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G - ts 2 : a ne = ay Lo = = = = < 2 < = = = a. _ a ics ae = a z wa MRIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS Saruvugit_ LIGRARIES = wo = i) ° o kas 1p aa = DB - a E+ = = > = > — ad = Fe) = » = m 2 = w m a = f . o = O z ” JILSNI_NVINOSHLINS SAIYVYSIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN — » NOMLALILSN (fA, z = = so. 5 > = , 2 wy BN 3% 5 5 x © A, pa SAN e) rT os Y = = as Y = i = 4 ”) = ” oo W”) +, 2 ARIES INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS Saluvagi7_b!BRARIES see Ww — pied om a 4 pe = oo. os oc pe oc = ail = ie z A ee ASNI _NWINOSHLIWS 4 1yYvUud ae LIBRARI ES_ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION » otal ro) — Oo F a S) pe = o we aa = > ke > Ke ead = 2 : 2 = 2 : rm pd a no” mn = § 7) z W a wn = ARIES INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3I uYuVvusIT ITHSONIAN INOSHLIWS {ITHSONIAN NOSHLIWS THSONIAN NOSHILIWS NS, Loe yi! j int) a a reno \ a i tt } ae Coes | ae Ma iy x” “ ! f i University of the State of New York PULL ETIN. OF THE New York State Museum FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL Director Wo 46. Vols " _ October 1901 * | ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS ‘AND EMBRYOLOGY OF LIMAX MAXIMUS BY GEORGE B. SIMPSON Division of paleontology : | 143677 ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1901 M69m-J e0-3000 Price 25 cents University of the State of New York REGENTS With years of election 1874 ANsoN Jupp Upson L.H.D. D.D. LL.D. Chancellor, Glens Falls 1892 WILLIAM CROSWELL DoaNnE D.D. LL.D. Vice-Chancellor, Albany 1873 Martin I. TownsenD M.A. LL.D. - - — Troy 1877 CHAuUNCEY M. DePew LL.D. - - — New York 1877 Cuar_es E. Fitch LL.B. M.A. L.H.D. -— — Rochester 1877 Orris H. WarREN D.D. - - - - Syracuse 1878 WHITELAW REID M.A. LL.D. - - - — New York 1881 WittiaM H. Watson M.A. M.D. — ~ - Utica 1881 Henry E. TURNER - ! = * = = — Lowville 1883 St CLain McKetway M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. D.C.L. Brooklyn 1885 DaniEL Beacu Ph.D. LL.D. a a 1888 CaRROLL E. SmitH LL.D. fe ge Fee: ye eee 1890 Puiny T. SExton LL.D. ~ - - - Palmyra 1890 T. GUILFORD SMITH M.A. C.E. LL.D. - — Buffalo 1893 Lewis A. Stimson B.A. LL.D. M.D. - —~ New York 1895 ALBERT VANDER VEER Ph.D. M.D. — - — Albany. 1895 CHARLES R. SKINNER M.A. LL.D. | Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio 1897 CHESTER S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. - = = — Brooklyn 1897 TimotTHy L. Wooprurr M.A. Lieutenant-Governor, ex officio 1899 JoHN T. McDonoucH LL.B. LL.D. Secretary_of State, ex officio 1900 THomas A. HenprickK M.A. LL.D. - -— _ Rochester 1901 BENJAMIN B. ODELL yR LL.D. Governor} ex officio 1901 ROBERT C. PRuyN M.A. - - - — © — Albany SECRETARY Elected by regents 1900 JAMES RussELL Parsons jR M.A. DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS 1888 Metvit Dewey M.A. State library and Home education 1890 JAMES RUSSELL PARSONS jR M.A. : Administrative, College and High school dep ts 1890 FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL Ph.D. State museum University of the State of New York sy oe Bia ie 1s saa | OF THE New York State Museum FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL Director No. 40 - Vol. 8 October I9OI _ ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS AND EMBRYOLOGY OF LIMAX MAXIMUS BY GEORGE B. SIMPSON Division of paleontology ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Igo! CONE as Pretat€scn eee. a eee ee SEE ae a Se = Se Se ee cee: 239 . Introduction: 22°. 2-5 - 2 22 1 eae eS ee oe ee oe 241 Methods and. apparatus... <2 32a c0 eee ate eee ee ee 241 Methods of killing and manipulating... 2.2 acc -52-. 252 cca 22 eee 241 Habits oso. 3. .teeeecee oe ee er eee oes ee Oe eee ae eee 241 Polygyra albola brits /o2. ccc. 28 cB coe ace ono aaa woe eee See », Shell Soe 2 eee tats eta See Ose eee oo eee 244 External features o- - ae ie epee seen ats ee eS anew Uae he ane eee 245 IMGvement oo oo aoe nn json Seale oe acta eee ee oe ear eer eee eee 247 F'ood—earnivorous habits 5.2 570.22 . Se Se ee oS a. 8.5. ee 247 IDNR Se ae se tei = ak ae EP ee eS a sis S55 -- -- foes 249 Pedal pland 4.) - oes o-oo so oe ga Soe oS a ee a ne 254 Generative systems 25. thie ne eee ors Soe 2255 2:=- 255 Description of A species of Mutoz0a --2. 1. co. on come oon Se 261 Cirenlatory :SyStena =. 22. \. 6. sok «oes ces scene eee oe er 262 Nervous Systeme ec 52-26. -5'S- eee eR Pe ee ee eS 268 special-orfans Of Sense. .o- 4-2 - pcs eee ede eee eco ae er 272 im ax ma as Sie os oe Soe ee eo eas Coes Seen 297 Digestive system. 32.22.2228 2 o28 Soe] wel soge- 2.2) eee 262s pore Generative systemre =. ' 2 32654 eee a oe eee ee eee 279 Cirenlatary: systema. = co=2.ce coene = aoe ee ee $ eebclpces woe ee) = 280 Nervous system: 2.0.2 ---2 25. i 22 Sodod oss os. ot poe ee ee ere Muscular system. 222. ¢..252 ccs eee bene eee cee ee oe eer Kmbryology-s.2- 22sec Se 8 Fa See sae Re eee 290 Pime.of layims-eges 2S. 4 ces ase ae eee saa ee+ ---- 293 Rate ol STOwth . i. . 2 occ cone ae ee eee ae - abe ota os ee 294 Explanation of plates Polygyra albolabris, plates 3-14. 2-225. ccs. s-- 2 a= muscular. The interior passage or duct is, for the greater part of its length, trilobate in section. As it enters the penis it is somewhat enlarged and the orifice is plicated. It is surrounded by thickened lips and folds, which project into the penis. This fold has a plicated membrane (pl. 8, fig. 6), resembling the mem- brane of the fold of the penis previously described, and the outer part is nearly in contact with that fold. The urethra is situated between the lining membrane of the penis and the membrane of the muscular fold (pl. 8, fig. 2). The retractor muscle of the penis is inserted in the vas deferens at a short distance from the end of the penis (pl. 14, fig. 1, 17). Uterine canal. The uterine canal is a large long tube or canal, with plicated or sacculated folds. It is much greater in diameter than the accompanying prostate gland. The walls are mostly composed of polygonal cells, each cell having several nuclei (pl. 7, fig. 1, 8 and pl. 14, fig. 1, 21). It is within this organ that the eggs are completed. Oviduct. The oviduct (pl. 7, fig. 1, 7, pl. 14, fig. 1, 20) is about the same size as the twisted part of the vas deferens, and con- tinues from the uterine canal to the vagina, entering that organ near its mouth. During coition the penis is everted, passing out of the genital orifice, and entering the vagina of the second animal, coition con- tinuing for several hours. POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 259 The position of the generative organs in the animal can be : clearly understood from plate 28, figure 9. The penis occupies the dorsal anterior part of the foot; the vagina the anterior right lateral part. The receptaculum seminis closely adheres to the prostate gland. The vas deferens is situ- ated between and beneath the penis and vagina; on account of its great length being disposed in irregular folds. The prostate gland and uterine canal enter the first volution of the animal and are disposed alongside the pulmonary cavity. The albumen gland lies between the large lobe of the digestive gland and the stomach. The constricted, thread-like part of the hermaphroditic duct crosses the stomach from the base of the albumen gland, and the convoluted part of the duct lies in the inner margin of the volution, alongside of a part of the stomach. The ovotestis, in conjunction with the superior lobe of the digestive gland, occu- pies all the apical parts of the animal. The generative organs of the other species of helicoid snails, though varying in detail, are sufficiently similar to those of P.albolabris to enable the student to recognize them with- out difficulty, with the exception of those of Gastrodonta mimerive sta Guigwharis))) Go) ligera:>. and G) swup- pressa, which species have accessory organs, that will be de- scribed later on. The vas deferens is usually about twice the length of the penis, or less. In Polygyra exoleta it is longer, but in no species, as far as I am aware, is it as longasin P.albolabris. InP.tridentata andin P.exoleta it has the same form as in P.albolabris, that is, enlarged, glandular, annulated or somewhat spiral in appearance at its beginning; while, on the contrary,inPyramidula solitaria it has this form atits termination. InOmphalina fuliginosait is fora great part of its length expanded, so that its diameter is equal to that of the penis. | In some species, as in Polygyra auriculata and P. sayi, the penis is very long and bent on itself, while in others, as Pyramidula solitaria, it is short, stout and clavate. 260 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In Polygyra profunda the base of the penis is included in a sheath formed by a continuation of a part of the genital chamber, in the form of an inverted cone. In Circinaria eoncava it is long and cleft or bipartite at the summit. The lining membrane usually has a number of rugae, longitudi- nal and oblique. Sometimes, asin P.albolabris and Pyra- midula alternata, there is one very large fold. In many species, as in P. albolabris, the surface of the membrane is papillated, but in some others it is smooth. , The vagina and,receptaculum seminis vary in form. In the greater number of species the vagina is not as large and muscular asin P.albolabris, and the duct leading to the receptaculum seminis is generally longer. In Helix aspera and other European species there are several accessory organs not found in P. albolabris or in Limax. They are the flagellum, the dart sac and the accessory mucous or digitate glands. The flagellum is an elongated diverticulum of the penis and is much coiled. The dart sac is an elongated, clavate, appendage from the base of the oviduct. It has powerful muscular walls, and contains in its interior the dart or spiculum amoris, attached to a nipple-like protuberance at the bottom of the sac. The dartis © four-bladed, calcareous, and growing by the addition of caleare- ous particles, deposited at its base from the vascular protuberance to which it is affixed. If broken off it is speedily renewed in like manner. SBefore coition the dart sac is everted from the genital orifice, the dart thus becoming exposed. It is probably an excita- tory organ. | The mucous or digitate glands, according to T. Rymer Jones, “ consist of a series of branched ceca, derived from two excretory | ducts, by which a milky fluid, secreted by the ceca, is poured into the egg passage prior to its termination ”. ] The receptaculum seminis of Helix aspera differs. greatly from that of P. albolabris and Limax maxi- mus, consisting of an elongated duct, which subdivides into two ee ee ee ee ee ee ae ee ee ee ee, SOE ee Se ee ee | ee a oe ee > =" wr 2 = ‘ Pan . Rte — a | a : POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS ) 261 cecal diverticula, a longer and stouter coiled one, and a shorter one with globular head, which during life is concealed in the first coil of the intestine. It is a remarkable fact that, while the flagellate form of the penis, and the accessory organs, viz, the dart sac and multifid vesicles, are very common in European species of Heli x, they are very rare in east American forms. A flagellate form of the penis does not exist in a single one of the latter forms. An analogue of the multifid vesicles exists in only four of the species occurring in New York. In Gastrodonta intertexta and G. gularis there is a single pair of follicles. InG.ligera and G. suppressa there is but one short follicle. The dart sac exists in the above-named species. Description of a new species of entozoa BY DR JOSEPH LEIDY Plate 13, fig. 6 In September 1846 I first gave an account in our proceedings of a new genus and new species of Entozoa, inhabiting the fluid contained in the spermatheca of Helix albolabris, H. tri- dentalis and H. alternata. Since then I have verified the observation, and also have detected it in other species of Helix, viz, elevata and thyroides, and have also de- tected it in an allied genus, Bulimus decollatus. The name which I gave it at that time I was not aware had been pre- viously applied to a genus of Insecta brachelytra, with the only difference of the latter having a neuter termination. I will therefore change the name. Cryptoicus minutissimus; forma mutabilissima; organisatione interno cellu- larium et granulosum, C. h elicis. Coloris expers; forma plerumque elongata, fusiforme, vel ovata; caudis duabus adversis, una longior quam altera, Structura interno sto- machos duos et granulos numerosus parvos exhibit, Long ,4,—4} 9 lin. Habitat inspermathecaHelices albolabris, tridentata et Bulimus decollatus. This singular entozoon is a polygastric animalcule. Its varied forms and movements are curious to observe; at one moment glo bulose, then oval, ovate, fusiform, sigmoid, crescentic, etc. It appears as if it would outvie the kaleidoscope in its changes. Sometimes it collects in bunches, adhering by the end of the cauda to each other, and frequently it may be observed to contract upon either of the large cellules, causing them to project beyond 262 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the outline of the animal. The motions are vibratile rotary, with a lateral progression, or whirling in circles like the insect Gyri- nus. Cryptoicus from its position might be mistaken for the spermatozoa of the animal, but may be readily distinguished; the spermatozoa of Helices having either a uniform sigmoid or a spiral body, with an enormous proportionate length of tail, and a slow vibratile motion. Plate 13, figure 6, represents some of the varied forms of the animal highly magnified. Circulatory system Method of injecting the blood vessels. I have found the follow- ing method to be the best in obtaining a complete injection of the circulatory system, and by it I have obtained the most beautiful results, plainly showing all the minute ramifications of the arter- ies and veins. The necessary materials are an ordinary hypodermic syringe, with as fine a needle as it is possible to obtain, the finer the bet- ter; aS an injection which would not pass through the finest hypodermic needle certainly would not pass through the fine ar- teries