. Polarization Crosses. No appreciable crosses. C. Selenite Plate. No play of colors. E SAGO. 1. Size. Grains occur in two sizes; the larger 30 — Qbn long, the smaller 20ai and less in length. 2. Form. Very irregular. a. Ovoid, segmented-ellipsoidal. b. Aggregates of one large and two small grains often present. 1. Contact surfaces (facets) not adjacent. 3. Laminae. Distinct. 68 4. Hilum. Distinct. Excentricity 1-3 — 1-5. a. Often crossed by clefts. 5. Polarization Crosses. Distinct. 6. Selenite Plate. Fine play of colors. F MARANTA. 1. Size. 30 — 50/x long, (seldom larger.) 2. Form. Similar to potato, pear-shaped; also broad, spindle-shaped grains always present. 3. Laminae. Usually distinct. 4. Hilum. Distinct, in broad end of the grain. a. Usually cleft by curved, wing-like fis- sures. 5. Polarization Crosses. Distinct, striking. 6. Selenite Plate. Beautiful play of colors. G YAM. 1. Size. Grains range in size from 30 — 60yu in length. Seldom the latter. 2. Form. Irregular, ovate, reniform. a. Often segmented at broad end. b. End not pointed. 3. Laminae. Distinct evident. • 4. Hilum. Distinct, circular in narrow end of grain. Excentricity 1-5 — 1-7. 5. Polarization Crosses. Distinct. 6. Selenite Plate. Play of colors. H BANANA. 1. Size. Grains usually 20— 40/x long. Occasionally larger grains are found. 2. Form. Cigar-shaped, rod-shaped, irregular-ellipsoidal. a. Occasionally aggregates of two grains, end to end, form sickle shaped bodies. 3. Laminae. Very distinct. 4. Hilum. Distinct, usually in broad end of grain. a. Rarely found in narrow end. 5. Polarization Crosses. Distinct. G. Selenite Plate. Play of colors evident. 69 CHESTNUT. 1. Size. Grains occur in two sizes, the larger being 15 — 30)u long; the smaller, 1 — S/j. long. a. No intermediate sizes found usually, 2. Form. Very irregular, pear-shaped, ellipsoidal, kidney- shaped, club-shaped, often pointed, a. Aggregates of 2 — 3 grains occasionally present. 3. Laminae. Indistinct or lacking. 4. Hilimi. Round or elongated, often cleft. 5. Polarization Crosses. Distinct. 6. Selenite Plate. Dull play of colors evident. J CLOVE FRUIT. 1. Size. Grains usually from 10 — 40^1 in diameter. 2. Form. Pear-shaped or segmented forms often occur. a. No aggi-egates. 3. Laminae. Distinct and delicate. 4. Hilum. Distinct, small. a. Always in broad end. b. Sometimes cleft. INDEX Alfalfa {Medicago salim L.) Alum ...... Anise {Piinpinella Anismn L.) . Animal Meal ..... Antimony ..... Arsenic ...... Asfoetida {Fcrtda foelida) . Barley ( Hordeum sativum L.) Bean {Phaseolus vulgaris Melz.) . Bean, Carob {Ceratonia Siliqua L.) Bean, Soy, Soja {Soja hispida Moendi.) Bean, Castor pomace Blood Root {Sanguinaria canadensis L.) Bone Meal Bouncing Bet {Saponaria officinalis L.) Breakfast cereal refuse Brewers' grains .... Buckwheat {Fagopyrum esculcntum Moench Calcium carbonate .... Calcium phosphate .... Capsicum {Capsicum fastigiatum, Bl. clc.) Caraway {Carum Carvi L.) Cascara sagrada {Rhamnus Purshiana) Catch-fly, night flowering, (Silene noctiflora Charcoal ..... Charlock {Brassica arvensis L.) . Clam shells ..... Cockle, corn {Agrostemma GMago L.). Cocoa shells ..... Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Corn {Zea Mays L.) Corn, broom {Andropogon Sorghum var.) Corn, Kaffir {see broom corn.) Cotton seed {Gossyjdmn herbacum L.) Cow herb {Saponaria Vaccaria L.) Curcuma {Curcuma longa L.) Distillers' grains .... Dock, curled {Rumex crispus L.) Dried Blood Elecampane {Inula Helenium L.) Epsom salts ..... Fennel {Foeniculum capillaceum L.) Fenugrec {Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L.) Foxtail, green and yellow . L.) Page . 43 . 55 . 45 . 61 . 56 . 55 . 45 . 12 . 20 . 21 . 22 . 29 . 46 . 59 . 32 . 18 . 17 . 15 . 56 . 56 . 47 . 47 . 48 . 33 . 56 . 39 . 59 . 30 . 43 . 48 7 . 16 . 16 . 25 . 31 . 49 . 17 . 39 . 60 . 49 . 57 . 49 . 23 . 42 INDEX— (Continued) Gentian {Gentiana lutea L.) Ginger {Zingiber officinale L.) Glaubers salts . Gluten feed Goosefoot {See Lambs-quarlers) Hares ear {Couringia orientalis L.) Iron oxide Iron sulphate . Jimson weed, Jamestown weed Ladies' thumb {Polygonum Persciaria L.) Lambs' quarters {Chenopodium album L.) Licorice {Glycyrrhizo glabra and var.) Linseed {Limim usilatissimum L.) Lobelia {Lobelia inflala L.) Malt sprouts .... ]\Iay apple {Podyphyllus peltatum) Millet {Panicum mileaceum L.) . Nux vomica {Strychnos Ignatic) {S. nux vomica) Oak bark {Quercus alba L.) Oat {Avena saliva L.) Olive pomace . Oyster shells Pea {Pisum sativum L.) Peanut {Arachis hypogaea L.) Pepper {See Capsicum) Peppergrass {Lepidiuvi Virginicum L. Pigweed, rough {Amaranthus sp.) Plantain, rib grass {Plantago lanceolata L.) Plantain, bracted {Plantago aristata L.) Plantain, Rugel's {Plantago Rugelii) Potassium nitrate Rice {Oryza saliva L.) Rosin Rye {Secale cereale L.) Salt Sand Sassafras {Sassafras officinale) . Senna {Cassia spp.) . Sheep sorrel {Rumex acelosella L.) Smartweed {See Ladies' thumb.) Spurry {Spergula arvensis L.) Sugar-beet pulp Sulphur ..... Sunflower {Helianthus annus L.) Tumeric {See Curcuma) Wheat {Triticum sativum, var. vidgare {Vill.) Hackel) Page . 50 . 50 . 57 . 18 . 35 . 37 . 57 . 57 . 34 . 36 . 35 . 51 . 27 . 51 . 18 . 52 . 10 . 52 . 53 . 14 . 28 . 59 . 19 . 24 . 47 . 37 . 35 . 40 . 40 . 41 . 58 9 . 58 . 11 . 58 . 58 . 53 . 54 . 38 . 32 . 44 . 58 . 27 . 49 . 6 BULLETIN No. 142. OCTOBER, 1912, MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. INSPECTION OF Commercial Feed Stuffs BY P. H. SMITH, G. R. PIERCE and R. W. RUPRECHT. This bulletin contains the text of the new feeding stuffs law, an article on low grade by-products, and the analyses of commer- cial feeding stuffs found in the Massachusetts markets during the year (September, 191 1 — September, 1912), together with such comments as are called for by the results of the inspection. In addition will be found a tabulated list of the wholesale cost of feeding stuffs for the year. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station Amherst, Mass. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, AMHERST, MASS. COMMITTEE ON EXPERIMENT STATION. J. Lewis Ellsworth, Charles E. Ward, Charles H. Preston, Chairman, The President of the College, ex officio. The Director of the Station, ex officio. STATION STAFF. Arthur G. Pollard, Harold L. Frost, ♦William P. Brooks, Ph.D., Fred W. Morse, M. Sc, Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D., George E. Stone, Ph.D., Frank A. Waugh, M. Sc, J. E. Ostrander, C. E., ^ James B. Paige, D. V. S., Henry T. Fernald, Ph.D., Fred C. Sears, M. Sc, Burton N. Gates, Ph.D., Edward B. Holland, M. Sc, Fred W. Morse, M. Sc, Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc, Philip H. Smith, M. Sc, Henry J. Frankhn, Ph.D., George H. Chapman, M. Sc, E. A. Larrabee, B. Sc, Lewell S. Walker, B. Sc, James C. Reed, B. Sc, George R. Pierce, B. Sc, Carleton P. Jones, B. Sc, R. W. Ruprecht, B. Sc, Carlos L. Beals, B. Sc, J. K. Shaw, Ph.D., H. A. Turner, B. Sc, Arthur I. Bourne, B. A., James T. Howard, James R. Alcock, Harry L. Allen, Benjamin G. Southwick, H. W. Angier, Director and Agriculturist. Acting Director. Vice- Director and Chemist. Botanist. Horticulturist. Meteorologist. Veterinarian. Entomologist. Pomologist. Apiarist. Associate Chemist (Research Sec). Research Chemist (Research Sec). Chemist in Charge (Fertihzer Sec). Chemist in Charge (Feed and Dairy Sec). Assistant Entomologist (Cranberry Investigations) . Assistant Botanist. Assistant Botanist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Horticulturist. Assistant in Horticulture. Assistant in Entomology, hispector. Assistant in Animal Nutrition. Assistant in Laboratory. Sec. to the Director. Observer. Annual reports and bulletins on a variety of subjects are pub- lished. These are sent free on request to all interested in agricul- ture. Parties likely to find publications on special subjects only of interest will please indicate these subjects. Correspondence or consultation on all matters affecting any branch of our agriculture is welcomed. Communications should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. *0n leave. DEPARTMENT OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CHEMISTRY. J. B. LiNDSEY, Chemist. INSPECTION OF COMMERCIAL FEED STUFFS By P. H. Smith, Chemist in Charge, Assisted by G. R. Pierce and R. W. Ruprecht. INTRODUCTION. During the year (September, 1911 to September, 1912,) 902 samples of commercial feeding stuffs have been collected by James T. Howard, official inspector. These samples have been examined and the anal^-tical results together with additional information are given in this bulletin. The year has been uneventful in that the law has been well complied with, and few new feeding stuffs have been found. Prices have niled high and our inspector reports that the stock on hand has been, during parts of the year, very low. This was due to the difficulty of getting shipments promptly and to the fact that, owing to the uncertainty of the market, dealers did not care to stock heavily. The most important event of the year was the enactment of a new feeding stuffs law which took effect September 1, 1912. The text of the law follows: An Act to regulate the sale and analysis of food stuff USED FOR feeding LIVE STOCK AND POULTRY. • (Acts and Resolves for 1912, Chapter 527.) Be it enacted, etc., as follows: Section 1. In this act, unless the Definitions context otherwise requires: — The of Terms term "commercial feeding stuff" shall include all feeding stuff used for feeding live stock and poultry and containing not more than sixty per cent of water, except whole seeds or grains, and the un- mixed meals made directly from the entire grains of corn, wheat, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, flaxseed, kafir, and milo, whole hays, whole straws, unground cotton seed hulls and unground corn stover when unmixed with other materials. The term "cattle feed" shall include all materials used for feeding live stock and poultry. "Brand" shall mean any commercial feeding stuff or cattle feed distinctive by reason of name, trade-mark or guaranteed analysis or by any method of marking. "Crude protein" shall mean the percentage of nitrogen multi- plied by the factor six and twenty-five one hundredths. "Copy" shall mean certified copy. "Feeding stuff" shall mean commercial feeding stuff. "Importer" shall inean a person who procures for sale or dis- tribution in this commonwealth commercial feeding stuff or cattle feed from other states or countries. "Label" shall mean printed label. "Package" shall include sacks and bags, tins, boxes, jars, and similar receptacles. "Person" shall include a corporation or partnership of two or more persons having a joint or common interest. "Tag" shall mean printed tag. Section 2. Every package, lot or Statements to Be parcel of commercial feeding stuff Printed on Label sold or offered or exposed or kept for Accompanying the sale or distributed within this Com- Feeding Stuff monwealth shall have affixed thereto in a conspicuous place, as hereinafter set forth, a tag or label containing a legible and plainly printed statement in the English language clearly and truly certifying: (a) the weight of the contents of the package, lot or parcel; (6) the name, brand or trade-mark; (c) the name and principal address of the manufacturer or per- son responsible for placing the commodity on the market ; (d) the minimum per cent of crude protein ; (e) the minimum per cent of crude fat; (/) the maximum per cent of crude fibre, (g) the specific name of each ingredient used in its manu- facture. Section 3. When any feeding stuff Concerning Attachment is sold or offered, exposed or kept for of Label sale or distributed in packages, the tag or label shall be affixed in a con- spicuous place on the outside thereof. When any feeding stuff is offered, exposed or kept for sale in bulk, the tag or label shall be affixed in a conspicuous place on the bin or other enclosure in which the feeding stuff" is contained, but need not state the number of pounds thereof. And when any feeding stuff is sold or distributed in bulk the label shall be affixed in a conspicuous place on the car or other vehicle in which the feeding stuff is shipped or delivered or distributed and shall state the number of pounds thereof. When any feeding stuff is sold in packages furnished by the purchaser the seller shall furnish the tags or labels therefor. The provisions of the printed tag or label required by this act relating to the constituents contained in any commer- cial feeding stiiff shall be known and recognized as the guaran- teed analysis of such feeding stuff. Section 4. Before any maniifac- Registration turer, importer or other person shall of Guarantee sell, or offer, expose, or keep for sale, Required or distribute in this commonwealth any commercial feeding stuff, he shall file with the director of the Massachusetts agricultural experiment station, or his authorized deputy, for registration, a copy certified by him to be a true copy of the tag or label required by this act, excepting the item as to the number of pounds, for every brand of feeding stuff to be sold or offered, exposed or kept for sale or to be distributed in this commonwealth. But no agent or other person shall be obliged to file a copy of the tag or label of any brand of feeding stuff, a copy of which has been filed by the maniifacturer or importer of such brand and for which a certifi- cate of registration has been issued. No feeding stiiff or brand of feeding stuff shall be sold or offered, exposed or kept for sale or distributed in this commonwealth until the tag or label therefor has been registered by the director of the Massachusetts agri- cultural experiment station, or his authorized deputy, and a cer- tificate of such registration has been issued by him. 6 Section 5. A certified copy of the Time of tag or label required by this act shall Registration be filed with the director of the Massachusetts agricultural experi- ment station, or his authorized deputy, for registration prior to the first day of September in each year for every brand of com- mercial feeding stuff to be sold or offered, exposed or kept for sale or to be distributed in this commonwealth during the year beginning with said first day of September. The said director or his authorized deputy inay thereafter permit a manufacturer, importer or other person to file a copy of the tag or label of a brand of feeding stuff, and may register the same for said year in accordance with the rules and regulations which may be pre- scribed by the said director. Section 6. When the certified copy Director to Issue of the tag or label of any brand of Certificates Authorizing commercial feeding stuff has been Sale After Feeding Stuffs filed- as provided by this act, the Are Registered director of the Massachusetts agri- cultural experiment station, or his authorized deputy, shall register such tag or label if he finds the same to be in accordance with the requirements of this act, and shall issue, or cause to be issued, a certificate of such registration, and the said certificate shall be deemed to authorize the sale in this commonwealth, in compliance with this act, of the brand of feeding stuff for which the certificate is issued, up to and including the thirty-first day of August of the year for which it is issued. Section 7. The director of the Director May Refuse Massachusetts agricultural experi- to Register Feeding ment station or his authorized deputy Stuffs if Statements may refuse to register any commercial Are Misleading feeding stuff under a name, brand, or trade-mark which, in his opinion, would be misleading or deceptive, or which would tend to mislead ( r deceive as to the materials of which the feeding stuff is composed. *] he director or his said deputy may refuse to register more than one feediiif^ stuff under the same name or brand, or to register any feeding stuff under a name or brand to the use of which the appHcant for registration is not lawfully entitled. Should any feeding stuff be registered in this commonwealth and it be discovered afterward that any provision of this act was violated in obtaining such registration or that such registration is in any respect in \'iolation of any provision of this act, the director of the Massachusetts agricultural experiment station, and his author- ized deputy, shall have power to cancel such registration and the certificate issued therefor. No manufacturer, importer, or other person shall sell or offer or expose or keep for sale or distribute in this commonwealth any commercial feeding stuff, registration whereof has been cancelled by the director or his authorized deputy. Section S. Every commercial feed- Director or Deputy ing stuff and cattle feed, or brand Authorized to thereof, sold or offered, exposed or Collect and Analyze kept for sale or distributed in this Feeding Stufifs commonwealth shall be subject to analysis by the director of the Massachusetts agricultural experiment station, or by his desig- nated deputy or deputies, and the said director is hereby author- ized and it is made his duty to make or cause to be made in each year one or more analyses of every brand of feeding stuff sold or offered, exposed or kept for sale or distributed in this common- wealth, and he is hereby given free access in person and by deputy to all places of business, mills, buildings, carriages, cars, vessels and other receptacles of whatsoever kind used in the manufacture, sale, storage or delivery of any feeding stuff or cattle feed in this commonwealth, or in the importation or transportation of any feeding stiiff or cattle feed for sale or distribution in this common- wealth. The director and his deputies are further authorized to open any receptacle containing or supposed to contain any feeding stuff or cattle feed for sale or distribution as aforesaid, and to take samples for analysis, as provided by this act. The methods of analyses of all feeding stuffs and cattle feeds shall be those in force at the time by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists of North America. 8; Section 9. The said director shall Results of Analyses have the right to publish or cause to Be Published to be published in reports, bulletins, special circulars, or otherwise the results obtained by said analyses, and said reports, bulletins, circulars, or other publications, shall contain such additional information in relation to the character, composition, value and use of the feeding stuffs or cattle feed analyzed as the director may, in' his discretion, see fit to include. The said director, in his discretion may at any time make or cause to be made for consumers a free analysis of any brand of feeding stuff or cattle feed sold or offered or exposed or kept for sale or distributed in this commonwealth; but all samples for such free analysis shall be taken and submitted in accordance with the rules and regu- lations which may be prescribed by the director. The results of any analysis of a commercial feeding stuff made in accordance with the provisions of this act, except a free analysis as aforesaid, shall be sent by the director, at least fifteen days before any publication thereof, to the person named on the tag or label of the feeding stuff analyzed. Section 10. All samples for anal- Sampling of ysis of any commercial feeding stuff Feeding Stuffs or cattle feed shall be taken, whenever the circumstances conveniently per- mit, in the presence of at least one witness, and no action shall be maintained for a violation of the provisions of this act, based upon an analysis of a sample taken from less than five separate original packages, unless there be less than five separate original packages in the lot, in which case parts of the official sample shall be taken from each original package. If the feeding stuff or cattle feed is in bulk, parts shall be taken from not less than five different places in the lot : provided, that this shall not exclude sampling from bulk when the feeding stuff or cattle feed is not exposed sufficiently to take parts from five different places, in which case parts shall be taken from as many places as practicable. All samples thus taken shall be placed in suitable vessels, marked and sealed. A part of each sample shall be held by the said director or his deputy at the disposal of the person named on 9 the tag or label of the feeding stuff sampled for fifteen days after the restdts of the analysis have been reported as provided in Section Nine. Section 11. No commercial feeding stuff or cattle feed or brand thereof that has been mixed or adulterated with any sub- stance or substances injurious to the health of live stock or poul- try shall be sold or offered or exposed or kept for sale or distributed in this commonwealth. Section 12. Any manufacturer, im- Violators of porter, or other person who shall sell This Act Punish- or offer, expose or keep for sale, or able by Fine distribute in this commonwealth, any commercial feeding stuff without the tag or label required by this act, or with a tag or label that has not been registered, or with a tag or label the registration of which has been cancelled by the director of the Massachusetts agricultural experiment station or his authorized deputy or who shall file with the said director or his authorized deputy for registration a false copy of the tag or label of any feeding stuff or brand of feeding stuff or who shall impede, obstruct or hinder the director or any of his deputies in the discharge of the authority or duty conferred or imposed by any provision of this act, or who shall sell or offer, expose or keep for sale or distribute in this commonwealth any feeding stuff which contains a smaller per cent of crude protein or crude fat, or a larger per cent of crude fibre than is certified in the tag or label of such feeding stuff to be contained therein, or who shall fail properly to state the specific name of every ingredient used in its manufacture, or who shall sell, or offer, expose or keep for sale or distribute in this commonwealth any feeding stuff or cattle feed or brand thereof which has been mixed or adulterated with any substance or substances injurious to the health of live stock or poultry shall be deemed guilty of a violation of this act and upon con- viction any such manufacturer, iinporter or other person shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars for the first violation, and not less than one hundred dollars for each subsequent viola- tion. 10 Section 13. It shall be the duty" of Director Required the director of the Massachusetts to Enforce Provisions agricultural experiment station to see of This Act that the provisions of this act are complied with, and he may prescribe and enforce such rules and regulations relative to the sale of commercial feeding stuff or cattle feed as he deems necessary to carry into effect the full intent and meaning of this act. He may in his discretion prosecute or cause to be prosecuted any person violating any provision of this act, and no complaint shall be inade or prosecuted for any such violation except with the authorization or approval of the said director. Section 14. To defray the cost of collecting samples, making analyses, and of otherwise carrying out the provisions of this act, a sum not exceeding six thousand dollars shall be allowed an- nually from the treasury of the commonwealth, payable in quar- terly payments into the treasury of said station. All moneys received and disbursed under this act shall be kept in a separate account and shall be audited and reported as are other moneys placed in charge of the trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. In case at any time there should be a surplus, the surplus shall be used in the Massachusetts agricultural experiment station, under the authority of its director, for experiments and research relative to the feeding of farm animals. Section 15. Chapter one hundred and twenty-two of the acts of the year nineteen hundred and three, chapter three hun- dred and thirty-two of the acts of the year nineteen hundred and four, and all acts and parts of acts inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed. Section 16. This act shall take effect on the first day of September in the year nineteen hundred and twelve. (Approved April 25, 1912.) The new law differs from the law which it replaces in the fol- lowing essentials : 1. Guarantee. In addition to a guarantee of the minimum percentage of protein and fat, as fonnerly required, a guarantee of the maximum fiber content must also be given. 11 In case of mixed or compounded feeds, a statement of the in- gredients contained therein must be included in the guarantee. 2. Registration. Registration of all feeding stuffs is now necessar}' although no fee is required. Upon application, the proper forms for registration will be forwarded. 3. Appropriation. In place of the $3,000 formerly allowed for carrying out the provisions of the act, $6,000 is now appro- priated. 4. Phraseology. The law has been put in such form as to be more explicit in the statement of its requirements. Before being submitted for enactment, the text was carefully reviewed not only by officials of this station, but by those of other experiment sta- tions and also by a committee of feed dealers from the Boston Chamber of Commerce. It was finally submitted to a compe- tent attorney for corrections and approval. 5. Wheat Feeds are now included; in the former law these were omitted. The law practically conforms to the uniform law advocated by the Association of Feed Control Officials and which has re- ceived the endorsement of the American Feed Manufacturers' Association. It is felt that the new law will more effectually safeguard the interests of the Massachusetts farmer than the former act and that the compliance with its requirements will not be any more diffi- cult for the honest manufacturer or jobber. The earnest co- operation of all interested in the manufacture, sale or consiunp- tion of commercial feeding stuffs is most earnestly desired. The acknowledgment is made of the co-operation of members of the Boston Chamber of Commerce, of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, of a representative of the State Grange, and of others in securing the passage of the law. 12 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FEED STUFFS. 1911-1912 [Fall and Winter.] I. Protein Feeds. COTTONSEED MEAL Definitions. *COTTONSEED MEAL is the ground residue obtained in the extraction of oil from the cottonseed kernel. CHOIC'E cottonseed meal contains at least 41 per cent protein. PRIME cottonseed meal contains from 38.5 to 41 per cent protein. GOOD cottonseed meal contains from 36 to 38.5 per cent protein. COTTONSEED FEED is a mixture of cottonseed meal and cottonseed hulls containing less than 36 per cent protein. . Sampled at: Protein. Fat. Fiber. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Choice. American Cotton Oil Co., New York. % % % % % % Rollstone Grain Co J. F. Ray D. W. Foskett Taunton Grain Co C. E. Terry Fitchburg . . . . Franklin Palmer Taunton W. Springfield . 42.12 42.08 41.20 40.60 43.30 41.00 41.00 41.00 41.00 41.00 9.08 7.62 7.97 9.63 7.33 9.00 8.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 8.79 10.05 9.69 10.03 7.40 10.50 10.50 10.50 10.50 10.50 F. W. Brode & Co., Memphis, Tenn. Dove, . . Owl, ... Owl, . . . ... .J. Gushing & Co W. E. Bryant & Co W. H. Garland Hudson Brockton Gloucester . . . . Newburyport . . N. Adams . . . . Spencer 41.64 41.73 41.12 41.47 43.61 41.24 38.62 41.00 41.00 41.00 41.00 41.00 7.53 6.92 8.13 7.54 10.78 6.97 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 9.60 8.22 7.00 7.42 7.60 8.14 10.00 10.00 10.00 Owl, ... Owl, ... Owl, ... ....M. H. Rolfe Est .... Berkshire Coal & Grain Co. H. H. Caoen 10.00 10.00 10.00 Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Prime Prime, T. H. Bunch Com Beverly W. Acton 41.99 41.84 38.50 38.50 7.51 8.42 6.50 6.50 8.80 6.85 10.00 G. H. Reed 10.00 mission Co., Little Rock, Ark. Old Gold F. H. Fales & Co Norwood 41.77 41.00 8.62 9.00 7.28 9.00 S. P. Davis, Little Rock, Ark. Good Luck, . . Good Luck. . . C. P. McClanathan ....E.J. Adams Barre Plains . . Gt. Barrington Holyoke Norwood 42.25 43.39 40.89 40.63 41.00 41.00 41.00 41.00 6.91 10.48 8.07 7.30 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.89 4.70 8.75 9.12 10.50 10.50 Good Luc Good Lu( J. B. Garlai k, .. k, .. ....W. R. Ross & Co. 10.50 10.50 id & Son, Worcester, Mass. Golden Eagle J. B. Garland & Son Worcester 44.39 41.00 6.85 9.00 6.48 — Humphreys, Godwin & Co., Memphis, Tenn. Dixie, . . Dixie, . . Dixie, . . ....J. H. Nye, D. Seffens J. N. Waite Brockton Conway Easthampton. . Fall River Framingham . . Orange Southbridge . . Williamsburg . 42.64 42.08 41.77 42.12 40.72 42.47 42.12 40.68 33.62 38.62 38.62 38.62 33.62 38.62 41.00 38.62 3.12 8.03 7.18 7.51 7.92 8.45 8.03 8.03 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.29 7.05 4.90 8.18 7.02 6.78 7.68 9.85 12.00 12.00 12.00 Dixie, . . W. J. Meek 12.00 Dixie, . . ....A. H. Wood& Co . . . .A. D. Potter 12.00 12.00 Dixie, . . 10.00 Dixie, . . ....H.W. Hill Est 12.00 Keeton-Krueger Co., Atlanta, Georgia. Peacock J. Gushing & Co Hudson 42.03 41.00 7.50 6.00 6.98 10.00 Kemper Mill & Elevator Co., Kansas City, Mo. New Bedford . 41.42 41.00 7.87 7.50 7.59 10.00 ♦Definitions used in connection with these tables merely indicate our basis of classification, ble they are based on trade usage, and are subject to future change and revision. In so far as possi- 13 COTTONSEED MEAL (Continued). Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Protein. Sampled at: Found. Guar MemphisCottonseedProductsCo., Memphis, Tenn.l Selden F. F. Woodward & Co. . . jFitchburg Selden C. A. Pierce Hinsdale Selden Milford Grain Co Milford Selden Highland Mills Newton High's Selden CO. Parmenter & Co. . . . S. Sudbury F. E. Morse & Co., Little Rock, Ark. Golden, Ropes Bros. . W. C. Northern, Little Rock, Ark. Bee G. Methe & Sons. W. Newton Smith, Baltimore, Maryland. Dirigo B. W. Brown .... J. E. Soper Co., Boston, Mass- Pioneer M. C. Richmond lAdams Salem Springfield Concord Pioneer McKenzie & Winslow Pioneer, D. B. Hodgkins Sons . Pioneer, Thorne Bros McKenzie & Winslow Prime. American Cotton Oil Co., New York. *Choice, W. Lord Fall River . Manchester Millis Fall River . Athol F. W. Erode & Co., Memphis, Tenn. Dove, E. A. Cowee Owl .J. Paull & Co. Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. N. Hatfield Grain Co. Cutler Co T. H. Bunch, Little Rock, Ark. Old Gold C. Bond T. H. Bunch Commission Co., Little Rock, Ark. Acme J. W. Raymond J. B. Garland & Son, Worcester, Mass. *Golden Eagle .... Dodge Mill Co Humphreys, Godwin & Co., Memphis, Tenn. Dixie, W. L. Palmer Dixie, Thorne Bros Dixie, H. Bruckman Dixie, Warner Bros Dixie, A. Milot & Co Keeton-Krueger Co., Atlanta, Georgia. Peacock, J. Shea Lawrence Kemper Mill & Elevator Co., Kansas City, Mo. ♦Choice, J. F. Ray Franklin ♦Choice Smith Feed Co Westfield Jefferson Taunton N. Hatfield . . W. Brookfield Charlton Concord . . . . Saundersville Medway . . . Millis S. Lawrence Sunderland . Taunton . . . 42.73 41.16 40.50 46.23 42.43 43.52 45.31 41.73 41.73 43.13 40.63 41.59 40.59 39.76 39.93 40.19 39.31 39.10 39.93 39.45 33.13 38.79 38.14 40.15 38.63 39.41 38.70 38.75 40.11 Fat. Found. Guar % 41.00 41.00 41.00 41.00 41.00 41.00 41.00 41.00 41.00 41.00 41.00i 41.001 41.00 41.00 38.62 41.00 39.00 38.50 41.00 38.60 41.00 38.62 38.62 38.62 38.62, 38.62 41.00 41.00 41.00 % 7.86 9.15 6.83 6.23 7.62 6.01 8.42 7.43 6.48 8.87 7.08 7.19 7.46 6.97 7.50 7.16 8.541 7.00' 6.73 7.95 7.52 11.50 6.63 6.81 8.23 7.15 7.52 7.75 7.831 % 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 9.00 7.00 7.00 Fiber. Found. Guar 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 6.001 6.00: 6.50 6 . 50 9.00, 7.00J 9.001 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.50; 7.50 8.65 7.55 9.2S 9.58 6.33 8.95 8.89 8.33 10.35 5.90 9.40 7.73 9.05 8.99 9.50 8.18 7.05 10.52 9.23 9.13 10.22 10.26 9.64, 9.20: 10.00 10.00 *Misbranded Choice. 14 COTTONSEED MEAL (Continued). Sampled at: Protein. Fat. Fiber. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. W. Newton Smith, Baltimore, Maryland. Greenfield North Grafton Princeton . . . . Leominster .... Gardner Taunton Adams Fall River New Bedford . Pepperell S. Deerfield . . . Sunderland . . . Fall River % 39.63 % 33.62 % 8.53 8.38 6.93 6.82 6.42 6.77 4.18 5.87 5.23 5.12 4.98 4.77 3.78 % 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.00 % 8.53 8.52 9.43 10.41 12.48 12.15 21.20 % 10 50 Dirigo S. L. Davenport & Sons, . Dirigo W. N. Potter Grain Co. . . . J. E. Soper Co., Boston, Mass. 39.4li 38.62 39.23j 38.62 i 39.31 41.00 36.39 33.50 37.65 38.62 20.66 22.00 26.79' 22.00 24.69 22.00 23.87 22.00 24.08 22.00 22.59| 22.00 19.941 22.00 10.50 10.50 10 00 Good. Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. ** Prime, Howe Bros Humphreys, Godwin & Co., Memphis, Tenn. Dixie, Taunton Grain Co 10.00 12.00 Cottonseed Feed. Humphreys, Godwin Co., Memphis, Tenn. Creamo Hoosac Val. Coal & Or. Co. 22.00 Croimn W .1 Meelc 5.00! 16.84 22.00 Creamo, Plummer & Jennings Gr. Co. 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.50 18.55 19.10 18.85 19.12 20.91 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 77 Feed Meal W J Meek 28.00 **Misbranded Prime. LINSEED MEAL. Definition. Linseed meal is the ground residue obtained in the extraction of oil from flaxseed. Southboro . . Southboro . . Billerica . . . . N. Westport Raynham . . 1. New Process. American Linseed Co., New York. Cleveland Flaxmeal, C. B. Sawin & Son . . Cleveland Flaxmeal, C. B. Sawin & Son . . E. E. Cole Co A. M. Reed M. G. Williams 2. Old Process. American Linseed Co., New York. A. Dodge & Sons iBeverly. C. H. Laflin 'Brookfield . . . . E. J. Adams Gt. Barrington S. L.Davenport & Son . . . . N. Grafton. . . . H. Bruckman S. Lawrence . . Archer-Daniels Linseed Co., Minneapolis, Minn. J. B. Cover & Co Lowell W. L. Palmer Medway Knight Grain Co Newburyport. . Kelloggs & Miller, Amsterdam, N. Y. Potter Bros. & Co W. N. Potter Grain Co. W. N. Potter Grain Co. N. Adams Princeton Princeton 36.66 36.00 1.90 1.00 8.63 37.39 36. OC 2.13 1.00 8.38 37.39 36. OC 2.73 1.00 7.69 37.30 36. OC 2.40 1.00 8.45 36.74 36.00 2.38 1.00 8.30 38.38 32.00 6.33 5.00 6.48 38.30 32.00 5.65 5.00 7.18 35.69 34.00 5.92 5.00 7.58 39.10 32.00 5.10 5.00 6.70 37.91 34.00 5.80 3.00 7.63 36.43 32.00 5.33 5.00 7.63 37.21 32.00 5.77 6.00 7.00 36.30 32.00 5.85 6.00 7.73 36.21 33.00 8.05 5.00 7.31 38.92 33.00 5-. 70 5.00 5.78 38.53 33.00 7.15 5.00 7.10 15 LINSEED MEAL (Continued). Sampled at: Protein. Fat Fiber. Manufacturer or Jobber, Hrand and Retailer. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Guy G. Major Co., Toledo, Ohio. E. H. Cole Hou.satonic . . . N. Westport . . Rowley Springfield . . . Franklin Hubbardston . . Northboro .... % 33.45 34.20 36.05 33.19 33.59 23.02 29.47 % 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 % 6.22 6.75 8.18 6.90 9.68 7.01 6.47 % 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 % 8.63 8.48 7.13 8.33 7.87 5.23 8.99 % 10.00 T. E. Borden 10.00 Glen Mills Cereal Co H. C. Puffer Co 10.00 10.00 Metzger Seed & Oil Co., Toledo, Ohio. J. F. Ray 10.00 C. T. Wyman A. Carr 10.00 10.00 GLUTEN MEAL. Com Products Refining Co., New York. Diamond, Diamond, Diamond, Diamond, Diamond, Diamond, Diamond, . McKenzie & Winslow .... Fall River .H. L. Patrick ;Hopedale . J. Shea Lawrence . I. J. Rowell |Pepperell .W. N. Potter Grain Co. . . Princeton . Morse Bros Southbridge .J. B. Garland & Son Worcester. . 44.26 42.08 43.48 41.33 44.61 46.40 42.80 40.00 2.40 1.50 2.73 40.00 0.82 1.50 3.30 40.00 1.40 1.50 1.30 40.00 1.52 1.50 3.15 40.00 1.40 1.50 1.35 40.00 1.58 1.50 1.15' 40.00 0.98 1.50 I.IS, 4.00 1.50 1.50 4.00 4.00 1.50 1.50 GLUTEN FEED. Definition. Gluten feed is a product obtained in the manufacture of starch and glucose from corn, and consists largely of the flinty portion of the kernel and corn bran. American Maize Products Co., New York. j Cream of Corn Bond Grain Co ICharlton. . Cream of Corn, . . .G. M. Foster iLowell. . . . Cream of Corn, . . . Blood Bros Medfield . Cream of Corn H. Houghton 'Millbury . . Clinton Sugar Refining Co., Clinton, Iowa. Clinton, J. E. Merrick & Co |Amherst . Clinton, J. E. Merrick & Co Amherst . Corn Products Refining Co., New York. Buffalo, A. T. Butler Udams . . . Buffalo C. H. Laflin JBrookfield Buffalo G. F. Greene Coal Co Buffalo, Lunimus & Parker . . Buffalo, Bosworth & Son .... Buffalo, Conant & Co Buffalo, W. L. Palmer Buffalo I.J. Rowell Buffalo, M. G. Williams Buffalo, Taunton Grain Co. . . Buffalo, Prentiss, Brooks & Co Buffalo, P. W. Eaton & Co. . . Crescent McKenzie & Winslow Crescent M. H. Rolfe Est 'Newburyport Globe, Scott Grain Co Amesbury Curloy Bros Wakefield Campello Danversport Leominster. Littleton ... Medway . . Pepperell Raynham Taunton Westfield Williamstown Fall River Douglas & Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Cedar Rapids Jacobson Bros N. Dartmouth Cedar Rapids, ... .J. PauU & Co Taunton .... 26.75 23.00 1.83 2.50 5.33 25.92 23.00 3.28 2.5C 6.64 25.12 23.00 2.52 2.5C 6.95 26.27 23.00 2.40 2.50 6.75 25.97 20.00 3.13 3.00 6.93 25.62 20.00 3.32 3.00 6.83 26.44 24.00 2.53 2.50 7.30 28.42 24.00 1.57 2.5C 6.53 25.66 23.00 2.12 2.5C 6.25 26.44 23.00 2.26 2.0C 7.82 27.80 23.00 2.60 2.5C 6.66 28.11 23.00 3.05 2.5C 6.20 28.54 23.00 1.55 2.5C 6.45 28.81 23.00 2.60 2.50 5.62 26.97 23.00 1.60 2.50 6.32 26.84 23.00 2.30 2.50 7.33 26.84 23.00 1.47 2.50 6.03 27.28 23.00 2.23 2.50 6.43 27.84 23.00 1.38 2.50 6.25 25.35 23.00 2.13 2.50 8.02 27.93 23.00 3.83 2.50 6.70 27.93 23.00 2.67 2.50 5.54 20.36 20.00 3.40 2.00 7.21 21.54 20.00 2.39 3.00 6.98 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 7.50 7.50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .00 .50 .50 .50 .50 16 GLUTEN FEED (Continued). Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Sampled at: Huron Milling Co., Harbor Beach, Mich. Jenks, J. F. Hunt Lynn Jenks, A. Altman 'New Bedford Jenks, J. Franks 'New Bedford J. E. Soper Co., Boston, Mass. Bay State, W. H. Garland Gloucester . . Bay State, W. H. Garland Gloucester . . . Bay State, McKenzie & Winslow .... Fall River . . . Protein. Found. % 23.05 25.13 24.83 22.33 19.13 19.33 Guar. Fat. Found. % 23.00 22.00: 22.00! % 4.37 3.49 2.95 20.00 2.67 22.00 2.13 20.00 2.47 Guar. Fiber. Found, % 7.50 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00: 4.00, % 7.12 7.63 7.30 7.02 5.51 5.03 Guar. % s.oo 8.00 9.00 8.00 8.00 DISTH-LERS' DRIED GRAINS. Definition. Distillers' dried grains are the dried residue obtained from cereals in the manufacture of alcohol and distilled liquors. Ajax Milling & Feed Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Ajax Flakes Ajax Flakes Ajax Flakes Ajax Flakes Ajax Flakes . W. Biles Co Dearborn, Dearborn, Fourex, Fourex, Fourex, Fourex, Fourex, Fourex, Fourex, Fourex, Fourex, Fourex, . ..C. S. Barber . . .Eastern Grain Co. . ..J. H. Nve . ..F. H. Whitaker ... . . . Morse Bros Cincinnati, Ohio. . . . A. F. Sanctuary ... A. Carr . . .W. E. Brvant & Co. ... . . .F. H. Whitaker . . .McKenzie & Winslow . . . . . McKenzie & Winslow . . . . . W. N . Potters Sons & Co . .. .Potter Bros. & Co . . .W. N. Potter Grain Co. . . .Cutler Grain Co . . .Cutler Grain Co . . .J. Gushing & Co Continental Cereal Co., Peoria, 111. Continental, A. C. Boice Continental N. Hatfield Grain Co. Continental, E.G. Frost Hottlelet Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Hector, N. Hatfield Grain Co. . . . Rye, Bedford Coal & Grain Co. Husted Mining Co., Buffalo, N. Y. H. L. Patrick H. L. Patrick Hopedale Hopedale Marlboro Grain Co., Marlboro. D, Marlboro Grain Co iMarlboro J. D. Page & Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Empire State J. E. Merrick Jc Co Amherst Bernardston . . . [ Bridgewater . . Brockton E.Longmeadow; Southbridge . . Amherst Northboro .... Brockton E . Longmeadow Fall River Fall River Hadley N. Adams .... Princeton .... S. Framingham S. Framingham Winchendon . . Conway N. Hatfield . . . Shelburne Falls N. Hatfield Bedford . . . 31.96 29.73 30.29 30.34 32.45 23.69 24.52 31.05 31.40 32.00 32.30 29.38 30.56 29.24 30.74 30.83 32.70 30.43 29.12 30.03 29.20 13.45 33.19 32.62 16.28 27.93 30.00 14.07 30.00 10.98 30 00 11.87 30.00 10.52 30.00 11.53 22.00 8.53 22.00 31.00 31.00 31.001 31.00: 31.001 31.00: 31.00 31.00 31.00 31.00 31.00: 31.001 33.00 30.00: 16.00, 30.00: 30.00, 13.00 29.00: 9.56 13.73 10.53 12.00 9.31 11.70 13.43 11.07 12.47 11.81 14.82 10.84 10.69 11.33 8.23 6.13 12.94 11.92 6.06 9.67 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 10.00 3.00 8.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 13.50 13.50 14.00 10.00 6.00 4.00 12.00 12.13! 10.22J 12.10 7.18 10.23 12.43 11.65 10.771 11.05: 12.40 13.65: 10.45: 12.33. 10.09, 10.65 12.02 10.70 8.37 7.28 7.95 10.23 16.85 11.00, 11.62 12.35 11.60 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 15.00 15.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 8.50 8.50 14.00 16.00 11.00 11.00 15.00 12.00 17 MALT SPROUTS. Definition. Malt sprouts consist of the dried sprouts of the barley grain removed after the process of malting. Sampled at: Protein. Fat. Fiber. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found.' Guar. American Malting Co., Buffalo, N. Y. A. E. Lawrence & Son .... J. B. Bridges & Co Atlantic Export Co., Chicago. C L. Marsh Ayer S. Deerfield . . . Webster Worcester Worcester Natick North Grafton Worcester Newburyport . . Simderland . . . Fall River Fall River Jefferson Maiden S. Sudbury. . . . Maynard Salem % 24.39 28.89 25.62 24.47 25.27 25.62 29.47 26.27 23.60 25.83 23.47 24.22 27.93 23.64 31.40 27.49 23.41 % 23.00 25.00 22.00 % 2.17 0.77 1.60 % .019 .019 1.00 1.50 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.50 2.50 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.50 1.00 % 13.38 12.93 10.18 10.36 9.80 13.60 10.70 10.58 11.35 13.13 10.20 10.38 11.17 11.99 10.60 10.73 10.13 % 14.00 14.00 16.00 J. B. Garland & Son J. B. Garland & Son Francis Duhne, Jr., Milwaukee, Wis. J. W. Doon & Son S. L. Davenport & Son . . . J. B. Garland & Son Hottelet Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 25.00i 1.38 22.00' 1.37 25.001 1.07 25.00! 1.15 25.00 1.30 26.50 1.68 26.50 1.15 ! 25.00- 1.85 25.001 1.02 25.001 1.00 12.00 16.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 Henry Rang & Co., Chicago, 111. McKenzie & Winslow W. J. Meek 11.00 11.00 11.00 W. H. Cunningham & Son . C. 0. Parmenter M. G. Rankin & Co., Milwaukee, Wis. W. A. Haynes Co. Inc D, W. Ranlet Co., Boston. Ropes Bros 25.00 25.00 23.00 23.00 1.30 1.32 1.81 2.78 11.00 11.00 17.00 BREWERS' DRIED GRAINS. Definition. Brewers' dried grains are the dried residue obtained from cereals in the manufacture of malted liquors. Providence Brewing Co., Providence, R. I. Blood Bros iMedfield W. L. Palmer Medway W. L. Palmer Medway 29.16 22.00 6.87 5.00 11.88 23.43 22.00 5.23 5.00 16.24 25.97 22.00 5.51 5.00! 1 13.44 ADULTERATED WHEAT FEEDS. Definition. Adulterated wheat feeds are wheat products to which has been added material derived from some other source than wheat. Indiana Milling Co Sterling, Sterling, Sterling, Sterling, Sterling, Sterling, Terre Haute, Ind. . . A. E. Lawrence & Son .... JAyer . . E . E . Cole Billerica . . . . W. J. Meek .PaU River . .W. R. Ross & Co Holyoke . . . John F. Hunt Lynn .... . . Glen Mills Cereal Co iRowley . . Meech & Stoddard, Middletown, Conn. Connecticut, Jacobson Bros. . IN. Dartmouth. 9.85 9.80 2.82 2.75 15.23 8.41 9.80 2.20 2.75 19.13 11.25 9.80 3.63 2.75 12.98 8.98 9.80 2.68 2.75 15.80 10.36 9.80 3.46 2.75 15.22 9.28 9.80 3.33 2.75 14.85 9.37 9.80 2.82 2.75 18.23' 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 18 ADULTERATED WHEAT FEEDS (Continued). Sampled at: Protein. Fat. ' Fiber. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. J. E. Soper Co., Boston, Mass. Kennebec McKenzie & Winslow .... Kennebec Dennison Plummer Co. . . . A. Waller & Co., Henderson, Ky. Fall River New Bedford . % 10.47 9.94 10.55 % 10.00 9.30 9.00 % 2.89 3.02 2.73 2.82 2.82 % ' % 3.00 13.40 2.75 16.32 2.00 14.27 % 14.00 14.00 17 00 Blue Grass Milford Grain Co Milford 1 10.12' 9.00 New Bedford .i 10.161 9.00 2.00 14.101 17.66 2.00 15.111 15.00 DAIRY FEEDS. Definition. Dairy feeds are proprietary feeds consisting of a mixture of several feeding stuffs and containing is or more per cent protein. J. Bibby & Sons, Liverpool, England. Oilcake Feed J. Loring & Co. Oilcake Feed J. Loring & Co. . W. Biles & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Union Grains, W. N. Potter Sons & Co. Union Grains, E. A. Cowee Union Grains Bryant & Soule Union Grains, Guay Bros Union Grains, Cutler Grain Co Union Grains, Cutler Grain Co Union Grains, P. W. Eaton & Co Union Grains, J. Gushing & Co Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Creamery Feed, . . . J. H. Nye . . Creamery Feed, . . . J. H. Nye . . Creamery Feed, . . . A. Culver Co. Chapin & Co, Unicorn, . Unicorn, . Unicorn, . Unicorn, . Unicorn, . Unicorn, . Hammond, Ind. Hoosac Val. Coal & Gr. Co. C. S. Barber J. Burkhardt J. Burkhardt W. A. Havnes Co., Inc. . W. N. Potter Grain Co. . Chas. M. Cox Co Wirthmore, Wirthmore, Wirthmore, Wirthmore, Wirthmore, Wirthmore, Wirthmore, Wirthmore, , Boston, Mass. .Eastern Grain Co. . C. H. Lafiin .C.Bond .W.J. Meek .A. H.Wood &Co. .H. Bruckman . . . . .Warner Bro.s .P. W. Eaton & Co. Wm. S. Hills Co., Boston, Mass. Purity, H.J. Williams H. O. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Algrane, Lenox Coal & Grain Co. Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. H. L. Patrick Watertown . Watertown . Hadley . . . Jefferson . . Middleboro N. Bedford S. Framingham S. Framingham Williamstown Winchendon . Brockton . . Brockton . . Rockland . . Adams .... Bernardston Beverly. . . . Beverly .... Maynard . . Princeton . Bridgewater Brookfield . . Charlton. . . . Fall River . . Framingham S. Lawrence Sunderland . Williamstown Lowell. . . Lenox . . . Hopedale 18.74 15.00 6.80 7.00 8.13 19.92 15.00 7.73 7.00 8.63 24.59 24.00 6.68 7.00 8.75 25.51 24. OC 7.35 7.0C 9.78 25.18 24. OC 7.39 7.0C 9.05 24.30 24. OC 7.57 7.0C 6.03 25.04 24. OC 6.00 7.0C 8.10' 23.73 24. OC 7.12 7.0C 8.52; 25.44 24. OC 6.93 7.00 9.20 25.18 24.00 7.49 7.00 8.52 20.52 18.00 4.95 4.00 8.98 20.10 18. OC 4.40 4.00 11.55| 20.62 18.00 4.54 4.00 9.33 26.84 26.00 5.20 5.50 9.78 27.06 25.00 5.12 5.50 9.55 1 30.26 25.00 5.57 5.50 9.75 25.13 25.00 5.25 5.50 8.44 25.06 26.00 7.93 5.50 9.20 28.15 26.00 6.83 5.50 9.63i 25.31 26.00 4.37 5.00 8.91 26.40 25.50 4.42 5.20 9.75 25.58 25.00 4.35 5.00 9.48 27.28 25.00 4.11 5.00 8.85 27.82 25.00 5.10 5.00 8.32 25.00 26.00 4.51 5.00 9.60 25.09 25.50 4.75 5.20 10.10 25.70 25.50 5.53 5.20 9.57 26.53 26.00 5.57 8.00 7.99 15.55 14.00 3.75 4.00 10.48 23.64 18.00 5.29 4.00 7.78 8.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 10.00 10.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 19 DAIRY FEEDS (Continued). Protein. Fat. Fiber. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Sampled at: 1 Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Northwest Mills Co., Winona, Mian. Milk Meal W. A. Haynes Co., Inc. . . Purina Mills, St. Louis, Mo. Protena D. B. Hodgkins Sons Maynard Gloucester .... % 25.44 19.75 % 25.00 20.00 % 2. SO 4.48 % 5.00 3.50 % 11.35 9.40 % 9.00 14.00 MOLASSES FEEDS. Definition. Molasses feeds are mixtures of molasses, low grade milling offal and high grade feeding stuffs. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Re- tailer. American Milling Co., Chicago, 111. Sucrene, Sucrene, Sucrene, Sucrene, Sucrene, . J. W. Raymond . Prentiss, Brooks & Co. . . Marlboro Grain Co. . . . .Milford Grain Co . Sprague & Williams . . . Sampled at: Concord Easthampton. . Marlboro Milford S. Framingham F. W. Dorr & Co., Newton Center, Mass. Harvard F. W. Dorr & Co iNewton Center Harvard F. W. Dorr & Co Newton Center F. W. Goeke & Co., St. Louis, Mo. i Holstein, ... .J. Burkhardt | Beverly Great Western Cereal Co., Chicago. Daisy, A. E. Lawrence & Son Ayer Fall River . . Hinsdale . . . Holyoke . . . Hopedale . . . Ipswich. .... Ipswich. .... New Bedford Westfield Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Griffin Bros C. A. Pierce Prentiss, Brooks & Co. H. L. Patrick W. G. Horton W. G. Horton P. Foisy Prentiss, Brooks & Co. Chas. A. Krause Milling Co., Milwaukee. Badger, F. H. Whitaker |E Longmeadow Northwest Mills Co., Winona, Minn. Sugarota, . . . W. X. Potter Grain Co. j Princeton . . . . Sugarota, . . .G. H. Reed W. Acton . . . . Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111. j Blue Ribbon, J. Burkhardt Beverly Blue Ribbon, J. H. Nye iBrockton Blue Ribbon, C. H. Laflin iBrookfield Blue Ribbon, W. O. Gilbert Lee Blue Ribbon, H. Houghton iMillbury Blue Ribbon, C. E. Terry jW. Springfield . Quaker, E. E. Cole jBillerica Quaker E. A. Kellogg & Sons .. [Feeding Hills . Quaker, C. B. Sampson Holyoke Quaker C. B. Sawin & Son Southboro .... Water. % 12.55 11.89 10.95 12.03 11.77 11.96 13.75 12.40 10.60 12.31 12.67 13.57 12.90 16.94 12.55 14.84 16.39 15.31 12.32 13.79 10.03 9.08 10.15 10.94 11.33 8.93 8.76 10.49, 9.40; 9.671 Protein. Found. Guar % 18.90 18.32 15.50 15.93 15.70 20.72 18.39 15.95 17.60 23.68 22.05 19.38 21.18 18.07 22.68 20.67 19.56 16.34 17.04 17.00 24.23 25.47 25.30 26.51 24.29: 24.02 15.08 15.88i 15.44! 18.181 % 16.50 16.50 16.50 16.50 16.50 18.00 18.00 15.00 15.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 16.00 16.50 16.50 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 Fat. Found. Guar, % 4.86 4.12 3.62 4.60 3.53 6.20 4.13 3.51 2.19 4.53 4.18 4.68 4.29 4.07 4.72 4.42 4.52 4.92 3.42 3.45 4.41 3.41 4.11 3.20 4.45 3.38 3.82 4.00 5.34 % 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 4.00 4.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 Fiber. Found. Guar 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 % 9.50 10.78 12.10 9.96 10.31 8.35 6.46 8.97 9.65 7. 8.14 6.74 8.05 7.37 8.19 6.47 7.68 1.38 2.00,^ 15.24 12.33 12.45 9.97 10.05 10.21 9.97 5.92 11.55 15.14 15.32 14.50 11.25 % 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 8.00 9.00 15.00 11.00 8.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 8.00 9.00 9.00 15.00 14.00 14.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 8.00 12.00 12.00 10.00 12.00 I 20 RYE FEEDS. Definition. Rye feeds are by-products obtained in the manufacture of flour from rye. Protein. Fat. Fiber. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Sampled at: Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Boutwell MiUing & Grain Co., Troy, N.Y. J. B. Garland & Son Worcester Holyoke % 17.20 15.50 % 13.60 13.50 % 2.87 3.12 % 3.00 3.00 % 4.38 3.43 %1 1 CALF MEAL. Definition. Calf meal is a proprietary mixture intended as a feed for young calves. J. Bibby & Sons, Liverpool, Eng. Watertown .... Watertown. . . . 15.46 16.42 14.00 14.00 15.00 13.90 14.00 14.00 4.75 4.90 Blatchford's Calf Meal Factory, Waukegan, IIL Blatchfords, M. C. Richmond Blatchfords, W. E. Bryant & Co Adams Brockton 25.79 24.08 25.00 25.00 6.05 4.80 5.00 5.00 6.61 4.81 5.00 Great Western Cereal Co., Chicago, Dl. Gregson's T. E. Borden N. Westport . . 26.93 25.00 6.30 5.00 4.43 5.00 Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111. Schumachers W. E. Bryant & Co Brockton 20.93 19.00 8.05 8.00 3.04 3.00 MISCELLANEOUS PROTEIN FEEDS. Atwood Stone Co., Minneapolis, Minn. ♦Cracker Jack, .... J. Shea [Lawrence . J. Bibby & Sons, Liverpool, Eng. | Oilcake horse feed, J. Loring & Co Watertown. Watertown . Watertown . Watertown . Oilcake horse feed, J. Loring & Co. Pig Meal J. Loring & Co. Pig Meal J. Loring & Co. Corn Products Refining Co., New York. Argo Corn Oil Meal, W. L. Palmer |Medway . Henry Jennings, Boston, Mass. | **H. S. Flax Feed, .Smith Feed Co jWestfield . Lexington Grain Co., Lexington, Mass. ' HoK Food, Lexington Grain Co iLexington . 15.03 17.65 19.57 13.44 14.45 20.49 16.69 25.48 15.00 6.85 — 11.45 16.00 16.00 13.00 13.00 8.10 6.78 5.52 6.47 7.00 7.00 6.00 6.00 8.03 8.00 7.95 8.78 19.00 7.32 7.50 8.85 18.00 14.22 15.00 12.25 5.00 4.51 2.00 5.33 15.00 *A mixture of flaxseed screenings and wheat screenings. **Flax seed screenings. 21 n. STARCHY (CARBOHYDRATE) FEEDS. CORN MEAL. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Sampled at: Water. Protein. Fat. Fiber. Ground by Retailer. E. J. Adams C. S. Barber Gt. Barrington Bernardston Middleboro % 19.37 19.52 12.85 20.15 19.27 20.51 12.48 17.14 21.13 12.81 17.57 12.43 12.98 13.16 20.31 13.12 13.42 19.85 12.94 21.54 21.14 13.49 12.77 19.48 12.81 12.96 14.60 19.94 20.79 12.84 13.28 13.05 19.31 13.37 20.26 13.05 18.22 20.69 15.67 13.27 19.81 13.48 19.68 13.91 13.00 19.06 % 8.14 8.69 9.33 8.54 8.78 8.44 9.15 8.54 8.38 8.98 9.03 9.28 8.98 8.98 7.41 8.76 8.84 8.13 8.98 8.65 8.37 9.07 10.16 8.52 9.37 9.17 8.61 8.70 8.55 9.24 9.00 9.07 8.36 9.30 8.68 9.11 8.05 8.79 8.57 9.34 8.37 9.66 8.53 9.32 10.07 7.90 % 4.43 3.42 4.04 3.46 3.53 2.96 3.85 3.43 3.25 3.96 2.06 3.97 3.57 3.97 2.65 3.99 3.70 3.37 3.9S 3.41 2.72 3.73 4.01 3.31 3.87 4.80 3.80 3.48 3.72 3.92 4.09 4.40 3.65 3.63 2.47 4.55 2.08 3.91 4.70 3.67 3.23 3.88 4.06 4.35 4.46 2.61 % 1.53 2.02 1.80 J. B. Bridges & Co S. Deerfield 2.04 2.07 E. A. Cole 1.57 F. G. Cover & Co 1.93 Lee 1.90 P. W. Eaton & Co 2.33 J. O. Ellison & Co 2.20 F. A. Fales & Co 1.67 F. A. Fales & Co 2.63 G. F. Greene Coal Co 3.19 1.47 1.48 1.94 J. F. Hunt 1.17 Fall River 1.52 Fall River 1.66 W. J. Meek Fall River 1.66 Morse Bros Southbridge 1.45 1.44 J. H. Nye 2.03 E. C. Packard 1.31 B. E. C. Packard 1.04 C. O. Parmenter & Co 1.95 2.12 Westfield 1.55 Smith Feed Co Westfield 1.77 C.N. Upham 1.78 Warren 1.98 M. G. Williams Raynham 1.65 M. G. Williams Ravnham 1.57 F. F. Woodward & Co Fitchburg 2.45 E. W. Bailey & Co., Montpelier, Vt. J. E. Merrick & Co 1.90 Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Mohawk, T. H. Emerson 0.95 Mohawk, F. H. Crane & Co 0.71 E. A. Cowee, Worcester. E. A. Cowee Jefferson 2.23 E. Crosby & Co., Brattieboro, Vermont. N. Hatfield Grain Co N. Hatfield 3.49 Cutler Grain Co., North Wilbraham. G. W. Reynolds Co Chelsea 2.67 W. 0. Gilbert Lee 2.23 Milford 2.36 Elmore Milling Co., Oneonta, N. Y. 1.73 Wm. S. Hill Co., Boston, Mass. W. H. Garland 2.05 Hobart Mills, Weymouth, Mass. C. S. Tarbox 1.65 Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Hoosac Valley Coal & Grain Co. . 0.96 99 CORN MEAL (Continued). Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Meech & Stoddard, Middletown, Conn. Ilorvitz Grain Co MoUett Grain Co., McCIure, Ohio. AAA, Robinson, Jones Co Narragansett Milling Co., E. Providence, R. I. A Taunton Grain Co A, Taunton Grain Co B, Taunton Grain Co B A. Culver Co W. N. Potter & Sons, Greenfield, Mass. A. D. Potter Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111. Golden, Butman & Cressey Stratton & Co., Concord, N. H. I. J. Rowell H. K. Webster Co., Lawrence, Mass. H. Bruckman. . . Average — Fall Collection . . . Average — Winter Collection Sampled at: New Bedford Natick Taunton Taunton Taunton Rockland Orange . . Lynn . . . Pepperell Lawrence Water. Protein. % 12. 9S 15.42 20.66 12.83 13.24 12.89 21.34 12.43 13.26 19.86 % 9.11 Fat. 9.46 9.17 3.41 % 2.33 3.09 8.51 7.89 9.33 9.07 9.15 8.39 14.02| 8.89; 2.78 I j 12.851 9.461 3.80 3.50 9.33 4.05 9.071 3.57 3.58 3.48 Fiber. 4.97 3.91 3.26 GROUND OATS. Ground by Retailer. E. J. Adam.s , Hingham Grain Mill Inc. Hingham Grain Mill Inc. W. H. Horton J. H. Nye E. C. Packard CO. Parmenter & Co. . Smith Feed Co M. G. Williams M. G. Williams Smith, Northam & Co., Hartford, Conn. J. F. Ray J. F. Ray Stratton & Co., Concord, N. H. I. J. Rowell F. F. Woodward & Co., Fitchburg, Mass. Blood Bros . . . J. Franks Gt. Barrington Hingham Hingham Ipswich Brockton Brockton S. Sudbury . . . Westfield Raynham . . . . Raynham . . . . Franklin Franklin Pepperell Medfield New Bedford 13.58 2.97 12.83 4.07 11.91 4.91 — 12.94 4.03 12.69 5.24 13.71 4.82 12.55 4.68 — 11.78 4.18 12.69 4.38 — 12.96 4.67 12.43 4.33 — 11.38 4.09 — 12.61 4.31 13.40 4.05 — 12.92 3.42 RYE MEAL. E. C. Packard, Brockton, Mass. E C Packard — 10.20 12.13 1.81 1.65 1.75 E. C. Packard 2.00 23 HOMINY MEAL. Definition. Hominy meal, feed or chop is a by-product in the manufacture of hominy grits from corn, and consists of the hull and corn germ together with a considerable portion of the corn starch. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Ameriian Hominy Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Honico CO. Parmenter & Co. M. F. Baringer, Philadelphia, Penn. Mansfield Milling Co. T. E. Borden Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. C. P. McClanathan. F. Knight Griffin Bros Griffin Bros W. N. Potters Sons S. B. Green Co. . . . Sampled at: S. Sudbury. Mansfield N. Westport Barre Plains Charlton Depot Fall River , Fall River . . Springfield Watertown. . Adams Chapin & Co., Hammond, Ind. Green Diamond, . . Hoosac Val. Coal & Gr. Co. Chas. M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Wirthmore, M. C. Richmond jAdams . . . Wirthmore Scott Grain Co Amesbury Wirthmore, J. H. Nye JBrockton . Wirthmore Bosworth & Son jLeominster W^irthmore, Milford Grain Co iMilford . . Wirthmore F. Diehl & Son jWellesley . Elevator Milling Co., Springfield, EI. Ideal C. Bond Ideal, Blood Bros Ideal Thorne Bros Charlton . Medfield Millis . . . Evans Milling Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Evans, G. M. Foster iLowell. Evans J. F. Hunt ILynn . W. H. HaskeU & Co., Toledo, Ohio. F. Gauvin Charles Herendeen Milling Co., Chicago, 111. W. K. Gilmore & Sons . . . Hunter-Robinson-WenzMilling Co., St. Louis, Mo, Capital E. A. Cowee Capital, H. Houghton Capital, Thorne Bros Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Yellow, A. C. Boice Chas. A. Krause Milling Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Badger, McKenzie & Winslow . . . . H. C. McEachron Co., Wausau, Wis. J. Shea Marlboro Walpole Jefferson Millbury. Millis . . . Miner-Hillard Milling Co., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. C. P. McClanathan. .. W. E. Bryant & Co. . McKenzie & Winslow Conway . . Fall River Lawrence Barre Plains Brockton . . . Fall River . . Protein. Fat. Fovmd. Guar. I Found. Guar % 10.68 10.59 10.99 10.73 10.15 10.77 10.51 10.82 10.38 10.73 11.17 10.24 11.03 10.66 11.29 10.33 11.25 11.34 11.08 10.82 10.52 10.82 11.08 9.77 9.24 9.37 10.90 12.08 10.73 11.60 10.24 10.73 % .50 9.00 9.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10. OO 10.00, 10.00 10.00 9.50 9.50 9.50 9.50 9.501 9.50! 11.02 11.02 11.02, 10.00 10.00 10.25 10.15 11.02 11.02 9.35 % 6.92 4.28 7.77 10.38 7.27 8.67 7.72 8.87 4.98 5.83 4.83 9.001 7.07 1 9.00| 7.80 11. Oo! 8.17 lO.OOi 5.57 10. Oa' 6.77 10.00; 6.43 % 7.00 6.00 6.00 9.63 7.00 7.62 7.00 8.05 7.00 5.30 7.00 7.98 7.00 7.77 7.00 8.10 7.00 9.00 7.50 7.63 7.50 8.32 7.50 7.52 7.50 8.00 7.50 7.17 7.50 9.32 7.70 9.56 7.70 Fiber. Found. Guar 7.70 7.50 7.50 8.10 6.40 7.78 7.78 7.78 6.00 6.00 8.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 % 3.53 3.80 3.95 4.20 3.631 4.21 3.65 3.38 3.37 3.85! 5.25 3.61' 1.75 3.73 3.35 3.73 4.73 4.35 4.27 3.20 4.83! 3.02 4.00 3.73 5.48 3.20 4.00 3.13 3.13 3.42 4.15 3.10 24 HOMINY MEAL (Continued). Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Miner-Hillard Milling Co. (Cont.) W. N. Potters Sons & Co. Boweu & Fuller Bowen & Fuller A. Altman I. J. Rowell Patent Cereals Co., Geneva, N. Y. W. N. Potter Grain Co. Dodge Mill Co J. B. Garland & Son . . . J. E. Soper Co., Boston, Mass. Blue Ribbon, Glen Mills Cereal Co. .. Blue Ribbon Glen Mills Cereal Co. .. Blue Ribbon, A. N. Wliittemore & Co. Span Cereal Co., Marshfield, Wis. J. Shea Standard Cereal Co., Chillicothe, Ohio. Standco, McKenzie & Winslow Standco, Howe Bros Standco, W. Livingston Standco, G. H. Reed Suffern, Hunt & Co., Decatur, 111. Acme C. Bond Acme, Lummus & Parker . . . Toledo Elevator Co., Indianapolis, Ind. *Star Feed, J. Shea *otar Feed, Strong Grain Co *Star Feed, Curley Bros Sampled at: Hadley Leominster. . . Leominster. . . New Bedford Pepperell . . . . Protein. Found. Guar % 10.90 11.35 10.55 10.55 11.59 Princeton . . . .' 10.68 Saundersville .' 10.59 Worcester 10.94 I Rowley ! 11.08 Rowley 10.63 Worcester 10.77 Lawrence Fall River . Gardner . . . Lowell W. Acton Charlton. . . Danversport Lawrence . . . New Bedford Wakefield Jet. 11.34 10.82 11.21 9.86 10.64 11.21 10.86 9.11 9.37 8.89 Fat. Found. Guar % I 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.001 lO.OOi 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 % 6.33 6.57 5.60 7.06 5.72 7.96 7.97 7.87 7.68 8.01 8.17 9.84 7.97 7.90 6.10 7.98 Fiber. Found. Guar % 7.50J 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.00 7.00 7.00 8.00 8.00 7.00 8.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 5.50 5.50 5.50 % 3.88 4.15 2.90 3.96 3.30 3.60 3.95 3.89 4.15 3.55 3.80 4.35 1.90 2.73 7.85 9.30 9.30 ♦Contains ground corn cob. Definition. PROVENDER. Provender is a mixture of straight corn and oats ground together. Ground by Retailer. E. J. Adams Gt. Barrington E. A. Cole Housatonio E. A. Cowee Worcester F. A. Fales & Co 'Norwood F. A. Fales & Co jNorwood W. Livingston Lowell . . . E. C. Packard jBrockton Plummer&JenningsGr. Co. New Bedford W. N. Potters Sons Springfield C. H. Smith |Dighton . . M. G. Williams Raynham M. G. Williams Raynham E. A. Cowee, Worcester, Mass. L J. Rowell I. J. Rowell Elmore Milling Co., Oneonta, N. Y. Western Coal & Grain Co. Pepperell Pepperell No. Adams 10.42 3.93 3.20 11.29 — 4.05 — 5.50 10.99 8.0C 4.13 3.0C 5.33 10.86 3.82 — 8.75 10.24 — 3.25 — . 4.55 8.14 10.00 3.93 3.00 8.28 10.47 4.10 — . 5.30 10.38 — 4.17 — . 9.30 12.74 — 2.55 — . 9.65 11.56 — 4.71 — - 6.99 10.64 — . 4.57 — 4.33 10.20 — 3.73 — 4.55 11.03 9.00 3.40 3.00 4.77 10.86 9.00 3.23 3.00 4.88 10.24 — 4.80 — 4.40 25 PROVENDER (Continued). Protein. Fat. Fiber. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Sampled at: Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Husted MiUing Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Steam Cooked Feed, Prentiss Brooks & Co Steam Cooked Feed, P. Foisey Steam Cooked Feed, F. H. Crane & Sons Steam Cooked Feed, Ropes Bros Steam Cooked Feed, Prentiss, Brooks & Co Imperial Grain & Milling Co., Toledo, Ohio. Imperial Torrence Vary & Co Imperial, S. B. Green & Co Narragansett Milling Co., E. Providence, R. I. Taunton Teaming Co Smith, Northam Co., Hartford, Conn. J. F. Ray J. F. Ray Stratton & Co., Concord, N. H. I. J. Rowell Easthampton . . New Bedford . Quincy Adams Salem Westfield Lynn Watertown .... Taunton Franklin Franklin Pepperell % 10.90 9.68 10.82 9.98 10.73 10.16 9.94 10.42 10.03 9.72 10.77 % 8.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.50 9.50 9.50 9.00 9.00 % 4.37 4.23 3.87 4.29 4.40 4.63 4.45 3.22 4.85 3.17 3.34 % 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.50 4.00 4.00 % 5.48 5.45 2.35 4.54 5.65 2.82 3.07 3.78 4.63 5.23 7.55 % 6.00 8.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 4.00 4.00 Definition. STOCK AND HORSE FEEDS. (Containing less than 12% protein.) Proprietary mixtures consisting largely of oat by-products, corn and sometimes other material. Amendt Milling Co., Monroe, Mich. Amco, Rollstone Grain Co Fitchburg Amco, Rollstone Grain Co [Fitchburg Amco C. L. Marsh I Webster . . Wm. C. Brett, No. Abington, Mass. | Alright, W. C. Brett IN. Abington Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Chop G. W. Reynolds & Son Chop, A. Altman Chop, Horvitz Grain Co. Chelsea New Bedford New Bedford Chop, J. Loring & Co iWatertown Horse, Griffin Bros. Horse, G. M. Foster Horse, Butman & Cressey Horse, A. Culver Co Stock, T. H. Emerson. . . . Stock, Morse Bros Chesbro Milling Co., Salamanca, N. Y. Chesbro's, J. B. Bridges & Co. Chas. M. Cox Co Charlestock, Wirthmore, Wirthmore, Wirthmore, Wirthmore, Wirthmore, Fall River Lowell. . . Lynn . . . Rockland E.Weymouth Southbridge . S. Deerfield , Boston, Mass. W. R. Ross & Co Holyoke Scott Grain Co Amesbury C. P. McClanathan JBarre Plains F. F. Woodward & Co. . . .jFitchburg . . Bowen & Fuller Leominster. . Whitney Coal & Grain Co. |N. Adams . J. Cashing & Co., Hudson, Mass. i Hudson, J. Gushing & Co .Hudson . . Hudson, J. Cashing & Co Hudson . . Hudson, F. Gauvin Marlboro 10.24 7.00 4.46 3.82 6.60 11.43 7.87 4.83 3.92 6.03 10.82 7.87 6.45 3.82 14.33 9.40 9.00 6.08 4.00 7.79 8.32 7.00 3.54 3.00 11.98 8.41 7.0C 3.87 3.0C 11.89 8.23 7.0C 4.10 3.0C 7.77 7.62 7.00 3.99 3.0C 13.00 11.38 10. OC 4.38 4.oa 4.00 9.00: 11.87 10.00 4.57 5.60 ' 11.78 10.00 4.52 4.0C 6.93 ( 11.99 10. OC 4.27 4.00 9.68' 9.24 8.00 4.88 4.O0 7.72; 9.89 8.00 5.10 4.00 9.78 9.02 10.00 3.57 3.25 5.10 8.67 6.00 5.20 3.00 10.58i 9.28 9.00 6.73 4.00 6.93 10.07 9.00 6.43 4.00 6.201 9.24 9.00 5.73 4.00 6.48; 9.54 9.00 4.83 4.00 5.34; 9.42 9.00 5.33 4.00 5.33! 9.63 9.50 6.18 4.00 7.35 9.50 10.00 4.78 4.00 4.671 9.72 10.00 5.42 4.00 8.331 10.90 10.95 12.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 8.00 8.00 3.00 8.00 9.00 9.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 26 STOCK AND HORSE FEEDS (Containing less than 1 2rc protein.) (Continued). Sampled at: Protein. Fat. Fiber. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found.] Guar. F. W. Dorr & Co., Newton Center, Mass. Matchless, F. W. Dorr & Co Xewton Center Xewton Center % 9.94 8.411 % % 10.00 7.02 10.00 3.80 % i % 4 00 6 64 % Matchless F. W. Dorr & Co 4.00 5.00, — Empire Guay Bros New Bedford Empire, Guay Bros Xew Bedford J. B. Garland & Son, Worcester, Mass. Red Tag A, Bond Grain Co Charlton Red Tag A H. Houghton MiUburj' Red Tag A J. B. Garland & Son Worcester. . . . Red Tag B, Brown Bros Xorthbridge . . D. H. Grandin Milling Co., Jamestown, N. Y. Grandins, A. Dodge Sons Corp Beverly Grandins, McKenzie & Winslow .... Fall River . . Grandins, J. Shea Lawrence . . Grandins, Knight Grain Co Xewburj-port Grandins A. X. Whittemore Worcester. . . Great Western Cereal Co., Chicago, Dl. Sterling, C. Bond Charlton .... 9.2S 8.541 1 7.50 7.50 4.27 3.57 3.00 3.00 5.51 6.55 9.00 9.00 1 IO.O7I 10.59 11.03 9.81 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 4.74 4.73 4.67 4.02 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 12.05 10.53 12.44 14.35 — 8.54' 9.93 8.34 9.89 3.49 10.00 8.50 10.00 8.50 10.00 3.00 3.30 2.90 3.28 3.27 4.40 3.50 4.40 3.50 4.40 5.50 9.25 5.80 4.10 8.00 8.21 9.00 8.21 9.00 8.21 10.99 10.00 3.54 4.00 5.72 10.00 W. H. HaskeU & Co., Toledo, Ohio. Haskells Rollstone Grain Co Fitchburg . . . Haskells Milford Grain Co Milford HaskeUs, F. Gauvin Marlboro .... Haskells, Robinson, Jones & Co. . . . Xatick Haskells, Strong Grain Co New Bedford Wm. S. Hills Co., Boston, Mass. Puritj^ C. T. Wyman Hubbardston Purity, Thatcher & Ireland Littleton Purity G. Methe & Son Springfield . . H. O. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Algrane Horse, . . . .Lenox Coal & Grain Co. ... Lenoxdale . . Algrane Horse Knight Grain Co Xewburjijort Algrane Horse, . . . .Knight Grain Co Xewburj-port Algrane Horse S. L. Davenport & Son ... X. Grafton Algrane Horse, . . . .Beaver Coal & Grain Co.. . Xorwood . Algrane Horse, . . . .Beaver Coal & Grain Co. . . Xorwood . De Fi Knight Grain Co Xewburj"port De Fi, J. Paull & Co Taunton N. E. S. F., Rollstone Grain Co Fitchburg X\ E. S. F., C. G. Burnham Holyoke >s'. E. S. F Beaver Coal -, H. L. Patrick Hopedale 13 . 62 J. Burkhardt, Beverly, Mass. Colonial, J. Burkhardt Beverly. Colonial J. Burkhardt Beverly. Husted Milling Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Husted Horse, . . . .W. K. GUmore & Sons 13.75 14.54 12 37 6.43 .00 4.57 ,00 3.72 ,00 4.37' , Walpole 13.14 12.00 4.67 Lexington Grain Co., Lexington, Mass. Alfalfa Horse Lexington Grain Co Lexington 12.69 9, Alfalfa Horse Lexington Grain Co Lexington 14.06 11 . Ropes Bros., Salem, Mass. I Horse, Ropes Bros Salem 00 5.57 00 5.73 i 14.63 16.00 5.97 3.92 5.7S 3.00 9.63 6.00 5.00 7.13 8.30, 4.00 5.20 2.00 3.00 8.05 7.20 5.00 B.47 10.95 9.00 Definition. DRIED BEET PULP. Dried beet pulp is the dried sugar beet residue obtained in the manufacture of beet stigar. Larrowe Milling Co., Detroit, Mich. E. A. Cole Billerica .... J. X. Waite Easthampton F. H. Whitaker E Longmeadow McKenzie & Winslow .... Fall River . Glen Mills Cereal Co Rowlev . . . J. B. Bridges & Co S. Deerfield W. K. Gilmore &. Sons . . . Walpole . . . 9.02 8.00 9.63 8.00 9.42 8.00 9.24 S.OO 7.79 3.00 9.72 8.00 8.10 8.00 0.68' 0.98 0.40 0.47 0.70 0.45 0.90, 18.55 13.73 17.35 17.03 19.00 13.90 13.03 28 MOLASSES FEEDS. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Re- tailer. Sampled at: Water. Protein. Fat. Fiber. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. American Milling Co., Chicago, 111. ^^ U. Sucrene Horse, .G. Methe & Sons . . . Edward S. Emory, Boston, Mass. Alolassine, ... .1. Morton & Co Husted MiUing Co. Buffalo, N. Y. Alfalfa Horse, .Bedford Coal&Gr.Co. Alfalfa Horse, .R. W. Davies Germaline Bedford Coal&Gr. Co. Germaline A. Dodge & Sons .. Germaline W. G. Horton M. C. Peters Mill Co., Omaha, Neb. Alfal-Fat-Sugar Highland Mills Arab H. Feed, .Highland Mills June Pasture, . .Highland Mills Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111. Quaker Dairy, . . Blood Bros Springfield . . . Plymouth Bedford Greenfield .... Bedford Beverly Ipswich Newton H'lnds Newton H'lnds Newton H'lnds Medfield % 14.70 24.71 17.86 15.22 20.32 12.39 22.33 19.76 17.53 18.28 9.88 % 11.25 8.91 12.82 12.09 9.50 9.26 9.45 10.46 10.67 11.42 14.11 % 10.00 7.00 10.00 10.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 10.00 9.00 10.00 16.00 % 2.99 0.36 3.42 3.96 5.27 2.93 5.40 0.69 2.52 0.93 3.71 % 3.50 0.50 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 0.50 2.00 0.50 3.50 % 8.91 5.44 6.52 7.66 2.09 1.20 2.33 13.77 8.18 16.67 13.29 % 12.00 15.00 15.00 4.00 26.00 15.00 26.00 12.00 MISCELLANEOUS STARCHY FEEDS. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Sampled at: Protein. Found. Guar. Fat. Found. Guar. Fiber. Found Guar. A. H. Brown & Bros., Boston, Mass. Dried Grains H. H. Grossman Needham Chas. M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Oat Feed W. J. Meek Oat Feed W. J. Meek Oat Feed, W. Livingston Oat Feed Whitney Coal & Grain Co. F. A. Fales & Co., Norwood, Mass. Cracked Corn Sft'gs.F. A. Fales & Co Glen Mills Cereal Co., Rowley, Mass. Corn Bran, Glen M; Fine Corn Bran, . . . Glen M Coarse Corn Bran, .Glen Mills Cereal Co Coarse Corn Bran, .Glen M Corn Middlings, . . .Glen M Corn Middlings, lis Cereal Co. lis Cereal Co. lis Cereal Co. lis Cereal Co. Glen Mills Cereal Co. Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, 111. Maz-All Corn Feed, A. Dodge & Sons Muz-All Corn Feed, G. M. Foster Fall River Fall River Lowell. . . . N. Adams Norwood Rowley Rowley Rowley Rowley Rowley Rowley Beverly . Lowell Nathan Tufts & Sons, Charlestown, Mass. Damaged C. Meal, .G. M. Foster 'Lowell. Damaged C. Meal, .F. G. Cover & Co iLowell. % 11.20 4.87 5.82 5.48 4.82 7.71 9.62 9.95 7.44 9.83 10.88 7.57 7.84 9.63 9.89 % 10.00 7.00 9.00| 9.00 7.00i 12.00 10.00 9.50 9.50 % 4.01 5.75 2.13 5.75! 2.48 6.00; 3.12 6.00 2.05 3.17 4.96 6.00 6.60 3.29 7.29 8.17 0.67 2.00 3.56 3.44 % 2.50 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.00 12.00 8.00 1.40 1.40 % 12.23 2.50 28.10 2.50 25.18 2.00 23.10 2.00, 27.58 1.64 11.18 7.62 6.72 9.22 2.06 4.37 0.28 0.68 3.03 2.98 26.00 26.25 2.00 2.00 29 m. POULTRY FEEDS. MEAT SCRAPS. Sampled at: Protein. Fat. Ash. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. 1 Found Guar. Found Guar. Found. Guar. First Grade (over 45 per cent Protein). % % % % % % Beach Soap Co., Lawrence, Mass. Lawrence . . . . 51.58 55.00 26.00 15.00 16.10 Albert Culver Co., Rockland, Mass. A. Culver Co Rockland 45.32 46.00 22.35 19.00 19.36 L. T. Frisbee Co., New Haven, Conn. Dresser Hull Co Lee 48.78 40.00 9.08 8.00 32.76 W. D. Higgins, S. Framingham. Weymouth . . . 49.13 50.00 18.65 12.00 22.37 A. Lord & Co., Chelsea, Mass. D. B. Hodgkins Sons Manchester . . . 53.06 30.00 25.17 17.00 14.59 — Park & Pollard Co., Boston, Mass. Blue Ribbon Bosworth & Son Leominster .... 54.10 70.00 12.18 10.00 21.12 Portland Rendering Co., Portland, Me. Poultry Food M. H. Rolfe Est Newburyport . . 45.53 40.00 11.62 8.00 32.68 — Richmond Abattoir, Richmond, Va. Rava Meat Meal, .Milford Grain Co Rava Meat Meal, .Lexington Grain Co Milford Lexington 84.67 85.99 85.00 85.00 8.15 7.02 7.00 7.00 2.56 2.23 — Springfield Rendering Co., Springfield, Mass. Poultry Food, C. H. Laflin Brookfield 50.79 40.00 10.28 8.00 26.92 H. K. Webster Co., Lawrence, Mass. H. K. Webster Co H. K. Webster Co Lawrence .... Lawrence .... 44.97 52.10 55.00 55.00 9.75 12.25 12.00 12.00 33.06 25.36 — Whitman & Pratt Rendering Co., Lowell, Mass. W. N. Potters Sons Springfield . . . 45.00 40.00 16.48 10.00 26.66 — Worcester Rendering Co., Auburn, Mass. F. F. Woodward & Co. ... Fitchburg .... 47.33 40.00 9.00 9.00 30.97 — Second Grade (Below 45 per cent protein). Greene Chicken Feed Co., Marblehead, Mass. Old Fashioned Greene Chicken Feed Co. . Marblehead . . 37.58 40.00 14.77 5.00 32.70 — W. D. Higgins, South Framingham, Mass. Milford Grain Co C. G. Jordan Milford E. Weymouth 40.37 33 71 30.00 30 00 8.33 11 53 12.00 12 00 40.55 40 55 — J. A. Torrey, Rockland, Mass. A. Culver Co S,ockland .... 41.94 40.00, 21.20 15.00 24.20 30 MEAT AND BONE MEAL. Sampled at: Protein. Fat. Ash. Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Found.' Guar. 1 Beach Soap Co., Lawrence, Mass. Leominster .... Marlboro Billerica Brookfield .... Brookfield % 28.63 48.74 39.10 26.62 24.62 % 30.00 54.00 35.00 30.00 30.00 % 11.33 1.73 7.45 8.40 13.08 % 10.00 2.00 8.00 10.00 10.00 % 53.33 38.94 37.78 51.44 52.35 % International Glue Co., Boston, Mass. Ground Fish Marlboro Grain Co Lowell Rendering Co., Lowell, Mass. I'eerless F. G. Moray Ross Bros., Worcester, Mass. Poultry Meal, C. H. Laflin Poultry Meal, C. H. Laflin BONE MEAL. Springfield Rendering Co., Springfield, Mass. Prentiss, Brooks & Co. Dexter Root Co Easthampton. . Springfield . . . 23.96 22.38 20.00 20.00 5.72 4.03 5.00 5.00 59.95 63.42 POULTRY MASH AND MEAL. r Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Sampled Protein. Fat. Fiber. Manufacturer o at: Found. Guar. ■ Found. Guar. Found. Guar. Local Mixtures. Best of All, . . . Leominste Brockton -.... 20.31 .... 20.84 20.00 14.00 5.55 5.30 4.00 5.00 3.15 5.21 — Morning Mash, . . .W. E. Bryant & Co — Morning Mash, .. .W. E. Bryant & Co Brockton .... 18.51 14.00 4.87 5.00 10.25 — Laying Feed, . . . . Jacob Burkhardt Beverly. . .... 21.08 22.00 4.73 4.00 5.62 — Laying Feed, . . . . Jacob Burkhardt Beverly. . .... 23.38 22.00 5.70 4.00 7.00 — Growing Feed, . . . . Jacob Burkhardt Beverly . . .... 19.05 — ■ 4.28 — 5.32 — Perfect, . ..J. B. Cover & Co Lowell. . . .... 17.65 15.00 4.77 2.00 7.88 — . . . E. A. Cowee, Worcester Needham .... 15.99 ... 21.98 12.00 20.00 4.75 5.02 4.00 5.00 3.74 7.94 — Eureka, . . .H. A. Grossman Co 5.00 Henola, .. .J. Gushing & Co Hudson . . .... 14.45 13. OC 3.03 3.00 3.82 4.00 Gloucester Norwood Marblehea Marblehea .... 20.88 .... 15.55 d .. 13.52 d .. 12.59 12.00 12.00 5.57 3.72 4.98 3.55 3.00 3.00 7.74 5.85 5.50 4.19 — . F. A. Fales & Co — Fish Mash, .... — Growing Feed, . . . .Greene Chicken Feed Co. . — S. B. Green & Co Watertowr I.... 22.54 20.00 5.18 5.00 5.11 — Fish Mash, .... ...S. B. Green & Co Watertowr 1.... 23.29 20.00 4.63 4.00 7.43 — Meat Mash, . . ...S. B.Green & Co Watertowr 1.... 22.55 20. OC 5.83 4.00 4.45' — Wadsworth, . . . . . D. B. Hodgkins Sons Gloucester .... 18.95 13.00 4.83 4.00 5.93 — • D. B. Hodgkins Sons Gloucester .... 19.55 — .5.74 — 7.40 • — Hoosac Val. Coal & Gr. Co. Adams . . .... 18.74 15.00 4.55 4.00 10.13 10.00 Lexington, .... . . . Lexington Grain Co Lexington .... 23.91 18.00 4.66 3.00 5.53 — Lexington . . . Lexington Grain Co Lexington .... 24.04 13.00 4.17 3.50 5.35 — • Maine Mash, . . . . William Livingston Lowell . . . .... 15.15 10.00 4.14 3.00 9.72 — Maine Mash, . . . .William Livingston Lowell . . . .... 15.90 10.00 4.43 3.00 7.50 — Quality, . . . N. E. Poultry Supply Co. . Springfield ... 12.73 15.00 3.57 5.00 5.25 ■ — - Salem . . . Westfield Northamp Lawrence .... 17.43 .... 21.80 ton . 25.53 .... 19.09 18.00 25.00 3.55 5.52 5.72 5.28 4.00 4.00 7.38 10.70 7.25 10.15, Smith Feed Co — Smith's, W. H. Smith — . n H. K. Webster Co — Very Best, .... . . .F. F. Woodward & Co. . . . Fitchburg .... 14.05 11.00 2.78 3 . oo; 7.50' — Buffalo Cereal Co. Buffalo, N. Y. T. H. Emerson E.Weymo jth . 14.75 15.00 5.22 4.00: 4.30 5.00 Fall River Quincy At .... 15.15 ams 16.95 15,00 15.00 5.20 4.88 4.0O 4.00 4.80 4.93 5.00 F. H. Crane & Sons 5.00 31 I POULTRY MASH AND MEAL (Continued). Manufacturer or Jobber, Brand and Retailer. Sampled at: Protein. Found. Guar Fat. Fiber. Found. Guar. Found. Guar E. A. Cowee, Worcester, Mass. Crescent I.J. Rowell Pepperell Crescent I.J. Rowell Pepperell Chas. M. Cox Co., Boston, Mass. Wirtlimore Dexter Root Co .... Springfield . . Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, 111. Queen J. F. Ray jFranklin . . . . Queen, J. F. Ray Franklin . . . . R. D. Eaton Grain & Feed Co., Norwich, N. Y. Perfection, Prentiss, Brooks & Co. . . . Easthampton. Greene Chicken Feed Co., Marblehead, Mass. Fish Mash F. G. Morey ,Billerica Green River Grain Co., Greenfield, Mass. A. D. Potter iOrange W. N. Potter Grain Co. .IPrinceton ... Wm. S. Hills Co., Boston, Mass. Purity, C. T. Wyman Purity, Thacher & Ireland Purity, I.J. Rowell H. O. Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Lenox Coal & Grain Co. Hubbardston Littleton Pepperell . . . . jLenoxdale Husted Mining Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Lajdng Mash, H. L. Patrick Hopedale Park & Pollard Co., Boston, Mass. i Green Coal Co jCampello F. W. Dorr Co iNewton Center W. N. Potter Grain Co. . .IPrinceton . . . . Purina Mills, St. Louis, Mo. ! Chicken Chowder, .Knight Grain Co jNewburj-port. . Chicken Chowder, .J. Paull & Co iTaunton Shredded Wheat Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Shred. Wheat Waste, F. Diehl & Son . . . , Wellesley % 22.94 23. S2 15. S4 12.04 12.26 23.29 X4.67 17.65 17.21 16.42 13.09 17.21 13.26 16.50 22.56 20.55 15.02 17.34 19.35 12.22 % 20.00 20.00 12. U, 11.00 11.00 20.00! 12.00J 16.46 16.46 16.00 17.00 15.00 20.00! 20. oo: 20.00 16.00 is.ooi 5.22 5.10 3.18 3.92 2.49 3.77 3.23 4.12 4.91 4.88 3.85 4.71 4.52 5.10 3.33 2.91 2.94 4.23 3.97 4.00 4.00 % 5.40 5.43 3.00 9.58 2.50 2.50 4.001 3.00, 4.14i 4.14! 4.30 5.50 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.50 2.00 10.98 7.92 9.25 4.45 7.93 9.18 9.54 5.43 5.68 6.58 4.70 6.38 6.81 3.75 8.25 8.13 % 10.00 10.00 10. oo: 1.27 1.50, 2.85 10.00 9.00 8.00 9.00 9.00 2.00 ALFALFA MEAL. Campello Clarence S. Briggs, Fowler, Colorado. H. L. Patrick Hopedale . . . Alorse Bros Southbridge Albert Dickinson Co., Chicago, 111. Greene Coal Co W. L. Palmer Med way H. Bruckraan S. Lawrence Kemper Mill & Elevator Co., Kansas City, Mo. Ropes Bros Salem Purina Mills, St. Louis, Mo. M. G. Williams Purity Milling Co., Manhattan, Kansas. A. Carr Wichita Alfalfa Stock Food Co., Wichita, Kansas. W. Livingston jLowell Raynham Northboro 10.51 12.00 1.58 1.50 14.59, 12.00 1.05 1.50 14.41 10.51 14.05 13.53 13.93 12.74 12.00! 1.22 12.00; 0.98 12.00^ 1.57 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.25 13.50 1.55 15.001 1.32j 2.60 — ' 1.65 — 15.05 14.30 1.57 2.20 25.72! 34.00 29.75 34.00 29.62 37.88 31.25 35.00 35.00 35.00 30.00 20.00 28.56 29.53 31.52 30.69 26.00 32 DISCUSSION OF THE INSPECTION. I. Protein Feeds. Cottonseed meal is the ground residue ob- Cottonseed Meal tained in the extraction of oil from the Pages 12-14 cottonseed kernel. Its protein content and feeding value are affected by the amount of hulls incorporated in the meal. Cottonseed meal is much more uniform and nearer to its guarantee than formerly; few samples are found that exceed their protein guarantee by more than one or two percent. Whether this is due to the fact the manufacturers standardize their product by the addition of hulls in the case of meal running much over 41 percent in protein or to some other reason, we have been unable to ascertain. Several samples of cottonseed feed (a mixture of unground hulls and meal) were collected. The hulls contained in the Creamo brand are sometimes known as cottonseed hull bran. The lint has been entirely removed from these hulls to be used as paper stock and in other ways. Cottonseed feed containing ap- proximately 24 percent protein, does not have much over one- half of the value of standard cottonseed meal. When fed in connection with bulky concentrates such as wheat bran, cottonseed meal of good quality is usually the cheapest source of protein. Average Analyses and Retail Prices. No. Samples Protein (per cent). Fat (per cent). High Grades (Choice). 1910. 23 42.35 7.96 Medium Grades (Prime and Good). 1910. 25 39.14 8.07 High and Me- dium Grades 1910. 48 41.51 8.02 Price a ton, $37.43 $38.21 $37.32 No. Samples, Protein (per cent), 1911. 15 42.37 1911. 15 39.69 1911. 30 41.03 Fat (per cent), 8.38 8.07 8.23 Fiber (per cent), 6.86 8.54 7.70 Price a ton, $34.36 $33.84 $34.06 33 I9I3> 1912, 1912. 42 22 64 42.06 39.10 41.04 7.83 7.57 7.74 7.86 9.36 8.38 $34.70 $33.85 $34.40 No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent), Fiber (per cent) , Price a ton. The price of linseed meal has been so high Linseed Meal dttring the past season that it is entitled to Pages 14-15 no consideration as an economical feeding stuff. With but one exception the pro- duct has been of good quality and free from adulteration. Most of the samples collected bearing the name of the Guy G. Major Company contained a siifflcient amount of screenings to be con- sidered adulterated. Average Analyses and Retail Prices. New Process. 1909. 1910. 191 !• 1912. No. Samples, 5 5 2 5 Protein (per cent). 37.35 37.96 39.95 37.10 Fat (per cent), 3.37 2.50 2.70 2.31 Fiber (per cent) , — — 7.20 8.29 Price a Ton, $36.00 $37.80 $39.00 $41.60 Old Process. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. No. Samples, 11 17 8 18 Protein (per cent) , 35.89 35.96 37.11 35.61 Fat (per cent) , 6.22 6.10 5.76 6.72 Fiber (per cent) , — — 7.15 7.45 Price a ton. $36.81 $40.65 $40.50 $43.29 Gluten meal consists of the hard flinty Gluten Meal part of the com kernel which is separated Page 15 from the rest of the kernel in the manu- facture of com starch. This article has again been placed upon the market after a lapse of several years. It contained fully as much protein as choice cottonseed and is about 10 percent more digestible. It retailed for about $38 a. ton. 34 Gluten feed is the residual matter obtained Gluten Feed. in the manufacture of starch from corn. Pages 15-16 The Cedar Rapids, Jenks and Bay State brands contained less protein than the average, due not to adulteration but to the fact thay they con- tained more starchy matter. While they are excellent feeds they cannot be considered as economical sources of protein for the dairy ration as the other brands. Average Analyses and Retail Prices. First Grade. Second Grade. All Samples. All Samples. No. Samples, 33 6 11 30 Protein (per cent) , 25.22 20.91 25.77 25.64 Fat (per cent) , 3.17 6.00 3.35 2.57 Fiber (per cent), 5.92 7.53 6.42 6.63 Price a ton, $31.88 $33.33 $28.88 $32.86 Distillers dried grains are the dried residue Distillers' Dried obtained from cereals in the manufacture Grains. of alcohol and distilled liquors. Owing Page 16 to their bulky nature they may be used to replace bran in the ration, one pound of corn distillers' grains being equivalent to about 11-2 pounds of bran in feeding value. The grains derived from corn are the most valuable while those derived from rye have the least feed- ing value. Twenty-two samples of corn grains, 2 samples of rye grains, and 2 samples of Dearborn grains whose composition would indicate that they were derived from a mixture of corn and rye were collected. All were of good quality and, aside from a slight variation from guarantee in some cases, were as represent- ed. The brand put out by the Continental Cereal Company is known as Continental Gluten Feed. The product is misnamed inasmuch as it is distillers' grains and not what is commonly Icnown in the market as gluten feed*. ♦For further! nformation in regard to distillers' grains, see Part II. of the Twenty-third Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, page 72. 35 Average Analyses and Retail Prices. Corn Grains. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. No. Samples, 18 14 7 22 Protein (per cent), 30.54 29.67 30.17 30.82 Fat (percent), 11.69 11.16 11.84 11.64 Fiber (per cent), — 12.24 11.16 10.64 Price a ton, $34.00 $33.73 $32.66 $34.68 Rye Grains. 1911. 1912. No. Samples, 5 2 Protein (per cent), 16.44 15.66 Fat (per cent), 6.35 6.14 Fiber (per cent), 13.62 13.60 Price a ton, $22.33 $24.00 Alalt sprouts consist of the dried sprouts re- Brewery moved after the process of malting barley. By-products. They sometimes contain dirt and barley Page 17 hulls. Malt sprouts when fed alone are rather unpalatable but, owing to the price at which they are frequently sold, can be considered a satisfactory and economical component of the dairy ration. Most of the sam- ples collected maintained their protein guarantee but showed a tendency to fall below in fat content.* Only three samples of brewers' grains were collected. They were of good quality and maintained their guarantees.* Average Analyses and Retail Prices. Malt Sprouts. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. No. Samples, 13 8 5 17 Protein (per cent), 26.88 26.72 26.14 25.94 Fat (per cent). 1.08 1.01 1.01 1.45 Fiber (per cent). — 12.58 12.98 11.19 Price a ton, $27.67 $27.81 $26.50 $26.31 *For further information relative to these products, see the article "Distillery and Brewery By-products, "Twenty-third Annual Report of the Massachusetts Agricultural^Experiment Station. 36 Brewers' Grains. No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent), Fiber (per cent) , Price a ton, 1909. 5 26.86 7.09 $29.75 1910. 2 30.35 6.81 12.95 $30.00 1 25.54 6.77 15.35 $27.00 3 26.52 5.87 13.85 28.33 Wheat By-products.** Wheat middlings, wheat mixed feed, wheat bran. No attempt has been made to dis- tinguish between the different grades of middHngs. Owing to different milHng pro- cesses and the difference in the resulting by-products, any attempt to classify the different grades is unsatisfactory. While Red Dog flour is readily distinguished, there seems to be no sharp line of demarkation between flour and standard middlings. Mid- dlings which contain considerable flour will be more digestible than those made up largely of finely ground bran. All of the wheat by-products collected were of good quality, and with few exceptions maintained their guarantees. Average Analyses and Retail Prices. Wheat Middlings. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. No. Samples, 63 70 37 38 Protein (per cent). 17.36 17.88 — 17.74 Fat (per cent). 5.16 5.18 — 5.04 Fiber, — — — 5.83 Price a ton, $31.16 $31.59 $30.62 $33.66 Wheat Mixed Feed. 76 138 — 16.99 — 4.59 — 7.01 $29.51 $32.19 **The publication of the analyses of these articles has been omitted owing to the cost of this bulletin. A summary of the results is given in the text. No. Samples, 124 163 Protein (per cent) , 16.49 16.97 Fat (per cent). 4.74 4.71 Fiber, — — Price a ton, $30.17 $29.93 37 Wheat Bran. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. No. Samples, 38 63 23 28 Protein (percent), 15.92 16.50 — 16.47 Fat (percent), 4.57 4.86 — 4.28 Fiber (percent), _ _ _ 8.73 Price a ton, $28.65 $28.68 $28.30 $31.58 These products, sold under the trade names Adulterated of Sterling, Connecticut, Kennebec and Wheat Feeds. Blue Grass, consist of mixtures of wheat Pages 17-18 by-products and ground com cobs. While they are usually offered at a price somewhat lower than that obtained for straight mixed feed, their cost is usually in excess of their feeding value and their use is not recom- mended. So far as known they are tagged to indicate their true content although in some cases the tag is misleading. A tag written as follows would indicate that the mixture contained ground com as well as ground com cob : Wheat bran Ground com Cob meal. We have not found any of these mixtiu-es to contain more com than accidentally adheres to the tip of the cob after shelling.* Under the new law a feeding stuff so tagged as to be misleading in regard to its true composition, will not be registered. Under the head of dairy feeds are listed Dairy proprietary feeds consisting of a mixture Feeds. of several feeding stuffs and containing 15 Pages 18-19 percent or more of protein. They are usually advertised as complete dairy ra- tions, but do not all meet such requirements. Unicorn Dairy Ration, Union Grains, Wirthmore Balanced Ration and Purity Perfect Ration were the most satisfactory of those collected- Experience has shown that in order to feed a balanced ration when the necessary -amount of home-grown roughage is at hand, the grain mixture should have the following qualifications : ♦These statements apply to samples reported in this bulletin. Samples collected recently show a larger percentage of corn. 38 1. It should be bulk\-, palatable and free from moiild and rancidity. 2. It should contain from 20 to 25 per cent of protein. 3. It should contain not over 9 per cent of fiber. Seven pounds of such a mixttu"e is a fair average amount for cows weighing 800 to 900 pounds, which are yielding 10 quarts of milk dail}-. For even.- 2 quarts of milk 3-ielded in excess of this amoimt, the grain ration may be increased by 1 potmd. Molasses feeds are mixtures of molasses, Molasses low grade milling offal and high grade feed- Feeds, ing stuffs. When sold at a price less than Page 19 that of wheat bran, many of them are a satisf actor}' substitute in the dairy ration. The samples collected varied considerably in composition but practically all maintained their guarantees. Blue Ribbon Dairy Feed contained the highest protein content of any of the brands caUected. All of these meals will imdoubtedly serve Calf Meals. as a partial milk substitute for calves in- Page 20 tended for dairy piuposes; it is best not to begin to use these meals luitil the calf is about three weeks old. A satisfactor\- calf meal should be finely ground and composed of clean material free from taint and any noticeable amount of fiber. Cracker Jack Feed is a mixture of flax seed Miscellaneous screenings and wheat screenings. Protein Feeds. Bihhys Oil Cake Horse Feed and Bibby's Page 20 Pig Meal are English products sold largely in the \^cinity of Boston. Argo Corn Oil Meal is the residue left after extracting com oil from the com germ. It is an excellent feeding stiiff but is not sold extensively in New England. H. S. Flax Feed is simply ground flax seed screenings and con- sists of imperfect flax seed, weed seeds and refuse material cleaned from flax seed. Lexington Hog Food is a mixtiu'e of several feeding stuffs to- gether with some milling offal. It is considered satisfactory- for the purpose intended. 39 II. Starchy (Carbohydrate » Feeds. Fifty-six samples of com meal were col- Com lected. Those collected during the au- Meal. tumn and made from old com contained Pages 21-22 much less water than did those samples collected during the winter. Following is the average analysis of the old and new com samples: Fall Collection Winter Collection (old com). (new com). Water, (per cent), 13.26 19.86 Protein (per cent), 9.17 8.41 Fat (per cent), 3.91 3.26 Fiber (per cent), 1.95 1.71 Price a ton. S31.94 830.92 At average prices, one ton of dry matter in old com would cost S36.80, while in new com the cost would be S38.60. None of the samples collected were adulterated although many samples of the meal, especially those shipped into the state did not consist of the entire ground kernel but were bolted or consisted of the softer parts of the kernel separated in the manufacture of table meal or cracked com. Average Analyses and Retail Prices. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. No. Samples, 41 51 19 53 Protein (per cent), S.S5 8.55 8.17 8.87 Fat (per cent), 3.59 3.81 2.77 3.65 Fiber (per cent), 1.88 1.84 1.58 1.85 Price a ton, §30.79 §29.28 $24.10 S31.44 Hominy meal, feed or chop is a by-product Hominy in the manufacture of hominy grits from Meal. com, and consists of the hull and com germ Pages 23-24 together with a considerable portion of the com starch. With the exception of "Star Feed" the samples collected were free from adulteration and of good quality. Star Feed is a mixture of hominy feed and ground com cobs. While it is tagged to indicate its true composi- tion it is sometimes sold in the place of straight hominy. Con- sumers are advised to read tJw guarantee tag and to refuse to purchase hominy which is not guaranteed. 40 Hominy meal can be used in place of com meal in the ration and at the same price gives more food value to the ton especially when new com is on the market which contains an excessive amount of water. Average Analyses and Retail Prices. No. Samples, ' Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent), Fiber (per cent) , Price a ton, 1909. 51 11.21 8.61 $31.72 62 10.29 7.94 4.21 $30.13 1911. 21 10.55 7.79 3.87 $26.62 1912. 50 10.78 7.54 3.68 533.15 Provender as understood locally is a mix- Provender, ture of straight corn and oats ground to- Pages 24-25 gether. Occasionally provenders are of- fered under distinctive brands which con- tain oat hulls or hominy feed. The samples grouped under the term provender are believed to consist of pure com and oats ground together. Stock and Horse Feeds (less than 12 per cent protein). Pages 25-27 Feeds of this description are proprietary mixtures consisting largely of oat by- products, com or hominy meals, and oc- casionally other material. As a class they cannot be considered economical for milk production but can sometimes be used as a satisfactory oat substitute for horses when oats are high, pro- vided the}' do not contain more fiber than oats. As many of them contain low grade milling offal, they should be considered only when offered at a price considerably below that asked for com meal, hominy meal and other high grade feeding stuft's. Stock and Horse Feeds (over 12-15 per cent protein). Page 27 These feeding stuffs are much like those grouped under the preceding heading ex- cept that they contain more high grade ma- terial. If the price is not too high, they can be used in place of oats. 41 Dried beet pulp is the dried sugar beet Dried Beet Pulp. residue obtained in the manufacture of Page 27 beet sugar. The amount offered for sale appears to be on the increase. Beet pulp should be moistened before feeding and can be considered a satis- factory though not economical substitute for silage, roots or other succulent home-gro^^^l feeds.* When fed moistened, breeders of pure bred stock are finding it an excellent substitute for beets in feeding cows on forced tests. Sucrene Horse Feed, of which one sample Molasses Feeds. was collected, maintained its guarantee (less than 15 per and was as represented, cent protein). Page 28 Molassine Feeding Meal consisted of mo- lasses and an imidentified absorbent, prob- ably peat. It contained nearly 25 per cent of water. Its use is of doubtful economy. Husted Alfalfa Horse Feed was guaranteed to contain alfalfa, com, barley, oil meal, molasses and oat clippings. It contained - about 16 per cent of water. Germaline is a mixture of com meal and molasses. Its keeping qualities would be improved if it did not carr}- such a high water content. Alfal-Fat-Sugar Meal, Arab Horse Feed and June Pasture Dairy Meal, manufacttired by the '\l. C. Peters Mill Company, averaged over IS per cent in water content. Alfalfa meal and molasses were the principal ingredients. Quaker Dairy Molasses Feed ran below its protein guarantee about 2 per cent and also exceeded its maximum fiber guarantee. Dried Grains, guaranteed by A. H. Bro\\Ti Miscellaneous & Bros, of Boston, are said to be the residue Starchy Feeds. from the manufacture of Mellen's Food. Page 28 Oat Feed. The 4 samples collected were of the average quality. On accoiuit of their high fiber content and price they cannot be considered economical feeding stuffs. *See special article on "Dried Beet Residue", by Dr. Lindsey in Part II of 22d .\nnual Report of this station, pp. 21-26. 42 Cracked corn siftings, of which one sample was collected, showed about the same feeding value as corn meal. The several grades of corn bran and corn middlings put out by the Glen Mills Cereal Company at the price asked, S22 a ton for the bran and $25 a ton for the middlings, could be considered economical sources of carbohydrates. Maz- All-Corn Feed is a corn by-product approximating com meal in feeding value. Damaged Corn Meal, of which 2 samples were collected, was not only sour and tainted but contained an appreciable amount of mill refuse. It could be considered as fit only for hog feeding, if offered at reduced prices. III. Poultry Feeds. Meat Scraps. A good grade of scraps Animal should be free from taint, should be ground By-products. moderately coarse, and should not contain an Pages 29-30 excess of ash or fat. Meat scraps are some- times made from diseased animals. While disease germs harbored in meat of this character are probably killed by thorough cooking, it is felt that meat scraps should be so tagged as to indicate their source. As scraps are purchased and fed largely on account of their meat or protein content, other things being equal, the preference should be given to those brands containing the highest percentage of protein. Meat and Bone Meals. The brands put out by the Beach Soap Company and Ross Bros, did not maintain their protein guarantees. The ground fish put out by the International Glue Compan}^ also fell below. Ground fish residue is being quite ex- tensively used as a poultry feed. Provided it does not taint the meat or the egg, and is free from salt, there is no reason wh}^ it should not be as valuable as meat scraps. The number of prepared poultry mashes Poultry Mash put on the market is increasing yearly, and Meal. due probably to the fact that there is no Pages 30-31 branch of the grain business which offers so wide a margin of profit. It is economy for the poultry-man to study the needs of his fowls and to pur- chase and mix the ingredients himself. The brands collected varied widely in composition. 43 The alfalfa meals collected varied widely Alfalfa in composition. It has been claimed that Meals. there is enough difference in the freight Page 31 rate between baled and ground alfalfa in car lots to enable the western alfalfa ship- per to put ground alfalfa into the eastern market as cheaply as the baled article. There is, however, in the purchase of baled alfalfa, the advantage of being able to tell something about the character of the article. It is believed that inferior and late cut ah'alfa is often ground and sold as alfalfa meal. SOME LOW GRADE PRODUCTS USED IN STOCK FEEDS. The following products are used to a greater or less extent in some of the prepared stock feeds found in the Massachusetts markets; they are also occasionally found as adulterants of high grade feeding stuffs : Cottonseed Hulls. Cottonseed hulls consist of the hull or hard outer coating of the cotton seed together with adhering lint left after the removal of the kernel preparatory to the ex- traction of the cottonseed oil. They find their way into the northern market as a component of cottonseed feed and frequent- ly in ground form as an adulterant of high grade cottonseed meal. Cottonseed meal of good qualit}" contains a small proportion of hulls, it not being practical to separate all of the hulls from the seed kernels before the oil is extracted. In general, however, the proportion of hulls has a considerable bearing on the protein con- tent of the meal. Cottonseed hulls have long been known as a favorable feed in the South where they are used as roughage. The few attempts made to introduce them into the New England markets have not, however, met with success. Some years ago a feeding experiment with milch cows was attempted with the hulls at the experiment station and it was only with difficulty that the animals could be induced to eat them. When mixed with more or less cottonseed meal their palatability is increased. 44 The average of five analyses made at this station was as follows : (Pounds in 100). Total. Digestible. Cottonseed hulls. Timothy hay for comparison. Cottonseed hulls. Timothy hay for comparison, Water, 11.0 14.0 Ash, 2.6 4.1 Protein, 5.3 8.0 0.3 3.8 Fiber, 39.7 28.3 15.9 14.2 Nitrogen-free extract, 39.0 43.7 16.0 27.1 Fat. 2.4 1.9 2.1 1.0 Experiments have shown about 41 per cent of the cottonseed hulls to be digested and utilized by ruminants as compared with 55 per cent in case of timothy hay. In other words, in one ton of material there would be 820 potmds of cottonseed hulls or 1100 pounds of timothy hay digestible and of food value. The preceding table shows cottonseed hulls to contain more indigestible fiber and less of the digestible nitrogen-free extract and total digestible nutrients than does timothy hay. While they should be utilized in the South, they are not worth the con- sideration of the northern feeder either as a product by themselves or as an admixture in good cottonseed meal. Cottonseed hull bran differs from cottonseed hulls in the re- iTLoval of the lint which is used for commercial purposes. The re- marks made in connection with cottonseed hulls apply as well to the cottonseed hull bran. A single analysis made at this station showed it to consist of: (Pounds in 100). Water, 11.0 Ash, 1.9 Protein, 2.3 Fiber, 35.0 Nitrogen-free extract, 48.7 Fat, 1.1 Oat feed is the residue resulting from the manufacture of cereal breakfast foods. Its composition is affected by the relative amounts of hulls and middlings, the larger the amount of middlings 45 the higher its feeding value. Oat feed is used extensively in stock and molasses feeds. Its sale in Massachusetts as a product by itself is limited. Officials haxdng charge of the enforcement of the feed stuff laws of some states will not recognize the term "oat feed" but require manufacturers to register and guarantee feeding stuffs in which it is used as containing oat hulls and oat middlings. Analyses and digestion experiments made at the Massachusetts experiment station show it to have the following average analysis and digestibility : (Pounds in 100). Total. Digestible Oat Feed. Whole Oats. Oat Feed. Whole oats. Water, 7.0 11.0 Ash, 5.5 3.0 Protein, 7.9 12.5 5.1 10.7 Fiber, 21.8 8.5 7.0 2.6 Nitrogen-free extract, 55.0 60.4 23.1 47.7 Fat, 2.8 4.6 2.5 3.8 About 40 percent of the dry matter in the above sample]^of oat feed is digestible while whole oats show 70 percent. The low digestibility of oat feed is due to the tough, woody fiber of the oat hull. The addition of oat feed to a mixture lowers the digestibility and feeding value of the mixture. Corn Cobs, in ground condition, are foimd as an adulterant in wheat feeds, hominy meal and stock feeds. Their average composition and digestibility are as follows: (Pounds in 100.) Total. Digestible. Ash, 1.4 — Protein, 2.2 0.4 Fiber, 32.2 20.9 Nitrogen-free extract, . 55.8 33.5 Fat, 0.4 0.2 While com cobs possess some nutritive value, their use in pur- chased feeding stuffs cannot be advised. When corn is a home- grown product it is believed that they can be used to advantage when ground together with the com. 46 Grain screenings. Grain screenings consist of the light seed, weed seeds, chaff and dirt separated from grain in the process of winnowing. The composition of grain screenings depends upon the kind of seed from which they are separated and their freedom from dirt and chaff. They necessarily vary so much in composi- tion that no general statement as to their value can be made. The writer has seen screenings being used in a molasses feed fac- tory in the middle west which contained a large amount of straw and chaff. Such material cannot be considered much superior to straw in feeding value. Other samples received at this station were free from chaff and dirt and contained nothing but light grain and weed seed and possessed considerable feeding value. Grain screenings are used extensively as a component of mo- lasses feeds. Formerly one objection to their use was due to the fact that they contained many whole weed seeds which would pass through the animal without having their vitality impaired and become a source of weeds on the fanii. With the improved process of manufacturing molasses feeds the screenings are finely grotmd and their germinating property destroyed. Following are the analyses of several samples of screenings made at the Massachusetts station: (Pounds in 100.) No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Wheat Screenings. Wheat Screenings. Flax Screenings. Water, 8.0 11.5 8.0 Ash, 4.9 3.8 6.0 Protein, 15.6 15.5 16.8 Fiber, 9.1 7.3 13.7 Nitrogen -free extract. 54.7 57.2 40.9 Fat, 7.7 4.7 14.6 Experiments made at this station have shown that a good quality of wheat screenings has a digestibility of about 68 per- cent, which is similar to the coefficient for wheat bran. When finely ground and free from dirt, chaff and noxious seeds, they possess considerable nutritive value. The feeder, however, is entitled to know that they are in a mixture. Sample No. 1 as reported above, contained the following seeds : light oats, oat hulls, wheat, wheat refuse, smutted grain, yellow 47 foxtail, green foxtail, com cockle, bindweed, flax, lady's-thumb, charlock, wild mustard, rape, lamb's-quarters, large smartweed, chaff of various sorts, wild sunflower, pigweed, timothy, shep- herd's-purse, chess, oat grass, wild oats, rye and com together with a few unidentified seeds. Of the above, com cockle and charlock are said to possess toxic properties. Flax shives, sometimes incorrectly called flax bran, consists of the refuse stalks and pods of the flax plant. It is used in some molasses and stock feeds. The analysis of two samples showed wide variation in composition. Water, Ash, Protein, Fiber, Nitrogen-free extract. Fat, A test of the last sample showed it to have a digestibility of about 45 percent as compared with 66 percent for wheat bran. It must be pronounced distinctly inferior for feeding. All of the products mentioned in this article, with the possible exception of a good quality of screenings, cannot be considered as economical feeding stuffs. In admixtures it is necessary for the feeder to pay about as much for them as he would for corn meal, hominy feed and other feeds showing a much superior feed- ing value. The experiment station cannot consistently do other- wise than advise against their use. Under the new feeding stuffs law a statement of the ingredients is required on each sack of feed mixtvires, and the purchaser has opportunity to know exactly what he is buying. No. 1. No. 2. 6.8 10.0 12.1 5.0 6.1 14.9 45.2 32.3 27.7 34.9 2.1 2.9 aSBJSAV IC0iMfOCC) OQ bCT3 I «r! o3 c3 5P a^ 5 OJ 02^ ^ 43 S ex : i=^ =^5! !^ !?^ k3 ,^ £ S b o PQCQffiffi fl fl to -r-C O O o3 >^ OJ OOOKfe BULLETIN No. 143. DECEMBER, 1912. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. INSPECTION OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS BY H. D. HASKINS, L. S. WALKER, C. P. JONES and C. L. BEALS. This bulletin gives a detailed report of the fertilizer inspection for 1912. It mentions the essential features of the fertilizer law, states the number of fertilizers inspected, gives trade values of fertilizer ingredients, provides a summary showing average com- position of unmixed fertilizing material as well as pound cost of each element of plant food furnished. Special attention is called to comimercial shortages existing in both unmixed fertilizing ma- terials and mixed goods. Particular emphasis is laid upon the economy of purchasing only high grade fertilizers. A summary table shows the general standing of each manufacturer's brands. A discussion is made of the quality of plant food found present in the mixed goods, particularly with reference to the activity of the organic nitrogen. A summary table shows the general qual- ity of nitrogen found in each manufacturer's product. Tables of analyses give the detailed composition of all fertilizers and Hme products sold in the state. Commercial valuations of the plant food in all fertilizing materials, calculated from the table of trade values, are published; and for the lime compounds, the actual cost of 100 pounds of calcium and magnesium oxides is given in each case. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, AMHERST, MASS. COMMITTEE ON EXPERIMENT STATION. J. Lewis Ellsworth, Charles E. Ward, Charles H. Preston, Chairman, The President of the College, ex officio. The Director of the Station, ex. officio. Arthur G. Pollard, Harold L. Frost, STATION STAFF. nVilUam P. Brooks, Ph.D., Fred W. Morse, M. Sc, Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D., George E. Stone, Ph.D., Frank A. Waugh, M. Sc, J. E. Ostrander, C. E., James B. Paige, D. V. S., Henry T. Fernald, Ph.D., Fred C. Sears, M. Sc, Burton N. Gates, Ph.D., Edward B. Holland, M. Sc, Fred W. Morse, M. Sc, Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc, PhiUp H. Smith, M. Sc, Henry J. Frankhn, Ph.D., George H. Chapman, M. Sc, E. A. Larrabee, B. Sc, LeweU S. Walker, B. Sc, James C. Reed, B. Sc, R. W. Ruprecht, B. Sc, Carleton P. Jones, M. Sc, Carlos L. Beals, B. Sc, J. K. Shaw, Ph.D., H. A. Turner, B. Sc, Arthur I. Bourne, B. A., James T. Howard, James R. Alcock, Harry L. Allen, H. W. Angier, Director and Agriculturist. Acting Director. Vice- Director and Chemist. Botanist. Horticulturist. Meteorologist. Veterinarian. Entomologist. Pomologist. Apiarist. Associate Chemist (Research Sec). Research Chemist (Research Sec). Chemist in Charge (FertiUzer Sec). Chemist in Charge (Feed and Dairy Sec). Assistant Entomologist (Cranberry Investigations). Assistant Botanist. Assistant Botanist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Horticulturist. Assistant in Horticulture. Assistant in Entomology. Inspector. Assistant in Animal Nutrition. Assistant in Laboratory. Observer. Annual reports and bulletins on a variety of subjects are pub- lished. These are sent free on request to all interested in agricul- ture. Parties likely to find publications on special subjects only of interest will please indicate these subjects. Correspondence or consultation on all matters affecting any branch of our agriculture is welcomed. Communications should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, *0n leave. AmHERST, MaSS. DEPARTMENT OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CHEMISTRY. J. B. Lindsey, Chemist. INSPECTION OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS FOR THE SEASON OF 1912. By H. D. Has KINS, Chemist in Charge. Assisted by L. S. Walker. C. P. Jones and C. L. Beals.