Pier er ee Vd bWaet wore Teer Be ek Bee Cer ee Pe es SVehat ER bee re ee Beer PY, Ye END Bee ath ened von DPegede ee pede beg POPs a oe Pee RS ke TU EVN Dede we ae bee ved yy Pay Crea) Hoe owns . ‘ eke eet! 8 . . ate ee any Poe wee ine ie art abe a bey Ooh Bie. te ee ne hae en wy n ota Vee dae era : ee eNO Bed rer ab teed te on havs i es ee | bee tited rhetee® viyuad tea Ash & Btn Bem One tiled Beep ey snaaa bok How. stew 4 At BY We Lae: t Wats Ayn ae Ne We Deve Hebe Gi ye Soy tee sian he 8, 1288 pay Wain it. be 7 tee bebe rer tee ure) val 4 Wee bebe ue Fete eer i TeeGate Bey tee Vel p bee: or Teen Pet ee Pero re Cee eu oy Dada lees pera ee et $n) wih dobem, when ae what hehe v% bebe obey aNeve . ‘ ie Rati) is Pe Se babe she Bale leathe ays Perera o PPCre ry me er teh etirn aN alvabe Meltwerv yy dake He ee PAS Me Sabah hee one at Ae Ne he teae a deen d wa we a belhede bed fe ee Pe Lies ehob Bele mwa beNebraee hele Sie ee OD te lhe Ratan abe ha He Bes Ane BED a bees ete Soke te vp ads » HAs ers sew Beebe an hee ake ate Pitter Wee ¥.1oe wa be baee pote ele Ge eee ee ee ah — hah ad 3 ’ ~ * " ‘a y 9 rs > r a ea . r x it 7 xs * ‘ * 2 € us ey rk i: : TUTION” NOLLALILSNI NVINOSHLINS s31uyua 7 LIE ~ one ei > SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NYINC NOILNLILSNI NVYINOSHLINS «ih SMITHSON NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIW j17_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION” NoLLNAUSMI™ ‘NVINOSHLII oi Sv J lu 4 tu i ~ = — — P x ‘ : < < Ley Ss on mo al J TUTION NOLLALILSNI” NVINOSHLIWS Saluvugil LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT all - = w ow 2 a > wa m w INSTITUTION Saiuyvyugii INSTITUTION S31uY i CIBERART ES SMITHSONIAN INSTI ae NOLLALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uVud i TUTION nian aan NVINOSHLIWS sa1uvugiy LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT ty SMITHSONIAN hd NVINOSHLIWS SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLIWS SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLIWS ub ns om ze us a ~» ul o ul a : = SS < = : iS < \, ASS. A : | Ns 5 a S = ° SS ~s re) re dy re) x z ond = | = 'YVUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uWvus = aes ie = we z im Oo _ oO pies oO 2 = = = : = AJ > mM > oth a ra = vd rm a ms so om ce m = m = wn = wn = 7) = TUTION NOILOMLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYGIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTI i a. w~” = “fs w = * = < = a < CN “ = S a ; = ait Az + 7 4 4a a . ‘ — z= 5 SA 3 = BYP 3X. S RS 2 ff ? 8 GE ARR 2 2 2 Vif = =2£“G é E * ~ a. RE 9 . a ee ain 2) oe e a Ww) eTIrTiePAA | y % om . ty ys on . a = | * “4b ee ee ee ee ies n = n VINOSHLINS SAlYVUEIT_LIBRARIES pSMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION e NOILALILSNI De = eee \ : = < as . = : : ane x 3 eae ee C A; 2° g 2 54 ° $ rm — R A S D “ = 73 e 3 : = a, = : ¢ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3iuvadi7_ LIBRARIES ” = ” > ea ”n ed : ul Oo » a SS uJ ow ; —_ . ot =| \ = , ax - fo —— ya . ~ ae sy é - G z = = a = ~ = 4 fsa) Y —d isa) = rea) 5 c ae f 2 ; ee S aires z : SNI_NVINOSHLINS__Sa1uVUdIT_LIBRARI ES_ SMITHSONIAN” INSTITUTION _ NOILOLILSNI i> See ie . re -* 5 - a = o = a : > ia > fa > - - pi - ia -, sd i fo = o o : : 1ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uvuall aeeanins 7) z ¢ iz Z 2 < = < = 5S = 2 5 = S Ss f. . 72 O 2 Y 2 : 2 rE Z Ee NOY: ee RE a a 2 a aces LSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3INVUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI. Zz tu Z tu 2 ul 4 = 4 a a 2 ? Pa a, ea. ox =| “ + 3 ot ow, = Wo 8g = NS SS, YY > = 2% = YX 2 : 2 “ = > = Ee = = = ” =z w” = Ww) -—sie= em Fen eewe trem rPusn Bhs ee. ee oe eh = Ee arg ae eee AILZIAICNOCLE TP Ptare emt wuwwworey LIBRARIES No. 44 “Vol. 8 November 1901 oe IME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES OF NEW YORK BY HEINRICH RIES Ph.D. CHAPTERS ON THE CEMENT INDUSTRY IN NEW YORK BY 4 | is ALBANY .- be it UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1901 1883 Sr ‘Cuan McKEuway | ee ap. Bie LL.D. D 1885 Dante. Beacu Ph.D. UD. ee te 1888 Carrot. E. Swira LL.D. - - —- 1890 Purny T. Sexton LL.D. - ae eek 1890 T. Gur_rorp Sarrn Wk: C.E. LD - 1898 Lewis A. Stimson B.A. LL.D. M.D. - - - 1895 ALBERT VANDER Veen, PLD. M.D: oS 1895 CHarves R. Skinner M.A. LL.D. oe a ai of Public Instruction, ex offi 1897 Cuester 8S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. = SS ee Brooklya 1897 Timoray L. Wooprurr M.A. Liswioedie: Governor, ex officio 1899 Joux T. McDonouecnu LL.B. LL.D. Secretary of State, ex officio | 1900 Taomas A. Henprick M.A. LL.D. - ~- = =: = 1901 Bensamin B. Ovett sk LL.D. Governor ex officio 1901 Rongrt C. Prurn M.A. — = - = =/= Se SECRETARY Elected by regents 1900 James Russett Parsons yr M.A. DIRECTORS OF DEPARIMENTS 1888 Metvin Dewey M.A. State library and Home education 1890 James Russert Parsons yr M.A. Administrative, College and High school dep’ts 1899 Frevertck J. H. Merrttn Ph.D. State museum hen epee York state.......cs-eceeeseceeeeseeees ees 888 lime and natural cement. TF ET a aeke thee alle ag ORE AES Oe 9 12 | ducers of — rock MEM Perea wes an ee eraser tose sc ueewes OFT ya ‘History of the Portland cement es in New York state..... ... 849 2B Manufacture of Portland cement in New York state................ 860 C Tests of cements, made by the state engineer 1897-1900....... .... 877 a iey io iablesot limestoneanalyses ccc) ae building up of the calcareous deposits. This may, however, be oc ie , 4 explained by the fact that calcium carbonate crystallizes very q readily, even at ordinary temperatures, and that portions of the shell remains in the limestone may have been dissolved and re- : precipitated. 1 Chem. and geol. essays. Ed. 4. 1891. p. 82, 311. See also, Lapparent, Albert de. Traité de géologie, p. €85; also Zirkel. Lehrbuch der petro- graphie, 3: 482. 2 Chem. and phys. geol. 1: 581. ls are Eonicumes nant oaacen in the limestone, but often. the shells become comminuted before settling on the 1 bottom, or they may be broken by the pressure of other = material deposited on them, so that not infrequently limestones show no trace whatever of organic remains. Limestones of great purity have generally been deposited in the deeper parts of the ocean, or at least far enough away from the shore to prevent their contamination by silicious or argillaceous sediments brought down to the sea by rivers. The varying intermixture of such classes of material with the calcareous mud results in the forma- tion of all grades of rock between a limestone and sandstone on one hand, and a shale on the other. A silicious limestone is one with silicious impurity, while a mixture in which the silica pre- dominates is called a calcareous sandstone. In the same way, we may have a shaly or argillaceous limestone or a calcareous shale. The consolidation of the limestone particles may be due to the precipitation around them of lime carbonate from the sea water, or it may be due to the percolation of carbonated meteoric waters through a mass of calcareous sand. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION Pure limestone is composed of carbonate of lime or the mineral calcite and consists of 56% of oxid of lime and 44% of carbon 1 Stones for building and decoration. 1891. p. 79. may sieclically be ‘baked on ae an inert oat much carbonate of lime. At high te ai poreinren: Do silica will ie the Moa with great « agerné ea present as clay. With an increase in the perce 1e limestone passes into cement rock. If present tothe ox only 4% or 5%, alumina is an inert impurity like silica, but, wh present in larger amounts as a constituent of clay, it Ps cilitat 2 ites the expulsion of the carbonic acid gas. The reason for this i is that clay contains chemically combined water, which passes re: only at a red heat or at the same time as the carbonic acid api: be Bs, This provides an atmosphere of watery vapor into which the — earbon dioxid escapes quicker than it would . pasting off into | gas of its own kind. “aE BS Tron and alkalis, if present in appreciable quantity, render the limestone more easily fusible, and may necessitate the hand- __ F picking of the burned rock to separate clinkers. Limestones __ often contain appreciable amounts of magnesia. When the — amount of MgO is 5% or higher, they are called magnesian lime- stones, but, when it reaches 18% or 20%, the term dolomite is more frequently employed. Organic matter is rarely absent from limestones, and a very small amount may impart a gray or even black color to the rock. While a total of 4¢ or 5% of impurities does not mean much when only a few tons of stone a day are used, it becomes an appreciable item when the consumption at one works amounts to 200 or 350 tons of limestone a day. | ones ieee limestone aaa is based on the composition and uses of the ac admitting the fiési eeieaien to hold ioe in only a few cases. It is definitely known, however, that dolomite is at times formed ame 4 hy the replacement of some of the lime carbonate of a pure lime- stone by magnesium carbonate. This process of dolomitization is accompanied by a shrinkage in the rock.” 1Geikie, A. Textbook of geology, Ed. 3. p. 321. 2Zirkel, F. Jehrbuch der petoeaE > 3: 509. Orton, E. 8th an. rep’t W.. 5: geol. sur. pt 2, p. 641. ee etereees eee ree eee le ee tee ee ee ee ey oe eee oe eee ee ee OP eee ee ee oe eee neee . ive | ; Peewee ee Let eeee eee eee eee teens ta 24 Peewee eee le eee ee ee eeleseertens “oot | fottv | ‘ors ee ee se PEAS ALS ERY CASE ERSTE RORE CREE R COO 0 Fe D Ohne U1j4aavsL, ee NOR DON RSE ih ch os allie etc! aan cdieda aitaeaiaty | f s@ereeeeeseeeeseeeeereee sights Nadiad SILT Sok lochs wi) clear dae sagas "| A auojsawt) 4a) DN-Ysa.g DIR e eee eee eee eee ee ee oe ee ee ae §n0j9I]1S ERT RHEE HEHE TEER EEE EEE EOE EEE EH OL se a> we nee ae SR ERSRE CS PO e Se KDE WEEE Cee RASC nee lar OUl3]493D A er See sess SAP SARE ASA LEAS SOA SSSA SP CRORES EERO DD ope SORE EO Eee er ae PHOS H EHO RET HEHEHE EET ERE EEE THEE HEH EHEHHE HEHEHE HEHEHE EE EE "SI tee ee eee ee ee ESAS PREFER SSE ater a dt had lial tetiatielala hated ae >: ates etch ictal andhaiia || § Pee one ee A SO PLR ESS RAEN SE ROTS SEER EE OES SES OSD OaNR eee eee ewe ee ee Pe eS OO FERS ES ERD SA SEARS ee Tt ee SaUojsaumy, aussvjy S TPR Oe eee e}Tum0log L td ee ee eee eMWoyBO 9 SO seus 1907840 ¢ ee ee yeVs0g b ee eee ee ee Soe ee SRES SPS ERR FOS SATO Nes no0ootw'y] f eee Oe eee ee ee ee YOod Joorw & FETE EEO HEE EEE EE eR HH ee [Vsoy tl sustupb.o OuryyT jo 1tors180du109 UI UOIZBIIVA Surmoys e[quy, i414 eaietone, Chacala (see Min. ind. 4: 508) 15 Hydraulic limestone, Coplay Pa. Me Hydraulic limestone, Rosendale N. Y. (see Min. ind. 2: 49) is ilicious limestones, Chicago Ill. Vide no. 14 18 Woodward, R. W. Miocene limestone, Chalk Bluffs Wy. (see 40th par. sur. 1: 542) 19 Brewster, B. E. Eocene limestone, Henry’s Forks Wy. (see 40th par. sur. 1: 542) - 20 Whitfield, J. E. Travertin below hotel terrace Yellowstone park. (see 9th an. rep’t director U. S. geol. sur. p. 646) GEOLOGIC OCCURRENCE Beds of limestone occur in deposits of almost every geologic age from Archaean to Tertiary. In New York state they are found in every formation except the Carboniferous, Triassic and Cretaceous. Geologic age can not be looked on as an indication of purity or extent. | In New York the purest limestones come chiefly from the Trenton, though some are found in the Cambrian. Those of the Helderberg rocks seldom average over 92% lime carbonate. The ae ntaranac Lerot} Pare limestone is easily eluh e inca rb 2 when a bed of soft, pure | imestone i i rocks, dipping at high angle, the lim on the other, while the intermediate limestone has been cut ¢ do’ by weathering to form a valley. (Pl. 2) ores Many limestones contain sandy layers or chert nodules, 0 or in some cases silicified fossils. In such instances the weathering pa the rock is extremely irregular, the lime carbonate being dissolved : out, while the silicified portions stand out in bold relief on the _ weathered surface. Limestones of great purity, however, may =o at times weather unevenly, solution for some reason not well understood, taking place along certain lines, thus producing a series of reticulated gashes extending inward from the surface = of the rock. ann In magnesian limestones the carbonate of lime is dissolved out, while the carbonate of magnesia yields but slowly to solution, the result being that the rock breaks down into a series of sand- like grains. The Guelph limestone of western New York shows this. Many dolomites, however, owing to the coarsely crystalline structure and insolubility, disintegrate rather than decompose, punolsy0Vq OY} UT (O[ssvIIL,) sopes[ed *YSIGOS JOA UOSspn}y{ JO Fol pus 1311 SiitH ‘OUOJSOUMII]-UOJUILL SNOLdJIO[VO JO Ule.d ‘pueylsy uB}}JeyUVW ‘POOMUT JO MOoIA ‘ojogd ‘sory ‘HH +299. QHO4MWO-03GNITIVH GOOMN AM - he inne PON HOTU vd kor al le vn low ita Reon eiuasbcadiw un Stak Waa Uivaiarniballat ke riiiaaiarnrautwtd nlonan pat acsielaaNO NA vir sede dnheomat ugha eae ois ra, ; ao 8h9 ‘d ooVs OL Z ald x 3 ! _—_. ) : ‘ “Fe ons... “ =. _ the entrance to the quarry happens to be at a lower level than : that from which most of the stone is taken; with steeply dipping _ layers the rock may be weathered to a much greater depth than Rs < in the case of horizontal ones, because the upturned edges furnish a ready means of entrance to the weathering agents. In the extraction of individual layers the inclosing ones must be sup- ported either by timbering or else by leaving pillars of rock; and, as quarries operated in rocks with a steep dip are often apt to go to much greater depth below the surface than other quar- ries, there may be an increased cost for timbering. In the case of horizontal layers we have the advantages of having the haulage of the rock nearly all at the same level; the quarry will often drain itself; there is much greater space to work in and consequently the depth of the quarry can be much greater; the rock as quarried can often be loaded directly on the cars, the tracks being run into the quarry. The disadvantages of this method are that, if only certain layers are required or can be used, the upper ones have to be first removed in order to reach the desired beds of stone so that there is often much stripping. ‘This variation in dip must be carefully watched in some regions where the rocks have undergone considerable folding, as in the Hudson valley from Catskill to Kingston. Here at times the beds are nearly vertical, while again, only a few hundred feet farther, they may be nearly horizontal. Jointing has both its advantages and disadvantages. While the presence of joints ee 208 it is better to follow a line at right ax ing over the edges of the different 1 upturne of little or no dip this plan is. valueless, and ¢ ac carefu | must be made of ravines, valleys, and railroad euttir ; beds dip, the apparent thickness of the rock bed at the s sur: measured at right angles to the strike, will be much greater its need thickness, the ditersogy being Grenier the less the dip is under 45° is by the following rule: multiply ty vf dial 7 To parent thickness by } of the degree of dip. Thus, if the apparent = thickness were 100 feet, and the dip 15°, the actual thickness would be 100-128}. 84x 3 = 25 feet. : COLOR OF LIMESTONES An absolutely pure limestone would be white, that being the natural color of calcite, but most limestones are colored either by iron oxid or organic matter. The former gives yellow, brown, red or gray colors, depending on the form of combination and stage of oxidation; while organic matter colors the limestone gray to black. A very small percentage of organic matter may color a limestone black, the black limestone of Fairhaven con- taining, for instance, less than 1% of impurities. “(ae 1 7 ginal impurities of the rock, yielding new mineral pours Among the commoner minerals thus formed are pyroxene, am- phibole, garnet, vesuvianite, epidote, zircon, wernerite, wol- “ Jastonite, graphite, ete. The many crystals of white pyroxene in the Westchester county dolomites, and the bunches of dark minerals in the limestones of the Adirondack region, and in those around Mt Adam, in Orange county, are examples of this. In weathering the more silicious layers, or spots in the lime- stone, stand out in relief on the weathered surface, so that this often serves as a clue to the amount of mineral impurities which the rock contains. Texture Limestones, unless metamorphosed, are commonly fine grained, and may vary from fine earthy rocks to granular ones. Meta- morphic limestones are often coarsely crystalline. The hardness of the rock (not of the individual grains) will depend partly on the cementing material which binds the grains together and partly on the shape of the grains themselves, whether rounded or angular. The latter will have a tendency to inter- "ather'its raw or eae ondition, and attempt has been made to ioe Dd magnesian limestone 2) the uses of a ! limestones or cement rock. gis -Paper-making | able quantities of both dolomite and limestone are used. following description of its use has been kindly furnished to me is by T. A. Howard, of the Vermont marble co. The broken stone is thrown into cylinders, 8 feet in diane and 20 to 160 feet high. When the tubes are full, fumes of sulfuric acid are led into the bottom, and water allowed to tri le down from the top. The stone thus becomes slowly dissolved, * and the liquor is drawn off into storage tanks. This solution is used to “cook” the wood. The latter is cut into chips one , or two inches long, and put in a “ digester ” holding seven or eight _ } cords of wood. The liquor is also introduced, and the mixture = heated by steam is under pressure for several hours. The sulfite of lime or magnesia removes all the pitch and everything except ij woody fibers, and at the same time removes all discoloration. Some manufacturers say that the liquor can be made faster and stronger by the use of dolomite, in order to get which they am > — )e-e a ormer colors the glass and the latter makes it less fusible. x. pe ie may aay in composition the re water or carbon a from the air. Limestones containing Dolo- _ mitice limestones are used, however, in glass-making. Next to silica lime is the most important of glass-making ma- terials, as it renders the soda and potash of the glass less soluble and promotes the fusion of the materials, thus improving the quality. Glass rich in lime requires a higher temperature to melt and, because of this, is more destructive to the pots, but, used in ‘proper proportions, lime promotes the fusion, aids in the decom- position of the materials and improves the quality of the glass. Lime glass can not compete with lead glass in brilliancy, but it is harder, not so easily scratched, holds its polish longer, is more elastic and consequently tougher, will stand higher temperature, resists better the action of water and chemical agents, and is much more cheaply produced. On account of the slight differ- ence in specific gravity of the two substances composing it, lime glass is also less liable to striation. In the manufacture of plate glass, which is ground and polished, it is found that glass which is rich in lime is harder to polish than that poor in lime, but holds ‘its polish better and longer, and also increases its resistance to weathering, as well as preventing it from “sweating”, which happens in glass having an excess of alkalis. It may devitrify from the presence of excess of lime, as when ar. excess of lead tate for lead. Furnace flux This is one of the commonest uses of limestone. a flux for both lead and iron ores. In the blast action of the limestone is to reduce the iron to its metall and also flux the impurities, which pass off as slag. “The the limestone the more efficient will be its action and the ¢ its use, for it will be easily seen that the greater the per of impurities the more limestone will be required to do i ) amount of work. For reasons of economy blast furnace op rat ors often use less pure but more easily and cheaply obtained me limestones. ae Some time ago a table was prepared by J. M. Hartmann,’ ay - giving the value of limestone containing varying amounts of 3g silica, lime and magnesia. The basis of the calculation is mag- nesian limestone at 56c a ton and fuel at $3.50 a ton, both at the furnace. 1 Mineral resources of U. S, 1883-84, p. 670. 4 ee LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 655 Values of various limestones ——————————————————— 0... LIMESTONE MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE : tie 2 2 er be = » ey a= te ee - Sie Bs [Be] 8 | 2] 8s] 28] 8 [Ag] S| 28| 8 |2e|Bs/ 28! g8 23); 3 |8-/28|/s5| 2 |88\23\a5| 3 | 88) 2s] 8s] g a lace jeela Jeol e la 13 ja" e 2 la |e") 0 fo Piet JO.) ove 16 | 64.) -O-| 41 ).12. 61) -0.) 46:1. 81 69 uJ 54 | 54} 1 | 37] 16 | 61 Pa 12 68. bod |} 4a BT 66 2 53 | 51} 2| 86) 16) 58| 2: 40)12/66)] 2] 44] 8] 68 3 52 | 48]} 3) 86/16 | 56! 3 | 40/12/53), 8] 44] S| Bt 4 51/45] 4) 85/16] 53] 4] 389112|]50] 4/438) 8| 48 5 50 | 42 5 | oo: 16-. 50 | 8 130-47) 8 4S PT 4B 6 ao) 39°) 6.) 341.16) 48 | 6} 384.11 | 45 | 6] 42) 27 42 7 AS) aGu (34 te 4p ese | LE | 48.) F142.) 2) 40 8 40° ao ¢--8 | do°| to | 42. 8 Pat rid 40 8 ai 7 1. St 9 48 | 30 9 | 33 | 15 | 39 See | Lb 37 9 | 41 7 34 10 48 | 27 | 10 | 82 | 15 | 86 | 10 | 386 | 11 | 34/10) 40] 7] 38t 11 ai 20. ht oe Melb |384 1l. 86. | 1G: S21 Al | 40e> 6 29 12 Aico pole Bb test | 12) 385°) 10°) 29°) 12.) 39 6 26 13 AG j-20 js; -al. | 14) 28 | 13°} 85. | 10126 | T3s)) 88 6 |. B38 14 46 | 17 | 14 | 30 | 14] 25 | 14 | 34 | 10 | 23 | 14] 88| 6] 20 15 45°) -14 | 15) 30} 14 | 22°) 15: | 341-10 | 20 | 15 | 38] 6) 1% Limestone in excess purifies the iron from sulfur and also pre- vents the reduction of the silica to silicon. Sugar manufacture Much limestone is used in the manufacture of beet sugar, and here again the raw material must be of the proper composition. Both clay and sand are injurious impurities, as they increase the loss in lime in making the limewater, and the clay also introduces alkalis into the sugar juice. The sugar manufacturer considers that every part of insoluble matter means a loss of three to four parts of carbonate of lime. When, therefore, a limestone con- taining 95% carbonate of lime is paid for as if containing 100%, a stone with 85% should only be paid for as if containing 60% to 70%. If the lime is to be used for separation, the presence of much magnesia is injurious for the reason that it will not unite with the sugar as the lime does, forming a monosaccharate of lime which is essential before precipitation takes place. Conse- quently a large amount of magnesia hydrate in the lime necessi- tates the use of so much more of the latter and may also cause Dior Rectung “Geers 91.72 Késen, Ger. ........ 97 Osterwiek. .. eee eee 93.06 “ Ateendorf 53°. 53.2... SOO ee Bernd ..0%5.cusus seer eee Riidersdorf.......... 94.76 It will be noticed from the above analyses that in most of th 6 samples the percentage of lime is over 90%, though in some : it is” under 80%. Another noticeable feature is the low percentage both magnesia and alkalis, specially the latter. One shows presence of much IJ,S and another of appreciable amounts of ohne SOs. — — It is the enstom for beet sugar manufacturers to burn ane : lime themselves, for the reason that the carbon dioxid gas is ; il used in the process. For the production of the best results, Be is therefore important that the limestone shall be of proper qual 5 3 ity, and the burning conducted in the right manner. Silica is a deleterious impurity, as it not only causes the stone to fuse but also lowers the amount of lime and carbon dioxid — produced to each ton of stone used. This latter point is of course 4 true with regard to any other impurities which may be present. ; Too little fuel should also be avoided, as it decreases the amount of CO, produced. Tle stone used should be compact and hard. An excess of moisture, as 5% or over, should not be present, as it reduces the temperature of the kiln when first charged. Stones i Thondindustrie zeitung. 1897. p. 1165. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 657 containing an excess of moisture also tend to split in burning. About 1% of. water is the proper amount. Magnesia is not spe- cially objectionable except when silicates are present in the stone. It causes difficulties, however, in the purification of the sugar juice; consequently it should be at a minimum. Sulfate of lime may act the same as magnesia. If silica is present, part of it passes into the juice with the lime and retards the filtration process by coating the cloths in the filter press. Silica also forms part of the scale on the heating surface. ‘There is less harm from this source in hard than in soft stones. Silica and alumina also tend to form an insoluble coating on the burned lumps which interferes with the slaking. The following analyses together with most of the above in- formation on the stones used are from a report on the beet sugar industry of the United States dep’t agric., 1897, p. 205. ~~ C] 0 i On cor) oz ie) 6 ~ =] MGISHITG. cacsesscesves 4.1 5.1 Wee Wy 4.io | ake | 6125") 5.16 52) 1.21 +2 Insoluble........ SAo col ee es 5.15] 4.9 215°) 3 07 | 8:17 | 3.25 | 2.85 55 2F Organic matter ...e.. 1.2 5 VAS at ess bet oy (eae (Os al TAZ .86 41 15 Soluble silica _....... 2.1 Ti5-| 1oco 1.05 .98 .64 .56 06 2 0s Iron and alumina oxid ot -41 {4 Sily¢ .19 15 BY. .32 625 ISSR ARR Lime carbonate _ | 85.86 | 85.12 | 81.67 | 90.138 | 88 65 | 87.93 | 90.03 | 93.8 | 96.58 | 99.1 Magnesia carbonate.. .95 47 .59 75 95 oD 45} 1.81 Digdlemese ee Alkalis seer es ee esees @er. 05 .06 ee- . Bt Ol eeee sleeeerse)see- *l[@eeeee (et eeee * Undetermined ...... 87 7 -65 45 | 1 24 .39 34 2 34 Of the above nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 are considered bad; 5, 6 and 7 are passable; 8, 9, 10 are excellent. No. 3 was used in a sugar factory and caused trouble, notably “scaffolding ” or difficulty in the mechanical filters. No. 9 was substituted and these difficul- ties disappeared. In looking over the analyses of limestones given in this report it will be observed that limestones of as great purity as nos. 8, 9, and 10 in the foregoing table are not uncommon in New York state. There are at present two beet sugar factories in New York state, the one at Binghamton and the other at Rome. The following are some additional analyses of limestones used in beet sugar manufacture. Nos. 1 and 2 of stone used at Los Alamitos (Cal.), and no. 3, a French stone. frm Gm parts dissolves only a trace. naiowice ssolve: forming sugar of tee This fact is ae pe separating sugar from molasses. The molasses is treated lime, and the resulting sugar of lime is decomposed by the of carbonic acid, forming calcium carbonate and pure s Strontium has however lately displaced the lime in this ce 100 parts of cane sugar dissolved in water will dissolve 50-5: parts of lime.”* I am informed by Dr F. G. Wiechmann that the lime used by the Brooklyn refineries is obtainet from Glens Falls. fe Chlorid of lime Limestone which is to be used for this purpose must be very clean, for on this hangs the possibility of making strong and i stable chlorid of lime. To satisfy these requirements the lime- _ oe stone must be sufficiently pure and thoroughly burned; conse- quently many manufacturers of lime chlorid purchase the lime- stone and burn it themselves. The burned lime should be free from carbonate of lime, and the limestone should have a minimum amount of sand, clay or similar impurities, which in burning do 7 a : : 9 aM ) : nf 7 ? 7 ies : 4] = eee v4 ’ a - " ad a8 ts Ye 5 td nae hive c ae ee se 1 Frasch. Min. ind. 7: 495. stone and pass off in burning. stability of the lime Sader: | Tov ved. . The aa of mag- organic or as ae in ie limestone is entirely Beds, as they do little more than impart a dark color to the 1 - Fat limes which slake quickly and fall easily to a fine, 2 light powder absorb chlorin much more quickly than lean limes, which on slaking give a sandy powder. In addition, chlorid of lime made from fat limes keeps much bétter than that made from lean limes.? ‘Carbon dioxid A considerable amount of nearly pure dolomite has from time to time been shipped from the quarries at Pleasantville, West- chester co., for the manufacture of carbon dioxid. The stone was ground at the mines almost to the fineness of granulated sugar. From the grinder it passes into hoppers, whence it is fed automatically through tubes into barrels for shipment. The Quaternary marls near Caledonia have found favor for the same purpose, being utilized in Buffalo. Soda manufacture In soda-making by the Le Blanc process limestone is used to transform the sulfate of soda into caustic soda, the reaction being thus. NaCl + H,SO, = Na,SO, + 2HC1; Na,SO, + 2C = Na S + 2C0,; Na,S+CaCO, = Na,CO, + CaS. 1 Wagner. - Chemische technische untersuchung’s methoden, 1893. p. 430. 2 Wright. C. R. A., Chem news, 16: 126. beat, is ia donated: nt Hae ld gad CaCO, = CaO limestone or lime oxid lime carbonate quick lime caustic lime The carbonic acid gas passes off and the oxid of lime rem: behind as a powdery or lumpy substance, which is often whit but may be more or less colored if iron is present. oa: : As limestone varies in composition, the lime will also, but the percentage of impurities in the lime will be nearly twice what they were in the limestone, for the latter has lost 44% of car- bonic acid gas. Pure limestone consists of 56% of oxid of lime (CaO) and 44% of carbonic acid. The change from carbonate of lime to oxid of lime occurs during the burning, the carbonic acid being driven off at a higher temperature, and in this process the lime loses about 44% by weight; but, as it is generally in a somewhat moist condition when it is put into the kiln, due to water in its pores, the loss in weight may be still greater than that mentioned above. The percentage of moisture in limestone is very variable and depends largely on the hardness and density of the rock. The denser a limestone the less porous it will be and the lower will re than made up pie By t file ae of the lime ahGaned: In an, dense limestone the percentage of quicklime may be 54% hile in an impure one it may amount to only 30% or 35%. ‘Tn addition to the decrease in weight in burning, the limestone Bain. decreases somewhat in volume, as much as 12% to 21%, but a usually 16% to 182." In burning it is important to observe that the temperature re- mains as constant as possible and varies only between certain limits; for, when limestone is overburned, the lime made from it slakes slowly and incompletely. In lime rock with clayey im- purities a sintering is very apt to occur and this should in all eases be strictly avoided; but it is true that the higher the tem- perature within the permissible limits the denser will be the lime. On the other hand, the temperature must not get too low, as in this case any large pieces of limestone that may be in the kiln will not become thoroughly burned. The unburned core resuit- ing from underburning makes the lime lean, and, to avoid such an occurrence as far as possible, it is advisable not to put too large pieces into the kiln. The quicker such lime is burnt at the highest temperature pos- sible the more readily it slakes, and therefore a slow burning process is disadvantageous. Many different types of lime rocks are available for the manu- facture of lime, those only being excluded which are contami- nated with clay; for this latter substance often affects their most important properties, and it is only since the beginning of this 1Schoch, C. Die moderne aufbereitung und wertung der mOrtel-mate- rialien, p. 57. in one eighth the time iniela in oe , =e hi gas 3 0 tion. This aconaniy for the fact — stone ar by some, but are not canes necessary in rey. case sis n Limestone which is burned too slowly will make Time ferior quality and will slake more slowly. Limestone begins to lose its carbonic acid gas at 7 50° F, but a an does not ae pass off till the temperature of 1300° or 1400° oe ae raring calcium sulfate. This sulfate of lime reacts subsequently is with the aid of moisture on any alkalis that may be present, with We the formation of alkaline sulfates, which being soluble, are often — brought to the surface after the lime is in the wall, forming thus c ‘ the unsightly white coating that is sometimes seen on bricks. — This coating may also be at times caused by the presence of soluble sulfates in the clay. * Limekilns. ‘The kilns used for burning lime bear more or less similarity to each other, the general principle of construction s being that of a cylindric chamber, lined with fire brick, open at the top and tapering below to a discharge opening. Limekilns are either continuous or intermittent in their action. In the latter the stone is put into the kiln with alternate layers of fuel till the kiln is full. The fire is lighted, and the mass 'Frasch. Min. ind. 7: 4%3. Section of lime kiln, after Gilmore ‘ ” U KK AK AK Uff) Mi) TT] /f / Kiln / °. Body age \ SSilliltilt oon A SESS) SSss 2S Yj If mu Y} /) =~ ~ = /) \\\ !) \\ \ Ye, lls Fa Glens n, Naso P. W. by furnished kiln, ime of | on secti cal Verti 2S SL] 2 SS ( LS es << a 7.1 . a ~~ — (] GIZS: /] Zee e MM, J LS Ty SAN We Vertical section of lime kiln, furnished by W. P. Nason, Glens Falls Plan of kettle of lime kiln, furnished by W. P. Nason, Glens Falls i i i Tr Ld, p ae ‘ ie Lean 7 are tNY 4 = ar, ; coming in Pesntiek he it. am ‘The older forms “s kilns were massive sai structures, with = ae ‘ 7 ° . . . of fire brick. The more modern ones are circular in form, with much thinner walls, and bound with sheet iron plates. In the accompanying plates are shown several forms of lime- kilns (pl. 4, 5, 6). The lime obtained by the burning of limestone is a white, amorphous, more or less dense mass, with a specific gravity of 3.09. It is infusible. Lime weighs from 1400 to 1800 pounds to the cubic meter, the variation in weight depending on the density of the original rock and the degree to which it has been burned. Denser stone gives a denser lime. ; Impurities. “Limestone containing silica and alumina should not be burned at too high a temperature, because of the sintering that takes place on the outside of the lumps and: thereby inter- feres with the escape of the carbonic acid, yielding dead burnt lime, which does not slake completely. It is said that dead burnt lime is more apt to be formed if the impurities are evenly diffused in the stone. The ashes of the fuel and also the alkalis in the stone may cause dead burning. The best limestone, if heated too quickly but not long enough, may give dead burnt lime, in which case a basic calcium carbonate is formed, which with water forms a mixture of calcium carbonate and calcium hydrate and hardens.” * 1 ¥rasch. Min. ind. 7: 483. rath on 4 ae ‘tans tas peda ae erat pu: lime with 80% CaO; 858 stone gives 65. of ith 7: 80% stone gives 70% with 644 CaO. Re Slaking. Lime in its normal condition and when unaffected by carbonie acid gas but when heated rather quickly, The addition of water to lime ean be ¢ done variety of ways according to the degree of slaking that i is: brought about. If a lump of quicklime is immersed in ; a ter for an instant it saturates itself at once, and this absorption is - accompanied by the evolution of heat and a swelling and bursting et of the lime, which finally falls to a fine powder, the hydrate of © ; taame OB is ccin'va’e Sammenerecs 1501.2 303.7 1197.5 30uae 1 merge Os. 1503.2 308.3 1194.9 20.48 5) SP ee a 1504.6 311.9 1199.7 ~2Ga8 OO. Se ccs aspen 1505.8 314.7 1191:1 90788 68. Ave eee 1507 317.2 1189.8 = 2is0e 1 }yasch. Min. ind. 7: 45. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES ; 669 Milk of lime Frasch states that the slaking of lime is mostly done in wooden boxes. For industrial: purposes, where the lime is used in the form of milk, as in the distillation of ammonia, mechanicai devices are employed for this purpose. The amount of lime present in milk of lime of different density is given in the above table from page 496, vol. 7 of Mineral industry. Scap In the manufacture of soap slaked lime is mixed with carbonate of soda to produce caustic soda. The two are mixed with water, and boiled with steam, the resulting carbonate of lime being separated by settling.’ Lime is also used in the manufacture of soft soap, in that the pearlash of commerce is converted into caustic potash by means of fresh lime. In the manufacture of stearin for candles ordi- nary tallow is boiled in wooden vats by high pressure steam with slaked lime for several hours, by which lime soap is formed. This is transferred to another vessel and treated with dilute sulfuric acid, which in combining with the lime forms a sulfate, which deposits while the fatty acids rise to the surface.” In the manufacture of ball soda or black ash, salt cake, lime- stone and coal are mixed together in a reverberatory furnace. The limestone is sometimes soft and chalk-like. Good limestoue should have 98% of carbonate of lime.