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University of the State of New York

i Ue beh T 1 N

OF THE

New York State Museum

OCTOBER 1898

BAR TILE N (WARE

OF THE

NEW YORK ABORIGINES

PREPARED BY

WILLIAM M. BEAUCHAMP, S.T. D.

ALBANY
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
1898
M4gm-Jlg8-1500 Price 25 cents

\UIOD

ee ee ee

YEAR

1874
1892

1873
1877

1877

1877
1878
1881
1881
1883
1885
1885
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University of the State of New York
REGENTS

Anson Jupp Upson, D. D., LL. D., L. H. D.
Chancellor, Glens Falls
WILLIAM CROSWELL Doane, D. D., LL. D.
Vice-Chancellor, Albany

Martin I. Townsenp, M.A., LL.D. = - Troy
CuauNcEy M. Depew, LL.D. - = — New York
CHARLES E. Fitcu, LL. B., M.A.,L.H.D. —- Rochester
Orris H. Warren, D.D. - = — ae — Syracuse
WHITELAW ReEID, LL. D. = - = = New York
Witutiam H. Watson, M. A., M. D. = = — Utica
Henry E. TuRNER - = — - - Lowville
St Crark McKetway, LL.D., L.H.D., D.C. L. —- Brooklyn
Hamitron Harris, Ph. D., LL. D. - - ~ Albany
DaniEL Beacu, Ph. D., LL. D. — = - — Watkins
Carrot, E.SmitH, LL.D. - - - - Syracuse
EMINVedh. SEXTON, IIc, Di y= - - - — Palmyra
T. GuILForRD SmiTH, M. A., C. E. — = = Buffalo
Lewis A. Stimson, B.A.,M. D. — _ = — New York
Joun Patmer, Secretary of State, ex officio

SYLVESTER MALONE -—- -— -— -| — ~~ — Brooklyn
ALBERT VANDER VEER, M.D., Ph.D. - - Albany
CHARLES R. SKINNER, LL. D.,

Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio
FRANK S. Brack, B. A., LL. D., Governor, ex officio
Timotny L. Wooprurr, M. A., Lieutenant-Governor, ex officio
CHESTER S. Lord, M.A. -— — - - — Brooklyn

SECRETARY
MeEtviL Dewey, M. A.

DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS
James RusseLL Parsons jr, M. A., College and High school depts

MEtviL Dewey, M. A., State Library
F: J. H. Merritt, Ph. D., State museum

CONTENTS
° Page
Introductioniias <ai.2 semis sele canine seeleeuinics siecisne ecisieeercemcais vccisas «ce cide,cecs 74
Harthenware ofthe New York aborigines; 25-2. s22... cscs o2-< oes cees cece conn 5
Clay tobacco pipes. - <9 ooo ne ee wm ns mem ene een 112
Miscellaneous isso .122 os cme oe ee cee nec sale bie ele cericeetesisibepesealsesce< sees 3 135
ANplole nae BOSS BAS SEO BOS CRSA REET ETI pet N NE A ees Seep fc 141

INTRODUCTION

The reception accorded the archeologic bulletins already issued
is most gratifying to all concerned. Since their inception there
have been bought and placed on exhibition in the corridors of the
state capitol and in the state library several collections, including
atticles of much more than a commercial value gathered in
their respective fields by enthusiasts in local work. They will be
sought and studied by many interested in early New York history.
Besides those which are the results of field work, the state is fortu-
nate in its collection of Indian silver brooches, and of the grotesque
wooden masks, still used by the Iroquois yet living among us. It
is yet more fortunate in having the University appointed keeper of
the wampums for the Six Nations of New York. In this way only
was it possible to obtain and to save from swift destruction the
unique wampum belts now on exhibition, the widest on record.

It was greatly desired that the Rev. W: M. Beauchamp who pre-
pared the present and the preceding bulletins, should give his whole
time to the preparation of others while there was opportunity, but
the moderate means provided allowed but moderate work, and there
must be a waiting for results which might be secured now. Three
important subjects, however, have been covered in this preliminary
way. Should the series be carried on as hoped, there will come
ene interruption not unwelcome to many, in preparing an archeo-
logic map of New York, which it has been decided shall constitute
the next bulletin. The regular bulletin size will admit less detail
than is desirable. Some of the 60 counties have scores of sites,
earthworks, hamlets and camps; but not much can be said on each
of these for lack of room. Other counties, however, have little
of interest, allowing more space. The many plans of forts which
have been secured; will probably be made a separate subject. While
Dr Beauchamp has a large amount of material ready for this work,
he desires the fullest that may be procured, and will be grateful, in
the interests of science and the state, for any information from any
source. This should be sent as soon as may be convenient, ad-
dressed Rev. W: M. Beauchamp, Baldwinsville, N. Y. What is
not directly used now will be reserved for future needs.

MELviL DEWEY
Secretary of the Umversity

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES

The art of making vessels or ornaments of baked clay dates from
a remote antiquity. The material is so easily molded that it was
probably used without baking at an even earlier day. Sun-dried
bricks and vessels are frequent in lands where they could advan-
tageously be employed, and the great advantage of burning these
may have been accidentally discovered in many places far apart.
Without discussing this history, it may be observed that a strong
resemblance has been noted between the rude pottery of this part
of our land and the early ware of Scandinavian, Celtic and Teutonic
peoples. Not alone does this appear in general form, material and
ornament, but in the remarkable feature of the dark hue within
and the comparative brightness of the exterior.

In aboriginal New York earthenware we can make but three
great divisions, the third of which is of small importance. First
are those useful vessels whose fragments abound in many fields,
but which are now so rare in their complete form. Then we have
that remarkable class which gives us our best ideas of aboriginal
plastic art, and sometimes even more, the bold or graceful pipes
which the natives smoked in days of peace. The third class includes
articles of a miscellaneous character, ornamental or useful, as well
as some employed in games. These are few in number, and yet have
importance in a limited way.

As a tule, vessels of stone or of bark preceded earthenware in
New York, the latter being in general use only in recent times.
Those of bark have left no trace, but we may sometimes infer their
use on sites where nothing else is to be found. \Potstone or
steatite is not rare in many places, but is usually absent from those
where earthenware occurs. The latter was universal among the
Iroquois family, and was largely employed by many of the Algon-
quins.

Going yet farther north we find that the Eskimos still use potstone
vessels, much like those whose fragments are found beside our

76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

rivers. They have never acquired the art of making earthen pot-
tery, nor have the wandering tribes in the north of Canada ever
done so. In fact, the Canadian Indians do not appear to have used
earthenware in early days, with the exception of the allied Hurons
and Petuns, the Neutrals and the Iroquois of the St Lawrence, all
of these being of one family. At Hochelaga or Montreal, the prim-
itive Mohawks made the same types of vessels and pipes before their
‘flight, that they afterwards did in New York. Similar forms appear
in the earthworks north of the St Lawrence, and not far from Pres-
cott. The nomadic tribes, however, preferred vessels of bark, easily
- carried but not easily broken. In these they heated water with hot
stones, as the Iroquois may sometimes have done. Mr Frank H.
Cushing suggests that the angular forms of many Iroquois vessels
may have come from the bark originals of their earlier days. Even
now they make many large and convenient vessels of bark, which
may be seen in their New York homes.

In his paper on Ancient pottery of the Mississippi valley, Mr W. H.
Holmes easily distinguished three great groups in the region
lying around that river, with earthenware differing in form and
ornaments. In speaking of these groups he said, ‘ The ware of the
north is wholly distinct, and need never be confounded with the
other groups.’ In that valley he placed this group from lowa
inclusive, northward. He said also, and our experience confirms
this, that the pottery of Manitoba ‘has decided relationships with
the ware of the eastern and northeastern states. The nations in
this northern group made a dark paste, tempered with sand, often
granitic, and the forms were simple, the ornaments being unlike
those of the south. This ornamentation ‘consists of cord impres-
sions, incised lines, and implement indentations, arranged in figures
peculiar to the district.’ This is so marked as to suggest a com-
munity of origin. In the paper mentioned, a vessel from Wiscon-
sin is like frequent forms in New York. Pottery found in Penn-
sylvania and New Jersey has similar forms and ornaments of the
simpler kinds, and this is true of a few examples farther south.
Even the Pueblos afford fragments with the incised lines and pat-
terns found here, but these are not the prevailing style.

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 77

The fineness of the work may depend much on the material, and .
this varies greatly. That of the southwest is usually finer than in
New York, but in many cases here this was selected with care. Mr
S. L. Frey, writing in 1885 of an early Mohawk fort in Fulton
county, said, ‘ The pits from which the clay was taken are at the
foot of the hill on which the village stood; they are abundant all
along a little stream that trickles over the huge boulders and logs,
and through a tangle of ferns and wild growths of all kinds. , The
holes were sunk through the upper soil to a bed of stiff, tenacious
clay, which overlies the Utica slate at that point.’ ‘We recall no
other place where such pits have been observed, but very fine clay
was used for many. vessels and pipes, some of which have a surface
which seems almost polished. The material itself was carefully

prepared.

Oe ala both pipes and vessels may be found frequent means of iden-
tifying or connecting one place or age with another, and we give
a simple illustration. Figures of some New York pipes were sent
to Mr lrancis Parkman in 1884, on account of his mere descrip-
tion of the Huron pipes of Canada. In reply he said, ‘ Two or three
of these have almost exact counterparts in the pipes of Hochelaga,
preserved in the museum of McGill college at Montreal. Some I
very carelessly mentioned as stemless, because they had a short
stem of their own, and did not need a long wooden one.’

In this case the pipes simply confirmed history, the Hurons, the
Hochelagans and the New York Iroquois all belonging to the same
family. If a village had been isolated or unknown to history, the
evidence of the pipes would have been important. That of pottery
has proved even more valuable in New York, clearly establishing
the connection and relative age of some sites.

Much has been written on the making and ornamentation of
aboriginal American pottery in all parts of the land, but we are now
concerned only with our local ware. The ruder forms were prob-
ably molded by the hands alone, aided by simple implements, and
some of the finer examples were made in the same way. Others
seem to have been formed on some kind of foundation, in part at
least, and a prevalent idea has been that many were formed within

78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

baskets, which disappeared in the burning. This was mistaking
the theory. Prof. Wyman, in speaking of the cord-marked pottery
of Tennessee, said, ‘It seems incredible that even an Indian would
be so prodigal of time and labor as to make the necessary quantity
of well-twisted thread, and weave it into shape for the mere purpose
of serving as a mold, which must be destroyed in making a single
copy. To this Mr Holmes replied that the nets were removed
before burning or drying; adding that in the case of the great salt
vessels of the Saline river, Ill., the fabrics were applied after the ves-
sels were formed. That these were salt kettles is assumed by many,
but it remains true that the early historic nations of the northern
United States and of Canada used no salt at all. Cords were em-
ployed in decorating early earthenware in Great Britain, and the
process has been clearly proved in the United States, though less
general than has been claimed.

Some stamps were certainly used in adorning much northern
pottery, as the impression is very uniform. Corn on the cob has
been suggested as one means, and probably other seeds were em-
ployed in a few cases. Patterns may have been stitched on birch
bark and applied to the surface. Sharp and round pointed tools
had their use, either simply cutting or else excavating the soft clay.
Besides the grooves or cuts there are usually slightly raised lines
caused by pressure, but these do not always appear. Hollow bone
was useful, and many a bold rim was pinched between the thumb
and finger, or incised by the long and sharp nails of the Iroquois,
which they kept in this condition with a double purpose, that
of mangling their captives when tortured, and to show that they did
not labor themselves. Rarely did they have an industrial use.

One primitive process in forming earthen vessels was building
up, often with a long coil of clay, afterwards smoothed, polished
and decorated when desired. Large crucibles are still made in this
way in some modern manufactories. The coiled and simply decor-
ated ware of the Zunis is well known, and there are rare suggestions
of this here. In decoration animal forms are mostly confined to
pipes in New York, but the human face and form often appear on
earthen Iroquois vessels, early in the 17th century and late in the

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 79

16th. It was in vogue for nearly 50 years, and might have led to
something higher had it not been displaced by the white man’s
wares.

Early writers are not agreed on some points. Roger Williams,
one of our earliest and best authorities on New England aboriginal
life, said that “the women made all the earthen vessels.’. Daniel
Gookin wrote, in 1674, of the fragile clay vessels there, saying that
“the clay and the earth they were made of were very scarce and
dear. The dishes, pots and spoons are the manufacture of the
men. This showed careful selection of material, whether the men
were really the artisans or not. Hutchinson said that the Narra-
gansetts ‘furnished the earthen vessels and pots for cookery and
other domestic uses.’ Such wares were often articles of commerce,
when they gained a reputation.

The Iroquois did not make stone pipes when first known, unless
rarely, the clay pipe being then in use throughout the various
nations of that large family, but for official purposes stone calumets
appear quite early. Megapolensis said, about 1650,-that each of
the Mohawks had ‘a long tobacco pipe, made by himself, in his
mouth.’ Capt. George Weymouth, who visited Long Island in
1605, said “ The heads of their tobacco pipes were sometimes made
‘of clay, and sometimes were only the claw of a lobster; but they
were all sufficient to hold as much as Io or 12 of ours.’ Henry
Hudson observed among the River Indians, however, ‘ copper
tobacco pipes and pots of earth to cook their meat in. He men-
tioned also copper ornaments and pipes in New Jersey, perhaps
mistaking the bronze red hue of the clay for the metal.

There are occasional ornaments and other articles of burned clay,
but these are rare. Quite rarely, too, inclosures of clay appear in
sepulture. An example of this was found on the east side of Can-
andaigua lake in July 1893, and in a sandy soil. Three skeletons
were found near together, one of which was large and had the
limbs drawn up in the usual way. Excepting the ribs the bones
were sound. Mr E. J. Durant writes, ‘ They were lying in a stratum
of hard burned clay; so hard that it came up in chunks when
broken. Plenty of charcoal was in this stratum. Near the skele-

80 NEW YORK STATH MUSEUM

tons a fireplace was found. This was a hollow in the ground, lined
with burned clay, and filled with charcoal.’ Another observer
described the fireplace as circular and like a deep bowl, 3 feet
across. The baked clay was 4 inches thick, and the charcoal about
the same. This rare instance of one use of clay here hardly forms
a part of our subject now, but is worthy of note. In the west it is
more frequent. 3

Refuse heaps, by village sites, usually contain a great deal of
broken earthenware, out of which fine or curious fragments are
often taken, and these occur also in the ash beds of the old fire-
places. This is so on some quite recent sites, for while the richer
Iroquois obtained brass kettles quickly from the whites, their poorer
friends continued the primitive art till the beginning of the 18th cen-
tury at least. In some places rude pottery is found at a consider-
able depth, from different causes. In fireplaces this may come from
the practice of placing the fire in excavations in the ground. On
village sites, also, the same difference will be observed in material,
style and finish, as in other articles. Taste, skill and the ability to
buy, did not belong to all. The fact that the distinctions of rich
and poor are found in savage life is never to be overlooked in the
study of aboriginal articles, if we would avoid serious mistakes.

The difference in the forms of eastern pottery when compared
with those of the south, has been mentioned. The long-necked ves-
sels of the middle Mississippi valley are never seen in the northern
states, nor are depressed vessels often found in eastern earthenware, —
although frequent in soapstone. Usually the base is rounded, and
the swelling sides are constricted below the top, thus. giving an
expanded rim of various forms. Sometimes the margin is horizon-
tal, but is more commonly angular, with two or more elevations.
In section the rim may be angular, circular or elliptic, and is
often perfectly straight, or very nearly so, in portions of the cir-
cumference. The rim may be simple and narrow, or deep and
broadly projecting. It is usually much ornamented outside, often
on the top as well, but more rarely within. Ina few cases, however,
the interior ornamentation is elaborate and deep. As a rule there
is little detail below the expanded top.

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES SI

The inside is commonly black, and the outside of the proper hue
of baked clay, varying much according to the material. Means of
suspension rarely appear, but a cross piece of wood within, attached
to a cord, may have afforded these. Except in cooking an outside
cord would have sufficed, but there are no signs of wear from this.
How much and how they were used in cooking may be a question.
They could have been placed on a fire of coals rather than over it,
but show few external signs of such use, the outer surface being
usually clean and bright. The blackened interior suggests the
placing of hot stones in the water, so common a device among our
northern aborigines. Many were probably used merely for hold-
ing water, or sometimes grain. Some large vessels were quite thin,
and few were adapted for hard usage. There are some which are
very small, apparently made on the thumb, and there are occasional
examples of toy vessels, about an inch in diameter and neatly
finished. These are the shallowest forms of all, and having at
times a raised and perforated ear may have been an imitation of the
brass kettle. Some of these, however, are from a Mohawk site
which seems to have been occupied as early as the end of the 16th
century. Very small vessels occur on another site of the same
period. In the Toronto collection is a small vessel made on the
thumb, and retaining an impression of the thumb nail. This is
rude, and the best examples of these small forms are those of the
Mohawks.

True Iroquois vessels, with the usual constriction below the
deep expanded and ornamented rim,appear in some Canadian earth-
works a few miles northwest of Prescott. Figures of these were
given in the Smithsonian report for 1856, and they are from 4 to 8}
inches in inside diameter. Clay disks also occur there, about the
size of a quarter of a dollar. These are also found on Iroquois
sites in New York, but ofa larger size. Perforated specimens come
from Huron sites in Canada, and similar disks have often been
found at Hochelaga or Montreal. They are usually of secondary
use, chipped out of earthenware fragments.

The earthen vessels found on the site of Hochelaga at Montreal,
in 1861, held from 1 quart to 4 gallons. Sir J. W. Dawson

82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ©

thought they were ornamented with ‘a pointed instrument, with
rings made with a stamp, and with impressions of the finger point
and nail around the edge.’ He points to the practice of pastry
cooks for modern examples, and adds that ‘ Fragments of pottery
from a long barrow near West Kennet, in Wiltshire, figured by
Lubbock, are remarkably near to a common Hochelagan pattern,
and finger prints as an ornament occur on vessels from the pile
villages of the Lake of Zurich.’ A raised pattern is occasional in
Canada and New York, and of this he says, “One evidently repre-
sents the rows of grain in the ear of Indian corn, and may be called
the corn ear pattern.’ A second class he called “the basket and bead
pattern,’ which he thought imitated woven baskets ornamented with
beads. In this he distinguished the ‘chevron and saltier patterns.’
A rude basket pattern appears in some rude early British pottery.
To these he added a third pattern of network, found on the round
bottoms of some large vessels. This sometimes appears on the
sides of New York pottery, and may come from matting. -

In a letter to the writer regarding the human faces on the outside
of some New York pottery, he said that nothing of the kind
appeared on Hochelagan vessels, ‘ unless three rings, two above and
ene below, may be taken to represent eyes and a mouth. Perfor-
ated clay disks are common.’ The pipes and vessels which he
figured in Fossil men are like those of New York, and detached heads
occur here sparingly, as well as the three rings.