* The 1912 fertilizer inspection has been Abstracts of Fer- carried on under the new fertilizer law tilizer Law. which became operative December 1,1911. The full text of the law was printed in last year's fertilizer bulletin, hence only its essential features are given at this time. The law requires the proper branding of all goods, including lime products, with the name and principal address of the man- ufacturer, the number of pounds which each package contains and a guarantee of composition. The latter must include a statement of nitrogen, water soluble potash, soluble, available and total phosphoric acid, and, in case of lime products, the percentage of total lime and magnesia and the combined percentage of carbonates of these two elements. In all cases where any part of the nitrogen is derived from pul- verized leather, raw, roasted or steamed, or from untreated hair, wool waste, peat, garbage tankage, or from any inert material whatever, the label shall state the materials from which the inert nitrogen is derived. Goods offered in bulk must also be guaran- teed and a statement made of the available phosphoric acid in basic slag phosphate based upon an analysis by the Wagner method. The payment of an analysis fee of $8.00 for each ingredient, nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid, contained in each brand of fertilizer, must be made annually on or before January 1st, and must be accompanied by a certified copy of the label which is to appear on each package. A certificate signed by the director of the experiment station is issued to parties complying with the above requirements. Provisions are made for securing duplicate samples of all fertilizers : one of the duplicates to be held intact by the station *Mr. Beals assisted in the work from July 1 to November 10. Mr. W. A. Turner assisted in the work from July 1 to September 1. for one year and to be at the disposal of the manufacturer or the person responsible for placing the article upon the market, the other sample to be analyzed by the station. In the publication of results of analysis, the cost of equivalent amounts of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid in unmixed ma- terials when bought for cash at retail shall appear in each case. Ninety-seven manufacturers, importers and Manufacturers dealers, including the various branches of and Brands. the trusts, have secured certificates for the sale of 509 different brands of fertilizer, agri- cultural chemicals, raw products and agricultural limes in the Massachusetts markets. This is seventeen more than were reg- istered during the previous year. They may be classed as fol- lows: Complete fertilizers ..... 328 Fertilizers furnishing phosphoric acid and pot- ash 9 Ground bone, tankage and dry ground fish . 56 Chemicals and organic nitrogen compounds . 91 Agricultural limes ..... 26 509 Following will be found a list of those who have recorded fer- tilizers and lime for sale in Massachusetts during 1912, together with brands registered by each: W. H. Abbott, Holyoke, Mass. Ground Tankage (7.41% Nitrogen), Abbott's Eagle Brand, Sr-^'^o Tankage (4.94% Nitrogen), Abbott's Onion FertiKzer, Plain Superphosphate, Abbott's Tobacco Fertilizer, Dissolved Bone Black, Abbott's Animal Fertilizer. Genuine German Ivamit, Thomas Phosphate Powder (Basic Alphano Humus Co., Whitehall Bldg., ^. Slag), o .• t^i . New York City. Fme Ground Nova Scotia Plaster, ^ 1 » , , TT High Grade Tobacco Manure, Prepared Alphano Humus. Complete Tobacco Manure, ^, . . . . , , ^, . , High Grade Dried Blood, The American Agricultural Chemical Bradley's Niagara Phosphate, Co., 92 State St., Boston, Mass. Bradley's Eclipse Phosphate for All Special Grass and Garden IVIixturc, Crops, Tobacco Starter and Grower, Bradley's Columbia Fish and Potash, Grass and Lawn Top Dressing, Bradley's Green Mountain Special, High Grade Fertihzer with 10% Potash, Bradley's High Grade Potato and Root Dry Ground Fish, Special, Fine Ground Bone, Bradley's Corn Phosphate, Sulfate of Ammonia, Bradley's Potato Fertilizer, Nitrate of Soda, Bradley's XL Superphosphate of Lime, High Grade Sulfate of Potash, Bradley's Seeding Down Manure, Muriate of Potash, Bradley's Potato Manure, Grass and Oats Top Dressing, Bradley's High Grade Fertihzer with Double Manure Salt, 10% Potash, 5 Bradlej^'s Complete Manure for Po- tatoes and Vegetables, Bradley's Complete Manure for Corn and Grain, Bradley's Complete Manure with 10% Potash, Bradley's Complete Manure for Top Dressing Grass and Grain, Bradley's EngHsh Lawn FertiUzer, Clark's Cove Bay State FertiUzer, G. G., Clark's Cove Potato Manure, Clark's Cove Great Planet Manure for Potatoes, Onions, Cabbage, and Market Garden Truck, Clark's Cove Potato FertiUzer, Clark's Cove Bay State Fertilizer, Cumberland Superphosphate, Cumberland Potato Fertilizer, East India A. A. Ammoniated Super- phosphate, Crocker's Potato, Hop and Tobacco Phosphate, Crocker's Ammoniated Corn Phos- phate, Church's Fish and Potash, Northwestern Empire Sgecial Manure, Darling's General FertiUzer, DarUng's Farm Favorite, Darling's Potato Manure, Darling's Potato and Root Crop Ma- nure, DarUng's Complete 10% Manure, DarUng's Blood, Bone and Potash, Farquhar's Vegetable and Potato Fer- tiUzer, Farquhar's Lawn and Garden Dressing, Farquhar's Pure Ground Bone, Great Eastern Northern Corn Special, Great Eastern Vegetable, Vine and Tobacco, Great Eastern Garden Special, Great Eastern General FertiUzer, Pacific High Grade General FertiUzer, Pacific Potato Special, Soluble Pacific Guano, Packer's Union Gardeners' Complete Manure, Packer's Union Animal Corn FertiUzer, Packer's Union Potato Manure, Quinnipiac Corn Manure, Quinnipiac Potato Phosphate, Quinnipiac Phosphate, Quinnipiac Potato Manure, Quinnipiac Market Garden Manure, Read's Standard Superphosphate, Read's Practical Potato Special, Read's Farmers' Friend Superphos- phate, Read's Vegetable and Vine FertiUzer, Read's High Grade Farmers' Friend Superphosphate, Standard Guano for All Crops, Standard FertiUzer, Standard Special for Potatoes, Standard Complete Manure, Wheeler's Corn FertiUzer, Wheeler's Potato Manure, Wheeler's Havana Tobacco Grower, WiUiams & Clark's ProUfic Crop Pro- ducer, WilUams & Clark's Royal Bone Phos- phate for all Crops, Williams & Clark's Americus Corn Phosphate, WilUams & Clark's Americus Potato Manure, WilUams & Clark's Americus Ammo- niated Bone Superphosphate, Williams & Clark's Potato Phosphate, WiUiams & Clark's Americus High Grade Special for Potatoes and Vegetables. American Cotton Oil Co., 27 Beaver St., New York City. Choice Cottonseed Meal, Prime Cottonseed Meal. Armour Fertilizer Works, 930 Equitable Bldg., Baltimore, Md. Grain Grower, AU Soluble, Market Garden, Complete Potato, Fish and Potash, Ammoniated Bone with Potash, High Grade Potato, Blood, Bone and Potash, Fruit and Root Crop Special, Onion Special, Special Value, Bone Meal, Muriate of Potash, Nitrate of Soda, Star Phosphate, Sulfate of Potash. Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Stock Exchange Bldg., Baltimore, Md. Rawson & Hodges' Garden FertiUzer, Rawson & Hodges' Potato Special, Rawson & Hodges' Peerless, Rawson & Hodges' Corn and Grain. Beach Soap Co., Lawrence, Mass. Beach's Market Garden Fertihzer, Beach's Advance Fertihzer, Beach's ReUance Fertihzer, Beach's Top Dressing, Beach's Seeding Down, Beach's Lawn Dressing, Beach's Fertihzer Bone. Berkshire Ct. Berkshire Berkshire bonate Berkshire zer, Berkshire Berkshire phate, Berkshire Berkshire Berkshire Fertihzer Co., Bridgeport, Long Island Special, Tobacco Special with Car- Potash, Complete Tobacco Fertih- Complete Fertihzer, Potato and Vegetable Phos- Ammoniated Bone, Grass Special, Dry Ground Fish. Bowker Fertilizer Co., 43 Chatham St., Boston, Mass. Bowker's Tobacco Ash Elements, Bowker's Gloucester Fish and Potash, Bowker's Sure Crop Phosphate, Bowker's Bone and Wood Ash Fertih- zer, Bowker's Potato and Vegetable Phos- phate, Bowker's Corn Phosphate, Bowker's Farm and Garden Phosphate, Bowker's Ammoniated Food for Flow- ers, Bowker's Fish and Potash, Square Brand, Bowker's Potato and Vegetable Fertih- zer, Bowker's Corn, Grain and Grass Fer- tihzer, Bowker's High Grade Fertihzer, Bowker's Soluble Animal Fertihzer, Bowker's Hill and Drill Phosphate, Bowker's Market Garden Special, Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Seeding Down, Permanent Dressing and Legumes, Bowker's Onion Fertihzer, Bowker's Lawn and Garden Dressing, Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables, Bowker's Early Potato Manure, Bowker's Complete Alkahne Tobacco Grower, Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Corn and All Grain Crops, Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Top Dressing and for Forcing, Stockbridge Tobacco Manure, Potash from Sulfate, Bowker's Highly Nitrogenized Mix- ture, Bowker's Fresh Ground Bone, Bowker's Nitrate of Soda, Bowker's Muriate of Potash, Bowker's Sulfate of Ammonia, Bowker's High Grade Sulfate of Pot- ash, Bowker's Acid Phosphate, Bowker's Kainit, Bowker's Dry Ground Fish, Bowker's Pulverized Sheep Manure, Bowker's Fine Ground Bone Tankage, Bowker's Pure Unleached Canada Hardwood Ashes, Bowker's Dried Blood, Bowker's Basic Slag Phosphate, Bowker's Nova Scotia Land Plaster, Bowker's Dissolved Bone, Bowker's Flour of Bone. Joseph Breck*& Sons Corporation, 51- 52 N. Market St., Boston, Mass. Breck's Lawn and Garden Dressing, Breck's Market Garden Manure, Ram's Head Brand Pulverized Sheep Manure. F. W. Erode & Co., 40 S. Front St., Memphis, Term. Owl Brand Cottonseed Meal. Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Buckeye Cottonseed Meal. Buffalo Fertihzer Co., Wilham St., Buffalo, N. Y. Fish Guano, Farmers' Choice, New England Special, Celery and Potato Special, Vegetable and Potato, High Grade Manure, Buffalo Tobacco Producer, Top Dresser, Bone Meal, Agricultural Lime. Cheshire Lime Manufacturing Co., Cheshire, Mass. Agricultural Lime, Cheshire Hydrated Agricultural Lime. The E. D. Chittenden Co., Bridgeport, Ct. Chittenden's Tobacco Special, Chittenden's Complete Tobacco and Onion Grower, Chittenden's Potato and Grain, Chittenden's Grass and Grain, Chittenden's Special Formula Fish and Potash, Chittenden's Grain and Vegetable, Chittenden's Dry Ground Fish. Clay & Son, Stratford, London, Eng. Clay's Fertilizer. The Coe-Mortimer Co., 51 Chambers St., New York City. E. Frank Coe's Celebrated Special Potato FertiUzer, E. Frank Coe's Columbian Corn and Potato FertiKzer, E. Frank Coe's Complete Manure with 10% Potash, E. Frank Coe's Excelsior Potato Fer- tilizer, E. Frank Coe's Famous Prize Brand Grain and Grass FertiUzer, E. Frank Coe's Gold Brand Excelsior Guano, E. Frank Coe's High Grade Ammonia- ted Bone Superphosphate, E. Frank Coe's New Englander Corn and Potato Fertilizer, E. Frank Coe's Red Brand Excelsior Guano for Market Gardening, E. Frank Coe's Special Grass Top Dressing, Peruvian Vegetable Grower, Peruvian Market Gardeners' Fertilizer, Peruvian Grass Top Dressing, Warner's Special Onion Fertilizer, Smith's Market Garden Special, Cowls' Special Brand No. 1 Fertilizer, Cowls' Special Brand No. 2 Fertilizer, E. Frank Coe's Ground Animal Tank- age, E. Frank Coe's High Grade Soluble Phosphate, E. Frank Coe's XXV Ammoniated Bone Phosphate, Peruvian Tobacco Fertilizer, Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash, Sulfate of Potash, Basic Slag Phosphate (Thomas Phos- phate Powder) . S. P. Davis, Little Rock, Ark. Good Luck Brand Cottonseed Meal. F. E. Conley Stone Co., Utica, N. Y. Raw Ground Lime. John C. Dow Co., 13-14 Chatham St., Boston, Mass. Dow's Pure Ground Bone. The Eastern Chemical Co., 37 Pitts- burg St., Boston, Mass. IMP Plant Food. The Edison Portland Cement Co., Stewartsville, N. J. Ground Limestone. Essex Fertilizer Co., 39 N. Market St. Boston, Mass. Essex Grass Top Dressing, Essex Tobacco Starter and Grower, Essex Potato Grower with 10% Potash, Essex XXX Fish and Potash, Essex Market Garden and Potato Ma- nure, Essex Complete Manure for Potatoes, Roots and Vegetables, Essex Complete Manure for Corn, Grain and Grass, Essex Special Potato Phosphate, Essex Al Superphosphate. Famam Cheshire Lime Co., Famams, Mass. Agricultural Lime. German Kali "Works, Baltimore, Md. Muriate of Potash, Sulfate of Potash, Kainit, , Manure Salt. Herbert Harris, Lime Rock, R. I. Slaked Lime, Ground Limestone. Chas. W. Hastings, Dorchester Center, Mass. Ferti Flora. J. p. Hawes, 88 Broad St., Boston, Mass. Bone Meal, Basic Slag Phosphate. Thomas Hersom & Co., New Bedford, Mass. Pure Bone Meal, Meat and Bone. Home Soap Co., Worcester, Mass. Pure Ground Bone. Hoosac Valley Lime & Marble Co., Adams, Mass. Adams Agricultural Lime. The Hubbard FertiUzer Co., Baltimore, Md. Hubbard's 5% Ro.yal Seal, Hubbard'.s Special Potato, Hubbard's Blood, Bone and Potash, Hubbard's Royal En.sign, Hubbard's Farmers' I. X. L. Humphreys Godwin Co., Memphis, Tenn. Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal. John Joynt, Lucknow, Ontario, Can, Canada Unleached Hardwood Ashes. Listers' Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Listers' High Grade Special for Spring Crops, Listers' Success Fertilizer, Listers' Special Corn Fertilizer, Listers' Special Potato Fertilizer, Listers' Potato Manure, Listers' Special Tobacco Fertihzer, Listers' Grain and Grass Fertilizer, Listers' 10% Potato Grower, Listers' Standard Grass Fertihzer, Listers' Complete Tobacco Manure, Listers' Nitrate of Soda, Listers' High Grade Sulfate of Potash. Jas. E. McGovern, Andover, Mass. Andover Animal Fertilizer. The Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Co., 143 Liberty St., New York City. Mapes' Potato Manure, Mapes' Tobacco Starter Improved, Mapes' Tobacco Manure, Wrapper Brand, Mapes' Fruit and Vine Manure, Mapes' Economical Potato Manure, Mapes' Vegetable or Complete Ma- nure for Light Soils, Mapes' Average Soil Complete Ma- nure, Mapes' Cauliflower and Cabbage Ma- nure, Mapes' Corn Manure, Mapes' Grass and Grain Spring Top Dressing, Mapes' Lawn Top Dressing, Mapes' Dissolved Bone, Mapes' Complete Manure for General Use, Mapes' Cereal Brand, Mapes' Topdresser Improved Full Strength, Mapes' Tobacco Ash Constituents, Mapes' Complete Manure 10% Potash, Mapes' Topdresser Improved Half Strength, Mapes' Complete Manure, A Brand, Mapes' Double Manure Salt. The Geo. E. Marsh Co., Lyim, Mass. Marsh's Pure Ground Bone, Marsh's Ground Tankage. W. L. Mitchell, New Haven, Ct. Lime Kiln Ashes. Geo. L. Monroe & Sons, Oswego, N. Y. Pure Unleached Wood Ashes. D. M. Moulton, Monson, Mass. Gromid Bone. National FertiUzer Co., 92 State St., Boston, Mass. Chittenden's Complete Root and Grain Fertilizer, Chittenden's Fine Ground Bone, Chittenden's Fish and Potash, Chittenden's XXX Fish and Potash, Chittenden's Market Garden FertiUzer, Chittenden's Ammoniated Bone Phos- phate, Chittenden's High Grade Special To- bacco Fertilizer, Chittenden's Potato Phosphate, Chittenden's Complete Tobacco Fer- tilizer, Chittenden's Connecticut Valley To- bacco Grower, Chittenden's Connecticut Valley To- bacco Starter, Chittenden's Tobacco Special with Car- bonate Potash, Chittenden's Tobacco Special with Sul- fate Potash, Chittenden's Dry Groiind Fish, Chittenden's Complete Grass FertiUzer, Chittenden's Eureka Potato Fertihzer, Chittenden's High Grade Top Dress- ing, Plain Superphosphate, 13%, Plain Superphosphate, 17%. Natural Guano Co., Aurora, 111, Sheep's Head Brand Pulverized Sheep Manure. New England Fertilizer Co., 40 A N. Market St., Boston, Mass. New England High Grade Potato Fer- tihzer, New England Corn and Grain Fertili- zer, New England Complete Manure, New England Corn Phosphate, New England Superphosphate, New England Potato FertiUzer. New England Lime Co., Danbury, Ct. Adams Agricultural Lime, Adams Fresh Burned Granulated Lime, Connecticut Agricultural Lime. Nitrate Agencies Co., 28 Bridge St., New York City. Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash, Sulfate of Potash, Acid Phosphate, Ground Bone, Ground Tankage, Ground Tankage, Basic Slag (Thomas Phosphate Pow- der), Dried Blood, Sulfate of Ammonia. W. C. Nothern, Little Rock, Ark. Bee Brand Cottonseed Meal. Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Ct. Olds & Whipple's Complete Tobacco Fertilizer, Olds & Whipple's Complete Onion Fertilizer, Olds & Whipple's Dry Ground Fish, Olds & Whipple's Complete Grass Fertihzer, Olds & Whipple's Complete Corn and Potato, Olds & Whipple's High Grade Potato Fertilizer, Olds & Whipple's Fish and Potash, Olds & Whipple's Castor Pomace, Olds & Whipple's Double Manure Salt, Olds & Whipple's Muriate of Potash, Olds & Whipple's Nitrate of Soda, Olds & Whipple's Cottonseed Meal, Olds & Whipple's Bone Meal, Olds & Whipple's Special Onion Fer- Olds & Whipple's Vegetable Potash and Bone Phosphate, Olds & Whipple's Agricultural Lime, Olds & Whipple's Acid Phosphate. Parmenter & Polsey Fertilizer Co., 40 N. Market St., Boston, Mass. Parmenter & Polsey Star Brand Super- phosphate, Parmenter & Polsey Aroostook Special, Parmenter & Polsey Maine Potato Fertilizer, Parmenter & Polsey Plymouth Rock Brand Fertihzer, Parmenter & Polsey Special Potato Fertilizer, Parmenter & Polsey Potato Fertilizer, Parmenter & Polsey A. A. Brand, Parmenter & Polsey Potato Grower with 10% Potash, Parmenter & Polsey Grain Grower. H. F. Pillsbury & Son, St. Johnsbury, Vt. Marl. R. T. Prentiss, Granby, Mass. R. T. Prentiss' Fertilizer for Potatoes, R. T. Prentiss' Fertihzer for Corn, R. T. Prentiss' Fertihzer for Top Dress- ing. Prentiss, Brooks & Co., Holyoke, Mass. Agricultural Lime. Pulverized Manure Co., 28 Exchange St., Chicago, 111. Wizard Brand Sheep Manure, Wizard Brand Cattle Manure. 10 Red Beach Plaster Co., Red Beach, Me. Pure Ground Nova Scotia Land Plas- ter. Robinson Glue Co., Gloucester, Mass. Dried Fish Scrap. Rockland & Rockport Lime Co., Rock- land, Me. R-R Land Lime. The Rogers Manufacturing Co., Rock- faU, Ct. All Round Fertilizer, Complete Potato and Vegetable, High Grade Corn and Onion, Pure Knuckle Bone Flour, Pure Fine Ground Bone, High Grade Oats and Top Dressing, Fish and Potash, High Grade Tobacco and Potato, High Grade Grass and Grain Seeding Down, High Grade Tobacco Grower, High Grade Tobacco, Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash, High Grade Sulfate of Potash, Acid Phosphate, Ground Fish, Tankage, High Grade Tobacco Grower, Vege- table and Carbonate Formula. The Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middle- town, Ct. Hubbard's Bone Base Complete Phos- phate, Hubbard's Bone Base Potato Phos- phate, Hubbard's Bone Base New Market Garden Phosphate, Hubbard's Bone Base Soluble Corn and General Crops, Hubbard's Bone Base Soluble Potato Manure, Hubbard's Bone Base Soluble Tobacco Manure, Hubbard's Bone Base Grass and Grain Fertilizer, Hubbard's Bone Base Oats and Top Dressing, Hubbard's Pure Raw Knuckle Bone Flour, Hubbard's Strictly^^Pure Fine Bone. Ross Brothers Co., 88 Front St., Wor- cester, Mass. Ross Bros. Co.'s Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer, High Grade, Ross Bros. Co.'s Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer, Ross Bros. Co.'s Corn, Grass and Grain FertiUzer, Ross Bros. Co.'s Lawn Fertilizer, Ross Bros. Co.'s Basic Slag Meal. N. Roy & Son, South Attleboro,Mass. Pure Ground Bone. Sanderson Fertilizer & Chemical Co., New Haven, Ct. Sanderson's Formula "A", Sanderson's Formula "B", Sanderson's Top Dressing for Grass and Grain, Sanderson's Complete Tobacco Grower, Sanderson's Potato Manure, Sanderson's Special with 10% Potash, Sanderson's Corn Superphosphate, Sanderson's Atlantic Coast Bone, Fish and Potash, Sanderson's Fine Ground Fish, Sanderson's Nitrate of Soda, Sanderson's Muriate of Potash, Sanderson's High Grade Sulfate of Potash, Sanderson's Sulfate of Potash-Mag- nesia, Sanderson's Plain Superphosphate, Sanderson's Castor Meal, Thomas Phosphate Powder (Basic Slag). M. L. Shoemaker & Co., Ltd., Philadel- phia, Pa. Swift-Sure Superphosphate for General Use. Swift-Sure Bone Meal. W. Newton Smith, Baltimore, Md. Dirigo Brand Cottonseed Meal. J. E. Soper Co., Chamber of Com- merce, Boston, Mass. Pioneer Cottonseed Meal, Soper's Prime Cottonseed Meal. Springfield Rendering Co., Springfield, Mass. Groimd Steamed Bone, Ground Tankage. 11 Thomas L. Stetson, Randolph, Mass. Pure Ground Bone. The Steams Lime Co., Danbury, Ct. Ground Limestone for Soil Improve- ment. Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co., 40 N. Market St., Boston, Mass. Swift's Lowell 'La.wa Dressing, Swift's Lowell Dissolved Bone and Potash, Swift's Lowell Perfect Tobacco Grow- er, Swift's Lowell Seeding Down Fertili- zer, Swift's Lowell Corn and Vegetable, Swift's Lowell Cereal Fertilizer, Swift's Lowell Empress Brand, Swift's Lowell Bone Fertilizer, Swift's Lowell Potato Manure, Swift's Lowell Animal Brand, Swift's Lowell Potato Phosphate, Swift's Lowell Superior Fertilizer with 10% Potash, Swift's Lowell Special Grass for Top Dressing and Lawns, Swift's Lowell Potato Grower, Swift's Lowell Special Potato Fertili- zer, Swift's Lowell Sterling Phosphate, Swift's Lowell Market Garden Manure, Swift's Lowell Ground Bone, Nitrate of Soda, Muriate of Potash, Acid Phosphate, Tankage, High Grade Sulfate of Potash, Dissolved Bone Black, Dried Blood, Sulfate of Ammonia, Nova Scotia Land Plaster. William Thomson & Sons, Ltd., Tweed Vineyard, Clovenfords, Scotland. Thomson's Vine, Plant and Vegetable Manure, Thomson's Special Chrysanthemum Manure. 20th Century Specialty Co., 26 Brattle St., Boston, Mass. The Scientific 12 L, No. 1, The Scientific 12 L, No. 2, The Scientific 12 L, No. 3. Vermont Marl Co., Brattleboro, Vt. Shell-Marl Land-Lime, Wood Ashes Substitute, Fine Ground Tennessee Phosphate Rock. Charles Warner Co., Wilmington, Del. Limoid. Whitingham Lime Co., Greenfield, Mass. Green Mountain Agricultural Lime. West Stockbridge Lime Co., West Stockbridge, Mass. Agricultural Lime. Whitman & Pratt Rendering Co., Lowell, Mass. Sulfate of Potash, Muriate of Potash, Nitrate of Soda, Acid Phosphate, Dried Blood, Fine Ground Tankage, Corn Success, All Crop, Potato Manure, Potato Plowman, Vegetable Grower, Potash Special, Ground Bone. The Wilcox Fertilizer Co., Mystic, Ct. Corn Special, Special Superphosphate, Fish and Potash, Potato Fertilizer, High Grade Fish and Potash, Complete Bone Superphosphate, 4-8-10 FertiUzer, High Grade Tobacco Special, Grass FertiUzer, Potato, Onion and Vegetable Phos- phate, High Grade Sulfate of Potash, Muriate of Potash, Basic Slag Meal, Acid Phosphate, Pure Ground Bone, High Grade Tankage, Dry Ground Acidulated Fish, Dry Ground Fish Guano, Nitrate of Soda. 12 S. Winter Co., Brockton, Mass. J. M. Woodard, Greenfield, Mass. Pure Ground Bone. Unground Tankage. A. H. Wood & Co., Framingham, Mass. Worcester Rendering Co., Auburn, Wood's B. B. Fertilizer, Mass. Wood's S. P. Fertilizer, Ground Tankage. Wood's 777 Fertilizer. A strenuous effort has been made to procure Fertilizers a representative sainple of every brand of fer- Collected. tilizer and lime which has been registered in Massachusetts, and with few exceptions the effort has been successful. It has been possible with larger means derived from our analysis fees to visit more towns and call upon more agents. The sampling has been done by our regular inspec- tor, Mr. James T. Howard, assisted by Mr. R. C. Tate and Mr. G. W. Simmons. During the early part of April, arrangements were made, upon request, to sample carloads of cottonseed meal, wood ashes, fertilizers and chemicals, these earlier shipments be- ing materials which were purchased for private use by some of the larger consumers. Although this practice has made it neces- sary to make a much larger number of analyses than formerly, yet it has some good features as it insures the inspection of a larger tonnage than would otherwise be possible, besides furnishing the large consumer an analysis of his particular shipment. Large . shipments of many private formulas have been sampled upon re- quest. It is believed that an analysis of an officially taken sample of these materials is of more value and fairer to all parties con- cerned than an analysis of a sample drawn by the consumer with- out the aid of proper sampling instruments. As much care is taken in sampling private formulas, cottonseed meal or even material in bulk, such as wood ashes, as in sampling the average registered complete fertilizer. The inspectors have, during the year, sampled about 5600 tons of fertiHzer of all kinds and in doing this have drawn from over 15,000 bags. The inspectors have visited 138 towns during the season, called tipon 329 different agents and drawn 1180 samples representing 527 distinct brands; this is 117 more samples, rep- resenting 45 more brands, than were taken during the previous year. Fertilizers Seven hundred and two analyses have been Analyzed. made during the year's inspection; they may be grouped as follows: Complete Fertilizers . . . . 431 Fertilizers furnishing phosphoric acid and pot- ash, such as ashes . . . . 16 13 Ground bone, tankage and fish ... 68 Nitrogen compounds, both organic and mineral 87 Potash compounds ..... 42 Phosphoric acid compoimds ... 33 Lime compounds ..... 25 702 At a meeting of representatives of the ex- Trade Values periment stations of New England, New York of Fertilizing and New Jersey, held during the first week of Ingredients. March, 1912, the following table of trade values was adopted; this schedule has served as a basis of valuing the fertilizers which appear in this bulletin. The trade values represent the average cash cost per pound at retail of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid as furnished by chemicals and standard unmixed fertilizing material in the prin- cipal markets in New York and New England. The data which are used in obtaining these values are the average wholesale quotations of chemicals and raw materials as found in commer- cial publications from September 1, 1911 to March 1, 1912, plus about 20 percent. Cents per pound. Nitrogen. 1911. 1912. In ammonia salts 16 16.5 In nitrates 16 16.5 Organic nitrogen in dry and fine ground fish. meat and blood 23 22 Organic nitrogen in fine* bone, tankage and mixed fertilizers 20 19 Organic nitrogen in coarse* bone and tankage ..15 15 Organic nitrogen in cottonseed meal, castor pom- ace, linseed meal, etc 21 20 Phosphoric Acid. Soluble in water 4.5 4.5 Soluble in neutral ammonium citrate solution (reverted phosphoric acid)** 4. 4. In fine* ground bone and tankage 4 . 4 . In coarse* bone, tankage and ashes 3.5 3.5 In cottonseed meal, castor pomace and linseed meal 4. 4. Insoluble (in neutral ammonium citrate solu- tion) in mixed fertilizers 2. 2. *Fine bone and tankage are separated from coarse bone and tankage by means of a sieve having circular openings 1-50 of an incii in diameter. Valuations of bone and tankage are based upon degree of fineness as well as upon composition. **Dissolved by a neutral solution of ammonium citrate, sp. gr. 1.09, in accordance with method adopted by the Association of OfE.cial Agricultural Chemists. 14 Potash. As sulfate free from chlorides 5 . 5 . 25 As muriate (chloride) 4 . 25 4 . 25 As carbonate 8 . 8 . In cottonseed meal, castor pomace, linseed meal, etc 5 . 5 . The new fertilizer law does not require the publication of the retail cash cost, the so-called commercial valuation and the per- centage difference between the cost and the valuation of any mixed or unmixed fertilizer. The manufacturers objected very strongly to such statements on the ground that the retail cash price, espec- ially in case of mixed fertilizers, is likely to vary considerably depending upon the amount sold and the location of the agent; and further that the percentage difference is held by many to represent the profit to the manufacturer, which is far from being the case. •In its place the law states that in connection with the actual analysis of each fertilizer, there shall be published the retail cash cost of equivalent amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and pot- ash in unmixed materials. In the tabulation of analyses published in this bulletin, this has been done, using the above trade values as a basis for computation. A single example will suffice: Suppose a fertilizer was found by analysis to contain 4 percent or 80 pounds of organic nitrogen, 6 percent or 120 pounds of sol- uble phosphoric acid and 4 percent or 80 poimds of potash. 80 pounds nitrogen at 19 cents per pound — $15.20 120 poimds phosphoric acid at 4.5 cents per pound — 5 . 40 80 pounds potash at 4.25 cents per pound — 3.40 $24.00 These figures mean that one ought to be able to purchase the above amounts of nitrogen, soluble phosphoric acid and potash at retail in the form of unmixed materials for $24.00. If such a mixture costs $34 in the local market the diff- erence would be $10 and the percentage difference] would be $10 -^ $24 = 41.7. This $10 or 41.7 percentage would represent the cost to the manufacturer of taking the unmixed materials to his factory, grinding and mixing them, putting them in new bags, selling them through local agents, bad debts, long-time 15 credits, and profits. Anyone so disposed can figure out the percentage difference for himself on any fertilizer he may buy. The term "commercial shortage" applied to any fertilizer means that it does not contain as much fertilizer material on a money basis as was guaranteed. Thus, the 4 percent of organic nitrogen, 6 percent of soluble phosphoric acid and 4 percent of potash in the fertilizer just referred to has a money value of $24. Now if this fertilizer did not quite test up to its several guaran- tees, it might only furnish $23 worth of fertihty, and the differ- ence of $1 would be the commercial shortage. Raw Products and Chemicals. Forty-five samples of ground bone, represent- Ground ing thirty-two analyses, have been collected Bone. and appear in this bulletin. Seven were found deficient in phosphoric acid and one in nitrogen. In all but one case a low phosphoric acid was more than made up by an overrun of nitrogen. Bone will vary in com- position more or less depending upon the amount of nitrogenous matter adhering to it. A high nitrogen denotes the presence of rather more than the normal amount of such material, and a high phosphoric acid indicates the presence of less nitrogenous matter with a correspondingly lower nitrogen percentage. Steamed bones from which the glue has been extracted contain less nitrogen and more phosphoric acid than kettle-rendered bones. The average retail cash price for ground bone has been $32.63 and the average commercial valuation as calculated by the table of trade values has been $29.24. Only one of the brands showed a small commercial shortage. Ground bone has averaged 3.12 percent nitrogen, 75.32 percent of which has been found active by the alkaline permanganate method. Twenty-eight samples of tankage have been Ground inspected, in some cases duphcate samples Tankage. being procured in different parts of the state. Whenever this has occurred an analysis has been made of a composite sample, so that only nineteen analyses have been made. Four samples were found deficient in phosphoric acid and four in nitrogen. The average retail cash price for tankage has been $33.19, and the average commercial valuation as calculated by the tables of trade values has been $33.05 per ton. Tankage has averaged 6.58 percent total nitrogen, of which 75.38 percent has been found active by the alkaline permanganate method. Nitrogen in fine tankage has cost on the average 19.08 cents; nitrogen in coarse tankage has cost 15.06 cents per pound. Two 16 samples have shown a coniTnercial shortage of over 50 cents per ton: Nitrate Agencies Co., No. 397. Nitrogen found 5.56%, guaranteed 6.37%; total phosphoric acid found 16.97%, guaran- teed 14%. Another sample sold by the Nitrate Agencies Co., collected in another part of the state and represented by No. 666. Nitrogen found 6.05%, guaranteed 5.35%; total phosphoric acid found 8.62%, guaranteed 16%. Other cases of deficiencies have been made up, with one ex- ception, by an overrun of another ingredient. Four analyses of dissolved bone have been Dissolved made and, with the exception of one nitro- Bone. gen which was slightly below, have been well up to the guarantee. The average re- tail cash price has been $30.25, and the average commercial val- uation as calculated by the table of trade values has been $23.27 per ton. Dissolved bone has averaged 2.60 percent nitrogen, 71.16 percent of which has been found active by the alkaline per- manganate method; Thirteen analyses of dry ground fish have Dry Ground been made representing thirty-two samples. Fish. Four were found deficient in nitrogen and one in phosphoric acid. The average retail cash price per ton has been $42.16, and the average calculated com- mercial valuation $41.59 per ton. Nitrogen from dry ground fish has cost on the average 22.3 cents per pound. Three brands showed a commercial shortage of over 50 cents per ton. They are as follows: Bowker Fertilizer Co., No. 405-452. Nitrogen found 8.17% guaranteed 8.23%; phosphoric acid found 5.36%, guaranteed 6%. The E. D. Chittenden Co., No. 385. Nitrogen found 7.46%, guaranteed 8.23%; phosphoric acid found 6.66%, guaranteed 6%. Sanderson Fertilizer and Chemical Co., No. 13-57-84-387-582- 893. Nitrogen found 7.87% guaranteed 8.2%; phosphoric acid found 7.14%, guaranteed 6%. Dry Ground Fish has averaged 8.09 percent total nitrogen, about 71 percent of which has been found active by the alkaline permanganate method. Eight samples have been examined repre- Dried senting six analyses; two were found de- Blood, ficient in nitrogen. In both cases the nitro- gen deficiency was more than made up by phosphoric acid which was found present. Blood has averaged 10.46 percent total nitrogen, about 74 percent of which has been 17 found active by the alkaline pennanganate method. The aver- age retail cash price for blood has been $50.74 per ton, and the average calculated commercial valuation $48.26 per ton. The average pound cost of nitrogen from blood has been 23.13 cents. Two samples have been analyzed, both of Castor which have been fotmd up to the guarantee. Pomace. The average retail cash price has been $25.50, and the average commercial valuation cal- culated by the table of trade values has been $19.24 per ton. The average cost of nitrogen in this form has been 26.51 cents per pound. Castor pomace has shown on the average 4.81 percent nitrogen, about 54 percent of which has been found active by the alkaline permanganate method. Fifty-six samples of cottonseed meal have Cottonseed been examined. Each sample represents a Meal. carload, and all of the material inspected was bought as a nitrogen source, largely for tobacco. The average retail cash price has been $31.45, and the average calculated commercial valuation $25.95 per ton. The average pound cost of nitrogen in this form has been 24.24 cents. Cottonseed meal has averaged 6.49 percent nitrogen, about 56 percent of which has been found active by the alkaline preman- ganate method. The following brands showed a commercial shortage of over 50 cents per ton: 5. P. Davis, No. 892. Nitrogen found 6.24%, guaranteed 6.50%. Humphreys Godwin Co., Nos. 66, 72, 91, 93, 100, 102, 433, 434, 636, 751, 1034, 1113. Average nitrogen found 6.20%, guaranteed 6.50%. Olds & Whipple, Nos. 187, 217, 587. Average nitrogen found 6.01%, guaranteed 6.58%. /. E. Soper Co., Nos. 872, 1112. Average nitrogen found 6.21%, guaranteed 6.50%. Jacksonville Oil Mill Co., No. 92. Nitrogen found 6.26%, guaranteed 6.50%. The large number of nitrogen shortages in cottonseed meal is due probably to the practice of manufacturers in grinding a cer- tain amount of hull and linters with the extracted meats. It might be said that it is the general practice of the shippers to al- low a rebate of 50 cents per unit for protein shortages. It is be- lieved that all of the nitrogen shortages in cottonseed meal men- tioned in this bulletin have been adjusted on this basis. 1^ Thirty-nine samples have been examined Nitrate of representing sixteen analyses; all but one Soda. sample was found fully up to the guarantee. Nitrate of soda has cost on the average $50.70, and the average commercial valuation calculated by the table of trade values has been $51.03 per ton. The pound price of nitrogen from this source has been 16.39 cents. Only one sample showed a commercial shortage of over 50 cents per ton : The Coe-Mortimer Co., No. 1126. Nitrogen found 14.75%, guaranteed 15%. Six analyses have been made representing Sulfate of seven samples; all have been found of good Ammonia. quality. The average retail cash price per ton has been $71.13, and the calculated com- mercial valuation $72.28 per ton. The average cost of a pound of nitrogen has been 16.23 cents. Potash Compounds. Eighteen analyses have been made repre- High Grade senting thirty-one samples. The potash guar- Sulfate of antee was not maintained in five cases. The Potash. average retail cash price of this potash salt has been $50.78, and the average commercial valuation calculated from the table of trade values has been $51.47 per ton. The pound of actual potash in this form has cost on the average 5.18 cents. Two samples show a commercial shortage of over 50 cents per ton : Bowker Fertilizer Co., Nos. 218, 407. Potash found 46.36% and 52.48%, guaranteed 48%. Five analyses have been made representing Potash- nine samples. The potash guarantee was Magnesia maintained in all cases. The average retail Sulfate. cash price has been $29.50, and the average commercial valuation calculated from the table of trade values has been $28.80 per ton. The pound of actual potash in this form has cost 5.38 cents. Sample No. 965, sold by the Mapes' Formula and Peruvian Guano Co., New York City, was not a bona fide sample of potash- magnesia sulfate, but evidently high grade sulfate of potash and sulfate of magnesia reduced with sand. It contained 21.6 per- cent material insoluble in hot water, the greater part of which was unquestionably sand. The sample tested 8.98 percent magnesium oxide in place of the usual 13 to 14 percent. Mr. Chas. H. Mapes, secretary of the company, has this to say regarding the matter: 19 "What you say of the presence of 21.6 percent of insoluble matter as indicating that the material was not a bona fide sample of sulfate of potash-magnesia but possibly high grade sulfate of potash diluted with some foreign material to bring the test down, is all news to us. If done at all it must have been done at the mines in Germany before shipment. The foreign test note which they furnished us seems correct in every particular. It gives, by the way, 26.55 percent actual potash. We have taken the matter up with our factory so as to be positively certain of the identity of the particular lot from which your sample was drawn, and as soon as we hear from them will lay the information you have given us before the potash people." The statement of the Mapes' Company is, in our opinion true. The case is probably similar to several which were detected last year, and which proved to be cases where the mines in Germany had reduced high grade sulfate of potash with sand in order to fill orders for potash-magnesia sulfate, of which there was a tem- porary shortage. Dr. Huston of the German Kali Works states that the practice is not tolerated by his company and heavy ship- ments have been returned at the expense of the mines furnishing the material, and in all cases where this practice has been detected heavy fines have also been imposed. As has been pointed out in previous bulletins, the practice is an adulteration and the material is misbranded. Perhaps the most serious feature of the case is the low magnesia test, although of course the somewhat higher cost of the actual potash is an item of great importance. The amount of material involved in this particular case was not large, only 13^2 tons being bought by one party for his own use. Fifteen analyses have been made representing ; Muriate of thirty-one samples. The potash guarantee Potash. was maintained in all but one case and in this exception the commercial shortage was less than 50 cents per ton. The average retail cash price has been $42.58, and the calculated commercial valuation $43.83 per ton. The pound of actual potash as muriate has cost on the average 4.13 cents. In the case of some deficiencies of potash in form of muriate which occurred in last year's inspection, it was suggested by Dr. Huston that possibly the salt had absorbed moisture from the at- mosphere as it is more or less deliquescent in nature. An absorp- tion of moisture would result in a lower analysis and an apparent shortage in potash, and yet, in reality, the purchaser would get all of the potash to which he was entitled. The moisture absorp- tion would simply cause the material to weigh more, and instead 20 of 2000 pounds of the salt furnishing 1000 pounds of actual potash, it might be found that the original 2000 pounds had increased six to eight pounds by absorbing that amount of moisture. The inspectors were instructed to weigh packages in the pos- session of different agents to determine this point. In six cases each package weighed exactly 200 pounds; in one case each sack weighed 224 pounds, making nine sacks weigh 2016 pounds. Allowing 13^ pounds each for the sacks, this would give a total weight of 2006 pounds from the nine sacks. As the shipment was made to fill an order for one ton of miuiate, it would indicate that this sample had either absorbed moisture or else in re-bagging a liberal weight of the salt had been allowed. Assuming that it was a case of moisture absorption, it was the only case out of seven, which would show that under ordinary conditions of storage this tendency would not be great. Kainit. Three samples have been analyzed and found well up to the guarantee. Phosphoric Acid Compounds. Dissolved Two samples of dissolved bone black have Bone Black. been analyzed, one of which showed a com- mercial shortage of over 50 cents per ton: The American Agricultural Chemical Co., No. 362. Soluble phosphoric acid found 11.07%, guaranteed 13%; reverted phos- phoric acid found 3.09%, guaranteed 2%; insoluble phosphoric acid found .28%, guaranteed 1%. Fourteen analyses of acid phosphate have Acid been made representing twenty-five samples. Phosphate. In all but one case the guarantee of available phosphoric acid has been maintained. The average retail cash price has been $15.35 and the average commer- cial valuation calculated from the table of trade values has been S13.67 per ton. The pound of available phosphoric acid from acid phosphate has cost 4.77 cents. Seventeen analyses of Thomas basic slag Basic Slag phosphate have been made representing Phosphate. twejity-three samples. Four analyses showed samples deficient in available phosphoric acid. The average retail cash price paid for basic slag was $15.19, and the average calculated commercial valuation $12.64 per ton. The pound of available phosphoric acid from basic slag, as de- termined by the Wagner method, has cost on the average 4.81 cents. The following brands showed a commercial shortage of over 50 cents per ton: 21 Bowker Fertilizer Co., No. 1. Total phosphoric acid found 15.66%, guaranteed 16%; available phosphoric acid found 6.31%, guaranteed 14%; insoluble phosphoric acid found 9.35%, guar- anteed 2%. At the request of the Bowker Fertilizer Co., another sample, No. 222, was collected of the same party, a larger number of sacks being sampled than in the previous case. This sample tested 16.31% total phosphoric acid, 8.67% available phosphoric acid and 7.64% insoluble phosphoric acid. This was a decidedly inferior article. Ross Brothers Co., No. 734. Total phosphoric acid found 14.14%, guaranteed 18%; available phosphoric acid found 12.56%, guaranteed 13%; insoluble phosphoric acid found 1.58%, guar- anteed 5%. Mixed Complete Fertilizers. The larger number of high grade fertilizers Lessons drawn from that are being sold from year to year in Mass- Study of Grades achusetts indicates that the average farmer of Fertilizer. realizes the importance of purchasing a high grade mixture. As has been pointed out in past years, there are many advantages to be gained by choosing a formula from among the high grade goods. Summary tables have been prepared which furnish valuable data bearing upon this point. In separating the formulas into different grades those brands containing plant food having a commercial value of $24 or over per ton have been classed as high grade, those having a value be- tween $18 and $24 per ton medium grade, and those having a value of $18 or less per ton low grade. Table showing average cash price and commercial plant food value per ton, also money difference between cash price and plant food value: High Grade 1911 1912 Average Retail Cash Price per Ton $40.87 $38.23 Average Calculated Commercial Value of Plant Food in a Ton $28.89 $27.84 Average Money Difference I $11. 98! $11. 16 Medium Grade 1911 I 1912 .$35.08 .$33.26 $21.04|.$20.74 $14.04 $12.52 Low Grade 1911 1912 529.64 1.76 $15.37 $14.58 $14. 27; $15. 16 The above table shows: (1). That the average ton price of the three grades of fertilizer has been $1.45 less and the average calctilated commercial value of plant food in a ton 72 cents less than for the previous season. 22 (2). That the low grade goods were the only class which sold on the average at a slightly higher ton cost than during the pre- vious year, (3). That the precentage excess of the selling price over the commercial value of plant food in the low grade fertilizers is over 2)4, times more than in the high grade goods and about 1^ times more than in the medium grade fertilizers. (4). That with a 28.5 percent advance in price over the low grade fertilizer, the high grade furnishes about 91 percent in- crease in commercial plant food value. (5). The money difference between the average selling price and the average valuation in the high grade fertilizers is $4.00 less than in the low grade goods. It probably costs no more to manufacture a ton of low grade goods than it does a ton of the high grade, besides in the low grade fertilizer opportunities are offered for the use of low grade ammoniates and low grade potash compounds. These facts all emphasize the many advantages to be gained by buying only high grade mixtures. Table showing the average composition of the three grades of fertilizer. Nitrogen Phosphoric Acid U -a X!rH s (;rade. 3 Qtage lity of itrogen itage lity of trogen 3 1 0) 1 o a 3 S 2 15 o Perce Availab Total N Percei Availab Org. N 3 02 •3 > < •a 1 o m S 2 High 165 48.25 3.94 85.28 68.65 3.90 3.52 7.42 7.75 19.11 Medium 105 30.88 2.59 83.40 64.46 4.46 3.25 7.71 5.08 15.38 Low 72 21.18 1.66 75.90 60.00 4. 36 2.74 7.10 2.83 11.59 The above table shows: (1). That a ton of the average high grade fertilizer furnishes 45.6 pounds more nitrogen and 98.4 pounds more actual potash than does a ton of the low grade goods. (2). That a ton of the average high grade fertilizer furnishes 27 pounds more nitrogen and 53. 4 pounds more potash than does a ton of the medium grade goods. (3). That with a 28.5 percent advance in price over the low grade fertilizer, the high grade furnishes about 65 percent increase in available plant food. 23 (4). The average high grade fertilizer with about 15 percent advance in price over the medium grade goods, furnishes over 24 percent more plant food and 34 percent increase in commercial value. (5). The percentage activity of the total nitrogen is 9.38 percent, and the percentage activity of the organic nitrogen is 8.65 percent more in the high grade fertilizer than in the low grade brands. This would indicate the superior quality of nitrogenous materials found in the high grade brands, which is still another advantage in purchasing the latter class of fertilizer. Table showing the comparative pound cost of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid in its various forms in the three grades of fertilizer. FORM OF ELEMENT Nitrogen (as Nitrates and Am- raoniatesj Nitrogen (Organic) Potash (as Muriate) Soluble Phosphoric Acid . . . . , Reverted Phosphoric Acid . . . , Insoiwble Phosphoric Acid . . . , Low Grade Medium Grade High Grade Fertilizer Fertilizer Fertilizer 33.7 cts. 26 . 5 cts. 22.6 cts. 38.8 " 30.5 " 26.1 " 8.7 " 6.8 " 5.8 " 9.2 " 7.2 " 6.2 " 8.2 " 6.5 " 5.5 " 4.1 " 3.2 " 2.7 '' This table shows : (1). That the purchase of high grade fertilizers in place of low grade has saved nearly 12 cents on every pound of nitrogen and nearly 3 cents on every pound of potash and phosphoric acid. (2). That the purchase of high grade fertilizers in place of mediimi grade has saved 4^ cents on every pound of nitrogen and nearly 2 cents on every pound of potash and phosphoric acid. (3). The cost of the several elements of plant food in the average high grade fertilizer amounts to $37.65 a ton. If the farmer purchases this same amount of plant food on the basis of the cost of the fertilizer elements in the low grade fertilizer, he would pay $56.17. In other words, he would pay $18.52 more for the same plant food if purchased in the form of low grade fertili- zer; and he would pay $12.06 more for it if purchased in the form of medium grade fertilizer. (4). About 52 percent of the brands of fertilizer sold in the state are classed as low and medium grade. This is by far too large a proportion as it means that those purchasing this class of goods are paying an excessive price for the actual plant food obtained, which in the aggregate must amount to many thousands of dollars. 24 (5). It would be much more economical to buy only high grade fertilizers and use less per acre. The brand should be se- lected which comes nearest fulfilling the plant food requirements in each individual case. Summary of results of analyses of the complete fertilizers as compared with the manufacturer's guarantee. MANUFACTUEER. 6< O QD 3 E of- p « a A 6 J3 2 W. H. Abbott Alphano Humus Co American Agric. Chemical Co. . Armour Fertilizer Works Beach Soap Co Berkshire Fertilizer Co Bowker Fertilizer Co Jos. Breck & Sons Buffalo Fertilizer Co The E. D. Chittenden Co Clay & Son Coe-Mortimer Co Eastern Chemical Co Essex Fertilizer Co C. W. Hastings Hubbard Fertilizer Co Listers' Agric. Chem. Works . . J. E. MoGovern Mapcs' Form. & Per. Guano Co. National Fertihzer Co Natural Guano Co New England Fertilizer Co. . . . Olds & Whipple Parmenter & Polsey Fert. Co. . . R. T. Prentiss Pulverized Manure Co Rogers Manufacturing Co Rogers & Hubbard Co Ross Bros. Co Sanderson Fert. & Chem. Co. . M. L. Shoemaker & Co., Ltd. . Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co. . . . 20th Century Specialty Co Wm. Thomson & Sons Whitman & Pratt Rendering Co Wilcox Fertilizer Co A. H. Wood & Co 3 1 76 10 6 15 26 3 8 6 1 17 1 9 1 5 9 1 18 15 1 7 7 8 3 2 10 9 4 8 2 16 3 2 5 9 3 1 33 6 4 12 19 1 6 4 1 10 2 1 1 6 1 14 6 1 6 6 6 2 1 7 8 2 5 2 12 2 1 5 9 2 3 1 66 10 6 15 23 3 7 5 1 16 1 6 1 5 9 1 18 11 1 7 7 8 2 1 10 9 3 8 2 16 3 2 5 9 3 34 4 2 3 6 2 2 1 6 1 5 1 3 4 9 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 4 1 1 25 The table on the opposite page shows : (1). That out of a total of 330 brands of complete fertilizers collected and analyzed, 124 (38 percent of the total number) fell below the manufacturer's guarantee in one or more elements. (2). That 104 brands were deficient in one element. (3). That 18 brands were deficient in two elements. (4). That 2 brands were deficient in all three elements. (5). That 26 brands (about 8 percent of the whole number analyzed) showed a commercial shortage: that is, the value of the plant food found did not equal the value of the plant food guaranteed, although overruns were used to offset shortages. The deficiencies found were divided as follows: 73 brands were found deficient in nitrogen. 31 brands were found deficient in available phosphoric acid. 42 brands were found deficient in potash. (6). As compared with the previous year, a much better showing has been made. Fewer deficiencies have occurred, also a less number of commercial shortages. The number of nitrogen, available phosphoric acid and potash shortages were respectively 23 less, 59 less and 24 less than for the season of 1911. The brands showing a commercial shortage were two less than for the pre- vious year. Table showing commercial shortages (25 cents and over) in mixed commercial fertilizers for 1911 and 1912. Commercial Shortages Number of Brands 1911. 1912. Between $1.00 and $2.00 per ton Under $1.00 not less than 25 cents per ton 9 17 8 15 A nimiber of instances have occurred, as is frequently the case, where serious shortages of some one element have been found and yet the brands have not suffered a commercial shortage, the deficiencies being made up by overruns of some other element. Although this is not a desirable feature, perhaps it cannot always be avoided in the rush season. The following brands have shown a commer- Commercial cial shortage of over 50 cents per ton, the value Shortages. of the overruns having been used in all cases to reduce the shortages. American Agricultural Chemical Co., Boston, Mass. — High Grade Tobacco Manure, No. 81. Nitrogen found 5.32%, guar- 26 anteed 5.76%; available phosphoric acid found 5.89%, guaran- teed 5%; potash found 9.51%, guaranteed 10%. Grass and Lawn Top Dressing, No. 1012. Nitrogen found 3.28%, guaranteed 3.91%; available phosphoric acid found 5.30%, guaranteed 5%; potash found 2.71%, guaranteed 2%. Bradley's English Lawn Fertilizer, No. 507. Nitrogen found 4.50%, guaranteed 4.94%; available phosphoric acid found 4.72%, giiaranteed 4%; potash found 5.39%, guaranteed 6%. Farquhar's Vegetable and Potato Fertilizer, No. 343. Nitro- gen found 2.93%, guaranteed 3%; available phosphoric acid found 6%, guaranteed 7%; potash found 6.82%, guaranteed 7%. Read's High Grade Farmers' Friend Superphosphate, No. 833. Nitrogen found 2.76%, guaranteed 3.29%; available phosphoric acid found 6.78%, guaranteed 6%; potash found 7.76%, guaran- teed 10%. Read's Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer, No. 1005. Nitrogen found 1.97%, guaranteed 2.06%; available phosphoric acid fotind 8.19%, guaranteed 8%; potash found 4.48%, guaranteed 6%. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Ma55.— Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Top Dressing and Forcing, No. 765-955. Nitrogen found 4.66%, guaranteed 4.94%; available phosphoric acid found 4.26%, guaranteed 4%; potash found 5.63%, guaran- teed 6%. The E. D. Chittenden Co., Bridgeport, Ct. — Chittenden's Potato and Grain, No. 199-635. Nitrogen found 3.10%, guaran- teed 3.30%; available phosphoric acid found 7.76%, guaranteed 8%; potash found 6.08%, guaranteed 6%. Essex Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. — Essex XXX Fish and Potash, No. 225-613-980. Nitrogen found 1.80%, guaranteed 2%; available phosphoric acid found 7.88%, guaranteed 8%; potash found 3%, guaranteed 3%. National Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. — Chittenden's High Grade Special Tobacco Fertilizer, No. 27. Nitrogen found 5.39%, guaranteed 5.76%; available phosphoric acid found 5.97%; guaranteed 5%; potash found 9.63%, guaranteed 10%. Chittenden's Fish and Potash, No. 249-993. Nitrogen found 2.50%, guaranteed 2.88%; available phosphoric acid found 6.76%, guaranteed 6%; potash found 3.90%, guaranteed 4%. R. T. Prentiss, Granhy, Mass. — Top Dressing, No. 1053. Nitrogen found 5.20%, guaranteed 5.70%; available phosphoric acid found 6.89%, guaranteed 6% ; potash found 8.43%, guaran- teed 8%. Pulverized Manure Co., Chicago, III. — Wizard Brand Shred- ded Cattle Manure, No. 235. Nitrogen found 1.61%, guaran- 27 teed 1.80%; available phosphoric acid found .89%, guaranteed 1%; potash found .95%, guaranteed 1%. Quality of Plant Food. There is a considerable variety of opinion Character of among fertilizer manufacturers as to what Nitrogen proportion of the nitrogen in a given fertilizer Used. formula should be present as nitrates and ammoniates (mineral forms) and as organic. Most of the formulas tested in this year's inspection have a por- tion of both forms present. In the low grade fertilizers 60%, and in the high and medium grades 47% of the nitrogen was present in organic forms. Another significant fact is that out of 17 analyses which showed a low activity of the water insoluble organic nitrogen (and to which special attention is called on a subsequent page ) 9 or 53% were fertilizers which valued commer- cially less than $15 per ton; in other words, were low grade goods. Three out of the 17 were from medium grade goods and 5 or about 29% were from high grade fertilizers. The above data would indicate a tendency to use a lower grade of material in supplying the nitrogen in the cheaper grades of fertilizer and is another strong argument in favor of the purchase of high grade formulas. It seems of interest to publish here a summary table showing the average amount, form and quality of nitrogen used by each manufacturer in the brands sold for 1912. See next page. 28 MANUFACTURER. 1 « > .t'a o ho a 03 C3 *» (u o W. H. Abbott 3 1 76 10 6 15 26 3 8 6 1 17 9 5 9 1 18 15 1 7 7 8 3 2 10 9 3 9 2 16 3 2 5 9 3 3.57 3.38 2.64 2.43 3.91 3.33 2.83 3.06 2.69 3.60 4.41 3.13 2.68 ^2.99 2.56 3.78 3.90 3.65 2.31 2.20 3.75 2.79 3.93 1.93 3.97 3.65 2.66 3.29 3.35 2.62 2.36 4.90 2.96 3.31 4.66, 1.25 1.57 1.19 2.61 1.04 1.74 1.24 1.52 1.86 2.42 1.81 .91 1.87 1.37 .82 3.00 1.52 .49 .79 .98 3.25 1.31 1.98 2.02 1.10 1.12 1.07 2.28 3.02 .86 1.04 3.55 2.32 3.38 1.07 1.24 1.30 2.29 1.09 1.82 1.17 1.74 1.99 1.32 1.77 1.12 1.19 2.96 .90 2.13 2.31 1.71 2.96 1.81 .68 1.93 2.66 1.67 .64 2.19 2.23 1.55 .10 1.38 2.10 2.27 1.11 79.50 46.45 86.75 80.25 87.22 76.58 86.58 75.16 82.16 81.12 82.54 86.26 80.98 84.96 85.94 74.08 90.26 81.92 44.59 83.64 72.54 81.14 94.15 42.49 81.36 87.13 87.22 75.72 90.74 88.54 98.30 80.90 74.32 77.04 90.56 68.60 Alphano Humus Co 46.45 American Agric. Chemical Co. . . Armour Fertilizer Works Beach Soap Co 67.29 61.30 61 54 Berkshire Fertilizer Co 65 94 Bowker Fertilizer Co 65.14 Jos. Breck & Sons 58.24 Buffalo Fertilizer Co 58 98 The E. D. Chittenden Co Clay & Son 60.92 61.30 Coe-Mortimer Co 67.43 Essex Fertilizer Co Hubbard Fertilizer Co Listers' Agric. Chem. Works . . . J. E. McGovern 71.18 59.82 69.75 66.90 Mapes' Form. & Per. Guano Co. National P^ertihzer Co Natural Guano Co New England Fertilizer Co Olds & Whipple Parmenter & Polsey Fert. Co. ... R. T. Prentiss Pulverized Manure Co 57.78 69.02 44.59 78.95 65.20 79.00 66.18 42 49 Rogers Manufacturing Co Rogers & Hubbard 72.18 71.86 Ross Bros. Co 45.31 Sanderson Fert. & Chem. Co. . . M. L. Shoemaker & Co., Ltd. .. Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co 20th Century Specialty Co Wm. Thomson & Sons Whitman & Pratt Rendering Co. Wilcox Fertilizer Co 63.47 86.10 80.65 40.00 68.00 63.81 66.52 A. H. Wood & Co 60.36 In the above table it will be seen that some manufacturers' goods show a satisfactory and even high percentage activity of the total nitrogen while the percentage activity of the organic nitrogen present is relatively low. The meaning of this is that a larger proportion of the total nitrogen is present in mineral form (as nitrates and ammoniates) and to keep such a formula in good mechanical condition so as to drill readily and not cake, a certain amount of conditioner may have been used such as dry ground 29 peat, or garbage tankage. This practice is legitimate provided the nitrogen which the conditioner carries is not counted in the guarantee and a statement appears on the tag that such materials have been used for this purpose. It will be seen in the complete tables of analyses that the man- ner of reporting the form and quality of nitrogen in the complete fertilizers varies somewhat from that of last year. It is now stated as follows: ' 1. Nitrogen in form of nitrates and ammoniates. 2. Water soluble organic nitrogen. 3. Active water insoluble organic nitrogen. 4. Inactive water insoluble organic nitrogen. 5. Total nitrogen found. •6. Total nitrogen guaranteed. The following may be said in explanation of the various forms of nitrogen reported: Nitrogen in form of Nitrates and Ammoniates. This indicates the amount of nitrogen present as nitrate of soda or potash and as sulfate of ammonia. Both are mineral forms of nitrogen, soluble in water and readily available to plants. The nitrogen from calcium cyanamid would appear in part with these forms and in part with the water soluble organic nitrogen, its availability corresponding to that in sulfate of ammonia. Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen. This denotes that portion of the organic nitrogen which is soluble in water and which pre- sumably is readily available to the growing plant. Active Water Insoluble Organic Nitrogen. This includes that portion of the organic nitrogen which, although not soluble in water, is readily acted upon and liberated by the chemicals used in the modified alkaline permanganate method. This form of nitrogen is believed to be acted upon by bacteria and other forms of soil life and easily converted into forms available to the growing plant during the first year of its application. The activity of this form of nitrogen has been fairly well established by ex- tensive vegetation experiments carried on at the Rhode Island Station and elsewhere in conjunction with a study of the alkaline permanganate method. Inactive Water Insoluble Organic Nitrogen. As the name indicates, this includes that portion of the organic nitrogen which is not acted upon or, if acted upon, is not set free by the chemicals used in the modified alkaline permanganate method. This nitrogen will probably not be available as plant food the first season of its application, although in time it may become active. 30 In judging the quality of the organic nitrogen Interpreting in a fertiHzer one should be guided by the the Quality percentage activity of the total organic nitro- of the gen as well as the percentage activity of the Nitrogen. water insoluble organic nitrogen and a fer- tilizer should not be condemned until due con- sideration is given for any excess of nitrogen furnished over the minimum guarantee. For instance, out of a total of 41 brands in this year's inspection which showed an activity of the water insoluble organic nitrogen of less than 50%, 16 of them undoubt- edly owed this low availability of the organic nitrogen to the pres- ence of a small amount (200 lbs. more or less) of dry ground peat which had been used as a conditioner. The minimum nitrogen guarantee in these goods was evidently made up of nitrogen in an available form. It speaks well for the laboratory method that one is able to detect the presence of so small an amount of low grade nitrogen; since the 200 lbs. of peat would not furnish over 5 lbs. or about .25% of nitrogen. Although no hard and fast rule can be laid down, yet fertili- zers which contain a considerable quantity of organic nitrogen, only small amounts of which are water soluble and in which less than 50% of the water insoluble organic nitrogen is in active form, should be classed as low grade. (Cases should be viewed with suspicion where less than 50% of the water insoluble organic ni- trogen is found active, even though the fertilizer may show con- siderable organic nitrogen in water soluble form.) It should be borne in mind that the laboratory method, although probably showing a higher activity of the nitrogen in fertilizers than is shown by vegetation experiments, does not pretend to give the true availability as shown by field or pot tests. It will and does distinguish, however, between the good and inferior forms of organic nitrogen used in commercial fertilizer mixtures. On the basis of the above statements, there seems good reason to conclude that at least a portion of the organic nitrogen found in the following brands was derived from inferior sources : Alphano Humus Co., New York City. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Prepared Humus. Pulverized Sheep Manure, Ammoniated Food for Flowers. Armour Fertilizer Works, Baltimore, , „ , „ „ -r, . j^^ Jos. Breck & Sons, Boston, Mass. Complete Potato. Sheep Manure. Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Fish Guano. Beach Soap Co., Lawrence, Mass. Market Garden Fertihzer, Advance Fertilizer Hubbard Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md. Reliance Fertilizer, Blood, Bone and Potash, Lawn Dressing. Farmers' I. X. L. 31 Mapes' Formula & Peruvian Guano R. T. Prentiss, Granby, Mass. Co., New York City. Potato and Vegetable (2 samples), Economical Potato Manure, Corn Fertilizer (2 samples), Complete Manure for Light Soils, Top Dressing (2 samples). Average Soil, Complete Manure, Lawn Top Dressing, Pulverized Manure Co., Chicago, 111. Complete Manure for General Use, Shredded Cattle Manure, Tobacco Ash Constituents. Pulverized Sheep Manure. Natural Guano Co., Aurora, 111. Ross Brothers Co., Worcester, Mass. Pulverized Sheep Manure. Lawn Fertilizer. Alphano Humus Co. The company claims the nitrogen in the prepared humus has been made active by the process of man- ufacture; yet the indications are that the material is largely dry ground peat. Beach Soap Co. Early in the season this company stated that it was their intention to use a small amount of dry ground peat to improve the mechanical condition of the several brands, but that the nitrogen from this source was not to be included in their guarantee. Our analyses indicate this statement to be correct. In general the statement may be made, that the use of such materials is not objectionable, provided in accordance with our fertilizer law, the nitrogen they contain is not included in the guarantee. Bowker Fertilizer Co. The various brands of ground and shredded sheep and cattle manure have a relatively low activity as shown by all of the analyses. This is characteristic especially of the solid part of nattu^al manures, and explains why it is so last- ing (or slowly available) in the soil. There is nothing in the analyses to indicate that foreign substances have been added. In the Ammoniated Food for Flowers, which is a product put up in small packages, the presence of the relatively small amount of organic nitrogen-containing material which shows a low ac- tivity must be considered as incidental and used to improve the mechanical condition, as the total nitrogen is more than made up by the mineral forms of nitrogen. Jos. Breck & Sons. There seems no occasion to suspect that the sheep manure put out by this company is adulterated or changed in composition from the original dried material. Buffalo Fertilizer Co. The one brand showing a low nitrogen activity may be classed as a low grade fertilizer. The total nitrogen ran somewhat over the minimum guarantee, but the absence of water soluble organic nitrogen and the low activity of the water insoluble organic nitrogen are strong indications that some low grade material was used to furnish a portion of the nitrogen. 32 No explanation was received from the company when the analysis was reported. Huhhard Fertilizer Co. The company state: "The inactive nitrogen we would suppose comes from the garbage tankage that we use, and in no instance do we use over 200 lbs. (to the ton), and the same with each brand of goods, which is simply to make our package run of uniform size. "This grade of tankage runs about 2.75% nitrogen and is not as soluble as the other grade that we use." It may be said that a fair proportion of the total nitrogen was found present in form of nitrates and ammoniates, and the pres- ence of an appreciable amount of water soluble organic nitrogen would indicate that at least a portion of the organic nitrogen was derived from the better grades of tankage. As a whole, how- ever, the quality of the organic nitrogen was not all that could be desired. Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Co. The significance of the low activity of the organic nitrogen in the six brands belong- ing to this company, when taken in connection with other data furnished in the analysis, would indicate the use of a small amount of garbage tankage, tartar pomace or some similar material as a conditioner. This was borne out by a statement received from the company last season, their claim being that almost all of their nitrogen was supplied from nitrates, ammonia salts, degelatinized bone meal and Pemvian guano, and that the small amount of inferior material found was used to keep the fertilizer in good mechanical condition. The brands carry a high percentage of mineral nitrogen and there seems no reason to doubt the claims of the company. Natural Guano Co. What has already been said about the character of the nitrogen in ground sheep manure applies to the brand put out by this company. The same may be said of the two products put out by the Pulverized Manure Company. R. T. Prentiss. The composition of these brands would in- dicate that a portion of the organic nitrogen was derived from garbage tankage or some similar product. There is a fair pro- portion of mineral nitrogen present and a considerable amount of water soluble organic nitrogen, the latter indicating that some of the organic nitrogen was derived from animal tankage. In two of the brands the total nitrogen guarantee was main- tained; the other brand showed a total nitrogen shortage of .33%. One must conclude that the quality of the organic nitrogen as a whole was not satisfactory. Mr. Prentiss states that the fer- tilizers were made for him by the D. B. Martin Rendering Co., Philadelphia, Pa., and that the understanding was that nothing 33 but high grade materials should go into the mixtures. Infor- mation has reached him from other sources that the company have been known to use considerable quantities of garbage tank- age. Ross Brothers Co. This same brand showed an unsatisfactory activity of its organic nitrogen last year. The company stated that the organic nitrogen was derived from sheep manure, tobacco dust and bone, and it is quite probable that the sheep manure and tobacco dust are responsible for the trouble. It might be added that the total nitrogen guarantee was more than made up by the mineral forms of nitrogen present. Summary. 1. The quality of the organic nitrogen used in the fertilizers sold in Massachusetts for 1912 shows an improvement over last year. There is, however, chance for further improvement. 2. A number of brands showed an activity of water insol- uble organic nitrogen slightly under 50%, but the presence of a relatively large amount of water soluble nitrogen allowed us to pass them without special mention. The standing of each one, however, is given in the tables of analysis; brands having an inactive water insoluble organic nitrogen greater than the active water insoluble should be viewed with suspicion. 3. From what has been said it will not be a hard task for anyone to pick out those brands where nitrogen-containing ma- terial of low availability has been used in furnishing a part of the nitrogen guarantee. These are the serious cases and it is hoped that conditions will improve another season. Although the phosphoric acid guarantees are Character of better maintained than last year, yet there Phosphoric seems but little difference in the relative pro- Acid, portions of soluble, reverted and insoluble forms in the fertilizer mixtures. Of the total phosphoric acid found in all of the brands analyzed, 83 percent was present in available form, and of the available 57 percent was in water soluble form. There are indications that a considerable quantity of nonacid- ulated phosphoric-acid-containing materials enters into the com- position of mixed fertilizers. As proof of this, it may be men- tioned that 15 samples of acid phosphate were analyzed during the year and 96 percent of the average total phosphoric acid was classed as available. Of the available phosphoric acid, 78 per- cent was in water soluble form. These are considerably larger percentage solubilities than are found in the complete fertilizers. Undoubtedly considerable of the less soluble and available phos- 34. phoric acid in the mixed goods comes from tankage, bone and other raw products which are used in the mixtures. To what extent other nonacidulated materials were used cannot be de- finitely determined. A test has been made to determine the form of Character of potash in every sample of fertilizer analyzed. Potash. A great majority of the brands carried potash in form of muriate. In many of the guaran- tees of brands having potash in form of mu- riate, the manufacturer has given the equivalent in sulfate of potash. This practice is misleading, its object being to give the purchaser the impression that the potash is actually present as sulfate. Any doubt in this matter may be decided b>' reference to the tables of analyses, where potash in form of sulfate is in- dicated by the asterisk (*), which refers to a footnote giving the amount of potash as sulfate and muriate. Wherever the per- centage of potash occurs in the tables without the asterisk or dagger following the potash percentages, the potash is in form of muriate. Only a very few cases have been noted showing the absence of chlorides in those brands where sidfate was guaran- teed. The amount of chlorine present was small and has varied within relatively narrow limits, which indicates that its source was not from muriate of potash added, but rather from other chemicals and raw products used. The presence of considerable chlorine in tobacco fertilizers is not desirable. Most of the tobacco formulas have been quite satisfactory in this respect, showing only incidental amounts of chlorine. (Thirty-eight analyses, representing 24 tobacco brands with potash guaranteed as sulfate, showed total potash 6.25%, of which 5.44% was from sulfate and .81% from muriate.) An exception to this was found in two samples of Tobacco Starter and Grower put out by the American Agricultural Chemical Com- pany. No. 86 had a guarantee of 4% potash in form of sulfate; 4.60 % was found, of which 3.49% was from muriate and .66% from sulfate. No. 918, with the same guarantee, contained 4.52% potash as muriate and .19% potash as sulfate. Another sample of this brand, No. 660, had most of its potash as guaranteed, 4.47% being present as sulfate and only .73% as muriate. The company write that their factory superintendent is unable to account for the presence of the muriate of potash in the goods as nothing but high grade sulfate was supposed to have been used. In some of the tobacco brands, the potash was guaranteed as carbonate and varying percentages of carbonate were actually found. Of the seventeen analyses, representing five such brands, the average potash found was 6.76%, of which 3.45% was un- 35 doubtedly present as claimed, enough chlorine and soluble sul- fates being present to account for the remainder of the potash (.78% as muriate and 2.53% as sulfate). Ground Rock, Mineral Fertilizer or Stone Meal. The indications are that not much of this class of materials has been sold in the Massachusetts markets. The inspectors were not able to find it in the hands of agents, and it was probably sold by the manufacturer through soliciting agents direct to the farmer. A sample of New Mineral Fertilizer, manufactured by the New Mineral Fertilizer Co., Boston, was taken by one of our in- spectors from stock carried by the manufacturer. The analysis of this showed the presence of .09% nitrogen, .38% total phos- phoric acid and .10% water soluble potash. The calculated commercial value of the material was 57 cents per ton. Extrav- agant claims are made by the company for the fertilizing value of the silica, chlorine, sulfur, soda, lime, magnesia, iron and alumina which the material, like all rocks and soils, contains. The ordinary soil usually contains an abundance of these elements with the possible exception of lime. Assuming the ton price to be the same as last year, ($17), a pound of nitrogen would have cost $5.67, a pound of insoluble phosphoric acid 60 cents and a pound of water soluble potash $1.27. Dr. Charles D. Woods, Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station has conducted field experiments with this material.* The results of the experiment were stated as follows by Director Woods: "It will be noted that both with the com and with the pota- toes, there was a somewhat smaller ^'ield on the plots to which New Mineral Fertilizer was applied than upon the plots which re- ceived no fertilizer. The comparative yields seem to clearly point out that there was no benefit from the use of the New Min- eral Fertilizer." The Massachusetts station intends to conduct some experi- ments with this fertilizer the coming season. Two samples of Stonemeal manufactured by the Stonemeal Fertilizer Company of Paterson, New Jersey, who have an office in Springfield, Massachusetts, were collected and analyzed. The detailed results are listed under "Fertilizers for Private Use," immediately following the registered brands. Although this material contains a little more potash and phosphoric acid than * See description of the experiment in the American Fertilizer, Philadelphia, Pa., Vol. XXXVII, No. 9. pp. 28-29. 36 did the New Mineral Fertilizer, yet it must^be placed in the same class. Lime Compounds. Our new fertilizer law was drafted to include the inspection of lime used for agricultural purposes. This is, therefore, the first official inspection of lime which has ever been made in the state.** The lime samples were collected by the same Collection agents who sampled the commercial fertilizers of Samples. and the same methods were followed. Forty- four samples representing 21 brands were taken from 36 different agents in 24 different towns. Twenty-five analyses of lime products have Analysis of been made ; they have been listed in the tables Samples. under two heads: 1. Agricultural Limes which include the slaked or hydrated limes, caustic or burnt lime and carbonates of lime (such as ground lime- stone, marl and lime ashes). 2. Gypsum, land plaster or sulfate of lime.* The analyses as published show not only the percentage of calcium and magnesium oxides present, but the probable propor- tions of the various forms of these two constituents present in each sample. This enables the purchaser to select the more active forms such as caustic and hydrated (slaked) limes, or the more mild carbonate. Wherever the retail cash price of the brand has been secured, a calculation has been made showing the actual cost of 100 pounds of calcium and magnesium oxides. Eight cases have been found where the lime Quality of guarantee has not been maintained ; only one Lime. of these, however, was serious, some of the deficiencies being made up by an overrun of magnesia. In one sample of gypsum put out by the Cement and Plaster Co., Fayette ville,. N. Y., 94.33% of calcium sulfate was guaran- teed and only 59.38% found. The sample however, showed the presence of 12.23% magnesium carbonate and 7.57% calcium car- bonate. Even counting these materials to offset the shortage there still remains a considerable deficiency. The tables of analyses show the lime products to vary con- siderably in chemical composition. The cost of 100 pounds of calcium and magnesium oxides also varies widely, ranging in the agricultural limes from 33 to 92 cents, and in the brands of gyp- sum from S3 cents to $1.69. **For a discussion of the rational use of lime, ask for Bulletin No. 137. ♦For use, see Bulletin 137, page 11. 38 1 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. f Like gen, ash in als. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. sh Cost 0 s of Nitro i and Pot ;d Materi 3oratory umber. w 2 to 'o i 1 • Retail Cai Amount Phos. Aci( Unmixt «^ 1 s 1- < W. H. Abbott, Holyoke, Mass. ' Abbott's Eagle Brand Fertilizer Holyoke . . ?31.03 352 8.08 Abbott's Onion Fertilizer Sunderland . 29.70 11 9.97 ; Abbott's Onion Fertilizer Sunderland . 29.23 32 10.64 Abbott's Tobacco Fertilizer Sunderland . 1 N. Hadlev . N. Hadley . J 34.52 22 ] 135 340 j 8.98 ' Alphano Humus Co., Whitehall Bldg., New York City. Prepared Humus Manf'i's Sample 14.75 1145** 13.20 American Agric. Chem. Co., 92 State St., Boston, Mass 1 East India A. A. Ammoniated Superphosphate . New Bedford 19.41 211 11.72 1 Crocker's Ammoniated Corn Phosphate . Worcester 17.44 819 11.91 , Crocker's Potato, Hop and Tobacco Phosphate Princeton Depot 18.75 1105 10.87 Church's Fish and Potash, D. . . . New Bedford 1 Fall River . / 15.12 212 \ 232 / 10.66 Church's Fish and Potash, D. . . . Norwood 15.66 650 9.03 North Western Empire Special Manure Fall River . . 24.63 291 12.76 High Grade Fertilizer with 10% Potash New Bedford ] W.Springfield ', 214 ] 416 V 1 " " " " " " Ipswich . . j 25.73 549 / 9.71 " " " " " " Beverly . . J 642 J High Grade Fertilizer with 10% Potash Billerica . 1 Southboro . / 23.43 700 \ 888 / 8.35 1 " " " " " " . Grass and Lawn Top Dressing . Boston . 19.94 373 7.72 ' Grass and Lawn Top Dressing . Worcester 20.95 655 8.12 1 Grass and Lawn Top Dressing . Marlboro 17.88 1012 9.18 Complete Tobacco Manure Hadley . . . 29.63 1096 13.17 Tobacco Starter and Grower Bradstreet . 24.87 86 7.75 ft Tobacco Starter and Grower Worcester 24.15 660 9.60 1 Tobacco Starter and Grower Westfield . . 24.22 918 10.16 1 Special Grass and Garden Fertilizer Concord . 42.98 481 6.53 1 High Grade Tobacco Manure . Bradstreet . 33.93 81 6.07 i Bradley's Niagara Phosphate . W. Springfield . 11.56 423 8.77 Bradley's Eclipse Phosphate for All Crops Amesbury . \ Millis. . . / 14.66 505 \ 548 / 12.27 Bradley's Eclipse Phosphate for All Crops Bedford . . . 13.94 857 11.75 Bradley's Eclipse Phosphate for All Crops Marlboro 14.01 1011 8.67 1 Bradley's Columbia Fish and Potash . Westfield . . 14.99 921 11.91 , , Bradley's Green Mountain Special Wilmington . 18.83 1104 9.61 ; Bradley's High Grade Potato and Root Special W. Springfield . 22.54 426 11.50 ! Bradley's Corn Phosphate Bradstreet . 16.78 58 9.19 Bradley's Corn Phosphate Springfield . ] 713 1 " " " Warren . . \ 17.37 821 12.53 " " " Bedford . . J 853 J Bradley's Corn Phosphate E. Longmeadow 17.42 935 10.67 I. Bradley's Potato Fertilizer Amherst . . 1 W. Springfield 'i 44 1 425 1 1, " " " Amesbury . j 18.32 542 12.19 Ipswich . . J 547 ' Ik 39 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs Potash (K2O) in 100 lbs. es tes. luble ater Organic. W^ater Organic. Total. _2 Total. Available. •6 •6 T3 V a w •o .2 3 1 0 a . .■tJijO i. r- V 3 \ .i S •cs cd U u 3 •o a •o S •0 CU AsN Amm Wate Orga .S:-3 a a a 3 u a 9 o ID > (a V 3 "S 5 Total. Available. •6 a 1 tn CO V •■a So < < i § •s * d 2 s o i 3 O •a 4> V a <« Wi 3 o i 3 O a 2 •0 V a 2 OS S 0 1.04 .24 .43 .33 2.09 2.06 5.84 2.65 1.10 9.59 9.00 8.49 8.00 3.20 3.00 1.29 — .45 .39 2.14 2.05 5.74 2.27 1.58 9.59 9.00 8.01 8.00 3.37 3.00 1.31 .42 .41 .36 2.50! 2.47 3.48 5.96 2.12 11.56 10.00 9.44 9.00 2.22 2.00 1.25 .29 .68 .35 2.47 2.47 7.44 2.02 1.28 10.74 10.00 9.46 9.00 2.26 2.00 .69 .18 .95 .70 2.52 2.47 i 7.30 2.09 .89 10.28 10.00 9.39 9.00 2.58 2.00 1.19 .05 .57 .49 2.41 2.47 7.43 1.65 1.86 10.94 10.00 9.08 9.00 2.14 2.00 1.24 .30 .49 .41 2.44 2.47 5.78 3.28 1.81 10.87 10.00 9.06 9.00 2.33 2.00 1.62 .38 .33 .25 2.53 2.47 5.23 1.17 2.17 8.57 7.00 6.40 6.00 5.46 5.00 1.65 .07 .36 .33 2.41 2.47 4.12 2.41 1.33 7.86 7.00 6.53 6.00 5.41 5.00 1.38 .27 .38 .35 2.38 2.47 4.27 2.26 1.61 8.14 7.00 6.53 6.00 5.10 5.00 1.62 .13 .34 .25 2.34 2.47 4.21 2.14 1.55 7.91 7.00 6.35 6.00 10.31 10.00 2.09 .30 .42 .35 3.15 3.29 6.00 2.24 1.96 10.20 9.00 8.24 8.00 6.85 7.00 1.92 .24 .60 .45 3.21 3.29 5.83 2.53 1.51 9.87 9.00 8.36 8.00 7.32 7.00 2.63 — .41 .23 3.27 3.29 7.68 1.38 .75 9.82 9.00 9.06 8.00 6.67 7.00 2.35 .38 .41 .26 3.40 3.29 6.06 1.85 .97 8.88 9.00 7.91 8.00 7.55 7.00 2.31 .08 .58 .32 3.29 3.29 5.65 2.35 1.07 9.08 9.00 8.01 8.00 7.71 7.00 2.43 1.61 .73 .40 .64 .26 .36 3.09, 3.29 3.34 3.29 5.58 4.43 2.30 1.80 1.23 1.30 9.16 7.53 9.00 7.00 7.88 6.23 8.00 6.00 9.35 10.95 7.00 10.00 1.98 .14 .55 .44 3.11 3.29 4.25 2.81 1.15 8.21 7.00 7.06 6.00 9.95 10.00 1.82 4.74 .28 .11 .73 .06 .51 .05 3.34 3.29 4.96 4.94 5.43 2.74 1.56 1.55 .71 .38 7.70 4.67 7.00 6.00 6.99 4.29 6.00 4.00 10.50 6.78 10.00 5.00 4.35 .20 — — 4.55 4.94 3.10 1.93 — 5.03 6.00, 5.03 4.00 6.30 6.00 4.90 .04 — — 4.94 4.94 3.20 1.35 1.70 6.25 6.00 4.55 4.00 6.17 6.00 4.38 — .07 .06 4.50 4.94 3.38 1.34 .54 5.35 5.00 4.72 4.00 5.39 6.00 .88 .18 .72 .42 2.20 2.05 5.27 2.87 2.04 10.18 9.00 8.14 8.oo; 1.83 1.50 1.15 .27 .47 .34 2.23 2.05 4.76 3.30 1.84 9.90 9.00 8.06 8.00; 3.38 3.00 1.08 .25 .44 .29 2.05 2.05 5.01 3.15 1.79 9.95 9.00 8.16 s.oo' 3.78 3.00 1.68 .07 .42 .30 2.47, 2.47 4.34 1.73 1.28 7.35 7.00 6.07 6.00 4.57 5.00 2.19 .05 .57 .28 3.09 3.29 4.43 3.73 1.38 9.54 9.00 8.15 8.00 7.48 7.00 1.58 1.10 1.06 .18 .22 .17 .37 .44 .43 .30 .35 .38 2.43 2.47 2.11 2.06 2.04 2.05 7.02 5.58 5.65 1.94 2.72 2.70 1.48 1.73, 1.45| 10.44 10.03 9.80 10.00 9.oo; 9.00 8.95 8.30 8.35 9.00 8.00 8.00 2.42 3.18 2.00 2.00 3.00 1.50 42 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Pliosplioric Acid and Potasli. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. American Agric. Chem. Co. (Continued). Cumberland Superpliosplaate Darling's General Fertilizer Darling's Farm Favorite Darling's Potato Manure Darling's Potato Manure Darling's Potato and Root Crop Manure Darling's Complete 10% Manure Darling's Complete 10% Manure Darling's Blood, Bone and Potash Farquhar's Vegetable and Potato Fertilizer Farquhar's Lawn and Garden Dressing Great E.astern Northern Corn Special Great Eastern Vegetable, Vine and Tobacco Great Eastern Garden Special . Great Eastern General Fertilizer Pacific Potato Special .... Pacific High Grade General Fertilizer Soluble Pacific Guano .... Packers' Union Gardeners' Complete Manure Packers' Union Animal Corn Fertilizer Packers' Union Potato Manure Quinnipiac Corn Manure .... Quinnipiac Potato Phosphate . Quinnipiac Phosphate Quinnipiac Potato Manure .... Quinnipiac Market Garden Manure Quinnipiac Market Garden Manure Read's Standard Superphosphate . Read's Practical Potato Special Read's Farmers' Friend Superphosphate Read's Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer . Read's Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer . Where Sampled. N. Wilbraham E. Pepperell Worcester N. Amherst . S. Amherst . N. Amherst . Worcester N. Amherst . Barre Plains S. Amherst . Worcester W. Springfield Paltrier E. Pepperell Boston Boston . Agawam Pratt's Jet. Southwick E. Wilbraham / Chelmsford . Pratt's Jet. E . Wilbraham Pepperell Concord . Concord . Newburyport Wayland Newburyport Concord . Southwick Glendale Glendale Glendale Pittsfield Fall River Billerica . Billerica . Fall River Billerica . Uxbridge S. Hadley Billerica . Billerica . S. Barre . Littleton ^ Ml e« aj " o S $15.45 14.20 19.24 20.77 19.37 25.04 25.57 23.26 26.37 21.62 27.18 19.19 20.93 24.73 15.15 18.21 24.47 13.02 25.27 19.37 21.41 16.51 18.59 20.08 20.20 25.39 24.89 14.06 15.03 18.13 18.50 19.41 ° I 1073 1007 651 49 589 46 657 51 \ 325 J 598 653 1 705 I 773 I 1008 J 343 342 749 ] 831 [ 1041 1056 J 528 379 1052 659 486 1 679 / 503 1071 504 581 1045 1070 1060 1059 1023 282 1033 511 264 615 339 1102 692 597 1005 1006 43 Fertilizers Furnisliing Nitrogen, Pliosplioric Acid and Potash. 1 Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs Potash (K2O) in 100 lbs. 3 "o . t/3 o 'a -J H V 3 .So 11 o o Total. 3 CO V 1 ■6 .a ►J SmJ2 ^ tB'H nS *.i3(v 4) .•a o 3 St .£> ° i <5 a American Agric. Chem. Co. (Concluded). Read's High Grade Farmers' Friend Superphosphate Read's High Grade Farmers' Friend Superphosphate Standard Guano for All Crops Standard Fertilizer . Standard Special for Potatoes Standard Complete Manure Wheeler's Corn Fertilizer Wheeler's Potato Manure Wheeler's Havana Tobacco Grower Wheeler's Havana Tobacco Grower Williams & Clark Prolific Crop Producer Williams & Clark Royal Bone Phosphate Williams & Clark Americus Corn Phosphate Williams & Clark Americus Potato Manure Williams A- Clark Am. Amm'ed Bone Superphosphate Williams & Clark Potato Phosphate .... Armour Fertilizer Works, Baltimore, Md. Grain Grower American Farmers' Market Garden Special Complete Potato Fish and Potash Ammoniated Bone with Potash High Grade Potato Blood, Bone and Potash S. Barre . Hadley . Spencer . Whitman Conway . Whitman Monson . Monson . Chelmsford Pepperell Southwick Pepperell Agawam Boxboro . Agawam Danvers . Southwick E. Wilbraham Danvers . Worcester Newburyport Wilkinsonville Southboro Wilkinsonville Southboro And over . Andover . Newburyport Ipswich . Woburn . N. Hadley Newburyport Woburn . Hudson . Marlboro Taunton Salem Norwood . Woburn . Feeding Hills Marlboro Amherst . Taunton Milford . Feeding Hills Hudson . Amherst . N. Hadley $22.70 25.87 14.27 17.86 18.14 25.11 16.54 18.80 25.50 25.83 14.25 14.54 18.33 18.17 18.46 18.92 15.42 26.43 18.45 14.32 16.26 22.53 28.19 833 1108 956 688 972 695 777 776 616 736 1039 724 745 991 746 1 845 I 1040 [ 1064 ] 1147 663 501 794 882 787 883 1103 1106 535 550 693 147 541 1 698 V 988 [ 1010 j 237 620 652 687 902 1013 37 230 735 901 994 45 303 45 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs Potash (K2O) , in 100 lbs. 3 "3 CO o '- '3 •So i<5 .a a 1 ^1. is Total. 6 S 3 to •6 > V _3 "3 a i-i Total. Available. t5 U 4) to S Found. Guaranteed. i 3 0 T3 01 V a 2 09 3 0 i 3 0 « a 2 3 0 •a a i 0 1.69 .07 i .66 .34' 2.76 3.29 3.63 3.15 1.66 8.44 7.00 6.78 6.00 7.76 10.00 2.44 .11 t .27 .25 3.07 3.29 3.63 3.39 .86 7.88 7.00 7.02 6.00 10.72 10.00 .43 .19 .32 .29 1.28 1.03 1 6.58 2.48 1.38 9.44 9.00 8.06 8.00 2.47 2.00 1.12 .16 1 .50 .47 2.25 2.06 6.88 2.34 1.76 9.98 9.00 8.22 8.00 2.37 1.50 .93 .20 .49 .40 2.02 2.06 6.06 2.14 1.6S 9.88 9.00 8.20 8.00 3.65 3. CO 2.50 .01 .44 .30 3.25! 3.29 1 3.85 4.45 1.53 9.88 9.00 8.30 8.00 7.47 7.00 .78 .25 .50 .37 1.90 1.66 6.08 2.84 1.60 9.52 9.00 7.92 8.00 2.62 2.00 1.00 .27 .49 .41 2.17 2.06 5.53 2.90 1.88 10.31 9.00 8.43 8.00 3.53 3.00 1.59 .08 .63 .44 2.74 2.47 5.08 1.96 1.38 8.42 7.00 7.04 6.00 8.96* 10.00 1.79 .23 .45 .23 2.70 2.47 6.02 1.84 1.44 9.30 7.00 7.86 6.00 8.73* 10.00 .77 .30 .03 .17 .23 .35 .19 .35 1.22 0.82 1.17 1.03 5.00 6.33 2.40 1.89 1.30 1.60 8.70 9.82 8.00 9.00 7.40 8.22 7.00 8.00 3.60 2.81 1.00 2.00 1.03 .46 .59 .33 2.41 2.06 5.43 2.72 1.98 10.13 9.00 8.15 8.00 2.15 1.50 1.29 .14 .37 .30 2.10 2.06 5.61 2.51 1.98 10.10 9.00 8.12 8.00^ 3.51 3.00 1.51 1.56 .18 .37 .39 .35 .35 .30 2.53 2.58 2.47 2.47 5.93 4.02 2.21 2.11 1.40 1.17 9.54 7.30 10.00 7.00 8.14 6.13 9.00 6.OO1 2.33 4.83 2.00 5.00 .68 05 .52 .41 1.66 1.65 5.40 2.86 .68 .8.93 8.50 8.26 8.00 2.41 2.00 2.65 .10 .34 .27 3.36 3.30 7.83 1.34 .40 9.57 8.60 9.17 8.00 6.38** 7.00 .82 .19 .41 .47 1.89 1.65 4.40 2.68 1.04 8.12 7.50 7.08 7.OOI 6.06 6.00 .42 .17 .75 .73 2.07 2.06 3.50 2.40 .76 6.66 6.50 6.90 6.00 2.10 2.00 .76 .18 .83 .60 2.37 2.47 3.55 2.45 .89 6.89 6.60 6.00 6.00 2.48 2.00 .75 .19 .45 .38 1.77 1.65 4.98 3.04 1.12 9.14 8.50 8.02 8.00 10.37 10.00 3.08 i .63 i .45 4.16 4.11 1 6.23 2.20 .61 9.04 8.60 8.43 t 8.00' i 7.43 7.00 *No. 746-845-1040-1064 Chlorine .82% eqmvalent to 1.10% potash, 7.86% potash as sulfate. *No. 1147 Chlorine .67^^ equivalent to .89% potash, 7.84% potash as sulfate. **Xo. 147 Potash as sulfate. 46 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosplioric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Armour Fertilizer Works. (Concluded) Fruit and Root Crop Special Onion Special Onion Special All Soluble Beach Soap Company, Lawrence, Mass. Beach's Market Garden Fertilizer . Beach's Advance Fertilizer . . . . Beach's Reliance Fertilizer Beach's Top Dressing Fertilizer Beach's Seeding Down Fertilizer Beach's Lawn Dressing Fertilizer Berkshire Fertilizer Company, Bridgeport, Ct. Berkshire Long Island Special .... Berkshire Long Island Special .... Where Sampled. Berkshire Tobacco Special with Carbonate of Potash Berkshire Tobacco Special with Carbonate of Potash Berkshire Complete Tobacco Fertilizer Berkshire Complete Tobacco Fertilizer Berkshire Complete Fertilizer Berkshire Complete Fertilizer Berkshire Complete Fertilizer Berkshire Complete Fertilizer Berkshire Complete Fertilizer Berkshire Potato and Vegetable Phosphate Berkshire Ammoniated Bone Phosphate . Berkshire Grass Special Newburyport Amherst . N. Hadley Amherst . Taunton . Hadley . Lawrence Lawrence Lynn Lawrence Lynn Lawrence Lawrence Lynn Lawrence Lynn Sunderland Sunderland N. Hadley Sunderland N. Hadlev N. Hadley Plainville N. Hadley Sunderland N. Hadley N. Hadley Bradstreet N. Hadlev N. Hadley Hadley . N. Hadley Bradstreet N. Hadley N. Hadley S. Deerfield N. Amherst N. Hadley Sunderland W. Bridgew'r Upton N. Westport Upton Westfield . », Sf OS t!( •^ rn ^ •■a S ; 3 $17.92 29.09 29.67 21.28 33.34 27.03 21.23 40.06 30.52 26.13 26.09 26.42 29.13 28.74 24.99 24.70 23.74 26.00 24.75 25.05 24.48 16.92 14.48 25.11 2 S ° i 1082 9.53 9.11 9.74 11.02 5.55 9.46 7.98 2.87 4.62 9.47 8.03 9.65 10.04 9.38 9.34 7.87 11.12 9.53 7.82 10.62 9.95 7.55 7.37 6.06 47 Fertilizers Furnisliing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen n 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Potash (K2O) in 100 lbs. Water Soluble Organic. Active Water Insoluble Organic. ' 1 «o 11 u O CO VI a d Total. 0) 3 O CO 1 •6 o u o > i 3 0 Total. Available. •d s 3 CA (U < < a § Guaranteed. i 3 0 0 V a 2 CO 3 0 i 3 0 •s j lU 1 a 3 0 •0 V V C 2 OS 3 0 .S6 .50 .24 .27 1.67 1 ! 1.65 3.13 I 4.1C ' 1.60 8.83 8.5C 7.23 8.00 6.07 5.00 .96 .07 .7i .61 2.43' 2.47 8.65 3.52 1.56 13.73 ■ 12. 5C 12.17 12.00 10.71 10.00 .92 .17 .3! .53 i 2.49, 2.47, 1 1 10.30 2.06 1.98 14.34 12. 5C 1 12.36 12.00 10.53 10.00 1.35 .24 .7i .53 2.8S 2.88 4.60 3.41 1.07 9.08 8.5C 8.01 8.00 , 4.37 4.00 3.72 .31 .35 .38 4.76 4.74 3.73 3.59 1.26 8.58 8.00 7.32 7.00 10.10* 9.75 1.99 .49 .44 .51 3.43 2.50: 6.31 2.33 3.14 11.78 10.00 8.64 8.00 5.98* 6.00 .66 .48 .54 .39 2.67 1.65 1.30 6.74 j 4.26 12.30 10.00 j 8.04 8.00 3.71 3.00 5.25 — .36 .34 5.95 5.35 .10 5.24 ' 1.91 7.25 7.00 5.34 4.00 17.68 15.00 .25 .91 .71 .69 2.56 1.85' .68 4.94 8.82 14.44 14.00 5.62 5.00 15.08 14.50 3.76 .07 .11 .16 4.10 4.00j 4.25 1.78 4.03 10.06 9.50 6.03 7.50 6.55 5.25 1.22 .38 1.37 .» 3.66 3.30 4.50 1.44 1.48 7.42 7.00 5.94 6.00 8.24 7.00 1.89 .03 1.25 .74 3.91 3.30 4.95 1.81 .74 7.50 7.00 6.76 6.00 7.40 7.00 .76 .98 1.38 1.63 4.75 1 4.50J .83 2.63 1.32 4.78 4.00 3.46 3.00 5.78* 5.50 .79 1.30 1.32 1.37 4.78 4.50 ! trace 3.63 1.14 4.82 4.00 3.58 3.00 5.19*1 5.50 1.01 .15 .94 .74 2.84 2.50 5.80 2.62 1.58 10.00^ 9.00 8.42 8.00 6.55*' 6.00 .71 .42 .96 .67 2,75 2.50 4.60 4.64' .40 9.64 9.00 9.24' 8.00 5.35* 5.00 .45 .38 1.13 .72 2.58 2.50 5.20 3.62 .45 9.28 9.00 8.82 8.00 7.08 6.00 .78 .42 1.30 .82 3.32 2.50 2.98 6.00, 1.12 10.10 9.00 8.98! 8.00 5.71* 5.00 .89 1.09 .63 .14 .05 .40 1.21 1.51 1.40 .77 .70 .61 3.01 3.35 3.04 2.50 2.50 2.50 5.93 5.65 3.76 2.41 1.82 4.86 1.89 1.89 .46 10.23 9.35 9.08 9.00 9.00 9.00 8.34! 7.47' 8.62; 8.00 ! 8.00 8.00 6.73 5.53 6.81 : 5.00 6.00 6.00 .65 .17 .65 .46 1.93 1.70 3.35 3.11 .38 6.84 7.00 5.46 5.00 5.00 : 4.00 .12 .03 .60 .53 1.28 0.80 5.43 2.25! .64' 8.32 9.00 7.68 8.00 3.20 2.00 3.56 .23, .98 .52 5.29 1 5.00 2.10 2.8O; 1 .46, 5.36 5.00' 4.90 4.00 2.92 2.00 *Xo. potash as *Xo. potash as *Xo. Chlorine .85% equivalent to 1 .13% potash, 8.97% potash as sulfate. 568 572-619 " .37% 56-114-116-.592 " .31%, carbonate, 5.99% total potash. 118 Chlorine .37% equivalent to carbonate, 5.81% total potash. 9-138-158-189-310-327 Chlorine .47% equivalent to 750-1036 " .47% 111-117-583 " 4.52%, ■48% •41% 5.50% 1 .47% 3.90% .49% potash, .67% potash as sulfate, 4.03% .62% potash, 5.93% potash as sulfate. .62% " 5.74% " 6.00% " _ .71% " 48 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. Bowker Fertilizer Co., 43 Chatham St., Boston, Mass, Bowker's Gloucester Fish and Potash Bowker's Sure Crop Bone Phosphate Bowker's Bone and Wood Ash Fertihzer Bowker's Potato and Vegetable Phosphate Bowker's Corn Phosphate .... Bowker's Farm and Garden Phosphate Bowker's Fish and Potash, Square Brand Bowker's Potato and Vegetable Fertihzer Bowker's Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer Bowker's Corn, Grain and Grass Fertilizer Bowker's High Grade Fertilizer Bowker's Soluble Animal Fertilizer Bowker's Soluble Animal Fertilizer Bowker's Hill and Drill Phosphate Bowker's Market Garden Fertilizer Bowker's Market Garden Fertilizer "■■' . Stockbridge Spec. Comp. Man. for Seed. Down, Perm. Dress, and Legumes Stockbridge Spec. Comp. Man. for Seed. Down Perm. Dress, and Legumes .... Stockbridge Spec. Comp. Man. for Seed. Dow- Perm. Dress, and Legumes .... Taunton . . $13.68 Rockland . \ 14.02 Leominster Dighton . Lowell Springfield Dighton . Bridgewater Clinton . Dighton . Chelmsford Littleton Bridgewater Walpole . Springfield . [ 15.28 Hudson Littleton Adams Dighton Northampton Easthampton Dighton . Brockton Northampton Norwood . . I 20.07 Millis Springfield . I ' 20 24 Southbridge \ W. Boylston Beverly . Lowell . . \ 21.41 Leominster Dighton . Fall River Northampton Concord Leominster . \ 19.70 Plymouth W. Boylston Brockton Taunton Concord . Marblehead Springfield Dighton . Bridgewater Northampton . 23.23 25.48 49 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrosen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Total. « «J 3 75 CO S Total. Available. >-S tl-S C5 Potash (K 2 O) in 100 lbs. .75 .05 .28 .22 1.30 0.82 5.42 3.11 1.04 9.57 9.00! 8.53 8.00 1.55 .22 .19 .42 .36 1.19 0.82 4.13 4.06 1.68 9.87| 9.0o[ 8.19 8.00 2.31 .90 .17 .49 .34 1.90 1-.65 4.08; 2.71 1.56 8.37 7.00 6.79 6.00 i .82 .20' .44, .35, 1.81 1.65 5.65 3.20 1.35' 10.20 9.00 2.76 8.85 8.00: 2.57 87 .14 .47 .29 1.77 1.65 5.23 3.35 1.42 10.00 9.00 8.58 8.00 2.43 .79 .13, .42; .36 1.70, 1.65| 5.55 2.82 1.56 9.93 1.14 .31 .65 .55 2.66 2.47 1.98i 3.08! 173 g 79 1.58 1.35 1.59 .24 .18 .19 .44 .44 .40 .41: 2.68' .35 2.33 .29 2.47 2.47 2.47 2.47 6.38 4.881 5.80 1.64 3.28 2.68 1.44 .23 .53 .33 2.53 2.47 j 5.33 3.45 1.731 9.75 1.841 10.00 1.32 9.80 2.09: 10.87 9.00 5.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 5.06 4.00 4.46 8.02 8.00' 4.46 8.16 8.00 4.87 8.48 8.00 I 4.42 9.00' 8.78 8.00 1.59 1.40 .34 2.74 .33 2.40! 2.47 2.47 5.53 4.50 2.56 3.58 1.81 2.02 1.40, .12, .65 .39 2.56,2.47! 5.03 3.34, 1.73 1.54 2.05 2.12 1.76 .25 I I .07. .09 .42 .25; .41 I .30 .35 2.56 2.47 .21 2.53 2.47 1 .26 2.79 1 2.47' .20 2.35 2.47 4.15! 4.38 5.87 5.42 2.00 2.57 3. 1.85 1.94 .71 1.70 .33 9.90 10.10 11.10 8.09 7.66 11.05 9.00 9.00 10.00 7.00 7.00 8.09 8.08 8.00 8.00 9.37i 9.00 4.40 4.55 4.68 2.21 6.15! 6.00 10.20 6.95 6.00' 9.80 11.00 9.35 10.00 1 7.14* 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 8.37 8.00 2.74 2.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 2.00 10.00 10.00 8.00 7.601 10.00 7.27| 5. 00;: 10.22 10.00 *No. 294-523 Chlorine 1.17%, equivalent to 1.55% potash, 5.59% potash as sulfate. 50 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. Bowker Fertilizer Co. (Concluded). Bowker's Onion Fertilizer Bowker's Onion Fertilizer Bowker's Lawn and Garden Dressing Stockbridge Spec. Com. Man. Potatoes & Vegetables Stockbridge Sp. Com. Man. for Potatoes & Vegetables Bowker's Early Potato Manure Stockbridge Sp. Com. Man. for Corn & all Gr. Crops Stockbridge Sp. Com. Man. for Corn & all Gr. Crops Bowker's Complete Alkaline Tobacco Grower Stockbridge Sp. Com. Man. for Top Dre.ss.& Forcing Hadley . Hatfield . Northampton Fall River Springfield Fall River Brockton Northampton Taunton Bridgewater Springfield Monson . Fall River Fall River Brockton Northampton Bridgewater Springfield . Northampton Easthampton Dighton . .. .'. y. '.'. ','. '.[ ',[ ]'. Fa" K'^'er .. .. .. .. .. ., '.'. !! Northampton .. .. .. .. .. .. •< ,. .',' Concord . Bridgewater Stockbridge Sp. Com. Man. for Top Dress. & Forcing Springfield Spencer . Stockbridge Tobacco Manure Deerfield Bowker's Pulverized Sheep Manure Newburyport Leominster Bowker's Ammoniated Food for Flowers . . . '. Boston Joseph Breck & Sons, Corp., Boston, Mass. Breck's Market Garden Manure Boston Breck's Lawn and Garden Dressing Boston Ram's Head Brand Pulverized Sheep Manure . . Boston Buffalo Fertilizer Company, Buffalo, N. Y. ^'ish Guano Springfield Sterling . Farmers' Choice Beverly " Sterling . W. Boylston New England Special Ipswich . ,, ,. ][ Springfield ,, ,, ,_ Holyoke . Sterling . W. Boylston Celery and Potato Special Ipswich „ ,, ,, ], Beverly . Maynard ••3 R-ja ^ ,^, ho ci rt ■".•S&i ii a-S.'S I* s& $28.12 26.39 19.76 26. S8 27.33 25.06 26.99 26.59 27.31 26.15 24.07 34.12 13.95 19.35 18.96 25.04 12.43 14.15 17.05 19.56 22.60 31 219 1 446 / 252 \ 769 I 279 393 453 470 536 761 1 778 248 234 I 394 1 520 I 533 J 762 447 1 1050 I 251 ] 285 455 '■ 491 I 538 J 765 1 955 / 1084 494 1 789 I 539 364 354 359 768 1 875 / 633 ] 890 !■ 995 J 552 I 770 865 830 1001 J 556 637 996 51 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Potash (K 2 0) in 100 lbs. V s 0 . P 'S Id iio H V 3 •3 V to o'o B C Total. ja 3 o m u 1 T3 V > cm _3 a Total. Available. •6 ; i t < ■6 a 3 O 0) v a a a 3 o ■6 a 3 O •s 4) 0 a u CK 3 o •6 a 3 Guaranteed. 4) V a S O I 70 .55 .34 .23 2.S2 2.47 7.60 2.80 1.60 12.00 1 11.00 10.40 lO.OOi 1 8.26* 8.00 1 94 .06 .39 .27 2.66 2.47 7.21 3.48 1.45 12.14 11.00 10.69 10.00 7.17* 8.00 3.71 - — 3.71 3.29 2.53 2.35 .38 5.26 8.00 4.38 4.00' 3.78 6.00 "I 33 .42 .54 .44 3.33 3.29 4.27 1.75 2.86 8.88 7.00 6.02 6.00 10.37 10.00 1.98 .24 .72 .40 3.34 3.29 4.18 2.78 1.10 8.06 7.00 6.96 6.00 10.84 10.00 8.13 - .67 .49 3.29 3.29 4.98 2.97 1.98 9.93 9.00 7.95 8.00 7.02 7.00 2 61 .15 .41 .23 3.43 3.29 6.50 3.28 1.58 11.36 11.00 9.78 10.00 7.27 7.00 2 43 .24 .39 .21 3.22 3.29 4.15 6.35 1.88 12.38 11.00 10.50 10.00 7.09 7.00 .ir .96 1.91 1.36 4.40 4.11 .64 3.73 3.62 7.99 5.00 4.37 4.00 5.45* 6.00 4.08 .04 .46 .20 4.78 4.94 2.98 1.13 1.66 5.77 6.00 4.11 1 4.00 6.81 6.00 3 79 .37 .31 .19 4.60 4.94 2.23 2.03 1.48 5.74 6.00 4.26 4.00, 5.63 6.00 4. IS .50 .47 .35 5.48 5.76 2.02 2.92 2.06 7.00 5.00 4.94 4.00 10.10* 10.00 - .54 .45 1.18 2.17 1.25 — — 1.76 1.50 — — 1 4.09** 2.00 3 62 — .04 .21 2.83 2.47, — 7.22 1.66 8.88 7.00 7.22 6.00 3.59* 2.00 I 50 1 94 13 .26 29 .21 .52 1.27 62 .30 .61 1.37 2.58 4.11 2.48 2.47 4. Hi 2.25 5.88 3.03 2.65 3.43 1.81 2.86 10.34 9.32 1.48 10.00 6.00 1.75 8.53 6.45 9.00 5.00 1.50 2.09 5.62 1.88** 2.00 5.00 1.50 49 - .29 .31 1.09 .80^ 4.46 4.63 1.73 10.82 10.00 9.09 9.00 2.18 2.00 S4 -- .41 .39 1.34 .80 4.78 3.68 1.60 10.06 9.00 8.46 8.00' 5.12 5.00 U5 .07 .38 .24 1.34 1.60 5.93 3.54 1.35 10.87 10.00 9.52 9.00 6.16 6.00 94 .10 .37 .31 1.72 1.60 i 5.38 2.26 1.50 9.64 9.00 8.14 8.00 10.40 10.00 •N'o. hi Chlorine .54% ;; 2UJ-446 " .48% 447-1050 " 19% :: 10^ • '.82% I otaih ficurofl ns «ul{ate. equivalent co .72% potash, 7.54% potash as sulfate. ' .64% " 6.53% " .25% " 5.20% " 1.09% " 9.01% " " 2.50% ■' 1.09% " 52 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. !t of Like itrogen, Potash in terials. ^ C Where Oh.. CS B S 2 •§ u Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Sampled. "S ".^"S 1 ^ . — — Reta; Am Phos. Un Bufialo Fertilizer Co. (Concluded). 553 ] Vegetable and Potato Ipswich . Beverly . 639 " u .1 ■ ■ ' ...... Springfield $24.16 740 12 93 .. 1. i Maynard 26.97 997 13.11 i< >. 1. Littleton 1015 ......■■■ Sheffield . 1018 Buffalo Tobacco Producer Florence . 23.49 1095 9.62 Too DrGSSGr ....-•••■••• Springfield Sheffield . 1 29.63 771 1020 11.29 The E. D. Chittenden Co., Bridgeport, Ct. Chittenden's Potato and Grain Hatfield . 1 23.14 199 7.63 N. Amherst 635 Chittenden's Complete Tobacco it Onion Grower Sunderland ) 21 " " " " " " Sunderland L 24.23 26 e.s: ,, 11 11 11 .. 1' Sunderland r 1 418 " N. Amherst . J 634 Chittenden's Complete Tobacco and Onion Grower Hadley . 26.01 40 9.07 Chittenden's Complete Tobacco and Onion Grower Sunderland 25.91 51 8.04 Chittenden's Complete Tobacco and Onion Grower N. Amherst 25.71 60 7.42 Chittenden's Grain and Vegetable Feeding Hills 1 Mittineague / 25.24 899 1 1056 Chittenden's Tobacco Special Hatfield . . . 26.56 181 6.54 Chittenden's Tobacco Special Sunderland . 26.56 382 5.30 Chittenden's Special Formula Fish and Potash . Hatfield . . 1 25.44 175 1 6.31 Feeding Hills [ 900 " . . Mittineague J 1075 J Clay & Son, Stratford, London, England. Clay's Fertilizer Boston . . \ 20.80 344 1 10.3: Boston . . j 349 The Coe-Mortimer Co., 5 1 Chambers St., N. Y. City. E. Frank Coe's Celebrated Special Potato Fertilizer Whitman . 1 17.73 691 11.29 " " " " " Westfield 917 " Lee ... 1 1026 E. Frank Coe's Columbian Corn and Potato Westfield . . 15.47 916 9.: E. Frank Coe's Complete Manure with 10% potash W.Springfield 1 Easthampton J 23.56 914 1049 } 10.74 E. Frank Coe's Excelsior Potato Fertilizer . Millis . . . 23.39 532 9.73 ■ E. Frank Coe's Red Brand Excelsior Guano . Millis . . 1 Concord . . J 526 ) - 25.55 682 E. Frank Coe's Gold Brand Excelsior Guano Millis . . 1 S.Williamstown) 22.57 527 973 1 10.37 E. Frank Coe's H.G. Ammo. Bone Superphosphate Millis . . 1 534 " " " " " " Westfield 17.32 922 11.13 " " " " " " ; Lee ... J 1017 E. Frank Coe's New Englander Corn & Potato Fert. Whitman . \ 13.45 672 } '■'' 1 S.Williamstown j 976 53 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, PJiosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 1 00 lbs. Potash (K 2 O) in 100 lbs. • 3 o d ■i U 01 1° Total. 6 3 •d ij Total. Available. S gti'a CO o gs d M to 2 d d d 5s 0 n'a .-H f) s 4» o a be 0 u u 1 < < oo at ifl d a >-HhH 9 o at 3 o ^ > cm o d 3 IS 3 o (I, 09 3 o o OS 3 o 1.94 .15 .43 .35 2.88 2.40 5.68 2.46 1.40 9.54 9.00 8.14 8.00 7.70 7.00 2.07 .09 .57 .44 3.17 3.30 4.95 2.63 2.02 9.60 8.00 7.58 7.00 10.10 10.00 2.26 .15 1.10 1.06 4.57 4.50 4.18 2.02 .18 6.38 6.00 6.20 5.00 6.52* 5.50 2.76 .02 1.34 .75 4.87 5.70 1 5.10 2.18 1.30 8.58 7.00 7.28 6.00 6.65 5.00 2.11 .14 .45 .40 3.10 3.30 5.88 1.88 1.14 8.90 10.00 7.75 8.00 6.08 ! 6.00 1.89 .02 .55 .54 3.10 ! 3.30i 7.65 1.10 .18 8.93 10.00 8.75 8.00 5.38* 5.00 1.85 .15 .75 .64 3.41 3.30^ 7.40 1.38 .08 8.86 10.00 8.78 8.00 5.96* 5.00 1.76 .25 .74 .53 3.38 3.30 7.18 1.95 .20 9.34 10.00 9.14 8.00 5.60* 5.00 1.25 .85 .75 .57 3.42 3.30 6.98 1.45 .22 8.65 10.00 8.43 8.00 5.55* 5.00 1.30 .14 .75 .53 3.28 2.47 8.13 1.17 .16 9.46 10.00 9.30 8.00 5.14* 6.00 1.73 .13 1.38 1.26 4.58 4.50 2.33 1.45 .10 3.88 5.00 3.78 3.00 5.63* 5.50 2.44 .27 1.21 .88 4.80 4.50 3.23 .24 .61 4.08 5.00 3.47 3.00 5.92* 5.50 1.92 - .77 .60 3.29 2.47 8.00 1.50 .12 9.62 6.00 9.50 — 5.21* 4.00 2.42 - 1.22 .77 4.41 4.00 .15 3.05 6.08 9.23 7.00 3.20 1.12 1 i .28 .08 .85 .22 .36 .37 1.81 1.S5 5.23 ' 2.97 1.68 9.88 9.00 8.20 8.00 4.14 4.00 .76 .09 .25 .22 1.32 1.23 5.93 3.05 1.40 10.38 9.50 8.98 8.50 2.93 2.60 1.43 .22 .47 .41 2.53 2.47 4.20 2.15 1.10 7.45 7.00 6.35 6.00 10.25 10.00 1.34 .25 .50 .45 2.55 2.47, 6.03 2.05 1.00 9.08 8.00 8.08 7.00 8.12 8.00 1.30 .15 .80 .48 3.23 3.30i 6.75 1.87 1.28 9.90 9.00 8.62 8.00 7.15 7.00 1.31 .17 .55 .40 2.53 2.47; 5.80 2.45 1.73 9.98 9.00 8.25 8.00 6.75 5.00 .80 .24 .44 .39 1.87 1.85; 6.30 3.02 2.09 10.41 9.00 8.32 8.00 3.04 3.00 .14 .10 .39 .28 .91 .80' 5.63 2.37 1.08 9.08 8.50 8.00 7.50 3.13 3.00 *No. 1095 Chlorine .17% equivalent to .23% potash, 6.29% potash as sulfate 21-26-418-6.34 40 51 60 899-1056 181 382 175-900-1075 .19% .31% .20% .53% .16% .53% .12% .11% .26% .42% .27% .71% .21% .71% .15% .15% 5.12% 5.54% 5.33% 4.95% 4.93% 5.92% 5.77% 5.06% 54 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. The Coe-Mortimer Co. (Concluded). E. Frank Coe's Special Grass Top Dressing Peruvian Vegetable Grower .... Peruvian Grass Top Dressing Warner's Special Onion Fertilizer Smith's Market Garden Special Cowls' Special Brand No. 1 Fertilizer Cowls' Special Brand No. 2 Fertilizer E. Frank Coe's XXV Animoniated Bone Phosphate Peruvian Tobacco Fertilizer The Eastern Chemical Co., 37 Pittsburg St., Boston. I M P Plant Food Essex Fertilizer Co., 30 N. Market St., Boston, Mass. Essex Grass and Top Dressing Essex Tobacco Starter and Grower Essex Potato Grower with 10% Potash Essex XXX Fish and Potash Essex Market Garden and Potato Manure Essex Complete Man. for Potatoes, Roots & Veg'bles Essex Complete Manure for Corn, Grain and Grass Essex Special Potato Phosphate Essex A 1 Superphosphate C. W. Hastings, Dorchester, Mass. Fcrti-Flora Liquid Fertilizer . . . . The Hubbard Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md. Hubbard's 5% Royal Seal Hubbard's Special Potato Hubbard's Blood, Bone and Potash . . . . Hubbard's Blood, Bone and Potash .... Hubbard's Royal Ensign Hubbard's Farmers' I. X. L Lister's Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Lister's High Grade Special for Spring Crops Lister's High Grade Special for Spring Crops 1^-^AS Where Sampled. Retail Cash Amounts c Phos. Acid a Unmixed Millis . . ) $23.57 Whitman Taunton } 29.37 Millis . . Lynn ) 39.15 Sterling . Hatfield . . 27.95 W. Springfield 30.00 N. Amherst . 28.15 N. Amherst . 29.45 Whitman 14.32 Easthampton 33.81 Boston . 94.71 Taunton 1 28 13 W. Brookfield Southwick . 25.66 Spencer . 22.30 Taunton 1 Billerica . Spencer . J Billerica . 1 Leominster . Southwick . 1 Taunton 1 Warren I 26.12 Leominster . Spencer . ] W. Brookfield ) 27.52 Spencer . W. Brookfield 1 20.72 Sterling . Leominster . ! 13.47 Warren . Boston . 18.16 Boston 24.38 Millis . . ) 26.09 Boston Boston . 24.79 Billerica . 24.15 Boston . 19.38 Boston . 16.13 Marblehead . I 23 25 Hadley . . Pepperell 24. 5S 525 694 476 524 699 384 241 747 126 134 690 1048 I 540 233 837 926 981 225 613 980 617 814 932 228 1 784 1 816 ; 983 J 781 \ 984 J 834 1 878 / 812 1 835 / 1055 577 528 \ 575 / 574 639 573 576 497 \ 515 / 721 9.30' 7.55 8.36 8.30 5.T2 11. se 5.97 .221 10.85 4.25 5.74 8.69 9.34 9.09 7. 10.32 5.48 79.25 9.28* 8. 76 9.14 11. ( 8.43 8.37 11.75 11.00 oo Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. V s> Ifl v 3 ■S es e < < •5^ I a .- 3 o'o . bo So Total. O 1. ■20 1,68| .70 4.46 2.51j .29 .23 .25 3.28 6.84 — .53 .51 7. 4.94 3.30 8.24 1.70 .25 SI 34 2.93 .10 .51i 41 2.15 .52 .96 4a 2.29 .31 .84 ,■^6 .181 .42 .31 30 1.78| .52 1.48 .94 3.101 4.oo; 4.11 3.80, 1.21, 4.721 I 13.90 — .10 (14. 00. 13. 00 1.51| .70 1.06 .63i 3.9o! 4.10 1.99 1.19, .77 .35 .68 .27 .94 .41 .41 .47 1.20 .35| .56 1.49 1.10 .09 .62 .21 .62 .28 3.27 — 2.44! .4S .50 .441 3.85! .261 2.33 4.10 2.46 .35 .39 1.801 2.00 2.091 2.00 67 3.021 3.28 1.91 2.45 2.32 1.29 .79 .17 .08 .13 .29 .69 .47 1.84 .09 .13 .65 .33 .41 .51 .34 .42 .22 .94 -3.34 3.28 .58 2.39 2.46 .32 1.43 1.25 — 3.27 3.25 1 .48 3.90 4.10 .60 3.30 3.28 .37 3.32 .40 3.21 .46 2.39 .41 1.83 3.28 3.28 2.46 1.64 .35 1.93 1.65 .16 2.31 1 1.65 Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. 2.65 4.83 1.08 24 55 5 SO 1 3 50 78 5 40 6.15 4.40 4.25 5.78 4.03i 3.90 3.85 1.98 5.001 2.07 3.34 4.22 3.58 2.33; 2.42 3.6O; 2.56' 5.94' .30 1.S4 3.94! 2.28: 2.48 2.68 2.42 1.81 2.29 2.63 3.45 3.99 4.01 3.93 4.50 5.98 3.10: 1.76 .94 1.84 3.24 1.38 1.79 1.38 .61 .51 1.22 Total. Available. .52! 1.02 .401 .86 .40 .99 1.25 2.04 2.47 1.76 1.45 1.58 5.42 2.59 l.i .96 6.48 9.11 7.14 11.26 9.26 8.7S 9.00 9.52 8.58 24.85 8.86 7.07 6.74 8.40 9.85 7.22 6.92I 8.47' 7.65 3.90 8.55 8.01 10.33 9.57i 9.29 9.75 9.69 9.06 5.00' 9.00; o.ooj 10.00! 9.00! 7.00 8.00 9.50 7.001 8.00 5.00 7.00 9.00' 7.00 7.00 9.00 8.00 3.67 7.00^ 7.O0I 1 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00, 4.72 8.17 5.30 8.02 7.88 6.99 7.62 8.91 8.07 7.64 5.44 6.06 9.00, 8.83 6.82 6.06 8.07 6.66 3.90 7.30 5.97 7.86 7.81 7.84 8.17 9.00^ 8.01 9.00 8.10 4.00 8.00 4.50 9.00 S.OO 6.00 7.00 S.50 6.00 25.30 24.85 25.00 Potash (K2O) in 100 lbs. 7.