® Palm oils and tallow are the two chief fats bleached by the soapmaker. The color of the latter is sometimes removed by boiling it in lead-lined tanks with a solution of chlorid of lime. In the saponification of tallow the latter is mixed with good slaked lime into a thin cream with water. ‘This is then inclosed in a suitable vessel, and the whole boiled with steam and agitated for three hours. The action of the lime on the tallow decom- poses it, glycerin being set free, while calcium stearate and oleate 1 Watt. Art of soap-making, p. 128, 2 6é 66 3 84 3a 66 as p- 109. the Sultances dieellvod ou eae a fertilizer being obtained ark by-p cipitated phosphate of lime. ae Lime is sometimes used in the cotigauee of gas pes drog sulfid and carbonic acid gas. It can also he used to av carbon disulfid when special methods are employed. The 1] is prepared in the ordinary manner and converted into hydr by slaking. In order to get the lime in a fit condition for use however, it should be slaked two or three days before its use, for, if used as soon as formed, it is liable to cake in the purifiers and * 2 thus prevent the free passage of the gas through it. Before being = placed in the purifiers, it is moistened with water till it attains — wy such a consistency that, when pressed together in the hand, it will pack like snow. It is placed in the purifiers in 4 to 6 inch” layers. The removal of CO, involves the formation of CaCO;, and when H,S is extracted, CaS, H,S is formed. Both reactions may go on at once, but the lime has stronger affinity for the CO, than the JJ,S. In gas manufacture lime may be also used to form ammonia from ammonium chlorid or from ammonium carbonate contained in the gas water from the gas works, the reaction being AmCl -+Ca(ON),—2NT,4+-CaCl,+ 21,0. 1 Hornby, J. Gas manufacture, p. 117. ak) Gas > ie ee ely ground to facilitate slak 1s free from silica and magnesia as pos- Paper manufacture? Lime is used in the manufacture of paper to boil the rags in, the object being to get rid of the remaining dirt in them, and also to decompose some glutinous substances, which if allowed to remain would injure the flexibility of the fiber. The quantity of : lime employed varies according to its composition and the condi- tion of the rags, but ranges from 5 to 15 pounds to the 100 - pounds of rags. ae Agricultural uses Lime is a very beneficial ingredient of the soil, if it is in a condition to be taken up by the plants, that is in a soluble form. Many soils may contain it in the form of silicate, as in feldspar, but till the mineral containing it has decomposed the lime does 2 not become available. Some soils contain sufficient lime for the . use of the plants, but in the-case of others it has to be added q artificially either as an ingredient of manufactured fertilizers or in the form of quicklime. If the lime is present in the soil in the form of carbonate of lime, it can be detected by the effervescence produced on adding weak acid to the soil. The quantity of lime present in the soil naturally depends on the composition of the parent mass from which the soil was derived, and the climate, whether dry or > moist; soils in the former tending to have a much higher per- 1Frasch. Min. ind. 4: 101. 2Davis, ©. T. Paper manufacture, tion. Ji alot velves'ag ee nae While lime has a stimulating toh or time it tends to drain it of nourishm otherwise be the case. lim produce desirable results in a soil is said to he very sm with only 1% of the carbonate being often productive, x Pottery glazes In pottery manufacture lime is used in two different directi viz in the manufacture of the pottery body, serving as a a flux, an as a constituent of the glaze. Minor uses Other uses of lime are, for purifying drinking Sahat as a dis- infectant; as a polishing material; for preserving eggs; in dyeing; in the manufacture of calcium carbid; for dehydrating alcohol; in the manufacture of lime pencils for oxyhydrogen lights. Mortar Mortar is a mixture of slaked lime and sand used for the pur- pose of binding masonry together, and more lime is probably used for this purpose than for any other. The use of lime as a mortar has been known for many years, and the ancients were familiar with the fact that by means of sumply burning limestone and soaking the burnt mass in water Be chalie st chonll be ik hard ee “dagen be ene or ae ae, in color. oe = a yellow - . | ae from unburnt ash of fuel or clinker. It should contain less than 10% of impurities but often has more. ~ It should slake rapidly, showing that it is rich and fresh. Good lime in lumps should weigh, as packed, with about 40% of voids, 60 lb a cubic foot, 75 lb a bushel, and from 220 to 230 lb per 3 bushels. Pe ground or in powder, it will weigh less when packed loosely, but when well shaken down it will weigh as much as 270 lb a bbl. A lump of hard lime one foot cube would weigh about 95 lb, having a density of 1.52. i | Slaking Lime combines with water with evolution of heat and every 100 parts of lime takes 32 parts of water. If 334 of its weight in water is sprinkled on lime it heats, cracks open and falls to powder. , The increase in volume in slaking is caused by the expansive force of the steam, but lime may be slaked without increasing its volume by passing dry steam over it in a tube. The energy of —_—_ 1 Brickbuilder. 1897. p. 78. 23 With por domi Time twat '— ~* eh ee lump lime with 44% of voids, on sabi wii oil water, gave 24 pecks of fine powder of slaked lime. peck of closely packed lime, 2.5 vol. of slaked lime were obt: Gilmore found large increases, some running 2.46, 2.83, 3.21, 2.40, but this was caused by his using larger amounts of water than are generally taken in practice. ~~ The following table gives the tests made by both Gilmore and Richardson, Rockland Rondout New eke: a : Gilmore Soh ae Richardson — Weight of lime in pounds ...... 5 - 5 5 Vol. of lime in cubic centimeters. . 1 557 1 806 2 350 Vol. of water required ....... “> 2 983 3 300 2 000 Increase of weight to slake, in %.. 2.24 2.24 1.6 Increase in volume ........ceee. 2.46 2.14 1.0e The theoretic increase is 1.53. Lime also slakes simply on exposure to the air, but this is not good for mortar-making, as the slaking has not been accompanied by any violent disengage- ment of heat to rupture the mass. The larger particles also have a hardened rim, ld oe See to ne a that escaping as steam. With very i lime 23 vol. of water may be taken. Poor magnesian limes Pure water should be used. That with soluble salts gives rise to efflorescence, and hence sea water is undesirable, though it has been successfully tried for hydraulic cement. An excess of _ water gives granular paste and also makes the mortar porous. After slaking sand is added to the lime to make mortar. . port, Pa. 6 Roman cement, Riidersdorf, Ger. 7 Roman éement, Isle of Sheppy, Eng. Pozzuolana, near Rome, Italy (4) 3 ar. ’ —_ | = - he ds i Ss - ae © = = ’ é Sy en . 7 Sinceet Sefdcnittic: seainnt Cement, Sate ee nee Hydraulic cement rock on Platte river, Neb. Mankato, Minn. : Cement rock, near Salt Lake City, U. St Louis hydraulic cement, near E, Carondelet, Ill, 33 Barnesville, O. 34 Warnock, O, 35 Austin, Minn. : ~ 36 Blacksburg, S. C., cement rock, 37 Round Top cement, Hancock, Md. 38 Balcony Falls, Va. 7 ZEERSELESBERS ee The Rosendale region of New York is one of the best p Or ae ducers of natural cement (of the dolomitie type) in this co ntry, ze but hydraulic limestone is found more or less in many states, spe- : s ‘ cially those of the Appalachian region of the east. Others occur in the west and in the region of the Great lakes. Some ideamay be gained of the extent of this industry at the present day by stating that the works for making natural hydraulic cements are found in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, Minnesota, Kansas, Utah, New Mexico, Wisconsin and Texas. According to the United States geological survey, there were 76 plants in operation in 1899, which produced 9,868,17 9 barrels of natural cement, worth x Bees ce e 000 9 750 emt ek eg ae ONE "> 187 983 diana and aie gee 19> «2 992 458 > 1 022 B58 © lft hs gpa SR ae ar 2 150 000 60 000 Sig ae 4 362 000 144 800 RMP Eas cate coe wie « 2 S986 56.793 a New York. sss es eee reese 299 4 689 167 2 813 500 SIN Se tes c een B 34 557 17 279 a) eee ianis . . Baees tees Ses lela sr O 511 404 255 702 EEG nr ere | 10 000 8 000 SPE Lo ee ee | 12 000 20 400 Seis oe es 8 63 500 38 100 ey erettia ee te Doe Tat 21 090 | LAS CLS A eae ae 396 291 151 992 -iG-2 £868 179 4 814 771 From the above it is seen that in 1899 natural rock cement was made in 16 states, by 76 firms. Natural rock cement industry The first in this country was made from waterlime rock in 1828, its nature being discovered by accident. It was found while the Delaware and Hudson canal was being put through Ulster county, and it was noticed that the lime which was burned from certain strata near Rosendale hardened under water instead of slaking... Similar discoveries followed rapidly at other locali- ties, and as a result waterlime rock was found in western and duetion was in 1899; since then both orod aa C creased, one reason for this being the increase cement gi © limestone of varying eh age. =A weatena New Z they are mostly derived from the waterlime beds at the top « the Salina. Those of the Rosendale region are from the b of the lower Helderberg. In Wisconsin, natural rock cemer made from rocks of Devonian age near Milwaukee; and i in] tucky there is an important cement-producing area near - 01 ville. In Pennsylvania thick cement beds are found ie t Trenton limestone of the Lehigh valley, but magnesian hyd sak limestones are also known in the Carboniferous. In Wiscon i cement rocks are quarried near Milwaukee, belonging’ to R259 Hamilton period. In Illinois near Utica and La Salle coment Tees is obtained from the Calciferous limestone. The rocks of Mary- a land are also Silurian. a The deposits at Rosendale (N. Y.) are perhaps the most im- portant; but those of the Lehigh valley in Pennsylvania are re- markable for their purity and extent. The hydraulie limestones, or natural rock cements, can be divided into two classes based on the different amounts of car- bonate of magnesia which they contain. In one class it does not exceed 3% or 4%, while in another 15% to 35% is found. Most of the hydraulic limestone of the United States is magnesian, but ; | LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 683 that found in the Lehigh valley and the upper Potomac is not. Likewise some of the deposits of the west; but it can be said in general that over 90% of the rock used is dolomitic. The Rosen- dale and the Louisville cements contain 15% to 25% of magnesia. The amount of the two carbonates in the two limestones varies from 54% to 75%, while the silica and the silicates may vary from 20% to 47%. The rock may even vary considerably in one local- ity, it being sometimes found that certain layers in a quarry make excellent cement, while others are useless or give a product of low grade. baleen teas ee oun Medium | Light: rock. -... sa se:0-6'ie sisiets a-0'm) {peters pan neren Dark rock ..sssssccccssccccss see see ee5 Deepest 3 Lipht Tee occ ave oe xe pote we pee 6 & 8 Dark Tock.© iss tis tan cos na eee 5 a) 1 Ste lined with fire brick, They are open at the top, and per at the bottom to an opening, through which the burned 1 is discharged. When the material is not being drawn, this a - hole j is sometimes kept covered by grate bars. _ At Akron (N. Y.) the kilns have an interior area a 9x22 ers or when round a diameter of 9 feet. The hight of all is 34 feet. ee The more modern kilns are cylindric in shape, made of boiler | iron. They are from 40-45 feet high and lined with fire brick. a In burning natural cement rock, the fire is first started with 4 wood in the bottom of the kiln, and on this are spread alternating Dy. layers of coal and rock. The coal is of pea or chestnut size com- monly. As the burned stone is drawn from the bottom, fresh stone and fuel are added at the top. The kilns are commonly built on a hillside, or where the ground is flat, five, six or more in a row, and in either case tracks are laid on the top to facilitate the delivery of the stone and fuel. The yield of these kilns is large, being from 50-120 barrels of cement’ per ton of coal. Some patented forms with the Campbell grate, such as is used 1 Min. ind. 2: 104. ae ry t ¥ ie im a werinrs e=e ‘san, jachieog Hse kak eae he | disintegrators, Sturtevant burstone and emery mills Cumm pulverizers, ete. ba The burned stone usually goes through a gradual p reduction, necessitating the use of machines for coarse, Be mm and fine grinding, and the types used as well as their r nge- ment is slightly different at each works, as will be seen by re -efer ence to the description of the New York industry given in subs se- quent pages. In the natural cement trade there are onsale 2 standards of weight per barrel, as follows: Rosendale, 300 pounds | nae net; Pennsylvania, 280 pounds net in barrels, 200 pounds net in sacks; Western standard, 268 pounds net.* The Sturtevant roll jaw crusher (pl. 8) contains two steel jaws with curved faces, pivoted at their lower end. The jaws are operated by means of a toggle joint. It is claimed that this crusher takes rocks of large size and reduces them at one opera- ‘ tion to gravel and sand. A crusher with 6x16 jaws weighs 7 j tons, and requires 10 horse power to run it. Its capacity is as- serted to be 3 tons an hour of Portland clinker, when set to 4 inch opening. 1 Min. ind. 6: 104, (ant:9 ‘AxISNpUT [esottr) 04%12 JoqdureD yqITM poddynbo “yueuled yoor [winjvU BuyaINq Joy aH NV'Id ‘ALVIdW3AL ‘NOILOAS ‘NOILVAS13 LNOWS —— | §--——— | eX 1 Nid HaANa9 | (oe ' 7 r * OT, ESS yy S a, es (7) 4 a AL | 1 i ' AV10 HLIM NI 7114 Bap SSE. L 7d WW VF YU “ PATENTED a Vertical section of Sturtevant roll jaw crusher a - i - an Seetta sucess ceases Hence eee Vertical section of Sturtevant emery mill To face p. 689 Plate 10 Sturtevant emery mill stone Sturtevant disintegrator, used for grinding cement LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 689 The emery millstones of Sturtevant type are seen at many cement works. They consist of two millstones, with emery on the surface. The millstones are in each mill and are set in a horizontal plane. The bedstone is bolted in place, while the upper stone is set to revolve with the minimum amount of vibra- tion. The lower stone is adjustable (pl. 9, 10). The size of the mill is expressed in the diameter of the stone. The mills come in 36 and 42 inch size. A 42 inch size will grind on the average 5-6 barrels of Portland an hour, when working on crushed clinker. About 95% of the product from the mill- “stones will pass a 100 mesh sieve. The same machines grind from 18-20 barrels an hour of rock cement. These machines require from 15-18 horse power to operate them. me The Stedman disintegrator represents a type of mill-in which the pulverization of the particles is produced by their being thrown violently against each other as the machine revolves. The machine which is shown in pl. 11, consists of several con- centric drums, alternate ones revolving in the same direction, at a high rate of speed and represents a similar disintegrator of Sturtevant make. These machines are said to be very efficient till the unequal wear of parts disturbs their balance, after which they deteriorate rapidly unless the worn parts are renewed. Chemical composition The amount of carbonate in each. hydraulic limestone must not exceed 75% and preferably is under 70%, and, where the quarry contains several strata of different richness, it is possible to bring about the proper composition by mixing. Hydraulic limestones free from magnesia, it is claimed, give the best results provided they contain enough clay. The Maryland rock with 68.44% of lime carbonate and only 4.58% of magnesia, but with silica and-clay amounting to 29.66%, is an example of this kind. In any single rock the amount of magnesia should not exceed for ‘ey influence the esa ee ola | as said before, the silica should be in combination \ itl ina. This is determined partly from the quantity contained in the stone. For example, two stc nee es Akron (N. Y.) and the other from the Rosendale 1 : according to Richardson respectively 85% and 29% of ins : L material; but, from the amount of alumina and iron p: esent i hg: can see that there is very little clay in the Akron stone, 1 hil there is much of it in the Rosendale rock, the former bh a : only 4.84% of alumina and iron,. while the other has 10% Th Rosendale in consequence makes a very superior cement, while ake the Akron shows the qualities resulting from a deficiency in 4 eee & but an excess of magnesia. The effect of this deficiency in clay ee fi is to form a cement which heats and sets too quickly, but an excess of clay can also be injurious, as already stated. Sulfur, when found in the limestone, is generally in the form of gypsum (sulfate of lime) or pyrites (iron sulfid) but both of these substances are seldom present in sufficient amounts to be injurious. They may occasionally become reduced in burn- ing when combined with iron oxid to produce a green color. Alkalis such as potash and soda are harmless unless present in more than 2%; an excess of them makes the rock fusible, and such material has to be rejected. The following alkali percent- ages, in different natural rock cement, are given by Richardson, Milwaukee, K,O ........-. ce uevese des sip eis vs 9000 nn Milwaukee, Na,O ........000. ~ os Sone im > A . < \ ill Tilo Pea 2 a edt Snes cha ihe eee im- I ie and, where the 1 two come 2 together 1 in competition — eo 3 on ike as of} price. This was clearly shown on letting of a large government contract at Pittsburg last ; The offers were as follows: df Meloian coment .........::.....+ $2:50 a barrel 5 German cements, average price.... $2.66 5 4 American cements, average price... $2.28 s ‘The price of Portland cement is steadily coming down, and the fall is being hastened greatly by the successful competition of American against foreign manufacturers... There can be no doubt that with a very few years practically all the Portland cement consumed in this country will be of domestic manufac- ture. The prices of some brands, however, will hardly be the same as they are now. When the demand is completely supplied by American manufacturers, we shall have works in this country producing 2000 barrels per day more than in Germany, and the same result will be reached here as in Germany, namely the com- plete replacement of the common natural cement rock cements by artificial Portland.* Portland cement industry Portland cement was first manufactured experimentally in this 3 , j 4 : 3 country at Coplay, Lehigh co. Pa., in 1872 at a locality in which natural rock cement had up to that time been made. A second one was at Wampum, Lawrence co. Pa., where fossiliferous lime- : stone and’ clay were used. 1 Newberry, S. B. Brickbuilder. 1897. p, 10S. a de i ee: hikes aver Packs nt a Eg) Pp te are D. COrcesescevece 1al sceitiest seated COM. CO...eee. EE PO nee ee eweeeeeee F Heart getes sca pe goers oases W Diam. port. cem. co....... Midc ; Bonneville cem. co........ See ee Siegfrieds Br. Vulcanite cem. co........ Wulcanite........... Vulcanite N. “ Glens Falls cem. co....... Tron GUM: cveunen cia Glens Falls N. ae *, 5, Bronson port. Cem. CO...... Drove, Tose ) Diagram after Johnson, showing effect of lime sulfate on rate of setting of natural and Portland cement Results of Candlot in 1891.! “by I r > a rte a oi MORTAR SULFATE LIME as 7 Days 0g Ib Vag 24 8% 4 T4385 7 645") 535° 436 264 eee brig | a8 Gis 1SS GTA 79 483 peel or sepa e720, Lode. bao ? Wace ooo call @. O11. BOl.., 20k _ Lewis considers these-results remarkable as regards strength and not explained. - Cements high in alumina have a tendency to expand and to blow or to check. Magnesia is also supposed to cause expansion after a lapse of a considerable interval, while sulfates are looked on as causes of disintegration of Portland cement when exposed to sea water. Cements low in lime and without an excess of alumina but high in silica are simply of low strength like under- burned cements. If the alumina goes above 8%, it is considered high, if below 5%, it is considered very low. Mr Richardson considers that over 3% of magnesia is an excessive and undesirable quantity, and the proper limit for sulfuric acid is 13%. The fol- lowing are the percentages of magnesia and sulfuric acid in Port- land cements which have been placed on American markets dur- ing the past few years. 1 Ciments et chaux hydrauliques, Paris 1891. p. 254. 1.12 | 69.26).....| 8.67... 74.66 eeeee Rte CY 74.1 eeeee jee eee eee. 47 ane ajeeeet] sees 73.96 ye 4 ed seseees 52.15 eereeee 58 scenes weeeeee 24 Hie linia = 2 CO eases: 94.39 eteee on ener 25.8 eteee 1.72 92.7 eeeee UP) ee 2.0 11.9 9.9 Pe a) eegsoas 7 teeeee eee 81 tr ~UUlsee-e iad eteee Sooner Glens Falls ; Giens Falls clay.....ee:- Warner ereeeeeeeeeer Warner CIAy -«-ceeesens : Sandusky marl ...seeee+-|.--+-- Sandusky clay.++s0+«ss+- Bronson CIAY ..+sceserees Yankton chalk eeeeenreeee Yankton chalk ...cosses Yankton clay seeeeeeneee Arkansas chalk ...ss0+0+ Arkansas c -t 2) -99 weeee ; 5S Some Dds ewenee oUUl ecsees ee- ee) eeeer seeeere « eccces|: Vicssesesieeessioeeery eee elites Paes moves, Slee y. eeeer fer fa alle ie Ill. limestone... La Salle Ill. clay.......- Litchfield Ky. ae Litchfield Ky. clay... Harpers O. marl.....e..| seers 8 use Ind. sais egy uit eliston O. limestone .. 3.53 Wellston oO. CIAY .ccsccess ‘| 69.49 34 aie 81 mee sewer eeete eter a; . oe sfeeeee eleeeee eeneee 2.6 ieehens 8.3 eetee Ea lanawB2 eseenespeen~ a ‘ 44 ae * te @)eeeee * weeee 19 @eeor-r+e * 3 ‘15 eeeeee 82.66 eee 1. eeeee eeeee Pr) : fe 21}. -eeetee 88.49 » «9 2.71 seacal 1 BB eenee 1 : 1.14 eeeeeee 54.45 eeeeeee 44 eeeeenlteeeee 38.7: 16.42 eeeeere 2.29 erteeeer 78 eeeeeer lee eee 5. Pols eeeee aC0O2 46.98. 0b Pa. geol. sur. ce Mfr's anal. d Brauner. Proc. Am. inst. mining. eng. e Loss on ign. ‘ LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 705 The following additional analyses are also taken from the Mineral industry, 6: 97 and 99. European materials | Si09 | Al, Og Fe, 2 Og | | CaCO 3 CaO MgCOg | MgO Ins. | Ign, | English white chalk, from eeesesvneeeeeene .66 seeseeeeee cow 98.6 eeeeeen Oat seeees e@eaeeoee a eee see 1.&9 eeoeeeseees ot4 97.9 eseeee ol eeoeee eseees a Eng ish gray chalk. from evveseoeeeeeee 1.67 93 238 96.5 seve 5 eteoeane @eseeoven a to -~*@e@e8 spe@ervrerteeear 6.84 1.14 45 87 3) seeee Py seeeee eeesnee a English “cement SUITE fea T7445 2.13 oe if Ga ees BEB Ta Wisc oti el ere BOG Eug ish cement slurry ... 11.83 | 5 23 1.97 PEAS Ie cereieis 29 iwcwen| cio. (el. SeD English Medway ela eeeveeoe @eeeoe ve 63. 66 16.1 6 74 esenonos eee 81 feo Boe ive} eseerve 8.38e Eng.ish Tyne clay. 55.83 28. 04 7.78 seeesrerer|cevcvece eveese "$0" b German Hamburg chalk . e 1.55 eseeeoee eens 5 97.5 sseee eeeesoees 19 me d German Hamburg clay Beis alesis: Reeling vam LetS” lieclearenacy Osee | Ol | AS air bubbles to escape, when the rise of the liquid in th indicates the volume of cement added. If metric units ha used, then si specific Bay of ye cement is ec to bee w in cubic centimeters. : Well burned Portland cement has a specific gravity of than 3.05, but should not exceed 3.15 or 3.20. i In making this test it is necessary to see that there are no ‘ - lumps, and that the cement is thoroughly dried. oe aa : Kilns. The types of kilns used in the United States are: intermittent or dome kilns; continuous kilns, of Dietzsch or Shéfer type; rotary furnace. In the old-fashioned intermittent kiln the bricks of cement and coke are charged in alternate layers. The Dietzsch and Shéfer kilns are continuous, as already stated, and possess the great advantages of cheaper fuel, economy of labor, and of burning the dry, powdered material. The rotary furnace effects an enor- mous saving of time and labor, and it is claimed that the tem- perature can be regulated far more exactly than is possible in Dome type of kiln, after Butler 7) an qs Dietzsch kiln, after Butler ; Sale of aay = ‘LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 709 a the older processes. Crude or fuel oil is used at all the American factories where this type of furnace is employed. Producer gas could no doubt be employed. It is claimed by Johnson that this type of kiln is used only at those works where the mixed mate- rials will not adhere with sufficient firmness to permit molding into bricks. Dome kiln (pl. 14). This is one of the oldest types used, and is the simplest. The kiln is charged by placing kindling at the bot- tom, and then alternate layers of coal and slurry cake are put on, till the kiln is full enough. The fire is then started, and burns slowly upward through the mass, the temperature gradually in- ereasing. The doors at the bottom are then opened and the elinkers discharged through them. The kiln is recharged for an- other burning. The recharging occurs about once in a week or 10 days. The proportion of underburned and overburned clinker depends on the relative amount of fuel and slurry used. As fuel burns out, fresh material can be added at the top, or the whole mass can be allowed to burn out and be removed without recharg- ing the kiln. There is much waste heat, which is sometimes utilized for drying the slurry, but the utilization of this should in no way interfere with the working of the kiln. When the kiln is intermittent in its action, there is of course a great loss in heat. There is probably also much cost for re- pairs, as the heating and cooling tend to crack the walls. This kiln is rather expensive in fuel and produces an output averaging only 3 to 6 tons of cement a day ina month’s run. A good deal of sorting and picking of the clinker is required to exclude the underburnt and vitrified material. ‘Till 1889 these were the only kilns in this country. | Dietzsch kiln (pl. 15). This is continuous in its action, and has been in use in some works for a number of years being patented in 1884. The fuel used in it is generally coal slack, and the cost of calcination, comparing this with the ‘ bottle” kiln is small, but the slurry has to be dried before introduction, and there is 710 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ~- no available waste heat for this purpose. The working part of the kiln is divisible into three sections, viz, a healine a burning, and a cooling chamber. Butler describes it as follows:* (see pl. 15) Supposing the kiln to be in operation, the cooling chamber H would be filled with calcined clinker, which is being cooled by the cold air passing through it on its way to the burning chamber F. The cooling chamber thus serves the double purpose of cooling the clinker and giving its heat to the entering air. The burning chamber is filled with slurry. The heating chamber B is filled with slurry, which is introduced at A. At fixed intervals, generally about every half hour, a certain portion of the clinker is drawn out at the bottom, which causes a general downward movement of the mass throughout the kiln, while a fresh portion of the slurry heated by the escap- ing gases is raked forward into the calcining chamber, the neces- sary fuel being added through the eyes EE. It sometimes happens that, owing to the clinker being slightly overburned and vitrifying too much, the mass hangs up, and will not drop properly when a portion is drawn from the bottom; to overcome this difficulty, eyes are placed at convenient levels at the lower end of the calcining chamber, so that, with the aid of iron bars, the mass may be detached and again set in motion. This kiln is said to be very economical in fuel consumption. It however requires constant attention and charging. The labor is great compared with that compelled by the common inter- mittent kiln, and it has to be watched carefully, so that much of the success in burning depends on the skill of the burner. Butler claims that it yields a large percentage of unburned slurry. Newberry? claims great economy of fuel for the Schdfer type of kiln, specially its modified form, the Aalborg. Only about two tons of soft coal a day are required for each kiln, with a daily production of 75-80 barrels of cement clinker. This is only about 12% of the weight of the clinker produced, and with coal at $2 a ton corresponds to a cost for fuel of only 5¢ for each barrel of cement produced. | 1 Butler, D. B. Portland cement. * 18th an. rep’t U.S. geol. sur. pt 5, p. 1176. To face p. 710 Plate 16 $a AS TI — hi Vide — ae x Section of Schéfer kiln, after Schoch Section of American rotary cylinder kiln for burning Portland cement (Mineral = industry, 6:107) aig. * : : : i LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES ; 744 Rotary kiln. This consists of an inclined revolving iron eylin- -der lined with fire brick (pl. 17). The slurry or dried mix- ture is charged at the upper end, and oil or gas fuel blown in at ‘the lower, the gases of combustion passing through the chamber 7 and out at the upper end, while the cement mixture slowly passes down through it, the burned clinker being discharged at the lower end. a At the present time the rotary kiln is gaining favor in the United States. It is claimed by Lewis’ that the cost of oil fuel in this type of kiln is 28 to 40c¢ a barrel, depending on the price of oil, but, using powdered coal, the fuel cost is greatly reduced. There has also been a great improvement in the mechanical features of the kiln. 7 In this country the rotary kiln was first experimented with in 1889, when the Atlas cement co. of New York began to experi- ment at Coplay (Pa.) with revolving continuous kilns, employing erude petroleum for fuel. The oil was blown in by jets at one end and the products of combustion passed into a stack at the upper end of the inclined revolving cylinder. This kiln has been patented in England by Frederick Ransome, who also se- cured an American patent for it. Since 1889 its success has increased in America, and, though this type of kiln is said to have been unsuccessful in England, in this country there are no less than 40 of them in operation, both on the hard raw material of the Lehigh valley and on the soft, wet marls of Ohio and Michigan, and also limestones of- New York. The revolving continuous kiln is perhaps therefore an American device, since its only successful development has been in this country. Orig- inally employed with producer-gas, it was subsequently modified s0 as to use jets of crude petroleum, while latterly experiments have been made with a view to utilizing pulverized coal as fuel, and several plants are working kilns employing this fuel. Certain improvements in the way of auxiliary cylinders for regenerating the heat in hot clinker have been perfected, and the Atlas cement co. has also worked out a scheme for sprinkling and cooling the clinker in a third cylinder,.so that, when dis- charged from this, it will be ready for immediate grinding in the mill (pl. 18). fee Man, ind, 7: 113. vite ae mage ete } : bo ‘wine Bn eS ye aihe to eat ; oe Dg iis sire ae aS ack. = Bo. ry The advantages are: saving in fuel of am to -more perfect than in dome kiln; kiln \ r con ‘ean be watched. The disadvantages aera 10 run continuously; material of chamber cae iad as possible to avoid union with silica of cement. = There are about five different types of kilns in use i United States at the present time, requiring three ‘itiocent ods of preparation for the raw materials, regardless of diff of preparation which may be required by the character aaa materials. The following list quoted from Lewis may s partial illustration of this point. MANUFACTORY EILN Coplay cement co......... Schéfer continuous... Coplay cement CO......-66. Ordinary intermittent 23 as American cement co., Egypt. sp 56 nO a American cement co., Jordan 33 6 280 Atlas cement co..... ....+- Revolving continuous 20 150° 3 Alpha cement ¢0........-. a ss 8 150 Vulcanite C0.:.66cseccreese * 3 | ae “Sandusky co. ........ sh ihits & 4 120. Promwson C8. b weve se ee os e" ™ es Ss, Empire CO. vcnescccwncees . Ordinary intermittent 18 130 Glens Falls co. .....s+2600. Schifer continuous .. 8 60 Whitecliffs Ark. .......... " 8 60 Buckeye cement co......... Ordinary intermittent .. 30 LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 718 Approximate output a day MANUFACTORY KILN No. Barrels Buckeye cement co..... .... Dietzsch continuous.. .. 50 Diamond cement co........ FCONUMNUONS ... >< oe Gas oy PEGI 1D sos os 6 se 38 Johnson intermittent.. 6 Bonneville cement co...... . Revolving continuous 3 150 A new plant near Egypt (Pa.) and another near Sandusky (O.) are both installing revolving continuous kilns, as is also one at Catskill (N. Y.) Grinding the clinker. American practice uses a combination which has brought this step in the manufacture of Portland’ ce- ment to a high degree of perfection. ‘The machinery used is in part of American manufacture and partly of foreign origin. It has been found that the best results are obtained by using a gradual reduction of the clinker instead of attempting to grind it all fine at once, and, with this.object in view, it is common to break the material up first into lumps by means of crushers of the Gates or Blake type and then pulverize it in ball or tube mills or mills of the Griffin type. Ball mills are sometimes used for the first grinding but in that case in conjunction with Danish tube mills. The absence of separators is sometimes commented on, it be- ing claimed that, if the sufficiently fine material were removed after each grinding, the capacity of the machines would be in- ereased. Wind separators are occasionally used abroad, but find very little application in American practice. The following table, taken from the Mineral industry, v. 6, gives the fineness of dif- ferent brands of native and foreign cements. Per cent passing sieves 0 No. 100 No.t No. 200 OTS 6 Pern ens) © Pra seiee satel ett ates: 100 96.4 ee oi ete Teter wire cle Kio a. vie ele eral’ © 99 94.9 BRM eee ratsds. eescds le dial ole « wig tte a bie a! 4's 99 25 92:7 8 NE Urine cee are Ricpeear eee ee tia e's 99.7 94. 1 Rebuilding. clinker is ground fine HES, t falls kei ona which retains the coarser grit, the finer particles passing | through gauze. Pl. 19, 20 show a sectional view of a ball mill. Tube mills (pl. 21). These are also used for the reductior the clinker, and consist of an iron cylinder about 15 feet 1 Bes and 4 feet in diameter, half filled with flint balls. The chief a object of the tube mill is to complete the grinding of the cement, the preliminary grinding of the oe taking ai in some ; other machine. a oe The cylinder rotates at a speed of 25-30 revolutions a mine eee and the material, which is charged at one end, gradually works — its way out to the other, though the mill is horizontal. The lining of the mill is either of cast iron strips or specially prepared re brick. The material fed to it should have been previously crushed. to 20 mesh. If used in conjunction with millstones, they take the heaviest part of the wear off the latter. Their capacity de- pends of course on the fineness to which the material is to be ground. Butler’ gives the following figures illustrating the ca- pacity of these mills under given conditions. 1 Portland cement, p. 140, Plate 19 To face p. 714 YLYAG 7 YN tt % ZL, — p= YY WN: Ut. BiG GGL YY Zz Yy LNG YZ; LEELA = tify LY YY LGC og 5 g thyysg Vo LE : py it H ZZ YY. Ye Yt, j Ys : / \Z Y LLL Git 4: Yj tt; WA 2 YW QYltlte 0-000. ty III GD WZ, —— LINE ty tiy$Z UAH CMM Z tig ttt NLA: Vit Wt) WA AM{qtrTtTe7M™A[H{au—ur—"b“—oun—~nw—H) Uae GEL WL LAM LT GMI) iW, és WY WA : Gia LRG, YW. Y Wills. til Vf ltey ny Yittl' WY WZ Wig CH txt); GA ssp tz Z Yjjzj7 GI Weg MAA, YY A WY, LM Vyysg CEG VME ———— jp, Lyi Me, WY. Be WZ LG ty Liiiihee Wl“ , ttle 342 Gi Wl DY: iC LM YALE ZI Z this YY, B z GZ tf ts WALA, to CY CAUSE? IY Yl 40 Ly ty). Lips Wit YHA LZ yyy tty Wy) We Sug Z GE Gj tee Z 40 Za eg YW : MW ee : ZAG ttt tts Ulett. MA MOL, te tte Yt, “Lily, ED A: Wy, tAtiin We (NOL AW ZAG eZ TZ YZ, 1 Zs WD. in. ee Yt tj Z Ue: , fll DAU yp Hl ls Zee CAM ot€ée=7;) tj Mini. Np YN ip YELLE Hass Li titi, LH) ee Sy Ul ie 0 HNN SpA Will tp (Nit “Nitti GH Yyyjyg4-: Le Na oe Z BBS: LZ titi - Section through shaft of ball mill used for grinding cement clinker (F. L. Smidth & Co.) c¢ endplates; d drumplates; e steel plates for protecting drumplates. ty Z Yi tip HED GMT: UMM fn W.-Y Ub Wb te Vibe thy yyy WY) W/L “Mi lM-ln. Yitl, Le t t Wilt, Web ltt: ppyfffvve Mlb tii Yt: WU CLE eee Lie WA MU Mls Mn. ne bt: ME Ly Vie alee Ley. VM Vil tr MM Yt: UU LRM EE: ty CHL. iD. se HEED. , WOME WU tlt Witt. ttt, Yi yy z VM a le CLL La a Section through ball mill showing grinding plate and sieve arrangement (F. L. Smidth & Co.) f perforations in grinding plates through which crushed material falls en screen plates; g, + inner sieves; & finishing sieves, the screenings from which are caught in hopper m. oyNyo es1vyos}p g ‘oynyo Alddns w ‘ssujuedo e31eqos{p Pp SWnIp 3uy}e}01 107 S]994 M309 9 fs,0Ald Suyrveq Q ‘mnip p COO F WIPIMS “I ‘a) IM eqn} USSPIABC YSN01g} suoljoeg PIL ‘d “ovz of IZ 1g y ‘ ce : ot Griffin mill (Bradley pulverizer co.) 5 —— CC UGE ee ee 4 F LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 715 Residue to the linear inch of sieve-holes —_— 180 100 %6 50 per per per per OUTPUT ' cent cent cent cent 1 Material entering mill........ 47 38 34 28 ———_ |__| ——__|—_| 24 tons an hour Material leaving........ waweeetil * oe 12 6 1h 2 Material entering ..... ...... 72 67 62 56 —— | ——_|—__—__| __| 44 tons an hour Material leaving........... .... 