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University of the State of New York

BPULLETIN ;

OF THE

New York State Museum

VOL. 5 No. 20

JUNE 1898

ELM-LEAF BEETLE

IN

NEW YORK STATE

PREPARED BY

EPHRAIM PORTER FELT, D. Sc.
Acting State Entomologist

ALBANY
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

M4xm-Jeo8-2500 1898 Price 5 cents

> ee

yo Phe,
“Je5)- ; %
q
nt x

iy Pees eee

ayy ee M. etary ne an Ee et . key
ey CHARLES E. Fitcu, LL. B., M. IN .. H. uD ae
ce 1877, Orris H. Warren, D. Dis a Fs aaa
1878 Wurretaw Ret, LL. D. os ie Pee
se 1881 Witt1am H. Watson, M. A., M. oe Ke -
88r Henry E, TURNER =~ nb ae at

‘St CLaIR McKe.way, LD. ‘D ET, D., D: @ ee ence
Hamitton Harris, Ph. Dy oe TD i ec ee
DaniEL Beacu, Ph. D., ae Oyen : =

| Carroii E. Smiru, as Denes fam
pimeuspo Puny T) Sexron shy, Mbe 9),

fe bie 1890. (T. Guitrorp SmitH, M. A., C. E. .
ae -1893 Lewis A. Stimson, B. A., M. DD ere tea geese
1894 JOHN PALMER, ‘Secretary of State, ex oe
: 7 SYLVESTER MALONE ela ae

as R. SKINNER, fot, D. | : ight yt
Supe reniene of Public Instruction, ex officio hay
1896 Frank S. Buack, B. A., Governor, ex officio ul

1896 Timoruy L. Wooprvrs, M. A., Lieutenant-Governor, ex officio ns
aR 1897 CHESTER SIALORD, MANU 4Erpe ae ie — ~ Brooklyn Mea

a Y SECRETARY
ieee | MELvIL Dewey, MA,

DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS RAG
> le as te 1850 James Russeii Parsons yr, M. A., Examination department
Bis £888 Metvit Dewey; M. A., Stat library and Extension departme

‘ee F: ie Ee MERRILL, Ph. D., State museum

Ci 22 11) Ni py iA) . | i
‘ a n e Ke i ee Rg,
iy ele ea ann ay

CONTENTS

IPIREHINES) ce Gare S368 COATS DOG SH EES A SES aS Drea pe eae gies

OUMMING Foss ceke spear eno Seb be CREEEEE Naso Reco ne Ose Roe srs ican amas =

Elm-leaf beetle in New York state. : JS rcs ba ge REE a A SCORN ed alee
Badrepubationob its, familys 2 ste ey es a ae See ye
Inaction means death to the elms.... -- yy er ah ees ts ST oy aeiee
Distributions saga as eee SP eS Re atal shy aetees Seis Naas
Description. ...-...----- soceewocunce sce bedisan s2eaes CScOnT SasSosaseS
the -WISGOBYs sae seat eye aan A oer Ma Ee oe Ls ot ae aS ess =e
Number Ofcenenrahions 144 2u3 92 foes ee see he ee

Eiabisrotimeetle and laEVAG: sai 42.22 sere s Lee ed Eel os ee
Species otrelms, atbacked sos. . 4o0 Koos SON ey Ea te ae
AWASSOCT Abe dretliSSC bite) te lsm satel s/aseiate wise Seisin = seit evar nia mises areas soto ceetels

Hnjuriesiandycharacterishi sts osc nem = sein sania (cele cis s)leeeie aoe lssi eee

Description Ane ifeshishonys steno cet ok 2 Sate aa aeisin Saja) epee

Meansrofr distributions sce syn saseppcisis cae sceys sto ule ete aisle oe esl sce
Secondary attacks by insects..........-..----..----- payed uae Mercia soars
Maece Suemies or elm leat: 7 DeeLle= <a east ae os ticle ees ole te lee
IMGHACUNAS GSSSEORS SSSA BSI SASAICE SS Cte SNe a IERE elec B oes eee mM eS Etec

Wostiotssprayinovelm spas asec ecise snes sora toeeioneninel inno severe ae

LOVEE, APPALAbUSe) sane sews wi as se ia Re Soe tia so eaten A Oe eee enya coma

LUD] OAC VIMEO OES DAN VINAS Ree Aas oR eheo ene nea cnedontene seeeaeooee
AGpalllaa tive: MeASUrOsstseceteseris shoe else A Seb ee ea es ote

(WISSIOS SPINES ASUNOS ars hea errata ale eet ie ha Sik a OS 5 | ee Ce PRG GES cas cae ee

Billig stapnye ass. o. 5c20 5-25 cases SOLS Use a . Seaman agar T EC, Shs

EMP AM AGO UE OW Dla be Sa sass = os eee eis Se se: «Sino a sin ninicovelecicieie) seca aici see

PREFACE

This bulletin was prepared, first to bring prominently before the
public the very destructive nature of this imported insect, and
second to demonstrate that it can be controlled without great
expense, provided intelligent direction is given to the matter.

The life-history and habits of this beetle have been given some-
what in detail because unless they are thoroughly understood,
it is very easy to adopt means that are only partially successful
or futile. In order to give the bulletin a more practical value,
short accounts have also been included of three other insects,
which, working with the elm-leaf beetle, have aided greatly in
ruining many noble elms.

In the portion devoted to remedies prominence has been given
to the cost of spraying per tree, the proper apparatus and the
time and manner of application. It is surprising to see what mis-
takes some men make in dealing with insects and how they cling
to methods of no value. To offset this tendency, two of the more
common fallacies are mentioned and their futility shown.

E. P. Feur

Albany, N. Y., 21 June, 1898

THE ELM-LEAF BEETLE IN NEW YORK STATE 5

THE ELM-LEAF BEETLE IN NEW YORK: STATE
Galerucella luteola Miller
Ord. Coleoptera: Fam. Chrysomelidae

This imported insect has committed such extensive injury to
the elms in the cities and villages along the Hudson river that it
is worthy of extended notice. The residents of places where this
pest has established itself have repeatedly observed the grubs
working on their elms and in many instances have seen two or
even three crops of leaves destroyed in a single season without
taking steps toward the protection of the trees.

The causes for this condition of affairs are not hard to find,
as the majority are inclined to trust in providence and hope that
the ravages of the insect will not be as severe the next season.
Many others see the grubs at work on the underside of the leaves
but not being quite sure of the best method of controlling them,
and as there is no way of doing this without labor, they usually
make no effort to subdue the pest.

Bad reputation of its family. This beetle is a member of
the large, leaf-eating family of Chrysomelidae, which comprises a
number of our most injurious insects. It includes such well-
known pests as the asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi Linn., the
Colorado potato beetle, Doryphora 10-lineata Say, the 12-spotted
Diabrotica, D. 12-punctata Oliv. and the striped cucumber beetle,
Diabrotica vittata Fabr., all well-known insects against which
perpetual warfare must be waged. Another member of this
family, the cottonwood-leaf beetle, Lina scripta Fabr., recently
inflicted serious damage upon the large basket industry in the
willow growing districts about Syracuse, Rochester and other
localities in that part of the state. Judging from the well-known —
records of its allies, we may expect that the elm-leaf beetle will
continue to be very destructive.

Inaction means death to the elms. The elm-leaf beetle was
known in Albany in 1892, probably having made its way to the
city a year or two earlier, and since that time its ravages have
become more and more serious, until in 1897 most of the numer-

6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ous European elms along our streets were completely defoliated
once, the second growth of foliage was seriously injured, and some
trees had their third set of leaves attacked. This condition of
affairs was observed in Albanyand Troy and was true to a greater
or less extent in many other places along the Hudson river. The
leaves are the breathing organs of a tree. Their removal or de-
struction weakens it seriously, and to have that occur even once
a season for successive years, means the early death of the un-
fortunate elm. The number of magnificent shade trees killed by
this insect in Albany, since its advent, may be estimated at over
a thousand, and had not the city taken action to protect the elms
many more would have succumbed in the next year or two.

It is useless to hope that another season the pest may not be
as destructive. It shows a remarkable vigor and prolificacy in
our climate. At Washington, D. C., it has been known for a long
series of years and still is very injurious. In New Jersey, New
York city, New Haven, Conn., and other localities it has been
found necessary to spray the trees with a poisonous mixture in
order to avert serious injury. Parasites, diseases of various kinds
and predatory enemies seems to have little effect in reducing its
numbers. The valley of the Hudson river as far north as Sara-
toga tis now included in the same life zone as that of the latter
places named.

Distribution. This insect is common over a large part of
Europe, but it is injurious only in the southern portions of Ger-
many and France and in Italy and Austria. The records of the
earlier entomologists indicate that the beetle must have made
its way to this country about 1834, because in 1838 it was re-
ported as very injurious to elms in Baltimore, Md. It is now
found from Charlotte, N. C., to north of Salem, Mass. Up to
1896, so far as known, it was limited to territory east of the
Appalachian chain of mountains. In that vear it was found es-
tablished at Elm Grove and Wellsburg, W. Va., by Dr Hopkins
of the Agricultural experiment station of that state. Its prog-
ress up the Hudson is interesting to follow, indicating, as it does,

THE ELM-LEAF BEETLE IN NEW YORK STATE 7

the distribution of the beetle along the lines of travel. In 18794
it was abundant and destructive at Newburg; 12 years later it
was reported to this office from Poughkeepsie, in 1890 from Hud-
son, in 1891 from New Baltimore and in 1892 it had reached
Albany and Troy. It was found at Mechanicville in 1896 by Dr
L. O. Howard, of Washington, D. C. That same year the larvae
were abundant at Averill Park in the town of Sand Lake about
seven miles southeast of Troy, the beetles evidently having been
transported thither by the numerous electric cars running to
that station. Ina similar manner it has spread over a large por-
tion of Connecticut and into Rhode Island. It had made its
way up the Connecticut valley to Springfield by 1891, and to Am-
herst by 1895. The latter year it was found by Dr Howard at
Millers Falls and was reported to him then at South Vernon, it
having crossed the New Hampshire line. It has also been re-
ported from north of Salem, Masgs., and at Middlebury, Vt.—two
localities distant from others where it has been found.

