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University of the State of New York | $
BULLETIN : | 3
5 OF THE

~

New York State Museum

EROREDE i H. MERRILL Director

No. 37 Vol. 8

September 1900

ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

OF SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT __ / ;

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS mine SS
BURES U OF
AMERICAN iA NOLOGY. .

OF

‘NEW YORK STATE

BY
EPHRAIM PORTER FELF D.Sc.
| State entomologist

(43611

ALBANY
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
)

1900 a
M71m-Ago-5000 Price 10 cents

~

1874
1892

1873
1877
1877
1877
1878
1881
1881
1883
1885
1885
1888
1890
1890
1893
1895

1895

1897
1897
1899
1899

1900

1888

a do =." a ae be a's , ~~ ae,

University of the State of New York

REGENTS

With years of election

ANSON JUDD {Upson L.H.D? DB LAD.
Chancellor, Glens Falls

WiiLi1amM CroswELt Doane D.D. LL.D.

Vice-chancellor, Albany
Martin I. TownsEND M.A. LL.D. _ - Troy
Cuauncey M. Depew LL.D. - _ - - New York
Cuarues E. Fitch LL.B. M.A. L.H.D. —- __ Rochester
Orris H. WarREN D.D. - - - _ — Syracuse
WHITELAW ReEID LL.D. - - _ = New York
Witiiam H. Watson M.A. D.M. _ = — Utica
Henry E. TURNER _ - - Lowville
St CrarrR McKetway L.H.D. ee if Pig. BE C. L. — Brooklyn
HamiL_Ton Harris Ph.D. LL.D. - - _ Albany
DaNIEL BeacH Ph.D. LL.D. ~ - _ — Watkins
CaRROLL E. SmitH LL.D. Be Se a SS Syracuse
Puiny T. Sexton LL.D -—- — = = — Palmyra
T. Guitrorp SmitH M.A. LL.D. C. ies oy Buffalo
Lewis A. Stimson B.A. M.D. - = = — New York .
ALBERT VANDER VEER Ph.D. M.D. - = Albany
CHARLES R. SKINNER M.A. LL.D.

Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio
CHESTER S. Lorp M.A.°LL.D. .-— ce _ — Brooklyn
TrmotHy L. WooprurFr M.A. Lieutenant-Governor, ex officio
THEODORE ROOSEVELT B.A. LL.D. Governor, ex officio

Joun T. McDonoucH LL.B. LL.D. Secretary of State, ex officio

Tuomas A. Henprick M.A. LL.D, -— 3 — Rochester

SECRETARY
Elected by regents

1900 JAMES RUSSELL PARSONS JR M. A.

DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS

Metvit Dewey M.A. State library and Home education

1890 JAMES RUSSELL Parsons jr M.A. /

1890

Administrative, College and High school dep’ts
FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL Ph.D. State museum

University of the State of New York

Bw LL Err N

OF THE

New York State Museum

FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL Director

No. 37 ~=«~*Volz. 8

September 1900

ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

OF SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS

OF

NEW YORK STATE

By
EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D. Sc.

State entomologist

ALBANY
UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

1900

ie a i ee it ere +) Vama’ Sr T ‘

+, cad Sy Saeed ‘ ey BN neh a
oo oe see al mera eRe TLR. Lime,
re (? ee . ha rhe. <r a }

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- i

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rid !

Martit tree Amsecty ok. Mi AT ee. re aed gee tee
Small fruit and vine insects..... 4. AAR HA OM er ic
Shade’ tree pests 7... + nee Poi eg it Meda aa ae eka
Garden insects ... f meee Nines AB od SREB has Dota

ip)

Grass insects . Shee Sal a RATA SPER Min tie aie ES fy
ouee nol HUSOGIN Ria ae omar a Anuar: . Vike Ben Ones tae See

Insects affecting stored food products . ae) ae ee
Ae TNBSEC ES iO 2) RR LER NO ITED OA at capt tus ren eae ee Oe : e
aim os CMake sohbet Gass CRS CL, RL ay a ae emia ae
‘Internal poisons .... ion , .
Contact insecticides wia (tah wheiuet ke ease
Insecticide and paneriad: Naiah ape es Sok Meu eN eRe + coeinnd 36 ae

iN Fok epee oe Ae AUER MR Be eva PE as vee A Gee RAM PA

‘ ‘ ) ey 1 De ty

o-
.
*

eerie [s/'sej,cfier!sife!(e Tiel iw. (a Oma resedellallsy|o\iol lial voncenrs

This catalogue by no means includes all the injurious insects
attacking the classes of plants listed. It gives the more im-
portant characteristics of the insects represented in a collection
prepared for exhibition at farmers institutes, granges, fairs and
other gatherings where it might be advisable to make such a dis-
play. The species have also been represented by figures so far
as the means at hand would permit. Many of the illustrations
have been borrowed from other works, and a féw have been made
specially for this catalogue.

STAKE

EPHRAIM PoRTER FELT
State entomologist
CHARLES S. Banks
Marcaret F.. Boynton
Assistants

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS

FRUIT TREE INSECTS

1 Apple tree tent-caterpillar (Clisiocampa americana).

The conspicuous web tents found in the forks of apple and cherry

trees in May contain hairy, bluish black caterpil-
lars marked with yellowish and with a white
stripe along the back. The cocoons are spun the
last of May, the light brown moths, with oblique
white stripes across the fore wings, flying in June.
The eggs, in belts incircling the smaller twigs,
are covered with a brown, glistening protective
substance and remain unhatched till spring.

Treatment: remove and destroy the eggs or
crush the young in their nests. Spray the foliage
of infested trees with poison in early spring.

2 Codling-moth (Carpocapsa pomon-
ella). Familiar as the worm boring in apples
near the core. The winter is passed by the cater-
pillar in small cavities under sheltering bark or
in crevices.
The moths ap-
pear shortly

ad

Fie. 1 Egg belt of
apple tree tent-cat-
erpillar, enlarged ~

after the petals fall. There
are usually two broods a year
in New York state.

h

Fie. 2 Codling-moth: a burrow of larva; b point
of entrance of larva; d pupa; e full-grown larva;
f adult moth at rest; g same with wings spread;
h head of full-grown larva (after Riley)

Treatment: band trees and
kill worms collecting under
the bands, destroy wormy
apples, spray with poison
shortly after the petals have
fallen, and while the calyx
lobes are still open. Prevent
escape of the moths in the

spring from fruit cellars or storehouses.
3 Palmer worm (Ypsolophus pometellus). Small
wriggling, yellowish green caterpillars, having a dark stripe on

8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

either side and ornamented with rather conspicuous dark tuber-
cles, were very numerous the latter part of June and early July
in many orchards, where they skeletonized the leaves and ate
large holes in the young fruit. The parent insect emerges from

a slender brown pupal case and is a delicate, grayish moth. |

Treatment: spray thoroughly in early June with poison.

4 Pistol case-bearer (Coleophora malivorella). Small
caterpillars in pistol-shaped cases feed from April to May on the
opening flowers
and young leaves
of the apple tree,
often skeleton-
izing. the latter.
The dark drab
colored moths ap-
pear the latter
part of June, de-
posit eggs and
cote young
emerge there-
| from the latter
part of July. The winter is passed by the caterpillars within
cases securely attached to the bark. )

Treatment: spray infested trees with the poison just as the
buds are opening, and repeat, if necessary, a few days to a week .
later.

5 Cigar case-bearer (Coleophora fletcherella).
Small caterpillars in cigar-shaped cases feed from April to June
on the buds and foliage of apple trees. The delicate,
gray moths appear from the middle of June to the
middle of July, lay eggs, which hatch in about two
weeks, the young being leaf-miners. The cater-
pillars soon make cases, later attach them securely
to the bark, pass the winter therein, and begin feed-
ing again in early spring.

Fig 3 Pistol case-bearer: a cases containing the larvae, natural
size; blarva; ce pupa; d moth; b, cand d enlarged (after Riley)

: : . 3 Fic. 4 Cigar
Treatment: spray infested trees with poison just case-bearer ot
bit of leaf—four

as the buds are opening, and repeat, if necessary, a fine torigmal

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS | 9

few days to a week later. Kerosene emulsion is also effective, if

applied at this time.

6 Bud moth (Tmetocera ocellana). ‘Small brown
caterpillars about 4 inch long, with black head and thoracic
shield, are frequently found eating the young

leaves and flowers of apple and pear tree. The
parent moth is an inconspicuous, grayish in-
sect. The winter is passed by the half-grown

caterpillars within almost invisible cocoons at- Fic. 5 Bye-spotted
bud moth and its cater-
tached near a bud or rough place in the bark. ie

Treatment: spray thoroughly with poison as the buds begin to

Fic. 6 Apple leaf Bucculatrix: a cocoons on twig;

b cocoon enlarged; c moth enlarged

open.

¢@ Apple leaf Buccula-
LPI) (ts Crem Rav Ee
pom folie bla.
White, ribbed cocoons
about 4+ inch long may
be seen in clusters on
smaller limbs of infested
trees. The parent insect
is a delicate moth
marked with yellowish

and brown. The small larvae mine the leaves and later feed ex-

ternally. There are two broods annually.

Treatment: spray infested foliage with poison in early June.

