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‘THE SAN JOSE SCALE, Aspidiotus perniciosus

~ - . '

oe as iy toe -
_ SOME OTHER DESTRUCTIVE SCALE-INSECTS |
eo 2 SOF THE STATE OF NEW, YORK, - 5

BY

s a A. LINTN ER, Ph. D., Stats Enromotocisr-

sae ALBANY
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORE

1895 —- . :
ee Price 15 cents

Re ge nts

Anson Jupp Upson, D. D., LL. D., Chancellor af
Witiiam CroswELi Daiee D. D., LL. D., Véce- Chancellor
Levi P. Morton, LL. D., Gaveuor
Cuartes T. Saxton, LL. D., Lieut.-Governor

JoHNn PatmeEr, Secretary of State EEE LE
Cuar.zs R. Skinner, M.A., Sup’t of Pub. Inst.
In order of election by the legislature
ELECTED :
1873 Martin I. Townsenp, M.A.,LL.D.- - - Troy ir
1874 Anson Jupp Upson, D. D., LL. D. - ~ Glens Falls aa
1876 Wham L. Bostwick, M. A. - - - - Ithaca |
1877. Cuauncry M. Depew, LL.D. - - =. New York
1877 Cuaruzs E. Fire, LL. B., M. A. - - — Rochester
1877 Orris H. Warren, D.D. - - - = = Syracuse
1878 Wutretaw Rei, LL. D. - - - - - New York
1881 Wiutiiam H. Watson, M. A., M. D. ~ = Utica
1881 Henry E. Turner - - ~ - - - Lowville
1883 Sr Carr McKztway, LL. D. - - = Brooklyn
1885 Hamitton Harris, LL. D. - - -—- = Albany
1885 Danrtet Breacu, Ph. D., LL.D. - - - Watkins
1688 Carrow. E. Suir - - = = = Syracuse
1890 Puiny T. Sexron, LL.D. = - - - - Palmyra
1890 T. Guitrorp Smith, M. A., C. E. - = Buffalo
1892 Witi1am Crosweitt Doanz, D.D., LL.D. - Albany
1893 Lewis A. Stimson, B. A., M. D. - - - New York
1894 SyntvesteR Matonz - - - = Brooklyn
1895 ALBERT VANDERVEER, M. D, Ph. Dz ~ - Albany

| =

Elected by the regents
1888 Metvit Dewey, M. A., Secretary - = - Albany

POR LEN

Seem or THD

New York State Museum

Vol. 3 No. 13
April, 1895

‘THE SAN JOSE SCALE, Aspidiotus perniciosus
a AND
SOME OTHER DESTRUCTIVE SCALE-INSECTS
) OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
; rte
J. A. LINTNER, Ph, D., STaTE ENTOMOLOGIST
ea Na ye ALBANY
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORE
1895

Ani ie te

af

CON PENS

VV AT ACINS CAME SNS OMS CAUEU BI vers os bla slarerelelet si slaleie\eic\siclelslaie(aieleisc'seieneia)s CO
SOME DESTRUCTIVE SCALE-INSEOTS OF THE STATE OF NEW

IOI We cinetatale aie sasnsatevael aieiovayscove. alg -ovchierevepetalarSeepel otal avareresshess shattate wee aecats bao eee)
Ave PANT Catl CC Mes AUK OVS layacrava Cvoletats shale cieraysie ie epicteteralatercieleiere =) evs eterete (elatetels 269
The Scurty Bark-louse......... SAU SuOGHOGO dNdon Ded ahd Geedou OOOO TUDE AGS 270
Me Pine eats SCalesISECUsi secs sleclsrero actorcsncislereteievevevare evetalaresatetaaierelals ets evete a7
MSHS AN VENICE MS CAEN ees verant cee evoncvolete rarer s ausleratels’ sie averacs, Leuaheteteers:auslete stele s/aretateve's Panik
Met Mviamlestreer SAE ANGE Cia rateve cietens: cia ereietetaieseracolers iva leia aks aalaia arse er mleieiaverre 212
The Plum-tree Scale-insect...... BareNsne lone ens tel sie ais to, c/a) sisieala etoreiatehe Grou eranavelolele 273

AVERT UAW JOS El S OIE a alarslais tie/elero ere stro oe ate Sovalav us Satay ars noe ele atoieleeaahaiehe 275
Mt ROGIT CH OMeATIGY Sona Cincy ievelevels cterelaiereveleieieteerare els eisie’e areveleseersia acre apertots bo) Ue) ©
Occurrence in the ol (WimitediStavesey.terisstiresys cred sleiels eiatere isis severest 276
Investigations by the U. S. Department of Agriculture..............000 276

iim Versys Em Clieyeteycretereleievefereleisvelcteler releleercleistelelevelcisre al atetiovere dulavatauster eval svete ersvare a7

MER Glesravcrctaotesversne stele.cvalotsie ere evsfaisiovalteleiera¥ojaleiavare wielayerei are ocvelewramiaes ea

Discovered in other States.......ce.s0 Sle tatel see raya terme tame ree seeteehigniate noo ue
phleRSa tid OSeno calles INC wi Obert urcleercleciaciscs cm ucisiseiate © cieisie-aient envers 279
The San José Scale on Long Island............ sia aer ard ise Relate anecalevete boo woul

Condition of the Long Island Nurseries:.......0....6 .ecesscees oocnode 282
The San José Scale in New Jersey........ Bat sphisD ties eu events inna sowicvevey Metauenetas 285
The two Infested New Jersey Nurseries... ....0..ccccce sce cccccsccecces 287

eine AWetonibgel le arsrayan NUTS CLIC Ser teretereleyeistelarsie/ isha stasis) cisievetre slaveisien <)cle se ahers 500 Bist

{Ning Ibowvetis Commjoniny INTMESEWIOS..4ochod usododencouooguoudosusodoabdade 287
Met SanedhOseyscale tm! Oli wey siete Ole siara’ sisi ere cieravs s wivree ouiere ale tone Mais lane 290
DEST MOO TEAS Cal Cimrrersive cisiaieslarsvaveia hers ctere ules cielo aieye caesar 290
IDESCENp MONE Olehe-iMSe Ciererererren eerie sieiacielssrein cpotelelaheteis foie elassteln ve lece ss ciate 291
Wiig pTEintee ENTS ton yre aVotonoketey ove tavetaimebererctore ae oie) ols fossa oldie wee tesa leech ressrallelat ate uaa cverst bata, clas 292
AE SHEZO OGL a0 lev S Yee lates wccray esr aiavoto: clateteisveronstarin ave lave tee aveleeer sta setarwiove re sevaloere Me oreretcnate eters 294
SPLEAGOL MEME MIMSEC HN scale ave cranial erovat aia Beas Sine eee re MS Atos Ora ee eet avolart 295

GC aracie dio winls ir SEO LG eate are eres cores sieve le aakere\s babi aloclere naveeS Mie distalnrseatelavseuiete 296

Distros dime NGMIES el ygs SLOCK. sera siates-varsie iste le greece caesar aisle oe adadod 296
HFFOLE CONS LLOMelMrEstedy SuOCKenetarero erase ieaais |e neltess sac cmtehowe cieretere ca Lt
Proposed Legislation........ BR Mie Ca wee ce as Mid cn cBOD 297
FREMCHIES ters reiclae gee rtters sysrereeteng SNe cas ee TENS Alles eer acee EEA ACO A a 299

PV ValiUl LC TERWEISINCS Mare petra sera cter eu cierac ee vera alche trea aia obcbta es aiaio Uissiare i esmiore Mansion 300

ENON MAC MVE E-Ollly SOPs aie racsavere alsa Wes cra kine chetede ais ty oelkevehwssabehelots see bie 301

BIDE R Vs TCE Tap Ue SII a yVEL SIM are tps geal clei trr. Avan: tame eee ac Savavlats elena Leah an, ellata a .. 301

HAO LAS Vids Dement tenet tmsyers versie Sista aisha Sie saxaleecel snares ura aie peut oraue ele ovenrciewens 301

Siummanmetrvve ln eset rpe ete ctolarci va once ial alate ava sits evanceeie i avere kctato nets wk: Siete 302

Gaspireabimenitenvacmveleeneras aneres sere eteuayorerrtsvererererrstersicheisteisicleisrenstelevekersie 302

Treatment of INE SETS y7S UO Clean shart) aec varcreltoe neat er oih ctataleitiayaveyatarersye voces B00
Bibliography...... Ua Rbslatuiniaypuiei cto wn's istetnvsiatel: Iaverere a siataverels Nalstuiwielstouisisivic were noe
3+

=!

©

Tee

a

oR

WHAT SCALE INSECTS ARE

- There isa large class of small insects —some, indeed most, of which
require a magnifying glass for their observation, which are particu-
larly detrimental to fruit-culture, yet from their inconspicuous
appearance usually escape notice until discovered when search is
made for the cause of the languishing condition or death of the tree
or shrub infested by them. Even then it is rather difficult to
believe that the true cause has been found in what often seems to
be merely an unnataral roughening of the bark or a moderate
incrustation formed upon the surface.

The species more commonly met with (the Diaspinse) have
received the name of bark-lice, from the appearance of the young
as they travel over the bark for a few days after they are hatched ;
and of scale-insects, from the scale-like covering secreted by the
insect and beneath which it is hidden after it has fastened itself to
the bark. Scientifically, they, together with the “ mealy-bugs,” are
known as Coccidee. In classification they have place in that division
of the Hemiptera (a large order of suctorial insects) known as
Homoptera, the wings being of a uniform thickness throughout, and
thereby distinguishing them from the other division (Heteroptera)
in which the front wings are thickened in their basal half to a degree,
oiten, approaching the elytra or wing-covers of beetles. It is to
this last-named Division that the popular name of “bugs” has
become attached. All of the Hemiptera are suctorial, and take
their food through a beak or proboscis instead of by biting jaws.
They differ greatly in their structure, and in modes of development 3
the latter, in some of the families, as in that of the Aphididee or
plant-lice, is of intense interest.

The development of the Coccide is quite peculiar. The females
do not become perfected into winged creatures, but with age assume
the form of scales or galls, or of grubs covered with wax or powder;
or become degraded beneath their sheltering scale into barely more
than egg-sacs, retaining only such simple organs as are essential to
their life during the reproduction of their young. The male, how-
ever, undergoes a complete transformation and becomes winged, but
with only a single pair of wings of very simple structure (see in

Vigures 3, 2 and 3 in Plates I, I and VII). It lives but a day

268 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

or two, dying speedily after the fulfilment of the purpose of its
being. It takes no food, for in this stage it possesses no mouth or
digestive organs.

A few species of the Coccide are of service to us, such as the

Coceus cactt from which the valuable dye, cochineal, is obtained ;

the Carieria lacca which excretes the material known tous as shell-
lac; from another species we have the commercial article known as
china wax; and still another species occurring in Arabia produces
a solidified honey-dew called “ manna,” which “is thought by some
to have been the heaven-sent manna that nourished the Hebrews in
their wanderings.”