The above record indicates most clearly that this pest has not
made its way to all portions of the state where it may be ex-
pected to thrive. The climate of the upper austral life zone
seems to agree with the insect, judging from the number of
broods and its abundance in Albany and vicinity. The area
within the state embraced by this zone has been represented on
plate 4, in the 11th Report on the insects of New York. Briefly,
it embraces Long and Staten islands, the valley of the Hudson
river north about to Saratoga and a large portion of the north-
western and central part of the state adjacent to the great lakes
and including Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca Jakes and neighboring
bodies of water. This insect will probably make its way along
the lines of travel to most of the cities and larger villages lying
within the above limits. The beetle having become established
at localities not yet included within this zone, indicates that it
may have an even wider range, although climatic conditions will
probably prevent its becoming destructive.

a Unfortunately most of these dates indicate only the time when the ravages of the insect
were serious enough to attract the attention of some one, and so only approximately the
year of its arrival.

8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Description. The work of this pest is so striking as to excite
the attention of even the most casual observer. The majority
have little idea of the appearance of the insect in its various
stages and but faint conception of its life history. In order to
control the pest it must be recognized and its nature understood
to a certain extent.

The parent insect may be recognized by aid of the colored
figure (pl. 1, fig. 2), although care should be taken not to confound
it with the striped cucumber beetle, Diabrotica vitiata Fabr.,
which it resembles in a general manner. The elm-leaf beetle is
about + of an inch long with the head, thorax and margin of the
wing covers a reddish-yellow. The coal black eyes and median
spot of the same color on the head are prominent. On the thorax
there is a median black spot of variable shape and a pair of
lateral ovoid ones. The median black line of the wing covers
is Separated from the broad lateral stripes of the same color by
greenish-yellow. The elytra are minutely and irregularly punc-
tured, bear a fine pubescence and at the base of each elytron
there is an elongated black spot in the middle of the greenish-
yellow stripe. The markings are usually constant in the adult,
but the color is quite variable during life and changes more or
less after death. In some beetles emerging from winter quart-
ers, the conspicuous greenish-yellow stripes of the wing covers
are nearly black. The antennae are a golden yellow with more
or less brownish markings. The legs are yellowish with the
tibiae and tarsi marked with brown. The under surface of the
head and prothorax is yellowish, that of the metathorax and ab-
domen black.

The orange yellow eggs are deposited in irregular rows side
by side, forming clusters of from five to 26 or more on the
under surface of the leaf. Hach egg is somewhat fusiform,
attached vertically by its larger end, with the free extremity
tapering to a paler, rounded point (pl. 1, fig. 3). Under a power-
ful lens, the fine reticulations of the egy shell are easily seen.

The recently hatched -larva ig about ;4, inch long, with
the head, thoracic shield, numerous tubercles, hairs and les jet

THE ELM-LEAF BEETLE IN NEW YORK STATE a

black. The integument between the tubercles is a dark yellow.
The tubercles are so large and the hairs so prominent that the
prevailing color of the larva at this stage is black. As the larva
increases in size and molts, the stiff black hairs become less con-
spicious and the yellowish markings more prominent (pl. 1,
fig. 4) until the last stage. A full grown larva is about $ inch
long, more flattened than in the earlier stages, with a broad yel-
low stripe dorsally and a narrower stripe of the same color on
each side, the yellow stripes being separated by broad dark
bands thickly set with tubercles bearing short, dark-colored hairs.
The dorsal yellow stripe is broken on each side by a subdorsal
zow of dark tubercles, which increase in size posteriorly. The
lateral yellow stripe includes a row of prominent tubercles with
dark tips bearing short hairs of the same color (pl. 1, fig. 5). The
predominating color of the ventral surface is yellow.

The pupa is bright orange yellow, about + inch long, and with
a very convex dorsal surface which bears. transverse rows of
stout, inconspicuous setae.

Life-history. In order to control this insect successfully it
must be known and its habits understood. Trite though the pre-
ceding may appear, I have noticed men in several places spraying
for this pest and doing no execution, for the simple reason that
they did not understand the fundamental principles involved in
fighting insects. In one case the trunk of the tree was sprayed
while the grubs were on the leaves, and in the other they used
paris green and water when kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap
solution should have been employed.

The beetles pass the winter in attics, sheds or out-houses and
in various sheltered places. With the advent of warm weather
in the spring, they emerge from their retreats and may be found
on the walks during the sunny portion of the day or upon the
windows of houses, vainly trying to escape. Even when writing
this (May 12th) numbers of these beetles are to be seen on the
effice windows of the fourth story of the capitol, thus showing
to what a height they will fly in seeking secure winter quarters.
On the appearance of the leaves, the last of April or the varly

10 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

half of May in this latitude, they fly into the trees and eat irreg-
ular holes in the foliage (fig. 2). After feeding some time, and
pairing, the orange yellow eggs are depesited on the under sur-
face of the leaves in clusters of about 5-26. The duration of the
egg stage in July averages about five days, in cooler weather it
may be longer. Feeding and oviposition continue for several
weeks in the spring, probably from four to six. During this time
the beetles consume a large amount of foliage, which is evidently
necessary for the development of the eggs, as clusters are laid
every day or two until the full complement is discharged, which
is in the neighborhood of from 431 to 623. As there seems to
have been no attempt, at least in this country, to determine the
prolificacy of this insect, the following record may be of interest.
On May 31st, two large females were taken and isolated with
plenty of food. On June ist, one had deposited four clusters,
comprising 42 eggs; on the 3d, a cluster of 18; on the 6th, clus-
ters of 21 and 26 eggs; on the 8th, clusters of 26 and 4; on the
Sth, a cluster of 27;. on the 10th, clusters of 3 and 31; on the
13th, clusters of 3, 7, 8, 11, 15 and 19; on the 15th, clusters of 14
and 27; on the 16th, a cluster of 30; on the 17th, a cluster of 32;
on the 19th, clusters of 10 and 26; on the 20th, a cluster of 36; on
the 21st, clusters of 6 and 25; on the 22d, clusters of 4 and 31; on
the 25d, clusters of 1, 2, 7, 11 and 13; on the 27th, clusters of 13,
21 and 32; on the 28th, clusters of 4 and 17, making a total of
G23:

The other had deposited on June 1st, two clusters containing
a total of 29 eggs; on the 3d, clusters of 9, 9 and 14; on the 6th,
another of 18; on the 8th, clusters of 15 and 20; on the 1th, a
cluster of 20; on the 11th, a cluster of 23; on the 138th, clusters
of 11 and 13; on the 14th, a cluster of 31; on the 15th, a cluster
of 16 and 5 scattering; on the 16th, a cluster of 28; on the 18th,
clusters of 26 and 30; on the 20th, clusters of 2 and 6; on the
21st, clusters of 3 and 18; on the 22d, clusters of 2 and 20; on the
23d, a cluster of 27; on the 27th, clusters of 5, 7, 9 and 15, mak-
ing a total of 431.

The continued oviposition and the prolificacy of the beetles is
strikingly shown in the above record. They were abroad in

THE ELM-LEAF BEETLE IN NEW YORK STATE 11

numbers by May 12th and oviposition began about the 25th, so
that the record of these two individuals is probably lower than
the normal as they may have deposited several clusters of eggs
before being captured. They were both supplied with fresh
leaves from day to day and the eggs removed and counted as
soon as detected. The female producing the smaller number of
- eggs was confined in a small, corked vial, while the other enjoyed
the freedom of a jelly tumbler. The difference in conditions
undoubtedly had some influence on egg production and the pro-
tection from unfavorable weather conditions enabled the beetles
to approximate the maximum quota of eggs. The record is of
great value since it shows most clearly how long oviposition may
be continued by a single individual and the desirability of spray-
ing early in the season for the purpose of killing the beetles.

Fie. 1.—Work of elm-leaf beetle larvae.

The young grubs emerge from the eggs early in June or in
about five or six days after oviposition, and soon begin to feed on
the under surface of the leaves, producing the familiar skeleton-

‘ized appearance well represented in figure 1, which is caused by

12 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM

their eating the softer under part, leaving the upper epidermis
and the veins. The result of their feeding is so characteristic
that it is easy to detect their presence by the semitransparent
places in partly eaten leaves and by the skeletonized appearance
of the foliage which has been more severely attacked.

The larvae complete their growth in from 15 to 20 days in
summer (in cooler weather the time is extended), become rest-
less, forsake the leaves and descend the limbs and trunks of the
tree to a greater or less extent, seeking proper shelter for pupa-
tion. In warm July weather seven days are passed in this state,
in September the time is extended to 12 days and in October to
24. The descent of the larvae of the first brood usually occurs
in Albany the latter part of June,—in 1896 some were observed
descending May 19, and beetles of the second brood were taken
May 30. The oviposition of the second brood of beetles begins
about the middle of July. From that date until late in the
autumn, it is possible to find the eggs of this insect most of the
time in some part of the city. The beetles are naturally more
attracted by a fresh growth of foliage and it is on the trees
throwing out a second or third crop of leaves that the eggs of the
later generations are found most abundantly. Most of the
second brood of larvae complete their growth about the middle
of August, transforming to adults the latter part of the month.
If there is an abundant food supply a third generation is pro-
duced. In 1896 numerous eggs were found on elms in Troy the
first part of September, and the same was probably true in
Albany, as indicated by the large numbers of full grown larvae
descending certain Scotch elms, which had been practically un-
injured in the early part of the season, near the middle of Octo-
ber.

This latter occurrence shows most conclusively, that the larvae
must be able to develop on old leaves. The persistent breeding
_ af this insect late in the autumn is shown by the presence of full
grown larvae on trunks of elms October 31 and the finding of
living pupae November 7, 1896, and on the still later date of
November 16, 1897.

THE ELM-LEAF BEETLE IN NEW YORK STATE 13

Number of generations. The detailed observations of the
past two years have established beyond question the presence of
two well marked generations and the occurrence of an incom-
plete third brood under favorable conditions at both Albany and
Troy. In these two cities the insect has continued breeding so
long as the elms afforded sustenance. This is the more remark-
able since Dr Smith records but one brood a year, or one and a
partial second at New Brunswick, N. J., a point about 150 miles
to the south. As is well known, most insects are more destruc-
tive soon after their introduction than in later years. This may
be accounted for by the fact that in time native parasites, dis-
eases and other natural checks gradually assert their power upon
new comers. An insect’s freedom from natural enemies might
have some effect upon its prolificacy, and possibly upon the num-
ber of generations. It will not only be of interest, but of great
practical importance to ascertain by observations whether this
beetle continues to produce two or three generations yearly in
‘this latitude.