8 Rose beetle (Macrodac-
Py s smbs Pinos is).
Greenish yellow beetles about
2 inch long appear in swarms
in May and attack the foliage
_ of various trees and vines. The
young are white grubs and live
under ground on grass and the
roots of other plants. This in-
Sect oceurs most abundantly on
a sandy soil.

Fie. 7 Rose beetle: a adult beetle; b larva ©
(reduced after Marlatt. U.S. dep't agr., Year-

book 1895)

10 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Treatment: spray beetles with $ pound whale oil soap to 1 gal-
lon water, dust vines with ashes, etc.; handpicking.

Fic. 8 Apple tree borer, adult
beetle

9 Apple tree borer (Saperda
candida). ‘The presence of this
insect is usually indicated by “saw-
dust” or diseased bark and beneath
the latter, legless, white, round headed
borers are found. The brown beetles,
striped with white, about 1 inch long,
occur from June to August. Two or
three years are required to complete
the life cycle.

Treatment: protect base of tree with wire netting. Dig out the
young borers in the fall. Cut and burn badly infested trees.

10 Pear midge (Diplosis py- |
rivora). The dwarfed, deformed,
infested fruit drops early, and within
occur thick bodied, pale yellow mag-
gots. The parent midge appears
about the time the trees are in bloom

Fic.10 Burrows of peach bark
borer in a young apple tree

and deposits
her eggs.
The young
grow rapidly
and cause a
distortion of
Lhe ir mit.
which _usu-
ally cracks
with the first
good _ rain

about June 1.

Fic.9 Pear midge. Section of pear
containing the larvae, and an uninfested
one for comparison of forms

The larvae then enter the

ground and pupate. :

Treatment: destroy infested fruit.

11 Peach bark borer (Scolytus
rugulosus). The bark of affected

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS | 11

- trees is punctured with many small, circular holes, made
by brownish black beetles less than 4 inch long. The inner por-
tions of the bark and sap wood are frequently filled with burrows.
The parent beetles enter the bark and make burrows, on either
side of which eggs are deposited, and the young work away from
_the main burrow. There are probably two broods annually in
New York state.

Treatment: burn badly infested trees. Apply carbolic soap wash
to trunks and limbs in early spring. 4

12 Pear blight beetle (X yleborus dispar). The bark of
affected trees is punctured with many small, circular holes made
by dark brown beetles about 4 inch long. Inner portions of the
bark and sap wood are filled with burrows.

Treatment: burn badly infested trees.

13 17 year cicada (Cicada septendecim). Slit and
broken twigs with wilting
leaves are characteristic of
the work of this insect, but
~ unless the trees are small not
much damage is done. Broods
appear at intervals of 17
years. The adult may be dis-
tinguished from the dog day
cicada by its bright red eyes
and wing veins of the same

Fic. 11 17 year cicada

color.

Prevention: avoid setting out trees in last few years before
cicadas are due.

14 Apple tree bark louse (Mytilaspis pomorum). Bark
infested with elongated brownish scales shaped somewhat like
oyster shells. The winter is passed as white eggs under old scales,
the young appear about June 1. A common scale insect which
sometimes occurs in large numbers, and infests many different
shrubs and trees.

toy: NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Treatment: spray young with kerosene emulsion or whale oil
soap solution.

Fic. 12 Scale insects: a apple tree bark louse; b scurfy bark louse; e¢ San José scale; d male
of same; e English oyster scale; f Putnam’s scale (original)

15 Scurfy bark louse (Chionaspis furfurus). The whit-
ish, scurfy scales occur on the bark of fruit trees. The purplish
eggs remain under the old scales all winter, the young appearing
about June 1. A widely distributed scale insect which is some-
times so abundant as literally to coat the trunk of a tree and give
it the appearance of having been whitewashed. It is confined
largely to fruit trees.

Treatment: spray young with kerosene emulsion or whale oil

soap solution.

16 San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). A small
circular scale with a central nipple. It is not readily seen unless
yery abundant. Infests many trees and shrubs. The specimens
show variations in the appearance of the scales and how it may be
disseminated by budding. The young appear from early June tili
cold weather. <A very prolific and dangerous species.

Treatment: destroy badly infested trees, specially if young, and .

spray others thoroughly with 20% mechanical emulsion of
crude petroleum just before the buds start in the spring. Kero-
sene emulsion or whale oil soap solution may be used in the same
way, but neither has proved equally effective. The last two are
recommended for summer treatment from the time the young ap-
pear, using 10¢ kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap at the rate of
1 pound to 4 gallons of water, and applying at intervals of about
10 days till the middle of September. Small trees can be fumi-
gated with hydrocYanic acid gas with excellent results, using 1

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 13

pound of cyanide of potassium to 150 cubic feet of space and treat-
ing before the buds start in the spring.

17 English oyster scale (A spidiotus ostreaeformis).
This resembles the San José scale in appearance, but has the nip-
ple a little to one side of the center, and like it infests fruit trees.
It occurs in many localities in this state and should be guarded
against as occasionally it is found in great numbers.

Treatment: spray infested trees with a 20% crude petroleum
emulsion before the buds start or with kerosene emulsion or whale
oil soap solution when the young appear in June. Fumigate with
Qas. |

18 Putnam’s scale (Aspidiotus ancylus). Resembles
the two preceding species, but is less injurious. It attacks various
trees. The young appear the latter part of June.

Treatment: same as preceding.

SMALL FRUIT AND VINE INSECTS

19 Currant worm (Pteronus ribesii). Greenish, black
dotted saw fly larvae feed- |
ing on currant leaves in
May, the common currant
worm. The parent insect,
a small, brownish, black-
headed, four winged fly,
appears the latter part of
April, deposits eggs along
the veins on the under side
of the leaf. A second brood
of flies occurs the last of
May or in June.

Treatment: spray with

Fie. 138 Immature currant worms (after Saunders)

hellebore or poison.

20 Currant span worm (Diastictis ribearia). Yellow-
ish, black dotted span worms feeding on leaves in May and June.
These are true caterpillars, and are easily distinguished from the
preceding species by their “looping” habit when walking. The

14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

parent insect is a delicate, yellowish moth with rather faint, dark

ing.

— we

arvae and pupa

Fig. 14 Currant span worms, :
(after Saunders) moth much resembling a

hornet. The Janus is a black, four winged,
slender fly, the female having the abdomen
bagded with red, the male with his abdomen
all reddish. The Tenthredo is a_heavier,
black, four winged fly.

Treatment: burn stems infested with se-
Sians and the wilting tips infested by the
others.

22 Raspberry gouty gall beetle (Agrilus
ruficollis). The irregular swellings on
canes are produced by larvae of this pest.
The parent insect is a small black beetle
with a bronze colored collar. The grub isa
slender, flat headed borer.

Treatment: cut and burn infested canes
during winter or early spring.

23 Light-loving grape vine beetle (A nom-
ala lucicola). Brownish or black bee-
tles about 2 inch long, resembling a small

redo

The caterpillars boring in

the woody stems are se-
\\ 8 sians. The maggots work-

A Ww ; 7

Bl ON SS ing in the tender tips may

Fos ANS
an \ SY be either those of Janus
a \

markings.
Treatment: spraying
with poison, or handpick-

21 Currant stem-borers
(Sesia
Janus integer, Tenth-

tipuliformis,

rufopectus).

or of Tenthredo. The
parent of the stem-borer
is a delicate, clear winged

Fig. 15 Raspberry gouty
gall (after Riley) ;

a

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 15

June beetle. Occurs in immense numbers occasionally, and then
it fairly riddles grape leaves.
Treatment: dust vines with lime. Collect and
destroy beetles.
24 Spotted grape vine beetle (Pelidnota
ingerapevinebecleo PUNnCctata). A large, yellowish brown, black

eae eee spotted beetle about 1 inch long, resembling a
June beetle. Its size and

beauty attract consider-
able attention, though
the insect is rarely abun-
dant enough to do much
damage. The larva is
one of the white grubs,
and lives in decaying

roots and stumps of var-
ious trees.

Treatment: handpick-
ing.

25 Grape vine flea
Fic. 17 Spotted grape vine beetle: a larvae; b pupa;

beetle (A 2 ] t i ca Cc h a- Cranis ea d,%é, f minor parts strongly magnified

lybea). Greenish or blue jumping beetles about 4 inch long, feed-

ing on buds, or brownish,
black dotted larvae
about 4 inch long, skele-

OMY

tonizing leaves. The
beetles pass the winter
in crevices of bark, ap-
pearing with warm
weather, ready to attack
the opening buds. This
early feeding by the
adults causes the most
injury and should
be vigilantly guarded
against. The grubs be
gin their work about the

Fic. 18 Ore vine ee batters a ah ee be pe
b grub magnified; c earthen cell of pupa;.d adu eetle
after Riley) latter part of May.

16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Treatment: the grubs are easily controlled by spraying with
poison, and, if this be done, there will be fewer beetles to fight
in the spring. Early injury by the beetles may also be prevented
by spraying the buds thoroughly, using one pound of poison to
75 gallons of water, or by hand picking. |

26 Grape vine plume moth (Oxy-
ptilus periscelidacty ims,
Small, greenish, hairy caterpillars
webbing together terminal leaves.
The caterpillars’ work is most ap-
parent the last of May or early June,
and when abundant they may cause
considerable injury. The delicate,
brownish, plume moths appear about
the middle of June. ae

Treatment: pick and destroy in-
fested tips.