About 125 species of North American Coccide have been
described, and others are being brought to notice each year, either
from having been previously overlooked, or recently introduced
from abroad. All of them are destructive in proportion to their
rapidity of multiplication and the greater or less economic import-
ance of the plants that they infest.

SOME DESTRUCTIVE SCALE INSECTS OF NEW YORK 269

SOME DESTRUCTIVE SCALE-INSECTS OF THE STATE
OF NEW YORK

Before proceeding to the consideration of the San José scale,—
the subject of this bulletin, it may be of service to refer briefly to a
few other species which, although common in the State of New
York, and quite harmful to the trees that they infest, are still
almost wholly unknown to the fruit-grower and to others who are
suffering from their presence. Irom the figures given of them,
they may at once be distinguished from the San José scale,

Tur APPLE-TREE BARK-LOUSE

The most common of these is the apple-tree bark-louse, shown in
Fig. 1 of Plate I, in its natural size as it occurs on the bark of
trunks and limbs, often more abundantly than is represented in the
eut, completely covering the bark and overlaying one another, and
lending an increased diameter to the infested twig. The color of
the scale is brown or ash-gray, nearly approaching that of the bark.
The female scale measures about one-twelfth of an inch in length,
of a long, usually more or less curved form, pointed at one end on
which a magnifier may show the yellowish cast-off skin of the insect,
and rounded at the other end. From its peculiar shape it has been
frequently written of under the name of the oyster-shell bark-louse.
It bears the scientific name of J/ytilaspis pomorum Bouché. The
male scale is of a considerably smaller size, the sides nearly straight,
less rounded at the larger end, and of a brighter color. It will sel-
dom be found associated with the females on the bark, as its natural
place is on the leaves on either side, especially along the midrib
(Riley). Ifa recent uninjured female scale be carefully lifted after
oviposition —at any time during the winter—from fifty to a hun-
dred small, oval, white eggs may be found underneath it, which
would ordinarily give out the young insect about the first of June
in the latitude of New York.

This destructive scale is far from being confined to the apple, but
may also be found on the plum, pear, raspberry, wild gooseberry,
wild cherry, red currant, sugar and swamp maples, white and black
ash, birch, poplar, willows, linden, horse chestnut, elm, &e. It will
be seen from the above, that it has a large number of host-plants.

270 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

THE Scurry BarK-Loust

This scale-insect, known to science, as Chionaspis furfurus
(Fitch), is quite common in the State of New York, where, it is
believed to be more numerous and move injurious than in any other
of the United States. I have recently seen an orchard of the
Kieffer pear, in Columbia Co., N. Y., in which the trunks, of from
three to four inches in diameter, were so thickly coated with the
scales that ata little distance they appeared as if they had been
whitewashed.

The seale, as it appears when scattered over the bark, and the
male and female scales magnified, are shown in Fig. 2 of Plate I,
The young larva, the mature female, the male pupa, and the male,
are represented in Figure 3 of the same Plate, which has been pre-
pared under the supervision of Mr. L. O. Howard, of the Entomo-
logical Division at Washington, to illustrate the insect in his article
on the “ Seale Insects of the Orchard ” shortly to appear, and kindly
furnished for use in this Bulletin by consent of the Department of
Agriculture in advance of its own publication.

Dr. Fitch has described so faithfully the appearance of a badly
infested tree and of the scale, that his account is transcribed here-
with: “The bark of the limb [pear tree] was covered with an
exceedingly thin film, appearing as if it had been coated over with
varnish, which had dried and cracked and was peeling off in small
irregular flakes, forming a kind of scurf or dandruff on the bark.
In places this pellicle was more thick and firm, and elevated into
little blister-like spots of a white and waxy appearance, of a cir-
cular or broad oyal form, less than the tenth of an inch in diameter,
abruptly drawn out into a little point at one end, which point was
stained of a pale yellowish color and commonly turned more or less
to one side.” This refers to the female scale, shown in enlarge-
ment at ¢ of Figure 2, Plate I. The male scales, which usually
congregate by themselves (enlarged at d in same figure), are only
from one-fourth to one-third as large, narrow, usually straight, three-
ribbed, and of a snowy-white color. The eggs found beneath the
scales are of a purplish-red color. They hatch about the first of
June.

This seale attacks the apple, pear, black cherry, choke cherry, and
mountain ash. I have recently found it abundantly on the Japan

SOME DESTRUCTIVE SCALE INSECTS OF NEW YORK a1

quince, Pyrus japonica, in Washington Park, Albany, — large plots
of which were being killed by it.

. Tae Pine-tear Scar-InsEcr

This is another white scale which is quite conspicuous on the
leaves of the pine and the spruce on which it occurs. It attacks
mainly transplanted trees, and had not been seen by Dr. Fitch,
when described by him, on those growing spontaneously in the
Forests. The foliage of a large number of Austrian pines (Pinus
Austriaca) growing in Washington Park, in Albany, a few years
ago, was so thickly covered with the scales that it was literally
whitened with their myriads. Hundreds could be counted on a
single leaf. Nearly all of the infested trees were taken up and
burned. Large numbers of the scales were eaten into and destroyed
by a little lady-bug, — “the twice-stabbed lady-bird,” —and to the
abundant presence ot this scale-eating insect, may be owing the fact
that in late years the scale has been far less destructive (see 7th
Leeport Insects of New York, 1889, page 266).

The scale is represented in Fig. 1 of Plate II, in natural size
upon the leaves, and much enlarged, beneath. They are of an
elongate oval form, of a pure white color with a waxy lustre, and
with the conspicuous yellow cast skins resting on the smaller end.
Dr. Fitch, in his Second Report, 1856, has devoted a half-dozen
pages to the insect and its lady-bug destroyer.

Tur Wuite ScaLE

A troublesome seale frequently infests conservatories and house
plants, which may be recognized from the representation of infested
leaves and the magnified scales shown in Fig. 2 of Plate I.

The scales are white and are sometimes so abundant as to give a
whitewashed appearance to the trunks of the trees that they infest.
It is known, in science, as Aspidiotus nerit Bouché. Its specific
name of nerid is drawn from the botanical name of the oleander,
Nerium, which is one of its favorite food-plants. Ivy, when grown
within doors, is quite subject to its attack, and is liable to be killed
by it unless care is taken to prevent the multiplication of the scale.
Professor Comstock reports having studied the species on the
following named plants: Acacia, magnolia, oleander, maple,

272 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Yucca, plum, cherry, currant, English ivy, and lemons from the
Mediterranean.

The scale of the female is nearly circular, flat, whitish or light
gray, with the dull orange exuviee (cast skins) central or nearly so.
The ventral scale (as distinguished from the exuviee) is a mere film
applied to the bark. Diameter when full-grown, one-twelfth of an
inch. The male seale is snowy-white, shehtly elongated with the
light yellow larval skin nearly central— diameter one-half that of
the male. It is distributed over all the United States, and over
much of Europe.

Tue Mapre-rrEE ScALE-INSECT

This is one of our largest scale-insects, and, at the time of hatch-
ing of the eggs in late June and early July, is more conspicuous than
any other found in this part of the United States. It is observed
more frequently upon the soft maple, Acer dasycarpum, than else-
where, but it is often found infesting grapevines where it is known
as the grapevine bark-louse. It was described forty years ago as
Coceus innumerabilis — (now inaluded in the genus Pulvinaria)-—
the specific name applicable both to the myriads in which it appears
in some localities and to the immense number of eggs produced by
the female: often a thousand or more can be counted from under-
neath a single scale. Fig. 1 of Plate III illustrates the scale as it
appears when attention is usually drawn to it. It is then seen as a
white, cottony mass of from three- to nearly four-tenths of an inch long,
about one-half so broad, of a sub-oval form, bearing upon the nar-
rower end a brown scale darker at the margin, somewhat flattened
down or bent upward near its middle te nearly a right angle, oval,
broader behind, where it is notched and apparently cleft for a short
distance on its middle: on the front is a medial ridge for about one-
fourth or one-third its length: it usually shows five transverse
wrinkles or folds and about the same number of raised lines run-
ning, outwardly on each side to the hinder margin. A common
appearance of the adult scale is shown at ) of Fig. 3 of Plate ILI,
and at a, b and c, immature forms in Fig. 4.

The white cotton-like mass, which is a characteristic of the genus
Pulvinaria, is a secretion thrown out by the insect for the protec-
tion of its eggs, and also of the young insects for a short time after
their hatching.

SOME DESTRUCTIVE SCALE INSECTS OF NEW YORK 273

In Fig. 2 of Plate III (after Walsh and Riley) the scales and egg-
masses are shown on. osage-orange as Lecaniwm Maclure, and on
maple as LZ. acericola, but both now referred to P. innwmerabilis.

This scale had become very abundant upon the maples in the
streets of Brooklyn in 1890, and was reported as having killed a
large number of the infested trees.* In 1884, it was excessively
abundant and quite destructive over the larger part of the State of
Illinois. Further particulars of it, and available remedies, may be
found in the Stath Leport on the Insects of New York, 1890, pp.
141-147.

‘Tae Promw-rree Scare-Inszcr

In Plate IV, the plum scale is shown, — an apparently new and
destructive plum pest, which has during the past year made its
appearance in different localities in the State of New York, par-
ticularly in its western portion. Examples of it were received by
me on May 14th and 15th from Dr. Collier of the Geneva Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, and frem C. M. Hooker and W. C.
Barry, of Rochester. No record could be found of its previous
occurrence as infesting the plum. Upon submitting it to Prof. T.
D. A. Cockerell, of Las Cruces, New Mexico, who has made special
study of scale insects, it was determined by him, with a possible
doubt, as Lecaniwm juglandis Bouche. This determination has
not been accepted by some entomologists, while as an explanation of
difference of opinion in regard to it, it has been suggested that two
closely resembling species are associated on the infested trees.

The species of Lecaniwm are large, conspicuous scales, as may be
seen ‘covering the branch in the figure, approaching a half globe in
form, and in the season of reproduction, containing within their
capacious bodies a very large number of eges—a thousand, or it
may be two thousand or more. From their rapidity of multiplica-
tion they may prove very injurious to the trees that they infest, but
fortunately their size, and their tenderness during a portion of their
existence, exposes them to parasitic attack, and to destruction from
certain weather conditions. They are amenable to treatment with
kerosene emulsion, and to the methods which will be recommended
for the destruction of the San José scale.

* Highth Report on the Insects of New York, 1893, page 177,
35

274 7 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Prof. M. V. Slingerland, of the Cornell University Experiment
Station has made a study of this insect in the plum orchards of
Western New York, the results of which are published in Bulletin
83 of the Station — describing it, narrating its destructiveness, nam-
ing the few plants upon which it is believed to have passed from
the plum, its life-history, its natural enemies, and approved methods
for combatting it.

This scale has been found abundantly in some localities in Eastern
New York: in Orange Co., it has been mistaken by some fruit-
growers for the San José scale, but from their great dissimilarity in
appearance, there is hardly an excuse for confounding them.