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 8.00 4 .02 10 31* 7 42* 9 8 6 S 2 9 48* 55* 68* 85* 13 57* 24 90** 8 10 6 10 67* 06 3 00 5. 15 6.00 (10.50 3.00 9.00 6.00 9.00 8.00 6.00 8.00 1.50 10.00 24.60 S.OO 6.00 10.00 3.00 5.00 10.00 6.00'!11.03 ' 10.00 S.OO ' 5.87 5.00 7.00|| 2.36 I 2.00 3.67ii 4.05t ! 3.30 6.00 4.76 ■ 5.00 6.00 10.26 10.00 8.00 3.00 8.00 8.00 6.73 5.80 4.41 2.58 7.00 7.00 4.00 2.00 S.OO 10.17 10.00 8.00 11.01 10.00 *No. **No. tNo. 476-524 Chlorine 699-884 241 747 126 134 1048 926 .25% equivalent to .94% .33% potash, 9.98% potash as sulfate. .94% " " 1.25% " 6.17% 3.65% " " 4.83% " 4.65% .35% " " .46% '• 8.09% .63% " " .84% " 5.84% .77% " " 1.02% " 7.84% .96% " " 1.27% " 8.40% .50% " " .66% " 6.01% 540 Chlorine .12% equivalent to .16% potash, 24.74% potash as nitrate valued at 5J4 cents a pound. 1055 No chlorine, .37% potash as sulfate, 3.68% potash as nitrate, valued at oM cents a pound. 56 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. k) S2 ^iipi,v £• !-• 1 ?. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where 1-2 istu) Sampled. Retail Cash Amounts > Phos. Acid 1 Unmixed *5 z h-) 3 O 5 S Lister's Agricultural Chemical Works. (Concluded) . Lister's Success Fertilizer Hingham . ] 677 1 " " "... Pepperell . $15.77 719 12.00 " " " ... Webster . 873 Lister's Special Corn Fertilizer Fall River S. Deerfield Amherst . 15.00 352 1 461 581 12.52 Lister's Special Potato Fertilizer Fall River S. Deerfield Amherst . } 17.55 358 1 457 593 12.57 Lister's Special Potato Fertilizer Hingham } 17.86 678 9.47 " " " '* Pepperell 723 Lister's Potato Manure . Hatfield . 25.98 240 11.33 Lister's Potato Manure . S. Deerfield 25.51 460 11.66 Lister's Special Tobacco Fertilizer S. Deerfield 20.05 458 11.00 Lister's 10% Potato Grower S. Deerfield 27.28 459 11.50 Lister's 10% Potato Grower Pepperell 24.87 720 9.74 Lister's Standard Grass Fertilizer Fall River 19.63 368 13.66 Lister's Standard Grass Fertilizer Webster . 20.00 874 10.25 Lister's Complete Tobacco Manure Hatfield . 25.01 208 7.14 James E. McGovern, Andover, Mass. Andover Animal Fertilizer S. La^Tence 22.83 570 11.80 Mapes' Formula & Peruvian Guano Co., New York City. Mapes' Potato Manure Taunton . 1 Northampton i Fitchburg . f 223 :: :; ;; 27.54 521 804 6.63 " ! Springfield J 923 Mapes' Tobacco Starter, Improved Westfield 906 " " " " Conway . 25.38 967 8.07 " " " "...... Southwick 1046 Mapes' Tobacco Manure, Wrapper Brand Westfield 895 " " " " " . . . Conway . 40.33 959 6.90 •' " " " " . . . Southwick 1037 Mapes' Fruit and Vine Manure Worcester 23.92 840 5.88 Mapes' Economical Potato Manure Boston . Worcester ' 25.61 372 805 11.36 Mapes' Vegetable or Complete Man. for Light Soils . Boston Springfield 30.58 356 924 I 5.45 Mapes' Average Soil Complete Manure .... Boston . Fitchburg 26.04 367 1 823 I 7.46 Mapes' Cauliflower and Cabbage Manure Boston . Fitchburg 25.65 351 1 830 1 7.37 Mapes' Corn Manure ^ Taunton 1 227 1 " " " Northamptor 1 21.74 519 9.66 " " " Fitchburg 829 " " " Springfield 915 Mapes' Grass and Grain Spring Top Dressing Boston 371 " " " " " " " Northamptor 28.77 511 7.04 " " " " " " " Fitchburg 797 Mapes' I/awn Top Dressing Taunton 14.92 234 10.35 Mapes' Complete Manure for General Use Boston . 23.62 365 5.93 Mapes' Cereal Brand Taunton 16.59 224 10.17 57 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen n 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Potash (K2O) in 100 lbs. u •2 "S "o H (U o •o 1 "o u 0 a 3 a 3 o a 3 ft a O 1 s S 0 .86 .09 1 .27 .24 1.46 1.23 5.90 2.88 1.32 10.10 10.00 8.78 9.00 2.95 2.00 .23 .42 .29 .33 1.27 1.23 6.03 1.88 1.91 9.82 9.00 7.91 8.00 3.06 3.00 .24 .64 .53 .49 1.90 1.65 4.95 2.76 2.37 10.08 9.00 7.71 8.00 3.33 3.00 .82 .29 .43 '.34 1.88 1.65 5.30 3.12 1.98 10.40 9.00 8.42 8.00 3.60 3.00 2.14 .51 .42 .37 3.44 3.29 6.70 1.42 1.91 10.03 9.00 8.12 8.00 7.12 7.00 1.93 .44 .50 .47; 3.34! 3.29 5.13 2.17 1.76 10.06 9.00 8.30 8.00 6.95 7.00 .29 .72 .67 .60! 2.23' 2.05 5.61 2.71 1.94 10.25 9.00 8.32 8.00 ' 3.52* 3.00 1.S2 .66 .50 .47 3.451 3.29 4.18 2.27 2.25 8.70 7.00 6.45 .6.00 10.12 10.00 2.35 .13 .29 .19 2.961 3.29 3.76 2.34 1.65 7.76 7.00 5.10 5.00 10.45 10.00 1.03 .61 .43 .41 2.53! 2.47 5.60 2.70 1.45 10.75 10.00 9.30 9.00 2.21 2.00 1.48 .22 .59 .32 2.61 2.47 5.70 3.76 1.84 , 11.30 10.00 9.46 9.00 2.29 2.00 3.46 .31 .37 .36 4.50 4.11 1.38 2.78 1.71 5.87 5.00 4.15 4.00 5.35* 5.00 .82 .82 1.16 .98 3.78 3.00 trace 6.28 2.60 8.88 6.00 6.28 5.00 3.30 3.00 3.14 .05 .30 .22 3.71 3.71 1.30 7.17 1.17 9.64 8.00 8.47 8.00 7.42* 6.00 2.84 .13 .92 .49 4.38 4.12 — 8.53 4.00 12.53 8.00 8.53 5.00 1.86* 1.00 3.91 .16 1.56 .85 6.48 5.18 — 3.91 1.45 5.36 4.50 3.91 — 10.50* 10.50 1.20 .46 .43 2.09 1.65 .13 5.23 2.09 7.45 7.00 5.36 5.00 11.09* 10.00 2.64 .08 .32 .43 3.47 3.29 .55 5.40 1.35 7.30 6.00 5.95 4.00 8.15* 8.00 4.14 — .28 .42 4.84 4.94 .80 6.81 1.17 8.78 8.00 7.61 6.00 7.54* 6.00 3.51 .12 .28 .29 4.20 4.12 1.00 6.45 .95 8.42 8.00 7.46 7.00 5.29* 5.00 3.25 — .55 .36 4.16 4.12 .58 5.03 1.20 7.81 6.00 6.61 6.00 6.63 6.00 1.59 .17 .46 .35 2.57 2.47 .48 7.38 2.34 10.20 10.00 7.85 8.00 6.47 6.00 3.53 — .89 .53 4.95 4.94 .28 5.88 1.85 8.02 6.00 6.16 5.00 7.09 7.00 2.66 .06 .15 2.871 2.47 .58 2.36 1.04 3.98 3.50 2.94 2.95 2.50 2.75 .20 .24 .38 3.57 3.29 .33 7.79 2.95 11.08 10.00 8.12 8.00 4.35 4.00 .97 .07 .50 .47 2.01 1.65 .38 5.93 2.70 t 9.01 8.00 6.31 6.00 3.86 3.00 *No. 458 Chlorine .62% equivalent to .82% potash, 2.70% potash as sulfate. " 208 " .42% " " .58% " 4.77% " " " 223-521-804-923 " .63% ' " .81% " 6.61% " 906-967-1046 " .80% " " 1.07% " .79% " ^• " 896-969-1037 " 1.40% " " 1.86% " 2.64% " " as carbonate, 11.20% total potash. *No. 840 Chlorine .76% equivalent to 1.01% potash, 10.08% potash as sulfate. " 372-806 " .68% " " .90% " 7.26% " " 356-924 " .77% " " 1.02% " 6.52% ' " 367-823 " .60% " " .80% " 4.49% 6.00% potash 58 Fertilizers Fumistiing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Mapes' Formula & Peruvian Guano Co. (Concluded) Mapes' Top Dresser, Improved, Full Strength Mapes' Tobacco Ash Constituents Mapes' Complete Manure with 10% Potash . Mapes* Top Dresser, Improved, Half .Strength Mapes' Complete Manure "A" Brand The National Fertilizer Co., 92 State St., Boston, Mass Chittenden's Complete Root and Grain Fertilizer Chittenden's Complete Root and Grain Fertilizer Chittenden's Complete Root and Grain Fertilizer Chittenden's Fish and Potash Chittenden's Fish and Potash . Chittenden's XXX Fish and Potash Chittenden's XXX Fish and Potash Chittenden's Market Garden Fertilize Chittenden's AmmoniatedBone Phosphate Chittenden's High Grade Special Tobacco Fertilizer Chittenden's Potato Phosphate Chittenden Chittenden Chittenden Chittenden Chittenden' Chittenden' Chittenden' Chittenden' Chittenden' Chittenden' Chittenden' Chittenden' Chittenden' Chittenden'i 's Complete Tobacco Fertilizer 's Complete Tobacco Fertilizer 's Complete Tobacco Fertilizer 's Complete Tobacco Fertilizer 's Complete Tobacco Fertilizer 's Complete Tobacco Fertilizer 's Complete Tobacco Fertilizer 's Connecticut Valley Tobacco Grower s Connecticut Valley Tobacco Grower |s Connecticut Valley Tobacco Starter a Tobacco Special with Carbonate Potash s Tobacco Special with Carbonate Potash s Tobacco Special with Carbonate Potash s Tobacco Special with Carbonate Potash Chittenden's Tobacco Special with Sulfate Potash Chittenden's Complete Grass Fertilizer . Chittenden's Eureka Potato Fertilizer Where Sampled. Springfield Southwick Westfield Enfield . Greenfield Springfield Sunderland . Sunderland . Sunderland . Saundersville S. Acton N. Westport S. Acton W. Springfield N. Westport N. Hadley . Hadley . W. Springfield Sunderland N. Westport Leominster Saundersville Sunderland Dighton . N. Westport Sunderland Hadley . Bradstreet Bradstreet N. Hadley W. Springfield E. Whately Bradstreet N. Hadley N. Hadlev N. Hadlev N. Hadley N. Hadley N. Hadley Hadley . Hadley . N. Hadley E. Whately Saundersville Leominster Dighton . Saundersville I-) £ M « $43.69 24.56 20.15 20.36 21.95 25.19 24.30 23.36 13.11 20.06 17.33 13.10 22.59 16.33 34.29 20.72 26.05 24.25 24.30 24.75 24.23 24.45 25.63 35.07 32". 63 34.40 23.56 23.90 30.00 23.04 26.73 24.03 23.10 ° I 600 J 912 146 1 250 / 793 1 311 J 27 263 1 319 ) 19 23 78 177 295 414 1037 4 121 103 119 154 300 333 1 599 I 607 760 j 1091 802 1 813 / 247 1 828 / 3.73 11.60 11.14 7.49 11.31 10.96 8.97 3.12 8.55 9.13 7.66 6.51 9.16 10.61 6.55 11.48 12.27 10.99 11.25 6.00 11.11 11.20 *No. carbonate, 15.3 *No. 979 ' 913 27 19 28 78 ' 177 ' 295 ' 414 " 1087 *No. 4 carbona te, 8.52 925-930 905 15.35% total potash. Chlorine Chlorine .26% equivalent to .35% potash, 3.74% potash as sulfate. total potash. 1.61% .07% equivalent to 2.34% 1 .46% .53% .58% .49% .46% .26% .3.5% .22% .46% 2.14% 7.58% .09% potash, 2.18% potash as sulfate. 3.11% 1.95% .71% .77% .66% .61% .35% .46% .29% .61% .35"5 7.68% 4.65% 4.73% 4.65% 4.78% 5.13%, 4.79% 4.94% 1.61% 925 1 930 J 6.22 905 5.08 1054 9.60 979 9.97 913 9.54 161 11.92 170 10.93 428 1 803 1- 12.03 936 J 249 1 8 50 993 / 415 8.23 246 ] 336 8.93 5.50% potash as 5.81% potash as o9 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Piiosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Potash (K2O) in 100 lbs. A OS u M V 3 •So u Total. ! Total. Available. As Nitrates and Ammoniates. (U 1 o m 6 "S 11 CO W) CO ■6 a 3 O •d v v c 2 M S O 3 "o u : 1 > 6 2 3 o d •d a 3 o Guaranteed. •d 0 3 o •o a « 2 o i -6 3 0 ■0 V ta !:t « 1- M OJ bO CO 0) 2 a 2o 1^^ >3 •o .a •d •d •d V -^^ n( o 0) a 0) ■2 S Sis ^o ^3 . CO •d 0) a ' 4) C 0 c •« S 2 ii^'S a) 3 .2 3 •d s u "iH 3 •d Clj "6 d •d cd ^ 1 < < ii M •^1 o'o a s O o 1 a d 3 a cd 3 o 3 3 0 — .56 .47 1.28 2.31 2.25 .77 .75 .02 1.54 1.75 1.52 1.50 1.90t 1.50 1.22 .37 .58 .30 2.47 2.46 5.74 2.71 .56 9.01 9.00 8.45 8.00 6.80 5.00 .19 .78 .23 .21 1.41 1.23 4.68 2.77 .84 8.29 8.00 7.45 7.00 2.10 2.00 .18 .96 1.58 .67 3.39 3.28 4.15 2.44 .79 7.38 7.00 6.59 5.00 10.50 10.00 .08 .79 .52 .35 1.74 1.64 5.27 3.00 1.45 9.72 9.00 8.27 8.00 3.41 3.00 .82 .91 .39 .34 2.46 2.46 6.67 1.91 .86 9.44 9.00 8.58 8.00 4.35 4.00 .43 .57 .42 .30 1.72 1.64 7.78 .16 .96 8.90 8.00 7.94 7.00 4.57 4.00 .40 1.68 1.25 1.30 4.63 4.50 trace 3.06 .28 3.34 3.50 3.06 3.00 5.54* 5.50 .51 1.20 1.46 1.42 4.59 4.50 .13 3.15 .18 3.46 3.50 3.28 3.00 5.50* 5.50 .60 1.42 1.55 1.22 4.79 4.50 trace 2.96 .18 3.14 3.50 2.96 3.00 5.58* 5.50 .31 1.23 1.80 1.34 4.68 4.50 trace 2.96 .08 3.04 3.50 2.96 3.00 5.70* 5.50 .54 2.44 1.37 1.07 4.58 4.50 trace 2.76 .54 3.30 3.50 2.76 3.00 5.55** 5.50 1.12 .20 1.04 1.03 3.39 3.30 .96 5.66 1.88 8.50 7.00 6.62 6.00 7.03 6.50 1.05 .36 1.18 1.04 3.63 3.30 .70 5.94 1.66 8.30 7.00 6.64 6.00 5.81 5.00 .89 .49 1.26 1.05 3.69 3.30 .64 5.78 1.42 7.84 7.00 6.42 6.00 6.55 6.00 .80 62 1.27 1.07 3.76 3.30 4.02 2.60 1.12 7.74 7.00 6.62 6.00 10.10* 10.00 .27 .20 1.16 .89 2.52 2.50 2.72 3.84 1.86 8.42 6.00 6.56 5.00 3.85 3.00 1.10 .12 .74 .69 2.65 2.50 1.44 8.21 .58 10.23 — 9.55 8.00 5.91* 5.00 1.20 .18 .84 .70 2.92 2.50 1.53 6.63 1.10 9.26 8.16 8.00 5.15* 5.00 1.45 .15 .75 .58 2.93 2.50 1.58 6.57 1.35 9.50 — 8.15 8.00 5.37* 5.00 1.47 .98 .68 .37 3.50 3.69 5.46 2.16 .40 8.02 8.00 7.62 7.00 10.75 10.00 .60 .56 1.37 .70 3.23 3.28 4.44 1.89 .84 7.17 7.00 6.33 6.00 9.85 10.00 1.15 .79 .34 .29 2.57 2.46 5.74 2.33 .94 9.01 9.00 8.07 8.00 4.08 4.00 1.57 .85 .55 .37 3.34 3.28 5.80 2.40 1.14 9.34 9.00 8.20 8.00 7.95 7.00 .22 .64 .50 .29 1.65 1.64 3.83 3.37 .92 8.12 7.00 7.20 6.00' 6.28 5.00 tNo. *Xo. carbonate, *No. carbonate, *No. carbonate, *No. carbonate, *No. **No. 796 Potash figured as sulfate. 29 Chlorine .45% equivalent to .59% potash, 2 . 06% potash as sulfate. 2.89% potash as 6.50% total potash. 75-110-1088 Chlorine .15% equivalent to .20% potash, .95% potash as sulfate, 4.45% potash as 6.26% total potash. 115 Chlorine .62% equivalent to .82% potash, 1.82% potash as sulfate, 2.94% potash as 6.36% total potash. 122 Chlorine .56% equivalent to .74% potash, 2.99% potash as sulfate, 1.97% pota.sh as 6.42% total potash. 605-1043 Chlorine 5.08% equivalent to 6.74% potash, 3.36% potash as sulfate. 128 " .29% " " .38% " 5.53% " " 159 " .73% " " .97% " 5.18% " " 429 " .16% " " .20% " 6.17% 309 ' No Chlorine, 2.62% potash as sulfate, 2.93% potash as carbonate, 6.08% total potash. 62 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Parmenter & Polsey Fertilizer Co. P. A- P. A. A. Brand . , . . (Concluded.)- V. & P. Potato Grower with 10% Pota.sh . . . P. & P. Grain Grower R. T. Prentiss, Granby, Mass. R. T. Prentiss' Fertilizer for Potatoes and Vesjetables I{. T. Prentiss' Fertilizer for Potatoe.s and Vegetabl R. T. Prentiss' Fertilizer for Corn .... R. T. Prentiss' Fertilizer for Corn .... R. T. Prentiss' Fertilizer for Top Dressing R. T. Prentiss' Fertilizer for Top Dressing The Pulverized Manure Co., Chicago, 111. Wizard Brand Shredded Cattle Manure . Wizard Brand Pulverized Sheep Manure . The Rogers Manufacturing Co., Rockfall, Ct. All Round Fertilizer Complete Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer High Grade Corn and Onion Manure . High Grade Fertilizer for Oats and Top Dressing Fish and Potash High Grade Soluble Tobacco and Potato Manure High Grade Grass and Grain, Seeding Down High Grade Tobacco Grower High Grade Tobacco Grower (Vegetable tt Carbonate) High Grade Soluble Tobacco Manure The Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown, Ct. Hubbard's "Bone Base" Complete Phosphate Hubbard's "Bone Base" Potato Phosphate . Hubbard's "Bone Base" Potato Phosphate . Hubbard's "Bone Base" New Market Gar. Phosphate Hubbard's "Bone Base" Soluble Corn and Gen. Crops Where Sampled. W. Springfield \ Auburn . . j Adams Adams Holyoke . Easthampton Holyoke . W. Springfield 1 Easthampton J Holyoke . Easthampton Taunton Fall River . . N. Westport. Worcester . , N. Westport Plainville . ! Worcester . ! Norwood . J Fitchburg E. Longmeadow Deerfield Sunderland . N. Westport Sunderland . Deerfield W. Springfield Fitchburg Plainville . \ Fitchburg . J Hadley . . N. Amherst . Deerfield E. Longmeadow Deerfield Westport . \ E. Milton . j Westport E. Milton . Bedford . . 1 W. Peabody ( Feeding Hills | Longmeadow J MiUis . . 1 Lvnn . 1 Hadle\- . . f Longmeadow J •3 -■"* • t. O 1) .■a 2 . 3 $28.94 24.04 15.19 29.02 29.10 25.38 27.15 32.71 31.07 7,94 12.48 16.51 21.11 26.79 35.96 21.55 29.56 33.22 28.59 27.65 34.94 17.85 21.98 22.06 24.86 24.07 711 1 985 j 962 1021 201 1047 176 748 1 1052 / 195 1053 235 276 312 I 801 J 357 1 758 1 827 j 859 I 799 1 939 I 65 24 I 316 329 J 64) 705 I- 824 I 757 1 810 ) 1094 1079 70 1 929 \ 1016 J 317 \ 473 ( 322 471 842 I 855 ! 897 I 1061 J 530 1 618 ' 743 1065 63 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Potash (K2O; 1 in 100 lbs. ^ J Total. 3 Total. Available. Id niates. Soluble ic. Water )le Organ re Water lie Organ nteed. Soluble, ted. nteed. nteed. •0 ■S « "3 ^O 1.55 1.19 .10 3.03 2.36 2.23 2.54 1.22 .57 .35 .45 4.10 4.10 .23 2.49 2.46 .25 1.45 1.23 1.53 5.08 5.18 .08 .15 3.45 3.30 7.60 .10 .17 3.41 3.30 7.98 .17 .26 2.94 2.80 8.45 .15 .20 3.03 2.80 8.87 1.46i 1.24 1.75 2.33' 1.42 .35 .86 .56 .38 .33 8.93 7.14 9.18 9.62 9.60 10.54 .00 7.51 7.00 7.00 8.00 6.78 8.32 9.00 9.00 10.00 9.05 9.22 10.21 8.00 8.00 10.00 .28 11.48 10.00 11.20 10.00 8.20 3.00 10.70 2.51 10.00 2.00 10.78 10.91 7.83 10.00 10.00 8.00 8.19 3.00 4.51 4.29 .54 .44 .21 .20 .29 .27 5.55 5.20 5.70 5.70 5.58 4.43 1.29 2.45 .51 .79 7.38 7.68 7.00 7.00 5.87 5.89 5.00 6.00 8.98 8.43 8.00 S.OO — .29 .44 .35 .55 .96 1.26 1.61 2.25 1.80 1.80 .43 .78 .45 .82 .15 .22 1.04 1.82 1.00 .89 1.50 1.00 1.00 .95** 2.36** 1.00 1.00 .73 .18 .55 .41 1.87 1.65 3.53 4.41 1.91 9.95 10.00 8.04 8.00 2.60 2.00 .85 .56 .62 .39 2.42 2.25 5.48 2.90 1.73 10.15 10.00 8.38 8.00 5.14 5.00 1.24 .65 1.24 .70 3.83 3.60 2.45 4.32 1.78 "8.55 5.00 5.77 6.00 7.62 7.00 3.76 .86 1.05 .47 6.14 6.30 1.00 6.94 1.96 9.90 9.00 7.94 7.00 8.57 7.50 1.29 .55 .96 .74 3.55 3.25 2.70 3.42 - 5.12 5.00 5.12 4.00 4.15 3.75 1.01 1.05 1.00 .51 3.57 3.50 .45 7.11 2.22 9.78 • 9.00 7.56 7.00^ 9.30* 8.75 .23 — 2.16 .80 3.19 3.00 trace 9.18 10.18 19.35 15.00 9.18 ■ 1 11.53 12.50 1.39 .83 1.05 .75 1.41 1.87 1.09 1.51 4.94 5.05 5.00 5.00 .35 .10 4.53 3.43 .55 .43 5.54 4.01 4.00 4.00 4.98 3.53 3.00 3.00 6.16* 5.85* 5.50 5.50 1.80 1.42 1.23 .55 5.11 5.00 .43 5.23 1.34 8.50 7.00 6.66 5.00 10.06* 10.50 .41 .17 .64 .38 1.50 1.50 4.33 2.90 1.60 8.33 8.00 7.23 7.00 6.02 5.00 .92 .91 .23 .22 .72 .57 .32 .39 2.19 2.19 2.00 2.00 6.45 5.63 2.92 2.95 1.81 1.32 11.18 10.90 10.00 10.00 9.37 9.58 9.00 9.00 6.16 5.28 5.00 5.00 .85 .31 .77 .41 2.34 2.00 3.53 3.32 1.78 8.73 7.00 5.95 6.00 11.47 10.00 1.31 .33 .53 .35 2.52 2.50 2.18 5.05 1.91 9.14 8.00 7.23 6.00 9.42 8.00 *Xo. 64-70.T-824 Chlorine .95% equivalent to 1.27% potash, 8.03% potash as sulfate. 1094 " .77% " " 1.01% " 5.15% " " " " 1079 1.21% " 1.61% " 4.24% 70-929-1016 .99% " 1.30% " 8.76% **Potash fisured a.s sulfate. total potash 6.09% 64 .1 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash ■ Name of Manufacturer and Brand. sh Cost of Like s of Nitrogen, 1 and Potash in ;d Materials. boratory umber. :oisture. Retail Cai Amount Phos. Aci( Unmix< « 5 S The Rogers & Hubbard Co. (Concluded). Hubbard's "Bone Base" Soluble Potato Manure Bradstreet . 1 Westport 188 1 318 " " " " " " . Hadley . . $31.47 755 11.57 " " " " " " . W. Peabody 855 " " " " " " Longmeadow 1053 Hubbard's "Bone Base" Soluble Tobacco Manur e . Westport 253 " " " " " " Feeding Hills 33.22 898 9.55 " " " " Longmeadow 1063 Hubbard's "Bone Base" Fruit or Grass & Gr. Fert . . E. Milton . Chelmsford . 30.92 458 527 6.84 Hubbard's "Bone Base" Oats and Top Dressing Westport 314 " " " " " " " Lynn 43.60 684 3.42 " " " " " " " Hadley . 752 " " " Longmeadow 1057, Ross Brothers Co., 88 Front St., Worcester, Mass. High Grade Potato Fertilizer Worcester 27.91 341 8.87 Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer .... Worcester 20. S5 795 12.11 Corn, Grass and Grain Fertilizer .... W^orcester 24.94 320 8.45 Lawn Fertilizer Whitinsville 22.91 1115 5.91 Sanderson Fertilizer & Chemical Co., New Haven, C t. Sanderson's Formula "A" Sunderland . 54 1 N. Amherst . 133 11 11 •> ' ' Sunderland . 157 " " " . . Sunderland . 24.35 168 10.55 " " " . . Dighton . 288 •I " 11 ' ' Sunderland . 381 " . . Southwiek . 934 Sanderson's Formula "B" . Sunderland . Sunderland . Sunderland . Whately . . Southwiek . 25.23 12 386 422 609 942 8.16 Sanderson's Top Dressing for Grass and Grain Sunderland . Sunderland . 53 331 .. ti .1 >i II 111 "- c : M 3 •P ' - 1 CO u 3 3 •d a ■2 1 ■2 a ^1 < < Wate Orga j Activ Insol 55 Foun Guar 1 > "3 a 3 o 3 o d 1 u as 3 o a 0 2.53 .53 1.32 .66 5.04 5.00 1.60 6.06 3.26 10.92 10.00 7.56 7.00 5.85* 5.00 2.23 .78 1.55 .72 5.33 5.00 1.38 6.05 3.29 10.72 10.00 7.43 7.00 9.44* 10.00 .42 .28 1.15 .84 2.69 2.20 .15 8.73 7.68 16.56 16.00 8.88 6.50 12.60 12.00 8.16 — .49 .17 8.83 8.50 — 5.82 2.62 8.44 8.00 5.82 4.50 9.89 8.00 1.00 .37 1.09 .48 2.94 2.88 4.15 3.99 1.50 9.64 8.50 8.14 8.00 10.35* 10.00 .63 .48 .32 .19, 1.52 1.55 4.43 3.84 1.58 9.85 8.50 8.27 8.00 5.56 5.00 2.26 .12 .36 .22 2.95 2.88 6.28 2.17 .65 9.11 10.50 8.45 8.00 7.58* 8.00 2.21 .18 .23 .51 3.13 2.00 3.13 4.45 1.38 8.96 10.00 7.58 6.00 6.10 4.00 2.16 .28 .64 .39 3.47 3.33 4.08 3.12 - 2.47 9.67 9.00 7.20 6.00 6.57 6.00 1.49 .24 1.03 .66 3.42 3.33 3.70 3.81 2.47 9.98 10.00 7.51 5.00 6.40* 6.00 2.12 .38 .76 .38 3.64 4.00 4.08 2.92 2.34 9.34 7.00 7.00 7.00 10.15 7.00 .17 .49 2.69 1.65 5.00 4.50 .85 3.53 .51 4.90 4.00 4.38 3.00 5.35* 5.50 .65 .03 2.01 1.94 4.63 4.50 1.20 3.50 .38 5.18 4.00 4.80 3.00 5.30* .62 .27 .69 .58 2.16 1.67, 3.20 2.78 2.04 8.02 8.00 5.98 5.00 7.31 6.00 1.12 .33 .71 .46 2.62 2.47 3.28 2.59 2.65 8.52 8.00 5.87 5.00 10.62 10.00 1.10 .03 .57 .45 2.15 1.67 1.28 5.41 1.91 8.60 9.00 6.69 7.00 3.37 2.00 .45 .31 .71 .70 2.17 1.671 1.18 3.88 2.14 7.20 5.00 5.06 4.00 4.07 4.00 No . 188-318-7 55-856-1068 Chlori ne .57-: 7o equiva lent to .76% p jtash, 5.09% pot ash as sulfate. 253-898-1 363 .77^ 0 " 1.02% 8.42% ' ** '* '* 841 4.40'5 I " 5.83% 4.52% • ** 820 2.99? "o " 3.96% 3.62% ' " " 1 »* 12-386-4 22-609-942 .42? I :; " .56% 5.84% ' (1 It (( 17-52-67 -155-941 .17? 0 " .24% 5.11% ' *' '* 85 .49? i .65% 4. 35% " 66 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Naxne of Manufacturer and Brand. M. L. Shoemaker & Co., Ltd., Philadelphia, Pa. "Swift-Sure" Superphosphate for General Use Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co., 40 N. Market St., Boston. Swift's Lowell Lawn Dressing . Swift's Lowell Dissolved Bone and Potash Swift's Lowell Seeding Down Fertilizer Swift's Lowell Corn and Vegetable Swift's Lowell Cereal Fertilizer Swift's Lowell Empress Brand Swift's Lowell Bone Fertilizer for Corn and Grain Swift's Lowell Potato Manure Swift's Lowell Animal Brand Swift's Lowell Potato Phosphate Swift's Lowell Superior Fert. with 10 percent Potash Swift's Lowell Superior Fert. with 10 percent Potash Swift's Lowell Special Grass for Top Dress. & Lawns Swift's Lowell Special Potato Fertilizer Swift's Lowell Sterling Phosphate . Swift's Lowell Market Garden Manure 67 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Total. O Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Potash (K 2 O) in 100 lbs. 1.12 1.1? .31 3.35 2. .63 2.74 1.42 12.84 13.00 11.42 9.00 5.02* 4.50 3.67 .32 .05 .05 4.10 4.00 6.35 1.47 .10 8.42 8.00 .32 7.00 5.81 6.00 .48 .74 .41 .30 1.93 1.64 6.50 3.10 2.15 11.36 10.00 9.70 9.00 2.31 2.00 1.30 .54 .52 .30 2.66 2.46 5.35 2.43 .33 9.16 9.00 3.83 8.00 6.14 6.00 1.56 .31 .53 .32 3.22 3.23 6.53 1.55 .79 9.03 9.00 3.29 8.00 7.45 7.00 .08 .50 .30 .21 1.09 .82 5.20 2.22 .90 8.32 8.00 7.42 7.00 1.22 1.00 .11 .59 .30 .23 1.33 1.24 4.70 3.06 .58 8.34 8.00 7.76 7.00 2.13 2.00 .30 .33 .36 .31 1.80 1.54 5.35 1.72 1.91 9.98 9.00 8.07 8.00 3.37 3.00 .45 .53 .45 .32 1.90 1.54 5.20 2.95 1.02 9.18 8.00 8.16 7.00 4.55 4.00 1.03 .76 .40 .29 2.53 2.45 6.45 2.35 .79 9.60 9.00 3.31 3.00 4.09 4.00 1.08 .54 .55 .31 2.49 2.45 5.90 1.95 .40 9.25 9.00 3.86 8.00 6.20 6.00 1.05 1.05 .97 .50 3.57 3.69 5.70 2.11 .71 3.52 3.00 7.81 7.00 10.31 10.00 1.55 .79 .77 .41 3.52 3.69 5.55 1.47 1.02 3.04 8.00 7.02 7.00 10.51 10.00 1.59 1.19 .82 .42 4.02 4.10 5.55 2.31 .92 8.78 8.00 7.86 7.00 6.53 5.00 1.17 .52 .53 .28 2.60 2.46 4.33 1.73 .51 7.22 7.00 5.51 5.00 10.15 10.00 .10 .50 .26 .19 1.05 .82 5.30 3.32 1.70 10.82 9. 9.12 8.00 4.09 4.00 1.57 1.40 .71 .42 4.10 4.10 1 6.03 2.26 .92 9.21 8.00 8.29 7.00 6.71 5.00 *No. 10-180-182-707 Chlorine .4S% equivalent to .64% potash, 4.3S% potash as sulfate. 68 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Like en, sh in Is. ^ oca a Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. 3h Cost 0 3 of Nitro i and Pot d Materi boratory umber. I "S 3«a! d ^S S Retail Amo Phos. Uni Wm. Thomson & Sons, Ltd., Clovenfords, Scotland. Thomson's Vine, Plant and Vegetable Manure Boston S32.S5 355 8.34 Thomson's Special Chrysanthemum Manure Boston . 31.72 1107 2.52 20th Century Specialty Co., Boston, Mass. The "Scientific" 12 L. No. 1 Boston . 9.54 850 2.16 The "Scientific" 12 L. No. 2 Boston 15.70 851 3.42 The "Scientific" 12 L. No. 3 Boston . 20.26 852 3.62 Whitman & Pratt Rendering Co., Lowell, Mass. Billerica . Billerica . 19.49 23.66 621 622 7.80 All Crop 9.33 Billerica . Billerica . Chelmsford . Taunton 1 1 24.92 28.52 626 624 \ 632 / 238 1 7.33 11.25 Potash Special (( (( Chelmsford . W. Springfield 1 29.53 630 911 J 6.44 11 .1 The Wilcox Fertilizer Co., Mystic, Ct. Wilcox Potato, Onion and Vegetable Phosphate . Amherst . 1 47 1 " " *« " " ** Fall River . 280 ! 11.13 " " " Marblehead . } 23.56 500 f " " " " " " Monson . ) 786 j Wilcox Potato, Onion and Vegetable Phosphate . New Bedford 28.10 184 12.56 Wilcox Grass Fertilizer Fall River . Seekonk . 27.98 269 1 323 / 8.43 Wilcox High Grade Tobacco Special Amherst . 29 80 48 1 602 / 5.86 '* ** *' " '* Hadley . Wilcox 4-8-10 Fertilizer Southampton 30.44 1086 10.75 Wilcox Complete Bone Superphosphate . . . . Fall River . Marblehead . 20.08 268 1 499 / 15.98 Wilcox High Grade Fish and Potash Dighton . 25.44 245 19.21 Wilcox Potato Fertilizer Dighton . 255 1 " " " Fall River . 20.83 272 14.70 " " " Monson . 774 J Wilcox Fish and Potash Amherst . Hadley . 1 20.26 43 1 603 / 19.53 Wilcox Fish and Potash New Bedford 20.12 192 19.68 Wilcox Fish and Potash Fall River . 20.12 293 18.64 Wilcox Corn Special Amherst . 1 39 1 It 4( 4i Dighton . Fall River 1 23.50 244 265 . 12.94 >l 1. >• A. H. Wood & Co., Framingham, Mass. Wood's B. B. Fertilizer Framingham 22.67 944 10.58 Wood's S. P. Fertilizer Framingham Framingham 1 34.43 667 1 954/ 6.86 Wood's 777 Fertilizer Framingham Framingham » 36.27 649 1 949/ 6.79 69 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs Potash (K2O) in too lbs. 0 CJ Total. Total. Available. •a •a V u to O V IS 3 ^6 •P •6 3 3 ■0 •0 •d a ■" « 0) > 0 0 d (-1 0 In d d 3 0 k. CD 3 0 d 3 0 CD 3 0 1.60 [ .88 1.32 .55 4.35 3.50 5.65 5.98 1.07 12.70 12.00 11.63 8.00 7.29* 7.00 4.43 .29 .47 .25 5.44 4.00 4.30 4.99 4.08 13.37 12.00 9.29 6.50 4.44 4.50 1.08 .05 .05 1.18 1.00 1.53 1.34 .22 3.09 2.00 2.87 2.00. 3.08* 3.00 2.47 — .05 .04 2.47 2.00 2.80 1.52 4.32 3.00 4.32 3.00 4.01* 4.00 3.29 .01 .07 .06 3.43 3.00 3.13 1.95 .15 5.23 4.00 5.08 ' 4.00 4.61* 5.00 .21 .58 .76 .48 2.03 1.54 1.40 8.07 3.11 12.58 10.00 9.47 8.00 3.43 3.00 .56' .64 .99 .79 2.98 2.46 2.45 7.19 1.30 10.94 11.00 9.64 9.00 4.35 4.00 .86 .21 .95 .81 2.83 2.46 1.60 9.69 .96 12.26 9.00 11.29 7.00' 5.91 5.00 1.40 .43 1.06 .84 3.73 3.29 4.25 5.88 1.10 11.23 10.00 10.13 8.00 7.15 7.00 1.29 ,26 .79 .88 3.22 2.88 2.28 7.63 .61 10.52 8.00 9.91 6.00 11.24 10.00 1.34 .22 1.28 .73 3.57 3.30 7.60 2.66 .36 10.62 9.00 10.26 8.00 7.54* 7.00 1.32 .24 1.20 .82 3.58 3.30 6.95 2.69 1.20 10.84 9.00 9.64 8.00 7.35* 7.00 2.23 .54 1.05 67 4.49 4.12 3.28 4.93 1.20 9.46 7.00 8.26 6.00 5.43 5.00 1.14 .34 1.36 .92 3.76 3.30 trace 9.42 1.10 10.52 7.00 9.42 5.00 7.89* 7.00 2.50! .14 .68 .43 3.80 3.30 7.40 1.74 .38 9.52 9-00 9.14 8.00 10.12* 10.00 .80 .18 .80 .58 2.36 2.05 3.23 5.89 1.78 10.90 9.00 9.12 8.00 3.74 3.00 .36' .60 1.78 1.17 3.91 3.30 4.28 2.58 .74 7.60 7.00 6.86 5.00 5.35 5.00 .81 .14 .78 .71 2.44 2.05 1.78 6.16 2.34 10.28 7.00 7.94 6.00' 5.29 4.50 .33 .61 1.22 .78 2.94 2.46 1.83 4.57 1.66 8.06 6.00 6.40 5.00 3.85 3.00 .38 .58 1.20 .87 3.03 2.46 2.23 3.34 2.42 7.99 6.00 5.57 5.00 3.71 3.00 .37; .59 1.30 .74 3.00 2.46 2.45 3.19 2.30 7.94 6.00 5.64 5.00 3.80 3.00 .88! -31 1.01 .64 2.34 2.46 3.55 4.80 2.37 10.72 9.00 8.35 8.00; 6.07 5.00 1.42' .23 .56 .47 2.68 2.50 4.95 4.80 .66 10.41 10.00 9.1'5 7.00 5.45 5.00 2.89 .30 .60 .55 4.34 4.00 3.93 3.39 .28 7.60 8.00 7.32 6.00^ 12.79* 12.00 ; 6.34 — .32 .31 6.97 7.00 4.50 3.29 .33 8.12 8.00 7.79 7.00 7.23 7.00 *No. 355 " 850 Chi orine4 26% eq 62% uivalent to 5.66^ " .83'? 0 po ash. 1.639? 2.259? potash as sulfate " 851 1 52% " " 2.029' 1.999? " " " " 852 47-280- 1 54% ** " 2.059 ) 2.569? ** ** *• 500-78 6 5 31% ** " 6.819 0 .73% " " •' • " 184 4 70% ** " 6.249 1.12% " " " 48-602 * 72% 93% " " .959 0 6.94% " 1086 ' 5 " " 7.869 > 2.26% " " '• 667 -954 1 36% " 1.819 5 10.98% 70 Fertilizers Furnishing Phosphoric Acid and Potash. of Like f otash in rials. ■" °(i,Si £> . (U Where OdcS 2 fe 3 Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Sampled. Retail Cash Amou Phos. Acid a Unmixed .Q 3 (13 E; PHOSPHATE AND POTASH. American Agricultural Chemical Co., Boston, Mass. Grass and Oats Fertilizer W. Sterling $12.37 Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Bowker's Tobacco Ash Elements . Bowker's Tobacco Ash Elements . Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City. E. Frank Coe's Famous Prize Brand Grass and Grain Lister's Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. Lister's Grass and Grain Fertilizer Lister's Grass and Grain Fertilizer Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Ct. Vegetable Potash and Bone Phosphate WOOD ASHES. Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. N. Hadley . Hatfield . . Northampton Southwick S. Williamstown Fall River . Hadley . Williamstown Hatfield . 10.89 10.59 10.62 33.78 877 21.97 137 220 23.05 450 1044 974 353 512 975 173 11.56 9.56 6.54 .92 11.08 10.85 3.78 Pure Unleached Canada Hardwood Ashes Pure Unleached Canada Hardwood Ashes Fall River Amesbury **11.58 ** 7.84 289 503 5.92 18.96 John Joynt, Lucknow, Ontario, Canada. Pure Hardwood Ashes . Pure Hardwood Ashes . Pure Hardwood Ashes . Pure Hardwood Ashes . Pure Hardwood Ashes . Pure Hardwood Ashes . Pure Hardwood Ashes . Sunderland Sunderland N. Hadley N. Hadley Sunderland Sunderland Sunderland **11.51 ** 9.42 ** 9.03 **10.09 **11.61 ** 8.06 ** 8.60 7 16 109 296 383 838 1120 18.57 22.58 12.55 12.44 12.17 16.93 18.64 71 Fertilizers Furnisliing Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Total. Available. 8.20 2.56 1.38 1.44 5.35 1.86 .85 5.92; 2.09 6.48 3.48 7.36 2.31 7.28 2.63 .38 10.95 .68 .28 12.14 8.65 3.86 10.64 10.38 10.59 11.61 2.03 1.20 1.59 1.28 1.28 1.34 1.67 1.02 1.28 12.00 9.00 9.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.76 6.79 6.77 .96 9.67 9.91 11.33 11.00 6.00 6.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 12.00 Potash (K2O) in 1 00 lbs. 2.81 2.37 2.16 2.00 4.92 3.44 5.00 4.24 3.52 4.08 4.53 3.60 3.50 2.00 15.20* 15.00] 14.92* 15.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 15.18* 15.00 t2.00 t2.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 O ca so y.a 28.61 18.69 29.99 21.74 31.22 32.75 39.89 19.82 26.29 *No. 137 Chlorine 1.16% equivalent to 1.53% potash, 13.67% potash as sulfate. " 220-450-1044 " .94% " " 1.26% " 13.66% " 173 " .77% " " 1.03% " .99% 14.16 pota.sh as carbonate. **The potash in ashes is largely present as carbonate and has been valued at 8 cts. per pound. The lime in ashes has been valued at the same price as for agricultural lime, namely .004 cts. per pound of ac- tual calcium oxide. tTotal potash guaranteed 4 .00%. Fertilizers for Private Use, Officially Collected Not Registered.) Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. American Agricultural Chemical Co., Boston, Mass. Ann-Scab Formula Read's Potato Manure Berkshire Fertilizer Co., Bridgeport, Ct. Economical Grass Fertilizer FaU River Littleton Tobacco Special with Sulfate of Potash Fish and Potash A Special Mixture MisTure Blo-srer Room Dust W. W. Cary & Son, LyonsviUe, Mass. CoiEplete Fertilizer (Home Mixrure) . The E. D. Chittenden Co., Bridgeport, Ct. Special Mirrure Fisher Brothers, Philadelphia, Pa. Tobacco Dust J. A. Macomber, Swansea, Mass. Potato Fertilizer (Home Mixture) .... Cabbage Fertilizer "^Home ^ILsture) Mitchell Fertilizer Co., Tremley, N. J. Mitche'l's Special Fertilizer National Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. ChitieEden"s .Special Formula New England Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. HigL Grade Special irith IC?^. Potash New Mineral Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. New Mineral Fertilizer Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Ct. Special Mixture Warner's Special Mixture Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown, Ct. Allen's Special Top Dressing Prof. J. W. Sanborn, Pittsfield, N. H. San'bom's Comiplete for Potatoes and Com . M. L. Shoemaker & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Superphosphate for Potatoes Stonemeal Fertilizer Co., Paterson, N. J. Stonemeal .Stonemeal (Tobacco) Stonemeal Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Special Mixture F. A. Thompson Co., Detroit, Mich. To'bacco Dust S. D. Woodruff & Sons, Orange, Ct. Home Mixture American Agricultural Chemical Co., Boston, Mass. Castor Pomace Grotmd Bone X. Hadlev N. Hadlev X. Hadlev X. Hadlev X. Hadlev X. Hadley Plain viUe ■Whately . Lvonsville W. .Springfield Hatfield . . ."Swansea . Swansea . Seekonk . Sunderland Xatick Boston . Whatelv . Hatfield . Longmeadow A-:_field . Conway . Hatfield . Hatfield . Hatfield . Bedford . Worcester Bradstreet Southvrick .Sunderland ►J S'xiE », M = 3 O O 'ST ^=< p .•a o . - $26.04 25.51 41.03 23.39 21.11 30. C3 41.55 23.30 25.53 35.37 30.23 27.47 29.53 26.23 23.12 0.57 22.93 23.71 33.53 23.34 23.14 1.75 0.63 1.31 30.63 15.55 27.24 18.24 27.30 290 326 113 124 . 150 , 135 753 142 537 1077 1133 424 174 1134 1135 325 330 343 573 533 369 1C53 1145 970 370 371 1140t 349 731 133 1033 1113 10.56 8.14 7.37 5.13 3 . 33 1.49 4 32 7.57 6.21 4.35 5.25 5.59 9.34 7.66 8.10 .02 6.14 5.39 5.13 6.53 7.83 1.09 .78 1.C3 3.15 7.50 9.25 10.24 5.44 tSample contained 13.59% calcium oxiode. 73 Fertilizers for Private Use, Officially Collected Not Registered.' Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Add in 1 00 lbs. Potash .^K 2 0> in 100 lbs. . i o "E i- = TotaL o Total. AvaiUWe. S 5 •r r ^ :?^ ■3 s "Z ■= c -■ 2~'= X a ^^ » X si _s - ^Ss b. 2 a 3 .2"= — r i. ■^ — Z — Z _" - < < > — ^ w 'Z ■3 3 s > 9 5 X w ■z C £ ;; 1.74 .17 1.23 .45 3.53 4.50 3.34 2 i^ 10.23 7.34 6.63 1.9S .04 . 1 A .34 3.12 2.47 3.90 4.76 •s 3 .40 ' WW 7.56 6.00 9.30 10.30 7.66 — .12 .11 7. 33 3.00 .13 7.73 1 30 5.13 3 00 7. 33 4 00 9.45 3.00 1.C4 .17 ^Si 1.69 1.63 1.67 1.04 4.97 3.05 4.50 2.50 1 .73^ .93 2.39 5.75 1 13 34 3.30 3 52 4 00 3.52 5 .33* 5.50 3 00 .4: 1.41 1.45 1.50 4.35 4.60 1 .17 2.57 1 4.52 4 43 2.74 3.70 5 25* S 55 .05 .03 .03 .02 .14 — 1.50 13.43 Hn 21.34 23 33 23 30* .65 1.13 1.33 = 2 4.65 3.23 .35 10.33 2 30 13.53 ; 00 10-63 — j 2.C4* — 2 34 .53 = 5 .59 4.0* ^ 3.67 1.:= S£ £ ,33 5.43 — 6.11* — 3.73 1.33 . w4 .43 3.03 4.S4 5 .34 .35 71 7.40 6.53 5.00 11.53* 11.00 1.73 1.07 1.43 .89 2.23 .37 1 1.97 .03 1.40 1.10 I .09 — I - .31 .69 .19 .42 .50 .53 .55 .47 .37 .13 .41 .69 .96 6.20 1.29 .62 1 .69 1 .34 1.45 .23 1.29 -35 4.16* 3.48i i 4.15| 2.51 3.41 .09 4.01 4.22 — — 1.20 4.111 I 3.47' 3.69' .57 .19^ 6.35 5.30 43 1 3; 1.04 1.17 .54 .25 3.01 2.33 1.91 3.06 5.90 6.45 5.40 trace i s.ooj 4.32 6.93 .05 — .01 — 42 2.33 1.13 .53 — 1.17 .20 .35 1.53 .21 .33 .97 — .31 1.71 3.04 .06 .07 .15 3.54 4.55 2.31 5.06 4.74 2.63 3.73 2.06 2.63 3.48 9.04 3.53 3.50 .20 .32 5.79 12.76 — ' 5.63 13.43 — 1.43 9.93 9.00 1.43 11.66 11.00 .63 8.14 3.00 .95 5.75 .32 2.53 3.42 10.00 2.12 13.50 11. 0: 2.33 3.13 — 6.97 7.80 3.53 10.13 7.43 3.63 2.45 3. 61 13.43 00 3.05 00 7.67* 00 10.68 2.17 .49 3.55* .25** .83** .17** 3.00 3.33 3.52 .51 3.05 5.00 — — — — .53 — 3.29 3.00 3.55 1.34 3.50 — 4.53 _ _ — — — — 34. lit — 3.i: *Xo. 136 Chlorine .TO'c •' 142 '• .ag'^c ate, 6.90*^ total potash. *Xo . 597 Chlorine 2 . 1 S'^ lo; 113S 424 330 oS8 869 1146 1.19^ .51^0 .66'~ .49<^ -17^0 .07^^- 4.87' ♦♦Potash figxired as SulJFate equivalent to 1.05<^ potash, 5. 81 'v. potash as " .92^- " .79<^c " e>4uivalent to 2.90*^ potash, 20.40*^ potash as ;; i.oS'^c *; ag'^c " • Wrc " 5.5T*> " " •' .87^ •• 10. 63*^ " " .ee-^-f " 7.01't " •' .23'~c " 5.47% " .0S'~^ " 5.46'> " 6.47% " 2.18% tMechanical Analj-sis: Fine 42.83%. Coarse 57 3.00 8.00 10.00 9 .dS 3.00 7.00 sulfate. 4.55% potash as carbon- sol&ite. Fertilizers for Private Use, Officially Collected (Not Registered.) Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. Berkshire Fertilizer Co., Bridgeport, Ct. Sulfate of Ammonia . Nitrate of Soda H. G. Sulfate of Potash '. Double Sulfate of Potash Muriate of Potash Acid Phosphate Tankage Ct. Potash ,Ala. E. E. Bisbee, Boston, Mass. Importefl Basic Slag Phosphate Imported Basic Slag Phosphate Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass Dissolved Bone Black The E. D. Chittenden Co., Bridgeport Nitrate of Soda Muriate of Potash .... Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City Sulfate of Ammonia .... Dried Blood Low Grade Sulfate of Dry Ground Fish Ground Bone . Dominion Iron & Steel Co., Sydney, Cape Breton Basic Slag Phosphate Humphreys Godwin Co., Memphis, Term H. G. Cottonseed Meal Jacksonville OU Mill Co., Jacksonville H. G. Cottonseed Meal Memphis Cottonseed Products Co., Memph "Selden" Cottonseed Meal . Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Conn. Sulfate of Ammonia . Tankage Geo. B. Robinson, Jr., New York City Robin Brand Cottonseed Meal C. M. Shay, Groton, Ct. Nitrate of Soda . Muriate of Potash Acid Phosphate . M. L. Shoemaker & Co., Ltd., Philadelphia, Pa. Nitrate of Soda Sulfate of Potash Muriate of Potash State Farm, Titicut, Mass. Dried Blood . Ground Steamed Bone The Stroud Cotton Oil Co., Stroud, Okla. Cow Brand Cottonseed Meal . , Tenn Plainville N. Hadlev Whatelv . N. Hadley N. Hadley N. Hadlev N. Hadlev N. Hadley N. Hadley N. Hadley N. Hadley N. Hadley N. Hadley N. Hadley Can.** Boston Boston Amherst N. Amherst N. Amherst Amherst . Amherst . Amherst . Amherst . Amherst . Sydney, Canada Sunderland Sunderland Bradstreet Hadley . Hadley . W. Hatfield Millis Millis Millia Conway Conway Conway Titicut Titicut Hatfield ^ 2 • I $74.45 49.50 51.28 28.52 43.72 14.25 37.80 13.72 13.05 14.99 51.08 44.23 67.25 43.77 29.66 38.93 29.60 12.38 24.80 25.04 26.40 71.15 33.01 26.48 51.74 45.15 13.44 51.02 51.20 45.15 62.48 27.99 27.40 =« a 594 140 1078 139 157 299 152 131 149 341 141 125 151 328 1143 1144 1133 50 58 1127 1125 1129 1122 1123 1117 91 92 744 205 202 178 545 544 551 965 964 971 466 474 95 .78 2.70 .52 4.31 .26 12.05 7.77 .38 .05 18.79 1.93 .39 .77 8.21 1.66 7.52 5.20 .04 6.70 8.00 9.58 .47 9.00 7.69 1.63 .05 12.61 1.88 .39 .33 11.32 7.57 10.22 **The Cross Fertilizer Co., Sydney, Cape Breton, Canada, selling agents. 75 Fertilizers for Private Use, Officially Collected (Not Registered. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. i Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Potash (K 2 O) in 100 lbs. As Nitrates and Ammonia tes. Water Soluble. Organic. Active Water Insoluble Organic. Inactive Water Insoluble Organic. Total. Water Soluble, rt V 3 s 3 a Total. Available. Found. Guaranteed. Found. ■s V 1 0 1 •0 n \ 0 Found. Guaranteed. 22. Se — — 1 — 22.56 20.00 ' 15.00 — — — 15.00 14.80 _ 48.84 48.00 1 1 — — — — — — — 1 27.16 25.00 _ i — — 1 — — — — — — — — — — 51.44| 50.00 - 13.18 2.66 .64 16.48 — 15.84 — — .40 .47, 4.95 1.63 7.45, 7.40 ; 1 — — — 15.08 10.00*j — — — • — 1 1 — 15.55 15.32 3.21 1.98 18.76 17.30 — 15.55t 15.32t — — - -'-,-!- — 14.86 1.77 .51 17.14 — 16.63 — — 15.48 — — — 15.48j — — — — — — — 52.04 — 20.38 — — 5.26 — T77 — .28 2.34 1.25 4.45 1.50 1.69 .69 20.38 — 8.85 — 6.72 — 2.66 2.16 — 5.98 8.47 11.44 16.98 8.05 17.42 25.45 20.70 5.98 8.47* — 28.25 — — 15.04 .88 15.92 — 15.04t — — — — — — — 6.20 — — — — — : S.25 6.50 I — — — — — — — : — _ _ _ 6.60 6.56 21.56 — 1 — — 21.56 20.56 .38 1.25 3.29 2.04 6.96 7.40 — — — — 6.62 6.50 15.68 — — — 15-S8 — — — 11.38 10.00* — — — 12.08 3.20 T02 15.30 — 15.28 — 537l2 — 15.46 — — — 15.46 — E — — — — — — 48.76 53.12 — .15 .48 9.99 3.51 14.13 — .38 .43 .33 1.14 — — — — .52 30.90* — — — — — — — — — 6.85 6.50 — — — — — — — — — *No. 125-151-328 Mechanical Analysis: Fine 65.43^ " 112.3 " " " 81.33% " 202 " " " 62.19% " 474 " " " 73.59% tAvailable Phosphoric by Wagner method. NOTE. No. 1117 contained 42.13% calcium oxide of which 13.p0% was in the more active form Coarse 34.57%. 18.67%. 37.81%. 26.41%. 76 Ground Bone. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. American Agricultural Chemical Co., Boston, Mass Fine Ground Bone ' W. Springfield Ipswich Farquhar's Pure Ground Bone . Armour Fertilizer Works, Baltimore, Md. Bone Meal Beach Soap Co., Lawrence, Mass. Beach's Fertilizer Bone Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Bowker's Fresh Ground Bone . Bowker's Flour of Bone Buffalo Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Bone Meal John C. Dow Co., Boston, Mass. Dow's Pure Ground Bone Thomas Hersom & Co., New Bedford, Mass. Pure Bone Meal Home Soap Co., Worcester, Mass. Pure Ground Bone Geo. E. Marsh Co., Lynn, Mass. Marsh's Pure Ground Bone D. M. Moulton, Monson, Mass. Ground Bone Man'f't'r's Sample National Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Cliittenden's Pure Ground Bono Leominster Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. Ground Bone Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Ct. I'urc Bone Meal Rogers Mfg. Co., Rockfall, Ct. l^ure Knuckle 1-ione Flour Pure Fine Ground Bone Rogers & Hubbard Co., Middletown, Ct. Hubbard's Pure Raw Knuokle Bone Flour Hubbard's Strictly Pure Fine Bone ... N. Roy & Son, South Attleboro, Mass. Pure Ground Bone Pure Ground Bone M. L. Shoemaker & Co., Ltd., Philadelphia, Pa. Swift-Sure Bone Meal ' Sunderland " " Sunderland Springfield Rendering Co., Springfield, Mass. Ground Steamed Bone N. Amherst T. L. Stetson, Randolph, Mass. Pure Ground Bone E. L'meadow Boston Amherst . Lawrence Dighton . Northampton Bridgewater Springfield Boston Littleton Boston New Bedford Northboro Millbury Concord . Framingham m U ca ,4_» lU M .•73 s Pi Fitchburg Sunderland . Greenfield Sunderland . E. Milton . . Milford . . . Man'f't'r's Sample S. Attleboro Man'f't'a Sample Brockton $27.97 23.00 27.02 27.80 25.83 28.75 27.91 26.22 29.79 29. 3S 29.55 26.73 26.85 27.27 23.93 32.52 34.00 33.30 28.23 26.90 23.60 36.75 29.33 28.82 ° I 427 546 938 345 34 566 257 1 454 563 767 350 1004 369 207 990 999 478 946 1100 738 800 1033 973 41 475 733 88 654 333 ^ 71 522 843 6.34 4.78 9.66 4.41 7.69 6.77 7.01 6.11 3.74 4.00 4.65 3.24 4.39 8.75 5.69 9.98 12.33 9.38 7.23 3.52 6.61 3.75 3.78 8.59 i i Ground Bone. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 1 00 lbs. Mechanical Analysis. J Total. Total. Available. 3 3 "3 . '3 11 o o 0) 1 CO u 4) 1 3 O ta a § As Nitrates and Ammoniates. T3 C 3 o c CO « 3 O •d a 3 o V V 2 3 o 1^ 13 « a 2 CO 3 o d o n V o u .37 1.55 .63 2.55 2.47 24.29 22.88 74.19 26.31 — .69 1.46 .77 2.92 2.47 — — — 23.48 22.80 — — 59.39 40.11 — .73 1.39 .57 2.69 2.47 — — — 22.66 22.50 — — 69.94 30.06 .30 .94 .93 .97 3.19 2.67 — — — 22.33 20.00 — 45.66 54.34 — .58 1.30 .59 2.47 2.47 — — 22.96 22.88 — 56.16 43.34 .13 .93 1.12 .48 2.66 2.47 — — — 24.08 22.83 — — 85.36 13.64 — .64 1.51 .75 2.90 2.90 — — 23.70 22.00 — — 55.74 44.26 — .70 .93 .57 2.25 2.00 — — 24.48 24.00 — — 54.93 45.02 — 1.04 .62 .56 2.22 2.00 — — 27.70 24.00 — — 82.31 17.69 — .72 1.12 .63 2.47 2.00 — — — 28.18 28.00 — — 46.82 53.13 .33 .64 1.28 .86 3.11 2.46 — — — 25.36 28.00 — — 49.03 50.92 — .44 2.61 1.23 4.28 4.26 — — — 19.. 26 18.00 — — 7.70 92.30 — .49 1.39 .62 2.50 2.47 — — — 22.96 22.88 — — 76.34 23.66 — .63 1.68 .66 2.97 2.47 — — 22.52 22.83 — — 56.05 43.95 — .44 1.99 .90 3.33 2.50 — — 25.30 22.00 — — 43.09 56.91 — .02 .34 3.22 2.51 .63 .69 3.92 3.54 3.80 3.00 — — 25.13 26.40 24.00 22.00 — — 56.01 89.49 43.99 10.51 — .14 .23 3.03 2.43 .72 1.12 3.89 3.83 3.82 2.85 — — 25.28 20.74 24.70 22.00 — — 69.75 43.30 30.25 56.70 .59 .50 1.22 .85 2.64 3.16 2.64 2.64 — — — 25.72 24.82 25.72 25.72 — — 41.89 34.87 53.11 65.13 .14 1.36 2.79 .70 5.49 4.53 — — — 22.84 20.00 — — 64.38 35.62 — .50 1.02 .78 2.30 2.47 — — — 26.94 23.00 — — 78.65 21.34 — .27 3.23 .81 4.31 4.20 — — 21.64 20.66 — 13.29 36.71 78 Ground Bone, Dissolved Bone and Tankage. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Swift's Lowell Ground Bone . . . . Whitman & Pratt Rendering Co., Lowell, Mass. Ground Bone Wilcox Fertilizer Co., Mystic, Ct. Wilcox Pure Ground Bone Sanford Winter Co., Brockton, Mass. Pure Ground Bone Worcester Rendering Co., Auburn, Mass. Ground Bone DISSOLVED BONE. W. H. Abbott, Holyoke, Mass. Abbott's Animal Brand Fertilizer . Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Bowker's Dissolved Bone Where Sampled. Taunton Fall River Fall River Springfield Worcester Bowker's Dissolved Bone Mapes' Formula and Peruvian Guano Co., New York. Mapcs' Dissolved Bone N. Chelmsford New Bedford Brockton Worcester Sunderland Holyoke . Taunton Southbridge Amherst . TANKAGE. American Agricultural Chemical Co., Boston, Mass. Ground Tankage Ground Tankage Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Bowker's Fine Ground Bone Tankage Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City. E. Frank Coe's Ground Animal Tankage E. Frank Coe's Ground Animal Tankage E. Frank Coe's Ground Animal Tankage Thomas Hersom & Co., New Bedford, Mass. Meat and Bone Geo. E. Marsh Co., Lyrm, Mass. Marsh's Ground Tankage Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. Tankage Tankage Springfield Rendering Co., Springfield, Mass. Ground Tankagf^ Ground Tankage , Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Tankage Conway Amherst . E. L'meadow Boston . Marblehead . 1 Northampton j Hadley . Amherst Marstons Mills New Bedford Concord . Titicut . . Framingham Amherst . . 1 N. Amherst . N. Hadley . N. Hadley . J Amherst . Fall River Concord . Springfield «j to $29.64 23.61 2S.69 33.35 30.23 27.63 20.00 20.70 24.75 33.94 37.30 31.52 36.73 36.53 36.52 30.93 27.64 31.63 26.95 35.03 34.41 31.31 ° I =3 fe 226 254 270 701 807 953 190 393 661 15 \ 868 j 464 \ 889 / 1132 968 33 940 366 495 515 1089 1124 1142 186 479 397 666 59 1 73 I 160 I 297 1119 302 676 718 3.97 7.64 4.39 3.95 5.33 11.42 9.26 12.52 5.98 6.31 5.70 13.21 6.50 5.75 8.20 7.64 7.56 7.67 10.68 7.10 6.91 7.54 79 Ground Bone, Dissolved Bone and Tankage. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Total. < < > 1— I -M —. 10 .90 .SO .66 2.46 2.46 .79 1.17 .76 3.17 2.47 .53 1.36 1.08 2.97 1.64 2.07! 2.20 1.16 5.61 3.25 .63 1.29 1.27 3.32, 2.46 .84 1.16: 1.15 3.78 3.50 .G7 .36 .35 1.54 1.64 — I — — 2.58 1.64 .65 .78 .74 2.52 2.06 2.62 .56 .26 .19 .40 .20! .82 — I 1.04 — ! 1.37 1.64; 1.24 5.66 4.94 4.43! 2.15 7.33 7.41 1.36; 2.74 1.28 5.78 4.94 4.84 1.67 7.53 7.40 4.30 2.44 7.78^ 7.40 4.26 2.16 7.79 7.40 .131 .50 2.65 1.81 5.09 4.00! .25! .43 2.37 2.23 5.28 5.00 .36 1.29 2.37 1.54 5.56 6.37 .54i .89: 2.70 1.92 6.05 5.35 3.96 2.74 .71 7.68 8.00! 3.87| 2.29 1.03 7.35 8.00 2.131 2.68 1.70 6.82 5.00 Phosphoric Acid in 1 00 lbs. 1.38 13.67 .93 3.69 7.59 2.47 3.93 11.83 3.50 3.32 5.23 Total, 26.50 23.90 24.32 19.29 24.32 13.55 16.94 15.29 1.54 17.35 13.68 14.04 16.08 13.30 12.09 12.45 16.23 12.68 16.97 8.62 11.00 11.10 11.97 23.00 25.00 24.00 24.15 23.00 15.00 14.00 14.00 13.73 9.15 13.73 9.15 9.15 9.15 17.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 10.00 10.00 14.00 Available. 15.05 13.62 10.06 15.31 Mechanical Analvsis. 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 80.68 43.12 57.23 46.98 63.87 i 60.75 ; 75 . 26 46. S5 65.69 63.60 59.27 74.90 53.24 50.00 48.63 59.22 65.67 44.62 80 Tankage and Dry Ground Fish. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Tankago Where Sampled. Whitman & Pratt Rendering Co., Lowell, Mass Fine Ground Tankage J. M. Woodard, Greenfield, Mass. Unground Tankage . Worcester Rendering Co., Auburn, Mass. Ground Tankage DRY GROUND FISH American Agricultural Chemical Co., Boston, Mass Dry Ground Fish .... Berkshire Fertilizer Co., Bridgeport, Ct. Berkshire Dry Ground Fish Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Dry Ground Fish .... E. D. Chittenden Co., Bridgeport, Ct. Chittenden's Dry Ground Fish National Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Chittenden's Dry Ground Fish Chittenden's Dry Ground Fish Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Ct. O. & W. Dry Ground Fish . . I Marstons Mills . i N. Chelmsford . Conway . Worcester Bradstreet . N. Hadley . 1 N. Hadley . N. Hadley . I N. Hadley . Whately . . J Hockanum . 1 Northampton / Sunderland . Sunderland . ] Sunderland . N. Hadley . N. Hadlev . E. Whately . J Sunderland . Robinson Glue Co., Gloucester, Mass Dried Fish Scrap Rogers Mfg. Co., Rockfall, Ct. Ground Fish . Sanderson Fertilizer & Chemical Co., New Haven Ct Sanderson's Fine Ground Fish ... ' * Wilcox Fertilizer Co., Mystic, Ct Wilcox Dry Ground Fish Guano Wilcox Dry Ground Acidulated' Fish .' N. Hadley . N. Hadley . Sunderland . Worcester Deerfield Sunderland . Sunderland . Bradstreet . Sunderland . E. Whately . Feeding Hills Amherst . New Bedford Dighton . N. Hadley . Fall River . a3 S $31.90 29.96 27.99 36.29 44.43 41.63 39.80 36.99 41.23 41.40 40.55 49.56 41.50 39.79 44.10 40.81 5 •- 1141 952 963 798 405 \ 452 / 385 38 1 171 306 335 1090 164 112 337 417 808 63 13] 57 I 387 \ 582 I 893 J 20 1 213 I 243 [ 305 271 7.65 5.14 10.41 8.54 I 10.39 I 8.75 10.43 6.63 10.41 11.57 13.55 7.74 11.54 12.43 8.05 16.24 81 Tankage and Dry Ground Fish. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. a V 3 •So '^ 4) II o o d a Total. .44 .54 .27 .47 .32 .40 .74 .63 .35 1.10 .68 3.72 1.78i 1.25 .91 2.35| 1.77 .86 2.16 1.21 4.95 1.68 1.09 1 .66; 4.98 2.87 .67 3.85 .46 4.90 2.41 .76 5.24 1.46 2.11 .57 4.34 1.20 4.72 .87 3.64 2.52 2.35 2.85 6.751 5.00 B.47 4.77 7.99 8.98 6.95 8.17 7.46 8.17 8.27 7.99 .50 6. Hi 2.19 9.15 1.36 3.35i 2.48 8.29 .74 4.25 2.30 .44 4.52 1.3l! 3.78 3.61 2.18 7.87 8.98 8.19 4.93 4.50 7.00 8.23 6.59 8.23 3.23 8.23 8.23 7.40 7.77 7.81 8.20 8.50 7.81 .93 1.48 Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. 5.10 2.10 10.34 4.26 2.59 5.52 3.26 6.21 9.46 5.75 5.76 6.96 Total. Available. 3.14 2.14 2.68 1.04 4.32 1.04 1.38 5.08 1.32 5.36 1.20 12.28 17.48 18.88 12.00 7.20 17.30 1.10! 5.36 6.66 7.66 7.42 7.25 13.78 6.79 7.14 6.40 6.56 14.00| - 13.74i - 18. OO' - 12.00 - 7.00, 5.10 15.00i 10.34 6.00 4.26 6.00 3.52 6.00^ 5.52 6.00! 4.74 6.00 6.21 12.881 9.46 5.00; 5.75 6.00 5.76 6.00 5.00 5.08 5.36 4.50 9.92 4.00 4.00 4.00 Mechanical Analysis. 46.11 21.30 8.25 51.73 53.89 78.70 91.75 48.27 82 Nitrogen Compounds. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. SULFATE OF AMMONIA. American Agricultural Chemical Co., Boston, Mass. Sulfate of Ammonia Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. Sulfate of Ammonia Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Sulfate of Ammonia NITRATE OF SODA. American Agricultural Chemical Co., Boston, Mass. Nitrate of Soda Where Sampled. Boston Amherst . Framinghaiii S. Amherst Armour Fertilizer Works, Baltimore, Md. Nitrate of Soda Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Nitrate of Soda Nitrate of Soda Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City. Nitrate of Soda .... Nitrate of Soda Lister's Agricultural Chem. Works, Newark, N. J. Nitrate of Soda Nitrate Agencies Company, New York City. Nitrate of Soda Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Ct. Nitrate of Soda Sanderson Fertilizer & Chem. Co., 'New Haven, Ct. Nitrate of Soda Swift's LoweU Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Nitrate of Soda Amherst . . 1 Hadley . . i Sunderland . ,' Amherst . . J Amherst . Williamsburg Dighton . Hockanum Taunton . Concord . Northampton Bridgewater Monson Hatfield . Whately . W. Springfield Amherst . Hockanum Fall River Seekonk . Titicut Concord . Hadley Bradstreet Dighton . Whately . Gt. Barringt'n j N. Hadlev N. Hadley Somerset . S. Amherst Springfield m (U .2 b Nitrogen in 100 lbs. I ^1 $74.32, 441 I 72.53i 662 73.99i 440 52.67! 51.68 49.70 52.27 51.35 43.68 51.28 49.57 51.74 51.61 51.48 42 1 206 ', 332 f 443 J 1072 274 413 462 485 518 562 779 239 595 753 1126 406 303 1 304 1 378 480 J 604 74 1 267 1 596 [ 1032 J 169 301 315 439 710 1.07 22.52 .61 21.98 1.7422.42 Total. 22.52 19.:: 21.98J 20.56 22.42' 20. DC' 1.25 2.18 .75 1.45 1.25 2.13 15.96 15.66 15.05 15.84 15.56 14.75 1.85115.54 1.66 1.65 2.18 1.19 15.02 15.68 15.54 15.60 15.96 15.66 15.06 15.84 15.55 14.75 15.54 15.02 15.68 15.64 15.60 15.00 { I 14.81 j 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 ■' 15.00 15.00 83 Nitrogen Compounds. Nitrogen n 100 lbs. « ** u u Total. Where to • O CO a s CO •a C4 s'§ Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Sampled. •si .•a a 2 u 3 3 m 6 a 9 a >i o CS o o 0) 1-1 s Nitrogen in 100 lbs. $25.32 25.76 23.60 26.43 25.56, 24.96 25.60 27.76 27.44 22.72 24.50 24.84 659 738 751 909 1034 1113 10.02 3.29 9.40 10.13 7.96i 9.60 1085 , 8.911 172 129 537 187 217 il0.30i 7.20 7.96 8.69 8.74 25.76i 891 9.40 27.28 25.04 26.68 27.15 25.56 25.24 27.68 27.23 27.52 24.44 27.60 103 104 105 105 530 872 1109 1110 1111 1112 1114 7.83 6.43 6.95 5.53 8.55 3.93 7.04 7.40 7.40 7.90 6.74 a s ca !s * ^5 H .>^ V 3 :;i« a a 3.87 3.41 3.56 4.04 2.95 3.10 8.11 2.75 NOTE — Cottonseed meal contains on the average 2 to 3 percent of phosphoric acid and from 1 .SO to 2.50 percent of otash of which about 1.28 percent is water soluble. 85 Potash Compounds. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. HIGH GRADE SULFATE OF POTASH. American Agricultural Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. H. G. Sulfate of Potash Armour Fertilizer Works, Baltimore, Md. Sulfate of Potash Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. H. G. Sulfate of Potash . . . H. G. Sulfate of Potash H. G. Sulfate of Potash . . . H. G. Sulfate of Potash H. G. Sulfate of Potash . . . Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City. H. G. Sulfate of Potash H. G. Sulfate of Potash . . . German Kali Works, Baltimore, Md. Sulfate of Potash Lister's Agric. Chem. Works, Newark, N. J. Sulfate of Potash Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. Sulfate of Potash Sanderson Fert. & Chem. Co., New Haven, Ct. H. G. Sulfate of Potash Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. H. G. Sulfate of Potash Whitman & Pratt Rend. Co., Lowell, Mass. Sulfate of Potash Wilcox Fertilizer Co., Mystic, Ct. H. G. Sulfate of Potash SULFATE OF POTASH-MAGNESIA. American Agricultural Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. Double Manure Salt Where Sampled. Amherst . Bradstreet Hadley Amherst . Feeding Hills Williamsburg Hatfield . , Hockanum Hockanum Springfield Hockanum Whately . Amherst . Lawrence . Lynn . Man'f t's Sample Hockanum Titicut Sunderland Framingham Bradstreet Southwick S. Amherst Concord . Springfield N. Chelmsford New Bedford Sunderland N. Hadley N. Hadley Northampton Worcester $ 52. S3 52.25 52.04 48.68 49.85 49.98 51.74 52.12 53.92 52.08 35 1 83 ', 204 435 J 895 3 218 407 411 763 410 591 1128 558 683 1097 49.941 408 52.08 50.74 52.00 50.69 53.17 28.18 376 388 665 87 \ 894/ 432 673 702 950 191 25 320 339 514 822 .50' 1 .60! .33' .39 .79 .73 1.46 3.64 Potash (K2O) in 100 lbs. .40 50.12 48.00 .44 1 49.76i 50.00 1.78, 49.56! 48.00 I.72I 46.36 48.00 1.84' 47.52 48.00 2.35 47.80 48.00 1.28. 49.23 48.00 .51 49.64' 48.00 .61 51.35 48.00 49.60' 48.00 47.56 48.00 49.60 48.32 49.52 48.28 50.64 26.84 43.00 48.00 48.00 48.00 48.69 26.00 86 Potash Compounds. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. SULFATE OF POTASH-MAGNESIA. (Concluded) Mapes' For. & Peruvian Guano Co., N. Y. City. Double Manure Salt . Where Sampled. Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Ct. Sulfate of Potash-Magnesia MURIATE OF POTASH. American Agricultural Chem. Co., Boston, Mass Muriate of Potash .... Muriate of Potash Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Muriate of Potash Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City. Muriate of Potash .... Muriate of Potash .... German Kali Works, Baltimore, Md. Muriate of Potash . Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. Muriate of Potash .... Sanderson Fertilizer & Chem. Co., New Haven, Ct. Muriate of Potash Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Muriate of Potash Whitman & Pratt Rendering Co., Lowell, Mass. Muriate of Potash .... Wilcox Fertilizer Co., Mystic, Ct. Muriate of Potash .... KAINIT. American Agricultural Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. Genuine German Kainit .... Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Genuine German Kainit . German Kali Works, Baltimore, Md. Kainit Conway Hatfield Bradstreet Bradstreet Bradstreet Sunderland Amherst . Dighton . Taunton . Northampton Springfield W. Springfield Amherst . Lawrence . Man. Sample Fall River Titicut . . Sunderland Concord . Palmer Sunderland N. Hadley Concord Springfield Ayer . N. Chelmsford New Bedford Boston Dighton . Man'f't'r's sample CO 4> $27.30 2S.85 43. S3 43.96 43.11 44.95 44.06 43.45 955* 1093 82 1 194 1 334 f 442 J 256 1 467 ! 513 I 764 756 1121 561 109S 313 377 42.50, 380 483 772 132 42.40 143 44.00: 703 ilOOO 42.19 44.68 14.28 13.61 13.36 ♦Magnesium oxide, 8.98%, insoluble matter 21 .60%. 957 215 370 283 1099 1.16 2.14 .98 .49 1.53 .52 .67 1.05 Potash (K2O) in 100 lbs. .53 .43 .17 .52 1.49! 1.44 26.00 27.48 51.56 51.72 50.72 52.38 51.84 51.12 .98! 50.00 49.88 51.76 49.64 52.56 13.60 12.96 .65 12.72 Phosphoric Acid Compounds. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. •2 s Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. S Total. Available. DISSOLVED BONE BLACK. American Agricultural Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. Dissolved Bone Black Boston ACID PHOSPHATE. American Agfricultural Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. I Plain Superphosphate $12.54 362 JBowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Acid Phosphate Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City. H. G. Soluble Phosphate Acid Phosphate National Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Plain Superphosphate .... Acid Phosphate Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. H. G. Acid Phosphate .... Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Ct. Acid Phosphate Sanderson Fertilizer & Chem. Co., New Haven, Ct. Plain Superphosphate Swift's Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Acid Phosphate Whitman & Pratt Rendering Co., Lowell, Mass. Acid Phosphate Wilcox Fertilizer Co., Mystic, Ct. Acid Phosphate Fall River Amherst . Milford Hockanum Hockanum Northampton Hockanum Amherst . Sturbridge Bradstreet Fall River Titicut Concord Framingham Southwick Framingham Had ley Southwick Gt. Barrington S. Amherst . 1 Springfield . / N. Chelmsford New Bedford 12.86 12.90 13.09 12.60 12.56 16.39 275 444 727 404 409 449 13.30 9.62 10.43 11.07 10.93 10.18 412 12.61 1130 10.17 1101 6 9.17 3.95 3.09 3.46 3.90 .23 14.4416.00 .5214.96.15.00 14.16 14.44 16.00 14.00 1.56 58 3.96 84 1.97 08 2.76 90 3.03 15.64 324 1 375 1 I I 484 13.68 I54 , 8.62 943 353 , .93 14.25 203 13.09'13.43 5.45 2.57 1.0015.54 .9014.71 .9814.78 .4817.46 .9416.32 14.10'io27}'l4.06;il.83' 3.67 ,, ,J 437 1 11.30| 704) 14.80! 951 7.81 12.71 14.61i 197 12.54 3.30 3.20 2.77 1.28 1.18 .06 16.! 16.78 13.68 16.84 .08.16.58 16.00 15.00 15.00 13.00 16.00 14.08il4.00 14.54 14.00 13.8114.00 13.8412.00 16.98 — 15.3814.00 16.00 15.60 16.00 14.00 14.00 12.00 16.00 12.4012.00 16.78 — 16.60.16.50 88 Phosphoric Acid Compounds. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. BASIC SLAG PHOSPHATE. American Agricultural Chemical Co., Boston.Mass Thomas Phosphate Powder Thomas Basic Slag Phosphate Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Basic Slag Thomas Phosphate Powder Basic Slag Phosphate Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City Basic Slag Basic Slag Phosphate Slag Meal Basic Slag Phosphate J. P. Hawes, Boston, Mass. Basic Slag .... Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. Basic Slag Ross Brothers Co., Worcester, Mass. Basic Slag Sanderson Fertilizer & Chem. Co., New Haven, Ct Thomas Phosphate Powder Wilcox Fertilizer Co., Mystic, Ct. Basic Slag Leominster Med way Williamsburg Northampton Boston N. Amherst . Concord . S. Amherst Billerica W.Springfield Amherst . Greenfield W. Springfield Concord Titicut Framingham Fitchburg Ajer Sunderland . New Bedford $13.81 12.35 8.79 10.00 12.59 13.60 14.11 13.49 13.29 13.45 12.82 10.68 13.07 13.69 792 1135 1 222 1116 130 482 590 610 754 1131 1137 1139 675 465 668 790 734 155 198 Phosphoric Acid in 1 00 lbs. 16.11 13.77 6.31 8.67 14.20 15.56 15.37 15.44 15.82 15.46 14.75 12.56 14.69 16.14 2.31 3.32 9.35 7.64 3.08 Total. Available, 18.4217.0016.11 17.0917.0013.77 15.6516.00 6.31 16.3115.00 8.67 17.2815.0014.20 2.68 18.3417.0015.65 4.53 2.85 1.58 2.70 2.55 1.58 3.30 1.95 19.90 18.29 17.40 18.16 17.30 14.14 17.99 18.09 17.0015.37 17.0015.44 17.0015.82 17.97 17.00 18.00 15.45 14.75 12.56 16.0014.59 15.14 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 15.00 15.00 ii 15.00 ' 15.00 15.16 14.50 13.00 14.00 90 Where Sampled. Chemical Analysis of Lime Products. 1 1 Calciam Oxide (CaO). Magnesium Oxide (MgO). ."S < . o'ri "So u nd Brand. AGRICULTURAL LIME (Concluded). Prentiss, Brooks & Co., Easthampton, Mass. Rich's Standard Lime. ' Rockland-Rockport Lime Co.,Rockland, Me. R-R Land Lime R-R Land Lime Chas. Warner Co., 1 61 Devonshire St.,Boston "Limoid" Whitingham Lime Co., Sherman, Vt Agricultural Lime .... MARL. Vermont Marl Co., Brattleboro, Vt. Shell-Marl Land-Lime GROUND LIMESTONE. F. E. Conley Stone Co., Utica, N. Y. Raw Ground Lime The Edison Portland Cement Co., New Village, N. J. Edison Pulverized Ground Limestone LIME ASHES. W. L. Mitchell, 1505 Chapel St., New Haven. Lime Ashes Where Sampled. Easthampton Taunton . Springfield Springfield W. Springfield Amherst N. Had ley N. Hadley Hadley N. Hadley Man'f. Sample Amherst . N. Hadley Northampton N. Hadley Amherst . S. Deerfield Hadley So. Sudbury . Framingham . East Brookfield Chemical Analysis of Lime Products. .39 none none 3.90 .03 S.80 64.39 62.52 63.74 46.14 79.78 48.77 52.04 48.37 37.23 ilcium e(CaO). Magnesium Oxide (MgO). •1 -J! , •6 0) u a SS u R) 3 o •d a 3 a a u 3 o 62.00 2. 34 2.00 10.89 55.-65. 1.49 .5-5. 21.55 55.-65. .47 .5-5. 18.97 47.5-50. 31.78 31.5-34 1.28 70.-90. 5.32 4.-7. 3.82 49.5-54.92 .96 trace 40.06 51.50 1.30 2.30 40.23 50.00 1.52 1.43 40.20 30.00 - - 1.31 .86 ,87 3.83 8.54 93 a .2« ll o d — OS . « !•§ (Jo Probable Composition of Lime Products as based upon foregoing analyses. u V Q 3 15 E? o 2 o -D CD IS (UTS fnO Free Magnesium Osdde (Mg O). Hydrated or Slaked Lime (Calcium Hy- drate Ca (OH) 2). Calcium Carbonate (CaC03). Magnesium Car- bonate (MgCOs). •3 H 1 Calcium Sulfate •S.2 B Gypsum (CaS04). HI ' 1 2SS-0 c ' 2 « 2'£ Ji i 3 S 0 3O5 fa O A:32 $0.59 — 71.96 17.72 5.94 24.00 — A S] A 25 A 26 A 36 0.84 0.74 — 1.49 .47 46.37 52.27 43.95 43.15 — 30.00 — 30.00 1 — ■ — A 2 ] A 6 A 7 A 13 A 14 J 0.92 - 19.20* 53.82 2.91 — 5.00 - ~ A 39 — 55.51 6.32 25.64 8.69 — 2.00 - - A 3 A 4 A' 17 A!19 A 20 A 21 A 24 J 0.53 - - - 87.03 2.01 88.31 - - A 38 - - - - 92.87 2.72 97.80 - - A 34 0.4S - - - 86.32 3.18 93.00 - - A44t 0.33 - - 66.44 - - - ♦Probably about 18.20% Magnesium Hydrate (Mg(OH)2). t.39% Potassium Oxide (K20) and Trace of Phosphoric Acid. BULLETIN 144. JULY, 1913. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION The Relation of Light TO Greenhouse Culture By GEORGE E. STONE. Reque.sts for bulletins should be addres;ed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. AMHERST, MASS. COMMITTEE ON EXPERIMENT STATION. Charles H. Preston, Chairman. Wilfrid Wheeler, Charles E. Ward, The President of the College, ex-officio, The Director of the Station, ex-officio. Arthur G. Pollard, Harold L. Frost, STATION STAFF. *William P. Brooks, Ph.D., Fred W. Morse, M.So., Joseph B. Lindsev, Ph.D., George E. Stone,"Ph.D., Frank A. Waugh, M.Sc, J. E. Ostrander, C. E., James B. Paige, D. V. S., Henrv T. Femald, Ph.D., FredC. Sears, M. Sc, Burton N. Gates, Ph.D., John C. Graham, B. Sc., Edward B. Holland, M. Sc, Fred W. Morse, M. Sc, Henry D. Ha.skins, B. Sc, Philip H. Smith, M. Sc, George H. Chapman, M. Sc Jacob K. Shaw, Ph.D.. H. D. Goodale, Ph.D., Henry J. Franklin, Ph.D., E. F. Gaskill, B. Sc, A. I. Bourne, B. A., E. A. Larrabee, B. Sc, Lewell S. Walker, B. Sc, R. W. Ruprecht, B. Sc, Carle ton P. Jones, M. Sc, Carlos L. Beals, B. Sc, Walter S. Frost, B. Sc, J. P. Buckley, John B. Norton, B. Sc, James T. Howard, Harry J. Allen, James R. Alcock, J. W. Sayer, » Director and Agriculturist. Acting- Director. Vice- Director and Chemist. Vegetable Physiologist and Pathologist. Horticulturist. Meteorologist. Veterinarian. Entomologist. Pomologist. Apiarist. Poultry Husbandman. Associate Chemist (Research Section). Research Chemist (Research Section). Chemist in Charge (Fertilizer Section). Chemist in Charge (Food and Dairy Section). Research Vegetable Physiologist. Research Pomologist. Research Biologist (Poultry Depart- ment). In Charge Cranberry Sub-Station. Assi.^tant Agriculturist. Assistant Entomologist. Assistant Vegetable Physiologist and Pathologist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assi.'itant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chetnist. Graduate Assistant in Horticulture. Inspector. Assistant in Laboratory. Assistant in Animal Nutrition. Foreman of Poultry Yards. Annual reports and bulletins are sent free on request to all parties interested in agriculture. Correspondence or consultation on all matters affecting any branch of experiment station work is welcomed. Communications should be addressed to the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. ♦On leave. THE RELATION OF LIGHT TO GREENHOUSE CULTURE. by GEORGE E. STONE. The greenhouse industry at the present time is at such a high state of perfection as compared with former days that the la\Tnan would have small idea of the skill attained in growing crops under glass. The grower can now control the en\-ironment of his crops so largely as to eliminate many troubles formerly common. There is no factor associated vsith the construction and manage- ment of the greenhouse which does not possess a bearing on crop production. Heat, light and moisture are especially important, and the size and direction of the house, amount of air space, sys- tem of ventilation, size, quality and angle of the glass, purlins, posts, etc. are also important, as are air and soil moisture and the physical, chemical and biological features of the soil. Although a great deal is known concerning the influence of these factors upon plant growth, there is still much to be learned. The knowl- edge already gained has come from the long experience of an un- usually skilled class of growers. ]\Iuch of it is intuitive and diffi- cult to impart to others. In man}- instances no definite reason can be given for certain practices. The evolution of the modem greenhouse from the older types has resulted in a marked change in greenhouse management, which has brought about the use of larger glass and larger houses, and a relative decrease in the size of the framework (made possible by the introduction of iron) , or an}i:hing tending to produce shade. As a consequence of this improvement in greenhouse construction crops are grown better and more cheaply, for in these large, well lighted houses they are less exposed to sudden changes and are consequently less susceptible to disease. The investigations described in this bulletin* have a bearing on greenhouse construction and management, for the problem of light is one of the most important from the physiological and patho- logical standpoint. While greenhouse construction has progressed along scientific lines vdth the help of skilled builders and intelli- gent growers, it has by no means reached its limit of development ; and man}- false ideas of the relation between certain greenhouse conditions and the type of construction are still held. These experiments have been carried on for some years, and credit should be given to IMr. Neil F. IMonahan, assistant for some time in the laborator}-, for many of the experiments outlined, as he super\'ised the work. Mr. G. H. Chapman also made a few records for us, and Mr. S. C. Brooks did some of the experiments under different conditions. Some valuable tests were also made ♦These were done in p.irt on the Adams Fund under the heading — "Relation of Meteoro- ogical Conditions to Plant Growth and Diseases." by Mr. Alexander Montgomery, Jr., formerly of the Waban Rose Conservatories, Natick, Mass., and now of the Montgomery Co., Inc., Rose Growers, Hadley, Mass. THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF LIGHT. Practically ninety-five percent of the various substances which make up the plant are derived from the atm,osphere through the chemical action of light on the green coloring matter or chlorophyll bodies, primarily located in the leaves. This process is tenned carbon assimilation or photosynthesis, and consists in the taking in of carbonic acid and the exhalation of ox}'gen. The carbonic acid is broken down, and by combining with the water obtained from the soil, forms the resultant product, starch. The spectinam rays especially concerned in photosynthesis or carbon assim.ilation are the orange and red, while those more particularly affecting growth are the violet colors. Artificial light affects plants in pro- portion to its intensity and the nature of its rays, and since it differs from sunlight very materially, it cannot be substituted for sun- light to good advantage unless some of the more objectionable rays are screened out. Plants make the most growth in the night or in darkness, and the least in the daytime. On the other hand, photosynthesis takes place during the daytime or under the influence of light, therefore these two important processes, — photosynthesis and growth, alternate with one another. Although light has a marked inhibitory effect on growth, it favors the development of m,echani- cal or supportive tissue which is able to resist disease. Plants grown in darkness are devoid of chlorophyll, and are consequently whitish in color, with poorly developed leaves, elongated petioles, internodes, etc. This shows the importance of light from the physiological standpoint, and explains why the lack of it is often responsible for many greenhouse troubles. Still, it must not be overlooked that too m.uch light will under certain conditions in- duce an outbreak of various troubles, so that shading the crop often becomes necessary. There are a large number of plants,- — i.e., palms and others, that do not require a great deal of light. There is reason to believe that even the light comm.orf to our latitude is above the optimum for som.e outdoor crops. The winter light in greenhouses is too intense for some species; but carnations, roses, lettuce, cucumbers and tomatoes invariably require m.ore light in the winter months than they receive, consequently commercial growers should be constantly on the alert for innovations in greenhouse construction tending to give better light during this period. On the other hand, light, as well as heat, which is associated with it, is often too in- tense for certain greenhouse crops in sum,m.er, often developing a tendency in certain plants to run to seed. Then too, the mois- ture conditions of the soil and air in greenhouses are affected by the sun's beat in summer, making imperative more ventilation to counteract their effect. THE RELATION OF LIGHT TO PATHOLOGICAL CONDI- TIONS. As previously stated, light exerts an inhibitory effect on growth, and develops a firm, resistant tissue. For instance, the sprouts of a potato stored in a dark cellar are long, slender and whitish, with little rigidity, and they will immediately wilt and collapse if exposed to the light and heat found in an ordinary greenhouse. Darkness or even long continued cloudy periods will produce a slender, light colored, spindling plant. While light plays an important part in the development of normal tissue, a lack of it is responsible for many abnormal condi- tions, and there are a number of diseases common to plants under glass which are traceable to insufficient light. Cucumbers furnish a good illustration of the truth of this statement. In some sec- tions it is still the custom to grow cucumbers under two layers of roof glass to keep in the heat, but in the short winter days the glass, which is usually dirty from collected dust and moisture, often shuts out such a large percentage of light that the plants wilt badly. The amount of heat saved does not compensate for the loss of light; besides, this method of construction is based on wrong scientific principles and is poor economy. Plants grown under the poor light common to November and December have leaves of poor color, slender and elongated petioles, and little mechanical or resistant tissue, and when subjected to the bright sun in the early spring every plant in the house will wilt. In houses running north and south all the plants in the east side, growTi in double roofed houses, will wilt in the morning, and when the sun reaches the west side, those plants will wilt badly in the afternoon. In the night the plants recover, only to repeat the wilting the following day if conditions are favorable. Plants growing under these conditions may be said to be in a state of "partial etiolation." Besides receiving insufficient light, the plants gro-wing in houses of this primitive construction are often subjected to higher temperatures, and this has a tendency to ag- gravate the trouble or produce a spindling growth. Cucumber crops grown under practically normal light and temperature con- ditions seldom suffer from wilting, although in any house cucum- bers will wilt slightly at times. Poor light also renders cucumber plants more susceptible to powder}^ mildew, and possibly to timber rot, and often causes the tender edges of the leaves to wilt, turn brown and die. The large number of leaves produced in lettuce plants prevent light from reaching the stem, and stem rot {Sclerotinia) or "drop" coiild undoubtedly be prevented if the stems were continually exposed to sunlight. Lettuce stem rot often attacks parsley and water cress, especially when the plants grow ver}^ tall and closely together, shutting out the light. Under other conditions, however, the fungus is absent. Parsley set too deep in the soil will some- times become affected with Sclerotinia rot, but when set out so that the stems are exposed to the sunlight, it is never troubled with this disease. The leaf blights of chrysanthemum and tomato, caused by Cylindrosporium, are associated with insufficient light and circu- lation of air at the base of the stem ; and lack of light is responsible for many mildews. Lilac mildew, for instance, and various mil- dews found on grass, the strawberry and grapevine, are more common on shaded plants, as is also damping off, whether caused by Botrytis or Pythium, although moisture, heat, etc. are also important factors in producing this trouble. The lower leaves of trellissed cucumbers and melons, which are more or less slmded, become mildewed first, but such factors as moisture and vigor of the foliage are also involved. Lack of light* and excessive soil moisture have a bearing on the burning of foliage from the use of fumigants in the greenhouse, as well as on other types of burning, — top and tipburn, for example. Insufficient light has a tendency to produce immature tissue which is susceptible to winter killing, and spraying injuries appear to have a direct relationship with light conditions. On the other hand, excess of light, combined with other factors, may bring about certain troubles, but these are rare and can usually be prevented in the greenhouse by care- ful handling of the crop. Sun scald, for instance, is common to the white pine, moose maple and many others when grown under poor light conditions and suddenly exposed to bright light, and some plants are so well adapted to shady locations that they can- not endure direct sunlight. Asparagus, melons, cucumbers, cel- ery, strawberries, ginseng and other plants are less susceptible to certain diseases when grown under shelter, but this condition is brought about by the absence of dews, etc., rather than of light. Too much light affects transpiration materially, and the blossom end rot of tomatoes is more severe when the light is bright than when poor. There are innum.erable factors, whether single or in combina- tion, that affect plants and render them more susceptible to various troubles. Plants respond in various ways to stimuli, but specific stimuli give rise to specific reactions, although many factors are often involved in producing certain results. Too much or too little soil moisture will sometimes render the plant susceptible to winter killing, or in other words, corresponding results may be produced by different causes. ♦The Influence of various Light Intensities and Soil Moisture on the Growth of Cucum- bers and their Susceptibility to Burning from Hydrocyanic Acid Gas. — Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta- tion Rept., 1912. In conclusion it may be stated that lack of light induces the formation of weak tissue by restricting its development, and many plants are rendered less immune to attacks from saprophy- tic and parasitic fungi by exposure to improper light conditions. THE RELATION OF LIGHT TO GREENHOUSE CONSTRUC- TION AND MANAGEMENT. The most important changes in connection with greenhouse construction have been based on an increased knowledge of meth- ods of obtaining better light. The early houses were notable for the great amount of timber used, the very small, inferior glass, and other light obstructing features. As the greenhouse industry increased, larger glass and lighter frames were employed ; and de- velopment in this line has been so marked that the light conditions in a modem house are quite unlike those common forty years ago. One of the principal results of improving the light conditions has been to greatly hasten maturity, to say nothing of the better crops secured. Since photosynthesis or carbon assimilation is in general proportionate to light intensity, any increase in the light would enable plants to assimilate more food material and to devel- op more rapidly. Even with an increased amount of heat it would be impossible to mature crops in the old type of house in the same time required in the modern house, the light being in- sufficient during the dark months of winter to build up the plastic substances required for the growth of the crop. Some growers who own old, poorly lighted houses have attempted to substitute heat for light in forcing, but diseases of all sorts usually follow such a practice. Cucumbers, lettuce, etc. have a relatively high light require- ment, and any unfavorable change in the light, intensity retards their development. For instance, a few days of cloudy weather in the winter months so lessens carbon assimilation that little growth and often considerable financial loss results. Larger houses and larger glass have had a very important bearing not only on crop production and the better control of dis- ease, but on the economy of construction and management. Briefly, the evolution in greenhouse construction has assured more and better light, more air space, more even m.oisture conditions, less susceptibility to disease, improved crops and greater economy in construction and management, since a large house can be built relatively more cheaply and managed more 'economically than a small one. At the present time a good grade of double thick, second quality glass is used in greenhouse construction, but formerly much double thick, third quality was used, — an inferior glass. In the primitive sashbar houses small glass of poor quality was used, and with the heavy, Hght obstructing frames very poor Hght was obtained. Some improvement has been made in the roof angles also, houses with larger angles giving better light; in fact, the more closely the angle of the roof coincides with the right angle to the sun's rays the more light the crop receives. Low, flat hotbeds, which are usually covered with small, dirty, inferior glass, furnish a good illustration of poor angles, the light obtained being extremely poor. The old type of house, built of sashbar glass, may still be found occasionally. The glass in these houses is of all sizes and shapes, running from 2 to 5 inches wide and 2 to 7 inches long, and is sometimes lapped more than an inch. Not infrequently 50 percent or more light is shut out. With the development of the greenhouse industry larger and better glass began to be used, until now we find 16 x 24, 20 x 30 and 24 x 24 inch glass in use. Practically all this glass is second quality, double thick, although in some parts of the country much third quality glass is used even now. The most common size is 16 x 24 inches. This is usually run lengthwise of the roof, although occasionally crosswise, i.e., — the sashbars are placed 24 inches apart, in which case one sashbar is saved every 4 feet. In a house 30 feet wide this would be a saving of about 1484 square inches of shadow casting material for each 4 feet in length. In a house 400 feet long this saving would amount to considerable, especially wheii the ends and sides are constructed in the same way. Where larger glass is used, less frequent lapping effects a saving in light. Comparatively little 24 x 24 and 20 x 30 inch glass is now used, experience not justifying its use in all cases. Mr. Richard Hit- tinger's* large house, 40 x 600 feet, is glazed with 20 x 30 glass, but this house is so thoroughly built and purlined that it has given less trouble from breakage than his old houses, in which 16 X 24 inch glass was used. When a large glass breaks, however, it costs more to replace it even if the original cost of the glass is the same per square inch. Our experiment house, built under our direction, is glazed with 24 x 24 inch, No. 2 double thick glass. Its severe exposure makes it unsatisfactory in some ways, and we have had considerable breakage, especially on the northwest side of the house in the direction of the prevailing winds. Such a house would be much more satisfactory in a sheltered location. The Pierson "U-Bar" type of construction employs this kind of glass. The economical use of large glass depends on the rigidity of the frame, and this type of house is provided with a rigid iron frame and iron and wood sashl3ars. The amount of shadow pro- ducing material is much less than where 16 x 24 inch glass is used. However to support large glass, a house must be thoroughly con- structed and well purlined to prevent breakage, as has already been stated. Many of the older houses were defective in this respect, *Mr. Hiltinger, whose range of houses is located at Belmont, Mass., is one of the largest lettuce growers of Massachusetts. the larjije wooden purlins allomng sagging, besides casting much more shadow than the one-inch iron purlins so extensively used at the present day. The amount of purlin required when using larger glass is scarcely more than needed in an\' house, for the use of many purlins is an important factor in preventing breakage, and consequently an economy in greenhouse construction. The iron house is therefore much superior to the wooden, and the truss system of construction is excellent so far as the elimination of shadow is concerned. The greater use of iron in the simple wooden house has been a great improvement, and the tendency today is to use more and more iron. But the importance of eliminating shadow producing material, or in other ways improving the light conditions, is not in our estimation as fully comprehended as it should be by either grower or constructor. An increase in the number of purlins is far less objectionable than an increase in sash. From various experiments with the eflfects of shade on carbon assimilation made in our greenhouse we have been able to realize more fully how sensitive a plant is to light and shadov/. Even the slightest shadow afifects the process of carbon assimilation, and this in turn afifects the development of the plant. As already stated, photosynthesis is in general proportionate to light inten- sity, and the growth and development of the plant are directly connected with it. INVESTIGATIONS RELATING TO LIGHT IN GREENHOUSES Methods employed in measuring Light. In obtaining our light records we exposed tubes of a uniform size and quality of glass filled with certain chemical solutions sensitive to light. After being exposed they gradually change color, the degree of change depending on the length of exposure as well as on the intensity of light. The solution is then titrated. The figures given in our tables therefore represent the results ob- tained by titration by the use of a burette graduated to 1-lOOth c.c, but which can be estimated at l-200th c.c. The readings are ptirposely expressed in whole numbers in all cases, although in most cases they represent decimals. In some of our experiments we made use of a clock to which was attached a device for exposing the tube at any time required. This device was elaborated by Mr. Neil Monahan and proved es- pecially convenient for early morning exposures. (See figure.) In certain of our experiments the observations were made to determine the difference between morning and afternoon light. It sufficed for our purpose to call morning that part of the day pre- ceding 12 m., which is known as mean time, and not the actual meridian time; and that following 12 m., afternoon. 10 It should be stated, however, that this method of measuring light is not adapted to an accurate measurem.ent of the total light intensity, since the decomposition of the solution is not propor- tionate from hour to hour; but as the results are relative, this method answered our purpose fairly well. According to photo- graphic light exposure tables, the light in June is from three to FIG. 1— SHOWING CLOCK ARRANGED FOR EXPOSING TUBES. a. Showing clock and tube in position, covered. b. Showing the lube exposed. The release of the tube covering is accomplished by using the mechanism known as the alarm. five times as bright as in December or January; besides, the days are match longer. Our records, therefore, do not give the exact light relationships existing from month to month. A variation in the decomposition of the solution would, however, tend to make the difference in our percentages greater rather than less, since the chemical solutions exposed to the stronger light would deterior- ate more quickly and lose their sensitiveness sooner than the solu- tions which had decomposed less. 11 MORNING VERSUS AFTERNOON LIGHT. A close observer will notice the effect of even small variations in the amount and intensity of light on plant development, a single cloud passing over the sun producing some effect, and a few hours of cloudiness considerable effect. We have for many years been observing atmospheric conditions of morning and afternoon, and the difference in morning and after- noon light ; and the results of observations on the growth of plants in the greenhouse have led us to believe firmly in the superiority of morning over afternoon light. In fact, one hour of morning light is in our opinion worth practically two of afternoon light in the short winter days; and while this may be somewhat of an ex- aggeration, there is a difference demonstrable by actual measure- ments. This difference may be more noticeable some months than others, but the average morning light is without doubt su- perior to afternoon. Certain factors other than morning light superiority may play some part in the better development of the plant in the morning, although there is no proof of this. Mr. Alexander Montgom,ery, of the Waban Rose Conserva- tories, Natick, Mass., and a very skilled observer of plants, has for years believed in the superiority of morning over afternoon light, and many of the Waban range houses were purposely placed 14 to 22 degrees north of east instead of exactly east and west. In this position the houses are tilted toward the sun, and the plants receive the morning sun more directly, which makes it possible to syringe thoroughly without the usual risk of infection from fungi. The writer has frequently asked experienced greenhouse mana- gers which light they considered the better, — m.orning or after- noon, and he finds that few have ever given any thought to the matter. Neither do meteorologists seem to have considered the subject, and even photographers vary in their ideas as to the best time of day for their work. But for many years we have had a strong intuitive feeling that morning light is better, and therefore determined to test them out. For two years before it was possible to make an extensive study of this problem our assistant, Mr. Monahan, helped devise many types of sensitive light recorders, but all had to be discarded. By means of delicate galvanometers and self-recording instruments, however, tracings showing varia- tions in the intensity of light were obtained, but the chemical method proved much superior, and all the records have been ob- tained in this way. . The records of observations found tabulated in this chapter were made during a period of one year, and while we have since made many others in connection with other lines «f work, we have not thought it necessary to give them here. 12 In these experiments we studied the difference in inorning and afternoon light in the greenhouse and out of doors from 9 a. m. to 12 m. and from 12 m. to 3 p. m. ; also the differences between out of door light conditions and those in a bell-glass for the same periods of time; and again, the difference from siinrise to noon and from noon to sunset. The observations in the last two series were made for only six months. Table I, showing difference between morning and afternoon light in the greenhouse. Exposures from 9 a. m. to 12 m., and 12 m. — 3 p. m. IVTnnth Period of exposure. Percentage of increased value of morning light 9 a. m.— 12 m. 12 m.— 3 p. m. over afternoon light November 22S2 1S18 20.0 December 1074 0787 27.0 January 1322 1309 .9 February 2578 2396 7.0 Mareh 2210 1867 15.0 April 2250 2033 9.6 May 3035 2622 13.0 June 3300 3023 8.3 July 3280 3174 3.2 August 3058 2845 6.0 September 3359 2928 12.0 October 2603 2287 12.0 Average 2529 2257 10.7 The experiments shown in table I, which lasted one year with practically no interruption, were made in a greenhouse 12 x 40 feet, running east and west. This was an even span house with the usual roof slope, (30°) and was about IS years old. Eight years before these records were made it had been remodelled and glazed with new No. 2, double thick greenhouse glass, 16 x 24 inches. (See page 16). The sides had the original glass, about 12 X 22 inches. The light records were taken from 9 a. m. to 12 m. and from 12 m. to 3 p. m. at a point about 4 feet from the roof and 5 feet from the south end of the house, and in all cases showed a greater percentage of light for the morning than the afternoon; the average for the year, based on monthly averages, being 10 percent in favor of the morning light. The greatest difference is shown in November and December, where the percentage (daily average) is 20 and 27 percent respectively; while the small- est difference (only .9 percent) is shown in January. Records were also taken for a period of six months under a bell-glass, 12 x 20 inches, which extended through the roof of the greenhou.se. The data are given in the following table. 13 Table II showing the difference between morning and afternoon light in a bell jar. Exposures from 9 a. m. — 12 m. and 12 m. — 3 p. m. Period of Exposure. Percentage of increased value of morning light 9 a.m. — 12 m. 12 m. — 3 p. m. over afternoon light November 3262 2707 17% December 1942 1500 22% January 2119 2038 3.8% February 3435 3435 0.0% March 2970 2656 10% April 3036 2736 9% Average, 2794 2512 10% These experiments were made for a special purpose, and as far as they went (six months) covered the same period as those shown in Table I. The same general difference in the morning and afternoon light conditions is seen here. The percentages are not so high as those in Table I, although the average for the six months is the same as that for one year in the preceding series. The monthly averages in all cases, however, are higher than those in Table I, a fact due in part to the concentration of the light rays in the bell-glass on the recording tube, and also to the absence of shadow. The following summary table gives the results of all the experiments, together with corresponding outdoor records. Summary table III showing comparison of light records for corresponding periods during the day, obtained from bell jar, from greenhouse and outside of greenhouse. Records of exposure from 9 a.m. — 12 m. and 12 m. — 3 p. m. in all cases except in experiment field, where they were made from sunrise to noon, and from noon to simset. Observation period Exposures a; 1"^ Observations made Ave. Morning records Ave. Afternoon records rage percent icreased val lorning over rnoon light Ave of ii of n aftp In greenhouse 12 mos. 2529 2259 10.7% Bell-jar 6 mos. 2794 2512 10.11% Outside of greenhouse .... 12 mos. 3280' 2927 10 7% E.xperiment field 6 mos. 5180 4889 10.7% A comparison of the results given in the summary table shows an average difference of 10 percent, in the morning and afternoon 14 light when the observations were made for a period of six months or one year. This is shown in all the experiments, whether the records were taken for three hours before and following noon, or whether from sunrise to sunset. These records were all obtained the same year, the percentage of difference being based on monthly averages in all cases. There are, of course, other methods of determining the differ- ence between morning and afternoon light than the chemical one we used. For instance, plants free from starch might be exposed to light during corresponding periods in the forenoon and after- noon, and the amount of starch formed determined by chemical analysis; or by bleaching and treating the leaves with iodine so- lutions, naked eye determinations could be made as to the relative amount present. The same determinations might also be made by weighing identical parts of the leaves exposed at different periods. The crop yield in a house running north and south would afford some idea of the influence of morning and afternoon light, as would also measurements of the radii of tree stumps. All these methods have been used by us. For a few months we ex- perimented with young cucumber plants which had been growing in the dark for 24 hours and whose leaves, therefore, were devoid of starch. One set of these plants was exposed in the morning for a certain length of time, and the other in the afternoon, and all were revolved on a clinostat, an instrument provided with a disk moving in a horizontal plane and making a revolution every twenty minutes. By this means each leaf was exposed regularly to similar light conditions. The leaves were removed and dried and chemical analyses made. Comparisons were drawn, but the results proved to be of little value from faulty chemical analyses or from other causes not determined. The amount of starch form- ed in leaves under different light intensities is easily determined FIG. 2 — Showing cross section of a typical even span, double glazed cucumber house, 20 x 106 ft.^ running north and south. The yield was much superior on the east than on the west side. The middle rows are so shaded in winter that they are of little value. by the naked eye when the leaves are bleached and treated with iodine solutions, and we have made many such observations with fairly satisfactory results. The leaves containing the most starch 15 arc the heaviest, therefore uniform blocks may be cut from each leaf and weighed on a delicate balance, and the diflEerence in weight noted. In many houses running north and south the crops on the east side receive the benefit of the m.orning light, and those on the west, the afternoon light, and from data gathered from practical growers we find a difference in yield of 15 to 30 percent, in favor of the east side plants. Even greater differences will be found by comparing the middle rows in cucumber houses with either of the outside rows, whether with an eastern or western exposure. The inside rows are often so shaded and the yield so small that it is a question whether it is worth while to grow them. The east radii of trees growing in the open show a greater growth than the west radii. In making observations of this nature it is of course necessary to select trees not shaded by other trees or by buildings, if reliable results are to be had. A long row of ash trees, planted in 1882 an equal distance apart on a road running north and south, was examined very carefully a few years ago, an opportunity offering when it became necessary to sacrifice ever>^ other tree. The north, east, south and west radii were carefully measured and the growth foimd to be 24 per- cent, greater on the east than the west side of the tree. This high percentage may be explained by the fact that the roots were more favorably located for growth on the east than the west side, where some had been amputated. Practically all of the substances which make up the bulk of the tree are obtained from the foliage through the process of photosynthesis, and if the light is better on the east side of the tree than on the west, carbon assimilation will be more active and more plastic substances, used in growth, will be found there. A large number of measurements of forest trees, some of which were 200 years old, showed that the east radii were about 17 per- cent, larger than those on the west side. Most of the measure- ments were taken from stumps cut from 2 to 5 feet above the ground, and the unequal growth often formed by large roots near the surface was not present. Trees growing on the eastern slopes of mountains show an unusual development of the east radii, while those on the western slopes show the greatest growth on the wes«t side, as might be expected. The records obtained from tree measurements undoubtedly represent quite fair averages of morn- ing and afternoon light, as many seasons' growth is included. We have, therefore, more than one way of determining the difference between morning and afternoon light, any one of which is capable of giving fair results. It will be observed that the results obtained from the chemical method differ somewhat from those obtained from the measure- ments of trees; but in the former case the data are for only one 16 year, while the tree measurements represent a great many years' growth. The records obtained from the growth of plants in the greenhouse invariably run higher than those obtained by the chem- ical m.ethod or the tree measurements, but this is due to the fact that greenhouse crops are grown only during certain seasons, when the difference is often 30 percent, in favor of the morning light. There are m,any reasons why morning light should be better than afternoon light. While we cannot here consider all the fac- tors entering into a problem of this nature, two of special signifi- cance in inhabited regions are smoke and dust. Although the difference between m,orning and afternoon light may be greater in com.mercial centers than in the country, our measurements of trees 150 to 200 years old show that there was a difference before the advent of civilization. According to our observations, made from an elevated point, distant points are most clearly seen in the early morning. As the day advances the atmosphere becomes less clear, for fires are everywhere being made, the highways once again become busy thoroughfares and a cloud of smoke and dust is sent into the air to accumulate during the day and diminish the light intensity. The atmosphere also seems to be more free from clouds in the morning, but we have not attempted to study sunshine records in regard to this point. Observations made at high and low elevations throw some light on the effect of dust and smoke on the air, the light at high points being superior, but the difference gradually grows less during the day owing to the ascent of smoke and dust. The foregoing observations have a practical bearing on the direction in which the greenhouse should be placed in order to obtain the best light. As already pointed out, a house running in an easterly and westerly direction should be placed toward the north to receive the superior morning light to the best advan- tage. A house set 20 to 25 degrees north of east would be better placed than one running directly east and west. DIFFERENT QUALITIES AND KINDS OF GLASS. As might be expected, the kind and quality of glass vary great- ly. We made no attempt to test more than a few types, — chiefly those used in greenhouses. Some of the samples were obtained from the Boston Plate and Window Glass Company, a finn which retails large quantities of greenhouse glass. The experiments were made out of doors, and the exposed tubes were placed in boxes 2 1-2 inches from the glass which we wished to test. The records shown in the table are averages of four different experim.ents in which the exposures ranged from 2 to 2 1-2 hours. In all the tests 16 x 28 inch glass was used. No. 1 was double French, first quality; No. 2, double French, second quality, and No. 3 American, third quality. The fluted glass was I 17 1-S inch thick, with rather fine flutinj:;s and a fjeneral ai^jwarance of opaque ^lass. The No. 2 French, double thick, is used exten- si\'ely in j^recnhouse construction in the east, and the No. 3 American in other sections of the country. The fluted glass is not used for greenhouses, although it is valuable for dispersing light. The diflference in the quality of the glass tested was suflficient to enable one, with no previous knowledge of how they were placed, to pick out each sample at a distance of six rods. The results of the tests given in the table show that the differences in the quality or light transmitting properties of the glass are marked. The No. 2 gave 17 i^er cent, less light than No. 1 , and No. 3, 32 ^x^r cent, less than No. 1, while the fiuted glass was practically as good as No. 3, al- though from, its opaque appearance it could hardly be thought to compare with any of the others. The relatively high records given by this glass are explained by the fact that the fiutings act as lenses, and it is evident that the rays of light in our experimxnts were concentrated upon the recording tubes, which were only about 2 1-2 inches from the glass, and the readings obtained from this glass are probably somewhat misleading. The cost of the different qualities of glass at the time of pur- chase was as follows: No. 1, 42c; No. 2, 39c; No. 3, 33c; the fluted, 20c per light. Considering the results obtained from the different types of glass. No. 2 would seem a wiser purchase than No. 3. Large dealers say that they sell nine boxes of French glass to one of American in the east for greenhouse use. According to this schedule of prices, those who purchase No. 2 glass pay six cents more or 15 per cent, more than those who buy No. 3, but receive 18 i^er cent, more light. We believe that it would pay to use No. 1 quality in some special cases. Since most plants receive far below the optimum light in the winter months in our latitude, the choice of glass should have care- ful consideration. In the spring and sum.m,er this is less important, and in many cases it is even of advantage to shade the plants at this tim.e. However, the am.ount of light is not dependent wholly on the quality of glass, as the size of the house and methods of construction are important features, and will be discussed else- where. Table IV showing results obtained from different kinds and qualities of glass. 1 1 Percentage of de- Readings, 'creased light value. Lst quulity glass, 2d quality glass, 3rd quality glass, Fluted glass, 188 100 155 82 126 67 125 66 IS COMPASISON OF >TW V.-TTH OLD GLASS. A few lesT - r.r il . :^ glass wa5 . 1 wiLh were •:€ thr^e ' _ n an av- r : /', New, s . -30 Old- se - fe glass, .26 lo- r The 'rid siass was takes, frcn: a hoiise w:;- 5,-- - . - - _• ■ ■--- clean. ~; n'. . - . . : to ten'. . : '"iv^ the old. A siirriilar e:sreriTDeni was cc^'iicred in two h : R - - _ :_ ^' :k. Mass. C- ^- . . ^. : v i "TV years £c: . f of the elai oceervaSjp::, 5-iIL S percent, is a rather insigiiifecant p- - ccdsice-ring tl^ iength ot ----- -'-.e older glass had te-.:- _-. 1. ^lanv lactG&s enter into a of this nanire. such as diast, ■.riven above is in -Dart due to the ac:- : lust at ' — ner; _ rcent. 19 THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT ANGLES OF GLASS ON THE LIGHT m GREENHOUSES. It is well known that light vi"ill penetra: a :rinsparent object more easily when the object is placed at r:^-:.-. ar.gles to the ra^-s oi light. Although greenhouse constructors and n^anagers realize this, for many reasons most greenhouse roofs are built at different angles regardless of the loss of light resulting from reflection. Moreover, the sun not only strikes the house at different angles during the day, but at different seasons of the year, so that there is a great deal of variation in the light reflection. But the houses with greater roof angles, in which there is less reflection, allow more light to pass through, and of course there would be a gain in light transmission by utilizing angles which would give the maximum average effect in certain seasons. For instance, a house having an angle of 60° will transmit more light than one with a 20° angle. A few obser\'ations on the amount of light lost by reflection were made with glass placed at different angles. In two houses running east and west, with roof angles of 32" and -46° respectively, tubes were exposed from S a. m. to 4 p. m. with the following re- sults: House with roof angle of 32° gave a reading of ^5. " " •' "_46° " " ^ " " 545. Diilerence. IS^f. These observations were made February* S, when the sun was not ver\- high. The roof with an angle of 46° was much better adapted to allow the light to pass through the glass at that time of the year than the other house. Another experiment was conduct- ed in which glass of differeti^*qualit\- was placed at different angles with the following results : Table V showing the amount of light transmittec at different angles. Duration of experiment — ^3 hours Angles of Relative percentage T^ae of differ- Gliiss. Readings- entangles. 90°— 100%. 9orc 71% These results are an average of three experiments made in the third week of January, when the sun was not ver\- high. In each case exposures were made from 9 a. m. to 12 m. The glass was 90^ 32:3 GO*' 310 SO'' 273 W 230 20 placed from the horizontal at angles of 10, 30, 60 and 90 degrees, the 90° glass of course being vertical. The differences shown are those between each angle, the difference in the absorption of light at 90° and at 10° being 29 percent. The glass placed at 60° was nearly as well situated for absorbing rays at this season of the year as the one at 90°, there being but 5 percent, difference between the two, and 24 percent, difference between any 60° and 10° glass. From the results of these experiments it is quite evident that there is much loss of light from reflection, and some growers of special crops have attempted to overcome this loss by constructing roofs with greater angles. REFLECTION OF LIGHT FROM DIFFERENT SURFACES. As niight be expected, there is considerable difference in the amoiint of light reflected from different surfaces. White is the princi])al color used on the outside and inside of greenhouses, either lead paint or whitewash being used, but most of the iron work is dark in color. Some tests were made of aluminium bronze, white and dull Ijlack paints, the colors used in our own greenhouse, to determine their value as reflectors of light. In our experim.ents we used both metal and boards painted with the above named sub- stances, and in some experiments not given here we tested various other surfaces. The tests were arranged in such a way that the direct sunlight was excluded, although the recording tubes were vmdou1)tcdly affected to some extent by diffused light. This, how- ever, was the sam.e in each test and can therefore be eliminated in our comparative tests. The tests were made in bright sunlight out of doors. The tubes were arranged in such a way that they would receive the full benefit of the reflected rays. The results of these experiments follow. Table VI showing the amount of light reflected from different surfaces. Average of three experiments. Rrfiocting surfaces. Reading Aluminium hronze — 100%. Aluminium bronze,. . . White paint, Dull l>l:iek paint, 377 330 209 100% 88% 82% It will be observed from the table — an average of three ex- perim.ents with m.etal backgrotmds — that the aluminium bronze reflected the largest percentage of light, followed In- white paint and by dull black paint. The white paint reflected 12 percent, less 21 than the akiminium bronze, and the dull black, G percent, less than the white paint. The recording apparatus receiving the reflection of the dull black showed that 18 j^ercent. less light was reflected than the aluminium bronze. Table VII showing the Amount of Light Lost from Reflection from Sky, Etc. Average of three Experiments. Exposures, three to six hours duration. In another single experiment in which boards were painted with aluminium bronze, white and black paints, similar results were obtained, although there was a difference in the percentage of light reflected from various surfaces. Assuming that the light from aluminium bronze was equal to 100 percent., the white board gave 80 percent, and the black, only 58 percent. From these tests it is evident that there is quite a difference in the various reflecting surfaces, and that something might be gained by using substances reflecting the most light. In our experiment house the iron posts and purlins are painted white, and the steam pipes black. The cement walls, which are about 2 1-2 feet high, have a coating of water paint, and the water pipes are dressed with aluminium bronze. This possesses a high reflecting surface, and might be used on exposed steam pipes, etc. to advantage. The light reflected from the sky and from adjacent buildings is an important factor in the greenhouse light problem, and experi- ments were made to learn how much light was reflected through the roof glass on the north side of a greenhouse. Both exposures, which were made about 10 inches from the roof glass, were entirely protected on the south side, and received no direct sunlight. In one case the reflected light from above was shut out, and in an- other, not; although both exposures received reflected light from a cement walk below. An average of results obtained from three experiments is given in table VII. The experiments demonstrated a marked difference in the amount of light received at each ex- posure, all of which were made on bright days. A large brick build- ing having considerable window surface was located about thirty feet from the tubes, and some light was probably reflected from this structure, although the apparatus was so placed that it did not receive any direct reflection from the building. This test showed that considerable reflected light entered the greenhouse even on the northern slope of the roof. This was true also of the 22 north side of the greenhouse. Some types of houses, especially those known as the two-thirds span roof, are boarded up on the north side, and the loss of light in this style house could perhaps be counteracted by using some good reflecting surface. The reflecting properties of snow are of course generally known. Some tests made on a sunshiny day, when the ground was covered with snow, gave some rather interesting but perhaps not conclusive results. In one instance, where one tube was exposed to direct sunlight and snow reflection, and the other mxrely to the direct sunlight and light from the sky, we found a difference of about 17 percent, in the light intensity in favor of the first case. LOSS OF LIGHT FROM LAPPED GLASS AND SHADOWS. Three series of experiments were made in a three year old greenhouse to determine the loss of light from, lapping glass, in which we compared the light transmitting properties of lapped glass, where the laps had becom.e more or less opaque from an accumulation of dust, etc., with those of glass not lapped. In these tests the light recording tubes were covered with opaque black paper, and exposed alternately with the lapped and unlapi^ed glass. Slits of exactly the same size were made in the paper, of approximately the same width as the lap, and in this way the tubes received in each case only the light which passed through these slits. The glass was typical second quality green- house glass, and the lapped areas were about 3-8 of an inch. The results are shown in the following table. Table VIII showing the loss of light from lapping glass. Av- erage of three experiments. Readings Non-lapped —100% Amount of lip;ht through ordinnry glfiss, 3S0 341 100% Amount of liglit through lapped glass, 89% Loss, 11%. From the results of these experiments it will be seen that there was a loss of 1 1 percent, of light throvigh the lapped areas. It should be borne in mind, however, that the tests were made in a comparatively new house, where the lapping was not wide and the accumulation of dust comparatively small. We obtained similar results in another series of three experi- ments, made with the same idea. The exposures were of two hours duration, and an average of the three tests gave 309 for the 23 clear glass and 273 for the la|)pcd glass, or a difference of 1 1 per- cent. ' In the older houses, where the la])pino; is often wider and considerable dust has accumulated, the percentage of loss would probably be higher than in these tests. The lapping in a house amounts to quite an area in all. In a house 30 feet wide there would be 440 inches in one section of the roof 2 feet wide, provided 24 x 24 inch glass were used, and each glass lapped 3-8 inches. In a house of this same type, 100 feet long, the lapping would amount to 7200 square inches, or 50 square feet. Lapped glass, however, is better than butted glass with the present methods of construction and material. The loss of light from shadow casting material is quite marked, and affects to a considerable extent the photosynthetic process and the amount of carbohydrates formed in the leaves. Two experi- ments were made in the greenhouse to determine the loss from shadow casting material, and the table below gives the average of both. In one experiment the exposed recording apparatus re- ceived the direct light through the greenhouse roof, with no shadows, and in another the apparatus was placed in the shade of a 2x4 wooden beam, some 8 feet distant from it, where it was in the shade of the timber all the time. Table IX showing amount of light lost from shadows. Average of two experiments. Duration of experiment, two hours. Direct sun- Rcadin5i;s. i light 100% Greenhouse experiment, — no shiide, Greenhouse experiment, — in shadow of 2 x 4 timber. The difference in the two readings shows a loss of 34 percent, from shadows. The loss of light caused by shadows and its effects on photosynthesis can be dctemiined by various experiments. For instance, two pieces of cork pinned to a leaf, one on each side, cause starch to disappear from the leaf, and even the shadow cast by the cork will affect m.aterially the starch fonn.ation of the part of the leaf where it falls. (See fig. 3). A photographic negative placed on a leaf also affects the starch formation, the leaf acting as sensitized photographic paper. Under the opaque part of the negative little starch will foiTn, but there will be more under the light part. A leaf so exposed, when bleached and treated with iodine, will bring out a reproduction of the negative in black and white, and this would be a good method to demonstrate that photosynthesis is in a general way proportionate to light intensity. 