27 Eight spotted forester (A lypia
octomatulata)-: Reddish,
black-ringed caterpillars about 13

Fic. 19 Grape vine plume moth:_ jj : o dine Pa. et
hee ial ed Be ywiee wade inches long feeding on grape yine

minor parts enlarged (after Riley)

and Virginia creeper in spring. The
parent insect is a beautiful black moth marked with eight yellow
spots on the wings and with
handsome orange tufts on the
forward and. middle, pairs of
legs.

Treatment: handpicking;
spray with poison.

28 White flower cricket
(Oeeanthus, nryeus).
Series of punctures in twigs of

of various kinds are made by
this insect for the reception of Fic. 20 Eight spotted forester: a caterpillar;
‘ Poi mo, Xe b eularged segment of the same; c female moth
its eggs. The injury is usually
too little to call for remedial measures, specially as the insects

are predaceous and beneficial, and should therefore be protected.

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 17

SHADE TREE PESTS

29 White-marked tussock moth (Notolophus leuco-
stigma). Beautiful caterpillars having three black plumes,
four yellow or white tufts, a coral red head, and body marked
with black and yellow, defoliate horse chestnut, elm and other
shade trees. The winter is passed in egg masses covered with a
white, frothy substance, the caterpillars hatching the latter part

4
\\"
-.

Wi
\\, ‘ \ Mh
\ ; Hi
\, y, \

WII 7 a

jg

O.HEIDEMAN. S.C.

Fig. 21 White marked tussock moth: a larva; b female pupa; ec male pupa; d, e male moth;
female moth; g same ovipositing; h egg mass; « male cocoons; k female cocoons, with moths
laying eggs—all slightly enlarged (after Howard, U.S. dep’t agr , Yearbook 1895)

of May and spinning up about a month later, the moths appearing
‘in July. Two broods occur about New York city and but one
farther north as a rule.

Treatment: remove and destroy the eggs or spray the foliage

of the infested trees with poison.

18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM er :

30 Forest tent-caterpillar: maple worm (Clisiocampa dis-
stria). Foliage of maple and fruit trees eaten in May and June
by hairy blue headed caterpillars with silvery dots along the back.

The cocoons are spun in
June, the brown moth,
with darker oblique bands
across the wings, flying in
July. Eggs in belts in-
circling smaller twigs are
covered with a light brown
: | protective substance, and
, Bu 22 Fores tenteaterpion: a cluster of eae Temain unhatehed till
eggs (after Riley spring.

Treatment: remove and destroy the eggs; kill the caterpillars
when massed on trunk and limbs, either by crushing or by spray-
ing them with kerosene emulsion or with whale oil soap solution;
spray the foliage of infested trees with poison; collect and destroy

the cocoons.

31 Pigeon Tremex (Tremex columba). The large, four
winged, brownish adults marked with yellow, frequently known
as “horn tails”, are usu-
ally found in July around
diseased and dying tree
trunks. The eggs are de-
posited a short distance
within the bark, and the
young borers occur. near
the surface, but full grown
ones may make their way
to the center of even large
trees. This insect is not
usually very injurious.

ae
was
GRE

ny?
ra

do

ick

om
Nis

ome
aA

Z * Fic. 23. Pigeon Tremex: a larva showing the
Ts eatment: cut and burn Thalessa larva fastened to its side; b head of ie

ui c female pupa; d male pupa; e adult female (reduced
badly infested trees. after Marx)
32 Lunate long sting (Thalessa lunator). A magnifi-

cent brownish, wasp-like insect, with yellow markings and a

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 19

slender ovipositor or “ tail” 2 to 4 inches long. It frequents elms
and maples infested by the pigeon Tremex, and occasionally is
found with the ovipositor
stuck in the wood. The
characteristic attitude of
this parasite when forcing
its long ovipositor into the
wood is well shown in the
accompanying figure. The
white legless grubs attach
themselves to the borers
and suck their life out.
This insect should therefore
be protected.

33 Cottony maple tree scale insect (Pulvinaria innumer-
abilis). The under side of smaller limbs of soft maple are
sometimes festoon-
ed with this cot-
tony insect, though
more frequently it
occurs in small

Fic. 24 Lunate long sting ovipositing

masses. The young
appear in July.
Sometimes this in-
sect is very in-
jurious on Long
Island and _ occa-
sionally is abun-
dant in other sec-
tions of the state.

Fie. 25 Cottony maple tree scale insect. Adult females on Treatment: SDESe

twigs with eggs sacs—natural size (after Howard; U. S. dep’t ; arn.
agr., div. ent. bull. 22, n. s.) young with kero

sene emulsion or

whale oil soap solution. Brush or scrape off and destroy the old
scales. |

34 Sugar maple borer (Plagionotus speciosus). Dis

eased or loose bark and exposed dead wood indicate the work of

20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

this pest. The white, legless, fleshy grubs of this beetle fre-
quently cause serious injury by running transverse burrows just
beneath the bark. The stout, black
beetles, about 1 inch long, with
bright yellow markings, occur from
June to August. They deposit eggs
in the bark, and these places become
more apparent later through sap
flowing from the living tissues
gnawed by the grub and producing a
discoloration around the wound.

RA eet PT Treatment: burn badly infested
heetle (orietnal) ; trees. Search for places where eggs
have been deposited and dig out the young borers in the fall.
Protect trees with carbolic soap:
wash from June to August.

35 Maple tree pruner (E1laphi-
dion villosum). Small
limbs of maple, oak and other
trees nearly eaten off by an insect
and dropping in September, usu-
ally contain the burrows of this
species. The parent of the borer
is a nearly cy-
lindric, brown
beetle which usu-

S =
—wS

= = ~

ee

>
~ SS
a >

Ss
o>
>
SS

eee
——

Sac
ss

ally remains with-
in the fallen
twig till the next
June.

Treatment: collect infested
limbs on the ground and burn be-
fore spring.

36 Elm leaf beetle (Galeru- Fic. 27 Injury produced by a transverse
burrow of borer in a sugar maple about 18

inches in diameter

aS

= : = = Sap Ses
“= ‘ — x Db SS
ets, - ¢ = —s . SSO
Dp ~ x —— 2 5 SS SS
S —= = EP aE Te << SS
— eS; 5 ET rari rate =
= js ? < a a6
= ace le . = Sie =
: eer LS
——

> ———— aay 3

Fig. 28 Maple tree
pruner (original)

Vi
\

— <=>
ee

> <—
SSS
nt TS

. —

cella luteola). Irregular
round holes are eaten in young foliage, followed by the grubs
gnawing the under portions of the leaves, which then dry and

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 21

/

turn brown. The yellowish, black striped beetles, about 4 inch

long, appear in early spring and lay eggs in May. The grubs feed
in June, changing to yellow pupae the latter part of the month.

A second brood occurs in July and extends
into September. Known to occur in this
state on Long Island, in the Hudson river
valley north to Schuylerville, and in a few
places in western central New York. This
pest prefers European elms, but when
numerous will seriously injure American
‘elms. |

Treatment: spray the young foliage of in-
fested trees with poison early in May to kill
the beetles. The spray must be thrown on
~ the under surface of the leaf in order to kill
the grubs. Kill larvae and pupae on and

Fic. 29 Elm leaf beetle,
adult (reduced from How-
ard, U. S. dep’t agr., Year-
book 1895)

near trunks of the trees either with hot water, with kerosene

emulsion or by sweeping up and burning.

37 Spiny elm caterpillar (Kuvanessa antiopa). Large

Fie. 80 Spiny elm cater-
pillar (original)

black, red marked, spiny caterpillars
about 2 inches long may frequently be

seen in Juné feeding on the leaves of elm,

willow and several other trees. The
parent butterfly is a handsome purplish
insect with yellow bordered wings. There
are two annual generations in New York
state.

Treatment: remove the gregarious cater-
pillars and crush them or spray the in-
fested limbs with poison.

38 Elm bark louse (Gossyparia
ulmi). The adult females in June appear
like clusters of small lichens on the under
side of the smaller limbs of European
elms. The young emerge in July. This in-
sect appears to be generally distributed in

the Hudson river valley, and will probably soon make its way to

22

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

other parts of the state. The draft on a badly infested tree in
June is very great; the excretions of the bark lice falling in fine

showers keep stones beneath wet even on
good drying days. The leaves of infested
trees are frequently covered with a black-
ening fungus, which grows in this secre-
tion.

sene emulsion or whale oil soap solution.
39 Elm borer (Saperda triden-

tata). Diseased or dead bark is usually

sect. The tree soon becomes unthrifty

Fic. 31 Elm bark lice on twig,
full grown females (original) and examination of the bark may show

in its inner portions white, flattened, legless grubs, which fre-

quently cause consider-
able injury. The beetles
appear from early May
till latter part of June.

Treatment:

cut and
burn badly infested trees.
Protect valuable trees
with carbolic soap wash

Fic. 32. Elm borer: a adult; b half grown larva—hair

durin g M ay and June. line represents natural size of latter (original)
4() Elm snout beetle (Magdalis barbita). Thick, fleshy,

Fie. 33 Elm _ snout
beetle, Magdalis
barbita (original)

legless grubs working in inner bark of elm.
Follows attack by the elm-borer and occa-
sionally is very abundant. The parent
insect is a black snout beetle ahout +
inch long. It sometimes occurs in large num-
bers and may have associated with it the
reddish, closely allied Magdalis armi-
collis.