The figure representing an infested plum branch is from a photo-
graph taken by the Geneva Experiment Station, and employed in
illustrating a brief notice of the insect by Prof. 8. A. Beach, in
Garden and Forest for July 18, 1894, from which paper it has been
obtained.

In the preceding brief notices of some of our more common
scale insects, particular mention of the insecticides available for
their destruction and methods of application, have been omitted, as
those which will be indicated for use against the San José scale, will
be found equally serviceable against each one of them.

THE SAN JOS: SCALE 215

THE SAN JOSE SCALE

The San José Scale—from the many different fruit trees that it
infests, the rapidity of its multiplication through its successive
broods during the year, and the short time in which it kills the
trees that it attacks —is justly regarded as one of our most per-
nicious scale-insects. Its character is indicated in the specitic name of
perniciosus given to it by Professor Comstock when first described
by him in 1880, in the Leport of the Commissioner of Agriculture
for that year. He has written of it: “It is said to infest all the
deciduous fruits grown in California, excepting peach, apricot, and
the black Tartarean cherry.* It attacks the bark of the trunk and
limbs as well as the leaves and fruit. I have seen many plum and
apple trees upon which all the fruit was so badly infested that it
was unmarketable. In other instances I have seen the bark of all
of the small limbs completely covered by the scales. I think that
it is the most pernicious scale-insect known in this country.”

The Los Angeles (Cal.) Horticultural Commission, in their report
for 1893, say of it: “This pest, if not speedily destroyed, will
utterly ruin the deciduous fruit interests of this coast. It not only
checks the growth of the tree, but it covers the tree literally
entirely, and the fruit nearly as much so, and, if left unchecked, the
tree is killed in three years’ time.”

IntRODUCTION AND SPREAD

As with the larger number of our more injurious pests, the San
José scale is not native to North America. Where it originally
occurred is not known. It is frequently found upon plants -
imported from Japan (Coquillett), and also oceurs in Chile and in
Australia. It is believed to have been brought into California in or
about the year 1870. It first attracted the attention of fruit-grow-
ers at San José, in Southern California, in 1873. In 1882 it had
extended into all the fruit-growing districts of California, and had
entered Oregon and Washington. It is also found in Nevada, but
when first observed there is not known. It is reported in one
locality in Idaho in 1894 (Aldrich), and as well established at Las
Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell).

* Tt has since been found on the peach, and apricot.

2716 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

OccurRENCE IN Eastern Unirep States

It was quite a surprise when not long ago the discovery was
made that this destructive insect had crossed the continent and had
made its appearance in the Atlantic States. Its first recognition was
by Mr. L. O. Howard, of the Division of Entomology at Washing-
ton, in August, 1893. A supposed fungus disease on pear sent
from Charlottesville, Va., to the Department of Agriculture and
shown to Mr. Howard, was “at the first glance recognized as that
scourge of western orchards, the San José scale (Aspidiotus per-
miciosus Comst.).”

INVESTIGATIONS, ETc., By THE U. 8. Department or AGRICULTURE

During the autumn, two of the assistants of the Entomological
Division, Messrs. Schwarz and Coquillett, were sent to Charlottes-
ville, to examine and report upon the infestation. It appeared
from their examinations that it was limited in extent, being
aliost wholly confined to a pear orchard of about a square acre in
area, but that it affected pear, peach, plum,. apple, currant, rose,
quince, gooseberry, and raspberry, and that it had already been
present there for several years. It was subsequently learned that,
in all probability, it had been introduced on nursery stock pur-
chased from a New Jersey firm. Mr. Hedges, the owner of the
orchard, was of the opinion that it had been brought on currant
plants purchased in New Jersey eight years previously. Mr. Schwarz
reported on the situation of the infested orchard, the plants attacked,
otuer infested places adjoining, habits of the scale, and its
observed enemies. Mr. Coquillett reported upon the infested loeal-
ity, and the conjectural sources of the scale. (nsect Life, vi,
1894, pp. 247-254.)

Early in the spring of 1894, through the codperation of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture and the Virginia State Board of
Agriculture, Mr. Coquillett, who had conducted very successfully
most of the experiments in California for the destruction of scale
insects by inclosing the infested trees with tents and fumigating
them with hydrocyanie acid gas, was entrusted with the operations
for destroying the scale in Charlottesville by the same method —
always effective when properly conducted. It appears in his report
submitted (doc. cit., pp. 324-326), that 326 trees and shrubs’ were

y

THE SAN JOSE SCALE MELTS

subjected to the gas treatment. Examination made a few months
thereaiter disclosed no living scales.

In Maryland.— In March, 1894, the scale was sent to the Divis-
ion of Entomology on peach twigs from a large peach orchard in
Riverside, Charles Co., Md. It was learned that the scale had been
introduced in 1887 and 1888, on peach trees purchased of a New
Jersey nursery. Many of them had died, and nearly all of those
that remained were found to be thoroughly encrusted with the
scale, so that at the time of examination they were being taken up
and destroyed. (Other trees to which the scale had spread, had
been treated by their owner during the preceding winter, apparently
with good results, with the three principal winter washes, viz.,
strong kerosene emulsion; lime, salt, and sulphur; and resin wash.)
A trunk-washing in April with strong kerosene emulsion was suc-
cessful to the extent of killing 90 per cent of the scales. Several
sprayings were made during the summer with different mixtures,—
some of them under direction of Mr. Coquillett,— by which most of
the scales were killed. At the time of Mr. Howard’s report (from
which most of these items relating to the eastern presence of the
‘scale have been drawn) in August, it was thought safe to say that
the insects would be completely stamped out in this locality by the
close of the year.

In Florida.—At the same time of the discovery of the Maryland
locality, the scale was also received from De Funiak Springs,
Florida. At the request of the fruit-growers of that section of the
State, the Department of Agriculture sent Mr. H. G. Hubbard to
make examination and report. The insect was practically confined
to the peach and plum, but occurred also, in small numbers on
Kieffer pears, and on pecan and persimmon. Many thousands of
trees were infested, and nearly every orchard within a radius of five
or six miles was more or less attacked. Arrangement was made for
the Experiment Station of Florida to undertake the work of destroy-
ing the scale, by going over all the infested trees in the district with
five or six applications of the resin wash. If the weather should
prove favorable for the use of the wash, there was reason to belicve
“that the nuisance will have been abated by the close of the season
in Florida, although extermination [from the peculiar conditions of
the infested locality] may not be found possible.”

978 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Discovered in other States—In consideration of the discovery
hat some at least of the above-noticed infestations of this pernicious

California scale, were traceable to New Jersey nurseries which were,
in all probability, still serving as distributing centers for the distri-
bution of the pest over nearly all the country, a Circular was pre-
pared by Mr. Howard, Chief of the Division of Entomology, U. 8.
Dept. Agricul., describing and figuring the scale and warning fruit-
growers of its exceeding dangerous character, which was distributed
in the first week of April (1894) to all Eastern agricultural news-
papers and to nearly 12,000 Eastern fruit-growers whose addresses
were obtained from the pomologist of the department. This circu-
lar,— with its excellent illustrations*, description of its appearance,
explanation of its manner of spreading, and the best remedies for
it—as might naturally be expected, excited much interest and
alarm. Seale insects of many kinds as well as insects belonging to
other groups, were sent to the Department, with the inquiry if they
were the San José scale.

As the result of the distribution of this Circular, the following
additional localities were ascertained :

Neavitt and Chestertown in Maryland; Bartle, Indiana; many
points in New Jersey; Atglen and Lewisburg, in S. Eastern and
Central Pennsylvania. It was also received from Middletown,
Idaho; and from British Columbia.

Referring to the above attacks, Mr. Howard gives encouraging
reports: The orchard of 7,000 trees in Atglen, Pa., under direc-
tion of Dr. J. B. Smith, Entomologist at Rutgers College, New
Jersey, had been treated three times at intervals of ten days, with
kerosene emulsion, with absolute success.

At the Lewisburg locality, the few infested pear trees that had
been bought from the New Jersey nurseries in 1890, had all been
killed but one. Other trees to which the scale had spread were
being treated by the owner with every prospect of extermination,

At Bartle, Indiana, two young apple trees from New Jersey
were infested. Those were taken up and burned, and no more of
the insects were discoverable by careful search. (A second infesta-
tion has since been discovered at North Madison—See Rural New
Yorker, liv, p. 87.)

* Tam indebted to the Department for the privilege of introducing them in
this paper: sce Plates VI and VII.

THE SAN JOSE SCALE 279

At Neavitt, Md., a 10-acre orchard of peach trees was badly
infested — nearly every tree was languishing from the attack,
Many had been taken up and destroyed. Full directions were given
for spraying, and the success of the operations will be watched,
- The source of this infestation could not be definitely ascertained,
but it was thought by the owner that the first affected trees had
come from a Missouri nurseryman — not from New Jersey.

Chestertown, Md., showed but few infested trees. They had
been treated by the owner with thick whale-oil soap of the consist-
ency of molasses, with every prospect of extermination of the scale.
The infested trees had been received from New Jersey in 1890.
As a summary of the above, Mr. Howard states that the scale had
been exterminated (in 1894) in Indiana and Virginia, and the
probabilities were strong of a like result before the close of the year,
at the other localities named, except in Florida and New Jersey.

It has since come to the knowledge of the Division of Entomol-
ogy, that the scale has been found abundantly in three new locali-
ties in Maryland. It has also been discovered in a locality in
Southern Georgia; in an orchard in Southern Ohio; in Neweastle
Co., Md.; in Jefferson Co., Indiana; at City Point, Va.; and at
Bristol, Pa. In some of these localities the infestation was quite
limited, and it is believed to have been exterminated. (L. O.
Howard: Further Notes on the San José Scale, in Znsect Life, vii,
1895, pp. 285, 286.)

Tur San José Scare In New York

During the meeting of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, at Brooklyn, N. Y., in August last—in a paper
read by Dr. Smith before the Association of Economic Entomolo-
gists on “ The San José Scale in New Jersey,” it was incidentally
stated that an orchard in Columbia County, New York, was known
to be badly infested with the scale. The particular orchard was
not named, but later, at my request, the information was obtained
from Dr. Smith, that Mr. L. L. Morrell of Kinderhook, had not
long ago purchased a number of young apple trees (Ben Davis
variety) from one of the New Jersey nurseries. Two years later
(in 1894), on examination of these trees by one of the owners of
the nursery (a relative of Mr. Morrell), they were found to be badly

280 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

infested, and advice was given that they should be at once taken up
and destroyed. A week or two later it was learned from Mr. Mor-
rell that this had been done, and it was thought that with the
destruction of the entire purchase, the scale had been exterminated.

Thinking it important to know whether the measure had been,
entirely successful, I visited Mr. Morrell early in November, and
was met with the unpleasant intelligence that he was fearful that
he still had the insect with him, for he had found upon a single
pear what he believed to be the scale. It proved to be such,— per-
haps a half-dozen of individuals being scattered over its surface.