37 24 16 6 eee At many works the ball mills and tube mills are used in con- nection with each other. Griffin mill (pl. 22). The Griffin mill is used at some factories for grinding the finished product. It consists of a steel ring, against the inside surface of which a heavy steel roll revolv- ing on a vertical shaft presses by centrifugal force. The mill is provided with screens, so that, as soon as the material has reached the required fineness, it can pass through, the coarser particles however dropping back into the mill. This type is much used in German and other continental works. The Griffin mill is used chiefly for grinding those particles which have been rejected by the sieves, and often in conjunction with millstones. In many factories however it performs the en- tire work of reduction. The crushing roll is attached to a shaft suspended vertically from a ball joint. To the bottom of the roll there is attached a series of plows or stirrers, so that, when the pan below contains sufficient material to come in contact with the plows, it is thrown up between the crushing roll and the die. Two sizes of this machine are made, the diameter of the ring or die of the smaller being 30 inches and of the larger 36 inches, the diameters of the respective rolls being 18 and 22 inches. The pulley speed for each machine is 200 and 150 revolutions a minute. Butler states that, at one mill where two of these machines are proportions of 1 ton of. a nent an hour stated as follows: for millstone hour; ball principle 16-18; edge ‘runner principle % each case the constdh tecanpmeular acean of a BE re ic a 50x 50 sieve, and it will thus be seen that the power 1 ss. ee is proportionate to the amount of flour produced. i Butler declares, from microscopic analysis of different « = rent that the statement that millstones produce an angular g edge runners a rounded one, is incorrect. Testing | oN 4 There are as yet no universally accepted standard methods of of testing, but the characters which may be, and often are dene {a mined are: compressive strength; tensile strength; rate of set- ting; boiling test; abrasion; permanency of volume; degree of fineness; adhesion; specific gravity. Mixing the mortar In 1885 the American society of civil engineers suggested test- ing briquets of neat cement, and, in addition, briquets of cement and sand: those of natural cement with one part sand, and those of Portland cement with three parts sand by weight. Some au- thorities advocate the abandonment of the neat cement test, since in use the material is always mixed with sand. The ratio of LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES at7 sand to cement is commonly 3 to 1 in case of Portland and two to one in ease of natural rock cement. Johnson states: For special purposes 4 to 5 parts of sand may also be employed, specially with finely ground cements, such as give a residue of less than 10% and a sieve with 14,400 meshes per square inch. Since in the sand mixtures a standard sand must be employed, it has become necessary to use clean sharp sand which has passed a no. 20 sieve and stopped on no. 30. ¢ In order farther to insure the identity of the sand, the Ameri- can society of civil engineers has recommended that crushed quartz be used, such as is used in the manufacture of sandpaper. Johnson does not favor this practice; for the material has fully 50% of voids, while the ordinary sands with roughly rounded grains have but 33% of voids. Any good sharp sand therefore of the size, 20-30, should give. very nearly uniform results, which will average much higher than those obtained with crushed quartz, unless the quartz briquets be thoroughly compacted by hard hammering. The amount of water added will vary somewhat with the kind of cement, but it should be very little, in fact just enough to produce a mixture resembling damp sand. Jameson gives the approximate amounts (p. 55) as 20% to 25% for neat cement, 15% for one part sand, and 10% to.12% for three parts sand. It is always well to note the amount of water used. The temperature of the water and also of the laboratory should be between 60° and 70° Ff. The mixing should always be done on a non-absorbent surface, and the sand and cement should be mixed dry, and then the water added. Compressive strength The test for compressive strength is seldom carried out, the reason being that the results are apt to be uncertain even though care be taken in the preparation of the specimens, They must thorough! with the mold. > a For neat cement specimens, mix about 1000 grams (2.2 pounc cement with the requisite amount of water. The molds shou be oiled a little, and can be removed only after the cement sufficiently hardened, which is usually from 20 to 24 hours afte! making. Ber While the elasticity of Portland cement decreases after some years, and the tensile strength ceases to grow after a similar period, its compressive resistance increases. Oe The machines used for determining the compressive strength = are similar to those employed for the crushing of building stones and bricks. The compression test is seldom carried out in the United States. Ps, Tensile strength To carry out this test the cement is mixed with water to the consistency of a stiff paste and formed into briquets, this being © done by means of brass molds. When the cement alone is used it is’spoken of as “ neat” ce- ment. When mixed with sand the term “cement mortar” is een en eee 1Trins. Am. soc. civ. eng. 30: 25. . - as Wok Plate 23 To face p. 719 Béhme hammer, used for making cement briquets (Riehle Bros.) LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 719 applied to it. The briquets are allowed to “set” either in air or water and are then pulled apart after a time, the number of pounds a square inch required to do this being recorded. This is the usual test made on cement, and, while it is not subjected to a tensile strain in actual work, still it gives a good idea of the strength of the cement, and is easily carried out. The briquets should be made of cement taken freshly from the barrel. Form of briquets. Several different forms of briquets have been devised, but all have been so designed as to cause the briquet to break at its minimum cross-section. The American society of civil engineers recommended a standard size of briquet, which is one inch thick and the same in width and weakest in the center. This is smaller than that which is made in England or on the continent, but it gives satisfactory results, and the smaller size makes it less likely to have air bubbles. Briquets may be made either by hand or by machine. When made ‘by hand, the mortar is mixed with a trowel and pressed into the mold with it also. It is always desirable for the same person to make all of one series of briquets. It is claimed that, when the material is pressed into the mold with the trowel, the pressure exerted on the briquet is not evenly distributed over the surface. The briquet molds are usually constructed of brass, and are made in two pieces. Molding briquets. There will always be some variation in the tensile strength of briquets. Jameson claims that, with the use of his briquet-molding machine, the variation was reduced to about 4%*; and the Bohme hammer (pl. 23) is said to accomplish the same object. | Heath in his Manual of lime and cement, p. 83, gives the fol- lowing method for insuring uniformity in the briquets: “The mixed cement is to be lightly placed in the molds, and is then to be pressed for five minutes under a load of 10 pounds 1 Jameson, - Portland cement, p. 54. ass ie f stot of wwaterid tails eee gra In making briquets by hand enough material i to make four or five briquets at once, 5 this i is x ary 1 material is at all quick setting. - Ss a ie All tensile test briquets should be kept i in a ciel tm 108] for 24 hours, and then kept the remainder of the period i in w It is important that the water used in mixing and also the b which the briquets are immersed should be kept at a constanall perature, so that uniform results may be obtained. Thus it } bal : been found that in Portland cement the time of setting is short by increasing the temperature of the mixing water, while strength attained in a given time may be greatly increased by ré ing the temperature of the bath from 40° to 80°. In case oe * normal mortar, 1C: 38, this increase at two months was from 100 to 230 pounds per square inch. Briquet machines. The object of these is to bring about uni- formity of pressure in the molding of the briquets. A number of © such machines have been devised but comparatively few of them are in use. The Béhme hammer is a machine much used in Ger- many for this purpose (pl. 23). According to M. Gary* it con- sists of a tilt hammer with automatic action. The hammer is driven by a cam wheel of 10 cams actuated by simple gearing, and the wrought iron handle of the hammer is let into the crosshead s Johnson. Materials of construction, p. 408, Trans. Am. soc. civ. eng. 30: 24 en LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 21 which carries the axle of the hammer, and keyed to this crosshead and to the cap, so that it may be readily replaced if worn. The steel hammer, weighing 43 pounds, is similarly fastened to the cap. As soon as the intended number of blows has been delivered, the mechanism is automatically checked, the machine having been so adjusted before the beginning of the work. The number of blows required in the standard German tests is 150. The forms to receive the mortar consist of a lower and up- per case held together by springs. The lower case for compres- sion specimens consists of two angle irons held on a plane plate by a grinding strip and a screw acting on the latter. Upward motion is prevented by two wedge-shaped surfaces. The lower case and half the upper ones are filled with the mortar to be tested, and a plate laid on its surface. On this plate the blows are deliv- ered. It is of vital importance that the apparatus should rest on a firm non-elastic base. The Jameson machine! is described by the author as follows: The main portion of the machine consists of a cylinder, which is flanged at the lower end, this flange corresponding in size and shape to the upper part of the base. ‘The cylinder is bolted to the base by four bolts, each bolt provided with a filler that holds the lower face of the filler 1 inch above the base plate. Both of these faces are accurately planed. It is between the two plane faces that the molding plate swings, the fillers on the bolts acting as stops. The bore in the cylinder is the shape and size of the briquet. In the bore there works a solid plunger, and the length is sufficient to cover the feed hole when at its low- est points. ‘This plunger is operated by a lever. At either side of the plate are two extractors which correspond in outline and size to the opening in the plate, and which are raised by means of levers thus forcing the molded briquet from the plate. A high capacity is claimed for this machine, it being stated that three students have made 3000 briquets in 10 hours. 1 Jameson. Portland cement, p. 50. or indicator kept as nearly as possible = he e of 1] shows hy the penile pga teens ae a ay The Fairbanks machine is of more compact form, a nc struction is best understood by reference to the f a | putting the briquet into the clips the levers are balaneed, ar hopper filled with shot. This is allowed to run out into bucket till the briquet breaks, when the stream of shot ‘og automatically (pl. 25). Clips. Several forms of clips are made. The siete ones h hat rather sharp edges which came in direct contact with the bri i but this has been found objectionable, partly from the fae hat the briquets were not always of just the right form to insure a Si : perfect bearing. The result of this was that a false strain > was” oy 2 often brought on the briquet, causing it to break at a lower point — ‘ than it really should, and also at some other point than its mini- mum section. .This trouble has been overcome in a measure by - introducing cushions between the metal and the briquet, or even supplying the edges of the briquet with rubber rolls. Johnson gives the essential features of the clips as follows. 1 They must grasp the briquet by a hard cushion bearing on four symmetric flat surfaces. 2 They must be freely suspended from a pivot bearing, so as to turn without friction while under stress, Plate 24 To face p. 722 ~OORIERLE® PHILA. PA. Riehle Bros. machine for testing cement briquets be vr. fF Fairbanks machine for testing the tensile strength of cement briquets N clips for holding briquets; P screw for applying strain to balance lever C; F bucket to hold shot, fed in through I, from the hopper K; J automatic cut off pou ne required ie oe i acne and fies racter of the break. When the fracture is uneven, or ot occur at the minimum section, a note is always made tact, and the c cause e of this should be ascertained if possible. . Sand used. Two kinds of sand are used in cement tests, de- vending on the object for which the tests are being made. In € one case, when the cement is to be used in a particular piece R BS of work, then it should be mixed with the sand that it will be 4 tre with in the actual work of construction. 3 If the cement is being tested simply for comparative purposes, or there is uncertainty as to the quality of the sand, then standard sand should be used. The standard is clean crushed quartz of such size that it will go through a no. 20 sieve, but be retained on a no. 30 sieve. After molding and removal from the molds the briquets are ; set on non-absorbent slabs for 24 hours under a damp cloth, after | which they are removed, half of them being put under water. The style of the tanks or pans used varies with the arrangement of the laboratory and the fancy of the person making such tests. The briquets when placed under water are always set on edge. Temperature of briquets. In cements there may be a slight increase in temperature following the molding, which is due to | the presence of free lime. In good Portland cements this rise a in temperature is very slight, but is often sufficient to be felt by placing the hand on the briquet. In light burned natural cements there is often an appreciable rise in the temperature. BS - soluble and consequently een on thi ry causing the hardening. A number of different ideas are held on. Arg Doir nt, a problem is a very complex one, which has as yet been only oA tially solved. Fremy considers that the formation of an 8 7 nate of lime is responsible for the hardening property, an 1 also considers that the silica and alumina of the clay ~~ rated by calcining and take on allotropic forms ready tou into new compounds with the quicklime when the water is add ded. The work of S. B. Newberry in this line is of the highest im ts portance, and has already been referred to (p. 697-99). a % 2 ES The set of the cement is determined by what is known as the needle test. Gen. Gilmore was one of the first to use this coats in this country. It consists in determination of the a of a needle of wire of known cross-section and of given weight. — ke The needle used by Gilmore as described by him was slightly ee conical, tapering toward the point, and truncated at right angles to the axis so as te give a diameter at the lower end of 75 of an inch. It protrudes from a socket at the lower end of a spindle or vertical rod, to which it is firmly secured by means of a thumb- screw. To the upper extremity of the spindle is attached a diagonal scale of steel, accurately graduated to tenths, hun- dredths, and thousandths, of an inch, and provided with a hori- zontal index firmly fixed to the framework of the instrument. © The absolute penetration of the needle is obtained by taking the LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 725 difference of the readings on the index before and after the im- pact. The falling body is a hollow metal cylinder, weighing 1 pound, of which the exterior diameter is about equal to the length. This cylinder in its descent passes freely over the spindle and strikes on the shoulder attached just above the screw. Another device used by Gen. Gilmore was a #5 inch wire with a flat end, and loaded with 4 of a pound, and a 4, inch wire also loaded with 1 pound. ‘These were used on cakes of neat cement, 2 or 3 inches in diameter, 4 inch thick at the center, and + at the edges. One cake was left in the air and one in the water. The time at which the loaded wire ceased to penetrate the pat was noted. In England those Portland cements are called quick setting which will bear the 34 inch needle loaded with 4 ounces in 10 minutes after mixing with water, and to be slow setting if they require 30 minutes or more, up to 5 hours. If they will not bear the weight of the needle after this period, the cement is rejected. Still another test is that with Vicat’s needle. The needle has a cross-section of 1 millimeter and bears a weight of 103 ounces. The depth to which the needle penetrates the cement is read off on a scale. A quick setting cement may begin within a few minutes after wetting, while a slow setting one may not begin till 24 hours after it has been wet, though, when once begun, the setting usu- ally goes on rapidly. ES Setting is always accompanied by a slight rise in temperature, which continues while the setting is going on. ‘The rise in tem- perature is less in slow setting cements. As the setting of cement is also influenced by the temperature of the air.and water, it is recommended by Gary that, in order to obtain comparable re- sults, the tests should be made at a mean temperature of 15° to oe -C.* 1 Trans. Am. soc. civ. eng. 30: 11. aes aac alow ae io chaste tre me, but other enter into the problem, such as the under puri z 0 i 21 of the cement, the underburned setting aqieker. A cement will never set. — : Boiling test © in This is the one that has been recommended as ines b pest Getermining the soundness of a cement. At the fifth inter tional convention for unifying methods for testing const rue io. materials, held in Zurich in September 1895, the rules for | on- ducting this test were laid down as follows. ne > “i 1 The rapidity test of hydraulic cements for constancy of v : ume consists in the application of warm baths at temperate: ures of from 50° to 100° C. ‘J oe 2 Manner of making test pieces. Enough water is used o bring the neat cement after proper working into a plastic state. Two balls from 1.5-2 inches diameter are formed by hand and y kept in moist air resting on some non-absorbent material. (Sand . mixtures are not subjected to this test, neither are briquets that | “a are to be tested for tensile strength.) The employment of ten- sion briquets and cylindric disks from 2 to 4 inches in diameter, from } to 1} inches thick, is likewise permitted. 3 Duration of previous hardening. Till set has taken place, test pieces must be kept in moist air. Portland, slag, pozzuolana, and Roman cement will be kept uniformly thus fer 24 hours, LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES [27 very slow setting cements for 48 hours. Hydraulic limes and all cements that have not set after 48 hours will be allowed 72 hours for previous hardening. 4 Treatment in the water bath. The previously hardened test samples are placed in a water bath at the ordinary temperature, which is then gradually —in not less than 30 minutes — heated to the prescribed temperature and kept there. After three hours at this temperature the test is interrupted, the test pieces are taken out of the bath, and, after having cooled sufficiently, ex- amined as to their condition. They must not be chilled suddenly by means of cold water. For each warm bath test the water must be renewed. The temperature of the bath will be: for Roman cements and hy- draulic limes, 50° C. Portland, slag and pozzuolana cements, G0? ‘C. 5 In order to be considered of absolutely constant volume, the sample must, during the test, remain perfectly sound and entirely free from cracks and warping. If the ball cracks slightly in this test or disintegrates somewhat, it should be considered at least as doubtful, though it might not fail in actual practice. This test is not good for natural cements, as they will not stand it in most cases. Abrasion test This is sometimes applied to neat cement and also to mixtures of cement and sand when they are to be used for flooring. It depends on hardness of cement itself and also on its cementing qualities. Jameson states that the grinding machines are of two kinds. A Berlin form is a cast iron disk that rotates 22 times a minute. The cube after seven days’ immersion and drying is held on the disk with a clamp weighted to 56 pounds. 308 grains of Napus quartz is put on the plate at the start and at the end of the 15th revolution. After 30 revolutions the cube is weighed and the loss noted. Jameson uses a cube 3 inches on edge, and a coarse |_ate a0 1 5.5 4.2 8.5 6.1 8.9 5 8.7 4 8 eg 7.9|4.5| 1.9| 9.7] 18.8 | 2.9] 1.8 | 2. 2 4612.5] 8.4] 8.8] 9.5 | 4.6)1.7|38 eee 8.9 | 2 8.5 | 6 7.8 | 8.6] 1.8 | 2.3 8 5.4|2.9| 6.1] 18.8 | 62.8 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.1 Bb 9.411.6| 1.9] 2.8; 22.912.2)1.8 | 1.4 2. 4 10.418.9| 8.9] 7.8) 17.3] 4 2.6 | 2.5 oa 9 4 8.4] 5.2 | 14.9 | 3.6 | 2.8 | 2.1 5 ..| 10.6 | 7.6 | 10.2 | 19.2 | 28.7 | 7 5.9 | 7.1 bs aot DB14.84 Be 11.6 | 5.8 Be Oo | 6 we} 6.2)2.8] 4.2] 6.5 | 17.1 | 8.5 1.8 | 2.2: cat .-| 56.812.2] 8.8| 4.4] 8.9] 3.9 1.8 | 2.2 No. 1 a Holstein brand of cement; 2, 3, 6 Silesian cement ; 4,5 pozzuolana comalll meee » All of these cements are said to fulfil the Prussian ree ¥ é tions. They have a tensile strength after 28 days, when mixed ig = 1-3, of over 230 pounds per square inch, and a compressive a a strength of more than 2300 pounds per square inch. A sieve of 900 meshes rejects less than 10%. They are of constant volume. The specimens were tested by pressing them with a load of = 56 pounds against a cast iron disk, rotating at the rate of about 22, revolutions a minute. 20 grams of Napus quartz, no. 3, were put on plate at start, and a similar quantity at the end of every 15th turn. . The body is weighed when starting and again at the end of the 30th revolution. re 1 Trans, Am. soc. civ. eng. 80: 40. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES §29 Adhesion This test is usually applied by taking two pieces of glass 4x 8 inches and 1 or 13 inches thick. Mix the mortar and place it between them, with the slabs at right angles, and press the mortar out into a layer + inch thick. The sample is allowed to stand 24 hours under a damp cloth, and then immersed in water. They are pulled apart at end of 7 or 28 days. Better results are often obtained by the use of brick and stone instead of glass. Permanency of volume Good cements should not expand or shrink appreciably in set- ting. If there has been any appreciable flaw in the manufacture of the cement, it will tend to expand or shrink, and disintegrate. This expansion is known as “ blowing.” One of the best meth- ods of testing the constancy of volume of a cement is to mix it with a small quantity of water, and press it firmly into a straight glass lamp chimney. If any expansion takes place, it will crack the chimney. By the same means shrinkage can also be deter- mined, this being done by putting some colored liquid in. the chimney above the cement. If the latter shrinks, it will allow the liquid to run down the interior of the tube. The expansion may take place immediately, or not show till several days after the cement has been mixed, depending on the rapidity of setting of the cement. Another convenient means of testing for constancy of volume is to mix the cement with water, and make up a few ounces of it into a pat 3 inches in diameter, 4 inch thick at the edge and 4 inch at the middle. Place this for 24 hours under a damp cloth and then in water. If it shows no cracks at the edges after three days, it will not be likely to blow. Henry Faija, in the J. civil engineers, states that he uses the following method to hasten the test. He takes a vessel in which water can be maintained at a constant temperature of 110° or 115° F, and having a cover, under which and above the For this reason m they are o : Be red witl to determine blowing with the cae ce Gen 7 method aro misleading, and that swelling of coments ( Por is really a rarity. ae Cements of changeable sala he maintains, differ a properties, specially their tensile strength, from Portland c om so that they are easily recognized. Some cements, however as highly magnesium ones, will, when burnt to a chee dition like Portland, refuse to swell when first mixed, and s times do not show an increase in volume when kept under | nt till nearly a year later, but they then show the property t marked degree. The apparatus used by the Germans for determining aang in volume is known as Bauschinger’s caliper apparatus, and can be made to show the change in volume that takes place in a speci- men over an extended period of time (pl. 26). It enables one to determine by direct measurement the changes in length of small parallelopipeds of about 100 mm (4 inches) long and 5 square cm (.78 square inch) area with an accuracy of s}y mm (5,55 of an inch). The apparatus consists princi- pally of a stirrup-shaped caliper, having a fine micrometer screw on its right arm, the left being the support of a sensitive lever. The shorter arm of the lever terminates in a blunt caliper point, and is pressed against the measuring screw by a spring attached 1 Trans. Am. soc, civ. eng. 30: 15. Plate 26 To face p. 730 Apparatus for determining permanency of volume of Portland cement LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES . 731 ° to the long arm. The calipers are readily moved in any direc- tion, and the micrometer is read in the usual manner. One revo- lution of the screw equals .5 mm (4 of an inch), and readings on the head are made at 545 MM (3545 of an inch). The speci- men is placed on a small platform, between the lever and the screw. ‘The points of the calipers are set on center marks drilled into small glass plates let into the specimens. The width between the caliper points is made equal to 95 mm (8% inches) in each of these instruments, thus very much simpli- fying the computation for length. For instance, if the screw reads 9.56 revolutions, the absolute length of the specimens is 9.56—-27+95 mm=99.78 mm. The specimens are made in small metal frames, just as the standard specimens for tension. It is necessary, however, to turn the molds over repeatedly, and treat both the upper and under surfaces alike. If this is not done, and the upper surface becomes rather thick and smooth, which a repeated striking off with the trowel will accomplish, it may easily happen that the lower layers remain loose and porous, causing a distortion of the specimen, which may lead to consid- erable errors. The positions for the center-mark plates are pro- vided for in the forms, and these plates may, therefore, be ce- mented into place as soon as the specimens are removed from the molds. To measure a specimen requires but a few minutes, the apparatus being very easy to manipulate. In the following table, F and G are two cements which were tested for tensile strength in a 1-3 mortar, and.showed but small strength. It will be noted that these two inferior brands showed an extraordinary degree of shrinkage, making them unfit for decorative purposes and laying of face stones. This extraordi- nary shrinkage explains the cracks shown on so many ornamental surfaces, artificial stones and plates, which always have either a neat cement or a mixture low in sand at their surface. The preference for a really good brand of cement for this purpose is thus explained. The table furthermore shows that the commonly adopted theory regarding a uniform relation between expansion when hardening under water and shrinkage when hardening in air 1s erroneous, cn en eens . B seccncccccesscess|—: O.. reccccccvvccccees Wace ceccostetuusnes eee ewe eee eee eee eee eee eee SERENE As the quality of a cement is improved by grinding, it iso mon to test the degree of fineness. Fineness of grinding, w it improves the quality of the material, also increases chee of manufacture, up to a point where the increase in cost is more rapid than the increase in quality; but grinding ® seldom carried — to this point. . The test is to pass it through a 100 mesh linear sieve, the | : residue remaining on the sieve and also the amount that passes ee % through being noted. % a : Jameson states that a cement which will pass through a sieve “4 of 625 meshes per square inch and only leave 4-5% residue on a 2500 mesh per square inch sieve is fine enough. The degree of fineness is of great importance, for the setting is due to the chemical action that takes place between the finest particles of the cement. Johnson states’ that “The proportion of the cement which passes a sieve of less than about 100 meshes to the linear inch does not give any intelligent idea of the sig- nificant fineness of the grinding. In fact, the standard sieve for determining the fineness now generally used on the continent of 1 Materials of construction, p. 410. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 733 Europe has 175 meshes per linear inch.” 75% of the cement should pass through a sieve of this fineness. Johnson recommends that a sieve of 120 meshes be used, and that not more than 20% of the cement shall remain on it. Most cements will pass through this. | Sand cement. If Portland cement has a certain amount of sand ground up with it to extreme fineness, it is found that as much sand can be mixed with it to form mortar as could have been added to the undiluted cement. This product is known as sand cement, and its manufacture was first begun in this country in 1895 by the Standard silica cement co. of Glens Falls (N. Y.) In Europe it was introduced some time before this, and is man- ufactured there quite extensively. According to Newberry, “It is claimed by the manufacturers that the sand cement supplied by them gives only 5% residue on a 180 mesh sieve, and that 6000 barrels of this cement were used in the concrete foundations of St John’s cathedral at New York. A description of the industry has been published in the Hngineer- ing news, Ap. 16, 1896, page 252. ‘This paper gives the follow- ing comparative tests of sand cement 1-1, and Portland cement, each with three parts of ordinary sand. Pounds to 1 square inch @ days 14 days 28 days Sand cement 1-1, and 3 parts sand..... 156 188 200 Portland cement and 3 parts sand...... 137 170 1S “An extensive series of tests has also been published by Wallin (Thonindustrie zeitung, 1896, p. 18) who concludes that the high- est economy is obtained by grinding three parts of sand with one of cement.” Mr Newberry says: The good results given by sand cement are easily explainable, for it is wholly a question of filling up the voids in the sand. These voids in ordinary building sand amount to about one third of the total volume; therefore, if more than three volumes of sand be mixed with one of cement, the voids will not be wholly filled. By grinding a part of the sand to great fineness the pro- pibttodsiona Mek Portland teach In most countries where the Portland cement i assumed considerable importance, the engineering s those countries have adopted a series of npectaarieeny to g the quality of Portland cement. The following abctracerll American, German, and French specifications are quoted f Jameson. pe The testing of cement is not so simple a process as it is s , times thought to be. No small degree of experience is necess oe: a before one can manipulate the materials so as to obtain ever x approximately accurate results. ee The first tests of inexperienced, though intelligent and careful, Hf % persons, are usually contradictory and inaecurate, and no amount of experience can eliminate the variations introduced by the per-— a “+ sonal equations of the most conscientious observers. Many things, apparently of minor importance, exert such a marked in- fluence on the results that it is only by the greatest care in every — particular, aided by experience and intelligence, that trustworthy tests can be made. The test for tensile strength on a sectional area of 1 square inch is recommended, because, all things considered, it seems best for general use. For the small briquet there is less danger of air bubbles, the amount of material to be handled is smaller, and the machine for breaking may be lighter and less costly. The tensile test, if properly made, is a good, though not a per- fect indication of the value of a cement. The time requisite for making this test, whether applied to either the natural or the 1 Jameson. Portland cement, p. 68. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 735 Portland cements, is considerable (at least seven days, if a reason- ably reliable indication is to be obtained), and, as work is usually carried on, is frequently impracticable. For this reason, short time tests are allowable in cases of necessity, though the most that can be done in such testing is to determine if the brand of cement is of its average quality. It is believed, however, that if a neat cement stands one day tensile test, and the tests for checking and fineness, its safety for use will be sufficiently indi- eated in the case of a brand of good reputation; for, it being proved to be of average quality, it is fair to suppose that its sub- sequent condition will be what former experiments, to which it owes its reputation, indicate that it should be. It can not be said that a new and untried cement will by the same tests be proved to be satisfactory; only a series of tests for a considerable period, and with a full dose of sand, will show the full value of any cement; and it would be safer to use a trustworthy brand without applying any tests whatever than to accept a new article which had been tested only as neat cement and for but one day only. _ The test for compressive strength is a very valuable one in point of fact, but the appliances for crushing are usually some- what cumbersome and expensive, so much so that it seems un- desirable that both tests should be embodied in a uniform method proposed for general adoption. Where great interests are at stake, however, and large contracts for cement depend on the decision of an engineer as to quality, both tests should be used if the requisite appliances for making them are within reach. After the tensile strength has been obtained, the ends of the broken briquets, reduced to one ‘inch cubes by grinding and rub bing, should be used to obtain the compressive strength. The adhesive test, being in a large measure variable and uncertain and therefore untrustworthy, is not recommended. The strength of a cement depends greatly upon the fineness to which it is ground, especially when mixed with a large dose of sand. It is, therefore, recommended that the tests be made with cement that has passed through a no. 100 sieve (10,000 meshes to the square inch) made of no. 40 wire, Stub’s wire gage. The results thus obtained will indicate the grade which the cement can attain, under the condition that it is finely ground, but it does not show whether or not a given cement offered for sale shall be accepted and used. ‘The determination of this question CHECKING OR CRACKING The test for checking or cracking is an itt 0 though simple, should never be omitted. It is as follows: two cakes of neat cement, 2 or 3 inches i in diameter, ¢ about $ thick, with thin edges. Note the time in minutes ‘a cakes, when mixed with water to the consistency of a stiff pl as mortar, take to set hard enough to stand the wire test mended by Gen. Gilmore, +z inch diameter wire loaded with 4 of a pound, and gy inch loaded with 1 pound. One of these ee kes, when hard enough, should be put in water and examined : ‘rom day to day to see if it becomes contorted, or if cracks show th en eo selves at the edges, such contortions or cracks indicating th Ji. the cement is unfit for use at that time. In some cases tendency to crack, if caused by the presence of too much lime, will disappear with age. The remaining cake howl teed kept in the air and its color observed, which, for a good cement, — should be uniform; the Portland cements being of a bluish gray throughout, yellowish blotches indicating poor quality; and the natural cements being light or dark, according to the character f of the rock of which they are made. The color of the cements : when left in the air indicates the quality much better than when ~ they are put in water. TESTS RECOMMENDED . It is recommended that tests for hydraulic cement be confined to methods for determining fineness, liability to checking or crack- ing, and tensile strength; and for the latter, for tests of seven days and upward, that a mixture of one part of cement to one part of sand for natural cements, and three parts of sand for LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES [37 - Portland cements, be used, in addition to trials of the neat cement. The qualities used in the mixture should be determined by weight. The tests should be applied to the cements as offered for sale. If satisfactory results are obtained with a full dose of sand, the trials need go no further. If not, the coarser particles should first be excluded by using a no. 100 sieve in order to determine approximately, the grade the cement would take if ground fine; for fineness is always attainable, while inherent merit may not be. The following table, showing the average minimum and maxi- mum tensile strength per square inch which good cements have attained when tested under the conditions specified elsewhere in the report, has been prepared by the committee. Within the limits given in the following table the value of a cement varies closely with the tensile strength when tested with the full dose of sand. : American natural cement, neat: One day; one hour, or until set, in air, the rest of the 24 hours in water, from 40 to 80 pounds. | One week; one day in air, six days in water, from 60 pounds to 100. One month (28 days); one day in air, 27 days in water, from 100 pounds to 150 pounds. One year; one day in air, the remainder in water, from 300 pounds to 400 pounds. American and foreign Portland cements, neat: One day; one hour, or until set, in air, the rest of the 24 hours in water, from 100 to 140 pounds. One week; one day in air, six days in water, from 250 to 550 pounds, One month (28 days); one day in air, 27 days in water, from 350 to 700 pounds. One year; one day in air, the remainder in water, from 450 to 800. American natural cements, one part of cement to one part of sand: One week; one day in air, six days in water, from 30 pounds to 50. One month (28 days); one day in air, 27 days in water, from 50 to 80 pounds. One year; one day in air, the remainder in water, from 200 to 300. of naabaseaon of pach lime and tractors, and Society of German omental E Standard of 1877. Fineness, not more on sieve of 5806 meshes per square inch. Tensile strength, 1 part cement, 3 parts sand, 1 day in days in water, 113.78 pounds per square ake | Standard of 1878. Fineness, not more than 204 to be I the sieve, as above. Tensile strength, same mixture and time as above. 