24 INTENSITY OF LIGHT AT DIFFERENT DISTANCES FROM THE GLASS. For many years there have been conflicting opinions in regard to the light in greenhouses. An old idea which has been handed down from, generation to generation and which has even been taught in some of our institutions is to the effect that it makes considerable difference in its growth whether a plant is near the glass or some distance from it, the light being thought to be m,ore intense near the glass. It has been stated that even lettuce and cucumbers must be near the glass for the best growth. Modern greenhouse construction, however, has in the main followed lines quite the reverse, the larger houses meaning a greater distance between the glass and the plants. The author of an article in the "Gardeners' Chronicle", Lon- don, quoted in "Horticulture",* regrets the modern tendency to- wards large houses. He mentions the difficulty of getting plants started where they are so far rem.oved from, the glass, and also calls attention to independent circuits of air and the susceptibility of plants to attacks from green fly, m.ildews, etc. Mr. Alexander Montgomery, Jr., who was making light tests in his houses when this article appeared, comments on the article in "Horticulture" as follows: "The question of large versus small houses, as it presents itself to us, is one which will have to be settled in the dear school of experience. The subject has of course two separate phases; first, the cost of construction and maintenance of large as compared with small houses, and second, the question as to which is capable of producing the higher grade of flowers. The first, we believe, is generally conceded in favor of large houses by those who have con- sidered the matter at all. The second is evidently the point which is giving the critic in the above notes some cause for worriment. His complaints resolve themselves into two divisions; danger- ous draughts owing to extreme length and width, and lack of light on account of the distance of the plants from the glass. If a house 40 feet wide and 700 feet long may be considered large, we can say, as far as our experience goes, that the fears of our critic are not well founded in either case. In this structure the temperature and ventilation, both day and night, are under more perfect control than in any other house on the place, and we are finnly convinced that, in this respect at least, it is very much superior to the eight small houses which it would require to cover the same am.ount ot ground. The point in regard to light we think we have settled, for this house at any rate. Ordinarily the test for this would be by close observation of the plants at the varying distances from the glass. ♦Horticulture, Vo. VIII, No. 12, March 21, 1908, p 304. See also Horticulture, Vol. V. No. 10, March 'J, 1907. p. 286. 25 Applying this rule we must say that, so far, it would take a con- siderable stretch of the imagination to discover any difference in the plants which could be attributed to lack of light caused by distance from the glass. But we have also used another method. It consists briefly in the detennination of the varying intensity of light by a chemical method, and we have been assured that it is extremely sensitive and absolutely accvirate. Carefully applying this test we have been able to find no dift'erence between light 5 feet from the glass and 25 feet. There may be a point at which some difference will be found, but someone will have to seek for it in a house considerably wider than 40 feet. If the time ever comes when, in place of the whims and fancies of weak and mortal m.an, we have exact scientific methods for solv- ing the complex problem.s of the adaptability of glass structures to plant growth, then and not until then, will the perfect greenhouse be produced." The many tests which we have made are identical with Mr. jMontgomery's, who used our apparatus. We found that there was no perceptible difference in the light intensity in different parts of greenhouses except that caused by shadows, dirty glass, etc. In some of our tests, which lasted practically a whole day, we re- corded the conditions of the light at distances varying from 5 feet to as great a distance as we were able to obtain in houses 40 feet wide, with precisely the same results. Greenhouse glass has a more or less tuieven surface, besides being somewhat concave, and for this reason the light waves as they pass through are more or less deflected. The maximum effect of such deflections, however, is to be seen close to the glass; and as one gets farther away from the glass a more or less uniform diffusion is secured. In fact, the farther away the plants are from, the glass the better, for at a dis- tance they obtain a more uniformly diffused light which renders them less liable to injury from concentrated rays through irregu- larities, glass bubbles, etc. In m,any instances we obtained larger readings from our tubes exposed, directly under the glass than else- where, the irregular glass acting as a lens and concentrating the rays. Even the small shadows in a greenhouse diminish and are lost sight of at certain distances from, the glass, therefore produce no visible or local effect on the plant, although the shadows cast by opaque objects do affect the light intensity as a whole. Un- even surfaces and bubbles, characteristic of greenhouse glass, must be regarded as a drawback, since an even, smooth glass will trans- mit light more uniformly and im.prove the light conditions; con- sequently some im,provemcnt in greenhouse lighting may be had by using better glass. As regards draughts, etc. in the large houses, these will be found in all houses whether large or small, and it is apparent that the best system of ventilation has not been worked out as yet either FIG. 3 — Showing ciioumlier leaf with absence of starch formation where cork was pinned. Note also the effect of the shadow of the cork on the forma- tion of starch. FIG. 4 — Showing results of starch production under single and double panes of glass. The darker leaves in 1 and 2 showing more starch were ex- l)osed to a single clean light of glass; the lighter leaves were exposed to two unclean lights of glass. 27 in the greenhouse or in public buildings. Most ventilators are located at the ridge, and cold draughts often descend and check the growth of plants. Allowing the fresh air from the outside to enter around the steam pipes would seem to be theoretically cor- rect, but we have had no experience with this method. The management of a large house is always easier owing to the less sudden changes in temperature, moisture, etc.; and as for mildews and other troubles, they are always m.ore common in small than large houses. Table X showing light records taken at different distances from the glass. No. of Experiment. Readings. 1 Light records at 5 feet from glass "20 " " ' " 2 Light records at 6 feet from glass "IS " " " 3 Light records at 6 feet from glass "18 " " " 4 Light records at 5 feet from roof and 10 feet from side 5 Light records at 5 feet from roof and 10 feet from side " 5 " " " " 30 " " " 6 Light records at 5 feet from roof and 10 feet from side " 5 " " " " 30 " " " 3tJ0 355 335 334 259 254 300 305 260 270 500 503 LOSS OF LIGHT FROM GLASS, ETC. As might be expected, there is a loss of light in greenhouses from reflection and other causes. The light lost from reflection depends on the angle of the glass to the sun's rays, and as the sun's altitude varies continually during the day and year, the light in- tensity also varies. Moisture condensation, snow, frost, dust and the composition and quality of the glass have a great influence on the light, and light in turn affects the growth of the crop so materially as to cause m.any different troubles. For \'ears v.'e have been making numerous greenhouse tests in different parts of the state in houses of different ages and types of construction, and dur- ing this time have been studying these different conditions and their relation to disease. In all cases the light conditions out of doors were com.pared with those in the greenhouse, and the loss based on the differences . between the two. Some of the results follow. 28 Table XI showing loss of light in some typical Massachusetts greenhouses running east and west. Outside light conditions in open air equals 100%. No. Direction of house. Age of house. Percentage of light exchided. 1 east and west, 12^ North S yrs. 23 2 east and west, 22 '^ North 15 yrs. 22 3 east and west, 22^^ North 1.5 yrs. 22 4 east and west, 22^ North About .3 yrs. 24 All glass 16 X 24 in., but in No. 4 the glass was placed, length- wise; that is, the rafters were 24 inches apart. The data given here were obtained from large, modern rose houses running east and west. The tests were all made in the winter, in bright sunshine, when snow was on the ground, and are averages of two experiments, running from 8 a. m.. to 4 p. m. in one case, and from 1.30 to 4 p. m. in another. The readings were in all cases taken 5 feet from the roof glass, a favorable location for obtaining average results. The houses ranged from 20 to 40 feet wide, and 300 to 700 feet long, and some were built of wood, others of iron. All had about the same roof angle. No. 4, an iron house, had iron rafters 4 inches wide. None of the houses was over 15 years old, and all were in excellent condition in every respect. Houses Nos. 1 and 4 were newer than Nos. 2 and 3, but the heavy iron rafters in No. 4 cast a greater shadow. Very little difference was shown in the percentage of light lost in these houses, where the period of exposure occupied nearly the whole day. Other records taken at shorter intervals during the forenoon, as well as in the afternoon, showed greater differences in the light records of the houses. In all cases No. 4, which was the newest house and had 16 x 24 glass, lengthwise, gave the best results. No. 1, which was not a very old house, gave the next best, and Nos. 2 and 3, slightly older, made of wood and glazed with older glass, did not show up so well in the morning and afternoon re- cords for short periods. The large iron rafters in No. 4 cast heavy shadows, and this is probably one of the reasons why the light conditions in this house did not show up better. All these houses are located in the country where they were not subject to dust and smoke. The loss shown even by the older houses, namely 22 per- cent, is small as compared with other houses not so favorably located or so well constructed. The following table shows tests made in houses of different ages and types of constniction, running north and south. All the readings were made five feet from the glass. 29 Table XII showing loss of light in some typical Massachusetts greenhouses running north and south. All results are of one test made in winter. Outside light conditions in open air equal 100%. One layer of glass except where specified. No. Size of glass Percentage of light excluded Age of house Remarks 1 9 X 12 in 35 old Sides double glazed 2 9 X 12 in 31 old Sides and roof double glazed. 3 12 X 16 in 1) new 4 16 X 24 in 28 15 yra. 5 Variable 36 old Glass very dirty. 6 16 X 24 in. 30 old Sides and roof double glazed. 7 16 X 24 in. 18 5 yrs. Glass clean. 8 16 X 24 in. 13 lyr. Glass clean. It will be noticed that several sizes of glass were used in these houses. In some cases the houses were double glazed either on the side or roof, or both; i. e., besides the glass set in the top of the sashbar there was another layer on the underside, with a space of 1 1-2 or 2 inches or more between them. These houses were all about 18 or 20 feet wide and 80 to 200 feet long except No. 4, which was 80 feet wide and about 300 feet long. No. 1 was an old house with double glazed sides and poor light. No. 2 was double glazed on both sides and roof. No. 3 was a new house with fairly clean glass, while No. 4 was a large house of unusual width and about 1.3 ^^ears old. No. 5 was glazed with different sized glass which was so dirty as to exclude considerable light. No. 6 was double glazed both on the sides and roof, and Nos. 7 and 8 were new, modem houses. This series of houses is by no means typical of modem greenhouses in this state except Nos. 7 and 8, since most are glazed with smaller glass than that used at the present day. Moreover, some of them were double glazed, an antiquated, unscientific and impractical type of construction found only in certain locations, and already referred to. The tests given here had a duration of two or three hours and represent readings obtained from the glass alone; shadow casting material being practically eliminated. The results show fairly well the percentage of light excluded in this type of house, but to get reliable averages it would be necessary to run experiments all day long for a definite period, as the condensation of moisture occurring between the two layers of glass varies from day to day. 30 All these houses were of the same width, angle of roof, etc. except No. 4, already mentioned. Some of them were too heavily framed, but Nos. 7 and 8 were good, modern houses, kept clean, and the owner is one of the most successful cucumber growers in the state. The single and double glass houses gave the poorest results from the light standpoint, and the newer houses proved superior in this respect. The following tests were made in some of the greenhouses lo- cated on the College grounds. Table XIII showing records based on 4 experiments taken in some of the college greenhouses. Observations taken from 9.30 — 11.30 a. m. and from 1.30 — 4.00 p. m., in July and August. Outside light conditions in open air equal 100%. House. Direction of House. Approxi- mate Age. Angle of Roof. Percentage of light excluded. Entomology Clark Hall French Hall, Rose house Durfee upper house Exp. Station, veg. house Exp. Station, south house Durfee lower house North and south East and west . East and west . . North and south North and south East and west . . 12 y-s. 3 yrs. 3 yrs. 17 yrs. 12 yrs. 14 yrs. 17 yrs. 31 o 34 « 18^ 16^ ,30" 20 c 16.2 18.5 23.9 28.8 30.6 S2.6 34.0 These houses represent a variety of types of construction and were built at different periods, therefore it was to be expected that the light conditions would vary. The data given here repre- sent an average of four tests m.ade in the morning and afternoon, in July and August, the houses being arranged in the table according to the amount of light excluded. The sequence, however, does not follow exactly that given above, when the morning averages are compared with those of the afternoon. This difference is account- ed for by slight differences in the morning and afternoon exposures and methods of construction. The ages of the houses varied, and some of them have been remodelled at different times. It will be noticed, however, that the houses showing the best light conditions are as a rule the ones most recently constructed. French and. Clark Hall conservatories were both built in 1908. The latter, — a Stearns wood frame construction, is glazed throughout with 24 x 24 31 inch No. 2 glass, while the former, of Lord & Burnham iron con- struction, is glazed with 24 x 24 inch glass on the roof, and on the sides with 16 x 24; i.e., 16 inches between sash bars, hence the light conditions in one house are slightly better than those in the other. The least loss of light is given by the entomological conserva- tory. This house is a Weathered construction, with curvilinear roof, and is well lighted. The glass, however, is 16 x 24 inches and of the same quality as that in the other houses. Its excellent light may be partly due to reflection from, the partition wall, which we could not very well avoid. The curvilinear construction of the house, however, undoubtedly adds much to the light. The Experiment Station vegetation house, built twelve years ago, runs north and south and has sides 7 feet or more high. The Experiment Station south house runs east and west. It is about 12 X 40 feet and is 14 or 15 years old. The Durfee lower house is nearly square, the roof slanting towards the south and also towards the east. The sides are 7 or 8 feet high, and. both roof and sides are glazed with 16 x 24 inch glass. This house was remodelled about 18 years ago. The upper house is about the sam.e age, and this and the preceding one, have low angle roofs. In all cases our tests were made the same distance from the glass in the roof and sides, except in the north and south houses, where the readings were taken at some distance from the glass. These 2 or 3 hour tests show the effects of the age of the glass, al- though they are fairly typical so far as the relative light conditions are concerned, in all cases being based on the outdoor readings. In the preceding tables we have given the loss of light in green- houses based on outdoor observations for brief periods, and in the following table they are given for more prolonged periods. The records in the following table, which show average monthly light conditions, will convey some idea of the light in greenhouses as compared with that out of doors for a whole year. The tests lasted only three hours in the morning and three in the afternoon, or from 9 a. m. — 12 m., and 12 m. — 3 p. m., the location of the greenhouse preventing longer periods of exposure. The green- house was 12 x 40 feet, having an even span roof glazed with No. 2, 16 X 24 inch, double thick glass. The direction was east and west, or to be more accurate, about 25° north of east, and the recording tube was placed, 5 feet from the glass and 5 feet from the south wall. The glass in the roof had been in use for about 8 years, and that on the sides about 10 years longer. The wood framework was not as light as it might have been, but the exposed tube was placed where it could receive direct sunlight through the roof. 32 Table XIV showing difference in light inside and outside of greenhouse for a period of one year. Records taken daily from 9 a. m. to 3 p. m. Percentage of in- Month. Outside Greenhouse creased valueof out- records. records. door light over greenhouse light. November 5665 4100 27% December 3277 1861 43% January 4002 2631 34% February 6301 4974 21% March 5538 4077 26% April 5683 4283 • 24% May 7148 5667 21% June 7511 6323 15% July 7590 6454 14% August 7647 5903 22% September 7823 6287 19% October 6304 4890 22% Average 6207 4787 22% The percentage of light lost under glass is shown in the monthly averages given in table XIV, which gave an average throughout the year of 22 percent. The largest loss occurred in the month of December, which was 43 percent., followed by January, 34 per- cent., and March, 26 percent.; in other words, those m^onths which have the shortest days when the sun is lower in the heavens and when there is more frost, snow and condensed moisture on the roof, show the greatest difference. On the other hand, the least differ- ence is shown in June and July, when the sun is highest and when the light rays strike the glass at more favorable angles. Part of the difference m.ay be due to the reflection of the light from the snow on our recording apparatus, for this reflection would be pro- portionately greater on the outside exposed tube than on the one exposed inside. Comparing the average monthly outside records for the whole year it was found, as m.ight be expected, that there is much better light in the summer than in Decem,ber or January. Neither this ratio nor that between the outside and greenhouse conditions, as shown in the table, is accurate, for the decomposition and conse- quent loss of efficiency of the chemical substances used to record the light take place m.ore rapidly in intense light. Therefore the actual light of January and June is different from that shown in the table; also the differences between the light out of doors and that under glass are slightly greater than those shown in the tables for any period. These experiments do not show the relative value of east and west and north and south houses from the light stand- point, and to do this would retjuire different conditions. The longest days, with the most intense light, come in June, and it 33 might be supposed that the average light at this time would be the greatest. This is not ahva}-s true, however, as cloudy weather is an important factor. September gave the highest average outdoor light conditions, followed by August and July, although in the greenhouse the high- est monthly record was obtained during July and June. It should be pointed out however, that some of the highest daily records were obtained in June. In these particular records, made in 1905, October 5th gave the highest, but June 22d was practically as good, and the days following this date were exceptional for the amount and intensity of light. Records were also made for six months, from November to April, at corresponding hours to those previously given. These records were made for another purpose, under an ordinary thick walled bell glass 12 inches in diameter and 20 in. high. (See p 13). The bell glass projected vertically through the roof, and the re- ceiving tube was suspended in the middle of the bell glass, its lo- cation being such that it received no shadows; and the rays of light, passing through the circular bell glass, were apparently fo- cussed on it. The light conditions under the bell glass proved to be quite dififerent. The records ran higher than those in the green- house, while we have average monthly differences of 22 percent, existing between the light in the greenhouse and that out of doors. This difference amounts to only 14 percent, under the bell glass. The principal facts brought out by the tests are first, — the type of constiiiction affects the light in greenhouses, and second. FIG. 5 — Showing longitudinal and cross sections of greenhouse with partitions running north and south, and illustrating the effect of poor light conditions. The oblique lines represent the path of the sun's rays. the curvilinear type appears to be superior to others in this re- spect, owing to the smalle.r amount of timber at the eaves to cast 34 shadows. The tests also show that large glass is superior to small, — that single glazing is better than double, and that the shadows cast by large purlins and heavy rafters affect the light. Tests of this nature might be carried on indefinitely in various types of houses, but this would not be necessary as the light may be quite well detemiined by anyone familiar with the house. FIG. 6 — Showing cross section of an east and west house, about 36 x 200 f( , showing method of growing cucumbers. The light is much supenor in a house of this sort. RELATIVE VALUE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOUSES FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF LIGHT. From the results of our experiments with light in greenhouses it is apparent that there are many imperfections in greenhouse con- struction; but m.ost of them, it must be confessed, are difficult to overcome. This not only holds true in regard to the m.atter of greenhouse light, but of the ventilation, heat, etc. While great general progress has been m.ade in greenhouse constrtiction during the past twenty-five years, more will doubtless be made in the future for an industry involving so m.uch capital cannot remain sta- tionary. A more even circulation of air and heat, and better light for special crops requiring a great deal, will be had, with other in- novations rendering the plant less susceptible to disease. Since the sun's position in the heavens is continually changing, it is practically impossible to secure the full benefits of the light rays, although by modifications in the structure of the houses it is possible to obtain m.ore light than at present. Som.e attem.pt has been made to build high angle roofs for special crops such as roses, but with the increased use of large houses this type of construction has proved expensive and more risky. By far the largest num.ber of houses run east and west, which allows a southern exposure to the roof and side, and from the light point of view this type of house we believe is superior to the north and south house. In the latter type the east side gets the morning light and the west side the afternoon light, while the ends, with the m.ore or less heavy, light obstructing features, are exposed to the south. We are of the opinion that more shad^ is cast in a house running north and 35 south than east and west. Most lettuce houses run in this direc- tion, and most cucumber houses run north and south. In these the plants are trained up the sides and along the roof and exclude the light to a great extent from the center of the house. In this case the plants in the east side receive the morning light, and those in the west the afternoon light, and the difference in the yield of crops amounts to considerable owing to the difference in light in- tensity. Cucumber houses range from 16 to 25 feet in width. Besides the two rows of plants set near the glass on either side, other rows are planted in the middle and trained vertically, but these rows are so shaded that they receive little light and bear much less fruit than the plants on either side. Sometimes the plants, instead of running parallel \vith the roof, are trained on trellises shaped like the letter "A", where they do not run so high and receive better light. (See figure 6.) It is believed, however, that better crops can be grown on trelHses of this type than where they are trained vertically as in figure 2. The side hill house with south exposure, where one row is gro\\*n higher than another, is adm,irably adapted for obtaining light, but uniform temperatures are less easily maintained in such a house. Another way to improve the light is to eliminate the shadows cast by heavy framework, particularly the eave plate. What is known as the curvilinear roof construction accomplishes this, and in some other types the shadows are greatly reduced. But some of them are so expensive at present that they are beyond the reach of commercial growers. A method of construction whose cost would not be prohibitive has a southern exposure of the house built at an angle to furnish the best average light during the season when least light is obtain- ed. Cross sections of such houses are shown in figures 8 and 9. It must be understood, however, that these are mere sketches and are based upon theoretical considerations. The drawing shown in figure 8 shows a house 34 feet wide and 20 feet maximum height. The angle of the south slope is 13 or 14 degrees from the vertical, and as previously stated, represents the best average angle for transmitting sunlight during the months when the light is poor. In a house of this description the ridge would not cast any shadow from October 21st, to February 21st, and the position of the sun at noon at other seasons of the year is shown. A type of house, involving similar features as in house shown in figure 8, may be seen in figure 9. In these two types of houses the south slope could be glazed with large glass and the roof and ends with 16 x 24 inch glass. But there are more objectionable features to be met with in this type of house, one of them being the long fiat slope to the north which might give some trouble from an accumulation of snow. 36 FIG. 7 — Showing cross section of a greenhouse used for lettuce and cucumbers. The slanting side towards the right (north) is boarded and used for forcing rhubarb, etc. The cucumber plants are trained vertically. CO 3 i- Si ■" b/D ^ 39 SUMMARY. The experiments described in this bulletin not only have a bearing on the physiology and pathology of crops, but also on greenhouse construction and management. Light has an important influence on the configuration of plants. Since most of the plant energy is derived from the air through sunlight, the optim-um light conditions are important, and there is a m.arked difference in plants as regards their light requirements. During the short winter days many greenhouse crops do not obtain sufficient light, therefore any factor in greenhouse con- struction which will increase the amount of light is important. Lack of light is responsible for m.any greenhouse diseases; on the other hand, too intense light may prove harmful in some in- stances. The old type of greenhouse was crude in construction, especially as regards light. The modern tendency is to build larger houses, to use stronger material casting less shade, and larger and. better quality glass. Large houses can be constructed relatively m.ore cheaply and m.anaged more easily because there is a less rapid change of atmos- pheric conditions, etc. which helps to eliminate many greenhouse troubles. Morning light is miore intense than afternoon light, our experi- m.ents showing a difference of 10 percent., and ranging as high as 30 percent, for some months. Th^'s difference is not constant from day to day, from m.onth to month or from year to 3'ear. The difference between morning and afternoon light has a practical bearing on the location of greenhouses as regards points of com.pass. The location of a house as regards points of the compass has a bearing on the practice of syringing plants, the yield of the crop, and to a certain extent on fungous infection. To obtain the best results in a house running east and west, the house should be from 15 to 30 degrees north of east. This enables the plant to take advantage ot the more intense morning light and the crop can be syringed with less danger from infection. The difference in morning and afternoon light m,ay be shown by various chemical methods, as well as by the growth of trees, and of crops of cucumbers in north and south houses. Other things being equal, a crop will show greater development on an east than a west exposure. There is considerable difference in the light transmitting prop- erties of glass. Second quality, double thick greenhouse glass transmits 18 percent, less than No. 1, double thick, and the third quality double thick transmits 33 percent, less than first quality and 15 percent, less than second quality. 40 An irregular surface, bubbles, etc. in glass act as lenses and affect the even diffusion of light. New glass is slightly superior to used glass. The deterioration from dirt and other factors is much less than 1 percent, per annum. The more nearly the angle of the roof coincides T\-ith the right angle of the sun's rays the more light is transmitted. Relatively steep roofs are superior to flat roofs for transmitting light. Records made in February- show that a house with a roof angle of 46° gave IS percent, more light than one with a 32"* angle roof. The reflection of light from surfaces varies greatly. In our experiments we found aluminium bronze to constitute the best reflector of light. The practice of lapping glass causes som.e loss of light, an average of 11 percent . in our tests. There appear to be no important differences in the light in a greenhouse at different distances from the glass, practically the same light being obtained at 5 feet as at 30 feet. The light to be had directly under the glass, however, varies in intensity owing -to the irregularity of the surface. The loss of light from glass may vary from 13 to 36 percent, or more, depending on the quality and condition of the glass, and many other factors. Double glazed houses are much inferior to those glazed with a single layer of glass. BULLETIN No. 145 SEPTEMBER, 1913 MASSACHUSETTS ACtEKTLTUEAL EXPERD1E^'T STATION RECORD OF The Station Dairy Herd A>'D The Cost of Milk Production. By J. B. LLNDSE^'. This balletin contains a record of the amotint and csst sf tke fowl consumed and of the milH produced bv each cow in tke station kerd from 1S96 throogh 1911. The estimated cost of housing and caring for the cow and her prod- uct is also stated, which added to the food cost, shows a total aver- age yearly cost of S14p.04 per cow. The average yearly prodmctioB was o03o pounds, and the estimated cost of a quart of milh aTRagiB^ 5 percent of fat is shown to b« 5.45 cents. Data from other sotirces are also cited. The amount of dry and digestible maner required to produce milK and milK ingredients is stated and indicates that the largest producers required the smallest amount of food to ma£e a definite amount of product- Large cows produced milK rather more economically than the smaller ones. Requests for bulletins shoold be addressed to the agricrxttral experiment sxatiox. Amherst. >L\ss. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. AMHERST, MASS. COMMITTEE ON EXPERIMENT STATION Charles H. Preston, Chairman, Wilfrid Wheeler, Arthur G. Pollard, Charles E. Ward, Harold L. Frost. The President of the College, ex Officio, The Director of the Station, ex Officio. William P. Brooks, Ph. D., Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph. D., George E. Stone, Ph. D., Frank A. Waugh, M. Sc, J. E. Ostrander, C. E., James B. Paige, D. V. S., Henry T. Fernald, Ph. D., Fred C. Sears, M. Sc. Burton N. Gates, Ph. D., John C. Graham, B. Sc, Edward B. Holland, M. Sc, Fred W. Morse, M. Sc, Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc, Philip H. Smith, M. Sc, *George H. Chapman, B. Sc, Orton C. Clark, B. Sc, Jacor K. Shaw, Ph. D., H. D. Goodale, Ph. D., Henry J. Franklin, Ph. D., Edwin F. Gaskill, B. Sc, A. I. Bourne, B. A., E, a. Larrabee, B. Sc, Lewell S. Walker, B. Sc, R. W. RuPRECHT, B. Sc, Carleton p. Jones, M. Sc. Carlos L. Beals, B. Sc Walter S. Frost, B. Sc, J. P. Buckley, John B. Norton, B. Sc, James T. Howard, Harry L. Allen, James R. Alcock, J. W. Sayer, Director and Agriculiurist. Vice Director and Chemist. Veg. Physiologist attd Pathologist. Horticulturist. Meteorologist. Veterinarian. Entomologist. Pomologist. Apiarist. Poultry Husba}id)>ian. Associate Chemist (Research Sec) Research Chetnist (Research Sec.) Chemist in Charge (Fertilizer Sec.) Chemist " (Feed and Dairy Sec.) Research Vegetable Physiologist. Assistant Botanist. Research Pomologist, Research Biologist, (Poultry Dept.) In Charge Cranbeny Sub-Station. Assistant Agriciilturist. Assistant Entomologist. Ass't Veg. Physiorg'st a n dPath olg'st. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. A ssista n t Ch em ist. Graduate Assistant in Horticulture. Inspector. Assistant in Laboratory. Assistant in Animal A^utrition. Eoreman of Poultry Yards . Annual reports and bulletins on a variety of subjects are published. These are sent free on request to all interested in agriculture. Par- ties likely to find publications on special subjects only of interest will please indicate these subjects. Correspondence or consultation on all matters affecting any branch of our agriculture is welcomed. Communications should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. * On leave. Record of the Station Dairy Herd AND THE COST OF MILK PRODUCTION. By J. B. LiNDSEY. FOREWORD. Since 1896 the experiment station has kept a herd of from six to twelve cows primarily for the purpose of studying the relative values of coarse and of concentrated feedstuffs upon growth and milk pro- duction, and also for investigating the effect of the different groups of nutrients upon the chemical character of the milk fat. With such objects in view it has, of course, not been possible to ascertain the complete cost of milk production. An exact record, however, has been kept of the food consumed by each animal in the herd and of the composition and amount of the milk produced. It is believed that the data accumulated are of sufficient importance to warrant publication. Errata. After this bulletin was printed, one mistake in copying and a few small errors were discovered due to faulty work in mechanical adding. Though the consequent mistakes are not sufficient to in the least invalidate conclusions, they are here noted : Page 6, Cow Blossom, 1899, column i, in place of 6631, read 22 11. Page 27, Table IX, last column ; in place of ir.49, read 15.06. Page 9, Table If, errors in calculation corrected make total grain consumed 264,988 pounds; corn stover, 37,442 pounds; molasses, 2,048 pounds; oats, 1,070 pounds. Total food cost should be $11,690.16 in place of $11,794.80 and food cost per cow in Table III should be 89.24 in place o£ 90.04; hence the food cost of one quart of milk (page 17) should be ^.^^ cents in place of 3.35 MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. AMHERST, MASS. COMMITTEE ON EXPERIMENT STATION: Charles H. Preston, Chairman, Wilfrid Wheeler, Arthur G. Pollard, Charles E. Ward, Harold L. Frost. The President of the College, ex Officio, The Director of the Station, ex Officio. William P. Brooks, Ph. D., Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph. D., George E. Stone, Ph. D., Frank A. Waugh, M. Sc, J. E. Ostrander, C. E., James B. Paige, D. V. S., Henry T. Fernald, Ph. D., Fred C. Sears, M. Sc. Burton N. Gates, Ph. D., John C. Graham, B. Sc, Edward B. Holland, M. Sc, Fred W. Morse, M. Sc, Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc, Philip H. Smith, M. Sc, *George H. Chapman, B. Sc, Orton C. Clark, B. Sc, Jacob K. Shaw, Ph. D., H. D. Goodale, Ph. D., Henry J. Franklin, Ph. D., Edwin F. Gaskill, B. Sc, A. I. Bourne, B. A., E. A. Larrabee, B. Sc, Lewell S. Walker, B. Sc, R. W. Ruprecht, B. Sc, CaRLETON P- Towpc i^f '"- Director and Agriculturist. Vice Director and Chemist. Veg. Physiologist atid Pathologist. Horticulturist. Meteorologist. Veterina?'iafi. Entomologist. Pomologist. Apiarist. Poultry Husband}nan. Associate Chemist (Research Sec) Research Chemist (Research Sec.) Chemist in Charge (Fertihzer Sec.) Chemist " (Feed and Dairy Sec.) Research Vegetable Physiologist. Assistant Botanist. Research Pomologist. Research Biologist, (Poultry Dept.) /// Charge Crafiberty Sub-Statioti. Assistant Agriculturist. Assistant Entot/iologist. Ass't Veg. Physiorg'st a n dPa th oPg'st. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Record of the Station Dairy Herd THE COST OF MILK PRODUCTION. By J. B. LiNDSEY.* FOREWORD. Since i8g6 the experiment station has kept a herd of from six to twelve cows primarily for the purpose of studying the relative values of coarse and of concentrated feedstuffs upon growth and milk pro- duction, and also for investigating the effect of the different groups of nutrients upon the chemical character of the milk fat. With such objects in view it has, of course, not been possible to ascertain the complete cost of milk production. An exact record, however, has been kept of the food consvmied by each animal in the herd and of the composition and amount of the milk produced. It is believed that the data accumulated are of sufficient importance to warrant publication. HISTORY OF THE HERD. The original herd was purchased of farmers in the vicinity. In case an animal did not serve its purpose it was replaced by the pur- chase of a mature cow fresh in milk. The animals were mostly grade Jerseys, the prevailing breed in this locality at the time. In 1903 the station began to keep up its herd by the use of a pure bred Jersey bull and a number of pure bred Jersey heifers were also pur- chased. The addition, by breeding, of a few grade Holsteins and Ayrshires has lately been made. Until 1905 practically all of the *The complete tabulation of the individual cow records was made by Mr. P. H. Smith to whom due credit should be given. The data were arranged for publication and the bulletin prepared by Dr. Lindsey. cows were mature and in condition to make the largest returns for a number of years. Later, with the frequent addition of heifers with first calves, the average milk yield was naturally somewhat lessened. It was not considered advisable for the station to keep a pure bred herd for the reason that it was necessary to change animals frequent- ly. On the whole the cows bred at the station proved more satis- factory than those purchased, although some home bred heifers did not show improvement over their dams and were discarded. The cows weighed from 650 to 11 00 pounds; the average weight ap- proximated 900 pounds. The herd has been comparatively free from disease. Two slight outbreaks of abortion have occured, introduced unquestionably from a purchased animal or by the use of an outside bull. One outbreak of tuberculosis was experienced some nine years ago due to the acci- dental introduction of a diseased cow. Four animals became infected and when slaughtered proved to be slightly diseased. The present herd of twelve milking cows and several head of young stock were tested with tuberculin during the winter of 19 13 without reaction. We have had practically no trouble in keeping out tuberculosis when only occasional tuberculin-tested animals were purchased. METHOD OF FEEDING AND CARE. The cows have been kept in separate stalls, water being constantly before them by the aid of a self-watering device. They have been fed twice daily, both the roughage and grain as a rule being given them after milking in the morning and before milking in the evening. Feeds having a pronounced flavor or odor are fed after milking. Feeding in the middle of the day is considered un- necessary and expensive. After the consumption of the feed, the cow is perfectly contented to lie down and chew her cud. Two ounces of salt mixed with the grain are fed daily. During the winter the animals are turned into the barnyard daily for from three to six hours whenever the weather conditions are suitable. In the summer months they are in the same barnyard for a much longer period daily, and are also turned out at night after they have eaten. Only the dry cows have been sent to pasture. The cows are bred to calve in the early autumn if possible. In summer they are fed grain and hay and partially soiled with some 50 pounds daily of such green feeds as clover, alfalfa, peas and oats, barnyard millet and corn fodder. The manure is remo\"ed twice daily and the cows carded and brushed once a day. Once during the year the barn is thoroughly brushed out and then sprayed with warm water to which is added as much cresol as it will take up (few per cent)*. Stalls and gutters are sprayed at more frequent intervals. Sawdust or baled shavings are used as bedding in sufficient amounts to keep the animals clean. The barn wings in which the animals are housed are heated in winter to a temperature of 50 degrees by steam from the college central heating plant. The barn is in a very exposed place and if this were not done our opportunity for experimentation would be seriously interfered with. Care is taken to keep the barn well ventilated by means of windows, some of which are made to open at the top and bottom and others are hinged at the bottom to open in- ward. (Sherringham valve). KEEPING RECORDS. The grain and hay are weighed out daily and the weights recorded on prepared blanks. The milk produced at each milking is also weighed on a Chatillon spring balance and the result immediately set down on a record blank. During parts of the year composite samples of each cow's milk are made weekly, and when the animals are not used in an experiment a five-day composite sample is taken monthly ; all samples are tested for fat and solids. It will thus be seen that very complete records have been kept of the food consumed and the milk produced. No effort has been made to record the cost of caring for the animals and their product. *Sulpho-naphthol is also satisfactory. TABLE I. Total Feeds Consumed, 1896—1911. is 0 •a £. 0 Name. ^ ^ c Pi aT bp S3 c . 0) 0 IT; a; C u 3 rt 'rt i?'^' _rt 0)^0 i> t-^Q ^5 1n a ^ ^'-~t OJ 0-^ rt >! c X X 0 a u S CU Red 1896 2221 2398 4600 1730 i'55 1258' 70 Bessie 1896 1897 1898 IS99 2I18 2843 2258 1 84 1 1654 3785 5565 5260 7255 6340 2220 2956 3180 4955 4460 4985 — — 724' 90^ 56 1900 2863 5038 2300 6663 — 85 — — — Beauty IS96 2201 2627 6120 1742 11S5 — 1284' 90' 52 1897 2099 4507 6080 1420 — — — — 33 1898 2357 6002 2569 4415 — — — — — 1899 2182 5404 2953 2809 — — — 34 Spot 1896 2224 2410 5206 i860 1 1 70 — 1217^ — 49 Jennie 1897 2339 372S 4620 2580 — — — — 33 1898 2032 4825 2150 3720 — — — — 65 1899 2104 4907 2920 1525 — — — — 1900 1694 3979 2300 1991 — 199 — — 99 Mary IS97 244S 4130 4640 5005 — — — — — 1898 2432 5284 2150 3920 — — — — — 1899 1807 5210 2991 5045 — — — — — Black 1897 •779 249S 3010 5270 — — — — — Guernsey . . 1897 2053 2696 3625 5360 — — — — — 1898 2265 5272 2080 3800 — 90 — — — 1899 2500 4368 2960 5499 — — — — — Midget 1897 I89S 2736 2230 3100 4698 4805 181 I 4920 3340 — — — 1899 2077 4538 2728 2345 — — — — 36 Mildred IS97 2610 2933 6552 5225 — — — — — 1898 2251 4756 2045 3915 — — — — — 1899 1865 4445 2689 2999 — — — — 30 1900 2255 4078 21 lO 2839 — 168 — — 57 Nina 1898 2043 4299 2022 1930 — — — — 69 1899 2288 4505 2571 2945 — — — — 54 1900 2166 3166 1923 3 '74 — 159 — — 76 Alice 1898 2260 5527 I72I 3280 — — — — — Blossom 1898 2255 5151 2245 3S60 — — — — — 1899 6631 4705 2782 4420 — — — — 13 Sadie 1898 1844 3960 1773 1448 — — — — 76 1899 2260 4659 2731 2135 — — — — 36 1900 1891 3688 2064 1843 — 219 — — 88 Susie 1 89S 2562 5228 2550 3850 — — — — — Pearl 1900 2II5 4370 2252 32S2 — 276 — — 82 I 90 I 3003 7169 6404 — — — — — Dora igor 1838 515' 3753 — — - — — 73 1902 1629 5041 40 3750 — — — — 63 1903 2024 4055 3241 1407 — — — — 72 1904 I7I3 45" 3276 1479 — — I 95-' — 54 1905 2148 3727 3438 2716 — — — — 59 Ruth 1 90 1 I9I8 4948 3-38 — — — — 77 Brighty 1902 1759 4907 40 3345 ~ ~ 71 ■ Cottonseed feed. 2 Cotton hulls. i Molasses. TABLE I (Continued). Name. u 1 o :2 > o a u a; > O n: r. O CQ u Linnie . . May . . Red II . Blanche Rhoda Daisy . Doliska Fancy . Gladys . May Rio Molly .... Samantha 72 58 45 75 64 72 - 66 88 14 II 37 57 1903 1940 3917 3595 1032 1904 1807 4333 4064 1310 — 994 104' — 1902 1977 5180 12 999 — 400 "35' — •903 '934 4238 3324 1946 — — — — 1902 1997 5979 40 3990 — — — — 1903 2157 4964 3874 1596 — — — — 1904 1958 4941 4154 4910 — 1372 205' — 1905 1490 4313 3032 34" — — «93' — 1906 1891 4069 2885 1560 — — K — 1902 1881 5518 40 4721 — 585 1945' — •903 22x5 3963 3055 7121 — 197 — — 1904 2209 55'9 4691 4560 — 1 184 95' — 1905 --356 5027 3977 454S — 988 — — 1906 2054 .5015 3510 902 — 1277 171' — 1901 28S7 6717 6063 — — — 1902 1912 5869 37 3104 — — — — 1903 2269 5047 3798 1569 — — — — 1904 2081 5143 4722 1310 — 1264 55' — 1905 2207 4756 3485 3>68 — 786 — 1906 i860 4504 3488 824 — — — — 1902 2311 4820 40 3660 — — — — 1903 1641 3459 3055 165 — — — — 1903 1948 4407 3485 1846 — — — 1904 1S49 4900 3276 2432 — — 180' — 1905 1903 4674 2182 1694 — — 216' — 1906 1921 4219 2325 1634 — — — — 1907 1864 4882 3355 75 — — — 1908 1512 4494 — — — — — — 1909 17.5 4797 — 355 — — — — 1903 1980 4157 2898 1564 — 65 — — 1905 1889 4124 3854 1912 — — 193; — 1906 2534 4058 2325 1559 — — 38' — 1907 1938 4707 — 1200 75 — — — 1905 1547 3697 33" 3893 831 — — 1906 2016 4207 2258 4150 — 1485 — — 1907 2063 6598 635 75 — — — 1908 2261 5287 — 5630 620 34* — 1909 2045 5090 2947 — — — — I9IO 1747 5701 — 3661 619 1213 — — I9II '598 5672 — 3320 — 985 319' 98^ 1905 1602 3405 3751 3051 — 680 — — 1906 1941 4105 2330 1234 — — — — 1907 1720 4387 — 2265 75 — — — 1908 2111 5219 — 3324 — — — — 1909 2(13 5136 — 4375 — 175 — — I9IO 1836 5979 — 4507 312 1360 124' — 1905 I5I2 43" 1992 2698 — 455 308' — 1906 2092 5315 2325 2276 — 25' — 1907 2280 6040 2475 75 — 72 58 48 lOI 68 112 55 41 55 77 70 III 75 57 66 95 75 49 33 59 87 51 79 46 55 ' Molasses. 2 Apple Pomace. 3 Cocoanut meal. '' Cocoa hulls. s Oats. TABLE I (Continued). Name. .y. "C ^ ^ ■d J, '^ S-^ c b'C o ffi 1 ^j" 0)'::: > o ipH IT: Q7! •-" (/

z — 1214 324- 82-* — 420 — — 60 — — 706 373 1350 30- — — — 172- 40-^ — 200 — — 3 S03 29^ 1250' ( 330' s — 1040 172- lor — 379 — — 309 1317 31; 172- 4^^ 417 1072 — — — 1344 218- 39' 250 1070 ~K — 171 1215 1112 131' 26^ 40' 216* 42' — 1125 95' — 40 62 62 69 37 35 62 57 49 47 55 53 ■ Potatoes. ^ Cocoanut meal. 3 Cocoa hulls. i Oats. TABLE II. Total Cost of Feeds Consumed.* Feedstuff. Grain Hay and Rowen. Silage . Green Feed .... Beets Cotton Hulls. . . . Corn Stover Apple Pomace . . Molasses Potatoes Cocoanut Meal . . Cottonseed Feed Oats Cocoa Hulls Pasture (days) . . . Amount Con- sumed, lbs. 272,018 631,422 238,470 395.9'8 7,279 I So 36,479 3,080 2,347 2,170 2,104 4,483 524 621 4,980 Price Per Ton. $32.00 18.00 4-5° 3-50 6.00 8.00 7 .00 4.00 25.00 10.00 26.00 20.00 30.00 15.00 5c per day.t Total Cost. ^4,352.29 5,682.80 536.56 692.86 21.84 0.72 127.68 6.16 29-34 10.85 27-35 44-83 7.86 4.66 249.00 ;^i 1,794. 80 *Since the above was compiled, grain and hay have advanced in price, t For dry cows ; may be too low for some localities. Instead of allowing the market prices prevailing in different years for grain, hay and other feedstuffs, it was thought it would be more instructive to figure the cost at the prices prevailing during the past four or five years. The price of grain is based on ton lots for cash delivered at the feeding barn. Hay is supposed to have been grown upon the farm and has been estimated at the market value in the mow. It is believed that the prices are fairly representative. Some may consider the estimated cost per ton of the silage too high. In the station herd no silage has been fed since 1906. During the summer when the cows were in milk they were fed on soiling crops, hay and grain. This method naturally increased the feed cost somewhat. As a summary of Tables I and II we have the following : TABLE III. Average Cost of Grain and Roughage Per Com'. Number Yearly Records Grain Roughage Total Food Cost per Cow Percentage Cost of Grain Percentage Cost of Roughage Total Av. per Cost Cow Total Cost Av. per Cow 131 $4416.84 $33.72 $7377-96 I56.32 $90.04 37-4 62.6 It will be seen that the average cost of food consumed per cow was $90.04 and that the cost of grain was 37.4 percent of the total cost. TABLE IV. ^Estimated Expenses Other Than Cost of Feed. (Fixed Charges). Basis '^O Cows. 1. Barn for housing cow and feed, (per cow), . $75.00* Interest, taxes, depreciation, repairs and insurance, 10 per cent, . . — 2. Value of cow, ...... 75.00! Interest and taxes, 7 percent, . . — Depreciation, 15 percent, ... — $ 7-5° 5-25 11.25 *It is recognized that modern dairy barns, especially if built partly of cement, would cost very much more. The above figure is intended more as an average for existing buildings. tLarge heavy milking cows, if purchased fresh at market centers, would cost from $25 to ^35 more. II 3- Value of barn tools, dairy implements, and the like, per cow, .... 7.62 Interest and depreciation, 15 percent, — 1.15 4. Value of perishable tools and supplies, per cow, (cards, brushes, record sheets, soap, salt, ice, bedding, veterinary ser- vice, etc.) ...... — 9.00 5. Cost of pure bred bull, per cow, . . — 4.00 6. Care of cow and milk for one year, . . — 35 -oo ^73-15 It must be borne in mind that the above figures are esti?nates only. Large items such as cream separators, steam boilers, power cutters and the like have not been included in the estimates. In some cases the estimate may be too high ; in others it is doubtful if it meets the actual expenses incurred. Much depends upon the kind of barn and equipment and whether the owner assists and exercises careful sup>ervision in caring for the stock. Various estimates have been made of the cost of caring for the cow and milk for one year, varying from $18 to ^45. It is felt that $35 is not excessive considering the present cost of labor and the difficulty of securing reliable help. If dairymen will keep reasonably careful accounts of all expenses including interest on the investment, yearly losses, depreciation on buildings, tools and stock, and actual cost of labor both in caring for the cow and her product, they will see that it amounts to a considerable sum for each cow kept. In making the above estimate the intention has been to provide sufficient tools and help to keep the barn and cows in respectable condition and to pro- duce a reasonably clean milk. Credit for Manure and Calf. 3 cords of manure at $5.00 a cord at the barn, . . . $15.00 I calf yearly, ......... 2.00 $17.00 It is very difficult to put a commercial value on the manure excreted by the animal yearly so much depends on how it is cared for, etc. Considerable is also voided in the pasture ; this has not as great a value as that collected at the barn. A credit of three cords per cow yearly, equal in commercial value to $15.00, is as high an average figure as one is justified in giving it. It is doubtful if the average calf from a grade herd will bring over $2.00. Deduct- ing $17.00 from the fixed charge of $73.15 one has substantially $56.00 as the net fixed charge* to be added to the food cost (15.3 cents per day). *Triieman of the Connecticut (Storrs) Station gives $50. as the net fixed charge after allowing $15. for manure and calf while Minkler of the New Jersey Station places the amount at 1^70.22 without making the allowance. If $1$. should be deducted, the net charge would be $55.22. Detailed data of these two investigations is given elsewhere in this bulletin. 13 TABLE V. Yield ol Milk and Milk Inj^redients — Complete Yearly Records. Name. ^ s ■6 - 73. 0) 0 C £ -^. g •Ji u fu 01 ^ 0^ ol > ^ i • H fe 1896 290 6500.2 12.91 832.5- 4.26 1896 300 7015.8 13- 32 933-1 4- 61 1897 365 8322.2 13- 53 1119.1 4- 61 1898 289 73II.O 14- 09 1012. 9 4. 87 1899 259 6975-3 14. 09 982.8 4- 87 1900 365 10738.0 13- 65 1465.7 4. 70 1S96 296 6218.7 14. 58 903-8 5- 19 1897 295 5749-8 14. 61 797-5 5- 18 1898 346 6578.9 15- 14 986.5 5- 3' 1899 315 6813.4 15- 14 1031.5 5- 31 1896 309 5802.9 14. 43 831-4 5 02 1897 271 6071.8 15- 48 939-6 5- 68 1898 297 6228.4 15- 68 963.1 5- 68 1899 286 7128.2 15- 68 1117.7 5 68 1900 237 5929.6 15- 58 923.8 5 68 1S97 299 5940-3 14 24 839-1 4 89 1898 304 7401.6 14 09 1037.2 4 88 1899 243 6729.1 14 09 948.1 4 88 1897 288 5095 • I 14 70 721.8 5 28 1S97 275 5627.3 14 14 791.6 5 07 1898 321 5203.7 15 09 785-9 5 67 1899 313 7996.3 15 09 ■ 1206.6 5 67 1897 334 7022.8 13 73 956.5 4 43 1898 273 5736-7 14 39 812.2 4 62 1S99 281 7398.9 14 39 1064.7 4 62 1897 3'7 7068.6 12 70 893-4 3 87 1898 289 6441 .6 12 81 822.1 4 06 1899 238 4643 -9 12 81 594-9 4 06 1900 283 8119.2 12 76 1036.0 3 97 1898 280 5766.7 13 39 762.5 4 22 1899 302 7390.6 13 39 989.6 4 22 1900 261 6003.3 13 39 803.8 4 15 1897 340 6537-8 13 94 910.9 4 62 1S98 302 6266.9 14 60 912. 1 5 02 1899 347 6734-9 14 60 983-3 5 02 1898 265 4980.2 14 14 703.2 5 04 1899 318 6772.8 14 14 957-7 5 04 1900 • 242 5825.0 14 14 823.7 5 04 1898 365 6634.5 15 92 1047.4 6 09 1900 258 6519.2 14 51 945^9 5 67 I9OI 365 7918.2 14 51 1148.9 5 67 I9OI 290 6528.3 14 21 1069.8 4 92 1902 282 6194.8 13 •73 850.6 4 71 1903 280 6529.5 13 •79 807.9 4 .86 1904 284 6165.7 13 .80 850.5 4 ■75 1905 303 6207 . I 13 .46 829.7 4 •47 Red . . . Bessie . Beauty Spot Jennie . . . Mary Black . . . Guernsey Midget Mildred Nina . . . Alice Blossom . Sadie . . . Susie. . . . Pearl . . . , Dora . . . 273 319 378 350 339 504 319 296 350 361 2S7 346 350 404 336 286 355 328 250 282 294 453 306 264 341 270 260 188 322 240 311 249 302 314 338 249 341 293 399 369 448 370 291 3'5 333 271 319 373 442 408 396 588 373 345 408 422 335 404 408 472 392 333 414 383 291 329 343 528 357 308 398 315 303 220 376 280 363 290 353 366 394 291 398 342 465 431 523 431 340 368 389 3>7 14 TABLE V (Continued). Name. ^ c V an rt rt fe tu Ruth .. Brighty Linnie . . May . . . Red II Rhoda . Doliska Daisy . . Blanche Fancy Molly . Gladys May Rio Samantha 1 90 1 1902 1903 1904 1902 1903 1902 '903 1904 1905 1906 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 igo2 1903 1903 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1 90 1 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 •905 1906 1907 1905 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 191 1 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1906 276 5074 7 282 5557 b 15- 280 5828 9 15- 296 5718 8 rs- 296 6196 9 14. 277 6790 6 14. 28s 6457 I '5- 281 6343 2 14. 366 593' 3 '4 266 4740 3 14. 269 5056 5 14 254 4760 4 12. 27b 9053 4 12 . 290 8517 I 12. 286 7919 2 12. 290 7826 6 12. 282 5844 5 '3- 253 4977 2 13 277 6837 I 12. 298 S636 0 ■S- 306 59S6 3 15- 303 4956 4 '5- 269 4412 8 15- 267 5333 0 '5- 221 3940 I 15- 235 4665 5 14- 365 7528 3 14. 266 5700 1 14 277 6999 r 14. 295 7101 5 14 289 5260 3 '4- 276 445' 8 14. 302 5961 5 13- 283 5'93 9 13- 2S8 6640 8 14. 277 4622 3 15 303 4215 b 14 306 5387 7 14 278 6142 2 '4- 292 5279 b 14 28r 6028 .6 '4 357 6500 3 14 288 4498 b 13 299 4656 9 14 297 5160 4 14 245 5027 1 '5 281 5561 8 "4 302 55'5 5 '4 349 6524 •9 15 310 6042 b 14 856.9 876.5 87i-.6r 875.6 958 969 939 881 694 753-6 597-9 1 1 66 . 1 1049.7 985.7 996.1 806.0 679.1 856.8 864.9 902.4 756.2 679.0 825.8 594-6 685.8 I 069. 8 809.9 1 006 . 1 1 008 . 7 747-9 644.9 8,5.4 713-2 921.4 690.5 6r4.2 786.6 891.2 760.8 852. 1 946.3 637 -4 676.7 764.4 7527 822.8 803.9 967.6 902.2 04 205. 98 332 . 89. 342. 03- 340 23 324 2b 353- 3« 347- 29 334- 46 3.8. .28 237. .26 264. •13 196. .24 377- •'7 346- .01 3'2. .22 325- -75 277. .78 232. .78 257- .84 325- -54 328. .58 271. •76 253- .82 309- -79 227. .06 266. .92 370. .92 280. •03 35'- .00 3bb. .76 2 SO. .98 220. .60 2(.6. .6s 241- ■«3 3.b .08 232 .38 224 .56 289 .28 327 •36 286 -.34 321 -55 363 ■5^ 252 ,40 244 -72 293 .84 291 •97 3,33 .89 32 s .05- ■387 ■44 328 239.2 387-7 399-1 397 -o 378-' 412.8 405.3 390-4 371 -I 277-S 308.4 229.4 440.0 404.5 364.2 379-2 323-9 271.7 300.0 380.0 383-0 316.2 295.2 361 .0 265.4 310.5 432-1 327-2 410.0 427 292 257 3" 281 369 270.6 261.8 338.1 381.6 333.7 375-2 423.6 294.1 285 6 342.1 340.1 3S8.6 379-7 452.6 383.8 IS TABLE V (Continued). Name. A S c u >» rt >" Q oft* Betty Maude Cecile Chub Minnie . . . Mary Red III.. Betty II... Amy Fancy II . Ida Fancy III 1907 1 90S 1909 1910 191 1 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 191 1 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 191 1 1908 1 90S 1909 1908 1908 1909 1910 1911 1909 1910 1911 1910 1911 1910 191 1 1910 1911 191 1 293 293 298 283 332 289 286 285 301 285 3-8 304 285 298 308 284 292 2 So 277 291 280 290 299 283 320 300 272 314 294 308 286 285 286 287 6456 8 15 00 1046 2 5 53 384 6 448. 6197 5 15 '3 940 2 5 78 360 6 420. 631 1 5 15 00 936 4 5 99 378 4 441. 6801 8 14 99 1021 5 5 27 401 3 468. 6550 6 '5 30 1003 I 6 20 407 7 47i. 4784 5 14 74 692 9 5 20 241 I 281. 5790 2 '4 •7 819 2 4 94 285 8 333- 6123 3 14 47 S84 8 5 21 3'8 3 371- 5530 2 14 3' 791 4 5 21 289 9 338. 6004 2 14 46 865 3 5 15 309 8 361. 5969 3 14 3' 853 3 5 14 307 .2 358. 4002 6 15 13 603 2 5 6r 220 I 256. 5730 7 14 .4S : 8r3 9 4 95 277 4 323- 6176 5 14 22 877 3 5 10 315 2 367- 5304 0 13 08 755 8 5 36 281 2 328. 6S54 6 14 46 989 6 5 23 358 7 418. 6I5S 4 14 21 875 7 4 98 308 8 360. 4707 3 12 42 583 2 3 85 180 3 210 5010 5 12 79 589 I 4 08 187 8 219. 5457 •3 18 7 '5 8 4 26 229 7 268. 6688 5 13 56 902 2 4 44 294 2 343- 5010 6 13 38 665 5 5 02 258 9 302. 6207 I 13 42 829 0 5 20 321 3 374- 6490 8 14 01 889 4 5 30 337 4 393- 6900 5 13 67 940 7 5 y:, 366 5 427. 5158 3 13 86 696 I 4 8s 274 3 320. 7404 8 13 66 1003 6 4 76 347 9 405. 6715 5 13 87 934 9 4 91 333 0 388. 4472 8 14 88 665 I 5 70 255 4 262. 4177 3 14 76 615 4 5 73 239 9 279. 4403 S 13 80 603 8 4 90 213 7 249. 4897 4 13 88 676 4 5 09 247 8 289. 3940 6 16 04 632 5 6 64 261 2 304- 4155 0 16 12 656 3 6 83 277 2 323 5164 I 13 14 675 5 4 70 239 5 279 i6 The chief feature to be noted in studying the above records is the fluctuation in the amount of milk produced by the same cow in differ- ent years. A high production one year is likely to be followed by a low production the following year. This is quite often due to differ- ent intervals of calving. Some cows, on the contrary, give a very even yield for a number of years, due largely to regularity in calving. It should be noted further that only one cow has had seven con- tinuous yearly records ; after a few years something is likely to happen rendering an animal unsuited for further service. A number of heif- ers of our own raising have been in milk from three to six years and bid fair to be of use for some time to come. TABLE VI. Summary of Yield. Yearly Records Milk Pounds Solids Percent Solids Pounds Fat Percent Fat Pounds Butter (Va.t + i-61 Pounds Total, 131 790756.5 14. II I 1 1613.8 5.07 40054.9 46694.7 Average per cow, 6036.3 14.II 852.0 5.07 305.8 3564 The records of these 131 cows show that the average yearly yield was substantially 6000 pounds of 5 percent milk, equivalent to 356 pounds of butter. This is a very satisfactory record for either a grade or pure-bred Jersey herd. It must be remembered that the animals were selected, well cared for and intelligently fed. Comparatively few^ herds kept under conditions usually prevailing would have reached so high a production. >7 TABLE VII. Cost of Production. >• OJ C iS a 0 V Net Yearly Fixed Char- ges per Cow (Estimated) a b Average Yearly Yield per Cow Cost of Milk Pounds Quarts 100 pounds I Quart (Cents) $90.04 $56.00 $146.04 6036.3 2683 $2.42 5.45 In making the above calculations a quart of milk has been held to weigh 2.25 pounds. The theoretical weight is 2.15 pounds but the shrinkage in handling is sufficient to warrant the use of 2.25 as a practical conversion figure from pounds to quarts. The food cost of a quart is found to be 3.35 cents and the cost for care and supplies (net fixed charges), 2.10 cents. The figures indicate that the farmer having a superior herd of Jersey grades whose average milk yield is 6000 lbs. per cow, should receive substantially 5.5 cents per quart for it at the farm in order to get a fair market price for his roughage, and $35.00 per year for his labor, per cow, or $420.00 for 12 cows. If he had ordinary pasture for his herd this cost might be slightly re- duced.* Profit other than the sale of roughage is not included, neither is allowance made for cost of supervision. Even if his herd consisted of grade Holsteins or x\yrshires it is doubtful if he would find it profitable to sell his milk for less, unless the average yearly yield was considerable in excess of the above. *The dry weather of the last few summers has greatly reduced the value of the pasture. i8 DATA FROM OTHER SOURCES. I. The Connecticut (Storrs) Experiment Station in Bulletin 73 gives complete data for five years, 1907-1911, of which the following is a summary : Year '0 Bo 0) OJ D. < 01 be a. 0 U "So H Average Produc- tion per Cow Cost of Milk Pounds Quarts 100 Pounds Quart (Cents) 1907 1908 1909 1910 191 1 22 •9 27 29 27 $72.85 77.08 8755 87.49 95-37 $50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 $122.85 127.0S 137-55 13749 145-37 4935-7 6342.4 6946.5 7082.2 6586.9 2193.6 2818.8 3087-3 3'47-6 2927.5 $2.49 2.00 1.98 I 94 2.21 5.60 4-5' 4-46 4-37 4-97 Average 124** $84.07 $50.00 $134-07 637S.7 2835-0 $2 12 4.78 The herd was composed of Jerseys, Guernseys, Holsteins and Ayrshires. Accurate accounts were kept not only of the cost of feed but also of labor and other items of expense. The average for five years for 124 cows showed that the average cow produced 6379 pounds (2835 quarts) of 4.34 percent milk at a cost of 4.78 cents per quart at the barn. 2. The New Jersey Stationf gives a careful account of the cost of the milk produced by its herd of 31 selected grade Holstein, Jersey, Ayrshire and Guernsey cows for the year 1909, of which the following is an abstract : "c 1 0) > p. < Average Food Cost per Cow aj 0) aJ 01 0. +j 0 U oJ 0 oU H Average Produc- tion per Cow Cost of Milk . iF^t^ O CO r-l oT-^ coo>c>o>o> oo oooooooo oooooooo CO CO CO CO CO CO coco to ■'I* t^ <3> CO lOr-i t^r-iCO CO CO f-« csi o> c «o^^t^^^«>c PSPS Q o OJ o o ••axi.> T3 OJ CJ ri „ <;CQ0Q[i,2;c«t;2H ^ s c c 4; a ^ rt ^^ ..S.S6g ^O a ?i « t: _5- . ca . -^ rt rt J2 ' — i ^ •J I' catn c .m3 3 -"o ^ ocfit/j O 3 S bo M M tt M '^ C C C C C 01 =;s — — — >> =1 — 0 do 1 KM a : i> . . 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Its protein content and digestibility are lowered in proportion to the amount of the hulls or hard outer covering of the seed remaining in the cake or added to it after grinding. Where none of the hull is removed, or enough is left to bring the protein content below 36 per cent, the product is known as cottonseed feed. In purchasing, preference should be given to those brands running uniformly low in fiber and high in protein. Cottonseed meal containing a large amount of lint should also be avoided as being inferior in feeding value. Cottonseed meal is one of the cheapest sources of protein and, on account of the nitrogen and phosphates which it contains, has a manurial value greater than any other feed. Two to three pounds daily fed with other more bulky feeds is usually con- sidered more satisfactory than larger amounts. Cottonseed meal has a tendency to make hard, firm butter. Most of the cottonseed meal found on the market was of good quality. Occasional samples were found below guarantee and, in the future, more attention will be paid to these inferior articles. Cottonseed feed (meal and hulls) cannot be considered eco- nomical for the northern feeder. The hulls do not have a digestibility equal to good timothy hay. They should be utilized in the South, where the cost of transportation is not a factor in fixing the price. The "Royal" brand of cottonseed feed ran uniformly high in fiber content, which detracted from its feeding value. Average Analyses and Retail Prices. High Grades Medium Grades High and Me (Choice). (Prime and Good). dium Grades. 1911. 1911. 1911. No. Samples, 15 15 30 Protein (per cent), 42.37 39.69 41.03 Fat (per cent). 8.38 8.07 8.23 Fiber (per cent), 6.86 8.54 7.70 Price a ton. $34.36 $33.84 $34.06 48 1912. 1912. 1912. No. Samples, 42 22 64 Protein (per cent), 42.06 39.10 41.04 Fat (per cent), 7.83 7.57 7.74 Fiber (per cent), . 7.86 9.36 8.38 Price a ton, $34.70 $33.85 $34.40 1913. 1913. 1913. No. Samples, 31 56 87 Protein (per cent), 42.56 38.86 40.18 Fat (per cent), 7.56 7.79 7.71 Fiber (per cent). 7.79 9.90 9.15 Price a ton. $34.47 $34.56 $34.53 It is worthy of note that the medium grades sold for as much money at retail as the high grades. Query ! ! Is the buyer suffi- ciently careful when purchasing? Linseed meal was, or at least could have Linseed Meal. been, sold during the past season at a retail Page 8. hgure which would make it an economical feeding stuff. In many cases, for reasons best known to the retailers, the same price was maintained as in the previous season. Linseed meal, when fed in moderate amounts, is an excellent food for all classes of livestock, although when used to any extent for dairy cows it has a tendency to make the butter soft and salvy. It approaches cottonseed meal in feeding value. The terms "new process" and "old process" refer to the method of extracting the oil. the "old process" meal containing noticeably more oil than the "new process." The difference in feeding value is not worth consideration. While oil meal is very seldom adul- terated, a number of instances have been noted where the meal has contained a considerable amount of screenings. The terms "oil cake" and "oil meal" are quite generally used for linseed oil cake or linseed meal. The writer believes that the latter terms are preferable. Average Analyses and Retail Prices. Nezu Process. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. No. Samples, 5 2 5 4 Protein (per cent), 37.96 39.95 37.10 37.21 Fat (per cent), 2.50 2.70 2.31 2.31 Fiber (per cent), — 7.20 8.29 8.59 Price a ton, $37.80 $39.00 $41.60 $39.00 49 Old Process. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. No. Samples, 17 8 18 31 Protein (per cent), 35.96 37.11 35.61 34.56 Fat (per cent), 6.10 5.76 6.72 6.74 Fiber (per cent), — 7.15 7.45 7.76 Price a ton, $40.65 $40.50 $43.29 $40.03 Gluten meal, a by-product from the manu- Gluten Meal. facture of starch from corn, is again in the Page 9. market after a lapse of several years. On the basis of its composition and digestibility, it has 10 per cent greater feeding value than cottonseed meal. It should not be confused with gluten feed, which has noticeably less protein. Average Analysis and Retail Price. 1913. No. Samples, 9 Protein (per cent), 41.88 Fat (per cent), 3.18 Fiber (percent), 2.31 Price a ton, $36.00 Gluten feed is a mixture consisting largely Gluten Feed. of gluten meal, corn bran, broken corn Pages 9-10. germs and other residual material derived from Indian corn in the manufacture of cornstarch. It varies much in color and acidity, depending upon the method of manufacture, condition of the seed from which it is derived, the use of added coloring matter and the addition or omission of the condensed "steep water." The last mentioned is a very dilute solution of sulfurous acid in which the corn is soaked preparatory to separating the starch. This steep water dissolves out considerable of the proteids and phosphates. For- merly this material was allowed to run to waste, but in many factories it is now condensed, the acid neutralized, and the residue added to the gluten feed. The addition of this residue increases the ash and protein content of the feed but does not improve its physical appearance. At a meeting of the Association of Feed Control Officials, held in 1913, it was voted not to recognize the terms "gluten feed" and "gluten meal" but in their place to substitute "cornstarch by-product with corn bran" for gluten feed, and "cornstarch by- 1911. 1912. 1913. 11 30 41 35.77 35.64 35.71 3.35 3.57 3.34 6.42 6.63 6.67 $38.88 $33.86 $31.96 50 product without corn bran" for gluten meal. While this action can merely be considered advisory, a number of feed control officials in other states have adopted the nomenclature. The above information is stated here for the benefit of the reader. Gluten feed is a satisfactory and economical feed for stock when fed in conjunction with other concentrates. It is not always found palatable when fed alone. Average Analyses and Retail Prices. No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent), Fiber (per cent). Price per ton. Distillers' grains are the by-product from Distillers' Dried the manufacture of distilled liquors from Grains. the cereal grains. The nature of the pro- Pages 10-11. cess is such that practically all of the starch and a considerable proportion of the soluble carbohydrates are removed from the grain, rendering the residue, known as distillers' grains, rich in protein, fiber and fat. Distillers' grains made from corn contain the most protein, while grains derived from rye, the least. Grains consisting of mixtures of rye and corn have a protein content in proportion to the relative amounts of the two grains used. Good corn grains contain from 38 to 33 per cent protein (while rye grains contain about 15 per cent) and have a feeding value substantially equal to gluten feed. Its bulky nature enhances its value as a grain feed for all kinds of stock. From 3 to 4 pounds daily, preferably mixed with other grain, is the usual feed for dairy animals. Popular opinion notwithstanding, the flavor and keeping qual- ity of the milk does not appear to be affected when this food constitutes as high as one-half of the grain ration. Continental Gluten Feed is a corn distillers' grain and not what is generally known as gluten feed. Average Analyses and Retail Prices. Corn Distillers' Grains. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. No. Samples, 14 7 33 34 Protein (per cent), 39.67 30.17 30.83 31.04 Fat (per cent), 11.16 11.84 11.64 10.75 Fiber (per cent). 13.34 11.16 10.64 11.37 Price a ton, $33.73 $33.66 $34.68 $34.53 51 Malt sprouts and brewers' grains are found Brewers* on the market more often as a component By-products. of stock and molasses feeds than as a feed Page 11. by themselves. This probably is due to the fact that they are excellent absorbents for molasses and when fed by themselves are rather unpalatable to most animals. Brewers' grains at prices usually prevailing are an economical and satisfactory food for either horses or dairy animals. Malt sprouts are more satisfactory as a food for dairy stock and, if fed in excess of 2 pounds daily, should be moistened with several times their weight of water. Average Analyses and Retail Prices. No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent), Fiber (per cent). Price a ton. Malt Sprouts. 1910. 8 26.72 1.01 12.58 $27.81 1911. 5 26.14 1.01 12.98 $26.50 1912. 17 25.94 1.45 11.19 $26.31 1913. 4 27.55 1.14 13.13 $28.20 No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent). Fiber (per cent). Price a ton. B reivers' 1910. 2 30.35 6.81 12.95 $30.00 Grains. 1911. 1 25.54 6.77 15.35 $27.00 1912. 3 26.52 5.87 13.85 $28.33 1913. 9 25.63 5.93 13.96 $29.43 Wheat by-products are more generally Wheat distributed than any other class of con- By-products, centrates. Pages 12-22. Wheat middlings vary in quality from Red Dog or low-grade flour to standard or brown middlings which contain very httle, if any, flour. The digestibility of middlings depends, to a considerable extent, upon the amount of flour they contain ; flour middlings having about 10 per cent greater feeding value than standard middlings. The difference in wholesale price between flour and standard mid- dlings is generally in proportion to their food value. Wheat mixed feed is theoretically the entire residue of the wheat kernel left after separating the commercial flour. Some millers have the mistaken idea that wheat mixed feed should also 52 legitimately contain all of the screenings, dirt and chaff purchased with the wheat regardless of quality. Wheat mixed feed may be the so-called "mill run" or it may be a mixture of bran and Red Dog put out by a jobber or wholesaler. A difference of 10 per cent in the feeding value is frequently noted between different samples of mixed feed, depending upon the amount of flour con- tained in the different brands. Some brands contained enough screenings to be considered adulterated, but, in keeping with our policy of not entering cases for prosecution during the year just past, offenders were simply warned. In a number of instances wheat feeds were guaranteed as containing screenings, which complies with the requirements of the Massachusetts law. Wheat bran has from 5 to 10 per cent less feeding value than wheat mixed feed. From the standpoint of nutrition, wheat bran cannot usually be considered economical, but on account of its beneficial effect on the animal, it is usually used as a component of the dairy ration and is also quite generally used as an occa- sional feed for horses. On account of its fiber content, it will not prove as valuable for hog feeding as middlings. The remarks in regard to screenings in wheat mixed feed apply with equal force to wheat bran. All of the wheat by-products ran quite uniformly true to guar- antee in regard to protein, fat and fiber. Average Analyses and Retail Prices. Wheat Middlings. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. No. Samples, 70 37 38 64 Protein (per cent), 17.88 — 17.7-1 17.88 Fat (per cent), 5.18 — 5.01 5.17 Fiber (per cent), — — 5.83 5.76 Price a ton, $31.59 $30.62 $33.66 $32.20 Wheat Mixed Feed. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. No. Samples, 163 76 138 184 Protein (per cent), 16.97 — 16.99 16.91 Fat (per cent), 4.71 — 4.59 4.71 Fiber (per cent), — — 7.01 7.27 Price a ton, $29.93 $29.51 $32.19 $30.73 53 Wheat Brail. No. Samples, Protein (per cent), Fat (per cent), Fiber (per cent), Price a ton. 1910. 63 16.50 4.86 1911. 23 $38.68 $38.30 1912. 38 16.47 4.38 8.73 $31.58 1913. 57 15.86 4.73 9.48 $38.18 Rye feeds, the residue from the milhng of Rye Feeds. rye, are found to a Hmited extent in the Page 22. Massachusetts market. They contain a Httle less protein and rather more starchy matter than wheat middlings, but have a feeding value substan- tially equivalent to the latter. The samples collected were quite uniform and noticeably overran their guarantees. Wheat bran and corn-and-cob meal mix- Wheat Feeds tures have been on the market for a num- with ber of years and have usually sold at a Admixtures. price in excess of their feeding value. Page 23. These mixtures retailed at about the price of wheat bran. One thousand pounds of wheat bran, from 500 to 750 pounds of ground corncobs and from 350 to 500 pounds of corn meal would give a mixture analyzing approximately the same as feeds of this character. In other words, in every ton of this material the feeder purchases, he is paying wheat bran prices for from 500 to 750 pounds of corncobs. Buckeye feed is a mixture of wheat products and rye shorts. Its feeding value was equal to good wheat mixed feed. It over- ran its protein guarantee from 4 to 5 per cent. Dairy and Horse Feeds (more than 15 per cent Protein). Pages 23-25. Under this heading are grouped those feeds which contain more than 15 per cent of protein and are mixtures of several feeding stuffs. They usually purport to be com- plete grain rations for either dairy stock or horses, as designated. These mixtures vary to a considerable extent in chemical composition as well as in the ingredients of which they are composed. There is no apparent relation between the chemical composition, ingredients, and the selling price. Under the pres- ent law the buyer is able to know the character of the goods offered for sale and need not be misled by extravagant claims often made for inferior products. The feeder ought to consider the retail prices of the several ingredients before purchasing the 54 feeding mixture. Some of them contain only high-grade mate- rial while others contain low-grade milling offal in addition. Prices being equal, preference should be given to those feeds free from inferior products. In general it may be said that the quality of this class of feed stuffs has noticeably improved during the last few years. Some of the more prominent of these feeds are known under the brand names of Bibby's Oil Cake Dairy and Horse Feeds, Union Grains, Unicorn Ration, Buffalo Cereal Co. Creamery Feed, Wirthmore Balanced Ration, and Larro Feed. The history of molasses feeds has been Molasses one of progress. The first feeds of this Feeds. character brought into the New England Pages 26-27. markets were in poor mechanical condition, did not keep well because of excessive moisture, and also contained a multitude of viable weed seeds. In addition to this they were misrepresented as being complete balanced rations for any or all farm animals ; furthermore, they were often sold by the retailer at a figure that gave him a large profit. Under present conditions, practically all of the molasses feeds found in Massachusetts markets that contain at least 15 per cent protein are in good mechanical condition, do not contain an excessive amount of water and have the screenings, if they con- tain any, so finely ground as to destroy their germinating quali- ties. The more progressive manufacturers and agents also assign them to their proper place and do not claim for them all of the properties of a balanced ration, but advocate their use in con- junction with other feeding stuffs. When sold at a price not in excess of wheat bran, the better grades of molasses feeds should form a satisfactory substitute for it in the ration, provided they do not contain over 10 per cent of fiber. The samples collected and here reported practically all fully maintained their guarantees. All of these meals will undoubtedly serve as Calf Meals. a partial milk substitute for calves intended Pages 27-28. for dairy purposes ; it is best not to begin to use these meals until the calf is about three weeks old. A satisfactory calf meal should be finely ground and composed of clean, easily digested material free from taint and any noticeable amount of fiber. 55 A few feeds that do not find a place in Miscellaneous our regular classification are listed here. Protein Feeds. None of them are found generally dis- Page 28. tributed. Cracker-Jack Feed was as guaranteed — ground wheat and flax screenings. Bibhy's Pig Meal is an English product, having a limited sale in Massachusetts. Argo Corn Oil Meal is the residue derived from the corn germ after extracting the oil. CXX Feed is a by-product from the manufacture of Postum. The result of a digestion experiment made at this station indi- cates it to have a low feeding value. Puffed Wheat Meal is the residue resulting from the manu- facture of puffed w'heat (dust, broken kernels, etc.). II. Starchy (Carbohydrate) Feeds. The meals made from corn, oats and rye Meals Made from were examined but, when pure, were not Cereal Grains. required to be guaranteed by the JMassa- Pages 29-30. chuestts law. Much of the corn meal, particularly that manufactured west of Massachusetts, does not consist of the entire seed but is made from that part of the kernel left after the manufacture of cracked corn or table meal. In feeding value such meal is equal to that made from the entire seed. Average Analyses and, Retail Prices. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. No. Samples, 51 19 53 20 Protein (per cent). 8.55 8.17 8.87 9.05 Fat (per cent), 3.81 2.77 3.65 3.78 Fiber (per cent). 1.84 1.58 1.85 2.04 Price a ton, $29.28 $24.10 $31.44 $25.92 The cereal meals are all valuable sources of digestible carbo- hvdrates, corn meal being usually the most economical. Rye, 1)eing rather less palatable, is less desirable than either oats or corn. 56 Hominy meal is derived from white corn, Hominy Meal. although yellow hominy is occasionally Pages 30-31. found on the market. Hominy meal con- sists of the softer parts of the corn kernel together with the corn germ separated in the manufacture of hominy grits. While slightly less digestible than corn meal, the fact that it contains rather more protein and fat and that it is kiln dried and almost invariably sweet, makes it a more desirable feed than corn meal when it can be purchased for about the same price. Recently a number of manufacturers have em- ployed a process for extracting a part of the corn oil from the germ which gives the hominy feed a lower fat content. A good quality of hominy should contain about 10 per cent of protein and not over 5 per cent of fiber. The 56 samples herein reported show an average of 10.78 per cent of protein and 7.3 per cent of fat and indicate that the hominy feed offered in Massachusetts is of excellent quality. Average Analyses and Retail Prices. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. No. Samples, 62 21 50 67 Protein (per cent), 10.29 10.55 10.78 10.78 Fat (per cent), 7.94 7.79 7.54 7.29 Fiber (per cent), 4.21 3.87 3.68 3.85 Price a ton, $30.13 $26.62 $33.15 $30.85 Provender, as understood locally, is a mix- Provender, ture of straight corn and oats ground to- Page 32. gether. It cannot be considered an eco- nomical feed for dairy stock and is more generally used in feeding horses. There are a number of so- called corn-and-oat feeds oji the market consisting of either hominy feed or corn meal and oat feed that will prove fully as satisfactory for horse feeding as provender when sold at the same or a smaller figure. Dried beet pulp is the residue obtained in Dried Beet Pulp, the manufacture of sugar from the sugar Page 32. beet. Experiments have shown it to be nearly equal in feeding value to a like amount of corn meal. Its mechanical condition and its ability to absorb large amounts of water render it^quite satisfactory as a substitute for corn silage, providing the latter is not available. From 8 to 10 pounds can be fed daily mixed with 2 to 3 times its weight of water. 57 Breeders of pure-bred livestock find the moistened pulp ex- cellent for feeding cows on forced tests in connection with large amounts of grain, as it has a tendency to keep the bowels open and is not likely to produce digestive disturbances. Feeds of this character usually consist of Stock and fibrous cereal residue from the milling of Horse Feeds. corn, oats or barley, together with several Pages 33-37. concentrates such as hominy, corn meal, cottonseed meal and gluten feed. Alfalfa and a flax by-product consisting of the waste stalks and pods of the flax plant are sometimes incorporated. The last named product, judging from samples analyzed at the experiment sta- tion, does not have a feeding value very much in excess of rye straw. Stock and horse feeds cannot be considered as economical sources of digestible carbohydrates as corn meal, hominy meal or beet pulp. Brands that are clean and sweet and do not cost any more, nor contain more fiber than oats or provender, may be considered satisfactory substitutes. If the reader desires to purchase such feeds, he is advised to study the analyses given on pages 33-37 and buy those brands that contain the lowest percentage of fiber and the highest per- centage of protein. These feeds differ from the molasses feeds Molasses Feeds already mentioned in containing less than (less than 15 per 15 per cent protein. They contain con- cent Protein). siderable amounts of alfalfa in addition to Pages 37-39. molasses and are intended primarily for horses. The writer does not believe that the addition of alfalfa meal to a molasses feed will prove eco- nomical. Alfalfa is an excellent source of roughage, but the con- sumer cannot afiford to purchase it at prices asked for concen- trates ; neither will it serve as a substitute for the more highly digestible grains. Germaline Meal is a mixture of corn meal and molasses. It has been found on the market in years past containing varying percentages of water. When too moist, it has a tendency to ferment ; when well dried, it is at least equal to corn meal in feeding value. International Special and Hammond Horse Feeds are both typical molasses feeds containing ground grain screenings. 58 Oatmolene Horse Feed consists of ground oats, cracked corn, wheat bran and molasses. At the prices for which it was sold during the past year it can be considered a satisfactory and eco- nomical horse. feed. Molassine Meal, of which 2 samples are reported, conformed to its guarantee. It is composed of substantially 35 to 30 per cent of sphagnum moss and 70 to 75 per cent of cane or beet molasses. The moss, according to the manufacturers, comes from the upper layers of large bogs in Yorkshire, England. Such material, as time passes, decays and forms peat. It is doubtful if the moss has any particular nutritive properties; hence, the nutritive value of the feed consists in the amount of molasses present.* The larger part of the crude protein found in Molas- sine Meal exists in the form of amids. Experiments made at this station show that at the same moisture content one ton of Molassine Meal contains substantially 900 pounds of digestible organic matter as against 1400 pounds for corn meal. On this basis Molassine Meal would have scarcely two-thirds of the nutritive value of the corn. An experiment with milch cows was made in which 4.3 pounds of corn meal were fed against 4.3 pounds of Molassine Meal. The cows yielded some 14 per cent more milk on the ration of which corn meal was a com- ponent.** The value of small amounts (2 pounds daily) of molasses as an appetizer for animals out of condition, as a colic preventive, and to facilitate the disposal of unpalatable and inferior rough- age, has been repeatedly referred to in the reports and bulletins of this station. It has been shown to depress or lessen the digestibility of the feeds with which it is fed. It has a tendency to give a glossy coat especially to run-down or overworked horses. Molasses may improve the condition of the intestinal tract of animals that are out of condition so that they will be able to assimilate their food to better advantage. The writer is of the opinion, however, that molasses, from the standpoint of nutri- tion, is not an economical feedstuff for northern feeders. Moss or peat has proved its worth as an excellent absorbent for molasses, rendering the latter easily handled and transported. European investigators seem to have recognized that the peat has a tendency to check the laxative effect of molasses, not because •Kellner and Pfeiffer have shown that peat is Mythout nutritive value. **This amount of Molassine (4.3 pounds daily) constituted 54 per cent of the total grain ration. The manufacturers claim that the grain ration should not contain over 25 per cent of Molassine, in which case the milk yield would be increased. The consumer is left to draw his own conclusions. 59 of the action of humic acid in neutralizing the potash and thus setting up "the essential chemical change," but because of the absorptive properties of the peat in retaining the alkaline salts in the manure, and the action of the tannic acid contained in many varieties of peat. While molasses mixed with moss or peat (of which Molassine Meal is a type) renders the former easily handled, and while such a mixture may be used to advantage in some cases, it is believed that at prevailing prices it is a decidedly expensive feed stuff. III. Poultry Feeds. The meat scraps found on the market Animal varied widely in price without particular Products. reference to their quality or chemical com- Pages 40-41. position. The purchaser should note the guarantee and also satisfy himself that the article is clean and reasonably free from taint before buying. Meat scraps are purchased for the protein or meat they will furnish and for this reason preference should be given to those scraps that carry a high protein content and are free from an excessive amount of bone. The Rarva Meat Meal, which is a by-product of meat extract, is worthy of particular mention. Meat-and-bone meal and bone meal, particularly the cracked, unrendered bone, are preferred by some feeders to meat scraps. While they do not furnish as much meat or protein, they contain mineral matter, phosphates, etc., that are of value for growing fowls. As sources of protein alone, they cannot be considered as economical as meat scraps. Blood meal which has been especially prepared for the purpose is occasionally offered as a poultry feed. There is no reason why it should not prove a satisfactory source of animal food when used in limited amounts in poultry mashes. Fish meal, which may be the waste from the manufacture of fish glue, the trimmings from the preparation of cured fish for market, or the so-called fish pomace (derived from the menhaden after the extraction of the oil), is quite extensively used as a poultry food. Such material should be substantially free from salt, otherwise it is likely to act injuriously on poultry and par- ticularly on young chickens. The material known as milk albumen is a by-product in the manufacture of milk sugar. Its name is misleading for, while 60 it contains considerable albumen, it is also particularly rich in ashy matter. It is doubtful if it has a greater feeding value than a good quality of meat scraps. The alfalfa meals collected sold at an aver- Alfalfa Meals. age retail price of about $34 a ton. They Page 42. vary considerably in value, some containing decidedly more fiber and less protein than others. Alfalfa meal cannot be considered economical for poul- try as a source of nutriment. It is generally used, however, as a substitute for green feed during the winter season. It is believed that the poultryman can secure his own green feed cheaper by providing himself, during the summer season, with dry lawn clippings, early-cut green clover or alfalfa, waste cabbage and mangels. In case alfalfa meal is purchased, pref- erence should always be given to the brands containing 14 or more per cent of protein and not over 30 per cent of fiber. Home-grown alfalfa is, as a rule, preferable to the baled or ground alfalfa shipped from the West. Judging from the wide variations in chem- Poultry Mashes ical analysis and in the ingredients used, it and Meals. can be safely assumed that there is no defi- Pages 43-46. nite idea of what would constitute a satis- f^factory poultry mash. In proof of this, note the analyses and statements of ingredients given on pages 43-46 of this bulletin. It certainly would prove economical for the large consumer to purchase the individual feeding stuffs that he considers necessary to give the best results and to mix the mash at home rather than to depend upon the ready-to-use mashes for which he must pay a price considerably in advance of that asked for their several components. 61 CO I— I Oi T-H I (N I— I 05 •33BJ3AV I O 1^ o ^ < I I (N CO iM CO ( Pi o H en Q W W o u o :/) W U «* ^ o >, k X d 1 t^ t^ C5 ^ > l>-l>- O (N T-H ^ O ( CO CO CO < 1 00 t^ t^ (N (N (M (N (M I o Lo oo I CO CO (M I a& < Ct3 o-o •^T^ o 5 oj a; r:: o.t: U J c^^.2 rt o ^ aj ^ ^ 'I' c c'S'S c t^ f^ o o ^ u, Vh O O o CQCQKKU s a. -^-^ u i >^ >^ oi rt U C 1^ ti. m CT) C/^ BULLETIN No. 147. DECEMBER 1913. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. INSPECTION OF Commercial Fertilizers BY H. D. HASKINS, L. S. WALKER, C. P. JONES and W. S. FROST This bulletin gives a detailed report of the fertilizer inspection for 1913. It states the number of fertilizers inspected, gives trade values of fertilizer ingredients, provides a summary showing average composition of unmixed fertilizing material as well as pound cost of each element of plant food furnished. Special attention is called to commercial shortages existing in both unmixed fertilizing materials and mixed goods. Particular emphasis is laid upon the economy of purchasing only high grade fertilizers. A summary table shows the general standing of each manufacturer's brands. A discussion is made of the quality of plant food found present in the mixed goods. A summary table shows the general quality of nitrogen found Jn each manufacturer's product. A brief statement of a field experi- ment is given to show the actual crop producing power of the "New Mineral Fertilizer" and other stonemeal products. Mention is made of the number and nature of the lime products analyzed. Tables of analyses give the detailed composition of all fertilizers and lime products sold in the state. Commercial valuations of the plant food in all fertilizing materials, calculated from the table of trade values, are published, and for the lime compounds, the actual cost of 100 pounds of calcium and magnesium oxides is given in each case. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, AMHERST, MASS. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. AMHERST, MASS. COMMITTEE ON EXPERIMENT STATION. Wilfrid Wheeler, Charles E. Ward, Charles H. Preston, Chairman. The President of the College, ex-officio. The Director of the Station, ex-oflicio. Arthur C. Pollard, Harold L. Frost, STATION STAFF. Director and Agriculturist. Vice-Director and Chemist. Vegetable Physiologist and Pathologist. Horticulturist. Meteorologist. Veterinarian. Entomologist. Pomologist. Apiarist. Poultry Husbandman. Associate Chemist (Research Section). Research Chemist (Research Section). Chemist in Charge (Fertilizer Section). Chemist in Charge (Food and Dairy Section). Research Vegetable Physiologist. Research Pomologist. Craduate Assistant in Horticulture. Research Biologist (Poultry Depart- ment). In Charge Cranberry Sub-Station. Assistant Agriculturist. Assistant Entomologist. William P. Brooks, Ph. D., Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph. D., George E. Stone, Ph. D., Frank A. Waugh, M. Sc, J. E. Ostrander, A. M., C. E. James B. Paige, D. V. S., Henry T. Fernald, Ph. D., Fred C. Sears, M. Sc, Burton N. Gates, Ph. D., John C. Graham, B. Sc, Edward B. Holland, M. Sc, Fred W. Morse, M. Sc, Henri D. Haskins, B. Sc, Philip H. Smith, M. Sc, *George H. Chapman, A-I. Sc. JacobK. Shaw, Ph. D., John B. Norton, B. Sc, H. D. Goodale, Ph. D., Henrv J. Franklin, Ph. D., E. F.'GaskiU, B. Sc, A. L Bourne, B. A., E. A. Larrabee, B. Sc, Orton L. Clark, B. Sc, Lewell S. Walker, B. Sc, R. W. Ruprecht, B. Sc, Carleton P. Jones, M. Sc, Carlos L. Beals, B. Sc, Walter S. Frost, B. Sc, J. P. Buckley, James T. Howard, Harry L. Allen, James R. Alcock, J. W. Sayer, E. K. Dexter, Annual reports and bulletins are sent free on request to all parties interested in agriculture. Correspondence or consultation on all matters affecting any branch of experiment station work is v/elcomed. Communications should be addressed to the MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, AMHERST, MASS. *0n leave. Assistant Vegetable Physiologist and Pathologist. Assistant Vegetable Physiologist and Pathologist. Assistant Chemis*. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Assistant Chemist. Inspector. Assistant in Laboratory. Assistant in Animal Nutrition. Foreman of Poultry Yatds. Observer. D[PAilTlNT OF PLANT AND ANIMAL CHEMISTRY. J. B. Lindsey, Chemist. INSPECTION OF COMMERCIAL fERTILIZERS FOR THE SEASON OF 1913. By H. D. Haskins, Chemist in Charge, Assisted by L. S. Walker, C. P. Jones and W. S. Frost. The full text of the new fertilizer law, Chapter 388, 1911, was published in Fertilizer Bulletin No. 140, December, 1911. The essential features of this law were also enumerated in Fertilizer Bulle- tin No. 143, December 1912. A full copy of the law may be had at any time by addressing the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. One hundred manufacturers, importers and dealers, Manufacturers including the various branches of the large cor- and porations, have secured certificates for the sale of Brands. 541 different brands of fertilizer, agricultural chemicals, raw products and agricultural limes in the Massachusetts markets during the season of 1913. They may be classed as follows: Complete fertilizers 346 Fertilizers furnishing phosphoric acid and potash 9 Ground bone, tankage and dry ground fish 58 Chemicals and organic nitrogen compounds 101 Agricultural limes 27 541 Alphabetical list of those who have registered fertilizers and lime for sale in Massachusetts during 1913, together with brands regis- tered by each. W. H. Abbott, Holyoke, Mass. The American Agricultural Chemical Co., 92 State St., Boston, Mass. Abbott's Animal Fertilizer, Abbott's Eagle Brand Fertilizer, Bradley's Complete Manure for Corn Abbott's Onion Brand, and Grain, Abbott's Tobacco Fertilizer. Bradley's Complete Manure for Pota- toes and Vegetables, Alphano Humus Co., Whitehall Bldg., Bradley's Complete Manure for Top New York City. Dressing Grass and Grain, Bradley's Complete Manure with 10% Prepared Alphano Humus. Potash, Bradley's Corn Phosphate, Bradley's Eclipse Phosphate for All Crops, Bradley's English Lawn Fertilizer, Bradley's Green Mountain Special, Bradley's High Grade Fertilizer with 10% Pot'ash, Bradley's High Grade Potato and Root Special, Bradley's Niagara Phosphate, Bradley's Potato Fertilizer, Bradley's Potato Manure, Bradley's XL Superphosphate of Lime, Clark's Cove Bay State Fertilizer, Clark's Cove Bay State Fertilizer, G. G. Clark's Cove Great Planet Manure, A. A. Clark's Cove Potato Fertilizer, Clark's Cove Potato Manure, 's Blood, Bone and Potash, 's Complete 10% Manure, 's Farm Favorite, General Fertilizer, 's Potato Manure, 's Potato and Root Crop Ma- Darling's Darling's Darling's Darling's Darling's Darling's nure. East India A. A. Ammoniated Super- phosphate, Farquhar's Lawn and Garden Dressing, Farquhar's Pure Ground Bone, Farquhar's Vegetable and Potato Fer- tilizer, Great Eastern Garden Special, Great Eastern General Fertilizer, Great Eastern Northern Corn Special, Great Eastern Vegetable, Vine, and Tobacco, Pacific High Grade General Fertilizer, Pacific Potato Special, Soluble Pacific Guano, Packer's Union Animal Corn Fertil- izer, Packer's Union Gardener's Complete Manure, Packer's Union Potato Manure, Packer's Union Universal Fertilizer, Quinnipiac Corn Manure, Quinnipiac Market Garden Manure, Quinnipiac Phosphate, Quinnipiac Potato Manure, Quinnipiac Potato Phosphate, Read's Farmer's Friend Superphos- phate, Read's High Grade Farmer's Friend Superphosphate, Read's Practical Potato Special Fer- tilizer, Read's Standard Superphosphate, Read's Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer, Standard Complete Manure, Standard Fertilizer, Standard Guano for All Crops, Standard Special for Potatoes, Wheeler's Connecticut Tobacco Grower, Wheeler's Corn Fertilizer, Wheeler's Havana Tobacco Grower, Wheeler's Potato Manure, Williams and Clark's Americus Am- moniated Bone Superphosphate, Williams & Clark's Americus Corn Phosphate, Williams & Clark's Americus High Grade Special for Potatoes and Vegetables, Williams & Clark's Americus Potato Manure, Williams & Clark's Potato Phosphate, Williams & Clark's Prolific Crop Pro- ducer, Williams & Clark's Royal Bone Phos- phate for all Crops, Church's Fish and Potash "D", Complete Tobacco Manure, First Year Top Dressing, Grass and Lawn Top Dressing, Grass and Oats Fertilizer, High Grade Fertilizer with 10% Pot- ash, Northwestern Empire Special Manure, Special Grass and Garden Mixture, Tobacco Starter and Grower, Dissolved Bone Black, Double Manure Salt, Dry Ground Fish, Fine Ground Bone, Fine Ground Nova Scotia Plaster, Genuine German Kainit, • Ground Tankage C4.94%Nitrogen), Ground Tankage (7.41% Nitrogen), High Grade Dried Blood, High Grade Sulphate of Potash, Muriate of Potash, Nitrate of Soda, Plain Superphosphate 12%, Plain Superphosphate 14%, Sulphate of Ammonia, Thomas Phosphate Powder, (Basic Slag). American Cotton Oil Co., 27 Beaver St., New York City. Choice Cottonseed Meal, Prime Cottonseed Meal, Armour Fertilizer Works, 930 Equita- ble Bldg., Baltimore, Maryland. All Soluble, Arr.moniated Bone with Potash, Bone, Blood and Potash, Bone Meal, Complete Potato, Connecticut Valley Tobacco Grower, Fish and Potash, Fruit and Root Crop Special, Grain Grower, High Grade Potato, Market Garden Fertilizer, Muriate of Potash, Nitrate of Soda, Onion Special, Special Value, Star Phosphate. Atlantic Fertilizer Co., Stock Exchange Bldg., Baltimore, Md. Garden Fertilizer, Potato Fertilizer. Beach Soap Co., Lawrence, Mass. Beach's Advance Brand, Beach's Fertilizer Bone, Beach's Lawn Dressing, Beach's Market Garden, Beach's Reliance Brand, Beach's Seeding Down Brand, Beach's TopDressing. Berkshire Fertilizer Co., Bridgeport, Ct. Berkshire Ammoniated Bone Phos- phate, Berkshire Complete Fertilizer, Berkshire Complete Tobacco Fertilizer, Berkshire Cowl's Special Brand, Berkshire Economical Grass Fertilizer, Berkshire Fish and Potash, Berkshire Grass Special, Berkshire Long Island Special, Berkshire Long Island Special, 4-8-7, Berkshire Potato and Vegetable Phos- phate, Berkshire Tobacco Special with Car- bonate of Potash, Berkshire Acid Phosphate, Berkshire Double Sulfate of Potash, Berkshire Dry Ground Fish, Berkshire Muriate of Potash, Berkshire Nitrate of Soda, Berkshire Sulfate of Potash, Berkshire Tankage. Berkshire Hills Co., Sheffield, Ma.ss. Agricultural Lime. E. E. Bisbee, 147 Pearl St., Boston, Mass. Basic Slag Phosphate. Chas. M. BoUes, East Pepperell, Mass. Nissitissitt Plant Food. Bowker Fertilizer Co., 43 Chatham St., Boston, Mass. Bowker's Ammoniated Food for Flow- ers, Bowker's Blood, Bone and Potash, Bowker's Bone and Wood Ash Fer- tilizer, Bowker's Complete Alkaline Tobacco Grower (Potash from Sulphate), Bowker's Corn Phosphate, Bowker's Early Potato Manure, Bowker's Farm and Garden Phosphate, Bowker's Fish and Potash, Square Brand, Bowker's Gloucester Fish and Potash, Bowker's Grain and Grass Fertilizer, Bowker's High Grade Fertilizer, Bowker's Highly Nitrogenized Mix- ture, Bowker's Hill and Drill Phosphate, Bowker's Lawn and Garden Dressing, Bowker's Market Garden Fertilizer, Bowker's Onion Fertilizer (Potash from Sulphate), Bowker's Potato and V'egetable Fer- tilizer, Bowker's Potato and \'egetable Phos- phate, Bowker's Pulverized Sheep Manure, Bowker's Soluble Animal Fertilizer, Bowker's Sure Crop Phosphate, Bowker's Tobacco Ash Elements, (Potash from Sulfate), Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Corn and all Grain Crops, Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables, Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Seeding Down, Permanent Dressing and Legumes, (Potash from Sulfate), Stockbridge Special Complete Manure for Top Dressing and Forcing, Stockbridce Tobacco Manure, (Potash from Sulfate), Bowker's Acid Phosphate, Bowker's Dissolved Bone, Bowker's Dissolved Bone Black, Bowker's Double Manure Salt, Bowker's Dried Blood, Bowker's Dry Ground Fish, Bowker's Fine Ground Bone Tankage, Bowker's Fresh Ground Bone, Bowker's Genuine German Kainit, Bowker's High Grade Sulfate of Potash, Bowker's Muriate of Potash, Bowker's Nova Scotia Land Plaster, Bowker's Nitrate of Soda, Bowker's Pure Unleachcd Canada Hardwood Ashes, Bowker's Sulfate of Ammonia, Bowker's Thomas Phosphate Powder, ("Basic Slag"). Joseph Breck & Sons Corporation, 51-52 North Market St., Boston, Mass. Breck's High Grade Wood Ashes, Breck's Lawn and Garden Dressing, Breck's Market Garden Manure, Breck's Ram's Head Brand Sheep Manure. F. W. Erode & Co., 40 S. Front St., Memphis, Tenn. Owl Brand Cottonseed Meal. The Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., Cincin- nati, Ohio. "Buckeye" Cottonseed Meal. Cheshire Lime Manufacturing Co., Cheshire, Mass. ' Cheshire Agricultural Lime. The E. D. Chittenden Co., Bridgeport, Ct. Chittenden's Complete Tobacco Grow- er, Chittenden's Complete Tobacco and Onion Grower, Chittenden's Dry Ground Fish, Chittenden's Fish and Potash Special Formula, Chittenden's Grain and Vegetable, Chittenden's Grass and Grain, Chittenden's Ground Bone, Chittenden's Potato and Grain, Chittenden's Tobacco. Special. Clay & Sons, Stratford, London, Eng- land, Clay's Fertilizer. The Coe-Mortimer Co., 51 Chambers St., New York City. E. Frank Coe's Blood, Bone, and Potash, E. Frank Coe's Celebrated Special Po- tato Fertilizer, E. Frank Coe's Columbian Corn and Potato Fertilizer, E. Frank Coe's Complete ALmure with 10% Potash, E. Frank Coe's Double Strength Po- tato Manure, E. Frank Coe's Double Strength Top Dressing, E. Frank Coe's Excelsior Potato Fer- tilizer, E. Frank Coe's Famous Prize Brand Grain and Grass Fertilizer, E. Frank Coe's Gold Brand Excelsior Guano, E. Frank Coe's High Grade Ammonia- ted Superphosphate, E. Frank Coe's New Englander Corn and Potato Fertilizer, Peruvian Grass Top Dressing, Peruvian Market Gardener's Fertil- izer, Peruvian Tobacco Fertilizer (For Wrapper Leaf), Peruvian Vegetable Grower, E. Frank Coe's Red Brand Excelsior Guano (For Market Gardening), E. Frank Coe's Special Grass Top Dressing, E. Frank Coe's Standard Potato Fer- tilizer, E. Frank Coe's XXV Ammoniated Phosphate, E. Frank Coe's Ground Tankage (4.94% Nitrogen), E. Frank Coe's Ground Tankage (9-20 Grade), E. Frank Coe's High. Grade Soluble Phosphate, E. Frank Coe's Hitjh Grade Dried Blood, E. Frank Coe's Muriate of Potash, E. Frank Coe's Nitrate of Soda, E. Frank Coe's Sulfate of Potash, E. Frank Coe's Thomas Phosphate Powder (Basic Slag Phosphate), E. Frank Coe's 12% Superphosphate, E. Frank Coe's XXX Fine Ground Bone. F. E. Conley Stone Co., Utica, N. Y. Raw Ground Lime. Dexter Lime Rock Co., Lime Rock, Rhode Island. Ground Limestone, Slaked Lime. John C. Dow Company, 13-14 Chatham St., Boston, Mass. Dow's Pure Ground Bone. The Eastern Chemical Co., 37 Pitts- burg St., Boston, Mass. IMP Plant Food. The Edison Portland Cement Co., Stewartsville, N. J. Edison Pulverized Limestone. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Boston, Mass. Pulverized Sheep Manure. Essex Fertilizer Co., 39 North Market St., Boston, Mass. Essex Al Superphosphate, Essex Complete Manure for Corn, Grain and Grass, Essex Complete Manure for Potatoes, Roots and Vegetables, Essex Grain, Grass and Potato Fertil- izer, Essex Grass and Top Dressing for Lawns and Meadows, Essex Ground Bone, Essex Lawn Dressing, Essex Market Garden and Potato Manure, Essex Nitrate of Soda, Essex Peerless Potato Manure, Essex Special Potato Phosphate for Potatoes and Roots, Essex Tobacco Starter and Grower, XXX Fish and Potash for All Crops. Farnam Cheshire Lime Co., Farnams, Mass. Specially Prepared Agricultural Lime. German Kali Works, New York City. Kainit, Muriate of Potash, Sulfate of Potash. Green Mountain Lime Co., Middlebury, Vt. Agricultural Lime. Chas. W. Hastings, Dorchester, Mass. Ferti Flora. Thomas Hersom & Co., New Bedford, Mass. Pure Bone Meal, Meat and Bone. A. W. Higgins, Westfield, Mass. Cottonseed Meal, Calcium Cyanamidc. Home Soap Co., Worcester, Mass. Pure Ground Bone. Hoosac Valley Lime and Marble Co., Adams, Mass. Adams Agricultural Lime, Adams Lime Ashes. Humphreys-Godwin Co., Memphis, Tenn. Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal, High Grade Cottonseed Meal (7.75% Nitrogen). Imperial Cotto Milling Co., Chicago, 111. Imperial Cotto Brand Choice Cotton- seed Meal. International Agricultural Corpora- tion, Buffalo Fertilizer Works, Branch, Buffalo, N. Y. Buff a Buffa Buff a Buffa Buffa Buft'a Buffa Buffa Buffa Buffa Buffa Bufla Buffa Buft'a Buffa Buffa Buffa Buffa o Celery and Potato Special, o Farmer's Choice, o Fish Guano, o High Grade Manure, o New England Special, o Onion Formula, o Tobacco Producer, o Top Dresser, o Vegetable and Potato, o Acid Phosphate, o Bone Meal, o Dissolved Phosphate, o Dried Blood, o Dry Ground Fish, o Muriate of Potash, o Nitrate of Soda, o Sulfate of Ammonia, o Sulfate of Potash. Johnson Seed Potato Co., Leominster, Mass. Ideal Potato Manure (Planting Brand), Ideal Potato Manure (Hoeing Brand). John Jo>-nL Lucknow. Ontario. £aa»- ada. lister's A^cultural Chemical Works. NeM-ark. N. J. lister's Cele"rra.tec Chnon Fenilizer. Liste-'i Cc-rlere Toh-ccc M-rure. Lister's Hieh Grade Special for Srrine Crc-s. lister's ? ^ ' Listers 5 . listers ^; ^^ ter. Lister's Spedsi i obscco r ertilizer. Listers rci^- Potltc g7: «^er- Lister's Grc-ni Xova Scotia Land Plaster. Lister's Nitrate of Soda. Lowdl Fertifizer Co.. 40 North Market SL, Bostrm. Mass. 7" CrtTir^ "^'~ ^-.-^ i^^P-^a^h _ _ — .{^ - - ::rC-r^ Pcta- tces and tjrraiii. Loire:: Li- Dr^ssitiE. Lc^ : Garden Manure. Lc- Grower -ixh 10<^ Ptt- Loj Lc-^ Potato ^Nlant rrtilizer. is-: »otato Fe Lo"^ . J PiiDst^liate. Lc-srt^ i^^t^rior Fertilizer -sita 10*^ Potas'L ne Black- LD«^eIi }kl2iiaie of Potasli. Lowell Nitrate of Soda. Lowell SeEate of PotasliL Janies E. McGovem. .\iKiover. Mass. A-dover Aniinal Fertilizer. Manufacturers Wool Stock Co.. Mill- bun.. Mass. Mer:-; Br^-i S'-eep Manure. Mares Formula ai>d Peru\ian Guano " Co.. 143 Liber^• St.. New York at>-. Mares' Averase ^ _ r:e Manure, Ma^' Ca::: - --Ma- nure, Mapes;Cere_ : - Matres' Comeiete Mar ^tneral ' Use. Mares^ Complete Manure lO-^c Potash Glares" Com ^lanure. Ma^' Dissolved Bone. Mares' Econc-ica[_Potato Ma-ure. ^lapes' Frzit and \ me Manure. Mares' Grass and Grain Sprins Tcp Mares' Lm Dressing. Mapes' Potato Manure. Glares' Tobacco .Asa Constituents, Mares' Tobacco Manure, Wrat^t>e^ Brand. Xl£t>es' To'Dacco Starter, ImtrrTei. Mapes' Top Dresser. !--£?_:: Stren zth. ^lapes' Top Dresser, I ;_t:..c ^. -L.Lli Strensrii. Mapes' Vegetable or Complete ^la- Mari Protfaicts Company. Barton. \'t Georee E. Marsh Comranv. L\-nn. Mass, Nlarsli's Drr Ground Tankase. Marsns P-re Ground B:ne." W. L. MitcbelL Ne^* Haven. Ct Geo. L- Mnnroe^ Soos, Osv*ego. N. Y Pure Unleac'ned Wood Ashei. D. >L Moulton- Monson. Mass. Grcuni Btne. Natkmal Fertilizer Co.. 92 State St.. Chittenden's Complete Grass Fertilizer, Chittenden's Complete Root and Grain Fertilizer, Chittenden's Complete Tobacco Fer- tilizer i Sulfate/. Chittenden's Connecticat Vallev To- bacco Grower i^ Carbonate,!. Chittenden's Connecticut VaEey To- bacco Starter (Sulfate). Chittenden's Eureka Potato Fertilizer, Chittenden's Fish and Potash. Chittenden's Hign Grade Top Dressing. Chirtende-'s High Grade Special Tobacco Fertilizer Soifate), Chiuenden's Market Garden Fertil- izer. Chittenden's Potato Phosphate, Chittenden's Tobacco Special with Carbonate Potash, Chittenden's Tobacco Special witji Sulfate Potash. Chittenden Ch Ch Chittenden Chittenden's 5 XXX Fish and Potash, s Drv Ground Fish, s Fine Ground Bone. s Plain Superphosphate Plain Superphosphate, Natural Guano Co.. .Aurora, in. New Elngland Fertilizer Co.. 40.A N. Market Street.. Boston. Mass. Xe-s- England Complete Manure rt-lth lO^c' Potash. New tngland Com aind Grain Fertil- izer, New England Com Phosphate. New England Hig'n Grade Potato. New Endand Hi?h Grade Special wi: ^ lO^c Potash," New England Perfect Tobacco Grower. New England Potato Fertilizer. New England Superphosphate for All Cr:rs. New Elngland Lime Co., Dantmr>% CL .\dams iMass.) Fresh Burned Granu- lated Lime, Adams (Mass.) Lime As'nes. Canaan (Conn.) Lime -\shes, Connecticut Asriculrural Lime. New Mineral Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. The New Mineral Fertilizer. -Nitrate .Agencies Co., 28 Bridge SL, New York Cit>-. Acid P^is--ate. Basic Slar Phosphate, D.-led Blo.:>d. Ground Bone. Ground Tankage- High Grade Aad Phosphate, 16%, Kainit, Muriate of Potash, Nitrate cf Sc-da, Sulfate cf .Ammonia, Sulfate of Potash. W. C. Notbem, litfie Rock. Aik. Bee Brand Ccrtznseed Meal OUs ic Whqiple. Hartford, CL Olds i Vrnipple's Co-plete Grass Fer- tilizer, Olds i: Whipple's Cz — plete C:m and Potato. Olds i Whipple's Ccmple.e Ctu:n Fer- tilizer. Olds jc Whirries Czmolete " i:: Fertilloe?." Olds ic Whirries Fish and Pot^.u. Olds i Whipple's High Grade Potato 01ds"i^ wSrle's Po-sh ari 3:ne Pho 60 ^ O . bo >> tio V GRADE ^z o H i'ercenta vailabilit tal [Nitr Percenta vailabilit rg. Nitro 3 3 "3 c/3 > J3 > < J3 3 "o C S •s o ■o^o *-» V. c <« s 1 e Total. Available. •d c 1 in V .•5 = 0 Z^E ■ lA E < < 1 c A) S 0 •d c 1 1 1 3 0 1 c I 3 0 •s tii c 2 ™ 3 (9 ■ 18 132 175 .79 67 81 1 05 87 .95 .88 .77 .73 2 90 2 50 3 63 3. 50 4 24 4. 00 .55 .45 .55 8 91 7.97 8. 10 4. 52 4.57 4.34 13. 98 12. 99 12.99 12 00 10. 00 10. 00 9. 46 8. 42 8. 65 9.00 7 00 7 00 50 10 17^ 8. 30* 9. 24* 10 00 7. 00 10. 00 .44 07 .44 149 2 84 1 25 ~ 108 31 139 — 108 i.oet .56 76 .50 .48 34 2. 08 2. 06 1 3. 87 2. 56 194 8. 37 7. 00 6. 43 6 00 1 2.48 2.00 .93 .28 Ml 2. 39 .35 72 21 22 .45 164 .68 60 37 1 33 .48 .35 2. 10 2. 06 3 97 4 53 2 48 2. 47 3 56 3 70 3. 80 48 6 31 4. 08 2 25 2. 56 2. 50 3 04 122 51 2.42 1 63 7 27 3.55 11 23 8. 75 7.00 4 00 10 00 8 00 6.05 3. 04 8. 81 7. 12 6 00 3. 00 9. 00 7 00 2 61 5. 70* 2. 25 10 87 2. 00 5. 50 2 00 10. 00 3.77 — 11 05 3 93 3 91 188 3 32 .54 5.74 8 00 5. 20 5 00 2. 34 2. 00 3.53 01 03 03 3. 60 3. 91 2.36 300 ■ 43 5.79 6. 00 5. 36 5 00, 2.44 2. 00 1 33 .44 41 .33 2 51 2. 47 4. 06 198 105 7. 09 7. 00 6. 04 6. 00 10. 64 10. 00 128 197 .44 38 51 63 28 .34 2. 51 2 47 3 32 3. 29 2. 78 5. 14 3. 26 3 21 128 2. 14 7. 32 10. 49 7 00 9 00 6. 04 8 35 6 00 8 00 10 52 7. 09 10. 00 7 00 5 13 1 00 125 50 7. 88 8. 43 2. 84 3. 64 158 8. 06 7. 25 6. 48 6. 25 8. 18 8. 25 2.08 .26 61 .34 3. 29 3. 29 5. 40 2. 68 2. 07 10. 13 9. 00 8. 06 8. 00 4.96* 4.00 1.09 .62 1 09 .67 3.47 3. 29 ! 4.69 3. 48 3. 21 11. 33 9. 00 8. 17 8. 00 4.34* 4.00 107 .24 ■ 32 ■ 25 1-88 2. 06 4. 78 3. 28 130 9. 36 9. 00 8. 06 8. 00 159 150 108 .35 46 .37 2 26 2. 06 4. 85 3. 69 151 10. 05 9. 00 8. 54 8. 00 3. 23 1.50 2 22 33 41 .35 3. 31 3. 29 5. 87 2. 06 194 9. 87 9 00 7.93 8 00 7. 64 700 2. 07 .40 .57 .33 3.37 3 29 4. 72 3. 27 168 9.67 9. 00 7.99 8. 00 7. 85 7.00 . 198 34 41 30 3 03 3. 29 6. 19 2. 59 130 10. 08 9 00 8 78 8 00 7. 58 7. 00 1 84 .53 .54 38 3 29 3. 29 5. 91 2 31 1 63 9 85 9 00 8 22 8 00 7.75 7.00 4 41 07 11 10 4. 69 4.94 2. 55 149 .99 5 03 5 00 4 04 4 00 6. 41 6. 00 1.66 .47 .77 51 3 41 3 29 3. 51 2. 74 2. 19 8. 44 7 00 6. 26 6. 00 11 01 10.00 1 24 .84 .74 .45 3 27 3 29 2. 61 3.95 199 8. 55 7 00 6.56 6. 00 10. 48 10.00 * No 584 579 279 80 ' 68-189-200 1027 1242 Chlorine .67% equivalent to .88% potash, 9.29% potash as sulfate. ■57% .62% ■79% •82% 1.09% Total potash 1.40% ■76% ' .81% ' 1.05% ' 108% ' 1.46% 7.54% 8.43% 1.98% 3.88% 2.88% 2.67% potash as carb. 38 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. J* c — v o « 5 _ © ra American Agric. Chem. Co. (Continued) Bradley's Eclipse Phosphate for All Crops. Bradley's English Lawn Fertilizer Bradley's Green Mountain Special Bradley's High Grade Fertilizer with 10% Potash. Bradley's High Grade Fertilizer with 10% Potash Bradley's Hi^h Grade Potato and Root Special Bradley's Niagara Phosphate Bradley's Potato Fertilizer, Bradley's Potato Fertilizer Bradley's Potato Manure.. Bradley's Pot.ito Manure Bradley's XL Superphosphate of Lime. Bradley's XL Superphosphate of Lime . Clark's Cove Bay State Fertilizer Clark's Cove Bay State Fertilizer G. G. Clark's Cove Great Planet Manure A. A. Clark's Cove Potato Fertilizer Clark's Cove Potato Fertilizer. . . . Clark's Cove Potato Manure Darling's Blood, Bone and Potash. Darling's Complete 10% Manure. . Darling's Complete 10% Manure. Darling's Farm Favorite Darling's Farm Favorite. . . Darling's General Fertilizer. Millis ] Amesbury \ Danvers J Amesbury Beverly New Bedford. . 1 Amesbury J Leominster. . . . Beverly Plymouth 1 Brookfield j Amherst Millis Whitman . . . Rockland j E. Longmeadow New Bedford Plvmouth. . . Millis E. Longm.eadow .Amherst Sunderland .... Sunderland .... New Bedford Plymouth Millis E. Longmeadow Oakdale Concord Oakdale Spencer Oakdale Concord Cushman Spencer Oakdale E. Pepperell . . Palmer Worcester N. Amherst. . . . S. Amherst .... Barre Plains. . . Billerica Taunton S. .\mher3t .... Worcester E. Pepperell . . . $14.24 25 51 18 16 24 19 24 31 21 G1 13 49 18 25 18 07 20 27 19 71 20 44 470 528 779 527 655 253 443 919 668 462 1147 50 432 447 452 1007 252 463 469 1006 49 191 195 251 J 457 ] 463 1009 J 1139 423 1 985 / 1087 1 1148 / 431 \ 734 / 1157 957 1017 1 1113 \ 1167 J 160 1 709 / 956 589 1 707 710 J 1168 1020 8. 27 6 08 7. 90 9.49 8. 79 8. 76 7.94 11. 94 12. 20 10 16 9.45 12. 12 75 34 85 66 74 01 49 72 55 30 24 45 09 39 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Potash (KaO) in 100 lbs. As Nitrates and Ammoniales. Water Soluble Organic. Active Water Insoluble Organic. Inactive Water Insoluble Organic. Total. Water Soluble. Reverted. Insoluble. Total. Available. 1 •d § c § 0 i 1 •s V B 2 r) 3 0 i 1 ■s c ■s V c 2 la 3 0 .35 38 .26 .31 130 103 3.55 4. 21 2. 14 9.90 9. 00 7.76 8.00 2. 23 2. 00 4. 33 — .79 29 143 31 1 51 .73 .68 05 .42 45 .31 45 26 .40 .12 .30 04 4. 42 4. 94 27 1 77 165 31 2. 50 2.47| 35 2 62 2 47 21 1 60 1 65 .23 133 82 91 39 .43 34 2. 07 2. 06 130 36 .44 .37 2. 47 2. 47: .22 48 41 34 2. 45 2. 22 48 43 34 2. 47 2. 06 30 37 27 2. 00 2. 84 24 71 43 3 22 3. .02 38 29 28 197 2 01 20 12 40 56 62 47 37 2. 16 2. 2. 59 2. 75 42 1 33 50 4 00 4 80 22 88 45 3 35 3. 57 78 74 47 3. 56 3. 13 14 45 38 2 10 2. .89 16 50 52 41 35 32 30 2. 12 2 1 33 1. 1.82 4. 34 3. 64 4. 21 5. 52 5. 27 5. 32 6. 03 47 622 5. 55 5.42 4. 31 4. 25 4.97 4. 27 4. 50 3 06 2. 93 4. 89 4. 50 3. 13 2 39 3. 44 2. 74 2 11 3. 38 2. 13 2. 77 82 52 35 34 2 03 2. 00 4.34 3. 77 138 .30 .47 31 2. 46 2.47 4.69 2. 10 136 45 37 30 2 48 2.47 4. 18 2. 18 3. 31 71 89 158 138 105 .87 166 128 125 122 168 4. 92 8. 67 7. 96 7. 70 9. 95 8. 27 9. 75 9. 39 8. 04 7. 58 5. 00 9 00 7. 00 7 00 9. 00 800 4. 21 7 78 6 38 6 32 8. 90 7. 40 9. 00 809 9. 00 7. 00 7 00 8. 11 6 79 6 36 11. 02 1000 934 4 00 8 00 6 00 6 00 8 00 7. 00 8. 00 8. 00 6 OO 6. 00 9. 00 6 26 6 00 5. 29 500 10 27 1000 9 96 10 00 8 84 10 00 2 01 100 3. 29 3. 00 84 1 53 10. 59 10 00 9. 06 9 00 2. 46 2. 33 145 10. 33 10. 00 8 88 9. 00 2 52 2. 07 115 9. 64 9 00 8. 49 8 00 1 90 1. 83 1.63 9 77 9 00 8. 14 8 00 8. 24 7. .43 1 96 9. 64 9. 00 7. 68 8 00 3. 28 3 02 92 1.35 133 9. 34 8. 52 9. 00 7. 00 7. 99 7. 19 8 00 6. 00 3 51 6. 03 3 5 07 138 8. 95 8. 00 7. 57 7. 00 7 44 7. 32 122 7. 60 7. 00 6 38 6. 00 10 06 10. 39 1 84 8 16 7 00 6. 32 6. 00 10 56 10. 89 148 9.26 9. 00 7. 78 8. 00 3 28 3. 31 12 2 14 2 25 9. 95 8. 50 9 00 7. 00 7 81 6 25 8 00 6 00 3 02 2. 87 3. 3. 3. 53 3. 00 5. 48 ' 5. 00 5. 21 5. 00 2. 86 I 2. 00 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosplioric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. American Agric. Chem. Co. (Continued) Darling's Potato Manure Darling's Potato Manure Darling's Potato and Root Crop Manure. Darling's Potato and Root Crop Manure. . . Farquhar's I.awn and Garden Dressing Farquhar's Vegetable and Potato Fertilizer. Great Eastern Garden Special N. Amherst. Sunderland . Sunderland . S. Amherst. N. Amherst. N. Amherst. Taunton . Boston. . Boston. . Boston. . Pepperell K. Longmeadow ° £ o i- 'l-'^'S -■5 c u X Great Eastern Garden Special | N. Brookfield Great Eastern General Fertilizer. S. Athol. Great Eastern Vegetable, Vine and Tobacco. Great Eastern Vegetable, Vine and Tobacco. Pacific High Grade General Fertilizer Pacific Potato Special Soluble Pacific Guano Packer's Union Animal Corn Fertilizer. Packer's Union Gardener's Complete Manure. Great Eastern Northern Corn Special j Southwick " ." " " " E. Wilbrahagi I N. Brookfield Chelmsford .... Pratts Junction Southwick N. Brookfield. . Wayland S. Sudbury . . . Newburyport Newburyport New Bedford Amherst Mendon Concord Amherst Mendon E. Longmeadow Southwick Amherst Mendon Concord Pittsfield Fall River Billerica N. Amherst. . . . Billerica Billerica Fall River N. Amherst. . . . S. Deerfield . . . Sunderland .... Sunderland .... Sunderland . . . . Packer's Union Potato Manure. Packer's Union Universal Fertilizer. Quinnipiac Corn Phosphate Quinnipiac Market Garden Manure. Quinnipiac Phosphate Quinnipiac Potato Manure. . . Quinnipiac Potato Phosphate Read's Farmers' Friend Superphosphate. $20 77 25 63 20 11 86 20 17 26. 12 20.91 14. 09 16 79 26. 14 19. 65 20 84 17 87 18 87 O V 75-2 it ^ 1-1 161 281 282 735 99 177 745 571 568 569 943 961 1164 1174 1046 1116 1155 598 1045 1047 1165 1095 1097 440 441 261 799 897 398 817 892 962 1049 800 899 425 1200 331 590 732 591 663 330 731 127 184 199 207 8 40 10 41 10 5 21 71 8 79 11 80 10 11 78 85 9. 97 1118 7. 28 10. 59 10. 47 9.57 9. 96 10. 96 10.57 10. 28 11 48 41 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrog en in 100 Ib.s. Ptiosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Potash (KzO) in 100 lbs. s ^^1 i ^0 ^« 3 U 3 .So u Total. Water Soluble. 1 U t 1 Total. Available. 1 < < Inaclive Water insoluble Orgai Found. 4) ^ 2 0 s 1 0 -1 ■ 1 u c i 0 •2 u B i 0 1.25 .47 .53 .28 2. 53 2. 47 4. 38 2. 45 133 8. 16 7. 00 6. 83 6. 00 5.70 5.00 131 .26 .60 .30 2. 47 2. 47 3. 10 2. 87 110 7.07 7.00 5. 97 6.oo; 5. 68 5. 00 1.57 .84 .65 37 3. 43 3. 29 5. 42 2. 72 2. 17 10. 31 9. 00 8. 14 8. 00 8.18 7. 00 1.74 1.63 .48 .28 .65 70 .42 3. 29 .45 3 06 3. 29 3. 30 4.59 51 3. 40 9. 32 153 9. 36 F9.52 19. 19 9 00 14. 00 7. 99 9.83 8. 00 4.00 7.46 8. 16 7. 00 7. 00 1.65 41 .58 .36 3 00 3. 00 5. 68 2. 38 1.79 9. 85 7 00 8. 06 6. 00 7. 25 7. 00 1.89 .30 .44 .43 3. 06 3. 29 6. 06 2. 41 122 9. 69 9. 00 8. 47 8. 00 7. 44 7. 00 1.85 .19 .40 .19 70 .25 .32 3. 27 .20 .83 3. 29 .82 4. 72 5. 40 3. 26 2.94 1.38 1.28 9. 36 9. 62 9. 00 9. 00 7. 98 8. 34 8. 00 8. 00 7. 03 3. 91 7. 00 4.00 138 35 .44 .38 2. 55 2. 47 6. 03 3. 05 1.94 11. 02 9.00 9. 08 8.00 2. 23 2^00 103 26 40 .37 2. 06 2. 06 5. 74 2. 37 161 9.72 9. 00 8. 11 8. 00 6. 39 6.00 110 .46 37 23 2. 16 2.0& 4. 31 3. 60 163 9.54 9. 00 7. 91 8. 00 6. 96 6. 00 2. 08 — 99 28 3. 35 3 29 3. 83 4. 10 ill. 51 9. 44 |[9.00 7.93 8. 00 7.46 7.00 109 .85 .16 .59 49 .29 .38 2.12 29 2. 02 2 06 2. 06 4. 82 4. 46 3. 37 3.24 125 171 9.44 9. 41 9. 00 9.00 8.19 7. 70 8. 00 8.00 3. 24 1.67 3.00 1.50 129 32 .47 ■46 2. 54 2. 47 6. 48 2.75 1.51 10. 74 9.00 9. 23 8. 00 2. 38 2. 00 150 23 .45 .36! 2.54 2.47 4. 02 2. 31 176 8. 09 7. 00 6. 33 6. 00 10. 29* 10. 00 .93 .30 .56 .29 2. 08 2. 06 5. 78 2. 49 199 10. 26 9. 00 8. 27 8. 00 6. 01 6.00 .12 1.01 .34 .16 .25 .57 .17 .88 34 2. 08 .82 2 06 4. 72 4. 53 3. 29 3 15 1.17 2. 35 9. 18 10. 03 9. 00 9. 00 8. 01 7. 68 8.00 8. 00 4.01 169 4.00 160 1.97 .38 .50 41 3. 26 3 29 5. 46 2. 63 184 9. 93 9.00 8. 09 8. 00 7. 29 7. 00 137 1.62 27 .20 .48 .41 .36 2. 48 .32 2. 55 2. 47 2. 47 6 35 4. 91 2. 81 2. 36 163 140 10. 79 8. 67 10 00 7. 00 9.16 7. 27 9.00 6. 00 2. 05 5. 23 2.00 5.00 81 .22 .46 .42 1.91 2. 06 5. 27 2. 76 2. 17 10.20 9. 00 8. 03 8. 00 3. 38 3.00 100 55 38 29 2 22 2 06 6. 42 2. 95 145 9. 82 9. 00 8.37 8. 00 3. 19 3. 00 No. 396-817-892-962-1049 Chlorine 1.34% equivalent to, 1.77% potash, 8.52% potash as sulfate. 42 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. 5 1 S3 American Agric. Chem. Co. (Continued) Read's High Grade Farmers' Friend Superphosphate Read's Practical Potato Special Fertilizer Read's Standard Superphosphate Pead's Standard Superphosphate Read's Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer Read's Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer Standard Complete Manure Standard Fertilizer Standard Guano for All Crops Standard Special for Potatoes Standard Special for Potatoes Wheeler's Connecticut Tobacco Grower Wheeler's Corn Fertilizer Wheeler's Havana Tobacco Grower Wheeler's Havana Tobacco Grower Wheeler's Potato Manure Wheeler's Potato Manure Williams and Clark Americus Corn Phosphate Williams and Clark Americus Corn Phosphate Williams and Clark Americus High Grade Special Fertilizer for Potatoes and Vegetables Williams and Clark Americus High Grade Special Fertilizer for Potatoes and Vegetables W'Uiams and Clark Americus Potato Manure Williams and Clark Americus Potato Manure Williams and Clark Potato Phosphate Williams and Clark Prolific Crop Producer Williams and Clark Roy. Hone Phos. for all Crops, . Armour Fertilizer Worl 561 607 554 927 104 111 1042 71 87 116 128 142 147 164 1291 323 105 109 125 231 110 503 1063 53 115 385 931 108 113 131 181 1290 937 439 547 643 844 531 458 846 890 990 3.91 6. 19 2. 99 8. 14 7 73 8.03 10. 98 8.64 7. 10 3. 60 13. 93 7. 84 8. 34 9. 77 12. 50 9. 31 3.53 15.46 4 14 9. 29 * No. 937 Chlorine .63% equivalent to .84% potash, 12.94% potash as sulfate. ** Potash figured at 5c per pound. * 1291 Chlorine 1.45% equivalent to 1.92% potash, 4.43% potash as sulfate. * 1290 Chlorine 1.46% equivalent to 1.91% potash, i.2i7o pn.ish as carbonate. ♦No. 531 Chlorine 2.03% equivalent to 2.69% potash, 1.51% potash as sulphate. 47 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Potash (KaO) in 100 lbs. •il u Total. 1 lotal. Available. 1 Z < 4) < 3 ^ 1 .§1 ii 3 1 II II c 3 1 e S s S s U i > 1 1 c i 1 •3 s 0 i 1 •s « c 2 n 3 0 i 1 e -06 .30 5 13 97 59 58 ! .79 78 47 .61 2 43 .60 2. 27 35 6. 53 185 185 5. 35 -57 77 38 6-60 7. 21 4.98 7. 70 7. 17 2-70 14. 77 15 15 8 06 14. 00 14. 00 7. 00 7. 07 7. 98 ^5. 36 5. 00 5. 00 4. 00 16. 22 14-65 16-61 14.50 14-61 16-00 .19 21 51 41 1 32 80 6. 44 1 73 -48 8 65 9 00 8. 17 8. 00 3-47 2. 00 90 84 79 .55 3 08 2 50 7. 25 166 -43 9. 34 9. 00 8. 91 8. 00 7. 33 6. 00 .59 33 1 15 64 2 71 2 50 5 55 3 00 71 9. 26 9. 00 8. 55 8. 00 6-95* 6. 00 60 08 142 75 2 85 2 50 3. 48 5. 17 222 10. 87 9. 00 8. 65 8. 00 6-71* 6. 00 .80 2 69 14 76 1 61 53 56 3 11 2 50 42 4 40 4 00 5 52 5 36 4 38 2. 62 163 36 11 53 8. 34 9 00 9-90 7. 98 8 00 7. 00 6.36* 7. 94* 6. 00 8-00 6. 78 43 89 .22 8 32 8 00 Trace 4. 36 3. 07 8. 06 8. 00 4. 36 4. 00 9-26 8-00 .23 04 1 74 82 2 89 2. 50 134 6. 99 -20 7. 53 6. 00 7. 33 4. 00 4. 63 300 3. 12 22 1 11 74 5 19 5 00 3 54 174 38 5. 66 5. 00 5. 28 4. 00 3-06 2.00 1 12 28 1 24 90 3 54 3 30 4 63 2 36 1 71 8 70 7. 00 6. 99 6. 00 8-04 7. 00 .38 09 1 36 57 2. 40 170 2. 65 3. 99 .20 6. 84 7 00 6. 64 6. 00 5. 12 4-00 60 56 2 28 1 63 5 07 4 50 60 3 94 41 4. 95 4. 00 4. 54 3. 00 6. 70* 660 38 1 60 2 07 1 18 5 23 4 50 1.12 2 68 05 3 85 4.00 3. 80 3 00 5 22* 5.60 188 32 42 34 2. 96 4. 00 2. 97 6 49 2. 91 12. 37 10 00 9. 46 4. 50 13. 78* 10. 00 — 58 59 1 18 2 35 123 96 1 59 .38 2. 93 150 2. 55 — 2. 38** 2-00 2 51 23 04 04 2 82 2. 47 09 7. 34 173 9. 16 7. 00 7. 43 6. 00 j 4. 20* 2-00 77 31 41 30 1 97 1 65 3. 51 3. 20 158 8. 29 7. 00 6. 71 6.00 3.04 2. 00 * Nos- 71- 87-116 Chlorine .84% " 128-142-147-164 " 1.36% " 32.3 " .82% " 108-113-131-181 " .91% 3.53% potash as carbonate. ^0 equivalent to 1-12% potash, 5.83% potash as sulfate. 7o " " 1.80% " 4.91% ■• " 7o " " 1.07% " 8.87% " 7o " " 1.20% " .97% " " 48 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. .Se-S Where Sampled. »« w ro •« 5is5 OS a. Bowker Fertilizer Co. (Continued) Bowker's Complete Alkaline Tobacco Grower Bowker's Corn Phosphate Bowker's Early Potato Manure. Bowker's Farm and Garden Phosphate Bowker's Fish and Potash Square Brand . Bowker's Gloucester Fish and Potash. . . . Bowker's Grain and Grass Fertilizer Bowker's High Grade Fertilizer. Bowker's Highly Nitrogenized Mixture Bowker's Hill and Drill Phosphate Bowker's Hill and Drill Phosphate. . . Bowker's Lawn and Garden Dressing. Bowker's Market Garden Fertilizer. Bowker's Onion Fertilizer. Bowker's Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer. . Bowker's Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer. . Bowker's Potato and Vegetable Phosphate Bowker's Soluble Animal Fertilizer Bowker's Sure Crop Phosphate Easthainpton . Dighton Norwood Concord \ Montague S. Framingham N. Brookfield. . Bridgewater . . . Springfield Wrenthani Easthampton . Northampton . Taunton Wrentham. . . . Natick Springfield. . . . Leominster. . . Beverly Leominster. . . Leverett Dighton Concord Rockland Plymouth . , . . S. Weymouth. Montague . . . . Newburyport . Boston Springfield. . . . Boston Natick Northampton . Springfield. . . . Leominster. . . Hatfield Montague . . . . Northampton Concord Plymouth. . . . Natick Wrentham. . . . Dighton Bridgewater. . Fall River Dighton Rockland Leominster. . . $25.72 1604 26.96 16 47 18.09 12 54 21. 05 20. 80 44. 98 19. 44 20. 19 21. 29 24.35 27. 54 19. 89 21. 61 16. 27 20.39 13.67 224 315 907 436 638 992 1163 695 847 865 221 670 743 866 614 841 888 667 884 1059 31 G 437 455 459 529 639 438 546 845 572 618 792 858 889 89 642 791 429 465 615 864 314 694 294 328 463 891 6. 78 10. 46 10. 68 9.84 8. 97 9. 83 9. 50 9. 96 5. 79 11. 43 11. 71 6. 28 8. 11 33 39 64 34 19 86 49 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Potash (KaO) in 1 00 lbs. 1 u'l -i i Total. Water Soluble. •6 > 3 1 n Total. Available. 1 As Nitrates and Ammoniates. Water Soluble Organic. Active Water Insoluble Orgar Inactive Water Insoluble Orga Found. Guaranteed. •d ■ c 3 •a 41 c S (a 3 0 i 3 O fa 1 c 2 0 u s s n 3 0 .20 .36 2.16 139 4 11 4 11 104 .18 31 17 1 68 1 65 74 5. 36 5. 02 3 06 .03 120 5.79 9. 62 5. 00 9 00 5. 76 8. 42 4.00 8. 00 5. 35* 2.36 5. 00 2. 00 2. 18 .40 52 30 3 40 3. 29 4.851 3.55 104 85 .52 1 33 135 6. 64 1 19 143 3. 27 34 .48 .42 .44 23 22 26 04 94 19 1 83 165 55 2. 51 2. 47 .12 1 03 82 29 2 44 2. 47 29 2. 50 2. 47 ■ 45 8. 26 8. 2311 5. 17 198 5. 40 5. 461 4. 78 1.63 2. 87 2. 59 2. 82 168 1 35 194 .99 10. 08 9 00 9. 39 6. 51 9. 21 9. 00 5. 00 9. 00 53 .35 2. 29 2. 47 644 3. 19 120 9.85 9. 00 3.56 176 10. 10 9. 00 6. 78 .87 9. 18 8. 00 2. 72 163 10. 69 10. 00 .46 34 2. 49 2. 47 04 03 3-38 3. 29 146 .33: .52 29 2 60 2. 47 67 .15 38 27 2. 47 2. 55 31 30 25 2 41 2. 46 33 36 35 2. 50 2. 06 24 .31 16 177 1. 20 44 45 36 2. 45 2. .26 23 34 25 108 !.47 !.47 !-47 1.63 J. 47 .82 6. 44 1 85 3.83 3 05 2 15 2. 67 7.14J 307 549 275 148 .59 1 33 10. 97 4. 59 7. 83 to. 00 5. 00 700 5. 49 5. 36 6. 00 4. 65 3. 33 3. 00 3. 17 3. 43 86 12. 07 11. 00 9. 77 10 10 9. 46 9. 98 9. 69 9. 00 9. 00 9. 00 9. 00 9. 00 8.40 8. 04 4. 57 8. 22 8.65 8. 34 8. 31 9. 161 9. 49 4. 00 6. 50 1021 8. 24 8. 82 8.36 8. 171 I 7. 981 800 7-50 00! 001 00 00 .00 I 00 2. 50 4.71 136 4.67 4. 21 8. 33 7 900 2. 67 2. 40 6. 05 600 10. 00 8.43° 3. 68 4. 77 2. 34 4. 05 2. 44 4 4 • 2 4 2 * No. 224 Chlorine .74% equivalent to .98% potash, 4.37% potash as sulfate. " 89-642-791 " .62% " " .82% " 7.61% " 50 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. -Ore 'iC'ux •3 2 • S m E w e ".5 01:3 0£ cu 55 ^•9 Bowker Fertilizer Co. (Concluded) Stockbridge Sp. Com. Man for Corn & all Cr. Crops Stockbridge Sp. Com. Man. for Corn and all Gr. Crops Stockbridge Sp. Com. Man, for Potatoes and Veg. Stockbridge Sp. Com. Man. for Potatoes and Veg. Stockbridge Sp. Com. Manure for Seeding Down Perm. Dress, and Legumes Stockbridge Sp. Com. Manure for Seeding Dovvn Perm. Dress, and Letumes. . . . Stockbridge Sp. Com. Manure for Seeding Down Perm. Dress, and Legumes Stockbiidge Tobacco Manure Stockbridge Sp. Com. Man. for Top Dress, and Fore. Stockbridge Sp. Com. Man. tor Top Dress, and for Fore Joseph Breck & Sons, Corp., Boston, Mass. Breck's L.iwn and Garden Dressing . Breck's Market Garden Manure , , Breck's Ram's Head Brand Pulverized Sheep Manure The E. D. Chittenden Co., Bridgeport. CI. Chittenden's Connecticut Fobacco Grow er Chittenden's Grain and Vegetable .Chittenden's Crass and Grain Chittenden's Potato and Grain Dighton Taunton S. Weymouth . Natick Montague. Bridgewater. . . $27 21 304 321 506 616 641 711 Wrentham 28. 07 863 Easthampton . . 1 Fall River.. . Dichton 1 Taunton J 27 19 226 295 305 327 Rockland ] Plymouth Natick .\ Montague Middleboro. . . J 26 79 450 456 617 640 704 Dighton 313 Concord f 28 07 421 S. Wevniouth . 507 Dcerheld.. .. 36 71 1184 Dighton. . . . 1 Rockland Plymouth. . . . ( S. Weymouth. . J 26 86 310 451 461 505 Chelmsford . . . ] Montague 1 Beverly | Middleboro. ... J 26 75 589 637 654 703 Boston Boston Boston 23 37 19. 75 11. 99 32. 02 478 517 868 Leverett 820 Montague. . . . S. Acton Charlton Southbridge. . . Mittineague. . . 23 48 636 936 974 1028 1136 Leverett ] Charlton \ Southbridge... J 28 49 816 997 1143 Leominster. . . . S. Acton Charlton 25 52 915 933 1910 10 64 7 87 7 85 9 01 5 96 6 97 6 93 9. 05 12 88 5 06 7. 64 9. 18 9. 25 8 53 51 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Total. 4> w ^ i;t3 z ™ ^0 "C ^ ^1 u .2 3 U 3 T O U O Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. ^O o -.0 |o U 3 •53 Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Total. Available. Potash (K20) in 100 lbs. 23 1 47 .95 86 50 .19 1 04 1.26 1 04 .68 3.33 3 28 15 1 70 82 .52 3 86 4. 10 3. 29 09 07 061 3. 51 4-10 30 89 52 .49' 2. 20 2. 00 1 04 1 08 28 100 I.74J 19 41, 2. 94 72 .39 46 .87 3 86 4. 10 .41 2 55 2. 46 .58 4 48! 2 .35 2 .75 1 — 2 4. 10 2. 00 20 2 00 38 138 94 38 195 25 .33 30 52 12 .21 1 61 84 46 3. 25 1 60 1 87 22 29 117 .80 .25 110 80 40 3 31 3 30 ■ 57 42 3. 08 3. 30 1 37 1 81 15 .96 74 1 18 3 47 91 55 55 1 23 34 2 47 ? ?7 26 44 .37 2 85 2 47 .89 4 G2 4 50 40 5 33 5 70 3G 2 48 2 40 24 3 19 3 29 S3 3 ?3 3 28 3.93 5 33 5. 04 4 53 5. 27 128 6. 23 5. 46 2.74 2. 91 4.88 42 65 52 .44 .35 1 96 1 60 2. 72 7 31 4. 46 16 6. 95 7 65 2 78 2 96 2 61 5.97 245 5.49 2. 98 2 99 3 13 3. 85 2. 57 2 81 4. 84 5 10 4 00 131 3 53 2 68 5 26 7 62 1 62 1 64 87 .74 156 .08 115 105 117 2. 04 151 71 1 22 1 61 110 117 7 58 9. 03 9. 21 7 00 9 00 8 00 8. 50 8. 00 9. 62 900 8. 57 9 57 i 7. 17 9. 31 8 98 89 3. 25 8. 80 900 9.62| 900 9 98 10 00 8. 90 8 00 412 3.20! 1 26 8 57 8 00 6 71 8. 29 7 65 8. 42 8. 47 7. 62 8. 40 5.13 7.80j 8.27 3. 25 8 01 8. 88 7.73 7. 32 1 51 10 31 10 00 8 80 184 2. 04 26 20 7 99 9 82 8. 83 9.49 7 00: 9 00 8 00 6 15 7. 78 8 57 9. 29 6 00 8 00 7 00 7. 00 8. 00 7 00 8 00 4.eol 8.00 8 00 3. 67 7 58 8.00 7 00 9. 00 .54 11 38 11 00 10 84 10 00 1 89 9 03 6 00 7 14 5 00 6. 00, 8.00 8 00 8 00 11 07 10 00 3 88 4. 00 7 94 : 8 00 5. 48 6 16 3.35* 10. 50 8 00 5. 81 O.OOi 2. 19 7 00 10. 81 10. 59 5.93 8 21 5 95 5.74 6. 63 8. 69* 10 09* * Nos. 740-10.S7 Chlorine .64% equivalent to .85% potash, 5.43%, potash as sulfate. " 394- 413 " .48% " " .64% " 5.31%o " " 1210 " 4.307o " " 5.71% " 2.98% " " 1213 " 5.54% " " 7.35% " 2.74% " t Potash figured at 5c per pound. ** Potash as sulfate. 56 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. it C _ © fl 1-9 Listers Agric.Chem. Works, Newark, N.J. Lister's Celebrated Onion Fertilizer. . . Lister's Complete Tobacco Manure. . . Lister's High Grade Special for Spring Crops. Lister's Potato Manure Lister's Special Corn Fertilizer. Lister's Special Corn Fertilizer. . Lister's Special Potato Fertilizer. Lister's Special Potato Fertilizer. . . Lister's Special Tobacco Fertilizer. Lister's Standard Grass Fertilizer. . Lister's Success Fertilizer Lister's 10% Potato Grower. Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Animal Brand for all Crops Lowell Animal Brand for all Crops Lowell Bone Fert. for Corn, Grain, Grass and Veg. Lowell Corn and Vegetable Lowell Empress Brand for Corn, Potatoes and Grain Lowell Special Grass Mix. for Top Dress, and Lawn Lowell Market Garden Manure Hatfield Bradstreet . . . . \ Hadley / Sunderland .... N. Amherst.. . . Billerica Pepperell Sunderland. . . . Fall River S. Deerfield. . . . Billerica Hadley Fall River S. Deerfield Marblehead 1 Pepperell / Hadley \ Belchertown. . . / Hadley Hadlev \ Billerica / Millis i S. Deerfield.. . ./ Raynham \ Sunderland. ... J Whitman Sunderland . . . Woburn Woburn Sunderland . . . S. Lowell Hudson Spencer Springfield . . . E. Wilbraham N. Amherst. . , S. Lowell Southbridge . Southwick. . . . Spencer J S. Lowell ] Leominster. • • ■ [ Fitchburg ) S. Lowell $26.73 24.31 23.66 25.97 15.84 14. 76 17. 69 18. 18 20. 62 20. 47 15. 99 27 38 21. 22 20. 51 16.52 26. 83 14. 04 27 18 27. 17 669 121 355 58 738 760 1022 54 401 472 659 352 381 474 595 1021 354 1032 1220 351 656 420 473 276 284 448 491 762 662 678 741 1080 1089 1109 1133 416 749 1013 1058 1088 747 886 911 757 10 70 8 54 11 10 9 93 11 88 9 38 14 12 11 92 10 20 12. 13 11 20 11. 78 8. 56 8. 13 6. 61 8. 89 6. 77 4. 42 8. 49 57 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs Potash (K2O) in 100 lbs. 1 1 -si -i Total. s •2 > V 1 Total. Available. i 3 lA E < < Water Soluble Organic. Active Wafer Insoluble Orga Inactive Water In.soluble Orga Found. i c S s 0 1 ■s B 1 3 0 1 i 0 1 B n 3 0 1 ! ' 2. 26 .34 47 1-75 .30 1 08 40 3.47 3 29 72 3. 85 4. 11 5.39 2.90 36 1 33 3 28 1 18 1 37 1 29 1 44! 2 41 2 23 1 47 3 35 1 26 1 77 1 93 1 37! 2 53 2 49 1 23 3 14 71 .51 .34 1 70 164 6.83 2. 60 48 69 .33 4-10 .24 128 1.56 .95 4. 03 4. 10 4. 10 2 61 1 79 118 23 137 91 .77 3 28 3. 28 6. 12 1 89 153 120 26 1 9 53 5. 89 9 00 5 00 94 11 35 10 .19 111 67 -52 2 49 2. 46 4. 75 4 47 71 32 -93 -75 -44 2. 44 2. 46 5. 33 2. 65 143 58 10 30 10 14 9.93 9. 00 9. 41 9. 00 1 45 .13 64 32 30 1 39 1 24 5. 46 2 04 107 5.36 2. 06 64 427 2 95 1.20 9. 46 8. 57 8. 06 8. 42 8. 00 8. 00 00 4. 69 9. 22 7-98 115 9.16 900 801 9. 00 8. 01 800 750 7. 42 7. 22 00 4. 00 001 oolj i 00 I 00 00 00 00 8. 00 8. 00 8. 00 8. 00 7. 00 7. 00: 7.00' 7 32 5. 41* 10. 50 7. 40 3.14 3. 36 3.37 3. 85 3. 40* 2. 39 2. 43 10. 58 4. 28 4.45 2. 97 7 99 2. 12 6. 03 6. 12 7. 00 5 00 4. 00 4. 00 3. 00 7. 00 2 00 6. 00 6. 00 * Nos. 121- 355 Chlorine 1.31% equivalent to 1.75% potash, 3.66% potash as sulfate. " 354-1032 " 1.09% " " 1.44% " 1.96% 58 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. 1.-- • •J §■« — _ o ™ r^ S "J X OS 0.^ 2 u Lowell Fertilizer Co., (Concluded) Lowell Potato Manure Whitman Norwood Southbridge. . Springfield. . . . E. Wilbraham Lowell Potato Grower with 10% Potash I S. Lowell. Lowell Potato Phosphate i Hatfield. . " " " Raynham . Lowell Potato Phosphate ; Lowell . . . " " " I Woburn. . " " " I Hudson , . Lowell Special Grass Mi-xture | S. Lowell. " " " " i Norwood . Lowell Special Potato Fertilizer with 10 % Potash... Lowell Sterling Phosphate Lowell Superior with 10% Potash Raynham .... E. Wilbraham S. Lowell Southbridge. . . Raynham .... Seekonk Concord Lowell Superior with 10% Potash James E. McGovern, Andover, Mass. Andover Animal Fertilizer , Lawrence. Manufacturer's Wool Stock Co., Millbury, Mass. Merino Brand Sheep Manure Millbury Merino Brand Sheep Manure Millbury. Mapes' Formula and Peruvian Guano Co., N. Y. City, Mapes' Average Soil Complete Manure Mapes' Cauliflower and Cabbage Manure. Mapes' Cereal Brand Mapes' Complete Manure for General L'se. Mapes' Complete Manure with 10% Potash. Mapes' Corn Manure Mapes' Corn Manure Mapes' Economical Potato Manure. Mapes' Fruit and Vine Manure. . . . Boston. . . . Fitchburg . Southwick. Boston Fitchburg . . . . Worcester . . . . Southwick. . . . Taunton Boston Enfield Taunton Boston Northampton Springfield. . . . Boston Fitchburg. . . . Worcester. . . . Boston Worcester . . . . S16.47 27 57 23.29 22 21 27 37 23.40 14.11 29.67 28.66 24.59 9. 38 8. 22 28. 30 27. 48 15. 71 25. 12 21. 51 22. 73 22. 92 28. 12 24. 30 449 876 1029 1168 1132 754 220 277 605 761 1679 742 882 302 1131 755 1025 266 365 665 559 1094 1245 516 806 1038 504 822 881 1036 271 482 1030 229 515 538 964 512 803 878 513 837 7 03 5 7 59 69 7 13 8 85 6 39 8 06 7 89 6 90 10 r5 3 4 41 99 7 89 59 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Pliosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphor ic Acid in 100 lbs • Potash (KaO) in 100 lbs. "3 . ^0 1 -1 '■so H II 1 .a 1 E Total. V 1 1 •2 ■c 1 1 c Total. Available. 1 in ^ i < < c e i 1 •s c s 0 1 •s 4) C 2 1 e 2 0 1 c 2 s 0 .19 .90 .34 .30 173 l.«4 4.59 2. 45 .84 7. 88 8. 00 7. 04 7. 00 1 4. 11 4. 00 .27 143 91 73 3. 34 3. 28 3.76 3. 00 1 07 7. 83 7. 00 6.76 6. 00 10.22 10 00 .23 119 65 .46 2. 53 2. 46 5.45 3 93 82 10. 20 9. 00 9. 38 8 00 6. 26 6. 09 22 119 ' 61 .44 2. 46 2. 46 5. 27 3.17 125 9. 69 9. 00 8. 44 8. 00 6. 01 6. 00 .26 1 57 1 32 .85 4. 00 4. 10 4. 59 2. 63 1.40 8. 62 8. 00 7. 22 7. 00 6. 36 6. 00 .21 110 70 45 2.46 2.46 4. 27 183 122 7. 32 7. 00 6. 10 6. 00 9. 74 10. 00 .04 .46 20 .15 .85 .82 5.59 2. 77 82 9. 18 9. 00 8. 36 8. 00 3. 88 4.00 .66 119 1 06 64 3. 55 3. 69 3.38 4. 86 56 8. 80 8. 00 8. 24 7. 00 10. 70 10. 00 .42 .88 1 36 79 3. 45 3. 69 4.66 2. 87 130 8. 83 8. 00 7. 53 700 10 11 10. 00 .36 97 1 31 113 3. 77 3. 00 .51 6. 43 3. 11 10. 05 6. 00 6. 94 5. 00 4. 07 3. 00 — 61 51 35 .30 .47 .46 1 43 1.35 127 135 — — — .31 .31 .48 .48 — — 3.4n 2891 3. 51 3. 51 2.77 .19 59 58 4. 13 4. 12 131 6. 47 66 8. 44 8. 00 7. 78 7. 00 5.96t 5.00 2.89 31 56 .54 4. 30 4. 12 1.34 5. 52 .54 7. 40 6. 00 6. 86 6. 00 6. 57 6. 00 76 22 .45 .44 187 165 .57 5. 63 2. 32 8. 52 8. 00 6.20 6.00; 3. 22 3. 00 2. 38 .49 46 39 3. 63 3. 29 106 7 11 2. 19 10. 36 10. 00 8. 17 8. 00 4. 69* 4. 00 1.25 16 48 40 2. 29 2 06 .29 3 41 1.94 5. 64 5. 00 3. 70 3. 00 10. 78 10. 00 1.59 21 .45 37 2. 62 2.47j 108 6. 06 3.93 11. 07 10. 00 7.14 8. 00 6. 53 6. 00 139 .27 .41 .43 2. 50 2. 47 .68 8. 15 194 10. 77 10. 00 8. 83 8. 00 6. 65 6. 00 2. 41 .56 36 28 3. 61 3. 29 .38 4. 75 1.43 6. 56 6. 00 5.13 4. 00 9. 58* 8. 00 116 .46 .46 2. 07 165 .57 5.63 1.45 7.65 7. 00 6.20 5.00 10. 51* 10.00 t Potash as sulfate. * No3. 271-482 Chlorine 3.34% equivalent to 4.42% potash, .27% potash as sulfate. " 512-803-878 " .51% " " .67% " 8.91% " " 513-837 " .31% " " .41% " 10.10% ' t Potash figured at 5c per pound. 60 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. _ * <« ,"5 C u x 2§ £ 3 0 3 O fa 0 1 i 0 3 15 .56 61 52 4. 84 4 94 68 4.88 102 6. 58 6. 00 5.56 5. 90 7. 52 7.00 2. 41 .20 05 04 2. 70 2 47 51 194 1,02 3. 47 3. 50 2.45 2. 00 3. 52 2. 50 186 104 53 41 3 84 3 71 2. 49 6. 39 1 12 19. 00 8. 00 8 88 8 00 6. 88* 6. 00 66 31 .59 38 3 94 3. 06 .71 .24 .59, 17 139 .16 63 .89 6 58 6 88 19 1 26 .99 4. 32 4. 00 81 .54 .60 .24 13 17 8. 95 9. 13 4. 67 4. 3 1 8 3 3 17 .44 .93 .75 2. 24 71 2.42 5. 69 .97 50 10 186 3.93 18 06 3. 84 143 12 88 94 .71 5. 25 4.94 24 1 60 165 56 3 84 4. 11 48 .23 23 .38 5. 10 4. 12 29 01 2. 96 6. 49 3 22 2 39 .69 .97 140 9.95 8. 24 183 51 59: 371 3. 30 3. 29 4. 72 3. 29 2. 17 00 8 70 50 ! 00 00 00 186! 8.73| 800 163 1 73 9. 00 7. 00 194 36 SO .39 3. 29 3. 29 5. 65 2. 46 115 9. 26 9 00 10. 18 9.00 2.49 14 .47 .27 3 37 3 29 472 3. 54 .55 — 2 87 1 47 4. 89 4. 94 80 3. 69 .20 65 2 61 1 34 4 80 4 94 .96 3 17 4. 30 72 116 86 7 04 8 23 51 3. 83 .41 11 196 3. 90 77 24 3. 19 6. 87 8. 32 6 51 8. 11 8. 01 161 9 87 9 00 826 8. 00 658* 600 6. 00 8 00 6. 00 8. 00 8. 00 8. 00 490 400 4.49 1 00 54 467 400 413 100 46 480 4 00 4.34 100 156 21 63 60 3 00 2 427 254 1.71 8 52 7. 00 681 172^ 6. 48 6. 35 8. 91* 9. 42* 3. 17* 600 4. 61 15. 00 10. 00 100 4.00 2. 00 600 646* 6.90 2. 00 6 00 6. 00 6. 00 5. 41* 5. 00 8. 00 8. 00 2. 50 154 26 38 22 2. 40 2. 47 4 08 2 17 128 7. 53 7. 00 6. 25 6. 00 9 77 10. 00 4 00 * Nos. 268-509-537 Chlorine .66% equivalent to .88% potash, 6.00% potash as sulfate. " 802-838-963 " 1.68% " " 2.24% " 4.34% 1001 " .69% " " .92%, " 1.69% " 12.44% potash as carbonate, 15.29% total potash. * Nos. 1000-1183 Chlorine, 1.05% equivalent to 1.39% potash, 1.55% potash as sulfate, 7.60% potash as carbonate, 10.82% total potash. * Nos. 1002-1044 Chlorine .49% equivalent to .67% potash, 1.05% potash as sulfate. '■ 520 " .56% " " .73% " 3.02% " 1034 " .16% " " .21% " 1.98% " 475-536-965 " .49% " " .66% " 5.80% 62 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. «|- c U 3 ^6 >- < < 1^ IT, c c Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. 160 3 36 1 14 134 77 38 3 00 2 88 52 5 11 5 76 .46 2. 47 2 47 .33 2 47 2 47 28 2 32 2 06 .32 1 05 2 02 1 34 4 73 4 53 .37 52 2. 55 132 4. 76 4 53 .42 02 2.45 176 4 65 4 53 115 26 70 44 2 55 2. 47 24 1 19 1 16 14 71 59 74 70 75 23 1 28 1 19 1 48 1 01 90 20 91 32 66 3 25| 3. 28 38 182 1 64| 36 2 55 2. 46 74 3 44 3 69 43 3 82 4 10 32 1 75 1 64 18 1 09 66 46 2 39 2.46 3. 38 3. 87 6. 36 5. 14 5.49 ■ 26 55 32 2. 97 .79 50 112 2. 41 2. 25 — 4. 15 5.42 5. 74 4 31 1 12 5. 20 5. 42 3 08 1.97J 2 81 3. 05 2. 92 3. 82 3 17 3 63 2. 29 2. 23 2. 82 2 86 3 40 3 73 187 Total. 1 81 1 07 1 81 148 128 08 03 145 1 12 1 25 46 1 22 194 74 8. 27 6. 91 9. 98 9. 67 9. 69 Available. 7 00 6 00 9 00 9. 00 9. 00 6 46 5. 84 8 17 8. 19 8 41 408 400 4 08 3. 80 3. 98 6. 71 1.66 7 50 9 4S 9 06 8. 93 6. 79 7 81 4 00 4 00 6. 00 125 7 00 9 00 9. 00 8 00 5. 00 8 00 3 72 3 95 5. 26 6 38 8. 24 8 60 7 71 4 85 7 07 6. 00 5. GO 8 00 8. 00 8. 00 3. 00 3. 00 3. 00 500; 6 00 8 00 8 00 7 00 4. 00 7 00 300 102 944 900 842: 800 137 03 147 1 07 3 94 3 30 2. 59' 5 11 1 51 9 21 6 00 7701 6 00 2. 38 02 65 54 3 59 3 30 -23 6 61 2 04 8. 88 7. 00 684; 6. 00 Potash (K2O) in 100 lbs. .95 .53 1 05 1 04 3 57 3 30 281 1 09 25 1 20 1 00 3 54 3.30* 65 172 1 19 131 4. 87 4. 50 .19 2 87 4 20 2271 9-341 VOOi 707 3.47; 38 4.04 300 3.66 6 00 300 3. 78 8. 60* 6.24 6. 95 6 00 5. 51* 1 83t 10 53 3 09 5 97 10 09 6. 24* 4 03 7 03 6 93* 4 28 2 12 921 700 7 09 600 7 12 6. 98 6. 36' 400 10 00 6 00 6. 00 6. 00 5. 50 5.59* 5. 50 6. 96* 5. 50 3 23 3. 00 150 10 00 3 00 6 00 19 00 6 00 4. 00 4 15 4. 00 6 00 6. 00 6.50 6. 50 5. 50 ♦ No. 819 Chlorine 1.45% equivalent to 1.92% potash, C.68% potash as sulfate. Nos. 154-169-171-185-203 Chlorine .81% equivalent to 1.06% potash, 2.38% potash as sulfate, 2.07% potash as carbonate, 6.47% total potash. No. 646 Chlorine .64% equivalent to .84% potash, 1.23% potash as sulfate, 3. 52% potash as carbonate, 6.47% total potash. 724 Chlorine .15% " " .20% " 6.76% " " 1126 " .87% " " 1.15% " 5.09% " " 136-485 " 1.13% " " 1.50% " 5.43% " 107-120-124-159-201 " .30% " " .40% " 1.20% " " " 4.76% potash as carbonate, 6.59% total potash. t Potash figured at 5c per pound. 64 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. = 1^1 S. o = 1 Olds and Whipple, (Concluded) O. &*W. Fish and Potash O. & W. High Grade Potato Fertilizer O. & W. Special Onion Fertilizer Pan American Fertilizer Co., 33 Pearl St., N. Y. City. Pan American Market Garden Standard ParmenterandPolseyFert. Co., 40 N. Market St. Boston P. & P. A .A. Brand P. & P. Aroostook Special with 10% Potash P. & P. Plymouth Rock Brand for all Crops. P. & P. Potato Fertilizer. P. it P. Potato Grower with 10% Potash P. & P. Sp. Potato Fertilizer for Potatoes and Roots. P. & P. Star Brand Superphosphate. R. T. Prentiss, Granby, Mass. R. T. Prentiss Complete for Corn and Grain. R. T. Prentiss Complete for Potatoes. . R. T. Prentiss Complete Top Dressing. The Pulverized Manure Co., Chicago, 111. Wizard Brand Sheep Manure ' Wizard Brand Cattle Manure The Rogers Manufacturing Co., Rockfall, Ct. All Round Fertilizer Complete Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer. Fish and Potash H. G. Corn and Onion Fertilizer. H. G. Grass and Grain N. Hadley N. Hadley Sunderland .... Sunderland .... Auburn S. Lowell \ Brookfield / S. Lowell 1 N. Attleboro. . , I Holden J Brookfield J N. Attleboro. . .1 Brookfield / Brookfield S. Lowell 1 N. Attleboro. . . J S. Lowell 1 Holden / Chicopee 1 Holyoke / Holyoke Chicopee 1 Holyoke J Taunton 1 Fall River. . . Concord Fitchburg. . . Taunton N. Westport. . .1 Worcester / N. Westport. . .] Whately [ Worcester J Norwood J N. Westport. . Amherst Worcester. . . . N. Westport. . .] Fitchburg \ Southwick J Sunderland . . . . 1 Deerfield J $19. 98 31.97 25. 32 22 22 30.42 30. 10 20 99 18 16 23 83 26 85 17 16 25. 73 28. 25 35. 29 13. 03 11. 96 17. 18 22 21 23. 78 28. 26 33. 74 135 134 488 208 1090 752 1149 751 870 1092 1153 867 1144 1141 756 869 748 1093 770 776 775 769 774 289 334 397 824 J 272 376 874 370 580 880 906 377 650 812 369 807 1041 633 1189 6.33 9. 52 8. 20 7. 81 8. 19 6 14 84 4. 87 6 27 94 64 5. 70 7. 00 4. 93 7. 01 11. 72 8. 12 7 72 6. 36 7. 75 6. 24 65 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. V) u — "(3 2 c = •?§ « E < < .a .a s c ra « oc ^ oc £ So ^0 3 « II ^.^ H ^ C « § .Co f3 ?f (S 'X ^0 c c Total. •s t:-s c .38 14 1 37 89 2 78 2. 50 112 .01 1 53 1 07 3 73 3 30 116 .06 99 68 2 89 2. 45 2 38 1 31 182 Phosphoric Acid in ICQ lbs. Total. Available. Potash (KaO) in 100 lbs. 4 12 6. 44 6 77 1 51 7 99 92 8. 67 1 51 10 10 6 00 6 00 6. 48 7. 75 8. 59 5 00 6 00 8. 00 .30 1 66 1 54 22 1 57 1 20 .80 4. 30 4. 10 74 3 73 3 69 4. 21 4. 66 3. 52 3. 04 173 1 15 9. 46 8. 85 00 00 7. 73! 7. 70 7. 00 7. 00 4 03 3. 00 10 92- 10. 00 6. 62* 600 1.50 05 53 41 2 49 2 46 4. 53 3 79 1 02 9. 34 9 00 8. 32 8-00 634 801 10 43 18 1 02 80 51 2. 51 2. 46 5. 16 74 56 29 1 75 1 64 3 19 1 09 80 .40 2. 48 2.46 4. 21 t 27 1 11 69 3. 28 3. 28 5. 19 90 38 37 1 84 1 64 5 2. 21 21 30 30 3 02 2 240 05 38 4. 19 59 68 .22 3 05 3 29 47 5. 93 5. 76 7. 76 5.36 54 56 123 2 33 1 80 — .42 51 1. 26 2 19 1 80 — 2. 74 3 35 2. 40 2 38 04 2. 13 642 2 02 158 173 9 46 7. 55 7. 55! 9. 44' 9. 85 7. 50 641 7. 81 8 9. 00 7. 00, 1 79 1.00 1 43 100 16 80 87 60 2. 43 2 25^ 4 57 3 70 1581 9. 85 .75 .81 133 .95 3.84| 3. 25 .96 34 1 48 90 368 3 60 .42, 15 194 68 3. 19, 3.e0i 2. 17 2. 42 3. 03 4. 83 1841 7 04 54 8. 98 900 8. 44 9 34 7. 09 65 31 57 34 1 87 1 65 6 06 2. 59 1 68 10. 33 1000 8. 65 10 00 827 600 5 20 260 9 85 8 00 725 06 8.54, 8. 57 17. 17 16 00^ 8 60 00 00 00 00 00; I i oo'l 8. 00 6. 00 8. 00 8. 00 4. 00 6. 00 9. 95 8. 02 2.28t 2. 061 3. 02 6. 22 4. 88 8. 58 13. 35 * No. 134 Chlorine .98% equivalent to 1.30% potash, 9.62% potash as sulfate. " 488 " .57% " " .76% " 5.86% ' t Potash figured at 5c per pound. 66 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. .« e n fl _ C Q ra i«3 S raZ The Rogers Manufacturing Co., (Concluded) H. G. for Oats and Top Dressing H. G. Soluble Tobacco Manure. H. G. Soluble Tobacco Manure . . . . H. G. Tobacco and Potato Manure. H. G. Tobacco and Potato Manure H. G. Tobacco Grower New H. G. Tobacco Grower, Veg. and Carb. Formula The Rogers and Hubbard Co., Middletown, CI. Hubbard's "Bone Base" All Soil All Crop Phosphate Hubbard's "Bone Base" Complete Phosphate Hubbard's "Bone Base" Pert, for Seed. Down & Fruits Hubbard's "Bone Base" New Market Garden Phos. . . Hubbard's "Bone Base" Oats and Top. Dressing Hubbard's "Bone Base" Oats and Top Dressing. Hubbard's "Bone Base" Oats and Top Dressing. Hubbard's "Bone Base" Potato Phosphate Hubbard's"Bone Ba?e"Soluble Corn and General Crops Deerfield . . . Plainville. . . Hadley Deerfield . . . N. Amherst. Fitchburg. . Palmer Deerfield . . . Plainville. . . Amherst. . . . Sunderland . Amherst . . . Fitchburg. . Whately. .. . Spencer. . . . Deerfield . . . N. Amherst. Sunderland . Hadley E. Milton. . . E. Milton. . . Wrentham. . . Enfield Agawam . . . . Hadlev N. Hatfield. . W. Peabody. N. Westport. Salem W. Peabody. N. Hadley.. . Hadley N. Westport. Hadlev N. Hatfield. . E. Milton . . . W. Peabody. Wrentham. . . Sterling Lowell N. Westport. N. Hatfield.. E. Milton. . . N. Hatfield.. W. Peabody. Wrentham. . . $38.56 37 82 36. 34 31 48 31 37 29. 89 29 20 27 21 18 18 30 73 24 03 45 21 44. 93 45. 55 21 38 24. 95 95 234 392 471 405 825 1298 96 236 403 631 648 811 1283 1233 94 404 632 626 697 698 904 1031 1124 624 675 777 372 594 785 149 359 3/8 622 673 723 784 862 949 1266 373 676 896 874 780 860 7. 64 6. 43 5 75 6. 14 6.71 6. 59 7 23 7 93 7. 86 5. 41 7 68 2. 61 4.56 154 9 27 4. 77 67 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphor ic Acid in 100 lb Potash (K2O) inlOOlb.s. S 3 il ^5 •5' iiO 11 u 'E .a .2_3 a in c c Total. S 9 ! 1 1 1 Total. Available. •d B 1 f. 4) 21c •t: 5 o < < Found. Guaranteed. •a c 1 •2 • « s 2 c 1 1 B u 3 0 •0 « B 2 3 0 3 02 .97 140 83 6. 22 6. 30 48 8. 58 158 10. 64 9. 00 9. 06 7. 00 8. 60 7. 50 116 .93 1 84 1.10 5 03 5 00 55 8. 51 .89 9 95 7. 00 9. 06 5. 00 10. 63* 10. 50 1.05 13 2. 74 102 4 94 5. 00 61 5.74 107 7. 42 7. 00 6. 35 5. 00 11. 81* 10.5 1 02 .89 124 60 3. 75 3. 50 42 7. 75 .94 9. 11 9. 00 8 17 7. 00 10 15* 8.75 ■ 1.27 .45 1.43 .55 3 70 3 50 .80 8. 43 151 10. 74 9. 00 9 23 7 00 9. 03* 8. 75 112 134 1 60 97 5. 03 5. 00 70 3. 82 .38 4. 90 4. 00 4 52 3 00 6. 91* 5. 50 .87 .47 2. 16 173 5 23 5 00 70 2.34 .94 3. 98 4. 00 3 04 3. 00 6. 31* 5. 50 2 41 .17 .45 24 3 27 3. 30 5 52 3. 40 151 10. 43 9. 00 8. 92 8. 00 7. 90 7. 00 .55 22 46 33 1 56 1 50 4. 53 3. 76 1.25 9. 54 8. 00 8. 29 7. 00 5.54 5. 00 .30 07 117 69 2 23 2 20 .57 8. 45 8. 60 17 62 16. 00 9. 02 6. 50 1362 12.00 .89 18 72 .39 2. 18 2 00 3. 67 2.99 138 8 04 7. 00 6 66 6.00 11 29 10. 00 7. 38 .35 51 32 8 56 8. 50 10 5. 39 3. 11 8. 60 8. 00 5. 49 4. 50 9. 15 8. 00 7. 04 30 .75 27 8. 36 8. 50 8. 13 2. 17 10 30 8. 00 8. 13 4. 50 7. 64 8. 00 7 36 14 .53 27 8. 30 8 50 — 6 97 3. 21 10 18 8. 00 6 97 4. 50 9. 28 8. 00 1 11 20 .44 .40 2.15 2. 00 6. 00 3. 06 186 10. 92 10. 00 9. 06 9. 00 5. 56 5. 00 132 41 .56 .34 2.63 2. 50 2. 02 5. 81 161 9. 44 8. 00 7. 83 6. 00 9.39 8. 00 * Nos. 405-825 " 1298 " 96-236-403-631-648-811 " 1283 " 1233 " 94-404-632 6.67% total potash. Ch orine .82% equivalent to 1.08% potash, 9.55% potash as sulfate. 1.11% "" "■ 1.04% .39% .74% .37% 1.47% 10.34% " 1.37% ■ 8.78% " .52% 8.51% " .99% 5.92% " " .49% ' 5.82% " 68 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. « c J 5-Si ^^J.2 t; •- fl. - Where 0-- cS Sampled. Cash unfs 0 Acid a lixed [ - c ; t ™ E ;^ = !(<£-' oi a. = 1 1Z The Rogers and Hubbard Co., (Concluded) Hubbard's "Bone Base" Soluble Potato Manure. Hubbard's "Bone Base" Soluble Potato Manure. Hubbard's "Bone Base" Soluble Tobacco Manure. Tobacco Special Tobacco Special Ross Brothers Co., 88 Front St., Worcester, Mass. Corn, Grain and Grass Fertilizer High Grade Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer. . . . Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer Worcester Lawn Dressing F. S. Royster Guano Co., Baltimore, Md. Royster's Champion Crop Compound Royster's Gold Seal Potato Special Guano. Royster's Harvest King Fertilizer. . . . Royster's High Grade Corn Fertilizer. N. Hadley. . . N. Westport. Hadlev W. Peabody. Wrentham. . . ■Sterling N. Westport. N. Hadley.. . Hadley Plainville. . . . N. Hatfield. . . .J Hadley Worcester . Worcester. Worcester . Worcester . Springfield. Royster's High Grade Tobacco Manure. Royster's High Grade Top Dresser Royster's Practical Truck Guano Royster's Royal Special Potato Guano Royster's Special Celery and Onion Guano Royster's Universal Truck Fertilizer J. W. Sanborn, Pittsfield, N. H. Prof. Sanborn's Cheni. Fertilizer for Grass and Grain Prof. Sanborn's Chem. Fertilizer for Hill and Drill... . Prof. Sanborn's Chem. Fertilizer for Potatoes & Corn Sanderson Fertilizer & Chem. Co., New Haven ,Ct. Sanderson's Atlantic Coast Bone, Fish and Potash... . N. Adams. N. Woburn Leominster Brooks Station Orange. . . . N. Adams. N. Woburn Leominster Brooks Station Westfield. . Leominster Brooks Station Auburn . . . Orange. . . . N. Woburn N. Woburn N. Woburn Leominster Saxon ville . . . . Royalston . . . . Royalston . . . . Sa.xonville. . . . Royalston . . . . Sunderland . . , N. Amherst. . . N. Hatfield'. ;: $33 2G 33 43 38 42 26 77 2G 48 24 97 27 10 17 61 22 69 17 81 23 10 16 67 17 86 32 93 36 86 21 25 27 14 30 86 26 82 29 91 22 13 28 67 16 17 146 375 625 783 861 948 371 114 391 501 672 1065 834 801 826 835 855 1203 872 918 1078 1175 1204 873 923 1084 1237 917 1083 1091 1181 871 713 712 922 983 1178 1190 988 1179 60 101 180 684 8 70 9. 75 10 19 4. 81 5. 74 8. 39 7 87 7 66 7. 43 8. 35 6. 14 7 98 5. 27 6 81 7 17 7. 99 8 81 7 95 9 23 4 70 9. 97 6 72 6 89 69 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Z I ii, I/: E < < c -a It ' n .1. V V> 4)_3 ~_3 Total. Phosphoric Acid in 1 00 lbs. 3 Total. Available. Potash (KzO) in 100 lbs. 2 41 35 1 33 82 4. 91 5 00 1 15 7 58 3 72 12 45 10 00 8 73 7 00 6. 24* 5 00 2 37 .46 1 43 77 5 03 5 00 .99 8 58 3 24 12 81 10 00 9 57 7. 00 5. 47* 5 00 2 81 40 1 41 42 5 04 5 00 99 8 15 2 14 11 28 10 00 9 14 7 00 11. 02* 10. 00 .23 .43 195 1 63 4.24 4. 10 10 3 88 1 81 5 79 5. 50 3. 98 3. 00 6. 61* 5 00 30 18 2 32 1 31 4 11 4. 10 38 4 75 74 5 87 5. 50 5 13 3 00 e.28* 5 00 1 11 1 20 48 25 11 03 .91 .99 66 44 48 38 2. 71 2 78 1 55 2 87 2 87 1 65 6. 48 6 95 4 72 1 81 1 09 3 52 .92 1 07 43 9 21 9 11 8 67 8 50 8 50 8 50 8 29 8 04 8 24 8 00 8 00 8 00 8 39 10 72 5 31 8 00 10 00 5 00 .98 16 75 62 2 51 2. 00 1 4. 53 i 2. 99 .87 8. 39 10 00 7. 52 6 OO 7. 56 4 00 1 09 14 31 26 1 80 1.65 4. 57 3. 54 130 941; 8. 50 8 11 8 00 4. 26 4 00 .90 05 41 29 1 65 1 65 3. 93 4 29 1 07 9. 29 8. 50 8 22 8 00 11 20 10 00 .91 18 45 39 1 93 165 3 25 4. 81 1 33 9. 39 8. 50 8. 06 8 00 2. 48 2 00 .83 .17 40 33 173 1.65 198 5 19 92 8 09 7. 50 7. 17 7. 00 5. 97 5. 00 2 24 43 117 88 4. 72 4 94 2. 87 2 87 59 6 33 5. 50 5. 74 5 50 9. 92* 10 00 4. 90 62 55 31 6 38 6 58 4. 82 1 64 99 7 45 6. 50 6 46 6 00 8. 31 8 00 1 12 2 18 1 68 2 02 31 .18 27 24 63 77 .95 70 46 .50 42 55 2 46 3 63 3. 32 3. 51 2 47 4 11 3 29 3 29 2 08 3 35 4. 06 3 48 4 99 4. 26 4 10 4 37 1 48 1 17 1 53 1 79 8. 55 8. 78 9 69 9. 64 8 50 7 50 8 50 8. 50 7 07 7 61 8 16 7 85 8 OO 7 00 8 00 8 00 6. 55 7 83 12/9 7 46 6 00 7 00 12 00 7 00 4 74 08 20 13 5 15 4. 75 2. 97 2 51 1 89 7 37 6 00 5 48 4 50 6 32 5 75 1 49 2 33 19 2 33 2 40 32 3 56 3 30 7 95 6 06 1 56 2.11 1 28 10 79 11. 50 168 9 85 950 9 51 8 17 7 00 7 00 5 31 8. 43* .12 .26 .92 .60 190 167 2. 78 2. 27 1 94 6 99 6 00 5 05 4 00 4. 55 4. 00 * Nos. 146-375-625-783 Chlorine 1.16% equivalent to 1.54% potash, 4.70% potash as sulfate. 861-948 .92% " 1.21% ' ' 4.26% ' 371 1.11% " 1.46% ' ' 9.56% ' 114-.391-501-672 .64% " .84% ' ' 5.77% " 1065 .57% " .75% ' • 5.53% • 1237 1.18% " 1.57% ' • 8.35% ' 988-1179 ' 4.81% " 6.39% ' 2.04% • 70 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. Sanderson Fertilizer and Chem. Co. (Concluded). Sanderson's Complete Tobacco Grower Sunderland . " , N. Amherst. . " Sunderland. . Whately. : N. Hatfield... " I Northampton. Sanderson's Complete Tobacco Grower i Hadley Sanderson's Corn Superphosphate I Southwick. . . . " " " I Three Rivers. . " " " I Gt. Harrington Sanderson's Formula A Sunderland Sanderson's Formula B Sanderson's Formula B Sanderson's Potato Manure Sanderson's Special with 10% Potash. Sanderson's Top Dressing for Grass and Grain. M. L. Shoemaker & Co., Ltd., Philadelphia, Pa. "Swift-Sure" Super-phosphate for General Use. N. Hatfield.. . Whately Agawam Gt. Harrington N. Amherst. . . Sunderland . . . Whately A. M. Smith & Co., 33 Com. St., Boston, Mass. Equity Brand Dried Ground Hen Manure Wm. Thomson <£ Sons., Ltd., Clovenfords, Scotland. ! Thomson's Vine Plant and Vegetable Manure Thomson's Sp. Top. Dress, and Chrysanthemum Man, 20th Century Specialty Co., Boston, Mass. "Scientific" 12L No. 1 "Scientific" 12L No. 2 "Scientific" 12L No. 3 Whitman and Pratt Rendering Co., Lowell, Mass W. & P. all Crop Hatfield Sunderland . . . N. Hatfield.. . Manf. Sample Boston. Boston . Boston. Boston. Boston. W. & P. Corn Success Fertilizer. W. & P. Potash Special W. & P. Potato Manure W. & P. Vegetable Grower. Hadley Billerica Pepperell N. Chelmsford Chelmsford. . . Billerica N. Chelmsford Pepperell $27 11 24.42 27. 04 27. 57 18. 12 25. 47 28.99 26 58 32. 94 10-26 17. 08 22 02 23. 55 19. 12 26. 68 22. 18 27. 96 1216 677 477 7. 71 8. 26 10. 57 6. 95 6.56 8.67 10. 19 8.43 8.54 8. 63 9. 50 4. 90 6. 60 2. 92 3 21 4. 33 10. 82 7. 07 6. 21 8. 12 9. 49 ♦ Nos. 577 " 1223 " 1232 " 1226 t Potash figured at 5c per pound. Chlorine4.37% equivalent to 5.80% potash, 1.72% potash as sulfate. 1.88% " " 2.50% " .89%, " 2.67%, " " 3.53%, " 1.8S%o 2.42%o " " 3.20%o " 3.06%o " 71 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Total. V :z ^ ^5 •2 ICS <- j:J5 .19 .46 2 1G 1 85 4 GG 4 50 20 75 2. 13 1 66 4 68 4 50 .14 .43 88 68 2 13 167 'hosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. 1 12 2. 58 20 1 08 3 06 6 31 2 31 Total. 3.90 4. 00 Available. 3 70 3 00 15 429 400 4 14 3 00 .69 9 31 9 00 8. 62 7 00 82 103 75 61 3 21 3. 33 4 53 2 66 124 1 36 13 82 23 1 04 29 90 18 81 29 77 78 3 29 3 33 86 3 41 3 33 64 176 1 67 66 2. 54 2. 50 3 19 3. 23 4. 34 4081 3. 98 4 62 189 2. 78 1 33 2 76 2 25 66 2.02i 85. 800 9 93 10 10 6. 89 10 00 10 00 8. 00 800 2 08 59 95 57 4 19 4 00 4 95 2. 47 1 33 8 75 7. 19 7 17 7 85 6 23 6 86 6. 00 6 00 600 5 00 5. 00 7 42 7 00 .83 49 94 2 94 2 9. 00 1 82 3 53 1 90 7 25 700 — I 2 95 2 00 1 GO 2.59 1 36 1 07 3. 93 4 60 3 50! 4. 251 7. 14 6. 93 123 .04 02 1 79 55 03 290 .18 05 1 14 17 89 21 1 17 71 52 50 34 1 05 74 1 13 01 02 05 1 30 2 39 3. 18 1 00 2 00 3. 00 1 44 2 08 3 04 68 2 88 2 46 3. 64 62 59 2 05 1 64 2 89 2 87 3 25 2 91 71 2 60 2 46 3 99 G5 3 57 3 29 1 15 3 30 3 66 1 31 1 57 1 91 3 52 3 16 13 96 13. 75 2. 83 3 85 5 03 12 00 12.00| 2 00 3 00 4. 00 10 44 10. 59, 2 75 3 65 4. 95 5 91 247 12 02 11. 00 9 55 8 00 6. 50 i 2 00 3 00 4 00 9 00 4. 83 4 52 3 79 2 12 10 20 10 00 1 22 8 65 8 00 2 30 10 08 9 00 6 94 2 45 10 54 10. 00 8 09 8 00 Potash (KaO) in 100 lbs. 6 14^ 7. 73=' 2. 54 6. 55 7 34^ 7 17^ 6. 80 10. 39^ 7. 42 2 55 2 17 12 60 1200 10 43 9 00 5-39* list 7. 52* 3 31 339* 3. 00 5. 41* 4. 00 6. 26* 5. 00 4. 38 8 08 9. 09 436 743 6 00 1068 7 78 700 568 8. 14 Nos. 59-102-137-183-581-583-683-725 Chlorine .68% equivalent to .90% potash, 5.24% potash as sul " 1064 578 " 1107 178-179 83-86-677 .82% " 1.07% ' 6.66% .77% " 1.01% ' 6.33% ' 1.09% " 1.44% 5.73% ' 6.46% " 8.56%, 1.83%, ' .67% " .89% ' ' 4.50% ' 72 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. Wilcox Fertilizer Co., Mystic, Ct. Wilcox Complete Bone Superphosphate | Fall River I Marblehead. . . . I Salem Wilcox Corn Special Amherst Fall River Wilcox Fish and Potash Amherst I New Bedford . " " " Fall River Wilcox 4-S-lO Fertilizer ! Deerfield 1 Fall River Wilcox 4-8-10 Fertilizer Sunderland . . . . Wilcox Grass Fertilizer Dighton " " Fall River Wilcox High Grade Fish and Potash Dighton Hadley Wilcox High Grade Tobacco Special Amherst " N. Hadley ' Hadley Wilcox Potato Fertilizer ' Amherst ; Fall River Wilcox Potato, Onion and Vegetable Phosphate Amherst Plainville ; New Bedford. . Wilcox Potato, Onion and Vegetable Phosphate Fall River ;; " " " " '\ ' Hadley " " Marblehead. . . . Wilcox Special Superphosphate , Three Rivers. . . A.H. Wood & Co., Framingham, Mass. ' Wood's B. B. Fertilizer | Framingham. . . Wood's 777 Fertilizer I Framingham.. . Wood's S. P. Fertilizer Framingham. . . 3 S-S^ — — ft® 4) rj i a. S20.67 23. 28 19. 11 30. 18 31 37 27.40 24. 36 27. 25 20.69 28. 21 27 43 15.57 23 33 39. 47 34. 64 23 293 592 596 62 335 46 259 286 93 1 287 / 540 318 \ 336 I 320 I 358 / 51 232 357 63 296 61 233 242 324 360 593 1103 1051 1052^ 981 14 91 8. 84 16 15 795 11. 49 9. 76 9. 02 11. 71 10. 45 6. 71 5. 98 * j^ccording to the manufacturer, the shortage in nitrogen and the overrun in potash on this brand is due to mistake of the workman in substituting a 200 lb. bag of sulfate of potask for a like amount of sulfate of ammonia. 73 Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. 1^-2 2 c C i <9 o 1; E < < BO •s ' u m u so Total. •So OO , § 22 126 17 .29 23 87 92 2. 31; 2. 05 .96 .16 90 63 2. 65 2. 46! 36 1 12 30 75 15 86 31 1 08 66 1 46 1 1 26 17 .19 .74 128 M2 3.83i 3 30 82 .75; 2. 50 2. 05 1 36 52 92 66 3 46 3. 30 1 31 29 526 .17 2. 77 35 39 23 33 67 3 34 3301 48 1 41 103 38 2 37 2 50 17 5 83 7 00 25 3. 70 4 00 81 2. 58 2.46 1 40 3 28 3 30 7 43 3 92 3 30 85 4. 17 4 12 7 6. 21 3. 55, 3. 30 4. 7 17 7.63 40 25 05 38 6. 98 7-40 2. 49 7 05 5. 49 6. 80 Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs 2 22 1 30 5 43 1 70 1 42 1 02 27 2 41 — 5 38 2. 87 3. 27 2. 36 178 6 09 3 66 1 20 1 95 Total. 92 10. 31 .46 9. 39 10 Available. 05 7 15 10 51 8 56 7. .97 7. 9. 00 9. 00 6. 00 9 00 9 00 700! Potash (KzO) in 100 lbs. 9. 39 8. 93 83 95 65 700! 1 94 7 32 7. 00 2. 30 8. 44 7. 00 89 10. 23 9. 00 59 9. 77 9. 00 2. 06 10. 64 9. 00 5. 38 6. 14 8 00 8. 00 5.00i 6 00 9.34| 800 9. 18 800 ! 858 800 59 11 30 11. 00 10 71 7 00 .15 6 84 9. 00 6. 69 7 00 23 898 800 875 6 00 3.91 6. 14 3 00 5. 00 500 390 3 8 00 11.15* 10 8 00 10. 48* 10 6. 00 5. 83 5 68i 600 558 7. 54* 5. 62* 7 BV 2. 71 7. 00 5. 00 766*1 700 7 00 2. 00 5 81 5. 00 12 91* 700 12. 52* 1200 * Nos. 93-287 Chlorine 8 09% ;quiva ent to 10.74% potash, .41% potash as sulfate. " 540 7.42% " 9.85% .63% »> tt >» " 51-232-357 .67% " .87% 6.67% " " " " 63-296 3.09% " 4.10% 1.52% " " '* " 61-233-242 5.17% " 6.87% .79% " " " " ^24-300-593 5.42% " 7.18% .43% >» »» »» " 1052 6.31% " 8.38% 4.53% » 11 >> " 981 .59% " .79% " 11.73% )» fi »» 74 Fertilizers Furnishing Phosphoric Acid and Potash. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. 2E PHOSPHATE AND POTASH Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Bowker's Tobacco Ash Elements. . Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City. E. Frank Coe's Famous Prize Brand Grass and Grain Fertilizer Lister's Agric. Chem. Works, Newark, N. J Lister's Grain and Grass Fertilizer Northampton. Springfield . Hadley Gilbertville. Olds and Whipple, Hartford, Ct. O. & W. Potash and Bone Phosphate O. & W. Potash and Bone Phosphate WOOD ASHES Joseph Breck and Sons, Boston, Mass. Breck's H. G. Wood Ashes John Joynt, Lucknow, Ontario, Canada. Pure Hardwood Ashes Pure Hardwood Ashes Pure Hardwood Ashes Pure Hardwood Ashes Pure Hardwood Ashes Pure Hardwood Ashes Pure Hardwood Ashes Pure Hardwood Ashes Pure Hardwood Ashes Pure Hardwood Ashes Pure Hardwood Ashes Pure Hardwood Ashes Pure Hardwood Ashes Pure Hardwood Ashes Geo. L. Munroc & Sons, Oswego, N. Y. Pure Unleached Wood Ashes GROUND ROCK New Mineral Fertilizer Co., 11 S. M'k'tSt., Boston Mass New Mineral Fertilizer Fall River Williamstown. N. Hadley. Bradstreet. Manuf. Sample Sunderland . Cushman. . . Sunderland . Sunderland . Sunderland . N. Hadley.. N. Hadley.. Sunderland . Sunderland . Sunderland . Boston Boston Fitchburg. . Sunderland . Jradstreet. Boston 1 S. Sudbury .... J 22 40 671 848 1067 11 60 1214 11 41 400 1205 36 62 35. 38 1206 1270 16 22 6 94t .68 1241 8 08t 31 H 36T 35 9 181 77 10 72t 84 K 01 1 85 9 15t 106 7 83 1 137 » 19t 206 7 72+ 34« 10 18t 347 K 86t 476 9 07t 558 9 92t K08 8 89t 1271 122 565 1096 5 87 9. 28 9. 72 9. 00 3 71 13 17 85 1R 21 Ifi 79 20 49 74 OK ?1 68 18 57 ?1 3K 17 57 19 50 ?7. 36 ?5 33 14 96 23 97 8. 15 .10 t The potash in ashes is largely present as carbonate and has been valued at 8 cts. per pound. The lime in ashes has been valued at the same price as for agricultural lime, namely .004 cts. per pound of actual calcium oxide. 75 Fertilizers Furnishing Pliosphoric Acid and Potash. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Potash rKzO) in 100 lbs. Total. Available. .57 6 35 1 91 883 9 00 692 600 15 49* 7 69 2. 70 -15 10. 54 11 00 10 39 10. 00 2 89 7 97 2. 67 20 10. 84 11 00 10. 64 10 00 238 151 29 12. 80 14 21 14 36 15 18 1 33 133 14. 31 14 50 J 32 60 34 43 53 47 10 16 99 31 56 38 48 35 82! 13 23 12. 00 12. 00 18. 16^ 15. 78^ 7 40 2 13 .16** 15 00 ! 2. 00 2. 00 15 00 15. 00 7. 34 100 2. 09 c- ^9 56 3 00 30 71 3 00 ?8 71 3 on n 70 3 00 27 15 3 00 23 03 3 00 20 10 3 on 2fi 91 3 00 26 52 3 00 17 37 3 00 28 33 6 00 30 95 S U!( 22 1? i 00 n 53 3 ou 28. 43. 08 37. 02 * Nos. 671-848-1067 Chlorine .80% equivalent to 1.06% potash, 14.43% potash as sulfate. " 1206 " 1.73% " " 2.30% " 4.24% 11.62% potash as carbonate, 19.15% total potash. * No. 1270 Chlorine 1.29% equivalent to 1.71% potash, .87% potash as sulfate, 13.20% potash as carbonate. ** Total nitrogen .11%. 76 Fertilizers for Private Use, Officially Collected (Not Registered). at B J< e"" J «■!=.!£ of Irog ota eria >. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. m 2 V 11 3 ■© ICa ount Aci mixe :2z S ■fl E S5 4<X 79* ■2 s •s i ■0 Se| ^u >s «s 1 1 s s 9> .-™5 k-c «3 .23 "O ra U 3 •d « •d n •6 113 AsN Amm Wale Orfia Activ Insol In?ct Insol Foun a 3 0 > 1 e 3 0 3 0 c 1 3 0 c u 3 0 1 24 16 67 50 2 57 2 47 1 28 3. 28 2 02 6. 58 5. 00 4. 56 4.00 5. 56 4. 00 2. 92 .01 70 .34 3 97 4. 12 7 91 .53 .64 9 08 — 8. 44 8 00 11. 07 10 00 2. 27 52 73 43 3 95 6 00 .99 6 03 5 56 12 58 12 00 7 02 6 00 13 06* 11 00 120 — 2 14 .61 3 95 3 29 5 55 3 31 15 9 01 8 00 8 86 7.54* 7. 00 116 .85 1 23 78 4 02 2. 81 5 69 1 81 10 31 — 8 50 — 6 51* 51 86 3 56 1 68 6. 61 7 33 32 3 84 1 22 5 38 5.33 4 16 — 15 16* 5.43 39 .33 3. 22 1 42 5 35 5. 50 1 02 7.53 1 40 9.95 950 8 55 7 50 7. 60* 5. 00 .37 76 2. 33 175 5 21 4 50 1 57 3 35 28 5. 20 4. 00 4. 92 3. 00 6. 28* 5. 50 177 67 .77 .49 3 70 7 25 2 01 69 9.95 — 9 26 8.49* .68 .36 23 29 156 406 3 70 1 91 9. 67 7. 76 j 2. 23 .98 .39 29 .35 2 01 — , 325 3 56 2. 40 9 21 — 681 — j 3.47 — 2. 03 .08 122 .64 3 97 3 30 128 3 97 3. 50 8. 75 7.00 5. 25 8 16 10 00 2.37 11 82 78 4 08 3 31 466 3 58 1 58 9. 82 8. 24 8. 00 7.95 7.00 190 .58 105 48 4. 01 4 11 .57 4 53 2. 27 7.37 5 90 5. 10 4.00 5. 52* 5. 00 5.22 .49 1.13 78 7.62 .77 3 37 1 12 5. 26 4. 14 3.47* 36 32 2 28 1 46 4. 42 70 425 20 5. 15 — 4.95 — 6 11* — 2 26 21 1 23 .56 4. 26 4 11 631 1 93 120 9.44 9. 00 8 24 8 00 8 37 8. 00 91 27 .95 .44 2. 57 2.47 546 452 1 40 11 38 11 00 9 98 10 00 7 95* 8. 00 72 80 1 66 1 65 4 83 — .26 3 37 .43 4 06 — 3 63 -- 5. 52* — 193 — 17 20 2 30 2 00 .93 6 70 1 02 8. 65 8 00 7 63 6. 00 11. 67* 10. 50 90 82 2. 07 1 37 5 16 [ .29 570 128 7.27 — 5.99 - ! 9.51* — 161 174 78 42 4 55 • 111 741 4.59 12. 11 — 7. 52 13. 91* — .88 25 1 17 .35 2 65 — 801 2.10 89 11. 00 — 10 11 — 9. 59* — .39 4 19 2 07 1 60 8 25 7. 50 — — — 3.70t 6 00 — — — — .59 48 4. 96 2. 55 8. 58 1 — — — 8. 34 — — — — 01 .37 52 38 128 — 09 — 06 — 06 — ; — — — 30 38t — 23 — .20 — 20 — — — .27t .04t .54t — — — — — — — — — — ■ — 90 41 99 2 30 1 .13 .27 08 .48 — .40 — 2. 42 — * No. 1269 Chlorine .59% equival ent to .79% po tash, 12.27% potash as s ulfate. 76 " 2.18% " 2.88% 4.66% " " 98 " 1.78% " 3.27% 4.14% " •• " " 228 " 1.41% " 1.88% 13.28% " " 126 " .67% " .89% .71% " " " 4.e 8% pota sh as carl senate. " 230 " 1.06% " 1.40% 6.20% " " " 388 " 1.53% " 2.03% 6.46% " " 57 " .30% " .41% .91% " " * No. 1285 Chlorine .16% equival ;nt to .21% po tash, 3.26% potash as sv ilfate. No. 1286 '• .13% ** " .17% 5.94% '' No. 1282 " .22% " ;; .30% " 9.21% " " Nc . 1284 " .37% " 49% 9. 10% " " " 4.20% potash as carbonate. 5.60% total potash. *No. 344 Chlorine .94% equivalent to 1.27% potash, 6.68% potash as sulfate. 78 Fertilizers for Private Use, Officially Collected (Not Registered). Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. ■CO NITROGEN COMPOUNDS American Cyanamid Co., Nashville, Tenn. Calcium Cyanamid Baugh & Sons Co., Baltimore, Md. Nitrate of Soda Baker Castor Co., New York City. Pure Castor Pomace Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City. Sulphate of Ammonia S. P. Davis, Little Rock, Ark. Good Luck Cottonseed Meal East St. Louis Cotton Oil Co., Nat. Stock Yards, 111. Choice Cottonseed Meal Mitchell Fertilizer Co., Tremley, N. J. Nitrate of Soda G. B. Robinson, Jr., 18 Broadway, New York City. Cottonseed Meal W. Newton Smith, Baltimore, Md. Cottonseed Meal POTASH COMPOUNDS Baugh & Sons Co., Baltimore, Md. Sulphate of Potash Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City. L. G. Sulphate of Potash Kainit Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Ct. Muriate of Potash PHOSPHORIC ACID COMPOUNDS American Agric. Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. Plain Super-phosphate Ground Untreated Phosphate Rock Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Ct. Acid Phosphate H. J. Baker & Bro., New York City. Basic Slag Coe-Mor(imer Co., New York City. Dissolved Bone Black Dominion Iron & Steel Co., Cape Breton, N. S. Basic Slag Fertilizer Materials Supply Co., New York City. Basic Slag Munro & Co., New York City. Basic Slag Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. Dissolved Bone Black Olds & Whipple, Hartford, Ct. Precipitated Bone Phosphate J. W. Sanborn, Pittsfield, N. H. Basic Slag Amherst Chicopee Seekonk Amherst Sunderland . . . . Westfield Seekonk N. Hadley N. Hatfield. .. . Chicopee Amherst Amherst N. Hadley Lawrence Pratts Junction N. Hadley Amherst Amherst Amherst Gt. Barrington Marlboro Amherst Hatfield Northampton . . N. Hadley Royalston 56. 16 1260 174 55. 87 773 190 18.00 366 8. 92 77 70 ' 1252 .20 24.28 1130 8. 71 26.44 970 7. 41 56.32 ' 383 1 70 26. 72 967 7 73 26. 48 1246 9. 01 53.30 772 103 29. 86 14.15 44. 81 15. 02 11 70 19 87 11. 76 16.18 10. 45 12. 44 12.65 16. 04 31 13 11. 78 1255 1259 117 550 947 119 1289 1258 1265 1198 1072 1263 217 727 730 1180 2. 71 2. 26 80 16 9.35 15 79 Fertilizers for Private Use, Officially Collected (Not Registered). Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid in 1 00 lbs. Potash (K2O) in 1 00 lbs. 1 1.1. I .y : .y Total "S tn i ■d u > Oi 6 3 "o e Total. Available. i 1 As Nitrates and Ammoniales. Water Soluble Organic. Active Water Insoluble Organ Inactive Water Insoluble Organ c 1 1 c 2 3 0 •6 c 3 (2 i « c 2 a 3 0 •6 § u c 2 3 0 1 c 2 2 0 — 12. 87 32 15.10j_ — — — .87 1.98 1 5914 78 — — — — — — — — 1 85 4 50 4. 50 — — — — — — — ' 21. 00 — — — 21 00 — 1 — — — — 6 07 6.50 1 ! — I — I — — — 1 15. 22 — — — 6.61 6.58 152215. 00 6. 68 6. 50' — — — — — : 6.62 1 50. 76 = — — = _ — — I = 7844 13. 48 52. 72 — i — — — 13. 53 3 19 .59 17. 37 29. 26 30. 20 16. 78 16. 00 — — — — — — — — 4. 18 19. 59 110 2487 — 23 77 20. 00 i — — — — ~ — — — 13 98 1 44 15. 42 — 13. 98 — — — — ' — — — — — 15. 81 2.41 06 18. 28 — 18. 22 — — 1 — — — — — 12. 77 83 13. 60 — 12. 77 — — — — — — — — 14. 61 185 16. 46 14. 61 14. 00 — — i — — 15 15 1 33 16. 48' 17. 00 15. IS — — — — — i 15. 92 2. 01 .26 1819 — 17. 93 — — — — — — .57 38. 02 51 39. 10 — 38. 59 38. 00 1 — 13. 2C 3 06 1626 — 13 20 — 80 Ground Bone. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. 2 . - 4> »5 -o raX, cE D 4< ^ XI 3 J " •/^ CC^ m BONE (Concluded) Rogers & Hubbard, Middlelown, Ct. Hubbard's "'Boiie Base" Pure Raw Knuckle Bo. Flour .M. L. Shoemaker & Co.. Ltd., Philadelphia, Pa. S'.vift-Sure Bone Meal Springfield Rendering Co, Springfield, Mass. Ground Bone Ground Bone T. L. Stetson, Randolph, Mass Pure Ground Bone Wiiitman and Pratt Rendering Co., Lowell, Mass. W . & P. Pure Ground Bone Wilcox Fertilizer Works. Mystic, Ct. Wilcox Pure Ground Bone Sanford Winter Co., Brockton. Mass. Pure Ground Bone DISSOLVED BONE W. H. Abbott, Hoiyoke, Mass. Abbott's Animal Fertilizer Mapes' Formula & Peruvian Guano Co., N. Y. City. Mapes' Dissolved Bone TANKAGE American Agric. Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. Ground 'I'ankafre Berkshire Fertilizer Co., Bridgeport, Ct. Tankage Taiikage '. , Bowker's Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Bowker's Fine Ground Bone Tankage Coe-Mortirrfer Co., New York City. Ground Tankage 9-20 Tankage Thomas Hcrsom & Co.. New Bedford, Mass. Meat and Bone Lov.'ell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Tankage Geo. E. Marsh Co., Lynn, Mass. Marsh's Dry Ground Tankage. . . . Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. Ground Tankage Tan kage Springfield Rendering Co., Springfield, Mass. Ground Tankage Ground Tankage Brightwood Tankage E. Milton . . . . Amherst . . . Sunderland . . . N. Amherst. . . Springfield. . . . Man. Sample Brockton N. Chelmsford New Bedford Brockton . . . . Sunderland . . . Whately Amherst Conway N. Hadley N. Hadlev. . . . N. Hadley Northampton . Ayer Charlton Northfield Amherst New Bedford. Fall River Concord Fitchburg .... Lynn Bridgewater . . Framingham. . Southwicic . . . Heath N. Amherst. . . N. Hadley. . . Westfield 33. 34 722 1292 35 8G 345 29 28 31 11 85 843 29. 20 534 908 28. 74 S52 28 63 254 34. 20 1169 27. 15 544 582 1293 23. 70 31 70 1138 499 32 44 32 87 143 167 34. 46 796 935 993 35 45 38 91 1212 1254 31 33 250 32. 00 338 434 840 25 28 587 31 11 718 976 1118 1296 37 80 37 G2 36 00 67 496 1281 9 20 8 72 3 02 3. 09 5 28 8 62 6 20 4 64 7 79 8 30 7 61 6 44 7 34 7 62 8. 62 5. 93 6. 34 5. 80 6 95 6 67 7 54 6 27 5. 05 3. 72 4. 34 4. 74 83 6 a £ ■3 C C O E < Nitrog en in 100 lbs u j! Total. c JO ■d ^~^ ^.6 H >2 i- C u s .- 3 •3 « =1 )^J 3 S ^C <£ ££ .07 — 2.79 1 09 3. 95 3.82 — 03 3. 04 90 3. 97 3.82 09 86 2. 35 135 4.65 4. 53 — 91 65 54 2 10 2. 47 07 38 173 82 3 00 2. 47 13 14 2 79 1 13 4 19 4. 20 48 92 66 60 2 66 2. 46 14 .94 95 57 2. 60 2. 46 37 2 30 1 80 1 11 5 58 3. 25 33 81 1 86 — 1 06 2 09 .28 75 83 74 3 74 3 00 89 4 04 3. 00 54 2. 40 2. 06 .57 1 35 2.46 1 21 5. 59 4. 94 .41 4 20 2 30 1 63 8. 54 7. 50 32 4 02 2. 40 1 98 8. 72 7 50 Bone and Tankage. Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. 128 1066 1 21 1502 3 70 13. 60 77 298 .19 2 91 1 62 124 5 96 4. 94 17 1 12 4 27 1 49 7 05 7. 40 .60 52 5 43 197 8 52 7. 40 .11 73 2. 73 154 5. 11 4. 00 .21 2 41 2 24 1 30 6 16 4. 94 25 1 40 1 90 1 32 4 87 5. 00 — .21 159 2. 36 1 09 5 25 5. 75 — | — .63 3 78 1 55 5 9S 5 75 .28 3 59 2 31 1 15 7 33 7 00 .20 3 20 2 84 1 80 8 04 7 00 .40 3 65 2.22 103 7. 30 7. 00 7 88 4 18 .97 64 Tola). 2546 25 87 27 32 26. 18 4. 69 4. 39 13. 92 11 55 17. 48 14.36 17. 78 13. 57 14. 62 12. 73 14. 34 Available. Mechanical Analysis. 24. 70 24 70 23. 00 23 OO 21. 94 2066, — 25. 69 2500! 2638 22. 00^ 20. 28 24.15! 1982 15 00 11. 94 10 00 20 41 1500 1623 1000 18 27 12. 00 17 30 — 15 66 1373 6. 00 — 6 00 3.75 17. 66 13 73 9.15 9. 15 16. 00 ! 14. 00' 10 69 12. 00 — 13 73 13.73 10 00 10. 00 10. 00 64.13 55. 08 2546 2000 — — 6515 87. 36 75.34 — 22.93 — 1 59. 15 — 49. 90 — 50. 14 65. 60 48.42 48. 92 64.55 64. 73 66. 01 64. 46 54.57 64. 16 48. 83 62. 67 76 20 59.56 55. 69 40. 85 50. 10 49. 86 84 Tankage and Dry Ground Fish. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled •SO XI 3 TANKAGE— ^Concluded) Whitman and Pratt Rendering Co.. Lowell, Mass. ! Tankage ; N- Chelmsford J. M. Woodard, Greenfield. Mass. Woodard's L nground Tankage Greenfield. Worcester Rendering Co.. Auburn, Mass. Ground Tankage DRY GROUND FISH American Agric. Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. Dry Ground Fish Berkshire Fertilizer Co.. Bridgeport, Ct. Berkshire Dry Ground Fish Berkshire Dry Ground Fish Bowker F"ertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Bowker's Dry Ground Fish E. D. Chittenden Co., Bridgeport, Ct. Chittenden's Dry Ground Fish International Agric. Corp. Buffalo, N. Y. Buffalo Dry Ground Fish Buffalo Dry Ground Fish Lister's Agric. Chem. Works, Newark, N. J. Lister's Fish Scrap National Fertilizer Co.. New York City. Chittenden's Dry Ground Fish Worcester . . . Framingham. Bradstreet. . Sunderland . Hadley. ... N. Hadley. Worcester . N. Hadley. Northampton Deerfield . N. Amherst. N. Amherst. Easthampton N. Hatfield . Hockanum. . Hadley Sunderland . Olds and Whipple, Hardford, Ct. O. &■ W. Drv Ground Fish N. Hadley. Rogers Manf. Co., Rockfall, Ct. Drv Ground Fish Deerfield . , , Sanderson Fertilizer and Chem. Co.. New Haven, Ct. Sanderson's Fine Ground Fish , Sunderland. Wilcox Fertilizer Works, Mystic, Ct. Wilcox Dry Ground Fish New Bedford Fall River. Wilcox Dry Ground Acidulated Fish Fall River. " " " " " I S. Deerfield Agawam . Amherst. . . Deerfield . . N. Hadley. 40 09 36.52 139 1185 66 1127 47 92 158 170 238 255 297 292 1057 $31. 66 953 29. 43 1186 34 32 815 1 979 / 39 42 69 1 190 196 ( 1066 J 41. 78 40. 13 118 1 132 818 [ 828 i 166 38 05 794 1 1187 1 33 52 415 28 74 29. 85 157 1 411 682 i 620 35. 92 353 38. 58 187 ] 202 214 247 1 341 J 5 97 5 04 7 30 8 87 9 49 11 10 8 33 7 36 13 67 10 53 8 82 8. 45 10 33 13 47 10.36 14.50 85 Tankage and Dry Ground Fish. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Phosphoric Acid n 100 lbs. Mechanical Analysis. n : 0 »E E < 1 -il .|| S 3 0 cn u V 1 i 3 Total. Available. zS < Water Soluble Organic. Active Water Insoluble Orga Inactive Water Insoluble Orga Found. n 2 0 •0 i c 0 i s e 2 s 0 Fine Bone. Coarse Bone. 16 .97 2 75 1 63 5 51 5.35 16. 54 13. 73 58.42 41.58 25 1 78 2 36 94 5 33 4. 50 — — 18 47 18. 00 — — 8. 25 91. 75 26 3 77 1 71 96 6. 70 700 1 — — 14. 52 12 00 — — 59. 50 40. 50 53 .72 4.95 2. 26 8. 46 8. 23 — 6. 10 1 76 7 86 6 00 6 10 — — .45 56 5.73 2. 23 8. 97 8. 23 671 1 33 8 04 6 00 6 71 _ .39 .44 5. 24 2 54 8 61 8 23 1.06 5. 14 158 7. 78 6 00 6 20 — — — 50 78 4 73 2. 19 8. 20 8 23 — 5. 71 1 71 7. 42 6. 00 5 71 — — — 83 3 41 2 29 1 09 7 62 8. 00 — 3 42 .74 4. 16 6. 00 3-42 — — — 71 68 3 89 1 22 6 50 6 50 48 2 79 20 3 47 — 3. 27 — — — 72 71 3.45 2. 24 7. 12 6. 50 .46 103 36 184 2. 00 148 — — — 76 71 4 29 1 77 7 53 823 6. 20 2. 09 8. 29 11. 00 6. 20 — — — 52 70 5 12 1 93 8 27 8. 23 — 5 87 1 99 7 86 6 00 5. 87 — — — 87 98 4 16 2 34 8. 35 7. 40 — 6. 61 .89 7. 50 5.50 6 61 4. 50 — 85 1 28 3 67 2 19 7. 99 7. 90 — 5.59 48 6. 07 5. 50 5.59 — — 38 46 5 25 2 32 8 41 8 23 — G.17 ■ 59 6. 76 6. 00 6. 17 — — — 16 04 5 87 2 89 8 96 8. 24 4. 51 161 6. 12 6. 00 4. 51 4.00 — — 76 1 31 3 61 2 29 7 97 7 81 — 5.53 ,54 6 07 6. 00 5.53 — — 86 Nitrogen Compounds. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. SULFATE OF AMMONIA American Agric. Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. Sulfate of Ammonia International .^gric. Corp., Buffalo. N. Y. Sulfate of Ammonia Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. Sulfate of Ammonia NITRATE OF SODA American .^gric. Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. Nitrate of Soda <9 V S3 (0 -iZ S. Amherst . . N. Amherst.. Framingham. Berkshire Fertilizer Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Nitrate of Soda Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Bowker's Nitrate of Soda Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City. Nitrate of Soda Essex Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Nitrate of Soda International Agric. Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Nitrate of Soda Nitrate of Soda Lister's Agric. Chem. Works. Newark, N. J. Nitrate of Soda Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Nitrate of Soda ■ Nitrate Agencies Co., New \ork City. Nitrate of Soda Nitrate of Soda Nitrate of Soda Sanderson Fert. and Chem. Co., New Haven, Ct. Sanderson's Nitrate of Soda Whitman & Pratt Rendering Co., Lowell, Mass. Nitrate of Soda Wilcox Fertilizer Works, Mystic, Ct. Wilcox Nitrate of Soda Amherst . . . Sunderland . Boston Sunderland . Boston Amherst. . . . Marlboro. . . N. Hadley. Taunton. . . Dighton. . . Fall River. Northfield. Taunton. N. Amherst. Hockanum. . Hockanum . Fall River. Hatfield Raynham . . N. Amherst. N. Hadley.. Hudson .... Sunderland . Seekonk. . . . Concord. ... Bridgewater . Seekonk. ... Amherst New Bedford . . Gt. Barrington. N. Chelmsford. New Bedford . . $76. 08 1236 74.96 325 76.97, 978 73 349 489 55.50 490 564 651 1077 54. 39 103 64. 32 326 329 337 55. 431211 56 24 309 54 46 156 629 55 13 623 55. 50 399 218 301 55. 72 418 502 1081 I 213 ' 390 54 46 435 719 57. 50 364 56. 461262 56 16 241 1199 55. 72 951 55. so' 248 2. 05 2. 55 2.05 163 2. 60 2. 55 104 174 2. 76 2 81 154 153 1.97| 2. 15 Nitrogen in 100 lbs. 1.05i 2056 2016 3.01 2026 20 50 127 2080 2000 IS.OOi 1500 1470 1480 14. 68: 15 00 1 14 98 15. 00 15. 20 15. 00 1472 15 00 14 90 1500 1500 15 00 1.75 15061 1500 1472 1500 15. 54 15.00 15. 26 15. 00 15 18 15. 00 1506 15. 00 15 00 15.00 Nitrogen Compounds. Nitrogen in 100 lbs. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. DRIED BLOOD Amer. Agric. Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. Hich Grade Blood Bowker Fert. Co., Boston, Mass. Bowker's Dried Blood Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City. Dj-ied Blood International Agric. Corp., Bufi'alo, N. Y. Dried Blood Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Lowell Dried Blood Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. Dried Blood CALCIUM CVANAMID A. W. Higgins, Westfield, Mass. Calcium Cvanamid COTTONSEED MEAL American Cotton Oil Co., New York City. Choice Cottonseed Meal Choice Cottonseed Meal Choice Cottonseed Meal Buckeye Cotton Oil Co., Cincinnati, O. Buckeye Cottonseed Meal T. H. Bunch Com. Co., Little Rock, Ark. Old Gold Brand Cottonseed Meal A. W. Higgins, Westfield, Mass. Dark Cottonseed Meal Cottonseed Meal. Humphreys-Godwin Co., Memphis, Tenn. Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal Dixie Brand Cottonseed Meal 6 5 as™ Total. r3 b ft : ^- iiSf 3 rt^ ^^0 ■s O . H ^, = V 3 "2 ^ " •io u p c IS ■SO ) >> I. 1 >> 11 i> I. 145 48. 00 )> >i 1) •> 1. 1) >i » Sunderland Berkshire FerHlizer Co., Bridgeport, Ct. H. G. Sulfate of Potash Bradstreet N. Hadley N. Hadley Northampton. . . 1 Springfield / N. Hadley Lawrence ^ Amherst Worcester Hockanum Hockanum Hatfield 88 2 34 48 00 H. G. Sulfate of Potash 152 162 788 \ 857 1 494 549 ] 649 I 879 J 819 627 216 188 2. 48 2 05 2. 50 1 52 76 2 25 2. 30 .95 95 87 2 52 1.12 4 70 2 32 6. 62 6. 95 11. 75 48. 00 H. G. Sulfate of Potash Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Bowker"s H G. Sulfate of Potash 48 00 48. 00 Coe-Morlimer Co., New York City. 48. 00 German Kali Works, Baltimore, Md. 48 00 >i 11 II International Agric. Corp. Buffalo, N. Y. 48. 00 48. 00 Lowell Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. 48. 00 Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. Sunderland Amherst Bridgewater .... Fitchburg Framingham. . . . Southbridge Southwick S. Williamstown 212 406 717 810 980 1016 1120 1201 II II II II I. 11 )i 11 11 48. 00 11 11 II 11 11 i> •I 11 11 Sulfate of Potash ... Amherst 1264 728 \ 729 / 959 240, 489 1* 1182 / 487 797* 1207* 48. 00 Olds and Whipple, Hartford, Ct. Northampton ... 1 N. Hadley / N. Chelmsford . . New Bedford . . . Sunderland 1 Conway / Sunderland Northampton . . . N. Hadley 48. 00 Whitman & Pratt Rendering Co., Lowell, Mass. 48. 00 Wilcox Fertilizer Works, Mystic, Ct. Wilcox H. G. Sulfate of Potash 48. 69 SULFATE OF POTASH-MAGNESIA American Agric, Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. 26. 00 Berkshire Fertilizer Co., Bridgeport, Ct. 25. 00 Bowker Fertilizer Co.. Boston, Mass. Double Manure Salt 26. 00 Olds & Whipple. Hartford, Ct. 0. & W Double Manure Salt 26. 00 Ross Bros'. Co., Worcester, Mass. Double Sulfate of Potash-Magnesia Worcester 836 25. 00 * Nos. 489-1182 Magnesia Oxid 6.98%Insoluble Matter 14.28% " 797 " " 8.02% " " 7.64% " 1207 " " 6.95% " " 13,29%, 90 Potash Compounds. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. MURIATE OF POTASH American Agric. Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. Muriate of Potash Where Sampled. Berkshire Fertilizer Co., Bridgeport, Ct. Muriate of Potash Muriate of Potash Muriate of Potash : Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Bowker's Muriate of Potash Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City. Muriate of Potash German Kali Works, Baltimore, Md. Muriate of Potash International Agric. Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Muriate of Potash Lowell Fertilizer Co.. Boston, Mass. Muriate of Potash Muriate of Potash Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. Muriate of Potasli Muriate of Potash Muriate of Potash Muriate of Potash Sanderson Fert. and Chem. Co., New Haven, Ct. Sanderson's Muriate of Potash Whitman <& Pratt Ren. Co., Lowell, Mass. Muriate of Potash Wilcox Fertilizer Works, Mystic, Ct . Wilcox Muriate of Potash KAINIT Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Bowker's Genuine German Kainit. German Kali Works, Baltimore, Md. Kainit Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. Kainit Wilcox Fertilizer Works, Mystic. Ct. Wilcox Kainit Plainville. . . Sunderland . Fall River.. Boston N. Hadley. . Boston N. Amherst. W. Upton . . Marlboro. . . Bradstreet. N. Hadlev. Somerset. Dighton Taunton Concord Northampton . Charlton . . . . Agawam . . Lawrence. . Worcester. Easthamplon . N. Amherst. . . Bellerica .... Sunderland . . Bridgewater . Fitchburg. . . Framingham. N. Amherst. . Southwick. . . Seekonk Amherst Heath Sunderland . . . . N. Chelmsford. New Bedford . Dighton Springfield. . . . Manf. Sample. Framingham. . New Bedford . . O u 2i 235 283 291 479 42. 53 498 563 645 926 1074 42 50 90 43. 82 97 I 168 / 44. 95,1267 311 1 322 42. 98 759 790 I 994 J 43. 111125 43. 78 553 1 875 / 43. 62 410 41. 68 417 42. 23 585 211 1 721 809 43. 481056 1079 1122 41. 79 382 42.G01261 43. 591294 41. 72 175 41. 99 950 43. 79 258 309 12. 13 842 12. 981235 11 19 977 11. 66 257 2. 00 2.93 2. 93 178 2 18 116 4. 83 185 2. 92 Potash (KaO) In 100 lbs. 50. 04 50 00 51 56 .48 52.88 50.56 49 00 50 72 49. 00 51 48 4800 51 32 48 00 49 04 50. 00 49 68 50 00 51 16 5000 1.55' 1 10 1.61! 49 16 59 12 51 28 50 00 50 00 50.00 3 71 49 08 49. 00 171 49 40 50. 00 .58 51. 52 50. 56 3. 22 14 28 12 00 4. 14 15. 28 12 00 7. 76 13 16 12 00 6 14 13. 72 12 00 91 Phosphoric Acid Compounds. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. O 5 0£ f) jZ Phosphoric Acid in 100 lbs. Total. Available. DISSOLVED BONE BLACK Amcr. Agric. Chem.Co., Boston, Mass. Dissolved Bone Black Bowker Fert. Co., Boston, Mass. Bowker's Dissolved Bone Black. . . Lowell Fert. Co., Boston, Mass. Dissolved Bone Black ACID PHOSPHATE Am. Agri. Chem. Co., Boston, Mass. Plain Superphosphate Plain Superphosphate Boston 1$14.37 524 112. 8912. 8G 2. 52 1 .94 1732160015.3815.00 Worcester. . / 839 i I I 1 Ij I Boston 14 03 576 11131205 3.08; 181 169416 0015131500 i ll i : Raynham.. 1537 278 128312.22.321 449 19 92 — 15 4315 00 Fitchburg.. I 11. 48 821 9 57 8 29 4 26 1 53 14. 0813. 0012. 5512. flO Amherst. . . Fall River. S. Amherst Worcester . W. Upton. Southbridge 84 333 12 85 736 \ 8. 3010. 43 3. 91 .79 15. 1315. 0014 3414. 00 * 831 I 924 I 1015 J Berkshire Fert. Co., Bridgeport, Ct. -Acid Phosphate Bowker Fert. Co., Boston, Mass. Bowker's .Acid Phosphate Bradstreet.. ' 1511 75 11 8013 58 3 04 115 17. 77 16. 6216. 00 Coe-Mortimer Co., N. Y. City. E. Frank Coe's H. G. Sol. Phos. -Acid Phosphate Int. Agric. Corp., Buffalo, N. Y. Acid Phosphate .Acid Phosphate Dissolved Phosphate Boston 1 575 Northa'ptoni 793 Springfield \ I3.10 856 Ayer | 934 Charlton... 998 9. 0510. 84 3.73 89 15. 46 15. 00 14. 57 14. 00 Westford... 13 121228 9 89 9 89 4 32 191 1612 150014 21 14 00 Amherst.... 13. 411256 80811. 65 3. 52 28 15. 43 — 15. 17 — Easthampton 14.B2 412 146712. 22 4. 18 Hockanum 14 99 621 12. 4714. 20 254 Hockanum 1 13.88 628 111401237 3 14 N. Amherst / 737 J .69 17. 0917 0018. 4016. 00 .46 172017 0016. 7416 00 .61 16 1215 0015 5114 00 Lowell Fert. Co., Boston, Mass. Acid Phosphate C. Amherst 1 14. 73 419 V 9. 8913 49 2 89 .71 117. 0915. 0016 381400 J. HaJley..; 495^/ \\ \ \ \ Nat. Fert. Co., Boston, Mass. Piiin Superphosphate Nih-alo Agencies Co. N. Y. City. .Acid Phosphate XciA I'liosphate .Vcid Phosphate ■Acid Phosphate Marlbor 12691071 8 73 960 489 .36 14.8515.0014.491400 .Xiid Phosphate. Seekonk.... 1385 363 10.831278 2.85 .23 15.8415.00158114.00 Heath 14971295 8 8714 50 238 05 18 9315 0018.8814 00 Bridgewater 1317 720 1176 689 806 1.30 16.2515.00149514.00 Framinghaml 982 ] N.Amherst 15 591062 yi0.3514.70 267 .56 1793 — 17.371609 Southvvick. .J 1I2I j Feeding Hills 16. 371279 5 6415. 60 2 70 43 18. 73 — 18. 30 — 92 Phosphoric Acid Compounds. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. OS'S Phosphoric Acid in 1 00 lbs. Total. Availab ACID PHOSPHATE (Concluded) Sanderson Ferl. and Chem. Co., New Haven, Ct. Plain Superphosphate Whitman & Pratt Rend. Co., Lowell, Mass. Acid Phosphate Wilcox Fertilizer Works, Mystic, Ct. Wilcox Acid Phosphate BASIC SLAG PHOSPHATE American Agric. Chem. Co., Bo.ston, Mass. Thomas Phosphate Powder (Basic Slag) E. E. Bisbee, Boston, Mass. Basic Slag Meal Bowker Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass. Thomas Phosphate Powder (Basic Slag) . Coe-Mortimer Co., New York City. Thomas Phosphate Powder Thomas Phosphate Powder Thomas Phosphate Powder Thomas Phosphate Powder Nitrate Agencies Co., New York City. Basic Slag Gt. Barrington ! $13.971197 N.Chelmsford | 15- 8G 944 13. 0 11 03 112.8 14. 90 82.58 2. 42 Basic Slag Ross Bros'. Co., Worcester, Mass. Basic Slag Phosphate Basic Slag Phosphate Sanderson Fertilizer & Chem. Co., New Haven, Ct Thomas Phosphate Powder Whitman & Pratt Rend. Co., Lowell, Mass. Basic Slag Wilcox Fertilizer Woiks, Mystic, Ct. Wilcox Basic Slag New Bedford Dighton Leominster. Conway. . . . 15. 06 267 319 14 13 914 1173 Manf. Sample ' 12. 87 1238 Boston \ 13. 31 557 Charlton / 996 N. Amherst. . . ' Concord N. Hadley Lynn S . .\mherst . . . Seekonk Amherst Amherst 153 424 13 37 497 602 739 13 40 362 13 941251 14 121287 12. 34 13. 88 2. 75 11 — 16. 68 .25 — 14. 78 .13 — 15-55 .16 — 15. 84 79 77 .92 16. 25 — 15.46 18. 0916. 00 Sunderland ... 1 78 Bridgewater.. ^ 12 74 714 Southbridge. . | , 1140 Amherst 5-701288 Worcester . . Fitchburg . . Lyonsville . . Sunderland . 13 42 827 829 12 691247 12. 13 174 N. Chelmsford 10-00 954 New Bedford \i 12-57 239 Westfield / ,999 17-55 16. 00 — 16-68 1-97 2-62 218 18. 65 1740 17 73 17 00 17-32 16. 63 16-68 14 14 is! 17 0014. 78 15-0015-55 -76117-6017 0015. 84 161 15 82 1 16 20 2 16-02; 3 14-59 2 17-88] 3 15 95 1 14-04 3 14. 14 12. 12 15. 17 8617 G817 4518 6517 3019 32,17 0015 8215 0016 2016 0016-02,15 6817 2717 0014-5915 54i21.42 6517 60 6517 69 17 88 15 95 14 -0616 20 -7612 88 - 14-0414 0014-14151 0012 12131 108116 2516 0015-17 14; 93 LIME COMPOUNDS. Name of Manufacturer and Brand. Where Sampled. Chemical Analysis of Lime Products. Calcium Oxide (CaO). Magnesium | Oxide (MgO.) "6 u a •a P c 1 It s 0 9. 12 6. 33 1.44 .60 hO AGRICULTURE LIME ' A 40 " A 47 "A3 " A 49 BULLETIN No. 148 APRIL, 1914 MASSACHUSETTS AGRICILTIRAL EXPERIMEM STATION ON THE DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION WITH BACTERIIM PILLORIM IN THE DOMESTIC FOWL By GEO. EDWARD GAGE WITH THE ASSISTANCE OE BERYL H. PAIGE and HAROLD W. HYLAND This bulletin presents results of experiments to determine whether diagnosis of Bacterium pullorum by testing the eggs of suspected hens is a practicable method of diagnosis. The con- clusion is that, owing to the fact that the elimination from the ovary is so irregular, it would be impossible to make a diagnosis within a short period of time. It presents also the results of a study of the macroscopic agglutination test as suggested by F. S. Jones. This proved to be a good laboratory method for the detec- tion of adult hens harboring or which have harbored Bacterium pullorum. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. Trustees. OFFICERS AND STAFF. COMMITTEE. f Charles H. Preston, Chairman, i Wilfrid Wheeler, Charles E. Ward, . Arthur G. Pollard, Harold L. Frost, . The President of the College, ex officio. The Director of the Station, ex officio. Hathorne. Concord. Buckland. Lowell. Arlington. STATION STAFF. Administration. William P. Brooks, Ph.D., Director. Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D., Vice-Director. Fred C. Kenney, Treasurer. Charles R. Green, B.Agr., Librarian. Mrs. Lucia G. Church, Clerk. Miss Grace E. Gallond, Stenographer. Agriculture. William P. Brooks, Ph.D., Agriculturist. Henry J. Franklin, Ph.D., In Charge Cranberry Sub- station. Edwin F. Gaskill, B.Sc, Assistant Agriculturist. Chemistry. Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D., Chemist. Edward B. Holland, M.Sc, Associate Chemist in Charge {Research Section). Fred W. Morse, M.Sc, Research Chemist. Henri D. Haskins, B.Sc, Chemist in Charge (Fertilizer Section) . Philip H. Smith, M.Sc, Chemist in Charge {Food and Dairy Section) . Lewell S. Walker, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Rudolph W. Ruprecht, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Carlton P. Jones, M.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Carlos S. Beals, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Walter S. Frost, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. James P. Buckley, Jr., Assistant Chemist. James T. Howard, Inspector. Harry L. Allen, Assistant in Laboratory. James R. Alcock, Assistant in Animal Nutrition. Miss F. Ethel Felton, A.B., Clerk. Miss Alice M. Howard, Clerk. Miss Rebecca L. Mellor, Clerk. Entomology. Henry T. Fernald, Ph.D., Entomologist. Burton N. Gates, Ph.D., Apiarist. Arthur I. Bourne, A.B., Assistant Entomologist. Miss Bridie E. O'Donnell, Clerk. Horticulture. Frank A. Waugh, M.Sc, Horticullurist. Fred C. Sears, M.Sc, Pomologist. Jacob J. Shaw, Ph.D., Research Pomologist. John B. Norton, B.Sc, Graduate As.sista7it. Meteorology. John E. Ostrander, A.M., C.E., Meteorologist. E. K. Dexter, Observer. Poultry Husbandry. John C. Graham, B.Sc, Poultry Husbandman. Hubert D. Goodale, Ph.D., Research Biologist. Miss Fay L. Milton, Clerk. Vegetable Pathology George E. Stone, Ph.D., Vegetable Physiologist and Pa- and Physiology. thologist. George H. Chapman, M.Sc, Research Vegetable Physi- ologist. Orton L. Clark, B.Sc, Assistant Vegetable Physiologist and Pathologist. Miss Jessie V. Crocker, Clerk. Veterinary Science. James B. Paige, B.Sc, D.V.S., Veterinarian. CONTENTS. PAGE Methods employed in tlie examination of eggs for Bacterium pullorinn, 3 The test fluid, 11 Making the test fluid, 12 Method of obtaining blood serum, 12 Making the agglutination test, 13 The influence of test fluids of varying composiiion, .... 15 Comparison of results of macroscopic agglutination tests with egg analysis, 16 Post-mortem findings of some reactors and non-reactors, ... 16 Specificity of Bacterium pullorum agglutinin, 17 Agglutinins obtained bj^ the immunization of rabbits against Bac- terium 'pullm'um, ' . 18 Summary, 18 VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. ON THE DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION WITH BACTERIUM PULLORUM IN THE DOMESTIC FOWL. By GEO. EDWARD GAGE WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF BERYL H. PAIGE AND HAROLD W. HYLAND {From the Department of Veterinary Science) Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. During the last two years the scientific evidence at hand concerning the role of Bacterium pullorum (Rettger) in bacillary white diarrhoea of 5'oung chicks and relations of it to ovarian infection in adult fowls has been most conclusive. Rettger and Stoneburn^ pointed out the fact that adult hens were the original source of infection to young chicks suffering with bacillary white diarrhoea. In their report of 191 P they further substantiate the results of the previous paper in that adult hens are the original source of infection; that eggs from infected hens may contain the organism in the yolk. In a third report, 1912, ^ they fully support statements of their previous work concerning ovarian infection, and they conclude that the ovaries may become infected by contact of the hens with infected hens or by artificial infection of the litter. "The infection is, in all probabihty, ac- quired through the mouth." Gage, in 1910-11,* in publication of reports from experiments conducted at the Maryland Experiment Station, concluded that Rettger and Stone- burn were correct in their work of the previous year, corroborating the fact that white diarrhoea, as poultrymen understand it, is a bacillary disease caused by Bacterium pullorum (R), and that the hen is the original 1 Rettger, L. F., and Stoneburn, F. H.: Bulletin No. 60, 1909, Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station. "Bacillary white diarrhcea of young chicks." 2 Rettger, L. F., and Stoneburn, F. H., Bulletin No. 68, 1911, Storrs Agricultural Experi- ment Station. "Bacillary white diarrhoea of young chicks" (second report). 3 Rettger, L. F., Stoneburn, F. H., and Kirkpatrick, Wm. F.: Bulletin No. 74, 1912. "Bacil- lary white diarrhoea of young chicks" (third report). ' Gage, Geo. Edward: "Notes on ovarian infection with Bacterium pullorum (Rettger) in the domestic fowl." Journal Medical Research, Vol. XXIV., No. 3; N. S., Vol. XIX., No. 3; June, 1911, pp. 491-496. 2 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 14S. source of infection, transmitting the organism from the ovary to the eggs. Jones, in his reports of 1910' and 191 1,^ again supports the work of Rettger and Stoneburn, and also finds that the local disease in the ovary of adult fowls may be produced by the intravenous injections of Bacte- rium pidloruni. From these reports it can be seen that the problem now consists in methods of determining the presence of the virus in adult hens. From examination of eggs it has been almost impossible to make a diagnosis of this infection within a short time, since Bacterium pullorum is eliminated so irregularly that it is necessary, often, to examine all eggs laid by a sus- pected hen over a long period. Jones ' suggested the use of an agglutination similar to that used in the diagnosis of glanders and contagious abortion for detecting ovarian infection, and in a later paper * has given an excellent example of the value of the macroscopic agglutination test for detecting individuals harboring B. pullorum. It is the object of this paper to present the results of the work con- ducted in the investigational laboratory of the department of veterinary science concerning the diagnosis of this ovarian infection in adult hens by egg analysis and by macroscopic agglutination tests, together with data which have been obtained concerning the various factors which must be considered in making the tests. It shall also serve to demonstrate the practicability of these tests as a routine laboratory procedure, the work having been performed in many respects by three different technicians. The subjects used for these experiments were all suspected of harboring the virus of Bacterium pullorum. The organism had been detected in the yolk of eggs from hens Nos. 267, 792, 452, 714 and 464 prior to their arrival at the laboratory. Hens Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 18, 22, 34, 35, 46, 48, 49, 52, 53, 60, 61, 77, 312, 315, 618 and 2096 were all suspects. Hens Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 18, 22, 48, 52 and 53 had been inoculated intravenously with 1 c.c. of a bouillon suspension of a culture of Bacterium pullorum^ known according to the filing-denotation of Bacterium pul- lorum in this laboratory as M., which had been isolated from the ovaries of a white Orpington pullet, and proven absolutely to be capable of pro- ducing the disease in young chicks. Hens Nos. 34, 35, 46, 49, 60, 61, 77, 312, 315, 618 and 2096 had been closely associated with hens which had received the intravenous injection, but, so far as the author has been able to ascertain, only for a short time. Since the data on these last 1 Jones, F. S.: "Fatal septecemia or bacillary white diarrhcBa in young chickens." Annual Report of the New York State Veterinary College for 1910, pp. 111-129. 2 Jones, F. S.: "Further studies on bacillary white diarrhoea in young chickens." Report, New York State Veterinary College, 1910-11, pp. 69-88. 3 Jones, F. S.: Report, New York State Veterinary College for 1910-11, p. 76. * Jones, F. S.: " The value of the macroscopic agglutination test in detecting fowls that are harboring Bad. pullorum." Journal Medical Research, Vol. XXVII., No. 4; N. S., Vol. XXII., No. 4, pp. 485^95. ' Gage: "Notes on ovarian infection with Bacterium pullorum in the domestic fow 1." Journal Medical Research, Vol. XXIV., No. 5; N. S., Vol. XIX., No. 3, p. 493. DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION WITH B. PULLORUM. 3 birds were so incomplete concerning their histories, it was considered wise to put all together and include them all in the tests. Birds Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, IS, 22, 48, 52 and 53 were all more than three years old, and were sent to this laboratory through the kindness of Director H. J. Patterson of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, where the author had started work to determine the possibility of artificial infection of ovarian tissue by intravenous injections of the organisms, — work which was interrupted before final results could be obtained. ^ Jones, ^ however, was successful in his attempts to bring about ovarian infection with Bad. pullorum by the injection of pure cultures of the organism into the blood circulation of hens. All individuals retained for these tests were trap-nested and complete egg records kept of each hen. Methods employed in the Examination of Eggs foe Bacteeium PuLLORUM. The object primarily in making the examination of all eggs laid by these suspected hens was to determine if possible the presence of the organism in the yolk, which would be of value in checking up the work in connection with any of the serum reactions which later might prove positive. The method used for these egg analyses was essentially that used by Rettger.^ Eggs were allowed to remain several minutes in car- bolic acid (1-40) and dried with sterile absorbent cotton. The end of the egg was sterilized by flaming, the flamed portion cut around with sterile scissors. The albumin was carefully separated from the yolk and the yolk inserted into a large test tube (Buchner type) containing about 30 c.c. sterile bouillon. In the first part of the egg-testing work fresh eggs were studied, but later the eggs were incubated prior to the testing, and in some instances sufficiently long for embryos to develop. In such cases a sterile platinum loop or scissors were used to aid in freeing the embryo from the shell and albumin. If embryo was very large it was inserted into sterile bouillon along with the rest of the yolk. The disin- tegrated egg yolks in bouillon were placed in the incubator at 38° C. and allowed to remain there for varjdng lengths of time, the shortest period being twenty-four hours and the longest two hundred and eighty hours. After tubes were taken from bacteriological incubator the material was thoroughly mixed and four samples streaked on four different tubes of agar. These were placed in the bacteriological incubator and examined macroscopically for the presence of the tj'^pical Bad. pullorum colonies at the end of twenty-four, forty-eight and seventy-two hours. A tube was not considered negative until it had been allowed to incubate for 1 Work referred to by Dr. Rettger in Bulletin No. 74, Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station , Storrs, Conn., p. 162, line 12. 2 Jones, F. S., " Further studies on bacillary white diarrhoea in young chickens." Report, New York State Veterinary Collese, 1910-11, pp. 69-88. 3 Rettger, L. F., and Stoneburn, F. H., Bulletin No. 68, IJll, Storrs Agricultural Experi- ment Station, "Bacillary white diarrhoea of young chicks" (second report). 4 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 148. seventy-two hours. In many cases when there was doubt concerning organism, all materials were plated out and colony again streaked from such plates. In view of the fact that many inquiries had been received here at this laboratory concerning the egg test for the determination of this organism, it was decided worth while to test all eggs laid by these suspected hens, and also to record what effect the retention of egg prior to testing, and length of time egg material remained in the bacteriological incubator at 38° to 39° C, had in faciUtating isolation of the organism. In tables 1, 2 and 3 are exhibited the data obtained from the egg tests tabulated to show when egg was laid, by which hen laid, and whether the organism was isolated from the hen, a fact designated by a plus sign. It also shows to how long a period of incubation the egg material in bouillon was submitted before being streaked on the agar slants. During the period of making the first egg tests all eggs were retained at room temperature until tested, or they were tested on the same day, soon after laying. Later, however, it was found ad^•isable to retain at the temperature of the bacteriological incubator, about 39° C, before insert- ing in sterile bouillon, to afford perhaps a preliminary proliferation of the organism. DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION WITH B. PULLORUM. Table 1. I ?l1 I- 1 1 1 1 1 X 1 X. X 1 1 X X 1 1 1 X XX 1 X 1 \ 1 \ 1 X X 4- t X X K 1 + + xxx 1 1 X X 4- 1 1 X XX X 1 1 1 X 1 X i 1 X X. 1 X 1 i X X • 1 1 1 XX XX X 1 1 1 1 J( X 1 X 1 X X t X 1 X 1 1 1 xxx 1 1 X 1 y I I 1 XXX X 1 X 1 1 < X 1 4./ 1 XXX X . 1 3 X 1 X 1 + r xxx 1 + X X X 1 X I + X X 1 X ^ X 1 X 1 1 X X 1 1 XX 1 X 1 1 X X 4- X ' 1 X X ^ 1 X 1 x: 1 X X I 1 1 X K X + 1 X X + X s f X X + X 1 1 1 1 X X 1 X 1 t X X 1 X + 1 X X 1 X <9 I X 1 X 1 1 1 xxx XX ?~ 1 1 X X ( X 1 + 1 • XX X X i < X X 1 1 X X 1 1 X X I X 1 1 fc X X ( 1 X X 1 1 X X r 1 X X 1 X 1 1 t XX X 1 X X 1 X 1 1 1 + » ( X VX X.X X 1 1 X X 1 1 X X X 1 X 1 1 1 •^ X jt X 1 1 X X 1 X X + (11 < XX X 1 1 1< X 1 1 XX 1 X i 1 X X 1 !« X 1 1 1 xxx 1 X III 1 XXX X 1 t X X 1 1 X X 1 1 1 X XX 1 1 XXX 1 1 1 1 1 * X X X / X 1 X 1 X • X 1 X 1 \ X X 1 t XX 1 Q X X 1 1 X X X 1 1 1 1 XX X X 1 1 X X 1 1 X X III 1 ) xxx XX 1 5X 1 1 1 1 > X X X X X 1 1 X X 1 1 1 XXV X 1 X t t 1 5 XXX X 1 X 1 X 1 < 1 X t X 11(1 X X XX 1 1 ) 9 xxx 1 X 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I X K XXKXX X X X X »- t / X X 1 X 1 1 1 I X »- vfl ■/» * o tJ -rs (4 o ta {=^J|-'7«**iJt 55«>-^^f^cS5 agr^ *^5 X I + MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 148. Table 2. 1 j;5 X X 1 1 X K I \ 1 X X 1 1 1 X yJ/ 1 X 1 X / » 1 xXX "1^ + ^s X t X > X 1 X / 1 t XXX 1 X 1 X tj 1 1 »>X X 1 1 t t 1 1 X XXX XX 1 X 1 t XX 1 X i 1 XX 1 X 1 1 1 1 1 ^xxx 1 i 1 XXX t 1 XX 1 X ( X 1 1 XX t X I X 4i 1 + 1 yx + X X X 1 > 1 X>< X 1 1 t 1 X X X X 1 X H 1 t ^ XX 1 1 X X 1 X 1 X 1 1 X X 1 1 X X < 1 X X ^ ^ 1 tiX 1 1 X X 1 1 XX X X 1 1 + XX X 1 X ^ \ \ \ \ y XXX X + X ! X + X XX t 1 X X 1 + X X 1 X V, i 1 XX| 1 X 1 1 1 1 ) 1 XX X X X X 1 \ XX 1 1 X X 1 1 § 1 1 XX 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 X ^(4 >^ 1 1 X r 1 X X (III XXX X I X ^ 1 1 1 0^ XXX \ X t X r 1 1 ( 1 XXX X X 1 1 t~^X X 1 X 1 X 1 1 XX 1 X 1 1 X X 1 X 1 1 1 ^ X ( X 1 1 t XXX 1 X ) 1 1 t 1 1 X X XX X 1 X 1 1 1 X 1 1 XX 1 1 ' XXX 1 1 1 XXX X 1 X 1 1 1 1 1 >x xxxx i X 1 X + X 1 + 1 XXX 1 X 1 X el- *^ 1 1 i XXX 1 1 X X 1 1 1 XX X 1 x: 1 X • •> 1 1 1 (i xXX I X 1 X 1 +1 X XX 1 1 XX 1 1 1 X 1 Xx X 1 1 - y X 1 1 1 X XX 1 X f X f 1 X X 1 X 1 1 1 XXX X , 1 I XXX 1 X 1^ -r5 :3 2 ^ fcO^t^i ti ^ ^ ^s.-^ 5C{g^g^^ X "to (Q If II DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION WITH B. PULLORUM. Table 3. T I ^^ 1 « 5 1 ^ 1 1 X \ X t IT, 1 X !^ 1 1 SX 1 1 1 X + X 1 N X 1 X 1 X 1 2X CO 1 X 1 X .^ 1 vO 1 X + X 'Q + 1 X fO + X ^^ X 1 X 1 X _ 1 X o 1 X \ X 1 X ij> 1 X 1 X © 1 X K v« 1 X + X W) 1 X • X * 1 X 1 1 X X 1 X I X <0 t X OJ 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 1 XX SN~tO -? s p3 95 ceo :?:? 8 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 148. From Table 4, it can be seen that of the 619 eggs tested Bactemnn pidloruin was detected in eggs laid bj^ hen No. 10, once during July, egg laid 7-30-13; by hen No. 18, once during July, egg laid 7-26-13; by hen No. 6, three times during the month, eggs laid 7-16-13, 7-17-13 and 7-19-13; by hen No. 5, once during month, egg laid 7-30-13; by hen No. 2, twice during month, eggs laid 7-26-13 and 7-30-13; by hen No. 52, twice during month, eggs laid 7-21-13 and 7-23-13; by hen No. 13, twice, eggs laid 7-22-13 and 7-26-13; by hen No. 792, three times, eggs laid 7-23-13, 7-25-13 and 7-30-13; by hen No. 714, once during month, egg laid 7-27-13. During August from hen No. 8 Bad. pidlorum was isolated from one egg laid 8-18-13; by hen No. 1, once during month, egg laid S-15-13; by hen No. 10, twice, eggs laid 8-12-13 and 8-15-13; by hen No. 2096, once during month, egg laid 8-12-13; by hen No. 5, twice, eggs laid 8-2-13 and 8-4-13; by hen No. 7, twice, eggs laid 8-4-13 and 8-13-13; by hen No. 13, once, egg laid 8-25-13; by hen No. 792, once, egg laid 8-12- 13; by hen No. 714, once, egg laid 8-13-13. During September the or- ganism was isolated from egg of hen No. 48, once, egg laid 9-6-13; by hen No. 714, once, egg laid 9-21-13; by hen No. 464, twice, eggs laid 9-13-13 and 9-16-13. Of the 16 cultures of Bacterium puUorum isolated from eggs in July the j^olk material of 13 in sterile bouillon had been retained in bacteriological incubator for more than seventy-two hours. Of the 12 isolated in August, all yolk material in bouillon had been retained in bacteriological incubator more than seventy-two hours. From the 4 isolated in September, the egg material had been in incubator but forty-eight hours. After August 1 it was planned to put all eggs in bacteriological incubator prior to testing, and this brought forth egg material which yielded cultures of Bacterium pullorum which had not been detected in July, namely, the infection was detected in hen No. 8, hen No. 1, hen No. 2096 and hen No. 7. By the previous incubation of eggs, for one to three days, the organism had mul- tiplied to such an extent that it was possible to detect the organisms in 7 individuals in whom it had not been detected in July. From egg material incubated in bacteriological incubator at 38° to 39° C. for seventy-two hours or longer it was much easier to detect the organism. Usually it was present in large numbers, and the organism on the agar-slant usually became visible within the first twenty-four hours' incubation. In general it may be stated that egg testing of these hens' eggs yielded better results after this preliminary incubation of the eggs in bacteriological incubator, and it was found always advisable to wait seventy-two hours before con- sidering a sample negative as regards colonies on subsequent agar streaks. From what has been determined here, and from the work of Rettger and Jones, it can be clearty seen that diagnosis by egg testing is impractical. In some cases, however, the egg testing has given results with the exami- nation of the first few eggs. According to the work in this laboratorj^, it has been found that if a bird is badly infected persistence in egg testing will usually yield a positive result. Of the 619 eggs tested from hens in Table 4. TABLE SHOWING WHEN [GG WAS LAID, HEN NUMBER, NUMBER. OP HOURS nAT[EllAL WAS RETAINED IN BACTERIOLOGICAL INCUBATOR -:Z:Z:7oZLo DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION WITH B. PULLORUM. 9 this experiment during Juh', August and the first part of September 32 were found to contain the organism, detected in hens Nos. 10, 18, 6, 5, 2, 52, 13, 792, 8, 1, 2096, 7, 714, 267, 48 and 464. With hen No. 10, 11 eggs were tested, covering a hiving period of seventeen days, before the organ- ism was detected. With hen No. 18, 8 eggs were tested, covering a laying period of sixteen days prior to its detection. With hen No. 6, 5 eggs were tested, covering a laj^ng period of six days. With hen No. 5, 12 eggs were tested, covering a laying period of twenty days. With the other 11 infected birds it varied from the 6th to the 21st egg laid before Bacterium puUorum was detected for the first time, and the laying periods varied from eight to sixty-one days (see Table 5 on page 10). It is interesting to note at this point that all the hens, except 22, which were received from the Maryland Experiment Station, previously inocu- lated intravenously with a pure culture of Bacterium pullorum, after two years, showed positively the ovarian infection. This is in full agreement with the work of Dr. Jones, — that it is possible to cause local infection and cause such infection through the blood system. As stated before, it has not been the primary object of these egg tests to make an exhaustive study of the value of diagnosis of ovarian infection by this method, but it has been of importance to determine by it if possible the number of these hens infected, to use as a check on the work on agglu- tination which was to follow. Therefore, according to these tests hens Nos. 10, 8, 6, 5, 2, 52, 13, 792, 714, 8, 1, 2096, 7, 48 and 464 are all infected hens, the organism having been demonstrated conclusively in their eggs. It should also be stated that prior to starting experiments with these birds the organism had been detected in hen No. 267. From our work just cited it can be seen that in those hens which did lay eggs containing Bact. pidlorum, the elimination from the ovayy was so irregular that it would be impossible to make a diagnosis in a short time. Since there was at hand such good material for study it was considered of importance to study the macroscopic agglutination test, as suggested by Jones ^" ^, — as regards the practicabihty of the tests, the test fluids and important steps to be observed in making the diagnosis, — and to carry out the test with three laboratory technicians to determine the value of this macroscopic test as a laboratory procedure for the diagnosis of this infection in adult hens. This test depends upon the specific agglutinin elaborated in the blood serum of hens harboring the organism. The test requires a test fluid con- taining a suspension of Bacterium pullorum in 0.85 per cent, salt solution, preserved with 0.5 per cent. carboHc acid, and the specific agglutinin, di- luted in varying amounts from suspected individuals. The agglutinins act on dead as well as living organisms. 1 Jones, F. S.: Report, New York State Veterinary College for 1910-11, p. 76. - Jonea, F. S. : "The value of the macroscopic agglutination test in detecting fowla that are harboring Bact. pullorum." Journal Medical Research, Vol. XXVII., No. 4; N. S., Vol. XXII., No. 4, pp. 485-495. 10 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 148. Table 5. HEN NO. N0.OFF&6S LAID BEFORE WAS DETEcrEO LAYI Nfr PERIOD IN DAYS lO // ZO 18 8 /6 6 s5 6 ^ IZ ^0 ^ 7 y6 J^ r 10 13 8 15 r9z s5- & T/4 4 IZ 8 ^j 39 1 /3 38 ztm, ^1 33 T /I »4 48 ;9 v58 464 ;a 6/ DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION WITH B. PULLORUM. 11 From some prelimiiuxry tests it was found that the Hviiig test fluids gave little better results. For this reason it was decided to carry out our work, using the living organisms in preparing the various test fluids. The Test Fluid. Before preparing any of our test fluids for these macroscopic agglutina- tion reactions, all strains of Bacterium pulloruni were thoroughly tested out to establish their pathogenic powers. The Bacterium pullorum mate- rial had been isolated from 7 different sources, and was designated Si (Strain No. 1) So, S3, S4, S.