On examining his orchards, the scale was found abundantly in
one of them—a young pear orchard in which a few trees had
borne fruit, for the first, the present year. Some of the trees were
moderately infested — perhaps a half-dozen scales or less being
found upon them; on others the scale was so numerous as to fairly
encrust the branches and most of the trunk. It was apparent that
the latter were those upon which the insect had been introduced,
and from which they had been scattered throughout the orchard by
the agency of birds or otherwise to individual trees in various por-
tions of it.

Most, if not all, of the stock of this orchard, had been purchased
of the New Jersey nursery two years preceding the planting of
that which had been taken up and destroyed —the condition of this
having been overlooked at the time. A. large portion of the
orchard was critically gone over by me, and the.trees marked which
called for special care in the application of the winter wash recom-
mended, and those which should be at once taken up and burned.
The examination of the remainder of the orchard was subsequently
made, and a number of infested trees discovered. So determined
was Mr. Morrell to rid himself of this pest, that rather than wait
for a winter treatment, all of the infested trees, as he has informed
me, were taken up and burned: he believed that he did not have a
scale remaining in his orchard. If it should prove that in this he
has been over-confident, there is every reason to believe that within
another year, the scale will be exterminated in this locality.

As the scale occurs also on the leaves — usually in rows along the
midrib on the upper side, it was recommended to Mr. Morrell that
the leaves from the worst infested trees which at the time of my

&

THE SAN JOSE SCALE 281

visit were lying on the ground beneath or near them, should be
raked together and burned, in order to prevent the chance of the
scales being carried by the winds over the entire orchard.*

The infested trees were entirely of the d’Anjou variety. In two
other orchards of Mr. Morrell of the Kietfer pear, not a scale was
found, nor on the apple, cherry, and plum trees that were examined.
The infestation was apparently confined to the two purchases made
at the New Jersey nursery and had not extended beyond them,

ERAS}

"
Tuer Scate on Lone Isiuanp ;

In September of last year the scale was discovered in abundance
in some of the nurseries on Long Island by Messrs. Sirrine & Lowe,
who had been commissioned by the State Agricultural Experiment
Station at Geneva for conducting some entomological investigations
especially desired on Western Long Island, under an appropriation
of $8,000 made by the Legislature of 1894 to the Station named,
“for the purpose of agricultural experiment, investigations, instruc-
tion and information, in the Second Judicial department” of the
State.

Among the earlier results of their investigations was the discovery
of the San José scale in great abundance in some of the nurseries
on the Island. The following notice of its first observation was
communicated to Garden and LHorest, of November 7, 1894:

The San José scale was observed first in the market at Jamaica
on some Bartlett pears said to have been grown on the Island. The
scale was also conspicuous on some faney varieties of pears exhibited
at the Queens County Fair; and by tracing the fruit to its source
some of the infested nurseries were located. We have found the
scale on Pear, Apple, Peach, and Quince stock in several nurseries.

The nurserymen were unable to give any definite information
regarding the length of time that they had had the scale, but it was
thought by some of them that it had been with them for the past
twenty years. This, under the circumstances, is impossible: They
had doubtless mistaken some other scale for it. Nor can anything

definite be learned of the source of the infestation. If known to

* Dr. Smith does not believe that the fixed scale can be carried on fallen leaves.
He states (Bulletin 106 New Jersey Agricul. Coll. Exp. Station, 1895, page 15):
**Only such as are affixed to the tree itself havé any chance of reproducing their
kind. Those that fix to the leaves fall with them, and as these dry or decay the
insect dies for want of food before attaining maturity.”

36

282 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

them they have been unwilling to communicate the fact. It is
stated that the stock that was infested was not grown by them, but
was received from other nurseries. It would be of material service
in the efforts that are being made for the extermination of the scale
in the East if the localities of these “other nurseries” could be
learned, but for some unknown reason it is being withheld. This
unfortunate reticence is reflecting on all the other nurseries of the
State of New York, for it seems to be implied that from some one
or more of them the Long Island infested stock was originally
received. It is conceded that its source was not the New Jersey
nurseries.* ‘The Geneva nurseries have been inspected by Mr. Lowe,
with the result, it is inferred, that the scale was not found therein,
The Rochester nurseries have been strongly suspected. Mr. W. C.
Barry, when consulted, believed them to be entirely free from its
presence, and this belief was subsequently carried to approximate.
certainty by examinations made by Mr. Sirrine, from which it
resulted that the reported San José scale at Rochester, when exam-
ined at Washington, was found to be Aspzdiotus ancylus —a closely
resembling, but comparatively harmless species.

ConpiTI0on oF THE Lona IstAnp NurRsERIEs

Tt would be of interest if the exact condition of the Long Island
infestation could be given in this Bulletin. I can state, however,
from information received from Mr. Sirrine, under date of March
22d, that he had visited the following nurseries on Long Island: —
of Fred Boulon, Sea Cliff; Keene & Foulk, Flushing; Parsons &
Sons, Flushing; Isaac Hicks & Sons, Westbury Station; R. P.
Jeffery & Sons, Smithville South; P. H. Foster, Babylon; W. C.
Wilson, Astoria; Gabriel Mare & Co., Woodside; and the Long
Island Nursery Company, Brentwood.

The last six of the nine above-named nurseries were found to be
free from the scale. In the worse infested of the three,—as soon
as the attention of the proprietors was called to the destructive
enemy that they were harboring, a large number of trees were
taken up and burned. The remainder were sprayed, according to

*Tt has since been learned that one of the Long Island nurseries has been

receiving stock nearly every year since 1888 from one or the other of the New
Jersey nurseries. ;

THE SAN JOSE SCALE 283

directions given by Mr. Sirrine, and would be followed by other
sprayings in the event of the first not proving to be entirely
effectual.

In the other two nurseries, the few trees that had been found to
be infested had been destroyed, and it was thought that such further
work would be done before the time for shipment, that no infested
stock would be sent out from them.

It was probably one of these two, that had been reported as
intractable last summer. As represented at the time, the owners
were indifferent to the evil pointed out to them that would result
from the multiplication of the pest, and indisposed to take any
measures against it. When again seen by Mr. Sirrine in March, they
would give no assurance of adopting the measures deemed necessary
for preventing the distribution of their infested stock. The only
promise that could be obtained from them was, that “they would
treat with gas the stock they sold, providing that they had the time.”
A promise so broadly qualified could carry no weight with it.
Unless a satisfactory understanding can be had with the firm, its
name, if furnished to me, will be given in a foot-note, as a protec-
tion to purchasers of Long Island stock.*

There is scarcely a doubt but that infested stock has been sent
from these nurseries to many places in the State of New York. If
the attempt that is being made for the extermination of the scale in
the State during the present year is to prove successful, it is of the
utmost importance that each locality where possibly infested trees
have been delivered within the past five years (dating back to the

—

+The name of this nursery has since been given meas the Parsons & Sons Com-
pany, at Flushing, Long Island. In a letter addressed them on April 8th, the
following questions were asked, and the reasons stated why replies were needed ¢
1. Have you taken steps to learn by application to Mr. Sirrine or by other
proper means, of the extent of the infestation in your nurseries? 2, Have you
taken up and burned the stock that was found to be the worst infested? 38. To
what extent and with what results have you sprayed with proper insecticides
such other infested stock as it was not thought necessary to wholly destroy ?
4. Have you arranged for treating the nursery stock sent out this season with
hydrocyanic acid gas, according to the approved directions published and acces-
sible to you? 5. Have you sent out any nursery stock this year which may have
been infested without having been subjected to the gas treatment?

In the answer returned by the Parsons & Sons Company to the above-mentioned
letter, the only reply to the questions proposed is that found in the following —

984 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

probable establishment of the scale on Long Island) should be
ascertained, and carefully inspected as soon as possible. Request
was accordingly made of the proprietors of these infested nurseries,
that they would furnish the State Entomologist with a list of their
New York sales from and including the year 1890 to the present.
One of the firms promptly complied with the request, so far as it
could be done without involving excessive labor, and sent to this
office extended lists, at the same time offering to open their books

for further examination and transcription by any one who might be ~

commissioned for the purpose.

It is due to this frm— Keene & Foulk, Bloodgood Nursery,
Flushing, L. I., that they be specially mentioned, and commended
for the earnest manner in which they are working for the extermi-
nation of the scale in their nursery. They have asked for sugges-
tions and directions and have promptly and faithfully earried them
out—not only in burning and spraying, but also in arranging,
under the best approved method, for the fumigation by the hydro-
eyanic acid gas treatment of all the stock that they send out this
season; the latter should ensure the destruction of any scattered
individual scales that may have been overlooked. They will also,
upon request, replace at half-price, all such infested stock that has
been received from their nursery in former years before its condi-
tion was known.

In consideration of what they have done and are doing for the
protection of their customers (and at the same time, of their own
interests), it is believed that orders may be more safely sent to them

prefaced by, ‘‘ We only knew last fall of the San José scale:” ‘‘ He [ Mr. Sirrine]
has informed us now of the plants infected, and we shall take them up and burn
them as soon as possible. It is our intention to destroy rather than to spray. In
the plants now sending out we have not noticed any infected : it would be impos-
sible in any event to subject to the gas treatment while in the rush of sending
off trees.”

Is it possible —as may be inferred from the above, that up to the middle of
April, absolutely nothing has been done by this company toward freeing their
nurseries from this dangerous insect ?

In the absence of present legislation authorizing entrance upon private grounds
for the destruction of the San Jose scale, it only remains for purchasers of trees,
shrubs, etc., subject to its attack, to protect themselves so far as they may, by
withholding orders from localities known to be infested and where no efficient
measures have been and are being taken for its extermination.

A

THE SAN JOS SCALE 285

than to other nurseries where the scale may be reasonably looked
for — where no thorough inspection has been made — where it may
exist without having been detected, and where no gas fumigation,
as a safeguard against such a contingency, is practised.

From the two other known infested nurseries on Long Island, no
notice has been taken of the request for lists of New York sales of
possibly infested stock, sent them under date of Feb. 15, 1894.*

Tue San Jost Scare in New JERSEY

Nearly all of the infestation in the Atlantic and adjoining States
having been clearly traceable to the sale —without knowledge or
suspicion of their dangerous condition —of infested trees by two

*The following letter was addressed to each of three nursery firms above
referred to:

Gentlemen: — Will you be kind enough to favor me with a list of the addresses
of all the persons in the State of New York to whom you have made sales during
the last five years (1890-1894) of nursery stock which might possibly have been
infested with the San José scale which you have in your nurseries.

We are expecting to get a bill through our present Legislature by means of
which we shall be able to have each locality into which infested stock may have
been introduced, examined by an expert, and such measures taken as give prom-
ise of exterminating the scale in our State during the present year.

If you will furnish me with the list requested, it will aid much in this
undertaking.

You will also see that in consideration of the serious character of this pest and
the danger of its introduction into new localities, that not until we are able to
report as free from infestation, all the nurseries of the State, especially those on
Long Island which have been widely published (without names), will there be a
willingness on the part of fruit-growers to order stock from nurseries actually
having or suspected of having, the dreaded San José scale.