Treatment: burn badly infested trees and keep others vigorous.

Treatment: spray the young with kero- —

the first indication of injury by this in- —

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 23

41 Fall web worm (Hyphantria cunea). Web tents in
July and August inclosing leaves on the tips of branches, the

eaten foliage turning brown.
This insect attacks many
trees and occasionally is very
destructive. The parent in-
sect is a whitish moth.

Treatment: destroy webs.
and their inhabitants or
spray foliage of affected limbs
with poison.

42 Bag worm (Thyridop-
teryx ephemeraefor-
mis). Defoliated evergreeas

-and other trees are found in-

fested in late summer and fall
with curious caterpillar con-
taining bags of this insect.
Occurs in vicinity of New
York city and is sometimes

Fie. 34 Fall web worm: a light form of full
grown larva; 6 dark form of same; ec pupa; d
spotted form of moth (reduced from Howard,
U.S. dep’t agr., Yearbook 1895)

very destructive, specially to evergreens. The female is wingless

Fie. 35 Bag worm: a, b, c at successive stages of
growth; c male bag; d female bag (reduced from
Howard, U.S. dep’t agr., Yearbook 1895)

made its way about 40 miles north.

and never leaves the bag.

Treatment: collect and
destroy bag worms or spray
with poison.

43 Leopard moth (Zeu-
zera pyrina). The
whitish, black spotted cater-
pillar of this imported pest
makes large burrows in
trunks and limbs. It attacks
most kinds .of trees and
shrubs grown about New
York city, and has already
The parent insect is a white,

black or blue spotted moth with a wing spread of about 2 inches.

24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Treatment: dig out young borers. Kill others by injecting

carbon bisulfid in the burrow and then stopping the orifice with
putty or soap. Burn badly infested trees.

Fic. 36 Leopard moth, adult female (after Pike)

44 Bronze birch-borer (A grilus anxius). If infested bark
is examined, a slender fiat-headed grub may be found running

Fie. 87. Bronze birch borer: a female
beetle; 6 first abdominal segments of
male from below; c larva from above--
all enlarged about 34 times (after Chit-
tenden, U.S. dep’t agr., div. ent., bull.
18, n. S.)

burrows in all directions in the inner
portions. White and other birches
are attacked, one of the first indica-
tions of attack being the dying of
the tree at the top. It is very in-
jurious at present in Buffalo. The
beetles appear in June.

Treatment: cut and burn badly
infested trees. |

GARDEN INSECTS

45 Colorado potato beetle (Dory-
phora10-lineata). Sionutwer
lowish beetles with black striped
wing covers appear in early spring,
feed, and deposit yellowish eggs in
clusters on under surface of leaves.
The reddish, black marked grubs
also devour the foliage.

Treatment: spray vines with poison; handpicking.

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 25

46 Squash vvine-borer (Melittia satyriniformis).
Wilting of one or more runners is caused by a whitish caterpillar
boring in the stem near the root. The parent insect is a beautiful,
clear winged moth with brownish black fore wings, transparent

Fig. 88 Squash vine borer: a male: moth; b female moth with wings folded as atrest; c eggs
on bit of squash stem; d full grown larvain vine; e pupa; f pupal cell—all enlarged 1 (after Chit-
tenden, U. S. dep’t agr., div. ent., cire. 38, 2d ser.)

hind wings and with legs beautifully ornamented with black and
orange tufts. She deposits eggs on almost any part of the plant.

Treatment: plant a few early squashes as a trap crop, destroy-
ing these vines as soon as the crop is secured. Slit the softer,
infested portions, remove the borers and. cover the wounded part
withearth. Protect
young plants with
netting.

47 Striped cucum-
ber beetle (Dia-
Out CAs fy Vette
tata). Yellow bee-
tles about 4 inch
long, striped with
black, occur innum-

bers on cucumber

§ al S, Fia. 39 Striped cucumber beetle: a beetle; b larva; ec pupa;

and squash vine d side view SEE segment (after Chittenden, U. S, dep’t agr.,
Thé slender, whit- div. ent., circ. 31, 2d ser.)

ish, brown headed grubs live on the roots of these plants and

frequently cause great injury.

26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Treatment: protect young vines with netting. Dust vines with
ashes, plaster of paris, etc. Poison trap crop of squash. Clean
culture and the destruction of vines as soon as the crop is har-
vested will do much to keep this pest in check.

48 Cucumber flea beetle (Epitrix ctcumeris). Brown-

see ish, gnawed spots on leaves made by
numerous black jumping beetles about
7; inch long. They are frequently very
injurious. The young live on the roots
of various plants.

Treatment: spray vines with bordeaux
mixture, with poison or with a combina-

tion of the two. Dusting the affected
Fic. 40 Cucumber flea beetle, ’

much enlarged (after Chittenden, i i -
gen euler sed at ee cy ee plants with plaster of paris, ashes, ete

Nis.)

will also afford some protection.

49 Squash bug (A nasa tristis). Wilting leaves with their
under surface infested bygreen- “== _ a
ish young or by the large, gray- ;
ish brown stink bugs about ?
inch long. The eggs are depos-
ited in clusters on the under
surface of the leaves.

Treatment: collect and de-
stroy the early appearing bugs.
Place chips and similar shelters
near the vines and kill each

mpeg te DOES ce Het at Do conten oe ee
derneath. Crush the brownish ee eo: eee
eggs on under surface of the leaves.

50 Common asparagus beetle (Crioceris asparagi). Slate
colored grubs about + inch long or beetles about 4 inch long,
prettily marked with yellow, blue and red, eat the more tender
parts of the plants. They breed during the greater part of the
growing season. Occurs on Long Island, in the Hudson river
valley and in the lake regions of the western part of the state.

Treatment: the daily cutting of producing beds serves to keep

‘yy

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 27

the pest under control then.
fested after cutting ceases should be
sprayed with poison, or a mixture of
paris green with plaster or fl.ur should
be dusted on the plants while they are
wet with dew.

51 12 spotted asparagus beetle (C ri-
oceris 12-punctata). Slate col-

ored grubs about 3 inch long or stout,

nearly cylindric ‘hed beetles about

4 inch long, with 12 black spots, eating
the more tender portions of the plant.

Young beds and others badly in-

COE,

Fic. 42 - Asparagus beetle, en-
larged about six diameters, with
farther enlargement of antenna and
front tarsus

Known to occur in the state in several places in the Hudson river

(eZ,

Fie. 43 12 spotted asparagus beetle: a adult beetle; b larva;
ec, d enlarged segments (after Chittenden, U. S. dep’t agr., Year-
book 1896)

black, red headed beetles about ;3, inch long.

in large numbers.

Treatment: spray affected plants with
poison or with poisoned bordeaux mix-
ture, preferably the latter. Clean culture
will do much to prevent attack by this
insect. |

53 Blister beetles (Epicauta cin-
erea, Ee vitta tay,
and August on the foliage of potato and
other plants, cylindric, soft beetles about

Feeding in July

valley and in a
number of widely
separated localities
in the western part
of the state.
Treatment: same
as the preceding.
52 Red headed flea
beetle (Systena
Reo hea Lis)
Ragged holes and
brown spots made
by small, jumping,
Sometimes occurs

Fig. 44 Red headed flea bee-
tle: ashowing leg adapted to
jumping—much enlarged, 0
adult beetle, enlarged (origi-
nal)

§ inch long and black and gray, or black striped with yellow.

28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Treatment: as the grubs of these beetles are known to feed on

the eggs of grasshoppers and are therefore beneficial, the adults
should be destroyed, by spraying

Fie. 45 Margined
blister beetle, E pi-
cauta cinerea

affected plants with poison or by
beating the insects into pans con-
taining water and kerosene, only
when necessary.

54 Bumble flower beetle (Eu-
phoria inda). Brownish mot-

Fie. 46 Striped

tled beetles about 3 inch long phiister beetle, Epi-

cauta vittata

feeding in ears of green corn,

attacking peaches, etc. The young are white grubs, and may be
found in partially decayed vegetable matter, and the beetles may
frequently be seen in the spring flying and making a humming

Fie. 47 Bumble flower beetle, natural
size: a, b,c enlargements of antenna,

anterior leg and posterior leg

much like a bumblebee. This insect
is not usually very destructive.

Treatment: handpicking.

55 Wireworms (Elateridae).
Cylindric, hard, yellowish brown
grubs attacking various plants, fre-
quently injuring planted seeds. The
parent insects are the brown snap-
ping beetles so commonly seen.

Treatment: fall plowing. Trap-
ping beetles with poisoned baits.

56 Stalk borer (Hydroecia
Ni ted a) Wilting potato vines

may be caused by a brown, white striped active caterpillar, about

1 inch long boring
within the stems. The
parent is a brownish
moth with a conspicu-
ous yellow line near
the outer third of the
fore wings. This insect

attacks many thick

Fig. 48 Stalk borer, moth and caterpillar (after Riley)

stalked, herbaceous plants, and is a difficult one to control.
Treatment: burn the infested stalks before September.

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 29

57 Variegated cut worm (Pe ridroma sauci a). This isa

stout, brownish cut worm about 14

markings. It is very injuri-
ous to various garden
plants. Its operations on
carnations in a greenhouse
are shown. The adult is an
obscurely colored brownish
moth.

Treatment: place poi-
soned baits near plants to
be protected.