and veins. The distal extremity of this needle should be blunt or slightly bulbous. A curved sewing-needle and very fine thread are also necessary. As an injection fluid I have used and found perfectly satisfactory Dr Seiler’s carmine gelatin. This is sold by the ounce and comes in a solid mass. A day or two before making the injection, some of the gelatin should be placed in cold water in a wide-mouthed bottle. The water will soften the gelatin. When it is proposed to use the injection, the bottle can be set in a pan of hot water. Within a short time the gelatin will be completely dissolved. It should be thin enough when hot to enter easily the arteries and veins, but of sufficient consistency to harden when cold. No rule can be given as to the exact proportion of water and gelatin. The right degree of fluidity must be determined by each student. Use only filtered water with the gelatin, as a small particle of dirt in the water might prevent a successful result. Take the animal as soon after death as possible; wash away the mucus. Then, as previously described, remove the shell, POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 263 wholly or till the heart can be plainly seen. The latter method is, I think, preferable, as it avoids the danger of rupturing some of the blood vessels, as sometimes happens when the entire shell is removed. Cut through the peritoneum, alongside the rectum, taking care not to injure the large vein which accompanies the rectum; turn back the walls of the pulmonary cavity till the heart is exposed. Using the curved needle passa thread under the ventricle. Place the animal in warm water, as hot as can be comfortably borne by the hand, and before injecting be cer- tain that the animal is thoroughly .warmed through; also place the syringe in hot water, having both the syringe and injecting fluid warm. Draw some of the fluid into the syringe; then, hold- ing the needle upward, expel a drop or two of the fluid, so as to be certain that no air remains in the syringe. Leaving the animal in warm water, with the point of an extremely sharp scalpel make a slight incision in the walls of the ventricle just large enough for the point of the needle to enter. Insert the needle, bring the two ends of the thread together and tie them just back of the point of the needle, to guard against the escape of the injection through the incision. Some assistance would be useful in this operation, as one hand will be occupied with the syringe. Gently press the piston, slowly injecting the fluid, stopping im- mediately when the injection is complete, as much pressure will rupture the walls of the blood vessels. Sometimes a very fine injection of the arteries can be made by merely inserting the point of a hypodermic needle in the ven- tricle, the rest of the process being as described above. But the injection is liable to escape where the needle enters the wall of the ventricle. The injecting is a very delicate process, and partial, or even a complete failure at the first attempt should not discourage the student. The most frequent cause of failure is in not keeping the animal and syringe warm enough, the injecting fluid rapidly hard- ening in the blood vessels, preventing their full injection. When the animal is fully injected; place it at once in cold water; this rapidly hardens the gelatin. The remainder of the 264 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM shell can now be removed and the animal immediately dissected, or it can be placed in alcohol for future use. The alcohol must be at first very weak, gradually increasing its strength each day. The advantage of a gelatin injection over a fluid one is that, ~ as the gelatin becomes hardened, dissections can be made with- out danger of the escape of the injection from the severed blood — vessels. As the injection is a brilliant carmine, the blood vessels stand out in bold relief from the light background of the various organs. | Heart. The heart (pl. 9, 1, pl. 10, fig. 1, pl. 14, fig. 1, 30, 32) is situated in the outer portion of the first volution, just ante- rior to the peristome, and is plainly visible from the exterior. Its pulsations can be observed even through the shell. Ordinarily the pulsations number about 45 or 50 a minute, in an adult indi- vidual; but are variable, sometimes being much faster, and during hibernation slower. In a young individual the pulsations seem to be much faster, sometimes equaling 150 a minute. The heart con- sists of a single auricle and ventricle, inclosed in an oval pericar- diac sac. The ventricle and auricle are pyriform, placed base to base, the bases being somewhat truncated. The ventricle is about twice the size of the auricle. In composition the walls consist of unstriped muscular fibers, granulated, showing oval nuclei on the application of acetic acid. The interior of the heart is lined with tesselated epithelium, consisting of granulated cells. The interior of the walls of the aorta have a similar structure. The wall of the pericardium is very thin and transparent. The pericardial fluid is very abundant, and, according to Dr Leidy, is sometimes inhabited by an entozoon, named by him Distoma vagans.! Between the auricle and ventricle is a valve, so disposed as to permit the passage of the blood only from the auricle to the ventricle. Arteries (pl. 9, fig. 1). The apex of the ventricle gives origin to one large aorta, which almost immediately subdivides. one branch proceeding posteriorly, and supplying the digestive gland, 1 Jour. acad, nat. sci, new series. v. i Philadelphia. OO ae ee POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 265 -hermaphroditic duct, Stomach, ovotestis and albumen gland; the other and larger of the two proceeds anteriorly, supplying the remaining organs of generation, muscles, crop and all the organs contained in the foot. The posterior aorta passes on the outer part of the inferior lobe of the digestive gland, giving off numerous branches to this gland, _ the intestine and also to the albumen gland. Just after giving off this latter branch, it crosses a portion of the stomach, and for a Short distance disappears in the substance of the lobe of the diges- tive gland; then emerging it continues along the lower inside edge of the volution to the apex of the animal, giving off branches to the superior lobe of the digestive gland, and to each of the fasci- culi of ceca composing the ovotestis. The anterior aorta, at a short distance from the heart, gives off a branch to the stomach. On the stomach this branch subdivides into two branches; each of which gives off numerous branches, covering the stomach with their ramifications. This artery, before reaching the stomach, gives off a branch, which continues to the hermaphroditic duct. At a short distance from the branch to the stomach is a large branch, which continues on the surface of the prostate gland and uterine canal, giving off numerous small branches to these organs. At a short distance beyond this branch is another, which shortly subdivides; the larger of the two divisions continuing to the mus- cular collar, and supplying blood to it, and to the adjacent parts. The smaller of the two divisions continues with the retractor mus- cles of the foot. From the larger of the two subdivisions a branch is given off, which continues to the crop, supplying the crop and. the overlying salivary glands. A small branch continues with each salivary duct to the buccal body. The main aorta continues, without branching, to the infra- esophageal ganglia, where it suddenly turns downward and back- ward, continuing posteriorly in the base of the foot. Just at the turn it gives off three branches, which proceed directly anteriorly; the central and largest of which supplies the buccal body. The two lateral ones, which are very minute, proceed 266 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM to the cephalic integument. A branch is also given off, which proceeds alongside the nerve to the muscular collar. Branches also accompany the commissural cord, forming a complete circle. From this, on the left side, arteries proceed to the tentacles; from the right side an artery proceeds, which subdi- vides; one branch proceeding to the penis, the other to the vagina; these organs being covered by numerous ramifications. From the artery near the ganglia proceed the arteries supplying the ten- tacles of the right side. Veins. The arteries break up into smaller and smaller branches, and finally into a network of capillaries, that meet a similar net- work leading to the veins, which empty into large veins or sinuses; the principal ones of which are three in number. The first begins in the apex of the volutions, receiving the veins from the superior lobe of the digestive gland, continuing on the outer edge of the volution to the beginning of the pulmonary chamber, receiving in its course several large veins. These divide, one division passing along the edge of the pulmonary chamber, alongside the rectum to the thickened muscular collar, passing along the inner edge of this to the base of the pulmonary chamber. The other division passes along the base of the pulmonary chamber, uniting with the first described division at the muscular collar, forming a sinus completely incircling the pulmonary chamber, and known as the circulus venosus pulmonis, or pulmonary circulus. The arteries of the foot, as in the visceral part of the body, break up into capillaries, that enter the capillaries of the veins, which empty into a large vein or sinus, situated below the pedal gland. From this sinus proceed numerous veins, which finally connect with the pulmonary circulus. From the pulmonary circulus arise many veins, which form a large vein leading to the heart, and known as the pulmonary vein. These veins are known as the efferent veins. They alternate with much regularity with a series of veins leading from the pulmonary vein, but intimately connected with the efferent vessels, which are known as the afferent veins (pl. 11, fig. 1-4). Circulation. The circulation is as follows: the blood leaves POLYGYRA ‘ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 267 the heart by the aorta, and is distributed by the arteries to the different parts of the body, and passes from the minute branches of the arteries into a flexus of capillaries spreading over the whole body; passing from them into the veins, and from the veins into the sinuses previously described; finally all the blood enter- ing the pulmonary circulus; and thence the pulmonary veins, where, circulating freely through efferent and afferent vessels, it becomes thoroughly aerated. The renal organ or kidney is supplied with blood, which has previously been aerated, but only a small part of the blood passes each time through it. Though the veins are situated, in the substance of the body, and their walls are much thinner than those of the arteries, they are not simply lacunae or wall-less passages in the body, as they have frequently been described. The walls though thin are dis- tinct. Blood. In animals of the simplest structure all the fluids seem to be of the same nature and seem to be “only water charged with organic particles, but in animals higher in the scale of being the fluids cease to be of the same nature, and there is one, distinct from all others, destined to nourish the body. This fluid is the blood. It not only nourishes the body, but is the source from whence is derived all the other secretions, such as saliva, urine, bile, etc.” In the higher animals the blood is of a red color; but in the Invertebrata it is of different densities and of various colors. The blood of the Helix and Limax consists of a nearly transparent fluid in which float solid corpuscles. For the following facts in regard to the composition of the blood I am indebted to Dr Griffith’s Physiology of the Invertebrata. In the majority of the Invertebrata the carrier of oxygen to the tissues is haemocyanin, contained in the blood, but in many of the Annelida, as well as in nearly all of the vertebrates, the transport of oxygen from the surrounding medium (air or water), to the living tissues is made by the hemoglobin of the blood. ‘This sub- stance, as is well known, forms an oxygenized condition which is very unstable, and which is carried by the blood across the tissues of the animal, and is there dissolved, yielding its oxygen to those tissues which require it. 268 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In Gasteropoda, as well as in Cephalopoda, Crustacea and Arachnida the function of respiration is brought about by an albuminoid substance analogous to hemoglobin, but containing copper instead of iron, this substance, which Fredericq names haemocyanin, forming a very unstable combination. The saline matter contained in the blood of the Helix is about 1.0754; in Limax about 1.1152. - Touching the color of the blood, Mac Munn! says in regard to the blood of Helix pomatia: “It assumes a distinct blue tint on exposure to the air, and gave no absorption bands, but ab- sorbed a little of the violet end of the spectrum. On treatment with ammonia its color was not so well marked, and it had a partially reddish tinge, but no bands could be seen, and after, treatment with acetic acid did not remove the color.” One time I drowned 12 individuals of P. albolabris, leaving them, as usual, in the water about 48 hours. The blood in the arteries of all these specimens had coagulated and turned a dark purple black in color, so that the course of the arteries could be as distinctly traced as if they had been injected. I am unable to account for this phenomenon, as of scores of specimens, treated in the same manner, these were the only specimens coagulated and colored, though the others were kept in the same box and fed on the same kind of food. Nervous system The nervous system (pl. 12) consists of five distinct sets of ganglia, and four ganglionic swellings, and the commissures con- necting them or proceeding from them. The principal ganglia are the supra-esophageal, the infra-esophageal, consisting of two sets, and the two buccal ganglia. The ganglionic swellings, or ganglia, are situated at the extremity of the tentacles. The ganglia corresponding to the one situated on the dorsal surface