Habits of beetle and larvae. Certain habits of this in
sect are of great value when the problem of controlling it comes
up for solution. Its hibernation affords no vulnerable point as
the beetles are then too scattered to admit of effective work
against them. In the spring they feed on the young leaves for
two or three weeks and when abundant may cause considerable
injury. The irregular round holes seen in the young leaves (fig.
2) are an indication of the presence of this pest. Under excep-
tional circumstances the beetles may eat the under surface of the
leaves, refusing the veins and tough upper epidermis. This only
occurs when the foliage is unusually hard and dry.

One habit the adult insect possesses, which is of much im-
portance, is its disinclination to fly a great distance. The
instinct within this beetle to remain near one spot is so marked
that it spreads very slowly indeed. This is clearly shown in its
taking seven years to make its way in numbers from the point
where it established itself first in this city to Washington park,
a distance of less than one and one half miles. I have repeatedly

14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

seen European elms badly defoliated and within 50 feet others of
the same species would be hardly affected. In the past three
years the insect made its way along certain rows of European
elms in Albany at the rate of about a block a year.

Fic. 2. —Leaf showing holes eaten by elm-leaf beetle

The larvae are very rarely found on the upper part of the leaf,
but they occur on the under surface of the leaves and feed there
almost exclusively. It is also evident that in most cases the
trees are attacked near the top, probably because the foliage of
the upper portion of the trees is more tender and clean. This
is well shown on plate 2, where the dead tips are high, showing
conclusively the preference the beetles have for the younger
leaves.

After attaining their growth, the larvae forsake the leaves and
_Imay be found crawling along the limbs and trunk. If the tree
has comparatively smooth bark, a far greater portion make their
way to the ground, in search of proper shelter while passing
through the pupa stage, than if a ney bark, which affords

THE ELM-LEAF BEETLE IN NEW YORK STATE 15

numerous secure crevices in which the final changes may be
effected. At this time the trunks of infested trees present an
interesting sight as thousands of the grubs crawl up and down
the shaggy bark. Occasionally their numbers are so great as to
give a distinct character to the surface they are moving over,
presenting a peculiar grayish yellow mass of motion enlivened
here and there with an orange yellow pupa. A few days later
the light yellow pupae are more numerous on the trunk and
around the base of the tree and adjacent shelter, where they
may be found in golden layers nearly an inch in depth inter-
spersed here and there with a dark larva. It will be found that
many larvae do not descend the older trees but take refuge in
the crevices of the bark, or, if there are overhanging limbs, they
may drop in numbers from the tips of the branches. Many are
content to transform in the gutters, others seek shelter in the
crevices of the sidewalks and large numbers cross wide spaces
and pile themselves up against a wall, fence or around any shel-
tering bush or weed.

SPECIES OF ELMS ATTACKED

It will be observed in most localities that the American elm,
Ulmus Americana, is comparatively exempt from the attacks of
this insect. Sometimes the beetles will make their way from
adjacent Huropean elms and seriously injure the American spe-
cies and, after they have once become established, the but par-
tially migratory habit of the beetle ensures attack for a few
successive seasons at least. In most cases the English elm,
Ulmus campestris, and the Scotch elm, Ulmus montana, suffer most
seriously from the pest, while our native species are but little
affected. This was very noticeable in Troy and Lansingburg.
In the former, European elms are numerous and the work of the
elm-leaf beetle is conspicuous over a greater part of the city, but
as one proceeds northward into Lansingburg the American elms
abound almost to the exclusion of the foreign species and evi-
dences of this pest are comparatively rare. Again, in 1895 the
American elms of Albany showed very little injury by the insect.

16 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM

The next year trees here and there gave evidence of a serious
attack and in 1897 a much larger number of the American elms
was seriously injured than in the preceding year.

No species of elm grown in this country is exempt from attack
although there is considerable variation in the degree of injury
inflicted upon them. The relative liability to attack is appar-
ently a variable quantity in different localities. According to
Dr Howard’s observations, the American elm suffers more from
the insect than does the Scotch, the English species being the
favorite, while in both Albany and Troy the injuries were about
equal to the English and Scotch, the latter suffering more in
many instances, while the American elm was eaten to a much

less degree.
AN ASSOCIATED INSECT

The elms, particularly the European species, in Albany, Troy
and other places along the Hudson river are most unfortunate in
suffering from the attacks of another imported insect, which is
known as the elm tree bark-louse, Gossyparia ulmi Geoff. The
pest was first discovered in this country at Rye, Westchester
county, N. Y., in 1894, on the nursery stock of Mr Charles Fremd.
It is now known to occur in a number of localities in the Hudson
valley, being generally distributed over Albany, Troy and adja-
cent towns. It has also become established in the vicinity of
Boston and at Amherst, Mass., and Burlington, Vt. Other locali-
ties are Washington, D. C.; Michigan Agricultural College; Car-
son City, Nevada, and Palo Alto, California.

Injuries and characteristics. The injurious nature of this
bark-louse in our latitude has been abundantly demonstrated the
past few years in conjunction with the work of the elm-leaf
beetle. The affected trees are easily recognized in midsummer
by their blackened appearance, caused by a growth of the fungus,
Coniothecium saccharinum Peck, in the honey dew covering the
_ foliage, limbs and the ground beneath. In sunlight, the minute
drops of the secretion may be seen falling in showers from the
clusters of insects, giving an idea of what a drain this species is
upon the vitality of the elm. The limbs which have harbored

THE ELM-LEAF BEETLE IN NEW YORK STATE 17

this bark-louse for a few years begin to die, the tree itself shows
signs of weakness, and when it is attacked by both the elm-leaf
beetle and this bark-louse its destruction follows in a few years.

Fie. 3 —Females of GossyparIA ULMI (slightly enlarged)

Description and life-history. The adult females are very
conspicuous and may be found on the under side of the smaller
branches, frequently clustered in masses and appearing not un-
like certain lichens. Each at this time is about ;4, inch long,
oval in outline, with the extremities slightly pointed, and if
crushed causes a reddish stain from the contained ova. The
body is surrounded with a mass of white, woolly secretion and
the segmentation is also indicated by the same substance, as
shown in the accompanying figure. The minute yellow young
make their appearance early in July and soon settle for a time on
the greener twigs and along the principal veins of the leaves.
In the autumn the back of the partly grown bark-louse is covered
with spiny processes secreting a white waxy matter. At this
time most of the insects forsake the leaves and settle for the
winter in crevices of the bark. In the early spring the females

18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

molt for the last time, and the males spin their oval cocoons
(fig. 4). The delicate, four-winged reddish male is rarely seen
although of particular interest from its presenting a partially
developed form known as the pseudimago.

Fie. 4.— Cocoons of male (three times natural size)

Means of distribution. As the slender males only are
winged, the insect is dependent largely upon various agencies
for its distribution. It has most probably been carried to Ne-
vada, California and other distant localities on infested nursery
stock, but this does not explain its general occurrence in such
cities as Albany and Troy. In these two places, at least, the
distribution appears to have been largely effected by the aid of
the English sparrow and other birds, since the active young could
easily crawl upon the foot of a bird and thus be transported to
another tree. Other insects may also transport them to a certain
extent and some, falling with the leaves, might successfully make
their way up another tree, but the chances are against the latter
method.

SECONDARY ATTACKS BY INSECTS

It is well known to students of nature that an infeebled tree
apparently invites attack by certain insects which seem to find

in the unhealthy tissues conditions peculiarly fitted for their
| development. The ravages of the elm-leaf beetle have encour-
aged certain of these pests to a marked degree. One of the most
common and injurious is known as the pigeon Tremex, Tremex

THE ELM-LEAF BEETLE IN NEW YORK STATE iS)

columba Linn. This insect is a magnificent four-winged fly about

2 inches long, with a wing spread of 24 inches, and a prominent
horn at the extremity of the abdomen, hence the common name
of horn-tail. It may be recognized by its cylindrical dark brown

abdomen with yellow markings as represented in figure 5.

So Pa
» SERS f
\\ GANS y)
stad 2
SS SEE

Hos)
mi
I wy
ut

po Wi
Ay

qo

Fig. 5. TREMEX COLUMBA: a, larva showing the Thalessa larva fastened to its side ; b, head of
larva; c, pupa of female; d, male pupa; e, adult female —all slightly enlarged

The female deposits her eggs in the trunks of sickly trees,

where its larvae run large cylindrical burrows. Many elms in

both Albany and Troy show numerous holes caused by this

insect. This borer has a deadly parasite in the lunate long sting,

Thalessa lunator Fabr. This beneficial insect is of great sid in

keeping the Tremex under control. In the trunk of one small

elm I found the remains of 13 ovipositors. In their efforts to
reach the numerous borers in the tree, the females had driven
their long ovipositors so far into the wocd that they were unable
to withdraw them.

Another insect which infests debilitated elms is known as the
elm borer, Saperda tridentata Olivier. The larvae of this beetle
run their burrows under the bark and in the sap wood of the

20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

trunk, not many penetrating to a greater depth than an inch.
Their burrows may become so thick as to girdle trees two or
three feet in diameter. An infested elm may be recognized by
the patches of unhealthy bark—in case of a bad infestation large
pieces become loose and scale off easily. The beetle is usually
less than 4 inch long, and of a dull slate color, with the thorax
and wing covers margined with dull orange (fig. 6).

Fic. 6.—SAPERDA TRIDENTATA (twice natural gize)
NATURAL ENEMIES OF ELM-LEAR BEETLE.

The natural checks which serve so well to keep thousands of
insects under control which otherwise would be very destructive,
are unable to reduce the numbers of this beetle to a relatively
harmless figure. One of the more important natural agents is
the fungus, Sporotrichum entomophilum Peck, which has been
observed developing on many beetles in this city. Like the dis-
ease of the chinch-bug, caused by the allied fungus, Sporotrichum
globuliferum Speg., the one attacking the elm-leaf beetle requires
moist atmosphere for its development. Beetles in close breeding
jars or those found under the bark of trees and similar damp
places succumbed readily to the disease. On account of the cli-
matic conditions not being ordinarily favorable to the rapid
growth of this fungus, it has a relatively slight value as a natural
check upon the elm-leaf beetle.