58 Zebra caterpillar (M a-
mestra picta)._ Bril-

inches long, with obscure

Fic. 49 Variegated cut worm: a larva; b and ¢
segments of the same enlarged; d moth (after Riley)

liantly marked black and yellow, red headed caterpillars about

——

Ora SRTALUN MSU TAVAT
_ EEE ETN
aa > >

Fie. 50 a zebra caterpillar; b its moth (after Riley)

2 inches long are fre-
. quently found on cab-
bage, beets and other
garden crops. These
handsome caterpillars
are general feeders,
and occasionally are
found in very large

<u numbers. The moth

is marked with deep
shades of ‘brown.
There are two broods
annually.

Treatment: spray affected plants with poison, hellebore or

pyrethrum water.

59 Cabbage butterfly (Pieris
rapae). The large irregular
holes eaten in cabbage by a
greenish caterpillar are usually
the work of this insect. The
white butterflies are frequently
very abundant in the field. A com-
mon and widely distributed pest.

Fia. 51 Cabbage butterfly, female (after

Rile#)

€
30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Treatment: capture the butterflies with nets. Spray young
cabbage with poison, older ones with hellebore or pyrethrum
water. Dust with lime.

60 Cabbage thrips (Thrips tabaci). Cabbage and lettuce
frequently show white spots as though blasted, caused by minute
yellowish or brown insects. These little creatures are scarcely
visible to the unaided eye.

Treatment: spray affected plants at the beginning of the trouble
with kerosene emulsion or a soap solution.

Fieé.52 Rhubarb curculio: a adult beetle; c newly hatched larva; d full-grow larva; e pupa—all
about twice natural size (after Chittenden, U. S. dep’t agr., div. ent., bull. 23, n. s.)

61 Rhubarb curculio (Lixus concavus). Wilting rhubarb
leaves and punctures in the leaf stems are usually caused by a
nearly cylindric, black, extremely “hard shelled” beetle with
more or less of a golden bloom on it. The grubs burrow in the
stems and leaf stalks of dock as well as of rhubarb.

Treatment: the beetles can be collected and
destroyed by hand whenever injurious. They
are abroad in June.

62 Tarnished plant bug (Ly gus praten-
Sis). Small yellowish and black bugs about
+ inch long, frequenting many plants and in-
juring most garden crops and some trees. A
most serious injury by this pest is the exten- a
sive blasting of peach buds on nursery stock. bug (after Riley)

r™, |

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 31

Treatment: handpicking or dusting with ashes. Burn all rub-
bish in the fall. .

63 Four lined leaf bug (Poecilocapsus lineatus).
Bugs about 3; inch long, yellowish, with four black stripes,
frequent various plants and injure some considerably. A serious
enemy of the currant. There is but one brood annually. The

_ winter is passed in the egg, which hatches about the last of May,

the insect being full-grown about the middle of June. The white
eggs are deposited in slits made in the wood.

. Treatment: dust affected plants with ashes. Spray young with
kerosene emulsion. Cut and burn tips of bushes containing eggs.

GRASS INSECTS
64 Army worm (Leucania unipuncta). Brownish,

white striped caterpillars about 2 inches long devouring grasses

and allied plants occasionally ap-
pear in immense numbers. There
are two or three generations an-
nually in this state, but it is very
exceptional that this pest is as
destructive as it was in 1896.
The parent moth is brownish,
with a small white spot on the
fore wing. The eggs are laid by
preference in tough stalks of

rank herbage such as grows Fie. 54 Army worm: moth, pupa and eggs in
Z natural position in a grass leaf—all natural size

(after Comstock)

along neglected ditches, ete.

Treatment: exclude the pests by ditching, or kill with poisoned
baits. Prevent their occurrence
by clean culture.

65 Hessian fly (Cecido-
myiadestructor). Dark-
er, broad leaves with free stool-
ing, followed by the infested
patches turning yellow, are the
usual indications of attack.

Fig. 55 Hessian fly There are two broods annually,

on NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

the adults of one appearing in September, those of the other in
April or May, the latter being the cause of the lodged grain.
Treatment: late planting in connection with earlier sown decoy
strips to be plowed under in late fall. Cut straw high in infested
fields and burn the stubble. Clean culture and rotation of crops.
66 White grubs
(Lachnosterna
fusca, A llo=
rhina nittdgae.
Fleshy, white, brown
headed grubs sever-
ing grass roots and
those of other plants.
These pests fre-
quently occur in
such numbers as to
kill large patches of

Fig Lach rass. Th e paren
ié - 56 pe pei eioee fusca: 1pupa; 2the white grub s t
n its ground cell; 3 and 4 adult M er Ri -

oe ; lt May beetle (after Riley) l

brownish beetles or greenish, marked with yellow, in the case of
A.llorhina, which latter occurs in vicinity of New York
city. The grub of Allorhina has the peculiar habit of
turning on its back and progressing by a peculiar undulating
motion whenever it travels.

Fie.57 Allorhina nitida: alarva; bpupa;cmale beetle; d, e, f, gminor parts of larva
magnified (after Riley)

Treatment: spray badly infested areas liberally with kerosene
emulsion just before a rain. Dig and destroy the grubs.

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 33

67 Grasshoppers. A number of species attack various crops.
Occasionally they occur in very large numbers. The eggs are
| deposited in the
ground, and are fed
on by the young of
certain blister bee-
tles.

Treatment: place
poisoned baits near
crops to be protected.

NAS WIA SR

- “ap TN ee eco Ne — ~-

Fic. 58 Rocky mountain locust: a, a, a female in different
positions Ovipositing; b egg-pod extracted from the ground, with
the end broken open; ¢c some separate eggs; d, e a section show-

ing an egg-pod placed and another being placed; f where a pod ~ 3
has been covered up (after Riley) Fig. b9 Bed-legged locust

HOUSEHOLD INSECTS

68 House fly (Mu sca domestic a). Easily recognized as
the more common fly around houses. It breeds in manure and

Fic. 60 House fly: a adult male; b proboscis and palpus; ¢ terminal antennal joints; d head
of female; e puparium; f anterior spiracle, all enlarged (after Howard and Marlatt, U.S. dep’t agr.,
uiv. ent., bull. 4, n. s.) :

34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

dooryard filth. One fly may deposit as many as 120 eggs, and

under favorable conditions but 10 days are required to complete

the life cycle. |
Treatment: exclude with screens. As it breeds in manure and

garbage, keeping this material cleaned up or inaccessible to flies saa

will reduce their numbers. oe
69 Bed bug (Acanthia lectularia). A _ flattened,

reddish, wingless insect about 4 inch long frequenting houses,

specially those affording numerous cracks where it can find shel-

ter and where uncleanliness prevails. This disgusting intruder

Fic. 61 Bed bug: a and b adult females gorged with blood, upper and under surfaces ec, d,
structural details (after Marlatt, U.S dep’t agr., div. ent., bull. 4, n.s.) ‘

. :
!

requires about seven weeks to complete its life cycle. It is able
to exist for long periods without food. .
Treatment: apply benzin, kerosene, or other petroleum oil to
crevices in infested beds. Corrosive sublimate may be used in :
same manner. Fumigation with sulfur is valuable wherever ,
possible. SH :
70 Kissing bug: masked bed bug hunter (Opsicoetus per- =
sonatus). A brownish or black insect about 2? inch long.
It is attracted by lights, and its.young, which conceals itself by a
covering of lint, etc. is said to have a partiality for bed bugs.

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 35

Not usually harmful, though it can inflict a severe bite or “ sting.”
‘It is frequently found in or about houses.

a - Treatment: screens should exclude
es a it most effectually.

71 Buffalo carpet beetle (Anthrenus
scrophulariae). The larvae are eas-
ily recognized by their shaggy appear-
ance, being provided with coarse bris-
tles along the sides and at the posterior
extremity of the body. The beetles are
about 4 inch long, black, marked with
white and down the middle of the back

es ae with a red line which widens into three
see fatter Howard, U.S dep't ast, projections. These pretty beetles are

A ag very common on flowers, specially spir-
aeas and tulips, and are frequently brought into houses with the
blossoms.

Treatment: use rugs or matting in place of carpet whenever
possible. Infested carpets should be taken up and sprayed with

Fic. 63 Buffalo carpet beetle: a@ larva; bcast skin of larva at molting; c pupa; d beetle—
enlarged from natural sizes shown in accompanying lines (after Riley)

benzin, and the cracks in the floor should be filled with plaster
of paris before relaying.

72 Black carpet beetle (Attagenus piceus). The light
brown cylindric larva has a long “ tail” of slender hairs. The
adult is a small oval black beetle nearly ;°, inch long. This

36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

species has a decided taste for feathers, though it infests carpets
and attacks many other substances. It is quite common in Al- ~
bany.

Treatment: same as for the preceding.

Fie. 64 Black carpet beetle: a larva; b pupa; c adult beetle—all enlarged (after Howard, U.S.
dep’t agr., div. ent., bull. 4, n. s.)

73 Littlered ant (Monomorium pharaonis). Thisis
the common yellowish red ant about ;; inch long that frequents
houses in such numbers at times.
Several other species occur in
houses, but in this latitude the
little red ant is
the most an-
noying, as a
rule. .