of the stomach in Limax maximus I have not observed in Polygyra. When the animal is extended, the supra-esophageal ganglia are situated just above the esophagus, immediately posterior to 1 Quart. jour. micro. sci. 1885 POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 269 the buccal body, but varying somewhat in position according to the degree of contraction of the body. The infra-esophageal ganglia are situated below and just pos- terior to the buccal body, and are connected with the supra- esophageal ganglia by a double commissure. The buccal ganglia consist of two small masses, situated just below the surface of the posterior dorsal part of the buccal body. They are connected with each other and with the supra-esophageal ganglia. The esophageal ganglia and the connecting commissures are enveloped by an essentially opaque sheath, and it requires very careful manipulation te remove this so as to determine the form of the ganglia. This is best effected by two small needles fixed in the end of small round sticks, as described on page 241, using one in each hand. The points of the needles should be inserted just below the surface of the sheath, and a little of it torn away with each insertion, being very careful not to introduce the needle _ far enough to penetrate the ganglia beneath. The fine forceps, mentioned on page 241, will be found useful in removing the loosened parts of the sheath. In this operation it is necessary to proceed very slowly. Any undue haste will almost certainly result in the destruction of the ganglia. The supra-esophageal ganglionic mass, before the removal of the sheath, has the appearance of a single quadrangular mass, wider than long, the posterior margin incurved. The double com- missures proceeding from the posterolateral extremities, appear as single large, flattened nerves. When the sheath is removed, the supra-esophageal ganglionic mass is seen to be composed of two sets of ganglia, connected by a commissural cord, the ganglia of each set being aggregated together, the two eanglionic masses being precisely similar in detail. The principal one of the supra-esophageal ganglia (pl. 12, a) is subquadrangular or sub- ovate in outline, about two and one half times as long as wide, slightly constricted at the middle. Attached to the lower outer part of this ganglion is a smaller ganglion, about one fourth the size of the preceding one. Attached to the posterior part of these ganglia are three comparatively small, nearly round ganglia (pl. 270 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 12, a), so aggregated as to have, on a superficial examination, the appearance of an oblong mass. The infra-esophageal ganglia have, before the removal of the sheath, the appearance of a flattened, circular mass, with a central opening through which passes a large artery. When the sheath is removed, it is seen that the ganglia form two masses aggregated together, making a sub-circular mass. The upper i mass is composed of five subovate ganglia, of nearly equal size (pl. 12, 6). One is situated dorsally and centrally, and two on each side of this one. The lower part consists of two larger ovate ganglia, joined to each other and to the ganglia above them. The buccal ganglia are small, somewhat kidney-shaped bodies (pl. 12, n). The ganglia of the superior tentacles are subpalmate in form, the palm being unduly developed, and the fingers very short (pl. 12 <@): The ganglia of the inferior tentacles are pear-shaped (pl. 12, 4). The commissures connecting the supra and infra-esophageal ganglia are of equal size. The upper commissures proceed from the posterior part of the outer supra-esophageal ganglia, and are connected with the anterior part of the lower ganglia of the upper. part of the infra-esophageal ganglionic mass (pl. 12, c). The lower — commissures proceed from the outer ones of the small, nearly round ganglia of the supra-esophageal ganglionic mass, and are connected with the lowest two ganglia of the infra-esophageal ganglionic mass, or, as they are sometimes designated, the pedal ganglia (pl. 12, c). From the inner anterior part of the principal supra-esophageal, or cerebral ganglia, proceeds a large, conspicuous nerve, which connects with the ganglia at the extremity of the superior or ocu- lar tentacles (pl. 12, d, e). This nerve, after entering the tentacle, gives off a nerve which proceeds to the eye, the optic nerve (pl. 12, f, g); also from the outer anterior part of each ganglia a nerve proceeds to the mouth and adjacent integument. From the central anterior part proceed two very delicate nerves which continue to the integument of the superior tentacles. POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS Dit From the lateral ganglia of each mass proceed two very con- spicuous nerves; the inner one (pl. 12, 1), continuing to the mouth, ~the outer one continues anteriorly, branching; one branch (kh) going to the mouth and adjacent parts, the other (i), continuing to the ganglion at the extremity of the inferior tentacles. | The nerves previously described give off branches to the anterior part of the body, also to the penis and vagina. From the lower inferior part of the principal ganglion proceeds a commissural cord (0), connecting with the buccal ganglion. The anterior extremities of the buccal ganglia are connected by a commissural] cord. From the buccal ganglia nerves pass off: first, two nerves, ante- riorly, to the surface structure of the buccal body; second, two branches, which penetrate posteriorly into the buccal body; third, a branch accompanying the salivary duct to the salivary gland; fourth, a branch to the esophagus; fifth, a nerve to the anterior part of the buccal body. | From the infra-esophageal ganglionic mass proceed the follow- ing described nerves: from the dorsal ganglion a very conspicuous nerve (p), which takes the same general direction as the cephalic artery, continuing alongside the uterine canal. At the point where the arteries give off branches to the muscles and the crop the nerve passes through the loop thus formed, and also gives off branches both to the muscle and to the crop. It then continues, slightly diminished in size, along the uterine canal to the albumen gland. The main part continues along the albumen gland; a branch ac- companies the hermaphroditic duct to the ovotestis, giving off tilaments to the stomach and digestive gland. Another branch pro- ceeds to the heart and renal organ. From this branch a smaller branch proceeds to the adjacent parts of the digestive gland. The nerve is easily traced to the digestive gland, but from that point the nerves are very fine, and careful study is necessary to distin- guish them. From each of the two ganglia adjacent to the dorsal one, a very large nerve passes to the muscular collar (7); bifurcating just be- 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM fore entering the collar, one branch passes through the muscles, the other continuing in the pulmonary chamber. From the inferior part of the lateral ganglia proceed five nerves on each side (w), continuing to the integument. From the pedal ganglia proceed two large nerves, running nearly directly backward and parallel to the central part of the base of | the foot, giving off several branches. From the pedal ganglia there are about 12 other nerves, supplying the base of the foot. The ganglia are composed of cells or globules, varying very much in size, round or polygonal from mutual pressure, having a nucleus which occupies one half or two thirds the globule. The nucleus has several transparent nuclei. The nerves consist of bundles of tubuli. The walls of the tubuli are transparent. Special organs of sense Touch. The sense of touch is extremely acute in every part of the foot; the integument and base of foot being liberally supplied with nerves. The tentacles are specially sensitive, but I have not been able to touch any part of the foot so lightly that it was not immediately felt by the animal. In motion the animal depends: more on the sense of touch than on eyesight. Taste. There is no doubt that the animal possesses some sense of taste, but, from long observation, I think that in the selection of food the animal depends more on the sense of smell than that of taste. _ Light. The eyes of both Helix and Limax are situated at the extremity of the superior tentacles, and are conspicuous, hav- ing the appearance of bright, black specks. Under a low power can be seen the globular eyeball invested by a transparent tunic, corresponding to the cornea; the crystalline lens lying under the delicate cornea; the choroid, which forms two thirds of a sphere, transparent and having a single layer of irregularly round or oval, black pigment cells. Poly gyra is nocturnal in its habits, and perhaps at that time it can see more clearly; but in all my experi- ments with different individuals, many of them conducted with only sufficient light to distinguish the animal, I have seen no evi- ORE PP a ee POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 273 dence that Poly gyra is possessed of sight, with the single ex- ception that young individuals placed on a table, by a window, seemed, to crawl away from the light, but in adult individuals the light did not seem to make any difference. I have very frequently moved a stick or some bright object directly in front of the ex- tended tentacles, as the animal was moving, but with no effect whatever. Often I have observed the animal running directly into an object, withdrawing its tentacles and changing its course only when the tentacles touched the object. Smell. That the snail possesses olfactory organs admits no dis- pute, but the location of these organs has been a matter of doubt. J have had many snails in captivity for three years, and I have fre- quently experimented with them to determine what degree of olfactory sense they possess. After leaving them without food for several days, I have put in one corner of the box a small head of lettuce, concealing it by a few of the dead leaves. In a short time the snails would appear from under the leaves, and on the surface would raise the anterior portion of their bodies in the air, with extended tentacles, turning from one side to the other, having ex- actly the appearance of a quadruped sniffing the air in the en- deavor to locate some object. Having decided on the position of the lettuce, they would invariably move directly toward it, and this sometimes from a distance of 18 inches. I have repeated this experiment again and again but always with the same result. It was impossible for the animals to see the lettuce on account of the screen of leaves, and, as previously asserted, I am satisfied that their power of vision is extremely limited, at least by daylight or by artificial light. The discrimination in regard to food must be due also in a | great degree to the sense of smell. I have placed in my box of snails young beet leaves, spinach and other tender vegetables, which it would naturally be supposed would be acceptable to the snails; but they invariably refused to eat them, though deprived of other food, and in no case were these articles even tasted, show- ing, I think, that they were rejected on account of their odor, It being admitted that they possess olfactory organs, it remains 274 NEW YORK STATE MUSERUM to locate them. Dr Leidy! and Dr Sochaczewer,2 believed that the olfactory organs are situated in the pedal sinus. The latter author made the following experiment: Having cut off the tentacles of Helix pomatia, the wound was allowed to heal. The snails were then placed on a flat plate, the edge of which was smeared with turpentine; both the muti-— lated and unmutilated specimens turned away from the edges; this:shows that the tentaculae are not the seat of the olfactory organs. I do not think that this experiment is at all conclusive, or in fact has any bearing on the matter, as the foot both of Helix and of Limax isso extremely sensitive that on the first contact with any substance smeared with turpentine the animal would turn quickly away; the effect being essentially the same as if the animal had come in contact with heated metal. The fatal defect of this experiment is that the sensitiveness of the foot was not taken into consideration. I have tried the same experiment as far as Surrounding the animals with turpentine, but they never turned away till they came in contact with the turpentine. If they turned away on account of the smell, they would do so before touching the turpentine. If one observes a snail, when in motion, it will be seen that the Superior tentacles are usually held, essentially, in one position, occasionally striking an object, apparently not seeing it; but the inferior tentacles are constantly in motion, and are bent down toward the object on which the animal is moving, but not touch- ing it. Taking into consideration the limited power of sight, it seems to me that the snail must be assisted by the sense of smell. That these tentacles have an important function to serve is evi- dent from their anatomic character. A large nerve proceeds from the principal of the cerebral or supra-esophageal ganglia, which connects at the extremity of the tentacle with a very conspicuous ganglionic swelling (pl. 13, fig. 4, 5), which gives off numerous nerve fibers to the extremity of the tentacle. That the tentacles are not tactile organs is evident from two facts; first, they would ———_ ——— 1Terrestrial moll, and shells of the United States. *Zeitschrift fiir Wiss. zoologie. 