-„S(i and S7, and represented cultures of Bacteriwn pullorum isolated by the author from chicks which had died of the disease from an infected flock of hens in western Massachusetts; from another chick, dead of the disease; from an infected flock of more than 400 hens from eastern Massachusetts ; from a fresh egg laid by a hen in this infected flock ; from the ovarian tissue of a badly infected hen in the State of Mary- land; from a chick which had died after experimental inoculation with a pure culture isolated from ovarian tissue; from a strain isolated from Con- necticut epidemics and furnished to the author three years ago by Dr. Rettger of Yale University. The last, or Strain No. 7, was recovered from a local epidemic. These strains were all carefully examined for pur- ity, and after due time were obtained in a very active state of growth. Strain No. 4 was finally not used because it appeared to have lost so much of its virulence. For testing the virulence of these 6 strains of Bacterium pullorum 154 day-old chicks, hatched July 10, 1913, were used. They were divided into 7 lots, 22 in each lot. Six of these sets were inoculated with Bad. puUorum and the seventh was used for control. The chicks were fed sterilized food and water and were retained in wire animal cages and brooded with stone jugs containing hot water. The litter used was fine shavings which had been sterilized and spread in a layer over floor of cages prior to putting the chicks in. Each chick in the lots to be infected received | c.c. of a physiological saline suspension of the various strains of Bacterium pullorum subcutaneously. The control lot received j c.c. sterile physiological salt solution administered in the same manner. Chicks in pen No. 1 were inoculated with Si; chicks in pen No. 2, with S_.; chicks in pen No. 3, with S3; chicks in pen No. 4, with S.^; chicks in pen No. 5, with Se; chicks in pen No. 6, with S7; and the chicks in pen No. 7 were the controls. As soon as chicks died they were carefully autopsied and the hver, heart, unabsorbed yolk and calcar examined for presence of Bacterium pullorum. In Table 6 are arranged the mortahty records which fur- nish the evidence of the pathogenicity of these various strains. From each chick, dead of the disease, cultures were retained, and in Table 6 P. signifies that the cultures were recovered from the respective organs in an absolutely pure state. Wherever there is a denotation N.P. it signifies that culture recovered was not pure. However, in" no case did 12 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 148. the contaminating factor so outgrow or obscure the colony of Bacterium pullorum but that it was possible to recover it from some of the tubes. At this point it is sufficient to say that the sjanptoms ■ — pre-mortem and post-mortem findings of chicks dead of the disease — correspond with those previously studied by the author.^ After twenty-five days the tests were considered completed, and Strains Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 were all in perfect condition to continue the work with the agglutinations. Pen No. 7, the control lot, never showed any signs of disease, and until a few weeks ago (Dec. 1, 1913) 20 of the 22 were hving, healthy, vigorous birds. Only two deaths occurred among the 22 control chicks; one was accidental and the other was killed on ac- count of lameness. Making the Test Fluid. Slant agar tubes were inoculated with Bact. pullorum, and grown in incubator at 38° C. for one or two days. The growth was then washed with carbolated salt solution (0.85 per cent, salt solution containing 0.5 per cent, carbolic acid). The whole volume of washed material should have a very definite cloudy appearance. This was put in the shaking machine and shaken for one-half hour and then passed through sterile absorbent cotton to strain out any clumps of bacteria which might remain. Care should always be observed not to prepare the suspension too thin. A good test fluid should be uniformly turbid. This should be retained on ice or in lower part of refrigerator. Method of obtaining Blood Serum. At first the method of cutting a spike of the comb was employed, but since the bird's blood coagulates so quickly if in contact with tissue this was found unsatisfactory. Then the method of cutting the wing vein was employed, and by working carefully with this method it was found to be suitable in every respect for drawing^blood^in 2 to 10 c.c. quantities, causing but little effect upon the bird. At first great care was used in cut- ting through the cutaneous tissue until the vena ulnaris was reached, and the tissue teased away to make a clean cutting surface for making the incision into the vein. By such treatment it was possible to get the blood under quite ideal conditions, but the bird was submitted to considerable discomfort. Finally it was found that the quicker the cut was made the better the results, and less discomfort for the individual. The procedure finally adopted for drawing about 6 c.c. of blood in a very short time, and one which appeared to cause the individual no apparent discomfort, nor disturb the egg laying later on, was carried out as follows: the bird was laid on its side and the wing laid out near the edge of the table and turned downward to afford a grade for the sample of blood to flow into test tube. ' Gage, Geo. Edward: "Notes on ovarian infection with Bacterium pullorum (Rettger) in the domestic fowl." Journal Medical Research, Vol. XXIV., No. 3; N. S. Vol. XIX., No. 3; June, 1911, pp. 491-496. lag -- M w J- ") o c~»» o- g =j o 8 8 S ^ ? 1 5 S = * i J 3 J J J 3 a a 2 i! s a ; *. * i. + J. -1. V + a. t « a. ^ a. ! _±_±_t_^_ ajJ-J 4J3-1 J o 33 t"- o-iSab^O.! ?! ^ OL a.' 3 ■= 4 J J ^ - i>i to ■:*■ H) 3 3 3= 3 ?* Si S S a Q. a. Q. Q. % ^ aECL(Laa.ci.Q.Q.tLa.Q. 1 il 3 t> 3 3 3 I 3 ~ S S s ? 5 a rt a a nai > ■a i as i ^ r- e- c- c- ^ c . cj fi 3- ^ s3 MI 3- '^ ^ •; i 1 i i it' mi if FJliii !;i ■♦■ I <>. ii J 3 o 1 DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION WITH B. PULLORUM. 13 The finger of the operator was placed under the vaia nlnaris, between the uhial and radial bones near the distal ends, and pressed until the vein by distention shows plainlj-. Then having sterilized the part, and using sterile fine scissors, a cut was made through the cutaneous tissue into the vein, making a short cut longitudinall5\ The blood will flow out in large drops, and can be easih" collected into a test tube, and by using a pledget of cotton moistened with 1-40 carbolic acid the flow of blood can be quickly stopped, and then bj' placing a dry piece of cotton over the incision and closing the vang down tighth^, in a few minutes the individual may be returned to the pen. Blood thus obtained is allowed to clot, and the serum is later drawn off as a straw-colored supernatant fluid. This is then diluted with carbolated salt solution to the usual stock dilution 1-20. Making the Agglutixatiox Test. Small test tubes 4 inches long and |-inch cahbre were used. During some of our preliminary tests 3 c.c. test fluid was used as suggested by Jones, ^ but it was found after several sets had been tried out that 1.5 c.c. of the test fluid gave ecjually good results. The dilutions used most were 1-100, 1-200 and 1-500, but in some of the work test dilutions from 1-100 to 1-5,000 were used and made as follows : all sera were diluted 1-20, and then b}'^ a simple algebraic calculation the amount of diluted (1-20) serum necessary to add to 1.5 c.c. test fluid to make a desired dilution was de- termined. For example, 1.5 c.c. test fluid -|- .3 c.c. (1-20 serum) = dilution 1-100 desired. The following amounts of diluted 1-20 serum were added to 1.5 c.c. test fluid to make required dilutions: — 1- 100= .3 c.c. diluted serum 1-20. 1- 200= . 15 c.c. diluted serum 1-20. 1- 300= .099 c.c. diluted serum 1-20. 1- -400= .075 c.c. diluted serum 1-20. 1- 500= .06 c.c. diluted ser\im 1-20. 1- 800= .037 c.c. diluted serum 1-20. 1-1,000= .03 c.c. diluted serum 1-20. 1-1,200= .025 c.c. diluted serum 1-20. 1-1,500= .019 c.c. diluted serum 1-20. 1-1,800= .016 c.c. diluted sertun 1-20. 1-2,000= .015 c.c. diluted serum 1-20. 1-2,500= .012 c.c. diluted serum 1-20. 1-3,000= .009 c.c. diluted serum 1-20. 1-4,000= .007 c.c. diluted serum 1-20. 1-5,000= .006 c.c. diluted serum 1-20. Three sets of graduated pipettes were used, the first, a 5 c.c. graduated to 15 c.c. ; the second, graduated to t^t» c.c. The pipette graduated to xln c.c. was used to make dilutions up to 1-500, and for dilutions 1-500 to 1-5,000 one diA-ided into tAo of c.c. was employed. After having made 1 Jones, F. S.: " The value of the macroscopic agglutination test in detecting fowls that are harboring Bad. pullorum." Journal Medical Research, Vol. XXVII., Xo. 4; X'. S., Vol. XXII., No. ■!,??. 4S5495. 14 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 148. tlie desired dilution and thoroughly shaken each tube to afford a com- plete mixture of the agglutinative sera and Bacterium, pullorum all was placed in the bacteriological incubator at 38° and readings made of the macroscopic agglutinative picture at the end of twenty-four, forty-eight and seventy-two hours. All tests were controlled, i.e., test fluid and agglutinative sera. A positive macroscopic agglutination reaction is evident when the formation of fine, flake-like masses settle to the bottom of the tube into uneven heaped-up masses at the bottom and sides, leaving the super- natant fluid clear. This reaction is usually very prompt, and with sera of marked potency it is very clear and definitely defined. Controls should always be kept for check of test fluid, and check of diluted serum in car- bolated salt solution. The test fluid used for our work at first was composed of the 6 tested strains of Bacterium pullorum preserved by 0.5 per cent, carbolic acid and kept on ice. The serum was used continuously until no positive re- actions would result in a serum known to be positive, and from this it was possible to determine about how long a serum could be retained under proper conditions and be in an active state for use in making the test. In tables 7 and 8 which follow can be seen the results of the macroscopic tests on the birds carried out by three different technicians working independently. The technician is denoted in the column of that legend as 1, 2 and 3. It is indeed interesting to note that the work of the three technicians checks very well, and from the summary of the work of each no difference ever arose as to whether a bird was or was not a reactor. Hens Nos. 267, 8, 1, 10, 6, 2096, 10, 18, 6, 2, 48, 7, 13, 53, 792, 714, 464 and 61 were all proven by all three technicians to be infected hens, having the agglutinin present, varying in its powers to cause agglutina- tion of Bacterium pullorum. From tables 7 and 8 it can be seen that with the results in the agglutination work, especially the is made with the blood drawn on July 19, and with the serum of hens Nos. 267, 2, 10, 2096, 5, 2, 48, 52, 53, 452, 792, 714 and 464, the serum reactions were consistent with the three technicians until the seventeenth or eighteenth days, when the reactions began to vary considerably. This is indeed an interesting feature in favor of the test, and it is possible, under better conditions of preservation, that it may be kept longer. After the hun- dreds of tests made in this laboratory it would be safe to state that prop- erly preserved and cooled agglutinative sera may be retained in a good state for subsequent tests for as long as two weeks. On the other hand, a carefully prepared test fluid, made from newly incubated cultures of Bad. pullorum, and suspended in 0.85 per cent, physiological saline solution containing 0.5 per cent, phenol, if retained on ice will remain in good condition for making the tests even after two months. In some instances a serum retained for three weeks, when used by one technician on the 6th of August reacted, and had lost its agglutinative powers on the 7th when used by another technician. At the beginning AttrUUTINATlON TtSTS MADE WITH SERUM ■REMOVED JULY 3. 1913 AND TEST TLUID COMPOSED , OF S. S.SjS,S\S, • t i'\\\\vO\\\\'>.s\\'J „; I sWy*x-«^\ww.\> AGGLUTINATIOM TESTS MADE w;th blood Serum -removed July 19,1913 and a test fluid composed of s, S^ S, S, S, "^o S s'»v«,\wwii,xviv<>:<, r.t: f>^'Z 'ilr.'- '- J;;5:: f3«-- " t 'v^iiV%XV%W - - *?*•*»- - «^^7S- - S° ' '" " ' «."*?-- (B»2tf- - fto I 7t . - ^tr»- - »«'«- - HEM 10 %l tW &/ W * fe)22/f • • *0 • l-X - <■ fe. Tt * t lb i'*! + ^ taiTt,* <■ 'km**- tttn*-*- ?*«,!» *■ + ■ %«.*?)- - ■ I'/yiM-' - - lliv^' - liizit* - ■ ?o , W »- + itttvt- - 'ioiwy- - nso I a » ► ftoirz- - fciJ"- - fc47j,- Sliqlft- to/ 7J8 %1S7Z %S2« - - ! ?a - - HEN6l8«>i2* »n«2f in I n^ «ENU?/7/ m-* <■ <• shi ii* * *■ DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION WITH B. PULLORUM. 15 of this work, the serum was divided into three portions, to serve the technicians for independent work. The period of making tests for one technician often required more time to which the serum was submitted to laboratory temperature than that of another, and this in a way perhaps explains the keeping quality of one portion over another. However, one can see from the tests made that comparatively recently drawn sera carefully retained on ice yielded the best results. Hens Xos. 315, 49, GO, 22, 77, 4, 35, 618, 46 and 34 never gave a positive reaction during this work, and the work of all three technicians checks in this respect. The serum of Nos. 2096, 52 and 464 gave varying reactions after long retention of serum, but no trouble was experienced by any of the workers in concluding that these birds either were harboring or had har- bored Backrixim pullorvm. It may be stated here that under the conditions of the tests, if the test fluid is prepared uniformly, the test carefully carried out, the macroscopic agglutination test for detecting the \arus of Bacterhnn pullorum has proven a good laboratory'' method as handled by three laboratory technicians in this laboratory during the past summer. The Ixfluence of Test Fluids of Varying Composition (Mono- valent AND Polyvalent Test Fluids). For these tests an experiment was planned in which the serum was used, drawn on the 19th of July. The test fluid was composed of equal quanti- ties of the different strains of Bacterium fullorum used throughout this work. In the first experiment or test a test fluid containing Si was used; in the second, a test fluid containing Sai-in a third, a test fluid containing equal quantities Sj and S2; in a fourth, a test fluid containing equal quan- tities Si, S2 and S3; in a fifth, a test fluid containing equal quantities Si, S2 and S7; in a sixth, a test fluid containing Si, S2, S3 and S.5; in a seventh, a test fluid containing Si, So, S3, S.5 and Se; and in an eighth, a test fluid containing Si, S2, S3, S5, Sg and S7. Various dilutions of the serum were used, the dilutions being made as before. In most cases readings were made after twenty-four, forty-eight and seventy-two hours' incubation. An anah'sis of Table 9 shows that the serum from all hens which had previousl}^ agglutinated gave consistent positive results in all the sera. Sera from hens Xos. 2096, 452, 792 and 5 appeared to give better results with a test fluid containing several strains of the organism. Although some of the positive reactors showed good reactions with a monovalent test fluid, yet from the data at hand it may be stated as justified that a test fluid containing several different strains is best suited, under most conditions, in laboratory routine for making the test. Here it should be Loted that none of the birds previously tested and found negative re- acted when their serum was mixed with the test fluids of the various compositions. The birds Xos. 58, 59, 62 and 63 were cocks. Of these, 59, 62 and 63 gave questionable reactions, and 58 gave a very weak or slight reaction 16 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 148. of a positive nature. This is interesting, and it will require further study with this blood and work in connection with the autopsies of such birds to determine if the testicles of such individuals harbor the organism. The reactions with these birds were always very slight and questionable, and hardly comparable with the clearcut reactions exhibited when the blood serum from infected hens was used. Comparison of Results of Macroscopic Agglutination Tests with Egg Analysis. From the egg record table it can be seen that Bacterium pullorum was isolated 32 times from 619 eggs, and the individuals harboring such or- ganisms, determined by eggs laid in Julj% were hen No. 10 on the 30th; hen No. 18 on the 26th; hen No. 6 on the 16th, 17th and 19th; hen No. 5 on the 30th; hen No. 2 on the 26th and 30th; hen No. 52 on the 21st and 23d; hen No. 13 on the 22d and 26th; hen No. 792 on the 23d, 25th and 30th; hen No. 714 on the 27th; and in August, besides these hens, hen No. 8 laid an egg containing Bacterium pullorum on the 18th; hen No. 1 on the 15th; hen No. 2096 on the 12th; hen No. 7 on the 4th and 13th; and in September, hen No. 48 on the 6th; hen No. 464 on the 13th and the 16th. Hen No. 452 died before an egg was laid which contained the organism, but at autopsy, when ova from this individual were crushed and inoculated into sterile bouillon and put in incubator at 38° C, the organism was de- tected later on the agar streaks. Hen No. 267 had previously been found to be infected by an egg test. Serum from all these hens caused agglu- tination of Bacterium pullorum test fluids, the results of three technicians being in agreement. The organism was not isolated from the ovarian tis- sue of hen Nos. 53 or 61, although both these hen's blood serum caused very active agglutination. This may suggest that the active infection had passed, and the agglutination test showed the results of the past active infection. On the other hand, hens Nos. 315, 49, 60, 22, 77, 4, 35, 618, 312, 46 and 34 never exhibited the organism in their eggs, nor did blood serum from these individuals cause agglutination of Bact. pullorum. Post-mortem Findings of Some Reactors and Non-reactors. After Oct. 1, 1913, hens Nos. 10, 5, 52, 1, 792, 464, 6 and 13, as reactors, were killed and the ovaries examined for the presence of Bacterium pul- lorum. All the reactors were not killed because it was desired to make further studies with the agglutinins. At the present time hens containing active agglutinative sera are retained at the laboratory under constant observation. Hen No. 10 at autopsy revealed a pathological ovary con- taining several retention cysts. Bacterium pullorum was isolated from this material by direct inoculation. Hen No. 52 at autopsy showed an ovary with retention cysts, and from material crushed in sterile bouillon B. pullorum was detected on all tubes streaked from such material. Then hens Nos. 1, 5, 6, 792, 464 and 13 were autopsied. All ovaries from these Table 9. AGGLUTINATION TESTS a\ade With TEST FLUIDS or DIFFERENT C O/^ POS / T I ONS 5, -5.5,835,5,5, r!sr FLUID CONTAINS s, TEST FlOiO Con tains TEST FLUID CONTAINS rE5r FLUID CON TAINS TEST FLUID CONTAINS TEST FiU)D CONTAINS TEST FLUID CONTAINS TEST FLUID CONTAINS 'tiit- - ■ - w - - - - 6o3i:::: «. - -- itf. . . . 72 — Jj:::: ■11 *■ ♦ ■ • 3sil "(«-.-. ■(««- - - • ■rt* - - - lit ♦ t ♦ 6i8iu - - - - »8- . - - fl , I '. '.'. «,».,,, ... Tl«2» 18 1» -- 7wl** - . , «« f 12* ....... . J»i» ■« twiiT » 1 ! lit. ♦ '. . . kilt W, ■. t , t . ■> . . Six*. . . w S^M w bill »» M2'"'«'*»! H*J1I* boll . . - - . *« Ai::::: ti X;;;; »8» <■» t t 11, » f <• , ISi"*, , . , , 12, , ,, , nj; ■p b It , , , , , irtt , » , , 12» , ♦ , , iMH*^ - - - 1« , » , - - a£ :::.-: Wt f , , - mn, , , - - 12 t , , . - 3J21 iswi J ' - - hS* , , - - 11, , • - - ini», - - . - u 124, , , , , 48t + ♦ t + 11, « , , , usii m- 12 I32t' , , , , ■ffl, , ,, , ,3i5:;::: • ^tg, , , , , 17121), , , - - 11, , . . - 11*2*, f • - - M ♦ , , . - 3*14 . . . . - 48 trti", • t , , *9t , , , , bill,,, t- niH, , 49*, ■ - - U ♦ . . - - MIH Ml?" • - - nl,» 12t?,?*?*-i. 49 ,',?,«■»- 72 ,»,',',?- g^\\V% 31J3H 49- <<41I4- 49- boP*: . 48- 221»- 4!- V9- 3524- 49- *8- 3HW- 6«l4-- . - 4» 11, 2324 48-- - - 1024, , t - 49, »4 t 11, , , t Hju+ + , , 48-t- , , ♦ 49t »+ - ■71 , t , ♦ XtfkV . - . - 4« - - - - 2 i4, , , t 4?t , , , lit ,,» 4 2« , t - - 48+ 4- - - 11+ t ■ - 3SJ» . 48 4«i4- . . - 49t - - - bIJM 48 . 73;;;;; 48+ , + + 12+ , , + 46i4- - - - 48- 13S;;:: 4«f , , , «£*.::: 49,+, , TP^t 1 1 1 49- - - - 714!*, . . . bl24 49, , - 58?4t!: S<]24»'- • 49+'- ■ 49- - . b3l»- - ■ M- -- ,r. »», Jiilit 4>, 7» + / 14, 49 » 11, 49- boK: 49- 2124- 48 + ■oir+ 48 + 12 + re24+ 48+ 12 + bK: 49+ '''«---. ,!i:;; ,,l'4tt: \8- .. 71 . - 2224 - . . »S- - . icB;;: icffll r:: „];::: 4b 24 . 48- ,,14^; 11+ ( 34 i4. . :«Ii: ' - 11 - - - 41 - - ■»»7i,,. ■ - 71 - 72 .31511- . -3U14- -3IS24 . . .3>Jl>t ■ . . 3i549 . . - 11 . - - 24 - - - 48 - -JUTl - • 11- t9M 14 - bol4. - 72 , , , 48 , - lit,; lil - 4^49 ■ . - 4112 - - 71 - - - 11 . -1248- - -nil, - 48 J» - cK;;. -17411- - - 172+ - 71- - - 49 - 71- - • 12 • , bl» - 12- , , 14 - T* -IDlkH, , ,2*48 49+ - - 24- . _ 924+ - -1924, - -1949 49 , + - 2+ + + - 49 12+ + , 14,- - 49 714.. -1149-- -1712 11 - . - 49 - - bJ4, ♦ - 024+, :.K 48 . , . 24 , , , 13 72, ,- 48, , 'l*^ *,7i , , -miui - . :t: r. sii: -17J+* + 248, - 72+, , 48 , - 72' - 4 48 - . :.li: - jsia - - ■ 49- - ssit' - 11- - - 14, - 71 ■ 48- -4972, , ,4949- - 11. , >- 48 + - 24- • - 11 + - 11 + -bi972- - -bldiu- . 24. . - 49- - 49- - - 12- -i|i+ + » 749, - 11*, , '*«, • 2M+ + • 71 + , 14 71. -4bl2+- -4b4«- - 24 -- - 72- - 4 14 - - - 4 14 . -3I2«- - -3J14 - 48- . -49^1 » - -4914 - 14+ + - J4 , 48+ , - 24 :bi.li!: -"bl«j4 • ,712 + + , 724., ■ - I4 24 * 1 -4fa2H+ - -4b24- . 71- - - 71+ -- 71- ij49- - - J224, , -ni4 - . -S124. J::- -1371, , -1348 + + + I314+- -1372+ + , 1314+,- 13 49 + - 72t, - 49+ ♦ - 24+ + - 14++ - 48, - 24 + , - 71 » , - 48+ T ♦ 4«» + + 24+ + - 49 + - 48+ » -5348+ , ,5324, + -«49, , + J3i4 + - 5324, --S348 + - 71, ,+ 24+- - 71+ + + 49t + - 14, ♦ - 49 + ► 71, + - 24 1 ♦ - 49 u ,45271 + , +45248 - - -4S!i4 - . -45211 + , -4J214, 4 -4Sl4«, - 71 , , ♦ 48 . - • 14, • ♦ 14 71,- - 48+ • ■ 48,* - 14 • . - 48 » , 24 4,+ . 48+ , - 71,- -77272 + +-Til'«- - -71114- . -71212, - -71214. - -Hiss. + 24 72+ - - 49»» • 49- - - 14 49- + 24--- 71+ + -48(49, + +4Wi4+ + - 49 - - -4*449+ - -44424+ , -4b449+ + +4W48. + 72+ + + 24+- - 71+, - 14, , , 72, + , 72 + + 72rt- 48t + - 11+4 - W+ + r 24 24- - 071, ;;"|;;; DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION WITH B. PULLORUM. 17 hens were cystic, exhibiting cysts of varying sizes, and the color was from normal yellow to grayish green. Hen No. 5 showed the least patho- logical condition of the ovaries. Many ova here were quite normal, and cxhil)ited the usual high-colored picture so characteristic of a healthy ovary. Material from hens Nos. 1, 5, 6, 792, 464, 13 and 452 (previously examined) yielded cultures of Bacterium pullorum. Hens Nos. 34, 315, 49. 312, 60, 22, 77, 4, 35, 618 and 46, whose sera had never agglutinated, and in whose eggs Bacterium 'puUorum had not been found,- were autopsied. All ova were normal except that of 77, which showed grossly congestion. More than 100 agar tubes were streaked from these ovaries and from materials crushed in sterile bouillon and incubated, and all gave nega- tive results for B. pullorum. Hen No. 53, a positive reactor, and hen No. 46, a non-reactor, were killed accidentally, so data on ovaries from these hens were not obtained. The pathological findings of the birds that ag- glutinated correspond well with those previously described, and especially with previous observations by the author in 1910, ^ and also substantiate the work of Jones. ^ All ovaries from these birds exhibited one or more retention C3'sts and several irregular lobulated cysts, and the color varied from shades of yellow to green. Specificity of Bacterium Pullorum Agglutinin. The first recognition of the agglutination reaction as a separate function of immune sera was by Gruber and Durham.^ From the first these in- vestigators had claimed specificity for the agglutination reaction, and for this reason it was utilized by Widal for the diagnosis of typhoid fever. Even by early workers it was observed that serum of animals immunized against one micro-organism would often agglutinate to a much less marked degree other closely related species. The serum of a typhoid-immune animal may agglutinate the typhoid bacillus in dilutions of 1-1,000 and higher, and B. coli in dilutions as high as 1-200. The normal agglutinative power of B. coli does not exceed 1-20. Therefore the specificity of the reaction for practical purposes is not destroyed if the proper dilutions are carried out, the degree or amount of agglutinin formation being always far higher for the specific organism causing the formation of the aggluti- nin than for closely related species. After carrying out 300 tests with normal sera from birds known to have no infection, we feel justified in stating that in some instances we were able to obtain slight agglutinative reactions in dilutions of 1-25, but in no instance was there ever exhibited the slightest sign of the agglutination of Bacterium pullorum when dilutions 1-100 of normal serum from non- 1 Gage, Geo. Edward: " Notes on ovarian infection with Bacterium pullorum (Rettger) in the domestic fowl." Journal Medical Research, Vol. XXIV., No. 3; N. S., Vol. XIX., No. 3; June, 1911, pp. 491-496. 2 Jones, F. S.: " The value of the macroscopic agglutination test in detecting fowls that are harboring Bad. pullorum." Journal Medical Research, Vol. XXVII., No. 4; N. S., Vol. XXII., No. 4, pp. 485-495. ' Gruber and Durham: Munch med. Woch, 1906. 18 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 148. infected individuals were used. For this reason, in the work carried out here, the lowest diagnostic dilution was 1-100. If reaction resulted with Bacterium pullonmi in this dilution it was considered positive, and the in- dividual rated as a reactor. Since Bacterium 'pullorxmi has been placed in the B. coli-typhi-dysenterce group of bacteria it was considered of interest to determine if Bacterium pullorum agglutinative sera were specific for Bacterium pullorum. For these tests the best known members of the B. coli-typhi group of bacteria were used. The sera from two hens harboring the organism was drawn and diluted with carbolated salt solution 1-20. Test fluids of uniform turbidity were prepared, as previously for Bacterium pullorum, of the fol- lowing organisms: B. coli communis, B. coli communior, B. icteroides, B. enteritidis, B. paratyphi A., B. paratyplii B., B. typhi abdominalis, B. Fowl cholera, B. cloacce, B. lactis acrogenes, and lastly a test fluid of Bacte- ruim pullorum. Complete sets of test tubes were made for each, and to each was added the amount of Bacterium pullorum agglutinative sera to give the required dilution. The dilutions in all sets were from 1-100 to 1-5,000, the principal dilutions between these ranges were in the following order: 1-100, 1-200, 1-300, 1-400, 1-500, 1-800, 1-1,000, 1-1,200, 1-1,500, 1-1,800, 1-2,000, 1-2,500, 1-3,000, 1-4,000 and 1-5,000. By observation of Table 10 it can be seen that the Bacterium pullorum agglutinative sera caused agglutination only when put in contact M'ith Bacterium pullorum. Not the slightest agglutination occurred in any of the tubes containing test fluid other than Bacterium pullorum. From this data it would seem that the Bacterium pullorum agglutinin is highly specific, and therefore is of great diagnostic value in all work in which the organism must be determined. Agglutinins obtained by the Immunization of Rabbits against Bacterium Pullorum. Rabbits are easily infected with Bacterium pullorum, or at least show a marked reaction when injected with pure cultures of this organism; but by a careful procedure of immunization they yield verj^ active agglutinins and also bacteriolytic sera. From 100 tests made in this laboratory it has been found that these agglutinins elaborated in this way are much more stable than those from individuals harboring the organism. Rabbits retained in this laboratory at the present time furnish sera which were active in dilutions up to 1-5,000. Agglutinins in such sera have aided greatly in the diagnosis or differentiation of cultures of Bacterium pullorum. Summary. From the work carried out at this laboratory during the summer of 1913, the following conclusions appear to be justifiable: — 1. Although the egg test for the determination of Bacterium pidlorum may yield positive results showing ovarian infection, the elimination is DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION WITH B. PULLORUM. 19 T.UBLE 10. TABLE ShOWiNQ OF BACTER. AGGL 3.C0I1 Co/^f->aMi« TESrFLUlO i-B "PuLLoR/JM fiG-o-uoTlNlN ^g 7;^ IBlCOLI CO(~1MuN;ORy TEST F/.UIO + B.PuLLOR/L»/-l AG-G-LUTlNlN ^;^i^ Vy 12, 3. icreaoiDES TEsr fluid +B.PuLLoR;OM AGG-LUT/f«/lN Az^ ^ TZj 3. ENrER-iTiDiS TESr FLUID + "B PuLUOfe/U/v\ A(5G^.uTl^JlM A2^ ;^^ 7;^ B, partatyphi.a TEsrau/o A;t'/ y? rz. 3k "Pa R,A TYPHI, a. TE,ST FLUlO + B.TU1.1.0R.LIM A&G-LuriNiM A-2//. V:^ 72, 3. TYPHI ABoo/^'Mni-is rssr Fi.UlOtBPui-l.OR/JM'rrMwJt" //y 17j 3. Fowt CHOl.eK/>, TEST FLfID + B PULLOf^UM A&&Lur(NiN A£4^ '-- ^ TV 3.C/-OACAE TESr FLUID +-BPULt-OR/U'^ A&G-LUTINirJ A2V ^ 72, B.LACTIS flEftOG-EMES TESr FLl/IO+aPuuOfti^M /IGGLUriNIN AZ'/- ^g . 7Z, B."PuLLOR,uM Tesr fluid +• £Pui_uoRpuM A&G-l-UTl.NiN At4+ +-f-f4-+ + + + +- ';^ ^ rz B. C:-OACflE. TEST FLUID ^ B.'PUi.LO'R.U/*^ ASSLfTl-SINl 52^ y^. _« 7^ 3. LACr/S ftEROG-ENES TEST FLUID tfiPULi-Oici/M /?-S^ ■»•■*- -f -f + -f -f ++-*•+ -f -f + - 7^+ + + -»--f + + + i--<-4i- + -<--- -DILUTIONS- 20 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 148. irregular and very often covers a long period of time before the organism is detected; therefore it is impractical for rapid diagnosis. 2. Preliminary incubation of the eggs in a bacteriological incubator at 38° to 39° C. prior to testing aids in the determination of the organism. 3. The macroscopic agglutination test as carried out in this laboratory, has proven a good laboratory method for the detection of adult hens har- boring, or which have harbored, Baderivm pullorum. 4. Our work substantiates that of Jones, in that it is possible to cause a local infection of the ovarian tissue by intravenous injections of pure cultures of Bacterium pullorum. 5. The agglutinin is very stable, withstanding temperatures of 60° C. and over for one-half hour. If properly preserved, it will yield results after two weeks. Agglutinins have been found from infected hens which reacted positively in dilutions from 1-100 to 1-5,000. 6. Polyvalent test fluids yield more uniform results than monovalent fluids, although in birds of marked infection monovalent test fluids gave very good results. Test fluids if properlj^ preserved on ice will keep in a very active state for more than two months. 7. Rabbits react to injections with pure cultures of Bacterium puUonim, but by careful immunization yield very active agglutinins and also bacte- riolytic sera. Agglutinins produced by immunizing rabbits are much more stable than those from hens harboring the organism. 8. A striking pathological condition found in the ovaries of all birds was the exhibition of lobulated and retention cysts which varied greatly in size. From these, it was usually easy to isolate B. pullorum. Acknowledgment. — Thanks are due my sister, Ethel G. Gage, for careful work in connection with calculation and rearrangement of the scientific data from our card-indexing system. BULLETIN No. 149 APRIL, 19 14 MASSACHUSETTS AGRICILTIRAL EXPERIMENT STATION A STIDY or VARIATION IN APPLES By J. K. SHAW This bulletin contains the results of a statistical study of the variation in number, size and form of the apples borne during a period of six years on several Ben Davis and Baldwin apple trees growing in the College orchard; and a consideration of the influences causing this variation. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. Trustees. OFFICERS AND STAFF. COMMITTEE. Chari.es H. Preston, Chairman, Wilfrid Wheeler, ^ Charles E. Ward, . Arthur G. Pollard, [ Harold L. Frost, . The President of tlie College, ex officio. The Director of the Station, ex officio. Hathorne. Concord. Buckland. Lowell. Arlington. STATION STAFF. Administration. William P. Brooks, Ph.D., Director. Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D., Vice-Director. Fred C. Kenney, Treasurer. Charles R. Green, B.Agr., Librarian. Mrs. Lucia G. Church, Clerk. Miss Grace E. Gallond, Stenographer. Agriculture. William P. Brooks, Ph.D., Agriculturist. Henry J. Franklin, Ph.D., In Charge Cranberry Substation. Edwin F. Gaskill, B.Sc, Assistant Agriculturist. Chemistry. Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D., Chemist. Edward B. Holland, M.Sc, Associate Chemist in Charge {Research Section). Fred W. Morse, M.Sc, Research Chemist. Henri D. Haskins, B.Sc, Chemist in Charge (Fertilizer Section). Philip H. Smith, M.Sc, Chemist in Charge (Food and Dairy Section) . Lewell S. Walker, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Rudolph W. Ruprecht, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Carlton P. Jones, M.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Carlos S. Beals, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Walter S. Frost, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. James P. Buckley, Jr., Assistatit Chemist. James T. Howard, Inspector. Harry L. Allen, Assistant in Laboratory. James R. Alcock, Assistant in Animal Nutrition. Miss F. Ethel Felton, A.B., Clerk. Miss Alice M. Howard, Clerk. Miss Rebecca L. Mellor, Clerk. Entomology. Henry T. Fernald, Ph.D., Entomologist. Burton N. Gates, Ph.D., Apiarist. Arthur I. Bourne, A.B., Assistant Entomologiat. Miss Bridie E. O'Donnell, Clerk. Horticulture. Frank A. Waugh, M.Sc, Horticulturist. Fred C. Sears, M.Sc, Pomologist. Jacob K. Shaw, Ph.D., Research Pomologist. John B. Norton, B.Sc, Graduate Assistant. Meteorology. John E. Ostrander, A.M., C.E., Meteorologist. E. K. Dexter, Observer. Poultry Husbandry. John C. Graham, B.Sc, Poultry Husbandman. Hubert D. Goodale, Ph.D., Research Biologist. Miss Fay L. Milton, Clerk. Vegetable Pathology George E. Stone, Ph.D., Vegetable Physiologist and Pa- and Physiology. thologist. George H. Chapman, M.Sc, Research Vegetable Physi- ologist. Orton L. Clark, B.Sc, Assistant Vegetable Physiologist and Pathologist. Miss Jessie V. Crocker, Clerk. Veterinary Science. James B. Paige, B.Sc, D.V.S., Veterinarian. CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction, 21 The Productiveness of the Trees, 21 Size, 23 Form, 29 Summary, 35 A STUDY OF VARIATION IN APPLES. J. K. SHAW. Beginning with the crop of 1908 the apples borne by certain Ben Davis and Baldwin apple trees growing in the college orchard have been measured, both their transverse and longitudinal diameters being taken, and this has been continued up to and including the crop of 1913. This period in- cludes six successive seasons in each of which the Ben Davis trees have borne at least a moderate crop, but the Baldwins have shown some irregu- larities in bearing. This method has given opportunity for the study of the number of apples borne, the size of the apples and the index of form. Inasmuch as the fruit of each tree has been di\dded into four lots by bi*- secting the tree with one plane perpendicular and extending east and west, and with another, horizontal, and about midway of the head of the tree, we have further the opportunity of comparing these factors for what we have called the upper south, lower south, upper north and lower north portions of the trees. Two partial reports of the observations on these trees have been made. For a statement of the method used the reader may be referred to these earlier reports. ^ The present paper reports results to date, and is probably final for this phase of the problem. The Productiveness of the Trees. We are not aware of any published data giving the number of apples borne by individual trees for a number of consecutive years. Several have reported the measured quantities produced over a considerable period, and these records have shown marked differences in yield of individual trees. Macoun gives the total yield for several varieties. These figures are taken from his report. - Variety. Wealthy, . McMahon, . Mcintosh, . Patten, Age of Trees (Years). Years of Bearing. Number of Trees. Yields (Galloxs). Lowest. Highest. Average. 57.0 226.0 367.5 291.5 203.0 889.0 761.0 597.5 113.5 604.4 564.0 406.1 ' Repts. Mass. Expt. Station: 22, Pt. I. (1910), p. 194; 23, Pt. I. (1911), p. 17 ■ Rept. Central Expt. Farm., 1910-11, p. 118. 22 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 149. The trees on which our observations have been made are eighteen years old, and all are in a healthy, thrifty condition. All have been given the usual orchard care as to pruning and spraying; all were cared for under the cultivation and cover-crop system until August, 1911, when the Baldwin plot was seeded to grass and clover. The trees are similar in size and vigor, though there is some correlation between size and produc- tiveness in the Ben Davis. Tree No. 8 wliich has produced the most apples is somewhat larger than any of the other trees. The yields of the trees for the period imder observation are as follows : — 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. Totals. Tree No. 2, Ben Davis, 864 251 42 > 2,453 724 830 5,547 Tree No. 3, Ben Davis, 567 343 449 1,576 641 966 4,542 Tiee No. 5, Ben Davis, 469 155 360 1,469 354 1,264 4,071 Tree No. 7, Ben Davis, 423 431 587 1,278 837 1,010 4,566 Tree No. 8, Ben Davis, - 686 1,093 2,249 629 1,611 6,268 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. Totals. Tree No. 2, Baldwin, . Tree No. 4, Baldwin, . Tree No. 5, Baldwin, . 321 621 319 287 189 546 None. 1,541 253 319 None. 830 None. 495 None. 927 2,846 1,948 The differences in yield between the several trees are not as gi-eat as those reported by Macoun, especially in the Ben Davis, which is one of the most regular and abundant bearers. There is little indication of the biennial bearing habit in the Ben Davis, while the Baldwins show it clearly in later years, though they all bore a crop in both 1909 and 1910. No satisfactory reason for these annual fluctuations in crop can be as- signed, but it presumably lies largely in weather conditions at the blossom- ing season, various conditions influencing the number of fruit buds formed during the previous season, and possibly in some degree to insects and disease. The Ben Davis has blossomed freely each year, while the Bald- wins have in off years failed to blossom. Considering for a moment the yields from the different parts of the trees, divided as has been already explained, we find some slight variations of interest. The numbers of apples have been as follows : — A STUDY OF VARIATION IN APPLES. 23 Upper South. Lower South. Upper North. Lower North. 1908, . 1909, . 1910, . 1911, . 1912, . 1913, . 518 552 707 2.082 791 1,550 714 379 893 2,111 501 1,432 414 305 576 2,310 677 1,393 676 287 869 2.522 380 1,306 Totals, 6,200 6,030 5,675 6,040 These figures are for the Ben Davis trees only, as the Baldwins have been so irregular in bearing as to seriously interfere with any signifi- cance that the figures might otherwise have. The upper south quarters of the trees have borne the greatest number of apples, and the annual fluctuations have been least. However, the difference is not great enough to have much significance. So far as it goes it is in accordance with the reasonable supposition that that part of the tree most exposed to the warmth and fight of the sun sets the largest number of fruits. As will be shown later the upper south part of the trees have yielded larger apples as well as a few more, so that the yield in barrels should be sensibly greater. If this is true of the parts of the tree, may it not indicate that a southern slope will yield more than a northern one? Probably such an assumption would be hardly justified, especially as the increased size may not hold generally. Also there have doubtless been small variations in the division of the trees from year to year, but these would tend to offset each other when the whole period is considered. Warren, ^ found in Wayne County, N. Y., the highest yields on easterly slopes, while Martin, found in Ontario County that the largest yields were from orchards on level sites followed by those on north, east and w^est slopes in the order given.^ Size. The measurements of the greatest cross diameter seem to reveal signifi- cant differences in the size of the apples in both individual trees and different parts of the tree. Of the several Ben Davis trees No. 7 has borne the largest apples, 72.92 millimeters, and No. 3 the smallest, 69.99 milli- meters ; and there has been a fair degree of consistency in the sizes from year to year, No. 7 not having fallen below third place in any one year, and No. 3 having risen above fourth place only once. The other three trees have shown greater fluctuation from year to year, all having occupied both first and last places in the course of the six years of observation, and the differences in averages are not large. The few figures available for the Baldwins are greater and are consistent from year to year. Tree 1 Cornell Bull. 226. p. 326. Cornell Bull. 307, p. 107. 24 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 149. No. 2 has borne the largest apples and tree No. 4 the smallest, with tree No. 0 intermediate each year. The apples on tree No. 4 were much smaller in 1913 than ever before, due possibly to the previous seeding down to grass and clover. It seems fair to conclude that individual trees may show a fairly constant tendency from year to year to produce apples larger or smaller than the general average of the orchard. The extreme difference in average size between the individual trees amounts to a trifle less than 3 millimeters, while between the different parts of the trees it is 2.38 milhmeters; but from year to year the dif- ferences are more consistent. The apples from the upper south part of the trees have been the largest every year. Those from the upper north part have been second every year except 1911, while the lower north apples have been smallest in four years out of six. This would seem to warrant the conclusion that for the variety the better the exposure of the trees to the sun the larger the growth that may be secured. The figures for the Baldwins are too fragmentary to be of much value, but so far as they go, while not quite as consistent as those of the Ben Davis, they show the same general tendency. In 1909 the different parts were in the same order as the average of the Ben Davis, while in 1912 the upper north led, followed by the upper south, lower north and lower south. Considering the average size of the total apples from the Ben Davis trees in the several years we note that they were largest in 1910 and smallest in 1911, the difference between the extremes being 4.04 milli- meters. The small size in 1911 is undoubtedly due to the heavy crop borne, but it is significant that this is the only year in which the trees have borne enough to affect the size. There is no relation between size of apples and the number borne until the crop reaches what may be fairly termed a full crop. Probably there is more danger of breaking down the tree than of any serious deficiency in size, provided the trees are well cared for. In 1909 the apples average 90 millimeters in diameter, nearly as small as in 1911. The probable explanation of tliis is the low temperature prevaihng, the March-October mean being the lowest of any of the six years under consideration. There are some further indications of a rela- tionship between the warmth of the season and the size of the apples, but all the fluctuations in size cannot be thus accounted for. We have been unable to trace any relationship whatever between precipitation and size. One possible influence of fertilization is in the case of the crop of 1910, the large size of which may be due to a previous application of lime. While there is evidence that there has been some relation between mean summer temperature and size it does not appear that the slight variations that have occurred have exercised a controlling influence on the size of the apples. In earlier work along this line a greater effect of temperature was observed, but mostly from stations further north, where seasonal fluctuations of temperature are greater. A STUDY OF VARIATION IN APPLES. 25 A study of the variability in size of the apples from the different trees shows small differences that apparently have some meaning. Those from tree No. 7 are quite consistently the most variable of any, and these have been the largest ; there seems to be a possible relationship be- tween size and variability, — the larger the apples the more variable. As between the apples from different parts of the tree, this relationship does not hold. The apples from the upper south parts of the trees are largest and least variable, and probably the slight differences in variability that occur are simply chance fluctuations. Table 1. — Size of Apples. Ben Davis. Individual Trees. Tree No. 2. [Millimeters.] Ye.\r. Mean. Standard Deviation. Coefficient of Variability. 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 71.02±.14 70.89±.22 73.15=fc.l9 69.15±.07 71.01±.18 75.63±.18 6.16±.10 5.40±.16 5.69±.13 5.15±.05 6.68±.12 5.43±.09 8.67±.14 7.62=t.l8 7.78±.15 7.45±.07 9 41=t.l7 7.18±.12 Average 71.81 5.75 8.02 Tree No. 3. 1908 1909 1910, 1911 1912, 1913 Average 68.80±.15 68.48±.19 72.27±.19 69.14±.07 71.71±.15 69.54±.09 69.99 5.31±.ll 5.24±.13 6.01±.13 4.11±.05 5.60±.ll 4.90=«=.O8 5.20 7.72±.16 7.65±.22 8.32±.22 5.94±.07 7.81±.15 7.04±.06 7.41 Tree No. 5. 1908 68.35=t.l3 5.55±.08 8.12±.13 1909 68.32±.27 4.96±.18 7.26±.33 1910. . ... 75.53±.21 5.88±.15 8.00±.22 1911 70.16±.09 5.29±.07 7.55±.09 1912 . 74.01±.25 7.08±.18 9.57±.24 1913 71.69=t.l3 4.85=t.07 6.76=t.09 Average, . 71.34 5.70 8.02 26 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 149. Table 1. — Size of Apples — Continued. Tree No. 7. [Millimeters.] Year. Mean. Standard Deviation. CoefBcient of Variability. 1908 72. 80*. 18 6 45±.13 8.86±.17 1909 70.37±.17 5.12±.12 7.28±.19 1910 75.12±.19 6.85=t.l4 9.12±.21 1911, 72.69±.ll 6.11±.08 8.41±.ll 1912 72.57±.15 6.33=b.lO 8.72=t.l4 1913 73.97=^.12 5.69±.09 7.70±.12 Average 72.92 6.09 8.35 Tree No. 8. 1909, 70.45±.13 4.93±.09 7.00±.13 1910 72.57±.09 6.16±.06 8.52±.10 1911 67.12=t.08 5.71±.06 8.50±.09 1912 73.39±.16 5.79±.ll 7.90±.15 1913 71.93±.09 5.48±.09 7.62±.13 Average 71.69 5.60 7.82 Parts of the Trees. Upper South. 1908, 70.93±.1S 6.40±.13 9.02±.19 1909 70.96±.14 4.77±.10 6.72±.14 1910 74.53±.12 4.67±.08 6.27=fc.ll 1911, 70.79±.08 5.66±.06 8.00=t.08 1912 74.34^.13 5.41±.09 7.27±.12 1913 73.08±.10 5.40±.07 7.39±.09 Average, 72.44 5.38 7.45 Lower South. 1908 69.24±.14 5.68±.10 8.20±.14 1909 69.77±.1S 5.06±.12 7. 24=1=. 18 1910 72.S7±.14 6.33±.10 8.68=b.l4 1911 69.S6±.0S 5.46±.06 7.81=t.ll 1912 70.76±.22 7.2S±.16 10.29=t.23 1913 71.45±.09 5.27±.07 7.38=t.09 Average, .... 70.66 5.86 8.27 A STUDY OF VARIATION IN APPLES. 27 Table 1. — Size of Apples — Continued. Upper North, [Millimeters.] Year. Mean. Standard Deviation. Coefficient of Variability. 1908 71.27±.20 6.14±.15 8.47±.19 1909 70.86±.20 5.27±.13 7.44±.19 1910 73.94±.21 6. 51 ±.14 8.80±.19 1911, 69.09±.08 5.65±.06 8.17±.08 1912 72.37±.15 6.02±.ll 8.31±.15 1913 72.84±.10 5.41±.05 7.43±.09 Average, 71.73 5.83 8.10 Lower North. 1908, . 1909, . 1910, . 1911, . 1912, . 1913, . Average, .79±.12 69.40± 72.32±.14 67.57±.07 70.84±.21 -0.43±.09 70.06 4.96±.08 5.04± 6.06±.10 5.55±.05 5.93±.15 5.07=t.09 5.43 7.11±.12 7.26± 8.38±.14 8.21±.08 8.37±.21 7.19±.08 7.75 Total Apples. 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 70.23= 70.00= 73.27= 69. 23^ 72.42= 73.19= 05 5.95±.06 5.11±.06 6.28±.06 5.70±.03 6.31±.05 5.44±.03 8.47±.08 7.30±.08 8.57=t.03 8.24±.04 8.71±.07 7.44±.05 Baldwins. Individual Thees. Tree No. 2. 1909, 1910, 1912, 78.62=t.21 80.22±.23 79.20±.23 5.59±.15 5.41±.16 6.05±.16 7.11±.23 6.74±.27 7.64±.20 28 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 149. Table l. — Size of Apples — Concluded. Tree No. 4. [Millimeters.! Year. Mean. Standard Deviation. Coefficient of Variability. 1909, 1910, 1911 1913. 74.39±.14 76.90±.27 71.78±.08 66.91=t.20 5.01±.10 5.57=i=.19 4.58±.06 6.52±.15 6.73±.15 7.24=fc.30 6.38±,06 9.74±.22 Tree No. 5. 1909, 1910 1911, 1912, 77.66±.21 77.71±.15 78.05=fc.26 74.16±.12 5.66±.15 5.20±.ll 6.07±.18 5.19±.08 7.29±.22 6.69±.15 7.78±.23 7.00±.ll Parts of the Trees. Upper South. 1909, 1912 76.91±.18 77.50±.22 5.61±.12 5.47±.16 7.29±.16 7.06±.20 Lower South. 1909 1912, 76.31=b.23 73.02±.23 5.83=fc.l6 6.11±.17 7.64=t.21 8.36±.23 Upper North. 1909 1912 76.34±.20 77.96±.21 5.47=i=.14 5.41±.1.5 7.19±.19 6.94±.19 Lower North. 1909 1912, 74.58±.26 74.86±.22 5.14±.18 5.58±.16 6.89±.25 7.45±.21 Total Apples. 1909 1910 76.29±.ll 77.99±.ll 5.68=t.08 5.55±.08 7.45±.10 7.12±.10 A STUDY OF VARIATION IN APPLES. 29 Form. The main purpose of this work has been the study of the variation in form of the apples and the causes thereof. The continuation of our observation has resulted in the accumulation of data that confirm earlier conclusions' and afford basis for some further deductions concerning the problem. Ben Davis tree No. 7 which has borne the largest apples has also borne the most flattened of any, while the most elongated have been from tree No. 8 closely followed by tree No. 2. The mean indexes of form from 3'ear to j^ear have also been fairly consistent, No. 7 ranking first four times, second once and fourth once during the six years. The other trees have been more variable, but trees Nos. 2 and 8 have shown a tend- ency toward elongation. As with size the differences in form are more constant in the different parts of the trees than with the different trees. The upper south apples have been the most flattened every year, but those of trees Nos. 1 and 3 from the lower north portions have been the most elongated four years out of six. The other two portions of the trees have been more variable, but the lower souths have been slightly the more flattened. As regards the standard deviation and the coefficient of varia- biUty, they do not seem to have any significance whatever; such small differences as occur are probably wholly chance fluctuations. Turning now to the discussion of the difference in form from year to year and its relation to air temperature, which has been the main object of inquiry, we find that the paralellism between the variation and the temperature for a period following blossoming previously observed has been maintained in succeeding years. This relationship is shown in Fig. 1, which shows the fluctuations in mean daily temperature for twenty-five days following full bloom. This shows that a low temperature following blossoming is always followed by a low coeflScient of form, i.e., relatively elongated apple. The past season of 1913 has been the coolest of any for nearly the whole period of twenty-five days, and the apples have been the most elongated, while in 1908, 1911 and 1912, in which this period was relatively warm, the coefficient of form is much larger, i.e., the apples are more flattened. In the other years both the temperatures and coefiicients of form have been intermediate. The curves of temperature, not only for the period shown in the diagram but for the entire growing season as well, have been carefully scrutinized to ascertain the critical period which determines the form of the apple. Consideration has also been given to other factors of climate, such as rain- fall, humidity and sunshine, — whether they may have an effect. As a result of this inquiry there appears no evidence that factors other than that of temperature for a part or all of the twenty-five-day period have any influence. Within this period the temperature from the sixth to 1 Mass. Expt. Station Kept.: 23, Pt. I. (1911), p. 199. 30 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 149. c ^ .b i, 2 >^ o = -OO ^ -o V) C X o "O JO l« i. M »- O o <0_C ^ P s. «- o o to o ^ X \- -a a; cr a- E £.!2 i A ■° c .2-c (0 3 Q V> o lo o lo o in o E X c K2 I 4- to K- o ^ lo to OO - Red, 1 Marion. Matthew, . Jersey Berry, 8 1 East Wareham, Pleasant Lake, Bryantville and South Chatham. West Wareham. Centennial, 3 Carver. Champion, 1 Carver. Maninioth, 2 Bryantville. Bugle, 5 Santuit, Carver, Bryantville and East Wareham. Horseneck, 1 Marion. Berry Berry, 2 Wareham. Samuel Small's Bugles, 1 Harwich. McKinley (or Berlin), 1 Chatham. Cherry Berry, . 1 Plymouth. McFarlin, . 5 Carver and East Wareham. "Howe," 1 Wareham. " Howe," . 1 East Wareham. "Howe," . 1 East Wareham. Carver Red, 1 Marion. Unknown Variety, . 1 Mashpee. Vose's Bell (or Pride), 1 Marion. Shaw's Success, 2 Carver. Reds, 1 Bryantville. Smalley's No. 1, 1 East Wareham. Smalley Berries, 2 South Harwich and East Wareham. Hocanun, . 1 South Hanson. Aviator, 1 Carver. North Cape Howe, . 1 Wareham. Leonard Robbins' Berrj-, 1 Harwich. Atkins' Seedling, 4 Brewster, Harwich and Plymouth. 48 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 150. Several of the less well known of these varieties, judging from the appearance and condition of the samples when they were examined in January and from the notes obtained when the collection was made, appear to have highly commendable qualities and would probably give a good account of themselves if they were more extensively planted. 5. BLOSSOM POLLINATION. The plots, from which bees were screened out on the station bog during the blossoming periods of 1911 and 1912, yielded fruit in 1913 at approxi- mately the same rate as the surrounding bog. A new plot was screened off during the 1913 blossoming period with wire netting through which no bee could work its way. There were a few blossoms present when the screen was put in place, but these were all carefully picked off. The crop on this plot was picked on October 8 and amounted to 2-% quarts, the area of the plot being approximately half a square rod, while the crop produced on any equal area of the surrounding bog was not less than a bushel. It will be noted that this result was in accord with the general results obtained in all similar previous experiments, except that the results with last year's plot were not nearly so striking. As it was evident at a glance that the margins of the 1913 plot were bearing more berries than its central portion, a margin 9 inches wide was marked off around the plot and picked separately. The total area of this margin was approximately 34 square feet, slightly more than one- fourth of the entire area in the plot, yet it yielded 664 berries, while the whole plot produced only 1,452. A further marked peculiarity noted was that the portion of this margin lying on the upland side of the plot bore much more heavily than did the remainder, the plot being located at the edge of the bog, just across the ditch from the upland. While these observations seem suggestive, it does not seem that any definite conclusion can be drawn from them. 6. FERTILIZERS. The station bog plots used in the 1911 and 1912 fertihzer tests were again treated in 1913 with the same kinds and quantities of fertilizer as before. Because of reflowing operations just before the bloom, the fer- tilizers were applied later than usual, —on July 15. At picking time it was found that the fertihzed plots had not, as a rule, produced as many berries as the check plots, the reverse of the result obtained last year. The decrease on the fertilized plots was not very marked, however, except with plots 14 and 15, these being the two plots on which nitrate of soda had been used in the largest quantities. Plot 15 showed a much greater falling off than did 14, and it had received heavier applications of the nitrate than had 14. This result is somewhat surprising in view of the fact that these two plots had by far the heaviest blossom of any portion of the bog. For some reason, however, there was a marked drying up of the blossoms and small berries on these plots, especiallj'^ on plot 15, not EXPERIMENTAL WORK WITH CRANBERRIES. 49 observed to anj' such extent on other portions of the bog. The condi- tions were such that, all things considered, this drying up could not very- well be laid to dry weather. The reduced fruiting seems to have been due to a detrimental effect of the nitrate, though it is perhaps impossible to say with certainty just what the effect was. It must be remembered that half of plot 15 was this year sprayed for fungous diseases as well as fertilized, but the unsprayed portion showed a marked falling off in the quantity of fruit as well as the sprayed portion, though the reduction was not so great on the unsprayed part. All the fertihzer plots were picked with scoops on September 15 and 16. The berries appeared so uniform in color and most other respects that no records were made except those concerning their quantity and size. The average counts of berries in several cup samples taken from each of the plots did not show any considerable differences in size that could apparently possibly be considered to have been caused by the fertihzer. Storage tests were carried out with berries from all the plots, beginning on October 28 and 29 and ending December 17 to 23, the results of which did not appear to show any marked effect on the keeping quality, attribu- table to the use of the fertiUzers, except with the berries from plot 15. The berries from this plot showed poor keeping quality, due apparently to the excessive use of nitrate of soda. It will be remembered, in this connection, that this plot has received heavier applications of the nitrate than have any of the others. 7. INSECTS. Tliis year saw a marked decrease in the prevalence of both the flowed- bog fireworm (black head cranberry worm) and the fruit worm. Last year the injury done by both of these insects was abnormally severe as compared with that of most of our recent seasons. This year, however, both insects caused comparatively little trouble, a surprising fact, con- sidering the damage done by them last year. The causes of this year's reduction of these two pests are obscure, but it seems possible that some condition of the weather during some period of the year was responsible for it. If so, the most marked peculiarity noted in these conditions was the very open winter of 1912-13, especially during December and January. Probably the only way in which we can come to any definite conclusion concerning the bearing of weather conditions on the prevalence of these insects is to keep a careful record for a long period of years, and make com- parisons of the experiences of one year with those of another. The season of 1913 has had other pecuharities from the standpoint of cranberry insect troubles, especially in an unusual prevalence of cutworms and of spanwonns of several different species. During the season numer- ous reports came in from cranberry growers, telling of threatening gypsy moth trouble, and the little cranberry snout beetle seemed to be more troublesome than usual. 50 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 150. On August 15, 1912, 42 pupse of the spanworm, spoken of in last year's report as having done serious damage on the Old Colony bog at Yar- mouth, were collected. They were kept on moist sand in cans through the fall, winter and spring. Between June 6 and 15, 33 moths emerged from these pupse, but no parasites were obtained from them. Three of the pupse which failed to produce moths appeared to be in good condition and were probably killed by overheating a few days before the moths would have emerged. Of the 33 which emerged, 17 were females and 16 were males. These moths were protandrous in emerging, for before June 11, 13 males and only 8 females emerged, while after June 10, 9 females and onlj^ 3 males emerged. The Old Colony bog was visited on June 13, and the moths of this insect were found to be present in great numbers on an area of about 2 acres (estimated) which had not been treated in any way to get rid of the insect because that portion of the bog belonged to a separate and apparently careless owner. It was estimated that three-fourths of the moths present were males, though the proportions of the sexes were not carefully ascer- tained. Portions of the bog, which had been heavily infested in July and August, 1912, had been burned over in the latter half of August, and other infested portions had been resanded with seven-eighths to one and one-half inches of sand. Practically no moths of the spanworm were found on June 13 on any of these treated portions, except where the treated areas immediately adjoined untreated heavily infested areas. Evidently the burning had effectively destroyed the pupse and the sanding had smothered them. It should be noted that, though the bog had been completely under water for over four months, the winter flowage had not drowned any con- siderable percentage of the pupse. This seems remarkable, for they were entirely naked (i.e., were without any cocoon), and they lay fully exposed on the surface of the sand. Practically all of these pupse found on the bog on June 13 showed distinct signs of life when they were picked up. At the time of the visit to this bog (June 13) the millers on the infested portion were being caught and eaten (the males mostly, as this sex flew up into the air readily, sometimes as high as 25 or 30 feet, while the females, as a rule, being heavy with eggs and unable to fly well, stumbled and flopped along the ground when attempting to do so) by swallows (two barn swallows and a dozen or more tree swallows). These swallows were flying back and forth like bats, and the clicking of their bills was incessant as they captured the moths. On June 15 the eggs were dissected out of several plump female moths and counted . These eggs were all bright green in color when fresh from the moth, but they afterward turned yellowish. They numbered 295 in the most productive moth and 187 in the least productive one. Eggs of this insect were found hatching in the laboratory on June 19 and 20. On July 8 the Old Colony bog was visited again, and the following notes EXPERIMENTAL WORK WITH CRANBERRIES. 51 concerning this insect were obtained from Mr. Ellis, the foreman of the bog, wiio seemed to be a very good observer: — The first worms of this insect were found on the bog on June 25. They were then very small. Unhatched eggs were also present in abundance on June 25. Small worms were seen in numbers spinning down the vines and hanging by small silken threads. Most of the moths had disappeared by June 18. The eggs on the vines were yellow and laid in scattering small batches (three to five together). The worms worked first on the backs of the leaves. On June 15 the female moths were more numerous and were scattered more widely over the bog than they were on the 13th, but the males were much less numerous on the 15th than they had been on the 13th. Females full of eggs were abundant on the 15th. Mr. Ellis had been spraying a considerable part of the portion of the bog that was under his management, and his experience seemed to show that it is not very difficult to control this insect by thorough spraying with arsenate of lead. On July 8 the worms (of many different sizes) were present on the badly infested portions of the bog in great numbers, the vines having been turned brown by their work and when opened appearing literally alive with them. So httle foliage was left on the worst infested portions of the bog that death by starvation for a very large percentage of the worms seemed inevitable. This insect was also found to be threatening a bog in Mattapoisett this year. Its scientific name is Epelis truncataria var. faxonii Minot. It has also been found feeding on the bearberry {Ardostaphylos uva-ursi L.). A considerable number of parasites have been reared from the various cranberry pests, the names of which have not yet been determined. Some of these forms appear to represent species new to science. The species which have been named are fisted in the following table : — 52 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 150. ca a < ^ 1 1 C5 1 I a 1 3 § 3 PL, h^ pm ro >. 1 oi O 2 CO §°-i'l "^ >. ^ 1^ (0 o ^ °14 i to o 05 1 >o 1 1 to 0 1 ® " s ci g >- a ■* t 3 o 1 0 0) bP ' _>> >. ' ' ^ ' Q> 02 3 •-5 "-5 3 1-5 © . . ^i-^i o M ^" ^ d 0 0 0" s o^-d o'S c 2 £ £ £ > > > ^ 0 ►? & h5 kJ h4 h4 hJ ^ ^ ^ -e d w s W W w d d d a> +i cf oT C3 cs" ?^" 3|a u u t-; t-< u< <» a> (i> <£ , 73 1 i tH 0 .2 i. C3 S •2 •2 3 if "3 U .1 e 0 1 S s .a. d o =« ^ -§> K g -1 ■5 r? l§ S 3 ■-S ^ g .2 I » S g 0 i 01 1 "§ _e 1 s 1 g 1 'g "S. s g 2 a, -^ hr ■<: s a 6q n. ftn £ ^ >^ fe) ^ s t*-l . o s ■ S o o3 0) a o 0 2i [3 a" >-< a" >» G a" 0 ^ S" ^ o 0 £ 0 a o J2 it (£ gW >> *3 a % ■a o »H ^ ft "cS 3 O Q P^ CQ P^ n • •6 u oi H .a . O C3 t. w _^ cu n O ? i £ s s 5 1- ■3 1 s 'S i z i .2 0 0 . s 5 o 2; £ ^ M ^ Ji e<5 a ^ U5 ' EXPERIMENTAL WORK WITH CRANBERRIES. 53 The Diptera listed in this table are named according to Aldrich's cata- logue. Prof. C. W. Johnson of the Boston Society of Natural History- has adopted changes in their names as follows: CarceUa pyste instead of Exorista pyste; Phorocera claripennis instead of Euphorocera claripennis; and Exorista robusta instead of Tachina robusta. A small Trypetid was reared from cranberries in small numbers last year. Mr. F. L. Thomas, a graduate student at the Massachusetts Agricultural College who is making an exhaustive study of the Trypetidse of New England, has determined this insect to be a small variety of the apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh). Experimental Insect Work. The experimental Avork with insects has been confined mostly to the flowed-bog fireworm (black head cranberry worm) and the fruit worm. The work with these two insects is here discussed in order. The Flowed-bog Fireworm {Rhopobota vacciniana (Pack.)). In last year's report on this insect, the successful results obtained in the treatment of a certain large bog by holding the winter flowage late (until June 2) and then reflowing about three weeks later to destroy an infesta- tion were fully discussed . A somewhat similar procedure was carried out on another but smaller bog this season with much less satisiactory results, due probably to the fact that the reflowing was done too soon. The results of this treatment, all things considered, seemed, however, to be suflBciently successful to support the belief that where this method of treatment can be applied it will be found at least a fairly satisfactory one. The reflowage should evidently be continued for about forty-eight hours in this treatment. The ideas advanced in last year's report, as to the way in which the bunching up of the hatching of the eggs of this insect is brought about bj- the late holding of the winter flowage, were evidently erroneous, as shown by observations made this j'^ear. Tests with thermometers made during the June reflows of the station bog showed that there are greater differences of temperature among the vines of a cranberry bog when the bog is flowed than when it is open to the air, the conditions in this respect being exactly the reverse of what they were last year presumed to be. It now seems probable that the bunching of the hatching bj^ the late holding of the water is brought about mostly by a retardation or prohibition of hatching for the first eggs that reach or approach the hatching stage. It seems evident that the worms from any eggs, which might become far enough advanced to hatch under water, would drovAOi soon after hatching, and it is not impossible that this is what really happens to the eggs soonest developed while the eggs of slower development are catching up with them as the warming up of the water in the late spring allows them to develop. It is, of course, evident that the whole hatching process is naturally more rapid under the hot sun of June than it is when the development of the 54 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 150. eggs and their hatching takes place in the cooler weather of the first half of May, as usually occurs when the winter flowage is drawn off early. The general position taken in last year's report in regard to the practice of spraying for this insect should probably be maintained. It seems pos- sible, however, that instead of using Bordeaux mixture and Paris green for this spraying it will be found best to use arsenate of lead alone, for while some of the results with Bordeaux mixture have been satisfactory, there seem to be indications, as hinted in the discussion of the fungous work, that it may be, under some conditions at least, an injurious spray to use. Experiments are planned to find out more exactly about this. On some bogs where Bordeaux mixture and Paris green were used on one part and arsenate of lead on another, this year, the arsenate seemed to give rather distinctly better results. We have not yet learned what is the best method of applying a spray to a cranberry bog. There is considerable diversity of opinion and experi- ments are planned along this line. It seems probable that in thick vines a spray driven with a good deal of force will place poison where it will have a more satisfactory effect in destroying this insect than will the poison of a spray lightly applied. From observations made on a considerable number of bogs this year the fire worm seems to be distinctly more injurious on vines of the Late Howe variety than on those of the Early Black, and it seems probable that the late Howe is a favorite variety with the pest. If this is the case it is only an added indication that where bogs are being newly built it is the part of wisdom to plant only one variety on a bog. It is now becom- ing generally recognized that the planting of several varieties together on the same bog causes more or less serious inconvenience in many ways. A detailed account w^as given in last year's report concerning the para- sites and other natural enemies of this insect and concerning the bearing which bog flooding has upon their effective activity. In connection with this, attention should have been drawn to the fact that when a bog is reflowed after picking, the most conspicuous foims of animal life that are driven ashore by the water, from the standpoint of their numbers, are the spiders. The number of these forms seen bj'^ one looking for them on the occasion of such after-harvest reflowing is really surprising, and it is interesting to note that most of them, even on a bog of considerable size, succeed in reaching the upland alive, as they are fitted to float lightly upon the surface of the water for considerable distances if need be. In all his examinations of bogs made during the process of the after-harvest reflow the writer has as yet failed to see a sufficient number of parasitic insects driven up by the water to lead him to believe that they can have nearly as important a bearing on the prevalence of the fireworm as do the spiders. It is probable, how^ever, that the presence of the parasites on a bog is, in a sense, more affected by the flowing than is that of the spiders, because they are probably far more liable to destruction by drowning EXPERIMENTAL WORK WITH CRANBERRIES. 55 than are the spiders, and, moreover, the parasites affecting the fireworm are probably more or less peculiar to it, while its spider enemies are pre- sumably not so to any considerable extent. The Fruit Worm {Mineola vaccinii (Riley)). The chief work of the year with tliis insect has been a study of its natural enemies. Nearly a dozen species of its parasites have now been reared, and the complete life-history of the most important one was worked out in a general wa_y. The connection of this parasitic insect with the fruit wonn has not been heretofore suspected. Mr. H. L. Viereck, an expert on the group of insects to which it belongs, has determined it to be a Braconid, to which has been given the name Phanerotoma tibialis (Halde- man). This insect is seen on the cranberry bogs in large numbers every summer during and after the blooming period, but its presence has not been accounted for until now. This year it was seen in greatest numbers during the first tliree weeks of July. The adults had almost entirely disappeared from the bogs by July 26, it being possible to find only now and then one on that date. A large number of wormy berries were collected during August, 1912, and kept in cans until Aug. 1, 1913. A careful record was made both of the moths and of the parasites which emerged from them. The wormy berries used in this investigation came from three general locations, as follows : — 1. The center of a flowed bog (station bog). 2. The edge of a flowed bog (station bog). • 3. A dry bog (that is, one not flowed at any time). The record of moth and parasite emergence was kept with these loca- tions in mind. The most interesting points brought out by the record thus obtained were : — 1. That Phanerotoma tibialis far outnumbered all the other parasites taken together. All the parasites obtained from the berries collected at the center of the station bog, and all but one of those from the berries from the edge of this bog, were of this species. About four-fifths of the parasites from the berries collected from the dry bog were also of this species, but the percentage of other species of parasites was much greater among the forms obtained from the dry-bog berries than among those from the berries of the flowed bog. 2. The berries from the dry bog produced nearly three times as many parasites in proportion to the fruit-worm moths which emerged, as did the berries from any portion of the flowed bog. 3. The time of the greatest emergence of the parasites, from the berries from all three locations mentioned, was from June 30 to July 9, inclusive. 4. As slightly more parasites than moths emerged from the worms of the berries from the dry bog, it seems highly probable that more than 50 per cent, of the fruit worms on that bog last year were killed by these parasites. This shows something of the importance of the natural enemies of this insect which we have been in the habit of considering as being comparatively free from parasites. 56 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 150. It will be observed that the relative number of parasites obtained from the flowed bog and from the dry one shows a similar condition, as regards the amount of parasitism present on dry and flowed bogs, as that which has alread}' been found to prevail with the natural enemies of the fire- worm. From a study of the life-history of Phanerotoma tibialis, however, it is not easy to see just how the flowage can affect its prevalence to so marked an extent. It was found that the adult Phanerotoma lays its egg in the egg of the fruit worm. It was not difficult to get one of these parasites to lay its egg under observation, by bringing near it a berry bearing, under one of the lobes of its blossom end, an unhatched fruit-worm egg. During their laying season these parasites are constantly running over the vines with actively vibrating antennae, searching for the eggs of the fruit worm, and when a fruit-worm egg is presented to one of them, if the parasite's antennae sense its location, it will give immediate attention to it, and the whole process of egg-laying may be observed. A peculiar fact discovered was that one of these parasites will never lay twice in the same fruit-worm egg. One of them can, however, be readily induced to lay an egg in a fruit- worm egg which already contains one or even several (twelve was the highest number reached in any test) eggs deposited by other individuals. It is not known whether the egg of the parasite hatches before the fruit- worm egg does or not, but at any rate the fruit worm when it emerges from the egg carries the small parasite with it, and as the fruit worm grows, the parasite within it also grows, feeding upon its juices and so depleting its vitalit}'^ that when it becomes full grown and forms a cocoon around itself for the winter it is often but little more than half the size of a normal unparasitized worm. Some time during the winter or spring the parasite larva becomes full grown, and, emerging from the fruit woraa, leaves it a mere dead shell, and forms its own tiny white cocoon about itself within the cocoon of the fruit worm. Within its cocoon it changes into the pupa stage, and it eventually emerges as an adult parasite nearly a j^ear after it was deposited as an egg in the egg of the fruit worm. The second most important parasite which was reared is a small Ich- neumon, which lays its egg in the fruit worm after the worm has hatched and is already working in the berry. The name of this species has not yet been determined. The female in laying its egg inserts its egg-laying apparatus into the hole in the berry made and left open by the fruit worm. This parasite was never seen to drive its egg-laying apparatus through one of the white silken curtains which the worm usually makes over the mouth of its hole after going into its first or second berry. The life-history of this parasite has not yet been worked out to any extent. It is certainly a far less important enemy of the fruit worm than is Phanerotoma tibialis. A large quantity of wormy berries was collected in August for the pur- pose of making a detailed study of some of the immature stages of these parasites, particularly of Phanerotoma tibialis. EXPERIMENTAL WORK WITH CRANBERRIES. 57 Study of Control for Flowed Bogs. No verj' definite advance in our ideas concerning the control of this pest by flooding was made during the year. The recommendations given in last year's report still stand with no substantial alteration. It was sus- pected that the depth of the flowage had some bearing on its effect in killing the worms within their cocoons, as it seemed reasonable to suppose that the greater water pressure of a deep flowage would be more effective in collapsing or penetrating the cocoons than would be the slight pressure of a shallow flowage. To test this, different lots of fruit worms, spun up naturally in their cocoons, were submerged to various depths in water contained in long glass tubes 2 inches in diameter. The following table, showing the results of some of these tests, is self-explanatory: — Table 6. Date submerged. Date taken from Water. Number sub- merged. Depth of Submer- gence (Inches). Cocoons occupied after Submer- gence. Cocoons unoccu- pied after Submer- gence. Number of Worms found Alive. Number of Worms found Dead. Oct. 8, 6 P.M. Oct. 17, 5 P.M. 12 19 10 2 10 - Oct. 8, 6 P.M. Oct. 17, 5 P.M. 12 40 11 1 10 1 (?) Oct. 8, 6 P.M. Oct. 17, 5 P.M. 12 56 12 - 10 11 Oct. 8, 6 P.M. Oct. 17, 5 P.M. 12 68 12 - 10 2 Oct. 8, 6 P.M. Oct. 17, 5 P.M. 9 80 9 - 8 1 It will be seen from this table that nine days of submergence, after the 8th of October, appeared to have but little efifect on the worms at any depth tested. The remaining tests, not recorded in this table, gave results entirely similar. Possibly submergence earlier in the season would have been more effective in killing the worms. Bogs bearing late varieties could probably not, however, as a rule, be reflowed, after picking, before September 25, and it hardly seems probable that a difference of two weeks in the season would be sufficient to cause any marked difference in the effects of submergence on this insect. It may, of course, be possible to work in a flooding between the picking of the early and of the late varie- ties, but general experience appears to cast doubt upon the advisability of such a program. An interesting fact learned while making these submergence tests was that the cocoons of the fruit worm are not at all impervious to water. When carefully opened, after only a few minutes' submergence, they were found to be wet inside, the water having apparently penetrated them almost immediately. It now seems evident that the cocoon protects the 1 And 1 doubtful. 58 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 150. worm by preventing the escape of the vesicle of air which it contains, which the worm needs more than anything else in order to surv-ive, rather than by keeping out the water by any imperviousness of its texture. Study of Control for Dry Bogs. The sanding experiment conducted last year to determine whether this insect could be smothered in its cocoon was repeated and continued this year on the same heavily infested bog, but the general results were unsat- isfactory. It now seems pretty certain that this method of treatment for this insect will never be practicable. In last year's report suggestions were made concerning the possibility of starving out fruit-worm infestations on dry bogs by killing the remnant of the bloom, in seasons of severe winter-kill injury or of severe frost damage, by spraying with a 20 per cent, solution of iron sulphate. First tests of the practicability of this method of treatment were made this year, and it was found that this solution can be used in such a way as to kiU the bloom without apparent injury either to the vines or to the buds forming for the succeeding year's growth. It was necessarj^ however, to apply three rather thorough sprayings to accomplish the entire destruc- tion of the blossom, because of the fact that the blossoming does not all take place at one time but is extended through a period of three or four weeks. The necessity of three sprayings instead of one has brought in a new element of danger which must be considered in connection with the practicability of this treatment. In making the 20 per cent, solution of iron sulphate 100 pounds of the chemical are used to every 50 gallons of water. It takes not less than 150 gallons to spray an acre thoroughly. This means that ^vith each application 300 pounds of the iron sulphate would be put on each acre. Three applications would therefore deposit nearly half a ton of this chemical, per acre, on the bog. It seems probable that this amount of iron sulphate might injure the cranberry root system and perhaps kill the vines. Further experiments to determine about this are planned. If there proves to be no danger in this way, it seems prob- able that this method of treatment may be used to advantage on dry bogs. 8. WEEDS. Horse-tail {Equisetum spp.) is one of the most troublesome weeds with which the cranberry grower has to contend. In general the growers show more concern over this weed than they do about any other. For this reason some attention was given to experimenting with it during the year. Solutions of copper sulphate as strong as 1 pound to 25 gallons of water were injected into a bog where this weed was growing in abundance to depths ranging from 6 inches to 2 feet, the solution being poured into holes a foot apart each way, made with a crow bar, a quart of the solution being used in each hole. Unfortunately, this treatment did not seem to affect the horse-tail injuriously, but rather seemed to cause it to thrive instead. EXPERIMENTAL WORK WITH CRANBERRIES. 59 Tliorough spraying with a 20 per cent, iron sulphate sohition was fairly effective in killing back the tops of the weed, but there is, as has been already noted under the fruit-worm discussion, a possible danger connected with the continued use of this chemical on the same area. 9. RESANDING. Plots 0 and V, spoken of in last year's report, were again left without resanding this year, while the surrounding bog was also not resanded. Three new plots, N, R and T, were laid out and resanded on Oct. 17, 1912, while the surrounding bog was not resanded again. All these plots were picked with scoops in 1913, and checks on each were laid out and picked for comparison. The following table is, in this connection, self-explan- atory: — Table 7. Plot. Area of Plot (Square Rods). Date picked. Quantity of Fruit obtained (Busliels). 9 Sept. 8 12H 9 Sept. S 15 9 Sept. 8 19J^ 9 Sept. 6 18% 9 Sept. 6 22 9 Sept. 6 18H 9 Sept. 4 20 9 Sept. 4 15M 9 Sept. 4 25 9 Sept. 4 231^ 9 Sept. 9 17 9 Sept. 9 16? 4 9 Sept. 9 18 9 Sept. 28 2oy2 9 Sept. 28 19 9 Sept. 28 23 Percent- age of Loss in Storage Tests. Variety. O, . O (check 1), O (check 2), V, . V (check 1), V (check 2), N. . N (check 1), N (check 2), N (check 3), R, . R (check 1), R (check 2), T. . T (check 1), T (check 2), 29% 2S»4o 363.i 41-^io 38M 30H 36 342/10 38M 29% Early B Early B Early B Early B Early B Early B Early B Early B Early B Early B Early B Early B Early B Howe. Howe. Howe. ack. ack. ack. ack. ack. ack. ack. ack. ack. ack. ack. ack. ack. It will be seen from the above table that plots 0 and V showed a dis- tinct falhng off in quantity of fruit, due to the prolonged lack of resanding. Plots N, R and T, however, gave no increase in fruit over their checks, probably because the previous resanding of the general bog (fall of 1911) was still sufficient to maintain the vines in very good condition. Berries from all these plots and their checks were tested for keeping qualitJ^ the period of storage extending from October 28 to about December 20 on the average, there being a variation of five days in the time of final screening, 60 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 150. with the results given in the above table. The berries of the checks on each plot were mixed so as to have a single storage check in each case. The check storage figures given in the table, therefore, represent the mixture rather than the fu'st check alone with which they are in each case associated. As the table shows, the berries of the unsanded plots, 0 and V, kept somewhat better on the average than did those of their checks, while the berries of the sanded plots, N, R and T, all showed a poorer keeping quality than did those of their checks. The results of these tests, therefore, substantiate the findings of last year. 10. MISCELLANEOUS. During the fall the possibility of introducing cranberry vines for holiday decorations for dining rooms was investgated. A patch of Late Howe vines was left unpicked and w-as so protected from frost until into Novem- ber, by covering with canvas, that it kept in good green condition. Some of these vines were cut and several wreaths and other decorations, bearing the natural fruit, were made from them, a damp moss foundation being used in every case. From the standpoint of beauty these decora- tions probabl}^ could not be easily surpassed, and there seemed for a time to be a considerable promise of success for them. It was found eventually, however, that even though plunged in wet moss the vines did not endure the heat of warm rooms for more than two or three days before they deteriorated badly in appearance. It became evident, therefore, that cranberry vines could not be used successfully in this way. Possibly, however, a satisfactorj^ decoration could be made up by putting them in gold-fish jars for table ornamentation. The results of the following spraying tests are of general interest, the spray in every case having been applied on a cranberry bog on the 29th of July : — 1. Plot sprayed with a mixture made up as follows: copper sulphate, 2 pounds; lime, P/2 pounds; resin fish-oil soap, 1 pound; arsenate of lead, 3 pounds; water, 25 gallons. No injury was later observed to have been caused bj' the application of this spray. 2. Plot sprayed with a mixture made up as follows: lime, IV2 pounds; resin fish-oil soap, 2 pounds; arsenate of lead, 3 pounds; water, 25 gallons. No injury was observed as a result of this application. 3. Plot spraj'ed with the following mixture: resin fish-oil soap, 2 pounds; arsenate of lead, 3 pounds; water, 25 gallons. The vines on this plot were badly burned by the treatment. The interesting point shown by these three tests is that resin fish-oil soap and arsenate of lead cannot safely be used together as a spray unless lime is added. This confirms the general result of tests made in previous years, but not reported upon. A plot was picked bj' hand in the three years 1911, 1912 and 1913 suc- cessiveh^, the quantity of Iruit it produced in comparison with the sur- EXPERIMENTAL WORK WITH CRANBERRIES. 61 rounding bog being carefully noted each year, the general result being that no distinct advantage was shown for hand picking, from the stand- point of the quantity of fruit obtained. The Station Bog Crop. The bog bore a heavy crop this year, averaging about 100 barrels to the acre. This was probably largely due to the rest which the vines obtained because of last year's light crop. More water was pumped for irrigation this year than in 1912, but on the whole the bog was nevertheless run fairly dry throughout the season, the ditches not being held full of water for more than a day or two at a time. There is probably a limit beyond which a bog may become too dry if it is not irrigated. It seems probable that the wisest course to pursue, in irrigating a bog during the growing season, is to try to be sure that it has what water it needs, but that it is not given moisture much in excess of its needs. It is probably better to give a bog a good wetting occasionally and then draw off the surplus water, so that the ditches shall be fairly empty, than it is to keep the ditches fuU for any considerable period of time during the growing season and so run the risk of injuring the root system. The year's observations have con- firmed those of last year in showing that the higher and better drained portions of a bog usually produce more fruit than the low portions. Blocks of vines from different parts of flowed and diy bogs were cut out during the season, and their root systems were washed out and examined, it being discovered from this that, while on dry bogs there is often a well-developed root growth running deep into the peat, the root system of flowed bogs is apparently always confined for the most part to the sand above the peat. It seems likely that this condition on the flowed bogs has been brought about by root drowning caused by holding the water table too high during periods of root growth. A mere examination, therefore, of the amounts of fruit borne by high and low portions of a bog is probably not sufficient to justify any certain conclusion concerning the causes of differences noted in the amount of fruit produced, for while a season's drainage is one possible important factor, the development of the root system, brought about by the conditions of previous seasons, is perhaps as Hkely to have a powerful influence on the abifitj^ of the plant to withstand drought, and therefore produce fruit under extreme conditions. A Needed Investigation. We are coming to understand something of the factors bearing directly on the portion of the cranberry plant which is above gi'ound. While it is important to understand these more easily observed agencies bearing on the welfare of the plant, it seems certain that some of the most important things which influence cranberry growth and fruiting have been almost entirely neglected in our studies up to the present time. A knowledge of the special physiology of the plant, especially of the development and activities of its root system, seems to be very greatly needed. The sea- 62 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 150. sonal development of the root system of most plants begins fairly early in the spring and is nearly coincident with the development of the por- tions of the plant above ground. Recent investigations ' by Professor Coville, of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, have shown that with the blueberries, which are closely related to the cranberry, there is no new root growth until the plants have developed both their leaves and their blossoms. If this is also the rule in the development of the cranberry, it may have a rather vital bear- ing on the practices to be observed in the flooding and irrigation of cran- berry bogs. A lot of vines have already been potted in earthen pots for this and other studies, and it is planned to pot more in glass pots, so that the growth of the root system may be directly observed in all its stages and in all seasons. NOTES ON THE WATER OF CRANBERRY BOGS.^ Since 1910 the experiment station has been studying the properties and movements of the water in cranberry bogs, in order to determine the probable losses of fertility in the drainage water, because the bogs are generally flooded throughout the winter and sometimes for brief periods during the summer, as a protection against frost and insects. The problem of fertilizing cranberry bogs to improve the crop is com- phcated by this periodical fiowage and drainage. Many cranberry growers think that fertilizers are wasted if applied to the bogs, while actual field experiments in Massachusetts, New Jersey and Wisconsin have shown a positive benefit by a light top-dressing of soluble chemicals, namely, nitrates, superphosphates and potash salts. The small experimental cranberry bogs in which the studies have been made were devised by Director Brooks, who has described them fully elsewhere.' It is deemed sufficient for this article to say that each bog is contained in an upright cylinder 24 inches in diameter and 48 inches in depth, constructed of glazed sewer tile bedded in concrete. Each bog is connected by a brass pipe passing through the concrete, with a smaller cylinder of similar construction, 6 inches in diameter and of the same depth as the bog. The small tile corresponds to the drainage ditch in the field, and is provided with an outlet and stopcock 12 inches below the level of the surface of the bog. By means of the smaller cylinder the bog can be drained or irrigated at will, and the depth of the water-level below the surface can be observed at any time. At the approach of winter the bogs are fitted with galvanized iron rims cemented in place with an asphaltum cement, by which the water-level over the bogs may be raised to a height of about 12 inches. To prevent freezing and bursting the cylinders the entire set of bogs is covered with a 1 Experiments in Blueberry Culture," by Frederick V. Coville, 1911. Bulletin No. 193 of the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. = By Fred W. Morse. 3 Proc. Soc. Promotion Agri. Sci., 1911, pp. 23-28. EXPERIMENTAL WORK WITH CRANBERRIES. 63 removable roof of boards which is further covered by cornstalks and hay- to a depth sufficient to completely protect the interior from external temperature. As soon as freezing weather is over in the spring the cover- ing of litter is removed, and later, at the proper season for draining the bogs, the roof is taken awa3\ The drainage from a cranberry bog consists of two quite distinct por- tions, namelj^, the run-off from the surface and the seepage from the soil, while there is the ditch water at the beginning of drainage, which is a mixture of both kinds. On a properly graded bog nearly all the surface flowage should run directly into the ditches without seeping tlirough the soil. On the other hand, water retained by the vines and in depressions in the surface of the bog, together with the water held in the pore-space of the sand and peat above the level of the sluice gates, must either evap- orate or sink lower into the bog, and as it settles it displaces the saturated bog water, wluch seeps into the ditches. The composition of the three types of drainage water has been carefully followed season b}^ season, and it is believed that some light has been obtained on the probable losses of fertility. The surface water is removed from the experimental bogs by means of a dipper, because their construction does not permit it to be drawn off otherwise without losing its identity. Its composition has been found to be essentially like any surface water from ponds and streams. The surface waters from four bogs that had been top-dressed with a complete fertilizer in 1911 were examined in the spring of 1912, in comparison with the surface water from four bogs which had received no fertilizer. Total sohds and organic solids were first determined with the following results: surface water contained in 100,000 parts, 16.0 parts total residue and 4.8 parts organic matter from the fertihzed bogs while the surface water from the unfertilized bogs contained 19.2 parts total residue and 6.4 parts organic matter. No nitrates were found, and as the fertihzed bogs had not imparted any increase of soluble matter to their flood waters it was not deemed worth while to carry the analysis further. The run-off cannot be considered as removing from the bogs any serious amount of fertility, since its composition cannot vary widely from the water when applied, except for the soluble matter that is extracted from the vines. The water standing in the small cyhnders at the time the surface water was dipped from the bogs is nearly the counterpart of the ditch water after the run-off has past and seepage begins. That is, it is a mixture of surface water and seepage water. A number of analyses have been made of the water at this stage, because there are possibihties for considerable varia- tion, and it will be noted in the table that there is a wide range between the two seasons. 64 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 150. Table 1. — Composition of Ditch Water. [Parts in 100,000.] 8 (A and B), 9 (A and B), 14 (A and B). 15 (AandB), May 8 and 9, 1913. Bog. Total Residue. Organic Matter. Total Nitrogen. Potash. 4 (A and B), 5 (A and B), 6 (A and B), 7 (A and B). 8 (A and B), 9 (A and B), 10 (AandB), 12 (A and B), 37.0 38.0 40.4 56.2 60.6 46.8 65.2 56.8 12.2 11.4 10.8 15.2 14.4 13.0 17.4 15.8 0.28 0.40 0.56 0.90 0.91 0.45 0.56 0.91 3.8 3.1 4.6 4.7 3.6 To estimate the probable losses from a bog it would be necessary to know the capacit}^ of the ditches, since the small cylinders in our experi- ments bear a much larger proportion to the bog's surface than occurs in field practice. The average content of nitrogen in the ditch water was 1.33 parts in 100,000 in 1912, and 0.62 part in 100,000 in 1913. Potash was deter- mined only in 1913, when the average content was 3.96 parts in 100,000. Fifty thousand gallons of ditch water, containing 0.98 part of nitrogen and 3.96 parts of potash in 100,000 parts of water, would carry away a trifle more than 4 pounds of nitrogen and 16 pounds of potash. It would also be equivalent in volume to the water contained in a ditch 3 feet deep, 2 feet wide and a httle over 67 rods long, which would be more ditch than is usually employed on an acre of cranberry bog. The mixture of surface and seepage water in the small cylinder of the experimental bogs may or may not closely resemble similar water in the ditches of large bogs. It is the writer's opinion that the latter water would be even more dilute, since a sample of ditch water collected at the EXPERIMENTAL WORK WITH CRANBERRIES. 65 experimental bog in East Wareham contained onl.y 21.3 parts of total solids and 12.1 parts of organic solids in 100,000 parts of water at a time when Dr. H. J. Franklin, the superintendent of the bog, deemed the ditch water to be at its normal state, with no irrigation water mixed with it. There was but 0.28 part of total nitrogen in 100,000 parts, and bare traces uf phosphates and potash in this water. The seepage water, which is practically the same thing as the saturated soil water from the interior of the peat, is noticeably uniform in compo- sition throughout the season, and the average composition for 1912 is very close to that of 1911, published in the twenty-fourth annual report.' Table 2. — Composition of Seepage Water, 1912. Total Residue and Organic Matter. [Parts in 100,000.] May 14. May 22. June 10. June 17. Boa. Total Residue. Organic Matter. Total Residue. Organic Matter. Total Residue. Organic Matter. Total Residue. Organic Matter. 8 (A and B), 101.0 53.0 114.8 52.0 - - 109.4 60.6 9 (A and B), 91.4 50.6 118.4 54.2 - - 114.0 63.4 10 (A and B), 119,4 62.8 144.5 75.1 - - 132.0 74.4 12 (A and B), 95.0 51.0 111.4 51.4 113.0 62.8 - - 13 (A and B), 98.6 52.0 124.2 59.2 91.8 63.4 - - 14 (A and B), 102.0 50.2 137.2 76.0 134.6 67.2 - 15 fA and B), 105.5 54.4 122.1 62.7 104.2 57.2 120.0 67.4 Fertility Constituents. [Parts in 100,000.] Total Nitrogen. Phosphohic Acid. Potash. Bog. May May 14. 22. June 10. June 17. June 25. May 22. June 10. May 22. June 10. 8 (A and B), . 9 (A and B). . 10 (A and B), 12 (A and B), . 13 (A and B), . 14 (A and B), . 15 (A and B). . 2.45 2.13 3.01 2.27 2.38 2.27 2.59 3.04 3.08 3.96 3.15 3.22 3.32 3.43 2.94 2.90 3.32 2.66 2.52 3.36 2.73 3.38 3.05 2.69 3.01 1.19 1.17 1.14 1.78 1.55 1.48 2.00 7.75 7.44 7.29 6.15 8.12 6.62 Mass. Agr. Sta., 24th An. Rept., Pt. I., p. 220. 66 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 150. The amount of this seepage must vary from season to season. The spring seasons of 1912 and 1913 were unusually wet for about three weeks after the surfaces of the bogs were drained, and several rains m.ade it necessary to open repeatedly the stopcocks in the drainage cylinders. The amount of seepage determined by the amount of water which flowed through the outlets amounted to 25.6 quarts per bog in 1912 and 24.5 quarts in 1913, or, in round numbers, a little over 90,000 gallons per acre in the first year and over 85,000 gallons in the second, or an average weight of over 700,000 pounds of water per acre, which would contain, discarding fractions, more than 21 pounds nitrogen, 10 pounds of phosphoric acid and 50 pounds of potash. There was no evidence that the application of fertilizers in the previous year caused any increase in these substances. Fertilizer Scheme for Bogs. Bogs numbered 6, 10, 11 and 14 receive no fertilizers. Bog numbered 1 received nitrate of soda. Bog numbered 2 received acid phosphate. Bog numbered 3 received sulfate of potash. Bog numbered 4 received nitrate and phosphate. Bog numbered 5 received nitrate and potash. Bog numbered 7 received phosphate and potash. Bogs numbered S, 9, 12, 13 and 15 receive all three substances. The period of seepage was succeeded in both seasons by a short space of time during which the water-level fluctuated within narrow limits, and following this interval was a prolonged dry season during which it was necessary to add water repeatedly to the small cylinders to replace the amount of water evaporated from the surface of the bogs. The addition of this water gradually changed the composition of the water in the cylinders until it showed that practically all of the original seepage water had been reabsorbed by the peat. This showed that there was no apparent diffusion from bog to cylinder, and there must be actual movement of water from the bog to cause any loss to the bog of its soluble matter. The permanent losses of fertility are limited to the seepage water which actually flows away from the ditches into the main drain or stream passing through a bog. They cannot be avoided; but there is no evidence that the small additions of chemicals in the late spring increase the losses any. The amount of water required for irrigation was determined in both years by measuring the quantities added from time to time to the small cylinders. These cylinders were kept covered mth galvanized iron caps, so that evaporation and rainfall would affect only the surface of the bogs. Water was added on seven different dates in the summer of 1912, begin- ning with July 3 and ending on August 16. In 1913 there were eleven different dates, beginning with June 19 and ending on August 28. The total amount added in 1912 was 13.75 gallons per bog, equivalent to a depth of 7 inches over the surface, while in the yet drier season of 1913, 23.75 gallons were required per bog, or a depth of 12 inches. EXPERIMENTAL WORK WITH CRANBERRIES. 67 During 1912 it was noticeable that some bogs evaporated much more rapidly than others; but the actual differences were not determined. In the fall, before putting on the sheet-iron rims, it was necessary to cut off the vines which extended over the wall of the tile, and also to cut out some of the surplus growth within the bog area. These prunings were dried and weighed, and were found to vary much. There also appeared to be some relationship between the weight of prunings and the rate of water movement in the bogs, which was to be expected, since transpiration should increase with the development of the vines. Therefore in 1913 a careful record was kept of the amounts of water removed from individual bogs as drainage water in the spring and the quantities of irrigation water added during the summer. The results, together with the weight of vines removed the previous fall, are given in Table 3, as follows: — Table 3. — Relation between Drainage, Irrigation and Vine Growth. Bog. Drain- age (Quarts). Irriga- tion (Quarts). Vines (Grams). Bog. Drain- age (Quarts). Irriga- tion (Quarts). Vines (Grams). 6A, 25.1 88.0 190.7 6B, 21.5 103.0 184.2 lOA, 21.0 98.0 187.1 lOB, 28.5 107.0 295.8 14 A, 19.5 95.0 185.2 14B, 18.4 85.0 140.5 llA, 3.1 64.01 38.0 IIB, 23.5 96.0 184.3 2A, 28.9 102.0 123.2 2B, 30.0 113.0 221.7 3A. 24.5 100.0 165.4 3B, 28.9 120.0 238.9 7A, 22.9 85.0 124.1 7B, 28.2 114.0 298.3 lA, 10.8 85.0 98.5 IB, 6.4 62.0 91.4 4A, 32.0 117.0 258.9 4B, 31,3 117.0 302.1 5A. 28.1 101.0 213.9 5B, 23.3 96.0 216.6 SA, 23.6 89,0 186.8 8B, 25.6 98.0 226.6 9A, 23.3 83.0 187.8 9B, 24.8 93.0 221.8 12A. 27.1 100.0 252.5 12B. 28,3 103.0 235.4 13A, 25.3 92.0 178.3 13B, 25.6 93.0 214.3 15 A, 30.9 93.0 231.2 15B, 22.9 85.0 173.0 Exclud 98.7 quar ing lA ts; vin , IB and 63, 208.8 g llA, the a rams. verages foi 27 bogs. are: d ainage, 25 6 quarts; irrigation, The bogs are arranged so that the unfertilized ones, 6, 10, 11 and 14, head the columns, followed by 2, 3 and 7 with no nitrogen, while 1, 4 and 5 receive nitrogen in nitrate of soda, and 8. 9, 12, 13 and 15 are dressed with complete fertilizers, including nitrates. It will be noted that neither nitrogen nor other fertilizers were respon- sible for large vine growth, but that in 12 out of 14 bogs having vine * Water applied to surface of bog. 68 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 150. growth above the average, the drainage from the bogs in the spring was above the average, and in 10 cases the irrigation was high also. On the other hand, bogs lA, IB and 11 A, in which the water movement was notably slow, yielded the smallest weights of vines Avhen pruned. In a large proportion of the bogs the growth of vines appeared to be related to the freedom with which the soil permitted the water to move from bog to drain and back again. Not only was more water eA'aporated during the summer, but these bogs permitted rapid percolation or seepage in the spring into the small cylinders. The bogs with small vine growth were slow to drain in the spring, and much of the water evaporated from the surface of the bog instead of seeping into the drainage cylinder. In conclusion our observations show that the principal losses of fertility are in the seepage water which may escape from the ditches, and that the vine growth is more influenced by the free movement of water than by fertilizers. The assistance of INIr. R. W. Ruprecht in measuring the water, and of Mr. R. L. Coffin in pruning and weighing the vines, is gratefully acknowl- edged. Bulletin No. 151 April, 1914 MASSACHISETTS AGRICILTIRAL EXPERIMENT STATION THE DETERMINATION OF ACETYL NIMBER BY EDW. B. HOLLAND This bulletin presents the results of an effort made to devise and perfect a process for the determination of acetyl number in oils and fats that shall be free from the objections noted in earlier methods. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. Trustees OFFICERS AND STAFF. COMMITTEE. Charles H. Pheston, Chairman, Wilfrid Wheeler, Charles E. Ward, . Arthur G. Pollard, Harold L. Frost, . The President of the College, ex officio. The Director of the Station, ex officio. Hathorne. Concord. Buckland. Lowell. Arlington. STATION STAFF. Administration. William P. Brooks, Ph.D., Director. Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D., Vice-Director. Fred C. Kenney, Treasurer. Charles R. Green, B.Agr., Librarian. Mrs. Lucia G. Church, Clerk. Miss Grace E. Gallond, Stenographer. Agriculture. William P. Brooks, Ph.D., Agriculturist. Henry- J. Franklin, Ph.D., In Charge Cranberry Sub- station. Edwin F. Gaskill, B.Sc, Assistant Agriculturist. Chemistry. Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D., Chemist. Edward B. Holland, M.Sc., Associate Chemist in Charge (Research Section). Fred W. Morse, M.Sc, Research Chemist. Henri D. H.\skins, B.Sc, Chemist in Charge {Fertilizer Section). Philip H. Smith, M.Sc, Chemist in Charge {Food and Dairy Section) . Lewell S. Walker, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Rudolph W. Ruprecht, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Carlton P. Jones, M.Sc, Assistajit Chemist. Carlos S. Beals, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Walter S. Frost, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. James P. Buckley, Jr., Assistant Chemist. James T. Howard, Inspector. Harry L. Allen, Assistant in Laboratory. James R. Alcock, Assistant in Animal Nutrition. Miss F. Ethel Felton, A.B., Clerk. Miss Alice M. Howard, Clerk. Miss Rebecca L. Mellor, Clerk. Entomology. Henhy T. Fehnald, Ph.D., Entomoloyist. Burton N. G.a^tes, Ph.D., Apiarist. Arthur I. Bourne, A.B., Assistant Entomologist. Miss Bridie E. O'Donnell, Clerk. Horticulture. Frank A. Waugh, M.Sc, Horticulturist. Fred C. Sears, M.Sc, Pomologist. J.vcoB J. Shaw, Ph.D., Research Pomologist. John B. Norton, B.Sc, Graduate Assistant. Meteorology. John E. Ostrander, A.M., C.E., Meteorologist. E. K. Dexter, Observer. Poultry Husbandry. John C. Graham, B.Sc, Poultry Husbandman. Hubert D. Goodale, Ph.D., Research Biologist. Miss Fay L. Milton, Clerk. Vegetable Pathology George E. Stone, Ph.D., Vegetable Physiologist and Pa- and Physiology. thologist. George H. Chapman, M.Sc, Research Vegetable Physi- ologist. Orton L. Clark, B.Sc, Assistant Vegetable Physiologist and Pathologist. Miss Jessie V. Crocker, Clerk. Veterinary Science. .Tames B. Paige, B.Sc, D.V.S., Veterinarian. CONTENTS FAGS Introduction, 69 Use of the test, 69 Earlier methods, . 70 Proposed method, 71 Method in detail, 71 Synopsis of reaction, 73 Calculated data from the acetj^ number. 74 Gravimetric process, 75 Acetjd number of insoluble fatty acids, . • 77 Results by different methods, . 77 Resume, 78 THE DETERMINATION OF ACETYL NUMBER.^ EDW. B. HOLLAND. Introduction. The various hj'droxy compounds that occur in oils, fats and waxes form derivatives on heating with acetic anhydride, the acetyl radical dis- placing the hydrogen of the alcoholic hydroxyl groups. Tliis property serves as the basis of analytical methods for the quantitative determina- tion of these compounds. The proposed acetyl number indicates the milligrams of potassium hydroxide required for the saponification of the acetjd assimilated by one gram of an oil, fat or wax on acetylation.