A few years since Dr D. S. Kellogg, of Plattsburg, had obtained
parts of rims of over 800 different vessels along the west shore of
Lake Champlain. These rims were circular or elliptic, and
often indented or scalloped along the edge. These vessels were
often ornamented from the top nearly to the bottom, and some-
times on the inner surface. The bottoms were plain and never flat,
and they varied in capacity from 3 to 8 quarts. None had any
representations of animals, or of the human face or figure. In his
History of St Lawrence county, Mr Hough said that on some frag-
ments of pottery a rude resemblance to a human face is seen. He
may have referred to the three rings or indentations found else-
where near the St Lawrence river. An example of this comes from
Springfield, Ohio, closely resembling New York pottery.

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 83

Soapstone is common in the New England states, and Mr John
J. Alton said, in writing of its ancient inhabitants, ‘I have never
seen a fragment of baked clay pottery made by these Indians.’ This
is merely negative testimony, for it is found there in some places,
and early writers mention its use and manufacture. In Gosnold’s
voyages it is said of the Indians of Marthas Vineyard, that ‘the
necks of their pipes are made of clay hard dried, (whereof in the
island is great store, both red and white) the other part is a piece
of hollow copper, very finely closed and cemented together.’ The
references to pipes with copper bowls are certainly curious, and
there can be no doubt of the occasional use of copper in other ways.

The pottery in some parts of Ohio closely resembles that of New
York, and this remark also applies to some earthworks as well. The
natural conclusion, confirmed by early maps, is that the Iroquois
family held all the country on the south shore of Lake Erie 300
years ago. It is every way probable that nearly all of Ohio was
then in the possession of the Eries and their kindred. The inland
homes of the former are mentioned in the Relation of 1648. ‘This
lake, named Erie, was formerly inhabited on its southern shores by
certain peoples whom we call the nation of the Cat; who have been
obliged to withdraw into the lands in order to get away from their
enemies, who are more towards the west. These people of the Cat
have a number of fixed villages, for they cultivate the ground, and
are of the same language as our Hurons.’

Some of the usual types of clay vessels ornamented like those of
the Iroquois, have been found in New York city, near the Harlem
river, by Messrs Chenoweth, Calver and others. Some of these are
quite large. The largest vessel found in 1890 was 2 feet high and
18 inches in diameter, while others were nearly as large. On the
other hand, some fragments were very coarse in every way, and
had local peculiarities.

Mr W. W. Tooker, of Sag Harbor, said of the earthenware of
Long Island, ‘It is found wherever we find traces of the Indian’s
footsteps. Much of it is ornamented by cords, incised lines, by the
impression of the thumb, by the finger nail, and in other ways.’ He
‘restored one large vessel out of 184 pieces, and found two smaller

84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

ones in a grave. These showed basket work. While clay pipes
were rare on Long Island, the stems were often found.

West of the Hudson river fragmentary pottery occurs on most
important sites. In his Reminiscences of Saratoga, 1880, Mr W. L.
Stone spoke of the remains of an old Indian pottery kiln, ‘ within
the cavities of which are yet found sun dried and fire baked vases,
covered with quaint ornamentation.’ This was on the south side
of Fish creek, but may have been one of the refuse heaps often
mistaken for kilns. Pottery is frequent there.

Dr C. C. Abbott found similar pottery plentiful in many parts of
New Jersey, and it seems of general distribution through the north-
ern states and much of Canada.

A fragment of a jar with an open projecting ear or handle has
come to our attention in Canada, and one from the country of the
Neutrals has an upward projection on one side of the flat rim, prob-
ably meant for a handle. Vessels with raised and corrugated bars
occur there also, identical with New York specimens of the early
part of the 17th century. This is Dawson’s corn ear pattern. The
flaring angle at one end, suggestive of a pitcher, appears on a well
ornamented Canadian vessel, 42 inches across, and has its counter-
part in New York. So many Hurons were adopted by the Iroquois
that these national or local forms in vessels and pipes would be
expected here at the period of the Huron downfall, even as we find
them. Simply as members of one great family there would be strong
resemblances.

Thus there is in the Toronto collection a peculiar Huron pipe,
with characteristic human head and arms, which is frequent in New
York only on Seneca sites, where an entire town was formed of
Huron captives. Those with entwining serpents and with a snake-
head bowl, are common to both regions. The spiral stem found
among the Senecas was occasional among the Hurons, and corded
bowls and bird pipes belong to Huron and Iroquois alike. The
bold and remarkable pipes of Jefferson county, with a large human
face before and behind the bowl, are also found in Canada. Owl
pipes were made by the Petuns and by the Oneidas, and the long
stems, with lines and elliptic indentations were everywhere popular.

EARTHENWARD OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 85

In another material, a stone pipe from Lake Moira, Canada, closely
resembles a slender and peculiar clay pipe from Brewerton, N. Y.,
the very slender stem projecting at but a slight angle from the
bowl. .

A long bowled pipe, with a thin flaring edge, and horizontal
groove in front, has been found in Vermont, and is a frequent New
York form. Clay pipes are rare east of Lake Champlain, but some
would be expected there, as it was an early Iroquois hunting
ground, and their war parties frequently traversed the lake, but
usually on the western side. In fact wherever they went the early
Iroquois carried some articles of clay. They possibly gained some-
thing from captives, but their distinctive achievement at about the
end of the 16th century, and during a score or more of years after-
wards, was the decoration of the angles of vessels with human faces
or figures. _About the same time the Onondagas added to these a
few curious and unique pipes.

For many years we have made a careful record and comparison
of even the ornamented fragments of pottery, placing side by side
those from different sites. While there may be a general agree-
ment there will often be suggestive differences, sufficient to show a
difference in the people or age. At the same time there may appear
a close correspondence in certain unusual ornaments, revealing a
close relationship in places far apart. We look for these resem-
blances and differences in more striking articles or features, but
the simple lines, dots and indentations of New York pottery may
help us much.

While giving a sufficient number of typical forms of vessels, neces-
sarily much reduced, much attention will be paid to mere ornament
in this paper. Representative specimens have been selected from
thousands of examples, unique or common, which will give a fair
idea of this feature of aboriginal art. Within the proposed limits
it can only be representative, but it may lead many to a study which
has been too much neglected, and bring about valuable results. In
preliminary work of this kind it will happen that some features of
interest will not appear, either because unknown or inaccessible.
The reader who observes the omission will then understand just

86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

what he should report to make our knowledge more complete.
Perfect examples of New York aboriginal pottery are specially
desired for the state museum, but fragments showing unusual styles
of ornament will also be of value and interest. It should always
be stated where they were found. In fact articles without a record
are shorn of half their value, and become mere curios in many
cases. With a good record a simple relic may solve some riddle
of history, or bring out truths unsuspected before. This should
never be forgotten.

In the general treatment of this subject a word may be said on
the antiquity of earthenware in New York. The most careful com-
parative work has been done between the Hudson river and Lake
Erie, and little pottery has been found there to which an age of
much over 500 years can be safely ascribed, unless it may be on
small hunting camps. The noted double walled fort in Shelby, to
which a great antiquity has been given, probably falls far within that
limit. With the exception of a pair of Ohio shells, not an article
has been found upon it which can not be duplicated on historic
Iroquois sites of early days, and this is notably true in earthenware.
Many of the earthworks of Jefferson county may be allowed an age
of five centuries, though probably more recent, and all are pre-
historic in a sense, but some certainly show a knowledge of the
white man’s arts.

In Chautauqua and Cattaraugus counties the case may prove dif-
ferent. These formed a border land, and while earthenware is
abundant there, little has been definitely described. ‘Towards Lake
Irie the earthworks were quite recent, and those farther inland are
of the ordinary Iroquois type. In these two counties are upwards
of 50 defensive works, and the region seems an early center of
Iroquois life. A careful study of its pottery might show how closely
related this was to other places and later days.

It must be remembered that nations of the Iroquois family occu-
pied northwestern Pennsylvania 300 years ago, as well as the banks
of the Susquehanna and partially those of the Delaware. The
Andastes of the French, who were the Minquas of the Dutch, were
of this powerful family, and waged a fierce warfare against the

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 87

Five Nations of New York. The Massawomekes of Capt. John
Smith, so dreaded on Chesapeake bay, were probably a southern
offshoot of the Eries, so that along the principal rivers of Penn-
sylvania, somewhat remote from the sea, we may expect to find pot-
tery closely resembling that of this state. In river valleys, how-
ever, subject to inundation, any flood may expose or bury still
deeper objects of this kind. Their age can not safely be predicated
from their depth in the soil. The fairest chronological evidence
will come from village sites, and these give no great age to earthen-
ware in New York, while that age is an Open question still.

The question of age and probable population is affected by an-
other circumstance. Early Iroquois villages were removed every
1O or 15 years, and a liberal allowance of time would give six or
more removals in a century. A dozen sites, and often many more,
would thus be required in 200 years for a single village. The
Mohawks had from three to four or more towns at a time, and the
Senecas never less than four. The latter would thus occupy and
abandon nearly or quite 50 places in two centuries. It is thus
obvious that for any long period of continuous occupation we must
reduce the population to a very small number. On the other hand,
if we allow a moderate strength to any people we reduce the time
of occupation. When this fact is understood, and the true relation-
ship of the site known, we arrive at a safe basis for estimating the
length of time in which much of New York was really occupied
as a home by the aborigines. Without discussing the subject far-
ther, attention is called to these facts, for they greatly affect a clear
conception of prehistoric times, and their relations to later days.
Chronologically most of the articles here described belong to the
17th century, and the larger part of the rest apparently to the 16th.

Most of the first class of illustrations here given are of fragments
of vessels, selected out of a large number to show patterns used in
ornamenting. All these are of actual size, and being fragmentary
there is no need of giving dimensions. F ig. I is a rim from Jef-
ferson county, where the style of ornament is often both bold and
tich. The vessel must have been quite handsome, as the ornamen-
tation was continued down the sides, below the projecting rim,

88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

which is decorated above and within. The curve of the rim and side
is very bold, sweeping suddenly outward from the narrow top and
almost as abruptly contracting again, to expand once more. A few
others have curves almost as well rounded as this, but usually in
thinner vessels. On the upper projection are horizontal lines and
those sloping both ways. Below is a row of elliptic indentations,
and a series of curved and sloping lines. It is remarkable for its
wide and almost marginal projection, though a smaller expansion
is not rare.

Another rim from Jefferson county has elliptic indentations
arranged in curved lines. Fig. 2 has*a series of short curved
grooves arranged in horizontal lines, and the outer edge of the rim
has notches. This comes from an early stockade on the north
bank of the Seneca river, where fragmentary pottery is abundant.
Fig. 3 has horizontal grooves in which are regular indentations.
The grooves are quite broad. Below these are somewhat similar
grooves, shorter, sloping in opposite directions, and almost meet-
ing at angles. This frequent pattern is from the Seneca river. A
rim ornamented on top has similar broad sloping grooves, and
below these are several interrupted grooves which are nearly hori-
zontal. From the same site as the last.

Fig. 4 is a very handsome fragment, which has a curious double
curve, suggesting a singular form of vessel. It is moderately thick.
There are indented grooves, both horizontal and sloping, and a
horizontal line of large circular indentations. The work is quite
elaborate and very neatly done; this was found with the last two.
Another with these has a straight rim, showing but a little curve to
that part of the vessel. This is a frequent feature, so that it must
have been somewhat angular. Outside there is a slight projection,
less than an inch below the top, sloping back above, so that there
is but a slight thickness at the actual rim. There are waved lines
below the projection, which are quite shallow and irregular. This
simple rim is not common.

Fig. 5. A very plain rim without projection, from the same place.
There are very irregular grooves, following no apparent pattern.
It is somewhat remarkable in this way. Fig. 6 has deeply incised

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 89

horizontal grooves, expanding and contracting, and thus showing a
double undulation. This is from the same place._ Fig. 7 comes from
the same site. There is a plain rim with graceful undulations on
top. The horizontal grooves have indentations, and there are cross
grooves between these and of the same kind. This fragment sug-
gests an elaborately decorated vessel. Fig. 8 is quite like the last,
and from the same place. The undulations above, however, have
each three narrow grooves, parallel with the rim, and all the indented
grooves slope and cross each other, forming a network of
diamonds. It is much thicker than the last.

Fig. 9 is a rare ornamental fragment from the same prolific site
on the south bank of the Seneca river. The horizontal groove is
broad, deep and obscurely interrupted. Below this are broad slop-
ing grooves, distinctly divided by very sharp and narrow walls.
The indentations are deepest and walls sharpest on one side, the
divisions rounding and sloping on the other. This may not have
been invariable throughout. There are forms approaching this. It
is interesting to observe how many styles may be found on one
spot.

Fig. to is from a fort north of the Seneca river. It is a rim
placed at an angle in the plate, the long and straight side being the
top.. All the indented lines thus actually slope. Part of the divisions
in the grooves are angular, and part are slightly rounded. Both
these styles of indented grooves are frequent, but not in combina-
tion. Fig. If is a simple zig-zag pattern of small and shallow
circular indentations, from the mouth of Dead creek, on the south
shore of Seneca river. These small dots often appear, but rarely
thus arranged.

Fig. 12 is a fine and rare rim from Baldwinsville. It has cross
grooves above, sloping first in one direction and then in the other
below. These are short. Other short diagonal grooves are below
these. The fragment is ornamented within. Other fragments of
the same vessel are quite different in design, having many elliptic
indentations and waving lines. It is not safe to say how a vessel
is ornamented throughout from seeing one fragment.

gO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Fig. 13 is from a circular stockade two miles south of the Seneca
river. It is a notched and projecting rim, with two narrow parallel
grooves above. The projection is rather thin, and below this, all
is plain.. Fig. 14 is a rim from a stockade on the north side of
Seneca river. The rim is simple, and is angularly undulated on top.
Below are grooves, both horizontal and sloping. In a plain space
inclosed by these, are several long triangular indentations. A
basal groove indicates a slight projection.

Fig. 15 is a fine rim from Jefferson county. There are deep slop-
ing notches at the edge, above three broad horizontal grooves.
Below these are curved and sloping grooves on one side. On the
other are two large indentations above, and several triangular ones
below. Then come two horizontal grooves, and a line of deep
diamond indentations on the base of the projection. Below this it
seems to have been perfectly plain.
_ Fig. 16 is a handsome rim from Onondaga lake, curving grace-
fully to the lower part. There are both diagonal and horizontal
lines, angularly indented and quite closely arranged. The rim has
lines on top, and the whole piece is thin and much curved. Fig. 17
is perfectly straight-sided within. Outside there is a slight projec-
tion of the upper part. On the upper part of the fragment, which
does not include the rim, though it may nearly have reached it, are
shallow and vertical grooves. The indentaticns at the edge of the
projection were formed by pinching the clay between the thumb
and finger. This style of ornamenting will frequently be found.
The fragment is from a stockade two miles south of the Seneca
river. The vessel must have been large or angular, although not
thick.

Fig. 18 is a fragment from a stockade on the north bank of the
Seneca river. The decoration remaining is a row of large and deep
triangles which are not equilateral. All become deeper from the
long side to the broad angle. They were made by the inclined
pressure of some broad and straight edged implement. Fig. 19,
from the Seneca river, is a very fine rim, the upper part of which has
a broad and even slope. This has rows of diamond indentations,
narrowly divided in the rows. Below the projection are two hori-

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES Of

zontal rows of diamond indentations, narrowly divided as before.
Simple horizontal grooves appear below these.

Fig. 20 has horizontal and vertical lines of oblong angular inden-
tations. The divisions in the lines are narrow, and it comes from
the Seneca river. Fig. 21 is a fragment from an early hamlet on
another part of Seneca river, and is unique in arrangement and
character. Above the usual projection are four short and curved
parallel grooves, repeated in a horizontal series. Each series of four
is about an inch long, and there are less distinct curved lines below.

Fig. 22 is another fine rim from Fabius, in Onondaga county.
The surface is quite flat from the upper edge to the customary pro-
_ jection below, where the deep notches are intersected by the slightly
sloping grooves. Below the top are regular diagonal grooves,
very neat in detail and about an inch long. Both horizontal and

sloping lines appear below these, and in a long open space between
them is a row of indented rings, probably made with a hollow bone
tool. The general character of the fragment is that of much pottery
in Jefferson county, whence many of the early Onondagas may have
come. The rings are large and neatly made. Bone implements,
suitable for such work, are found on neighboring sites.

Fig. 23 is from Jefferson county. In the fragment there are
three horizontal grooves above, with narrow rectangular divisions.
There may have been more than these. Below are three similar
grooves on each side, the groups sloping in opposite directions.
The divisions in these grooves are more rounded than in those
above, and resemble a form of what is sometimes called a corn
pattern. In the angular spaces inclosed are lines of moderately
large circular indentations. All these ornaments are quite wide-
spread. Very little Jefferson county pottery is accurately located,
although this is often a matter of importance. |

Fig. 24 is a fragment of fine material and neat workmanship, from
Onondaga lake, where pottery is quite rare on nearly all sites, show-
ing that it had little Iroquois occupation in early days. The pattern
is of small indented circles or dots, arranged in lines, of which some
are parallel and others meet at acute angles. Fig. 25 is a neat and
thin rim, very slightly thickened at the top. Beneath this slight

Q2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

expansion is a row of small sloping and elliptic indentations, with
nearly horizontal grooves beneath, irregularly arranged. These
grooves are not continuous, ending abruptly or tapering to a top,
and they have angular divisions. The rim is from the same place
as the last. Fig. 26 has a curious and unusual pattern, formed by
small triangular indentations arranged in curved lines. The long
side of each of these is convex, and the others concave. The inden-
tations cause the intermediate lines to seem raised. This is from
the Seneca river.