One of the largest nurseries in New Jersey which had made wide distribution
of the scale, has sent me a list such as I ask of you, and is doing everything in
its power to prevent distribution of any infested stock.

I had asked Mr. Sirrine to procure such a list for me, but I have thought it
better to make a personal request.

We must, if possible, in the interests of both fruit grower and nurseries, as
soon as it can be done, exterminate the scale from our State.

I am very desirous of being able to say in the Bulletin which is nearly ready
for publication, that I have reliable assurance that no further distribution of the
scale will be made from New York nurseries. The name of your nursery will not
appear in it,

Very truly yours,

286 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

nurserymen in New Jersey, there will naturally be a deep anxiety
to learn what has been done in New Jersey toward the prevention
of further distribution of the dangerous pest, through purchases that
may have been made in 1894 or to be made hereafter.

From a Bulletin entitled “The San José Seale in New Jersey”
(Bulletin 106 of the New Jersey Agricultural College Haupervment
Station), prepared by Dr. J. B. Smith, Entomologist of the Station,
and issued in January, 1895, we learn that the introduction of the
scale in New Jersey occurred either in 1886 or 1887, upon a “ Kel-
sey” plum ordered by the two nurseries under the representation of
its being curculio proof, from the San José district, California. It
is also known that some Idaho pear stock brought from nurseries on |
the Pacific Coast were also infested.

As soon as Dr. Smith became aware (in April 1894) of the exist-
ence of the scale in the State, he at once, with his accustomed energy,
entered upon the task of finding the nurseries from which the
infested stock had been sent, and so far as possible, the other infested
localities within the limits of the State. Two large and well-known
nurseries, widely separated, were soon located, and these, so far as
could be ascertained, were the only distributing centers. The owners,
upon being informed of the dangerous character of the pest that
they were harboring, and the effect that it might have upon their
business in the future, immediately took active steps for stamping
out the insect upon their bearing trees, upon which it mainly
occurred, and premised to prevent, through fumigation or otherwise,
further shipment of infested stock. In one of the nurseries several
blocks of young stock were at once torn up and burned.

The scale had been distributed from these nurseries to a number
of orchards throughout the State (nearly one hundred were known
to Dr. Smith), but nowhere in sufficient numbers to have spread
from the orchard in which it was at first introduced. In all of
these, it is believed that measures will be taken by their owners for
the prevention of further spread, and toward extermination.

The work will be carefully watched, and, with our knowledge of
the zeal, persistence, and ability shown by Dr. Smith in all of his
operations against the noxious insects that are so unfortunate as to
intrude within his jurisdiction, we have every assurance that, if
extermination is possible, it will be speedily effected.

THE SAN JOSE SCALE 287

Tue Two Inrestep New Jersey Nurseries

The interest felt among the fruit-growers of New York in the
New Jersey nurseries, from which large purchases have been made
each year, has been already mentioned, and will warrant a more
particular reference to their present condition. Quite a satisfactory
account of one, and an encouraging account of the other, can be
given, based on letters from Dr. Smith, from correspondence with
the proprietors of the nurseries at the suggestion of Dr. Smith, and
from statements made in a recent number of the Rural New Yorker
(of March 9th). The article in the R. N. Y., written by a gentle-
man connected with that journal, after a visit to Little Silver, N. J.,
to examine into charges that had been “publicly made that the
Lovett Company have done practically nothing to exterminate the
scale,” publishes the names of “the two nurseries as those of Wm.
Parry and The Lovett Company.” There can, therefore, be no
impropriety in the mention of their names in this Bulletin.

The Wm. Parry Nurseries — The nurseries of Wm. Parry, are
gladly mentioned, for the same reason given for making public the
name of the nursery of Keene & Foulk, of Long Island. Unquali-
fied praise is due Mr. Parry for his strenuous efforts for the exter-
mination of the scale in the widely-known and far-famed “ Pomona
Nurseries,” at Parry, and the aid so freely extended, in the endeavors
being made, for its extermination wherever his extended sales may
have borne it.* Promptly upon receiving a request for a list of
New York sales which may have distributed the scale throughout
the State, the desired list, embracing several hundreds of names,
scattered through nearly every county, was sent to me, without any
suggestion of compensation for the labor which it necessitated.

The expression of the confidence with which it is believed, orders
could be sent at the present time to the Bloodgood Nursery, would
apply in, at least, equal force to the Pomona Nurseries, where opera-
tions against the scale have been conducted largely under the direc-
tion and supervision of the New Jersey State Entomologist, Dr.
J. B. Smith.

The Lovett Company Nurseries—Of the condition at the
Lovett Company Nurseries, the following is reported in the Rural

® We are indebted to Mr. Parry for the detection of the scale at Kinderhook,
N. Y., in the summer of 1894, as noticed on page 279.

988 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

New Yorker, loc. cit. Some bearing trees upon which the scale
had been located last antumn by Prof. Smith, had meantime been
cut down and destroyed. Satisfactory apparatus for treating the
infested nursery stock was found. Upon the scale being pointed
out by Prof. Smith on a considerable number of young pear and
apple trees that were heeled in, and in patches here and there in
rows, they were cut down as fast as found, and, finally, Mr. Lovett
agreed to chop out and burn the entire block. The larger part of
the nursery stock had been heeled in, after having been treated with
gas. The scales upon them, according to Prof. Smith, had been
“practically killed,” and, if treated again before being sent out, he
would consider them safe. Mr. Lovett would “ guarantee to destroy
every tree where Prof. Smith had found the scale, and, also, to give
all these trees a second treatment with gas.” The Rural New
Yorker concludes its account thus: “If this is done, there will be lit- .
tle danger of importing the scale from this nursery. This state-
ment refers simply to the trees now in the nursery. What has
already been sent out we do not know.”

Much may be inferred, and seems to be implied, in the short sen-
tence last quoted. It is here that the Lovett Company has chosen
to place itself in a position exposing it to just and severe criticism.
It virtually declines to do anything toward undoing the evil which
it has perpetrated — for the most part unwittingly, we believe — in
the distribution of infested stock in the State of New York.

Request was made of them from this office in November, 1894,
for a list of sales such as Mr. Parry had sent me—stating fully its
character. After several months’ delay, reply was made (Heb. 4th),
declining the request upon the ground of the immense labor that it
would involve, but offering to place their order books at the disposal
ot any persons who might be sent for their examination. As this
plan did not seem feasible to Dr. Smith — after further correspond-
ence with him, he was asked to procure, if possible, the desired
list from the Company for me, for which the expenses incurred
would be paid. Dr. Smith wrote them, urging compliance with
my request. The letter received from the Company in answer con-
tained the following proposition: “If he [ Prof. Lintner] will send
us, or you either, a remittance of $250, we will attempt to make the
examination desired. * * * But we want a clear understand-

THE SAN JOS SOALB 989

ing before we begin as to the settlement of cost of sending the list
he requires.” No comment on this modest proposal is needed !

The course taken by this firm has been so unaccountably
strange in other respects as to expose them to suspicions which pos-
sibly may do them injustice. On the authority of Dr. Smith, the
statement is made, that during last autumn [in September] in a visit
of observation made them, he found that practically all of the trees
in their nursery blocks were infested by the San José scale. He
notified them of this fact at the time, and showed to both the Presi-
dent and Secretary of the company who were with him, the infested
trees and the scales.

Under date of December 28th following, the Lovett Company,
writing to the Director of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station
in relation to some infested apple trees that had been sent by them
to Clermont county, Ohio in 1890 — disavow all knowledge of the
seale. They say:—‘“ We would like very much indeed to have
some branches from the trees referred to for examination ourselves.
We have made a critical examination of our trees here in the nur-
sery and also fruiting trees, and can find no trace whatever upon
any of them of the San José scale or other scale. Having read
reports upon the San José scale, we are confident that we could
detect this insect if it existed upon our trees.” (Ludlletin 56, Dee.
1894, Ohio Agr. Exper. St., p. 83.)

It is fortunate that since this letter was written, such pressure
has been brought to bear upon the firm that it has taken the effec-
tive measures for its destruction reported in the Rural New Yorker
cited, and in letters received from Dr. Smith.

As no aid is to be obtained from the company toward the exami-
nation of stock that it may have sent into the State of New York,
request is herewith made of each person who within the last five
years has reccived from the nurseries of the Lovett Company, Little
Silver, N. J., frnit trees and ornamental shrubs, or other plants on
which the scale is known to feed, that he will send his name to the
State Entomologist, at Albany, with mention of the fact. If the
arrangement proposed can be carried into effect, examinations will
be made by competent persons of all such stock for the detection
of the scale if present.

37

290 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Tur San José ScALE In OnIO

Tt is learned from Prof. F. M. Webster, that an infested locality
in Clermont County, Ohio had come to his notice in December of
1894. The scale had probably been introduced in 1891 on apple
trees purchased of the Lovett Company, of Little Silver, N. J.
Prof. Webster reports: “The orchard comprised about 600 trees,
probably one-third of which were more or less infested — twenty-
five at least so badly as to preclude all possibility of saving them,
and at least double that number that could only be utilized by cut-
ting off the trunks at a short distance above the ground and graft-
ing them, first disinfecting the stumps. The pest had been noticed
the previous year. * * * A smaller orchard set at the same
time and with trees from the same nursery, was found infested to a
much less extent, though the scales were badly scattered through
the orchard. * * * The owners of these two orchards will take
this scale in hand and stamp out the pest before it gets a stronger
foothold or becomes more widely spread.” (Bull. 56 Ohio Agr.
Lzper. St.. December, 1894.)

Description OF -THE SCALE

The female scale, greatly enlarged is shown at Fig. 4 of Plate V
and at 6 in Fig. 2 of Plate VI. It is flat, almost circular in out-
line, dark mottled with gray in color, with a small elevated spot at
or near its center which is black or yellowish; it measures about
one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, but under some favoring con-
ditions may attain a size of one-eighth of an inch; in its original
description it is given as 0.08 of an inch.

Professor Comstock described the male scale as “black, some-
what elongated when fully formed. ‘The larval skin is covered with
secretion ; its position is marked by a single nipple-like prominence
which is between the center and the anterior margin of the scale.
The scale of the male is more abundant than that of the female.”
It is often oval in shape, and of a smaller size than the female. It
is represented at 5 in Plate V.

When occurring upon the bark of the twigs or leaves and in large
numbers, the scales lie close to each other, frequently overlapping,
and are at such times difficult to distinguish without a magnifying

glass: see Fig. 1 of Plate VL The general appearance that they

THE SAN JOSE SCALE , 291

present is of a grayish, very slightly roughened scurfy deposit.
The natural rich reddish color of the limbs of the peach and apple
is quite obscured when these trees are thickly infested, and they
then have every appearance of being coated with lime or ashes.
When the scales are crushed by scraping, a yellowish oily liquid
will appear, resulting from the crushing of the soft, yellow insects
beneath, and this will at once indicate to one who is not familiar
with their appearance, the existence of healthy living scales on the
trees. (Circular Wo. 3, 2d series, U. 8. Dept. Agriculture, Wash-
ington, 1893.)