35:133. Pater ps POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 275 be unnecessary, as the foot is well supplied with nerves, and is very sensitive; second, though the tentacles are bent down toward the object on which the animal is moving, I have never seen them touch the object. Furthermore, the tentacular ganglia are anterior to all others, with the single exception of the ganglia of the super- jor tentacles, and are attached by their nerves to the cerebral ganglia, which, taken in connection with the anterior position of the tentacles themselves, corresponds to the position of the olfac- tory organs in vertebrates. When the tentacle is withdrawn, the olfactory sense still exists; the olfactory organ then closely cor- responds to the olfactory organ of fishes. Negatively, the olfac- tory organ certainly does exist; but the nerves at the mouth, which have been considered by some authors as olfactory nerves, are undoubtedly nerves of taste; while the pedal sinus is clearly for the secretion of mucus, which the animal so abundantly exudes while in motion. Taking into consideration the anatomic details of the inferior tentacles, and innumerable observations of the use of these organs by the animal, I have no hesitation in affirming that they are olfactory organs. In some forms of Gasteropoda no tentacles exist, and it will be interesting to determine whether in the absence of tentacles the olfactory sense is deficient. In relation to this Albany Hancock,! Says: Being engaged at present in the investigation of the anat- omy of some members of this family, my attention was naturally directed to this point, and I think that I have obtained satisfac- tory proof that these hornless animals have really the sense of smell highly developed. The head lobe in the Bullidae is, in fact, nothing else than the dorsal (superior) and labial (inferior) ten- tacles fused in one continuous mass. ‘This Cuvier asserted long ago; and it can be very easily proved on anatomical grounds It may therefore suffice to say at this moment, that the nerves which supply the oral (inferior) and dorsal (superior) tentacles in the Gasteropoda go to this lobe, the former to the anterior and the latter to the posterior portion of it; a pretty clear proof of its real nature. Hearing. The so-called auditory organs consist of two trans- 1 Ann, and mag. nat, hist. 1852. 276 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM parent vesicles, situated beneath the sheath of the supra-esopha- geal ganglia, one on each side, placed immediately on the gang- lia and connected with nerves proceeding from the cerebral ganglia. They are extremely minute, and are filled with a trans- parent fluid, containing a number of small bodies, composed of concentric layers of carbonate of lime, frequently hollow at the — center, called otoliths. During life, and for a short time subse- quent, these bodies have a peculiar vibratory motion. The size and situation of these bodies, and their nerves, would naturally lead to the conclusion that as auditory organs they would be of little, if any, use. As with Anodonta, I have tried numerous experiments to test the sense of hearing. Any noise which does not jar the animal, has no effect on it. And I have no hesitation in saying that the sense of hearing, if ever possessed, has been lost. These remarks apply both to Polygyra andto Limax. Sense of direction. Snails in common with most animals, with the exception of man, have what has been called the sixth sense; that of direction or locality. I had for several months a large box, containing about one hundred snails, in one corner of my library. At the time I was making sections of shells to illustrate this work. I one day examined the snails in the box, and picked out three which were to all appearances dead. These I took out for the purpose of making sections of the shell. Not having time then, I laid them on the window ledge, in the opposite corner of the room, about 12 feet from the box. Several hours later I looked for them, and, not finding them, thought they had been accidentally brushed from the ledge. Looking on the floor for them, I noticed the peculiar, glass-like trail made by asnail while moving. Then, examining carefully the spot where I had laid them, I found that, though apparently dead, they were alive, and I easily traced the three snails .by their trails, which led in an absolutely straight direction to the box in which they had been kept, and I found them under the edge of the mosquito netting, which had been tied over the box, as near to the interior of the box as it was possible for them to reach. Afterward I experi- a te — POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS OTe mented several times by placing individuals in various parts of the room, and once in another room. They almost invariably re- turned to the box. LIMAX MAXIMUS L. The animal has a thick vermiform body, with a broad, ribbon- like pedal disk, having very much the appearance of the so-called foot of the Polygyra. The mouth, tentacles, etc., are situated as in that genus. The anterior part of the body is rounded. The posterior is acute and dorsally keeled. The mantle is situated on the anterior dorsal part of the body, and is somewhat shield-shaped. The anterior margin is rounded; the posterior margin angular. It consists of a thick, fleshy mem- brane. The anterior part is free from the body, and, when the animal contracts, the head is concealed beneath it, the mantle coming down before the head like a inask. The posterior part is not movable. It contains the rudimentary shell, and covers the pulmonary chamber, heart and renal organ. The respiratory orifice is situated on the right side of the man- tle, about midway of its length; the mantle being notched or curved around the orifice. The genital orifice is situated anteriorly on the right side as in Polygyra. . The body is divided into two cavities; the smaller containing the pulmonary chamber, the heart, renal organ, and a part of the rectum, the larger containing the digestive and reproductive or- gans, the nerve ganglia and the principal muscles. Limax differs from Polygyra in that all the organs are contained in the vermiform body, corresponding to the foot of Polygyra, and in being possessed of only a flat, rudimentary shell... Polygyra resembles a Limax “ with the greater por- tion of the mass squeezed out on the back, and arranged in a turbinate manner”, and covered by a shell. The integument consists of a thick mucous membrane, with a muscular substratum, as in the foot of Polygyra. Itis nearly uniformly developed, but is thickest on the mantle, tail and pedal 278 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM disk. On the head and upper part of the body, anterior to the tentacles, it is very thin. The mantle and body have black markings, which vary in inten- sity on different individuals. Digestive system Plates 15, 16 : The esophagus is very short, and has a diameter of about .6 mm. It leads into the crop, somewhat abruptly expanding to a width of about 4 mm and: continues essentially in a straight line for nearly three fourths the length of the body, slightly dimin- ishing in diameter. It then contracts, quickly expanding to nearly its former diameter, to form the stomach, continuing for about one fifth the length of the previous part, gradually dimin- ishing in size, then turning abruptly forward and ending in a position nearly parallel to the constricted part. The intestine leaves the posterior part of the stomach, and proceeds anteriorly through the digestive gland, where it turns to the left, and, making a broad curve in the gland, again proceeds ~ anteriorly, in contact with the previously described portion for | a part of the distance; then, turning to the right, it forms a loop over the retractor muscles, near their origin; again proceeding posteriorly on the dorsal surface of the crop, nearly to the con- strictor of that organ; again abruptly bending forward and con- tinuing in contact with the last described part, passing under the pulmonary chamber, terminating at the anal aperture near the respiratory orifice. The latter two convolutions are oblique to the crop and lie on its dorsal part. In nearly all the specimens which I have ex- amined they are empty and flat, even when all the other parts of the intestine are filled with the remains of food. They are very unlike the rest of the intestine in appearance. Their abrupt turning backward and simultaneous decrease in size, and their dissimilarity in appearance to the rest of the intestine are very misleading, and it requires careful dissection to show the contin- uity with the rest of the intestine, as they greatly vesemble a cecum. POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 279 Salivary glands. The salivary glands are situated on the anterior part of the crop, the one dorsally and the other latero-ventrally. They vary in shape and size (pl. 23, fig. 5, 6) the dorsally situated one being the smaller. They consist of numerous lobuli, which are conglomerate. From each gland proceeds a conspicuous duct, _ which enters the buccal body, one on each side of the esophagus. Digestive gland. The digestive gland consists of three principal lobes, divided into lobules. It, in conjunction with the ovotestis, occupies the posterior part of the animal, and also invests the greater part of the stomach, and the posterior lateral part of the crop. See plate 15, figure 3, for its position, and plate 23, figures 7 and 8, for its form. Generative system Plates 15, 17 The general appearance of the generative organs is the same as in Polygyra, varying only in details, with the exception of the ovotestis. The penis and anterior part of the other organs pass obliquely over the anterior part of the crop (pl. 15, fig. 2), a part of the ute- rine canal and spermatic duct lying ventrally and to the left of the crop. The ovotestis is situated at the posterior end of the animal, on the dorsal part of the digestive gland. The penis is a long, cylindric body, comparatively much longer than in Polygyra albolabris. The posterior end is curved and bent on itself. It is destitute of the outer fold or so-called prepuce existing in P. albolabris. The retractor muscle of the penis is long and, inserted, together with the vas deferens, on one side slightly anterior to the ex- tremity. When exserted, a thin, erect membrane is shown extending backward from the meatus; and also membranous folds at the meatus. The vagina and receptaculum seminis are much smaller than in foal bola bri. The vas deferens is short, its length being equal to or less than 280 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM that of the penis. For about one half of its length it 1s thickened, annulated and glandular, becoming cylindric and filiform, enter- ing the penis on the side, just anterior to the extremity. The uterine canal is conspicuous, but does not present so dis- tinctly a sacculated appearance as in P.albolabris. | The albumen gland is large, flattened, rounded at each extrem- ity, broadest at the anterior, gradually diminishing to the pos- terior. The hermaphroditic duct is short, flexuous, but not convoluted, asin P.albolabris. | The ovotestis consists of an oval, flattened mass, formed by an aggregation of ceca. It is nearly four times as long as wide; situ- ated on the dorsal part of the posterior end of the digestive gland. It differs greatly from the ovotestis of Polygyra. Circulatory system Plates 18, 19 Heart. The heart is situated at the lower left side of the pulmonary chamber. It consists of a single auricle and ventricle, each pyriform, placed base to base, the bases being truncated. The auricle is anterior to the ventricle and about one half its size. Arteries. The aorta (pl. 18, fig. 1) proceeds from the apex of the ventricle, and almost immediately divides into two principal branches, the anterior and posterior of about equal diameter. The aorta divides before leaving the pulmonary chamber, giving the appearance of two aortae proceeding from: the heart. The anterior artery proceeds for a short distance laterally, then anteriorly. It supplies the stomach, salivary glands, penis, recep- taculum seminis, buccal body and nerve ganglia. At the gangli- onic mass it turns abruptly backward, and proceeds along the mid- dle of the ventral part of the animal, immediately above the pedal sinus; continuing for about one half the length of the animal, then bifurcating and entering the foot. Where the artery bends forward a large branch is given off to the crop. This branch almost immediately subdivides, the princi- pal branch proceeding anteriorly on the dorsal part of the crop. POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 281 Near the esophagus it bifurcates, a branch proceeding to each of the salivary glands, and anterior part of the crop. In its progress to the anterior part of the crop it gives off four branches, two on each side of the crop. These branches in turn give rise to numer- ous others. The second principal branch (3’), proceeds posteriorly for some distance, giving off comparatively few branches. At the subdivision of the anterior and posterior crop arteries there are two smaller branches (4, 3”), the first of which proceeds to the uterine canal, the second directly to the ventral part of the crop, giving off several branches principally posteriorly. At the ganglionic mass, where the aorta turns downward and backward, a branch continues forward under the buccal body (13), giving off small branches to the buccal body, muscles, lips, etc. Branches from the anterior artery accompany the commissural cords connecting the two principal ganglionic masses, forming a complete circle, asin P.albolabris (£4), giving off branches to the tentacles (19). Just previous to its turning backward the anterior artery puts out a branch, which subdivides and supplies the penis and vagina Ciel. 12), The posterior aorta gives off branches to the stomach, intestine, digestive gland, uterine canal, hermaphroditic duct, ovotestis, ete. he first branch follows the course of the intestine, entering a lobe of the digestive gland, and ramifying through it. Very near this the artery gives off a branch, which proceeds along the hermaph- roditic duct to the ovotestis. Two small branches have previously been given off to the hermaphroditic duct. Several small branches are now given off to the intestines at frequent intervals. From the opposite side of the artery a branch proceeds to the upper attenuated end of the principal lobe of the digestive gland, giving off numerous branches throughout the lobe. The next branch continues along the outer surface of the large lobe of the digestive gland, giving off numerous branchlets, which ramify throughout the lobe. Immediately after the anterior artery bends abruptly toward the 282 NEW YORK STATH MUSEUM anterior portion of the animal, the large artery, which supplies the stomach, gives origin to a comparatively large branch to