1 2 pounds per square inch. a In Austria, by Austrian association of engineers and archite Standard of 1878. Fineness same as German of 1878. — Tensile strength, same mixture as above, 7 days, 1 day 1 in é six days in water, 113.78 pounds per square inch. 28 days, 1 day in air, 27 days in water, 170.68 pounds = square inch. In Austria a standard for the minimum fineness and tensile a strength of Roman cement was established and generally ace eet cepted, as follows. es, Standard of 1878. Fineness, same as Portland. Tensile strength (1 part of cement, 8 parts of sand) for: Quick setting (taking 15 minutes or less to set): Seven days, 1 day in air, six days in water, 23 pounds per square inch. 28 days, 1 day in air, 27 days in water, 56.9 pounds per square. inch. Slow setting cement (taking more than 15 minutes to set): Seven days, one day in air, six days in water, 42.6 pounds Pes square inch, and cross-section, and with the same apparatus. At the same time a determination of the strength of the neat cement is to be recom- mended. 6 Tensile and compressive strength: Good slow setting cement, in the proportion of three parts by weight of standard sand to one part of cement shall have when tested, after 28 days’ hard- ening (one in air and 27 in water), a minimum tensile strength LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 745 of at least 16 kilo. q. c. m. (16 kilograms per square centimeter, 227 pounds per square inch). ‘The compressive strength shall be at least 160 kilo. q. c. m. (2270 pounds per square inch). Cement which shows a higher tensile or compressive strength in many cases of a greater addition of sand, from this point of view, as well as on account of its greater strength for the same amount of sand, is entitled to a correspondingly higher price. For slow setting cements the strength after 20 days is less in general than the one above specified, therefore, in giving the results of tests, the time of setting shall also be given. The tests shall be made in the following manner. To determine the time of setting cement, a slow setting neat cement shall be mixed three minutes, and a quick setting neat cement shall be mixed one minute with water to a stiff paste. A eake about 1.5 em (.59 inch) thick, with thin edges, shall be formed of this paste on a plate of glass. The consistency of the cement paste for this cake shall be such that, when brought with a trowel on the plate, the paste will only begin to run toward the edges of the same after the paste has been repeatedly jarred. Asa rule 27% to 30% water will suffice to give the necessary con- sistency to the paste. As soon as the cake is sufficiently hard- ened, so that it will resist a shght pressure of the finger nail, the cement is to be considered as having set. For the exact determination of the time of setting, and for determining the beginning of the time of setting, which latter is of importance in the case of quick setting cements, since they must be worked up before they begin to set, a standard needle 300 grams (10 ounces) in weight and 1 square mm (.00155 square inch) in cross-section, is used. A metal ring 4 em (1.575 inch) in hight and 8 cm (8.15 inches) clear diameter (inside) is placed on a glass plate, filled with cement paste of the above consistency and brought under the needle. The moment at which the needle is no longer capable of completely penetrating the cement cakes is considered the beginning of the time of setting. The time elapsing between this and the moment when the stand- ard needle no longer leaves an appreciable impression on the hardened cake is considered the time of setting. For making the heat test (3) a stiff paste of neat cement and water is made, and from this cakes 8 em (3.15 inches) to 10 em (3.94 inches) in diameter and 1 em (.394 inch) thick are formed on a smooth, impermeable plate, covered with blotting paper. Two of these cakes, which are to be protected against drying, bina: = per ture af fo — Ne ane er €8 in chemical laberatorie ut the cakes ae no apr nadie ny ment i general of constant volume. If pebaresroii pear, the cer not to be condemned, but the results of the ¢ lecisive test 7 cakes hardening on glass plates under water must be wait It must, however, be noticed that the heat test does 1 ‘not : of a final conclusion as to the constancy of volume o ments which contain more than 3% of calcium peeve or other sulfur combinations. | = 38 For making the final test, the cake made for the pw post determining the time of setting, for slow setting cem 3 hy placed under water after the lapse of 24 hours, but, at athe ; not until after it is set. For quick setting cements this c done after a shorter period. The cakes, especially those of 8 | setting cement, must be protected against drafts and sur shi 21 until their final setting. This is best accomplished by keep them in a covered box lined with zine, or under wet clodhia I bere oat this manner the formation of heat cracks is avoided, which are generally formed in the center of the cake, and may be taken by ee . an inexperienced person for cracks formed by blowing. a In order to obtain concordant results in the tests, sand of uni- form size of grain and uniform quality must be used. This standard sand is obtained by washing and drying the purest quartz sand obtainable, sifting the same through a sieve with 60 meshes per square em (387 per sq. inch), thereby separating the coarsest particles, and by removing from the sand so obtained, by means of a sieve of 120 meshes per square cm, the finest particles. The diameter for the wires of the sieve shall be .88 mm, and .82 mm respectively. Since not all quartz sand even under the same method of treatment, gives the same resulting strengths in the mortars, one must know whether the standard sand at one’s dis- posal gives concordant results with the standard sand furnished by the German society of cement manufacturers and also used at the royal testing station at Berlin (Charlottenburg). For each test, in order to obtain correct average results, at least six test pieces are to be made. Tensile test pieces can be made either by hand or by machinery. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES TAT HAND WORK On a metal or thick glass plate five sheets of blotting paper soaked in water are laid, and on these are placed five molds wetted with water; 250 grams (8.75 ounces) of cement and 750 grams of standard sand are weighed and thoroughly mixed dry in a vessel. Then 100 ccm (100 grams or 35 ounces) of fresh water are added, and the whole mass thoroughly mixed for five min- utes. With the mortar so obtained the molds are at once filled, with one filling, so high as to be rounded on top, the mortar being well pressed in. By means of an iron trowel 5 to 8 cm (1.96 to 3.14 inches) wide, 35 cm (13.79 inches) long, and weigh- ing about 250 grams, the projecting mortar is pounded first gently and from the sieve, then harder into the molds until the mortar grows elastic, and water flushes to the surface. A pounding of at least one minute is absolutely essential. An additional filling and pounding in of the mortar is not admissible, since the test pieces of the same cement shall have the same densities at the different stations. The mass projecting over the mold is care- fully taken off, and the test piece placed in a box lined with zinc, which is to be provided with a cover, to prevent a non-uniform drying of the test pieces at different temperatures. 24 hours after being made, the test pieces are placed under water, and care has to be eed that they remain under water during the whole period of hardening. MACHINE WORK After the mold, provided with a guide mold, has been clamped, by means of set screws, on the bedplate of the pounding machine, for each test, 180 grams of the mortar, made as above, are placed in the mold and the iron follower is set in. By means of Bohme’s hammer apparatus, with a hammer weighing 2 kilograms, 150 blows are struck on the follower. After the guide mold and follower have been removed, the test piece is scraped off, smoothed, taken with the mold from the bed- plate and for the rest treated as for the hand work. By accu- rately following the directions given above, hand and machine work give well concording results. In all cases of doubt the machine work is to be decisive. COMPRESSIVE TESTS In order to obtain concordant values in compression tests at different stations, machine making is necessary. 400 grams of neat cement and 1200 grams dry standard sand are thoroughly SD PA ee -. MAKING ' TEST Saeante or 3 2 an The inside of the molds is slightly apringsten hi placed on a metal or glass plate without ror. ape ; grams of cement are weighed out, 200 grams_ ‘of a added, and the whole mass thoroughly mixed for five utes (best with pestle). The forms are well filled (rounc and then proceed as for hand work as given above. TI molds can only be taken off after the cement has suffi ien pieces of neice consistency are to be obtained, for finely g or quick setting cements, the amount of water must be e spondingly increased. The volume of water is always stated in giving the strength obtained. > TREATMENT OF TEST PIECES AT TIME OF TESTING ee . Ge All specimens are to be tested directly after their removal from i. the water. Since the time of testing is of influence on the result — a in tensile tests, the increase of load shall be 100 grams 7 per second. The mean of the four best results shall be consid- ered the final tensile strength. In testing compression pieces, ae the pressure is always to be exerted on two side faces of the eube, but not on the bottom or top. The mean of the four highest tests _ shall be considered as the final compressive strength. = Abstract from French specifications for Portland cement CILEMICAL ANALYSIS The cement must not contain more than 1% of sulfurie acids or sulfids in determinable proportion. Cements containing more than 44% of ferric oxid, or in which the ratio of the combined silica and alumina to the lime is less than .44, are to be regarded as doubtful. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 749 MIXING THE MORTAR In mixing the mortar for testing, sea water is specified, and both air and water are to be maintained at a temperature of 15° to 18° C (59-64.4 F) during the continuance of the experiments. The quantity of water is ascertained by a preliminary experi- ment, and the four following tests are given as an indication whether the proportion of water added is correct: 1 The consistence of the mortar should not change if it be gaged for an additional period of three minutes after the initial five minutes. 2 A small quantity of the mortar dropped from the trowel on a marble slab from the hight of about .50 meter (1.64 feet) should leave the trowel clean, and retain its form approximately without cracking. 3 A small quantity of the mortar worked gently in the hands should be easily molded into a ball, on the surface of which water should appear. When this ball is dropped from the height of .50 meter (1.64 feet) it should retain a rounded shape without cracking. 4 If a slightly smaller quantity of water be used, the mortar should be crumbly and crack when dropped upon the slab. On the other hand the addition of a further quantity of water — 1%-2% of the weight of the cement — would soften the mortar, rendering it more adhesive, and preventing it from retaining its form when allowed to fall on the slab. It is recommended to commence with a rather smaller quantity of water than is ulti- mately required, and then to make fresh mixings with a slight. additional quantity of water. The mortar is to be mixed with a trowel for five minutes on a marble slab. = STRENGTH The form of briquet and method of molding are the same as in the German specifications; the breaking section is 5 sq. em (.775 square inch). Six briquets are broken after an interval of seven days, six after 28 days, and the remaining six after 84 days. The mean of the three highest figures of each series of tests is taken as the tensile strength of the cement under exami- nation. The minimum strength specified for the neat cement in seven days is 20 kilograms per sq. em (284.5 pounds per square inch);.in 28 days, 35 kilograms per sq. em (498 pounds per square inch); and at least 45 kilograms per sq. cm (640 pl Wes ~ ua pei ed . a P@ =." ip -.. quarries near Cherbourg, and 144 meshes per sq. cm (413 and That which remains between these two sieves and constitutes the standard sand. 875 grams (13.25 oun this sand is mixed with 125 grams (4.41 ounces) of ceme water is added in the proportion of 12 parts by weight tc parts of sand and cement combined. The sand and ce ment first carefully mixed in a basin or capsule, then the whol the sea water is added at once, and the mixture stirred with spatula for 5 minutes. At the expiration of seven days the strength of the sand cement briquets should be at least 8 ki lo-— grams per sq. em (113.78 pounds) and in 28 days 15 kilo- © grams per sq. cm (213.35 pounds per square inch). In 28 days the strength should exceed that at seven days by 2 kilo grams per sq. em (28.45 pounds per square inch). In 84 © days the strength must be greater than at 28 days, and at least 18 kilograms per sq. em (256 pounds per square inch). The -a 84 day tests are only considered indispensable for those cemen once we AR mf ; € : ey Sy te Sey ‘ aot. wy fate thes a . US slic E Cz y ADL Lt AL a a oe a . ~ i eh ’ 929 iL OS. pe 4{Uu ; i =~) a, Be Sh RE ee ae. eh erst Pre .n as sned- ce pay ieee: Ase NT - <4 7 7 > eh oy A , Seae , T=. + may be rejected. a FINENESS OF GRINDING The degree of fineness to which the cement must be ground is not specified, it being considered that very fine grinding in- creases the strength chiefly during the duration of the tests, and that subsequent increase of strength is less with fine than with coarse cement. TIME OF SETTING This practically agrees with the German specifications. Any cement commencing to set in less than 30 minutes, or failing to commence to set within three hours is to be rejected; and the final set must have taken place within 12 hours. In each case the time is reckoned from the moment the water is poured on the cement. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 751 Books relating to cement The following list gives the titles of a number of works, which will enable those desiring it to obtain more detailed information concerning the technology of cement manufacture than it is Bee sible to give within the limits of this report. Butler, D. B. Portland cement: its manufacture, testing and use. ov 3. $590: Candlot. Ciments et chaux hydrauliques. Paris 1891. Clarke, E.C. Experiments with Rosendale and Portland cements. (see Trans. Am. soc. civ. eng. Oct. 1893. Ap. 1885; also June 21 and Nov. 1885) Cummings, U. American cements. Bost. 1898. Gary, M. Raumbestiandigkeit von zehn Portland cementen. Kgl. Tech. Versuchsanstalten. 1899. Erganz. heft 1. Gilmore, Q. A. Limes, hydraulic cement and mortars. N. Y. 1872. Giron, P. Methods of burning cement. (see Proc. Eng. club. Phil. July 1893, v. 10) Heath, A. H. Manual of lime and cement. N. Y. 1893. Jameson, C.D. Portland cement, its manufacture and use. N. Y. 1898. Johnson, J. B. Materials of construction. N. Y. 1898. Kuichling, E. On cement mortars. (see Appendix, Annual rep’t exec. board of city of Rochester. 1887) Le Chatelier, H. Procédés d’ essai des matériaux hydrauliques. (see Annales des mines. 1893. 2:252; tr. in Trans. Am. inst. min. eng. Aug. 1893) . Lewis, F.H. Manufacture of hydraulic cement in United States. (see Min. ind. 6: 91) Lord, N. W. Natural and artificial cement. (see Ohio geol. sur. 6: 671) “Michaelis, R. Hydraulischer mértel und Portland cemente. Newberry, W. B.&S.B. The chemistry of Portland cement. (see Cement and engineering news. 1897. 3: 85; 1898. 4: 5) inst. min. eng. 87: “508) - Zwick, A. Hydraulischer Kalk und Portland | 1892. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 753 GEOLOGY OF NEW YORK LIMESTONES Limestones are found in New York from the oldest to the youngest formations. Some, like those of the pre-Cambrian, are often local in their extent; while others, like those of the Helder- berg, extend from one end of the state to the other. The formations containing limestone in New York state are the pre-Cambrian, Calciferous, Chazy, Trenton, Clinton, Niagara, Onondaga, Lower Helderberg, Upper Helderberg, Goniatite, Tully, Quaternary marls. ; The most important of these are the Calciferous, Trenton, Niagara, Lower Helderberg and Upper Helderberg. The Calcif- erous and Niagara sometimes contain sufficient magnesia to be called true dolomites, and this fact, together with the freedom from impurities which they exhibit at some localities, gives them a special usefulness, Calciferous The rock of this formation is frequently highly magnesian, and a high percentage of silica is likewise not uncommon in it. On this account it is sometimes called Calciferous sandrock. The Calciferous limestones occur as isolated patches or belts in several parts of the state, and show considerable variation in character. With few exceptions they are magnesian and indeed may pass into true dolomites. On the other hand, they are often highly silicious, so much so as to render them practically worth- less for any of the uses considered in this report. Again they may run very low in silica, as near Glens Falls. Cambro-Silurian limestones appear in the southeastern portion of the state in Orange county, extending northeastward across the county to the Hudson river, and across it through Dutchess into Columbia county. Another series of belts begins in Westchester county and ex- tends from New York city northward to the county line and through Putnam and Dutchess counties to Pawling and beyond. Saeetiotines eas a cole area an along the rivers and creeks. Its normal chi ir stant, viz a light bluish gray, fine grained, mas sandy limestone. The weathered surfaces |: are ee a buff. The following localities are noted by N. me ¥ affording good exposures.’ _ 7 About Middleville, Little Falls aa neitieestee ae alon ou fault scarp, on East Canada creek, about St J ohnsville, ‘ ferry, also in southwestern Saratoga county and west of Sa ; Springs. ~~ a According to Walcott? the section of Caicenes near Sara- toga involves: a ~ Massive layers of steel gray, more or less arenaceous lime- ice of SEONG , oi sevice ada cmenn te bis t's Oy wernen wie en 195 Massive bedded, slightly magnesian, gray and dove colored __ Limestone... 0.0 000s 60's 6p 0 0 u.5's,b sein ne eee 35. Unfossiliferous, impure, compact, more or less silicious lime- BtONO . 2 ence ccenvassnseeebccyens 905s hs ae 95 Dark gray, evenly bedded limestone..,.......esessses08 OU OGlitie limestone 00.0 o's.0-0,06 06 00ac'e sp use nies oie hase Chazy The Chazy limestone first appears at Saratoga on extends northward along the Champlain valley to Montreal. The area 113th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 612. *Bul. 81, U. 8. geol. sur. p. 346. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES "55 is probably a continuous one, though not exposed at all points. The most prominent exposures of the Chazy are in the quarries of the Chazy marble lime co. and William Goss, and at Grand Isle. The rock is a gray, subcrystalline limestone, and affords an excellent lime. The average thickness of the formation ac- cording to Brainerd and Seely is about 700 feet. The character of the stone is quite uniform. The Chazy limestone is not found in the Mohawk valley and thins out in the central and western part of the state. An analysis of the Chazy limestone from the quarry of the Chazy marble lime co. at Chazy, shows the high degree of purity of this limestone which is used in the manufacture of lime. ETE ge hee Sane SAG A RE aE as EI irre eee ay ieee te I SIE os = alo a'c a's e nie eo 0 ese Sea .39 eM eee aig enb ates So's aie-a:0 0 .¢ «6.0 8 53.9 ©) TLDEEL2S 6 Scare a 1.44 MeaMeIEe CMON Fo cos Sc 6cs ake Cocke acess 5 ean 43.92 100.37 The stone is also available for the manufacture of Portland cement. Trenton The Trenton limestones involve several different members, viz, Birdseye, Black river and Trenton, the last being the uppermost. The most southern area is a small patch of impure, fossiliferous limestone along the river road four miles north of Newburgh. An important belt extends southward along the Champlain valley, then along the Mohawk to Little Falls and thence north- westward to Watertown. leds of the same age also occur east of Lake Champlain and extend southward into Washington county. In this belt they are often metamorphosed or folded, but along the lake shore, specially along the margin of the Adirondack 35 feet on Larrabees ee to 75 Peat on Omen point at Plattsburg. The stone is ene heavy bedded, tc pact and black. a The Trenton proper is exposed at Crown Point ww. ¥) wher it has a thickness of 150 feet. It is usually thin bedded an shaly but contains several beds of purer limestone. | Beginning at a point about one half mile south of S | Basin in Washington county, the Trenton limestone exte northward, passing east of North Granville, east of Whiteha: : which lies on the western edge of the belt, then northward in LO belt from one mile to half a mile wide, past Benson Landing : mn d ~ pa northward into Vermont. The town of Vergennes lies on the se eastern border of the belt. Another belt of this same rock aes found farther south in Washington county, extending from a point half a mile north of Easton Corners up to and for half a mile north of Argyle. Throughout its extent the rocks of these two more or less continuous belts have been highly disturbed by dynamic forces. They are much folded and crushed and at times } fs ” a assume a very slaty structure. The limestone is generally fine grained and of a black color, is traversed by numerous veins of white calcite and is frequently of high purity. It is mined at Smiths Basin and also west of Fairhaven on the Vermont line. At both of these localities the stone has been quarried for lime- making and flux. J j a a ® : i LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES %57 In the Mohawk valley only the Birdseye and Trenton members are present. The Birdseye member is in greater part a fine grained, dove colored stone, and weathers light gray, and the beds are generally moderately heavy. ‘The exposures are com- mon in the Mohawk valley and have been quarried at a number of localities. Underlying this rock is the Calciferous sandstone. According to Darton’ the formation reaches its maximum thick- ness at Fort Plain, where it is about 9 feet thick. It then de- creases westward to 7 feet near St Johnsville. It is 5 feet on East Canada creek, 4 feet around Little Falls and to the south- eastward, and 5 to 6 feet on West Canada creek about Middleville, Newport and Cold creek. At Ingham Mills the rock is well exposed in Butler’s lime quarry. At this point nearly 15 feet of a good grade of stone is exposed. At Canajoharie the Trenton member of the group ap- pears. Excellent exposures occur near Amsterdam and at Glens Falls. At this latter locality the quarries are of special import- ance. ‘The Trenton limestone member is found extending east- ward from Oneida county to Glens Falls. At times the rock is massive as at Tribeshill, at others it is somewhat shaly. The thickness in the quarries at Tribeshill is 12 to 14 feet of massive stone. Other exposures also occur in the quarries about Am- sterdam and again in quarries 2 miles northwest of Hoffmans ferry, where about 20 feet of a soft, highly fossiliferous lime- stone is exposed. : A belt of Trenton occurs west of Saratoga and is well exposed at Howland’s mill 3 miles due west — southwest from Saratoga Springs. The section here shows 20 feet of limestone. At Glens Falls the Trenton limestone is well exposed on both banks of the Hudson, and is of much importance, being used for building stone lime and Portland cement. Darton gives the following section of it. Feet Thin bedded black limestones in beds 3 to 8 in....2..2.2- 10 famemmarvie 10 to 241m. beds.) < . cna. cece ewe eee ee 3 115th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 516. valley to Spiny “They are eget 1m se ad a Port Leyden, Boonville and Watertown. Th T ‘re formation is dark gray to black and is ten fosa ssilife central part of the Trenton formation is apt to vt s r Nj ly ; ki | while the Birdseye limestone is massive and heavy bed led. bi upper part of the Trenton formation or Trenton limestone is a lighter gray limestone and finely crystalline i in its 2 Q a. L This member is quarried at Prospect. Niagara In Schoharie county we find the since end of this form: massive limestone. An exposure of it can be seen a Howell : just below the cement quarries, of which it forms the floor. The Niagara limestone also appears in Oneida county north of Clayville and extends westward with increasing width to the Niagara river. In Wayne county in the town of Butler? it is a dark blue, fine grained, compact limestone and is usually thin bedded. It has been used at this point for burning lime. Other occurrences are at Rose on the head waters of Sheldon creek ~ and in the towns of Marion and Walworth. It has been quarried at many points in Wayne county for the manufacture of lime. In Monroe county the northern edge of the limestone passes through the towns of Penfield, Brighton, Gates, Ogden and ‘Darton, N. H. Helderberg limestones and associated formations in eastern New York. (see 18th an. rece N. Y. state geol. p. 218) * Hall, James. Geol. 4th dist. N p. 84. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES : 759 Sweden. The outcrops at these points generally represent the beds of the upper magnesian member, and its weathered surface presents a characteristic Spongy appearance. The Niagara formation presents two types of lime rock: the one a dark gray, suberystalline stone, which is used for lime and building purposes, the other a gray brown, crystalline rock with numerous cavities and containing a high percentage of magnesia, The area in which the N lagara limestone is found is more re- stricted than that of most of the other limestone formations of the state. The upper member of this formation is known as the Guelph limestone but is not coextensive with the lower member. It forms a lenticular bed about 20 miles long and extends from Rochester westward. In the vicinity of Rochester quarries have been opened in it at New Brighton and Gates. As exposed in these quarries, it is a grayish brown, finely crystalline limestone containing numbers of small cavities, The peculiar feature of this rock is that it contains a large amount of magnesia and a very low silica percentage, making it very adaptable for use in the lining of Bessemer converters, Lower Helderberg This formation as formerly described includes several distinct members which are known as the Tentaculite, Waterlime, Pen- tamerous, lower or Catskill shaly, Becraft or upper Pentamerous, and upper shaly. The formation is a widely distributed one within the state and of considerable economic importance, con- taining the hydraulic limestones which are extensively developed at Rosendale near Kingston in Ulster county. In his recent classification! Dr J. M. Clarke considers the Tentaculite limestone, which in. this bulletin is discussed as the base of the Lower Helderberg, to be the highest member of the Salina. If Dr Clarke’s grouping be accepted, then the most westerly outcrops of the Lower Helderberg in this state are in 2 ee es 1Mem. 3, N. Y. state mus. the northwest, extending as far as New Bt Salem in At this point it becomes very narrow; it nowine? up a somewhat broad belt just west of Meadowdale | county and then extends westward as far as Central E Schoharie county, and from there in a slightly northwe a tion past Sharon Springs, Dennisons Corners, Oneida, § S esi: ‘a and westward to Niagara Falls. Up to Dennisons Corr formation, though of considerable thickness, does not co’ z very broad belt, owing to the perpendicular escarpment whi forms, but its thickness remains about the same from Syrac westward to Buffalo, and the elevation of the escarpment creases. | Sa The Tentaculite limestone forms the lower member of the oe a series and is generally a dark colored, thin to thick bedded, at Bec: a times argillaceous limestone. It seldom reaches a condition of ae great purity and aside from the cement beds which are worked ‘a separately its chief use has been for building purposes. As the Helderberg limestones are of considerable thickness in New York state, it may be well to mention them in detail. This can best be done by quoting from the report of N. H. Darton.? The Helderberg limestones attain their greatest development in eastern New York, and the thickness reported by Davis of about 300 feet in the Catskill region is the maximum. They thin gradually southward in New York, but expand again in New Jersey. In the Helderberg mountains there are 200 feet and at 1 Report on the relations of the Helderberg limestones and associated forma- tions in eastern New York. (see 13th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 204) LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 761 Schoharie not over 240 feet. Westward from Schoharie the thickness decreases very gradually. The members constituting the formation in its typical development, beginning at the top, are a pure semicrystalline, massive, very fossiliferous limestone, a thick series of shaly limestone, and the basal series, thin bedded dark limestones of the Tentaculite beds. On Catskill creek a higher member of impure shaly limestone comes in above the pure, massive beds, thickens rapidly and continues southward to and through New Jersey. The Helderberg formation pre- serves its typical characters with some local variations in thick- ness to. a few miles west of Cherry Valley. Then the upper limestone beds thin out, and on the road from West Winfield to Litchfield, in the southwestern corner of Herkimer county, the Pentamerus beds lie directly under the Onondaga limestone .. . The upper members of the Helderberg limestones . . . come in again westward and are finely exposed at Oriskany Falls.1. . Here 120 feet of beds are exposed in and about the quarries, of which 50 feet are quite distinctively of the Tentaculite beds, 40 feet of gray beds in greater part of Pentamerus limestone age, but merging into the character of the lower beds, a few feet of heds with mixed Pentamerus and shaly limestone fauna, and, at the top, 25 feet of gray subcrystalline rock containing a shaly limestone fauna. 25 miles west of Perryville, Madison co., this condition has continued, the lower members-expanding appar- ently at the expense of the Pentamerus beds and the upper members giving place to Pentamerus beds. At this locality the Onondaga limestone was seen lying on a few feet of dark gray limestones containing Pentamerus, with a thin local intervening layer of Oriskany at one point, which gave place to a great mass of thin bedded gray limestone below. The different members preserve their distinctive characters more or less, though there are occasional slight local variations. The so-called Scutella beds are the uppermost member south- ward to near Catskill. They are light colored, coarsely semi- crystalline, massively bedded, highly fossiliferous limestone blotched with calcite replacement of fossils, of which the most conspicuous is the so-called Scutella. These are the cups or pelvis of a crinoid, having a diameter in greater part from one to two ee ee a 1 See also Williams, S. G. The westward extension of rocks of the Lower Helderberg age in New York, Am. jour. sci. 3d ser. 31: 139-45; abstract Proce. Am. ass’n ady, sci. 34: 235, 236; Am. nat. 1886. 20: 373. stone has been suggested to me by P Prof. Tall. The: ni Beeraft mountain in Columbia county, where the rock is y developed. The Becraft limestone has a thickness oft 0 feet near Schoharie, and the amount does not vary g ye ward to the Helderberg mountains and by Clarksville re. | and Coxsackie. Thence it increases rapidly, and Davis 1 e] 0 ’ a thickness of 120 feet below Leeds, the upper 10 feet consisting of impure and sandy or shaly vere There are, as Davi is. ng- gests, many local slips in this section, and my estimate 0: ae: thickness of the purer limestone would be about 60 feet. — Be br: “Tn the Rondout region the Becraft limestone is 40 feet t thi ick bie and the upper shaly beds 100 to 150 feet thick. In the ridge jaa east of Whiteport there are 30 feet of Becraft limestone.” About — ib a Rosendale and southward no ‘exposures have been noted by on Darton. “ Underlying the Becraft limestone throughout are the a “ : lower shaly beds, consisting of thin bedded, impure, highly fos- a siliferous limestone with some shale beds.” At some localities though, as for instance westward on the Fox kill above Gallup- ville, it is in greater part a massive, relatively pure limestone. In Greene and Ulster counties it has the character of the upper shaly beds, with a more or less slaty cleavage and outcropping in ragged ledges, in some cases closely resembling the lighter colored outerops of the Esopus slate. Its thickness from Scho- harie eastward is about 80 feet, and there and elsewhere in the great Helderberg escarpment it constitutes a steep slope between LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 763 the Scutella and Oriskany shelf above the Pentamerus escarp- ment below. Its thickness apparently decreases somewhat in the Kingston-Rosendale region, but it retains its characteristics. The Pentamerus or lower Pentamerus are the most conspicuous members of the lower Helderberg formation. They give rise to the great escarpment which marks the eastern edge of the Helder- berg formation as it passes along through central New York. The beds are mostly hard, massively bedded and vertically jointed limestones. The rock is generally bluish gray in color but weathering imparts a lighter tint to the surface. Partings of slate occur occasionally as well as lenses of chert, specially in the east and south. — The Pentamerus limestone is a quite uniform member, and its thickness does not vary greatly. ‘ At Schoharie its thickness is _ between 60 and 70 feet, in the Helderbergs it is the same and a trifle more about Catskill, 80 feet according to Davis, 50 feet at Saugerties, 80 to 40 fect about Rondout, 70 to 100 feet about Rosendale, the maximum being in the ridge just northwest of the village. The Pentamerus beds are quite sharply demarked from those above and below them.” . The finest exposures of the Pentamerus ledges are in the great escarpment of the Helderberg mountains near the Indian Ladder, where they rise in great cliffs surmounting steep slopes to an altitude of 700 feet above the plain lying to the north and east. The Tentaculite beds are thin bedded, dark blue limestones, lying below the Pentamerus beds, and usually constituting the base of the Pentamerus escarpment or lying beneath its talus. The beds vary in thickness from an inch to a foot in greater part, but two or three inches is the average. The Tentaculite beds have a thickness of 40 feet at Howe Cave and Schoharie, somewhat less in the Helderberg mountains and from 30 to 40 feet through the Catskill and Kingston regions. In the Rosendale region the amount is less. There are several outliers of the Helderberg limestone, of which an important one is Becraft mountain. The cement rock is a sie lack, very fine bedded deposit of calcareous magnesian and — terials and is of somewhat variable a and n The rock produces a cement of good quality only > t components bear certain relative proportions to eac a A characteristic feature of the rock is the light buff hue to it weathers on the surface. At Rosendale there is a 21 f of the cement at the base of the formation, then from 12 5 te t feet of mixed impure cement and limestone beds, then another cement bed 11 feet in thickness. Above these are he Tentaculit and Pentamerus. ee’ These cement beds with some variations in thickness, many in character, extend over a wide area from north of \ Set port through Rosendale to beyond Highfalls, outeropping i ir 4 * e belt about eight miles long and two and a half wide. At Hig ie, falls there is an upper bed of cement, 15 feet thick and a lowe: bed 5 feet thick, separated by 3 feat Ob impure limestone. At Whiteport the upper cement bed is 12 feet thick, the lower from __ 15 to 20 and the intervening limestone 10 feet in thickness. — be How far they may extend under the overlying rocks to the west- ward is not known, and their southern termination has not been explored. ‘To the northeast the cement thins out rapidly and gives place to impure cements and limestones, but it thickens again rapidly in the Rondout region. At Rondout there are two cement beds, the lower one is 22 feet thick and the upper 5 feet thick, with 3 feet of limestone and cement intervening. North- west the lower cement bed thins. In Onondaga county the cement beds are again prominent, and vary in thickness from 1 to 5 feet. Many of the quarries show two beds.” LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 765 Upper Helderberg This is the limestone series which is termed the Corniferous by many writers, but by others the upper member of the series is termed Corniferous and the lower member Onondaga. The formation usually rests on the Schoharie grit, Cauda Galli grit, or Oriskany sandstone, but in the western part of the state these are wanting. The formation is divisible into 8 members, viz: 1 The lower, or Onondaga graystone, which is coarsely erys- talline and well adapted for building. 