^ On saponifjnng with alcoholic potash the acetyl is hydrolyzed to acetic acid and combines with the alkali to form potassium acetate. The results are expressed in terms of milligrams of potassium hydroxide to conform with the general practice in fat analysis. The compounds involved are monohydroxy and dihydroxy acids and their glycerides, — monoglycer- ides and diglycerides and free alcohols. Use of the Test. In the examination of oils and fats a determination of acetyl number is necessary, in most instances, for a thorough understanding of the nature and quality of the product. Some of the hydroxy compounds are natural and others are the result of hydrolysis or of oxidation. Glycerides of hydrox}^ acids are a natural constituent of certain oils and fats, although they do not appear to be very widely distributed in any considerable amount. Castor oil, composed largely of ricinolein, is a notable illus- tration. Hydroxy acids probably occur more frequently as the result of oxidation of unsaturated acids. Oleic acid has been shown repeatedly to be comparatively unstable. By the assimilation of oxygen and water it may be converted into dihydroxystearic acid, a saturated compound. C1-H33COOH + H.O +0 = Ci7H33(OH)2COOH. Whether the oxidation takes place in the glycerides or in the fatty acids after hydrolysis is uncertain, although the latter appears the more probable supposition. ]Monoglycerides and diglycerides result from the hydrolysis of tri- glycerides, and free fatty acids condition their presence. The absence of ' The writer is pleased to acknowledge many suggestions and helpful criticisms by Dr. J. S. Chamberlain. Mr. F. W. Morse, Mr. J. C. Reed and Mr. J. P. Buckley. 2 Benedikt and Ulzer, and Lewkowitsch report on the basis of the acetylated product. 70 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 151. free fatty acids in a commercial product, however, does not necessarily preclude the presence of monoglycerides and diglycerides. Solid alcohols of the cyclic series (sterols) occur in oils and fats both in combination as esters and as free alcohols.^ The amount of cholesterol or phytosterol is generally small, often inappreciable, and is indicated approximately by the unsaponifiable matter which it characterizes. Alcohols of the ethane and other series, free and in combination, compose a considerable proportion of waxes. Oils and fats, therefore, may contain glycerides of monohydroxy and dihydroxy acids, possibly free hydroxy acids, monoglycerides and di- glycerides and free alcohols; and the insoluble acids, separated from the oils and fats, may contain monohydroxy and dihydroxy acids and free alcohols. A portion, at least, of the free alcohols found in the insoluble acids probably occurred in the fat as esters. With the exclusion of the natural glycerides of hydroxy acids and a small amount of free alcohols, the acetyl number of many oils and fats may be deemed an index of quality, and when considered in conjunction with the acid and iodine numbers may serve to measure (more or less imperfectly, to be sure) the amount of hydrolysis and of oxidation the product has undergone. To differentiate between products of hydrolysis and of oxidation the acetyl number of the insoluble acids should also be determined. Earlier Methods. The several analytical processes that have been offered are based on the same chemical reactions, but differ in application and in details of procedure. The original method was devised by Benedikt and Ulzer- and applied to the insoluble acids. The acetyl number indicated the milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acetic acid obtained on saponifying one gram of acetylated insoluble fatty acids, and was determined by the difference between the acid and saponification numbers of the acetylated acids (acetyl ether number). The actual pro- cedure consisted in saponifying the acetylated acids after neutralizing in alcohol. Lewkowitsch^ has shown, however, that the results so ob- tained were generally in excess of the true values, due to the conversion of a part of the fatty acids on heating with a large excess of acetic an- hydride into their anhydrides, as illustrated by the following equation: — 2 RCOOH + (CH3CO)20 = (RC0)20 + 2 CH3COOH fatty acid acetic anhydride of acetic acid anhydride fatty acid These fatty anhydrides are fairly stable compounds, but may become hydrolyzed to some extent on washing with boiling water. Subsequent treatment with cold alcohol in the determination of the acetyl acid 1 See numerous references: Abderhalden, Physiological Chemistry (1908); Hammarsten, Physi- ological Chemistry (1911); Leathes, The Fats (1910). 2 Monatsh. Chem., 8, pp. 41-48 (1887). 3 Analysis of Oils, Fats and Waxes, 1. pp. 344, 345 (1909). THE DETERMINATION OF ACETYL NUMBER. 71 number will continue the hydrolysis, although a portion is likely to re- main unchanged, thereby yielding too low an acid number, due to the inabilitj' of the anh3'drides to combine with alkali. As complete hy- drolysis occurs on saponification, the acetyl (ether) number would be too high and even appear when none exists. Lewkowitsch^ proposed the acetylation of the natural product. In conformity thereto the acetyl number indicates the milligrams of potas- sium hydroxide required for the neutralization of the acetic acid obtained on saponifying one gram of an acetylated oil, fat or wax. This method requires the saponification of the acetylated fat and the determination of the resulting acetic acid bj^ either a filtration or distillation process. The former process is an adaptation of the regular method for the direct deter- mination of soluble acids, and the latter process is a modified Reichert- INIeissl test, Mith repeated distillation of the aqueous solution until the distillate is free from acids. The presence of natural soluble or volatile acids necessitates a similar treatment of the unacetylated fat in order to determine the amount of alkali assimilated by those acids for which proper corrections must be made to obtain the true acetyl number. The occurrence of the lower acids makes the determination a long and tedious operation. Proposed Method. Analytical methods for the examination of oils and fats is a subject that has been given considerable study by the writer in connection with feeding experiments and other investigations made at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. During the past few years the deter- mination of acetyl number has received particular attention with a view to evohdng a process that might be free from the objections cited for the Benedikt and Ulzer, and Lewkowitsch methods. Believing that this end has been attained in some measure, a report of progress is now offered in the hope that it may lead to further improvement. The custom of reporting acetyl number on the basis of the acetylated product appears unwarranted. It is contrary to general practice in analj-tical work and is the exception in fat analysis. The definition- here adopted places the acetyl number on a par with other tests, and is as follows: the acetyl number indicates the milligrams of potassium hydro.xide required for the saponification of the acetyl assimilated by one gram of an oil, fat or wax on acetylation. Method in Detail. The development of the method extended over a period of several years, and finally resolved into an adaptation of several well-known proc- esses. For instance, ceresine is used to solidify the acetylated fat so that it may be washed by decantation as in the determination of insoluble 1 Loco citato, 1, pp. 337, 338 (1909). 2 The hydroxyl value of Twitchell is reported in a similar manner. Jour. Amer. Chem. Society, 29, pp. 506-571 (1907). 72 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 151. acids. The saponification number of the acetylated fat is determined by the same process as that of the original fat, and the difference measures the amount of acetyl that has been assimilated. The process may be appropriately described as a method by analogy. The reagents employed in the determination are summarized so that their application may be clearly imderstood : — Acetic anhydride, Kahlbaum's. Ceresine, pure white, filtered. Alcohol, redistilled, free from acids and aldehydes. Alcoholic potash, 50 c.c. of a saturated solution of potassium hydroxide, free from carbonate, to 1,000 c.c. of alcohol. The solution should be allowed to stand at least twenty-four hours and filtered immediately before use. N/a hydrochloric acid. Alkali blue (6B), 1 gram to 100 c.c. of alcohol. The indicator should be digested in a stoppered bottle for several days at room temperature, with occasional shaking, and then filtered. Phenolphthalein, 1 gram to 100 c.c. of alcohol, neutralized. After what has been said, the details of the method should be so evident as to require no further explanation. Into a 300 c.c. Erlenmeyer flask are brought 5 grams of fat, together with 10 c.c. of acetic anhydride. The flask is connected with a spiral or other form of reflux condenser and heated in a boiling water bath (immersed in the water) for from one to one and one-half hours. Longer heating yields higher results, but is accom- panied by partial decomposition of the fat with formation of aldehydes or other bodies that give a reddish color with caustic alkali. After acetylating, the flask is removed from the bath and sufficient ceresine added to form, with the fat, a solid disc when chilled in cold water. The amount of ceresine required will vary with the consistency of the product under examination. For butter fat .4 to .5 grams is ample; for softer fats and oils rather more; and for harder fats, less. The flask is heated on the water bath and the contents rotated until the ceresine and acetylated fat form a homogeneous mixture. One hundred and fifty c.c. of boil- ing water are then poured carefully into the flask with as little disturbance of the fat layer as possible, and the solution heated on the bath with occasional agitation to remove occluded acetic acid. The flask is immersed in cold water to solidify the ceresine-fat, after which the solution is decanted through a dense, ether-ex- tracted filter, care being taken not to break the insoluble cake. Another 150 c.c. of boiling water are added, thoroughly agitated, heated as above, cooled and decanted, the process being repeated until the final filtrate gives a decided color with two or three drops of N/io alkali, using phenolphthalein as indicator (about six times). Prolonged washing is likely to cause slight dissociation of the acetylated product. The filter and inverted flask containing the cake of ceresine-fat are allowed to drain in a cool place until practically dry. The small particles adhering to the filter are then scraped into the flask, and 50 c.c. of alcoholic potash, accurately measured with a burette, 50 c.c. of alcohol and several glass beads added. The flask is connected with a spiral or other form of reflux condenser and the solution boiled on a water bath until saponification is complete, — about sixty minutes. The flask is placed in a water bath at 60° C. and the solution, after cooling to that temperature, titrated with N/-. hydrochloric acid, using 1 c.c. of alkali blue as indicator. Phenolphthalein may be employed, though less satisfactory for colored solutions. The alcoholic mixture is again brought to boil to free any alkali occluded in the ceresine, and retitered if necessary. Several blank determinations should THE DETERMINATION OF ACETYL NUMBER. 73 be run with every series of tests under preciselj'' similar conditions as to tinae and treatment, except that the ceresine may be omitted. However, every lot of cere- sine must be tested, should be free from soluble matter and not assimilate any alkali on saponification. The difference between the titration of the blank and that of the excess alkali in the test is the acid equivalent of the fat after acetylation, which should be calculated to milligrams of potassium hydroxide for 1 gram of fat. One c.c. of N/2 acid is equivalent to 28.054 milligrams of potassium hydroxide. The difference between the saponification number pf the fat before and after acetylation is the acetyl number. In case the original fat contains free soluble acids, their titer should be determined and proper correction made for the same. Limit of error, 0.50 acetyl number. Synopsis of Reaction. A better conception of the method may be obtained by a summary of the reactions: — Acetylation of glycerides of monohydroxy and dihydroxy acids, monoglycerides and diglycerides and free alcohols. (See formulas.) Saponification of the acetylated product. (See formulas.) Saponification of the original or unacetylated product. Titration of excess alkali. Acetyl number by difference. Glycerides of Monohydroxy and Dihydroxy Acids. Acetylation: — (R . OH . C00).C3H.. +3(CH3CO) .0 = (R . OCH3CO . COO)3G3H5 +3 CH3COOH triglyceride of acetic acetylated acetic monohydroxy acid anhydride glyceride acid Example: Ricinolein (CitHk . OH . COO)3C3H3 Saponification : — (R . OCH3CO . COO)3C3H, +6 KOH acetylated glyceride alkali = 3 R . OH . COOK +3 CH3COOK +C3Hg(OH)3 potassium potassium glycerol salt of hydroxy acid acetate [R(OH)2COO]3C3H.-, + (CH3CO)20 = [R(OCH3CO)2COO]3C3H5 +H2O triglyceride of acetylated glyceride dihydroxy acid Example: Dihydroxystearin [Ci7H33(OH)2COO]3C3H5 [R(OCH3CO)2COO]3C3H5+9 K0H = 3 R(OH)2COOK+6 CH3COOK+C3H,(OH)r Monoglycerides and Diglycerides. 3)2 + (CH3CO)20 = (RCOO)(CH,C diaceto-gly( (RCOO)(CH3COO)2C3H.+3 K0H = RC00K+2 CH3COOK+C3H.-,(OH)3 (RCOO)C3H..(OH)2 + (CH3CO)20 = (RCOO)(CH,COO)2C3H5+H20 monoglyceride diaceto-glyceride (RC00)2C,>Hr,(0H) +(CH3CO)20 = (RCOO)2(CH3COO)C3H5+CH3COOH diglyceride monaceto-glyceride (RCOO)2(CH3COO)C3H,+3 KOH = 2 RCOOK4-CH3COOK+C3H,-,(OH)3 74 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 151. Free Alcohols. ROH + (CH3CO).0 = CH3COOR-rCH3COOH monobasic alcohol acetate of alcohol Examples: CHsCOOR -rKOH = ROH +CH3COOK Cholesterol, phytosterol, C2THioOH Considerable variation is possible in \niting the above formulas which, at best, poorly express the structure. In some instances the reaction is indicated at some sacrifice of form. Calctlated Data from the Acetyl Number. The acetyl number (c) senses to measure the amount of hydroxy' com- pounds in an oU, fat or wax; and in case only one such compound of known molecular weight (m) and nmnber of hydroxA'ls (d) is present, its amount (H) can be readily calculated by the following formula : — H = 56108 d The derivation of the formula is comparatively simple. The theoreti- cal acetyl number of a compound containing (d) hydroxyl groups is — 56108 d m The amount of such a compound in an oil, fat or wax is, therefore — c cm 56108 d The same resiilts may be calculated more easily from the following table, dividing the determined acetyl number by the theoretical acetyl niunber, or multiphing by its reciprocal : — Acetyl Xurnber on Original Product {Massachusetts Method). Glycerides. Name. ' c„~,„:g Theoret- Recip- rocal. Piicinolein, Dihydroxj-stearin, .» rCnHsi . OH . C00).3C.-.H;. .! 932.832; 180.444. 180.444 [Ci7H-,(OH)2COO].3C.-;H.v, . I 986.880 . 170 562 341.124 .0055419 .0029315 Monoglyceridee . i ' Monopalmitin, . fCisHjiCOOjCsHsCOH)!, . 330.304 169.868 339.736 , .0029435 Monostearin, . fCi7H35COO)C.?H.^(OH)2, . ■ 358.336 156.579 313.159 ' .0031933 Monolein, . (CiTHa.^OO)C.^H.>fOH;2, . ' 356.320 157.465 314.930 .003175? THE DETERMINATION OF ACETYL NUMBER. iO Ac(tyl X umber on On>i'n/jZ Product i2Ias-sachu-? Diglyeerida. ir.- r.- XiilE. For I »'^'- N-STbi. -s.'si. Dipahniun, Dist^arin, Dioleiii, . (CiiHr.COO)jCiH='OH: . (CirHi^COO JC5H.-.OH , ot.N 544 157 374 624 605 irg S5S 620.576 1S0.S26 « w7 JIOISSO 89 S39 .011133} 90.413 .011OS04 Hydroxy Acidi. Ricinoleic, Dihjdroxystearic. . CitH.^ . OH . COOH, . . 295 272 CitHsj,OH)-COOH, 316 3S5 ISS.llO 177.395 15$ no 3»4 791 0033160 .nasi 56 F-:-: A:::\::i. Cholesterol, . Phytosteroi. . C.-HtKl'H -SSo.SoS C-H^<>H. .... 3S6.S6S - 14.5 315 145 ::3 . 'X«:*5^ V.55SC2 Gravimetric Process.'" After acetylating, a gravimetric process for acetyl number may be conducted in a manner similar to that for the quantitative determination of insoluble fattj* acids, observing aU the precautions therein noted as to ceresine, washing, dning, weighing, etc. This modification is apparently rather more difficult, tedious and sub- ject to error than the saponification or volumetric process ^Massachusetts method^ A certain amotmt of loss arises from the dehydration of free fattA- acids by acetic anhydride during acet^^lation, and is difficult to prevent, although of Uttle consequence where the amount of free acids is relatively small. The acer\-l number va) is calculated from the increase in weight (i) by the following formula : — 42.016 or 1335.39604 i In case only one hydroxy* compotmd of known molecular weight (m) and number of hydroxyk (d) is present, its amotmt can be calculated from the increase in weight (i) of the oil, fat or wax on acetylating. The theoretical increase for a hydroxy compound is — 42.016 d * This procKs hss cot r«oe:red su£c:«iit st-dy L:: this liborstory to warraat positive state- ments, but is simiiar to the toetihxis described by Lewkosrcsoh .^'o.' cilMi^', I, pp. SaS-SjS, 4«6, 4e:. 76 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 151. The amount (H) of such a compound in an oil, fat or wax is therefore — H=, 42.016 d Molecular Weight of Hydroxy Compounds. The molecular weight of the hydroxy compounds can be calculated from the weight (w) of fat taken and the increase (i) on acetylating, pro- vided the number (d) of hydroxyls in the molecule is known : — w : w+i = m :m+42.016 d m = 42.016 dw The formation of anhydrides during the acetylating process will affect the accuracy of these calculations. The computation of the amount of hydroxy compounds by the gravi- metric process is greatly facilitated by use of the following table : — Acetyl Gravimetric Process on Original Product. Glycerides. Name. Molecular Weight. Molecular Weight after Acetylating. Theoretical Increase in Weight per Gram on Acetylating. ' Reciprocal. Ricinolein, Dihydroxystearin 932.832 986.880 1058.880 1238.976 .135124 .255447 7.40061 3.91471 Monoglycerides. Monopalmitin, Monostearin, Monolein, , 330.304 358.336 356.320 3.93069 4.26428 4.24029 Diglycerides. Dipalmitin, Distearin, Diolein, 568.544 624.608 620.576 610.560 666.624 662.592 .073901 .067268 .067705 13.53162 14 86591 14.76996 Hydroxy Acids. Ricinoleic, Dihydroxystearic. 298.272 316.288 340.288 400.320 . 140865 .265682 7.09900 3.76390 Free Alcohols. Cholesterol, Phytosterol, 386.368 386.368 428.384 428.384 .108746 .108746 9.19574 9.19574 1 Acetyl number = 1335.39604 i. THE DETERMINATION OF ACETYL NUMBER. 77 Acetyl Number of Insoluble Fatty Acids. The acetyl number of the insoluble fatty acids is determined by the Massachusetts method in precisely the same way as that of the original fat. The gravimetric process is not applicable on account of the forma- tion of anhydrides of the fatty acids. The method for preparing the stock of insoluble acids for analysis is the same as that for the determination of "Insoluble Acids," with the elimination of such features as are necessary only for quantitative work. In order to interpret the results satisfactorily it is necessaiy to know the percentage of insoluble acids so that the acetyl number of the acids may be considered in conjunction with the acetyl number of the fat. Results by Different Methods. For convenience, the theoretical acetyl numbers of some hydroxy com- pounds by the Benedikt and Ulzer, and Lewkowitsch methods are tabu- lated to permit comparison with the acetyl numbers by the Massachu- setts and gravimetric processes previously stated. When only one hydroxj' compound of known composition is present in an oil or fat the results can be readily converted from the basis of the original to that of the acetylated product and vice versa. In other cases conversion is gen- erally impracticable on account of the marked differences in assimilation of acetyl by the several classes of hydroxj'' compounds. Formulas may show the relation, however, that the results by different methods bear to each other, (m) indicating the molecular weight of the hydroxy com- pound, (d) the number of hydroxyls, and (i) the increase in weight on acetylating: — Massachusetts Method. cm 56108 d Gravimetric Method. im 42.016 d Benedikt and Ulzer, and Lewkowitsch Methods, c(m + 42.016 d) 56108 d 78 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 151. Acetyl Number on 'Acetylated Product. {Benedikt and Ulzer, and Lew- kowitsch Methods.) Glycerides. Name (Acetylated). Formula. 1 J 'a 0 §• < "3 S c. Ricinolein, Dihydroxystearin, . (Ci7H.n2 . OCHsCO . COO.iC.iHs, . [Ci-HssCOCHsCOaCOOj.-iCaHs, . 1058.880 1238.976 317.928 407.572 158.964 271.715 .0062907 .0036803 Monoglycerides. Monopalmitin, Monostearin, Monolein, (C10H..1COO) (CHj.COOsCsHg, . (C17H35COO) (CH3COO)2C3Hr., . (C17H33COO) (CHsCOOJaCaHc, . 414.336 442.308 440.352 406.250 380.507 382.249 270.833 253.671 254.832 .0036923 .0039421 .0039242 Diglycerides. Dipalmitin, . Distearin, Diolein, . (CoHaiCOOaCCHsCOOCsHB, . (Ci7H.,BCOO)2(CH3COO)C3Hf„ . (Cl7H33COO)2(CH3COO)C3H6, . 610.560 666.624 662.592 275.688 2.52.502 254.039 91.896 84.167 84.680 .0108819 .0118811 .0118092 Hydroxy Acids. Ricinoleic, Dihydroxystearic, . C,7H32. OCH3CO . COOH, . Ci7H33 (OCH3CO)2COOH, . 340.288 400.320 329.768 420.474 164.884 280.316 .0060649 .0035674 Free Alcohols. Cholesterol, Phytosterol, . CH3COO C27H40 CH3COOC27HM, .... 428.384 428.384 - 130.976 130.976 .0076350 .0076350 Resume. The acetyl numbers of a fat and of the insoluble acids afford valuable information relative to the nature and the quality of a product. Appar- ently many analysts have been deterred from making the determinations on account of the time required, tedious manipulation involved or inability to interpret the results. The proposed method is comparatively short and simple and readily understood because of its similarity to other fat methods in common use. It is practically free from the objections cited for the earlier methods, and the results are directly comparable with other fat determinations, being on the same basis. BULLETIN No. 152 MAY, 1914 MASSACHISETTS AGRICILTIRAL EXPERIMENT STATION THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS By J. B. LINDSEY and P. H. SMITH This bulletin contains the results of forty-seven single digestion experiments with a variety of cattle feeds. The experiments in- clude trials with English hay, corn meal, gluten feed, dried beet pulp, cocoanut meal, cottonseed feed meal, wheat screenings, flax shives, cocoa shells, fish meal, Molassine meal, Postum Cereal and Mellen's Food residues. The hay, com and gluten were used as basal rations, to which were added the materials to be tested. The full data of each experiment are first given, and the results are discussed in a separate chapter. The bulletin is not intended for general distribution but more particularly for experiment station workers and others who will utilize the data in determining the relative value of feeding stuffs. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. IVIassachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. Trustees. OFFICERS AND STAFF. COMMITTEE. [Charles H. Preston, Chairman, 1 Wilfrid Wheeler, Charles E. Ward, ". Arthur G. Pollard, Harold L. Frost, . The President of the College, ex officio. The Director of the Station, ex officio. Hathorne. Concord. Buckland. Lowell. Arlington. STATION STAFF. Administration. William P. Brooks, Ph.D., Director. Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D., Vice-Director. Fred C. Kenney, Treasurer. Charles R. Green, B.Agr., Librarian. Mrs. Lucia G. Church, Clerk. Miss Grace E. Gallond, Stenographer. Agriculture. William P. Brooks, Ph.D., Agriculturist. Henry J. Franklin, Ph.D., In Charge Cranberry Sub- station. Edwin F. Gaskill, B.Sc, Assistant Agriculturist. Chemistry. .Joseph B Lindsey, Ph.D., Chemist. Edward B. Holland, M.Sc, Associate Chemist in Charge (Research Section). Fred W. Morse, M.Sc, Research Chemist. Henri D. Haskins, B.Sc, Chemist in Charge {Fertilizer Section) . Philip H. Smith, M.Sc, Chemist in Charge (Food and Dairj^ Section) . Lewell S. Walker, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Rudolph W. Ruprecht, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Carlton P. Jones, M.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Carlos S. Beals, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Walter S. Frost, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. James P. Buckley, Jr., Assistant Chemist. James T. Howard, Inspector. Harry L. Allen, Assistant in Laboratory. James R. Alcock, Assistant in Animal Nutrition. Miss F. Ethel Felton, A.B., Clerk. Miss Alice M. Howard, Clerk. Miss Rebecca L. Mellor, Clerk. Entomology. Henry T. Fernald, Ph.D., Entomologist. Burton N. Gates, Ph.D., Apiarist. Arthur I. Bourne, A.B., Assistant Entomologist. Miss Bridie E. O'Donnell, Clerk. Horticulture. Frank A. Waugh, M.Sc, Horticulturist. Fred C. Sears, M.Sc, Pomologist. Jacob K. Shaw, Ph.D., Research Pomologist. John B. Norton, B.Sc, Graduate Assistant. Meteorology. John E. Ostrander, A.M., C.E., Meteorologist. E. K. Dexter, Observer. Poultry Husbandry. John C. Graham, B.Sc, Poultry Husbandman. Hubert D. Goodale, Ph.D., Research Biologist. Miss Fat L. Milton, Clerk. Vegetable Pathology and Physiology. George E. Stone, Ph.D., Vegetable Physiologist and Pa- thologist. George H. Chapman, M.Sc, Research Vegetable Physi- ologist. Orton L. Clark, B.Sc, Assistant Vegetable Physiologist and Pathologist. Miss Jessie V. Crocker, Clerk. Veterinary Science. James B. Paige, B.Sc, D.V.S., Veterinarian. CONTENTS. PAGE Foreword, 79 Series XVI., 79 Series XVII., 83 Series XVIIL, 94 Series XIX., 104 Discussion of results, 108 English hay, 108 Dried beet pulp and molasses dried beet pulp, .... 109 Cocoanut meal, 110 Cottonseed feed meal, Creamo brand, Ill Wheat screenings, Ill Flax shives, 113 Cocoa shells, 113 Brook Farm hay, 114 CXXfeed, 115 Fish meals, • 115 Molassine meal, 117 Mellen's Food refuse, 118 Complete summary of all coefficients (per cent.), . . . .119 THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. BY J. B. LINDSEY AND P. H. SMITH. Foreword. The digestion experiments herein reported were made during the autumn, winter and early spring of 1910-11, 1911-12, 1912-13 and also, two experiments, in the autumn of 1913. They form part of what are known as Series XVI., XVII. , XVIII. and XIX. The experiments made in these series and not here included have either been published in previous reports or will be found in later publications. The usual method was employed and has been fully described elsewhere.^ The full data are here presented, with the excep- tion of the daily production of manure and the daily water con- sumption, in which cases, to economize space, averages only are given. The periods extended over fourteen days, the first seven of which were preliminary, collection of feces being made during the last seven. Ten grams of salt were given each sheep daily with water ad libitum. The sheep used in these experiments were grade Shropshires of substantially uniform weight, born in 1907. 1. Series XVI. The hay used in connection with this series consisted of fine mixed grasses, and contained a large proportion of June grass (Poa 'prateiuis). The digestion coefficients of this hay, as ob- tained in Period I., were applied to the two experiments on beet pulp which follow : — ' Eleventh report of the Mass. State Agr. Exp. Sta., pp. 146-149; also the 22d report of the Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta., p.. 84. 80 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 152. Composition of Feedstuff s (Per Cent.). [Dry Matter.] Feeds. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. English haj', Period I., . . . . 7.47 9.58 30.98 49.36 2.61 English hay, Period II., .... 6.96 9.90 31.39 49.13 2.62 English hay, Period III., .... 6.66 9.64 30.76 50.46 2.48 Waste, Sheep I., Period I 8.89 5.86 36.92 46.94 1.39 Molasses dried beet pulp, .... 5.56 11.68 16.40 65.89 .47 Plain dried beet pulp, .... 3.29 8.12 20.46 67.76 .37 Composition of Feces (Per Cent.). [Dry Matter.) Sheep I. Period. Feeds. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free E.X- tract. Fat. I. II. III. English hay, .... Molasses dried beet pulp, . Dried beet pulp. 13.61 13.15 12.20 11.82 15.27 13.49 25.82 24.46 25.81 45.49 43.03 44.63 3.26 4.09 3.87 Sheep II. I. English hay, .... 13.37 11.13 28.27 44.32 2.91 II. Molasses dried beet pulp, . 13.67 15.69 25.10 41.87 3.67 III. Dried beet pulp. 11.98 12.37 27.55 44.25 3.85 Dnj Matter Determinations made at the Time of weighing out the Different Foods, and Dry Matter in Air-dry Feces (Per Cent.). Sheep I. Period. English Hay. Molasses Dried Beet Pulp. Dried Beet Pulp. Waste. Feces. I.. II.. III. 88.55 89.85 90.90 83.40 89.60 89.64 93.62 92.25 88.83 Sheep II. I., 88.55 - - - 93.57 II., 89.85 89.60 - - 92.47 III., 90.90 - 89.64 - 89.02 THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. 81 Average Daily Amount of Manure excreted and Water drunk (Gravis). Sheep I. Period. Ch.\r.vcter of Food or Ration. Manure excreted Daily. One- tenth Manure Air-dry. Water drunk Daily. I. II. III. English hay, Molasses dried beet pulp, .... Dried beet pulp, . . . . 627 684 695 27.600 23.470 26.097 1,512 1,893 1,829 Sheep II. I. II. III. English hay. Molasses dried beet pulp. Dried beet pulp. 1,032 983 605 30.768 24.881 27.486 2,465 2,611 1,946 Weights of Animals for Two Days at Beginning and Two Days at the End of Period (Pounds). Sheep I. Character op Food or Ration. Beginning. End. Period. First Weight. Second Weight. First Weight. Second Weight. I. English hay, . 122.00 121.75 120.00 119.00 II. Molasses dried beet pulp. 128.25 126.50 125.25 126.25 III. Dried beet pulp. 126.25 127.00 125.25 125.00 Sheep II. I. English hay, 125.00 128.50 126.50 126.50 II. Molasses dried beet pulp, 142.25 141.50 140.25 140.00 III. Dried beet pulp. 140.75 139.75 138.50 138.50 English Hay, Period I. Sheep I. Dry Matter. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. 800 grams English hay fed daily, 13.75 grams waste, .... 708.40 11.47 52.92 1.02 67.86 .67 219.46 4.23 349.67 5.39 18,49 .16 Amount consumed 276.03 grams manure excreted. 696.93 258.42 51.90 35.17 67.19 30.55 215.23 66.72 344.28 117.56 18.33 8.42 Grams digested, Per cent, digested, .... 438.51 62.92 16.73 32.24 36.64 54.53 148.51 69.00 226.72 65.85 9.91 54.06 82 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 152. English Hay, Period I Sheep II. Concluded. Dry Matter. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. 800 grams English hay fed daily, 307.68 grams manure excreted, . 708.40 287.90 52.92 38.49 67.86 219.46 32.04 81.39 349.67 127.60 18.49 8.38 Grams digested, Per cent, digested, .... 420.50 59.36 14.43 27.27 35.82 52.79 138.07 62.91 222.07 63.51 10.11 54.68 Average per cent, for both sheep. 61.14 29.76 53.66 65.96 64,68 54.37 Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1:10.7. Molasses Dried Beet Pulp, Period II. Slieep I. 500 grams English hay fed, 300 grams molasses dried beet pulp fed, 449.25 268.80 31.27 14.94 44.48 31.40 141.02 44.08 220.71 177.12 11.77 1.26 Amount consumed, .... 234.70 grams manure excreted, . 718.05 216.51 46.21 28.47 75.88 33.06 185.10 52.96 397.83 93.16 13.03 8.86 Grams digested, Minus hay digested, .... 501.54 274.04 17.74 9.38 42.82 24.02 132.14 93.07 304.67 143.46 4.17 6.36 Molasses dried beet pulp digested. Per cent, digested, .... 227.50 84.64 8.36 55.96 18.80 59.87 39.07 88.63 161.21 91.02 - Sheep II. Amount consumed as above, 248.81 grams manure excreted, . 718.05 230.07 46.21 31.45 75.88 36.10 185.10 57.75 397.83 96.33 13,03 8,44 Grams digested, .... Minus hay digested, .... 487.98 274.04 14.76 9.38 39.78 24.02 127.35 93.07 301.50 143.46 4,59 6.36 Molasses dried beet pulp digested. Per cent, digested 213.94 79.57 5.38 36.01 15.76 50.19 34.28 77.77 158.04 89,23 - Average per cent, for both sheep. 82.11 45.99 55.03 83.20 90.13 - Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1:10.7. THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. 83 Dried Beet Pulp, Period III. Sheep I. Dry Matter. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. 550 grama Eoglish hay fed, 250 grams dried beet pulp fed, 499.95 224.10 33.30 7.37 48.20 18.19 153.78 45.86 252.27 151.85 12.40 .83 Amount consumed, 260.97 grams manure excreted. 724.05 231.82 40.67 28.28 66.39 31.27 199.64 59.83 404.12 103.47 13.23 8.97 Grama digested, . Minus hay digested, . 492.23 304.97 12.39 9.99 35.12 26.03 139.81 101.49 300.65 163.98 4.26 6.70 Dried beet pulp digested, . Per cent, digested, 187.26 76.72 2.40 32.56 9.09 49.97 38.32 83.56 136.67 90.00 - Sheep II. Amount consumed as above, 274.86 grams manure excreted, . 724.05 244.68 40.67 29.31 66,39 30.27 199.64 67.41 404.12 108.27 13.23 9.42 Grams digested Minus hay digested, .... 479.37 304.97 11.36 9.99 36.12 26.03 132.23 101.49 295.85 163.98 3.81 6.70 Dried beet pulp digested, . Per cent, digested 174.40 71.45 1.37 18.59 10.09 55.47 30.74 67.03 131.87 86.84 - Average per cent, for both sheep, 74.09 25.58 52.72 75.30 88.42 - Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1 :12.4. 2. Series XVII. Digestion Coefficients of Basal Ration used in this Series. [English Hay.] Dry matter. Ash Protein, Fiber, . . . , Nitrogen-free extract, Fat, . Periods VIII.-X. 84 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 152. Composition of Feedstuff s (Per Cent.). [Dry Matter.) Nitro- Period. Feeds. Ash. Protein. Fiber. gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. I. English hay, 7.75 9.06 31.65 49.16 2.38 II. English hay, . . 7.51 9.44 31.73 48.96 2.36 II. Cocoanut meal 6.97 21.17 9.23 52.58 10.05 III. English hay, 8.19 10.36 30.46 48.37 2.62 III. Cottonseed feed meal, Creamo brand, 5.28 23.75 21.22 44.32 5.43 IV. English hay, 7.65 10.02 32.48 47.58 2.27 IV. Wheat screenings, .... 5.19 17.20 10.52 60.05 7.04 V. English hay, 6.92 10.17 30.65 49.92 2.34 V. Molasses dried beet pulp, . 5.69 11.44 15.88 66.72 .27 V. Dried beet pulp, .... 3.16 8.01 27.22 61.38 .23 VI. English hay 6.26 9.50 32.52 49.18 2.54 VI. Flax shives, 5.59 16.54 35.90 38.75 3.22 VII. English hay 7.13 9.85 30.91 49.66 2.45 VII. Cocoanut meal 6.06 21.58 9.83 52.42 10.11 VIII. English hay, 6.73 10.37 30.18 49.84 2.88 IX. English hay 5.70 9.90 30.50 51.03 2.87 IX. Cocoa shells, 8.83 14.55 13.25 58.23 5.14 X. English hay 5.46 9.40 31.35 50.77 3.02 X. Wheat screenings 4.28 17.50 8.29 64.66 5.27 Composition of Feces {Per Cent.). [Dry Matter.] Sheep I. IX. Cocoa shells, 10.88 15.09 26.20 44.45 3.38 Sheep II. IX. Cocoa shells, 10.94 14.13 25.14 46.38 3.41 Sheep III. V. Dried beet pulp, .... 12.31 13.00 20.13 50.50 4.06 Sheep IV. IV. Molasses dried beet pulp, . 12.17 13.00 27.00 43.82 4.01 THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. 85 Composition of Feces {Per Cent.) Slieep V. Concluded. Period. I. III. IV. VI. VII. VIII. X. Feeds. English bay, .... Cottonseed feed meal, Creamo brand Wheat screenings Flax shives, Cocoanut meal, English hay, Wheat screenings Ash. 13.65 12.25 12.07 9.66 12.12 9. 87 10.48 Protein. 10.80 13.11 10.95 9.20 11.51 10.30 11.74 Fiber. Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. 27.32 28.23 28.21 35.55 28.81 28.36 28.47 45.04 43.89 45.89 43.26 44.74 47.35 45.35 Fat. 3.19 2.52 2.88 2.33 2.82 4.12 3.96 Sheep VI. I. English hay, 13.50 10.68 26.56 45.88 3.38 II. Cocoanut meal 13.24 11.93 27.40 44.57 2.86 III. Cottonseed feed meal, Creamo brand. 11.93 12.50 29.55 43.37 2.65 IV. Wheat screenings 12.36 10.79 27.77 46.20 2.88 VI. Flax shives, 9.91 9.27 34.88 43.55 2.39 VII. Cocoanut meal, 12.48 11.22 28.80 44.71 2.79 VIII. English hay 10.88 10 53 27.01 46.21 4.47 X. Wheat screenings, .... 11.22 11.96 28.54 44.40 3.88 Drij Matter Determinations made at the Time of weighing out the Different Foods, and Dry Matter in Air-dry Feces (Per Cent.). Sheep I. Period. English Hay. Molasses Dried Beet Pulp. Dried Beet Pulp. Cocoa Shells. Feces. IX 89.20 - 95.47 92.18 Sheep II. IX 89.20 - - 95.47 92,38 Sheep III. v., 92.97 - 90.92 94.91 Sheep IV. v., 92.97 94.04 - - 94.85 86 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 152. Dry Matter Determinations made at the Time of weighing out the Different Foods, and Dry Matter in Air-dry Feces {Per Cent.) — Concluded. Sheep V. Period. English Hay. Cocoanut Meal. Cotton- seed Feed Meal. Wheat Screen- ings. Flax Shives. Feces. I Ill IV VI VII VIII X 88.50 87.57 89.45 93.25 90.70 90.67 89.47 92.86 89.70 91.94 88.52 90.02 • 93.30 93.77 95.41 95.16 93.68 92.94 93.11 Sheep VI. I 88.50 - - - - 93.25 II.. l . 87.82 88.37 - - - 93.52 III., . 87.57 - 89.70 - - 94.06 IV., . 89.45 - - 91.94 - 95.44 VI., . 93.25 - - - 90.02 95.18 VII., . 90.70 92.86 - - - 93.75 VIII., 90.67 - - - - 93.03 X., . 89.47 - 88.52 - 93.32 Average Daily Amount of Manure excreted and Water drunk (Grams). Sheep I. Period. Characteb of Food OR Ration. Manure excreted Daily. One-tenth Manure Air-dry. Water drunk Daily. IX. Cocoa shells 898 28.76 2,168 Sheep II. IX. Cocoa shells 661 28.40 2,510 Sheep III. V. Dried beet pulp 590 26.33 1,975 Sheep IV. V. Molasses dried beet pulp, .... 708 24.75 2,482 THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. 87 Average Daily Amount of Manure excreted and Water drunk {Grams) — Concluded. Sheep V. Period. CHAR.4.CTER OF FoOD OR RATION. Manure excreted Daily. One-tenth Manure Air-dry. Water drunk Daily. I. III. IV. VI, VII. VIII. X. English hay, Cottonseed feed meal, Creamo brand, . Wheat screenings, Flax shives Cocoanut meal, English hay Wheat screenings, Sheep VI. English hay, Cocoanut meal, Cottonseed feed meal, Creamo brand, . Wheat screenings, Flax shives, Cocoanut meal, English hay, Wheat screenings 559 554 586 752 580 583 739 29.30 29.08 29.55 35.84 27.13 27.93 26.85 971 1,493 951 1,691 1,839 1,902 2,202 I. II. III. IV. VI. VII. VIII. X. 554 28.07 1,474 498 25.50 1,403 570 29.40 2,011 583 28.95 2,165 685 34.67 2,806 556 26.31 3,141 536 26.97 3,289 662 26.09 3,494 Weights of Animals for Two Days at Beginning and Two Days at the End of Period (Pounds). Sheep I. Period. IX. Character op Food or Ration. Cocoa shells. Beginning. First Weight. Second Weight. 146.50 144.00 End. First Weight. 142.50 Second Weight. 142.50 Sheep II. IX. Cocoa shells 143.50 142.50 143.00 143.00 Sheep III. V. Dried beet pulp 160.00 158.75 162.00 160.50 88 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 152. Weights of Animals for Two Days at Beginning and Two Days at the End of Period {Pounds) — Concluded. Sheep IV. Character of Food or Ration. Beginning. End. Period. First Weight. Second Weight. First Weight. Second Weight. V. Molasses dried beet pulp, 164.50 163.00 163.00 162.50 Sheep V I. III. IV. VI. VII. VIII. X. English hay, Cottonseed feed meal, Creamo brand, Wheat screenings. Flax shives, Cocoanut meal, English hay, . Wheat screenings, 163.25 163.25 159.25 158.25 159.25 158.25 158.75 158.00 159.50 168.50 167.50 164.75 167.50 169.75 j 165.50 1163.25 163.50 161.50 162.50 162.00 161.50 158.50 160.75 156.50 157.00 164.75 163.00 166.25 161.50 157.50 Sheep VI I. II. III. IV. VI. VII. VIII. X. English hay, Cocoanut meal, Cottonseed feed meal, Creamo Wheat screenings. Flax shives, Cocoanut meal, English hay. Wheat screenings. brand , 146.75 146.75 146.75 146.75 145.00 143.50 141.50 142.00 141.00 143.00 142.00 141.25 156.50 157.00 154.25 151.50 151.50 [153.50 1 152.50 151.00 151.75 152.00 150.00 149.50 148.00 147.00 145.50 139.25 139.50 154.50 152.00 150.00 150.50 148.25 English Hay, Period I. Sheep V. Dry Matter. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. 800 grams English hay fed, 293 grams manure excreted, . . 708.00 273.37 54.87 37.32 64.14 29.52 224.08 74.68 348.06 123.13 16.85 8.72 Grams digested, Per cent, digested, .... 434.63 61.39 17.55 31.98 34.62 53.98 149.40 66.67 224.93 64.62 8.13 48.25 THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. 89 English Hay, Period I — Concluded. Sheep VI. Dry Matter. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. 800 grams English hay fed, 280.67 grams manure excreted, . 708.00 54.87 261.72 35.33 64.14 27.95 224.08 69.51 348.06 120,08 16.85 8.85 Grams digested, .... Per cent, digested, .... 446.28 19.54 63.03 35.61 36.19 56.42 154.57 68.98 227.98 65.50 8.00 47.48 Average per cent, for both sheep. 62.21 33.80 55.20 67.83 65.06 47.87 Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1:11.2. Cocoanul Meal, Period II. Sheep VI. 650 grams English hay fed, 150 grams cocoanut meal fed. 570.83 132.56 42.87 9.24 53.87 28.06 181.13 12.24 279.49 69.70 13.47 13.32 Amount consumed, 255 grams manure excreted. 703.39 238.48 52.11 31.57 81.93 28.45 193.37 65.34 349.19 106.30 26.79 6.82 Grams digested, . Minus hay digested, 464.91 353.91 20.54 14.58 53.48 29.63 128.03 123.17 242.89 181.67 19.97 6.47 Cocoanut meal digested. Per cent, digested. 111.00 83.74 5.96 64.50 23.85 85.00 4.86 39.71 61.22 87.83 13.50 101.35 Average nutritive ratio of ration, 1:7.8. Cottonseed Feed Meal, Creamo Brand, Period III. Sheep V. 600 grams English hay fed, 200 grams cottonseed feed meal fed , 525.42 179.40 43.03 9.47 54.43 42.61 160.04 38.07 254.15 79.51 13.77 9.74 Amount consumed, 290.8 grams manure excreted. 704.82 272.68 52.50 33.40 97.04 35.45 198.11 76.98 333.66 119.68 23.51 6.87 Grams digested Minus hay digested, . 432.14 325.76 19.10 14.63 61.59 29.94 121.13 108.83 213.98 165.20 16.64 6.61 Cottonseed feed meal digested, . Per cent, digested, 106.38 59.30 4.47 47.20 31.65 74.28 12.30 32.31 48.78 61.35 10.03 102.97 90 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 152. Cottonseed Feed Meal, Creamo Brand, Period III — Concluded. Sheep VI. Dry Matter. Ash. Protein. Nitro- Fiber. sen-^ree tract. Fat. Amount consumed as above, 293.99 grams manure excreted, . 704.82 276.53 52.50 32.99 97.04 34.57 198.11 81.71 333.06 119.93 23.51 7.33 Grams digested Minus hay digested, .... 428.29 325.76 19.51 14.63 62.47 29.94 116.40 108.83 213.73 165.20 16.18 6.61 Cottonseed feed meal digested, . Per cent, digested 102.53 57.15 4.88 51.53 32.53 76.34 7.57 19.88 48.53 61.04 9.57 98.25 Average per cent, for both sheep. 58.23 49.37 75.31 26.10 61.20 100.61 t Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1:5.94. Wheat Screenings, Period IV. Sheep V. 600 grams English hay fed, 200 grams wheat screenings fed. 536.70 183.88 41.06 9.54 53.78 31.63 174.32 19.34 255.36 110.42 12.18 12.95 Amount consumed, 295.54 grams manure excreted. 720.58 281.97 50.60 34.03 85.41 30.88 193.66 79.54 365.78 129.40 25.13 8.12 Grams digested, . Minus hay digested, . 438.61 332.75 16.57 13.96 54.53 29.58 114.12 118.54 236.38 165.98 17.01 5.85 Wheat screenings digested, . Per cent, digested, 105.86 57.57 2.61 27.36 24.95 78.88 - 70.40 63.76 11.16 86.18 Sheep VI. Amount consumed as above, 289.51 grams manure excreted. 720.58 276.31 50.60 34.15 85.41 29.81 193.66 76.73 365.78 127.66 25.13 7.96 Grams digested Minus hay digested 444.27 332.75 16.45 13.96 55.60 29.58 116.93 118.54 238.12 165.98 17.17 5.85 Wheat screenings digested, . Per cent, digested, .... 111.52 60.65 2.49 26.19 26.02 82.97 - 72.14 65.33 11.32 87.41 Average per cent, for both sheep, 59.11 26.73 80.93 - 64.55 86.80 Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1:7.1. THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. 91 Dried Beet Pulp, Period V. Sheep III. - Dry Matter. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. 550 grams English hay fed, . 250 grams dried beet pulp fed, 511.34 227.30 35.39 7.18 52.00 18.21 156.73 61.87 255.25 139.52 11.97 .52 Amount consumed, 263.27 grams manure excreted, 738.64 249.87 42.57 30.76 70.21 32.48 218.60 50.30 394.77 126.19 12.49 10.14 Grams digested, . Minus hay digested, . 488.77 317.03 11.81 12.03 37.73 28.60 168.30 106.58 268.58 165.91 2.35 5.75 Dried beet pulp digested, . Per cent, digested. 171.74 75.56 : 9.13 50.14 61.72 99.76 102.67 73.59 - Average nutritive ratio of ration, 1:11.7. Molasses Dried Beet Pidp, Period V. Sheep IV. 550 grams English hay fed, 250 grams molasses dried beet pulp fed, 511.34 235.10 35.39 13.38 52.00 26.90 156.73 37.33 255.25 156.86 11.97 .63 Amount consumed, .... 247.50 grams manure excreted, . 746.44 234.75 48.77 28.57 78.90 30.52 194.06 63.38 412.11 102.87 12.60 9.41 Grams digested Minus hay digested, .... 511.69 317.03 20.20 12.03 48.38 28.60 130.68 106.58 309.24 165.91 3.19 5.75 Molasses dried beet pulp digested, Per cent, digested, .... 194.66 82.80 8.17 61.06 19.78 73.53 24.10 64.56 143.33 91.37 - Average nutritive ratio of ration, 1:9.2. Flax Shives, Period VI. Sheep V. 600 grams English hay fed, 250 grams flax shives fed, . 559.50 35.02 225.05 12.58 53.15 37.22 181.95 80.79 275.17 87.21 14.21 7.25" Amount consumed, 358.38 grams manure excreted, 784.55 341.03 47.60 32.94 90.37 31.37 262.74 121.24 362.38 147.53 21.46 7.95 Grams digested, . Minus hay digested, . 443.52 346.89 14.66 11.91 59.00 29.23 141.50 123.73 214.85 178.86 13.51 6.82 Flax shives digested, . Per cent, digested. 96.63 2.75 42.94 21.86 29.77 79.98 17.77 22.00 35.99 41.27 6.69 92.26 92 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 152. Flax Shives, Period VI Sheep VI. Concluded. Drv Matter. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. Amount consumed as above, 346.74 grams manure excreted, . 784.55 330.03 47.60 32.71 90.37 30.59 262.74 115.11 362.38 143.73 21.46 7.89 Grams digested Minus hay digested, .... 454.52 346.89 14.89 11.91 59.78 29.23 147.63 123.73 218.65 178.86 13.57 6.82 Flax shives digested Per cent, digested, .... 107.63 47.82 2.98 23.69 30.55 82.08 23.90 29.58 39.79 45.63 6.75 93.09 Average per cent, for both sheep. 45.38 22.78 81.03 25.79 43.45 92.68 Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1 :6.6. Cocoanut Meal, Period VII. Sheep V. 650 grams English hay fed, 150 grams cocoanut meal fed. 589.55 139.29 42.03 8.44 58.07 30.06 182.23 13.69 292.78 73.02 14.44 14.08 Amount consumed, 271.34 grams manure excreted, . 728.84 254.19 50.47 30.81 88.13 29.26 195.92 73.23 305.80 113.72 28.52 7.17 Grams digested, .... Minus hay digested, . 474.65 365.52 19.66 14.29 58.87 31.94 122.69 123.92 252.08 190.31 21.35 6.93 Cocoanut meal digested, Per cent, digested, 109.13 78.34 5.37 63.63 26.93 89.59 _ 61.77 84.59 14.42 102.41 Sheep VI. Amount consumed as above, 263.11 grams manure excreted, . 728.84 246.67 50.47 30.78 88.13 27.68 195.92 71.04 365.80 110.29 28.52 6.88 Grams digested, Minus hay digested, .... 482.17 365.52 19.69 14.29 60.45 31.94 124.88 123.92 2.55.51 190.31 21.64 6.93 Cocoanut meal digested. Per cent, digested 116.65 83.74 5.40 63.98 28.51 94.84 .96 7.01 65.20 89.29 14.71 104.47 Average per cent, for both sheep, 81.04 63.81 92.22 - 86.94 103.44 Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1:7.1. THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. 93 English Hay, Period VIII. Sheep V. Dry Matter. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. 800 grams English hay fed, 279.28 grains manure excreted, 725.36 259.56 48.82 25.62 75.22 26.73 218.91 73.61 361.52 122.91 20.89 10.69 Grams digested, Per cent, digested 465.80 64.22 23.20 47.52 48.49 64.46 145.30 66.37 238.61 66.00 10.20 48.83 Sheep VI. 800 grama English hay fed, 269.70 grams manure excreted, . 725.36 250.90 48.82 27.30 75.22 26.42 218.91 69.27 361.52 115.94 20.89 11.97 Grams digested, Per cent, digested, .... 474.46 65.41 21.52 44.08 48.80 64.88 149.64 68.36 245.58 67.93 8.92 42.70 Average per cent, for both sheep. 64.82 45.80 64.67 67.37 66.97 45.77 Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1:8.4. Cocoa Shells, Period IX. Sheep I. ■650 grams English hay fed, 150 grams cocoa shells fed, . 579.80 143.21 33.05 12.65 57.40 20.84 176.83 18.98 295.88 83.38 16.64 7.36 Amount consumed 287.64 grams manure excreted, . 723.01 265.15 45.70 28.85 78.24 40.01 195.81 69.47 379.26 117.86 24.00 8.96 Grams digested Minus hay digested 457.86 376.87 16.85 15.20 38.23 37.31 126.34 118.48 261.40 198.24 15.04 7.65 Cocoa shells digested, .... Per cent, digested, .... 80.99 56.55 1.65 13.04 .92 4.41 7.86 41.41 63.16 75.75 7.39 100.41 Sheep II. Amount consumed as above, 284.01 grams manure excreted. 723.01 262.37 45.70 28.70 78.24 37.07 195.81 65.96 379.26 121.69 24.00 8.95 Grams digested Minus hay digested, .... 460.64 376.87 17.00 15.20 41.17 37.31 129.85 118.48 257.57 198.24 15.05 7.65 Cocoa shells digested, .... Per cent, digested, .... 83.77 58.49 1.80 14.23 3.86 18.52 11.37 59.91 59.33 71.16 7.40 100.54 Average per cent, for both sheep. 57.52 13.64 11.47 50.66 73.46 100.48 Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1:10.6. 94 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 152. Wheat Screenings, Period X. Sheep V. Dry Matter. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. 600 grams English hay fed, 200 grams wheat screenings fed, 536,82 177.04 29.31 7.58 50.46 30.98 168.29 14.68 272.55 114.47 16.21 9.33 Amount consumed, 268.48 grams manure excreted. 713.86 249.98 36.89 26.20 81.44 29.35 182.97 71.17 387.02 113.36 25.54 9.90 Grams digested, . Minus hay digested, . 463.88 348.93 10.69 13.48 52.09 32.80 111.80 112.75 273.66 182.61 15.64 1 7.46 Wheat screenings digested, . Per cent, digested. 114.95 64.93 : 19.29 62.26 : 91.05 79.54 8.18 87.67 Sheep VI. Amount consumed as above, 260.94 grams manure excreted, . 713.86 243.51 36,89 27.32 81.44 29.12 182.97 69.50 387.02 108.12 25.54 9.45 Grams digested, Minus hay digested, .... 470.35 348.93 9.57 13.48 52.32 32.80 113.47 112.75 278.90 182.61 16.09 7.46 Wheat screenings digested, . Per cent, digested 121.42 68.58 - 19.52 63.01 - 96.29 84.12 8.63 92.50 Average per cent, for both sheep, 66.76 - 62.64 - 81.83 90.09 Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1:8.1. 3. Series XVIII. Digestion Coefficients of Basal Ration used in this Series. English Hay. Sheep I. and II. English Hay. Sheep V. and VI. English Hay and Corn Meal. Periods X. and XII. Sheep I. and II. Dry matter. Ash, . Protein, Fiber, . Nitrogen-free extract. Fat, . THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. 95 Composilion oj Feedstuff s {Per Cent.). [Dry Matter.] Nitro- Period. Feedstxjffs. Ash. Protein. Fiber. gen-free E.\- tract. Fat. I. English liay, .... 4.90 9.75 31.46 50.95 2.94 II. English hay, 5.78 9.50 31.48 50.45 2.73 II. Corn meal, . 1.39 10.74 2.77 80.07 5.03 VIII. Brook Farm hay, 6.46 8.27 33.89 49.31 2.07 VIII. Waste Sheep I., . 4.68 4.56 38.09 51.61 1.06 VIII. Waste Sheep II.,. 6.09 7.28 33.46 51.48 1.69 IX. English hay, 6. 5.3 9.35 32.10 49.13 2.89 IX. CXX Feed, Poatum ( Uerea 1 ref- 2.74 19.57 18.11 56.46 3.12 X. use. English hay, 6.41 9.80 31.84 49.31 2.64 X. Corn meal, . 1.46 10.93 2.60 80.15 4.86 X. Gloucester fish meal, 24.01 73.17 - - 2.82 XI. English hay. 6.72 9 72 31.65 49.32 2.59 XI. Molassine meal, . 9 40 10.81 7.34 71.72 .53 XII. English hay. 6.49 9.62 31.64 49.51 2.74 XII. Corn meal, . 1.50 10 78 2.72 80.15 4.85 XII. Wilcox fish guano. 16.90 55.46 - - 7.72 XIII. English hay. 6.40 8.80 32.45 49.53 2.82 XIII. Mellen's Food refuse. 4.38 13.51 18.24 59.64 4.23 XIV. English hay. 6.47 8.90 31.89 49 95 2.79 xrv. Molassine meal, . 9.47 12.49 7.79 69 65 .60 XIV. Waste Sheep I., . 13.60 11.33 16 54 57 08 1 45 XIV. Brook Farm hay. 6.32 8.90 32.12 50 53 2 13 Composition of Feces {Per Cent.). [Dry Matter.] Sheep I. Feeds. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. English hay. Com meal, . Brook Farm hay, Gloucester fish meal, Wilcox fish guano, Mola.ssine meal, . 9.73 9.33 9.04 15 30 14.34 11.48 11.37 12.47 11.62 17.46 14.74 13.22 26.53 25 89 26.31 21.67 23 29 24.80 48.35 48.16 49.73 42.17 44.29 47.32 4.02 4.15 3.30 3.40 3.34 3.18 96 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 152. Composition of Feces {Per Cent.) — Concluded. [Drj' Matter.] Sheep II. Period. Feeds. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free E.K- tract. Fat. I. English hay, .... 9.83 10.60 27.48 48.08 4.01 II. Corn meal 10.12 11.68 26.73 47.08 4.39 VIII. Brook Farm hay, 8.57 9.87 28.59 49.88 3.09 X. Gloucester fish meal, . 16.92 18.35 20.29 40.71 3.73 XII. Wilcox fish guano. 15.36 16.41 21.36 43.30 3.57 Sheep V. IX. CXX Feed, Postum Cereal ref- 8.38 17.47 28.78 42.22 3.15 XI. use. Molassine meal, ..... 8.76 12.64 26.74 48 06 3.80 XIII. Mellen's Food refuse, . 10.32 10.99 27.60 47.81 3.28 XIV. Brook Farm hay, 9.64 10.21 30.07 47.02 3.06 Sheep VI. IX. CXX Feed, Postum Cereal ref- 8.36 16.76 29.35 42.54 2.99 XI. use. Molassine meal 9.03 12.54 26.70 48.13 3.60 XIII. Mellen's Food refuse, . ' . 10.54 11.69 25.81 48.84 3.12 Dnj Matter Determinations made at the Time of weighing out the Different Foods, and Dry Matter in Air-dry Feces {Per Cent.). Sheep I. Period. English Hay. Corn Meal. Brook Farm Hay. Glouces- ter Fish Meal. Wilcox Fish Guano. Molas- sine Meal. CXX Feed. Mellen's Food Refuse. Waste. Feces. I. 88.62 - - - - - - - - 92.60 II. 88.32 86. 55 - - - - - - - 93.02 VIII. - - 88.97 - - - - - 90.12 95.52 X. 90.75 88.36 - 94.28 - - - - - 93.52 XII. 89.25 87.57 - - 91.62 - - - - 93.09 XIV. 89.60 - - - - 80.81 - - 74.76 92.20 THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. 97 Dry Matter Determinations made at the Time of weighing out the Different Foods, and Dry Mattel' in Air-dry Feces (Per Cent.) — Concluded. Sheep II. Period. English Hay. Corn Meal. Brook Glouces- Farm ter Fish Hay. Meal. Wilcox Fish Guano. Molas- sine Meal. cxx Feed. Mellen's Food Refuse. Waste. Feces. I. 88.62 - - - - - - - 92.75 II. 88.32 86.55 - - - - - - 93.31 VIII. - - 88.97 - - - 90.12 95.45 X. 90.75 88.36 - 94.28 - - - - - 93.32 XII. 89.25 87.57 - - 91.62 - - - - 93.18 Sheep V. IX. 90.07 - - - - - 90.82 - 93.63 XI. 89.82 - - - - 81.94 - - - 94.08 XIII. 90 00 - - - - - - 93.02 - 94.18 XIV. - ~ 89.85 - - - - - - 92.93 Sheep VT. IX. 90.07 - - - - - 90.82 - - 93.71 XI. 89.82 - - - - 81.94 - - - 94.04 XIII. 90.00 - - - - - 93.02 - 93.99 Average Daily Aiiiount of Mamire excreted and Water drunk (Grams). Sheep I. Period. Character of Food or Ration. Manure excreted Daily. One-tenth Manure Air-dry. Water drunk Daily. I. English hay, 648 25.83 2,586 II. Corn meal 426 21.02 1,660 VIII. Brook Farm hay, 781 25.46 2,235 X. Gloucester fish meal, 658 27.16 3,860 XII. Wilcox fish guano, 538 24.41 2,965 XIV. Molassine meal, 712 26.55 2,926 Sheep II. English hay, Corn meal Brook Farm hay, Gloucester fish meal, .... Wilcox fish guano I. II. VIII. X. XII. 2,413 2,126 2,668 3,596 3,248 98 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 152. Average Dally Amount of Manure excreted and Wafer drunk {Grams) — Concluded. Sheep V. Period. Character of Food or Ration. Manure excreted Daily. One-tenth Water Manure drunk Air-dry. Daily. IX. XI. XIII. XIV. CXX Feed, Postum Cereal refuse, Molassine meal Mellen's Food refuse, . . . . Brook Farm hay, Sheep VI. CXX Feed, Postum Cereal refuse, Molassine meal, . . , . . Mellen's Food refuse 827 549 778 752 31.68 24.20 29.72 30.95 1,696 1,848 2,238 3,051 IX. XI. XIII. 772 684 Weights of Animals for Two Days at Beginning and Two Days at the End of Period (Pounds). Sheep I. Character of Food or Ration. Beginning. End. Period. First Weight. Second Weight. First Weight. Second Weight. I. English hay, 143.00 143.00 145.50 144.75 II. Corn meal, 140.00 139.50 140.75 141.00 VIII. Brook Farm hay, 134.50 135.00 136.25 136.00 X. Gloucester fish meal 131.50 134.50 136.00 136.00 XII. Wilcox fish guano, 138.75 138.25 140.25 140.25 XIV. Molassine meal, 136.00 135.00 135.75 135.25 Sheep II. I. II. VIII. X. XII. English hay, . Corn meal. Brook Farm hay, Gloucester fish meal, Wilcox fish guano, . 142.50 137.75 135.75 135.25 139.00 142.50 137.50 136.00 135.75 139.00 141.50 136.00 135.25 137.00 138.25 141.50 136.00 135.00 137.50 139.00 THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. 99 Weights of Animals for Two Days at Beginning and Two Days at the End of Period (Pounds) — Concluded. Sheep V. Ch.vracter of Food or Ration. Beginning. End. Period. First Weight. Second Weight. First Weight. Second Weight. IX. CXX Feed, Postum Cereal refuse, . 166.25 166.50 163.00 163.00 XI. Molassine meal, 160.25 160.25 157.50 157.75 XIII. Mellen'3 Food refuse 168.50 168.50 158.50 158.75 XIV. Brook Farm hay 156.75 156.00 160.75 157.75 Sheep VI. IX. CXX feed, Postum Cereal refuse, . 158.25 159.25 157.25 156.25 XI. Molassine meal, 154.00 154.00 155.75 154.75 XIII. Mellen's Food refuse 155.00 155.00 154.75 153.75 English Hay, Period I. Sheep I. Dry Matter. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. 800 grams English hay fed, 258.27 grams manure excreted. 708.96 238.90 34.74 23.24 69.12 27.16 223.04 63.38 361.22 115.52 20.84 9.60 Grams digested Per cent, digested, .... 470.06 66.30 11.50 33.10 41.96 60.42 159.66 71.58 245.70 68.02 11.24 53.93 Sheep II. 800 grams English hay fed, 270.48 grams manure excreted. 708.96 250.87 34.74 24.66 69.12 26.59 223.04 68.94 361.22 120.62 20.84 10.06 Grams digested, Per cent, digested, .... 458.09 64.61 10.08 29.02 42.53 61.53 154.10 69.09 240.60 66.61 10.78 51.73 Average per cent, for both sheep. 65.46 31.06 60.98 70.34 67.32 52.83 Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1:10.0. 100 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 152. English Hay, Corn Meal, Period II. Sheep I. Dry Matter. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. 650 grams English hay fed, 125 grams corn meal fed. 574.08 108.19 33.18 1.50 54.88 11.62 180.72 3.00 289.63 86.63 15.67 5.44 Amount consumed, .... 210.20 grams manure excreted, . 682.27 195.53 34.68 18.24 66.50 24.38 183.72 50.62 376.26 94.18 21.11 8.11 Grams digested, Per cent, digested 486.74 71.34 16.44 47.40 42.12 63.34 133.10 72.45 282.08 74.97 13.00 61.58 Sheep II. Amount consumed as above, 227.87 grams manure excreted, . 682.27 212.63 34.68 21.52 66.50 24.84 183.72 56.83 376.26 100.11 21.11 9.33 Grams digested Per cent, digested, .... 469.64 68.83 13.16 37.95 41.66 62.65 126.89 69.07 276.15 73.39 11.78 55.80 Average per cent, for both sheep, 70.09 42.68 63.00 70.76 74.18 58.69 Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1:11.6. Brook Farm Hay, Period VIII. Sheep I. 800 grams Brook Farm hay fed, . 87.43 grams waste, .... 711.76 7S.79 45.98 3.69 58.86 3.59 241.22 30.01 350.97 40.06 14.73 .84 Amount consumed, .... 254.57 grams manure excreted. 632.97 242.40 42.29 21.91 55.27 28.17 211.21 63.78 310.31 120.54 13.89 8.00 Brook Farm hay digested, Per cent, digested, .... 390.57 61.70 20.38 48.19 27.10 49.03 147.43 69.80 189.77 61.15 5.89 42.40 Sheep II. 800 grams Brook Farm hay fed, . 77.14 grams waste, .... 711.76 69.55 45.98 4.24 58.86 5.06 241.22 23.27 3.50.97 14.73 35.80 1.18 Amount consumed, .... 279.58 grams manure excreted. 642.21 266.86 41.74 22.87 53.80 26.34 217.95 76.30 315.17 133.10 13.55 8.25 Brook Farm hay digested, Per cent, digested, .... 375.35 58.45 18.87 45.21 27.46 51.04 141.65 64.99 182.07 57.77 5.30 39.11 Average per cent, for both sheep, .' 60.08 46.70 50.04 67.40 59.96 40.76 Average nutritiv B ratio of rations fo r both sh eep, l:12.v ). THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. 101 CXX Feed, Postum Cereal Refuse, Period IX. Sheep V. Dry Matter. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. 550 grams EnglisliThay fed, 250 grams CXX Feed fed, . 495.39 227.05 32.35 6.22 46.32 44.43 159.02 41.12 243.38 128.20 14.32 7.08 Amount consumed, 316.80 grams manure excreted, 722.44 296.62 38.57 24.86 90.75 51.82 200.14 85.37 371.58 125.23 21.40 9.34 Grams digested, . Minus hay digested, . 425.82 322.00 13.71 14.88 38.93 30.11 114.77 106.54 246.35 163.06 12.06 6.59 CXX Feed digested, . Per cent, digested. 103.82 45.73 - 8.82 19.85 8.23 20.01 83.29 64.97 5.47 77.26 Sheep VI. Amountlconsumedlas above, 330.20 grams manure excreted, . 722.44 309.43 38.57 25.87 90.75 51.86 200.14 90.82 371.58 131.63 21.40 9.25 Grams digested Minus hay digested 413.01 322.00 12.70 14.88 38.89 30.11 109.32 106.54 239.95 163.06 12.15 6.59 CXX Feed digested, .... Per cent, digested 91.01 40.08 ~ 8.78 19.76 2.78 6.76 76.89 59.98 5.56 78.53 Average per cent, for both sheep, 42.91 - 19.81 13.39 62.48 77.90 Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1 :9.S. Gloucester Fish Meal, Period X. Sheep I. 650 grams English hay fed, 125 grams corn meal fed, 100 grams Gloucester fish meal fed, . 589.88 110.45 94 28 37.81 1.61 22.64 57.81 12.07 68.98 1S7.82 2.87 290.87 88.53 15.57 5.37 2.66 Amount consumed, .... 271.60 grams manure excreted, . 794.61 254.00 62.06 38.86 138.86 44.35 190.69 55.04 379.40 107.11 23.60 8.64 Grams digested, Minus hay and corn meal digested, . 540.61 490.23 23.20 16.95 94.51 44.02 135.65 135.39 272.29 280.76 14.96 12.35 Gloucester fish meal digested. Per cent, digested, .... 50.38 53.44 6.25 27.61 50.49 73.20 .20 - 2.61 98.12 102 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 152. (fhniccKter Fish Meal, Period X Sheep II. Concluded. Dry Matter. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free E.x- tract. Fat. Amount consumed as above, 243.33 grams manure excreted, 794.61 227.08 62.06 38 42 138.86 41.67 190.69 46.07 379.40 92.45 23.60 8.47 Grams digested, ... Minus hay and corn meal digested, . 567.53 490.23 23.64 16.95 97.19 44.02 144.62 135.39 286.95 280.76 15.13 12.35 Gloucester fish meal digested. Per cent, digested, .... 77.30 81.99 6.69 29.55 53.17 77.08 9.23 6.19 2.78 104.51 Average per cent, for both sheep, 67.72 28.58 75.14 - - 101.32 Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1:5.2. Molassine Meal, Period XL Sheep V. 550 grams English hay fed, 200 grams Molassine meal fed. 494.01 163.88 33.20 15.40 48.02 17.72 156.35 12.36 243.65 117.53 12.79 .87 Amount consumed, 241.96 grams manure excreted. 657.89 227.64 48.60 19.94 65.74 28.77 168.71 60.87 361.18 109.41 13.66 8.65 Grams digested, . Minus hay digested, . 430.25 321.11 28.66 15.27 36.97 31.21 107.84 104 75 251.77 163.25 5.01 5.88 Molassine meal digested, Per cent, digested. 109.14 66.60 13.39 86.95 5.76 32.51 3.09 25.00 88.52 75.32 - Sheep VI. 600 grams English hay fed, 200 grams Molassine meal fed. 538.92 163.88 36.22 15.40 52.38 17.72 170.57 12.36 265.79 117.53 13.96 .87 Amount consumed, 268.78 grams manure excreted. 702.80 2.52.76 51.62 22.82 70.10 31.70 182.93 67.49 383.32 121.65 14.83 9.10 Grams digested Minus hay digested. 450.04 350.30 28.80 16.66 38.40 34.05 115.44 142.82 261.67 178.08 5.73 6.42 Molassine meal digested. Per cent, digested. 99.74 60.86 12.14 78.83 4.35 24.55 - 83.59 71.12 - Average per cent, for both sheep, 63.73 82.89 28.53 - 73.22 - Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1:9.4. THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. 103 Wilcox Fish Guano, Period XII. Sheep I. Dry Matter. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. 650 grams English hay fed, 125 grams corn meal fed, 100 grams Wilcox fish guano fed, 580.13 109.46 91.62 37.65 1.64 17.36 55.81 11.80 57.42 183.55 2.98 287.22 87.73 15.90 5.31 9.30 Amount consumed, 244.11 grams manure excreted. 781.21 227.24 56.65 32.59 125.03 33.50 186.53 52.92 374.95 100.64 30.51 7.59 Grams digested, .... Minus hay and corn meal digested, 553.97 482.71 24.06 16.89 91.53 42.59 133.61 132.44 274.31 277.46 22.92 12.51 Fish guano digested, . Per cent, digested, 71.26 77.78 7.17 48.94 41.30 85.23 1.17 - 10.41 111.96 Sheep II. Amount consumed as above, 250.16 grams manure excreted, . 781.21 233.10 56.65 35.80 125.03 38.25 186.53 49.79 374.95 100.94 30.51 8.32 Grams digested, Minus hay and corn meal digested, . 548.11 482.71 20.85 16.89 86.78 42.59 136.74 132.44 274.01 277.46 22.19 12.51 Fish guano digested, .... Per cent, digested, .... 65.40 71.38 3.96 22.81 44.19 76.96 4.30 - 9.68 104.09 Average per cent, for both sheep, 74.58 32.06 81.10 - - 108.03 Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1:5.15. Mellen's Food Refuse, Period XIII . Sheep V. 550 grams English hay fed, 250 grams Mellen's Food refuse fed, . 495.00 232.55 31.68 10.19 43.56 31.42 160.63 42.42 245.17 138.68 13.96 9.84 Amount consumed 297.21 grams manure excreted, . 727.55 279.91 41.87 28.89 74.98 30.76 203.05 77.26 383.85 133.82 23.80 9. IS Grams digested, Minus hay digested 447.64 321.75 12.98 14.57 44.22 28.31 125.89 107.62 250.03 164.26 14.62 6.42 Grams Mellen's Food refuse digested, . Per cent, digested, .... 125.89 54.13 - 15.91 50.64 18.17 42.83 85.77 61.85 8.20 83.33 104 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 152. Mellen's Food Refuse, Period XIII Sheep VI. Concluded. Dry Matter. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. Amount consumed as above, 312.56 grams manure excreted, . 727.55 293.78 41.87 30.96 74.98 34.34 203.05 75.82 383.85 143.49 23.80 9.17 Grams digested, Minus hay digested, .... 433.77 321.75 10.91 14.57 40.64 28.31 127.23 107.62 240.36 164.26 14.63 6.42 Grams Mellen's Food refuse digested, Per cent, digested, .... 112.02 48.17 ~ 12.33 39.24 19.61 46.23 76.10 54.87 8.21 83.43 Average per cent, for both sheep, 51.15 - 44.94 44.53 58.36 83.38 Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1:9.52. Molassine Meal, Period XIV. Sheep I. 600 grams English hay fed, 200 grams Molassine meal fed, Amount fed, 11.95 grams waste. Amount consumed, 265.45 grams manure excreted. Grams digested, . Minus hay digested, Molassine meal digested, Per cent, digested, 537.60 161.62 699.22 8.93 690.29 244.74 445.55 349.44 96.11 59.47 34.78 15.31 50.09 1.21 48.88 28.10 20.78 10.78 10.00 65.31 47.85 20.19 68.04 1.01 67.03 32.35 34.68 29.19 5.49 27.19 171.44 12.59 184.03 1.48 182.55 60.70 121.85 120.01 1.84 14.61 268.53 112.56 381.09 5.10 375.99 115.81 260.18 179.92 80.26 71.30 Average nutritive ratio of ration, 1:11.5. Brook Farm Hay, Period XIV. Sheep V. 750 grams Brook Farm hay fed, 309.50 grams manure excreted. Grams digested, . Per cent, digested. 669.38 42.30 59.57 215.00 318.25 287.62 27.73 29.37 86.49 135.23 381.76 14.57 30.20 128.51 183.02 57.03 34.44 50.70 59.77 57.51 Average nutritive ratio of ration, 1:10.7. THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. 105 4. Series XIX. Digestion Coefficients of Basal Ration used in this Series. Dry matter, Ash, . * . Protein, Fiber Nitrogen-free extract, Fat, . . . . English Hay and Gluten Feed. Composition of Feedstuff s {Per Cent.). [Dry Matter.] Nitro- Period. Feeds. Ash. Protein. Fiber. gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. I. English hay, .... 6.19 10.01 30.58 50.63 2.59 I. Gluten feed, .... 1.10 27.75 8.78 58.00 4.37 I. Molassine meal 8.63 11.29 11.09 68.26 .73 II. English hay, .... 5.83 9.52 31.40 50.98 2.27 II. Gluten feed 1.05 27.84 8.75 57.78 4.58 Composition of Feces {Per Cent.). [Dry Matter.] Sheep V. Period. Feeds. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. Fat. I. II. Molassine meal, .... English hay and gluten feed, 8.82 9.25 12.68 12.79 28.90 27.62 46.58 46.75 3.02 3.59 Sheep VI. I. II. Molassine meal English hay and gluten feed. 8.65 10.47 12.57 12.62 27.34 26.49 48.27 46.81 3.17 3.61 106 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 152. Dry Matter Determinations made at the Time of weighing out the Different Foods, and Dry Matter in Air-dry Feces {Per Cent.). Sheep V. Period. EngUsh Hay. Gluten Feed. Molassine Meal. Feces. I II 86.45 88.02 89.78 89.55 83.41 90.92 92.47 Sheep VI. I II 86.45 88.02 89.78 89.55 83.41 90.88 92.59 Average Daily Amount of Manure excreted and Water drunk (Gra77is). Sheep V. Period. Character of Food or R.\.tion. Manure One-tenth excreted Manure Daily. Air-dry. Water drunk DaUy. I. II. Molassine meal, English hay and gluten feed, .... 676 470 30.43 22.65 2,771 2,589 Sheep VI. I. II. Molassine meal English hay and gluten feed, .... 627 465 29.35 22.30 1,899 1,183 Weights of Animals for Two Days at Beginning and Two Days at End of Period (Pounds). Sheep V. Gh.^racter of Food or R.vtion. Beginning. End. Period. First Weight. Second Weight. First Weight. Second Weight. I. II. Molassine meal, English hay and gluten feed, . 133.25 132.75 131.75 131.50 131.50 129.75 132.25 130.00 Sheep VI. I. II. Molassine meal, EngUsh hay and gluten feed, . 156.75 157.25 157.50 158.50 159.50 155.25 152.75 THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. 107 Molassine Meal, Period I. Sheep V. 550 grams English hay fed, 150 grams gluten feed fed, . 200 grams Molassine meal fed, Amount consumed, .... 304.25 grams manure excreted. Grams digested, Minus English hay and gluten feed digested. Molassine meal digested, Per cent, digested Dry Matter. Ash. 475.48 134.67 166.82 776.97 276.62 500.35 402.70 29.43 1.48 14.40 45.31 24.40 20.91 9.58 97.65 58.54 11.33 78.47 Protein. 47.60 37.37 18.83 103.80 35.08 68.72 57 78 10.94 58.10 Fiber. 145.40 11.82 18,50 175.72 79.94 95.78 103.77 Nitro- gen-free Ex- tract. 240.74 78.11 113.87 432.72 128.85 303.87 223.20 80.67 70.84 Fat. 12.31 1.22 19.42 8.35 11.07 10.19 72.13 Sheep VI. Amount consumed as above, 293.54 grams manure excreted. 776.97 266.77 45.31 23.08 103.80 33.53 175.72 72.93 432.72 128.77 19.42 8.46 Grams digested, Minus English hay and gluten feed digested. Molassine meal digested, Per cent, digested, .... 510.20 402.70 22.23 9.58 70.27 57.78 102.79 103.77 303.95 223.20 10.96 10.19 107.50 64.44 12.65 87.85 12.49 66.33 : 80.75 70.91 .77 63.11 Average per cent, for both sheep. 61.49 83.16 62.22 - 70.88 67.62 Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1:6.15. English Hay, Gluten Feed, Period II. Sheep V. 550 grams English hay fed, 150 grams gluten feed fed, . 484.11 134.33 28.22 1.41 46.09 37.40 152.01 11.75 246.80 77.62 10.99 6.15 Amount consumed, .... 226.53 grams manure excreted. 618.44 209.47 29.63 19.38 83.49 26.79 163.76 57.86 324.42 97.92 17.14 7.52 Grams digested Per cent, digested 408.97 66.13 10.25 34.59 56.70 67.91 105.90 64.67 226.50 69.82 9.62 56.13 Sheep VI. Amount consumed as above, 223.00 grams manure excreted, 618.44 206.48 29.63 21.62 83.49 26.06 163.76 54.70 324.42 96.65 17.14 7.45 Grams digested Per cent, digested, .... 411.96 66.61 8.01 27.03 57.43 68.79 109.06 66.60 227.77 70.21 9.69 56.53 Average per cent, for both sheep. 66.37 30.81 68.35 65.64 70.02 56.33 Average nutritive ratio of rations for both sheep, 1:6.23. 108 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 152. 5. Discussion of Results. Owing to the fact that a number of the tests were repeated in a series following, the coefficients secured for each feed in the several series are brought together and discussed below. English Hay. But two different lots of hay were used in all of these experi- ments. It consisted ^of mixed grasses with June grass {Poa pratensis) predominating; cut while in blossom, well cured and in good condition. Before feeding it was cut fine by running it through a feed cutter, and thoroughly mixed to insure uni- formity through the entire lot. Summary of Coefficients, English Hay, Series XVI., Period I.; Series XVIL, Periods I. and VI 1 1.; Series XV III., Period I. Lot. Sheep. 0) i5 I- 0 1" [3 a m 1 la Q < a 1 1 2"" 1 I. f I . . II ■ V . VI.. . . . Average, I II V . VI Average, Average of all trials of similar hay for com- parison. 62.92 59.36 61.39 63.03 32.24 27.27 31.98 35.61 54.53 52.79 53.98 56.42 69.00 62.91 66.67 68.98 65.85 63.51 64.62 65.50 54.06 54.68 48.25 47.48 II. 61.68 66.30 64.61 64.22 65.41 31.78 33.10 29.02 47.52 44.08 54.43 60.42 61.53 64.46 64.88 66.89 71.58 69.09 66.37 68.36 64.87 68.02 66.61 66.00 67.93 51.12 53.93 51.73 48.83 42.70 21 73 65.14 61.00 38.43 47.00 62.82 57.00 68.85 62.00 67.14 62.00 49.30 50.00 The first lot of hay was somewhat less digestible than was the second lot, probably due to the stage of growth at time of cut- ting. The digestion coefficients compare quite closely with those obtained in previous experiments with similar hay. THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. 109 Dried Beet Pulp and Molasses Dried Beet Pulp. Both of these products are the dried residue from the manu- facture of sugar from the sugar beet. Molasses dried beet pulp differs from the plain dried beet pulp in containing a con- siderable proportion of the residual molasses, probably about 25 per cent. The first-named product is noticeably darker in color. Summary of Coefficients, Dried Beet Pulp, Series XVI., Period III.; Series XVII., Period V. ii ^ w a 4 1 Sheep. 05 3 OJ a 1 d 1 ID 'Z m P < Ph E 'Z ta I., 1 1 76.72 32.56 49.97 83.56 90.00 - II 1 1 71.45 18.59 55.47 67.03 86.84 - Ill 1 1 75.56 - 50.14 99.76 73.59 - Average, 1 3 74.58 - 51.86 83.45 83.48 - Summary of Coefficients, Molasses Dried Beet Pidp, Series XVI., Period II. Series XVII., Period V. I., II., IV., Average, 1 1 84.64 55.96 59.87 88.63 91.02 1 1 79.57 36.01 50.19 77.77 89.23 1 1 82.80 61.06 73.53 64.56 91.37 1 3 82.34 51.01 61.20 76.99 90.54 The digestibility of the molasses pulp was about 8 per cent, higher than that of the plain pulp, due to the molasses which is, in all probability, entirely digestible. While beet pulp con- tains 15 to 18 per cent, of fiber, its digestibility is much higher than that of wheat bran or ground oats, due to its soft, un- lignified character. For Sheep III. in the experiment with plain beet pulp, the fiber digestibility is very high, with a corresponding depression in the digestibility of the nitrogen- free extract. It is believed that this condition is abnormal, and that the average of the coefficients for Sheep I. and II. would 110 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 152, be more accurate. The digestibility of the ash in the plain pulp is uncertain, due, partly at least, to the small amount present. There being only about Y2 per cent, of ether extract (fat) in beet pulp, it is not possible to secure digestion coef- ficients for that ingredient. From the variations noted in the digestibility of the different ingredients it is evident that the several sheep differed in their ability to make use of the different nutrients. Cocoanut Meal. This product is the residue from the manufacture of cocoanut oil, and is used largely in European countries. It contains about 20 per cent, of protein and 8 to 10 per cent, of fat and some 9 to 10 per cent, of fiber. The sample used was pur- chased from the Edible Oils Company of New York. Summary of Coefficients, Cocoanut Meal, Series XVII., Periods II. and VII. Sheep. 0 ^ t-i »^ h a> ■ 0 S _2 .9 u 3 m M >. _c 0 .t^ Z m Q < Pt( ^ 2; ta v., 1 1 78.34 63.63 89.59 - 84.59 102.41 VI 1 2 83.74 64.24 89.92 23.36 88.56 102.91 Average 1 3 81.94 64.04 89.81 - 87.24 102.74 Eiiropean results, 1 . 3 5 80.002 - 78.00 63.00 83.00 97.00 1 Kellner's tabulation. 2 Organic matter. This material shows a somewhat higher digestibility than the average of European trials, due partly to its less fiber content. The digestibility of the fiber varied to such an extent as to warrant the elimination of the fiber coefficient. Sheep V. show- ing a slightly negative result, and the two trials with Sheep VI. showing 7.01 and 39.71 per cent., respectively. It seems probable that the addition of the cocoanut meal to the hay im- proved the digestibility of the hay fiber, which accounts for the apparently negative or variable fiber coefficients of the cocoanut meal. The ash, protein, extract matter and fat all show a high digestibility, and indicate this material to be a valuable protein concentrate. THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. Ill Cottonseed Feed Meal, Crcaino Brand. This product consists of a mixture of high-grade cottonseed meal and cottonseed hull bran, the latter being the cottonseed hull from which the lint has been removed. Summary of Coefficients, Cottonseed Feed Meal, Creamo Brand, Series XVII., Period III. • i. S H » Q n H Z (2 V 1 1 57.57 27.36 78.88 - 63.76 86.18 VI., 1 1 60.65 26.10 82.97 - 65.33 87.41 Average, 1 2 59.11 26.73 80.93 - 64.55 86.80 Summary of Coefficients, Wheat Screenings, Series XVII., Period X. {Lot II.). v., 1 1 64.93 - 62.26 - 79.54 87.67 VI.. 1 1 68.58 - 63.01 - 84.12 92.50 Average, 1 2 66.76 - 62.64 - 81.83 90.09 Average for both trials, . 2 4 62.94 - 71.79 - 73.19 88.45 The difference shown in the digestibility of the two lots can probably be accounted for by the fact that the first lot con- tained more fiber and less nitrogen-free extract than did the second. In both trials the fiber coefficient showed that slightly less fiber was digested than when the hay was fed alone, indi- cating somewhat of a depressing effect of the wheat screenings upon fiber digestibility, and also that the fiber contained in the screenings was of decidedly inferior character. The screenings THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. 113 contain a high ash content, but the small amount digested shows it to be of comparatively little value. The experiment indicates that screenings, when finely ground and reasonably free from dirt, chaff and noxious seeds, possess considerable nutritive value. It is likely to be found primarily in the protein and extract matter of the screenings. Flax Skives. Flax shives, sometimes incorrectly called flax bran, consists of the ground refuse stalks and pods of the flax plant. It is found on the market as a component of some molasses and stock feeds. Summary of Coefficients, Flax Shives, SeiHes XVII., Period VI. , iS H Sheep. 3 Cm 1 1 v5 ® Eh o "3) a C3 >> J3 a S 2 1 ^ CO Q < £ s z fe v 1 1 42.94 21.86 79.98 22.00 41.27 92.26 VI 1 1 47.82 23.69 82.08 29.58 45.63 93.09 Average, 1 2 45.38 22.78 81.03 25.79 43.45 92.68 This experiment showed flax shives to have a digestibility of about 45 per cent, as compared with 66 per cent, for wheat bran. It contained nearly 35 per cent, of fiber of which about one-fourth proved digestible, and must be pronounced as distinctly inferior for feeding. Cocoa Shells. Cocoa shells are the hard, outside coating or bran of the cocoa bean. Up to the present time they have been used but little as a feedstuff, although their chemical composition would indicate that they have considerable feeding value. Prelimi- nary feeding experiments have shown them to be rather un- palatable. 114 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 152. Summary of Coefficients, Cocoa Shells, Series XVII., Pen'od IX p m o Shedp. |3 .3 H .9 c o 8 5g ^ t- ja 2 ■is 2 iz; m Q < £ fa S fa I , 1 1 1 1 56.55 58.59 13.04 14.32 4.41 18.52 41.41 59.91 75.75 71.16 100.44 II. Average, 100.54 1 2 57.52 13.64 11.47 50.66 73.46 100.48 The coefficients for both sheep agree closely except for pro- tein. In both cases, however, the protein coefficient is ex- tremely low, due, perhaps, to the presence of considerable vegetable alkaloid. It is doubtful if they have more than one- half the value of corn meal. Their use will be more fully dis- cussed elsewhere. Brook Farm Hay. This hay was purchased at the Brook Farm, just north of the station grounds, and consisted of a mixture of timothy, red top and clover in good condition. Sheep I. and 11. left a considerable portion. Sheep I. refusing the finer portion and Sheep II. the coarser part. In a later trial Sheep V. was in- duced to eat the entire ration. It was used in connection with a feeding experiment. Summary of Coefficients, Brook Farm Hay, Series XVIII. , Periods VIII. and XIV. k ^ H Q ^ o Sheep. "o ,2 .2 t-i .2 a 5 13 H S a o Is C3 Z m Q < (Ih fa g fa 1-, 1 1 61.70 48.19 49.03 69.80 61.15 42.40 II. 1 1 58.45 45.21 51.40 64.99 57.77 39.11 y 1 1 57.03 34.44 50.70 59.77 57.51 38.29 Average, 1 3 59.06 42.61 50.38 64.85 58.81 39.93 Average all trials, mixed hay for 5 10 55.00 30.00 47.00 65.00 59.00 45.00 comparison. THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CATTLE FOODS. 115 The experiment shows this particular lot of hay to compare favorably with all previous trials of mixed hay composed of similar grasses. CXX Feed. This feed is a product from the Postum Cereal Company's works, and is probably the residue from the manufacture of Instant Postum, prepared by roasting a mixture of wheat, wheat bran and molasses. Summary of Coefficients, CXX Feed, Series XVIII., Period IX. u ^ W Sheep. Q 11 H o a 1 JS a "3 g J2 o a ^ m p < Ph ^ 2 fe V 1 1 45.73 - 19.85 20.00 64.97 77.26 VI 1 1 40.08 - 19.76 6.76 59.98 78.53 Average 1 2 42.91 - 19.81 13.39 62.48 77.90 The results of the experiment show the CXX Feed to have a very low digestibility, probably due to the roasting that the product undergoes. The protein and fiber appear to be of little nutritive value, and the material as a whole must be pro- nounced quite inferior for feeding purposes. Fish Meals. Two varieties of fish meal were used in these experiments. The first, Gloucester fish meal, was received from the Russia Cement Company, and is a by-product from the manufacture of fish glue. The second is a by-product from the menhaden fisheries, and up to the present time has been used almost en- tirely as a fertilizer. It had not been treated with sulphuric acid. The fish guano contained more fat and less ash and protein than did the Gloucester fish meal. In some European countries dried fish and even the raw refuse is used as a food for domestic animals. 116 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 152. Summary of Coefficients, Gloucester Fish Meal, Series XVIII., Period X. i <£ K 5 i 1 a Q i 1889, . . 1.62 1.51. 1.58 1.16 .75 .97 .68 .66 .98 .96 1.31 1.75 1.81 1890, . . 1.50 1.35 1.08 1.08 .81 .58 .63 1.10 .69 1.09 .98 1.20 1.76 1891, . . 1.93 1.36 1.21 1.42 .79 .53 .74 .61 .73 1,11 1.56 1.22 2.05 1892, . . 1.38 1.65 1.16 1.02 .96 .84 .97 .55 .96 .98 1.00 1.01 1.65 1893, . . 1.53 1.83 1.27 1.25 1.16 .67 .68 .93 .81 1.37 1.16 1.53 1.92 1894, . . 1.89 1.65 1.04 .86 .93 .75 .57 .44 1.11 1.19 1.22 1.23 2.01 1895, . . 1.46 1.88 1.24 1.40 .84 .66 .51 .53 .68 1.09 1.47 1.78 2.27 1896, . . .97 1.77 1.52 .96 .75 .83 .79 .59 .85 1.10 1.23 1.57 2.22 1897, . . 1.57 1.15 1.74 1.10 .76 .55 .72 .61 .73 1.12 1.48 1.42 1.76 1898, . . 1.43 1.63 1.17 .86 .76 .95 .81 .60 .82 1.19 1,25 1.39 1.75 1899, . . 1.70 1.41 1.54 .90 .60 .59 .51 .56 .88 .76 1.10 1.58 1.82 1900, . . 1.58 1.89 1.52 1.01 .99 .67 .73 .53 1.03 1.07 1.71 1.53 1.89 1901, . . 1.68 .97 1.17 1.19 .77 .61 .59 .51 1.00 1.22 1.14 1.13 1.68 1902, . . 1.49 1.41 1.55 1.04 .94 1.27 .58 .67 .78 1.25 1.12 1.34 1.89 1903, . . 1.49 1.55 1.19 1.15 .85 .97 .57 .77 .78 1.08 1.32 1.56 1.77 1904, . . 1.50 1.36 1.58 1.00 .75 .81 .73 .73 1.20 1.23 1.84 1.43 2.23 1905, . . 1.37 1.28 .89 1.15 .85 .83 .58 .72 .66 1.16 1.22 1.53 1.64 1906, . . 1.53 1.28 1.64 1.05 1.08 .77 .90 .72 1.03 1.41 1.05 1.30 1.70 1907, . . 1.34 1.27 1.39 1.42 .67 .71 .76 .71 .91 1.24 1.59 1.46 1.79 1908, . . 1.73 1.89 1.22 1.35 1.11 .65 .66 .68 .73 1.17 1.14 1.31 1.97 1909, . . 1.64 1.63 1.52 1.14 0.82 .68 .88 .97 .80 .97 1.24 1.54 1.91 1910, . . 1.76 1.40 1.11 .90 1.02 .83 .57 .82 .57 1.05 1.02 1.44 1.76 1911, . . 1.50 1.09 1.77 1.14 .97 .69 .74 .76 .85 1.04 1.24 1.20 1.77 1912, . . 1.60 1.75 1.43 1.32 .86 .64 .89 .77 .75 .87 1.17 1.46 1.98 1913, . . 2.18 .88 1.92 1.06 .87 .80 .65 .72 .83 1.38 1.65 1.34 2.33 Mean, . 1.57 1.47 1.38 1.12 .87 .75 .70 .69 .87 1.12 1.29 1.41 1.89 A SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS. 125 Maximum Barometer. Year. £? § J 1 a < ^ ^ a 4 1 < a 1 o O S 1 i s Q 1^ 1889, . . 30.82 30.97 30.66 30.54 30.40 30.54 30.35 30.45 30.40 30.52 30.67 30.96 30.97 1890, 30.94 30.72 30.56 30.57 30.32 30.28 30.27 30.28 30.42 30.41 30.35 30.61 30.94 1891, 30.62 30.69 30.57 30.56 30.44 30.22 30.37 30.27 30.45 30.67 30.74 30.55 30.74 1892, 30.67 30.72 30.45 30.53 30.43 30.39 30.50 30.24 30.42 30.43 30.44 30.53 30.72 1893, 30.61 30.83 30.63 30.65 30.32 30.36 30.25 30.30 30.45 30.65 30.70 30.92 30.92 1894, 30.77 30.89 30.57 30.52 30.50 30.33 30.31 30.24 30.63 30.42 30.73 30.53 30.89 1895, 30.61 30.44 30.52 30.70 30.55 30.51 30.33 30.29 30.41 30.67 30.73 30.83 30.83 1896, 30.56 30.49 30.62 30.60 30.48 30.42 30.49 30.39 30.40 30.62 30.86 30.94 30.94 1897, 30.77 30.70 30.88 30.61 30.36 30.28 30.33 30.18 30.40 30.67 30.60 30.60 30.88 1898, 30.61 30.64 30.76 30.34 30.33 30.35 30.44 30.26 30.41 30.46 30.53 30.52 30.76 1899, 30.92 30.53 30.49 30.39 30.29 30.25 30.24 30.31 30.47 30.50 30.54 30.66 30.92 1900, 30.67 30.75 30.59 30.48 30.38 30.19 30.16 30.25 30.35 30.52 30.64 30.51 30.75 1901, 30.69 30.34 30.43 30.52 30.20 30.24 30.29 30.28 30.51 30.66 30.37 30.58 30.69 1902, 30.66 30.27 30.50 30.28 30.43 30.46 30.29 30.26 30.38 30.52 30.48 30.75 30.75 1903, 30.62 30.48 30.65 30.46 30.54 30.39 30.17 30.42 30.42 30.40 30.70 30.60 30.70 1904, 30.90 30.67 30.96 30.50 30.37 30.35 30.26 30.42 30.62 30.57 30.57 30.54 30.96 1905, 30.70 30.62 30.60 30.37 30.38 30.19 30.15 30.27 30.41 30.58 30.63 30.86 30.86 1906, 30.78 30.95 30.92 30.45 30.49 30.35 30.46 30.38 30.50 30.63 30.42 30.77 30.95 1907, 30.75 30.78 30.59 30.41 30.34 30.22 30.18 30.35 30.39 30.60 30.59 30.45 30.78 1908, 30.59 30.83 30.59 30.52 30.31 30.40 30.26 30.34 30.45 30.59 30.45 30.61 30.83 1909, 30.75 30.53 30.36 30.60 30.29 30.26 30.27 30.39 30.52 30.52 30.74 30.58 30.75 1910, 30.87 30.80 30.50 30.40 30.40 30.24 30.18 30.37 30.34 30.47 30.40 30.78 30.87 1911, 30.66 30.64 30.72 30.71 30.40 30.24 30.26 30.30 30.41 30.59 30.48 30.57 30.72 1912, 30.59 30.47 30.70 30.62 30.31 30.31 30.35 30.29 30.37 30.46 30.50 30.61 30.70 1913, 30.73 30.44 30.88 30.56 30.39 30.43 30.19 30.41 30.58 30.52 30.72 30.47 30.88 Mean, . 30.71 30.65 30.62 30.52 30.39 30.33 30.29 30.32 30.44 30.55 30.58 30.65 30.83 126 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 153. Minimum Barometer. Year. C3 3 a 4 'C ^ & s a 3 >-> < 1 2 O 1 i > o o a ll a 1889, . . 29.20 29.46 29.08 29.38 29.65 29.57 29.67 29.79 29.42 29.56 29.36 29.21 29.08 1890, . . 29.44 29.37 29.48 29.49 29.51 29.70 29.64 29.18 29.73 29.32 29.37 29.41 29.18 1891, . . 28.69 29.33 29.36 29.14 29.65 29.69 29.63 29.66 29.72 29.56 29.18 29.33 28.69 1892, . . 29.29 29.07 29.29 29.51 29.47 29.55 29.53 29.69 29.46 29.45 29.44 29.52 29.07 1893, . . 29.08 29.00 29.36 29.40 29.16 29.69 29.57 29.37 29.64 29.28 29.54 29.39 29.00 1894, . . 28.88 29.24 29.53 29.66 29.57 29.58 29.74 29.80 29.52 29.23 29.51 29.30 28.88 1895, . . 29.17 28.56 29.28 29.30 29.71 29.85 29.82 29.76 29.73 29.58 29.26 29.05 28.56 1896, . . 29.59 28.72 29.10 29.64 29.73 29.59 29.70 29.80 29.55 29.52 29.63 29.37 28.72 1897, . . 29.20 29.55 29.14 29.51 29.60 29.63 29.61 29.57 29.67 29.55 29.12 29.18 29.12 1898, . . 29.18 29.01 29.59 29.48 29.57 29.40 29.63 29.66 29.59 29.27 29.28 29.13 29.01 1899, . . 29.22 29.12 28.95 29.49 29.69 29.66 29.63 29.75 29.56 29.74 29.44 29.10 29.10 1900, . . 29.08 28.86 29.06 29.47 29.39 29.51 29.42 29.72 29.32 29.42 28.93 28.98 28.86 1901, . . 29.01 29.37 29.26 29.33 29.43 29.63 29.70 29.76 29.51 29.44 29.23 29.42 29.01 1902, . . 29.17 28.86 28.95 29.24 29.49 29.24 29.61 29.59 29.60 29.27 29.36 29.41 28.86 1903, . . 29.13 28.93 29.46 29.31 29.69 29.42 29.60 29.65 29.69 29.32 29.38 29.04 28.93 1904. . . 29.40 29.31 29.38 29.50 29.62 29.54 29.53 29.69 29.42 29.28 28.73 29.11 28.73 1905, . . 29.33 29.34 29.71 29.22 29.53 29.36 29.57 29.55 29.75 29.42 29.41 29.33 29.22 1906, . . 29.25 29.67 29.28 29.40 29.41 29.58 29.56 29.66 29.47 29.22 29.37 29.47 29.25 1907, . . 29.41 29.51 29.29 28.99 29.69 29.51 29.42 29.64 29.48 29.36 29.00 29.05 28.99 1908, . . 28.86 28.94 29.37 29.27 29.20 29.75 29.69 29.66 29.72 29.42 29.31 29.30 28.86 1909, . . 29.11 28.90 28.84 29.46 29.47 29.58 29.39 29.42 29.72 29.55 29.50 29.04 28.84 1910, . . 1911, . . 29.11 29.16 29.40 29.39 29.50 29.38 29.41 29.61 29.55 29.77 29.42 29.38 29.34 29.11 29.55 28.95 29.57 29.43 29.55 29.52 29.54 29.56 29.55 29.24 29.37 28.95 1912, . . 28.99 28.72 29.27 29.30 29.45 29.67 29.46 29.52 29.62 29.59 29.33 29.15 28.72 1913, . . 28.55 29.56 29.26 29.50 29.52 29.63 29.54 29.69 29.75 29.14 29.07 29.13 28.55 Mean, . 29.14 29.17 29.27 29.40 29.52 29.57 29.59 29.63 29.60 29.42 29.29 29.25 28.93 A SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS. 127 Mean Hourly Temperature. Year. a ^ i S i < a 3 <-> •3 1-5 1 3 < 6 a 2 o o a 0! 3 a < 1889, . . 32.9 23.9 37.9 49.3 61.4 67.7 69.5 65.5 61.9 46.5 41.9 35.0 49.5 1890, 32.1 31.7 31.9 46.5 57.1 65.3 69.8 67.2 59.7 48.5 38.0 22.9 47.6 1891, 27.6 29.6 33.7 49.4 57.3 66.6 68.2 70.2 65.3 49.9 39.7 38.3 49.7 1892, 25.3 28.4 33.1 48.7 56.1 70.3 72.2 70.0 60.6 50.8 39.3 28.5 48.6 1893, 19.0 25.7 33.4 44.7 58.7 69.0 71.4 71.0 58.1 53.9 40.1 28.2 47.8 1894, 28.7 25.5 41.6 47.9 58.7 69.4 73.5 69.3 64.8 52.1 36.4 28.5 49.7 1895, 25.0 22.3 33.0 46.9 61.3 70.5 69.3 70.4 63.8 48.1 41.1 29.0 48.4 1896, 23.2 30.0 29.4 49.2 62.4 65.0 70.7 68.2 59.3 46.4 41.9 25.3 49.3 1897, 24.2 25.1 32.9 46.5 57.1 61.8 70.5 66.0 59.8 49.9 36.9 28.8 46.6 1898. 21.8 26.3 39.6 43.0 55.6 66.0 70.9 69.7 63.0 51.1 37.3 26.2 47.5 1899. 23.3 21.8 30.6 46.1 55.7 67.4 70.1 68.0 59.7 51.1 37.0 30.8 46.8 1900, 25.5 24.6 29.5 46.9 55.4 67.1 70.6 70.1 63.8 54.5 41.3 30.6 48.3 1901, 23.7 20.1 33.1 46.8 56.2 68.0 72.5 69.9 62.1 50.1 33.4 26,4 46.9 1902, 22.9 25.5 40.5 47.3 57.0 63.5 67.8 66.1 60.3 50.7 42.8 23.5 47.3 1903, 24.3 27.3 42.6 46.9 59.2 59.6 68.9 62.0 61.3 51.1 34.3 22.5 46.7 1904, 14.3 17.7 31.0 42.5 60.1 65.0 69.8 66.4 59.8 47.2 33.0 19.6 43.9 1905, 20.4 17.7 33.1 45.6 56.9 64.4 71.1 65.8 59.1 49.9 36.3 29.8 45.8 1906, 29.6 23.8 28.3 45.1 56.7 66.1 70.1 70.5 64.0 50.5 38.5 24.2 47.3 1907, 22.4 16.5 35.2 41.5 51.8 63.9 70.0 66.1 61.3 45.6 37.6 30.5 45.2 1908, 25.7 20.5 34.7 45.1 59.2 67.6 72.5 66.6 62.9 51.3 38.0 27.1 47.6 1909, 25.7 28.1 32.4 44.4 55.5 66.4 68.7 66.5 60.5 47.7 41.3 24.7 46.8 1910, 25.5 23.9 39.1 50.6 56.1 63.8 72.1 67.1 61.1 51.7 36.4 21.7 47.4 1911, 27.4 23.3 31.5 43.7 61.9 64.5 73.7 67.8 60.2 48.5 36.7 32.7 47.6 1912, 14.6 20.7 30.5 45.2 58.1 65.0 71.6 66.4 61.2 52.4 40.0 32.9 46.5 1913, 33.6 22.7 37.9 47.6 55.6 66.4 71.4 69.5 59.7 54.7 41.6 31.3 49.3 Mean, . 24.7 24.1 34.1 46.3 57.6 66.0 70.7 67.9 61.3 50.2 38.6 28.0 47.5 128 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 153. Range of Temperature {in Degrees F.). Year. cS 3 a g3 ■-5 >> 1 3 1^ 0, < 1 6 a 1 3 1 03 2 6 i o si i 8 Q 1 d 03 1889, . . 48.0 49.0 40.0 46.0 50.0 44.0 31.0 37.0 41.0 43.0 41.0 57.5 92.0 1890, . . 57.0 54.5 69.0 57.5 48.5 47.5 54.0 47.0 52.0 52.0 51.0 48.5 100.5 1891, . . 52.5 60.0 57.5 61.5 62.0 60.0 48.5 47.5 55.5 69.0 60.5 51.5 100.0 1892, . . 66.5 53.5 54.5 58.5 56.0 54.0 52.0 44.0 49.0 54.5 53.0 47.0 104.5 1893, . . 63.0 54.5 48.0 48.5 57.0 52.5 49.5 57.0 51.0 57.0 52.0 64.0 109.0 1894, . . 52.0 66.0 56.0 63.0 56.0 55.5 50.0 54.0 56.0 43.0 55.0 55.0 115.0 1895, . . 50.0 55.0 44.0 56.0 62.5 51.0 54.0 52.0 64.0 51.0 57.0 68.0 105.0 1896, . . 53.0 67.0 52.0 67.5 62.5 51.0 41.0 55.0 57.5 49.0 54.0 62.0 111.0 1897, . . 51.0 59.0 60.5 60.0 48.0 47.5 36.0 43.0 59.5 63.5 58.0 62.5 102.5 1898, . . 65.5 73.0 45.5 54.0 46.0 50.0 56.5 46.5 58.5 59.5 56.0 60.0 115.5 1899, . . 70.5 61.0 42.0 61.0 55.5 51.0 47.0 51.0 51.5 61.5 40.5 59.0 114.5 1900, . . 56.0 64.0 46.0 59.0 67.5 54,0 51.0 53.0 63.5 61.0 55.0 57.5 104.0 1901, . . 55.0 48.5 57.0 58.5 50.5 57.5 52.0 33.5 59.0 51.0 54.0 70.5 111.0 1902, . . 47.5 49.0 48.5 57.5 61.0 49.0 45.0 44.0 51.5 51.5 47.5 64.0 106.0 1903, . . 57.5 68.0 57.0 62.0 68.0 48.5 52.5 42.0 60.5 55.0 68.5 61.5 109.0 1904, . . 66.0 56.0 68.0 50.5 48.0 51.5 48.0 49.5 58.5 59.5 49.0 47.0 120.5 1905, . . 64.0 59.5 76.0 57.0 50.5 54.0 47.0 47.5 53.0 59.0 50.0 51.5 106.0 1906, . . 56.5 57.5 60.5 53.5 58.5 50.5 43.5 43.0 59.5 53.5 43.5 48.5 98.5 1907, . . 78.0 61.5 74.0 49.0 65.0 57.0 46.0 55.0 49.0 52.5 40.5 50.5 119.5 1908, . . 58.5 68.0 62.0 66.0 55.0 55.5 50.5 51.5 55.0 67.5 39.5 63.5 108.0 1909, . . 61.0 57.5 41.0 61.0 49.0 51.5 51.0 56.0 48.0 61.0 53.5 60.0 102.5 1910, . . 65.0 60.5 65.5 56.0 53.0 53.0 48.5 44.5 48.0 65.0 46.0 49.0 106.0 1911, . . 49.0 54.5 56.5 68.0 67.5 45.0 55.0 50.0 55.0 48.5 48.0 52 0 107.0 1912, . . 64.0 66.0 59.5 54.0 55.5 55.0 57.5 50.0 51.0 56.5 48.5 62.0 117.5 1913, . . 48.5 59.5 73.0 62.0 58.5 55.0 59.0 56.0 56.5 54.5 45.0 48.0 104.5 Mean, . 58.2 59.3 56.5 57.9 56.5 52.0 49.0 48.4 54.1 56.0 50.7 56.8 107.6 A SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS. 129 Maximum Temperatures {in Degrees F.). Year. a 1 0. < ^ a 6 a >> 3 1-5 s i a s 1 o si 1 si Q 55 1SS9, . . 56.0 47.0 61.0 78.0 88.0 90.0 85.0 82.0 81.0 69.0 61.0 63.0 90.0 1890, 61.5 57.5 62.5 79.5 80.0 88.0 94.0 88.5 80.5 78.0 62.5 43.5 94.0 1891, 52.0 54.0 56.5 79.5 87.0 94.0 90.0 92.5 91.5 89.0 64.0 60.5 94.0 1892, 57.0 46.5 60.5 78.5 84.0 95.0 94.0 94.0 80.0 77.5 67.0 46.0 95.0 1893, 50.0 50.0 52.0 67.5 87.0 94.0 90.5 96.0 81.0 80.0 63.0 52.0 96.0 1894, 53.0 49.0 73.0 79.0 85.0 93.0 98.0 91.0 91.0 75.0 65.0 51.0 98.0 1895, 45.5 45.0 49.0 81.0 92.0 95.0 90.0 90.0 97.0 71.0 72.0 65.0 97.0 1896, 41.0 53.0 57.0 88.5 94.5 90.0 91.0 97.0 88.5 72.0 69.0 52.5 97.0 1897. 51.0 48.0 59.0 80.5 79.5 85.6 91.0 85.0 91.5 84.0 63.0 59.0 91.5 1898, 50.0 54.0 60.0 71.0 78.5 89.5 96.5 91.0 93.0 86.5 62.0 48.0 96.5 1899. 49.0 51.0 52.0 82.0 88.5 93.0 90.0 92.0 84.0 82.0 58.0 61.0 93.0 1900. 51.5 56.0 49.0 80.8 91.5 94.0 95.5 96.0 89.0 83.0 67.0 58.0 96.0 1901, 47.0 44.0 56.5 86.5 82.0 98.5 100.5 86.5 92.0 75.0 60.0 60.0 100.5 1902, 47.0 54.0 65.0 83.0 91.0 89.0 90.0 87.0 86.5 74.0 65.0 49.0 91.0 1903, 45.5 57.0 76.0 84.0 92.5 86.5 97.0 84.5 91.0 77.5 74.5 52.0 97.0 1904, 40.0 48.0 65.0 70.5 85.0 92.5 94.5 89.5 84.5 77.5 56.5 43.5 94.5 1905, 51.0 48.5 77.0 79.0 82.5 90.0- 93.0 89.0 85.0 80.5 61.0 54.5 93.0 1906, 60.0 52.5 53.0 74.5 90.0 87.5 88.5 90.5 91.0 77.5 62.0 45.5 91.0 1907, 54.5 43.0 79.5 70.5 90.0 95.0 90.0 96.0 85.0 73.0 60.0 60.5 96.0 1908, 53.0 56.0 67.0 84.0 88.5 91.5 96.0 88.5 88.0 90.5 58.0 65.5 96.0 1909, 54.0 54.5 54.0 80.0 81.5 91.5 93 0 94.0 83.0 85.0 72.0 51.5 94.0 1910, 56.0 53.5 78.0 80.0 84.0 88.0 97.0 85.5 82.0 84.0 61.0 47.0 97.0 1911, 50.5 51.5 59.0 86.0 94.5 89.5 104.0 94.5 84.0 72.5 66.5 62.0 104.0 1912, 45.0 49.5 60.5 78.0 88.0 91.0 98.5 89.0 86.0 83.0 67.0 65.0 98.5 1913, 59,5 55.0 74.0 84.5 89.0 92.0 100. 0 97.0 87. 5 79.0 68.0 53.0 100.0 Me. in, 51.2 51.1 62.2 79.4 87.0 91.3 93.7 90.7 86.9 79.0 64.2 54 7 95.6 130 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 153. Minimum Temperatures {in Degrees F.). Yeah. a 4 3 M s s < a 3 •-5 >-5 1 to 3 < 6 1 o O u s 1 M i Q si 1S89, . . 8.0 -2.0 21.0 32.0 38.0 46.0 34,0 45.0 40.0 26.0 20.0 5.5 —2.0 1890, 4.5 3.0 —6.5 22.0 31.5 40.5 40.0 41.5 28.5 26.0 11.5 —5.0 —6.5 1S91, —0.4 —6.0 —1.0 18.0 25.0 34.0 41.5 45.0 36.0 20.0 3.5 9.0 —6.0 1892, . -9.5 —7.0 6.0 20.5 28.0 41.0 42.0 50.0 31.0 23.0 14.0 —1.0 -9.5 1893, —13.0 —4.5 4.0 19.0 30.0 41.5 41.0 39.0 30.0 23.0 11.0 —12.0 —13.0 1894, 1.0 —17.0 17.0 16.0 29.0 37.5 48.0 37.0 35.0 32.0 10.0 —4.0 —17.0 1895, —4.5 —10.0 5.0 25.0 29.5 44.0 46.0 38.0 33.0 20.0 15.0 —3.0 —10.0 1896, —12.0 —14.0 5.0 21.0 32.0 39.0 50.0 42.0 31.0 23.0 15.0 —9.5 —14.0 1897, 0.0 -11.0 -1.5 20.5 31.5 38.0 55.0 42.0 32.0 20.5 5.0 —3.5 —11.0 1898, —15.5 —19.0 14.5 17.0 32.5 39.5 40.0 44.5 34.5 27.0 6.0 —12.0 —19.0 1899, —21.5 -10.0 10.0 21.0 33.0 42.0 43.0 41.0 32.5 20.5 17.5 2.0 -21.5 1900, —4.5 —8.0 3.0 21.0 24.0 40.0 44.5 43.0 35.5 22.0 12.0 0.5 —8.0 1901, —8.0 —4.5 -0.5 28.0 31.5 41.0 48.5 53.0 33.0 24,0 6.0 —10.5 -10.5 1902, -0.5 5.0 16.5 25.5 30.0 40.0 45.0 43.0 35.0 22.5 17.5 —15.0 —15.0 1903, —12.0 —11.0 19.0 22.0 24.5 38.0 44.5 42.5 30.5 22.5 6.0 —9.5 —12.0 1904, —26.0 —8.0 -3.0 20.0 37.0 44.0 46.5 40.0 26.0 18.0 7.5 —3.5 -26.0 1905, —13.0 —11.0 1.0 22.0 32.0 36.0 46.0 41.5 32.0 21.5 11.0 3.0 —13.0 1906, 3.5 —5.0 —7.5 21.0 31.5 37.0 45.0 47.5 31.5 24.0 18.5 —3.0 —7.5 1907, -23.5 —18.5 5.5 20.5 25.0 38.0 44.0 41.0 36.0 20.5 19.5 10.0 -23.5 1908, —5.5 —12.0 5.0 18.0 33.5 36.0 46.0 37.0 33.0 23.0 18.5 2.0 —12.0 1909, -7.0 -3.0 13.0 19.0 32.5 40.0 42.0 38.0 35.0 24.0 18.5 —8.5 —8.5 1910, —9.0 —7.0 12.5 24.0 31.0 35.0 48.5 41.0 34.0 19.0 15.0 —2.0 —9.0 1911, 1.5 —3.0 2.5 18.0 27.0 44.5 49.0 44.5 29.0 24.0 18.5 10.0 -3.0 1912, —19.0 —16.5 1.0 24.0 32.5 36.0 41.0 39.0 35.0 26.5 18.5 3.0 —19.0 1913, 11.0 —4.5 1.0 22.5 30.5 37.0 41.0 41.0 31.0 24.5 23.0 5.0 —4.5 Mej m, . —7.0 —8.2 5.7 21.5 30.5 39.4 45.3 42.3 32.8 23.1 13.5 —2.9 —12.0 A SUMMAKY OF METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS. 131 Mean Dexo Point (in Degrees F.). Year. a hi J3 1 r ^ S 9 a < 1 1 1 O o Q > 1 1 a s p 1 a a < 1889, . . 26.3 21.2 30.4 43.8 52.8 61.1 62.7 59.5 56.9 39.4 38.3 30.9 43.6 1890, . . 23.8 25.2 26.5 35.6 58.0 57.9 61.5 57.2 55.8 41.0 29.7 14.7 40.6 1891, . . 20.7 21.7 22.6 36.3 44.6 57.0 58.5 62.4 58.1 40.6 30.4 28.2 40.1 1892, . . 18.8 20.9 21.5 33.0 44.9 62.3 60.9 62.1 51.9 41.0 32.1 20.5 39.2 1893. . . 13.9 17.3 24.0 31.4 45.7 58.3 58.8 59.9 49.1 44.2 29.9 21.9 37.9 1894, . . 21.6 17.9 31.1 34.2 52.6 57.9 62.4 58.6 56.2 44.6 27.3 22.3 40.5 1895, . . 19.2 17.1 26.2 35.8 48.7 59.6 59.3 60.4 54.8 35.4 34.4 23.6 39.5 1896, . . 14.3 22.0 25.6 35.9 48.3 53.9 62.4 61.7 54.5 42.4 37.7 19.6 39.9 1897, . . 18.0 18.1 26.9 35.7 48.0 53.3 64.6 59.7 52.7 39.0 31.8 24.2 39.6 1898, . . 18.4 21.8 30.5 34.2 48.8 59.3 64.6 64.6 56.9 46.6 32.7 20.8 41.6 1899, . . 16.6 17.0 25.5 36.5 48.6 59.5 62.5 59.4 51.5 48.8 29.8 25.1 40.1 1900, . . 18.1 17.8 19.3 34.9 43.7 57.0 62.3 62.0 54.7 47.1 32.0 21.7 39.2 1901, . . 16.6 10.6 24.7 35.6 45.7 56.2 63.4 62.3 54.5 39.9 24.1 17.9 37.6 1902, . . 12.3 15.1 32.2 36.3 44.0 53.5 57.3 57.8 53.7 40.5 34.2 15.0 37.7 1903, . . 16.0 21.0 34.6 34.1 44.9 53.7 59.3 54.7 52.5 39.2 25.6 16.1 37.6 1904, . . 9.3 9.5 22.4 31.5 48.4 56.6 61.5 59.0 52.7 37.5 25.1 12.6 35.5 1905, . . 12.8 9.2 24.8 33.5 45.7 56.5 63.2 59.0 52.4 40.3 26.8 23.8 37.3 1906, . . 20.8 15.2 19.3 34.7 46.4 58.3 63.1 63.6 55.2 42.9 27.7 16.5 38.6 1907, . . 13.4 9.0 25.8 32.0 42.2 55.0 61.0 56.5 54.6 37.1 32.0 23.7 36.9 1908, . . 16.5 14.7 26.9 31.9 50.1 56.2 63.7 58.3 53.5 41.8 30.1 18.6 38.5 1909, . . 19.0 21.0 26.0 35.5 45.1 56.6 58.6 57.8 52.6 38.0 32.6 15.8 38.2 1910, . . 18.2 16.9 28.8 39.2 45.5 55.2 61.0 57.4 53.5 41.2 28.2 14.2 38.3 1911, . . 19.7 15.3 22.2 30.1 51.7 55.8 61.7 59.0 52.9 40.1 27.4 23.9 38.3 1912, . . 7.8 12.6 23.4 37.0 50.2 54.5 60.5 58.1 54.3 41.7 31.6 23.5 38.6 1913, . . 25.9 14.1 30.7 38.5 46.0 54.6 59.8 58.6 51.0 46.5 32.1 23.5 40.1 Mean, . 17.5 16.9 26.1 35.1 47.6 56.8 61.4 60.0 53.9 41.5 30.5 20.7 39.0 132 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 153. Mean Relative Humidity. Year. a hi 0, < ^ § a t-5 1 >-> 1 < s B 6 z s o 1 i 13 a a < 1889, . . 79.0 90.0 75.0 78.3 73.8 79.1 78.2 80.4 83.3 75.7 75.4 75.2 .78.6 1890 68.2 74.8 77.3 64.7 67.1 71.3 70.1 74.9 80.9 68.2 67.8 67.2 71.1 1891 72.2 69.4 63.7 60.1 59.3 65.3 66.1 70.3 72.1 65.5 68.7 68.7 66.8 1892 73.7 72.8 64.1 54.5 60.3 68.9 65.6 74.9 70.7 65.5 71.0 70.3 67.7 1893 80.2 74.7 71.4 64.8 66.0 71.1 64.8 70.7 72.8 67.0 68.8 80.9 71.1 1894 78.8 77.5 67.5 60.5 65.8 68.1 68.2 69.9 74.4 82.7 70.8 79.0 71.9 1895 82.5 83.9 80.6 68.1 65.0 68.5 72.7 72.7 73.7 69.2 80.5 75.4 74.4 1896 73.3 87.5 85.3 62.0 62.5 67.3 73.1 79.9 84.0 85.0 82.3 79.8 76.9 1897 77.1 75.7 78.9 68.2 71 5 73.3 80.1 79.6 76.6 68.7 83.2 83.9 76.4 1898 85.2 83.1 72.6 72.1 78.4 77.1 79.3 82.1 80.0 83.6 83.4 80.2 79.8 1899 77.7 82.5 79.1 69.2 70.3 74.0 75.2 74.1 74.0 75.9 76 2 79.4 75.6 1900 75.1 77.4 67.8 64.7 65.5 69.5 71.1 75.9 73.1 77.0 75.9 74.9 72.3 1901 74.3 68,5 70.8 68.1 68.1 65.5 72.3 76.3 76.8 70.5 71.1 69.8 71.0 1902 66.2 66.8 72.3 67.1 63.4 70.8 77.2 76.3 79.1 70.9 75.6 72.5 71.6 1903 72.0 77.7 76.4 64.7 61.3 81.1 71.4 78.2 75.0 74.5 73.5 76.5 73.5 1904 85.5 77.7 74.4 70.8 69.7 77.0 77.7 80.5 81.8 74.0 77.5 77.8 77.0 1905 77.2 75.1 76.7 66.7 68.2 78.8 79.1 82.5 83.2 75.9 73.5 80.6 76.5 1906 74.8 77.4 73.9 70.3 70.9 79.1 82.4 82.9 80.1 84.1 72.2 77.0 77.1 1907 76.1 80.2 73 4 74.1 75.3 76.9 76.4 74.9 83.0 77.7 85.9 80.4 77.9 1908 73.8 84.8 77.9 64 3 74.8 66.2 76.6 79.0 79.1 79.0 79.6 75.1 75.8 1909 78.5 78.9 81.3 76.3 71.2 73.6 71.8 78.1 83.1 76.1 77.2 75.2 76.8 1910 80.9 81 3 72.8 69.1 71.6 75 4 70.3 76.3 82.7 75.0 78.7 78.4 76.0 1911 78.8 77.6 73.2 65 2 72.2 74.5 70.7 77.5 82.4 79.0 73 5 77.3 75.2 1912 81.3 78.4 80.3 77.2 78.5 70.0 71.5 78 3 84.0 74.9 77.2 75.4 77.3 1913 79.0 74.5 79.3 74.4 73.0 68.4 70.5 74.2 80.2 79.2 74.0 81.2 75.7 Mean, . 76.9 77.9 74.6 67.8 68.9 72.4 73.3 76.8 78.6 75.0 75.7 76.5 74.6 A SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS. 133 Mean Per Cent, of Cloudiness from Tri-daily or Semi-daily Observations. Year. >> 3 P C3 1-5 J3 i a < a 3 4^ 3 < s a 3 o O 1 B 1 S i Q C3 3 a a 1S89, 55 40 63 55 42 53 54 43 65 60 68 61 55 1890, 52 66 66 50 59 50 56 57 59 64 47 53 57 1891, 61 59 55 49 54 47 54 58 50 54 50 51 53 1892, 63 55 45 42 66 50 35 53 29 46 58 45 49 1893. 52 57 46 55 55 58 44 45 46 40 49 54 50 1894, 53 53 55 53 52 54 50 44 53 44 50 44 50 1895. 51 39 55 54 46 48 58 44 42 42 61 45 49 , 1896, 43 63 54 39 40 47 50 40 52 63 59 42 49 1897, 46 51 56 46 47 47 64 42 39 39 71 68 51 1898, 66 64 53 68 65 57 53 60 48 62 60 66 60 1899, 53 58 66 42 54 54 50 57 47 60 53 52 54 1900, 52 62 47 46 54 49 48 49 54 64 72 62 55 1901, 58 45 68 75 70 48 63 67 51 48 65 65 60 1902. 60 63 66 68 58 62 66 50 57 51 62 60 60 1903, 61 53 63 50 36 71 52 63 42 58 41 49 53 1904, 55 42 57 52 45 59 55 47 54 42 43 57 51 1905, 58 31 46 43 56 61 55 56 48 36 42 56 49 1906, 51 44 49 49 47 54 53 50 32 52 53 66 50 1907. 58 41 44 33 68 50 42 36 64 30 48 51 49 1908, 37 42 48 42 50 28 47 45 27 37 46 49 41 1909, 61 60 49 52 56 44 33 35 55 49 56 45 50 1910, 60 57 49 56 66 59 34 47 55 44 68 55 54 1911, 62 55 49 42 55 54 42 61 53 59 60 63 55 1912, 55 36 53 64 64 43 46 50 60 40 51 58 52 1913, 63 42 62 55 53 35 39 41 47 63 53 45 50 Me£ in. 55.4 51.1 54.6 51.2 54.3 51.3 49.7 49.6 49,2 49.9 55.4 54.5 52.2 134 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 153. Flours of Bright Sunshine by Sun Thermometer. Year. a 1 p. < & s o a 1-5 1-3 < 1 CO i o O Si > 1 § -i a a a < Possible hours, 294 296 371 402 453 457 462 429 373 341 293 283 4,454 1889, . . 134 183 138 . 191 270 277 182 194 120 129 84 108 2,010 1890, . . 112 131 160 245 225 264 289 199 166 129 143 131 2,194 1891, . . 126 124 195 240 226 248 222 204 224 150 141 143 2,245 1892, . . 128 138 196 244 183 218 287 201 234 178 101 144 2,261 1893, . . 130 111 172 166 188 209 259 225 185 182 133 112 2,072 1894, . . 120 121 150 174 208 180 237 237 176 160 128 159 2,051 1895, . . 153 187 172 188 243 246 192 251 254 197 111 169 2,363 1896, . . 157 168 210 258 297 263 260 254 189 115 105 172 2,448 1897, . . 144 154 188 239 236 248 214 274 221 209 90 108 2,325 1898, . . 132 138 200 168 200 270 236 201 218 157 126 113 2,159 1899, . . 151 147 134 280 221 235 259 206 200 140 130 142 2,245 1900, . . 167 120 216 227 235 259 260 226 177 136 86 108 2,216 1901, . . 117 172 93 103 159 254 208 160 215 178 100 107 1,866 1902, . ' . 120 138 143 139 210 179 185 209 149 164 109 119 1,864 1903, . . 114 145 138 199 311 102 247 169 236 154 182 129 2,126 1904, . . 144 173 172 182 256 256 274 292 204 183 148 115 2,401 1905. . . 119 178 216 247 286 247 263 242 186 209 156 128 2,477 1906, . . 128 183 225 269 288 316 278 266 254 189 155 111 2,660 1907, . . 130 200 245 268 209 217 297 217 110 177 125 122 2,317 1908, . . 154 200 220 277 282 362 308 268 242 186 111 133 2,743 1909, . . 127 157 232 220 263 300 290 241 192 194 146 148 2,510 1910, . . 119 180 275 286 287 279 371 229 245 229 137 156 2,793 1911, . . 145 132 236 296 320 280 297 227 195 124 74 105 2,431 1912, . . 149 180 224 198 214 314 260 238 156 163 140 148 2,390 1913, . . 179 205 182 211 221 312 324 282 182 91 113 121 2,423 Mean, 137 159 189 221 224 253 260 228 197 165 122 130 2,304 Mean per cent., . 46.6 53.4 50.9 55.0 49.5 55.4 56.3 53.3 52.9 48.4 41.6 45.9 51.7 A SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS. 135 Precipitation (in Inches). Year. a 4 a u 1 i a 3 •-9 i < 1 1 o o B 1 a a Q 03 3 a a < 1889, . . 3.29 1.45 1.46 2.42 4.71 5.01 10.52 2.72 3.17 4.58 6.04 3.57 48.94 1890, . . 2.61 4.20 5.37 1.73 5.39 1.63 5.63 4.88 5.85 7.13 1.32 2.86 48.50 1891, . . 1892, . . 6.75 5.85 4.23 1.90 2.99 2.40 2.66 0.76 1.97 6.28 4.75 3.46 5.28 4.41 4.18 6.47 2.66 2.16 2.94 0.66 2.99 4.98 5.40 1.01 46.80 40.34 1893, . . 3.33 5.75 3.66 4.41 5.02 3.32 2.59 3.49 2.82 4.88 2.81 4,86 46.94 1894, . . 2.16 1.74 1.77 1.83 4.00 3.13 1.55 0.31 4.63 4.85 3.14 3.53 32.64 1895, . . 3.87 1.05 2.71 5.56 2.07 2.76 3.87 3.46 5.04 4.77 5,36 3.94 44.46 1896, . . 1.07 4.67 6.11 1.32 2.58 2.57 4.96 3.84 5.41 3.23 3.03 0.87 39.66 1897, . . 3.00 2.52 3.53 2.42 4.38 6.65 14.51 4.29 1.94 0.73 5.85 7.23 57.05 1898, . . 7.15 3.80 1.63 3.73 5.61 3.69 4.09 6.85 3.65 6.27 5.48 2.30 54.25 1899, . . 2.80 3.56 7.13 1.79 1.28 4.13 4.89 2.00 7.90 1.84 2.17 2.00 41.49 1900. . . 4.08 8.12 5.76 1.85 3.78 3.65 4.67 4.11 3.67 3.72 5.87 2.40 51.68 1901, . . 1.81 0.62 5.66 5.95 6.91 0.87 3.86 6.14 fr65 4.17 3.88 2.08 7.77 49.72 1902. . . 1.72 3.54 5.29 3.31 2.32 4.54 4.66 5.83 5.59 1.27 4.27 46.99 1903, . . 3.28 4.27 6.40 2.30 0.48 7.79 4.64 4.92 1.66 2.72 2.04 3.95 44.45 1904, . . 4.74 2.45 4.48 5.73 4.55 5.35 2.62 4.09 5.45 1.74 1.35 2.75 45.30 1905, . . 3.90 1.70 3.66 2.56 1.28 2.86 2.63 6.47 6.26 2.27 2.06 3.15 38.80 1906. . . 2.18 2.73 4.90 3.25 4.95 2.82 3.45 6.42 2.59 5.69 1.98 4.49 45.45 1907, . . 2.73 1.92 1.82 1.98 4.02 2.36 3.87 1.44 8.74 5.00 4.50 3.89 42.27 1908, . . 2.25 3.53 2.86 1.97 4.35 0.76 3.28 4.27 1.73 1.57 1.06 3.05 30.68 1909, . . 3.56 5.16 3.01 5.53 3.36 2.24 2.24 3.79 4.99 1.23 1.06 2.95 39.12 1910, . . 6.14 5.08 1.37 3.07 2.67 2.65 1.90 4.03 2.86 0.93 3.69 1.72 36.11 1911, . . 2.36 2.18 3.80 1.87 1.37 2.02 4.21 5.92 3.41 8.81 3.84 4.42 44.21 1912, . . 2.18 3.16 5.70 3.92 4.34 0.77 2.61 3.22 2.52 2.07 4.03 4.04 38.56 1913, . . 3.98 2.94 6.38 3.30 4.94 0.90 1.59 2.26 2.56 5.16 2.11 3.38 39.50 Mean, . 3.47 3.28 3.99 3.01 3.74 3.22 4.34 4.17 4.07 3.69 3.20 3.59 43.76 136 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 153. Wirid Movement (in Miles). Yeab. d 1 J3 1 i < i o c 3 1 < J & t 1 0 0 1 I P -3 0 a < 1889, 5,101 4,828 7,068 5,648 4,056 4,056 4,032 2,811 4,310 4.762 2,589 4,445 53.706 1890, 4,914 4,616 5,395 5.032 5,284 3,776 3,976 4,116 3,507 i 4,143 1 4,228 5.673 54,648 1891, 4,954 4,759 6,261 5.484 4,610 3.713 3,907 3,324 3,201 4,319 5,215 5.465 55,212 1892, 5,059 3,438 7.046 5,370 5,056 4,500 3,365 3,390 3,672 4,071 5,231 4,522 54,720 1893, 4,056 5,242 5,757 5,384 4,833 3,572 3,640 4,126 3.508 4,198 4,179 3,916 52,411 1894, 4,193 4,865 4,406 4,105 2,180 1.838 1,109 1,920 1,414 2,540 4,179 3.508 36,257 1895, 2,896 3.920 4,360 4,098 4.071 3,050 2,934 3,397 3,444 4.029 4,156 5.506 46.861 1896, 4,943 6,445 8.182 4,674 4.838 3,926 4.048 2,968 4,686 4,544 4,654 5,290 59,198 1897, 5,501 4,493 5,363 5.523 5,603 4,208 4,007 3,452 3,506 3,938 4,558 4,068 54,220 1898, 3,494 3,699 3,864 5.477 4.769 4.162 3,377 3,111 2,787 3,999 4,856 4,830 48,425 1899, 4,926 4,427 5,275 3,984 4.219 3.814 3,891 2,522 3,967 2,582 3,361 4,142 47,110 1900, 4,904 5,016 5,602 5.039 4.381 4.101 3,701 2,322 3.042 3,315 4,877 4,203 50,503 1901, 5,224 5.484 5,482 6,211 4,525 3,647 2,763 2,144 2,358 3,652 4,583 4,280 50,353 1902, 4,078 5,199 6,601 4.642 4,328 4.102 2,929 2,386 2,680 4,398 3,077 4.018 48,438 1903, 4,254 4,529 4,169 5.125 3,908 3,130 3.087 2,105 2,890 4,703 3,362 4.994 46,256 1904, 4,112 4,910 4.444 4,902 3,830 3,127 3.268 3,232 3,602 4,160 3,470 3,940 46,994 1905, 5,180 4,503 3,006 4,855 5,004 3,108 3.464 3,030 2,527 3,397 4,317 4,051 46,442 1906, 5,706 4,565 5,686 4,777 3.766 1,409 3,773 3,412 4,249 4,398 5,978 5,554 53,273 1907, 4,987 5.272 5,718 7,096 5.946 4,223 4,114 3,928 3,582 5,111 4,773 5,266 60,016 1908, 7.770 5.511 5,759 8,208 5.818 4,571 3,815 3,802 3,757 3,643 5,485 5,432 63,571 1909, 5,991 5,585 7,034 6,679 5,371 4,225 5,097 3,485 4,008 4,400 5,793 5,845 63,513 1910, 5,786 5,834 5,579 5,533 5,289 3,685 3,812 4,271 3,336 5,467 5,215 5,435 59,242 1911, 6,085 5.515 7.485 5,738 4,939 3,546 3.878 3,029 3,809 3,451 5,950 4,857 58,282 1912, 4,872 4,798 5,291 6,094 5,332 4,533 3,992 3.698 2,980 3,953 5,037 5.337 55,897 1913, 5,359 5,194 6,413 5,659 3,672 3,746 4,315 3,441 3,220 4,698 5,003 4,400 55,120 Mean, . 4,974 4,906 5,650 5,413 4,625 3.671 3,612 3,177 3,362 : 4,115 4,565 4.759 52,827 A SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS. 137 Maximum Wind Pressure (in Pounds per Square Foot). Yeab. .a 1 i i 2 o a >> 00 1 1 J 2 o O a 1 i i si 1S89. . . 26.0 24.0 16.7 15.5 9.0 11.5 10.0 6.5 9.7 12.2 14.5 29.0 29.0 1890, . . 27.7 17.5 13.5 11.5 16.5 10.0 9.2 13.0 5.0 11.0 9.5 24.5 27.7 1891, . . 16.2 13.5 10.5 14.0 10.7 10.5 4.5 2.5 4.0 9.5 15.7 14.0 16.2 1892, . . 10.5 11.5 20.5 16.7 15.7 20.5 11.5 7.5 15.5 12.5 16.0 13.5 20.5 1893, . . 12.0 20.0 18.5 24.5 24.7 9.0 13.0 37.5 14.5 23.0 14.0 18.5 37.5 1894. . . 20.0 22.5 11.5 15.5 14.5 14.0 9.5 9.5 13.0 10.0 18.0 15.0 22.5 1895, . . 13.0 25.0 20.0 10.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 5.5 43.0 14.0 22.0 24.0 43.0 1896, . . 15.0 24.5 19.0 18.0 25.0 7.7 8.5 12.5 19.0 12.0 15.0 12.0 25.0 1897, . . 18.5 10.0 13.5 14.0 22.0 7.0 12.0 14.0 20.0 11.5 20.0 12.0 22.0 1898, . . 22.5 15.5 15.5 10.0 18.0 8.5 17.5 13.0 30.5 12.0 19.0 28.0 30.5 1899, . . 20.0 15.0 22.0 9.5 10.5 7.5 12.0 5.5 6.5 6.5 11.0 15.5 22.0 1900. . . 20.5 30.5 16.0 13.0 22.0 12.5 23.0 16.0 17.0 10.0 18.0 13.0 30.5 1901, . . 12.5 10.5 10.5 13.5 11.5 7.5 14.5 2.0 24.0 9.0 17.5 14.5 24.0 1902, . . 12.0 24.0 24.0 14.0 10.0 15.0 7.5 8.0 4.0 8.0 9.5 12.5 24.0 1903, . . 12.5 22.0. 8.0 12.5 9.5 9.0 15.5 3.0 7.5 3.0 9.5 17.0 22.0 1904, . . 11.0 23.5 14.5 15.5 11.0 6.0 11.0 6.5 14.5 23.5 11.5 9.5 23.5 1905, . . 23.5 18.0 16.5 18.0 9.5 6.0 9.0 7.0 7.0 9.0 9.0 14.0 23.5 1906, . . 8.0 8.5 7.0 10.0 7.5 5.0 6.5 4.5 4.5 9.0 8.5 12.0 12.0 1907. . . 14.0 20.0 27.0 12.0 6.5 6.0 32.5 4.5 6.0 9.0 8.5 18.5 32.5 1908. . . 16.0 23.0 10.0 32.0 13.0 7.0 10.0 4.0 9.0 9.0 9.5 7.5 32.0 1909, . . 8.5 18.5 18.0 27.5 8.0 7.0 7.0 3.0 5.5 8.5 13.0 14.0 27.5 1910, . . 15.0 15.0 11.5 6.0 7.5 4.0 6.0 8.5 2.5 8.0 7.5 10.5 15.0 1911, . . 19.0 9.5 21.0 9.0 7.5 5.0 7.5 3.0 5.0 6.0 15.0 30.5 30.5 1912. . . 19.5 23.0 6.0 10.0 13.5 8.5 5.5 6.5 3.5 5.0 18.0 10.0 23.0 1913, . . 18.0 13.5 23.5 16.5 5.5 4.5 27.0 4.5 6.5 23.0 14.5 7.0 27.0 Maximum, 27.7 30.5 ! 27.0 32.0 ' 25.0 20.5 32 5 1 37.5 43.0 23 5 22.0 1 30.5 43.0 138 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 153. Maximum Velocity of Wind (in Miles per Hour). Year. a 1 ft < ^ S o a 3 1-5 1-5 3 < e o M o 6 1 a 3 a ■I' 1889, . . 72 69 58 56 42 48 45 36 44 50 54 76 76 1890, 74 59 52 48 57 45 43 51 32 47 44 70 74 1891, 57 52 46 53 46 46 30 23 28 44 56 53 57 1892, 46 48 64 58 56 64 48 39 56 50 57 52 64 1893, 49 63 61 70 70 42 51 87 54 68 53 61 87 1894, 63 67 48 56 54 53 44 44 51 45 60 55 67 1895, 51 71 63 45 37 40 40 33 93 53 66 69 93 1896, 55 70 62 60 71 39 41 50 62 49 55 49 71 1897, 61 45 52 53 66 37 49 53 63 48 63 49 66 1898, 67 56 56 45 60 41 59 51 78 49 62 75 78 1899, 64 55 66 44 46 39 49 33 36 36 47 56 66 1900, 64 78 57 51 66 50 68 57 60 45 60 51 78 1901, 49 46 46 52 48 39 54 20 69 42 59 54 69 1902, 49 69 69 53 45 55 39 40 28 40 44 50 69 1903, 50 66 40 50 44 43 56 24 39 40 44 58 66 1904, 47 69 54 56 47 35 47 36 54 69 48 44 69 1905, 69 60 57 60 44 35 43 37 37 43 43 53 69 1906, 45 41 37 45 39 32 36 30 30 42 41 49 49 1907, 53 63 74 49 36 35 81 30 35 42 41 61 81 1908, 56 68 45 80 51 37 45 28 42 42 44 39 80 1909, 41 61 60 74 40 37 37 24 33 41 51 53 74 1910, 55 55 48 35 39 28 35 41 22 40 39 46 55 1911, 62 44 65 42 39 32 39 24 32 35 55 79 79 1912, 62 68 35 45 52 41 33 36 26 32 60 45 68 1913, 60 52 68 58 33 30 73 30 36 68 54 37 73 A SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS. 139 Snow, Frost and Weather. Year. Last Snow. First Snow. i o e2 Last Frost. First Frost. 