As before stated, the scale is also found upon the fruit. When
present, in large numbers to the extent of covering the entire sur-
face, it interferes seriously with the proper development of the
fruit, causes it to crack, often to fall from the tree, or when it
remains thereon, renders it unmarketable. It is a conspicuous
object from the little depression which it causes (at least late in the
season) and usually a well-defined purplish ring with which each
scale is surrounded of a diameter considerably larger than that of
the scale (see Figure 3 on Plate V and Figure 2 on Plate V1).

Tur Insror

The male.— As previously stated, the male only, becomes winged.
It is shown greatly enlarged in Fig. 3 of Plate VII —its natural
size being indicated by the crossed lines within the circle beside it.
Examined under a high magnifying power its wings are seen to be
transparent, each with two delicate veins only. It has a well-defined
thorax and a rather large head with two large eyes. Its body is of
a light amber color with dark brownish markings, and terminates
in a slender “stylet” nearly as long as the body, which is the exter-
nal organ of reproduction. The antennse are long and conspicuous,
ten-jointed, eight of which are hairy.

The above description of the male will be of no particular inter-
est to others than the entomological student, as but few fruit-
growers will ever see it in nature, as it is difticult to obtain and
needs a good microscope for its inspection.

The female.— Soon after the leating of the tree in the spring,
when the young have crawled out from beneath the scales, close
examination of an infested twig will show them as yellowish objects,

992 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

scarcely more than points to the unaided eye moving over the bark
(Matthew Cooke has given their size as one-seventyfifth of an inch).
They are of an oval form, with the normal number of legs pertain-
ing to insects — three pairs —and a pair of antenne. In Fig. 1 of
Plate VII, giving an enlarged view of the insect from the under
side, its curious long hair-like beak or proboscis which serves it for
feeding and for fastening itself to the bark or leaf or fruit, is shown
as curled up between the legs.

The mature female can only be seen by taking her from beneath
the seale at the proper time. She then appears in a very different
form from that when moving over the bark. In a subsequent molt-
ing she had lost her legs and antenne, retaining only for her need her
long and delicate proboscis consisting of four hair-like bristles within
a two-jointed sheath. Fig. 2 of same Plate represents this stage of
the insect, enlarged from the hair-line at the right-hand side. It is
shown from the underside as seen with its transparency in nature,
with a number of its young within,—this species, unlike most of
the scale-inseets, which produce eggs—bringing forth its young
alive. Of the several segments into which the body is divided, as
indicated in the figure, the last one bears groups of spinnerets, anal
and yaginal openings, and upon its border, lobes, incisions, and
spines (some of which are shown in enlargement at @): from the
location, number, and form of these, important and reliable charac-
ters are drawn for the separation of the species, which may not be
found in the study of the external scale alone, where they closely
resemble one another.

Its Lire-History

Most of the Coceidz are oviparous — that is, they deposit eggs
underneath the scale, from which the young are soon thereafter
hatched. A few are known to be viviparous, i. e., bringing forth
living young, as Aspidiotus tenebricosus occurring on maple, and
a few species of the genus Lecaniwm.* It would seem that the
San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus is both oviparous and
viviparous, for while generally regarded as giving out its young
alive (the young shown within the body of the parent in Fig. 2 of

*As Lecanium hesperidum, L. platycerit, L. tulipifere, and two unnamed

species on the red bay and on Acacia.— Riley, in Proc. Hnt. Soc. Wash., III,
1894, pp. 67, 69.

, THE SAN JOSE SCALE 293

Plate VII), it is also recorded as producing eggs. Dr. Riley has
stated of it (loc. cit.) — “specimens examined in December, 1879,
-showed that the mature females were hibernating, and that with
some of them were found a few eggs and recently hatched larvee :”
on the authority of Professor Comstock (Leept. Commis. Agricul.
for 1880, p. 305), “the eggs are white:” Matthew Cooke has writ-
ten (Inj. Ins. Orchard, Vineyard, ete., 1883, p. 62)—“ each
female produces from thirty-five to fifty eggs:” W. G. Klee, State
Inspector of Fruit Pests in California, states (Bien. Rept. St. Bd.
Horticul. Cal. for 1885 and 1886, page 373) — “ eggs, thirty to fifty
produced by each female; color yellow; form ovate:” Mr.C. H. T.
Townsend, formerly of the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment
Station, states of the eggs — “ According to Comstock, the eggs are
white; but according to my own observation, they turn to an
orange-yellow color in the spring. They hatch here about the first
or second week in May” (Bulletin No. 7 New Mexico Agr. Kuper.
St., June, 1892, p. 7). Other writers have also mentioned the eggs.
As opposed to this, however,— in colonies of the scale carried over on
potted pear trees in the Insectary of the Entomological Division at
Washington during the winter of 1898-4, although watched with
care and subjected to daily observation,— in no instance were eges
seen (Jnsect Life, vii, p. 287).

Karly in June, ordinarily, in New York and New Jersey, the
young escape from underneath the scale, and for a short time may
be seen traveling actively over the branches, when they fasten them-
selves to the bark and commence to secrete a scale. They are not
all given out at the same time, even the members of the same family.
How long the hibernating female continues to reproduce, is not
known. It is thought by Dr. Smith that it may extend over the
greater part of the summer, and until “their grand-daughters are
already full-grown with nearly full-grown progeny: there may be,
therefore, upon a plant at one time, young born of as many as three
or even four distinct generations.” Certain it is that examination
of an infested orchard will show the presence of the young tray-
eling insects at any one time from early June until nearly the
last of autumn. On some pieces of twigs cut in Mr. Morrell’s
orchard on November Ist, the little yellow young were seen in
motion two days thereafter in my office. It is probable that the

294 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM

young will not survive on a twig cut from the tree, for more than
four or five days.

Observations made on isolated individuals at Washington showed
that “the newly-hatched larvee after crawling about for a few
hours, settle down and commence at once to form a scale, which is
white and fibrous. In two days the insect becomes invisible, being
covered with a pale, grayish-yellow shield with a projecting white
nipple at the center. * * * * * Twelve days after hatching,
the first skin is cast. * * * * * In twenty to twenty-one
days after hatching, the females cast their second skin, At 24-
days the males begin to issue. * * * * * At 30 days the
females are about full grown, and embryonic young can be seen
within their bodies; and at from 33 to 40 days the larvee begin
to make their appearance.” For additional observations on the
development of other broods, see Howard, Jnsect Life, vii, pp.
288, 289. .

From the first brood hatching early in June, a second is undoubt-
edly disclosed in July. How many follow, has not been ascer-
tained. Matthew Cooke has placed the number during the season,
at three,— the first in June, the second in July, and the third in
October; but it would seem that the high temperature of sum-
mer could hardly fail of developing at least one additional brood
intermediate to those of July and October. Four broods were
developed at Washington from over-wintered females, and it was
thought that there were ordinarily five. They soon became so inex-
tricably mixed that the only importance that could attach to a deter-
mination of their number, would be as indicating the rapidity of
increase of the insect in different localities and under different sea-
sonal conditions.

The females continue to feed until prevented by the dormancy of
the tree in the late autumn. It is thought that most of them pass
the winter in about a half-grown stage, and resume their feeding in
early spring, as soon as practicable for their entrance upon active
life, in June as above stated. |

Its Foop-PLANts

In addition to the food-plants of the San José seale that have
been mentioned in the preceding pages, several others have

THE SAN JOSE SCALB 995

recently been reported to me by Mr. Sirrine, as observed by him

on Long Island.

The following is the list as it now stands. It will doubtless be
largely extended by future observations :

Tiliacews Saxifragace

Linden (7%dia). Gooseberry.

Celastracew OnE

Flowering Currant.

Evonymus.

Leguminose Ebenacee
Acacia. Persimmon (Diospyros).

Losacewe
Ainona: Urticace
Elm.

Peach.
Apricots Osage Orange
ee Suglandaces
phe ue English Walnut.
Se Pecan Nut.
Raspberry.
Rose. Betulaces
Hawthorn (Crategus). Alder? (Alnus).
Cotoneaster.
Pear. Salicacee
Apple. Weeping Willow.
Quince. Laurelleaved Willow (from

Flowering Quince.

Asia).

It will be seen from the above that the scale is recorded as occur=

ring on plants in ten of the Orders, although one-half of the food-
plants named belong to the Order of J?osacew.

SPREAD OF THE INSECT

The natural spread of this scale isnotarapid one. As the female
is unprovided with wings, and is unable to change its position after
having become fixed and throughout its entire period of reproduc-
tion, the insect can only pass from one tree to another during the
few hours that it continues in its active larval stage. Although a
rather rapid traveler its range of locomotion would hardly ever carry
it to neighboring trees in an orchard, unless the branches should

296 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

interlock, in which case every facility is afforded it for spreading
the infestation,— almost equal to that existing in nurseries where the
young trees are grown so closely together as to form compact masses.

Carried by birds, ete— It has been found that the young insect
may be distributed through the agency of other insects and of birds.
When abounding on a tree to the extent that much of the bark is
already occupied by the scales, they apparently show a disposition
to leave the tree and fasten upon any visiting insect or to the legs of
birds. Jf this is instinctive or in accordance with a purpose, they
will leave their hosts as soon as transported to a favorable place for
the establishment of a new colony. It is stated that several of the
young have been seen upon the wing-covers of a single lady-bird,—
that they are often found on ants, and that they show a preference
for insects of dark color. §

Distribution in Nursery Stock.—The ease with which many
of our most serious insect pests may be widely distributed through
sales of nursery stock, has been brought to notice so frequently in
recent years by studies made of the means by which injurious insects
have suddenly made their appearance in new localities, that our
economic entomologists have deemed it their duty from time to
time to warn fruit-growers of the danger to which they are exposed,
and to press upon them the great importance of a thorough inspec-
tion of all the nursery stock purchased by them. Each of the recent
occurrences of the San José scale in the Eastern States, has been
traced directly, or with a strong probability, to nursery infestation
as its source. Of course, the danger of such introduction is the
greater when the insect is so inconspicuous as is this scale, or when
it is entirely hidden within its burrows in the branches or trunk, as
in the case of the flat-headed pear tree borer, Agrilus sinuwatus
Oliv., lately discovered in New Jersey orchards by Dr. Smith,
and by him traced to a New Jersey nursery which it was supposed
had imported it from Europe about ten years ago.

PRorecrioN FROM INTESTED, Sroor

In view of this danger, the following suggestion made by Dr.
Smith (Zntomological News, v, p. 811) is both timely and impor-
tant: ‘No farmer should set out a tree until he has examined it
closely and made certain that no scale-insects infest any portion of

THE SAN JOSE SOALB a 297

it. He should also wash at least the trunk and larger branches with
a kerosene emulsion, diluted by no more than five parts of water;
and he should, finally, trim back to the smallest possible amount of
wood, burning or otherwise destroying all the cuttings,” thereby
facilitating the growth of the tree, and disposing of the eggs of
the Aphides or plant-lice and of mites occurring on the smaller twigs.