Fig. 27 is a large and finely ornamented fragment from Oneida
lake, evidently part of a very large vessel. The pattern is arranged
in broad converging bands, and is such as might be used in bead-
work on the front of a moccasin. Each broad band is edged with
lines of circular indentations, and similar diagonal lines appear
across from side to side. The intermediate plain spaces are nearly
as wide as these decorations. Fig. 28 is a rim of very common
design. There is no great expansion above, but half circular
notches appear in the edge, and lower down are both horizontal and
diagonal grooves. Rims are often thus notched, but in very many
ways, sometimes merely with a knife or the finger nail. This piece
is from an Onondaga village occupied about 1670. It may be
said that while the richer Indians soon afforded brass kettles, poorer
families long continued to make the old eartlicnware.

Fig. 29 introduces us to a class of ornament quite prevalent from
about 1590, or possibly a little earlier, to about 1630, when it com-
pletely disappeared. It was the highest achievement of the Iro-
quois in decorated ware, nor was it found among all of them, the
three Elder Brothers, the Mohawks, Onondagas and Senecas alone
using it as far as yet known. None has been reported from the
Oneida and Cayuga territory, and but little from the Seneca. Its
comparative abundance among the Mohawks and Onondagas lends
strength to the traditional early intimate relations between these
two nations, through Hiawatha and Dekanawida, both reputedly
Onondagas by birth, and Mohawks by adoption. In this ornamen-
tation the face or form was molded separately, and then luted on
before burning. In consequence the faces are often found de-

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 93

tached, or the impressions of the limbs remain when these are gone.
The Onondagas reached a higher development in this art than the
Mohawks, and many faces have such an individual character, as
regards age and expression, that they seem portraits. Two of
those grouped here have this individuality. They were often, but
not always, placed at an elevated angle of the rim. This is the case
in this figure, where a grotesque face appears just. below the
notched angle. There is a suggestion here of a curved neck, pos-
sibly united to a body, but the face may have appeared alone. The
fragment is from a stockade in southern Onondaga, occupied per-
haps about 1620. |

Fig. 30 is another fine face from the same site, a little south of
Delphi. It is surrounded with diagonal grooves on the surface of
the vessel, and has marked individuality. Fig. 31 is another face
of characteristic Indian type, appearing on a plam surface. It is
from a stockade west of Cazenovia, occupied by the Onondagas
about 1600. These large faces are frequent there, and on neigh-
boring sites.

Fig. 32 is a fine rim of unusual character from the site south of
Delphi. There are three neat horizontal grooves above the usual
projection, which is formed by deep and graceful curves, edged on
the concave part with large elliptic indentations. The design is
bold and well carried out. Fig. 33 is from a stockade near Bald-
winsville. The figure is simple, pretty and unusual. A row of
small circular indentations has rows of elliptic and pointed vertical
indentations above and below. Fig. 34 1s a rim from a stockade
on the south side of Seneca river. The expanded top is deeply
notched on both sides, and is somewhat undulated above. Fig. 35
comes from a stockade opposite the last, and north of the river.
It is a plain rim, coming to a point above, ornamented just below
the top with a row of narrow and diagonal ellipses, beneath which
are narrow, irregular and interrupted grooves.

Fig. 36 is part of a rim found east of Wagner’s hollow, Mont-
gomery county. The narrow top is undulating, and the sharp
grooves are crossed by a horizontal groove near the top. The

angular ends of the grooves are sharply defined. The fragment

94 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

is larger than here represented, and the deep notches at the basal
projection are here omitted. This elevated site has some remark-
able earthenware, mixed with European articles. Fig. 37 is a neat
rim from a stockade west of Baldwinsville. A row of elliptic in-
dentations is arranged diagonally above, where the rim curves over
to the inner line of the vessel. Below this the deep grooves are
separated by ridges crossed by spiral lines.

Fig. 38 is a fine and rare piece from Brewerton, angular above,
and with diagonal zig-zag grooves on the narrow projection above.
Below these and under the projection are broad diagonal grooves,
broken by cross indentations. Similar narrow grooves appear
below, and a handsome decoration is suggested below all. The
same style of ornament is seen within. Fig. 39 merely shows the
rim of a large fragment, the top of which has convex vertical pro-
jections above the side of the vessel. The side is adorned with the
common grooves. This is from the recent site east of Wagner’s
hollow, Montgomery county. Fig. 40 is a thin and very curious
notched rim from the same place. The general surface is plain,
but at the rim there are long curved or elliptic indentations, inter-
spersed with shorter ones. It is both simple and rude, as well as
quite modern. ;

Fig. 41 is from the same place, and is the most remarkable
human figure yet found on an earthenware vessel. One feature
is that most of it was -molded with the vessel instead of separately,
but this does not apply to all parts. There are the usual cross bars
on the body, but none appear on the limbs, which is a departure
from the type, as in a later Seneca example. It is also the only one
yet found which is not symmetrical in arrangement, one hand being
raised in this, and the other turned down. ‘The toes are very long.
In this and some other fragments, the grooves back of the body
suggest plumes, and the maker may have taken a hint from the
winged angels and cherubs of the white man. There are other out-
side grooves variously arranged, with odd features at the basal pro-
jection. The face is inferior to those made separately, and there
is a great contrast in the two arms. In another from this site, the
face and body were molded with the vessel, the body having the

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES | 95

usual cross bars. There are no arms, and the legs are gone, but
seem to have been carried out from the base of the rim, leaving an
opening between them and the vessel. There are notches at the
end of the projection, and grooved lines above. The nose is raised,
and the eyes are small rings. Altogether it is an interesting frag-
ment. 7 | AeA

Fig. 42 shows part of a rim from the double walled fort south-
east of Baldwinsville. Deep notches are cut in the edge of the
rim, which is ornamented above and within. Fig. 43 is a rim from
Rice’s woods, a few miles north of Palatine Bridge, which is remark-
able for the very great projection of the upper and ornamented part.
It is probable that the plain bowl gradually curved out beyond
this, as in other examples. A deep undulating groove runs from
top to bottom at the angle, which is raised. Notches appear along
the basal edge of the projection, with grooves above, and there is a
line of pyriform indentations below the rim. The inside is orna-
mented. Pottery as bold in design as this does not appear farther
west.

Fig. 44 is from the same spot, and thus far is unique. It is a
very prominent human head on the boldly projecting angle of an
earthen vessel, which seems to have been much ornamented. The
cross bars on the retreating angle beneath are more ornamental than
usual, and the broad face, with its wide and open mouth, is more
suggestive of an ape than a man when seen full in front. Above
the head it is broken, but may not have risen much higher. This
was a recent village site where European articles are frequent. The
lateral grooves again suggest plumes, and this feature is hardly rare
in these relics of the Mohawks, who may have had it from the Dutch.

Fig. 45 is from the double walled fort near Baldwinsville. The
horizontal grooves had their edges neatly smoothed, while the hol-
low part is divided by small cross indentations. With this was a
fragment having a line of large elliptic indentations, above which
are diagonal rows of fine lines placed side by side.

Small vessels are sometimes found which were apparently toys.
Fig. 46 is a rude example from Brewerton, which is nearly oval,
yet somewhat angular. The depth is 13, and the diameter 1,3

96 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

inches. It is unornamented, and resembles some found on Huron
sites in Canada. The Mohawks made neater ornamented articles
of this kind, but they are everywhere rare.

Fig. 47 brings us again to the early Onondagas, being from the
site of 1600, at the time when the Iroquois league was probably
‘formed, and while Hiawatha lived there. The rim rises to an angle
and near its edge are rows of elliptic indentations placed diagonally
above the nearly horizontal grooves which come just below. The
broad face is not as artistic as some, but is fairly good-natured, as
was proper in the days of Hiawatha the Peacemaker. Some of
these Onondaga faces are quite pleasant in expression. There are
diagonal grooves on each side of this massive countenance, and the
edge of the projection beneath has the notches which are so com-
mon a feature. Fig. 48 is another remarkable Mohawk rim from
the site east of Wagner's hollow, where the potters were persons
of ideas and skill. It has no great beauty, but the notches at the
base of the projection are unusually large and deep. The horizon-
tal irregular grooves cross the broad points left, as well as the plain
surface above. Another rim much resembles this, but is crossed
by diagonal lines on top. The side ornaments are horizontal and
sloping grooves with very deep and long notches. In this, how-
ever, the projecting points have diagonal grooves, spreading a little
as they descend. The fragment suggests the same maker, but hardly
the same vessel.

Fig. 49 is a simple but neat, curved and projecting rim from
the Onondaga site of 1600. These early sites will be occasionally
referred to by their probable dates, the archeologic connection being
such as to render these almost a matter of certainty, while the age
of any article may be of importance. This pretty rim has two
parallel lines on the top, and the edges are notched on both sides.
Below these it is perfectly plain. The top is thickened, but the sides
are thin and curving. Fig. 50 is a grotesque, good-natured face
adhering to a plain surface. It comes from the same site, and is
of the largest size, fairly representing one modern form of Onon-
daga countenance. Fig. 51 is a rim of thin black pottery from an

Onondaga fort on the line of Fabius and Pompey, several miles

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 97

southwest of the last, and occupied but little later. A very few
European articles are found there. At the elevated angle is a face,
below which is a straight body, reaching to the basal projection.
This is grooved across, as usual, and the remaining surface is fur-
rowed with rude diagonal and horizontal grooves. The notched
base of the ornamented portion projects beyond the general surface.
Pottery from this site is blacker than is usual in Onondaga county,
and often thin.

Fig. 52 is from the site west of Cazenovia, and, as well as the next,
is from a photograph. They are probably about half the actual
length, but preserve their relative proportions to each other. The
face is very broad and characteristic, being much like that of some
Onondaga Indians now. It is immediately under the narrowly pro-
jecting and notched rim. The surface has a few diagonal lines, and
the basal projection is notched. Traces of ornamentation also
appear far down on the expanding side. Fig. 53 is from the same
site, and the face is an excellent representation of an old person,
toothless and withered. Above the face and below the notched
rim, are several neat grooves. Many faces might be given from
this interesting site, the home of the Onondagas at the formation
of the Iroquois league.

Fig. 54 1s a very curious human figure on a highly elevated and
projecting rim. It comes from the fort already mentioned, on the
line of Fabius, and is very thin. There is a row of indentations
just below the rim, and another at the base of .the projection.
Irregular sloping lines appear between. The face, which reaches
the top, is grotesque. The slender body has angular arms, the
hands being clasped below the abdomen. Two legs follow the
retreating slope below the projection, and are irregularly barred.
The cross bars on the body and arms are neater. Similar specimens
oi black clay often occur on this elevated site. It was a local fash-
ion, as in the case of the large faces already described.

Fig. 55 is a very small and rude vessel from Brewerton, very
shallow and but an inch across. Fig. 56 is a much neater and
smaller one from the Waegner’s hollow site, north of the Mohawk

in Montgomery county. This pretty little cup, or miniature kettle,

98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

has raised and perforated ears, as though for suspension, and is
ornamented below. Such perforations are sometimes found in
larger vessels, but the raised ears are lacking. These suggest the
white man’s kettle, and there are other Mohawk examples of these
tiny and peculiar vessels. This is but § of an inch across.

Fig. 57 is a notable rim from an early hamlet on the Seneca
river. It is nearly straight, suggesting a very large vessel in every
way. ‘There is a slight and rude projection at the top, with cleanly
cut diagonal grooves below this. The edges of the usual projection,
farther down, have deep and broad indentations, formed by pinch-
ing the clay between the finger and thumb. These are quite irreg-
ular, as would be expected, and this mode of ornamenting was early
used. Fig. 58 is a remarkably beautifully ornamented fragment
from Baldwinsville, very much and rather curiously curved. There
are broad bands of diagonal lines of small perforations. These
perforations are not all alike, but are carefully arranged. Narrower
bands of plain surface divide the ornamental portions. The color
is black and red.

Fig. 59 is a curved rim, sharply notched on the edge. Below
these notches are three horizontal grooves, which encompassed the
vessel. Beneath these are diagonal grooves. The lower projection
is formed of long and broad points, a little rounded at the ends and
an inch apart. Such points are rarely seen, as they extend half an
inch below the lower curve of the vessel. This is from the same
site as fig. 57. If the curve was regular, the inside diameter of the
vessel would have been 14 inches.

Fig. 60 is a frequent style of ornament, sometimes called the
corn pattern, from the idea that the indentations were formed by
rolling an ear of corn over the vessel, where desired. It is from
the same place as the last. Fig. 61 is a neat rim from Jefferson
county. It has horizontal lines of elliptic indentations, and slop-
ing lines in a pretty waving pattern. Below these is a horizontal
line with angular indentations, and large elliptic grooves are on the
edge of the projection beneath. It is ornamented on top and
within. A ruder specimen from the same county, is quite straight,
with vertical lines of dots above an undulating groove. Below this,

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 99

on either side, are lines sloping toward the center, which is occu-
pied by four vertical lines, three of which are connected by cross
grooves, forming squares.

Fig. 62 shows the edge of a projection, where the hexagonal
indentations are both large and deep. There are diagonal lines in
opposite directions. Found at Baldwinsville, but rather common
in various sizes. Fig. 63 is a fragment of bright red pottery from
Seneca county. It is ornamented with hollow squares in curved
lines. This is better than most there, it being usually quite coarse.

Fig. 64 is a very bold and angular projection from Jefferson
county. It has diagonal lines in opposite directions, with large
elliptic indentations at the base of the projection. Underneath this
the deep curve makes a sudden sweep outwards. Fig. 65 is a rim
with undulated edge, from Plattsburg. It has elaborate decora-
tions, mostly of lines of circular, elliptic and angular indentations.
Much pottery has been collected along the western shore of Lake
Champlain, on the sites of camps and small hamlets, by Dr Kellogy,
who has also restored many vessels. Fig. 66 is also from Platts-
burg, and has a series of diagonal grooves arranged in horizontal
groups. These grooves have each three indentations slightly
divided. ‘

Fig. 67 is a rim from Jefferson county, with grooves in various
directions. There are large elliptic indentations below the projec-
tion. The striking peculiarity, however, is the central square, two
angles of which are above and below. Within this are three elliptic
indentations, arranged as though for eyes and mouth. These are
more common in that county than elsewhere, and may be the pot-
tery found along the St Lawrence with a rude resemblance to a
human face, of which Mr Hough speaks. This came from Water-
town. Fig. 68 is another similar rim from Jefferson county. It
has a row of elliptic indentations below the top, and another below
the projection. The grooves are much like the last, but in one
space are three large elliptic indentations, one above another. The
face, if it may be so called, is inclosed by five lines, and the indenta-
tion for the mouth is circular.

I0O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Fig. 69 is a curiously ornamented rim from Oswego Falls. It is
quite light in color, and has a double row of large indentations
on top. On the edge are vertical and curved notches or grooves.
Three lines of ellipses are below these, and then several rows of
somewhat arrow-shaped indentations, lapping one on another.

Fig. 70 is the larger part of a vessel from the Otstungo site, near
Fort Plain. The lower part is neatly rounded, and the ornamented
part now occupies about half the side. This is adorned with hori-
zontal, vertical, and diagonal grooves. This part very slightly pro-
jects outside of the rest. It probably was not much higher. Fig.
71 is from the same place. It is a much curved fragment, orna-
mented by the impressions of finger nails. Such specimens occa-
sionally appear elsewhere. Fig. 72 is from Oneida lake, and shows
a frequent ornament, unusually arranged. At the edge of the rim
are elliptic notches, and below are horizontal, vertical and diagonal
lines, with the small and deeper indentations in them which are
so common. ‘These are neatly arranged, but the fragment is some-
what peculiar in having these continued in another series below the
projection.

Fig. 73 is a curious rim from the Seneca river, of a type appar-
ently more common in Canada than in New York. The peculiar
feature 1s the raised vertical bars, protruding from the side and
passing over the top. These have cross grooves, and come to a
point above the rim, making deep notches init. There are irregular
vertical lines between these bars, which latter project 2; of an
inch above the general surface. The rim is thickened and orna-
mented within. The fragment is the projecting upper part of the
vessel, which was quite thin below this. The vertical lines pass
over the rim and within, making a scalloped edge.

Fig. 74 is from Brewerton, and has diagonal zig-zag grooves
above, giving it a rich appearance. Below are horizontal mold-
ings, with lines of diamond indentations. Fig. 75 is a neat, notched
rim from Onondaga lake, ornamented on top. The undulating
lines give it somewhat the appearance of Zuni ware. Fig. 76 is
a fragment from the same place. It has an eccentric pattern of
curved and irregular grooves, with some sharp angles, very difficult

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES IOI

to describe. It is unique. Fig. 77 shows part of a large fragment
from a fort on the north side of the Seneca river. The rim has
long and sloping grooves, with horizontal lines below. One of the
bars between these lower grooves has deep and regular indentations
on the lower side, a very unusual feature.

Fig. 78 shows part of a very fine rim from the Garoga creek fort
in Fulton county. It is notched and ornamented within. The
indentations on the outside, just below the top, are both ellipses
and diamonds. Six horizontal grooves are beneath these, and still
lower are diagonal grooves-extending into the deep notches which
mark the edge of the bold projection. The curve is so slight that
the vessel must have been large. A large and fine fragment from
the same place shows the impression of the detached human body,
and one of the very long arms remains. ‘This site may not date far
from 1600, as a tubular brass bead was found there, and it is one of
the three oldest known Mohawk forts. Fig. 79 is part of a rim
from another of this early trio, the fort near Fort Plain. A small
part of this is given to show the vertical double curves which make
the upper part of the pattern, and which are sharply indented.
Below are diagonal grooves.

Fig. 80 is from a drawing furnished by Mr R. A. Grider, of Cana-
joharie. It represents a vessel from West Bloomfield, Ontario
county, now in the state museum. This, of course, is of Seneca
make, and the fact that there are faces at the angles, gives it unusual
interest, partly because such vessels are usually fragmentary, and
partly as showing that the Senecas also made these peculiar Iro-
quois vessels. It might be dated between 1600 and 1630. The rim
has raised angles, and it is described as half size. Another, from
the same district, has a human figure in full relief.

Fig. 81 is a fragment from a stockade on the north side of Seneca
river. The pattern is simply of circular indentations, closely ar-
ranged in lines which are mostly diagonal. Fig. 82 is a smail
fragment from Pierrepont manor, Jefferson county. There is a,flat
projection from the surface above and below. On the upper part
of this, and below it, are lines of elliptic indentations. Part of the
projecting surface has narrow horizontal grooves finely divided.