03 • &§ o'B. 3 O & Q 3 P OS a >> o >. a- 3 -Q O IS 1889, . April 2 Oct. 13 26.0 May 26 Sept. 21 119 94 110 161 1890, . April 8 Oct. 19 43.5 May 12 Sept. 25 141 137 105 123 1891, . May 5 Nov. 26 54.2 May 19 Oct. 12 112 145 103 117 1892, . April 10 Nov. 5 42.5 May 10 Sept. 30 108 123 109 134 1893, . April 21 Nov. 4 74.3 May 8 Sept. 3 143 101 96 168 1894, . April 12 Nov. 5 71.5 May 22 Aug. 22 125 107 83 175 1895, . April 3 Oct. 20 61.0 May 17 Aug. 22 119 118 110 137 1896, . April 7 Nov. 14 44.0 May 1 Sept. 24 108 132 192 132 1897, . April 27 Nov. 12 52.8 May 8 Sept. 22 127 108 109 148 1898, . April 6 Nov. 24 69.5 April 27 Sept. 21 125 78 1.38 149 1899, . April 16 Oct. 12 52.0 May 4 Sept. 14 110 91 139 135 1900, . April 9 Nov. 9 37.0 May 29 Sept. 15 131 83 144 138 1901, . April 3 Nov. 11 52,3 May 6 Sept. 26 135 81 105 179 1902, . April 2 Oct. 29 57.0 May 14 Sept. 6 144 73 113 179 1903, . April 4 Oct. 26 33.5 May 2 Sept. 25 116 119 98 148 1904, . April 20 Oct. 12 59.5 April 23 Sept. 22 126 142 96 128 1905, . May 1 Nov. 9 40.0 May 24 Sept. 12 122 130 128 107 1906, . April 23 Nov. 11 56.2 May 20 Sept. 25 121 130 140 95 1907, . May 11 Nov. 23 54.5 May 22 Sept. 27 122 95 155 115 1908, . April 20 Nov. 5 38.5 June 3 Sept. 16 109 143 130 93 1909, . April 9 Nov. 5 31.0 May 12 Oct. 13 128 112 151 102 1910, . Mar. 14 Nov. 8 44.5 May 6 Sept. 23 117 142 152 71 1911, . April 19 Nov. 14 35.0 May 5 Sept. 14 120 106 131 128 1912, . April 9 Nov. 3 33.8 May 1 Aug. 31 117 71 182 113 1913, . April 9 Oct. 31 26.5 May 15 Sept. 10 135 105 144 116 140 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 153. Summary for the Twenty-five Years 1889-1913, inclusive. Barometer {Pressure in Inches). Maximum reduced to freezing, Feb. 26, 1889, 11 a.m., . . 30.650 Minimum reduced to freezing, Feb. 8, 1895, 7 a.m., . . . 28.240 Maximum reduced to freezing and sea level, Feb. 26, 1889, 11 A.M., 30.970 Minimum reduced to freezing and sea level, Jan. 3, 1913, 7 a.m., 28.550 Mean, 30.012 Total range, 2.420 Greatest annual range, 1913, 2.330 Least annual range, 1905, 1 . 640 Mean annual range, 1 . 890 Greatest monthly range, January, 1913, 2 . 180 Least monthly range, August, 1894, .440 Mean monthly range, 1 . 100 Air Temperature {in Degrees F.). Highest, July 4, 1911, 3.30 P.M., 104.0 Lowest, Jan. 5, 1904, 7.30 A.M., -26.0 Mean, 47.5 Total range, 130.0 Greatest annual range, 1904, 120 . 5 Least annual range, 1906, 98.5 Mean annual range, 107 . 6 Greatest montlily range, January, 1907, 78.0 Least montlily range, August, 1901, 33.5 Mean monthly range, 54 . 6 Greatest daily range, Dec. 10, 1902, 54.0 Least daily range, June 2, 1907, 2.0 Humidify. Mean dew point, . . 39 . 0 Mean relative humidity, 74 . 6 Precipitation {in Inches). Total rain or melted snow, 1,093.91 Total snowfaU, 1,190.70 Greatest annual precipitation, 1897, 57.05 Least annual precipitation, 1908, 30.68 Mean annual precipitation, 43 . 76 Greatest monthly precipitation, July, 1897, 14 . 51 Least monthly precipitation, August, 1894, . . . . . .31 Mean monthly precipitation, 3 . 65 A SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS. 141 Wind {in Miles). Total movement, 1,320,668 Greatest anmial movement, 1908, 63,571 Least annual movement, 1894, 36,257 Mean annual movement, 52,827 Greatest monthly movement, April, 1908, 8,208 Least monthly movement, July, 1894, 1,109 Mean montlily movement, 4,402 Greatest daily movement, April 8, 1909, 705 Least daily movement, Sept. 29, 1894, March 7, 1890, Jan. 6, 1904, 0 Mean daily movement, 145 Maximum pressure per square foot, 43 pounds, = 93 miles per hour, Sept. 11, 1895, 3 p.m. Weather. Mean cloudiness observed, per cent., '. 52.2 Total cloudiness by the sun thermometer, per cent., . . . 48.3 Number of clear days, 2,766 Number of fair days, 3,073 Number of cloudy days, 3,291 Gales of 75 or more miles per hour: 1889, Dec. 26, 76, N.W.; 1893, Aug. 29, 87, S.W.; 1895, Sept. 11, 93, N.E.; 1898, Sept. 7, 78, S.W.; Dec. 4, 75, E.S.E.; 1900, Feb. 22, 78, W.N.W.; 1907, July 20, 81, W.; 1908, April 11, 80, N.N.W.; 1911, Dec. 28, 79, W.N.W. The following summary was abstracted from meteorological records taken in Amherst prior to the establishment of the meteorological observatory at the college in 1889. The records from 1836 to 1883 are from the observations of the late Prof. E. S. Snell of Amherst College. These records were taken at his house, about one and a half miles south of the location of the meteorological observatory at the Massa- chusetts Agricultural College, and at practically the same ele- vation above sea level. The precipitation records are believed to be fairly comparable with the records of this station, although perhaps slightly affected by the difference of topography surrounding the two places. As Professor Snell changed his time of taking tem- peratures, and used different methods of deducing the mean temperatures in conformity with the current practices at dif- 142 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 153. ferent dates, the comparison with those of this station should be made with more caution. The maximum and minimum temperatures of the earlier years were not all taken with self- registering instruments, and this fact should be taken into con- sideration when comparisons are made. The records from 1883 to 1889 were taken at the State Experiment Station, on the college grounds, under the direction of Dr. C. A. Goe'ssmann, at that time the director of the State Agricultural Experiment Station, and are fairly comparable with the records of this station. Mean temperature for seventy-seven years : — 47.5X25+46.7X52 ^^eg^ 77 ^ Mean precipitation for seventy-eight years: — 44.36X53+43.76X25 ^ ^^^^ .^^^^^ 78 A SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS. 143 Record of the Rainfall in Inches from 1S36 to 1S8S, inclusive. 1 u u Year. & 4 1 a a a 1 a «-3 U3 < a 1-3 < 4S 0. s O > 1 a a < 1836, . . 4.21 3.83 3.13 1.98 2.59 3.45 6.02 0.96 2.28 3.02 3.49 5.80 40.76 1837, . . 1.75 2.42 2.65 4.33 5.76 4.49 7.35 2.57 1.07 2.06 1.90 2.35 38.70 1838, . . 2.45 1.67 1.69 2.02 3.63 4.90 2.27 3.95 6.38 4.12 5.77 0.96 39.81 1839, . . 1.66 1.75 1.69 4.14 3.49 3.30 9.56 2.51 2.82 1.78 3.04 7.09 42.83 1840. . . 3.15 2.03 3.18 3.98 1.91 4.60 3.34 6.82 5.20 5.04 4.61 3.15 47.01 1841, . . 5. SO 1.50 2.85 4.52 3.47 1.65 2.55 3.18 3.50 3.73 2.80 0.08 41.63 1842, . 1.02 3.78 2.39 2.92 2.40 3.18 1.95 7.42 3.23 2.84 3.73 3.19 38.05 1843, . . 1.99 3.49 5.73 4.82 2.09 5.18 2.53 9.38 1.57 9.45 3.07 2.28 51.58 1844, . . 3.44 2.18 4.12 0.57 5.59 3.00 3.81 4.93 1.84 6.49 2.12 2.49 40.58 1845, . . 4.97 3.37 3.56 1.70 2.42 2.57 3.31 2.79 2.58 4.66 3.90 3.91 39.74 1846, . . 2.74 2.55 4.35 1.54 4.33 3.10 3.25 2.44 0.47 2.09 4.96 3.10 34.92 1847, . . 4.86 4.88 3.57 1.41 1.91 4.44 4.48 4.06 3.63 3.99 4.17 6.41 47.81 1848, . . 2.92 2.60 3.03 1.55 6.18 2.58 4.72 1.53 2.49 3.15 3.09 5.54 39.38 1849, . . 0.99 0.99 4.21 2.24 3.61 1.53 2.25 7.86 1.40 6.36 3.65 3.36 38.45 1850, . . 4.75 3. 50 1.80 3.93 8.72 2.88 6.81 6.50 4.93 3.65 2.63 5.37 55.59 1851, . . 1.66 5.07 1.28 4.43 4.07 3.69 4.31 3.03 2.05 5.43 5.30 3.17 43.50 1852, . . 2 42 3.35 3.26 4.71 2.30 2.54 3.38 5.19 2.48 1.76 6.43 4.88 42.70 1853, . . 2^11 6.69 2.39 3.79 5.40 2.64 3.59 7.13 5.66 3.75 6.24 1.84 51.23 1854, . . 2.01 4.53 3.11 8.33 3.19 1.75 3.53 0.99 5.40 2.31 7.48 2.39 45.08 1855. . . 5.06 2.70 1.08 3.85 1.49 5.19 6.10 2.55 0.55 10.08 4.12 5.41 48.18 1856, . . 2.48 0.79 1.12 2.51 5.31 1.92 1.96 12.13 3.47 1.40 2.85 4.19 40.13 1857, . . 3.55 2.41 2.12 7.68 6.82 2.66 4.98 3.14 3.04 3.88 2.07 5.31 47.66 1858, . . 3.52 1.60 0.80 3.20 2.98 4.62 6.73 4.82 4.14 3.86 2.16 3.16 41.59 1859, . . 4.89 3.54 6.27 2.96 4. OS 6.16 2.61 6.05 4.47 1.85 2.90 4.85 51.29 1860, . . 1.21 2.93 1.58 1.28 4.57 3.57 6.13 2.68 6.12 2.18 3.52 3.84 39.61 1861. . . 4.34 3.28 3.76 5.65 4.45 2.69 5.23 4.10 2.75 4.53 3.93 2.17 46.88 1862, . . 5.25 2.84 4.20 2.28 2.33 11.69 5.12 2.98 2.12 3.28 4.76 1.91 48.86 1863, . . 5.05 4.43 5.60 2.33 3.59 4.09 8.64 6.11 2.16 4.04 5.28 4.87 56.19 1864, . . 2.20 1.12 2.58 2.57 2.54 1.38 0.96 4.40 2.92 2.94 6.20 4.63 34.44 1865, . . 3.48 2.88 5.98 2.90 7.89 2.94 3.72 1.86 0.37 4.98 2.45 3.54 42.99 1866, . . 1.36 4.62 3.16 2.03 4.48 5.66 4.02 3.96 4.71 3.38 3.86 3.57 44.81 1867, . . 1.32 3.65 3.12 3.79 4.61 5.67 4.00 9.16 1.11 3.85 4.31 1.51 46.10 1868, . . 3.52 1.03 3.25 4.27 7.66 2.44 3.28 5.67 10.63 1.37 4.80 1.47 49.59 1869, . . 3.47 4.14 5.46 1.53 5.65 5.99 2.98 1.04 4.32 11.36 2.59 4.96 53.49 1870, . . 5.87 5.25 2.71 3.70 1.72 2.73 2.53 2.83 1.75 4.49 3.28 1.84 38.70 1871, . . 1.96 2.91 3.99 3.09 3.82 6.58 3.52 6.45 1.30 6.09 3.51 2.67 45.89 1872, . . 1.51 1.89 2.87 2.20 3.11 3.25 7.07 5.28 6.20 3.64 4.48 2.69 44.19 1873, . . 5.01 2.17 3.13 1.74 3.91 1.59 2.93 3.47 4.77 6.36 3.51 3.31 41.90 1874, . . 5.46 2.19 1.35 6.03 5.22 5.06 11.58 2.09 1.82 1.85 3.54 1.17 47.96 1875, . . 2.90 3.62 4.20 3.33 2.19 2.89 8.15 6.17 4.65 3.89 3.97 1.03 46.99 1876, . . 2.31 5.53 7.14 3.11 3.96 3.87 4.84 0.27 3.71 1.12 2.49 3.22 41.57 1877, . . 2.52 0.30 6.97 2.45 1.93 4.59 6.47 2.79 0.91 6.99 5.44 1.02 42.44 1878, . . 3.58 3.67 2.57 5.85 2.36 6.00 2.16 6.97 2.82 2.05 5.34 6.02 49.39 1879. . . 1.75 3.49 2.98 3.85 3.32 5.37 5.75 5.89 2.59 1.80 2.35 4.85 45.99 1880. . . 4.58 3.60 2.68 2.64 1.90 1.40 6.34 2.91 2.69 2.27 2.50 2.29 35.80 1881. . . 4.01 1.77 4.86 1.65 4.28 3.95 1.50 2.76 2.37 4.24 4.58 6.15 42.12 1882. . . 5.44 4.23 5.20 1.52 6.50 2.25 1.83 0.25 11.85 1.67 1.33 1.47 43.54 1883, . . 3.24 4.03 1.70 2.18 6.20 3.99 3.69 1.57 3.17 4.31 1.80 2.99 38.87 1884, . . 3.60 4.62 5.67 2.48 2.02 1.38 3.75 5.10 1.25 2.40 2.53 5.58 40.38 1885. . . 3.78 3.88 0.86 3.38 3.08 3.49 2.07 8.31 0.85 3.65 5.54 3.54 42.43 1886, . . 5.39 3.94 3.31 1.73 3.10 2.33 3.82 2.60 5.48 2.97 5.25 3.61 43.53 1887. . . 4.57 5.05 4.05 2.98 1.13 5.09 8.93 7.75 1.22 2.10 3.35 4.11 50.33 1888. . . 3.87 3.94 5.96 3.08 4.29 5.40 3.63 4.29 10.70 5.19 3.91 3.78 58.04 Mean. . 3.34 3.18 3.44 3.18 3.88 3.76 4.45 4.39 3.43 3.88 3.83 3.59 44.36 144 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 153. Record of the Meaii Temperature from 1837 to 18S8, inclusive. Year. a 3 < ^ s a a 1-5 "3 1-3 to 3 bl P < §3 1 0. si S u O a > 1 u o a § c3 3 d a < 1837. . . 20.3 26.7 33.7 47.4 57.9 68.2 70.6 68.6 61.4 50.0 40.2 27.6 47.7 1838 32.0 19.6 36.4 40.7 54.3 68.6 71.9 68.2 62.7 46.5 34.1 23,5 46.5 1839 24.6 29.8 37.5 52.2 60.7 65.4 74.4 70.7 63.5 53.3 36.6 28,9 49.8 1840 14.4 28.5 35 0 49.0 57.1 65.5 70.6 70.3 57.2 47.4 37.0 23.6 46.3 1841 25.6 20.2 31.9 41.6 54.4 68.4 69.5 69.8 61.2 42.8 35.3 29.5 45.8 1842 25.6 30.5 37.7 46.5 52.7 64.1 71 5 69.0 57.4 47.4 35.1 24.2 46.8 1843 29.7 16.5 24.5 44.6 56.0 65.3 68.8 69.8 61.7 45.0 34.0 28.0 45.3 1844 13.9 22.1 35.5 52.0 57.8 65.6 68.2 68.0 59.6 47.6 35.7 27,3 46.0 1845 24.5 24.9 36.9 45.6 56.2 66.7 72.1 71.5 58.3 49.6 41.5 21.5 47,4 1846 24.8 20.1 36.3 50.1 58.3 05. 0 70.7 69.6 65.5 47.6 43.0 25.3 48,0 1847 25.5 24,7 29.2 43.3 57.5 64.7 72.4 69.3 59.3 46.0 43.2 34.2 47,4 1848 29.0 23.7 32.6 43.3 59.5 67.6 69.4 70.6 57.4 47.3 33.5 30.6 47.0 1849 20.0 18.5 35.6 43.5 53.4 66.9 72.1 68.8 60.0 47.0 44.1 28.4 46.5 1850 25.9 28.4 32.4 42.9 53.4 67.3 72.1 67.1 59.4 48.2 40.0 23.4 46.7 1851 23.8 27.9 35.5 46.2 55.6 69.6 69.2 66.2 60.9 51.0 34.5 20.2 46,2 1852 19.6 25.2 30.9 39.4 56.0 65.4 70.0 65.2 58.4 49.3 36.4 32.8 45,7 1853 24.3 26.7 33.8 44.0 56.7 67.0 68.7 67.8 59.5 46.8 39.1 26.3 46,7 1854 22.8 22.0 31.6 43.5 59.5 66.7 74.1 68.8 61.5 51,5 40.3 22.3 47.0 1855 27.3 19.8 31.5 43.8 56.6 65.0 70.9 65.5 60.8 49,7 38.8 28.2 46,5 1856 15.2 19.0 25.9 46.4 53.6 68.6 72.9 66.2 60.8 48,7 37.5 23.2 44.8 1857 13.5 31.4 31.1 41.0 55.2 63.6 70.9 67.2 59.9 48,9 39.5 31.5 46,1 1858 28. S 20.6 31.3 44.4 54.1 66.1 69.8 67.9 50.9 51,4 33.9 25.7 45,4 1859 22.9 25.6 36.7 43.4 59.2 62.8 67.7 66.4 57,1 45,7 41,1 23.0 46,0 1860 26.5 24.8 37.2 44.0 57.3 65.2 66.4 68.0 56,8 48,8 42,7 23.9 46,8 1861 20.4 29.2 32.5 45.5 53.4 65.5 69.5 65.7 59,9 51.5 37,8 29.0 46,7 1862 22.3 22.1 32.2 43.6 58.1 63.4 68.0 68.1 61,1 51.0 39,6 27.6 46,4 1863 29.1 26.3 26.1 45.5 55.4 59.0 70.9 70.1 57,4 49.9 41.1 25.3 46,3 1864 24.4 28.5 34.4 43.5 60.4 65.7 71.5 70.8 57,8 46.4 38.0 38.2 48.3 1865 18.7 25.0 37.1 49.0 .57.1 69.3 69.1 68.6 65,6 46.0 39.9 28.9 47,8 1866 21.9 26.2 31.6 48.6 54.6 65.8 72.9 63,5 60.0 49.5 40.1 26.3 46,7 1867 18.3 31.2 30.8 45.5 54.0 67.1 68.1 68.6 60.0 49.9 37,9 22.6 46,2 1868 20.2 18.2 33.8 42.0 55.1 66.2 74.0 69.0 59.5 45.3 36,5 22.8 45,2 1869 28.0 28.0 27.3 46.4 55.9 64.7 69.1 66.9 62.1 46.7 35,9 27.5 46.5 1870 30.8 25.3 30.9 48.3 58.3 70.4 73.6 71.1 62.3 52.0 39.1 28.0 49,2 1871 23.3 26.0 40.5 48.0 57.8 65.4 69.2 68.9 52.8 51.0 34.0 24.6 46,8 1872 25.1 24.2 25.3 45.0 59.1 68.1 72.6 71.6 61.7 48.2 36.4 19.5 46,4 1873 20.6 24.0 30.6 43.2 54.6 67.5 71.3 67.0 60.4 49.9 29.7 29.2 45.7 1874 28.2 24.5 32.9 38.3 56.5 66.2 67.2 65.6 62.0 47.6 36.2 29.2 46,2 1875 16.7 17.5 27.8 40.8 57.1 65.8 69.3 68.9 57.3 47.9 33.1 28.3 44,2 1876 29.8 26.4 31.6 43.6 57.5 70.6 74.2 70.5 59.1 45.5 40.5 19.7 47,4 1877 20.0 30.8 33.3 47.8 58.5 67.8 71.1 71.4 63.3 50.5 41.9 33.1 49,1 1878 25.3 27.1 39.2 52.2 57.4 64.7 73.3 68.6 63.2 54.4 39.1 29.0 49,5 1879 21.6 22.4 33.0 43.2 60.6 66.3 71.0 67.2 59.0 56.0 37.4 30.8 47.4 1880 31.6 29.1 33.5 47.5 64.2 68.5 71.8 67.5 63.2 47.3 34.9 22.8 48.5 1881 17.9 24.9 36.2 43.6 61.7 62.8 70.6 70.5 67.4 52.5 40.3 36.0 48.7 1882 23.6 28.2 35.1 44.3 52.9 66.8 71.9 70.9 63.2 52.7 36.4 26.6 47.7 1883 21.0 25.0 27.3 44.3 58.6 69.7 70.4 66.4 59.4 46.8 40.4 27.0 46.4 1884 21.6 30.9 .32 9 46.7 57.4 69.0 68.6 69.2 64.4 50.3 38.4 30.0 48.3 1885 22.7 15.2 23.3 45.3 54.8 63.8 70.4 06. 0 58.3 49.1 39.8 29.6 44.9 1886 21.8 35.1 33.5 50.4 57.3 63.2 68.8 66.3 .59.5 48.9 38.3 23.0 46.2 1887 19.4 24.2 26.4 41.6 60.9 65.7 73.7 64.9 55.9 47.0 36.5 26.6 45.2 1888 13.8 22.0 26.8 40.4 54.7 65.8 67.2 67.4 57.1 43.1 38,9 30.4 44.0 M e£ m, . 23.0 24.7 32.4 45.1 56.9 66.1 70.7 68.3 60.1 48.7 38,0 27.0 46.7 A SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS. 145 Record oj the Maximum Temperature from 1838 to 1888, inclusive. Year. H •s 'V, < i 6 "5 >-> 1 < i "S, u B o o a 6 o > 1 c8 3 13 a < 183S, . . 55.0 42.0 58.0 67.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 88.0 85.0 77.0 57.0 43.0 92.0 1839, . . 50.0 50.0 65.0 72.0 80.0 84.0 86.0 85.0 80.0 70.0 56.0 53.0 86.0 1840, . . 38.0 56.0 64.0 79.0 88.0 SS.O 94.0 90.0 77.0 72.0 55.0 44.0 94.0 1841, . . 50.0 44.0 60.0 67.0 81.0 90.0 94.0 88.0 84.0 64.0 68.0 44.0 94.0 1842, . . 37.0 1 55.0 68.0 82.0 78.0 84.0 90.0 82.0 84.0 70.0 60.0 43.0 90.0 1843, . . 50.0 37.0 42.0 70.0 82.0 86.0 91.0 84.0 87.0 09.0 57.0 40.0 91.0 1844, . . 39.0 49.0 56.0 83.0 84.0 86.0 86.0 84.0 83.0 70.0 54.0 45.0 86.0 1845, . 46.0 55.0 71.0 77.0 SS.O 90.0 94.0 89.0 81.0 74.0 65.0 38.0 94.0 1846, . . 45.0 40.0 59.0 76.0 83.0 87.0 93.0 90.0 88.0 81. 0 61.0 45.0 93.0 1847, . . 44.0 47.0 52.0 77.0 84.0 88.0 91.0 85.0 85.0 67.0 70.0 59.0 91.0 1848, . . 56.0 43.0 64.0 74.0 86.0 90.0 87.0 87.0 81.0 70.0 52.0 58.0 90.0 1849, . . 46.0 43.0 60.0 68.0 83.0 92.0 93.0 83.0 70.0 68.0 63.0 43.0 93.0 1850, . . 45.0 52.0 60.0 70.0 73.0 90.0 87.0 87.0 80.0 67.0 63.0 49.0 90.0 1851, . . 48. 0 48.0 73.0 07.0 82.0 88.0 87.0 83.0 80.0 73.0 56.0 44.0 88.0 1852, . . 43.2 47.4 53.0 61.0 79.0 84.0 90.0 85.7 85.0 70.0 50.8 56.0 90.0 1853, . 45.0 51.0 56.4 76.3 84.2 91.3 85.1 91.7 84.7 69.0 59.5 42.8 91.7 1854, . . 50.4 45.0 05.4 70.6 79.0 87.5 97.0 88.5 90.0 75.8 66.0 41.5 97.0 1855, . . 48.0 42.0 57.8 76.0 81.0 92.0 91.6 84.5 85.0 73.0 63.0 46.2 92.0 1856, . . 34.8 38.6 44.9 76.7 89.0 94.0 95.0 87.3 78.9 75.5 61.0 41.8 95.0 1857, . . 37.1 61.8 54.5 58.3 86.4 86.9 90.3 90.3 85.7 73.0 67.0 52.0 90.3 1858, . 51.4 47.1 57.7 68.1 74.2 90.3 92.0 79.0 85.2 73.0 59.0 42.8 92.0 1859, . . 39.4 44.1 56.6 71.0 86.0 91.5 90.0 81.8 73.8 75.0 65.8 62.9 91.5 1860, . . 50.3 52.0 71.3 68.3 81.0 83.0 84.0 84.4 79.0 69.9 66.7 37.5 84.4 1861, . 38.0 53.5 56.3 80.3 77.2 84.0 91.7 90.0 82.3 75.5 64.0 51.4 91.7 1862, . . 42.9 40.0 44.5 72.9 84.0 86.0 90.0 88.0 80.0 83.0 68.2 52.0 90.0 1863, . . 52.0 45.3 47.3 77.0 88.0 85.6 85.5 90.0 80.0 71.0 65.4 51.5 90.0 1864, . . 44.2 46.8 53.8 64.8 86.0 93.5 91.9 98.0 80.0 68.7 62.0 49.4 98.0 1865, . . 39.5 45.4 63.7 79.5 85.8 87.0 85.4 90.0 89.0 72.0 68.0 54.9 90.0 1866, . 40.0 55.0 55.8 84.2 80.0 90.1 94.0 81.6 83.1 73.0 60.8 51.2 94.0 1867, . . 33.5 50.0 53.0 66.0 75.5 85.0 90.0 83.5 80.0 76.0 65.0 46.0 90.0 1868, . . 39.5 45.0 59.8 67.5 75.0 88.7 94.5 85.0 79.5 68.0 58.0 42.7 94.5 1869, . . 49.0 50.6 53.8 74.0 83.0 80.7 89.9 87.2 85.0 71.4 56.9 45.3 89.9 1870, . . 54.3 55.0 50.5 78.0 82.4 93.0 91.2 91.3 83.5 71.5 61.0 47.0 93.0 1871, . 50.0 50.6 55.5 74.8 92.8 88.2 85.6 85.0 78.0 73.1 62.0 43.3 92.8 1872, . . 42.9 50.0 44.0 84.0 84.1 91.8 91.7 88.8 88.5 69.0 54.0 40.3 91.8 1873, . . 42.3 45.0 49.3 60.2 82.0 90.0 92.4 86.2 85.8 70.5 52.0 57.7 92.4 1874, . . 52.0 49.3 57.2 63.0 86.0 93.0 90.0 84.0 85.8 66.0 60.0 49.0 93.0 1875, . . 35.5 50.0 51.0 63.0 84.7 89.0 91.5 84.8 84.7 70.3 56.2 55.0 91.5 1876, . . 63.0 52.3 59.0 63.3 86.0 87.7 95.0 90.0 90. Q 71.1 71.7 42.0 95.0 1877, . . 43.0 50.0 52.8 75.8 84.5 88.0 89.1 87.4 85.7 75.4 66.8 55.2 89.1 1878, . . 44.4 53.3 65.1 73.1 83.2 90.2 92.2 83.3 84.5 77.3 57.2 53.7 92.2 1879, . . 50.1 43.2 51.6 72.4 83.0 90.3 91.4 90.6 85.6 82.6 68.2 54.5 91.4 1880, . . 47.9 57.6 59.8 77.7 93.0 91.1 90.5 88.0 90.0 71.4 59.2 38.9 93.0 1881, . . 38.0 47.0 50.8 78.4 89.0 80.0 87.2 90.8 94.0 86.2 66.7 61.4 94.0 1882, . . 45.0 47.4 56.2 68.0 78.0 90.0 92.1 93.0 87.7 73.8 66.1 48.0 93.0 1883, . . 42.2 43.1 51.1 67.3 89.0 90.8 93.0 86.2 79.8 77.1 67.2 53.1 93.0 1884, . . 40.1 46.0 54.0 70.3 85.2 92.5 93.0 92.4 90.0 78.2 61.0 57.4 93.0 1885, . . 57.0 39.0 50.0 83.0 85.0 89.0 93.0 87.0 81.0 80.0 70.0 65.0 93.0 1886, . . 56.0 52.0 61.0 83.0 82.0 82.0 95.0 90.0 83.8 77.9 65.5 49.0 95.0 1887, . . 47.2 43.8 46.0 74.4 86.5 91.0 93.6 88.0 80.0 74.4 64.8 51.0 93.6 1888, . . 41.0 49.0 49.0 84.0 80.0 94.5 85.5 87.0 76.0 66.0 71.0 56.5 94.5 Mean, . 45.5 47.9 56.3 73.0 83.2 88.6 90.7 87.2 83.2 72.9 62.1 48.9 91.9 146 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 153. Record of the Minimum Temperature from 1838 to 1888, inclusive. u C C Year. 1 3 u i 3 < ^ s i 3 >-> a s 1 J s o o J2 B a a o Q i < 1838. . . 6.0 —5.5 4.0 17.0 30.0 43.0 50.0 41.0 38.0 27.0 3.0 —7.0 —7.0 1839 —13.0 0.0 4.0 22.0 27.0 40.0 49.0 44.0 34.0 22.0 11.0 —2.0 —13.0 1840 —21.0 —14.0 7.0 19.0 34.0 44.0 50.0 50.0 36.0 23.0 18.0 —2 0 —21.0 1841 -17.0 —6.0 8.0 21.0 29.0 43.0 42.0 42.0 46.0 20.0 13.0 5.0 —17.0 1842 —10.0 5.0 13.0 17.0 30.0 34.0 49.0 45.0 30.0 26.0 13.0 -2.0 —10.0 1843 —8.0 —15.0 7.0 15.0 35.0 34.0 47.0 53.0 30.0 28.0 17.0 2.0 —15.0 1844 -22.0 —10.0 5.0 14.0 33.0 42.0 40.0 46.0 26.0 25.0 3.0 -5.0 —22.0 1845 0.0 —3.0 8.0 24.0 30.0 41.0 46.0 42.0 32.0 17.0 12.0 —10.0 —10.0 1846 —1.0 —6.0 2 0 22.0 32.0 41.0 44.0 47.0 37.0 25.0 20.0 1.0 —6.0 1847 4.0 —8.0 9.0 5.0 34.0 42.0 46.0 48.0 35.0 15.0 5.0 3.0 -8.0 1848 —12.0 —2.0 4.0 25.0 32.0 39.0 49.0 44.0 31.0 28.0 11.0 —3.0 —12.0 1849 —8.0 —10.0 12.0 21.0 32.0 39.0 45.0 50.0 37.0 29.0 25.0 3.0 —10.0 1850 —2.0 -11.0 8.0 19.0 31.0 44.0 48.0 44.0 32.0 23.0 16.0 —15.0 —15.0 1851 —5.0 —8.0 12.0 24.0 30.0 41.0 49.0 39.0 29.0 31.0 13.0 —15.0 -15.0 1852 —15.0 —3.4 0.3 23.3 38.5 43.9 55.0 48.9 33.0 24.3 15.0 6.1 —15.0 1853 —2.5 0.5 7.6 27.4 31.8 39.0 54.0 45.9 37.0 24.9 13.8 7.2 —2.5 1854 —9.6 -4.8 14.0 23.7 34.0 39.8 57.7 50.8 33.8 27.0 14.0 —9.0 —9.6 1855 10.7 —16.0 7.8 17.0 41.5 48.0 57.2 44.7 33.0 30.2 15.0 7.0 —16.0 1856 —7.5 -11.0 —9.0 16.5 38.2 48.0 55.9 48.2 41.8 25.0 18.0 —7.0 -11.0 1857 —18.2 —2.7 7.0 14.3 39.8 49.0 55.5 53.6 32.0 25.0 13.0 2.2 —18.2 1858 0.0 —5.0 —8.0 28.5 40.3 51.0 58.5 58.8 37.0 31.5 14.6 0.0 —8.0 1859 —19.4 2.8 3.5 28.7 43.9 45.0 53.0 47.4 41 0 24.8 24.0 —8.5 -19.4 1860 —8.0 —7.2 22.8 23.1 38.9 52.0 53.0 49.1 32.0 28.0 15.0 -7.0 —8.0 1861 —17.0 —20.0 5.5 18.2 33.0 51.0 56.7 48.5 41.6 25.0 17.0 —6.5 -20.0 1862 0.0 -2.0 13.8 24.3 44.0 49.5 51.9 48.0 39.0 26.0 18.0 —1.3 —2.0 1863 5.0 -9.0 —6.0 25.0 38.3 51.0 55.3 48.7 32.0 21.0 18.0 3.2 —9.0 1864 —1.5 —4.3 15.0 31.8 40.0 47.3 53.9 54.8 41.0 28.5 10.8 18.0 -4.3 1865 —4.5 —1.0 13.0 33.0 42.8 55.9 54.8 47.5 35.0 24.2 18.5 6.8 —4.5 1866 —14.5 —1.5 11.5 30.0 40.0 48.0 55.0 48.0 35.5 26.5 16.8 —3.8 —14.5 1867 —5.0 8.0 8.0 29.0 36.0 54.0 55 3 48.3 39.0 27.0 17.5 —3.0 —5.0 1868 0.0 —18.3 —7.3 23.0 36.0 51.8 61.0 51.0 36.2 19.2 23.8 —5.0 —18.3 1869 3.0 —1.0 —9.0 26.7 35.2 47.4 53.5 50.0 36.3 26.8 16.9 -7.5 —9.0 1870 5.0 6.2 6.5 35.0 42.8 53.5 54.5 47.0 40.0 26.0 24.7 1.0 1.0 1871 —5.5 —9.5 24.8 27.0 41.0 51.8 54.0 50.0 32.0 24.3 7.0 —6.5 —9.5 1872 2.5 —2.5 —4.8 29.0 43.7 48.7 59.1 52.9 39.5 29.9 10.0 —8.0 —8.0 1873 —22.0 —2.5 1.8 33.5 39.0 50.6 56.1 49.1 36.2 27.0 6.5 7.0 —22.0 1874 1.2 —5.0 9.7 18.7 39.0 51.3 38.0 46.3 39.0 28.5 16.0 0.0 —5.0 1875 —8.2 —4.0 0.0 22.5 39.8 48.5 53.8 32.0 32.5 26.0 -1.0 —9.0 —9.0 1876 2.8 —1.0 4.5 28.0 39.0 47.0 52.5 49.0 41.2 23.0 18.9 —1.0 —1.0 1877 —3.5 8.5 10.0 32.5 40.0 54.7 58.1 54.8 39.0 25.3 19.4 13.0 —3.5 1878 12.5 -3.2 13 2 37.0 40.5 46.4 55.2 49.9 37.0 27.0 19.8 11.7 —12.5 1879 —4.5 1.0 7.0 32.7 40.0 49.0 56.7 53.2 30.4 20.8 7.7 —6.0 —6.0 1880 2.0 -11.5 13.7 26.2 37.0 51.0 54.0 45.7 39.1 22.9 9.5 —5.0 -11.5 1881 —12.4 —7.0 24.4 22.1 37.0 47.7 59.2 56.7 49.0 29.0 14.0 8.5 —12.4 1882 —15.0 —6.0 17.4 23.7 39.1 52.2 56.3 49 7 43.7 32.2 12.0 0.0 —15.0 1883 —2.5 —1.3 3.0 23.5 43.0 53.7 55.0 43.4 36.2 23.2 18.0 -12.8 —12.8 1884 —8.0 5.1 0.0 31.2 37.6 50.0 57.1 48.8 39.0 26.5 19.8 —10.0 —10.0 1885 —18,0 —15.0 -11.0 19.0 21.0 35.0 41.0 34.0 27.0 24.0 11.0 6.0 —18.0 1886, —22.0 —11.0 —1.0 21.0 29.0 40.0 41.0 39.0 31.6 17.0 15.9 0.8 —22.0 1887, —22.2 —3.8 —2.4 17.1 33.2 38.5 56.0 42.5 29.5 17.0 11.0 —6.0 —22.2 1888 —21.5 —19.0 —3.0 15.0 26.0 38.0 46.0 42.0 25 0 260 5.7 3.5 -21.5 M es m, . —7.4 —5.3 6.0 23.6 36.1 45.9 52.1 47.3 35.6 25.1 14.2 —1.3 —11.7 BULLETIN No. 154 ' JUNE, 1914 MASSACHISETTS AGRICILTIRAL EXPERIMENT STATION ALFALFA By WILLIAM P. BROOKS. This bulletin presents the author's estimate of alfalfa as a crop for Massachusetts farmers. It gives the results of both home and co-operative experiments to date, describes the methods of soil preparation, fertilization and seeding which seem likely to prove the most successful; discusses the principal obstacles to success, and the best methods of meeting them; and gives di- rections for the general management of the crop. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. Trustees. OFFICERS AND STAFF. COMMITTEE. Charles H. Preston, Chairman, Wilfrid Wheeler, (Charles E. Ward, . Arthur G. Pollard, Harold L. Frost, . The President of the College, ex officio. The Director of the Station, ex officio. Hathorne. Concord. Buckland. Lowell. Arlington. STATION STAFF. Administration. William P. Brooks, Ph.D., Director. Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D., Vice-Director. Fred C. Kenney, Treasurer. Charles R. Green, B.Agr., Librarian. Mrs. Lucia G. Church, Clerk. Miss Grace E. Gallond, Stenographer. Agriculture. William P. Brooks, Ph.D., Agriculturist. Henry J. Franklin, Ph.D., In Charge Cranberry Sub- station. Edwin F. Gaskill, B.Sc, Assistant Agriculturist. Chemistry. Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D., Chemist. Edward B. Holland, M.Sc, Associate Chemist in Charge {Research Section). Fred W. Morse, M.Sc, Research Chemist. Henri D. Haskins, B.Sc, Chemist in Charge {Fertilizer Section) . Philip H. Smith, M.Sc, Chemist in Charge {Food and Dairy Section) . Lewell S. Walker, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Rudolph W. Ruprecht, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Carlton P. Jones, M.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Carlos S. Beals, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Walter S. Frost, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. James P. Buckley, Jr., Assistant Chemist. James T. Howard, Inspector. Harry L. Allen, Assistant in Laboratory. James R. Alcock, Assistant in Animal Nutrition. Miss F. Ethel Felton, A.B., Clerk. Miss Alice M. Howard, Clerk. Miss Rebecca L. Mellor, Clerk. Entomology. Henry T. Fernald, Ph.D., Entomologist. Burton N. Gates, Ph.D., Apiarist. Arthur I. Bourne, A.B., Assistant Entomologist. Miss Bridie E. O'Donnell, Clerk. Horticulture. Frank A. Waugh, M.Sc, Horticulturist, Fred C. Sears, M.Sc, Pomologist. Jacob J. Shaw, Ph.D., Research Pomologist. John B. Norton, B.Sc, Graduate Assistant. Meteorology. John E. Ostrander, A.M., C.E., Meteorologist. E. K. Dexter, Observer. Poultry Husbandry. John C. Graham, B.Sc, Poultry Husbandman. Hubert D. Goodale, Ph.D., Research Biologist. Miss Fay L. Milton, Clerk. Vegetable Pathology George E. Stone, Ph.D., Vegetable Physiologist and Pa- and Physiology. thologist. George H. Chapman, M.Sc, Research Vegetable Physi- ologist. Orton L. Clark, B.Sc, Assistant Vegetable Physiologist and Pathologist. Miss Jessie V. Crocker, Clerk. Veterinary Science. James B. Paige, B.Sc, D.V.S., Veterinaric CONTENTS. Alfalfa, Characteristics and value of alfalfa, Alfalfa compared with clovers. Soil improvement, The soil for alfalfa, Lime necessary, . Manures or fertilizers. Varieties, Obstacles to success, . Recent experimental work with alfalfa, Grimm compared -^dth common alfalfa, Comparison of potash salts for alfalfa. Spring and summer seeding compared. Inoculation, .... Co-operative experiments with alfalfa, Selection of seed, ... Time and method of seeding, . Harvesting alfalfa, .... Top-dressing, Summary, PAQB 147 147 148 149 150 151 151 152 153 155 156 157 159 160 163 166 166 16S 169 169 ALFALFA. Since the methods of producing this crop, and the conditions under which it promises to be successful are not yet generally understood, it is the plan to present in this paper first, a brief general discussion of the characteristics and value of the crop; second, the results of the most recent experiments on the sta- tion grounds; third, results obtained by farmers who have been growing the crop in co-operation with the station; and fourth, brief general directions based upon long-continued ex- periments for starting and managing the crop. ' Characteristics and Value of Alfalfa. Alfalfa is an exceptionally deep-rooted legume, and under the best conditions it is long lived. Like other legumes it has the capacity, under the right conditions, of assimilating nitrogen from the atmosphere, but until the root system and the nodules which it bears are well developed its growth is greatly promoted by the presence of readily assimilable nitrogen in the soil. It is without doubt one of the most valuable forage plants known to man. It has long been cultivated in various parts of Asia and Europe, whence it was brought to Mexico by the Spaniards, who took it with them to California and the semi-arid portions of our southwestern States. During the past fifteen or twenty years its culture has been steadily pushed eastward, and it is now successfully grown in most parts of the United States and in a few parts of Canada. In many essentials and in feeding value alfalfa resembles the clovers; and as these are so generally known its characteristics will be perhaps best brought out by comparison. 148 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 154. Alfalfa compared with Clovers. Longer Lived. — Alfalfa is a perennial, while individual plants of the red and alsike clovers, as a rule, live but two years. In regions without excessive rainfall, and in soils richly stocked with lime and thoroughly well drained, a stand of alfalfa is more permanent than a stand of clover under conditions ex- isting in Massachusetts, but in this connection it is important to recognize two facts : — 1. That alfalfa in our soils and in our climate is much less permanent than in the west.^ Experience everywhere indicates that the probability is that alfalfa will be gradually crowded out here by perennial grasses and clovers, most prominent among which are the Kentucky blue grass and white clover. 2. That it is possible to retain red and alsike clovers in permanent mowings without reseeding, provided a suitable sys- tem of top-dressing is followed. Relative Yield. — Alfalfa grows more rapidly in early spring than either red or alsike clover, and starts more quickly after cutting, and accordingly it may usually be counted upon to give three crops during the season, whereas clover will usually give but two. The first cut of alfalfa is generally superior to either of the others. The total yield on good soils is likely to range from about 3 to 5 tons per acre of well-cured hay in the three cuttings, w^hile red or alsike clovers on similar soils are likely to give about one-quarter less total yield in two cuttings. Filler Stems. — The stem of the alfalfa plant is relatively finer than that of the red clover. It accordingly cures more rapidly and is usually more palatable, and is consumed with less waste than the coarser red or mammoth clover. Nutritive Value. — It is popularly supposed, and quite gen- erally stated, that alfalfa is much superior in nutritive value to clovers, but so far as can be determined by chemical analyses made in this station, and determinations of digestibility which have been made here in the department of plant and animal chemistry and in other stations, this does not appear to be the case. • The winter of 1913-14 has proved very destructive (see p. 170). ALFALFA. 149 Composition of Clover and Alfalfa Hays. Nuin- • l)er of Anal- yses. Water (Per Cent.). Ash (Per Cent.). Pro- tein (Per Cent.). Fiber (Per Cent.). Nitro- gen-free Extract (Per Cent.). Fat (Per Cent.). 1 Alfalfa hay, . , 4 1 Alsike clover hay, . S Medium red clover hay, 1 15 1 13.24 15.00 15.00 6.38 9.70 7.70 13.98 14.00 13.30 28.48 23.10 24.30 34.70 36.10 37.20 1.40 2.10 2.50 Digestible Ahdrieyits and Energxj Values.^ Protein Fiber (Pounds in (Pounds in 100). 100). Nitrogen- free Extract (Pounds in 100). Fat (Pounds in 100). Net Energy Value (Therms). Alfalfa hay, Alsike clover hay, Medium red clover hay. 10.2 9.2 7.7 13.9 11.6 13.1 24.4 23.8 24.2 .5 .8 1.4 34.9 34.6 35.6 It will be noted that alfalfa is relatively somewhat richer in digestible protein than the clovers, but considerably lower in fat. The net energy values, or in other words the pro- ductive food values, of alfalfa and the clovers are shown by the trials reported to have been substantially equal. Soil Improvement. It has been recognized since the time of the Roman empire, and was perhaps even before that period, that the growth of clover improves the soil, and that all crops give superior results when following it. This knowledge of the facts profoundly affected farm practice many centuries before the peculiarly beneficial effects of clover could be fully explained. We now know that they are a consequence chiefly of two causes : — 1. The penetration of the subsoil by the vigorous root sys- tem, opening, mellowing and enriching it. 2. The assimilation of large amounts of atmospheric nitrogen a portion of which remains in the roots and stubble even when the crop is harvested and removed. In both these respects ' Based upon average results in the United States. 150 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 154. alfalfa under the best conditions excels the clovers. Its roots penetrate more deeply, and the total crop residue — root and stubble — is greater. The Soil for Alfalfa. Alfalfa will thrive on soils of many different kinds, but whatever the type it must satisfy certain conditions : — 1. It should have good depth and be rich, especially in the mineral elements of plant food. Medium loams, inclining rather to be somewhat heavy than light, will give the best crops. The soils which contain too large a proportion of clay retain so much moisture that in open winters the crop, especially when young, is liable to heave. 2. Stagnant w^ater in the subsoil is highly injurious. In soils with good capacity to conduct and retain water the presence of standing water in the subsoil (determined by sink- ing trial holes) within less than 5 or 6 feet of the surface will be highly injurious. If the subsoil be free from standing water to much greater depth it will be a distinct advantage. In the case of soils of coarser texture, which do not conduct w^ater freely in large quantities, and which have deficient capacity to retain water, the water table may be nearer the surface without disadvantage, but even wdth such soils it would, doubtless, be inadvisable to attempt the cultivation of alfalfa with standing water nearer than 4 or 5 feet below the surface. 3. The field must have sufficient surface slope to carry off water, and there must be no pockets "which will retain water. In fields which are too level, or in pockets, the formation of ice on the surface is fatal to alfalfa. It is, of course, possible that in this climate ice may sometimes form on the surface, even on considerable slopes, but this is a danger which cannot be avoided, and it is least on slopes. 4. The presence of a hardpan wdthin less than 10 or 12 feet of the surface, or an excessively compact subsoil, will prove unfavorable; so, also, will a shallow soil underlaid by rock. 5. The soil must not contain free acid, though if this con- dition exists at the start it can be corrected by the use of lime. 6. The richer the soil naturally is in lime the better suited it is likelv to be for alfalfa. , /'. '}■■"• %/-:--' » ALFALFA. 151 7. Where sweet clover grows abundantly wild, and where the beech tree occurs in large numbers, alfalfa will usually do well. This is because both sweet clover and the beech are lime-loving plants, and in the case of the sweet clover, more- o.ver, because the bacteria which give it capacity to assimilate atmospheric nitrogen are either identical with those essential for alfalfa or so closely related that they serve the purpose. Inoculation for alfalfa is, therefore, unnecessary in sections where sweet clover grows spontaneously in abundance. Lime Necessary. Alfalfa, as already stated, is a lime-loving plant. The soils in many parts of this State are relatively deficient in this element. In most localities, therefore, an application of lime is one of the most important steps in the preparation of a ' soil for alfalfa. The quantity absolutely necessary will usually range between 1| and 2 tons per acre; more will usually be beneficial. There are a number of different forms of lime which will serve the purpose. On the heavier soils freshly slaked lime, commercial hydrated lime or fine-ground quick- lime will best meet requirements, since these forms of lime will both improve the mechanical condition and correct acidity. On the lighter soils, and especially if deficient in organic matter, air-slaked lime or fine-ground limestone may be preferable. The so-called agricultural limes, or waste lime, slaked in heaps at kilns will meet the requirements in most cases. Manures or Fertilizers. Manure. — While manure helps to give the soils the desired texture, and increases the proportion of humus, which may be beneficial, it usually carries weed seeds, and if applied shortly before seeding increases the difficulty of getting a good catch. The free use of manure will, moreover, be likely to increase the competition of grasses with the alfalfa, enabling these in a measure to gradually crowd the latter out. The application of manure in preparation for alfalfa is not recommended by the writer. On the other hand, a free use of manure for crops which precede alfalfa is desirable, especially on the lighter and poorer soils. 152 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 154. Potash. — Alfalfa, in common with clovers and other legumes, does well only when there is a liberal supply of potash in available forms in the soil. Potash fertilizers should be freely used in most cases in preparing for this crop. Potash in the form of sulphate, in the writer's experiments, appears much superior to potash applied in the form of muriate.^ PJiosphoric Acid. — Although usually relatively less deficient in our soils as compared with the needs of alfalfa than lime and potash, it should be applied in some form, and among the different materials available basic slag meal seems usually to prove best, no doubt because it contains a large proportion of lime. Nitrogen. — A large amount of nitrogen in the soil is not essential; from some points of view it is undesirable. To give the crop a good start, a fair amount of this element in avail- able form in the soil is essential, but beyond that it is un- necessary and even harmful, — unnecessary because the alfalfa can draw nitrogen from the air, and harmful because it favors the grasses which may drive the alfalfa out. Varieties. There are a very large number of varieties of alfalfa now known. Many which may prove valuable have recently been introduced from Siberia by the South Dakota Experiment Station, but these are as yet insufficiently tested. There are but three kinds which deserve attention, known respectively as the common,^ithe Grimm and the variegated. Common Alfalfa. — This appears to be simply an unnamed strain. If from northern-grown seed, especially seed descended from generations of alfalfa grown in the north, it is fairly hardy and satisfactory. Grimm. — A specially selected strain which originated in Minnesota; noted for hardiness and productiveness. It took its name from the farmer said to have been one of the most prominent in calling attention to the variety and promoting its dissemination. Comparative trials at this station and in many parts of the northern United States have indicated ' See page 157. ALFALFA. 153 this variety to be superior in hardiness and in productive capacity to the common.^ Variegated Alfalfa. — This is said to be a cross between common alfalfa and yellow lucerne, a forage crop which is closely related to alfalfa. The flowers vary in color from yellow to greenish purple. This variety is said to be more hardy than ordinary alfalfa and adapted to poorer soils. Where either the common or the Grimm can be grown they are pre- ferred to the variegated, which is characterized by decumbent growth, greater consequent tendency to lodge and lower feeding value. This variety has not been tested in the Massachusetts Experiment Station. Obstacles to Success. Diseases. — Relatively few diseases have proved trouble- some in jNIassachusetts. The only important one is leaf spot, which is most injurious on newly sown areas. The spots, which usually appear first on the lower leaves of the plant, are yellow to dark reddish brown in color. Sometimes the lower leaves only are affected, in which case not much damage will be done, but in cases of bad infection, and under favorable weather conditions (hot, humid air and frequent showers), the trouble may spread rapidly; all the leaves turn yellow and gradually fall. In such cases the disease if unchecked greatly enfeebles the plants, and weeds, grasses or clovers tend to displace the alfalfa. No preventive treatment is known, but the disease can usually be checked and healthy growth re- established by cutting, and whether the alfalfa be young or old it should be promptly cut if the disease appears to be serious and rapidly spreading toward the upper leaves. If the field is newly sown and the crop only a few inches high the cutting should not be too close, and what is cut may be allowed to lie where it falls. If the new growth is not healthy the field should be recut. In the case of an established field the forage may be either made into hay or fed green. Dodder. — This is a parasite characterized by abundant development of thread-like reddish-yellow stems, attached to ' See page 156. 154 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 154. the stems of the alfalfa and bearing inconspicuous flowers of the same color. This parasite tends to spread rapidly; it renders the crop unpalatable. If noticed in the field it is best to cut the crop and burn it, plow the field and not put it into alfalfa again for a considerable number of years. Alfalfa dodder is not yet general in this State, and most energetic measures should be taken to exterminate it where it appears. If it shows in a field it is safe to conclude the seed of the dodder was mixed with the alfalfa seed. It is so fine it usually escapes detection by the average buyer. Dealers should be asked to guarantee alfalfa seed free from dodder. In cases of doubt samples of seed should be sent to the experiment station for examination. Weeds. — Annual weeds will give but little trouble, provided such methods of seeding as are later recommended are fol- lowed. Especially is this true if the thorough preparatory tillage recommended w^hen the seed is to be sown in late summer is followed. In the case of spring seeding, either with or with- out a nurse crop, annual weeds may compete with the alfalfa for water and food. If the growth is thick and rank the weeds may be clipped with a mowing machine set about 3 inches high. It is a mistake to sow alfalfa in fields heavily infested with the roots or seeds of perennial weeds. Especially is this true of witch grass, the competition of which alfalfa is wholly unable to withstand. Grasses and Clovers. — In our better soils, and with our humid climate, some of the grasses and clovers, particularly Kentucky blue grass and white clover, tend to come in and gradually to crowd out the alfalfa. The tendency in this direction is increased by the use of barnyard or stable manures which, besides supplying large amounts of nitrogen (highly favorable to the growth of grasses), often carry their seeds as well as those of clover. It cannot be regarded as good practice to top-dress a well established field of alfalfa with manure of any kind. So doing, besides being objectionable from the points of view already stated, must be regarded as wasteful of nitrogen, the most costly plant-food element, since the alfalfa if well established is able to take this element so largely from the air. ALFALFA. 155 It is possible, by the use of a harrow at the proper season, to in a measure check the coming in of grasses and clovers. These are more shallow rooted than alfalfa and may, therefore, be uprooted without much injuring the latter. A spring-tooth harrow properly set is the most effective type, and a special form of tooth has been designed for this particular use. This implement is advertised as the alfalfa harrow. Its use is most effective when the soil is relatively dry, and immediately after cutting either the first or the second crop will usually prove the best time for the operation. Winterkilling. — Any one of the following causes may, under unfavorable conditions, destroy alfalfa: — 1. Heaving, which is most serious on the heavy soils. Tendency to this is much reduced by allowing a relatively heavy growth to remain in the field for winter protection. Perfect underdrainage, natural or artificial, of course lessens the tendency to heave, which is greater in proportion as the water content of the soil increases. '^ 2. Formation of ice on the surface. This is something which, under extreme weather conditions, may affect any field, but the tendency to this injury is comparatively small in fields where the slopes are such as to rapidly carry off surface water. 3. The presence of free acid in the soil, for this weakens the plant, rendering it susceptible to unfavorable conditions of any kind. The remedy is of course the application of lime. 4. Insufficient winter protection, due to too late cutting or excessive or overlate pasturing. Recent Experimental Work with Alfalfa at this Station. The more important of the recent experiments with alfalfa in this station have been as follows : — 1. Comparison of Grimm with the common alfalfa. 2. Comparison of high-grade sulphate with muriate as a source of potash. 1 Much alfalfa was killed during the year of 1913-14. The cause is not surely known; but it seems possible it was due in a measure to the large amount of water in the soil, owing to heavy fall and early winter rains (see p. 170). 156 i\IASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 154. 3. Comparison of different methods of seeding. 4. A test of a commercial culture for inoculation. In addition, we have had under constant observation a number of plots of different ages on which observations as to the gradual displacement of the alfalfa by grasses and clovers have been made. 1. Grimm compared with Common Alfalfa. For a number of years it has been our object to make careful comparisons of the Grimm alfalfa with the common variety from northern-grown seed. Our first trials Avere begun in 1909, but although we obtained what we supposed to be Grimm seed of the very best quality from a grower recommended by the Minnesota Experiment Station, and believed to be abso- lutely reliable, our first experiments were a failure. There were no essential differences either in the appearance or the yield, and the party who furnished the seed later wrote us that a mistake had been made, that the seed sent as Grimm was not true to name. He supplied us, without charge, with seed of the genuine Grimm. This was sown after very careful prepara- tion of the soil on a field where alfalfa had been previously grown in the late summer of 1911. The land used in this experiment comprised two plots. Both have received annually for the past twenty-three years an application at the rate of 600 pounds per acre of fine- ground bone meal. One of the two plots has in addition annually received a liberal application of muriate of potash, for the last thirteen years at the rate of 250 pounds per acre; the other plot has annually received the same amount of actual potash, but in the form of high-grade sulphate, and for the last thirteen years at the rate of 250 pounds to the acre. Under both systems of manuring the Grimm alfalfa has given yields considerably larger than those obtained from the common. The results both for 1912 and 1913 are shown in the following table: — ALFALFA. 157 Com'parison of Varieties of Alfalfa and Source of Potash. Muriate of Potash. High-grade Sctlph.^te of pot.vsh. Grimm (Tons per Acre) . Common (Tons per Acrp) . Grimm (Tons per Acre) . Common (Tons per Acre) . 1912. 1st cut, 2d cut, 3d cut 2.122 .465 .750 1.56950 .29075 .63950 2.21875 .76925 .94675 1.98225 .59150 .82225 Totals, 1913. 1st cut, 2d cut 3d cut, 3.337 3.08300 .63935 .40685 2.49975 2.61600 .36045 .29650 3.93475 2.94650 1.00590 .57395 3.39600 2.66250 .71000 .50295 Totals, 4.13120 1 3.27295 1 4,52635 3.87545 The area of the plots used in these experiments is one- eighth acre each. The averages of both plots for the two years are: for the common alfalfa, 3.261 tons per acre; for Grimm alfalfa, 3.982 tons per acre, — a difference of about 22 per cent., greater yield in favor of the Grimm. In 1912 the yield of the Grimm alfalfa was 23 per cent, greater than that of the common. In 1913 both varieties yielded larger crops than in 1912, the yield of the Grimm being 21 per cent, greater than that of the common. The superiority of the Grimm as com- pared with the common is shown to have been no greater in the second year than the first. There is, therefore, no indica- tion to date that the Grimm will prove more permanent than the other. 2. Comimrison of Potash Salts for Alfalfa. In one of the fields (Field B) of the experiment station grounds, the soil of which is a medium loam with compact and moderately clayey subsoil, alternate plots of one-eighth acre each have been continuously fertilized respectively with muriate and high-grade sulphate of potash in equal amounts for the past twenty-one years. These salts have been applied since 1900 at the rate of 250 pounds per acre each. Through- out the entire period (twenty-one years) these plots have each 158 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 154. had an annual application of fine-ground bone meal at the rate of 600 pounds per acre. Throughout this entire period no manure has been applied to the land, and no other fertilizer of any kind with the exception of lime. Hydrated lime at the rate of 2 tons to the acre was applied broadcast upon the rough furrow in April, 1910, and deeply worked in by the use of the disk harrow. Two plots in this field were sown to common alfalfa on Aug. 2, 1910. The seed did not germinate well, and the grow^th being too thin the plots were plowed July 12 and reseeded Aug. 5, 1911. One-half of each plot was sown to Grimm alfalfa and one-half to the common northern-grown seed. The yields on the two plots are shown in the table, page 157. It will be noticed that in every case the yield obtained on the sulphate of potash has been materially greater than that obtained on the muriate. The average rates of yield per acre for the two years on the two potash salts have been as follows : — Muriate of Potash (Tons per Acre). Sulphate of Potash (Tons per Acre). Grimm alfalfa, Common alfalfa, 3.734 2. 886 4.231 3.636 Whenever the crop is in active growth (and this has been true almost ever since the little seedlings appeared above the surface) there is a striking difference in the shade of green of the foliage on the two potash salts. The leaves on the sulphate of potash plots are of a much darker shade, which would be characterized as dark green. Those on the muriate of potash plots are much lighter. The shade would be characterized as yellowish or pea green. A similar difference in shade of foliage has been noticed in the case of other plants when grown on these potash salts. It is believed that this indicates a difference in character or number of the chlorophyl bodies of the two types of plants, ■ — a difference which we have not, however, been able to demonstrate by scientific tests, but which apparently gives the chlorophyl bodies of the darker green plants a higher degree of functional activity. ALFALFA. 159 3. Spring and Summer Seeding compared. In the spring of 1910 a small area of silt loam soil, under- laid by gravel at the depth of 4 or 5 feet, was selected for the purpose of comparing the results of seeding in early spring with a nurse crop with the results of seeding in summer after bare fallow with sufficiently frequent harrowing to keep down weeds. The soil in question had been used during a number of years for a variety of crops including potatoes, corn and a test of varieties of alfalfa. Previous crops had been raised on fertilizers. No manure had been applied for many years. The soil contained a great many seeds of annual weeds, but it was not infested with the roots of perennial weeds. The entire field was limed on May 19 at the rate of If tons agricultural lime. On one-half of the field fertilizers at the following rates per acre were applied and harrowed in: — Pounds. Basic slag meal, 1,500 High-grade sulphate of potash, 350 Nitrate of soda, 125 The spring sowing was made on May 19, with oats at the rate of 1 bushel per acre as a nurse crop. Fertilizers were applied to the other half on July 1, and the summer sowing was made on August 1. From the spring-sown plot a fair crop of oats (somewhat mixed with weeds) was harvested in July, and in addition from this plot on September 21 was harvested a crop of alfalfa hay at the rate of 1.41 tons per acre. The yields from the two plots in the following year were as follows: — Spring-sown alfalfa at the rate of 3.44 tons per acre. Summer-sown alfalfa at the rate of 3.34 tons per acre. From the statements so far made the conclusion must clearly be that the spring sowing had distinct advantages over summer sowing. We have first to its credit a fair crop of oat hay and a moderate crop of alfalfa the season of sowing; and second, the yield the following year was slightly greater than on the summer-sown alfalfa. There is, however, one point connected with the results distinctly unfavorable to the spring sowing, viz., the proportion of weeds in the product 160 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 154. was much greater than in the crop from the summer sowing. The weeds were not separated from the alfalfa the first year, and during the second year only from the second cutting. The method followed was this: just previous to the second cutting, one square yard in each plot, which seemed as a result of careful examination to be fairly representative in both cases, was selected, and the entire product cut and separated into three classes, viz., alfalfa, grass and clover, and weeds. The results reduced to a percentage basis are shown in the following table: — Spring-gown Alfalfa (Per Cent.). Summer-sown Alfalfa (Per Cent.). Total weight, 100 Alfalfa, 63 Grass and clover j 15 Weeds, ' 20 100.0 86.6 1.6 11.6 4. Inoculation. Two experiments in inoculation by the use of a commercial culture have been tried. The first was upon land fertilized annually for a long series of years with bone meal at the rate of 600 pounds, and muriate of potash at the rate of 200 pounds, per acre (Field D). The land had been used for a considerable variety of crops. No alfalfa had previously been grown on it. The soil is a medium loam with a compact subsoil con- taining considerable clay. The culture employed was Farmo- germ ^ and it was used, in accordance with directions, for the treatment of the seed before sowing. In preparation for the crop the soil received an application of lime applied to the rough furrow (and deeply worked in) at the rate of 3,500 pounds per acre. The grade of lime used was a so-called agricultural lime containing some hydrate, but mostly in the form of carbonate. The land also received a mixture of fertilizers at the following rates per acre: — ' Farmogerm is made by the Earp-Thomas Farmogerm Company, Bioomfield, N. J. There are now numerous other commercial cultures on the market, and numerous colleges and experi- ment stations (this one among them) are now furnishing cultures for all legumes at cost to citizens of their respective States. No effort to compare the different cultures has been made in this station. ALFALFA. 161 Pounds. Basic slag meal, 1,500 ^luriate of potash, 500 This was deeply harrowed in. In addition, just previous to the last harrowing, a mixture of equal parts of nitrate of soda and fine-ground bone was applied at the rate of 500 pounds per acre. The treatment of the soil brought it into a condition believed to have been highly favorable to bacterial activity; and the preparatory tillage had been such that it was moderately compact below, with the surface in fine mechanical condition and mellow. The seed was sown July 29. It germinated well and the ground was svell covered, the crop being some 10 inches or more in height before cold weather set in. The second experiment was upon a somewhat lighter soil (North Field) which would be characterized as a silt loam, underlaid with gravel of moderately open texture. This land had been annually manured for a considerable number of years with well-preserved manure from dairy cows. The rate of application had been moderately heavy. It had been used for a variety of forage crops in rotation, but no alfalfa had been grown upon it. The preparation of the land and the general treatment were very similar to those in the other experiment. Lime was applied at the rate of 4,000 pounds per acre, basic slag meal at the rate of 600 pounds, and muriate of potash at the rate of 800 pounds per acre, and these were deeply incorporated with the soil by the use of the disk harrow. Just before seeding, a mixture of nitrate of soda and fine-ground bone meal in equal parts was applied at the rate of 400 pounds per acre. The seed was sown July 27, and as in the other field germination was perfect, and the ground well covered with abundant growth for protection during the first winter. The seed used in both experiments was of two kinds: Mon- tana-grown common alfalfa, and a variety which had been purchased under the name Grimm but which was later found not to have been true to name. It was, however, like the other, northern-grown seed; and the crops from the two kinds of 162 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 154. seed showed no appreciable differences. The rates of yield are shown in the following table : — Field D. North Field. Inocu- lated (Tons per Acre) . Uninocu- lated (Tons per Acre). Gain per Acre. Inocu- lated (Tons per Acre) . Uninocu- lated (Tons per Acre). Gain per Acre. 1910. 1st cut, .... 2d cut 3d cut, .... 2.33 1.02 1.43 1.9T .88 .98 .355 .140 .450 2.70 1.63 1.41 2.44 1.54 1.39 .257 .090 .020 Totals, • 4.78 3.83 .945 1 5.74 5.37 .367 It will be noted that in both experiments there was con- siderable gain due, in so far as can be judged, to the use of the culture. An examination of the roots at a number of different points in the early spring of 1910 showed, however, that there were nodules on the uninoculated as well as on the other, and in both cases by the end of the season there was no difference which could be detected by close observation in the appearance of the inoculated and uninoculated plots. In 1911 the growth of the uninoculated was fully equal to that of the inoculated, and the weights were not separately taken. The value of the increase in the yield the first year, supposedly due to the inoculation, was, however, much greater than the cost of the culture (S2 for an acre) and the labor entailed in using it. The conclusion appears, therefore, to be justified that when alfalfa is put upon land on which the crop has never been grown the use of a commercial culture is likely to be profitable. The rates of yield per acre on these fields in succeeding years are of interest in this connection. They show con- clusively that on suitable soils rightly managed alfalfa is a valuable crop. The yields are shown in the following table: — Field D (Tons per Acre). North Field (Tons per Acre). 1911, 1912, 1913, 2.72 2.99 3.89 2.80 3.58 4.97 ALFALFA. 163 The manurial treatment previous to the introduction of alfalfa in these fields, and the kinds and amounts of materials applied in preparation for the crop, have been given. Sub- sequent fertilizer treatment has been as follows : — Field D. — From 1910 to 1912, inclusive, this was annually top-dressed with bone meal at the rate of 600 pounds, and muriate of potash at the rate of 200 pounds, per acre; and in 1913 the rate of top-dressing was basic slag meal 1,000 pounds, muriate of potash 200 pounds, per acre. North Field. — This field received no top-dressing in either 1910 or 1911, but in 1912 and 1913 it was top-dressed with basic slag meal at the rate of 1,000 pounds, and sulphate of potash at the rate of 100 pounds, per acre. In both fields the alfalfa is now considerably mixed with grasses, principally Kentucky blue grass and white clover. The yield, however, on both is still very large, and as both Kentucky blue grass and white clover rank exceptionally high in nutritive value the quality of the hay, though not pure alfalfa, is still much above the average in feeding value. An effort has been made to diminish the proportion of grass and check its spread in the North Field by thorough disking. This operation was carried out in the summer of 1912, im- mediately after the harvesting of the second crop. The result was a very material improvement. Co-operative Experiments with Alfalfa In Part I. of the twenty-third annual report the plans for the co-operative experiments now to be discussed were fully reported. These experiments were 33 in number. They were quite evenly distributed throughout the State, and were located on farms belonging to men especially recommended as well fitted for such work. The experiment station furnished the best obtainable seed. The soil was thoroughly prepared, the seed was inoculated with Farmogerm ^ and sown in the late summer of 1910. Three reports have been made by the farmers co-operating in this work. The first of these reports was published in Part II. of the twenty-fourth annual report. This had reference to the con- ditions about the middle of May in 1911. Twenty-nine 1 See page 160. 164 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN L54. written reports only were received. The results may be classi- fied as follows: successful experiments, 13; partially successful, 9; failures, 7. Two other reports direct from the farmers have since been received: the first of these, made during the winter of 1912-13; the second, during the winter of 1913-14. On each occasion there was a diminished number of farmers responding, in- dicating, no doubt, failure on the part of most of those who did not report. The number of growers reporting in the winter of 1912-13 was 24. Of these, 6 were entirely successful, 8 partially successful and 10 had experienced failure. At the time of the last report, in the winter of 1913-14, only 9 growers responded. Of these, 5 were successful, 1 par- tially successful and 3 had experienced failure. The results obtained might be considered discouraging but for the fact that the causes of failure in most cases would seem to be avoidable. These causes, in the order of their importance, may be classified as follows: — 1. Winterkilling. — This appears to have been due in most cases to poor drainage or to too flat a surface, permitting standing water and ice. In some cases winterkilling seemed to be a consequence either of the fact that the seed was sown too late, or that the weather immediately following sowing was so dry that the crop did not get a good start. As a consequence of either of these conditions the first winter found the crop with insufficient growth for protection. In other cases winterkilling was a consequence, also, of insufficient winter protection, but this was due either to the fact that the alfalfa was pastured too late in the fall or that the last cutting was made too late. 2. Weeds and Grasses have croivded the Alfalfa out. — This has occurred mainly on fields which either did not get a good start in the beginning, owing to imperfect germination of the seed, or on fields which were partially winterkilled, thus giving weeds and grasses opportunity to come in. In some cases, however, the competition both of weeds and grasses with the crop has been accentuated by the use of manure as a top-dressing. Among all the different weeds and grasses mentioned as ALFALFA. 165 crowding out alfalfa, witch grass is the one most frequently mentioned. It is perfectly clear that sowing alfalfa in land infested with witch grass is highly unwise. Yield obtained. — The range of yields in the successful ex- periments as reported by the growers (in part estimated) is from 1 to 6 tons per acre. This wide variation reflects the extreme differences in character of soil as regards physical characteristics and fertility, and also, no doubt to some extent, the difference in thoroughness in the work of the different farmers concerned. The average yield per acre of the 7 growers who reported definitely is 3.2 tons. The Dates of Cutting. — There has been considerable diversity of practice, in spite of the fact that very definite advice was given, in the dates of cutting. The range has been about as follows: the first cutting from June 17 to June 28; the second, July 20 to August 20; the third, August 25 to September 25. The Opinions of Growers. — The following is a list of the farmers who are co-operating in this work and a brief statement of their opinions as to the value of this crop for the section of the State in which they live : — C. M. Cud WORTH {Cummington). — Consider it a profitable crop if clover and timothy can be kept out. John H. Bartlett (Nantucket). — I think it is a valuable crop to raise. I am going to put in more this season. LovETT Brothers (Oxford). — Have reseeded. New stand gives promise of a good crop. C. W. Prescott (Concord). — The crop is holding its own and doing well considering that no plant food has been applied since planting. One- half acre seeded to Grimm has been a wonder. Edward Kirkham (Holliston). — Crop has gradually died out. Shall not try it again on my heavy soil unless I do some tile draining. Lyal^n p. Thoal^s (Rock). — Crop winterkilled because of the mistake made in pasturing too late. Charles L. Clay (North Dana). — Still beheve it to be a profitable crop if witch grass can be kept out. Paul Cunningham (Bolton). — Crop was killed out by drought of 1911. H. A. Parsons (North Amherst). — Results indicate crop to be valuable. Seeded l%o acres more. Cyrus S. Bard well (Shelhurne). — Do not believe the crop is suited to this \'icinity. G. B. TROWBRmGE (South Weymouth). — The dry weather has a bad 166 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 154. effect upon alfalfa; at least it seemed to kill most of mine after the first crop was cut. J. B. Sawyer (Bradford). — Crop suffered because of the severe drought in 1913. Howard W. Foster (Lowell, R. F. D. No. 1). — Condition of the crop compared with a year ago is much better. John L. Smith & Son (Barre) . — If it were not for witch grass should sow the rest of the field. H. K. Herrick (Blandford). — Results obtained are encouraging. Shall try more. Selection of Seed. The experiments described in earlier pages indicate that the Grimm ^ alfalfa is superior to the common, but the latter has given satisfactory results in many cases. Whatever the variety, it is important that northern-grown seed be selected for New England use; and not only that the seed purchased for sowing shall have been grown in the north, but it should be descended from as many generations as possible of northern-grown alfalfa. It will be wise, as already pointed out, to purchase only on guarantee that the seed is free from admixture with the seed of dodder.^ Where this parasite becomes established success with alfalfa becomes impossible. Time and Method of Seeding. Alfalfa may be sown with success either in early spring with a nurse crop or late in summer with corn or alone. Sow- ing alone in late summer is attended with less risk than any other method. Spring Sowing. — Alfalfa sown in spring will usually start well, but in order to keep down the annual w^eeds which are almost sure to be abundant in our better soils it is essential to put in a nurse crop; and at the season when this is cut the w^eather is frequently so hot and dry that the young alfalfa is seriously injured. When seeding in spring it is recommended that the quantity of alfalfa seed should be about 25 to 30 pounds per acre. Either oats or barley will serve best as a nurse crop, and about 1 bushel of either will be sufficient. Seeding in Corn. — In some cases seeding to alfalfa in the standing corn according to the method of seeding to grass, > See page 156. • See page 153. ALFALFA. 167 which is so commonly followed in the Connecticut valley has given successful results. This method, however, can be ex- pected to succeed only when conditions are highly favorable. The soil must be one of fine texture, in perfect tilth, and naturally retentive of moisture. The corn field must be free from weeds, the corn must not be over thick, nor the growth excessively rank. If either of the last-named conditions exists the alfalfa will not make sufficient growth to go into the winter with adequate protection. If the corn is to be cut for the silo the alfalfa will be more likely to succeed than in field corn, for during the interval between the cutting of ensilage corn and cold weather it may make considerable growth. The best date for seeding in this manner is usually about the end of July. Showery weather should be selected if possible, and the quantity of seed should not be less than 30 pounds per acre. Summer Seeding alone. — This method of seeding has given more uniformly successful results than any other wdiich has been tried in the station or upon the college grounds; in- deed, with proper preparation it has never failed. The fol- lowing is a brief outline of the most successful practice: — 1. Plow the previous autumn, or in spring as early as the ground can be worked. 2. Apply a heavy dressing of lime to the rough furrow either in fall or early spring and disk in at once. 3. As early in the spring as weed seeds begin to germinate apply the following mixture per acre: basic slag meal, 1,500 pounds; high-grade sulphate of potash, 400 to 500 pounds; and disk it in. 4. Between the date of the last operation and the date of sowing the seed (which should not be later than the last of July) harrow about once in ten or twelve days. 5. When ready to sow the seed apply per acre nitrate of soda, 100 pounds, basic slag meal, 300 pounds, mixing them and harrowing in lightly. 6. Sow 25 to 30 pounds of seed per acre, inoculating it if alfalfa has not been successfully grown on the land before, and cover as you would grass seed. 7. Inoculation may be effected either by the use of a com- 168 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 154. mercial culture, a culture which will be furnished by the col- lege, or the incorporation of soil from a successful alfalfa field with the soil of the field to be sown. Inoculation of the seed is usually least expensive and fully as successful as the use of soil, but if the latter method is adopted sow 300 or 400 pounds per acre. It should be spread (in cloudy weather if possible) and at once harrowed into the soil. Cultures are most effec- tive when fresh. They gradually lose vitality on keeping, and in ordering, whether from a commercial house or the college, the date when the culture will be used should be specified. 8. However luxuriant and abundant the growth following summer sowing, whether in corn or alone, it will not be advis- able in the severe climate of New England to cut or pasture the crop. Even if the growth be a foot to a foot and a half in height it is worth more left in the field, and will not inter- fere with the development of the crop or the harvesting thereof the following season. Hakvesting Alfalfa. Whatever the stage of development alfalfa should be har- vested as soon as the buds or suckers which start near the base of the plant are well developed. This will usually be when the alfalfa is in early bloom. If allowed to stand much beyond the period of early bloom the plants start slowly after being cut, and the total yield of the season will be relatively small. In every case, however, before cutting examine the stem close to the ground to determine whether the basal buds are starting to grow. Whenever the cutting of the crop is too long delayed the result is a decrease in the total yield of the season. The last cutting should never be so late that the crop will not make growth sufficient for winter protection, and experience leads to the conclusion that in this climate this should be at least some 6 to 8 inches in height. After cutting, alfalfa should be allowed to lie, with possibly one turning, until it is wilted. It should then be put into windrows which, if the weather is bad, may need to be turned once, and later into cocks where it should be allowed to remain until cured. Hay caps should be used if possible. Should the time required in curing it exceed about five days the cocks ALFALFA. 169 should be moved to avoid injury to the roots, and it is desir- able, as in the case of clover (which is often similarly handled), to remove the caps and open or turn over the cocks on the morning of a good day, when it is judged to be sufficiently cured to be put in. Top-dressing. If the crop has been successfully inoculated, or if the nodules which have been referred to are abundant on the feeding rootlets of the alfalfa, it will not be necessary to top-dress with materials furnishing nitrogen, or at least if such mate- rials are at all required (as may be the case upon soils which are naturally very poor and light) they should be used only in moderate quantities. If used freely, nitrogen stimulates the growth of grasses which, therefore, are all the more likely to crowd out the alfalfa. On the other hand, it is necessary in order to secure large crops that the mineral elements of plant food be accessible in abundance. If then the soil is not natu- rally richly stocked with phosphoric acid and potash these must be supplied, and the following mixture of materials is recommended annually per acre: basic slag meal, 800 to 1,200 pounds; high-grade sulphate of potash, 175 to 250 pounds; or low-grade sulphate of potash, 350 to 500 pounds. This mix- ture may be applied either in the autumn or in very early spring. If basic slag meal is used as a source of phosphoric acid it is believed that a second application of lime will not be neces- sary, but if any other material is selected as the source of phosphoric acid a top-dressing with lime once in two or three years is likely to be beneficial. Summary. The following conclusions and advice appear to be war- ranted on the basis of the results obtained in the experimental work and practical experience of this institution: — 1. Alfalfa is superior to red and alsike clovers in holding the land longer, giving a somewhat greater average yield, and in fineness and palatability. The net energy value is about the same as that of good clover, but alfalfa hay is richer in protein and therefore better supplements corn silage, corn 170 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 154. fodder or corn and reduces the expenditure necessary for con- centrated feeds. 2. Cultivation of alfalfa greatly improves the soil as a result, chiefly, of the deep penetration of its great tap roots and of the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen which is left behind in large quantities in roots and stubble. 3. Alfalfa will thrive on almost all thoroughly drained soils, but the field should have considerable surface slope, and a soil rich in lime is best. 4. A heavy application of lime is in almost all cases neces- sary, usually from 1| to 2| tons at least. 5. On soils which are low in humus and relatively poor, one good application of manure plowed in is beneficial, but in general, fertilizers should be preferred to manure because less likely to bring in weeds, grasses and clovers. 6. The best source of potash for the crop is sulphate, and one of the best sources of phosphoric acid is basic slag meal. 7. The Grimm variety is superior. 8. Among the principal obstacles to success are leaf spot or rust, which can be prevented by cutting when it first appears; dodder, which can be avoided by care in the purchase of seed; the competition of weeds, grasses and clovers, which is reduced by avoiding manures or fertilizers rich in nitrogen; and winterkilling, which is due to poor drainage, formation of ice and insufiicient growth for protection.^ ■ Since this bulletin was written we have had opportunity to note the condition of alfalfa upon the station and college grounds in the spring of 1914. There is more winterkilling than for many years; and reports received from different correspondents indicate that the winter of 1913-14 has destroyed a large portion of the alfalfa in the State. A great deal appears to have been destroyed also in Connecticut. The older seedings have in general suffered more than newly seeded areas, but in one case at least, reported by a large grower in Connecticut, the opposite was true. The minimum temperature records were not exceptionally low, but from the middle of January until about the end of February the average temperature was low, and when lowest there was little snow protection. The principal known difference in conditions during the winter of 1913-14, and the winters of the recent years during which alfalfa has suffered little injury, was the higher proportion of water in the soil due to heavy autumn and early winter rains. It is the writer's belief that this was an important predisposing cause of injury. Alfalfa will endure extreme cold in relatively dry soils, but in soils containing a large proportion of water such temperatures sub- ject its root system to most unfavorable conditions. The Grimm variety has suffered far less than the common, even when the seed from which the latter was started was northern grown. In the light of existing conditions the writer's conviction is strengthened that our farmers will be wise not to depend too exclusively upon this crop. He would particularly urge that even although the seed be considerably higher in price, all farmers undertaking the growth of alfalfa should, for the present, plant Grimm varietj', and as the demand for this seed is heavy and the price high he calls attention to the fact that there will be much temptation to substitute seed not true to name. The utmost care should be taken, therefore, to purchase only from parties known to be reliable. ALFALFA. 171 9. The method of seeding attended with least risk is sowing alone in late summer after most careful preparatory tillage. 10. Inoculation of the seed is desirable when the crop is sown upon new land, and cultures used in accordance with directions are to be preferred to the use of soil in most cases. 11. In the co-operative experiments reported there is a large proportion of failures, but these appear to have been due to preventable causes, and t^e results are on the whole encour- aging. 12. The crop should be cured with little exposure to direct sunshine and little handling to avoid loss of leaves. 13. It is a mistake to sow alfalfa in fields infested with witch grass. 14. The growth of weeds, grasses and clovers can be largely prevented by harrowing after the first or second cutting of any season when they are first present in noticeable propor- tion. 15. Annual top-dressing with slag meal and potash will in most cases be desirable. BULLETIN No. 155 JULY, 19 14 MASSACHUSETTS AGRICILTIRAL EXPERIMENT STATION NEW FERTILIZER MATERIALS AND BY-PRODICTS By H. D. HASKINS AND COCOANIT MEAL By J. B. LINDSEY The first part of this bulletin gives a brief statement of the composition and use of some of the more recent fertilizing mate- rials, as well as the fertilizing value of some local by-products. Information is furnished regarding each product mentioned as to its chemical composition and the manner in which it can be best used. Whenever the product is suitable for home-mixing purposes the amount that may be used to advantage per acre is specified. Whenever the product can best be applied by itself, information is furnished as to the best manner of balancing with other ingredients so as to obtain the maximum benefit. The second part gives results of experiments to determine the digestibility of cocoanut meal as well as of experiments to deter- mine its food value. It is apparently fully equal in nutritive value to gluten feed, and its use in moderation is favorable to the pro- duction of butter of firm texture. Requests for bulletins should be addressed to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. Trustees. OFFICERS AND STAFF. COMMITTEE. Charles H. Pbeston, Chairman, Wilfrid Wheeler, Charles E. Ward, . Arthur G. Pollard, Harold L. Frost, . The President of the College, ex officio. The Director of the Station, ex officio. Hathorne. Concord. Buckland. Lowell. Arlington. STATION STAFF. Administration. William P. Brooks, Ph.D., Director. Joseph B. Lindset, Ph.D., Vice-Director. Fred C. Kennet, Treasurer. Charles R. Green, B.Agr., Librarian. Mrs. Lucia G. Church, Clerk. Miss Grace E. Gallond, Stenographer. Agriculture. William P. Brooks, Ph.D., Agriculturist. Henry J. Franklin, Ph.D., In Charge Cranberry Substation. Edwin F. Gaskill, B.Sc, Assistant Agriculturist. Chemistry. Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D., Chemist. Edward B. Holland, M.Sc, Associate Chemist in Charge {Research Section). Fred W. Morse, M.Sc, Research Chemist. Henri D. Haskins, B.Sc, Chemist in Charge (Fertilizer Section). Philip H. Smith, M.Sc, Chemist in Charge (Food and Dairy Section) , Lewell S. Walker, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Rudolf W. Ruprecht, M.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Carlton P. Jones, M.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Carlos S. Beals, B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. Walter S. Frost. B.Sc, Assistant Chemist. James P. Buckley, Jr., Assistant Chemist. James T. Howard, Inspector. Harry L. Allen, Assistant in Laboratory. James R. Alcock, Assistant in Animal Nutrition. Miss F. Ethel Felton, A.B., Clerk. Miss Alice M. Howard, Clerk. Miss Rebecca L. Mellor, Clerk. Entomology. Henry T. Fernald, Ph.D., Entomologist. Burton N. Gates, Ph.D., Apiarist. Arthur I. Bourne, A.B., Assistant Entomologist. Miss Bridie E. O'Donnell, Clerk. Horticulture. Frank A. Waugh, M.Sc, Horticulturist. Fred C. Sears, M.Sc, Pomologist. Jacob K. Shaw, Ph.D., Research Pomologist. John B. Norton, B.Sc, Graduate Assistant. Meteorology. John E. Ostrander, A.M., C.E., Meteorologist. E. K. Dexter, Observer. Poultry Husbandry. John C. Graham, B.Sc, Poultry Husbandman. Hubert D. Goodale, Ph.D., Research Biologist. Miss Fay L. Milton, Clerk. Vegetable Pathology George E. Stone, Ph.D., Vegetable Physiologist and Pa- and Physiology. thologist. George H. Chapman, M.Sc, Research Vegetable Physi- ologist. Orton L. Clark, B.Sc, Assistant Vegetable Physiologist and Pathologist. Miss Jessie V. Crocker, Clerk. Veterinary Science. James B. Paige, B.Sc, D.V.S., Veterinarian. CONTENTS. New fertilizer materials and by-products : — Introduction, .... Sheep manure and wool waste, Wool waste extracted of grease. Fine-ground whale guano, Rockweed, Crude unground garbage tankage, Calcined phosphate, . Calcium cyanamid. Sewage tankage, .... Picker dirt from cotton mill. Cocoa-shell dust. Shoddy dirt from woolen mill, . Lime refuse from manufacture of lactic acid. Lime refuse from bleachery filter bed, Lime refuse from tannery, Cocoanut meal : — Composition of cocoanut meal. Digestibility of cocoanut meal, Feeding experiment with cocoanut meal, 191 Care and feeding of animals. Character of feeds, .... Weighing the animals. Sampling feeds and milk, . Total rations consumed by each cow , Average daily ration consumed per cow. Digestible organic nutrients in average daily rations, Herd gain or loss in live weight, Total yield of milk products, . Adverse influences, . ... General conclusions, . PAGE . 173 . 173 173, 174 . 174 . 174 174, 175 . 176 . 176 176, 178 178, 179 178, 179 178, 179 . 180 . 180 . 180 182 183 184 185 185 185 186 187 187 187 188 188 189 190 COMPOSITION AND USE OF SOME OF THE NEW FERTILIZER MATERIALS; ALSO, FERTILIZING VALUE BY-PRODUCTS. OF SOME LOCAL H. D. HASKIXS. In the large number of miscellaneous materials forwarded to the experiment station laboratory there occasionally appears a new fertilizing product or by-product of value to farmers liv- ing in the vicinity of the establishment which produces it. Oftentimes it may be a poorly balanced fertilizer, although if supplemented with chemicals or other fertilizing ingredients it may prove efficient. The large number of inquiries received regarding such products as sources of plant food would indi- cate the desirability of publishing a brief statement as to their use. No. 1. Sheep Manure and Wool "Waste. No. 2. Wool Waste extracted of Grease (Sud Cake). Analysis. No. 1. No. 2. Moisture Potassium oxide, .... Phosphoric acid, .... Total nitrogen, Water soluble nitrogen. Active water insoluble nitrogen, Inactive water insoluble nitrogen, Approximate commercial value per ton. 4.99 44.80 2.89 .37 .31 .03 1.27 1.30 .51 .27 .30 .51 .46 .52 $6 48 S4 00 Sheep Manure and Wool Waste (iVo. 1). — This manure, which is quite thoroughly dried, may be used at the rate of 4 to 5 tons per acre for corn ; when used in seeding to grass, 174 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 155. this application should be supplemented by 500 pounds of basic slag phosphate. Some of the commercial sheep manures, par- ticularly those from wool-carding establishments, often carry large quantities of noxious weed seeds. Wool Waste extracted of Grease (Sud Cake) {No. 2). — This product would be more suitable for corn and to fit land for seeding to permanent meadows than for potatoes or other hoed crops. It can be used to advantage on all soils deficient in organic matter and humus. Five tons per acre may be used to good advantage for corn or seeding to grass. In addition it would be well to use 150 pounds of muriate of potash and 500 pounds of basic slag phosphate. No. 3. Fine-gi'ound Foreign Whale Guano. No. 4. Roekweed. No. 5. Crude Un ground Garbage Tankage. Analysis. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. Moisture, - 15.66 64.89 Potassium oxide. None 1.81 .11 Phosphoric acid, 9.90 .23 .81 Total nitrogen 8.1G .60 .78 Water soluble nitrogen, 2.08 .09 .15 Active water insoluble nitrogen. 3.43 .15 .10 Inactive water insoluble nitrogen, 2.65 .36 .53 Approximate commercial value per ton, $37 00 $3 35 $1 SO Fine-ground Foreign Whale Guano (No. 3). — Whale guano is quite similar in composition to dry ground fish. Its nitrogen availability is probably about 67.50 per cent., while that of fish averages about 70 per cent. The whale guano carries quite a high percentage of fat (13.82 per cent.), which will probably prevent its nitrogen from becoming as quickly available as that in fish scrap. Eocl'iveed {No. J/-). — Eockweed may be used broadcast at the rate of 5 to 6 tons per acre, and thoroughly worked into the soil by means of a disk harrow. The use of lime with this material will ordinarilv be found advantageous, — from one- NEW FERTILIZER MATERIALS AND BY-PRODUCTS. 175 half to one ton per acre. The product carries but a small amount of phosphoric acid; the use, therefore, of 400 pounds of basic slag phosphate or acid phosphate per acre for crops such as corn and seeding to grass will usually be found both economical and effective. Rockweed may be used to advantage on any soil deficient in organic matter and humus. It is not a well-balanced fertilizer, however, and should ordinarily be supplemented by an application of some source of available phosphoric acid. Crude Unground Garhage Tankage (No. 5). — Crude gar- bage tankage, undried and unground, is necessarily a coarse, slow-acting material ; yet it has more than a local interest, as most of our cities having a population of 30,000 to 40,000 own municipal garbage-reduction plants, and a considerable tonnage of tankage is therefore annually produced. A considerable amount of this material is contracted for by the commercial fertilizer manufacturer who uses it as a conditioner in fer- tilizer mixtures after it has been dried and ground. In this condition it is, of course, worth much more as a fertilizer than in its crude state. Of late there has been considerable inquiry regarding the value of the product, and requests for analysis are not infrequent. In its natural state it may be worth cartage to farmers living in the vicinity of the plant. The product may be used like farm manures, — from 5 to 6 cords per acre would not be an excessive application. It should be thoroughly worked into the soil with a disk harrow, and ordinarily should be accompanied by an application of lime. From 400 to 600 pounds of basic slag phosphate and 100 to 150 pounds of mu- riate or high-gTade sulfate of potash per acre should be used to supplement it. No. 6, Calcined Phosphate. No. 7. Calcium Cyanamid. No. 8. Sewage Tankage. 176 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 155. Analysis. No. 6. No. 7. No. 8. Moisture - 2.23 7.30 Potassium oxide. .59 - .03 Total phosphoric acid. 32.06 - 1.62 Available phosphoric acid, 26.32 - - Calcium oxide. 36.99 40.00 - Iron and aluminum oxides, C.66 - - Sodium oxide, . 7.40 - - Total nitrogen, . None 14.33 5.26 Water soluble nitrogen, None 12.99 .40 Active water insoluble nitrogen. None .41 2.38 Inactive water insoluble nitrogen. None .93 2.48 Approximate commercial value per ton, $23 25 $54 45 $16 65 Calcined Phosphate (No. 6). — Calcined phosphate, as the name indicates, is a manufactured product, high calcination being a part of the process. It is represented to be made under the so-called Newberry-Fishburne process, which, briefly stated, is as follows : — A 30 to 32 per cent, phosphate rock is mixed with 15 to 20 per cent, of an alkaline salt. The mixture is heated in rotary kilns to a high temperature. During the process most of the salt is volatilized. The resulting porous clinker is pulverized and ground to a fine condition suitable for a fertilizer. The product gives a mild alkaline reaction. Unpublished results at the Ohio and Indiana Experiment stations indicate that this material furnished phosphoric acid in an available form. The writer has not heard of the product being generally quoted in the fertilizer trade, and its cost is therefore not known. Calcium Cyanamid (No. 7). — Calcium cyanamid, now gen- erally handled in the trade under the name cyanamid. although not a new product is but rarely used by the farmer except as a part of commercial mixed fertilizers in which it is now not infrequently used. It is said that most of it is now bought by the fertilizer manufacturers. In view, however, of the large NEW FERTILIZER MATERIALS AND BY-PRODUCTS. 177 number of inquiries received concerning its nature, a short de- scription may not be out of place. Cyanamid is made by combining atmospheric nitrogen with calcium carbide at a high temperature, electricity being used as the heating agency. Two forms of cyanamid are now offered to the trade in this country, both being of a dark slate color. One is a fine powder, the other granular. The chemical com- position of the two products seems to be about the same. The granular cyanamid possesses some advantages over the pow- dered form. It would be less dusty and disagreeable to handle, and probably could be used in larger proportions in mixtures with organic ammoniates and acid phosphates without causing loss of ammonia or serious reversion of the phosphoric acid. The nitrogen in cyanamid is largely soluble in water and in availability ranks well with sulfate of ammonia; it is not in the form of ammonia, however, but rather of an amide com- pound which is easily broken up in contact with water and be- comes readily available in the soil. The product may be used as a quick-acting nitrogen source. Cyanamid may have an advantage over sulfate of ammonia in that it will not leave an objectionable acid residue in the soil as does the latter product. The residue left by cyanamid is a lime product which sooner or later will have a beneficial sweetening effect upon the soil. It would probably not be good practice to use more than 100 to 150 pounds of the cyanamid to the ton if the fertilizer mix- ture is likely to remain unused for a number of months. The free lime in the cyanamid will gradually cause a reversion of the soluble phosphoric acid. In the preparation of home-mix- tures, which contain nitrate of soda, tankage, dry gi'ound fish, blood, as well as other organic ammoniates, with acid phosphate and potash salts, a small proportion of cyanamid will be wisely included, as it favors the improvement of the mechanical con- dition of the mixture. It will aid materially in preventing the lumping of the fertilizer as well as the loss of nitrogen from the nitrate of soda under the influence of freshly prepared acid phosphate. These advantages will more than compensate any loss in the solubility of the phosphoric acid in the acid phosphate due to the action of the free lime in the cyanamid. This is particularly true if the proportion of cyanamid to the acid 178 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 155. phosphate is not greater than 1 to 8 or 10. Cyanamid should not be used in the same mixture with ammonium sulfate, as free ammonia will be liberated from the latter salt. It should prove a valuable source of quick-acting nitrogen for most crops, but is not recommended as a top dressing for grass. It will not be found injurious when applied unmixed at the rate of 200 pounds per acre as a source of part of the nitrogen for tobacco. Sewage Tankage {No. 8). — Sewage tankage, as the name indicates, is a product recovered from sewage by means of the precipitation method. In the sample here reported the grease was extracted from the dried material, which was then ground to a good mechanical condition. The sample analyzed carried about 78 per cent, of organic matter. Products of this char- acter vary greatly in composition, as two samples examined at this laboratory in 1912 showed only .32 per cent, nitrogen, the phosphoric acid running 6.67 per cent, and the potash .78 per cent. Such a product would be valued commercially at about $5.50 per ton. It has not been found commercially profitable to extract the fat from sewage tankage. The unextracted material has a very slow action in the soil, and practical experience does not en- courage its use.^ No. 9. Picker Dirt from Cotton Mill, Average of Three Analyses. No. 10. Cocoa-shell Dust. No. 11. Shoddy Dirt from Woolen Mill. Analysis. No. 9. No. 10. No. 11. Moisture, 6.95 11.09 4.95 Potassium oxide, .... 1.56 2.71 .68 Phosphoric acid , . . . . .68 1.49 .20 Total nitrogen, 1.37 2.94 4.40 Water soluble nitrogen. .24 1.04 .12 Active water insoluble nitrogen, .27 .51 2.41 Inactive water insoluble nitrogen, . .95 1.39 1.87 Approximate commercial value per ton, $5 50 $9 50 Jll 00 I See Monthly Bulletin, State Board of Health, Vol. 8, No. 12, December, 1913. NEW FERTILIZER MATERIALS AND BY-PRODUCTS. 179 Picker Dirt from Cotton Mill (No. 9). — Picker dirt varies somewhat in composition ; 19 analyses made at this laboratory show the nitrogen to vary from 1.55 to 1.60 per cent., the potash from .48 to 1.62 per cent., and the phosphoric acid from .08 to .68 per cent. The average commercial value on the basis of these analyses would be $3.75 per ton. The product would be slow in action when incorporated with the soil. Probably the most economical manner of using the material would be to add it at frequent intervals to the manurial matter in the manure pit; when used in this way it would retain a large amount of liquid manure and prove of value both as an absorbent and as a direct furnisher of plant food. It would not be a suitable material to use in the stable gutters on account of the dust, which would have a tendency to irritate the air passages and lungs of animals, and also because of the danger in carrying the germs of contagious diseases. A moderate application of lime should be used on the soil with this product, also about 400 pounds of basic slag or acid phosphate and 100 pounds of high-grade sulfate of potash per acre. The material will be found better adapted to corn and seeding to grass than to most other crops, and may be used at the rate of three cords per acre. It should be plowed in. Cocoa-shell Dust (No. 10). — Cocoa-shell dust carries con- siderably more plant food than do ground cocoa shells, testing nearly a per cent, higher in nitrogen and phosphoric acid. The material may be used at the rate of 1 ton per acre. It should be supplemented by an application of 100 pounds of muriate of potash and 300 pounds of basic slag phosphate or acid phos- phate. Shoddy Dirt from Woolen Mill (No. li).— Shoddy dirt will be found to vary considerably in composition. It is not a well-balanced fertilizing material, as it carries too little potash and phosphoric acid in proportion to the nitrogen. It may be used at the rate of 3 tons per acre applied broadcast and thoroughly wheel -harrowed in. For corn and seeding to grass 800 pounds of lime, 500 pounds of basic slag or acid phosphate and 150 pounds of muriate of potash should also be used per acre. On poor soils 100 pounds of nitrate of soda may be used to advantage when seeding to grass. 180 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 155. No. 12. Lime Kefuse from Manufacture of Lactic Acid. No. 13. Lime Kefuse from Bleachery Filter Bed. No. 14. Lime Eefuse from Tannei-j^ Analysis. No. 12. No. 13. No. 14. Moisture, 46,00 16.87 35.93 Calcium oxide, 19.23 42.43 24.80 Magnesium oxide, .44 1.30 3.10 Nitrogen, .30 - .42 Sulfuric acid (SO3), 27.50 - - Carbonic acid (COa) .98 34.00 4.44 Insoluble matter .68 - 16.37 Lime Refuse from Manufacture of Lactic Acid {No. 12). — Lime refuse from the manufacture of lactic acid would not be a fit material to use agriculturally until mixed with 200 or 300 pounds of limestone per ton of refuse. The raw product car- ries nearly one-half of one per cent, of free sulfuric acid, which would probably injure vegetation unless neutralized by the limestone. The value of the product would not be over $2 to $3 per ton at the farm. After receiving the application of lime- stone the product should be used the same as land plaster or gypsum, as most of the lime is present as sulfate. Lime Refuse from Bleachery Filter Bed (No. 13). — This particular sample contained practically all of its lime in the form of carbonate. It gave only a slight reaction for chlorides. In ordinary practice it would be well to apply the material during late fall and allow it to remain exposed until spring, so that any injurious lime compounds that might be present would have a chance to oxidize before being mixed with the soil. It may be used in quantities up to 2 tons per acre on land in need of lime. Lime Refuse from Tannery (No. IJf). — Most of the lime in this sample was present as hydrated or slaked lime. The product carries nearly one-half of one per cent, of arsenic (AS2O.5"). If the product be used in moderate quantities (2 tons per acre) this amount of arsenic would probably not prove NEW FERTILIZER MATERIALS AND BY-PRODUCTS. 181 injurious to vegetation. It might, however, have a deleterious etfect upon the beneficial soil bacteria. The sample has been submitted to the college bacteriologist. Dr. Marshall, who will later make some studies to decide this point. The opinion was expressed by Dr. Marshall that this small percentage of arsenic would not prove harmful when used as above specified. In general, it might be said that these various refuse lime products, including the product from acetylene gas plants, may be used to advantage locally when they can be had for the hauling or at a small cost. It is usually the safest way to make the application of these products in the fall or winter, so as to. allow a chance for the oxidation of any injurious compounds that may be present. 182 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 155. COCOANUT MEAL. J. B. LIKDSEY. The cocoanut is the fruit of the cocoa palm (Cocus nucifera), growing in Ceylon, India, West and East Africa, the Philip- pine Islands, Brazil and Australia. It is valuable for its shell (which furnishes fiber), its oil and its meat. The milk in the inner part of the nut gradually becomes thick as the cocoanut ripens, and forms the meat of the nut. According to Ollech,^ a typical ripe nut was found to consist of 30.45 per cent, of fiber, 19.59 per cent, of shell, and 49.96 per cent, of meat, and to weigh 1,133 grams. The oil is removed by pressure or by extraction by cooking with water, frequently at the place of production. The meat is shipped in a dry condition to Europe under the name of Kopra. The dry, unextracted meat (8 per cent, water) contains from 36 to 67 per cent, of oil. The extracted meat is ground and furnishes the cocoanut meal used in animal feeding. When in normal condition it is light red to brown in color, has a nutty smell and taste, and is well liked by all kinds of farm animals. The lot experimented with was secured from the Edible Oils Company of 'New York, who imported it. 1. Composition of Cocoanut Meal. Our Sample. Average German Analyses. Gluten Feed used in Experiment for Comparison. Water 9.00 10.50 10.40 Ash 5.89 6.20 3.78 Protein, 19.35 21.40 23.37 Fiber, . 8.64 14.70 6.82 Extract matter, 48.00 38.70 52.75 Fat 9.12 8.50 2.88 Total, 100.00 100.00 100.00 > E. Pott, Handbucli d. Thierischen Ernahrung, etc., Bd. III., p. 76. COCOANUT MEAL. 183 Our particular sample contained rather less protein and fiber and more extract matter than the average of German samples. The latter, according to Kellner/ are sold on a guarantee of 18 per cent, protein and 12 per cent. fat. The gluten feed with which cocoanut meal is compared shows less ash and fat, rather more protein, and decidedly more starchy matter. The oil in the cocoanut meal very soon becomes rancid, and is converted largely into free fatty acids, giving a slightly unpleasant odor and taste. 2. Digestibility of Cocoanut ]\[eal. One experiment was conducted with two sheep, with the fol- lowino; results : — Our Sample. Average German Analyses. Gluten Feed for Comparison. Dry matter - 80 = 88 Ash 64 - 88 Protein 90 78 85 Fiber 23 63 87 Extract matter, 87 83 90 Fat 100+ 97 81 Applying these coefficients to the analyses, we find the fol- lowing amounts digestible in 2,000 pounds : — Cocoanut Meal (Our Sample). Gluten Feed for Comparison. Ash 75.4 66.5 Protein 347.6 397.2 Fiber 40.4 118.6 Extract matter, 829.0 949.6 Fat 187.4 46.6 Total 1,479,8 1,578.5 It appears from the above results that the gluten feed fur- nishes about 100 pounds more digestible nutrients in 1 ton than the cocoanut meal. If, however, the fat in each case is con- 1 Die Ernahrung d. Landw. Nutzthiere, p. 359. ' Organic matter. 184 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 155. verted into its starch equivalent in the usual way, we find the eocoanut meal furnishes 1,705 pounds of digestible matter and the gluten feed 1,634 pounds. The eocoanut meal contains 88.4 therms of net available energy and the sample of gluten feed 82.7 therms. In case of gluten feed, Kellner requires a re- duction of 10 per cent., making the therms 74.4 as against 88.4 for the eocoanut meal. It seems doubtful, however, to the writer if this 10 per cent, reduction is allowable. It hardly seems probable on the basis of composition and digestibility that the eocoanut meal would have a much greater nutritive value than would the gluten feed. 3. Feeding Experiment with Cocoanut Meal, 1911. In order to test the relative efficiency of the eocoanut meal as compared with gluten feed as a component of a dairy ration, 10 cows were fed by the reversal method in periods of five weeks' duration. Hay and Avheat bran constituted the basal ration to which were added definite amounts of either eocoanut meal or gluten feed.^ Table I. — History of the Goivs. Name. Breed. Age (Years). Last Calf dropped. Served. Milk Yield (Pounds), Beginning of Trial. Samantha, Amy, Gladys, May Rio, Betty, . Betty II., Fancy II., Cecile, . Ida, Red III., Jersey-Holstein, Pure Jersey, Pure Jersey, Pure Jersey, Grade Jersey, Grade Ayrshire, Grade Jersey, Pure Jersey, Pure Jersey, Grade Jersey, Aug. Sept. Sept. Dee. Oct. Dec. Aug. Nov. Sept. Oct. 15, 1910 20, 1910 15, 1910 5, 1910 22, 1910 8, 1910 16, 1910 1, 1910 5, 1910 8, 1910 Dec. Mar. Aug. Apr. Dec. Jan. Dec. Feb. Feb. Dec. 17, 1910 1, 1911 14, 1911 12, 1911 22, 1910 26, 1911 22, 1910 8, 1911 11, 1911 14, 1910 1 Cow Betty, being particularly thin, was given 1 pound of corn meal daily as a part of the basal ration in each half of the trial. COCOANUT MEAL. 185 Table II. — Duration of Trial, 1911. Dates. Gluten Feed Ration. Cocoanut Meal Ration. January 6 through February 10, . March 11 through April 14, . Samantha, Amy, Gladys, May Rio, Betty. Ida, Fancy II., Betty II., Cecile, Red III. Ida, Fancy II., Betty II., Cecile, Red III. Samantha, Amy, Gladys, May Rio, Betty. An unusuallj long time elaj^sed between the two halves of the trial (four weeks). This was due to the fact that several cows in the herd suffered a severe attack of scours, the cause of which could not be determined. It naturally interfered with the accuracy of the trial, although all of the cows were in good condition when the second half started, March 11. They had shrunk, however, rather more in yield than they would have had they not suffered the attack. Cows Amy, Betty II., Cecile and Betty were particularly affected. Care and Feeding of Animals. They were kept in roomy stalls, carded daily and turned into a protected barnyard for three to five hours each pleasant day. They were fed twice daily; the hay was given some time be- fore milking in the afternoon and the grain just before milk- ing, while in the morning the grain was given just before, and the hay just after, milking. Water was supplied constantly by aid of a self-watering device. Character of Feeds. The hay was largely Kentucky blue grass with considerable sweet vernal gi-ass and some clover (early cut). During the last half of the trial the supply of this grade of hay became exhausted, and a mixture of timothy, red top and clover was substituted. It was of very good quality, but not as appetizing as the other variety. The animals refused some of the coarser parts and showed a tendency to shrink in milk. The bran was of the spring variety, and the gluten feed of good quality. Weighing the Animals.- Each cow was weighed for three consecutive days at the beginning and end of each half of the trial, before the after- noon feeding. 186 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 155. Sampling Feeds and Milk. The hay was sampled at the beginning and end of each half of the trial in the usual way, as described in other experiments of this character. The grains were sampled daily and the samples preserved in glass-stoppered bottles and brought to the laboratory at the end of each half of the trial for dry-matter determinations and complete analyses. The milk of each cow was sampled daily for five consecutive days on the first, third and fifth week of each half of the trial. The usual method of sampling was followed. Table III. — Analysis of Feedstuffs. Water. Protein. Fat. Nitro- gen-free Extract. Fiber. Ash. Hay, 9.97 8.04 1.71 44.47 30.84 4.94 Bran, 11.97 Ifi.lO 1.36 55.99 9.23 5.33 Gluten feed 10.28 23.39 2.88 52.82 6.83 3.79 Cocoanut meal, .... 6.49 20.05 15.07 44.98 8.43 5.06 Corn meal, 12.89 8.69 3.31 72.07 1.78 1.25 Table IV. — Total Eations consumed hy Each Cow (Pounds). Gluten Feed Ration. Hay. Bran. Gluten Feed. Corn Meal. Cocoanut Meal. Samaniha, 908 140 140 - - Amy, 625 105 140 - - Gladys 695 105 140 - - May Rio 695 105 105 - - Betty 900 105 140 35 - Ida 689 105 105 - - Fancy IL, 522 100 100 - - Betty II 690 175 140 - - Cecile, 689 138 138 - - Red III 797 140 140 - - Totals for herd, . 7,210 1,218 1,288 35 - COCOANUT MEAL. 187 T.VBLE IV. — Total Rations consumed by Each Cow (Pounds) — Concluded. Cocoanut Meal Ration. Hay. Bran. Gluten Feed. Corn Meal. Cocoanut Meal. Samantba, 790 140 - - 140 Amy, 514 99 - - 133 Gladys 624 105 - - 140 May Rio 672 105 - - 105 Betty 711 105 - 35 140 Ida 764 105 - - 105 Fancy II., 481 105 - - 105 Betty II 746 175 - - 140 Cecile, 793 140 - - 140 Red III S40 140 - - 140 Totals for herd, . 6,935 1,219 - 35 1,2S8 Table V. — Average Daily Ration consumed per Cow (Pounds). Character or Ration. Hay. Bran. Gluten Feed. Cocoanut Meal. Corn Meal. Gluten feed Cocoanut meal, .... 20.6 19.8 3.48 3.48 3.68 3.68 1' 1» The cows averaged .8 of a pound of hay more daily while on the gluten feed ration. This may have been due to the presence of the extra oil in the cocoanut meal satisfying the appetites. The different animals received from 16 to 26 pounds of hay, from 3 to 5 pounds of bran and from 3 to 4 pounds of gluten feed or cocoanut meal daily. Table VI. — Digestible Organic Nutrients in Average Daily Rations (Pounds). Character of R.^.TIO^^ Protein. Fiber. Extract Matter. Fat. Total. 2 Nutritive Ratio. Gluten feed, . Cocoanut meal. 2.10 1.92 4.13 4.00 8.70 8.12 .32 .75 15.95 15.69 1:6.5 1:7.2 1 For cow Betty only; not included in figuring average digestible nutrients. 2 Including fat X 2.2. 188 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 155. It would appear, on the basis of the above calculationSj which were made bv applying average digestion coefficients to average daily rations consumed, that the two herds received substantially like amounts of total digestible nutrients. The cocoanut meal ration contained rather more fat and somewhat less extract matter than the gluten feed ration. Herd Gain or Loss in Live Weight (Pounds) Character of Ration'. Loss. Gluten feed, Cocoanut meal, 8 79 The difference is not of gTeat importance. During the gluten feed period the 10 cows showed a total loss of 8 pounds, and during the cocoanut meal period a loss of 79 pounds. Cows Cecile and Betty II. were milking their maximum while in the cocoanut meal period, which took some flesh from their bodies. Total Yield of Milk Products {Pounds). Gluten Feed Ration. Total Milk. Daily Milk. Total Solids. Total Fat. Butter Equivalent (Fat+i^). Samantha, Amy, . Gladys, May Rio, Betty, . Ida, . Fancy II., Betty II., Cecile, . Red III., 876.3 608.8 731.8 741.8 902.8 447.8 537.9 827.2 793.5 810.5 24.8 17.4 20.9 21.2 25.8 12.8 15.4 23.6 22.7 23.2 135.74 91.81 112.99 111.72 128.65 75.95 74.93 115.89 113.39 113.31 54.59 35.55 44.93 43.84 45.05 32.60 27.33 39.54 39.91 44.33 63.69 41.48 52.42 51.15 52.56 38.03 31.89 46.13 46.56 51.72 Totals fc r her d, 7,278.4 20.8' 1,074.38 407.67 475.63 1 Average daily yield. COCOANUT MEAL. 189 Total Yield of Milk Products (Pounds)' — Concluded. Cocoanut Meal Ration. Total Daily Milk. Milk. Total Solids. Total Fat. Butter Equivalent (Fat+K). Samantha, Amy, . Gladys, May Rio, Betty, . Ida, . Fancy II., Betty II., Cecile, . Red III., 698.8 482.8 579.6 592.3 720.3 525.3 583.5 1,124.8 991.5 902.3 20.0 13.8 16.6 17.0 20.6 15.0 16.7 32.1 28.3 25.8 110.62 73.63 86.59 91.63 103.72 90.40 82.86 155.00 145.65 129.48 47.10 31.29 35.76 38.14 38.68 40.97 32.56 56.46 56.22 54.68 54.95 36.51 41.72 44.50 45.13 47.80 37.99 65.87 65.59 63.79 Totals fo r her d. 7.201.2 20. 6» 1,069.58 431.86 503.85 The 10 cows produced substantially the same amounts of milk and milk solids on both rations. In the case of the total milk fat the diiference is somewhat in favor of the cocoanut meal ration (nearly 6 per cent.). This may have been due to the influence of the oil in the cocoanut meal. Advei'se Influences. 1. The attack of scours between halves. 2. The feeding of a new lot of hay during the last two weeks of the trial. The hay, however, was fed to each of the 10 cows so that all were treated alike. 3. While like amounts of gluten feed and cocoanut meal were fed to each herd the cocoanut meal contained 6.49 per cent, of moisture, while the gluten feed contained 10.28 per cent. Dur- ing the entire experiment, therefore, the cows received 50.2 pounds more dry matter (.14 pound daily) in the form of cocoanut meal than in the form of gluten feed. Inasmuch, however, as the cows ate rather less hay while receiving the cocoanut meal, and as the total digestible nutri- 1 Average daily yield. 190 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 155. ents fed were slightly in favor of the gluten feed ration, it is probable that the small excess of cocoanut meal was without influence on the results. General Conclusions. 1. Cocoanut meal is of the same general type of composition as gluten feed. It contains more fat, ash and fiber and notice- ably less carbohydrate matter. 2. Cocoanut meal was found to contain about 100 pounds less digestible matter in a ton than the gluten feed. By con- verting the fat of the cocoanut meal into its starch equivalent, however, its nutritive value would be rather above the gluten feed. One hundred pounds of cocoanut meal contained 88.4 therms of net available energy as against 82.7 therms for the gluten feed. This is clearly due to the higher percentage of fat in the former. 3. Our feeding experiment with 10 cows shows substan- tially the same results in the amount of milk from the cocoanut meal and gluten feed ration; slightly more butter fat was se- cured on the former ration. It is believed that the cocoanut meal is fully equal to the gluten feed in nutritive value, although it is doubtful if it exceeds it. German observers consider it particularly desira- ble for dairy animals in amounts of from 3 to 4 pounds daily per head, and it has been shown to somewhat increase the fat content of the milk. Fed in excess of the above it is held to make too hard a butter.