the digestive gland, and gives off numerous branches, both to the intestines and digestive gland. The next branch proceeds from the same side of the artery, continuing to the digestive gland, . giving off numerous branches and finally forming a network in the lobes of the digestive gland (pl. 18, fig. 9). The next branch is from the opposite side of the artery, and con- tinues on the posterior part of the stomach. This branch is prom- inent. At about one half the distance from the artery to the ven- tral part of the stomach it bifurcates, one branch again bifurcat- ing; one branch containing latero-anteriorly and the other dorso- anteriorly. The main branch continues to the ventral part of the stomach, bifurcating; the branches continuing mainly on the ven- tral part of the stomach. The next prominent branch is from the opposite side of the ar- tery. The principal artery of this branch continues to a lobe of the digestive gland, and ramifies through it; a smaller branch con- tinues to the intestine. ji The next conspicuous artery is from the large artery which sup- plies the uterine canal and the so-called prostate gland. Pulmonary cavity. The pulmonary cavity lies below the mantle aud is of essentially the same shape. It is situated, immediately below the shell cavity, and contains the heart, renal organ, the posterior part of the rectum and the anus. It is separated from the visceral cavity by the muscular peritoneum or diaphragm/ The respiratory orifice is situated on the right side of the body, at the edge of the mantle (pl. 28, fig. 1, 1). This orifice opens and closes at regular intervals; the normal respiration seems to be from 16 to 18 times a minute, though it is frequently variable. When open the orifice is circular, and is closed by muscular fibers which surround it. The pulmonary veins, or rete, are situated mostly on the roof of . the cavity. They are numerous, anastomosing, and occupy nearly the whole surface (pl. 19, fig. 2). Veins, The veins are situated mostly in the substance of the POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 283 body, not being on the surface as is frequently the case with the arteries. Asin P. albolabris, they are not simply lacunae or spaces in the body, but have a distinct wall. The branches of the arteries grow smaller and smaller, and finally consist of an anastomosing network, which communicates with a similar network of veins; these capillaries gradually coal- escing, forming larger branches, which combine to form large veins, connecting with the sinus of the pulmonary cavity. There are two veins parallel with, and in close contiguity to the pedal gland or sinus. The two largest veins are situated in the integument of the sides of the body, one on each side. They are connected with the ar- teries by innumerable ramifications. They are illustrated on plate 18, figures 2 and 3; but only the large vessels are shown, thesmaller ones not being represented. There are also smaller veins in the lateral anterior parts of the integument, and a large vein in the dorsal part of the integument. The blood proceeds from the heart through the arteries, entering ‘the veins from the arteries, and carried by them to the renal organ and the pulmonary cavity, where it is aerated, and returned by the large pulmonary veins to the auricle, thence to the ventricle. Kidney. The kidney is situated in contiguity to the heart (pl. 19, fig. 3), and is a large subovate, glandular organ. From the lower right side proceeds a duct, which continues along the lower part of the pulmonary cavity to the rectum, continuing along- side of this; curving near the extremity, the parts of the curve being in apposition to the rectum, and opening in close contiguity ‘to the anus. Nervous system Plate 22 The two principal ganglionic masses are the supra and infra- esophageal (1, 2). The supra-esophageal ganglia are situated above the esopha- gus, and just posterior to the buccal body, when the animal is extended. Of course when the animal is contracted the relative ‘positions are altered. The ganglionic mass consists of three pairs 284 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of ganglia; the three pairs being united by an extremely short broad commissural cord, which is very inconspicuous; the inner pair of ganglia having somewhat the appearance of coalescing. The outer pair are larger than the others and somewhat ob- scurely kidney-shaped. The anterior margin being rounded and continuous; the posterior part being bilobed, the inner lobe larger © than the outer. The second, or median, pair of ganglia are in contact with the inner part of the first mentioned pair for their entire length. They are curved, broadest at the base, and tapering to a point, ‘very narrow at their widest point. The third, or inner, pair are nearly in contact at their anterior part, gradually diverging posteriorly. They are comparatively narrow, though twice the width of the second pair, and are about four times as long as wide. They are each obscurely divided into four lobes, of which the anterior is subtriangular, the posterior nearly round, and the remaining two subquadrangular. The infra-esophageal ganglionic mass is much larger than the supra-esophageal, (2), and consists of six pair of ganglia, aggre- gated more or less in one mass. With the exception of the first pair the ganglia are regularly bilaterally arranged; one of each pair being on opposite sides of a median line. The first pair consist of a large and a small ganglion, the larger one being ovate with a length about equal to twice its greatest diameter. Immediately anterior to this is a small ganglion, about one third the size of the first mentioned ganglion. The next pair are situated one on each side, and partially un- derneath the first pair. They are subovate in form and are about one and one half times the size of the first mentioned pair. The next pair are each about the size of the first mentianed ganglion, and are oval or subovate in form, and are situated mostly underneath the second pair, their anterior ends projecting. The posterior ends of the second pair project, laterally, beyond the third pair. The fourth pair are subovate in form and situated beneath the second and third pair. POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 285 The fifth pair are situated below the fourth pair. Their inner margins are nearly in contact. The large cephalic artery passes through the ganglionic mass, bounded above and below by the third and fifth pair of ganglia, and laterally by the fourth pair. The sixth pair are below the fourth and fifth pair of ganglia, and when the ganglionic mass is viewed from above are almost hidden from sight. | The ganglionic masses are connected by two pairs of commis- sural cords, the upper ones of which proceed from the second pair of the supra-esophageal ganglia, and continue to the under part of the fourth pair of infra-esophageal ganglia. The inferior pair of cords proceed from the posterolateral part of the lower lobe of the inner, or third pair of supra-esophageal ganglia, and continue to the lower part of the sixth pair of infra-esophageal ganglia. Two smaller ganglia are situated near the dorsal surface of the posterior part of the buccal body, one on each side of the esoph- agus, just as it leaves the buccal body. They are comparatively small, a little less than three times as long as wide, and are divided into three nearly equal lobes, (3) the anterior one being broader and shorter than the other two, which are nearly round. The two ganglia are connected by a strong commissural cord proceeding from the posterior lobes. The buccal ganglia are connected with the cerebral ganglia by two commissural cords, which proceed from the under surface of the inner pair of cerebral eanglia, to the outer and under part of the anterior lobes of the buccal ganglia. There are ganglionic swellings in the extremities of both the superior and inferior tentacles. That in each superior tentacle is digitate in form, the palm. being exaggerated in size and the fingers short. From each of these processes, or fingers, numerous fibers proceed to the thin integument at the end of the tentacle. The ganglia of the inferior tentacles are pyriform, the largest end being nearest to the extremity of the tentacle, and giving off numerous fibers to the extremity of the tentacle. A small ganglion is situated near the first branching of the 286 NEW YORK STATB MUSEUM aorta on the dorsal part of the stomach. It is subovate in form, gradually enlarging from its posterior to its anterior extremity, and is about four times as long as wide (4). | From the outer anterior part of the principal ganglia proceeds a stout nerve to the extremity of the superior tentacle (5). Within the tentacle this nerve gives origin to a slender nerve proceeding to the eye, the optic nerve. From a point closely contiguous to the first mentioned nerve, but nearer to the anterior margin, proceeds a nerve, smaller than the first, which near the anterior extremity of the animal bifurcates, one branch going to the mouth (7), the other to the ganglia at the extremity of the inferior tentacle (6). From a point slightly nearer to the anter- ior margin proceeds a nerve, which near the mouth bifurcates and gives off nerves to the mouth and adjacent parts of the in- tegument (7’). From the anterior lobe of the inner ganglia nerves proceed to the muscles and integument of the superior pair of tentacles (8). From the inner part of the principal ganglia pro- ceed commissural cords, which unite with the anterior lobe of the buccal ganglia (37). The posterior lobes of the buccal ganglia are united by a short, broad commissural cord (3”). | From the anterior lobe of each buccal ganglion arise two nerves, which proceed to the anterior part of the buccal body, giving off numerous branches (9). | From the inner part of each median lobe arises a nerve which continues posteriorly alongside the esophagus (10); and from the posterior lobe two nerves, which supply the posterior part of the buccal body (11). The cephalic artery passes through the infra-esophageal gang- lionic mass, the ganglia forming a ring, and in an uninjected specimen might easily be mistaken for a large nerve. From the posterior part of the dorsal ganglia proceed five nerves, three of which are of nearly equal diameter; the other two are smaller. The one to the left is free for a short distance, then buries itself in the substance of the retractor muscles, continuing to the origin of the muscles in the muscular layer. POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 237 The median nerve is directed posteriorly to the right (21, 21’), and furnishes nerves to the pulmonary cavity, respiratory orifice and anus. The nerve from the right of the ganglion continues posteriorly to the large artery, entering the foot, to a minute oblong gang- lion (4). The ganglion gives off five nerves, of which the larger arises in the outer anterior part, and proceeds along the intestine in close contiguity to the artery. Immediately anterior to this is a small nerve proceeding to the pulmonary cavity. From the opposite anterior part proceeds a nerve supplying the hermaphroditic generative organs. From the posterior part proceed two nerves supplying the stomach and digestive gland. In the inferior part of each of the second pair of infra-esopha- geal ganglia arises a large nerve which passes posteriorly and outward, entering the integument just anterior to the pulmonary chamber; the branches of these nerves supplying that organ and the heart. From the posterior part of these ganglia proceed two very large nerves, which continue to the postero-basal part of the animal, parallel to and at a short distance from the pedal gland, giving off several branches to the base of the foot (12, 13’, 15”). In the inferior part of the other ganglia arise five other pairs of nerves (15-19), which are inserted in the integument at the sides; and other more numerous nerves, which are inserted in the foot. Muscular system Plates 19, 20 The principal muscles, viz, the retractor muscles of the anterior part of the body, the buccal body and the tentacles, have their origin in the inner muscular layer, just posterior to the pulmon- ary cavity on the right side. They at first consist of two broad, flat, somewhat connected bands (pl. 19, fig. 1, 2). At about one half the distance to the nerve ganglia these bands are subdivided, giving origin to the 288 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ocular tentacular muscles (3), and the retractor muscles of the buccal body (5). The superior, or ocular tentacular muscles, shortly subdivide, giving origin to the muscles of the inferior, or olfactory tentacles (4), which are much smaller than those of the ocular tentacles. The muscular sheath of the supra-esophageal ganglia is con- nected with the superior tentacular muscles by two flat muscular bands on each side (pl. 20, fig. 1, 2). | In the anterobasal part of the animal arises a set of three muscles on each side (pl. 19, 20, fig. 1), the posterior one (1) arising under the muscles of the superior tentacle, and inserted near the lips of the animal. The middle one (8) is inserted in the muscles of the inferior tentacle. The anterior and largest muscle (9) passes over the superior tentacle muscles and is inserted at the mouth. Posterior to these a muscle on each side has its origin in the basal part of the animal, and is inserted in the muscle of the in- ferior tentacle (10). In figure 2, plate 20, the retractor muscles have been cut close to the buccal body, and that organism has been turned forward to show its under side, and also the base of the anterior part of the body cavity. On each side of a basal median line, and at a short distance from it, a thin, flat band of muscular fibres arises, which is in- serted at the extreme anterior end of the body at the mouth, im- mediately below the anterior end of the buccal body (1). These two bands of muscles, at their anterior part cross each other at an angle of about 45°. Their function is to contract the basal part of the anterior portion of the body. On each side of the buccal body the lower part of the lateral lips can be observed, showing as a white mass, somewhat regu- larly longitudinally