102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Fig. 83 is a fragment from the double walled fort near Baldwins-
ville. There is a horizontal line of moderate sized crescents, and
another of ellipses. Others like this occur, and the grooves, with
deeper, rounded indentations, are frequent.

Fig. 84 is a vessel found a mile west of Fort Plain. It is a well-
rounded vessel with a moderately projecting rim. There are two
moldings at the top, and below these a row of elliptic indentations:
The projection is neatly notched, and there are vertical grooves in
the plainer surface just below. It is 4§ inches deep, and 54 in
diameter. Fig. 85 is a double cup from the hill east of Wagner’s
hollow. The base is uniform, but there are two constrictions
above, where the two cups open at an angle. This rare article is
ornamented with diagonal and vertical lines, and is 1# inches across.
Fig. 86 is also from the bluff near Wagner’s hollow. It has deep
diagonal grooves, crossed by those which are horizontal, thus form-
ing lines of angular projections. The usual basal projection is
deeply notched.

Fig. 87 is a rim from Oneida lake, decorated with horizontal and
sloping lines, and with the basal projection notched. Several large
rings, with smaller ones inside, are also arranged in a sloping line.
This feature is that of the Jefferson county pottery, not much far-
ther north, and it probably came thence. Fig. 88 is a fine rim from
the Otstungo site, near Fort Plain. It has notches within and on
top. From the top there is a broad slope outward to the prom-
inent projection, which is deeply notched at the edge. This broad
surface is divided into checker work by diagonal grooves, sloping
both ways at right angles. The work is neat.

Fig. 89 is from the fort west of Cazenovia, and is taken from a
photograph. The length was probably double that of the figure.
It is part of a very broad and short human body, laid on the orna-
mented vessel in the usual way. The lower limbs show little more
than the feet, and the whole figure may have been grotesque. Fig.
go is arim from Henderson Harbor, in Jefferson county. The edge
of the rim is finely and neatly notched, the remainder of the sur-
face being adorned with horizontal and diagonal lines of varying
width. The prominent feature is two lines of crescents, sloping
in opposite directions between the diagonal grooves.

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 103

Fig. 91 is made from Mr R. A. Grider’s drawing of a Seneca
vessel, now in the state museum. It is of full size, and came from
West Bloomfield, Ontario county. The same projecting and deeply
notched rim appears sometimes farther east, as well as the triangular
indentations surrounding the vessel in a single row below. Curved
grooves, arranged diagonally, appear on the rim between the top
and the graceful notches below. Fig. 92 is a perfect vessel from
Cayuga county, of actual size. It has an undulating and expand-
ing simple rim, with two opposite elevations. There are elliptic
indentations below the edge, reaching all around, and the whole sur-
face is slightly furrowed from top to bottom. It is from Scipioville,
where many of the relics are at least as late as the latter part of the
17th century.

Fig. 93 is a fragment found near the head of Onondaga lake, at

a spot known as Kaneenda, and occasionally occupied about 1700,
as well as much earlier. Small human faces occur there on ves-
sels, of the type found at the fort on lot 69, Pompey, a place of
national residence about the year 1630. This stronghold brought
the Onondagas nearer to this lake, and they partially made it a new
fishing place. The fragment represented has a small and peculiar
ornament on an otherwise plain surface. There is a line of very
small rings, with a curved line above each one, coming to an angle
behind, much like a representation of the human eye. No age can
-be assigned to this. .

Fig. 94 is a small but finely formed Mohawk vessel, found in a
Montgomery county grave, along with iron axes, beads and other
modern articles. It is oblong, and the lateral rim is deeply curved,
rising into a high and obtuse point at the ends. The rim is notched
above and on the sides. A broad groove sweeps along beneath
this vertical grooving on the sides of the rim, and grooved lines
curve outward to the bold projection beneath. At one end of this
projection is another which is vertical and ornamented, and
strikingly suggestive of the prow of a ship. Below these pro-
jections the vessel is neatly rounded out, but with rather sudden
curves. The bottom is flatter than usual.

104 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Fig. 95 is a handsome rim from the early Onondaga fort west ol
Cazenovia. Near the top a row of vertical points is crossed by a
narrow longitudinal groove. There are two horizontal grooves
below this, with diagonal grooves below them. Between these is —
a row of curved lines, apparently finger marks. Most ordinary pat-
terns are found on this site. Fig. 96 is a very neat rim from a
stockade on the south side of the Seneca river. The top is nicely
rounded as well as notched. Two horizontal grooves are below
this, and still lower are parallel diagonal lines arranged in groups
with opposite slopes. The basal notches penetrate these.

Fig. 97 is a perfectly plain Seneca vessel from West Bloomfield.
There is not even an angular projection. Fig. 98 is a rim from the
fort west of Cazenovia, which is of unusual design. The surface
above the projection is divided by vertical grooves, and every alter-
nate space between these is divided into squares by transverse
grooves. Fig. 99 is a rim from the fort on the east bank of Garoga
creek, in Fulton county. The edge of the rim has a spiral fluting,
beneath which are horizontal and diagonal grooves. Fig. 100 is a
characteristic fragment from Henderson Harbor, showing the three
elliptic indentations so common in that region. The rim is slightly
notched across and ornamented within. Most of the outside orna-
mentation is of short dashes arranged in lines.

Fig. 1o1 is a Mohawk rim with a human figure, which is nearly-
full length, the usual projection terminating it at the knees. The
body and limbs have cross bars, and there is an elaborate array of
grooves in almost every direction. This is from the fort in Fulton
county, which seems one of the earliest occupied by the Mohawks
in New York. At the foot of the hill on which this stood, are the
clay pits used in making these vessels. Large fragments are fre-
quent there.

Fig. 102 is a Seneca vessel with a deep rim projecting abruptly
irom the bowl. There are two elevated angles. The broad pro-
jection is ornamented with three encircling grooves, and a row of
elliptic indentations. This is from West Bloomfield, like several
others figured for this paper. Fig. 103 is a rim from the fort in
Fulton county, notched, and with narrow horizontal and diagonal

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 105

grooves. Below the uppermost of these is a row of fine dots. Fig.
104 is part of a rim found northeast of Canajoharie. The upper
part has a row of inscribed chevrons, with horizontal grooves below.
The full fragment has also diagonal lines. Fig. 105 is from another
Mohawk fort of the same period, that near Fort Plain. It isia
plain rim as far as elevation or expansion is concerned, and is orna-
mented with two lines of circular indentations, separated by a hori-
zontal groove. Fig. 106 is a fine rim of unusual character, found
with 104. The undulating upper edge is deeply notched, and below
this are three grooves. Then comes a wide and thin projection,
with deep and graceful notches, forming a closely sinuous line. Fig.
107 is a rim from the fort near Cazenovia. It has two lines on the
top and is notched within and without. Outside is a thin and rather
broad projection, with an undulating edge.

Fig. 108 is a rim found near Palatine Church, Montgomery
county. It is adorned with various grooves, and has a human figure ~
which has lost its head. The customary projection cuts off the legs
at the thighs. The hands and fingers are well defined, and there
are the usual cross bars. .

Fig. 109 is a rim from Rice’s woods, north of Palatine Bridge.
It is ornamented with a row of long and vertical ellipses, with
broader ones at the projection. Fig. 110 is an angular rim from
Jefferson county. The principal ornaments are broad grooves,
whose cross divisions suggest the impress of a row of corn, but they
are uneven, and sometimes irregularly curved. The style is bold
rather than elegant. Fig. 111 is from the same county, as might be
inferred from the three rings in the usual position. On either
side of these are nearly vertical but curving grooves, and there are
notches on the edge of the projection. Fig. 112 is from Montgom-
ery county, north of Palatine Bridge, and has the chevron pattern
just below the rim, but this is indented in a different way from the
other example given. There are broad horizontal and diagonal
grooves, and the base is deeply notched.

Fig. 113 and the next three are Seneca vessels, all from West
Bloomfield, and much reduced. This one is broad, and the rather
narrow projecting rim has notched edges, and two parallel lines on

106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

top. Fig. 114 is plain, but might be called a pitcher form, as the
rim has a wide projection in one place. Fig. 115 has a flaring rim,
deeply notched on the lower edge. Fig. 116 is proportionately
much narrower, but while a smaller vessel the projecting rim is
much deeper, and is adorned with diagonal lines and deep notches.

Fig. 117 is taken from a small photograph of one of the finest
perfect inland New York vessels, as far as size goes, and belongs to
Mr A. G. Richmond, of Canajoharie. The ornamentation is so
simple that a small illustration suffices for the general character. It
was found by an Adirondack guide, some years since, in a cave in
Otter creek valley. The contraction is quite near the rim, and there
is a simple ornament around this narrow part. The greatest
diameter is below the center, and is 13 inches, being three more
than across the top. The hight is 14 inches, and Mr Richmond
bought the vessel of the finder some years ago, taking pains to have
a certified account of its discovery. Caves have sometimes afforded
good examples of New York pottery, and should be carefully ex-
amined wherever there are indications of man’s former presence,
not alone with reference to remains of pottery, but of other things
as well.

Fig. 118 is an Onondaga rim, quite broad, and with two parallel
lines on top. The edge is indented within and without. Fig. 119
is from a Seneca river stockade, and has lines ci large square inden-
tations, a frequent pattern. Fig. 120 is a rim from the same site,
deeply notched on the edge, and with diagonal grooves below. Fig.
I2I is a rim from Rice’s woods, north of Palatine Bridge, and has a
row of circular indentations below the moderately elevated angle.
At the angle is a shattered face, with a sloping row of large elliptic
indentations on either side. Below there are diagonal lines extend-
ing to the angular base, which slopes upward on each side from the
lower point of the slightly indicated body. This unusual arrange-
ment suggests butterfly wings. Fig. 122 is a rim from the
small earthwork on Fort Hill, near Savannah, N. Y. There are
two lines of small indentations on the flat top, and vertical inter-
rupted grooves within, similar to the divided grooves without. The
latter are diagonal, meeting at an angle.

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 107

Fig. 123 is taken from the small figure in Morgan’s League of the
Iroquois, which he considered typical of the pottery of the Genesee
valley. It fairly represents some forms. Fig. 124 is taken from a
small picture of one of the cave vessels of New York city, and was
described at the time as ‘of dark red clay, 18 inches in diameter
at the mouth, and 2 feet high. It is contracted slightly 3 inches from
the rim, and flares a little in the middle. The bottom has the same
curious peak as that of the pot found in the knoll. Near the rim
are nine roughly executed rows of indentations, evidently made
with a sharp stick. Perpendicularly from the lowest row run
roughened belts of clay about 24 inches wide.’

After the above was written Mr W. L. Calver wrote very de-
cidedly in reply to a question about the pointed base. He had not
been able to examine closely the vessels in question, the curators
of that department of the American museum of natural history being
away, but said, ‘As far as I can see none have anything like a
pointed base, and as I have known them from the first discovery, I
can say quite positively that none found hereabouts ever had any
other than rounded bottoms. My large pot, from near the Cheno-
weth cave, has a rounded bottom. Mr A. E. Douglass says that he
knows of no New York pottery with pointed base.’

The feature claimed was so improbable that the figure here given
was introduced with some hesitation, but the claim was made so
confidently that it was thought best to show by one example just
what it was. The opinion of so careful an archeologist as Mr Calver,
with special experience in local work, settles the question. The
vessels from the metropolis are like those from other parts of New
York.

A number of vessels have been found in New York city, in the
vicinity of Harlem, which are worthy of notice, and perhaps closer
study than can be given them now. Illustrations and descriptions
were given in the New York papers, at the time they were found
in 1890. These prove unreliable, but one of the simplest forms is
reproduced here to show one supposed feature of this pottery. The
accessible figures of the others differ greatly in outline from com-
mon forms. Some were reconstructed from fragments, and the

108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

correctness of the restoration is another question. Some were
found in caves, and several are of large size. The peculiar feature,
if it proves such, is a protuberance at the base, so that the vessel
could only have stood in mud or sand. As figured the greatest
diameter is below the middle. One of these, from a cave, is des-
cribed as having a mouth diameter of 5 inches, and a body diameter
of 9, an unusual proportion in New York vessels. It was also
said to have had a protuberance at the base, and three zig-zag lines
encompassed the rim, interrupted by four vertical divisions at
regular intervals. A large vessel was also figured, and was taken
from a wooded knoll, near the Harlem river, and the ornaments are
the same as in Iroquois pottery, but in other ways it differs from that
form. It is 18 inches high and 5 inches across the top, and was
thus described. ‘Around the rim ran a pattern of lines grouped in
triangles. The lines are perfectly parallel, and show that they were
made with some instrument less primitive than the pointed stick. . _
It terminates in a rough little apex that would prevent it from stand-
ing upright on anything harder than mud.’ Some particulars are
added not quite consistent with the figure. Several others were
described, one having “a mouth but 5 inches in diameter, with a
flaring body almost a foot through, and an almost flat bottom. The
rim has a double row of indentations.’ These are presumably early
articles, but the restoration has been questioned.

Fig. 125 is a small vessel, represented of actual size. It is 23
inches high, with a diameter of 1,3, inches. This is from what
is known as the Cayadutta fort, a few miles north of Fonda, being
one of the three forts belonging to the three Mohawk clans when
they first settled in their New York territory. The site affords faces
on pottery, but of a ruder type than usual. This feature connects
it with other recent sites, but its age is quite as well shown by a long
bead of rolled brass. The vessel figured has an unusual contrac-
tion in the center, and the whole work is quite rude.

To illustrate one form of early Iroquois pottery, fig. 126 is
given, being a Canadian vessel found about nine miles northwest
of Ogdensburg, N. Y. It has the angular rim, fragments of which
are so frequent, and the usual expanded bowl with a rounded bot-

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 109g

tom. With this may be compared Mr F. H. Cushing’s figure of
an Iroquois vessel in fig. 127, from a report of the Bureau of
ethnology. He supposed this form was founded on an earlier ves-
sel of birch bark. If the figure is correct, the pointed base is abnor-
mal rather than typical. All Iroquois vessels here represented have
a broadly rounded base. Fig. 129 was found with 126, and is intro-
duced for comparison. It shows the deep and projecting rim, as
well as ornaments below this.

Excepting this, fig. 128 to 137 inclusive, are from West Bloom-
field, N. Y., with one exception, and belong to Mr Leo Walter
Hildburgh, of New York city, who kindly presented photographs
of all. Most vessels found there are of the historic period, and it has
furnished many. Mr Hildburgh says that these are ‘from graves.
containing articles of Indian and European manufacture.’ Fig. 128
has a notched rim, and the greatest diameter is about 1 foot.
Fig. 130 has a sloping rim, with widely separated points. The
diameter is the same as the last. Fig. 131 is a small, plain and
shallow vessel, but little over 6 inches across. Fig. 132 is from
Lima, N. Y., and has a broad rim with deep basal notches. Its
diameter is 104 inches. Fig. 133 has a deep and notched rim. This
and the next have a diameter of 84 inches. Fig. 135 is a typical
example of the highly ornamented early form, with a broad and
angular rim. It is a foot in diameter. Fig. 136 is rather rude in
every way, but has a deeply notched rim. The diameter is 8 inches.
Fig. 137 is one oi the rarest forms of earthen vessels, and it is otf
unusual size for the kind being on the same scale with all those
furnished by Mr Hildburgh. It is a double pot, ornamented, but
having one bowl broken. |

To this review of early New York pottery a few notes may be
added. It will be observed that the vessels found at the Harlem
river are of large size, but this is hardly a rare circumstance. They
are partly restorations, and the true form is in question still. Many
Iroquois vessels must have been quite as large. At the Forks of
Fish creek, Annsville, Oneida county, vessels are said to have
- been found from 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Mr W. W. Tooker writes
of one found by him in Sag Harbor, ‘ The large vessel, which holds

IIo : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

about half a bushel, I took from a grave in this village. There was
another of nearly the same size, but so badly broken that it
could not be restored. It was molded in a grass basket, without
ornamentation except on its top edge, where there are cord marks,
and it is pierced with two holes for suspension.’ This is not a com-
mon feature. In Southold he found two smaller vessels in a grave,
holding a quart and a pint respectively.

The Rev. O. C. Auringer, of Troy, writes that he has found no
earthenware east of the Hudson, while it occurs plentifully west of
that river. This must not be taken as a general rule, however,
though it certainly is less frequent eastward. In New York it had
its highest development among the Iroquois, although they used
dishes and vessels of bark and wood, as they still do. Their near
kindred, the Hurons of Canada did the same. Each took his bark
dish and wooden spoon when invited to a feast. These articles re-
mained long after other changes came. A Huron Christian, named
Chihwatenhwa, told his friends in 1639, that they should not reject
Christianity because it was brought by the French, ‘ I ask you, when
at the beginning you saw their axes and kettles, after having recog-
nized that they were incomparably better than our axes of stone,
and our vessels of wood and of earth, have you rejected their axes
and kettles, because this was a new thing in your land, and it was
the custom of France to use these, and not your own?’

Something might be said on the aboriginal names of vessels, of
whatever material, and it would prove a suggestive theme. They
varied even among the Iroquois, and that in a marked degree. The
Oneidas and Mohawks, the most recent comers, differed in their
usage from the three western nations, as might have been expected,
and yet were so related as to sometimes use their names of kettles.
Commonly they did not. In other ways the reciprocal influence of
New York and Canada forms a curious study, commerce, migration,
peace and war, all contributing their part.

The remaining figures of vessels are from those in the state col-
lection, which includes some of the most remarkable specimens now
to be found.

hn ae NO

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES Itl

Fig. 241 shows a fine vessel adorned with a human figure in bold

relief, and not as much conventionalized as in most examples. The
head reaches the rim, and the feet are less than half way above the
rounded base. The angular rim is adorned, much as usual, with
grooves and indentations, and is altogether unique. It is another
of the fine articles obtained for the state collection from West
Bloomfield, and is 64 inches high, with a diameter of 5% inches.
Another illustration of this is given in Fig. 245.
_ Fig. 242 is a simpler vessel from the same place, and there are
others less adorned, some of which have a slight ornamentation at
the rim, while others are perfectly plain. This has diagonal grooves
below the rim, and a row of large indentations beneath these. It is
much reduced in the figure, having a depth of nearly 5 inches and a
top diameter of 4# inches.