Several insects are known to prey either on this pest, its pupa
or larva. Three beetles, Platynus punctiformis Say, Quedius motlo-
chinus Grav. and Chauliognathus marginatus Fabr., feed on this
species as recorded by Riley. A fly, Cyrtoneura stabulans Fall..

THE ELM-LEAF: BEETLE IN NEW YORK STATE a1

destroys many pupae in Washington. In this latitude the isalf-
erown larva of Podisus spinosus Dallas has been observed with
an elm-leaf beetle grub in its extended beak, and it probably
preys extensively on the larvae, since in Washington all stages
are known to attack it. Unfortunately this beneficial species is
not abundant, though it is to be hoped that the large food
supply will lead to an increase in its number. A small capsid,
Camptobrochis grandis Uhler, sucks the eggs. (Larvae of lace-
wing flies, also called aphis lions, are frequently found on leaves
with the young of the elm-leaf beetle, and are reported by Riley
to feed on both eggs and larvae. Mites have been seen near egg
clusters that had suffered injury. In the southern portion of its
range, this insect finds an enemy in the praying Mantis, Mantis
Carolina Linn.

Although I have seen nothing of the kind in this vicinity, one
gentleman affirms most positively that the English sparrow feeds
on the elm-leaf beetle larvae, he having repeatedly observed it
picking them off the trunks of the trees. If the sparrow has this
habit, it offsets to a certain extent the many bad features pos-

sessed by this bird.
. REMEDIES

Undoubtedly the most satisfactory method of controlling this
insect is found in poisoning the foliage. The objection hereto-
fore urged against this means has been the expense involved, and
it still applies to a certain extent in the case of the private indi-
vidual with but a few trees to care for. Aside from the cost of
the necessary apparatus, the eperation of spraying even large
shade trees is not so expensive as is commonly supposed and on
the other hand valuable results may be obtained with a compara-
tively inexpensive outfit, although the cost per tree may be in-
creased.

Cost of spraying elms. I have taken some pains to ascer-
tain the precise cost of spraying per tree in the hope of encourag-
ing those to whom this would be a serious item. It is pleasant to
record that the expense is much lower than I had supposed. Dr
Smith, of the New Jersey agricultural experiment station, has

29 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

kindly supplied the following data. The elms on the college
campus at New Brunswick are 50 to 75 feet high and were
sprayed at odd times by the janitors, it requiring about an hour
for two with force pump, tank and ladders to treat one tree. The
poison necessary for each spraying was worth about six cents.
It will thus be seen that the cost per tree would be between 36
and 56 cents, varying with the price of labor. In the city of
New Brunswick the trees were sprayed at a contract price of one
dollar for the season, the understanding being that they were to
receive three treatments if necessary. The contractor prepared
the outfit, furnished the material, did the spraying at the price
mentioned and had a neat margin remaining.

Mr Kirkland, Assistant state entomologist of Massachusetts,
has kindly supplied me with the following figures. ‘A grove of
over 200 red and white oaks ranging in height from 40 to 70 feet
were sprayed once at an expense of 49 cents per tree. In this
instance arsenate of lead was used at the rate of 20 lbs to 150
gallons of water, a considerably stronger mixture than would be
necessary for the larvae of the elm-leaf beetle. In addition, he
estimated the expense of spraying smaller trees, 20 to 40 feet
high, at 15 to 20. cents per tree.

The cost of spraying the elms in Albany this season, aside
from wear and tear of the apparatus, is considerably less than
the figures above given. |The trees present a wide range in size,
although the majority are from 50 to about 70 feet in height.
Taking them as they come, Mr Lewis has succeeded in spraying
them once at the low cost of about 15 cents per tree. ‘This is
largely due to the excellent apparatus, to be described later, and
is a most encouraging feature of the work. It is hoped that
these figures will induce private individuals to provide protection
for their trees, either by doing the spraying themselves or else
by hiring some capable party.

Proper apparatus. In order to do this work successfully
one must possess a force pump capable of throwing a stream some
distance, a number of feet of hose and a nozzle that will dis-
charge a rather fine spray. There must also be something to

THE ELM-LEAF BEETLE IN NEW YORK STATE 23

hold the poisonous mixture, while a ladder facilitates the work
greatly.

One of the best arrangements for hand work is most probably
found in the spraying outfit mounted on wheels so that it can
be readily moved from place to place (Plate 5). In most cases
this takes the form of a box or barrel to which a force pump is
_ firmly attached, and either provided with wheels or else de-
signed to be placed in a wagon. In spraying tall trees 25 to 50
or more feet of { or $ inch hose should be provided, while the
addition of a brass or iron and brass extension 10 to 25 feet
long adds materially to the value of the apparatus. It is also
necessary to have a good nozzle that will not clog, but
produce a fine spray and that can be quickly adjusted to throw
a coarse spray some distance if necessary. Such an outfit is of
great service to any individual haying considerable spraying to
be done and undoubtedly it could be used to advantage by those
desiring to make a business of spraying in a small way, as for
example the treating of trees here and there for those in cities
desiring their trees sprayed and not willing to purchase the nec-
essary apparatus.

In the extended work against this insect conducted by cities
and villages, it is desirable to have apparatus that will admit
of more rapid work. This has led to the refitting of retired fire
engines and the designing of more or less cumbersome outfits
for this purpose. In all cases these makeshifts have been suc-
cessful, although they are not so satisfactory in operation as
those specially fitted for the purpose. Probably the best ap-
paratus yet designed for spraying trees is that constructed under
the direction of Dr E. B. Southwick, entomologist of the depart-
ment of public parks of the city of New York, and which is
the form used in Albany. The whole outfit is represented in
plate 4. It consists of a ‘Daimler’ gasoline motor operating
a Gould force pump—the motor and pump weighing but 300
pounds can be placed in the bottom of a spring wagon along with
the 100-gallon tank containing the poisonous mixture. This
motor has the advantage of being almost noiseless in operation

94 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

and is scarcely noticed by passing horses. It is very inexpensive
to operate, as a gallon of gasoline is sufficient for a day and it
requires so little attention that a tyro can run it. The smallest
size Gould 3-piston pump is the one used with the motor, al-
though Dr Southwick now recommends a larger one in order to
utilize the power more fully. The motor costs $250 and the pump
about $50. They can easily supply four lines of hose, although ~
in Albany not more than two can be used to advantage in most
places.

In addition to the lines of hose and other requisites, Mr P. C.
Lewis, of Catskill, N. Y., who is in charge of the spraying in this
city, has several interesting devices for saving time and increas-
ing the efficiency of the work. He has designed a modified
stepladder, about 16 feet high with platforms for two men and
on two of its legs there are small wheels which permit ready
removal from place to place. It is so constructed that it can be
folded up and drawn behind the wagon when some distance is to
be traversed. (He also has in constant use a metal extension 25
feet long. The lower portion is composed of larger tubing, thus
making it stiffer and at the same time rendering it easier to
handle because the greater part of the weight is near the opera-
tor. This extremely long extension is suspended by a rope from
the top of the modified stepladder in such a manner that the man
has only to guide the stream. This arrangement does away with
all climbing. In many instances the huge steps are placed in the
middle of the street and the trees on both sides sprayed either
from the steps or the ground.

Time and manner of spraying. Though it is easy to state
the proper time to spray, in many cases it is exceedingly difficult
to have the recommendations properly carried out. As has been
stated, the beetles feed on the young leaves for a considerable
time before any eggs are developed and continue feeding for a
day or more between the deposition of each cluster. If the
partly unfolded leaves are sprayed in the early spring, the beetles
can be killed and the production of eggs prevented. This is very
desirable, for if at all numerous the beetles injure the foliage

THE ELM-LEAF BEETLE IN NEW YORK STATE 25

considerably. In the second place the mischief is checked at its
inception. To accomplish this end, Dr Smith recommends the
use of one pound of paris green or london purple to 100 gallons
of water. To avoid any danger of injuring the foliage, it is ad-
visable to add also one pound of quicklime to neutralize any
soluble arsenic that might be present. Two quarts of cheap
molasses added to the mixture will make it adhere longer to the
leaves.

In most cases it will also be necessary to spray again at the
time the young larvae begin their work, although after the insect
has once been brought well under control in a locality, it is
possible that a single thorough spraying each year for the beetles
may be sufficient. This second spraying should occur at the
time the young are beginning to hatch, which in this latitude is
about the first week in June. In order to be successful, the
poison must be applied to the under surface of the leaves. The
reason for the latter statement is found in the fact that only
very exceptionally do the larvae feed upon the upper surface of
the foliage or even break the upper epidermis, consequently it is
impossible to poison them unless the arsenic be placed on the
under surface. As the larvae succumb more readily than the
beetles to the effects of poison, but one pound of. paris green to
150 or 200 gallons of water is needed for the second spraying.

The necessity for subsequent sprayings is determined largely
by the manner in which the work has been done. Much depends
upon the man who holds the nozzle, even though he be under the
eye of one who understands the business. The mixture should
be applied evenly in a rather fine spray and so far as possible
to every leaf. If the poison be applied thoroughly and at the
right time, two sprayings should be ample to keep the beetle
under control. Otherwise it may be necessary to spray for the
second and even third broods. The proper time for later arseni-
cal sprayings must be determined by observation. In Albany
and Troy the spraying for the second brood should be done about
the latter half of July.

26 ‘NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

A PALLIATIVE MEASURE

It frequently occurs that for some reason or other spraying
with poison is not or can not be resorted to readily. The habits
of this insect are such that large numbers can be destroyed at
times with little labor, as has been pointed out year after year.
It is well to understand that any such measure is not a remedy
for the evil in the true sense of the word, it is simply a palliative.
Everyone interested in the welfare of their shade trees should
at least destroy the thousands of larvae and pupae found on the
trunk or around the base of infested elms. If the base of the
trees, their surroundings and other adjacent shelters be thor-
oughly drenched with boiling water, or sprayed with kerosene
emulsion, kerosene or similar preparations, thousands of these
insects would be killed. As it requires at least five days for the
larvae to transform through the pupal stage to beetles, this
operation need not be performed more frequently than that, in
order to ensure the destruction of all that pupated within reach
of such measures. The nearly simultaneous descent of the grubs
is very favorable to this method of checking the insect and
reduces the necessary labor toa minimum. ‘To make this method
more effective, it has been recommended to inclose a limited
smooth area, preferably cemented, around each infested tree with
boards so arranged as to prevent the larvae escaping to shelters
where they could be less easily destroyed. In the case of small
trees with relatively smooth bark and no overhanging limbs, such
an inclosure might be advisable, but it would hardly pay to
treat larger trees thus on account of the large number of larvae
pupating in the crevices of the bark or else dropping from the
tips of overhanging limbs. The great objection to fighting the
insect at this stage is found in the fact that the destruction has
already been accomplished, but even this is much better than
allowing the insect to go unchecked because it has some influence
' upon the future abundance of the beetle.