Treatment: ,
destroy colony

with carbon bi- |
Fic. 65 Little red ant: a female; b neuter or worker—enlarged (after Riley) sulfid when pos-

sible. This is done by using a broom handle to make holes
in the nest a few inches deep and several inches apart, pour-

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 37

ing in each about a teaspoonful of carbon bisulfid, then cov-
ering the nest with a damp blanket and in a few minutes explod-
ing the fumes collected beneath with a light on the end of a short
pole. Attract to sponge filled with sweetened water and kill the
collected ants by dropping them in hot water.

_ 74 Cheese skipper (Piophila casei). Whitish, jumping

Fie. 66 Cheese skipper: a larva; b puparium; c pupa; d male fly; e female with wings folded—
all enlarged (after Howard, U. 8S. dep’t agr., div. ent., bull. 4, n. s.)

maggots are sometimes found infesting cheese. The parent insect
is a small black fly less than 4 inch long.
This insect will also attack hams, and
occasionally causes serious loss.

Treatment: exclude flies with netting,
using 24-to-the-inch mesh. Cleanliness
will render cheese factories less inviting
to the flies. Hams and cheese stored in
darkness are much less liable to infesta-
tion.

75 Bacon beetle ( Dermestes lar- Fig. 67 Bacon beetle: @ larva,

‘ ; : enlarged; b larval bristle, greatly
darius). A dark brownish beetle ¢marsed; c beetle

about ,°. inch long with yellowish band across the base of the

wing covers. The larva is brown, hairy, about § inch long. Both

38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

adult and larva attack bacon, meat, etc. The life cycle can be
completed in about six weeks. :
Treatment: cleanliness and excluding insects from the food.
76 Croton bug (Phyllodromia germanica). This is
the smaller, light brown roach about ? inch long found in houses.
It is very prolific, and is the species that is more abundant in
cities. |

Fie. 68 Crotonbug: a, b, c,d successive immature stages; e adult; f adult female with egg case;
g egg case enlarged; h adult with wings spread—all natural size except g (after Riley)

Treatment: roach poisons, such as Hooper’s fatal food. Paris
green with sugar has been used successfully, but is a dangerous
poison. Fumigate :
with sulfur where
possible. Entice the
bugs to enter ves-
sels partly filled
with stale beer
from which no es-
cape is provided.

77 Cockroach (P e-
riplaneta ori-
entalis). This
is the larger dark
brown species an

inch or more long, Fie. 69 Cockroach: a and ¢ female; b maie; d half-grown
f ‘ specimen—all natural size (after Marlatt, U. S. dep’t agr., div.
found in dwellings. ent., bull. 4, n.s,) se

It was much less wary than the preceding form.
Treatment: same as for the croton bug.

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 39

INSECTS AFFECTING STORED FOOD PRODUCTS

78 Grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella). A small cater-
pillar about 7, inch long working in various grains and producing
a whitish moth with a wing spread of a little over 4 inch.

Treatment: fumi- .
gate infested grain
with carbon bisul-
fid, and treat sus-
pected granaries in
the same manner.

79 Saw-toothed
grain beetle (Sil-
vanus surina-

mensis Ve A small, ' Fie. 70 Grain moth: a larva; b pupa; ¢ moth; d@ wings of a
paler variety; ¢ egg; fkernel of corn showing work of larva;
brown, 'sl en d er b e etl e g, h other structural details—all enlarged except / (after Riley)

about 4 inch long found infesting cereals and dried food products.

A common and prolific species which may complete its life cycle
in 24 days, and may produce seven generations within a year.

Fig. 71 Saw-toothed grain beetle: a adult; b pupa; ¢ larva—all enlarged (after Chittenden,
U.S. dep’t agr., div. ent., bull. 4, n. s.)

Treatment: fumigate infested cereals with carbon bisulfid, and
allow none of its food to lie long undisturbed.

40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

80 Confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum). A

rather stout, shining, reddish brown beetle about 4 inch long

which attacks a large number of cereals and cereal products.

i

Th
"i.

Fig. 72 Confused flour beetle: a beetle; b larva; c pupa—all enlarged; d, e, f minor parts enlarged
(after Chittenden, U.S. dep’t agr., div. ent., bull. 4, n. s.)

Very prolific, and frequently causes considerable injury. The
life cycle may be completed in.36 days, but in cool weather this
period is much prolonged.

Treatment: fumigate with carbon bisulfid, and clean infested
localities.

Fic. 73 The bean weevil: 1, beetle; 1a antenna, greatly enlarged; 1b hind leg enlarged ; 2, larva,
2a larval head enlarged to show mouth parts ; 3, pupa; 4, bean burrowed by the insect

81 Bean weevil (Bruchus obtectus). Small grayish
brown beetles about 4 inch long breeding in dry beans and eating
out numerous holes. This insect attacks beans in the field by

— 2 —
we

=

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 41

preference, but frequently it will be found riddling the dried,
stored beans. .

Treatment: fumigate beans in all infested localities with car-
bon bisulfid as soon as threshed.

82 Pea weevil (Bruchus pi-
sorum). SBrownish or _ black
beetles with § indistinct white
markings, about 3, inch long, in-
festing peas. Habits about the
same as those of the preceding
species, except that it attacks peas.

Tr eatment: Same as for bean Fie. 74 Pea weevil: a natural size and
é ; enlarged; 6 a pea containing weevil
weevil.

BENEFICIAL INSECTS

83 Silk worm (Bombyx mori). One case showing eggs,
larva, single and. double cocoons, those from which moths have
emerged, one from which the silk has been reeled, male and
female moths and the raw silk; also several other silk spinners
and their cocoons, as follows: cocoons and moth of American
silk worm, Telea polyphemus; cocoon and pupa of
Antheraea yamamai, a Japanese silk worm; moth of
Antherae pernyi, a Chinese silk worm; cocoon and moth
of Samia cynthia, a domesticated silk worm which feeds
mostly on the ailanthus tree.

84 Pollen carriers. A great many insects convey pollen from
flower to flower, and in certain cases there are some very interest-
ing adaptations. Some of the more common pollen-carriers are

Fie. 75 Wasp, enlarged (after Riley) Fia. 762 Syrphus fly, adult—enlarged

42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

honey bees, bumble or humble bees, other bees, wasps, flower or

Syrphus flies and many others. The importance of this class of:

insects and their work is hardly appreciated, yet without their aid

it would be practically impossible for us to raise most fruits,

simply because no man or group of men would have time to fer-
tilize, in the limited time available for such work, anywhere near
all the blossoms which are attended to without previous thought
or preparation on the part of man.

85 Lady bugs. Certain species are exceedingly valuable agents
in controlling plant lice, which they and their young feed on. The

var e

Fie. 77 Two spotted lady bug: a larva; 6 mouth parts of same; cclaw of same; d pupa; e adult;
J antenna of same (reduced after Marlatt, U. S. dep’t agr., div. ent., circ. 7, 2d s.)

larvae, or grubs, are usually dark colored, marked with yellow,
and among hop-growers are known as “ niggers.” Some forms
prey on scale insects.

86 Soldier beetles (Chauliognathus
species). These beetles are among the
pollen-carriers, and the larvae prey on
the worm of the codling moth.

87 Syrphus flies. The adults
ant natucra mares biteheaa, are usually seen among flowers,
augers Sage but the work of their fre-
quently brightly colored larvae in reducing the number
of plant lice is not so well known. These beneficial
maggots are somewhat conical in shape, and may be _ Fe. 79

; : Larva of a
found among colonies of plant lice. So

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 43

88 Lace-winged flies (Chry Sopa species). The delicate green,
gauzy winged adults are beautiful creatures. The voracious,
active larvae are veritable aphis lions, and may be seen in con-

Fie. 80 Lace-winged fly Chrysopa oculata Say: a eggs; b full-grown larva; c foot of same;
dsame devouring a Psylla; e cocoon; f adult insect; g head of same; h adult, natural size (reduced
after Marlatt, U. S. dep’t agr., div. ent., circ. 7, 2d s.)

siderable numbers on trees infested with aphids. The eggs,
curiously placed on the end of a slender stalk, always excite admir-
ation in the beholder.
89 Spined soldier bug (Podisus spinosus). Represents a
: number of species which prey on other insects.
This one feeds on a number of common pests,
such as the potato beetle, elm leaf beetle and
asparagus beetle grubs. One is frequently
a seen with a grub of the elm leaf beetle or
bugs eal or probosels asparagus beetle on its extended beak./
one wing extended 90 Pimpla (Pimpla conquisitor).
This species is one of the most valuable of the hymenopterous
parasites, and represents a large class of parasites which render
good service in keeping many pests under control. It was reared

44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

in large numbers from the forest tent-caterpillar this past season,
and it preys on a number of other very injurious insects.

N

a en =r .

=

Fie. 82 Pimpla conquisitor: a larva; b head of same; c pupa; d adult female, all enlarged
(after Howard, U.S. dep’t agr., div. ent., tech. ser., no. 5) if

91 Red tailed Tachina fy (Winthemia 4-pustulata).
A most valuable parasite of the army worm, tent-caterpillar and
several other pests. This fly has been observed in considerable
numbers in fields badly infested with army worms, and is doubt-

keeping this pest under control.

FORMULAS

Internal poisons like paris green
are used only against insects which
devour their food. Place where

Fie. 83 Red tailed Tachina fly: larva, they must be eaten if the plant is
fly and puparium; also its eggs placed on 5 ;
the fore part of an army worm attacked and on nothing soon to be
used for human food. Much depends on the thoroughness with

which the application is made.