2 The Corniferous, which is a hard and durable limestone con- taining many chert nodules. 3 The Seneca blue limestone, the purest of the three, fine grained and dark blue. The upper Helderberg rocks are quarried near Kingston, Ulster co., at Splitrock, near Syracuse, also at Auburn, Waterloo, Seneca Falls, Leroy, Williamsville and Buffalo. The subdivisions of the Onondaga group gradually lose their physical and faunal characteristics in eastérn New York, and the formation is in greater part a bluish gray subcrystalline, mas- sive limestone with lenticular masses of chert in courses and irregularly disseminated. Darker colors occur locally, notably in the upper beds about Peoria (West Berne), which are very dark and coarsely crystalline. The chert is predominant in the upper beds, but it is usually present also in the lower beds. In places it is an inconspicuous feature but this is not often the ease. Thin partings of shale occur rarely. About Saugerties the lower portion of the limestone is shaly and weathers buff. About Clarksville the lower members are very pure, free from chert and regularly bedded. In Greene and Ulster counties particularly the outcropping edge of the formation is characterized by a fringe of very large disconnected blocks occurring at various intervals. In some cases. these blocks lie several hundred yards from the edge of the out- erop. about 10 feet thick at the top of the Hamiltc 1 gr its name from its type occurrence at the village of Tu daga county. It is rather local in its extent, ce do es not in the eastern or western part of the state, extending only. Ontario to Madison. Few quarries have been opened in it, a nd has only been extracted at times for purely local wants. — ea - Excellent exposures of it occur however on the shores of ; Cayuga and Seneca lakes, and the material could be one ried at these places. Quaternary marls These represent the only unconsolidated types of one found in New York. The deposits are usually found underl; ing . swampy areas, specially in the central portion of the state between _ ie : Syracuse and Rochester, being commonly underlain by clay, and a overlain by muck. The origin of these marls is a matter of much interest. While the marl is sometimes spoken of as “shell marl”, at the same time the shells found in it form but a very small part of the whole, the greater portion being made up of granular carbonate of lime, and the probable cause of accumulation is by precipita- tion from calcareous waters, the snails being found in the marl because they frequent water carrying lime. Central New York contains an abundance of caleareous rocks, and fragments from them are also found in the drift, so that there is abundant opportunity for the carbonated spring waters LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 767 to take carbonate of lime in solution. This is taken: in solution in the form of a bicarbonate which, when exposed to the air, is very unstable, so that the lime is precipitated on the emergence of the water as a spring. Temperature may also effect the result, in that the lime carbonate is more insoluble as the temperature of the water rises. This cause has been argued for by I. C. Rus- sell’ as explaining the formation of marl deposits in Michigan. The marl, as it precipitates, settles not only on the bottom of the pond, but also on the grasses around the edge. This method of formation is observable in the kettle hole ponds in the terminal moraine near Cortland, New York. The effect of certain plants on the precipitation of carbonate of lime was referred to earlier in the report. In this state the marl deposits are known to occur in the swampy areas near Warner and Jordan, Onondaga co.; in the valley from Wayland to Perkinsville, Steuben co.; Caledonia, Livingston co.; northwest of Canastota, Oneida co.; Cassadaga, Chautauqua co.; Cortland, Cortland co.; Clifton Springs, Ontario co.; Claren- don, Orleans co.; Bergen, Genesee co.; near Chittenango Falls, Madison co., etc. The associations and extent of these deposits vary, as does also the purity of the marl. In addition to these localities Beck also states that marl occurs at the following ones: 2 miles southeast of Lodi on branch of Cattaraugus creek, Catta- raugus co.; in Schuyler county, at Beaver Dams in town of Dix, near Horseheads and near Millport, Chemung co.; in Colum- bia co., 4 miles north of Kinderhook; in Dutchess co., towns of Rhinebeck, North East, Pine Plains, Stanford and Red Hook; Montgomery co., near Canajoharie, Fort Plain and Fonda; Niag- ara co., along Tonawanda creek, and in swamp 5 miles east of Lockport; Otsego county, in southern part of Cherry Valley township. Unless the area of marl is large, and this would be indicated by the size of the swampy tract, which it underlies, it 1 Bul. 10. Geol. soc. Am, 1899. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 769 LIMESTONE OCCURRENCE BY COUNTIES? In the following descriptions it has been attempted to give as far as possible the occurrence and extent of the different lime- stone formations in each county, together with their characters. As many analyses as possible have been collected, and a number of additional ones made for the report. Reports of an economic nature are rare, but a number of county and locality reports have been issued, the titles of papers and reports relating to the region being given. Where the report contains analyses, it is marked with an asterisk (*), and reports of an economic nature are also pre- ceded by a dagger (ft). Albany county” The only limestone formations in this county are the Lower Helderberg and the Corniferous. The former are specially con- spicuous, as they form the Helderberg escarpment, which in this county reaches its greatest elevation. Onondaga lumestone. In Albany county, this formation ap- pears as a terrace extending along the foot of the slopes formed by the Hamilton shales. In the northeastern face of Helderberg mountain the outcrop is narrow, but it widens to the w stward, being a mile and a half at Thompsons lake, and after narrowing it again becomes 3 miles wide in the long slopes northwest of Berne. The formation in this county is a light bluish gray, tough, mas- 1 General articles on New York limestones Hall, James. County reports. (see Geol. 4th dist. N. Y.) Merrill, F. J. H. Mineral resources of New York state. (see Bul. 15. N. Y. state mus.) Guide to the study of the geological collections. (see Bul. 19. N. Y. state mus.) Merrill, G. P. Stones for building and decoration. Ries, H. Report on limestones of eastern New York and western New Eng- land. (see 17th an. rep’t U.S. geol. sur., chapter on limestone) Smock, J. C. Building stones in New York. (see Bul. 3 and 10. N. Y. state mus.) 2Darton, N. H. Report on relations of Helderberg limestones in eastern New York. (see 13th rep’t N. Y. state geol. 1893. p. 197-228) Preliminary report on the geology of Albany co. (see 47th an. rep’t N. Y. state mus. p. 425-55) . *; Nason, F. L. Economie geology of Albany county. (see 13th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. 1893. p. 263-87) Mather, W. W. Geol. Ist dist. N. Y. 1843. and full of fossils: Its average thickne ie about 15 feet, and its composition may ba nferred from ar sis given of the same bed occurring at Bose Ulster = | Hudson, Columbia co. One exposure of it is in ‘the cre fe south of Callanans Corners. Underlying the Becraft li me is a series of different beds, of very impure, highly foss shaly limestone of a gray and grayish brown color and proba impure for any use except building or road-making. Their 1 h averages 100 feet. Under these, however, comes the Pen ¥ limestone, which is an important member of the Helderbe: ger mation, whose outcrop is marked by lines of prominent cliffs. is usually cracked, and its color is that of a red, bluish gray Jin as XN stone, which is of a lighter color on the weathered surface. ‘The i “he beds are often cut by vertical joints and there may be occasional layers of shale. The Pentamerus limestone in Albany county hae 4 an average thickness of 65 feet. It is a well known formation _ and has been quarried for lime at numerous points throughout the state. One of the best exposures of this stone is at the Indian Ladder. Underlying the Pentamerus bed is a series of thin bedded, dark blue limestones, which generally crop out at the base of the Helderberg escarpment but are frequently hidden by the talus at the base of the cliff. These Tentaculite limestones are often of a shaly nature. Their thickness along the eastern face of Helderberg mountain according to Darton is about 30 feet. They are also exposed-at:the-Indian Ladder and at South Bethlehem. An excellent section of both Pentamerus and the TLL ‘d aony oF, ‘oo Aueqry ‘Woeyqelqieg q}noSs ‘OU0}SOM] S1IaqQ1oplayy JOMO'T uy LI1IeNy sag pL ORS any AS ay ee 2 ai > . a“ ae Rs ~ 7 Fae sere 86 918d b gine ‘ojoqd ‘sory "EH 9.05. ieee <5. 95 CS ree ae A poe ses tae es Sa eay/e SS oats pace ALT 100.73 | epee een eran se 2? RE Stine. al SoS ec ce sc esses 1.48 Mestre ORI sg 5! a oot PS SOL Uae oss. e aie! 74 emo carbonate. : >... s-se. sees sss 48.34 PUPeNesia sCATOGHALC «4. aie mle aie ace 2.93 PROG ORIG oi5,5 a:< ce og cos oro a oa See: 41.22 3 99.8 Upper third , Sew en pet nt ce 12516 1 EISTRLE es ee es P15 2A TNT es 3.35 eo year bOuUaie iif va ae cee tic wc ase 0 79.06 Mae nesia, CATDONALE. 65 6 ec. cares ops.0's + « 6.65 g : 10137 ; 1Darton, N. H. Geology of Albany county. (see 13th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 423) county includes several lim - ig form Upper Helderberg, Lower Helderhane: Ni agara, The Upper Helderberg limestone extends across the a northeasterly direction from Union Springs to Aub thence eastward. It is divisible into three members, viz t daga, the Corniferous and the Seneca limestones. The € ) n is some times spoken of as the gray ae stone, and t member as the Seneca bluestone. | | At Union Springs there are three quarries, all of thea re Seneca bluestone, operated by J. Shalebo, B. P. Smith and ~ G. P. Wood. The stone is used chiefly for building purposes, but | ' some of it runs quite high in carbonate of lime. The following’ “a , represents the average composition of the largest quarry which — is east of the town, and about one mile from the lake. In the 3 quarries on the southern edge of the town, the stone is rather __ free from impurities in the lower layers, but the upper ones often oe show a transition to the Marcellus, and in one or two sections a Meh b~, im oe) layer of the Goniatite limestone is observable. Plate 29 shows the Corniferous limestone quarry at Union Springs. At Auburn both the Corniferous and the Onondaga members are quarried. The latter is exposed in some of the smaller quar- ' This analysis does not occurin the manuscript. Ep. SZujIdg wolUy 38 SMOSOW]I] SNOISOJIUIOH Ul soeTIIeENy ‘OJON ‘soy “LH GLb ‘d ous OF , 6Z 21°Id ify J 4 rd ‘: Te! i i. ow) a eee oe eee 1 SoYSIVU VUINZOJUOWY MOPA [VOTH , ‘opud ‘soyy “Ho SLL “d avy OL OF 948Id LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 713 ries, and the layers are often highly loaded with chert, but in the large quarries of L. 8. Goedrich & Son on Cottage street the gray Onondaga member is quarried. The layers here are free from chert, but the stone is a hard, dense fine grained rock, which is used for building and also lime-making. It burns to a lumpy but not very white lime, that of the best quality coming from two layers each about 5 feet thick in the upper portion of the quarry. The following analysis represents the run of the quarry pulies... .-... A Bric iie De BG REPS COS PE eden Renter eR sath on oo LLLESLE oS Sg ne eee Rh ee eee Sk OD LDL E Gin 2 BAR Ss ai a a eer 15 RMCEIIAE 29s 6 As Sisios basco asic docu d accecess 61.66 Bie AIM CAT OOM AUC Goo one woud 0 ses psec te nee ence 19.44 RMR ee on aS a creel ciate o, oiel kos Wi Avete obi 9.0 Vib Mee ists oo ce ook css 6 8 oun Metsreivececickcitis Mie Gers (ern-d eee” GO LO The Lower Helderberg limestone also crosses the county in a belt parallel to the Upper Helderberg. It is first exposed at Union Springs on the hill about one and a half miles to the north of the town, on the Lowery farm, where it underlies the Oriskany sandstone. At this point the layers are very shaly, and the purer ones would have to be sought farther toward the northern edge of the outcropping beds of the formation. The width of the belt is from two to three miles. So far as the writer is aware, it is not quarried within the limits of the county. This may be partly due to the fact that there is a heavy covering of drift in many places that would easily tend to cover it up. At Montezuma the works of the Duryea Portland cement co. were built to use the marl underlying Montezuma swamps, but, since their destruction by fire several years ago, no attempts have been made to revive the industry at that point. The Montezuma marshes (pl. 30), underlie an extensive tract, and marl is said to we ate i o ms “me deposit aS Champlain, Beekmantown and Peru on ships usually blue gray, massive, sandy dolomites. extends along the western side of Lake Champlain pee northward to the Canadian boundary, the western edge pas close to West Chazy, Chazy and Coopersville. Chazy limestone. This limestone is well exposed at the village of Chazy as well as in other parts of Chazy township, a 7 just north of Plattsburg, and on Bluff point two miles south of — be the latter place, whence it extends south into Peru, where the 2 : ‘ lower portion of the formation is well shown. The aggregate cs * thickness of the Chazy limestone at Chazy village is 740 feet, — iba while at Valcour it is said to be 890 feet. The rock is quarried at a number of points for obtaining marble, rough building stone _ 4 or stone for lime. am Black river limestone. The rocks of this group occur as mas- sive dark colored beds, but are well exposed at numerous points in 1 Hall, James. (see Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 493) gage = H. P. Geology of Clinton county. (see 13th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 513) Faults of Chazy township, Clinton co. (see Bul. geol. soc. Am. 6: 285) Geology of Rand Hill and vicinity, Clinton county. (see 19th an. rept N. Y. state geol. p. 39) Emmons, Ebenezer. Geol. 2d dist. N. Y. 1842, GLL‘d ao0J OF 4zeqOD ye Arrendb omy'yT T& 94¥[d ‘opoud ‘sory “H LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES STS Chazy overlying the Chazy limestone, but outside of the village and in Chazy township it is not very well exposed. According to Cushing it has a thickness of 30 to 50 feet and is a brittle black limestone with a eonchoidal fracture. . Trenton limestone. This is also well exposed in the town of Chazy and in addition in the town of Plattsburg. Cushing states that in the bed of the river just east of the Chazy village 150 feet is exposed lying on the Black river limestone, while on Crab island about 200 feet of it can be seen. The lower portion of the Trenton limestone generally exhibits beds of a slaty character and is probably of insufficient purity for any chemical use except. that of making common lime and for fertilizing purposes or per- haps Portland cement. Also in northeastern Plattsburg town- ship, and extending into southeastern Beekmantown, the rocks according to Cushing form a series of black slaty limestones which are excellently exposed on Cumberland head.} The Chazy limestone is of high parity and makes a most ex- cellent quality of lime. The following is an analysis made by D. H. Newland. Ins oS Se ke ss ee os; st? ehatoms and férrie Oxid. 5... a3. oes ween. 39 MAIR CATO, os bs ok kd hk bee nw, 96.94 Midenesimim Carbouate, . 0.266. ee. cee oes 3.2 OO Sir The quarries are near the railroad and the product can be easily shipped. There are several lime quarries in operation in the village of Chazy, the one being-on the eastern édge of the town and an- other about a mile out (pl. 31). Recently a third quarry has been opened on the southeastern edge of the village, and three limekilms erected. It affords an excellent loeation for See eee SE a a a oe "Cushing, H. P. Geology of Clinton county. (see 13th an. rep tN. Y. state geo). p. 513) for a number of years to supply the furnaces ae Tey \ Two types of stone are found here, viz the Becraft or limestone, and the blue Pentamerus rock. The Pentamerus limestone is quarried on the cemetery ] erty at the northeastern edge of the town (pl. 82). It i is well | posed in a face about 100 feet long and 25 feet high. With exception of the upper 6 feet the layers are quite free from ¢ The rock shows occasional cavities ‘with calcite crystals and at — times quartz, but otherwise probably does not run over 3% or ian in a ¢ silica. While the stone has hitherto been used only for road Ee material, still it affords a source of limestone for the manufacture _ of Portland cement, the necessary clay being obtainable from the terraces north of the city. The most abundant material is the Becraft limestone already referred to. Extending along the top of the ridge are a series of , hs ol pe ge a ee aes ~ 1 Bishop, I. P. On certain fossiliferous limestones of Columbia county > N. Y. and their relations to the Hudson river shales and thé Taconic system. Des: (sce Am. jour. sci, 1886. 32: 438) Mather, W. W. Geol. Ist dist. N. Y. 1843, ‘oud ‘serpy “H 09 BIQUIN[OD ‘UOSpNy ‘ouoj}soul] snisourezueg uy AIIeNH GE 9}¥ld g ‘son qd ow” § eynyg y ary b 8,1040134 Arron uy og I Wer Soul} u 6u0} 180 H uospn e781 $8 OL LLL“ oowy i beatin’ ‘ ee on - . ee | Oe ee ee a Lhe as + ) tn, ES ee eS Ie _ ernest wee. e - OFT Ss chandicun =. 9 >...-...... 41.191 ...... Magnesium carbonate....... ...... 8.51 Le SE oe ea ees eb eerie or wees 2 685 < 1,01 leet ee ieee, 1819 255 lee. --s---.~ « 1.842 1.89 Seibert MONI oo se se ss 145 .049 perADIUIENIG 0. oo a ae as ero so 3 149 .022 Ee Se SS Seen a 3 Pate aera Of S800. sae to While Mr Jones still owns some of the quarries, the majority are said to be owned by Shute & Rightmyer (pl. 33). Dutchess county? The limestones in the eastern part of the county are a continu- ation of those found in Westchester county and follow the line of the Harlem river railroad, while those found in the central and 1 Dwight, W. B. On the recent explorations in the Wappinger valley lime- stones of Dutchess co., N. Y. (see Am. jour. sci. 1879. 17: 399) ’ Recent investigations and palaeontological discoveries in the Wap- pinger limestone of Dutchess and neighboring counties, New York state. (see Proc. Am. ass’n adv. sci. 31: 384; also Am jour. sci. 1383. 27: 249) Mather, W. W. Geol. lst dist. N. Y. 1843. deep. No analysis. was persgtety . were examined to determine their in from 2 to 3%. ie ae The South Dover marble co. ee a vies cae ‘ hill 24 miles northeast of the station. The rock is af purposes. It has to be hauled to the railway. In ap : is very free from impurities. The following analysis of t was furnished by the superintendent of the company. Silica .< cc's sasaas eee ® @ 20 2 @.3'O GB) 68. 8. 62 RLe Ferric. oxid oi. oc. 2k oe eee Alumina: 2 0..2i3 430 Tame oak ieee Magnesia... . ctueenees Bods oe iccgaecre ee oe Potash. 5. os 6s's.s 0s we vias 3 bd .46 eas The stone is brought down to the railroad over a private trolley line. The limestones in the western part of the county are usually a hard, fine grained bluish gray rock, containing less magnesia than the whiter phases to the southeast and east. It has been used for lime but on the whole is so silicious that the resulting lime would be lean. I9AOQ Y}NOg ‘Oo o[quBUl 49A0q q}NOS jo ALlLBNH ‘oyOYd “sory “H SLL ‘d a0vj OF, 7S 3d 3.10) que MON yo Wy ou . yAyod woo ye se pizen d ‘ow d ’ is) ra: H wh w Ay 6LL ‘dd aow 4 OL GE 9}¥8id LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 779 Since dolomitie limestones tend rather to disintegrate than to decompose, their outcrops are often surrounded by a white granu- lar sand, and are easily discernible for some distance. The west- ern belt has been quarried in large quantities at Clinton point (pl. 35), 2 miles north of New Hamburg. Its silicious nature restricts its use to road metal. An analysis of this stone gave: BN eek wet ores See t % LRA AS OP OR eae i oy Be TICEIA Fs ons Glen Gnd + iw ins s, «nec c A a RO REL RO Carbonic acid ...... PREAH I Sea Sere a . 40.76 POPPIES Se cule d cies ss bo 8 Bree eas i arahes <= CO RE EN cs a ie ha craton sw a0 2 «oe Becta a ota ae 47 2b yt age ie ait a a Pee citeik ae PO ET 99.09 Erie county } The only limestone formations represented in this county «re the hydraulie or waterlime, the Onondaga and the Corniferous. According to Bishop, “the northern edge of the Corniferous limestone, together with the Onondaga limestone and the upper part of the hydraulic limestone, forms a well defined escarpment, which runs in a general southwest direction on the Genesee county line to Buffalo. Most of this distance the escarpment is nearly parallel to the Bloomingdale and Williamsville road. The hydraulic limestone is generally visible at the base of the escarp- ment, where it forms a layer of variable thickness in the face of the cliff. Sometimes it forms a terrace from a few feet to 200 yards in width which runs parallel to the escarpment. This is specially well marked between the Williamsville and Buffalo 1; Bishop, I. P. Structural and economic geology of Erie county. (see 15th an. rept N. Y. state geol. p. 305) Hall, James. - Geol. 4th. dist. N. Y. p. 469. . Pohlman, J. Cement rock and gypsum deposits in Buffalo. (see Trans. Am. inst. min. eng. Oct. 1888) below Millgrove near a pray eae, E the bed of the same stream for 3 miles ‘ilhel near the same place. Again this limestone as fc creek at Kieffer’s quarry near the transit road abov of Lancaster. eee Hydraulic limestone. This extends through Willi: ms Clarence and Akron. Along the whole line of its ou ero purposes. The section at the works of the Buffalo cem t gives the following relations of the three limestones: flint an limestone, Corniferous, 3 to 9 feet; Onondaga lime, & fe ot | inches; loose friable limestone, 6 inches; gypsum crystal, 6 in . liydraulie limestone, porous, known as bullhead, 7 feet; ce rock used for burning, 3 feet 8 inches; impure hydraulic bottom (pl. 36). 1 ae The bullhead stratum furnishes the greater part of the ig lime used for building purposes. x: 8 a Onondaga limestone. One or two of the lenticular masses al- — ready mentioned occur near Williamsville in the quarry of Fo- gelsonger & Young. It is highly fossiliferous and quite pure, as shown by the following analysis made by H. Carlson and quoted by Bishop.? ! Geology of Erie county. (see 15th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 331) ‘00 O11 ‘O[ByINg ‘00 JUEMIED O[vJyINg 94} Jo ALIeNy ‘owoqd ‘doysig ‘g ‘] - ee ee ae A 1 idly s7-1YH "dO Catt A MSS 2 rh te - , 2 i ~, BNC Eo AAD a RCA OEE AMEE SEO O8L ‘d sovy OL 9€ 1¥Id “ - +a | » ‘oyoyd ‘doysjq@ ‘d ‘) Sei aBt Ia sQOUNAM LE 9}8[d ; The lace use for this is also for build- sak largest quarry in Erie county is that of the us limestone. , eee 3 am ‘The eens, ate making a good building material on 2 account of its hardness, is very cherty in places, and therefore for any chemical or similar work would probably have to be hand aes The limestone is usually bee, bedded (pl. 37). ~ Tscee county! x The pre-Cambrian rocks of Essex county often include a series Be cf crystalline limestones, which are not infrequently speckled aa with grains of pyroxene and other dark silicates. Occasionally F these silicates are segregated into bunches, thus leaving the rest of the rock comparatively. free from impurities. At times the 4 limestone beds attain a thickness of 50 feet to 100 feet, as at Port Henry, where they have been quarried for flux. The quarry has not been operated for several years. , 1 White, T. G. Geology of Essex and Willsboro townships, Essex co., N. Y. (see Trans. IN; Y.-aead. Sciz 13 2 2345) Merrill, G. P. On serpentinous rocks from Essex county. (sce Proc. U. S. nat. mus. 12: 595) Brainard, EK. The Chazy formation in the Champlain valley. (see Bul. 2. Geol. soc. Am. p. 293) & Seely, H. M. The Calciferous formation in the Champlain vaiey. (see Bul. 3. Am. mus. nat. hist. p. 1; also Bul. 1. Geol. soe. Am. p. 50) Kemp, J. F. Preliminary report on geology of Essex county. (see 134 an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 625) Geol. of Moriah and Westport townships, Essex co., N. Y. (see Bul. 14, N. Y. state mus.) Emmons, Ebenezer. Geol. 2d dist. 1842. ee eee furnished the writer by Prof. J. F. Kemp, showed: Lime e@oeGe2esd2020 8 8 648 8.29:0.9 6 2:6 6 & 3: 8. 0"'e 2 21210180580 2 51 Magnesia. .. 1... seeeereccccccsccescccese L Silica. . .:ée's 55's ove we ob 'e bikes cle ee ee 2.48 The following represent the average composition of 1) the upper 10 feet and 2) the lower 10 feet of the quarry from anal yses made of samples collected by the writer. : 1 2 SCR . 0s nnpice knee ssc ieee 4.6 ALOMINA': < ss sancaeeeckale cece 4.1 Ferrio. OxXiG «. \ 00) sive saeco eee 5 Lime carbonate ... a 1s2s00ene vende ae 87.7 Magnesium carbonate ............6. 4.2 . 98 Insoluble .°.°5 vcs se cas ans ecune te 12.6 Water. 3s sce se eacce cuss oye 2 The following additional ones are given by T. G. White.? 1 Lower beds of quarry on Willsboro point. a Geology of Essex and Willsboro townships, Essex co., N. Y. (see Trans. . Y,. acad, sei, 13: 214-31) Clark’s quarry on Willsboro point photo. H. Ries. eeeer ere eo eeee ce ee a ein isie at oe pail rey ee nies .69 2 See ean ae ai aleiel Ae ae 2 Ree IBLE sina nie wince ces o.en in! Sot eames Set 1.4 Fulton county ? ‘The Calciferous and Trenton limestones form a crescent shaped eT belt extending from Crum ereck, northwest of St Johnsville, RE through Garoga, Johnstown, Gloversville and Mayfield up to ~ Northville. A second belt extends from Northville to the south- ern boundary and has a width of about 6 miles. Quarries are in operation at Cranberry creek and Mayfield. Genesee county * A very small triangular area of Niagara limestone occurs in the northeastern corner of the county and a second very thin strip along the northern edge. The Helderberg, on the contrary, extends through the central part of Genesee county, passing through Batavia, Stafford, East 1 Trans. N. Y. state agric. soc. 1852. 12: 801. 2 Darton, N. H. Geology of the Mohawk valley in Herkimer, Fulton, Mont- gomery and Saratoga counties. (see 47th an. rep’t N. Y. state mus. p. 601) Preliminary description of the faulted region of Herkimer, Fulton, Montgomery and Saratoga counties. (see 14th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 33) Vanuxem, Lardner. Geol. 3d dist. N. Y. 1842. 3 Hall, James. (see Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 464) furnish vy the I¢ cama aS Alumina... aa A second analysis made of a sample collected by the wr Morris & Strobel’s quarry yielded: | Silica. . 6 oo vis cis ck'es ones 6 baleen ogee Alumina 2... . c0's.c-a 5 bieieie pie 6-0 apipeny ie ope air Ferric oxid 2 ois. cs +s8 cee ee eee 1.34 Lime. seeeeeesssseseeeeeeeeeeeneerseses 49,07 Magnesia: «:.s << e.cccaeae.ms.0's oy 5 eo eee eee a Carbon Gi0xid. sé scis +0 v's 6: ojni0 aos ove usa ele re The third analysis shows W. S. Brown at Leroy. Tame, < . \s vieisc ccc 0.010 o cte.n oe e.uaelo'd aie ee Magnesia i... 2 oe. ose Benne AVENE ce oe hn en os es oy a LU a rede 5b Aly siya ie Wenig ace ko 3. = 110i. 25 composition of lime, furnished by aa z — to Hall rie cet a ae is exposed on is ges 2 miles porn of eee and also at oe Be P. Snyder, and G. E. Parish and also on what is known as the ag ee about a-mile west of Bergen, on the land of Doran farm. Attempts have been made to organize a Portland cement company to work the material. The following analysis made by J. A. Miller, of Niagara university, was furnished. BI ; ES ei are Wamengiifate: oc se. fie ass ime carbonate. ;...:..: J SCAT 20 aera ee eP . Wraderermineds ois \s sare +2 = Alumina and ferric oxid -¢ Marl is also said to underlie 1Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. 1843. p. 465, O88 a ete ee) Ove the Beaver Faia POSS 100 Meadows at Leroy. Guacall near toe Scere by W. Fuller's ons. | however, the ridge approaches close to the Hudson, available for shipment. Both the Scutella and also t lying members are exposed in the ridge, which closel the river from Catskill southward to Saugerties, and, wh | have been much used for building, other uses have a the background. contemplation, while one large works is nearly ee Smiths Landing. ae Where a selection of certain layers is to be observed, the aint of the beds has to be considered, for in this ridge it is quite | variable, owing to the folding which the region has been sub a a jected to. a oa The Beeraft limestone forms the most massive member of the 3 Lower Helderberg in Greene county. It is similar in its char- acters to that found on the eastern side of the river near Hudson, and is underlain by the Tentaculite and Pentamerus. West of Catskill it has been extensively quarried by George Holdredge 1 Mather, W. W. Geol. Ist dist. N. Y. 1843. : % es. ae =a >, D s,o8posplOH “W “D Uy ouoysou yyes00g 68 948Id ‘ovoyd ‘sory ga ha hd Hee ee hy Q}NOM S}j] 9AOGV SoljW J ‘OD JIOWjYoy{ “Yoold epeuvp jsveq ‘Yoorpuvs snoussdjyoeg ‘oyoyd ‘uoJIed ‘H'N OF 948d Be eat eeeeseesrsceceeeee ee VU. L x 2A my om 7 e ve m eee eeee OF ee eeeeneee oe ee eevee 42 a pee 2 01-05 ee ae ee _ Herkimer county? Calciferous sandrock occurs in the county around Little and is well exposed in several quarries in the town and also on the south side of the river. It is generally a light bluish a gray, fine grained, massively bedded sandy limestone whose weath- | ered surfaces are generally dirty buff. The following analysis _ will illustrate well its silicious and magnesian character. ee ee et es ee eae LUD sere eet, Ct ek Se ee i cn 1 cto okie Oo a a Pe SEMONALG: .c 5c fates a Se we ee cee 2T.96 4 Brrr en ss Sec e ec ccecaseeeeess 8.03 : Peete tt CARRORA(C: cs s\4 ost Woe as ee nies ees GO.89 99.15 1 Darton, N. H. Geology of Mohawk valley in Herkimer, Fulton, Mont- gomery and Saratoga counties. (see 4/th an. rep’t N. Y. state mus. p. 603) Preliminary description of the faulted region of Herkimer, Fulton, Montgomery and Saratoga counties. (see 14th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 33) White, T. G. Report on the relations of the Ordovician and Eo-Silurian rocks, in portions of Herkimer, Oneida and Lewis counties, (see 51st an. rep’t N. Y. state mus. 1: r21) Vanuxem;. Lardner. Geol. 3d dist. N. Y. 1842. i we « pe one Cie vipets see ee Time... ocsceenscscsascasyeshneehi ieee Magnesia... osc edewenenpetanctle nee ss ean Carbon dioxid, PO 4 The same quarry shows two thin layers of waterlime. — The group of Trenton limestones is of some importance Herkimer county, but only the Birdseye and Trenton mem are present. Around Little Falls the Trenton is not over 4 feet thiek ing to Darton, but at Ingham Mills the rock is well =e in the lime quarry of Sherman Butler (pl. 41), where nearly 15 feet of good stone can be seen. The better stone is bluish, fine ine | and massive, but in the upper part of the quarry it passes into — the Utica slate. The following analyses represent its composi- tion, no. 1 being the lower massive rock and no. 2 the average of the quarry face. 1 2 ee er 8.45 Ns) PM 2.72 a eTeys VON OJUL prvMdn Zurssed ewojseul]] oAOSsplig SulMoys Ty 9F8ld | SII weysuy ALIeND 8 Jong *oj0qd SoTY H LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 789 : Ferrie oxid rs eicoote eee : @eeeeeeveeee e280 7 21 | 84 Lime carbonate. ....... Shia wine staan Oeste eects Magnesium carbonate. ............. ie 3.42 99.09 100.03 From Ingham Mills the Trenton limestone passes northwest- ward past Salisbury and Norway to the edge of the county, where it forms a belt whose width extends from Poland to Grant. A spur also extends from Poland southeast to Middleville, and it is quarried at Newport by G. 8. Higgins, J. Dunn, N. Morey, W. W. Mosher, G. H. O’Connor, C. Smith, and D. Tuomey. Jefferson county Probably one half the county is underlain by limestones, mostly of Trenton age, while additional small areas of pre-Cambrian age are known to occur. The Trenton limestone occupies a miore or less triangular area, the towns of Clayton, Carthage, and Mannsville being approximately in the corners. The area is traversed by the several branches of the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg railroad. The Calciferous sandrock, though known to occur in Jefferson county, is usually covered by the Birdseye. According to Em- mons’ the Calciferous is exposed 4 miles south of Theresa falls on the Watertown road, also 13 miles east of French creek and near Depauville. The Birdseye extends across the county from east to west, hav- ing a breadth of about 10 miles. Its northern edge passes through Depauville, and a point 2 miles south of Evans Mills on Indian river, thence to the great bend on Black river, and then to a point 2 miles southwest of Carthage. The Birdseye is thick bedded, and compact and usually of considerable purity. The total thick- ness of this member is not over 40 feet in Jefferson county. 1Emmons,-Ebenezer. Geol. 2d dist. N. Y. 1842. p. 368, 2Geol. 2d dist. N. Y. 1842. p. 380. | lack at eee eae ey ay “i pea ae added tn: aise pay Sala massive. see appears as a bluff at Watertown, and so uthward from th a series of terraced hills. Tts total thickness oa Its boundaries extend from Champlain naphneaene 3 river at a point 4 miles east of Watertown, dance to a and then south to Ellisburg. The southern bounda: ry J nearly northeast from Mannsville in the direction of A Whitesville and Tylerville. While the chief use of the d fer Trenton members has been for building, still it would mak he excellent lime. It is quarried at Cape Vincent, Ca ton, Pamelia, Redwood, Threemile Bay, Theresa, and Water a oe aod _ eA ie er . ‘ ee a ‘ Lewis county! The Trenton limestone extends across the county in a no: westerly direction and follows the line of the Rome, Watertoy , a and Ogdensburg railroad. It has been quarried at several ties, among them Leyden, Lowville and Collinsville. See The Birdseye member is well exposed along the road fone nek Port Leyden to Leyden, 14 miles south of the former locality on the land of Peter Snyder. The rock here is a fine grained, brittle, light gray stone, full of calcite eyes. An analysis of it made by D. H. Newland gave: 1 White, T. G. Report on relations of the Ordovician and Eo-Silurian rocks in portions of Herkimer, Oneida and Lewis counties. (see 51st an. rep’t N. Y. state mus. 1: r21) Vanuxem, Lardner, Geol. 3d dist. N. Y. 1842. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 791 eee eer eee ean los eek ee ESE TIEIOT salah deg pe gg eri dete ye a rig ap ae oa nae i A Raia ew 1.67 ROR nN See ea ee ae fap ag ee Gala e we a ao oe 76 Paarearbendie noses lasts ceca ke eke us 88.44 WIPOMeRIUM CATHONALE 6.00 ec acs. ese ses as 2.68 100.05 This same stone outcrops for some distance along the railroad track south of this point. South of Leyden and below the railroad level is a large quarry of black, finely crystalline limestone on the land of Mrs Christy. The stone has thus far been used for building purposes only. It probably represents the Trenton proper. It is of greater purity, however, as shown by the following analysis. SLL (ora Si eh Hs elt gaa a a Bieta cies aia cies Ap ecw 1.44 Alumina os dae 33 1 EES EL CES Se es ea a Tamie ‘earhonaie «vs. <<. ade Mies tee cig hatte wake 97.36 Magnesium carbonate... ....... apiaiacainiger * 1.04 100.67 The Trenton limestone has been quarried for lime burning at Collinsville 3 miles north of Port Leyden. The rock here as exposed in Roberts’s lime quarry is a coarse grained, gray stone, in thin layers 2 to 8 inches thick and often containing irregular partings of bituminous shale. They so predominate at times as to give the rock a shaly character, and such portions are discarded. The stone makes a white lime, as might be expected from its low silica and iron percentage. The composition of the stone as an- alyzed by Mr Newland is as follows: b ssc cng n. a" ¢ “te ° ; ied a» i bg) = * Silica stent e teen eee eee ee ee eeees hg : Alumina see stecsedsesecsosn en peer enam Livingston county? ay The Helderberg rocks outcrop in the northern part tof county, but quarries are few. The Corniferous limes been quarried in the southeast corner of Caledonia tow a The marls are = of more Pi de than the li ost 0 tends into Livingston, and another is known 1 mile east of ( Os donia. ae One good deposit has been opened up on the proper gr Ree. J. Simpson, 3 miles east of Mumford (pl. 42). The marl runs | about 6 feet in thickness, and the upper, 20 inches to 2 feet, con- | 4 tains more clay than the lower. At the junction between the two are numerous shells. Below the 6 feet of marl there is said to be 6 feet of blue clay. Mr Simpson’s marl has been shipped to Buffalo for the manufacture of carbon dioxid. The following is an analysis of the upper half. ! Hall, James. Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 459. Bluope[vH sreou Aj1edo1d s,uosdups *¢ m0 3d [187 ‘oyoNd ‘SOIy “H GP 9}8ld oA = ait hs, shan oW0Nd ‘sey “H ; = a = Maserel a a. a Satereat Se Pte oes ee £61 ‘d au oy, Eb 91e[d LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 793 | STE. BaRee eee gr See Se re ws RPh fakin ns es PA eo 3 oe See Le a Ree ae POU RIRITRGUS 2-5 se cen chop afob aoa Wis woos so es Lime carbonate ...... tie epee ovsees 91.4 ~ Magnesium carbonate ............ Ras eee ae Insoluble... 2.2... ee jalan a /cceke w.sjes vem, OB It is reported that a Portland cement plant will be erected at this locality. . - ven 3 Madison county? | Madison county-has limestones of Niagara and Lower Helder- berg age and. Quaternary marls. The Niagara-limestone crosses the county as a narrow belt from Bridgeport to near Oneida Castle, the former locality be- ing situated on its northern edge... Owing to the heavy covering of drift, and the swampy character of the region in many places, outcrops are scarce. It is, however, quarried at Oneida by Mrs C. L. Faulkner and about 14 miles northeast of Canastota by Stout Bros. on the South-Bay road. | The outcrops of Lower Helderberg limestone extend through the central part of the county in a rather sinuous belt, passing south of Chittenango and through Chittenango Falls, Perryville, Blakeslee, Cottons, Siloam, Stockbridge and Munnsville. Mate- rial for lime-making is quarried at a number of these points. Cowaselon swamp is an extensive swampy area extending from the northern edge of Canastota westward to the county boundary. Owing to the richness of its soil, extensive ditches have been dug for draining the area, and in the excavation of these much marl has been exposed. One of the best sections is along the Douglas ditch and its feeders east and west of Onion- town, 3 miles north of west from Canastota. Here at least 6 feet of marl is exposed in the sides and bottom of this ditch. On F. Pennock’s land west of Oniontown the marl is said to be 30 feet thick. The marl is covered by 3 feet to 4 feet of sand and 1 Vanuxem, Lardner. Geol. 3d dist. N. Y. 1842. Tihs cba eee Magnesium carbonate ........seeseeseeece Insoluble and organic matter... ..eeeeeseee, Another deposit of marl is found south of Chitten: Monroe county? The Niagara is the most prominent and extensive limestone : the county, though Clinton, and Onondaga are also kno Quaternary marl is likewise found. | The Niagara limestone extends across the county as a] several miles wide, its northern edge passing through the to = 5 ae 5 of Penfield, Brighton, Ogden, Gates and Sweden. The upper magnesian member generally forms the outcrops, and the weath- bios se ered surface of the rock has a peculiar granular and spongy ap- pearance. The upper member, or Guelph limestone, is a grayish brown, finely crystalline limestone containing numerous small cavities. The rock is very low in silica and has a large amount of magnesia, making it well adapted for refractory linings in furnaces. The lower beds of Niagara limestone are hard, com- pact and generally highly silicious in Monroe county. The Ni- agara shale underlies the Niagara limestone, and the transitional] beds between the two sometimes furnish a natural cement rock. Beds of this nature outcrop at Shelby falls in the town of Barre. 1 Hall, James, Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 422, To face p. 794 Plate 44 View across Cowaselon swamp, looking northwest H. Ries, photo, dJoysoqpoy ‘AjJedoid ey[q uo sejirendb Jo MoyA [e10Tep) ‘joyd ‘sey “H S62 ‘d au; OF Gh 2}°[d ~ 1 a Me Reo te G61 ‘d aus oF, Jaysoqo0Yy ‘SONUsAe j}sO1g puB JopAUg ‘zemI00 AJuenb uj Uos}00g OF 948ld ‘opoyd ‘sory “H 961d a0; oF, tejseqooy “joor}s wemrpoop "M ‘ShUIOTA F Joqney ‘ordunttM jo Arrenh LP 24¥[d ‘owoyd ‘ sont “tt Loch ape oe ieee as Ais Pike quarries GL 45). The i : | pana in the eiucleh rock is 3 about 18 feet thick, and the The lime from Ae Paint is used chiefly for mortar but is also utilized to some extent e the glass works at Rochester. The lower member of the Niagara limestone, which is not fit for lime-making, is extracted on North Goodman street near a Northwest avenue, in the quarries of Foery & Kastner, Whit- 4 pen more, Rauber & Vicinus, and Lauer & Hagaman. The stone 1s ’ | a medium bedded, hard, fine grained, silico-magnesian limestone. The Guelph rock is quarried most extensively at Rochester, but also at Penfield and East Penfield. Good exposures occur in the quarry of Lauer and May at Brighton, 2 miles east of Rochester (pl. 48). The rock is used for lime and gives a lumpy product of yellowish color. The following analysis sets forth well its magnesian character and its comparative freedom from silica. Silica esveeveeee 8seeeseereeeeeeeeevees eee 8 @ 5 ie J. heii ae eee ae aS RO {oe LLG A Ek .39 ne ee ota wen eesee 20.08 . ~ 7 a ai ag a% = rt hy ste se" . os ~ a om Magnesia. Sp oun wines a a ease ee ftec* ; a i s < * b iy ; Lime CO Oe FO ol0 0:0 0.8 C18 2 0) 6 A 8 6 O8 OSes Ae, . oe Alumina settee eeeeee een e eens eee eeseeeee: bo Ferric oxid WE Carbon dioxid ..:-).. Ignition. sessraeae nse ea “3 Undetermined ....coscc.cocdneee eee The last analysis is of a sorigas from the Copeland or Rochester, collected by G. van Ingen. , . tog bee, fone Silica... ws 0000000000qsihnies ouac sen nn Ferric Oxid ... « o-s:+» 0.0.00 os ss s 4 sani pe Loss on ignition... . 050s 0+% «ecb +s seeder Lime carbonate 2.2... .:.+s 000 dessa een eee Magnesium carbonate .... ..:.+>.<6:sssben en ee 100.56 This shows the rock to be an almost pure dolomite. The Clinton also occurs in Monroe county, and is to be seen outcropping at the middle falls in the gorge of the Genesee river Psa Qs iS S&S To face p. 796 Plate 48 To face p. 796 Pomel pioyuINy_ Ivou ‘Ua[TY 10AI[O JO WuBy UO SIBp9. Aq TAOIZI9AO. BJN} JO do193noO ‘ojoyd ‘sory ‘H 161d 9905 OL 6h 281d yi At some points ne marl is L ie ee nat to a depth of 3-4 feet. Hall’ gives se of the marl swamp as 3 miles, and its breadth as from mile to 1 mile. At Mumford the tufa is well exposed in sedar ep on the se = Oliver Allen, + mile east of Mum- — ee 5 ee 9 WSDL ETS SEY Re ae aera Sareea Mime ONAIG oss eee cece ccvecavs.s 94.1 Bebaraesinan carbonate... 6... ccc cseniceceene 908 BN eae cette ls oan ans won, 2 000s as 99.4 Under the tufa is a bed of marl. On the property of Mr Ward, a florist in Mumford, tufa was encountered in sinking a well, but at this point it was underlain by blue clay. Marl also underlies the cemetery at Mumford. According to Prof. Hall, another extensive deposit of marl occurs along Mill creek, beginning at its source, and extending 1 Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 429. Good exposures of the Caleiferous occur near Central railroad at Amsterdam and St Johnsville, and Tribeshill : 4 ghar According to Darton the Trenton limestone reaches i mum thickness at Fort Plain, where it is 9 feet, but deer pases t 7 feet at St Johnsville. ‘The limestone varies sometimes, eing massive at Tribeshill, and at other places shaly. In the “ s hill quarries 12 to 15 feet of massive stone is exposed. Ot! - + . . © . ? _ . exposures are seen in the quarries north of Amsterdam. _ a Eater At D. C. Hewitt’s quarry, 1 mile north of Amsterdam, th aa Trenton rock has been used for lime. In the upper quarry the — stone is coarse grained, and the layers in upper portion of the — quarry are quite impure and shaly. The rock from this upper quarry burns to a brown lime. In the lower quarry, which is aa just below Hewitt’s limekiln, the stone is much purer and more | massive than that of the upper quarry. The lower layers are harder, are light gray and are said to make a whiter lime. Under this comes a bed of lime rock which is practically non-slaking and seems to have hydraulic properties. The lime made at this 1 Darton, N. H. Preliminary description of the faulted region of Herkimer, Fulton, Montgomery and Saratoga counties (see 14th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 33) Geology of Mohawk valley in Herkimer, Fulton, Montgomery and Saratoga counties, (sec 47th an. rep’t N. Y. state mus. p- 603) Yanuxem, Lardner. Geol. 3d dist. N. Y. 1842. ‘LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 799 quarry is fairly white. The composition of the lower limestone runs: - STUNIEE Mie SiO UES See aii ie | ep or > S08 “d vous OL GG o}eId > ae. ee = er. oo DN 3 { - ~ re LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 805 for lime, but it was found that it would not slake. The cement rock quarries are generally near the summit of the Helderberg escarpment, and covered by a little other rock, which is first stripped and used for building purposes or road material. The limestone obtained from the Stromatopora beds is locally known as diamond rock or diamond blue, and is the stratum com- monly used for the manufacture of lime; the same kilns are used for burning either lime or cement. ‘Those used in Onondaga county are oval with a diameter of 10 feet at the top, 12 in the middle and 34 at the bottom. They are 28 to 42 feet deep and are gen- erally built of limestone with a lining of fire brick. In starting the kiln a cord of 4 foot wood is put in the bottom, over this 4 inches of anthracite coal, then 1 foot of limestone, more coal and alternating layers of stone and coal to the top. It takes 10 tons of coal and 15 cords of stone to fill a kiln, and this gives 1500 bushels of lime. After the kiln has been burning two or three days the first draw of 250 to 300 bushels can be made at the bot- tom of the kiln. The cement is of course ground before use. The most important producers in the county are: A. E. Alvord of Syracuse, quarry and kilns at Syracuse; J. Behan estate, quarry and kilns at Manlius; E. B. Alvord & Co. Jamesville; Britton & Clark, Rock Cut. Most of the limestone quarried in the county is used by the Solvay process co., of Syracuse, in the manufacture of soda ash. This firm has a very large quarry at Splitrock, about 5 miles west of Syracuse, from which it has been taking over 250,000 pounds annually. MRecently the supply has been decreasing, and the com- pany is obtaining stone in part from A. E. Alvord & Co.’s quarry at Manlius. No. 1 shows the composition of lime made from the stone in E. B. Alvord & Co.’s quarry at Jamesville, the analysis being made by F. E. Engelhardt. TUPLE) 9 SS TS ORR ae 91.93 INE ROA E dia Acai oi oa tk, 3 Nae eae 3.06 Solvay co. is as follows: line limestone, the layers being separated by partings of shale. The rock is at times variable in its character and may at times Gilite aioli oe nas tip sea een " Alumina. . . Pentre oe cig sh Ferrie. oxids (0.5.4 22. c5 cee ee Tame: oo os oe oss ee ee Mognesia....5. 630452 sc Oarbon dioxid:; yi agit <* 09.0 : The crystalline limestone is well exposed at Harrisville ( ON. in the quarries of the Harrisville marble co., which lie abou a mile from the Carthage and Adirondack railroad. — 5 rock there approaches very closely in composition to th Gouverneur. There is a considerable ledge of crystalline lime stone on the Hungerford farm, near Lewisburg, about 44 miles a north of the natural bridge. It is rather far from a railroad, si 5 5 . 4 it has been estimated that it could be put on the car at Natural __ Bridge for $1.35 a ton. The stone is coarsely granular but not _ : very hard. Certain portions of the rock are very white, evi- dently quite pure but rather free from silica. Other portions contain an abundance of mica grains. The following analysis of these white dolomites was made by G. J. Donohue and furnished to the writer by O, Graves of ~ ~ Natural Bridge (N. Y.) Plate 62 To face p. 814 WYNKOOP HALLER J. N. Nevius, photo. Empire marble co.’s quarry near Gouverneur, St Lawrence co. pre-Cambrian LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 815 BOOM 6s ok EE Reb ROE etal ae eo wl cee e Coe ae 24 Merrie’ Ouidah: ene seis eS Pos sa 24 TRC EP Re Sars aR Gee Re Ba eG dah eee On es cee OP AIRC: sie sek = tn ee els 8 Ss ag cis A eh ie! ice (A US IETCTE (CG Ge ai ota cs St ane aa er re . AT.3 100.12 . In addition to the main belt of crystalline limestone mentioned, there are a number of smaller areas, which are quarried at Bige- low, Brasie Corners, Crary Mills, East Pitcairn, Hickory, and Rossie. That from Rossie which is quarried by C. Williams & Co. is used by the Dexter sulfite pulp and paper co., which made the following analysis of the lime. TEES SUR SE Eg nace Peg ee a ON LO BR eM ee Sle esate bof iain waa. he ERR nO Baey: Ferme oxid and alumina ............ og ae YS .388 99.62 Saratoga county! The limestones are mostly Calciferous, though some Trenton occurs. Owing to their irregular distribution and faulted rela- tions, the occurrences can be best determined from the accom- panying map. Most of the quarries are located in the Calciferous, but there are also some excellent exposures of Trenton, fully equal to those along the Hudson river at Glens Falls. The composition of some of the Calciferous beds may be judged from the analysis given below. At Sandyhill, both the Cal- ciferous and Trenton limestone occur. The Calciferous is quar- 1Darton, N. H. Geology of the Mohawk valley, in Herkimer, Fulton, Montgomery and Saratoga counties. (see 47th an. rep’t N. Y. state mus. ahd Preliminary description of the faulted region of Herkimer, Fulton, Montgomery and Saratoga counties. (see 14th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 33) Mather, W. W. Geol. Ist dist. N. Y. 1843. purity. a Other quarries are at ae Msset and 2 Sth Gle Schenectady county? = ee This county is destitute of limestones except a Calciferous in its extreme northwestern corner, ¢ a Lower Helderberg in the southwestern portion. Both a1 e of § extent. Limestone is quarried at Hoffmans, Schcharie county ” | This county exhibits a great thickness of Helderberg im Cobleskill, Middleburg, Sharon Center, Sharon Spri in a & Cherry Valley. The general section can be obtained from the count of the Helderberg limestone formation in another | D0 orti of the report. " eae At both Schoharie and Howe Cave there is a splendid develoeh ee ; ment of the lower Pentamerus and Tentaculite members. The former beds, which are 60 to 70 feet thick, are hard, massively bedded, vertically jointed limestones, of bluish gray color. + The Tentaculite beds, underlying the Pentamerus, are thin bedded, dark blue limestones, whose layers vary from 2 to 3 inches. At Howe Cave and Schoharie their thickness is 40 feet. 1 Vanuxem, ‘Teniene Geol. 3d dist. N. Y. 1842. 2 Mather, W. W. Geol. Ist dist. N. Y. 1843. eee CABO OMOF YS *00 USTED Bieqsepreyx] JO ALIENh ‘ol0gd ‘sery “H Lig ‘d avy OL £9 9}8Id LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 817 In the quarries of the Helderberg cement co. (pl. 63) at Howe Cave, 120 feet of the two limestones just mentioned is exposed. They are used for the manufacture of Portland cement, being mixed with clay. Underlying the limestone is a bed of natural rock cement, which is also utilized. The following analyses were furnished by C. R. Ramsey, superintendent of the works. Gray stone Blue limestone _ LL AR Ai ca aaa are 52.18 52.58 MSI wi tcp iw was 2 se ea ae 1.27 Tg le rg ee oie ce oie nao kin ew nie ri Se, 3.12 minmina apd Lerric OX1d .......%. 1.64 aos: RRM ne ante eo ota ia, 2 ew 8 8,0 a Li 24. MT tg Fe oa oe cst ni tp: s0 aoe to ei Lee 18.8 The first two analyses are not very consistent; for it is hard to conceive how a stone containing 52.18% of lime could yield only 15.13% on ignition. The cement rock is said to yield on analysis: ELE 2 C2ulg C0 We ge eee ee kek Mioenesiuin carbonate... 2... ce ce ee s.. FO RC4 Re ee Ue US Se ce a aks 12.89 Merric oxid and alumina 2.0... 5.0....00088 1t 45 ee rh I ne ee otic ks ude Ke . 66 Another analysis of Howe Cave limestone, made by C. A. Schaffer,’ gave: Meanie COTIMGEGIBS, Oo eae sk ek eee he ey ee tee 97.24 ROM eS CATWONALC (a. iic = tis.c ees eres ee ee 39 Bieeric oma and aluimitia wea « cosy. sew we ss ws 73 IGE eee ae wis pee a Skate ee sina ewe oe ee 27 “LANTUS te, Ear Aa OING CACIC) cael ci sysie's'e er eee 6 oto s 5 none 100.63 120th rep’t U.S. geol. sur. pt 6, p. 428. South of Ee large tamarack swamp, eet sur in thickness from 2-10 ra wae santas spots. The property is owned by J. Hinman, Seneca county! The Upper Helderberg formation covers a belt w ward, which extends from opposite Union Springs one 6 westward toward Geneva on the south and Thornton Cor the north. It is quarried at both Seneca Falls and W: the quarries being mostly in the Seneca beds, but part Corniferous. } Edson Bros., G. C. Thomas & Bros., B. Frank. The foll ) ing section is fo Babcock’s quarry (pl. 66). Beginning at the 1 there iss” Dark, fine grained limestone............ 0’ 14” Cherty limeston®...... sisi. «ss.0<.00 5 geen 0” Cherty limestone ». ...... 0°. «6 «= seeds 0” Shale. 1.200. .sc0cccess see cet neg ey Two 17 inch layers, fine grained limestone, 2’ 10% 1 Hall, James. Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 449. Lincoln, D. F. Geology of Seneca county. (see 15th an. rep’t N. Y. state ceo), p- 57) CABD OMOPI IBOT ‘O][JAIOUIvG ye ALIVNH ‘ojoyd ‘serpy “H v9 938Id | SABD OMOFT JVM ‘O[[[AIOUIBg ye A1IENy ‘oyoqd ‘sery “H gig ‘d avy og, G9 2181 @ in pe aN ad a” an “= af A= saars eve a OoT19}eM ‘AiIeNb ou0yseUY] S,HOOOqe JO MOTA [ABU GIA UyeLIopun ‘o[[Asulylog ye AOl[[VA ‘oyoud ‘sey “H 4 G18" 94) OL 19 a¥ld oar 99.54 ret One | se Hamilton and Genesee ce, as Gacrect eontiern dinie rode ae outerops = ee localities accord- us quarry has ae — in it 1 mile Eanenose of Si | 3 Steuben peed SEAN: eee A x toe of limestone are found within the county, but an eX- tensive deposit of marl is dug at Perkinsville and Wayland (pl. 67). It lies in a great swampy area, and furnishes material for two Portland cement works, that of Millen & Co., of Wayland, and the Wayland Portland cement co., located at Perkinsville. Though the deposit 1 is of considerable extent, it is not underlain by clay, which has to be brought from Morrisville. Pompkins county. <2 864.-5 : “The aaily. limestone formation is the Tully, which outcrops ¢ on the eastern shore of Cayuga lake between Lakeridge and Lansing. along the Auburn branch of the Lehigh Valley railro ad. -1Lincoln, D. F. Geology of Seneca county. (see 15th an. i i N. Y. state geol. p. 57) = 2Hall, James. Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 480. * Hall, James. Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 475. eee ee . of Lansi wed: ase bers ee es ae i an Silica | cee bisa fipsisthete ie eee , ES ie oa Alumina... Abeer en so eee cee oo Ferrie oxid cent eee ee eee ee ener, Sys ; Pa Lime carbonate vette eee eee eee ee elas Magnesium carbonate eee cere eens Insoluble... teeter eee eee teen en eens Ulster county! — The limestone formations occurring in Ulster county t with their thickness are as follows: __ Feet On0ndawas na ss ante neeeen See 60 Cherty Upper shaly limestone....... 30-125 Impure Becraft limestone .......... 20-30 Fairly pure Lower shaly limestone ...... 60 Impure ~~ ae Pentamerus limestone ...... 30-60 Dark massive — Tentaculite limestone ....... 20-40 Thin bedded e: Cement series ............. 20-50 Cement and w Niagara limestone .......... 0-45 Wappinger limestone ....... 200 Silicious fora Geology of Ulster county. (see 13th an. rep’t N. Y. state g re . p- 2 Dale, T. N. The fault at Rondout. (see Am. jour. sci. 1879. 18: en Davis, W. M. The little mountain east of the Catskill. (see Appa - 3: 20) . Non-conformity at Rondout N. Y. (see Am. jour. sci. 1883. ae 26: 389) . Becraft mountain. (seé Am. jour. sci. 1883. 26: 381) . The folded Helderberg limestones. (sce Bul. Mus. comp. zool. Har-— ward col 7: 311) Lindsley. Geology of the cement quarries. (see Poughkeepsie soc. nat. sci. 1: 44) Nason, F, L. Economic geology of Ulster county. (see 13th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol,) Mather, W. W. Geol. Ist dist. N. Y. 1843. on ide J e[epuesoy “0d JuSTIOD “A ‘N AdIUNH hu. luk Le Tz8 “d avy OF ag aed eTepussoy 7 Artenb Jo pue Ise ‘opoud ‘sent “H meme tag ‘d o0us OL 69 23814 aa the Onondaga formation is prominent in the ridge el to Esopus creek. Exposures also abound along Pe en 28 icles extent the upper shaly limestone exhibits , a large amount of argillaceous and silicious impurities. The beds eer massive, but the rocks possess a slaty cleavage, and these = “properties aid in the formation by them of small rough ridges. It extends across the county parallel with the Onondaga lime- stone. As far as known, it is not available for any of the uses & treated of in this report. The upper shaly overlies the Becraft limestone. 5 In Ulster county the Becraft is the purest limestone of the whole Lower Helderberg series. The beds are massive, bluish gray to reddish limestone, of a semicrystalline nature and highly fossil- iferous. . Scattered through the rock are saucer-shaped masses of white, crystallized lime carbonate, from 1 to 2 inches in diam- eter and representing the bases of crinoid heads. The formation according to Darton varies from 20 to 80 feet in thickness. 1Geology of Ulster county. (see 13th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 301) Ravvis oP eoane » * ¥ > f 1 Alumina rete e eee ee eees Boe Lime o0't gine, 0°% wie siete a a agar ra Magnesia. ce Carbon dioxid :. iii .0 ees eee imady S Mem = Another set of samples from the Wilbur gave: Bilica 5. aces sacks» 5 Alumina | 2....6<\se0~ vse Fetric oxid « isis. :.~+: ...-.2 ee EjmMO. . ccd kc bw cate a’ o-c Magnesia. sey aes Carbon dioxid:: ........0o0mee The Pentamerus limestone member of the Lower Heldoebanaee in Ulster county, is a hard, dark blue or lead colored, massive limestone. Not infrequently it is somewhat cherty. Its hard and tough character frequently causes it to give rise to cliffs. Good exposures of this rock occur in the cliffs at Rosendale, about Port Jackson, near Eddyville and along the eastern face of the | u0ssULy Wea ‘pretyouq ‘“SsOlg Allo], ‘ouo}SeUT] S1oqiaproH Jo ‘oovjains pozyeloels ysurese Suljsoi AvlO ureldueyo ; ‘oyoyd ‘sory “H OL 9}¥Id s > a va os way Je Plate 71 A Rock at slope of Newark cement co., Rondout LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 824 limestone ridge extending from Rondout to Saugerties and West Camp. They are generally a mile or more from the shore of the Hudson, but, 2 miles north of Rondout approach close to it. The Pentamerus limestone has a thickness of 30 to 40 feet. - Tentaculite limestone is generally a thin bedded, dark blue limestone and forms the base of the Helderberg series. Its thick- ness varies from 20 to 40 feet and is greatest about Rosendale. Salina waterlime beds underlie the waterlime and are of consid- erable importance, as they include the well known cement beds. Darton says: “The usual characters of the formation are thin bedded water limestones, and the cement is of local occurrence.” It is a blue black, very fine grained, massively bedded deposit, consisting of calcareous, magnesian and argillaceous materials in somewhat variable proportions. ‘The cement beds are extensively developed in the Rondout and Rosendale regions. They come in gradually and are attended by a thickening of the formatior from its usual average of 20 to 30 feet to 40 or 50 feet. At Rondovt the principal cement bed has a thickness averaging about 20 feet. It lies directly on the coral- Nine (Niagara) limestone and is overlain by altering successions of waterlime and thin. impure cement beds. The cement horizon ts not exposed far north of East Kingston, but how far it extends td the northward is not known. It is seen to thicken southward, and it attains its maximum thickness in the vicinity of Rondout, thinning out again and giving place to waterlime beds south of Wilbur. It is seen to have come up again in the Whiteport anticlinal, which brings up a great development of cement beds along its prinvipal axis from Whiteport to Rosendale. They also come out aloug the western limb of the synclinal eastward. South of Rosendale the cement beds continue up the Coxing kill valley anc around the point of the anticlinal by Highfalls on the Rondout creek. ‘‘ Above this place it can be traced but a short distance, owing to its deep erosion and heavy drift cover in the Rondout creek valley.” It reappears at Port Jackson. enormous extent, many scalars rrels — produced annually. Detailed mention of the a is made in another chapter of the report. Nothing more will be said in thin pane es ing the Rosendale cement rock, as it is net onl the chapter on natural cements. _ Vig ; Coralline or Niagara limestone forms a thin bed v in the cement at Rondout. It is a dark gray limestone o thickness. Under the cement at Rondout it is 7 feet, t entrance to the Becraft limestone quarries 1 mile north if Kingston it is only 5 inches. ) =a Warren county! Both the Calciferous and Trenton are known in this « The former is not of very great importance except for b bul purposes, but the latter is very prominent. ae At Glens Falls, the Trenton limestone (pl. 72) has been qu: aur ric d for a number of years for lime manufacture, and the p oduct bears an excellent reputation. There are four companies operating lime quarries, but the rock in all of them is very much the same. The section in the quarry beginning at the top consists of: Thin bedded, impure black limestone..... Massive black limestone... .....0ss00e0+ses055 00 enn Fine grained, black, crystalline limestone..... » ao a's oS 1 Emmons, Ebenezer. Geol. 2d dist. N. Y. 1842. p. 170. OUly{HOIND 107 popiiend yoowy ‘sie suoly) o7{soddo JoAII wospny Jo YuUeq YyNog ‘0d BS0}VIvg ‘dMO}SOUI] UOJUOIT, UL ALIeENyH | ‘oyoyd ‘uoj1ed “H ‘'N bar cag 8 te x * Yolo) ebay shu Mialele " [Nid ot ol PL | lele) AA | ah iat : *” $28 “d oovy oO, CL Vd ais ‘ s “ ’ & pias. u ne... a yee aint eect snk ‘ a SCD — Carbonic oxid (est.) e ater eoeerereeeeee ce 02 Oe © 45 .08 $10.4 Z "The rock has to be carted three LAAN, to one half a mile for es ‘shipment, the distance depending on the auarry from which it is taken. The lime produced is soft but quite pure. It is said to _ slake rather quickly. ; ‘The analysis of the lime in the circular of the Associated lime he co. is: (cae Lime © eo © ©4688 F FEOF O80 O18 6 0'8 O08 Oe FiO 02 & G8! 96.46 % Magnesia. sssssceneeeeeeeeeeeeeee ees 64 4 erite OxiCsanth Ald hee tciecce es fees * 1.7 a Dimas OMI OMTGLOM, 5 carries + ci wince afeis sia vcs 00 v.0 1.2 ‘An extensive Portland cement. plant has been built at this locality and is described in another chapter. and west of Fair Haven. AEN se Z At Smiths Basin the ecnan' has company ha vie in the vidgs the. enol 3 a dark gray to bluish black, fine grained and mod massive character has been somewhat pane in: place shearing and folding to which the rock has been subje s the upper beds are shaly and silicious, still the lower 0 very pure. The company has four limekilns of continuous Much of the rock has also been shipped to Troy both : lor a flux in blast furnaces and also for lime in Bessemer con of the stone. Silica . . o ccieceevccciescsevvcisceces sce Ferric oxid and alumina ......-ceccceves Timo 22. icc cnccnensneta cus ne eee Magriesia . . és cissnet ccs ones een eee Phosphorus «<0 200+ bss. e065 ee eee An analysis of the lime made by Prof. J. H. Appleton gave: _ Moisture and carbon dioxid .. ....cececvice: 2.08 Insoluble... nc 00 000.00.nb.6.06 ae 1.06 Ferric oxid and alumina .. ..2..ccececciseee -58 Tame .. « 00:00.000000 0.00.0: sis seniianlinnnenne Magnesia « ¢ 6 aes-ececnsas sive eig Wee tr. 99.22. $< 1 Kemp, J. F. & Newland, D. H. Preliminary report on the geology of Wash- ington, Warren and parts of Essex and Hamilton counties. (see 51st an. rep’t N. Y. state mus. 2: 499) Mather, W. W. Geol. Ist dist. N. Y. 1843. | _ very few visible impurities, and in places traversed with enormous streaks of calcite, and at certain portions of the quarry, noticeably at the western end, the quarry assumes a brownish red color. As a whole, it may be said that the stone is very pure, and where shale impurities occur they are generally in the shape of horses which can be easily separated in the mining of the stone. The following analysis indicates very well the high degree of purity of this material. tS 10h GG Sa iam Pea. Goes wc Herric OxId . +... | CAST ea a Magnesia... ..- Carbon dioxid’. .. oe oe if HE — «: . +45 Pr aS ae ay tol ars A oat os ro, aie Ss pa a - oy cmd eae ~~ Siturian. ‘They extend across the county in tion, forming several well marked belts y whid ch underlie the main valleys. The two mio along the line of the New York and Tiles of Sing Sing (now Ossining). Other occurrences are near | Amawalk and Hastings. > The limestones in this county are often highly : ma; coarse to fine grained metamorphosed rocks. At times th exceptionally ae from silica. Bana The stone in Mr Marks s quarry is finely granular and slightly ae grayish in tint, while the best stone in the Sing Sing lime co.’8 quarry is white and coarse grained but possesses a high degree of 4 purity. 1 Hall, James. (see Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 414) 2 Geol. 4th dist. N. Y. p. 416. 8 Dana, J. D. Geological relations of the limestone belts of Westchester county, N. Y. (see Am. jour. sci. 1880. 20: 21, 194, 359, 450, 456; 21: 425; 22: 103, 313, 327) Merrill, F. J. H. Geology of crystalline rocks of southeastern New York. (see 50th an. rep’t N. Y. state vege 2: 21) Mather, W. W. Geol. Ist dist, N Bs 1843. SMO}SOUI] WOJUSLL ‘snosezporeg posoyduowmvjoep ‘oO JojSeyo se ‘SUlUISssSO ‘A1IvNb o[quvyy ‘oyoyd ‘sory ‘EH = "@O. GHOIMVsO HOIGNST WAS GOOMNAM . hein eerie = 4 ee - geg “d e0Ry of, ins pet ee a>) ee . : Ps e s cette ase ‘Sikes y iz us . > ee eeee oe i ecee . ae oe oe Rae I: oe 96° will be 1 oticed, presents a high grade of magnesian -runr ing very low in silica and probably suitable for 1in aa of Bessemer coer There are les ae = = ; The ame SS Marks’s quarry has been See to Newark for 5 a number of years to be used as flux. In this case the sorting was probably not as careful as it would have been for some pur- poses; and consequently the following series of analyses, kindly furnished by G. H. Stone, of the New Jersey zinc and iron co., show greater silica contents. ene 1 2 3 4 EE asec dis csiceece Ost 504 be 5 05 Ferric oxid «++ s++++++eeee. . 99 _ 5 er t Tad ei a Se geal ee de ccc ts se ease 40.02, 29.05 25.42. 34.63 Wig ates eee ap 16.-- 20.05 22°35 ~-15.37 Prospuoric acid... <<... + « 3 Dif 02 aOR SAP ae Pee Meemeseaatle es tee ce sf cee ec eee ete | 44.11 The good rock of the Sing Sing lime co. shows even less silica 2 than that from Mark’s quarry, as will be seen from the following analysis: 4 SSS: Geert AS Ra Re SA ee & jt é & — sE - f : [i % 81 9}¥Id WIOde}TTA 7B “OO JUSUIED eOTOIMET ‘sUTIy pur A1IeNy ‘opoyd ‘s0IY “HH 0001-06 008 ogg o9r Ne gory uado 008 eovy uedgQ : OSP 9Tepussoy OST MQTTAL *** oJBpuesoy jyeeeoos qnopuoy seee’’ OO FUSION GODOIMB'T ss eeeeoeoeesroneUg » Ajjeuu0g Pea ey OG 20 TepAug | aN te ae + ORD UOSO 2» YICMON peepee eae inne 30) TUCO Uae ay, 'N "*"'9-OD JUD O[[IADDUOIMe'T @eeeoeeoeeev eee YA6ULIOpUR A ‘H # lg Mat FAY eeeroeer eee jpreyusregd ‘Vv ‘d "*°°09 IoJVMOUUIg ® S|[BJUSIA ‘@eseeeeeeeoneeeeee 0410 NT u@) “a ee bP) ee 99 ee **00 JUSTIN ayepucsoy S'K'N “**""°O09 QUID 2A OUT, YLVMON | edojs uo peinsvout e0By Ppoyx1omM yydeq NOILVOOT UAUMOALOVAONVA ‘ SOMPIML |gupqiom Jo y3Sa07] -—- woyex epepuesow Jo souzur yuoweg One of the largest plants in the state is situated at viz the Cummings cement co. (pl. 80, 81); ano larg also near this town is the Union Akron cement co. rg B The Cummings cement company has BT 5 acres of a r the cement bed is from 7 to 8 feet thick. The beds diffe those at Rosendale in lying almost horizontally. The ki 34 feet high, eight of them being of rectangular 9x22 feet in dimensions, and nine of them round, with a lia of 9 feet. During the calcination much of the cement r comes clinkered, and is scree and ground by itself to be as Portland cement. a pa At this works a general system of reduction is used, consi t ny : . of 1) Sturtevant crushers; 2) Cummings pulverizers; 3) 10° Z of 42 inch underrunner millstones faced with chilled iron Bre: “ ee 4) 10 run of 42 inch hard Esopus underrunner millstones. ee a The material, as it is conveyed from one to another of these sets of crushers, is made to pass over screens, whereby such material as has been reduced to proper fineness is separated from the mass and is spouted to a general conveyor, which finally re- ceives the material from all the grinding machines and conveys it to the packing house. Each set of crushers, while it furnishes a part of the material, reduces the sizes of the unground portion to such a degree that the material which is fed to the fourth ket *OO JUSTO SAUIMIMIND MOdIA [¥19TOL) *Ojoyd ‘soit “fH " ae 08 9}¥[d a a a Ienb 10 durjw *0}0Gd ‘doysiq ‘gq ‘I ‘00 goon AM eG ‘UOIyY ‘09 JUSMIOD SSuIMIUINDO oT} JO AI eae vi T8 9}%Id < | ‘00 JUEMIED UOIHY UOjU jo sully ‘o0Nd ‘S9IY “HH Ses ae te a 968 ‘d e083 OF, ‘00 JUNTIOD UOINVY WOIUQ ‘esnoyeai10jg ‘opoud ‘sely ‘H 68 938Id ‘ood ‘doysig “d “I eRe Wise oth. LER “A AONT OT, PS 9°ld fe ee eee ae ee ee i ee a oe a oe oe — LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 837 series is broken and worn down to the size of wheat kernels and is exceedingly hard to reduce. The harder burned portions make a cement which has a much higher tensile strength than the normally burned product. The method of manufacture in use at the other works at Akron is somewhat similar to that employed at the plants at other locali- ties in the state, but the kilns are in part of a more modern type, being made of sheet iron instead of stone, but, like the cthers, they are lined with fire brick. The Union Akron cement co. is also contemplating the manu- facture of Portland cement. Buffalo district The Buffalo cement co. has quarries on Main street near the belt line of the New York Central railroad (pl. 84). The cement bed underlies the Onondaga limestone. The section in its quarry shows: Feet Pen me ICELONG cera te cies tei ec ssc ke deca mnnss t MPaesIVEUMIMESLONC . eo. vee sie pee cee pe ecaa tha lee 4 Impure limestone called “bullhead”..... I Cae 6 Meme PO OK 55. ghee eine’ wo elehGlaid es. 6.0 4 6. 