divided. From the posterior part of each mass proceed two muscles, one broad, the other narrow, uniting with the muscles of the inferior tentacle (pl. 19. fig. 2, 3). On the right side of the figure the lip and its muscles are shown in their natural position; on the left side of the figure the lip and POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 289 its muscles, as well as the muscle of the inferior tentacle, are turned forward in order to show a short, broad muscle, which has its origin in the anterior basal part of the body, and is inserted principally in the muscles of the inferior tentacle, but some of the fibers are inserted in the large muscles of the lip (pl. 20, fig. 2, 4). On the under side of the buccal body, toward the posterior part, are several moderately broad, horizontal bands of muscles, which are partially concealed by overlying longitudinal muscles (10). Bands of muscles are situated on the ventral surface of the buccal body, proceeding from the posteroventral part and diverg- ing to the sides (6). Strong bands of muscles originate in the middle ventral part of the buccal body, and, slightly diverging, are inserted in the anterobasal part of the animal, just under the anterior part of the buccal -body (5). A band of muscles is situated on each side of the buccal body, proceeding from the posteroventral to the anterolateral part of the buccal body (7). Numerous fibers have their origin in the anterior part of the buccal body, and are inserted in the integument of the mouth. The entire outer walls of the buccal body are composed of mus- cular fibers, both transverse and longitudinal. Looking down on the buccal body, the following muscles can be observed: a pair of delicate muscles, one on each side, arising in the inferior posterolateral part of the buccal body, and in- serted in the cephalic integument; another delicate pair arising in the anterolateral part of the buccal body, and inserted in the integument, near the base of the inferior tentacles; a pair which proceed laterally from the anterior basal part of the buccal body, being inserted in the integument each side of that body. The integument or skin of the animal is composed of two layers, the inner of which is composed of interlaced muscular fiber; and the viscera are inclosed by a very thin muscular peritoneum. The first layer is composed of unstriped muscular fibers, ar- ranged transversely, longitudinally and obliquely. The peritoneum is composed of muscles arranged transversely and longitudinally, and gives rise to the retractor muscles pre- viously described. 290 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM EMBRYOLOGY OF LIMAX MAXIMUS When the ova have reached a certain stage of maturity they leave the ovary. This process is known as ovulation. They pass through the hermaphroditic duct (pl. 16, fig. 1, 10), to the albumen gland (9), and thence to the oviduct (7); from which they are dis- charged, that is, laid. The composition of the egg is as follows: in the interior of the egg is the germinative vesicle, or egg nucleus, which contains a still smaller vesicle, or germinative dot; surrounding these is the yolk, which is a liquid of varying consistency. In the snail it is transparent. These parts of the egg are formed in the ovary. The albumen surrounds the yolk, and in the case of Limax is semitransparent, less so than the yolk. This substance is not formed in the ovary, but is secreted by the albumen gland (pl. 16, fe) Loe. he albumen is surrounded by a membrane, which in Limax is semi-transparent, so that, when the egg is viewed under the microscope by transmitted light, the movements of the embryo can be observed, though not distinctly enough for study. In the eggs of the Polygyra the outer covering is still membranous, though much thicker than in Limax, and it is opaque. After the escape of the young Polygyra, it has very much the appearance of a calcareous shell. Soon after fertilization the egg undergoes the process of seg- mentation, that is breaks up into cells. It first divides into four equal cells; and then smaller cells are formed from the division of the first four, so as to lie outside of them. The smaller cells now subdivide and spread over the first four. The cell mass is dilated, becoming hollow. The large cells subdivide and sink into the hollow of the sphere, forming an elongated groove, the origin of which at the surface is known as the blastopore. This orifice Subsequently closes up. The invaginated cells, formed by the subdivision of the large cells, are known as the endoderm. The outer layer, formed by the division of the smaller cells, is known as the ectoderm. This condition of the egg forms the gastrula stage (pl. 24, fig. 10-14). . A dilatation of the ectodermal walls now takes place, a con- POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 291 siderable space being left between the ectoderm and endoderm (pl. 25, fig. 6 and succeeding figures). The body of the animal as first observed consists of a slight swelling of the upper side of the cell mass (pl. 25, fig. 7). In the following descriptions it must be remembered that the ventral surface of the animal is uppermost. The swelling above mentioned very soon shows a tendency to divide into two parts (pl. 25, fig. 9, and pl. 24, fig. 17), the anterior part of which is the foot proper, the posterior part the mantle, shell sac, etc. Even at this early stage the embryonic shell can be observed, consisting of a few dark colored crystalline plates, not yet united. At this stage the mouth appears at the position formerly occu- pied by the blastophore; which has disappeared or been closed, and consists of an invagination of cells, bounded by lateral lips (pl. 24, fig. 20). The shell sac and mantle enlarge much the faster proportion- ally, as sbown in plate 25, figures 11, 12. In figure 12, and more distinctly in figure 13, the development of the tentacles is shown, which at this stage have the appear- ance of flat circular disks. The body is very small; from its extremity a circular serci- transparent appendage, the podocyst, is developed, consisting of two walls, which are connected by reticulated muscular cells. The body now rapidly develops, as shown in figures 15 and 16, plate 25. The shell has also increased in size, consisting of numerous crys- talline plates, not yet united. The ectodermal sac and podocyst have also increased in size. The surface markings are now apparent, and the beating of the heart is plainly visible beneath the mantle. The smaller tentacles, the lateral lips of the mouth, the odon- tophore and the beginning of the alimentary canal have appeared; the pedal sinus is also apparent. At this stage (pl. 25, fig. 17-21), the ectodermal sac and podo- cyst have reached their greatest development, and hereafter gradually diminish in size till completely absorbed. 292 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The podocyst is now an object of great beauty, to which no drawing can do justice. It undergoes a rhythmic movement of dilatation and contraction, sometimes being so expanded as to include the rest of the embryo, then contracting to less than one half that size. The ectodermal sac also undergoes a similar con- traction and expansion, sometimes in harmony with, and again alternating with that of the podocyst. The whole embryo, from the stage represented by figure 11, has a rotatory motion. In the stage represented by figure 19, I have first observed the ‘primitive kidneys.” ‘They are situated on each side of the en- doderm, and consist of a series of curved elongate cells, within which concretions are developed, and terminate in a duct (pl. 28, fig. 4). The cells proper are apparently angular or of different shapes (pl. 28, fig. 1, 2); but this is due to mutual pressure, as when the sac is ruptured the cells flow out perfectly spherical, as shown in figure 3. As development proceeds a movement of the cells takes place from the ectodermal sac into the constantly enlarging body (pl. 26, fig. 1). The alimentary canal accompanies the cells; the anus alone remains in its original position. In the stage represented by figure 5, plate 26, the ectoderm so closely bounds the endoderm as not to be apparent. The ectoder- mal cells have been largely absorbed into the body, or, rather, changed into body tissue, and the podocyst is very much reduced in size. The tentacles are assuming their mature form, and the mouth and lips are very distinct. The intestine is nearly com- plete and the larger endodermal cells have, in great part, been converted into the substance of the digestive gland. The respira- tory orifice, the mantle and shell are well formed. Heretofore the embryo has been represented with the ventral part uppermost, but in figure 2, plate 27, it is represented, in a reverse position, as in adult condition. In this stage the endodermal cell mass has been almost entirely changed into the alimentary canal and its appendages, the podo- POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 293 cyst has been almost entirely absorbed, and the various organs are approaching their perfect condition. Figure 1, plate 27, represents the appearance of the embryo in the egg capsule at this stage (8). The absorption of the podocyst continues for a short time longer, when the animal becomes completely formed and emerges from the egg. . | A careful study of the figures on plates 24-28, and their explana- tions, will perhaps show more clearly the development of the embryo than the preceding text. It occasionally happens that there are two ova in one egg cap- sule, and in one instance I have observed four embryos in one ege capsule (pl. 27, fig: 4, 5). } Time of laying eggs In the latter part of September I had a number of specimens sent to me. Within a very few days a majority of them laid eggs. Of course the very short time of confinement, only two or three days, made no difference in the time of laying. Others did. not lay their eggs till the middle of November, when naturally they would have been hibernating for a month. It would seem therefore that some of the animals lay their eggs in the fall, and others not till the following spring. The eggs are laid on the surface of the ground, under dead leaves, logs, stones, or any sheltered space, where the requisite moisture can be obtained. They are laid ina cluster. The num- ber in the clusters observed by myself varied from 50 to 130. They are soft and before leaving the animal must be very much com- pressed; for a mass of eggs occupies a larger space than the ani- mal itself. When first laid they are of beautiful appearance, semi-transparent, resembling globes of liquid. Light transmitted through them becomes a beautiful golden color. They are usually round, but sometimes oval, and when they are in apposi- tion a part is frequently pressed in till it is concave, but, as the embryo grows, this part is pushed out, the egg becoming regularly round or oval. It would seem probable that all eggs laid at the same time 294 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM would hatch out at about the same time, but I had several clusters of eggs laid within 24 hours of each other, kept in the same box, and necessarily under the same conditions, and when some of these were hatched out, the embryos of other clusters were not more than half developed. This statement has been questioned, but I am absolutely sure of the correctness of my observations in this respect. : Several of the clusters had not been fertilized, as shown by the non-development of the embryo. Binney declares that eggs that had been several times subjected to a great heat in an oven, so as to become perfectly dry and shriveled, when placed in a moist place regained their lost form, and young were produced from them. While not doubting this Statement, my experience has been that, when the egg became dry and shriveled, the embryo was killed; though when supplied with moisture the vitality under adverse circumstances was wonderful. | Embryos that I have dissected from the egg and placed in water retained life from 24 to 48 hours. Even when the power of — motion was lost, the heart continued to beat. Rate of growth Even under the same conditions the rate of growth of all the animals is not uniform. I have at this writing more than 100 animals that were hatched at about the same time. They have been kept in the same box and of course under the same condi- tions. But they vary decidedly in size, some being not more than half the size of others. | At least two seasons are required for an animal to reach maturity. I have now specimens that were hatched nearly 10 months ago, which have been kept in a warm room during cold weather, therefore not hibernating, and supplied with an abund- ance of food; yet some of them are not half grown. They prob- ably developed as rapidly as in natural conditions. Naturally they would hibernate during cold weather, and the growth would not be as great in 10 months as in confinement. a ne FIG. 9-11 m Cc bb HA POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 29 i | EXPLANATION OF PLATES Polygyra albolabris PLATE 1 Dorsal, profile and ventral views of an adult shell, natural size. A profile view, showing a more flattened form than in fig. 2. Ventral and profile views of a young shell, the peristome being as yet unformed. | Ventral view of an adult shell, showing the form of the under side of the peristome. Profile view of a shell just after leaving the egg, x 10, the perpendicular line to the left of the figure showing the natural size. Figures 9, 10 and 11 are also enlarged, the perpendicular lines to the left of the figure showing the natural size as in fig. 8. Showing succeeding stages of the form of the shell before reaching maturity. An adult shell. In this figure a part of the lower volution of the shell is broken away to show the interior. A section of a shell. The outer part of the shell is ground away in order to show the columella. A section. The columella has been ground down to show its interior. PLATE 2 An egg natural size and enlarged. A view showing the shell within the egg. A view showing the shell emerging from the egg. Dorsal and profile views of a shell, newly hatched, natural size and enlarged. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Profile and ventral views of a shell about one month old, natural size and enlarged. Dorsal and lateral views of a shell about three months old, natural size. The same, x 3. Surface of the shell, x 10. The same, x 20. . Transverse section of the prismatic layer of the shell, x 100. A section of a part of the peristome, x 40. A section of the peristome and a part of the shell, x 1) A section of the shell; cuticle; outer layer; median layer; inner layer. A section of the volutions, x 2. One volution more highly magnified, x 6. A transverse section of the peristome, x 2. PLATE 3 Dorsal view of a shell and extended animal. The smaller figure represents a newly hatched animal. Both figures are natural size. Profile view of shell and extended animal, natural size. 3 An animal from which the shell has been removed, show- ~] ing protruding penis; 1 penis; 2 anus: 3 stomach; 4 ovo- testis; 5 intestine; 6 digestive gland; 7 kidney; 8 pulmon- ary vein. The same view as in figure 3, the volutions being partially uncoiled to show the position of the generative organs. For explanation of the organs see plate 23, figure 9. Ventral view, the animal being retracted within the shell; 1, respiratory orifice. Laterobasal surface of the integument, x 6. A part of the integument of the dorsal part of the foot, x 6, POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 297 PLATE 4 _ ‘Fic. 1 The buccal body, enlarged, from above; 1 the buccal body; 2 esophagus; 3 salivary ducts; 4 nerves uniting cerebral > and buccal ganglia; 5 retractor muscles; 6 depressor mus- cles; 7 levator muscles; 8 protractor muscles; 9 labial muscles. 2 The buccal body. The dorsal wall is cut through, and separated, displaying a part of the interior; 1 buccal body; 2 muscular wall of the buccal body; 3 lateral lips; 4 radula, or lingual ribbon; 5 sac of radula; 6 esophagus; 7 salivary duct. 3 The buccal body laid open, from above; 1 lateral lips; 2 muscular wall of the buccal body; 3 odontophoral carti- lage; 4 radula; 5 sac of radula; 6 retractor muscles. 4 Longitudinal section of the buccal body; 1 odontophoral cartilage; 2 radula; 3 sac of radula; 4 muscular wall; 5 jaw or dental plate; 6 esophagus; 7, 8 muscles connected with the radula; 9 opening of the pedal sinus; 10 pedal sinus; 12 muscular sole of animal; 12 infra-esophageal ganglia; 13 supra-esophageal ganglia; 14 retractor mus- cles; 15 tentacular muscle. 5 A section of the animal showing: 1 pedal sinus; 2? large veins; 3 small veins; 4 mucus glands; 5 muscular sole of foot. 3 6 Perpendicular section of the buccal body; 1 esophagus; 2 salivary ducts; 3 lingual ribbon or radula; 4 sac of radula; 5 odontophoral cartilage. 7 Vertical section, the same as figure 6, the esophagus, etc., have been removed, bringing into view the radula; 7 radula; 2 odontophoral cartilage. 298 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM PLATE 5 Fig. ; 1 A view from the under side of the head, showing the mouth > and lips, x 5. 2 The jaw, x 10. 8 The digestive organs; 1 the buccal body; 2 esophagus; 2” — the crop; 3 salivary ducts; 4 salivary glands; 5 stomach; 6 intestine; 7 rectum; 8 anus; 9 digestive gland; 10 ducts of digestive gland; 11 ventricle; 12 auricle; 13 pericar- dium; 74 kidney or renal organ all x 2. 4 Crop and salivary gland, x 6. 5 Heart and kidney as seen from the exterior. PLATE 6 Fic. The lettering on each of the figures refers to the same organ. 1-6 Transverse sections of the body from the buccal body to near the posterior extremity of the foot. 1 genital opening; 2 penis; 2’ sac of radula; 3 esophagus; 4 salivary duct; 5 tentacular muscles; 6 vas deferens; 7 peritoneum; 8 pedal sinus; 9 oviduct; 10 vagina; 11 uter- ine canal and spermatic duct; 12 the mantle. 7 The stomach and a part of the intestine as seen from above. 8 The stomach as seen from below, showing also the ducts of the digestive gland and their connection with the stom- ach. PLATE 7 : Generative organs Fia. ; 1 1 genital aperture; 2 penis; 3 outer fold or prepuce; 4 vagina; 5 receptaculum seminis; 6 vas deferens; 7 free oviduct; 8 uterine canal; 9 spermatic duct; 10 talon, or accessory gland of the hermaphroditic duct; 71 hermaph- roditic duct; 12 ovotestes; 13 retractor muscle of the penis; 14 albumen gland, all x 3. —— a ee a AID OF FP WH POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 299 An enlargement of a part of the generative organs: 1 her- maphroditic duct; 2 talon; 3 albumen gland. Accessory gland, or talon, seen from above, x 6. The same as seen from below, x 6. The ovotestes, x 5. The cecal tubes of the ovotestes, x 30. A. transverse section of the ceca of the ovotestes, showing the spermatic within the ovarian tube, x 30. PLATE 8 An exterior view of the penis, x 3. A longitudinal section of the penis, showing the corrugated fold, or pilaster, of the interior, and the manner of the formation of the outer fold, or prepuce, x 3. The penis opened from the dorsal part, showing the corru- gations of the lining membrane, and the corrugated fold, pilaster, of the membrane, x 3. A part of the corrugated and papillate lining membrane, x 10. 5 A transverse section of the vas deferens, x 6. or) 7-9 10 val 12 13 14 A tranverse section of the vas deferens, showing its en- trance into the penis, x 6. Sections of the penis, figure 9 being beyond the pilaster, 16, An exterior view of the vagina and receptaculum seminis, x 4, A longitudinal section, showing the muscular folds of the vagina, x 4. A transverse section of the vagina, and of the oviduct at its entrance into the vagina, x 6. A transverse section of the vagina at the point indicated by the dots in figure 11, x 6. A transverse section of the receptaculum seminis, x 6. 300 Fic. cr or) FIG. 1 An enlargement showing the heart and the veins of the NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM PLATE 9 Arteries Circulatory system, 1 auricle; 2 ventricle; 3 posterior aorta; 4 anterior aorta; 3’ artery to albumen gland; 3” artery to digestive gland; 6 artery to stomach; 7 artery to her- | maphroditic duct; 8 artery to uterine canal and sper- — matic duct; 9 artery supplying muscular collar, pedal muscles and crop; 10 artery to pedal muscles; 11 artery to muscular collar; 12 artery supplying crop; 13 arteries to salivary ducts; 14 artery to base of foot; 15 artery supplying nerve commissures; 16 arteries to the tenta- cles; 16’ artery to buccal body; 17 artery to vagina; 18 artery to the penis; 19 artery to the intestine; 20 artery to the ovotestes. | PLATE 10 1 Pericardial cavity; 2 auricle; 3 ventricle, x 6. Showing the stomach and under or inner face of the digest- ive gland, and the arteries supplying that part of the ani- mal: Z auricle; 2 ventricle; 3 stomach; 4 intestine; 5 ducts of digestive gland; 6 artery to the smaller or superior lobe of the digestive gland; 7 arteries to the ovotestes; 8 kidney; 9 rectum; 10 digestive gland, x 3. The outer part of the digestive gland and its arteries. The numbering has the same signification as in figure 2. The stomach and its arteries, x 3. The crop and salivary gland and their arteries, x 3. Showing the arteries of the ceca of the ovotestis. PLATE 11 pulmonary cavity: 1 auricle; 2 ventricle; 3 the large pul- monary vein leading to the auricle; 4 the afferent veins; 5 the efferent veins; 6 the large vein or venous sinus in- circling the pulmonary cavity. POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 301 Fic. ; 2-4 Figures showing the position of the pulmonary cavity, in relation to the volutions of the animal. PLATE 12 Nervous system -@ supra-esophageal or cerebral ganglia; 6 infra-esophageal ganglia; c commissures connecting the supra and infra-esophageal ganglia; d nerves to the ocular or superior tentacles; e ganglionic enlargement at the extremity of the ocular tentacles; f opticnerve; g eye; h nerves to olfactory, or inferior, tentacles; 1 ganglionic enlargement at the extremity of the inferior tentacle; k nerve to mouth; /, m nerves supplying the mouth and adjacent parts; buc- cal ganglia; o commissural cords connecting the supra-esophageal and buccal ganglia; p nerves supplying the generative system and the visceral mass; r nerves to the muscular collar and pulmonary cavity; s nerves supplying the basal parts of the animal; ¢ nerves supplying the laterobasal parts of the foot; w nerves to the integ- -ument on each side. PLATE 13 The same lettering refers to the same muscles in each figure, Fic. 1-2 The retractor muscles of the buccal body, foot and tentacles enlarged. i retractor muscles of the buccal body; 2 re- tractor muscles of the foot; 3 retractor muscles of the ocular tentacles; 4 muscles continuing to the lips and ten- tacles; 5 muscles of olfactory tentacles; 6 muscles of mouth; 7, 8, 9 muscles of the buccal body; 7 levator muscle; 8 protractor muscle; 9 depressor muscles. Figure 1 shows the muscles as seen from above; figure 2 is a lateral view. 3 An enlarged section of the tentacles: 7 integument; 2, 2’ tentacular muscles; 3, 3’ tentacular nerves; 4, 4’ ten- rv tacular ganglia; 5 optic nerve; 6 eye; 7 muscles to the mouth; 8 nerves to mouth, 302 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fia. 4 An enlargement of the ganglion of the ocular tentacles, optic nerve and eye, x 12. 5 An enlargement of the nerve and ganglion of the olfactory >» tentacle, x 12. 6 Cryptoicus minutissimus, highly magnified. PLATE 14 Polygyra albolabris dissected and the organs separ- ated: 1 buceal body; 2 esophagus; 3 crop; 4 stomach; 5 intestine; 6 rectum; 8 anus; 9 superior lobe of digestive gland; 10 inferior lobe of digestive gland; 17 ducts of digestive gland; 12 salivary ducts; 13 salivary glands; 14 penis; 15 vagina; 16 receptaculum seminis; 1/7 retractor muscle; 18 glandular portion of the vas deferens; 19 vas deferens; 20 spermatic duct; 21 uterine canal; 22 spermatic duct; 23 albumen gland; 24 hermaphroditic duct; 25 accessory gland of duct, or talon; 26 ovotestes; 27 renal organ or kidney, the primary ureter along its upper side; 28 secondary ureter; 29 opening of ureter, or renal duct; 30 ventricle; 31 auricle; 32 pericardiac cavity; 33 pulmonary vein; 34 large blood vessel connecting with pulmonary rete; 35 pulmonary rete; 36 supra-esophageal ganglia; 37 tentacular nerve; 38 nerves to mouth and inferior tentacle; 39 superior tentacles; 40 integu- ment; 42 muscles from buccal body of integument; 42 superior tentacular muscle; 43 inferior tentacular muscle; 44 retractor muscles; 49 muscular peritoneum; 46 muscular collar; 47 cephalic artery; 48 nerve to muscular collar, PLATE 15 Limax maximus The same letters apply to the same organ in each figure. Fic. 1 The dorsal part of the integument is cut and turned back, showing the various organs in position. ) 2 The pulmonary chamber, heart, etc. are turned back, show- ing the under side of the organs, and the parts concealed by them in figure 1. oo POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 303 Fic. 3 The organs are separated, and each organ is shown more distinctly. i buccal body; 2 salivary ducts; 3 salivary glands; 4 crop; 5 intestines; 6 rectum; 7 stomach; 8 digestive gland; 9 penis; 10 retractor muscle of the penis; 72 receptaculum seminis; 72 uterine canal; 12’ spermatic duct; 12” albumen gland; 13 hermaphroditic duct; 14 ovotestes; 15 nerves to the basal part of the body; 16 large veins in the integument of the sides of the animal; 17 ventricle; 17’ auricle; 18 kidney; 19 duct of kidney; 20 pulmonary veins; 2/ respiratory orifice; 22 insertion of retractor muscles; 25 tentacular muscles; 24 mantle; 25 integument; 26 arteries. PLATE 16 FIG. 1 The under side of the head, showing the mouth; / anterior or upper lip; 2 lateral lips; 3 four corrugations of the in- tegument surrounding the mouth; 5 triangular ap- pendages. 2 View from above, the integument and dorsal part of the basal body cut open and turned back: 1 corrugations of the integument surrounding the mouth; 2 lateral lips; 3 buccal body; 4 jaw; 5 radula3 6 esophagus; 7 salivary ducts; 8 muscles of ocular tentacle; 9 muscles proceed- ing from the anterobasal part of the animal, and in- serted in the olfactory tentacular muscle; 10 muscle pro- ceeding from the anterobasal part of the animal to the mouth; 11 muscles of the olfactory tentacles; 72 muscles from integument to anterior part of buccal body; 13 penis. 3 Digestive organs, etc.: 1 buccal body; 2 esophagus; 3 salivary ducts; 4 salivary glands; 5 crop; 6 stomach; 7 intestine; 8 rectum; 9 anus; /0 arteries, X 3. 4 Enlargement of the under side of the upper salivary gland, 5 Dorsal view of an adult individual. 304 Fic. 6 Transverse section of a specimen: 1 mantle; 2 envelop of 2 5) 4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the shell; 3 shell; 4, 5 pulmonary veins; 6 pulmonary cavity; 7 mucous part of the integument; 8 muscular substratum of integument; 9 muscular peritoneum; 10 muscular and mucous basal integument; 11 visceral cavity. PLATE 17 Generative organs genital opening; 2 penis; 3 vas deferens; 4 spermatic duct; 5 retractor muscle of the penis; 6 receptaculum seminis; 7 free oviduct; 8 uterine canal; 9 albumen gland; 10 hermaphroditic duct; 11 ovotestes. Penis retracted, x 3. Penis exserted, x 3. Ovotestes, x 4. 5 Ceca of the ovotestes, enlarged. | 6 r Fia. A still farther enlargement of the ceca. A transverse section of the penis and vas deferens, x 6. PLATE 18 Circulatory system, x 3 1 i aorta as it leaves the ventricle; 2 anterior aorta; 3 arteries to the crop; 4 arteries to the uterine canal; 3” arteries to the stomach, intestine and digestive gland; 5 artery to the lower salivary gland; 6 artery to upper salivary gland; 7 posterior aorta; 8 arteries to the © intestine; 9 arteries to the digestive gland; 10 artery to ovotestes; 11 artery to penis; 12 artery to vagina and receptaculum seminis; 13 artery to buccal body; 14 artery to commissural cords; 15 arteries to tentacles; 16 artery to basal part of the body. r POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 305 Fie. 2-3 Large lateral veins situated in the integument on each side of the body. Only the larger veins are shown, but they are connected with the arteries by a fine network of veins and capillaries, x 3. 4 Showing the arteries and veins of the large lobe of the digestive gland, x 3. 