THE ELM-LEAF BEETLE IN NEW YORK STATE 27

USELESS MEASURES

‘Although the life-history of this beetle is well known by
entomologists at least, it is surprising how people will cling to
some false idea, gained they know not where, of the proper
method of fighting this or some other insect.

One of the most persistent of these fallacies is that cotton
placed around the trunk will protect a tree from the elm-leaf
beetle. Under certain conditions a band of cotton, tar or other
substance will protect trees from some insects, but never from
the elm-leaf beetle. It should be understood that the parent
insect flies up into the tree, feeds for a time and then lays the
eggs from which the grubs emerge and commence their injurious
work. The band can not have the slightest influence in pro-
tecting the elm. It is only when the grubs have become full
grown that they are found on the trunks and then only for the
purpose of seeking shelter on the ground during pupation. If
a band of any kind blocks the way to the ground, they may trans-
form on the tree or even in the meshes of the cotton band and
fly away later. In case a band of tar is used, some of the grubs
will be caught on its surface by accident, but the number wiil
not be large enough to pay tor the trouble incurred.

Another so-called remedy for the elm-leaf beetle consists in
boring a hole to some depth in the trunk, nearly filling it with
sulphur or other ‘preparation and then inserting a plug. This
method of treatment or some modification of it, is being brought
forward every few years as one of the ‘sure cures.’ The destruc-
tion by the elm-leaf beetle has encouraged at least one unscrup-
ulous firm, known in 1895 as the Elm inoculation company, to
advertise some modification of this method as a sure cure for the
pest. They treated many elms in Connecticut, 150 for one man
in Westchester county, N. Y., charging 50 cents or more per tree.
- Chemical analysis showed their secret preparation to be nothing
of value. This or any similar treatment may well be regarded
with suspicious eyes by any would-be investor. It is hardly nec-
essary to add that such a remedy has no basis in scientific fact
and any similar recommendations should not be heeded, unless

28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

they come through channels whose authenticity can not be

doubted.
REMEDIES FOR ASSOCIATED INSECTS

As the elm bark-louse belongs to that large order of insects,
the Hemiptera, which take food only by suction through a fine
proboscis from the underlying tissues, it is easily seen that a
poison applied externally to the tree, as for example paris green,
would have no effect on the insect. The best remedy is found
in the use of one of the contact insecticides, preferably kerosene
emulsion or whale oil soap solution, which should be sprayed on
the under surface of infested limbs and foliage, at the time the
tender young are appearing. Kerosene emulsion may be pre-
pared by dissolving one half pound of hard soap in one gallon of
boiling water and while yet hot add two gallons of kerosene and
emulsify thoroughly by passing it rapidly through a force pump
until it is white and has a creamy consistency. For the young,
one part of this emulsion to ten parts of water should be effective.
the whale oil soap solution may be used in the same manner if
one pound of the soap be dissolved in four gallons of water. If
desired these preparations could be applied in the autumn after
the leaves have dropped, but the solutions should be about four
times stronger. Small trees may be cleaned by the use of a
stiff brush, which might be made more effective by dipping it in
one of the above solutions from time to time.

Preventive measures are of much more importance against
borers than any remedies that can be applied. The trees should
be kept in as vigorous a condition as possible and careful watch
maintained for the first signs of boring, which is indicated by the
detached grains of wood popularly termed ‘sawdust.’ When
indications of their presence are found the larvae should be dug
out if possible. A badly infested tree should be cut down and
burned in order to prevent the development of the insects and
| the adults making their way to other trees. |

THE ELM-LEAF BEETLE IN NEW YORK STATE 29

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The severe ravages of this insect along the Hudson river and in
adjacent states, have brought it prominently to the front as a species
of considerable economic importance. In a popular bulletin it is
impossible to include everything of interest about such an insect
and though the bibliography of this species was brought down
_ to date in the recently published 72th report on the injurious and
other insects of the state of New York, it appears desirable to col-
late these references, with some additions, that they may be easily
consulted by students in the future.

Muller, M. Melanges de philosophie et de mathematique. 1760?
ey IS es

Linnaeus, C. Systema naturae. 1767. 2: 600, no. 101 (as Chrys-
omela calmariensis).

Fabricius, J. C. Systema entomologiae. 1775. p. 119, no. 4 (as
Crioceris calmariensis); Species insectorum. 1781. 1: 150, no. 6;
Mantissa insectorum. 1787. 1:87, no. 7; Entomologia systematiea.
1792. v. 1, pt 2, p. 238, no. 46 (as Galeruca calmariensis).

Schrank, F. P. Enumeratio insectorum Austriae indigenorum.
1781. p. 78 (as G. wanthomelaena).

Olivier, A. G. Engyclopedie methodique — Histoire naturelle
insect. 1791. 6:589 (as G. calmariensis).

Westwood, J. O. Introduction to modern classification insects.
1839. 1: 382 (destructiveness in Sevres, as G. calmariensis).

Harris, T. W. Treatise on insects of New England. 1852.

p. 109; Insects injurious to vegetation. Ed. 3. 1862. p. 124 (brief
notice, as G. calmariensis).

Emmons, E. Natural history of New York—Agriculture. 1854.
4 :1384, pl. 12, fig. 12 (as G. calmariensis).

Fitch, A. ‘Transactions of N. Y. State agricultural society for
1858. 1859. 18:842-43 ; 3d—-5th Rep’ts on insects of New York.
(5th rep’t) 1859. p. 62-63 (brief notice, as G. calmariensis).

LeConte, J.L. Academy of natural sciences (Phil.), Proceed-
ings. 1865. p. 218 (features and references, as (. wanthomelaena).

a Volume and page references are separated by a colon, e.g. 3:187 means volume 3,
page 187.

30 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM

Glover, T. U.S. Commissioner agriculture——Rep’t, 1867. p. 62
(brief reference and fig.); —— 1870. p. 73-74 (as G. calma-
rvensis),

Rathvon,S.S. Field and forest. 1876. 9:96+98 (ravages at
Lancaster, Pa., as G. xanthomelaena).

Riley, C. V. U. S. Commissioner agriculture——Rep’t, 1878.
p. 245 (brief reference) ; American entomologist. 1880. 38: 291-92
(natural history, enemies, etc.); U. S. Commissioner agriculture
——Rep’t, 1883. p. 159-70, pl. 12, fig. 8 (extended account) ;
republished as bulletin 6, U. S. Dep’t agriculture, Division ento-
mology. 1885. p. 5-18, fig. 1 and pl. 1; Bulletin 10 (see
bul. 6). 1887. p. 8-22. figs. 1-6; American agriculturist. July 1891.
50: 394-95, 1 fig. (general account); Insect life. 1892. 5:132, 133
(broods at Washington); Canadian entomologist. 1892. 24:282-86
(two or more broods in Washington); Entomological society (Wash.).
Proceedings. 1893. 2: 364 (broods); Science, 8 July, 1892. 20:47
(number of broods); U.S. Secretary agriculture— -Rep't, 1892. 1893.
p. 166-167, pl. 5 (life-history, parasites, allas G. wanthomelaena) ;
U. 8. Dep’t agriculture, Division entomology. Bulletin 2 (new
ser.). 1895. p. 57 (remedies).

Stone, H. B. Country gentleman. 1878. 48: 71 (brief notice,
as @. calmardensis).

Fuller, A.S. American entomologist. 1889. 3:3 (at Newburg,
N. Y., as G. wanthomelaenda).

Lockwood, S. American naturalist. 1881. 15: 242-44 (hiberna-
tion, as G. wanthomelaena); U. 8. Dep’t agriculture, Division en-
tomology. Bulletin 4. 1884. p. 90 (ravages at Freehold, N. J., as
G. canthomelaend).

Packard, A.S. Insects injurious to forest-shade trees. U. 8. En-
tomological commission. Bulletin 7. 1881 p. 64 (brief description,
as G. calmariensis); U.S. Entomological commission. 5th Rep’t.
1890. p. 234-27, fig. 81 (brief account, as G. vanthomelaena).

Lintner, J. A. Country gentleman. 1882. 47: 805;—— 188.
50: 841 (remedies, ete.); Canadian entomologist. 1884. 16: 183
(reference) ; Country gentleman. 1886. 51:409 (bibliography, ete.);
1887. 52: 421, 565, 694 (spraying for) ; Insects of New York.

THE ELM-LEAF BEETLE IN NEW YORK STATE 31

4th Rep’t. 1888. p. 15-16, 143-44, 161, fig. 59 (extension of range) ;
Country gentleman. 1888. 53: 209, 249 (remedies), p. 366 (from
Scarsdale, N.Y.) ; Insectsof New York. 5th Rep’t. 18&9. p. 234-49,
fig. 29 (general account), p. 303, 319, 322 (abstracts), p. 825 (refer-
enee); —— 6th Rep’t. 1890. p. 118 (reference); Country
gentleman. 1890. 55: 644 (brief notice); Insects of New York.
7th Rep’t. 1891. p. 217 (spread northward); Country gentleman.
1891. 56: 785 (identified); Insects of New York. 8th Rep’t. 1893.
p. 222, 223 (destroyed by rains), p. 286 (abstract); —— 9th Rep’t.
1893. p. 297 (spread northward), p. 422, 427 (reference); Country
gentleman. 1598. 58:558 (from Britain, Conn., all as Galeruca
aanthomelaena) ; —— 1894 59:600 (trom Montclair, N. J.); In-
sects of New York. 10th Rep’t. 1895. p. 493, 502 (abstracts),
p. 511 (reference); Country gentleman. 1895 60:568 (remedies,
preceding five as Galerucella wanthumelaena); U.S. Dep’t agricul-
ture, Division entomology. Bulletin 2 (new ser.). 1895. p. 50-
56; republished in Insects of New York. 11th Rep’t. 1896. p. 102-3,
189-96 (spread and remedies), p. 275, 279 (abstracts), p. 286 (refer-
ence); Country gentleman. 1896. 61:386 (from Gaylordsville,
Conn.); Albany evening journal. 24 June, 1896, p. 4 (remedies) ;
Country gentleman. 1897. p. 62:7 (criticizing erroneous article),
p- 390 (remedies), p. 406 (spraying large trees) ; Argus [Albany], 10
July, 1897, p. 17 (general account); Insects of New York. 12th
Rep’t. 1897. p. 253-64, fig. 4, pl. 8, fig. 1 (partial bibliography,
observations in Albany and Troy).