8’ ee ae ea The rock is burned in the ordinary stone kilns lined with fire brick, there being 10 of them, set in two rows. The rock is loaded on cars and hauled up an inclined plane to the top of the kiln, into which it is charged together with the coke that is used for fuel. Both the normally burned and the clinkered material are fed into the grinding machinery. The first set of machines are Steadman disintegrators, and from these the material is passed over a screen, all that passes through representing the normally burned cement rock. The clinkers which are not broken fine enough by the disintegrators to pass through the screen are con- veyed to a Griffin mill, where they are ground to make Portland cement. The total capacity of the plant is about 750 barrels a day. ville; quarries on Dry hill, SERGE rs Bangs & Gaynor. —— ae a ps , Shore railroad at | Maniius (pl. 85); mill at Soran ; Brown’s quarry, operated by Eaton Bros. at Edwards fa miles southwest of Manlius; mills and one kiln. | . R. Dunlap, 4 mile north of J amesville. Five kilns and 1 I quarry on hill east of works. E. B. Aven & Co. Mill and two cigs in village of Jam awanna and Western railroad at north end of Jamesville rock pe ee L. H. Walker. Cement mill near Marcellus Falls, and quarry. __ P. C. Corrigan. Mill and two kilns at Skaneateles Falls, and ; two quarries, one on each side of Skaneateles outlet. (Several pages by Dr Ries on the Portland cement industry which followed here, have been replaced, at the request of the director, by the sketch of that industry given in Appendix B. This change was made at the suggestion of Dr Ries, Jan. 20, 1902.) SNI[UBW ‘SUI 8,°09 3 PIOATY ‘owyd “ser “H ; ere Rs G8 91%Id =~" ra — 8g 'd eoBy OF LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 839 PRODUCERS OF LIME AND NATURAL CEMENT! COUNTY POSTOFFICE FIRM LOCATION OF QUARRY Albany Albany Callanan road improve- ment co. South Bethlehem Aquetuck Carl Snyder Coeymans New Baltimore William Fuller’s Sons New Baltimore Ravena Abraham Day Coeymans «6 W. V. D. H. Defriest oe = David Hotaling a 66 William Hughes wi en Conrad McCullock - Cayuga Auburn J. Bennett & Son Auburn as L. S. Goodrich & Son a“ Rochester B P. Smith Union Springs Skaneateles Falls Levi Starr Sennet Union Springs J. L. Shalebo Springport sche G. P. Wood Hamburg Chenango Oxford William Lally sia Clinton Chazy Chazy marble limeco. Chazy os L. M Goss “s Plattsburg H. Behan Plattsburg rs G. W. Pray Peru as T. Robinson Plattsburg Columbia Hudson Shute & Rightmyer Jonesburg and Hudson Jonesburg F, W. Jones Greenport Dutchess Dover Plains G. V. Bensen Dover Pleasant Valley Evert Russell Pleasant Valley Poughkeepsie F. R. Bain Dover &s H. D. Hufcut F <- M. Lawler ee Stoneco Hud. Riv. stone sup. co. Stoneco Erie Akron H. L. & W. C. Newman Newstead #< Union Akron cement co. as Bellevue B. A. Lynde Bellevue Buffalo E. J. Ambrose Buffalo -* J. Armbruster a 66 Barber asp. pav. Co. - 66 Buffalo cem. co., ltd, —- 66 Consumers lime co. Clarence ‘¢ or Akron Cummings cement co. Akron 66 Cutter & Bailey Buffalo se D. R. & H. Fogelsonger Amherst sé Anna Gehres Buffalo J. Gesl jr 1¥or producers of Portland cement see Appendix B. 66 Greene Herkimer Climax Coxsackie Smiths Landing é Urlton Columbia Ingram Mills Little Falls Middleville Mohawk Newport ‘6 ‘6 ‘6 ‘6 “a North Litchfield “6 i > all ~u ~ H. B. Ransier T. W. Sheedy _P. C. Corrigan A. Gorham C. Heavern J. Keenan E. B. Alvord & Co. R. Dunlap & Co. A. E. Alvord J. Behan estate Brown cement co. William Malley L. E. Walker Kelly Bros. McElroy & Son Storrier Bros. J. Connors C. Crowley Britton & Clark Hughes Bros. Kelly Bros. Solvay process co. C. Thomas G. Wa:'!sworth Oriskany Falls Trenton Paris Trenton Oriskany Falls Onondaga Manlius 6é 6é Elbridge 66 66 66 ' Dewitt and La- fayette Dewitt Manlius 66 cé 66é Marcellus Onondaga 66 66 66 66 66 46 ‘6 66 66 oé Hickory ee Norwood Ogdensburg ae ee C. A. Potter H. J. Wright J. B. Abbott Empire marble co, Gouverneur marble co. North. N. Y. marble co. St Lawrence marble co. V. Ingram William Perin G. W. Hale J. L. Murray M. Frank & Son J. F. Howard J. McConville J. H. Nevin G. A. Wright na | Oe —s ce ‘Sharon Center Sharon Springs cé Aa eé Seneca Falls Waterloo ee eé Accord 66 6é 6é cé Brooklyn Ellenville Kaatsbaan ee Kerhonkson ee Kingston Mettacahonts Napanoch Newcomb New York Rondout C. L. Becker A. Brown E. Farquer W. Crounse F. C. Mallet H. S. Smith J. Smith W. T. Smith J. Fisher D. Pabcock Edson Bros. : G. C. Thomas & Bro. J. Bennett G. Krom A. N. Longendyke W. H. Rose J. Wakeman Pp, H, Flynn B. Vandermark W. Fiero L. H. Gallagher N. Christianer E. Il. Jordan L. Noone S. Gray Young & Humphrey J. R. Sayre jr & Co. The Newark & Rosen- dale lime and cement co. F. W. Gross Lawrence cement co, ee Schoharie 6é Sharon Center Sharon 6é Fayette eé Waterloo Rochester ee eé 6eé Saugerties Wawarsing Saugerties eé Kerhonkson Rochester Kingston Rochester 6é Kingston Whiteport Kingston _ Washington Wayne Thurman Ticonderoga West Troy Fort Edward Greenwich Middlefalls ee sé ee se Sandyhill Smiths Basin se Troy Whitehall Joy Lincoln Sodus Center Walworth se -E. B. Mather & Co, ee as a J. Pellitier Thurman — I. Joubert ' “Bolton G. Marks G. F. Harris H. C. Bennett H. B. Bates J. M. Grouty A. Kenyon J. Kipperly P. Sullivan Monty Higly & Co. Keenan lime co, D. Nichols & Son W. D. Cheney & Son T. Adams J. McLaughlin William Horn T. O. Gould William Hanson G. A. Munn W. L. Hall Walworth? O. Munn 4 J. Read “6 1 Changed. LIME AND CEMENT INDUSTRIES 847 COUNTY POSTOFFICE FIRM LOCATION OF QUAR B¥ Wayne Wolcott A. Post ~ Butler ws C. J. Walker eh Westchester New York O’Connell & Hillery Tuckahoe es Snowflake marble co. Pleasantville Pleasantville Sta. Cornell lime co. Mt Pleasant Ossining Henry Marks Ossining nt Sing Sing lime co. i Tuckahoe N. Y. quarry co. East Chester os Norcross Bros. as -- Tuckahoe marble co. ae es J.S. Young ae Verplanck Brown & Fleming Verplanck PRODUCERS OF NATURAL ROCK CEMENT COUNTY POSTOFFICE FIRM LOCATION OF QUARRY Erie Akron Cummings cementco. Akron Buffalo Buffalo cement co. Buffalo Falkirk Akron cement co. Falkirk ee H. L. & W. C. Newman Be Onondaga Fayetteville Bangs & Gaynor Fayetteville ae T. W. Sheedy oe Jamesville E. B. Alvord & Co. Jamesville s R. Dunlop a Manlius A. E. Alvord Manlius og J. Behan estate o8 ae Eaton Bros. Edwards falls Marcellus Falls L. H. Walker Marcellus Falls Skaneateles P. C, Corrigan Skaneateles Falls Syracuse Britton & Clark Dewitt Ulster Binnewater Lawrenceville co. Binnewater ai High Falls & Binnewater Co. a Bruceville J. H. Vandermark Bruceville Highfalls D. A. Barnhardt Highfalls ae F. O. Norton us Lawrenceville A. J. Snyder & Son Lawrenceville Quicklocks Connelly & Shaffer Quicklocks Rondout Lawrence cement co, Binnewater - Lawrence cement co. Eddyville v6 Lawrence cement co. Esopus a6 Lawrence cement co. Lawrenceville EDWIN C. ECKEL OE. CHAPTERS ON THE CEMENT INDUSTRY 849 Appendix A EARLY HISTORY OF THE PORTLAND CEMENT IN- DUSTRY IN NEW YORK STATE BY EDWIN C. ECKEL C.E. Tt seems desirable to explain, at the outset of this brief sketch of the early history of an important industry, the very slight extent to which the nominal author deserves credit for the matter submitted. ‘This prefatory explanation is the more necessary be- cause, for a reason stated farther on, quotation marks and sepa- rate credits have been omitted, except in a few cases; and their absence might lead the reader to the supposition that the sketch was offered as an entirely original contribution to the history of our Portland cement industry. In the columns of Hngineering news for May 31 and July 26, 1900, communications were published from Messrs J. Gardner Sanderson, of Scranton (Pa.) and Edward Duryee, of Colton (Cal.) Their papers, while primarily written for the purpose of clearing up certain doubtful points regarding early use of the rotary kiln in the United States, contained many interesting facts concerning the history of the Portland cement industry in New York state. Later, while engaged in the preparation of a paper’ describing the present condition of Portland cement manufacture in this state, I entered into correspondence with Messrs Sanderson and Duryee regarding their early experiments, intending to make use of their notes in an introduction to the paper mentioned. The material which they placed so generously at my disposal seemed, however, of too detailed and interesting a character to be used in the manner I had purposed, particularly as such use would have required that the account should be greatly condensed. 1 Portland cement industry in New York. Eng. news. May 16, 1901 — fase bg Z seen inn eke i i - ' - > - 4 eae eas « lipases lie a a’ ~ Sa ee set of q ons ¥o i. Ba: ek "13 peat > National Portland Pye - Ki ings =e The earliest experiments in the manufac ee cement in this state, appear to have been those ¢ d Rosendale region about 1875-76. They were Rig = Dunderdale at East Kingston, Ulster co., Messrs C 01 Coykendall furnishing the capital. The materials used were brought by way of the Erie canal from the Montezuma 1 and a clay obtained near the plant. Cement of a very hi Pe 4 was manufactured, but the materials and processes used were 5 too expensive a character to permit the experiment to become ars ent obtainable, Be some idea of the methods followed and aft general high quality of the product may be gained from the f lowing, extracted from the published report, by Gen. Q. A. Gil more, on the cements exhibited at the Philadelphia expositi on. Ss of 1876. ee It is deemed proper as a subject of general interest to refer — briefly to some cements not represented in the exhibition. The National Portland cement co., of Kingston, Ulster co. (N. Y.) has recently been organized for making Portland cement by the fourth method above described.1_ The materials employed 1 This “fourth method” here noted was, as described on a preceding page ot the report, the double- kilning process, in which the caleareous material was burned and slaked before being mixed with the clay. re it is dried to the stiff of clay. ; . passed through a brick machine, ze aig burnt in in common n continuous upright kilns with e coal. imens of this see? have been tested several times by a ee with excellent results. On the last occasion the method sted with the cements in the exhibition was strictly followed. 14 inch cubes, seven days old, composed of equal parts of dry cement and sand, gave a pia strength of 3335 lb. per cube, as an average of 20 trials, being a little higher than the best Port- land cement exhibited, as shown by the table. Succeeding this, in point of date, was a small plant at Low Point, Dutchess co., erected by the engineer and contractor for the first Poughkeepsie bridge. Some cement was made here, and used in the tower foundations, but the failure of the bridge project also ended the cement experiments. Wallkill Portland cement co. 4 During the winter of 1877-78 Messrs J. Gardner Sanderson ¥ and T. T. Crane carried on a series of experiments at Croton on the | Hudson. A small upright kiln was in use, with a Bogardus mill, and the power which, during the summer, was used in brick-. making. These experiments, and the analysis of a large number q ‘of specimens of possible materials convinced the experimenters Z that the Hudson river limestones generally contained too high a percentage of magnesium carbonate, and the clays too much A free sand, to be suitable ingredients of a Portland cement. Cer- tain strata of limestone, however, belonging to the Helderberg 3 groups’ (the outcrops of which extend approximately north and ‘ Oe eer P 1 Limestone from the same horizon is now being used in the manufacture : of Portland cement by two companies, the Catskill cement co. and Alsen’s American Portland cement co., both plants being situated a short distance south of Catskill. napalees fe aes seer referr and an abandoned flour mill at Carthage I F: was leased and equipped with suitable machinery ry, nel and two upright kilns. The mangiamee we Por t was commenced at these works early in 1881. though small in quantity, was of excellent quality i ready sale. Tests and reports by Messrs Clark and Ma demonstrated the value of the cement, and the experime: were satisfied that the manufacture could be made a cor success on a larger scale. At both the Low Point and Landing plants gashouse coke was used for fuel. ee Average analyses of the clay and limestone used are giv Z later in this paper, in discussing the operations at South J = dout. iron rollers three times . minute, | horse-power. oe At the leet Gaja Moai ele kept uy the chief fuel is crude petroleum, in ced meets the hot air blast. The consumption of ail quired to heat the furnace ready for borate: cement. The clay and marl are mixed wet and run in as a sl the upper end. The mixture in drying forms a sand, moves slowly downward with the turning of the cylinder is finally discharged at the lower end as cement clinker o size of small gravel. It takes two hours to run the ps through. The operation is continuous, and the produet Pi 250 barrels per day. It is claimed that all the mixture is bie ie Portland clinker. From a series of analyses and tests, fi which I am indebte : to Mr Duryee, I have selected the following: =o a ANALYSES OF MATERIALS USED AND RESULTING PRODUCT AT MONTEZUMA MARL ! CLAY CEMENT LINK , os eck c oxen eee te? 62.22 Slise. Ot cee 59.92 99.51 ATunuine SRE Pe eet S| } 20.82 { 9.17 | Tron oxid..... ioe .66 : 2.54 Magnesia........ .52 3.00. 1.6m Carbonic acid.... 42.11 Be 1.86 1 Calculated without moisture. CHAPTERS ON THE CEMENT INDUSTRY 857 A report by Mr W. W. Maclay, dated Ap. 28, 1892, gives the tensile strength obtained as : AVERAGE GTN Pe AAV: to loacate le aie aiccem bine sce wise a en G49)-1b EN @ loa aa get sao 245 “ erate (bo 2) aye ntaicinin sos ee Speer 418. © The works at Montezuma were entirely destroyed by fire in June 1893, and have never been rebuilt. The plant is of par- ticular interest because of the advanced technologic methods there employed. It was the first American plant in which wet raw materials were fed, without drying or briquetting, directly into rotary kilns. In following out the history of the above plants, which bore a certain relationship either in locality or management to each other, we have overlapped, in point of date; the beginning of the present system of New York cement plants. Commencing with dome kiln plants in the Hudson valley, we have traced the development in New York of the rotary kiln, and have seen how successful from a purely technologie point of view these pio- neers in the industry were. ‘The destruction by fire of the South Rondout and Montezuma plants, however, terminated the con- nection of these early experimenters with New York’s cement industry, and the early history of that industry may be said to end in 1893. As early as 1886, another Portland plant had been erected, but this plant was managed by an Englishman, and the problem was attacked in an entirely different manner. The earlier plants had been aggressively original and American; the plant at Warners, with its dome kilns and wet mixing, was ultra- English. And till within the past year, the typical New York plant’ has been one using marl and clay; mixing wet, briquetting and drying; and burning in dome kilns. The Warners Portland cement co. did indeed erect a rotary kiln plant near Warners, "1 There was, in fact, but one exception to this rule. The Glens Falls Port- land cement co. at Glens Fails, Warren co., has operated Sch6dfer kilns since 1894 on limestone and clay. of the industry i in New ok Gi mile q recent paper on that subject. ‘In the prese P possible to give the following summary of those n ag Se» Plants in Sew York ne 1900 he 4 American Portland cement co. Jordan, Onondagn terials, marl and clay i in dome kilns. Erected 1892. Shut during 1900. Brand, “ Giant (Jordan) ”. a a Catskill cement co. Smiths Landing, Greene co. Mat a1 limestone and clay in rotary kilns. Commenced shippin ng, 1900, the “ Catskill ” brand. | a Empire Portland cement co. Warners, Onondaga co. Bi 1886. Materials, marl and clay in dome kilns. Brands, “ aif pire” and “ Flint ”. a Le 3 Glens Falls Portland cement co. Glens Falls, Warren co. | By ee : in 1894. Burned in August 1899. Recommenced shipping, August 1900. Materials, limestone and clay burned in Schafer re By kilns. Brands, “ Iron Clad” and “ Victor”. nem a / Helderberg cement co. Howe Cave, Schoharie co. Bega opera- id a tions in 1898. Since 1900 the enlarged plant has been making a extensive shipments. Materials, limestone and clay burned in rotary kilns. Brand, “ Helderberg”. 1Eckel, E. C. Portland cement industry in New York. (see Eng. news. May 16, 1901) This paper has been rewritten and abbreviated, and in this form is now (Jan. 1902) presented as Appendix B, CHAPTERS ON THE CEMENT INDUSTRY 859 T. Millen & Co. Wayland, Steuben co. Built in 1892. Ma- terials, marl and clay in dome kilns, Brand, “ Millen’s Way- land ”, Wayland Portland cement co. Wayland, Steuben co. Built in 1896. Materials, marl and clay in dome kilns. Brand, “ Genesee ”, Portland cement in New York during 1900-1 During the year 1900 two new plants went into operation in this state: that of the Catskill cement co. at Smiths Landing, Greene co., which began shipping the Catskill brand in July 1900, and the new Portland plant of the Helderberg cement co. at Howe Cave, Schoharie co., which commenced operations late in the year. This last company had produced small quantities of the Helder- berg brand since 1898, but their manufacture of Portland on a large scale dates from the installation of the new plant. Both the corporations named use rotary kilns, and the materials in both localities are limestone and clay. The rebuilt works of the Glens Falls Portland cement co. at Glens Falls, Warren co., com- menced shipping, just about a year having elapsed since their former plant was destroyed by fire. The works of the American cement co. at Jordan, Onondaga co., were shut down throughout 1900 owing to new construction at Egypt (Pa.) In all, six plants were producers in 1900. In the summer of 1901 the Empire Portland cement co. re- modeled its works completely, installing rotary kilns. Sikh wich senha included bere had been « length by Dr Ries ae The writer is indebted to the editor hy Engi neering 1 permission to reprint portions of an article’ written f ig nal; and to the heads of the various cement plants in th i who have without exception aided him in making the deseriy as complete as possible. The technology of the indust: Ss cussed in somewhat greater detail in the paper above no = ae t which the reader is referred: but advantage has been taken 0 0: present publication to bring the descriptions up to date. As it now stands the paper is therefore a summary of the condition the New York Portland cement industry in J antiaey 1902, eared Descriptions of the plants Alsen American Portland cement co. The plant of this company a is located at West Camp, Ulster co., near that of the Catskill | ss . eement co. The materials used are limestone (from certain mem- bers of the Lower Helderberg series) and clay (Pleistocene) — burned in rotary kilns. A feature of much interest in the early a stages of this undertaking was the thoroughness with which ex- 7 4 " ae oy a | ¥ 1 Eckel, E. C. Portland cement industry in New York. (see Eng. news, May 16, 1901) The descriptions of the various plants in the present paper are re printed, almost verbatim, from this article, supplemented in the case of a few plants by data gathered during later visits to those plants, CHAPTERS ON THE CEMENT INDUSTRY 861 ploratory work was carried on before the erection of the plant was finally decided on. Numerous diamond drill borings, and analyses of the resulting cores, satisfied the company as to the thickness and purity of the limestone. American cement co. The plant of this company, located 2 miles east of Jordan, Onondaga co., was erected in 1892. The works were operated without any interruption till 1900, during which year they were shut down, owing to new construction by the company at Egypt (Pa.). The materials used were marl and clay, both obtained from a marsh near the works, another bed of marl being owned by the company nearer to Jordan station. ‘The marl is white, and the bed varies in thickness from 8 to 15 feet. It is overlain by a thin bed of muck, and underlain by a blue clay. The muck being stripped, the marl’ and clay were dug, and transported to the works by a wire rope way. The clay was dried and ground sepa- rately, after which it was mixed with the marl in pug mills. The resulting slurry was spread out on a drying floor, and cut into bricks. These bricks were then loaded on platform ears, dried in tunnels heated by coal fires, and fed to the kilns. 12 kilns, of the dome type, were in use, coke being used as fuel. The clinker was reduced, first in Gates and Mosser chushers, and finally in Griffin mills. The cement was marketed as the Giant (Jordan) brand. Analyses of the raw materials and fin- ished product, furnished by the company, follow:* Marl Clay Cement Per cent Per cent Per cent Noo ie winls.ct vise Bene ai 14-65-68. 91.86 . eee eine eres cine nee ok OS es BM ee ace coghatia eens cet a! sacs AF ee Seal wean bree eae ss 53.16 2.01 61.14 err ot A eee ae we 1.5 1.75 34 tC Pate BMRB Sede all A Na tel iad dee mR 1.94 1 Analysis by Booth, Garrett and Blair, 1898. Si0,. Lan . Sale Oreneree po oA nee — . es “ie » Fania eich ck . cm aS Bitar sar on ae a 135 CaO eevee. nae bea ofa goad sin ke yee 83. : Alkalis . . eeeeee ss'§ Alan areas a eye a pei. * SO, ee ee ee ona ee : The limestone is dried and then reduced in a Krupp b bal The clay is passed through a roll disintegrator and is dried. materials are, at this stage, mixed dry; and the mixing a ot duction completed in Krupp tube mills. Two rotary k in operation, having a total capacity of about 300 baulel ad Ja; The clinker is crushed in Krupp ball mills, and receives its fi 1 ee , reduction in Krupp tube mills. The cement is marketed as hs A ie “Catskill” brand. Analyses of the finished product follow. — AN si | were furnished by the company, 1 and 2 having been made in fore their laboratory; while 8 was made by H. E. Keifer Ph.D. orm a. 1 2 3 a. BaD os 0 ¢ 0's 0.8 su.nbe sede tatsencer ee 21.94 23.44 | BUGS ce ee Be ocesessecce Gate 6.02 6.35 Fags + 0.00 6-6 suede ask seh: na eee 4.38 3.99 CaO.» v:c.0 a wie eat ae occces Oarem 64.62 63.21 MgO... 500 esewcecece senses «11k nn SOye.c. . Ke Scnvoccecscce 1,8 nn *karvenb wioij ©u0j}s SulA9AT00 10J AVM -MIU.1} OdO1 O1[M JO [VUITIIO} 10J Ss] WOPJONASUOD JOpUN YAOMo MMVI, OYL ‘SUIPUBT SU}IMS ‘00 JUSTIAD [[INS}IVD JO SHIOM JO MOTA [VIDTIOH ‘oyoYyd ‘sely *H Mane ee we ae hae . 98 938Id = —_ ae CHAPTERS ON THE CEMENT INDUSTRY 863 Cayuga Portland cement co. Prof. Newberry states’ that this company “is building works near Ithaca. The material will be obtained from an outcrop of the Tully limestone and underlying shales.” ‘These underlying shales are the Moscow shales of the Hamilton group. They are rather highly calcareous, as shown by bulk analysis; but the calcium carbonate which appears in such an analysis would seem to be largely derived from the contained fossils. If this be indeed the case, extremely fine grinding and careful mixing will be necessary. The particular combination of materials to be employed at this plant is new to the state, and the operations here promise to be of much technologic interest. Empire Portland cement co. In 1886 T. Millen & Sons com- menced the manufacture of Portland cement at Warners, Onon- daga co. In 1890 the plant was purchased by the Empire Port- land cement co. and the works were almost entirely rebuilt, a much larger output being secured by the improvements then introduced. Since that date the plant has been in constant opera- tion, with the exception of stops aggregating only some five or six weeks in all, caused by fires. | ue The materials used are marl and clay, obtained from a swamp in the vicinity of Warners, the present workings being located about # of a mile from the works. The marl bed covers an area of several hundred acres, of which about 100 acres have already been excavated. A revolving derrick with clam-shell bucket is employed for excavating the marl, the clay being dug by hand. The materials are taken to the works over a narrow gage rail- way owned by the company, on cars carrying from three to five tons each, drawn by a small locomotive. At the works the cars are hauled up an inclined track by means of a cable and drum to the mixing floor. 122d an.-rep’t director U. S. geol. sur. pt 6, cont’d. Issued as a separate, 1901. from the upper bed. This distinction s aecompanie b slight but rather constant differences in chemical comy which have also to be taken into account in the prey arat the cement mixture. < cic a — Analyses of the raw materials follow. Those marked m3 are quoted by Cummings,’ while 2 and 4 were recently fu ‘nit ] me by the company: 3 ae 3 4 eee 3 a 1 0 Smeg ee ee 26 26 40.48 49.85 Pat Soar iad an 20.95 ee 5 : | Fa, «04:0 ace nee 01 4.49 2°86 6 Marge eee 94.39 91.03 25.8 MPOOs < «siech aaa .38 4 .99 Til.

) 1.89 aM EMME se abe ee a ecm wets civics daetcraesvaeesees ir As no complete analyses of the materials actually used for Portland were obtainable, I have included this analysis, as the 118th an. rep’t N. Y. state geol. p. 67. i’. eee Bel Ba ¥ 7 Ea ’ = So, ee ben co., which cecanteiel ee ucing works were destroyed by fire in July 1603, b began shipping again in October 1893. The materials used are marl and clay. The ml from a swamp near the mill, about 185 acres of marsh land owned by the company. The marl deposit is about 6 fe Unlike the Onondaga county deposits, however, the a not underlain by clay, and the latter material has to be e br from a bank near Mt Morris, in Livingston county. ~ The : deposit there worked is one of a series which occur in the tel , bordering Canaseraga creek and the Genesee river, ome On pl. 1-12. are shown the average a obtained in the t ests having been grouped according to locality. From ‘there i it will be seen that the New York Portlands have for three years out of the four given the highest results for fineness; that in tensile strength they are about on an equality with those manu- q factured in Pennsylvania, the product of both states averaging lower than do the two New Jersey brands; while the results > wi shown in the tests for time of setting are the most variable. j % had hat rrtteeeeeses KietIay “anes . tieeeeeeeee nr greg suapy hey ‘'N uepior ‘eg ydAsq seer she hae i 4 OT[LAsSulylog ’9 ee eeereeessr es of ‘'N IOUIB AA +999 Kavuriey ‘Banqoucoury Behe tenses Rett aT ABIAOD Serre se ners re rad Ase BRST ERA®'S ies op uojdumey410N reccccoes KUBULIOL) ‘Sinque yy s@eeer sesees ef Ane ‘N Bydly L68I SyUeTISeD puvyy0g , eee “sso . 4 ‘N ‘00 ueqneyg | edt ade ta “CN oftueolrn, ee ‘N SI[®A SsuelTp *jietes puts 4 ‘poyeys you puwig D See eee Ae Me 8869.09 * OORTTBOM A see weer eres eres SRLORESIAE* GIOIOT A eee ine ae 8 88 #° * rOMIOIS see Bees ven tee St: 9? 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PE IIUIUIOT) Tae she pois 0:05 Bm e. -¢ 8.0.2 “*> BIquinoD CESS Ce ee 2eestes.eeeeasesee seply Co eee eter eee eee esesireesese eydyy Cer . oD ° we @ e808 § BS 8)@ a8: 4¢, —) ri RRMA AMU@ONMON ine ——— | ef i . mite ac : fog . 8681 ‘squeuteo [¥1N4V NT . peeeeee- ee oaeeseeevseees. eo eeeene EET ESS diablo "N uoOlLyV TA A i aki, "N ‘00 1048S] 1). 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Viel a Or ere “seg Avidog cy eae) "*""**9TepUuvVsOyY [BIOLOMIUIOD et eek oN GTrBpmesOW | "' °° “"**" “+ ""* espug ud[YOOIg Jrsceerseeeee gr Joqemoumg [ococccctc reset te gs yoveg | Saianvs | SLSHL ALIIVOOT anvua 5 668 syuemes [e1n48 NT payee SB ean ee NTN Oe. ? BUONO AM Meldidtacelat 60.8. 8.¢'8 op b. 62, 0 0.0 2:0 oyruevo[n A. Seneonoe sew eon arent ss > OR EIRT Rees orcs yess ey UROTUZUN “i Oe eo | Neate ss! "> SE FBEe NT ea ee epee ¢¢ ei simian FO | pormi9 ee Peewee Ray eye oes Sey Beery ie eae | £ejdog ee ee rete oss © *SuO8sAGT Jews aera, "N STRAT sue[y eer eee eeset eee ee <> BIT) WOLY Lote oh altel. © "N OARD OMOFT SS Ch 5p 2.4 8 86 E SO srr ees ZioqsiopleH “Seen ehearneenen es * eq ydésy Lee eres eS ees e.8 8s eo AEE) eye ts a ‘N O][tAsuryseg Ree RT GNSS eV EG ACs ees" SROUGL) ye Pt Ee ‘N couIe A mie. 0.0, 0.8-6. 0.0.4.) 8-0 Sepenis ass be Geeta rss omg opel SPaLyFIS (Seve wh OPES SS RRRY Pe Vense aes uo0seRid ae IT ae “eq Keydop *eeeee Tre Rees ss 908? TRIO TOTAUION aren “K ‘N Surpuv'y sqyg PWR DRS tei sere ceneeivecees sce ie. s <6 “eq woyduey ON a Se wee COSA SS Veesoeee “SEV viene s So 6: 5 at ere iitekia ss Or Cer eee os ecenees “oxely ry 5 ag eydly esee eeveee' reese seesees “*** pudry —_— 2 nk a is | ec apiece hee ‘"N. eyraeo[n A - OE SS a ae ee ee eer reer ene © WHtanewt st Sel | | swianvs | sasa AUVTYOO — OOGT s}UeMED puLly0d Yon} =a NMHARMOHR HOH ‘SuTawvs | SLSHL ‘ . 2 : _ & o06T S}WSULED [VIN}e N eevee ersten eneeite ‘A 'N Jopyemouuig ere es eee ee ewe ew enewe pea eta N N “A “N Na qrodoq1y MA 1948 MouuIg ABD OMOFT "N OTeyng e[epucsoy oye mouulg erie cc "Ni WOIyV ALITVYOOT i”, 3 eevoesere e[epuesoy uoTU~ Ferree +99 GOPION teres IO MON tereseees ¥7BMON Fees RUOR *'. ** Z1eqi9ploH Feeeeeee + Oreang ‘esplg ud; yoo1g are eer a ie acre, EO OOS: ee ener ***TeIngeUu U0O1YZV anvugd > = apt hs hie, a ee: ¥ ry red . a a . er j _ y i * Nelo ye >» : bt ’ ) : 5 na ii. cae, qi 7 _ / ¥ ae ep Pe al < ip ‘ o* 7 ‘ ii" SOND eae ’ i~ Cae oy i Seal M +4 . : a ~~ Plate 91 1897 Tensile strength, in pounds per square inch, shown by mortar briquets Portland briquets contain 3 sand, 1 cement. Natural briquets contain 1 sand, 1 cement. RESULTS OF TESTS FOR TENSILE STRENGTH 7 Ms ve a aah < af Dar a’ 9 4 Tas yee en - F «, << rt A. fo) fs) ? days 350 300 250 e200 150 100. SO Plate 92 1898 ch ’ it | Tensile strength, in pounds per square inch, shown by mortar briquets Portland briquets contain 3 sand, 1 cement. Natural briquets contain 1 sand, 1 cement. RESULTS OF TESTS FOR TENSILE STRENGTH Plate 93 e8days 1899 ?days 400 Tensile strength, in pounds per square inch, shown by mortar briquets Portland briquets contain 3 sand, 1 cement. Natural briquets contain 1 sand, 1 cement RESULTS OF TESTS FOR TENSILE STRENGTH Plate 94 C8days 3 1900 | Tensile strength, in pounds per square inch, shown by mortar briquets Portland briquets contain 3 sand, 1 cement. Natural briquets contain 1 sand, 1 cement. RESULTS OF TESTS FOR TENSILE STRENGTH Plate 95 kK 1897 8 so aE ig sae RE ee Time of setting shown in minutes RESULTS OF TESTS FOR TIME OF SETTING _ ‘ ae Pty! re et ae eens “we ial a) Le. , oles iQ a eae gut Me a . . - oe Cals pee COPE Sa NE i th ’ : be mut pry "= Plate 96 1898 | < K pay v (I) 2 | iS) O i) cau] \\ | \ | hh Ye) a RESULTS OF TESTS FOR TIME OF SETTING Time of setting shown in minutes Plate 97 puny 1899 JOLY ry Ni HAN \ 100 N| \ aga 5 mime eo se Time of setting shown in minutes RESULTS OF TESTS FOR TIME OF SETTING ei TA iy’ . ? : he ees > oo Laren ‘ Teo t? rb ee ae , gt peepee ercmerc aires Mae ae in re! tay Oe & , a ¥ aa 2 - . ‘ a ; a se ‘aa te ee ee i . at ’ audit aa ey, ee os eae Psa e 5 ; ; ott aa . a ar ; » 7a q Leow > , : ny ee : a om " Phi) 5 ‘ S owt i - 4 > m i 7 + 5 a v Plate 98 psy 1900 OULU! - sy _— ; \ 2S \ iM | (D )) | \ \ Be 2 | ed ALN © rel 6 Oy rs} & O17 7 0 ro) Time of setting shown in minutes RESULTS OF TESTS FOR TIME OF SETTING age Prec Saas tite ae. sae ee i Le De oe fs 0 eee a lg igh mbes. 2 6 | 80 Fineness of cements submitted: shown in percentages passing 100 mesh and 50 mesh sieves a | RESULTS OF TESTS FOR FINENESS ‘ (4isl/s, ! h ee <3) E fe) BO 0O Plate 100 . 1898 : Fineness of cements submitted: shown in percentages passing 100 mesh and 50 mesh sieves RESULTS OF TESTS FOR FINENESS Fineness of cements submitted: shown in percentages passing 100 mesh and 50 mesh sieves RESULTS OF TESTS FOR FINENESS z s ; < Laas ao Ope = 6O 4 Fineness of cements submitted: shown in percentages passing 100 mesh and 50 mesh sieves 3 RESULTS OF TESTS FOR FINENESS et! a, Pi ° hi th agostin of Dr. 11 Mel he * prepared a key to the tables of analyses to This key is based on composition, snd will eee eterm the areas from which limestones of any given compo = be obtained. A table has been prepared in which its results summed up, classified both by composition and by tata For most commercial uses the components of greatest it in a limestone are its lime carbonate, magnesium carbonate : silica plus alumina. The limestones whose analyses are g viven it the following tables have, therefore, been first divided nines oul primary groups, the grouping being based on the percentages of lime carbonate in the rock. Each of these primary groups is t ‘ = subdivided, according to the percentages of magnesium carbonate — present. J inally, the secondary groups thus obtained are again a Bi divided according to the percentages of silica and alumina con- tained in the rocks. As shown in the summary below, 20 groups * are thus formed. + ' i. a ier: : 5 , i, KEY TO GROUPING | a Calcium carbonate 95% or over........... oseeeee ss GORI Calcium carbonate 85% to 95% Magnesium carbonate less than 5% ........... Group 2 Magnesium carbonate over 5% ...........002- Group 3 se apace ay JU ue = Sahih Peay wi “more Cae noe" SES! a ium ccabonsiet more than 20% Ms ee So o ‘Silica and alumina Vase tera LOM os wicca Group 10 Ss Aaa es Uy Sie eR Cs a sium carbonate less than 60% Magnesium carbonate less than 5g Silica and alumina less than 10%......... Group 12 | Per Gee sas oe ae, GEOHD tO more than 20% ....... Group 14 Magnesium carbonate 10% to 20% Silica and alumina less than 10%......... Group 15 GO to" 20%. a... aroup 16 more than 20% ....... Group 17 Magnesium carbonate more than 20% . Silica and alumina less than 10%......... Group 18 : HOP AO: LOE ale ain aes. « oP CREOUP. Lo more than 200 sola saeco. 20 If, now, aoe of a ape lec composition be sought, its place in the tables can be readily ascertained. The first step is to find from the “ Key to grouping” above, in what group lime- stones of the desired composition will fall. This ascertained, the preliminary scheme immediately following this appendix will show in what states limestones of that group may be found, the limestones being designated by numbers corresponding to those 4 __ used in the regular “ Tables of limestone analyses ” which follow the preliminary scheme. FOR wc cunescdudeds 197, 198 195, 204 Kansas ..........| 209, 212, 218, 219, 226, |207-8, 210, 211, 218, 215 ae 216, 221, 239-25, 227, Kentucky.....,..|264, 269, 275, 277, 278,/268, 274. 286, 297, TT 2b1 354, so5" ria vaveee cee M0 seenecusoeseees i Louisiana ....... 359, 360 edie Babies seaeuaa North of Sugar Loaf. -eeeee 6 es ec cv ne OMUIS BURN 65's cisves|icswen ” eces «» JEIK mountain .......)/" 2.00. ‘+ J aeeees./Jacque mountain...}...... Connecticut Litchfield .....|Canaan.......-..s0..| .08 > Perr ere ry ee = e+ ses+/ East Canaan ....0005] sees Georgia | i ae Cave spring.........| 3.5 Oe eewaeennt Cement. ........ ve. |2aol [ORR ieee ee ‘Egyptian quarry ...| 6.47 | Dade. .........|Rising Fawn....... aa eae paket Fawn 4 Floyd ...:.... (ROMS 4 «csuontereas 110.95 ’ Jefferson....... Bartow ess sficvaauk sonesd 88° Senedn eee | 1.94 Pickens ....... Dykes creek ....... | 62 . mi oD +: Jenkin vente Ri pal es a AS gdanecbenee ppims.-. ssc ¥ane shee? aD peupe reopen ny + eee renee eee Der as oe . L| 7.252 4 wer , eececne. a Be + -eeee i r 1.71 7 wee eee tee ees |e, ‘ Seeeeee »see0e- [055.17 150.83 + sees [028,05 ws eee [52.97 + eens [55.58 a55.47 a54.62 eeeeee eeeeeer b.25 25 54.4 vescev(Qou-e a31.31 45.12 642.56 621.03 41.15 26 26.1 36.32 my | 96.13 | 2.05 2.05 43.8 8.70 boners 1.236 a34.07 b55.736)...... 1.5 56.02 | $8.43 oeussus on 1.6 53.44 43.5 55 52.05 5.45 6.1 2.68 Ee “, ¥ + i yy iM t, ee taeee 3.5 i aA > “ ‘ eee eee ww hoa) Pi) 4 ae ee 1.622 r 4 ee eee re eee or —— eee we eeee «CaCO bMgO ‘min. eng. Trans. 23:580... ee a ee ; eae er ol. sur. Bul. 168, p. 274; W. F. Hillebrand,anal ee ee Mra ere eae a J Be Middle Carboniferous ; ee . ee Ae ra ec (04 at ee x ee ‘ aj ae es se oe ee “s mie Triassic U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 370; J S. Adam, Canaan lime co. 8 rhe Elcbiae oir oles U.S.¢eol sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 370; J.S. Aas te “ 0 sete te nee c ens Wee ark sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 370; J.S. baie ee aia Bros. quarry L |. ....0.,20e-0ee,/Ga. geol. sur. 183, p. 263; J. M. McCandless, anal. Org. a5 a pi 2645 We deband anal, i... Ce a ee ba hs +S eee ree edie cite bias) ees zie p. 266; J. M. McCandless, anal. rc a i or iy os ate $i a sd p. 263 we re U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 375; N. Pratt,'A. C. Ladd lime works Mibiaiaatsisielsivie's a's U.S. geo sur, 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 376; N. Pratt, ne ph FeO .26 |Min. res. U. S. 1890, p. 387; J. C. Jackson, anal..... ; L = Analysis of burned lime 131 132 | Fulton.........|Manitou lake.......|......) .19 «8 133 134 > _ i“ 1 4 nee . i ee eeeeeee [AL rbie / = whebh eee Qu ne eeeeteweence 7 OOGK. oc cvenuseske Uhicage seeeeee tweens wees r ‘Phe eee eee st eeeeeeeeeeen seepes ‘ ee ee ; es Tew eee eee see eee ee ae ! ee ee oe ee Se eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eae ee ae ay, eee ee eee eee ee 34 oe ee Kankakee .... |Kankakee...........| 3 2.5 e eeeeee =e eee ed 26.08 6.57 Ee RANG io6050% s be, Balle. : ccesscuress 21.12 1.12 Madison... ..:..-(AltOD.scosrciscecdehal SOL) Sal) ene Wl vduvinne debe DIOUGL \ concn s cea neene Bite vena Indiana AGQING S visveuns i ee ee ee _.53 -46 01 Blackford ......|Montpelier.......-..| 2.75 4.7 se eee [eee i eeecee Kear — ne eer eee 5.17 CaaS .. .occcocns-( MONDGtR, vesvanrsadeanl Letee 2.07 Clarke .........|Silver creek.,.......|18.83 | 4.98 1.67 ae > eacetinas _ cesevces| 9.00} 2.27" “15 eet ee . a cov- eves) 9.8 2.03 1.4 Delaware. ....5:|MUNCIO ...ccseveandestacubes 3.72 Decatur ......+.|GreenSburg ....cccce|-ssee- 55 Elkhart ........ Mud lake vicvedccvor}cosses -41 23 a5. WP caren Cooley lake scsi eci] sence]. 00Q.. ee 7.94 |... ‘ } a eee 1.42 seen a eee 6.39 eueee” 9 Franklin ....... Laurel ..scu0s cotinwereL G1 11.01 20.6 Harrison ....... Mauckport cwneesensplebecds -14 18 z otis hay feo. 20th rep't, ae 377; C. G. Hop-|F.W. Menke stone and lime co. Won ins, anal. Soke meant Ue. ae ene ae 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 377; T. C. Hop-|Stearns stone and lime co. ro Ss. eer aoe 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 377; J. B. Brit-|Chicago Union lime works'co. son, ana ; ie: ‘geol. aur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 377; T. C. Hop-| Artesian stone and lime co. __kins, ana U.S. ‘geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 377; T. C. Hop- ae kins, anal. .|U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 377; T. C. Hop-| Union lime co. kins, anal. .|U. peee geo: ee eet 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 377; T. C. Hop-|Blue Island quarry ns, 4 OF = Bool ‘ik 20th rep’t, pt 6 p. 377; T. C. Hop-|Stony Island avenue quarry ns, ana -006}U. S. geol. sur. 20th 1 rep’t, pt 6, p. 378; C. S. Rob-|Kankakee stone and lime co. aie anal. p [eeessecesorssoccer Min. ind. MAO isevats ie ee eae ever ee eee eereeeeer eeeeene FeO .2 |U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 878; S.E. ides Armstrong quarry anal. Min. res. 1886, p. 542.. eeeeeeeee eeeeerseeeeereeaeee eee. eeeeerseeeeeseone ns |1890, p. 392 e@eee-venvoeveed eeeerepseeerereeee ee ete ible on nopeel sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 382; S.S. Gorby,'Baltes land co. 198 “8. eeu: sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 382; S. S. Gorby, anal. De = - geo. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 382; S. &. Gorby, ee ee uv S. ee sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 382; S. S. Gorby,'Casparis stone co. anal. Ind. geo). sur. 1900, p. 366; W. A. Noyes, anal.,...|‘‘ Ohio Valley ” quarry * “OT 4 ol i te we se .».»|** Black Diamond ”* quarry a _ oe pee pee se ....|**Belknaps ” Falls City quarry 128 |........--.s.0. |U. S. geol. sur. Bul. 148, p. 263; C. Catlett, anal ..|/Trenton limestone se te se se o* ee 130 |Org.— 3.67 131 |Org.— 2.58 a: 1382 |Org.— 2.88 | eee 134 |Alkalis —.40 Ind. geol. sur. 1900, p. 321; Osborn eng. co., anal. se sé sé se eye 8 W. A. Noyes, anal.... U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 382; W. A.|J. A. Derbyshire Noyes, anal. U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 381; A. W.|Mauckport quarry Smith, anal. L= Analysis of burned lime 58 Jennings -— te f ~~ es Ss SER ERERBER ERR EE B 158 | Lagrange ....../Turkey lake...+.....|+++++- 61 161 af Kosciusko .....|Syractise lake.......| 1.74 | f eure. Dewart lake ........ Lawrence ...... Mottordl .. ccckts cues 1.69 eeeeere os doe eC CCRT. sien waeaneen «| 4.05 | 1.25 ee - y » - ‘ a _ pre ‘ a aie &: re y * 2 244 Pi a ee 9 weno eeewerleeeer Ae eeeeee 87 i eeeeee 18 ..ses-|Tippecanoe lake ....|..+++ .06 eeeeee Little Eagle lake.... eeewer 15 “ener ae eee eee eee .89 .B8 eereee es ee ee ed .87 .B4 endear Ah: a eaauheetiaal eek seauas AG Oe Visewass neal WORE eerae waa OS eines dhaevad NOs Vawens bg sbiwad s yer epee Beta, Rae Fo eed seeeee eee) 7 aes 2.75 seen 8.85 eeeeeer 8.5 | ..c0e. occas Maxinkuckee lake...|....+- 418.- scaae: = ff serene .05 *eeeeee A * 58.2 26.76 Jiceies HOUCHTON “BANGl <<... .04 Moore lake B78 | eee 88.94 |...sce[eeeersoees 2. | err, 1274). 2 9 en) eecesees | BIOOMINGTON .....00e] sees -06 .23 | 95.62 eereeeee eh eeeeweew ewe eee ele ree eee 1 95.54 PPAR Stinesville iiseessceulageiens |e eacrne 3 95 caueakwad Clear creek ...., «- .84 13 97.39 BB +B cr) ee ry oace peeve 4m. e. of Spencer.