Dr. Smith also offers the following : — “ Purchasers of nursery stock
could insist on a written guarantee with each lot of stock purchased,
that they are clean and free from insect pests, and had not been, in
the nursery, affected by any plant disease, nor grown in the vicinity
of discased trees”. |

It is not probable that the New Jersey or Long Island nursery-
men would give such a guarantee, nor does it seem that they could
safely do so. Were they, one and all, skilled entomologists they
might, even then, with reason, decline to commit themselves so-
broadly,— covering insects of all kinds, both exposed to view and
hidden from the eye. But for the present, at least, while the scale
infestation of these localities is so generally known, some assurance
of protection will be demanded by all to whom the knowledge has
come, before further orders are sent to the nurseries involved.

The following form of certificate is offered to the consideration of
purchasers and nurserymen, in the belief that it would prove equally
beneficial to each party. Without it, or something to the same
effect, there is reason to believe, from action about to be taken in
another State, that some of the unfortunate nurseries may suffer for
a time from a “boycott”. Let it be understood —there is no dis-
position on the part of any entomologist to magnify the danger to
important interests from this newly introduced pest, but simply to
accept it at its full magnitude: —

I do hereby certify that the stock sent out herewith has been
examined by a competent entomologist, and has been pronounced
by him, to the best of his knowledge and belief, to be free from
living San José scales (Aspidiotus perniciosus); and in the event
of its being shown that the stock now sent has carried with it the
living insects, I do hereby agree to replace it free of cost with
uninfested stock.

Propvosep LEGISLATION

No legislation has been had in the State of New York against insect
pests. Laws of this character, more or less broad and stringent, have
ca B8

298 +, NIW YORK STATE MUSEUM

been passed in ten of the States, viz., California, Colorado, Idaho,
Kansas, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Oregon, and
Washington. A compilation of these Laws, which will be found
convenient for examination and as aids to future legislation, has
recently been made in a pamphlet of 46 pages by Mr. L. O. Howard,
and issued as Bulletin Wo. 33 of the U.S. Department of Agrt-
culture — Division of Entomology. California, it appears, has taken
the lead in resorting to legislation, moved thereto by the urgency
of preventing the introduction of species known to be destructive to
fruit culture in other parts of the country and from the Old World.

Although the State of New York is subjected each year to losses
from insect injuries which would aggregate in amount to several
millions of dollars —a large proportion of which is preventable,—
no effort has hitherto been made toward the removal of so onerous
a burden through a resort to legislative aid. An investigation of
the insect pests of the State which was commenced forty years ago
and continued, with a short interval, up to the present, has given to
the people of the State details of the life-histories and habits of all
of our more noxious insects, accompanied with methods for their
control. These studies are accessible in State reports to all who
may desire to consult them. Their recommendations are coneeded
to be of great value, and if the information they contain be utilized
to the extent that it should be, the occasion will seldom arise when
aid from legislation is needed.

There may be, however, insect infestation in some other State or
country of such a pronounced dangerous character, that its intro-
duction should be guarded against by quarantine laws. Or, an
insect may have multiplied to such an extent that its control is
entirely beyond individual effort, as in the case of the gypsy
moth in Massachusetts. Again, a newly introduced insect pest,
known only in a single locality but threatening an almost
unlimited range, may call for its extermination while the task
is simple and inexpensive.* Still another instance, is that of the
presence of the San José scale in the State of New York. There
is reason to fear that it has been sent in every county of the State.
In how many orchards it has found place can not be known, with-

*Such an opportunity was lost when the pert mi Hee was Sonne to a few
orchards in the town of Meriden, Conn, : Pa

THE SAN JOSE SCALE 999

out special examination of suspected localities by a person competent
to identify it. Its dangerous character demands its extermination
if it can be accomplished. Although it has had a foothold in the
State for, probably, five years or more, it is believed that its
extermination is practicable if the proper effort can be made at once,
under the provisions of a bill which has been drawn up and intro-
duced in the present Legislature — reading as follows:

Aw Acr to provide for the Extermination of the San José Scale
in the State of New York.

The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate
and Assembly, do enact as follows:

Secrion 1. Whenever the state entomologist may have knowl
edge of the existence of the San José scale, or has reason to believe
in the probability of its existence in any locality within the State of-
New York on any trees, plants, vines, or fruit, he shall notify the
commissioner of agriculture, who shall thereupon appoint one or
more experts who shall be sufficiently familiar with the scale to be
able to recognize it, for the prompt inspection of the infested or
suspected locality.

§ 2. Such agent shall make thorough inspection of the locality
named, and if “the existence of the scale is found ther ein, he shall
notify the owner or owners of the orchard, nursery, or grounds in
which the insect is found, of its existence therein, and serve a notice.
containing a statement of all the facts found to exist, upon the
owner or owners, with an order that within ten days they shall take
such measures as have been proven to be effectual in the destruction
of the scale and for prevention of its further distribution, and to
continue them until its extermination has been effected.

§ 3. If the owner or owners shall refuse to comply with the order
of the agent, as above stated, the agent shall be charged with its
execution, and for this purpose, shall employ all necessary assist-.
ance; and such agent or his employes may enter upon any or all
premises within the town or city for the purpose of the speedy
extermination of the scale. Such agent shall be entitled to com-
pensation for his services under this act at the rate of five dollars
for each full day spent by him in the discharge of his duties, and
the necessary disbursements paid or incurred by him therein.

§ 4. The sum of five thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may
be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of the state treasury to
carry out the provisions of this act.

§ 5. This act shall take effect immediately.

REMEDIES
There is no difficulty in killing this insect at any time and in any
form of its existence, if the proper remedies are used and properly

300 _ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

applied: but if entire success is demanded —that is, if all of the
insects infesting an orchard are to be destroyed, which means exter-
mination,— so far as our present knowledge extends, it can only be
accomplished in the winter season. During the many years of its
existence in California the experiments there conducted, showed
that several of the insecticidal applications tested, were entirely
effective — particularly some of the “winter washes” of which the
formulas have been frequently published. When it became neces-
sary to contend with the insect in its eastern invasion, it was natu-
rally supposed that the Californian remedies would be equally effect-
ive here, but experiments with them proved that they only sufticed
to destroy a certain percentage of the hibernating form; and even
when used in double strength, a large proportion of the scales was
not destroyed. These unexpected results may probably be accounted
for by a more perfect dormancy of the insects in the East than in
California.

Winter washes—The experiments that have been conducted
under the direction of L. O. Howard, Chief of the Entomological
Bureau at Washington, during the past year (1894), have been so
varied and apparently so thorough that it would seem that the
results attained might be accepted, without further experimentation,
for future guidance in our operations against this scale. During
the latter part of the year, twenty-nine different washes were tested
by experienced entomologists from the Bureau, upon badly infested
trees in Charles county, Maryland. In summing up these results,
Mr. Howard has stated: ‘The only perfect results which have been
reached have come from the application of two pounds or more of
commercial whale-oil soap to a gallon of water, and from the appli-
cation of a resin wash of six times the normal summer strength.
The effects following the application of these washes leave noth-
ing to be desired. In all cases the most careful search over the
sprayed trees has failed to show a single living scale.”

Unfortunately, both of the above-named washes are somewhat
expensive, as the lowest price at which the whale-oil soap can be
purchased is four cents the pound by the barrel, making the wash
to cost eight cents per gallon. The resin wash is still more expen-
sive. When large orchards are to be treated, the cost is quite an
item, but the intelligent fruit-grower will not hesitate when con-

‘ HE SAN JOSE SCALE ~ 301

vinced that the choice lies between the expense of the wash and the
loss of the trees.

The above are known as “ winter washes,” since they may only
be used without serious injury to the tree during its winter dor-
mancy. Later, it would not be safe to apply them unless in a con-
siderably diluted form, when they would only suffice to destroy a
portion of the scales.

Home-made whate-oil soap.— For those who would prefer mak-
ing the soap for themselves, at a less cost than if purchased by the
small quantity in market, Mr. Howard has given the following
formula :— Potash lye, one pound; fish oil, three pints; soft water,
two gallons; dissolve the lye in water and add the oil on bringing
the mixture to a boil; boil for about two hours and then add sufli-
cient water to make up for the evaporation. This will make about
twenty pounds of soft soap — equivalent to about five pounds of the
hard. |

The winter resin wash.— The composition and proportions given
for this, are as follows:— Resin, 120 pounds; caustic soda, 30
pounds; fish oil, 15 pints; water sufficient to make 100 gallons,
The resin and soda are broken up and, together with the fish oil are
placed in a large kettle, sufficient water being added to cover them.
The whole is then boiled for several hours, or “until the compound
will mix properly in water without breaking up into yellowish
flakes.” (Insect Life, vii, p. 298).

Potash wash.— Dr. Smith, in his experiments with the scale in
New Jersey, has tested to his entire satisfaction the efficacy of a
saturated solution of crude or commercial potash, i. e., potash in a
sufficient quantity of water to dissolve it, to be used upon trees dur-
ing their dormancy in the winter season, only. It may be applied
either by means of a cloth or stiff brush, or by thorough spray-
ing. The potash eats into or corrodes the scales and kills a large
proportion of the insects beneath them. A month later, by which
time the scales will have become riddled or loosened, it should be
followed with kerosene emulsion made after the usual formula and
diluted to a strength of one part to five parts of water. If these
applications are thoroughly made,— according to Dr. Smith, “nota
single insect need escape.”

Before using any of the above washes, it is recommended to cut

3802 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

back as freely as may be properly done, the infested trees, and
burn the cuttings, asa large part of the scales are to be found on
the terminal twigs.

Summer washes.— Experiments thus far made with applications
that may be safely used during the summer, have failed to give a
wash that will destroy all the scales —a small percentage will escape.
The two that have given the best results are the summer resin wesh
and an ordinary diluted kerosene emulsion. With either of these,
“by three applications at intervals through the summer, the insects
may be kept from increasing to any serious extent.” The unat-
tached insects and those in which the scale is in its incipiency will
readily be killed, and if it were possible to reach all of them the
entire destruction of the insect would be effected. But this is
impracticable. The young are hatching continually during nearly
five months of the year, and are to be found at any time during
this period in their active stage upon the tree. The number of
sprayings that would ke required to reach the young before they
are protected by their scale, would render this method altogether
too laborious and costly to depend upon it for extermination,

Gas treatment.— The treatment of infested trees with hydro-
eyanic acid gas, generated within a canvas tent made air-tight
through the application of boiled linseed oil, and fastened closely
down over the tree to be treated, has been extensively used in Cali-
fornia and with entire success against some of the seale-insects of the
Western Coast. The cost of the tents and the labor involved in
their management, render it altogether too expensive for general
use; and further,— althongh it has been hitherto claimed that the
gas applied in this manner was absolutely fatal to all animal life, yet,
late experiments appear to show that it may not be entirely depended
upon for the complete destruction of the San José scale when infest-
ing orchards. According to Mx, Howard, an orchard in Charlottes-
ville, Va., which had been treated with the gas in March last, under
the skilled supervision of Mr. Coquillett,— although “ the operation
was as thorough as it could be made, a few of the insects survived
the treatment, as was shown by the receipt of living specimens late
in the fall from Dr. Hedges.” (Jnsect Life, vii, p. 286.)*

* Mr. Howard has since made personal examination of this- orchard, and has
found the gas treatment inefficacious. The trees are again badly infested, while

one result of the fumigating has been to seriously injure the trees by causing the
blackening and cracking of the bark.