Van Wagenen, G. H. Canadian entomologist. 1883. 15: 160
(abundance at Cold Spring, N. Y., as G. wanthomelaenda).

Clarkson, F. Canadian entomologist. 1884. 16:124-25 (at
Flatbush, L. I., as G. wanthomelaena).

Dimmock, G. Kingsley’s standard natural history. 1884, 2:
316 (its enemies, ete., as G. xanthomelaena).

Henshaw, S. List Coleoptera North America. 1885. p. 111,-no.
6912; Psyche. 1893. 6:557 (reference, both as G. xanthomelaena).

Cook, A. J. Rural New Yorker. 1886. 45: 577 (general notice,
as G. xanthomelaena).

Falconer, W. Country gentleman. 1886. 51:589 (on Long
Island, as G. wanthomelaena).

32 NEW YORK sTATE MUSEUM

Hulst,G.D. N. J. Agricultural experiment station. Bulletin
46. 1888. p. 9 (mention); —— 9th Annual rep’t, 1888. 1889. p.
207-9, fig. 3 (brief account, both as G. wanthomelaena).

Smith, J. B. Garden and forest. 1889. 20 : 299, figs. 1-3 (number
of broods); N. J. Agricultural experiment station. Rep’t, 1888.
1889. p. 207-9, fig. 8 (brief account); —— 1889. 1890. p. 273-78
(broods, remedies); —— 1890. 1891. p. 511-12 (note); Canadian
entomologist. 1892. 24: 246-49 (number of broods) ; Entomological
society (Wash.). Proceedings. 1892. 2 : 365 (broods in New Jersey) ;
Entomological news. 1893. 4:10 (broods in N. J.); N. J. Agri-
cultural experiment station. Rep’t, 1892. 1893. p. 394, 451-55,
figs. 25-27 (life-history) ; —— 1898. 184. p. 541, fig. 101 (mention) ;
Bulletin 103. 1894. p. 1-9, tig. 1 (general account); N. J.
Agricultural experiment station. Rep’t, 1894. 1895. p. 485, 509—
18, figs. 16-19 (general account : all preceding as G. wanthomelaena) ;
U. 8. Dep’t agriculture, Division entomology. Bulletin 2 (mew
ser.). 1895. p. 15-16, 56-57 (brief notices); Entomological news.
1895. 6:292 (spraying at West Point, N. Y.); Entomological soci-
ety of Ontario. 26th Annual rep’t, 1895. 1896. p. 69 (mention) ;
N. J. Agricultural experiment station. Rep’t, 1895. 1896. p.
378-85 (remedies, experiment) ; —— 1896. 1897. p. 441 (note).

Dyar,H.G. Insect life. 1889. 1:285 (at Poughkeepsie, as G.
awanthomelaend).

Barnard, W. S. Entomological society (Wash.). Proceedings.
1890. 1:9 (hibernation, as G. wanthomelaena).

Perkins, G. H. Vt. Agricultural experiment station. 3d Annual
rep’t, 1889. 1890. p. 155-56; Vt. State board agriculture. 11th
Rep’t. 1890. separate, p. 62-66, fig. 48 (brief account, as G.
canthomelaena).

Hamilton, J. Psyche. 1891. 6:148 (synonymy).

Reitter, E. Catalogus Coleopterorum Europae, Caucasi, Armeniae
rossicae. 1891. p. 375 (synonymy).

Weed,C.M. N.H. Agricultural experiment station. 8d—4th
Rep’ts. 1892. p. 257-59 (brief account, as G. xanthomelaena).

Beckwith, M.H. Del. Agricultural experiment station. 6th
Annual rep’t. 1893. p. 166-67 (brief notice, as G. canthomelaena).

THE ELM-LEAF BEETLE IN NEW YORK STATE 33

Bruner, L. Nebr. State horticultural society. Annual rep’t.
1893. p. 204-5, fig. 45 (brief notice, as G. wanthomelacna).

Slingerland, M. V. Cornell agricultural experiment station.
Balletin 50. 1893. p. 9 (aumber of broods, as G. xanthomelaena).

Atwater, W.O. Storrs agricultural experiment station. Bul-
letin 14. 1895. p. 1-8, 1 fig. (general account, as G. vanthomelaena).

Carman, E.S. Rural New Yorker. 1895. 54: 646, fig. 205
(brief account from Counectieut bulletin 121); —— 1896. 55:500
(value of spraying).

Chittenden, F. H. Insect life. 1895.7: 419(synonymy); U.S.
Dep’t agriculture, Division entomology. Bulletin 9 (new ser.). 1897.
p- 67 (mention).

Fernaid, C. H. U.S. Dep’t agriculture, Division entomology
Bulletin 2 (new ser.), 1895. p. 58. (at Amherst, Mass.); Mass. agri-
cultural college. 384th Rep’t. 1897. p. 186 (mention).

Howard, L.O. Entomological society (Wash.). Proceedings. 1895.
3: 223-24 (distribution, as G. xanthomelaena); U.S. Dep’t agri-
culture, Division entomology. Bulletin 2 (new ser.), 1895. p. 40-
45, 56, 57 (spread, injuries and remedies) ; Bulletin 6 (new ser.).
1896. p. 36-388 (remedies); U. 8. Dep’t agriculture, Year book,
1895. 1896. p. 863-68, fig. 85 (general account) ; 1896. 1897. p.
69-88 (power sprayers for elm-leaf beetle and others); American
association for advancement of science. Proceedings. 1897. (separate)
445° 15.

Marlatt, C. L. U.S. Dep’t agriculture, Division entomology.
Cireular 8 (2d ser.). 1895. p. 1-4, fig 1 (general account); U. S.
Dep’t agriculture, Division Entomology. Bulletin 2 (new ser.).
1895. p. 47-50, 58 (work in Washington).

Britton, W.E. Conn. Agricultural experiment station. 19th
Annual rep’t, 1895. 1896. p. 208-18, 1 fig., 1 pl. (remedies, as
G. canthomelaena); Garden and forest. 1897. 10: 826-27 (injuries
and remedies, in Conn.).

S. A. Garden and forest. 1895.8: 346-47 (method of treating).

Schiedt, R.C. Pa. State board agriculture. Rep’t, 1894. 1895.
p- 190 Gnjuries, as G. xanthomelaena).

34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Southwick, E. B. U.S. Dep’t agriculture, Division Ento-
mology. Bulletin 2 (new ser.). 1895. p 56 (brief mention).

Sturgis-Britton?. Conn. Agricultural experiment station. Bul-
letin 121. 1896. p. 3-6, 1 fig. (brief mention, as G. wanthomelaena).

Taft-Davis. Mich. Agricultural experiment station. Bulletin
121. 1895. p. 9 (mention, as G. xanthomelaenda).

Webster, F. M. U.S. Dep’t agriculture, Division entomology.
Bulletin 2 (new ser.). 1895. p. 58 (north of Salem, Mass.).

Weigel, W. Entomological news. 1895. 6: 292-93 (report on
spraying at West Point, N. Y.). ,

Cooley, R. A. Hatch experiment station, Mass. Agricultural
college. Bulletin 36. 1896. p. 3-7, fig. 1 (brief account).

Johnson, W.G. U.S. Dep’t agriculture, Division entomology.
Bulletin 6 (new ser.). 1896. p. 66 (injuries and remedies).

Maynard, W. Country gentleman. 1896. 61: 1003 (a mass of
errors).

Sargent, C. S. Garden and forest. 1896.9: 199, 217-18 (rem-
edies) ; 1897. 10: 326-27 (apparatus).

Wickham, H. F. Canadian entomologist. 1897. 29: 7 (unknown
in Canada, as G. canthomelaena).

Felt, E.P. Troy daily times. 7 Apr., 1898 (prospects for 1898,
remedies); —— 25 Apr., 1898 (necessity of prompt action, reme-
dies); Argus, [Albany] 15 May, 1898, p. 7 (futility of cotton bands) ;
Country gentleman. 1898. 68: 513 (brief general account).

THE ELM-LEAF BEETLE IN NEW YORK STATE 35

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

Plate I

Fig. 1 Elm leaves showing eggs and work of young larvae.
Fig. 2 Elm-leaf beetle (x2).

Fig. 3 Vertical and lateral view of eggs, very much enlarged.
Fig. 4 Young larva, very much enlarged.

Fig. 5 Full grown larva (x5).

Plate ta

Fig. 1 Foliage of European elm showing method of work of
beetle and larva — natural size.

Fig. 2 Adult beetle.

Vig. 3 Ego mass.

Fig. 4 Young larva.

Fig. 5 Full-grown larva.

Fig. 6 Mouth parts of full-grown larva.
Fig. 7 Pupa.

Plate 2

Work of elm-leaf beetle on Elm street, Albany, taken 15 June,
1898.

Plate 3

Work of elm-leaf beetle on Jacob street, Troy, taken 15 June,
1898.

Plate 4
Power spraying outfit at work in Albany, taken 15 June, 1898.

Plate 5
Hand spraying outfit at work in Albany, taken 15 June, 1898.

Plate t.

Elm-Leaf Beetle.

dels. W.H.C.Co. State Printers,
Albany =m New York.

Plate la

ELM-LEAF BEETLE
(After Howard [Division Entomology], U. S. Department Agriculture, Year book, 1899)

Plate 2

Work of elm-leaf beetle on Elm street, Albany

AOL], “300138 qOoel WO d]}9eq Jee[-WI]O JO YOM

§ e4vId

WO1}V10dO UI 14}NO Bulkveids 1aMO0g

Pid

Plate 5

Hand spraying outfit in operation

UN Disx

The superior figure points to the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 394
means four ninths of the way down page 39. Dates are printed in italics.