Fig. 243 is also from West Bloomfield, and is 44 inches deep,
with a diameter of 3% inches. The ornaments of indentations and
diagonal grooves are carried farther down the sides than in the last.

Fig. 244, from the same place, is a good example of an Iroquois
vessel adorned with a conventionalized human figure. The body
and legs have the customary cross marks, while the arms are formed
by elliptic indentations. Such vessels are now very rare. This is
also reduced, the dimensions being a depth of 64 inches, and a
diameter of 64 inches. Vessels of this kind were much in use
among the Iroquois about the year 1600, and for a few years later.
As far as reported they appear only among the Mohawks, Onon-
dagas and Senecas, but there is no known reason why the Oneidas
may not have used similar decorations, but none have yet been found
in their territory.

Fig. 245 is a photographic view of a Seneca vessel already figured
in a different position, it having a less diameter one way than the
other. The human figure does not seem to have been molded sep-
arately, nor does it have the cross bars so common among the
Mohawks and Onondagas. A perfect vessel with that style of orna-
“ment is something much desired.

The number of entire or nearly whole vessels of clay has proved
unexpectedly large, but it is to be regretted that so many have been

I12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

carelessly destroyed. It is hoped that a few early Mohawk and
Onondaga sites may yield much of high value in this way, should the
state provide means for painstaking research. It is matter of con-
eratulation that so much has been already secured, but this initial
work only shows how important is the field, and how much may be

done.
CLAY TOBACCO PIPES

In an article on the ‘ Antiquity of the tobacco pipe in Europe,’
by Edwin A. Barber, printed in the American antiquarian in 1879,
he says, ‘It has for some time been a matter of dispute among
antiquaries whether the custom of tobacco smoking originated in
the eastern or the western continent; but of late years America has
been generally accepted as the birthplace of the art.’ The great
quantities of small clay pipes recently found in Great Britain, known
in England as fairy pipes, in Scotland as Celtic or elfin pipes, and in
Ireland as Danes’ pipes, he said had revived the question. Some
had been found close to Roman remains, and thus it had been
claimed that they were Roman relics of the second century. Other
recent articles found with them disproved this theory. Sir Daniel
Wilson, of Toronto, fairly discussed this question in his Prehistoric
man, and arrived at this conclusion. In Fairholt’s Tobacco; its his-
tory and associations, the subject is also treated, and he sums up by
saying, “ We may be certain no authenticated discovery of Celtic or
Roman antiquities, where the ground has been entirely undisturbed,
includes tobacco pipes.’ Mr Barber thought the fairy pipes of
Ireland the oldest form known in Great Britain.

There seems little doubt, however, that smoking was known in
Europe before Raleigh’s time, though perhaps little more than this,
for King James, in 1602, said ‘ It is not so long since the first entry
of this abuse amongst us here, as this present age can very well
remember both the first author and forms of its introduction.’
Capt. John Smith, who loved the weed, gives Ralph Lane credit for
its introduction into England. ‘More by token that Lane brought
with him that blessed herb tobacco, and was the first man that
brought it to England; and yet have I heard men say, some that it
was Drake, others that it was Raleigh. Nor are they altogether
wrong, for if Raleigh had not sent Lane out, and Drake had not

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 113

brought Lane home, he could not at that time have showed us Eng-
lishmen the virtues of that precious herb.’ English pipes of the
17th and 18th centuries, were used in trade or as presents to the
Indians, and in speaking of New York examples there will be occa-
sion to quote Mr Barber again.

The oldest pipes found in New York are of stone, the Iroquois
clay pipes succeeding these early examples, and being followed
by those of red pipe stone and some of the fine grained slates. In
1643 Roger Williams said, ‘Sometimes they make such great pipes,
both of wood and stone, that they are two feet long, with men and
beasts carved, so big or massive, that a man may be hurt mortally
by one of them, but these commonly came from the Mauguawogs,
or the men-eaters, three or four hundred miles from us.’ His ac-
count sounds like pipes of stone, but he probably never saw a
Mohawk Indian or his pipe.

Capt. John Smith described the Susquehanna Indians, who were
kindred to the Iroquois, and we get the same impression of stone
pipes, though he does not call them such. He tells of ‘ his tobacco
pipe, three quarters of a yard long, prettily carved with a bird or
beare, a deare, or some such device at the great end, sufficient to
beate out the brains of aman.’ In both these cases we would sup- |
- pose a large stone bowl intended, with a wooden pipe stem inserted,
as in the modern pipe of peace. Wood also said that the Nar-
ragansetts made large stone pipes, which they sold to other nations.
It will suffice to say that such pipes were not made in New York at
the time of the Dutch colonization, nor were they then apparently
used there, except very rarely.

The usages connected with tobacco are of great interest. It was
an acceptable offering to spirits of every kind, and a little bag of it
is attached to a large wooden mask lying before the writer, to keep
the spirit of the mask in a peaceful mood. It allayed storms, and
was grateful to the thunders. It was always used at the burning
of the white dog, and was indispensable at councils of peace or war.
In digging ginseng a little of it was scattered over the first plant
found, which was then left unharmed. How largely it entered into
Indian life may be seen in old chronicles, or even on a reservation

now.

Ii4 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

This native northern tobacco, nicotiana rustica, is used in all sacred
functions, and grows spontaneously when once introduced. It has
a yellow flower, and is smaller than our commercial kinds. In the
prosperous days of the Tionontatie, or Tobacco nation of Canada,
it was a source of revenue to that ancient people. Loskiel said,
‘The species in common use with the Delawares and Iroquois is so
strong that they never smoke it alone, but smoke it with the dried
leaves of the sumac or other plants.’ The Onondagas still cultivate
this species sparingly, calling it oyenkwa honwe, real tobacco.

On his pipe the Indian exercised his highest taste and skill, nor
did he wish to lose his own enjoyment of its beauty. Early clay
pipes had the finest features within the smoker’s sight, the face on
the bowl being usually turned toward him. Later examples often
reversed this feature, both in clay and stone. Quite commonly
it will be found that the figure on the bowl was molded separately,
and then attached. Detached heads occur, broken off, and often
beautifully wrought. Symmetrical designs appear, as when two or
more heads of any kind are grouped in various ways. Very often
the form is both simple and elegant, as in the trumpet pipes with
their graceful curves. After a time, however, the cheap and con-
venient pipe of the white man, or the elegant red stone pipe of the
west, displaced the work of the native forest artist.

A very large proportion of the aboriginal clay pipes of New York
were made by the Iroquois, and many are very neatly finished, the
work on them being much better than that on earthen vessels.
Some are so smooth as to suggest a dull glaze. This appearance,
however, comes from the careful finish of the surface. They vary
much in color, as the vessels do. Some Seneca pipes have almost
the appearance of black marble. Those found farther east are
much lighter in hue. The ornamental work varies still more, and
is often quite artistic. Human heads, with those of quadrupeds
and birds often embellish the bowls, and more rarely the stems.
Lines and dots are sometimes tastefully arranged. The upturned
and open jaws of some animal occasionally form the bowl, while
some peculiarities hint at a knowledge of the whites in a few from

prehistoric sites. The Algonquins also made pipes of clay.

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 115

As a rule stone pipes were earlier than those of clay, but not
invariably. A primitive feature appears in most cases; that of hay-
ing any face toward the smoker. One curious example has the
face turned to one side. Apparently at a later day there was some-
times a double symmetrical representation on the back of the bowl,
but this is not a common feature. In a very few cases grotesque
human faces are interwoven all over the bowl and stem. The so-
called trumpet pipes are frequent, but many others have a similar
curve between the bowl and stem. Straight pipes are rare, and
those with flanges along the stem are local.

Precisely when European pipes began to be used by the New
York Indians, we may not be able to decide. Large white stems,
carved as ornaments appear on the Onondaga site of 1654, but this
was occupied for some years longer. No Dutch pipes have been
found, known as such, and it is not likely that English pipes would
have been introduced inland, till the English took and retained
possession of the province of New York. On some sites of the
last quarter of the 17th century, such pipes have been found, and
some examples of these will be given. In 1684 duties were laid on
tobacco pipes and boxes intended for the Indian trade, amid a host
ci other things, so that they must then have had an extensive use
here and elsewhere. As public gifts to the Indians they first appear
in a council held in 1692, but some may have been given before.
The older ones have the bowl rather small and barrel shaped, and
the maker’s initials may appear on the projecting heel below the
bowl. A large number of pipes have been found of these and some-
what differing forms, and some are of much interest to the antiquary.
More will be said, as we consider each in turn.

In later councils wampum pipes appear as presents, but without
any suggestion of their form or nature. They are mentioned in
reports for 1702.

Fig. 138 represents one of these English pipes, found on the site
of the smaller Onondaga village mentioned by Greenhalgh in 1677.
It has no lettering, and is less swollen than most pipes of that
period. The heel at the base of the bowl may have been worn off,
and with this the letters would disappear, as they were stamped

116 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

within an ellipse below. Another from the same site has the letters
E. B., and this kind is somewhat frequent on Mohawk sites, but
those with these initials vary much in form. Mr S. L. Frey found
similar pipes with the letters R. T., on such sites, and others were
found in an Indian grave in Pennsylvania. Prof. E. A. Barber
thought these ‘were probably made by Richard Tyler, a celebrated
pipe maker in the vicinity of Bath, during the early or middle part
of the 17th century.’ The Dutch, however, were jealous of their
monopoly of tobacco pipes, and there is no likelihood that English
pipes found their way to New York Indians till toward the close
of that century, after the colony changed owners.

Fig. 139 is another white clay pipe from the Onondaga village of
1677, having the heel and cartouche inclosing 'a monogram formed
by an I above an M. It is singular in having a ribbed elevation
about an inch from the bowl and around the stem. To these pipes
may be added another found on Mohawk sites, and also on Man-
hattan island and in the Acadian cellars of Nova Scotia. This
lacks the earlier heel, and has the name R. Tippet in raised letters
and within a raised circle, on the side of the bowl. The maker is
unknown, but the pipes probably belong to the early part of the 18th
century, judging from their general character. Mr Richmond has
a fine and perfect one from an Indian grave at Canajoharie. :

Fig. 140 is a very fine and perfect pipe from a grave in Scipio,
Cayuga county. It seems a gull’s head, with the beak upturned,
the bow! being at the base of this towards the mouth of the smoker.
There are grooves and dots on the back of the bowl. It is 64 inches
long, and probably of the early part of the 17th century. All the
pipes on this plate are two thirds of the actual length and breadth.

Fig. 141 is a plain pipe, but slightly curved, and much like those
of Cayuga. It was found near Rome, and is 3 inches long. There
are many of these plain pipes, having the bowl and stem at various
angles. .

Fig. 142 has a cylindric bowl and no stem.. The greatest diameter
is at the stem-hole. This form is unusual in clay, though better
specimens have been found at Fort Hill, Auburn. This is the only
pipe which has been found at Rice’s woods, north of Palatine
Bridge. It is somewhat rude, and is 14 inches broad.

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 117

Fig. 143 is quite slender, and has a grotesque face and high head
dress, the latter a frequent feature in Cayuga pipes. Behind the
face are grooves and dots. It is 54 inches long, and is said to have
been found at Scipioville, a recent site of considerable extent.

Fig. 144 is a fine and perfect pipe of black clay, in the state collec-
tion, and is a good example of this characteristic pipe. An open-
mouthed bear’s head forms the bowl, and a spiral groove encircles
the bowl and stem from end to end. Although this form of pipe is
not rare, perfect examples are, and this is accordingly prized. This
is a Seneca pipe from West Bloomfield, where many fine pipes and
vessels have been found. In fact the populous Seneca country has
proved one of the most productive fields for antiquaries, although
a large proportion of the relics are recent.

Fig. 145 is a frequent form of Iroquois pipe, most abundant in the
17th century, and two of this type were found with the fine pipe
which follows. It seems to have been most in use about the middle
of that century, and a pot of French copper coins was among the
many modern articles found in the same grave. There were 44 of
these coins, dated from 1642 to 1656, and many French articles
occur in this and adjoining graves in Cayuga county. It has cords
around the top, and is 6} inches long.

Fig. 146 was found in a grave at Brewerton, which also contained
a gun and European articles. There were two of the long pipes
with this, having corded bowls; and also a, unique pipe having a
panther’s head turned to one side. The pipe here figured has lost
a part of the eagle’s beak, but is otherwise perfect. Both head and
tail project, and both are adorned with dots and grooves. It is
very smooth, and almost black, and is one of the largest and finest
clay pipes yet found in Onondaga county, being 8? inches long.

The figures on the succeeding plate are reduced in the same pro-
portion as the last. Fig. 147 is a plain and angular pipe, from Far-
ley’s Point, on the east side of Cayuga lake. It is 54 inches long,
and has the flange on each side of the stem, so often seen in Cayuga
pipes.

Fig. 148 is a slender Cayuga pipe, with a very long stem and low
bowl, the latter ornamented with dots and moldings. It is 7 inches

118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

long, and comes from Scipioville. Although of what is called the
trumpet form, it is almost unique in character.

Fig. 149 is a fine turtle pipe from Schoharie county, and was
found under a stump. The bowl is raised upon the back, and the
feet and projecting head are well worked out. It is a fine example
of this form of pipe, 74 inches long.

Fig. 150 is a pipe bowl from Jefferson county, strongly resembling
two from Madison county in its niche-like character, as well as one
from the Minden site near Fort Plain. There is a face and a rude
figure in a recess, surrounded by a double arch. These pipes ap-
parently belong to the end of the 16th century, but suggest to some
a knowledge of Europeans. They are rather rare. One comes
from Onondaga.

Fig. 151 is a fine and curious pipe found in a grave at Boughton
hill, where the Seneca capital of 1687 stood. There is an upturned
human face above, and arms below the rim of the bowl. Below the
latter are grooves, and along the stem are grooves and elliptic
indentations in the fashion of that century. Another fine pipe was
found in the same grave. One has been described from the Huron
territory in Canada much like this, and the Senecas had a town
almost entirely Huron, after the overthrow of that people. The
Huron and Canadian pipes of this form may have come from the
same hand. The length is 7% inches.

Fig. 152 is a large and fine bowl in the form of a human head.
It is very well made, and resembles some of the early pipes from
Jefferson county. It is 2} inches wide, and was found in Lenox,
Madison county, not far from the site of 1615, but is probably of
earlier date. From the latter, at Nichols’ pond, Fenner, come some
of the high and corded bowls of that century, so frequent else-
where.

Fig. 153 is a large and heavy pipe, with the abrupt angles neatly
rounded. It has a flaring bowl, and is perfectly plain excepting
four shallow horizontal grooves midway on the front of the bowl,
and two large indentations on the back. This massive pipe is per-
fect, and is 74 inches in extent. It was found in Pompey, and thus
seems of the 17th century.

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES II9Q

The next plate is reduced in the same proportion. Fig. 154 has
a wolf’s head projecting from the bowl, with grooves around the
latter. It is a recent but fine Cayuga pipe, and was found in a
grave with European articles. These projecting heads were often
broken off, and sometimes had a secondary use as ornaments.
Usually they were molded separately, and attached before baking.
The form was common in the 17th century and a little earlier. This
fine pipe is 62 inches long.

Fig. 155 shows a fine trumpet pipe ee the Seneca river, 33
inches long. It comes from a fishing hamlet, where there were
also camps of uncertain age. A molding at the base of the bowl
is an unusual feature in this form of pipe.

Fig. 156 is a plain and angular pipe, with a molding around the
rim. It is 4 inches long, and is a Cayuga pipe from Union Springs.
The type is frequent there.

Fig. 157 shows a pipe bowl of a pattern found in a number of
places. It has an expanded base, divided by vertical ridges and
grooves. These ridges are notched across. There are four human
- faces between these and on opposite parts of the bowl. In some
examples a plain surface takes the place of the face. Above these
ribs and faces the bowl contracts and then expands toward the rim.
This part has horizontal grooves. This bowl comes from Rodman,
Jefferson county, and is 1$ inches across the rim. It seems to have
been in use late in the 16th century, from the connection of sites.

Fig. 158 is from a camp site a mile east of Skaneateles lake, and is
3% inches in extent. A human face turns toward the smoker, and
much resembles one found in a stockade near Baldwinsville. There
are three vertical grooves below the chin. The curved stem is
nearly rectangular, but the angles are neatly rounded. The ma-
terial is quite gritty, and the rim is a little damaged.

Fig. 159 is a thick and coarse bowl, much like a flower pot in
form, but it has a slight inward curve at the top. The rim is made
with an outward slope all around, and below this are large elliptic
indentations. It comes from Fenner, Madison county, and is 1%
inches wide by 24 deep. But for the location of this at or near
Nichols’ pond, it would not be thought an Iroquois pipe, and may
not have been.

I20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Fig. 160 is a neat and peculiar little pipe bowl from Seneca
county, I inch wide. It is very angular at the base, and midway
the upper half of the bowl projects, and is adorned with vertical
and horizontal grooves. The base gradually expands below this
abrupt projection, and is decorated with diagonal grooves and
dots.

Fig.. 161 is a very well made pipe, representing the human knee
and foot slightly conventionalized. The stem is a little broken,
but it is yet 4 inches long. The sole of the foot forms the rim of
the bowl, and the ankle and toes plainly appear. It is from the —
Otstungo or Minden site, where many fine pipes have been found.

Fig. 162 is a serpent pipe from West Bloomfield. The reptile
twines around the pipe from the mouthpiece to the top of the bowl,
where the head appears. This gives the whole pipe a spiral appear-
ance, found in some other Seneca pipes where the serpent is not so
distinctly seen. This creature was a favorite decoration on many
fragmentary pipes. This one is 4% inches long.

Fig. 163 is a remarkable pipe from Boughton hill, suggesting a
Huron maker, and is 64 inches long. It was taken from a grave
with another already described. The human head, with its little
cap, is hollow, a remarkable feature, but a hog’s head, detached
from a pipe and found near Canandaigua lake, resembles it in this
respect. This hollow head rises above the bowl, and has seven per-
forations. Arms and legs appear on the bowl, and there are grooves
across the back of the figure. The fashionable lines and indenta-
tions follow the stem. The face is less upturned than in a previous
example.

In succeeding plates the figures are of actual size.