5 1 pedal sinus; 2 lateral veins. PLATE 19 Muscular system, x 4 Fi. 1 1 origin of retractor muscles; 2 principal muscular bands; 3 retractor muscles of the ocular tentacles; 4 retractor muscles of the olfactory tentacles; 5 retractor muscles of the buccal body; 6 muscles proceeding from the olfac- tory tentacular muscles to the mouth; 7 muscles pro- ceeding from the anterobasal part of the animal to the mouth; 8 muscles proceeding from the anterolateral part to the olfactory tentacular muscles; 9 muscles proceed- ing from the anterolateral parts of the animal to the mouth; 10 muscles proceeding from the anterobasal part to the olfactory tentacular muscles; 71 muscular fibers from the buccal body to the mouth. 2 Pulmonary veins, x 4. 3 Under side of the pulmonary cavity, x 4: 1 auricle; 2 ven- tricle; 3 pulmonary veins; 4 respiratory orifice; 5 kidney; 6 duct or secondary ureter of kidney; 7 anus. PLATE 20 Muscular system, x 6 Fic, 1 1 buccal body; 2 muscular sheath of ganglia; 3 muscles of the ocular tentacles; 4 muscles of olfactory tentacles; 9 muscles arising in the basal part of the animal and connecting with the olfactory tentacular muscles; 6 muscles arising in the olfactory tentacular muscles and connecting with the mouth; 7 muscle arising in the basal part of the animal, beneath the ocular tentacular 306 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM muscles and connecting with the mouth; 8 muscles aris- ing in the anterobasal part and connecting with the muscles of the olfactory tentacles; 9 muscles arising in the anterobasal part and connecting with the mouth; 11 muscular fibers from the buccal body to the lips; 12. muscles of the buccal body; 13 esophagus; 14 salivary ducts. 2 Buccal body turned back to show the muscles beneath: 1 broad oblique bands of muscles arising in the antero- basal part and inserted in the extreme anterior part of the animal; 2 ocular tentacular muscles; 3 olfactory ten- tacular muscles; 4 muscles arising in the anterobasal part of the animal, and inserted in the ocular tentacular muscles; 5 muscles arising on the under side of the buccal body and inserted in the lips; 6 oblique muscles of the under side of the buccal body; 7 retractor mus- cles of the buccal body; 8 retractor muscles; 9 pedal Sinus and bordering veins. PLATE 21 The numbering of the horizontal lines corresponds to that of the figures. The same lettering refers to the same organ in all the figures. Transverse sections of Limax maximus, x 8. An outline showing the position of the sections. The section, figure 1, was made at the place designated by line 1, and so on to figure 12. 0 salivary ducts; 0” salivary glands; 1 mantle; 2 shell cavity; 3 shell; 4 kidney; 5 heart; 6 penis; 7 arteries; 8 receptaculum seminis; 9 uterine canal, spermatic duct and albumen gland; 10 crop; 10’ intestine; 10” eso- phagus; 17 rectum near anus; 12 pulmonary vein; 13 respiratory orifice; 14 pedal sinus; 15 large lateral veins; 16 smaller lateral veins; 17 veins contiguous to and parallel with the pedal sinus; 18 digestive gland; 19 hermaphroditic duct; 20 ovotestes; 27 ocular tentacular muscles; 22 cartilaginous cushion supporting radula; 22” radula. POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 307 PLATE 22 Nervous system 1 supra-esophageal ganglia; 2 infra-esophageal ganglia; 2’ commissural cords connecting the supra- and infra-esophageal ganglia; 3 buccal ganglia; 3’ commissural cords connecting the cephalic or supra-esophageal and the buccal ganglia; 3” commis- sural cord uniting the buccal ganglia; 4 stomachic ganglia; _ 5 nerves to the ocular tentacles; 6 nerves to the olfactory ten- tacles; 7 nerves to the mouth; 7’ nerves to the lips and adjacent integument; 8 nerves to the integument of the integument of the ocular tentacles; 9 nerves to the anterior part of the buccal body; 10, 11 nerves to the posterior part of the buccal body; 12 large nerves running to the posterobasal part of the animal; 13, 13’ branches of the preceding; 14, 15 nerves from the pedal ganglia to the basal part of the body; 16-19 nerves from the pedal ganglia to the sides of the body; 20 cord connecting pedal and stomachic ganglia; 21 nerve to retractor muscles; 22 nerve to pulmonary cavity. PLATE 23 Fia. : 1 A profile view of a small specimen of Limax maxi- mus: J respiratory orifice; 2 genital orifice. 2 The radula, profile view, x 6. 3 The same, as seen from above, x 6. 4 The jaw and its retractor muscle, x 6. 5 Dorsal view of upper salivary gland, x 3: 1 salivary duet; 2 arteries; 3 nerves; 4 artery to the stomach. 6 Lower salivary gland: 1 salivary duct; 2, 3 arteries; 4 nerve, x 3. 7 The digestive gland detached from the intestine, etc. dorsal view, x 3. 8 The same as seen from below; the points @ are in apposition when the gland is in its natural position: J herma- phroditic duct; 2 arteries. 308 Fic. 9 14 15 16 Lk 18 19 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Polygyra albolabris, showing the generative organs in situ: 1 genital opening; 2 penis; 3 vagina; 4 vas deferens ; 5 spermatic duct; 6 uterine canal ; 7 talon ; 8 albumen gland; 9 hermaphroditic duct; 10 ovotestes; 11 salivary gland; 12 stomach; 13 rectum ; 14 beginning _ of rectractor muscles; 15 buccal body; 16 tentacular muscles. PLATE 24 A group of eggs, natural size. Various forms of eggs, x 4. Transverse sections of round and oval eggs. The germinative vesicle, x 48. The under side of the germinative vesicle at the beginning of segmentation, x 48. The ovum during segmentation as seen from above, x 48. A side view of the same, x 48. The segmented mass as seen from below, showing blasto- pore, endoderm and ectoderm, x 48. A vertical section of the same, showing i the blastopore; 2 the archenteron; 3 cleavage cavity; 4 ectoderm; 5 endo- derm. Cells. The dark cells are from the ectoderm; the light from the endoderm, x 250. | | Showing the endodermal cell mass surrounded by a trans- parent sac or wall, x 32. Showing the early stages of the formation of the foot and shell sac, x 32. A stage slightly more advanced, showing the beginning of the tentacles and shell, x 32. A stage still more advanced showing the beginning of the podocyst at the extremity of the foot, x 32. A view of the same, from below, showing the podocyst and — the mouth of the animal, x 32. POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS 309 PLATE 25 This plate shows the gradual development of the embryo from the ger- minative vesicle. Fia. ; 1 The germinative vesicle within the egg, natural size and x 8. 2 Germinative vesicle, x 16. | 3 Under side of same at the commencement of segmentation, x16. 4 The segmented ovum, x 16. 5 The endodermal cell mass, inclosed by a transparent sac or wall of ectoderm, x 16. 6 Showing the transparent sac greatly developed on one side of the cell mass, x 16. ) 8 The beginning of the development of the body form, as shown by a slight elevation from the cell mass, x 16. 8 A stage slightly more advanced, x 16. 9 The elevation is divided into two lobes, representing the body proper and the shell sac, x 16. 10 The embryo within the egg, natural size and x 8. 11 A stage more advanced than in figure 9. The podocyst is here plainly shown, x 16. 12,13 Still more advanced stages, x 16. 14 An embryo within the egg, x 8. 15 In this stage the tentacles are rapidly developing, the body and podocyst are distinct, and the development of the buccal body and alimentary canal has begun, x 16. 16-19 Gradual development of the embryo. In figure 16 the en- dodermal cell mass has reached its greatest size, gradu- ally becoming absorbed in succeeding stages, x 16. 18 The embryo within the egg, showing the same stage as in figure 19, x 8. 20,21 Ventral and profile views of the embryo within the egg, x 8; showing a stage more advanced than that repre sented by figure 19. 310 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM PLATE 26 Fic. 1 Showing the same stage as represented by figures, 20, 21 m plate 25. The podocyst in this stage reaches its greatest size, and in the succeeding stages rapidly diminishes in Size, x 14. : 2 Ventral view of an embryo of the same stage as repre- sented in figure 1; showing the base of foot, tentacles, mouth, lateral lips and corrugations surrounding the mouth, x 25. 3 A profile view of the same, showing the tentacles and the “primitive kidney” on the side of the endodermal mass, x 30. 4 A more advanced stage, x 14. 5 A still more advanced stage. The tentacles have begun to assume their adult form; the internal organs are assum- ing definite form; and the endodermal mass and podocyst are greatly reduced in size by absorption, x 14. PLATE 27 Fic. 1 Showing the position of the embryo within the egg just be- fore emerging, x 8. 2 The same removed from the egg, x 16. 3 A fully developed specimen. The integument is cut along the dorsal line and drawn back, so as to show the internal organs. See plate 15 for a description of the various or- gans. 4 An egg containing two embryos, x 8. 5 An egg containing four embryos, x 8. 6 The tentacles and protruded mouth of an embryo; wt su- perior tentacle; It lower tentacle; tm buccal mass; dp jaw; m retractor muscle of jaw, x 10. 7-9 Abnormal eggs. These are of frequent occurrence, x 4. POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS AND LIMAX MAXIMUS sll PLATE 28 Fic. 1 A group of cells after segmentation, greatly enlarged. 2 A group of cells at a later stage; the larger and smaller cells grouped in polygonal masses, and: distorted from mutual pressure, greatly enlarged. 3 The cells liberated from one of the polygonal masses, show- ing their true form, greatly enlarged. 4 The primitive kidney showing the cells and their calcareous concretions, greatly enlarged. 5,6 Groups of cells from the position indicated by the lettering o and 6, figure 5, plate 26, greatly enlarged. The latter containing calcareous concretions as in the “primitive =. kidney.” 7-13 Showing the gradual development of the shell, x 30. 14 The fully formed shell, dorsal view, x 2. The under side of the shell has very much the appearance represented in figure 18. t% VAY % > af a aah > iebl st ea Plate 1 oF = BE can al = ah SN Plate 3 _- ~ Wwe es Nee ee is 13 Ue MOURA —— ‘ i) Res - : : ? ‘ é “ * ~ - f : : 2 fre a a - 4 « a » i i ‘ Plate 5 eae A _. ee Plate 8 i (° 2 Plate 10 Daa & Pe | al Plate 11 Plate 12 CO i ean dee apa ( sf rs 7 . f e: . “" ‘ “ . - * 3 s * yet ad 1 ’ ¥ ' . . Va 7 \ f . i iw « ~~ iN 2 { f a _ Le A i. a 5 s 7 . ery ; ae re ‘ Dy Tae, : Plate 15 iia a a se nar oe — Piate 16 Plate 19 6 o ff £ , fT Plate 20 5 os Plate 21 Zi $l ZI ‘ Plate 22 a SR I ee A OTR taieven: es eee ~ ae, aoe i ‘ * < a = » , e ; oh a ~~ ne bal ‘ 2 2M Aa Yam ~ - 7 s ¢ we rt ‘ * a ts 4 a i ae . € Plate 23 a ey ming K ened i. , ia 5h ea } d on A, i ‘ Ww, € oe ‘ ah a , a om far) Cy Tas ? > Piate 26 he: ‘sail Cy Bs 4 5k Bee eS e _— egal she & * e if rt : x Se pa s a8 oa: bd ot we =e a @ Rt np : . Plate 28 — is a oe) Civ OPOeAae Prt Se: OY Gs 0 ee AT ‘Sa eclae >. > PND box The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 262° means page 262, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one third of the way down. Albumen gland of Polygyra al- bolabris, 257°-58°; of Limax maxi- mus, 2807. Apparatus necessary for 241’. Arteries of Polygyra albolabris, -264°-668; of Limax maximus, 280°- 82°, Auditory organs, 275°-76*. study, Blood of Polygyra albolabris, 267°- 68°, Carnivorous habits of Polygyra albolabris, 2477-49". Circulatory system, of Polygyra al- bolabris, 262°-68°; of Limax max- imus, 2807-83’. Cryptoicus, 256’, 2617. Digestive system, of Polygyra al- bolabris, 249°-54'; of Limax max- imus, 278?-79°%. Direction, sense of, 276°-77'. Dissection, methods, 2427-43", Eggs of Limax maximus, time of laying, 293-94", Embryology of. Limax maximus, © 290'-93°, | Entozoa, description of a new species, 261’-62?. Hxternal features of Polygyra al- bolabris, 245%-46°, | Food of Polygyra albolabris, 247'- 49". Generative system, of Polygyra albolabris, 255'-61*; of Limax maximus, 279%-80*. Growth of Limax maximus, rate of, 294°, Habits, of Polygyra albolabris, 243°; of Limax maximus, 244’. Hancock, Albany, quoted, 275°. Hearing, sense of, 275°-76*. Heart, of Polygyra albolabris, 264°; of Limax maximus, 280°. Kidney of Limax maximus, 283°. Killing and manipulating, methods, 241°-43°, Leidy, Joseph, description of a new species of Entozoa, 261'-62*; opin- ion on olfactory organs, 274". Limax maximus, 2777-94°; circula- tory system, 280'-83'; digestive system, 278-79*: time of laying eggs, 293*-945; embryology, 290'- 93°; generative system, 279*-80*; rate of growth, 294°; habits, 244°; muscular system, 2877-89°; ner- vous system, 288°-87'; explanation of plates, 309-22. Manipulating, methods, 2418-43°. Methods and apparatus, 241°; of killing and manipulating, 241°-48°. Microscope, laboratory dissecting, 241*, 314 Movement of Polygyra albolabris, 247°. Muscular system of Limax maxi- mus, 287'-89°. Nervous system, of Polygyra albola- bris, 268°-72°; of Limax maximus, 2838-877. Olfactory organs, 273°-75°. Oviduct of Polygyra albolabris, 258°-617. Ovotestis, of Polygyra albolabris, 256°-57'; of Limax maximus, 26S, 280%. Pedal gland of Polygyra albolabris, 254". Polygyra albolabris, 244?-77'; car- nivorous habits, 2477-49"; circula- tory system, 262°-68°; digestive system, 249°-54'; external feat- ures, 245°-46°; food, 2477-49"; generative system, 255*-61*; ha- bits, 243°; movement, 247*; nerv- NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ous system, 268°-72*; pedal gland, 254"; explanation of plates, 295- 308; shell, 2447-457. Pulmonary cavity of Limax maxi- mus, 282°, Salivary glands of Limax maxi- mus, 2791. Sense, special organs, 2724-77), Shell of Polygyra albolabris, 244’- 457. Sight, sense of, 2727-73°. Smell, sense of, 273°-75°. Sochaczewer, ——, opinion on ol- factory organs, 2741. Taste, sense of, 272°. Touch, sense of, 272%. Uterine canal, of Polygyra albola- bris, 2587; of Limax maximus, 2807. Veins, of Polygyra albolabris, 266°; of Limax maximus, 282°-83°. ad r a »_ a * Boel hs a ie cae '¥ ah University of the State of New York — ® New York State Museum PUBLICATIONS Museum reports. New York state museum. Annual report, 1847- , date. O. . 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