Academy natural sciences (Phil.),
Proceedings cited, 299.
Albany, elm-leaf beetle in, 59, 71.
cost of spraying at, 22°.
distribution of Gossyparia in, 18°.
Gossyparia in, 16°.
injuries by pigeon Tremex in, 197.
injury to elms in, 159-162.
larvae abundant in October, 12’.
number of trees killed by beetle
in, 62. 3
ravages of beetle in, 59-61.
Albany evening journal cited, 31°.
American agriculturist cited, 304;
American association for advancement
of science, Proceedings cited, 337.
elm attacked, 15°, 168.
American entomologist, zsSo cited,
302, 30u8.
American naturalist cited, 307.
Americana, Ulmus, attacked, 155.
Amherst (Mass.), beetle at, in 7595, 7°.
Aphis lions, 213.
Appalachian mountains, beetle east of
till 7896, 68.
Argus cited, 31°, 347.
asparagi, Crioceris, 5°.
Asparagus beetle, 5°.
Attics, hibernation of beetle in, 97.
Atwater, W. O., cited, 332.
Austria, beetle injurious in, 67.
Averill Park, beetle at, in 7596, 72.

Baltimore, Md., beetle injurious at, in
1838, 68,

Bands of cotton, 272; of tar, 27°.

Barnard, W. S., cited, 326.

Basket industry injured by cotton-
wood-leaf beetle, 57.

‘Basket willow injured by cottonwood-
leaf beetle, 57.

Beckwith, M. H., cited, 329.

Birds carrying Gossyparia, 18°.

Blackening of trees by Gossyparia and
fungus, 168.

Boiling water, 264.

Boston, Mass., Gossyparia in, 16°

Britton, W. E., cited, 338.

Bruner, L., cited, 331.

Burlington, Vt., Gossyparia in, 16°.

Burrows of pigeon Tremex, 198.

calmariensis, Chrysomela [Galeruceila
luteola], 294.
Galeruca [Galerucella luteola], 294,
301.

campestris, Ulmus, attacked, 157.

Camptobrochis grandis, 213.

Canadian entomologist cited, 304, 309,
317, 323, 346.

Capitol, hibernation of beetles in, 99.

Carman, H. S., cited, 333.

Carolina, Mantis, 214.

Carson city, Nev., Gossyparia in, 167.

Catalogus coleopterorum Europae, Cau-
casi, Armeniae rossicae cited, 328.

Cayuga lake in upper austral life zone,
ie

Charlotte, N. C., beetle not known
further south, 68.

Chauliognathus marginatus, 209.

Chinch-bug, 207.

Chittenden, F. H., cited, 333.

Chrysomela calmariensis [Galerucella
luteola], 294.

Chrysomelidae, 51.

Clarkson, F., cited, 317,

38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Climate of upper austral life zone

favorable to beetle, 7°.

Coleoptera, 51.

Colorado potato beetle, 5°.

columba, Tremex, 18°.

Coniothecium saccharinum, a fungus,

168.

Connecticut agricultural experiment
station, Bulletin cited, 342; Rep’t
cited, 338.

beetle over a large portion of the
state, 73.

Continued breeding of beetle, 132.

Cook, A. J., cited, 319.

Cooley, R. A., cited, 344. .

Cornell agricultural experiment sta-

tion, Bulletin cited, 337.

Cost of spraying trees, 218-228,

Cottonwood-leaf beetle, 57.

Country gentleman cited, 306 309,

311, 312, 318, 814, 315, 316, 319, 345,

Crioceris asparagi, 5°,

Cyrtoneura stabulans, 209.

Daimler gasoline motor, 238-241,
Dates of beetle’s occurrence along the
Hudson, 71.
Death threatening elms, 58.
Delaware agricultural
station, Rep’t cited, 329
Descent of larvae, 148-155.
Destruction of larvae and pupae at
base of trees, 263.
Diabrotica 12-punctata, 56.
vittata, 82.
Dimmock, G., cited, 318.
Doryphora 10-lineata, 5°.
Dyar, H. G., cited, 326.

experiment

Egg stage elm-leaf beetle, duration
of, 102.

Eggs elm-leaf beetle, abundant in
September, 127; described, 88.

Highth report on insects of New York
cited, 313.

Electric cars probably transporting
beetle, 72.

Eleventh report on,insects of New
York cited, 315.

Elim bark-louse, animported insect, 164.

distribution, 168.

females figured and described, 172.
honey dew secreted by, 169.
injurious nature, 168-171.
life-history, 176.

male and its cocoon, 181.

manner of distribution, 18°.
reference, 16°, 282.

remedy, 281.

Elm-borer, 199-205.

Elm Grove, W. Va., beetle in, 63.

Elm inoculation company, 278; opera-
tions in Conn., 278; in Westchester
county, 278.

Elm-leaf beetle,

seriously injured by, 161.

American elms

an associated insect, 16+.

au imported iusect, 51,

bad reputation of its family, 5°.

bands of cotton, tar or other sub-
stances not recommended, 272.

beetle described, 82.

bibliography, 291-347.

breeding late in sutumn, 129.

continued breeding of, 132.

descent of first brood, 12°.

disinclination to fly, 138.

deseribed, 82.

distribution, 67-74.

elms, species attacked by, 156-164.

English sparrow feeding on, 214.

extended injury by, 59-66.

feeding habits of larvae, 114-121.

figures of, 11°; 142; Plates 1, 2, 3.

fresh foliage attractive to beetles,
125.

fungus disease, 208.

generations, 131.

growth of larvae, 122,

eggs, 88, 101-113.

habits of beetles and larvae, 13°,

hibernation of beeties, 98.

inaction means death to elms,
59-63,

INDEX TO MUSEUM BULLETIN 20

Elm-leaf beetle—continued

injuries will probably be con-
tinuous, 64.

iusect enemies of, 208-214.
larvae described, 89-95,
life-history, 9°.
natural enemies, 20°-21°.
necessity of knowing life-history,

9°.
notorious pests belonging to its
family, 5°.

numbers on trunk, 151.
oviposition of, 101, 124.
palliative measure, 261.
probable limits of its spread,
prolificacy, 103-113.

a5
i,

pupate largely on ground, 148.
ravages along the Hudson, 5).
record of deposition of eggs, 104
113.
remedies, 216-251,
second brood, development of, 126.
spreads very slowly, 138-142.
sulphur, plugging trees with, 27°.
tender leaves preferred, 147.
useless measures, 27.
Elms, Tremex columba attacking, 18°.
injuries to, 52.
not protected by bands, 27?.
Saperda tridentata attacking, 19°
202.
species attacked by elm-leaf beetle,
15°.
Emmons, E., cited, 297.
Eneyclopedie methodique — Histoire
naturelle insect. cited, 29°.
English elm suffers severely, 157, 163.
English sparrow. carrying Gossyparia,
186, :
feeding on beetle larvae, 21°.
Entomologia systematica cited, 294.
Entomological news cited, 323, 325,
343,
Entomological society of Ontario, Re-
port cited, 32°.
Entomological society (Wash.), Pro-
ceedings cited, 304, 328, 326, 33°.

39

entomophilum, Sporotrichum, 206.

Enuneratio insectorum Austriae indi-
genorum cited, 29°.

HKurope, beetle common over a large
portion, 6°.

European elms defoliated, 141, 15°.

Explanation of plates, 351.

Fabricius, J. C., cited, 294.
Falconer, W., cited, 319.
Feeding habits of beetle, 13°.
Felt, E. P., cited, 346.
Fernald, C. H., cited, 334.
Field and forest, 7576, cited, 302.
Fifth rep’t on insects of New York
cited, 298, 311.
Figure of leaf eaten by beetle, 14%.
Gossyparia females, 172.
male cocoons of Gossyparia, 182.
pigeon Tremex, 192.
elm-leaf beetle, Pl. 1.
elm-leaf eaten by larvae, 114.
Saperda tridentata, 20°.
Spraying apparatus, Plates 4, 5.
trees Plates
2 Be
Fitch, A., cited, 298.
Fourth rep’t on insects of New York
cited, 309.
France, beetle injurious in southern
portion, 67.
Fremd, Charles, reference, 16°.
Fuller, A. S., cited, 30°.
Fungus growing in honey dew, 168.

injured by beetle,

Galeruca calmariensis
Inteola], 294, 301.
xanthomelaena [Galerucella luteo-
_ la], 29°, 302, 313, 322, 331, 342,
Galerucella luteola, see elm-leaf beetle.
xanthomelaena [luteola], 314.
Garden and forest, cited, 322, 338, 339,
345,
Generations, number of, 131.

[ Galerucella

Germany, beetle injurious in southern
portion, 67.

globuliferum, Sporotrichum, 207,

Glover, T., cited, 30.

40 NEW YORK

Gossyparia ulmi, 16°.
Gould force pump, 239, 242,
grandis, Camptobrochis, 213.

Harris T. W., cited, 297.

Hamilton, J., cited, 328.

Hatch experiment station, Mass. agri-
cultural college, Bulletin cited,
344.

Henshaw, S., cited, 318.

Honey dew secreted by Gossyparia,
168.

Hopkins, A. D., cited, 68.

Hose for spraying, 229, 238.

Howard, L. O., cited, 72, 33°; on elms
attacked, 163.

Hudson, beetle at, in 7590, 71.

Hudson river, injury to elms along,

52, 61.
progress of beetle up, 6°.
Hulst, G. D., cited, 321.

Inclosing base of trees, 26°.

Insect life cited, 304, 326, 333.

Insects injurious to forest-shade trees
cited, 308.

Insects injurious to vegetation, 297.

Insects transporting Gossyparia, 186.

Introduction of beetle in this coun-
try, 67.

Introduction to modern classification
insects cited, 298.

Italy, beetle injurious in, 97.

Johnson, W. G., cited, 344.