Paris green 1 pound, lime 1 pound, water 100 to 300 gallons, or.

dry 1 pound to 75 of plaster or flour. London purple and paragrene
may be used in the same manner,

less a most efficient parasite in

i

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 45

- Arsenite of lime. Dissolve 1 pound white arsenic,4 pounds sal
soda (washing soda, carbonate of soda) in 1 gallon water by boil-
ing in an iron vessel 15 minutes, or till the arsenic dissolves,
leaving only a little muddy sediment. Add water lost in boiling,
use 1 pint of this solution to 40 gallons water, to which has been
added 2 pounds freshly slacked lime, or add 1 pint of the solu-
tion to 40 gallons bordeaux mixture.

Arsenate of lead. Dissolve 11 ounces acetate of lead (sugar of
lead) in 4 quarts water and 4 ounces arsenate soda (50% purity)
in 2 quarts of water, each lot in a wooden pail, then add solutions
to 100 to 150 gallons water. May be used much stronger without
injury to plants, and is unexcelled for use against insects which
feed for a considerable time, as does the elm leaf beetle. It will
not burn the foliage, even if applied in very large amounts, and
will adhere for an indefinite period, in spite of rains. Prepare
as directed above, or use one of the paste forms on the market;
the latter are better than the dry or crystalline article.

Poisoned baits. Dip fresh clover or other attractive leaves in
strongly poisoned water and place in infested localities. 1 pound
paris green, 50 pounds bran, sweetened with molasses or cheap
Sugar, mixed to a soft mash with water is very attractive to
grasshoppers. 20 pounds dry middlings, 1 pound paris green,
is good for cutworms.

Poison carrier? Heat t pint fish oil or cheap animal oil except
tallow, 5 pounds pulverized resin in iron kettle with 1 gallon
water till resin softens; then add lye solution (1 pound concen-
trated lye dissolved’ as for soap); stir thoroughly; add 4 gallons
water and boil 2 hours, or till mixture will unite with cold water,
making a clear, amber colored liquid. Add water to make 5 gal-
lons. Use 1 gallon of the solution to 16 gallons water, and add
3 gallons milk of lime and + pound paris green.

Contact insecticides are effectual only when applied directly to
soft bodied insects, and the results will be proportional to the
number of insects actually hit with the insecticide.

’ 1 Recommended by Mr Sirrine for poisoning insects on cabbage.

46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Hellebore (fresh) 1 ounce, water 3 gallons. May also be applied
dry. In the latter event it should be mixed with flour several
hours before it is used.

Pyrethrum or insect powder (fresh) 1 ounce, water 3 gallons.
It may be used dry diluted with flour, and should then be mixed
several hours before it is used.

Kerosene emulsion. 4 pound hard soap, 1 gallon boiling water,
2 gallons kerosene, dissolve soap in water, add kerosene and
emulsify. Or, for limestone regions, 2 gallons kerosene, 1 gallon
sour milk; emulsify. Dilute 4-25 times before using. A 104
mechanical kerosene emulsion may be used in place of either of
the above. °

Petroleum emulsion. A 20% mechanical emulsion of crude petro-
leum can be applied to fruit trees just before the buds start with-
out injury, and it will result in killing most, if not all, San José
scale, provided the application has been thorough.

Whale oil soap. 14 to 2 pounds to 1 gallon of water for winter
use, 1 pound to at least 4 gallons water for summer use. 7

Ivory soap. 5 cent cake to 8 gallons water is perhaps the best
solution that can be used on house plants for scale insects, plant
lice, ete.

Hot water, tobacco in solution or as dust are valuable contact
insecticides. a

Washes for borers. 1 pint crude carbolic acid (4 pint refined), 1
gallon soft soap, thin with 1 gallon hot water, stir in acid, let it
set over night, then add 8 gallons soft water. Or to a saturated
solution of washing soda add soft soap to make a thick paint; this
is improved by 1 pint crude carbolic acid and 4 pound paris green
to 10 gallons of wash. Or in 6 gallons saturated solution of wash-
ing soda, dissolve 1 gallon soft soap, add 1 pint carbolic acid, mix
thoroughly, slake enough lime in 4 gallons water, so that when
added, a thick whitewash will result, then add 4 pound paris green,
mix thoroughly. The latter is probably the best. Valuable ao
to prevent egg-laying on bark.

Fumigation. Most valuable for young nursery stock and for
grains. Oyanid of potassium (98¢ pure) 1 ounce, commercial sul-

|
;
c

INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS AT

furic acid, 1 ounce by measure, water 3 ounces by measure, these
amounts for 150:cubic feet of space; expose trees at least 4 hour.
Prepare tight chamber, mix acid and water by pouring acid slowly,
stirring frequently, into the water. Use earthen or glass vessels,
and drop cyanid into the diluted acid, closing chamber at once.
Small fruit trees in orchards can be fumigated under a tent before
the buds start, using 1 pound of the cyanid to 100 cubic feet space,
without injury to the trees, and this will result in killing most, if
not all, the San José scale.

Carbon bisulfid 1 pound to 1000 cubic feet space; place in shal-
low dishes near top of chamber.

These substances are deadly poisons, the acid will corrode or eat
many things, carbon bisulfid is inflammable and explosive in the
presence of any fire. Handle all with extreme care.

Insecticide and fungicide. The poisoned bordeaux mixture is a
most valuable combined insecticide and fungicide and is rapidly
coming into favor. The bordeaux mixture may be prepared as
follows: dissolve 6 pounds of copper sulfate (blue vitrol) by put-
ting it in a bag of coarse cloth and hanging this in a vessel con-
taining 4 to 6 gallons of water. For this purpose use an earthen
or wooden vessel. After the copper sulfate is dissolved, dilute
with water to 25 gallons. Slake four pounds of lime and add 25
gallons of water and then mix the two and keep thoroughly
stirred while using. When applied on peach foliage, it is advis-
able to use an additional 2 pounds of lime. To each 50 gallons
of bordeaux mixture as prepared above, add four ounces of paris
green, london purple or paragrene. The amount of arsenite of
lime solution to be used with bordeaux mixture is given on page
45. Argenate of lead can also be used in the same amounts with
this fungicide as with water. Bordeaux mixture alone is an ex-
cellent substance to apply to plants attacked by flea beetles, and
when poisoned, forms one of the best general purpose sprays.

INDEX

The superior figure points to the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g..
34° means page 34 beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one

third of the way down.

Acanthia lectularia, 34’

Agrilus anxius, 24’
ruficollis, 14?

Allorhina nitida, 32°

Alypia octomaculata, 16’

americana, Clisiocampa, 7?

Anasa tristis, 26'

ancylus, Aspidiotus, 13°

Anomala lucicola, 14°-15?

Ant, little red, 36°-37?

Antheraea pernyi, 41°
yamamai, 41° _

Anthrenus scrophulariae, 35°

antiopa, Euvanessa, 21°

anxius, Agrilus, 24°

Apple leaf Bucculatrix, 9’

Apple tree bark louse, 115-12'

Apple tree borer, 10?

Apple tree tent-caterpillar, 7?

armicollis, Magdalis, 22°

Army worm, 31'

Arsenate of lead, 45?

Arsenite of lime, 45

asparagi, Crioceris, 26°-27’

Asparagus beetle, common, 26°-27?

twelve spotted, 27’
Aspidiotus ancylus, 13%

ostreaeformis, 13’

perniciosus, 12°-137
Attagenus piceus, 35°-36°

Bacon beetle, 37°-387
Bag worm, 23‘
barbita, Magdalis, 22°

Bark louse, scurfy, 12*

Bean weevil, 40°-41?

Bed bug hunter, masked, 34°-35?

Bed bugs, 34

Bees, 42!

Beneficial insects, 41*-44°

Birch borer, bronze, 24°

Blister beetles, 27°-28?

Bombyx mori, 41

Bordeaux mixture, poisoned, 47°

Borers, wash for, 46

Bruchus obtectus, 40°-41°
pisorum, 41?

Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 9°

Bud moth, 9

Cabbage butterfly, 29%-30'
Cabbage thrips, 30°
candida, Saperda, 10?
Carbolic acid, 46°
Carbon bisulfid, 47?
Carpet beetle, black, 35°-36°
Buffalo, 35?
Carpocapsa pomonella, 7°
Case bearer, cigar, 8?
pistol, 8’
easei, Piophila, 37?
Cecidomyia destructor, 31°-32?
cerealella, Sitotroga, 39’
chalybea, Haltica, 15°-16?
Cheese skipper, 37?
Chionaspis furfurus, 12! |
Chrysopa oculata, 43°; species, 43%
Cicada, seventeen year, 11°

INDEX TO INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS

Cicada septendecim, 115
Cigar case bearer, 87-9!
cinerea, Epicauta, 27°-28?
Clisiocampa americana, 7”
disstria, 18’
Cockroach, 38’
Codling moth, 7°
Coleophora fietcherella, 8'-9'
malivorella, 8’
columba, Tremex, 18°
concavus, Lixus, 30°
confusum, Tribolium, 40’
conquisitor, Pimpla, 44°
-Crioceris asparagi, 26°-27°
12-punctata, 27?
Croton bug, 38°
Cucumber beetle, striped, 257-26"
Cucumber flea beetle, 26”
- eucumeris, Epitrix, 26’
cunea, Hyphantria, 23+
Currant span worm, 13°-14?
Currant stem borers, 14’
Currant worm, 13°
Cut worm, variegated, 29°
cynthia, Samia, 41°

decemlineata, Doryphora, 24°
Dermestes lardarius, 37°-38°
destructor, Cecidomyia, 31%-32°
Diabrotica vittata, 25-26?