THE SAN JOSE SCALB 803

Treatment of Nursery Stock.—It is believed that the hydro-
cyanic acid gas treatment is reliable for disinfesting nursery stock
of infested nurseries previous to its distribution. Of course, all
such stock found to have the scale in abundance, should be promptly
taken up and burned, but where the scale is sparsely present or even
where there is barely a suspicion of its presence, it should, before
shipment be subjected to the gas fumigation. This is now being
done in New Jersey and Long Island nurseries — in some of them
at least, and should be made a condition upon which any further
orders may be given or stock received from either of the infested
districts or others that may hereafter be discovered.

The manner of treatment is the following: An air-tight box is
made of suitable size for the reception of as much stock as may be
conveniently treated at one time. The stock is placed therein and
subjected for an hour to the gas generated in it by the combination
of three ounces of water, a little more than one fluid ounce of com-
mercial sulphuric acid, and one ounce of 60 per cent cyanide of
potassium, to be placed in a glazed earthenware vessel of the capac-
ity of at least a gallon, in the order above named: these amounts
are for 150 eubic feet of space. It should be remembered that this
gas should not be breathed as it is exceedingly poisonous,

BrBtiogRAPHY

The following references to publications upon Aspidiotus per-
nicvosus are given as an aid to those who may wish to learn more
minutely of the life-history and habits of the insect, or for informa-
tion upon topics which have been omitted from this Bulletin in
order not to extend it to an undue length, as for example: the
parasites of the insect (see Jnsect Life, vii, pp. 289-292); the
possibility of the limitation of its multiplication in its northeastern
range to certain portions of the State of New York and the Eastern
“States (¢d., p. 292); its possible introduction through infested
Californian fruit (see Bull. 106 New Jersey Agr. Coll. Kuper. St.,
p. 17, and Insect Infe, vii, p. 167); the varieties of plums and
pears more liable to its attack (Lull. 106—ante, p. 16); and its
natural enemies (¢d., p. 16).

Comstoox: in Rept. Commis. Agr. for 1880, pp. 304-5, pl. 12,
f. 7 (original description).

804 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Cooxe: Treat. Ins. Inj. Fruit and Fruit-trees, 1881, pp. 33-4
(description, ete.); in Rept. Commis. Agr. for 1882, pp. 65, 208
(coal-oil and lye remedies); Ins. Inj. Orch.-Vine., 1883, pp. 60-63,
figs. 15-21.

Cuarin: in Rept. Commis. Agr. for 1882, p. 207-8 (concentrated
lye remedy); in Rept. St. Commis. Fruit Pests, in Rept. Cal. St. Bd.
Horticul. for 1884, pp. 34, 35, 42.

Kure: in Rept. Cal. St. Bd. Horticul. for 1885-86, 1887, pp.
873-875, pl. 1 (habits and remedies).

Ritry—Howarp: in Insect Life, iii, 1891, p. 63 (in Walla: Walla,
Washington), p. 487 (Aphelinus parasite); in id., iv, 1892, p. 83
(resin wash); in id., v, 1893, p. 53 (killed by Chzlocorus), p. 128
(killed by Scymnus), p. 214 (recorded in Australia), p. 280 (Cali-
fornia remedy); in id., vi, 1894, p. 286 (in the East), pp. 860-369,
figs. 26-29 (general account).

Grecorson: in Insect Life, iii, 1891, p. 169 Gn California).

CoguittEtT: in Bull. 23 U.S. Dept. Agr.—Div. Ent., 1891, pp.
26, 27, 28 (gas and resin wash treatment); in Bull. 26 ditto, 1892, pp.
21-25 (food-plants, parasites, remedies); in Insect Life, v, p. 251
(imported parasites); in id., vi, 1894, pp. 324-326 (operations in
Virginia).

Craw: in Rept. Cal. St. Bd. Horticul. for 1891, 1892, p. 285
(remedies and parasites) Lz Lone: in id., pp. 196, 198, 199
(remedies).

Our: in New So. Wales Agr. Gaz. for Sept. 1892, pp. 698,
699 (on pear in N. S. \,.).

Townsenp: in Bull. 7 New Mex. Agr. Exp. St., June, 1892, pp.
6, 7 (Gn Las Cruces).

Ritey: in Rept. Sect. Agr. for 1891, 1892, p. 244 (washes used
in California); in id. for 1898, 1894, pp. 215-221, pl. 1, f. 1 (general
account); in Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ady. Sci., xlii, 1898, p. 229 (dis-
covered in Virginia).

Howarp: Circular No. 3, 2d Ser. U. 8. Dept. Agr.— Div. Ent.,
April, 1893, 10 pp, 5 figs. (its Eastern appearance and remedies) 5
in Insect Life, vii, 1894, pp. 153-163 (Eastern occurrence); in
Canad. Entomol., xxvi, 1894, p. 355 (its distribution); in Insect
Life, vii, 1895, pp. 283-295 (life-history, spread, parasites, remedies).
—CockrrELL: in Canad. Entomol., xxvi, Feb. 1894, p. 832 (No. 73
in list of Nearctic Coccide).

THE SAN JOSE SCALE 805

Suita: in Entomolog. News, v, 1894; pp. 182-184 (Eastern
occurrence), p. 812 (discovered on Long Island); in Insect Life, vii,
1894, pp..163-167 (in New Jersey); in Gard.-Forest, vu, 1894, p.
- 844 (danger from infested California fruit); Bull. No. 106 N. J.
Agr. Coll. Exp. St., Nov. 22, 1894, 1895. 24 pp. 5 figs. (in New
Jersey, and general account); in Entomolog. News, vi, 1895, pp.
153-157 (operations against, in New Jersey nurseries).

Korzetz: in Insect Life, vi, 1894, p. 27 (Orcus parasites).

Scuwarz: in Insect Life, vi, 1894, pp. 247-252 (in Charlottes-
ville, Va.).

Lintner: in Rur. New Yorker, liii, 1894, p. 791 (neglected on
Long Island); in Albany Eve. Journ., Nov. 7, 1894 (observed at
Kinderhook, N. Y.).

Sirgine: in Gard.-Forest, vii, 1894, p. 449 (on Long Island).

Frercuer: in Evidence bef. Commit. Agr., 1894, p. 19 (in
British Columbia); in 24th Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1895, pp. 73—-
76, f. 48 (in Br. Columbia, habits, remedies).

SLINGERLAND: in Rur. New Yorker, liv, 1895, p. 5 (Eastern bocal-
ities and prospects).

Wesster: Bull. 56 Ohio Agr. Exp. St. for December, 1894,
1895, 18 pp. 5 figs. (in Ohio, and N. J. Bull. 106 quoted).

H. W. C[ottinewoop]: in Rur. New Yorker, liv, 1895, p. 167
(observations at Lovett Company nurseries), p. 317 (the Parsons
Company nursery on Long Island).

39

EXPLANATION OF PLATE T.

Fig. 1.— The apple-tree bark-louse, Mytilaspis pomorum (Bouché), on apple
bark. (After Comstock.)

Fig. 2.— The scurfy bark-louse, Chionaspis furfurus (Fitch): a, the female scales,
and 0, the male scales, in natural size on twigs; ¢, the female scale,
enlarged; d, the male scale, enlarged. (From the Division of Ento-
mology, U. 8. Dept. Agr. at Washington.)

Fig. 3.— The scurfy bark-louse: [a], the male; ¢, the young larva; f, the male
pupa; g, the female, from beneath — all enlarged; 2, d, e, h, structural
details of legs and antenna, in greater enlargement. (From the Divis-
ion of Entomology, Washington, D. C.)

} iv ie

a :

nf

TOWAGR ES le

Fie. 2.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1.

Fig. 1.— The pine-leaf scale-insect, Ohionaspis pinifolit (Fitch): 2, the scales on
the leaves in natural size: a, leaves not stunted by the presence of
the scales; b, scale of female of usual form, enlarged; c, wide form
of the same, enlarged; d, a male scale enlarged. (After Comstock.)

Fig. 2.— The white scale, Aspidiotus nerti Bouché, on an Acacia twig, in natural

size: a, the male insect, enlarged; 0 and c, the male and female scales,
enlarged. (After Comstock.)

PLATE II.

Fie. 1.

Fig 2.

EXPLANATION OF PLatTE Il.

Fig. 1.— The maple-tree scale-insect, Puloinaria innumerahilis (Rathvon), with
extruded egg-masses, on grape, natural size. (After Comstock.)

Fig. 2.— The same, on osage orange and on maple. (After Walsh and Riley.)

Fig. 3.— The same: a, atwig with mature female scales and egg-masses, natural
size; 0, mature female scale from above, enlarged; c, female scale
from below, more enlarged; d, the thread-like sets of the proboscis.
(From the Seventh Report on the Insects of Illinois.)

Fig. 4.—The same: a, atwig with half-grown female scales, in natural size; 0b,
autumnal female scale from above, enlarged; c, the same from beneath;
d, the male insect enlarged. (From the Seventh and Thirteenth
Iilinois Reports.)

PLATE III.

\ \ A

i q
S \ \ N\ \\

EXPLANATION OF PLATE TY.

The plum-tree scale-insect, Lecanium ?juglandis Bouché in natural size, on
plum. (From Garden and Forest.)

PLATE IV.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Fig. 1, the San José scale, Aspédiotus perniciosus Comstock, infesting a pear
twig; 2, the scales.ona leaf; 3, scattered scales on a pear; 4, a female
scale, enlarged; 5, a male scale, enlarged. (From the Cornell Uni-
versity Agr. Exper. Station, and by permission of the California
State Board of Horticulture.)

Bi

ExpPLANATION OF PLATE YI.
Fig. 1.— The San José scales, in natural size on an apple branch; scales some-
what enlarged on apple bark at above at the left.

Fig. 2.—San José scales on a pear showing the surrounding ring; }, a female
scale, enlarged,

n

EXPLANATION oF PLATE VIL

Fig. 1.— Enlarged view of the young larva of the San José scale-insect, seen
from beneath, with a greater enlargement of an antenna at 0.

Fig. 2.— An enlarged view of an adult female of the San José scale-insect, con-
taining young; at d, astill greater enlargement of a portion of its
anal fringe.

Fig. 8.—A greatly enlarged view of the adult male of the San José scale-insect;
its natural size shown in the inclosed crossed-lines at right-hand side.

(The figures of this Plate and the preceding one are from the U. 8.
Dept. Agriculture — Division of Entomology.)

PLATE VII.

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Fia. 3.

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Pee er Ce ea, Peer oe (ee ee ee eee

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