Kerosene emulsion, method of prepa-
ration, 284.
spraying with, 97.
Kerosene or kerosene emulsion, 264.
Kingsley’s standard natural history
cited, 318.
_ Kirkland, A. H., on cost of spraying
trees, 224,

Lace-wing flies, 213.
Lansingburg, injury to elms in, 158.
described,

Larva, elm-leaf beetle,

89-94,

STATE MUSEUM

Larvae abundant in October, 127.
descent of first brood, 12%; second
brood, 126.
developing on old leaves, 128.
dropping from overhanging limbs,
153.
places of pupation, 152.
pupation on rough bark, 148-159.
Leaf skeletonized by larvae, 114.
Leaves, their destruction weakens the
tree, 62.
Le Conte, J. L., cited, 299.
Lewis, P. C., on cost of spraying, 227.
labor saving devices of, 243.
Life-history, elm-leaf beetle, 95-129.
See elm-leaf beetle
Gossyparia, 17°.
Life zone, upper austral, area in New
York state included within, 7°.
beetle limited thereby, 78.
Lina seripta, 57.
Linnaeus, C., cited, 294.
Lintner, J. A., cited, 309-316.
List Coleoptera North America cited,
318.
Lockwood, S., cited, 30’.
London purple for beetle, 251.
Long Island in upper austral life zone,
77.
Lunate long sting, 197.
lunator, Thalessa, 197.
luteola, Galerucella, 51.
beetle.

See elm-leaf

Male and cocoons of Gossyparia,
18.

Manner of spraying, 247-259.

Mantis Carolina, 214.

Mantissa insectorum cited, 29°.

marginatus, Chauliognathus, 209.

Marlatt, C. L., cited, 337.

Massachusetts agricultural college,
Rep’t cited, 33°.

Maynard, W., cited, 345.

Mechanieville, beetle at, in 7596, 7?.

Meianges de philosophie et de math-
ematique cited, 29%,

Metal extension to hose, 24°.

INDEX TO MUSEUM BULLETIN 20 41

Michigan agricultural college, Gossy-
paria at, 167.
agricultural experiment station, Bul-
letin cited, 342.
Middlebury, Vt., beetle at, 75.
Miller’s Falls, Mass., beetle found at,
‘in 7595, 74.
Mites near eggs, 21°.
Molasses to make poison adhere, 252,
molochinus, Quedius, 209.
montana, Ulmus, attacked, 157.
Miiller, M., cited, 293.

Natural enemies of elm beetle, 20°.

Natural history of New York—Agpri-
culture cited, 297.

Nebraska state horticultural society,
Rep’t cited, 331.

New Baltimore, beetle at, in zsqz, 71.

Newburg, beetle at, in 7579, 71.

New Brunswick, N. J., but one brood,
132,

cost of spraying at, 211.
New Hampshire agricultural experi-
ment station, Rep’ts cited, 329.

New Haven, Conn., necessity of spray-

ing for beetle in, 6°.

New Jersey agricultural experiment
station, Bulletin cited, 321, 324;
Report cited, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325,
326,

necessity of spraying for beetle in, 64.

New York state agricultural society.
Transactions cited, 298.

Reports on insects of, cited, 30!,
311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316.

New York city, necessity of spraying

for beetle in, 6°.

Ninth rep’t on insects of New York

cited, 313.

Nozzle for spraying, 229, 234,

Number of generations, 13}.

Nursery stock, Gossyparia on, 16°;

distributed by, 18°.

Old leaves, larvae developing on, 128.
Olivier, A. G., cited, 296.

Oneida lake, in upper austral life zone,
(6

Out-houses, hibernation of beetle in,
97.

Oviposition of beetle, long continued,
103-114,

Packard, A. S., cited, 308.
Palliative measure, 261.
Palo Alto, Cal., Gossyparia at, 167.

Parasites of beetle not effective, 6°.

Paris green and water, spraying with,
97, 251.

Pennsylvania state board agriculture,
Rep’t cited, 339.

Perkins, G. H., cited, 327.

Pigeon Tremex, 189.

Platynus punctiformis, 209.

Plugging trees with sulphur, 278.

Podisus spimosus, 211.

Poughkeepsie, beetle at, in 7é&7, 71.

Praying Mantis, 214.

Predatory enemies of beetle not abund-
ant, 6°.

Preventive measures for borers, 287.
Proceedings of academy of natural
sciences (Phil.) for 7565 cited, 299.

Prolificacy of beetle, 103.

Pseudimago of Gossyparia, 182.

Psyche cited, 318, 328.

Pump for spraying, 229, 239.

punctiformis, Platynus, 209.

Pupae found November 7th and 16th,
129, j

Quedius molochinus, 209.
Quicklime to prevent burning foliage,
252,

Rathvon, §. 8., cited, 30?.
Record of egg deposit, 104-112.
Reitter, E., cited, 328.
Remedies, boiling water, 264.
destruction of larvae and pupae,
263.
digging out borers, 287.
inclosing base of trees, 26°.

49 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Remedies—continued
kerosene or kerosene emulsion, 264,
283.
spraying with poisons, 21°-259, 282,
whale oil soap solution, 283.
for elm-leaf beetie,
cost of spraying elms, 218-228.
poisoning foliage recommended,
216,
proper apparatus, 228-247,
time of application, 247-259.
Report on insects of New York,
11th cited, 7°.
Rhode Island, beetle in, 73.
Riley, C. V., cited, 302.
Rochester, injuries by cottonwood-leaf
beetle in vicinity, 57.
Rural New Yorker cited, 319, 333.
Rye, Gossyparia discovered at, 16°.

saccharinum, Coniothecium, a fungus,
168.
Salem, Mass., beetle found north of,
OSes
Sand Lake, beetle at, in 7596, 7?.
Saperda tridentata, beetle described
and figured, 202.
infesting elms, 198.
larval burrows, 201.
Sargent, C.S., cited, 34°.
Saratoga, near northern limit of upper
austra] life zone, 77.
Schiedt, R. C., cited, 839.
Schrank, F. P., cited, 29°.
Science cited, 304.
Scotch elms suffer severely, 157, 163.
larvae feeding on in October, 127.
Secondary attacks, by pigeon Tremex
injurious, 189.
by elm borer injurious, 198.
encouraged by elm-leaf beetle, 18%.
seripta, Lina, 57.
_ Seventh rep’t on insects of New York
cited, 312.
Seneca lake in upper austral life zone,
cited, 77.
Sixth rep’t on insects of New York
cited, 312.

Skeletonizing by beetle, 13.
by larva, 114-122. ;
Slingerland, M. V., cited, 332.
Smith, J. B., cited, 322.
on cost of spraying, 219-224,
poison to be used, 251.
South Vernon, N. H., beetle at, 74.
Southwick, E. B., cited, 341; spraying
outfit designed by, 238.
Species insectorum cited, 294.
spinosus, Podisus, 211.
Sporotrichum entomophilum, 208.
globuliferum, 207.
Spraying, cost of, 218-228.
for elm-leaf beetle, 113, 248-253.
hand apparatus, 231,
labor saving devices, 24°.
power apparatus, 235-242,
proper apparatus, 228.
time and manner, 247,
under surface of leaves to be
treated, 254.
with kerosene emulsion, 97, 283.
with paris green and water, 97,
25°.
Spring, appearance of beetles in, 9°.
Springfield, Mass., beetle at, in 7597,
fies
stabulans, Cyrtoneura, 209.
Staten Island in upper austral life
zone, 7.
Stepladder or platform for spraying,
243,
Stone, H. B., cited, 308.
Storrs agricultural experiment sta-
tion, Bulletin cited, 322.
Striped cucumber beetle, 82.
Sturgis—Britton, cited, 342.
Sulphur, plugging trees with, 276.
Syracuse, injuries by cottenwood-leaf
beetle in vicinity, 57.
Systema entomologiae cited, 294.
Systema naturae cited, 294.

Taft-Davis, cited, 342.

10-lineata, Doryphora, 5°.

Tenth rep’t ou insects of New York
cited, 314.

INDEX TO MUSEUM BULLETIN 20 43

Thalessa lunator, 197.
Time for spraying, 247-259.
Transactions of N. Y. State agricul-
tural society for 7858 cited, 298.
Treatise on insects of New England,
291,
Tremex columba, 18°.
described, 191.
figured, 19°.
injuries to elms, 197.
Thalessa parasite of, 197.
preventives, 23°.
tridentata, Saperda, 199-204.
Troy, beetle at, in 7892, T?.
distribution of Gossyparia in, 166;
185,
eggs numerous there in September,
128,
injuries by pigeon Tremex in, 197.
ravages of beetle in, 61; 158.
Troy daily times, cited, 34°.
Twelfth rep’t on insects of New York
cited, 292; 316.
12-punctata, Diabrotica, 5°.
12-spotted Diabrotieca, 5§,

Ulmi, Gossy paria, 16°.
Ulmus Americana attacked, 15°.
campestris attacked, 157.
montana attacked, 157.
United States Dep’t agriculture,
Division entomology, circular cited,
33’; Bulletin 2 (new ser.) cited,
305; 314; 324; 334; 335; 338; 341;
342; Bulletin 4 cited, 307; Bul-
letin 6 cited, 303; Builetin 9
(mew ser.) cited 334; Bulletin 10
cited, 303.

U.S. Dep’t agriculture—continued
Rep’t commissioner cited, 30!; 302;
30% ; rep’t secretary cited, 30°.
Yearbook cited, 338.

U. S. Entomological commission, Bul-
letin cited, 308; Report cited, 308.
Upper austral life zone, area in New
York state included within, 7°.

beetle limited thereby, 78.

Useless measures, 27}.

Valley of Hudson river in same life
zone as New York city, 6°.
Van Wagenen, G H., cited, 317.
Vermont agricultural experiment sta-
tion, Rep’t cited, 327.
state board
cited, 327.
yittata, Diabrotica, 8°.

agriculture, Rep’t

Washington, D.C., continued injury
by beetle in, 164.
Gossyparia in, 167.
Washington park, beetle in, 139.
Webster, I. M., cited, 34°.
Weed, C. M., cited, 329.
Weigel, W., cited, 34°.
Wellsburg, W. Va., beetle at, 6%.
Westwood, J. O., cited, 296.
Wickham, H. F., cited, 34°.
Willows, basket, injured by cotton-
wood-leaf beetle, 57.

xanthomelaena, Galeruca [Galeru-
cella luteola], 29°, 302, 31%, 322, 331,
342,

xanthomelaena [luteola], Galerucella,
314.

University of the State of New York

New York State Museum

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