Fig. 164 is one of the curious many faced pipes found on one or
two Onondaga sites only. This is reported from Indian Fort, in
Pompey, but may be a mistake for the stockade a few miles south,
where they have otherwise only been found. The bowl alone re-
mains of this pipe, which is the largest known of this form, being 24
inches wide. Six grotesque faces form the rim, and below these are
two rows of five faces each, which are divided by spiral lines.
Although much larger the general appearance is much less artistic
than that of one yet to be represented.

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 121

Fig. 165 is another of these, more angular than some in its curves.
This is from a photograph, and there seem to be six faces around
the top. A fragment of a stem shows that these faces follow the
curved and diminishing stem nearly to the mouthpiece, which is
neatly rounded and has a molding at the end. This is from the
Onondaga site west of Cazenovia, where several have been found.
The stockade was occupied about 1600, and this unique type died
with the maker.

Fig. 166 is part of a pipe bowl which is encircled by a serpent,
the head appearing below. The form is found in many places, but
this comes from a circular stockade near Baldwinsville. There are
grooves between the scaly folds.

Fig. 167 is an owl’s head pipe from Nichols’ pond, and is 27%
inches wide. These are often found in a fragmentary condition, and
are rarely as perfect as this. It was a favorite design among the
Petun nation of Canada, and sometimes is combined with other
things in New York. i

Fig. 168 is a pipe bowl from Ontario county, which is of simple
design. There are six mcldings above, and the top is nearly rec-
tangular. Near the base is a large molding around the bowl. The
greatest diameter is 2 inches.

Fig. 169 is a handsome fragment of the rim of a pipe bowl, much
like a high and pointed cap or miter. This is ornamented with
horizontal and diagonal grooves, the latter converging, and most
of them notched. The color is a bright red, and it must have been
a beautiful article when perfect. It was found on a stockade site a
little west of Baldwinsville.

Fig. 170 is a coarsely made pipe, with a barrel shaped bowl, the
horizontal lines above and below suggesting hoops, and the ver-
tical lines between, staves. It is 4 inches long, and was obtained
near Binghamton.

Fig. 171 is a rare form dating from the middle of the 17th cen-
tury. It was found in a grave at Brewerton, with an eagle pipe
and two others, along with European articles.. It has the lines of
dots frequent in that day, and its notable feature is that the single,
spirited panther’s head, forming the bowl is at right angles with

122 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

the stem. In earlier pipes the face was toward the smoker; a
later fashion was to place it on the front of the bowl. There are
four grooves under the rear of the head, and the length is 54 inches.

Fig. 172 represents a fine pipe from an early Iroquois site in Poem-
pey. Two human faces appear side by side, at slightly different
angles with the bowl. This arrangement is somewhat rare, and
although the pipe is otherwise simple it may be called unique.

Fig. 173 shows a fine bear’s head pipe from Pompey, of the early
part of the 17th century. The head and most of the body and bowl
project greatly toward the rear. There are undulating and nearly
vertical grooves on the sides of the body, and the usual grooves
and elliptic indentations along the stem. There is the usual con-
ventional projection of the tail, and the surface is polished. The
length is 53 inches. There are many fine pipes of this type, but
none, perhaps, uniting so many fine features as this.

Fig. 174 is one of a class where the open mouth of some animal
forms the bowl. This is from Cayuga county, and is 44 inches long.
The bear’s head is upturned, and the jaws are distended. Snake
heads were often represented on similar bowls.

Fig. 175 is another of the many faced pipes found on the Onon-
daga site of 1600, and is the most graceful in its curves of any yet
found, though smaller than some, the greatest diameter being less
than 2 inches. One face has been broken off at the top, where
there should have been five, but 13 remain on the fragment. The
faces are grotesque and curiously intertwined, and the surface is
as glossy as in some other pipes of that period.

Fig. 176 shows a fine trumpet pipe, widely expanded at the top.
The rim has vertical indentations, and there are bands and dots
below this on the bowl. It comes from Venice, Cayuga county,
and is 4 inches long. From the location it would seem compar-
atively recent.

Fig. 177 has the general trumpet form, but is very thick as well
as short. The low bowl is widely expanded, and there are moldings
below the rim. The length is 34 inches, and it comes from Ken-
daia, near the east shore of Seneca lake, where a Seneca village was
destroyed in 1779.

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 123

Fig. 178 is a miniature clay pipe from Jefferson county, of the
trumpet form, 14 inches long. These little pipes are sometimes met
with, both in clay and stone. Many of the Indian pipes, however,
held so little tobacco that it was needless to make toy pipes for the
boys.

Fig. 179 is a long straight pipe with an expanding bowl, and is
much like an inverted long-necked bottle in outline. The stem is
almost triangular. The length is 4$ inches, and the greatest
diameter 14 inches. It is from Union Springs on Cayuga lake.

Fig. 180 shows an angular pipe of unusual form, from Rutland,
Jefferson county. ‘The top is slightly flaring, and there is an expan-
sion in the center of the bowl, which is ornamented with lines and
circles of dots. The projecting base takes the form of the heel in
early European pipes, though very much wider. There are also
three holes in the stem. The length is 44 inches. This does not
come from a fort, but from an open site.

Fig. 181 is a remarkably fine specimen of a rare type, involving
a symmetrical arrangement. The fine pigeon’s head on one side of
the back of the bowl is balanced by another on the opposite side, and
a conventionalized human face appears on the rear between the bills
of the birds. This face is an ellipse, with three vertical elliptic in-
dentations. At the top and base of the bowl are broad bands, with
elliptic indentations. Between these are 10 horizontal grooves,
and there are three rows of long indentations on the flat top of the
stem. The bowl is 23 inches wide, and the pipe 54 inches. This
came from Indian Fort, Pompey.

Fig. 182 shows another of the open-mouthed pipes, apparently
of a fish. The head is upturned as usual, the mouth forming the
bowl. Below the bowl are circular grooves and lines of ellipses.
It came from East Aurora, Erie county. |

Fig. 183 is a pretty pipe from Union Springs, 34 inches long. The
top is hexagonal in outline, contracting in a straight slope to the
moldings beneath, and ornamented with diagonal lines. Several
moldings form the center of the bowl, which again suddenly expands
before contracting into the stem, which is quite slender.

124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Fig. 184 is a curved pipe with a bowl terminating in a rim which
is nearly rectangular, but with slightly convex edges. The top is
1 inches across, and the full length is 5 inches. There are grooves
on the edge of the flaring rim. This was found in the town of Clay,
not far from the Oneida river. |

Fig. 185 shows a characteristic pipe from Jefferson county, with
a human face on the rear of the bowl. It is much compressed,
making the face somewhat thin. The eyes are raised ellipses, and
there are small elliptic indentations around the rim. The long
diameter of the bowl is 2 inches, and the short 14 inches. Clay
pipes are common and variable in that county, and this is a moder-
ately early form. ‘

Fig. 186 is a fine pipe from the Otstungo or Minden site, and
more than half of the stem has been restored. In this form it is
64 inches long. There are notched lines on the stem, and grooved
and beaded lines on the front of the bowl. In a double niche, on
the back of the bowl, is a child’s bust with uplifted hands. An ex-
perienced archeologist, on seeing this, at once exclaimed that it was
the niche of a saint, which it certainly suggests.

Fig. 187 is part of the bowl of a handsome red pipe, from a stock-
ade near Baldwinsville. The upper part is rectangular, contracting
toward the base, and ornamented with diagonal lines and dots.
Below this it is circular, with horizontal Re The atlanta
ment is very tasteful.

Fig. 188 is a handsome Mohawk pipe from the early fort on
Garoga creek, in Ephratah, Fulton county. The curving stem is
mostly lacking. The bowl is 13 inches wide. Above the bold and
well-formed face is a head dress of netting.

Fig. 189 shows a pipe of unusual form from Montgomery county.
The rim is slightly notched, and the bowl gradually expands below
this for half an inch, as gradually contracting again below the angle
thus formed. On this angle is a perforation, and there are five
horizontal grooves on the front of the bowl. This is from the
Otstungo site, and is highly polished.

Fig. 190 has the bowl square on top, and expanded below the
angular contraction. The stem joins the bowl at an abrupt angle,

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 125

and the bowl is ornamented with grooves. This is 3} inches long,
and comes from Cazenovia.

Fig. 191 is a pretty pipe of the trumpet form, but with a very low
bowl, ornamented with circular moldings and dots. It is 4 inches
long, and was found a few miles west of Canajoharie.

Fig. 192 shows part of a curious pipe bowl found at Brewerton.
It is cylindrical and tapering toward each end, and is ornamented
with lines and dots. There is a strong resemblance in this to a
stone pipe found in Canada.

Fig. 193 represents a curious pipe bowl found in East Syracuse.
The upper part of the front reached above the proper rim of the
bowl, and this is partially lost. The front of the bowl represented
a human face surmounted by an owl’s head.

Fig. 194 is a trumpet bowl, raised on either side of the rim, but
this is hardly a rare feature. It is ornamented with lines and dots,
both horizontal and nearly vertical, and is 12 inches wide the widest
way. It was found on the Seneca river. .

Fig. 195 is of similar form, having the two raised angles. It has
circular moldings below the wide band which forms the rim, and is
1} inches wide. There are two indentations below the rim. This
is from a stockade near Baldwinsville, probably of the 16th century.

Fig. 196 is a heavy angular bowl, with diagonal lines and en-
circling rows of dots. It is 13 inches wide, and was found on the
Seneca river. |

Fig. 197 shows a small thick pipe, with expanded bowl, orna-
mented with diagonal lines and dots. It is 23 inches long, and
comes from Sherman’s hollow, Yates county.

Fig. 198 shows a small bowl with expanded base, having vertical
ribs, but no faces. Above these an ornamented molding encircles
the bowl, and the expanded rim is neatly decorated. The diameter
is If inches, and it comes from Cayuga county.

Fig. 199 is an angular pipe from Farley’s point, Cayuga lake,
which is 3+ inches long. The bowl is encompassed with ipiceular
grooves and dots.

Fig. 200 is another angular pipe, 44 fmeee long, and found in
Scipioville. The stem expands but slightly till half way between

126 NEW YORK STATH MUSEUM

the angle and the top of the bowl, where there is a sudden enlarge-
ment. This is adorned with vertical and diagonal lines.

Fig. 201 has a swollen base to the bowl, ornamented with diagonal
and vertical lines. It is 32 inches long, and was found 2 feet under-
ground in Owego, in 1897.

Fig. 202 is a white clay pipe from Munnsville, where the Oneidas
lived. It has no heel, but in the slight cartouche beneath the bowl
are the letters E. B. The form is very different from the earlier
pipes bearing these initials, which have barrellike bowls and prom-
inent heels. At the same time it differs much from recent pipes.
Barrels of pipes were given to the Indians by the English.

Fig. 203 shows a pipe from Hoffman’s Ferry, of quite unusual
character. It is reduced in the drawing to three-fourths size, the
actual extent being now 24 inches, but the stem has been broken.
it was found on the flats of the Mohawk river, and Mr P. M. Van
Epps, the owner, says, ‘ The dot and line ornamentation has been
impressed before baking, but the work representing the mouth, nose
and eyes, has been cut in the material after burning. Both sides
have the face, which is cut much alike, except that the reverse has
two nasal orifices.” It is quite narrow for the length, and seems
an early form.

Fig. 204 has an upturned wolf's head on the margin of the bowl.
The mouth is not open, and there are other examples of the gen-
eral form. There are grooves around the bowl, and grooves and
elliptic indentations on the stem. This is an Oneida pipe froin
Munnsville.

Fig. 205 is a frequent form of Cayuga pipe, easily imitated from its
simplicity of design.

Fig. 206 is a human faced pipe bowl from Indian Fort, Pompey,
having a head dress of dots and lines. The curved stem has been
broken. Indian Fort is considered a recent site, but this pipe is
of an early Iroquois type, like most relics there now.

Fig. 207 is perfectly plain, and slightly curved, suggesting that
stone tubes may well have been used for pipes. It is 4 inches long,
and comes from Farley's point, Cayuga lake.

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 127

Fig. 208 is a pipe bowl nearly an inch wide, found on the site
of a circular stockade near Baldwinsville. The face, with its open
mouth, differs little from many others, but there is a neat head
dress behind this, made up of dots and lines, suggesting one in
actual use.

Fig. 209 is taken from a drawing of a fine pipe found on Fort
Hill, Le Roy. It is 4 inches long, and has two raised human heads
on the back of the bowl, facing the smoker. The back below these
has a plain surface with oblong indentations. This flattened sur-
face is continued on the top of the stem, which is angular through-
out. The front of the bowl, with its dots and grooves, is much like
some other Seneca pipes. This pipe has now disappeared. From
the drawing furnished by Mr Moseley it would seem that one of
the heads is that of a white man, not an improbable thing at the
time the pipe was made. Unfortunately this can not be determined
now, and the drawing is given as made some years since.

A pipe bowl from a Baldwinsville stockade has three narrow and
horizontal ellipses within a double triangle, which has the point
above. The elliptic grooves represent the eyes and mouth.

A Jefferson county pipe has a beaver on the front and beneath
the bowl. The top is contracted, and the marks of molding tools
plainly appear. A large and thick angular bowl, with concentric
interrupted grooves inclosing a 16 rayed star or flower, comes from
Sacket Harbor, from whence comes also a swimming goose on the
upper part of a large bowl. The bird’s head is broken off. A
thick and angular pipe, much hike those from Cayuga, also comes
from Rutland, in that county. Another from the same place has a
slender stem, and an expanding straight-sided bowl with diagonal
grooves and dots. It is 4% inches long, and the bowl is compar-
atively low. A thick trumpet pipe, 5% inches long, comes from
Dexter, and a similar smaller one from Le Ray. A pipe with a very
broad and flat stem, but somewhat convex above and below, is 3
inches long, and was found at Alexandria Bay. A bird pipe from
the Thousand Islands, is 3 inches wide, and has grooves on the
wings and tail. Some others from this county will be mentioned
later.

128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

A pipe from Binghamton has a grotesque face, with a long pro-
jecting nose. A perfect pipe has a woltf’s head, with vertical grooves
behind. A line of elliptic indentations runs from the head far down
the stem. It is 62 inches long, and comes from Cazenovia. A
finely polished and perfect pipe, 64 inches long, is from Phoenix, on
the Oswego river. It has the corded ornament at the top of the
bowl, interrupted by two broader grooves. The stem is more
gradually curved than in most of this type.

A large pipe of red clay, from Schoharie county, has double mold-
ings at the base of the bowl. The latter expands like open jaws. A
trumpet pipe, from Stone Arabia, has grooves and dots, and a rim
2} inches wide. A large pipe from the Otstungo site is 6¢ inches
long, and curved. A now headless goose shows its foot. The pipes
there have usually jong stems. A fine trumpet pipe from this place
is 6$ inches long, and has moldings. Another angular pipe from
this fort, with an expanding bowl, has a raised wolf’s head, turned
to the front, which is unusual in so early an example. A cylindric
bowl, with vertical and horizontal dots and lines, is 14 inches wide,
and comes from Canajoharie. Another broadly expanded trumpet
pipe, with moldings and grooves, is 6 inches long, and comes from
Stone Arabia. Quite an odd find in clay pipes is one from Frey’s
Bush, which is a brown earthenware imitation of European pipes.

Oneida pipes are not rare, and fine examples of them are found
in many collections, where they have become widely dispersed.
They occur mostly in the vicinity of Oneida creek, and some have
been described from Nichols’ pond. A bowl, 14 inches wide, and
having horizontal and diagonal lines and dots, is from Munnsville.
A large bowl, having a large bear’s head, with grooves and dots
behind the head, is from Madison county, and is 24 inches wide.
Another bowl, with an animal head, and grooves and ellipses on the
bowl and stem, is from Munnsville, and a niched pipe comes from
near the same place.

Among the odd serpent pipes is the fragment of a large bowl
from Baldwinsville. The scaly folds are well worked, but are not
parallel, and between them, in one place, is a large protuberance,
much like an egg. Another curious bowl from the same place has

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 129

deep spiral grooves and prominent decorated ridges, suggestive of
a serpent but not directly an imitation.

A plain trumpet pipe from South Onondaga is 5 inches long.
An upturned bear’s head, with open jaws forms the bowl of a pipe
from Oneida river. There are grooves around the stem and lower
part of the bowl, and vertical grooves below the jaws. Turtle pipes
are usually flat, but one from the Seneca river has the head raised
above the edge of the bowl, on the sides of which are horizontal and
diagonal grooves.

The corded bowls are many in number, and distributed through
the entire Iroquois territory, most of them being of the 17th century,
and varying in unimportant details. In this, as in other instances,
will be seen one great advantage of studying the Iroquois district
as such, that of placing so many articles in their proper chrono-
logic position, affording a criterion for work elsewhere. Thus a
coarse and heavy clay pipe found in a grave at East Syracuse, to the
fertile imagination of the reporter was of vast antiquity, and the
grave a substantial structure lined with stone. The stones van-
ished, on investigation, and an Iroquois pipe appeared of another
corded form, having a low instead of a high bowl. These corded
pipes are often angular, but the bowl and stem sometimes form a
fine curve, and sometimes they are true trumpet pipes.

An example of a type of pipes‘made in the 16th century comes
from the Thousand Islands. It is quite plain, the bowl curving
abruptly from the stem, and expanding but little except at the rim.
This form is often ornamented with some incised figure, and the
bowl is quite high.

A very pretty pipe bow! was found two miles south of Onondaga
Hill. The lower half of the bowl is much expanded, and has the
usual vertical divisions of this form of pipe, but they are less prom-
inent than usual, and there are no faces between. On the cylin-
dric portion between this base and the four moldings around the
rim are grooves and lines of dots. .

The simple and almost straight pipes, often with very broad stems
are found in many places. A good example comes from Oswego
Falls. It is but slightly curved, and is quite thick. The dimensions

130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

are 34 inches long by 14 wide, and it is broken on one side of the
tim. Viewed from the front the sides are nearly parallel. It was
little used by the eastern Iroquois.

A fragmentary bowl comes from a stockade site on the Seneca
river, having several rare features. There has been a high crest of
some kind, above the well-wrought human face, the features of the
latter being quite prominent. The eyes have elevated and elliptic
rims, and the mouth a similar rim, but more angular. The face
seems to have been made separately, standing well out from the
bowl. The site is prehistoric Iroquois.