_ Diastictis ribearia, 13°-14°
Diplosis pyrivora, 10°

dispar, Xyleborus, 11’

disstria, Clisiocampa, 18'
domestica, Musca, 33°-34?
Doryphora 10-lineata, 24°

duodecim-punctata, Crioceris, 27’

Elaphidion villosum, 20°
Blateridae, 28°

Elm bark louse, 21°-22°
Elm borer, 22°

Elm caterpillar, spiny, 21°
Elm leaf beetle, 20°-21°
Elm snout beetle, 22’

a ne ee ee ee

English oyster seale, 13?
ephemeraeformis,
234

Epicauta cinerea, 27°-28?
vittata, 27°-28?

Epitrix cucumeris, 26’

Euphoria inda, 28°

Huvanessa antiopa, 21°

Fall web worm, 23?

Flea beetle, red headed, 27°:
fletcherella, Coleophora, 87-9'
Flour beetle, confused, 40’
lower beetle, bumble, 28°
Flower cricket, white, 16°
Forest tent-caterpillar, 18'
Forester, eight spotted, 16° .
Formulas, 447-47°

frontalis, Systena, 27°

Fruit tree insects, 7'-13*
Fumigation, 46°-47'
furfurus, Chionaspis, 12’
fusea, Lachnosterna, 32?

Galerucella luteola, 20°-21°
Garden insects, 24'-31*
germanica, Phyllodromia, 38’
Gossyparia ulmi, 21°-22’
Grain beetle, saw toothed, 39’
Grain moth, 39?

49

Thyridopteryx,

Grape vine beetle, light loving, 14°-

ala .
spotted, 15°
Grape vine flea beetle, 15°-16°
Grape vine plume moth, 16?
Grass insects, 313-33°
Grasshoppers, 33'

Haltica chalybea, 15°-16°
Hellebore, 46°
Hessian fly, 31'-32°
Hot water, 46°
House fly, 33°-34’

Household insects, 33°-38°
Hydrocyanic acid gas, 46°-47°
Hydroecia nitela, 28’
Hyphantria cunea, 23°

50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

inda, Euphoria, 28°
innumerabilis, Pulvinaria, 19*
Insecticides, .
Arsenate of lead, 45°
Arsenite of lime, 45’
Carbolic acid wash, 46°
Carbon bisulfid, 47*
Fumigation, 46°-47°
Hellebore, 46’
Hot water, 46°
Hydrocyanic acid gas, 46°-47°
Ivory soap, 46°
Kerosene emulsion, 46’
London purple, 44°
Paragrene, 44°
Paris green, 44°
Petroleum emulsion, 46’
Poison carrier, 45°
Poisoned baits, 45’
Poisoned bordeaux mixture, 47°
Pyrethrum, 46?
Tobacco, 46°
Washes for borers, 46°
Whale oil soap, 46°
Insects affecting stored food pro-
ducts, 39*-41*
integer, Janus, 14?
Ivory soap, 46°

Janus integer, 14?

Kerosene emulsion, 46?
Kissing bug, 34°-35’

Lace wing fly, 43’
Lachnosterna fusca, 32°
Lady bug, two-spotted, 42°
lardarius, Dermestes, 37°-38°
Leaf bug, four lined, 31
lectularia, Acanthia, 34°
Leopard moth, 237-24’
Leucania unipuncta, 31‘
leucostigma, Notolophus, 17’
lineatus, Poecilocapsus, 31*
Lixus concavus, 30°

Locust, red legged, 33?
Rocky mountain, 33
London purple, 44°
Long sting, lunate, 18°-19#
lucicola, Anomala, 149-15?
lunator, Thalessa, 18°-194
luteola, Galerucella, 20°-215
Lygus pratensis, 30°-31!

Macrodactylus subspinosus, 97-10?
Magdalis armicollis, 22°

barbita, 227
malivorella, Coleophora, 8?
Mamestra picta, 29°
Maple tree borer, 19°-20°
Maple tree pruner, 20°
Maple tree scale insect, cottony, 19°
Melittia satyrinformis, 25'
Monomorium pharaonis, 36°-37?
mori, Bombyx, 41°
Musca domestica, 33°-34’
Mytilaspis pomorum, 11°-12°

nitela, Hydroecia, -28’
nitida, Allorhina, 32°
niveus, Oecanthus, 16°
Notolophus leucostigma, 17’

obtectus, Bruchus, 40°-41?
ocellana, Tmetocera, 9?
octomaculata, Alypia, 16°
Oecanthus niveus, 16°
Opsicoetus personatus, 34-85’
orientalis, Periplaneta, 38’
ostreaeformis, Aspidiotus, 13’
Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 16?
Oyster scale, English, 13?

Palmer worm, 7°-8?
Paragrene, 44°

Paris green, 44°

Pea weevil, 41°

Peach bark borer, 10°-11°
Pear blight beetle, 11*
Pear midge, 10°

INDEX TO INJURIOUS

Pelidnota punctata, 15°
Peridroma saucia, 29’
Periplaneta orientalis, 387
periscelidactylus, Oxyptilus, iG”
perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 12°-13’
pernyi, Antheraea, 41°
personatus, Opsicoetus, 34°-35°
Petroleum emulsion, 46
pharaonis, Monomorium, 36°-87°
Phyllodromia germanica, 38?
piceus, Attagenus, 35°-36°
picta, Mamestra, 29?

Pieris rapae, 29°-30'
Pimpla, 43*-44°

_ conquisitor, 43°-44°
Piophila casei, 37°

pisorum, Bruchus, 41’

Pistol case bearer, 8’
-Plagionotus speciosus, 19°-20°
Plant bug, tarnished, 30°-31
Podisus spinosus, 438°
Poecilocapsus lineatus, 31’
Poison carrier, 45°

Poisoned baits, 45°

Poisoned bordeaux mixture, 47°
Pollen carriers, 41'-42°
polyphemus, Telea, 41°
pometellus, Ypsolophus, 7°-8°
pomifoliella, Bucculatrix, 9%
pomonella, Carpocapsa, 7°
pomorum, Mytilaspis, 11°-12°
Potato beetle, Colorado, 24°
pratensis, Lygus, 30°-31’
Pteronus ribesii, 13°
Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 19*
punctata, Pelidnota, 15°
Putnam’s seale, 13’
Pyrethrum, 46’

pyvina, Zeuzera, 237-24*
pyrivora, Diplosis, 10’

quadripustulata, Winthemia, 44’

rapae, Pieris, 29°-30'
Raspberry cane girdler, 569’
Raspberry gouty gall beetle, 14’

AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS 51

Rhubarb curculio, 30°
ribearia, Diastictis, 13°
ribesii, Pteronus, 13°-14’
Rose beetle, 97-10’
ruficollis, Agrilus, 14’
rufopectus, Tenthredo, 14’
rugulosus, Scolytus, 10°-11°

Samia cynthia, 41°
San José scale, 12°-13'
Saperda candida, 10?

tridentata, 22°
satyriniformis, Melittia, 25’
saucia, Peridroma, 29’
Scolytus rugulosus, 10°-11?
secrophulariae, Anthrenus, 35’
scurfy bark louse, see Bark louse,

scurfy
septendecim, Cicada, 11°
Sesia tipuliformis, 14°
Seventeen year cicada, see Cicada,
seventeen year

Shade tree pests, 17*
Silk worm, 41’
Silvanus surinamensis, 39°
Sitotroga cerealella, 39
Soldier beetles, 42°

bug, 48°
speciosus, Plagionotus, 19°-20°
spinosus, Podisus, 43°
Squash bug, 26’
Squash vine borer, 25’
Stalk borer, 28’
subspinosus, Macrodactylus, 97-10"
surinamensis, Silvanus, 39’
Syrphus flies, 42%, 42°
Systena frontalis, 27°

tabaci, Thrips, 30°

Tachina fly, red tailed, 44°

Telea polyphemus, 41°

Tent caterpillars, see Apple tree tent-
caterpillar; Forest tent-caterpillar

Tenthredo rufopectus, 14°

Thalessa lunator, 18°-19*

Thrips tabaci, 30°

52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, 23*
tipuliformis, Sesia, 14°

Tmetocera ocellana, 9?

Tobacco, 46°

Tremex, pigeon, 18°

Tremex columba, 18°

Tribolium confusum, 40°

tridentata, Saperda, 22°

tristis, Anasa, 26%

Tussock moth, white marked, 17’

ulmi, Gossyparia, 218-22
unipuncta, Leucania, 31’

villosum, Elaphidion, 20°
Vines and small fruits, insects injur-
ious to, 13°-16°

vittata, Diabrotica, 25'-26?
Epicauta, 278-28?

| Washes for borers, 46°

Wasps, 42’

Whale oil soap, 46°

White grubs, 32’
Winthemia 4-pustulata, 44°
Wireworms, 28°

Xyleborus dispar, il‘

yamamai, Antheraea, 41°
Ypsolophus pometellus, 7°-8?

Zebra caterpillar, 29°
Zeuzera pyrina, 237-244

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