The pipes with flanges on the sides of the stem, are not restricted
to the Cayuga district, a fine and ornamented one having been found
near the east shore of Cross lake. It is of a simple character, hav-
ing only grooves and lines of dots below the rim.

Among the niched pipes inclosing human busts or faces, may be
mentioned one belonging to Mr A. E. Douglass, of New York,
and found in Madison county. The double arches are plain, and
the face, which is of a marked character, runs up into a high point,
suggesting a fool’s cap.

A fine and large turtle pipe is from an Onondaga village, occu-
pied in 1677. The upper shell forms the front of the bowl, which
opens about half way down the lower shell, the animal being placed
vertically. The claws and tail are well elaborated, but are under
the edge of the shell. The whole surface is ornamented with
groups of lines.

A curious pipe is from Jefferson county, and represents a fresh-
water crayfish, whose tail extends beneath the stem. One of the
claws is broken, and the other entirely gone. There are rows of
dots along the back. The length is 34 inches.

Two recent Onondaga pipes are worthy of note, both from a
village occupied in 1677. A long-bodied animal encircles the top
of the bowl of one, having the head and tail of a bear. Beneath
the body are four broad grooves and a chain around the bowl. The
head is parallel with the side of the bowl. The other has a well-
executed figure of a sitting man, whose feet are on the stem, and
whose hands are clasped across the knees. Grooves appear on the

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 131
i

man’s prominent back, giving it the appearance of a very plump
skeleton, but these are but customary ornaments. If it once hada
head, as is probable, the fracture has been neatly smoothed and
hardly appears.

Many fine examples of pipes, perfect and fragmentary, may be
seen in the state collection, which is now rich in articles of this
kind, through the energetic efforts of Mr A. G. Richmond, to whose
knowledge of aboriginal art we owe so much. In the fine local
collection of Mr Twining, made in Jefferson county, in those of
Messrs Peck, Crone and Moseley, of Ontario and Genesee counties,
will be found specimens which will elicit admiration. A few of
these will be shown from photographs, partly because they have
features so remarkable, in some cases, that no suspicion of artistic
fancy should rest on their reproduction. In all the illustrations
in these bulletins accuracy has been aimed at, but a photograph will
remove any lingering doubt, should such exist in the minds of any.
These plates are reduced.

Fig. 210 is of a pipe from Genesee county, where a combination
is occasionally met with in a somewhat different way. A man’s
head faces the smoker, and above this, on the other side of the
bowl, is an uplifted animal’s head. ‘There are the usual grooves,
and an arm or leg appears below the animal’s head. ‘The pipe is
black, and quite angular, and is 5$ inches long.

Fig. 211 is one of the most remarkable pipes in the collection, in
some ways, and comes from Mr W. L. Stone’s collection, mostly
made in Saratoga county, or in that vicinity. It is commonly
known as the Washington pipe, and as the full resemblance depends
on little things the aid of the camera has been called in that every
minute detail might be supplied. The figure of a sitting man forms
the bowl, the bust out of proportion to the lower parts, but art
requires some conventionalism. The head is fine, the hair full, and
gathered into a cue which hangs low down on the back. In
some points of view the resemblance to Washington is very strik-
ing, but it is a type of pipe anterior to his day by nearly 100 years.
The head is characteristically European; the work that of an Iro-
quois. We need not be surprised at this. If the native artist could

132 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

imitate one thing, he might another, and that he did igure European
animals, articles, and in some instances men, is very plain. The ~
wonder, therefore, is not so much in the European head and hair,
as in the suggestive likeness found in this case. Otherwise the
style is that of the 17th century, and some French or English
officer probably called forth the artist’s admiration. It is 74 inches
long. poe

Fig. 212 is a fine and curious pipe of brown clay from Jefferson
county. The rim is broad, contracting beneath. The expanded
base of the bowl is handsomely engraved, above the large and plain
stem. ‘The general style is rare.

Fig. 213 is a fine and unique pipe from West Bloomfield, and
is 7g inches long. It is of black clay, and has grooves around the
top of the bowl. ‘Two serpents raise their heads above the front of
this, their bodies following the curve of the pipe below the stem,
under the bottom of which there is a long groove.

Fig. 214 is a dark colored pipe from Genesee county, of what is
known as the Huron type of Canada, but which is also found on
early Mohawk sites late in the 16th century, as well as elsewhere.
The bowl is angular, with deep elliptic and curved indentations, and
long grooves and lines of indentations extend along the curving
stem. It is one of the best examples of this well-known form, and is
4% inches long.

Fig. 215 is another pipe from West Bloomfield, and is of a gray-
ish mottled clay. The length is about 4% inches. A squirrel occu-
pies the front of the bowl, raising its head above the edge.

Fig. 216 is a spirited pipe from Honeoye Falls, near which were
early historic Seneca sites. A man crouches on top of the bowl,
with folded arms, facing the smoker. Grooves cross his body and
limbs, he wears a small round cap, and might be taken for one of
La Salle’s sailors rather than an Indian. There are four grooves
around the stem near the center. The extreme length of this fine
pipe is 64 inches.
_ Fig. 217 is a remarkably long pipe from the same place, being
a trifle over 9} inches in length. It is black, like many other pipes
from that region, and has a fine eagle on the top of the bowl, the

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 133

head being very large, as in all such cases. There are horizontal
grooves on the throat, and two rows of flutings on the upper side
of the long stem. It is the longest clay pipe yet reported.

Fig. 218 is another unique pipe of reddish clay, from Jefferson
county, 54 inches long. There are grooves and indentations on the
front of the bowl, and lying obliquely on the top toward the smoker,
is what might be termed a quartered shield, divided by groups of
lines running in various directions.

Fig. 219 is another still more remarkable pipe, where the unan-
swerable testimony of the camera will be found of value in point of
detail. This peculiar pipe is from Jefferson county, and is sugges-
tive of many things. What bird is represented? When was it
made? Mr Twining, who obtained the pipe from Sandy Creek,
thought it a parrot, and the thick, curved beak naturally suggests
that bird, but is not sharp enough. It has full as much resemblance
to the flamingo. The Iroquois, however, seem to have known
nothing of the parrot till they extended their wars southward,
after the downfall of the Eries in the middle of the 17th century.
Yet they were kindred to the Eries, the Massawomekes, and the
Tuscaroras of the south, and thus might have known something
of southern birds at an early day. On the other hand, nearer
home, this head may have been but an exaggeration of the thick
bill of the coot or some other member of the duck family. Accur-
ate likeness of anything it certainly is not, and something is exag-
gerated, though we can hardly say what or how much. One north-
ern bird might put in a strong claim, the razor-billed auk, which
at times frequents the Gulf of St Lawrence and the New England
and New York coasts. It comes nearer to this peculiar outline
than any bird now recalled, and the early Iroquois reached its
haunts.

As to when this pipe was made we have no certain cates. It
was found in a region peopled by prehistoric men of the Iroquois
family, though it might have have been lost in later days. The
character of the pipe, however, suggests the 16th century, at which
time the Iroquois lived at peace on the St Lawrence, certainly as
low down as Quebec. They went much farther. Thus it is prob-

134 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

able they came in contact with a northern bird more exactly filling
the requirements than any southern one that can be named. The
likeness was not a success. Besides the deep bill this pipe has the
raised eyes frequently found in pipes of the 16th century, while the
grooves and dots on the front of the bowl attest its Iroquois char-
acter, although made before the league was formed. The length
is nearly 44 inches. .

Fig. 220 is another curious and probably early Jefferson county
pipe. The singular decoration on one side of the face has been
called a military hat, and was probably suggested by a head dress
of some kind. There are the usual grooves on the front of the
bowl, and a face appears toward the rear, on one side of which is
a broad half-circular appendage, ornamented with dots and inden-
tations neatly arranged. Dots appear about the face. It is not a
large pipe, being about 3 inches long.

Fig. 221 is another odd pipe from Jefferson county, which has
lost part of the plain and curved stem, and is now hardly 34 inches
long. The bowl is oblong, having some resemblance to a black-
smith’s anvil at the broad and unequally projecting rim. In the
center of the bowl is an expansion, with vertical grooves and dots,
and faces in relief before and behind. This part varies but little
from some other forms, but the projecting rim is a striking feature.

The Iroquoian character of the early inhabitants of Jefferson
county, in the main, plainly appears from many of their pipes, and
while some of these are of an earlier type, many of them can scarcely
be distinguished from those of the 17th century. There are
reasons for supposing the early Onondagas came thence about the
time of the beginning of the long Huron war, as the Mohawks left
the St Lawrence at the same time. About that time, also, several
novelties were introduced into pipe-making in New York, as well
as in the decoration of earthenware. The evidence for this is clear.
One reason for this was in the change of location; another in the
new and close contact of the several nations who met to form and
perpetuate the Iroquois league; another still in their adoption of
foreign captives, who brought new arts to the homes of the vic-
tors. The change affected the Cayugas and Senecas less, because

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 135

they retained their old homes, while the Mohawks, Oneidas and
Onondagas began a new life amid new scenes.

The state collection has a very good representation of pipes of
clay and stone from Jefferson county, and there are several de-
tached heads from the former, showing that one style, prevalent
in other places in the 17th century, was also made there, and prob-
ably not long before. The fine owl’s head bow! appears, and the
trumpet pipe in a simple character. Two raised angles on the
rim of some bowls, connect this with Onondaga county. Some mas-
sive trumpet pipes, with an abruptly projecting rim, differ from most
of this type. The open-mouthed serpent forms a conspicuous and
characteristic bowl, and the corded bowl has a less typical repre-
sentation. One fine clay pipe has a human face turned from the
smoker. In general, however, this early feature is preserved by
placing such faces on the back of the bowl; and where these are
human faces they are usually large and grotesque. ‘There are sev-
eral fine examples of these, and they are found in other collections.
They might be called*the typical pipe of that extensive field.

Mr A. E. Douglass did not classify his pipes by material, but out
of 375 he had 43 from New York. Ohio came next with 40, and
then Tennessee with 39. He gave no list of earthenware.

MISCHLLANEOUS

Excepting tobacco pipes and vessels of clay, the articles of earth-
enware made by the New York Indians were very few in number,
and some of these were adaptations from those which had been
broken. Most of the small disks or counters were chipped out of
potsherds, and some detached heads may have come from broken
pipes. This is not always the case, but the number of articles
showing original design is so far surprisingly small.

Fig. 222 shows the largest clay disk as yet reported from New
York, and it is in the state collection as one of the articles in Mr
Twining’s fine array of relics from Jefferson county, where most
things are of prehistoric date. A large fragment of pottery has
been cut into an irregularly circular form, and perforated near the
center. From this perforation I1 incisions radiate to the outer
edge. The secondary work is clearly seen, as it is in simpler ex-

136 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

amples. Such disks, perforated or not, but usually smaller, occur:
sparingly on many early Iroquois sites. They scarcely survived the
coming of the white man. |

Fig. 223 shows one of several of the more common form, found
at Schenck’s Gulf, east of Palatine Bridge. The perforated forms,
which are more frequent in Canada than here, were called terra
cotta beads by Sir J. W. Dawson. He was probably in error, judg-
ing from his figure, in saying that ‘a cheaper kind of bead was
made of clay, molded into ornamental discs and baked. Molded
clay beads, however, do exist, though his example is of a different
kind, The large perforated disk, before figured, was probably used
like the shell and stone gorget, and secured by a knotted cord
drawn through the hole.

Fig. 224 is a neatly cut disk, made from a potsherd, and comes
from the Onondaga fort of 1600, west of Cazenovia. Similar speci-
mens are not rare there. This one has the edges smoothly cut,
but they are usually less neatly worked.

Fig. 225 is from the same site, and is one of the best examples
yet found, being smooth and symmetrical, and apparently the
original design: The edges are neatly rounded, and it is thicker
than the usual form. It might have been used in some game, but
we know of none at that day requiring an article of this kind, though
some purpose it would seem to have had.

Fig. 226 is a peculiar terra cotta mask, found at Cold Spring,
Putnam county. It is of so marked a character as to have called
forth shrewd surmises as to its origin, and presents such a finished
appearance in full view as to lead some to think it complete in itself.
The owner, however, Mr James Nelson, of Cold Spring, says “‘ The
back shows that it has been attached to something.’ It may there-
fore be placed with those fragmentary figures from pipes so often
found. A large number of fine articles of this nature might be
figured, both early and recent.

Fig. 227 is an odd relic from the mouth of Canada creek, near
Rome. It seems intended for a rude representation of the human

face, with circles for the eyes and mouth, and a long groove for the
nose.

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 137

Fig. 228 is a small terra cotta head, much like the next, and comes
from an early historic site south of Delphi. It does not seem to
have been part of a pipe, but is much like a curious article described
by Sir J. W. Dawson in his Fossil men, from Montreal. Of these
he said, ‘The Hochelagan women, however, had a very ingenious
contrivance for hanging their pots over the fire, which deserves
notice. They had no doubt found by experience that when an
earthen pot was hung over the fire by strings or withes tied to the
outside, the flames would sometimes reach the perishable means
of suspension, and, burning it, allow the pot to fall, and its con-
tents to be lost. Hence they contrived a mode of fastening the
cord within the throat of the vessel, where the fire could not reach
it. This hook for suspension was made in the shape of a human
head and neck, the hole for the cord being left behind the neck.
Many of these heads were found detached, and their use was not
~known till the fragment illustrated was found.’ This Onondaga
fragment may be of this kind, but the practice could not have been
common. The simpler method of inserting a stick too long to be
withdrawn when turned horizontally, as a point of attachment for
the cord, would satisfy most Indian housewives. Certainly, in New
York, detached heads suitable for such uses are rare.

Fig. 229 much resembles the last, but is larger, and more sugges-
tive of use ona pipe. It is from Jefferson county.

Fig. 230 is much more recent, but comes from the Onondaga
town of 1654. During its later occupancy European pipes found
their way there, and perhaps even at an earlier day. The material
was rare as yet, and the thrifty Onondagas, ‘men of business,’ as
a later French missionary called them, saw a possibility of an orna-
ment in the broken pipe stem of the white man. If slender, it was
needful only to smooth the ends; if thick and heavy, it might be
carved and made more ornamental still. The white and carved
pipe stem here shown is of unusual thickness, but early pipes varied
greatly inthis. It has been cut in several ways.

Fig. 231 is of a generally rectangular form, though each edge is
slightly convex. It is beveled from the central square on each
_ side, and grooves appear on every face. It could hardly have been

138 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

used as a personal ornament, and there is no game known to which
it can be assigned, unless it might be that of the moccasin, where an
article is hid in one of three shoes by one party, to be found by
the other. It seems most reasonable to infer that similar articles
may have been used in some game.

Fig. 232 is unmistakably a complete article, found on the Nellis
farm, near Canajoharie. It is a neatly made bird of the hawk
family, broad-shouldered and with folded wings. It shows a per-
foration by which it might be suspended or worn. A conjectural
use would be that of a token or amulet, such as we know were some-
times kept by the Iroquois, much like the medicine of other nations.

Fig. 233 suggests a similar use, though of a different kind. It
was found on the Oneida river about the year 1840, and represents
a recumbent lamb with a raised head, in terra cotta, although the
ears suggest an animal of a very different nature. If the first form
be allowed, it might be considered the Agnus Dei of some devout
Iroquois convert, but both the identification and use are uncertain.
It is quite probable that the Iroquois then knew little of living
lambs, while quite familiar with their representations. In any case,
this figure had probably some sacred use.

Fig. 234 is a fragment of what was apparently a large and pretty
disk, ornamented both on the edges and sides in sweeping lines.
It is of a light mud color, and was found at Erewerton. So little is
left of it that its true form and use can not now be determined, but
no secondary work appears on it. :

Fig. 235 is a head from a recent Cayuga site near Mapleton, and
the projection over the eyes, as well as the general character of the
head dress, gives the impression of a helmet of steel. Caps of
similar kinds are more common among the Cayugas and Senecas
than farther east, as they longer maintained their primitive arts.
The cock’s and boar’s head are among other examples of their
terra cotta work. 7

Fig. 236, a, b, c, d, e, f, show Cayuga clay beads and pendants;
a being a thick disk bead, d an oblong one, and e, f, two which are
spherical. Two clay pendants appear in b, c. These are nowhere
common.

EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 139

Fig. 237 is a clay bead from Rice’s woods, a recent site east of
Stone Arabia. None have been reported from the Onondagas and
Oneidas. Shell beads were more to their liking when they could
be had. Early antiquaries spoke of them in the Seneca territory,
and Dawson says that on islands in the St Lawrence, ‘In addition
to jars and pipes, the only frequent objects of earthenware are
small discs, perforated in the center and crenated at the edge. They
may have served as an inferior kind of wampum, or beads, or per-
haps for the playing of some game of chance.’ It may be added
that while there are many disks made from potsherds in the Toronto
collection, Mr Boyle says nothing of true clay beads, and Dr Rau
mentioned neither in his report on the Smithsonian collection.

Fig. 238 is a clay disk from Tribeshill, perforated, and with
the edges of the hole slightly raised. Its form is very near a true
circle, and it will be readily seen that this is the original design.
The age is uncertain.

Fig. 239 is a very pretty disk of unusual character, found a quar-
ter of a mile above the bridge at Canajoharie. Ht is not perforated,
but there is a circular indentation near the center, whence six
grooves radiate like a star. These are connected by concentric
grooves, four in number. The edge is crenated, and the whole
effect pleasing. Its use is conjectural, but it is quite likely the
Indian who made it had seen circles and six-pointed stars laid out
with compasses, though he did not use them on this.

Fig. 240 is a wolf’s head of clay, having almost a yellowish glaze.
It was probably part of a pipe, but is remarkable for its high finish.
It was found at the recent stockade south of Delphi. Many pipes of
that period have well polished surfaces. It may be added that all
these miscellaneous figures are of actual size.

In one detached human head from near the mouth of Oneida
creek, where a crest crosses the head longitudinally after the man-
ner of the Cheveux-relevez, the small and protuberant eyes are darker
and more polished than the face, and have the appearance of inlaid
beads. The head, however, probably came from a pipe. The boar’s
head sometimes occurs, as that animal soon attracted attention, not
always favorable. When the Mohawk chief, Kiotsaeton, addressed

140 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

the French governor, July 2, 1645, urging him to make a settle-
ment in the Mohawk country, he said, “ Leave these stinking pigs,
which run among your habitations, which eat nothing but what is
filthy, and come and eat of good victuals with us.’ A small boar’s
head from an Iroquois site in the Seneca country is very accurately
worked out, and has also the remarkable feature of being hollow.
The Senecas alone seem to have made heads in this way.

It will thus be seen that New York aboriginal work in clay took
a very narrow range outside of pipes and pots. Small amulets,
disks and beads comprise nearly everything that was made, and
examples of these are few in number. The reason is obvious. Pots
and pipes of necessity being made of clay were often finely adorned ;
for mere ornament they chose more showy and less fragile
materials.

Fig. 147a is inserted out of its proper place, and is somewhat
reduced, being 24 inches long. It is a curious article, broken at
the broad end and sharpened at the other. It is a little wider the
other way. In appearance it is precisely like the frequent punches
made from sharpened prongs of antlers, but is of clay, the neat
pointing having been made before burning. Its purpose, of course,
was the same as that of the horn punch, but why clay was used
when horn was abundant is a puzzle. The owner thought it the leg
of a pot. It was found in the vicinity of Canandaigua lake, and its
occurrence suggests how many odd forms may come to our knowl-
edge through closer observation.

A general view has thus been given of aboriginal work in clay
in New York. It is necessarily somewhat summary in treatment,
leaving out many fine pipes, specially, because these are so many
that typical examples alone can be given. In the hard work of
cataloguing, Mr Richmond has never lost sight of making notes of
place and history, whenever possible, an indispensable feature in
study of this kind. Future students will appreciate what has been
so faithfully done, and the New York collection will have a value
altogether above the beauty and variety of its articles. The aid
of all is asked in making it more complete.

EARTHENWARD OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES I4I

ADDENDA |

It is expected that additions will be made to the types of articles
published in these preliminary bulletins, and these may be occa-
sionally noted. One of interest is an obsidian leaf-shaped knife,
2k inches long, recently found on the Seneca river, being the first
one reported in the state. One had been found in Pennsylvania
before this, but otherwise this material is not known in the east.
It is thus a notable find.

Among articles of polished stone is a rare form of wide distribu-
tion in Ohio, one of which has been found in Canada, and now one
appears in the state collection at Albany, having been found in
Genesee county. It is a spherical piece of striped slate, with a
large perforation smallest at one end. In this one the stripes run
around the stone, which is a little over 2 inches in diameter. The
peculiarity is a longitudinal groove in one side of the stone, the
edges being neatly rounded.

Another notable article is a tapering cylindric granite pestle from
Canajoharie, belonging to Mr Richmond. It is 264 inches long,
and 24 thick in the largest part. About 34 inches from the small °
end it is perforated. One of Mr Richmond’s recent acquisitions is
a beautiful and unusually long stone pipe of greenish gray slate,
from the town of Palatine. It is 9 inches long.

Two large grooved boulders from Onondaga county have been
placed near the cases at Albany. The straight uniform grooves in
these are commonly supposed to have been used in arrow making.
In one of the cases is a flat pebble similarly grooved, which comes
from the Genesee valley. This article has not been reported so far
west before, nor are small ones anywhere common. This is 6
inches long by 22 broad. Usually they are large stones, not in-
tended to be moved. .

From the Cayadutta site Mr Robert M. Hartley, of Amsterdam,
has a small ornament of slate, less than 1 inch in extent, of the
general figure of the butterfly banner stones, but it probably belongs
to a very different class, although strongly suggestive of this. In
any case it is of much interest, as are some other small slate orna-

ments found at the same place. ; aves peas:

142 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

An examination of a collection in Jefferson county, near Water-
town, shows curious forms in pottery. The narrow projecting
angles of some vessels extend outward 21 inches, and may have
served for handles. Two examples of open handles occur, but of
different forms. There is one small perforated disk. Several pipes
of the Jefferson county types have recently been found in Onon-
daga, and the early relations of the two groups are now more
distinct.

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‘The superior figure tells the exact place on the page in ninths ; e. g. 843 means three

ninths of the way down page 84. Dates are printed in italics.

Abbott, C. C., pottery found by, 843.
Algonquins, potstone used by, 758,

Alton, J: J., quoted, 83}.

Amulets, 1382.

Andastes, 869.

Animal forms used in decoration, 789-791.
Auringer, O. C., quoted, 1103.

Baldwinsville, pottery, 898, 984, 992;
pottery found near, 93°, 94”, 953, 958,
102!; pipes found near, 1213, 1216,
124°, 125°, 1271, 127°, 1289-201,

Barber, E. A., quoted, 1123, 1162.

Bark, vessels of, 757, 76%.

Beads, description of plates, 1389-391.

Binghamton, pipes found in, 1218, 1281,

Boughton hill, pipe found on, 1184, 120°,

Boulders, description, 1416,

Brass kettles, 808, 926,

Brewerton, pottery, 943, 959, 979, 1008;
pipes found in, 1176, 1219-221, 1252;
disk found in, 1388.

Broome county, see Binghamton.

Calumets, first appearance, 79°.

Calver, W. L., quoted, 1071.

Canada, pottery, 817, 843. See also
Hochelaga.

Canada creek, relic found near, 1369.

Canadian Indians, use of earthenware,
762, i

Canajoharie, pottery found near, 1051;
pipes, 1251, 1285; amulet, 1382; clay
disk, 139°; pestle, 1415,

Canandaigua lake, inclosures of clay in
sepulture, near, 798; punch found near,

1404,

Cattaraugus county, earthworks, 867,

Cayadutta fort, pottery, 1087; ornament
found in, 1418,

Cayuga county, pottery, 1033; pipes
found in, 1166, 1224, 1227, 1257. See
also Mapleton; Scipio; Scipioville;
Union Springs; Venice.

Cayuga lake, pipes found near, 1232, 1258,
1269,

Cazenovia, pottery found near, 934, 973,
1027, 1041, 1044, 1054;
1249-251, 1281.
site of 7600.

pipes, 1211,
See also Onondaga

Chautauqua county, earthworks, 867,

Clay (town), pipes found in, 1241,

Clay, sun-dried, 752; baked or burned,
751, 79'-808; inclosures in sepulture,
798-802,

Clay beads, see Beads.

See also Earthenware.

Clay disks, see Disks.

Clay pipes, see Pipes.

Clinton county, see Plattsburg.

Cold Spring, terra cotta mask found at,
1367,

Collections of earthenware, 827; of pipes,
131%, 1317, 135°; in Jefferson county,
1421,

Copper pipes, 79°, 833.

Crone collection, 131°.

Cross lake, pipes found near, 1303,

Dawson, Sir J. W., quoted, 819-821,
1362, 1372.

Decoration, see Ornamentation.

Delphi, pottery found near, 934; articles
found in, 1371, 1397.

144

Dexter, pipes found in, 1278.

Disks, where found, 818, 825; descrip-
tion of plates, 1389-368, 1386, 1304.

Douglass, A. E., collection of pipes, 1304,
135°.

Durant, E. J., quoted, 799-80.

Earthenware, antiquity of, 804, 863-877;
color, 754, 811; used in cooking, 812;
divisions, 754; depth of excavations,
804; fineness of work, 771; forms,
807-816; local differences in forms, 76°,
806, 845, 855; illustrations, 878-1122;
making, 778-794; size of vessels, 819,
828, 1098. See a/so Ornamentation.

East Aurora, pipes found in, 1237.

‘East Syracuse, pipes found in, 1253, 129°.

Ephratah, pipes found in, 124”.

Erie county, pipes found in, 1237. See
also Kast Aurora,

Eskimos, potstone used by, 759-761.

Fabius, pottery, 91°; pottery found near,
96°, 97%.

Faces, used in decoration, 789-791, 825,
829, 854, 929, 93°, 949, 963, 968, 1035;
on pipes, 115}.

Farley’s Point, pipes found in, 1178, 1258,
1269,

Fenner, pipes found in, 1198.

Fish Creek, pottery found near, 843.

Fonda, pottery found near, 1087,

. Fort Hill, pottery, 1069; pipes found on,
1272,

Fort Plain, pottery found near, 1002, 1015,
1022, 1026, 1052,

Brey. se lpaquoteds 772.

Frey’s Bush, pipes found in, 1288,

Fulton county, pits of clay, 772; pottery,
Ior2, 104°, 104%, 1049; pipes found in,
1247, See also Ephratah.

Garoga Creek, pottery, 1012, 1045.

Genesee county, pipes found in, 1315,
132°; polished stone articles found in,
1413, See also Fort Hill; Le Roy.

Gookin, Daniel, quoted, 792.

Gosnola’s voyages, quotation from, 832.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Hartley, R. M., collection, 1418.

Henderson Harbor, pottery, 1028, 1045.

Hildburgh, L. W., collections of pottery,
1093,

Hochelaga, pottery, 762, 819-826; pipes,
778: disks, 818.

Hoffman’s Ferry, pipes found in, 1264,

Holmes, W. H., quoted, 765, 783,

Honeoye Falls, pipes found in, 1327.

Hough, E. B., queted, 829,

Hudson, Henry, quoted, 798.

Hudson river, earthenware found near,
1103,

Human figure in ornamentation, 946,

Hutchinson, Thomas, quoted, 793.

Indian Fort, pipes found in, 1208, 1235,
1268,

Indians, distinction between rich and
poor, 80,

Iroquois, potstone used by, 758; country
occupied by, 834, 868-878; removals of

villages, 874.

Jefferson county, pipes found in, 848,

1182, 119°, 1231, 1232, 1242, 1276, 1307,
1323, 1332, 1349-359; earthworks,
866; pottery, 879, 883, 903, 916, 988,
993, 99°, 1019, 1028, 1056; clay disks
found in, 1358-361; terra cotta head
found in, 13763; collections, 142!. See
also Harbor ;
Le Ray; Pierrepont manor; Rodman ;
Rutland; Watertown.

Dexter; Henderson

Kaneenda, pottery, 103¢.

Kellogg, Dr D. S., collection of vessels,
827,

Kendaia, pipes found in, 1229.

Knife, description, 1411.

Lenox, pipes found in, 118,

Le Ray, pipes foundin, 1278.

Le Roy, pipes found in, 1272.

Lima, pottery, 1095.

Livingston county, see Lima.

Long Island, earthenware, 838-841.

Madison county, pipes found in, 118%,
1198, 1287, 1304. See also Cazenovia;
Fenner; Lenox; Munnsville.

INDEX TO

Mapleton, terra cotta head found near,
1387.

Mask, terra cotta, description of plate,
1367.

Massawomekes, 871.

Megapolensis, Johannes, quoted, 79°.
Minden, see Otstungo.

Minquas, 869.

Mississippi valley, pottery, 76°, 80°,
Mohawks, removals of villages, $74.
Monroe county, see Honeoye Falls.
Montgomery county, pottery, 1037, 1054;
See also Canajo-

pipes found in, 1248.
harie; Fonda; Fort Plain; Frey’s Bush;
Palatine Bridge; Stone Arabia; Tribes-
hill; Wagner’s hollow.

Montreal, see Hochelaga.

Moseley, C. F., collection, 131%.

Munnsville, pipes found in, 1262, 1266,
1287,

Names of vessels, 1107.

Nelson, James, quoted, 1367.

New England states, pottery, 831.
New Jersey, pottery, 769, 843.

New York city, pottery, 837, 1072-89.
Nichols’ pond, pipes found near, 1214,

Ogdensburg, pottery found near, 1089,

Ohio, pottery, $29, 83. :

Oneida county, see Fish Creek; Rome.

Oneida lake, pottery found near, 923,
Toot, 102°.

Oneida river, articles found near, 1383,
1398.

Onondaga, pottery, 931; pipes found in,
1184, 1422.

Onondaga Hill, pipes found in, 1297.

Onondaga county, pottery, 913; boulders
found in, 141°,
Brewerton; Clay; Delphi; East Syra-

See also Baldwinsville ;

cuse; Fabius; Onondaga; Pompey;
South Onondaga.

Onondaga lake, pottery found near, 905,
918, 1009, 1034.

Onondaga site of z600, pipes, 1212, 1225 3
clay disks found near, 1364, .

Onondaga village of 2677, pottery, 926;
pipes found in, 1158, 1164, 1306, 1308,

MUSEUM

BULLETIN 22 145

Ontario county, pottery, 1015, 1032; pipes
found in, 1215. See also West Bloom-
field.

Orleans county, see Shelby.

Ornamentation of vessels, 767, 784791,

. 809, 821, 85%; illustrations, $78-1122;
highest achievement of Iroquois, 927;
of pipes, 1143-153. See also Animal
forms ; Faces.

Oswego county, see Oswego Falls; Phoe-
nix; Sandy Creek.

Oswego Falls, pottery, 1001; pipes found
in, 1299-301,

Otstungo site, pottery, 1002, 1026; pipes
found on, 1203, 1244, 1248, 1284.

Otter Creek valley, pottery, 1063.

Owego, pipes found in, 1261,

Palatine Bridge, pottery found near,
95%, 1056, 1067; pipes found near, 1416,
1169; clay disks found near, 1362,

Palatine Church, pottery found near, 1054,

Pebble, description, 1417.

Peck, R. M., collections, 1313.

Pennsylvania, pottery, 768, 872,

Pestle, description, 1415.

Phoenix, pipes found in, 1282,

Pierrepont manor, pottery, 1019.

Pipes, color, 1147; decoration, 789-791,
1143-153; description of plates, 1158-
35°, 1377; European, used by Indians,
115%; forms, 847-85>; materials, 794;
resemblances between New Yorkjand
Canadian types, 77°; stone, 794, 851,
1132, 1151; trumpet, 1152; early use,
1123; wampum, 1158;
pipe, 1317-322.

Pits of clay in Fulton county, 772,

Washington

Plates, description, 879-1122; ox pipes,
1158-356; clay disks, 1358-366, 1386,
1394; beads, 138%, 1391.

Plattsburg, pottery, 994.

Polished stone articles, 1413,

103°; pottery found
near, 969; pipes found in, 1188, 1208,
1222, 123°, 1268.

Potstone, use of, 758.

Pompey, pottery,

Pottery, see Earthenware.

146

Prescott, pottery, 817.
Putnam county, masks found in, 1367.
See also Cold Spring.

Rice’s woods, pottery, 953, 105°, 1067;
pipes found in, 1169; clay bead found
in, 1391.

Richmond, A. G., collections, 1062, 1419;
work for state museum, 1312.

Rodman, pipes found in, 119°.

Rome, pipe found near, 1168.

Rutland, pipes found in, 123%, 1277.

St Lawrence county, see Ogdensburg.

Salt vessels, 78%.

Sandy Creek, pipes found in, 1333-342.

Saratoga county, pipes found in, 1318.

Savannah, pottery found near, 1069.

Schenectady county, see Hoffman’s Ferry.

Schoharie county, pipes found in, 1181,
1283,

Scipio, pipe found in, 1168,

Scipioville, pottery, 1034; pipes found in,
1171, 1179-181, 1259-261,

Seneca county, pottery, 993; pipes found
in, 120!, See also Kendaia.

Seneca Indians, removals of villages, 375.

Seneca River, pottery found near, 884,
89, 901, 907, gt, 923, 937, 98%, 1008,
1or1, 1018, 1042, 1068; pipe found near,
1193, 1254, 1258, 1292, 1302;
found near, 1411.

Shelby, fort in, 864.

Sherman’s hollow, pipes found in, 1257.

knife

Skaneateles lake, pipes found near, 1197.
Smith, Capt. John, quoted, 113°.
Soapstone, see Potstone.

South Onondaga, pipes found in, 1202.

Specimens, representative, 858; desired
for state museum, 86!; in state collec-
tion, 1109-122.

State museum, specimens desired for, $61;
illustrations from collection, 1109-122 ;
collection of pipes, 1352.

Steatite, see Potstone.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Stone, W. L., quoted, 842; collection,
131,

Stone, vessels of, 757.

Stone Arabia, pipes found in, 1283; clay
bead found near, 1391.

Stone pipes, 794, 851, 1132, 1151.

Terra cotta head, description of plate,
1371.

Terra cotta mask, description of plate,
1367,

Thousand Islands, pipes found on, 1279,
120°.

Tioga county sce Owego.

Tobacco, usages connected with, 1137—
143,

Tobacco pipes, see Pipes.

Tooker, W. W., quoted, 838, 1099-102.

Tribeshill, clay disk found in, 1394.

Trumpet pipes, 1152.

Twining, J. S., collections, 1313, 1358.

Union Springs, pipes found in, 1194,
1232, 1238.

Van Epps, P. M., quoted, 1264.
Venice, pipes found in, 1227.

Vermont, pipes, 852.

Vessels of earthenware, see Earthenware.

Wagner’s hollow, pottery found near,
93°-941, 944, 964, 979, 1023.

Wampum pipes, 1158.

Washington pipe, 1317-322.

Watertown, pottery, 998.

Wayne county, see Savannah.

West Bloomfield, pottery, 1016, 1032, 1045,
1049, 105%, 1093, 1112; pipes found in,
1172, 1204, 1324, 1328.

Weymouth, Capt. George, quoted, 798.

Williams, Roger, quoted, 792, 113%.

Wisconsin, pottery, 768.

Wyman, Prof., quoted, 781.

Yates county, pipes found in, 1257. See
also Sherman’s hollow.

4

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University of the State of New York

Economic map. Merrill, F: J. H. Economic map of the state of
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Scale 14 miles to 1 inch.

-Museum memoirs. University of the State of New York. Memoirs
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Univer with the paleontology.

1 Beecher, C: E., & Clarke, J: M. Development of some Silurian
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Natural history. New York state. Natural history of New York.
30 v.di. pl. maps, Q. Albany 1842-94.
Divisions I-5 out of print.
Dini sites 1 De Kay, J. E. Zoology. 5 v.pl. 1842-44.
, 2 Dorey; John, Botany. 2 v.— 1643"
iG 3 Beck, L. C. Mineralogy. 24-+536p.il. pl. 1842.
su 4 Mather, W: W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lardner;
and Hall, James. Geology. 4 v. pl maps. 1842-43.
cS 5 Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture. 5 v.il. maps. 1846-54.

Division 6 Paleontology. Hall, james. Paleontology of New
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v. 8, pt x Introduction to the study of the genera of the paleozoic
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§ pt 2. Paleozoic brachiopoda. 164394p. 84 pl. 1894. | Price
ZERO.

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