|......|-..0+-+ .91 | 96.79 Canna 7:1) PPrerity. RomoDA. +. vste esuswe} Belo .18 a54.82 B.B1 148.49 |. .ccescveer|resese aCaO mi , ii 1 iA Aieahgseeeneernceaesets : 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 982; G. u.| Gaipcinn waco oo 4000, p. 8265 L. H. Streaker, anal... Indiana steam stone works ees at Tar 6 oe ; A Ind. geol. sur. 1900, p. 29; S. B. Newberry. anal ..|Syracuse Portland cement co. ee 321; ts . Bee ; = A. W. Burwell, anal.. 66 EAU, Se W. A. Noyes, anal.... oe t ee = eee 66 ee ne eens 6 ee oe secesseeeee-/U- S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 381; F. W.|Bedford quarries co. Clarke, anal. a |. seeeeeeseseeee-/U- S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 381; A. W./Bedford Portland cement co. ek BS Smith, anal. Piet reaetcesss[U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 381; A. W. mi : Smith, an Mieeeeeee see [Os S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 381; A. W.|Bedford Indiana stone co. Clarke, anal. P20; trace |U. S. geol. sur. Bul. 148, p. 263; F. W. Clarke,/Hoosier stone co. anal. P20s5 __ trace |U. a geol. sur. Bul. 148, p. 263; F. W. Clarke, gis see no. 151 anal. Mirae ek ,.....{Ind. geol. sur. 1900, p. 328; A. W. Smith, anal .....|Bedford Portland cement co. arsistelsiinig sinielsie.< 5 ne 321; W. R. Oglesby, anal.. etd oe ‘© W. A. Noyes, anal.... 3.21 a7 ee ce ce ie 8.15 eo 1885, p. Beer cat teaser ae seaak emacs 4.15 |Ind. geol. sur. 1900, p. 321; W. A. Noyes, anal ..... U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 382; J. N. Hurtz,|Peru stone and lime co. F MEET Sane us caer cesses. Re al SUP. 1900; 9.826: .ccecnenssecvessceesccnes: (DERN & Dunn quarry BERAOD |escccs secsncee.| - AG x oo mi 166 |Alkalis +55 ae a Dunn & co. —- 167 |Alkalis .83 = es Monroe marble co. 168 | Alkalis .1 |U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 381 Acme Bedford stone co. & 169 |Alkalis .82 |Ind. geol. sur. 1900, p. 326 Simpson & Archer quarry 170 |................;U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 382; W. A.|Romona oolitic stone co. "" . Noyes, anal. " bMgO Ape. ~ , “we i. 4 “i + os ah " Y bt) “& ae sereeee | DilveE ‘WaKe veseeseee Jeweees ween at eh, ie Ne Rare! St Joseph....... By Dame lake... tenes sveevcccseses: a 91. as a teeee ne ine teense .05 f} Cae 1 *s aeese {Chain and Bassj.....} «1 ts 2] ‘© sseee[Kamkakee marsh....JesceJesceess 08 | 9) Wabash ......../Helms creek........|84.2 | 18.76 c1.242] 28 88 sevaecs[EM@EO sscevassvcnese (080 4 17.062 8 een hy gees cads PMS Gieie recta tis. oe 7.58 53.18 | ‘+ sceeee[Somerset ...sseeeeee-(80.6 | 16.78 2.48 | 25.6 Washington....|Salem.........s.s000+| .76 ea 98.16 188 “ sancl. 3?! Vcd axe eee as 15 54.97 189 “ ccoub! ®8Auvephvekaepeaet SMR No cueags Sa 190 “ en rr cy. 1.06 96.04] .72 191 | White.........../Remsselaer ......0+0+| .83 .14 56.28 43.26 192 | Whitley& Noble|Loon lake ......-...]..ses- 41 42 | 82.07 | 2.68 |...000) 198 | Wells.......... [Bluffton....cssesceeseceees| 4.48 58.48 | 87.47 |... hy i. poy eg Iowa . Sa 14 OeGny. scavasaae Near Rochester..... 4 uk 78.75 20.16 seer sseo sane ae 195 Decstur..secase. DeKalb Pee eee eee ee eee ee ee ee 91.96 1.99 eee wer lee eee nail dio ym. - - a ce FERRERS SII3 5 caeeeelen mi i ” eeeeeeleee Les el | at seeeee nee er Jackson......... Monmouth occccueee:fasenes|vaccss -58 | 57.54 | 41.51 |...... Marshall........|LaGrande......ssess|sseees -05 a55.05 | 6.28 |43.62 of loca aS < Degaaabandactxanary 07 a54.85 | 0.28 /43.3 | ee soepensncs SS _epeenenseeilacens 18 -15 |a50.56 | b3.7 |43.79 Oe teases: OC Re euserenasl ouseys 14 -15 |a45.42 | 68.21 |44.85 b8.28 |44.76 PP ae Ae ah eee eee ee .14 26 250.42 63.96 43.85 Plymouth. .... |On Big Sioux river]......|.cccccsscecccccs| 800% 2.48 south of Westfield ‘oe PO ae Deep creek n. e. of eee leew ewww eee eee 94.89 Py § eee ereteeeser ‘ 06: Mars a SR Hawarden ....... ae; er) 6.68 64.3 8:86 | s.can 21.92 |... sewer 1.53 eee e ee aC O bMgO SRESRSRSSSESESs a % B Z No ere wa dea Hiumbdoit, :ccaevaxktinncns 1.75 94.12 | 2.72 me Die _ Noyes, Bradlee.) AS Lae uct a 4 erin Beet ee iat Hae R. Dryer, anal.. ae an a ‘© p, 25; H. H.Hooper, anal...... “ : ee p. 881; W. A. Noyes, anal......| ‘* r ¢ ie aye = eeeeee ee nen, zig ue 6s neha tet Bu Zot ccsessnsmseva@daws cease soos) MALU AL COMER’ TOCK ue 1891, p. 258. ee ee eeereteeeesreeeetreeeeeeee fs 18 s. geol. sur. Bul. 148, p. 263; C. Catlett, anal....|Trenton limestone ' ee -eaeeseeceoves enous 10.€87|Ind. geol. sur. 1891, p. CE SOA SE DINODD EO OEE HIG miseries cement rock, Davis {2A eco we acs eee) sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 381; A. W. Smith,)/Twin Creek quarry a :S. eect. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 382; W. A. Noyes, “by see no. 187 U. 3. “geal sur. 20threp’t, pt 6, p. 381; A. W. Smith,| Hoosier quarry , Pe. 15 ee -S. “geo. sur 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 381; A. W. Smith,|Salem quarry Dihabinivisinc’sis vise se ii S. "geo. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6, p. 381; W. E. Stone,/Ind. macadam & construction : ; anal. co. | |CaSO4 .22 |Ind. geol. sur. 1900, p. 321; W. A. Noyes, anal....|Marl Org. 6.71 U.S. geol. sur. Bul. 148, p. 263; C. Catlett, anal.....|Trenton limestone ~2 *@@eeeeaevevar MnO. .20 [Iowa geol. sur. 11:336; N. Knight, anal ............|Lower Davenport limestone * IG ciocicievs'cis eres ae 8:308; J. B. Weems, anal.........| DeKalb limestone eS U. S. geol, sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont'd, p. 383; 8. Cal-|L. B. Stuart & Co. t vin, ana . 197 |FeO .09 |lowa geol. sur. 7:251; G. E. Patrick, anal. .........|Fine grained oolite, LaGrande quarry co. 198 oe “¢ a6 $¢ eseeseeee| Blue limestone : 199 ae oe aS $e ae. seeeee{LOwa Caen stone 4 200 ee ae He se seeeses. {Lowa marble, plain 201 |FeO 5 A ee oe ts 4..ee.2.,.|Lowa marble, colored - 202 |FeO .09 “ Z = ts. ..e1.(Stratified limestone . MnO Dai MCT G ey Cae ave? me 8:359; J. B. Weems, anal...........|Chalk rock, old quarries 204 eeeeeeeeeeereeeee £6 aie hy te eeeveeveae ear a MMB tate steve ciece leaves’ é ue OMB 2iertoaeeaieine ce kisi e's Wewiewe'es « .....|Benton limestone ; Bee es cco s ss (U.S geol. sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, ah ereee ae eee eee ee eee eeeel seeer yg Be (eeeee i ee eter ewr ee -oeeeet- seeee 2.49 ae eee McFarland ....ccccee ee eeee 2.61 Woodson. cence} PACES Canter) cca veesiseesat 2.6 Kentucky Anderson.......| Lawrenceburg ......| «+... — BAFreR ..csacisey Glasgow Junction eeleewwee 7 — “eS oe ws We ae ee 13.314). 68- vy ee n¢ wale ewes & MnO». 82.96 7.655). 68 Bath ee * w. side Clear creek.. seen & a 53.26 18.531 . See eee eee ee Near Owingsville.... ~eeeee & MnOoz 51.58 28.779 sewer | 11.408 | Bourbon......../Quarry below woody]...... & MnO» 96.52:| 2 GR ture on William 542 uckner’s land 1 SN pe ada cane sxideas WWiiiaiil tax. &MnO, | 75.98 | 15.505|...... | Buckner's farm 4.66 5m. e. of Paris ..... seoee] 88. 6.BL | 74,44 | 9.97 |.<(ca ve e y By; wie 2.64 oe } | Bullitt........ ..» Bellemot furnace...|...... a as 68.18 | 27.76 |..c0e- 1.68 | .ccvse / F ' , aCaO bMgO It ee anal. a | :S. pea Ms 55 | je. ‘S. geol. anale ns {Ua s. S601, anal. 4 aval. 5 eC oe S. geol. . anal. Bbinieiqenia sil; SCO. anal. lfates .21 |U.S. geol. anal. 185|Ky. geol. sur. chem rep’t A, pt 2, p. 128....... v6 ue p. 119 aia wp mimi a sis Se ep LAOS Seiaidive arate 66 ee iL gee eat tee 6 es CI sett Snr a se (30 Ce ae bs 66 yi copbarsteraia ies ies 6s 66 p. MEO eiay eocuics 66 66 Oe Aer epee 49 oe Dk ed Uelkisies nis 3.77 alkalis .59 L= Analysis burned Gass sreeeseee ‘OR Ss. geol. _ sur. 16th rep't, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, . sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, P. 505; Williston, sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, D. 505; Williston, sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, oe ‘16th rep't, ae = p 504; Williston, Carboniferous nal. Biane [o. ry meee sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, Loup Fork Tertiary Reeds Joo S. geol. sur. bul. 168, p. £63; F. W. Clarke, anal.|Supposed marl sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston,|A Zechser quarry, Carbonif- sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 504; Williston, sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, sur. 16th rep’t, pt 4, p. 505; Williston, erous ...|Lower Hudson River group Upper Subcarboniferous ae oe Lower Subcarboniferous Upper Silurian, Clinton group Lower Hudson group Trenton group se Black Slate limestone ooo a © a a 4 veeeeeeees | Wi weer w ee wene ee | Gah se 8 8 eee BEE SSSESS ‘ SS Lceencceees (St ts m sal bh agneaxes sees ee | Y VEO Pruc - hy a in . we ennen secen. Jane i's creek..... eee cusoupenazoreune| Me hd geeee eteee Estill.........../5m. from Irvine on}...... Mr ond turnpike 3.546 Fayette......... Dan’! Brink’s quarry wee a see a eee eee Van Akin’s uarry ween & MnOz below tuctiaa: 2.42 = eee ween Van Akin’s uarry eee & MnOo 77.63 10 } ave ae fs below Lasineton 3.23 . ie sh eee eee Grimes’s quarry, DOP.| wee & Mn0O2 54.366 35.82 aancces f , Grimes’s mill 1.75 ~~ $6 +eeeeee-|Harris’s quarry, on|..... & MnO2 59.88 | 87.05 |.,....] 2. Elk creek, 1 mile 1.38 2 below bg ferry. ane ~ eeeenens Raven cree + Darie] “eae & MnOs 70.07 19,252 cael Brink’s quarry 3.67 . a ~ * +++e.ee-|Dan’l Brink’s quarry]...... der: 95.68 | 2.044)......

wiaVerw sieves « &¢ 5 BE a | fein sete 60. c0.0 6 +6. r es ae ae eeeeee i eee eat eats “wi eo'm oe WD OG se se | ) |Und. A e ve eed B81 |.eceeeees+....../U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 410;;Adams marble co. -| KE. E. Olcott, anal. B82 |..+-e+...00.08-(U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont'd, p. 410; J. Follett & Sons P. S. Burns, anal. B83 |..ecccreeeec-es./U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 410,'J. Follett & Sons H. P. Eddy, anal. 884 |Org.. .85 |U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 410; Cheshire mfg co. Davenport & Williams, anal. ¢ 385 |Ign. 8 |U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 411;;Hutchinson Bros. | W.M Habirshaw, anal. | 886 |..ceeeeessssses./U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 411;,C. H. Hastings J. B. Britton, anal. 387 |Alkalis a U. S. geol. sur. Bul. 168, p. 252; G. Steiger, anal..|Cut on west side of railroad 388 |FeO —s°7.6:«*('U.S. geol. sur. Bul. 168, p. 252; L. G. Eakins, anal. P205 : FeO el 389 | Alkalis 11 se s TeO P205 06 |. L= Analysis burned lime H. N. Stokes, anal. 421 423 , Washington.... Stillwater . eeee eee leew wae . 64 .78 50.22 37.89 eee 8.54 eeeeee | Winona.........|Winona ...... cohanee on .%6 51.23 | 41.88 |......1 6.82 44 ee us oe ae oe es oe se se WAyOD sciyee oss, TEGRLOM easceisccaw ltt) -06- Minnesota Dodge .. Fillmore oie. s(POUMGAIN ve ceccccage) (reeens 1.3 se Goodhue ......./Fromtenac ........0]eeees: 81 36 Hennepin ..... |Minneapolis ........|.sscee].seese 4.03 ee Lesueur..... coc/MAROCR cccccccscrcee| veces 1.09 Ramsey ........ St Pel 6 ra cved vesues eeeese 2.67 1.53 Bteele..... i} ~ eee eee Le esep . ereereere 4 eorene 62 eee eee eee r ee eee eee DIS cavkchnewten cas _eree eee eee etree eee eee Tumnedite Tie ona n. of Monroe) 2 Ss yGnina in cae ‘m. n. of Monroe| .74 .98 city cunbie sna Ane n. of Monroe) 1.33 .58 avesuoeetnite elas. iownship iat .48 ee eee ewer wh eee eee ees s 08 avoencec{ MEMCON VINE coucti ass] amare 17 sree eer Lanesboro Pedy seen .88 oe eeeeeee oy @eeeooeeceetraieseses 1.05 42.06 28.49 42.58 | eeeee 33.61 |...00- 24.55 |eesees 36.002)..... 6.81 |..eee- 87.53 |. sees. 85.227) ..... 6.42 |...00- ove ven(AOOG WAMBicns sieves | cose 37 55 eee Je #@eteeest eeeee 3.16 9 eee ee eeeeseeeieseeee 2 og eee ee eee eee eee were eee -eeeee 1.49 or» 13.39 ee eeee . ef Clinton Falls eee eeee eee ee 1.94 57.08 15.9 eeeeer 25.51 aCaO bMgO K. J. Sundstrom, anal. ee Gr 66 : i he ga Fi DEBT onceses secscaseuceecensss|H, McCarthy quarry SS _p. 95; K. J. Sundstrom, anal|Monroe stone co. ee } ce ee ee es es 6 ee i -p. 92 or U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 412)Sibley quarry co. cs us ce eeeee ie G. P. Merrill. Stones, for bld’g and decoration, p. 467|/Hooke’s quarry ait ee Se 6e ee 412 ESIC AMC At Sc sie be Mill co. quarry 413 ea ele s'n aise ae 4 z Ss e a uate Eh os "4 ee u ug Rf Sweeney’s quarry eee #8 i Foley & Herbert quarry ee “ ba ce Weekes & Hoschers quarry PPM RT o doe.6'sd e's ae a oh - |Eastmans quarry a ee oe fs rs eave visian ened “< rd “5 Breckenridge Bros. quarry maiteidcecd.sre ae'd's d ml ie we A. Raus’s quarry RMD Ris nip sins n= s0see ae as SURES ela aloginie svnd as af oe ae Hersey & Co. quarry SMEs he ad's sin'a soc de as ne as L = Analysis purned lime 450 451 S&& ee se Nevada : ie sos ioe asper.. >< settee ees f SS. cop tana Joplin steer neseeeneenls Marion Senne aiire Hannibal...........+ Newton......... Seneca beeeeeeeenenn: ROU o cdcnnnaaee tana Lewis & Clarke|Helena............+. eee ee ee ane bal ee Gt Louis .......,{G16N608 .....:.sseers|eoaras 1.45 N. of East Gallatin}...... river W. of North Boulder river N. of East Gallatin eee eee river N. of East Gallatin eeeeee river West side Bridger|...... range N. of Gallatin river..|...... ee eeleeeeee se init y.) ¢: on BUrOks 35 cadhvaesacer eeeee se se es New Jersey Hunterdon ,.. *. .»- /Annandale...... aus ee 24 9.34 Amsterdam .scecacsdicxasss Ciinten 7s diascadts seliwated seeee ~< ¢ ae Oe) ee 08 . i | eecees eeeees Si encer eee Grand We. cevedcan Be yx ie } aaa a5: a 18 ; onan ( a55.11 .2 | 97.76 88.25 22 54.54 A 54.54. 25 67.85 59.11 38 88.5 58 91.96 te 32.28 5.8 40.21 ee eee eee sees ewes a30.6 .12 .12 1041.97 64 483 1451.96 81 .29 1450.01 .98 a28.27 1.4 a46.6 1.9 'a27.7 | ico eee ew sreeeeesee. 99.64 | .68 98.36 | 1.35 13.91 621.69 b.8 6.52 b.54 89.11/Org. tr. 38 88 36.6 43 eee teen 40.71 eeeeeeeeee Te re 16.9 14.1. aCaO 7.2 eeeeee } 4 r% eeeeee bMgO- Paaitatale so: aiaieie(aipie ws ce veer ee 66 ee jeeee ot weeereee hd ee 66 weet ree wr eee sore Ole be 66 Ce ee ey eS 66 se je wee ees ereeeeese oc be Lad a a 66 ee ee ee reer eee raee ft &6 se eer sesefreeeeee =e 66 anal. P205 O20 S: Gout sur. Bul. 168, p. 276; anal, FeO .2 |U. S. geol. sur. Bul. 168, p. 276; MnO .61 | anal. P205 oh 453 |P20s5 .24 ]U.S. geol. sur. Bul. 1€8, p. 276; anal. 454 455 eeweeeeeereeaeeree us 456 sé tad L= Analysis burned lime - e0th rep't, pt 6 conta, “. 415 Lean Orica I ime co. - Bul. 168, p. 263; L. G. Eakins, anal.. Cherokee limestone se ay 6s ee 6e 6s se oe 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 415.......|Star lime co. 66 — ee es +++ee++|/Glencoe lime and cement co. Persell limestone co. Bul. 168, p. 269; C. Catlett, anal.... 6s 6s ee 66 ee ee sé .+++|Base of Carboniferous ....|Middle Carboniferous »»+»| Upper Carboniferous ee eee ' -p. 276; E. A. Schneider, W. F. Hillebrand,! Base of Hamburg limestone W. F. Hillebrand, Summit Ff W. F. Hillebrand,'Pogonip limestone (Silurian) eueerresseeveeeee N. ae geol. sur. 1900, p. 83 eveereeseeeseeeeeeeesereoene Gano’s quarry 1868, Pp. 393 AOC eteerneeeeeeeeeeereeeee W. Vanderbilt farm Mi deve icsnessiveesderas Hip pray, S. 4. Leigh quarry ~~ ae a ce x 8 : A TB oe . Pe WON. cece nkunds | seen! [oeeee ; opts reanouaere oe eeeeee 7 ” ee See er eeeer Leeeess leeeeseeresoes pw - ae ween teeeverervee|seeaes|-eerene. enna: » ececee 0 peactonveces|oceces saceepesee » {a2 6+ sssaes[Vermoysessesceveeces] 2.28] 545 1,84 | 52 she ocvee- | Middletown? .ccceces|eesees 5 Morris..........|Mendham, 1 m. @....|.++«- 1.6 08 || eben Wandae af evecleveces 15.7 Of vecvnsnce-{ MOBCVELMMrndedssane Gs] sanmas 8 SSSRghsseeseees Paasale., i... 00. | MACOPIM. sccnevecssuttscust- 2.2. 620.3 Ae pesccces. (Middle Forge... .cdsas}svcas: 9.7 027.3 018.1 mY Danes .|] West Milford....0...|-sees 1.8 a29.6 |b20.8 Salem ........../Mannington town-|23.31 | .91 8.07 | 69.61 |b1.81 ea sesseeseea[Swede’s Bridge ..:., 8.11 .86 8.56 | 84.78 | b1.4 5 Somerset.....-. POpRGk i. s/csicuecnsparesel @ 1.8 |a26.3 |b17.4 [41.1 | i BS cect ee ae ye pe = A alia. 030.3 [18.3 |44.1 ie on he, bean a ney adye tek ave souledesas 3 a31.6 |b18.3 |45.2 BS ccceses{PORtCFSVING cosscvner|-cess 8.4 a82.4 |b15.5 (42.5 Sussex ........ ANGOVOR \isauuss teers sense 45 a55.13 |....... 48.82 trace}41.19 oP osuuenaas aS edt auekrad spepes 6 a52.41 | trace/41.19 oe, poaeuas ae | gee nsanagwewaed oees 5.9 a4g 62.88 [38.5 Sc ates Beaver Rug..csccseslessecs| 08°. svarantee tS a Pee? ~ a - a3 3 seeee leeeenes * 2.62 | MD Ot eaeenald PS Cae sseleevee-| 1.48 — see00- (046.66 | 0.81 |..... 14 27 ee ) $e, oebditees on 1.14 a53.64 | 0.81 |42.72 2.54 491 | Mae, e. of Beaver Run ..|...... 1,08 a47.8 | 01.85 |... 18° 2 ae SSERSRPERES 2 492 ) a) Genes older! Branchville seen tel enews 6 a48s.6 64.2 43.9 2.6 op onme 493 ee Ae ee ‘Carpenter's Point... 8.5 16.9 | 439.87 b1.42 83.31 fees sake 6 Analyses 460, 461, 462 and 471 should have been placed under Sussex co. by eat p. 50 svn seseeseefRonon lestone diss Ms ait : ste eeeeneeeesens teeeeeeeae A he ie ples Seti fo 76 oP 0 JOB 4. aun cse dco soasnoseneevsl Warmer Quarry, Blue mag- nesian limestone aos hes FN neesakaneusbensheaeavsan) (Os Warmer Quarry. Blue mag- nesian limestone OM Neca oy we ee eee ean Warner quarry. Blue mag- 5; nesian limestone ee é ue ae peeeeeeeer se eeesseereeeeees Jn Warner quarry. Blue mag- nesian limnestone lu. Ss. Se sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 420;\E. Weise estate ame . Weaver, anal. Bau avacea [lls a3 geol. sur. 1900, p. 58.....ccecescsscscsenceeeee-|Lrenton limestone ee Mk STAGES Wi AOL: saccne v leblewsee oleae ace nes Crystalline limestone. Saun- rt ders quarry La 1868, Pp. 402 ...ccecscseesseveeeeeesess(perpentine limestone : Core “© p. 401 ...cscsececccceseeeesseee-|Lurkey mountain, Boonton iron co. 46 ASAI AIOE ISE mee ODE BOR vince dan cone alent unze> A VErBEe, is. Gonld quarry i ; _eie : a3 se Oe eee er ee reese Peer eeeeeeereeeeeses- eee } . Re ise n3s es oe Agta Se ard wet eRe ENO Se D. Cisco quarry 3h i eAAN onl, saies cates o tap veeektkasen DOO LIDeSLORS jee eet eceee-cvees Ay oe RW tla ck caecateacareeew yy LEnaebAnG. Fit OF dower “ © 6 BORG asks vcbapeedenes uve aw PRO EONGs 05 Eee eee seer eereeresr eras : quarry eeeeretteooeeeeee #6 7 Bh ae re Tania G eit foie cals iain Hou eeaS Best of M. Craig quarry Neti etess vi wie' ats. 'e «ie. aS ele $s eeeerereereoee eee seeeeee ee eeeee Average selected sample eeereeee eee ew ees a es a eeeeereeteoeseeereeneeereeeeee . eeeeeeoeaeereeeeeee ee ee p. 403 seeeeeoeeeeseeee reese eeeereeee White limestone, hill north of | Andover, Boonton iron co. eeereeee eee e ss. toe oe od oe eeeerereeeoreerereeeeeeeeeeeeee White limestone, hill north of Andover, Boonton iron co. ei “e eG sesseeeceseseeesseesaceees| White limestone, hill north of Andover, Bo nton iron co. 487 we © 6 1 PAT a iecia sds scacens cccesnaes, (NEL marl, J. J. Decker's, 1m. seeeeeeeees etter ‘ s. w. of Andover oe SERRE aidiciclyiaiciesxs sine ay 1900; p70). hive ssnscrsseeceuaswene| WObStor Kerniek'’s farm = 489 e@ereeereeveeeees “ oe ae eee e reese eeewr eee eeeeeeeeee st 490 ci be Pr ln ool saa ebeateer elas Gf er eenk seer seers eeeetos , 491 ae ts TUS RC ea F. Kemble’s farm eee ere ee ee eeee a 492 ~eeeeeereeeeet eee Jy 1868, p. 398 eeesreeeereeereereeeeeranee Fossiliferous, 14m. 5 e. of 3 Branchvill> a PREIS alka) isis me 8% is ©© 1, BOD .nccevnersencdavccerceceee Firestone Nearpass quarry aCaO bMgO L = Analysis burned lime * “i »* 7 . ; g , sy ite — — ‘ e; . rs | wee Shas eee ew eee “eee ener vig me burg seceneeeeeee (15.7 -dystonville Rad Vike | Hamburg ......+.++.| 7.02 |. Hunts Mill........... Tliff’s pond ......+0+]-seeee Se. sacuveeecewepel Bal 1.42 Jenny Jump moun-|......) 1 tame seevvcvses| pone 1.81 N_ W. of Lafayette.! ... 61 N. of Lafayette...../10.72 1.46 . N. J. bank, Milford! ..... 1.8 Secs Gonties mabe) dency] vos secessevchsemeieeane sai kesal te age 1.49 a49.03° 3m.s. w. of Monroe}......] - 1.63 a43,09 Montague ......... 8.7 1.5 a49.67 H . 61,24 PPE Ey bY Acaspeeh b.73 6.69 (40 b.62 (38.57 RA varninth sucese] OF 16 a50.38 | 0.36 38.9 z's austesewanst Aambe| \eeke 1.28 | a9.71 | 6.42 | 7.25 ot ane een Mea 2.49 a8.45 | 0.43 ! 6.12 Newton. oo. scosccaseloasecs 6 ai9.4 (b20.3 (45.7 om pucwcbancevtl saccea 9 a28.6 /b18.1 (34.5 ni socks tent bah ibanus 9 a29 620.2 |44.9 Pa) dees eccteeel-seces 47 a49g b.9 (39.4 Ma aa sones| -esec|eccoes scareaseas} OOANA) amen Cnn aM coveseasvevelssccse|ccccccncccssnccn! Gest! hes hennaee 8.46 | TEP Resa ete | 1.9 28,22 |b19.07 |..... 8.18 bee 3m. 8s. w.of Newton.|...... 1.6 46.88 |b .4 |. .eeee 11.96 | sees ‘4mne * Sekaes 2.44 241.12 |b 8.78 |......) ‘S?.ae) cee 2 See also analyses 460, 461, 462 and 471. eee b st Gosh 8 ees Rs i lancer ot-B. Howell ee © 1868. p. 404...sssseseeveesssseeeeeess (GW, Rude. White limestone oak : (18:3 Pp, 108....csseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeee [R. Howell's farm Pe. wa SSTY, Pe eee D. M. Howell. Marl ee OASIS DTG: sent tds oceakavannacdt Trenton limestone ad ee oe : ee , > 3 e@reeee eee ee ee eeeereeeeeean . oe 1868, P. 402,00... .eesevereeeeceernees White limestone. East side : of mountain a 1900, p. SSS ean ene tae Ei: Simmons’ farm x ve sis p. IDEM AHN dlela(ataietdevacniecntnrce a iaretal aia Trenton limestone se os Pp. rE ED ati OUR dana pen i OF Demorest i. Fishes bee veeeereaeens Ai en ae ikea (elie PAR eacsine Tsk oe alcaed eae ee Marl. White Pond ee BSS, Dy SOU ten ciats eds vs. oe hha wins 3 | CORMIEOFOUS set eeceeeeecess be 1900, p. Mon Wale nanWaccus uacernisica vate Trenton limestone coe ee ee se ‘ ce -@eeeeeeeeereaeer @eeeeseeeeeeeereeereeereeeee ae se TSES, PD. SO8e ca cc cuccasneutouvuvann’ Benen SAE eere J. Cole’s arm aes ieawesisss 6 we 8 DVM oanevecdsacsssivechansspurrace.. I. Bonnell farm, Chamber’s Mill brook BMdMaltsscceee-[ * - PGi ger alecsseaeb obs soides ee le £6 DElOW BULTAce BEGREHESHEES ES ee vid as, vices vs ne Res ease a kee as Ww Ounin Dalen EAE: REL aye 8 ft below ; surface. J. Cole ~@eeeereceeee- seat sd =e oe @eeeeereeeeeereeeeer eee eeeeee Marl. 1B Van Etten, 4 ft below surface ~@eeeteeeeereeee et us PuolDirgsacrriessessevesesveans Moore & Cutler quarry ee ee ee ae ee ce se ee ee ah gid Dy B98. a cccuctncccesccscsnccates W. T. Babbitt’s farm eee eee eee eee ees as 18775 Di Aa iaitatstamwatats aikid.e Wale t'slece wae M. Drake’s farm. Marl es ee ce ie epee eee sere eee e reese eeeeee Me atahetate cis se vit a7 oe 1900, Pp. 33....0.ecccevcssecceseeses,(O'Donnell & McManniman uarry Pe a as p.- Ue areited eisibcinhi.< Vemagen ke a’s Ww ittingham estate eereeeeeeeereeee . aS p. 76 Peeeteeerseseseseeseneeeees . A aCaO bMgO L= Analysis burned lime SELL REREESRESRERE ESSREFEEREEE 567 Warten vaceedss JASDUFY ..ccrveccanes! see. 8 «29.4 |b17.8 paakOeene bet Ps Sheen ; gies < i LY cece . seeeeees “|* eee ewes Roseville ....se+-+e4+ |. , | 95 eeereeeee sewer eseereeee eee seeeeeees OP tebe e ee eee eee , eeeeeeees = eee w were seesleeeeee eee eee Stillwater. iscveccves sates eee eee ee te eee meae ee eee 1.6 b 2.2 eescccce. (SWAFtBWOOK. .ccccece|sscces 4.37 a24.89 |b 3.74 sees .seeeees./Sussex lead mine ...|-...- a" abd1.07 |b 8.02 a7 sesesee.{Vernon township .,.!......] 5 3 |a80.4 1019.1 |449_ + eeeeeeee|Cranberry reservoir.|...... ts & a53.93 |b 1.25 «seeeeeee| Vernon township ...| +s... 9 a4.84 |b 5.25 ache “ at Ae, 9 a54.79 |....... ccocncocel Welpack Canter save] scusas 2.1 a44.85 |b 2.18 Oe Ren ce MRSS: 2:6 a45.19 |b .8 a30 = |b19.4 | a29.3 |b19.5 a29.1 |b19.3 a27.9 |b17.7 sctpeaun’ ~ ee 4 a30.3 |b16.2 veeunmben | West VORROD 600d Ge Eisves's 2 a51.96 |b 2.92 obseevans Wynokle csyvevcsvasaiawecns 5.3 a29.01 {610.8 -eeee-oes| Mantage township..|......| 2.2 ee eee eee ons ae 1.3 re Dn oa eo a sasaere B Ividere ..........| 1.86] .6 .51 1053.64 |b .81 [48.08 |..00..00- |. a Te.” pie ne guarce be 44 .47 1a53.24 b 1.08 |42.62 wean seeeee pecesees dis deeWiineteee oT 51 a53.02 b 91 42.69 eee ewnene seeeee eeereeese ; ae ee 5 03 | 2.06 1.¢8 a49.73 b 1.02 40,19 eee eee eee ee eee aCaO bMgO Pp. Sli ie he \J. ea elorbson ae Be cio Dp. 479 oe Terecie ontatecs atalaigheldteimeraiets Tufa. B. je Van Syckle farm . ane ea SE PMO RZ ceeee cen eeseeeeneear eens O. Himenover farm Se “ ~ of PRL ae ee l e oeRe aa Crystalline limestone, J. B. ; Titman farm Se os *p. 394 PHOS OEE OAR ATCT OOOO O50 a limestone, J. B. Titman i» : arm ; Noe. Geol SUC. AML Po 44 iicokscsassesseinecdasenee/|CryStalane limestone, Pe if Titman farm Geol. of N. die 1868, p. DOSie a calswaalininsiettcemnisemicieae D. Farrell farm SOE ente seala!\cias .» se N. J. geol. sur. 1871, PD. 44 cccccerccsccccccgevecces Crystalline limestone Geol. of IN: ai. 1868, De SOL ci saveccusceccsccovecrace- os a EM) Tee BOLT anlena’ ance rvayectscess (Ms ROX QUATEY, S€€ PD. 933 a ; 561. see eer essere oens 562 | Alkalis 21 s 563 ee ee Beles... .. ssc. (N. J. geol..sur, 1900, p. QB.serces. sscccacccsesces | [Series Of analyses made from ; | samples taken chiefly on a ee a ile EEA tafe sides Va sige © ne ine Morris & Earye farms near a \| Belvidere. Analyses are all D 566 ee eee eeeeet tee rser os ve 4 eeeeereereee ee eeeeeeeeee of the Trenton beds, which ime in thisarea furnish Portland « 567 eeeeseeereeerene nie Sf ae Je RE EMER ea cies cement rock a L= Analysis burned lime i SESEEEEERESERRERSRESEITIAT TS = 1 88 post heer, -seespoest « ¥ igen eeeeeeeel , seen eeee , eeversses sree eeee sete eeee ween eens eeeeeeeer ete eee eee ewee eee ewer eee eeee eee wee eee eee S. of Branchville....|...... 46 = |aB4.98 | 0.84]. ..66. seeeeess Budgeville vargas ca 8.76 55.87 | 8.88 |. .e.6. ossdemcsngeatlscages 1.3 a29.8 |b19.3 |44.7 Carpentersville ..,..|17.707 7.915 a41.794' 0.88 |38.25 .|Bushkill rah s. e. of Colum-|...... 1.28 ab2.58 | 0.65] ..... 4.8 sean bia tee ween Columbia ee ee 1.4 a29.6 620 45.4 2.8 seeene “a Hainesburg seen sees (2.62) 2.88 48,04 b2.84 steer 5.48 seeeee ~~ sentences] ; was ee b hisaceansenell . 1.11 | its re be neeneenen, 13.82 | 5.08 ty sstusscceess bth] Bl. ah savaetsedeoe[80,009 "S.08 2% EAlst tig ee Seeaedceannettt. Okt ae Pa Tae es sesevssceee [22.89 | 6.9 BP PTTEPY «Ck a eae hx | erreyee bee e! saved eseseee| Bat | “B:08 oe caynes dey s{0.06 | 2.85 b1.59 |29.28 | secoeeeseees}2445 | 5.68 1.57 1a85 | 62.21 [29.89 |, sescscevene 17.0 | 7.80 1.7 laS@d | Ghee ieegee PT S| 8.15 a85.78 | 61.86] .... |... MrT ic! eter 1.4 a29.6 |b19.2 |46.2 ns sta vtmanieGouet 1° ad3.4 | b.4 42.6 b8.21 82.1 |... 03.33 32.73 ror b1.52 |29.2 |, voeee (14.505 6.861 |a40.296) b.671/32 5 (10.712 5.982 |a89.990] b.654/82.15 |....e.eeefee see /10,262 7.186 _ |a44.722| b1.401/36.68 |......+006). . + |20.578 5.441 — |a80,880] b.620/82 |... 2000. ' ’ 7 . A : 062888 eter eee eee 89.87 2.29 eeeeee .97 seeeee aCaO bMgO nas SEESEEESERERS peeereveerzaeecrsens A (ot Besse ssn > Geol. Undet. 2.36 Ce Geol. ST eer oe aa Pal Gieiae cecesess (GEOL. ee ee ee N. J. Org. and water 2 ve ad “yt ae A ec ¥ i 4 0 =| wesy ’ at hem as : Sf een p a =! ‘ pis e Filing tthe eo RE RL SEY Dd 4 Eu ee se ~ eee ee eee ee neeeereeeteees ~ ; . ‘ Pere eee reser seers eeee 7 sa eevee seeseeseeereeeeeeee ik clai crate eta a eeiaia wisi ain veislwiey eeeeeerereeeeeeeeereseee ea ccereceeseeseececsenee eeeereseeeereeeeereseeeee eeseeeseeseseceeeereennen | | | | ees ce 6s J ee eee eee reese eeeeeeeerr Pp. OFT sletd clata ctale™s iw e\ ania ecotwinte(si dais Railroad cut of N. J. 1868, p. BOE rics titres wv ew siccecesinuslciee. ee ee ne ign OMCs Se cet eeeeeeeeereee eee: Fossiliferous limestone ee ae geol. sur. 1900, p. 5B ....cccecececsceseeceereees/Lrenton limestone ae ee Pp. QBN. a ceistinncslae cl a/ein be wixicle Nin e'aa Tliff property Of N. J. 1868, p. 896... .cccccscerceccsevccccvcecs:| Wagner quarry, one mile from Easton geol: sur. 1900, p. 42 .cccccsse secncevcccsecces | Murphy farm ee ee ee ee ae ee oe ee oe “6 hye ce ee ee ae ee SOTTO eee eee eee er ee ee ane 6 ee D: 66 iv cnvecdescsscscsocceccscees! trenton limestone Of N. J. 1888, DP. 0G. vs vecsctvescvegerccccessce: First Outerop east of Van Kirk’s tavern geol. sur. 1900, Pp. 66.......ceceseeee-seeeeeees./Trenton limestone HG 1877, p. Ee Meaney x Gis'h eee Sin'r 6.6 a/e'ecke's H. S. Cook. Marl L= Analysis burned lime se Ty é th 2 eee ween al 639 | eeveeece Swayze's Mills eeeee ewer New York 640 ' Albany ++e, 50uth Bethlehem...) 9.05 | eee ae ves 4 seer Te eeeere 7 trees re pee, 8.15 7 7.05 8.12 6.85 7.23 7.68 6.08 8.16 8.27 11.94 11.28 10.48 8.27 8.4 11.6 0. "Saeusteue ot ate swede Gute. aT YT TS) Me eer 5.46 | 81 “5.0 $8 se ceeees[SMION. ccccscecceeee G16 1-88) = cceeedcd pS petigholm cae xenrsel gronsh 617 TTT TT Ty) Bs cece [28.04 618 i pocceees aes: ewae'es AOSD. 619 eRe a veveeue eal 620 ~ TTT TTT se ovesnanieeuee 621 hs eee ss » seeee «120.29 622 MAS | aes uae ue epee 623 Af OR dexeeeh + octcenctihal 624 OS -Basaas * s «ceke uta 625 OB: YON soon ma - ewe etl ae 626 ene ye ‘ wsceee (21.72 627 a6 | eer - eek 628 as rh * + see00+ 185.95 629 eae ee: af swaenea till 200 630 O8 cies ae tee ie 631 ee “* + seeees (24.91 ae WL eens “ sabsconOiey 633 ‘s. [deen ne bane AAT 634 a [eodpane $ < éineen DLS 635 A. F icganime ee sia cece? 636 “ sae “ eae ER BT 637 eR ae es os eee. e | 688 vs vas “s ere a *b.48 hse 61.68 '31.65 |...... ¥ undet. 27.56 |...., 3 | ** [27.78 acy | « |eter |. ati | ** (20.2 |. 38.84 | ** 22.66 87.87 | ** 129.76 |.seeeee 084.44 | ** [27,08 |...seceeee G25 64} ** (20.14 | .eoeesone]: 2.57 |a87.51 | ‘+ |20.47 |eseeevere] 2.58 |a87.51 | ** |20.47 |eecscssene]: 2.26 1488.20 | ‘* [80.09 |....cseefonnery 8.95 |a85.61 | ‘+ [87.94 |. .essswsseless (ag6.61| ** | ..ce0 Jayde 2.58 |a87.95 | ** [20.82 |..seserees a58.88 | a.72 |... 2.64 4.17 seeeee seceessaes a CaO. in oad se ee seca er eeeeeeeeeeneenes ee limestone : i fa Akg ae. : ‘ 4 creteteeennereeceeeee renee ® : ~ 4877, p. sascha (SRR O Oe Eee eee eens A. M. Cooke oF WJ. 1868, p. 394 Peer ewer eeeresesereseseses foe J. geol. Sate Suva Webias sanlvieaicwarctnaaerett oe ss oe ee ee ss ee ee ae eee sence eee eee seas estes eee er eeeet ee oe oe : ivi tesees " : : eee : ee se ee ee eeaeer eee eee eee ett a eeeeeeeeeee oe ee es avvecces ' eee eer eseseeseseseoeraeee oe z ee ss se eeeeseseseee eee esse ee se east eeeetr eeee : c ‘ 2 oe ee ee oe eee ee a eee eeer eee ee ere eer eeere S oes ae oe ~“@eeeveeeeeeerenr eter evraeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee a “ a dice limestone from see eens eetesaees ee eee eee esee eet eeee ss eeeee ‘quarry of Edison Portland cement co., one mile n. e. of Stewartsville if oe 66 66 peewee weeeee-eeee eeeeeeeereeseeeereeseeeeeee se a) tee ca _ “tis ‘ ee 66 &é q eee ewes eeeeeeee Q eevee e eee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeee 2 ‘e se ee peewee seers eseeee evecare seseeeeereseeeseeee ce 6 ee serene eseeenoes seen eeeeeeeereeeesreseees ee oe ce ereeeeeseseeees ereeceeer eters reeeeeseeees ee oe - cee wees eee tee : eee ee eeee seers eeeeeeeeeee peeeesser eer eens eeeeeeeee ree e ese eeeeeeeee sewer see eeenees eeveeeseerereeeeseseeeeee ee ee se Se . eee ee eee reeeseeeeeeeeeees se ot ee sees eee eeeeeeees Cee er tees eee eeeeeeeereee Sw vei te ‘op, 46 noe emacs | J ue OF DOE So ceandbensevenssocnseescss(/2benton limestone Bes wok s'v ales’ bos shh Y. state geol. rep’t 1897, p. 480......sseeeeeeeee++|LOwer third of Callanan a, quarry L= Analysis Pied lime eegeg22e22288 88 Evle . citevete : “ NR toncs Ge Greene .esa.sees at “ween eees Sm ths Landing ane » oe hee : ee ee eee 2% 1.54 Herkimer.......,; Little Falls........../10.5 ee eee @8 ee of eter ae mS erent Montgomery... es se se Niagara ........ li eeteee Onelda...e..+0s es eee ee ween 2 steer 5s eeeee P| edane eee ‘ Columbia,.......-.+. Ingham Mills........ ee tee Port Leyden......... LeyGGR. .sabnssepnre Collinsville......,... . Lowville. <2 svdwuseu> . Brighton i; cscascane ‘ Gates ee ee Rochester. .osessaese Amsterdam......c0:. ee settee eee se ween eee ee wee eee eee ae LOCKGONS «. sccsah aout Niagara Falls...... Prospect scoscsa acne Near Clinton........ ee erereete se eee eeee es .|Oriskany Falls...... 4.01 6.7 8.45 6.5 1.44 3.09 2.59 7.23 5.58 5.56 2.57 ? rs : Le gad Nt ee ween 1 ate ; Po 4. 3.08 Bet 48 3.08 2.72 1.67 94.11) 1.63. 91.27 8.78 020.38 22.1 a30.5 020.05 36.01 43.3 . 8 a52.78 49.07 | canis 52.46 |... [42.64 |..00.- 52.13 | ..... 89.44 [esate 98.49) 2.45 71.76 | 18.19 36,19 | 9342 |...... a42.21 17.45 | 37.5 ab2 | (b.04 |42 a48.63 b1.84 |40.29 a52.53 6.69 |42.08 a35.25 | 08.94 |37.52 a50.25 | b1 |40.49 a50.47 0.88 |40.57 a52.00 0.84 {42.88 ‘ An ee oe cA) car ewe seeee eee eee ‘ a. baler ti che » ~~, eeecereeseleesses > wi = # tee eee ee vee + Ce veeeee TPC e eae 1.5 1,55 1,55 eeeer fee eee eeee leew ee ag , td eee eer eee ee a a CaO bMgO . Se Grates oe soll "4 a oy ” ee See nt “marble co. ; . rat D. 436: H. Carlson, anal. te & Young quarry Beg ¢ 437: J. F. Kemp, anal: Partial analysis oe oe es * Holdredge’s quarry Engineering news. AB:BE5. 262-0. Bed cine a Beale ne eeen vege eG state geol. TED t 8917 Ds Aevcwaceniveavenatass he ieee epe a Ce peowceveceosaeeee-(Lentaculite limestone of ge p. ang tale ae Birdseye, Butler quarry, lower massive layer j . bianca ey. C6 ceecs+reeevraese- |birdseye, average of auagry is ie ‘* D. H. Newland,|Trentonlimestone. P. Snyder elecanal: farm IN. Y. state geol. tent 189%. Pi 440 nce sam esia gern. |\CHLIShYy, CUarLY. 3 an os ‘* —D. H. Newland,|/Roberts quarry na 2 ceol. rep’t 1897, p. 441......-sseccscee- (J. Wate S QuaITy elt Se ue yikouces seen ceses OCneSter DME Go. GUarTY settee en neees ne ‘* p. 442; D. H. Newland, Snow quarry a 3 nal. Bee EG nd in ssns. | N- AY. Eee geol. rep’t 1897, p. 442; D. H. Newland,|Copeland quarry BA ana [etter eee eseeee N. Y. state geol. rep’t pik p. 443; Sherrerd, anal. one C. capped quarry, upper ‘loc SSS Sace cee ue as $c os D. ro "Hewitt quarry, inter- ott Se ooee es ca Be aS ss oe eet queen: lower | IAEA eee Se ad ST cake. aveeeescments, Cy Lewin Quaeny Bate aie sik visiaieme oie 2 bats Pe 144 oe nas widen oon (Oy. deOSS QUEILY ood Se beng pues es oo p. 445; D. H. Newland, Quarry 2 miles e. of town Bieter aaieia\sla/e"s »)e1nie n’¥ state geol. rep’t 1897, p. 445; H. Ries, anal...|W Messing quarry Re eect eieisis sieie« es oe ‘sp. 446; J. D. Irving,|Trenton lin estone Ss 21 ny state geol. rep’t 1897, p. 446; A. H. Chester, a anal. om CER e at exe'se s'alncco oes | Ne se or aaah geol. rep’t 1897, p. 446; 4. H. Clester, 674 |oseeeeeeseseees IN. cL state geol. rep’t 1897, p. 446; A. “a H. Chester EP 6675 |S 3 In oa Ee geol. rep’t 1897, p. 446; A. H. Chester, 676 |g 21 nN aie Y etate geol. rep’t 1897, p. 446; A. H. Chester, j 677 so. 14 we state geol. rep’t 1897, p. 446; A. H. Chester. L= Analysis burned lime 4 | 60 ee Tomk ie 2 Rensselaer. wane Hoosick Falls.....:.<|. St Lawrence ...|Ogdensburg......... ee ae one weeeeeere Between Colton and Canton 1m. from Canton... Gouverneur. eet ee ee < 23 .38 92.29 Schoharie.......| Howe Cave........:.. s eee Cobleskill, iiss5k«<- Vlstar. Denuem 96.104) -043 .......| 84.782 78.176 95 251 91.892 54.571 44.18 ne s* .44 96.142 1.604 eee ee quarry ; ___) eS eRe ... Springfield furnace}...... 1.126 76.196) 17,60 4 <2 cee quarry 811 | Bradford....... 1m. e. of Burlington! ..... 2.613 4.428 |a41.048| b1.135.33.24 812 | Butler... ... ...| West Winfleld.......].... ay 1 95.1 149 awn 813 | Cambria.. .....|Johnstown.......... veee | B.39 o.ceee.! B4 B01) 21.65 |...... 814 | Center.......... |Near Bellefonte.....|......|& FeCO3z .208 | 97.89 | 1.285] ..... Sal eee | “ aot ‘© 82- | 06.829) duran BIG | cneeceercveesrens Re ss NG rand a 377 | 97.532] 1.21 817 ) Chester oc ‘Downingtown. jeeee) aos? 87 .| 64.15] 42 ||. vce) eee 818 | Cumberland. ..|Greason.............. ) SAD hie.nep wick Wee Cunete a39.26 | b9 /|88.82 11.07 819 | Fayette ....... Georgetownship....| .... | FeCOg}| 80.647; 2.217)...... 10.77 | .548 1.657 Ros csecesd vive %$m.n.e. of Union-| .... . ab 66.471; 17.711] ..... 0.46 | casos town 81 eS ey Uniontown ..i gieveleavens Feeds! 67.668, Liter vies 7.86 |. cccne : .135 1 914 aCaO Sissies reieerceneneeten Bakers quarry OVi Say Me ey oe 1. gee Peete teen en eee eens wae ee vc . Z Sn} t9 8 Si6ew e 0/9, 58s @'a) d,0 18101 waa 8S An Stators BF SD. AO an enn cisankne teleice tech PAT OLCORS, ZINC co. Siluro- jae : _ Cambrian ae ot ie AGS asada sd aby da eee wehn up ne | PROpekuyy Siluro-Cam- brian Beles is beens. S063. cciicvisseed++es-0esseas, (Mit Etna furnace quarry 48.8 |U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont'd, p. 441......./J. K. McLanahan jr yseeeeeee-/Pa. geol. sur. WEE He AUN piesewecge cial re Memeo Mayer Manning quarry Bee waate sin! i AG SE ee eee. a ale sielauhaae ewe IO OPMAUALEY al ainiaimm@sie'n a Sh es DP. BOG. evencsrereceveversacenes Rodman furnace quarry PR ss es AS Sy SANE yee s Asai nck dea eee . ae eee 44m. s. of Todd DOSU- office ag w of Five!..... ere eeee 1m. e. of Chambers- necnbdente a 8. of Jackson- ee. e «++eeees/1}6m. nn. e. of Homer)...... veceeees (8M. S. @. Blairsville.|..... cveccses 0G. Oy We BW ee Decker's Point m: 6. S. O7ellcaces lairsville eee eee 2m. s. WW. of Smith- oeeee rt eee eee kh Wi of Smith- ee eeeer port neccecea 4:00 CO) (i SIMO RHOE Quen. station eee twee 6m s. w. from Rick- pecse mond ‘sikenan Blairstown wes ocvcwe ss EEIEIG BUMEFOM 2 cau nclaunas Samcaded West Lebanon .....).... S48 |Lancaster. \Chickies..........++. | .86 849 oot Patacendue lRhesutw...<.- wd eae tates 850 ‘Lawrence. ..... Near Wampum, Big)..... | Beaver township 851 | ~s 3m.n.w. Mt Jackson,)...... | n. Beaver township, ah2 ) SM he cae Near New Castle... tl eeeee 83 | he 2m.n of Croton....|.....- a4 ) F | Youngstown rere ee 855 Lebanon. be ay ae Richland station....| .07 856 Namaaneet ad .39 OT Tented 5 i. ceciiics Trexlertown.. ... 7.22 G68 iMifflin........... 2m. from Belleville.|...... s rig} sewer eevee 1C aa a 7 ‘ * 31 88.282 82.881} 8.081}......) 36.214 16 888 hes 58.75 16.005]....0. Be. 78.768, 2.421|......] 18 92.857| 1.589]......) 2 65.£92 79.821 82.768 51 97.95 94.214 95.768 93.34 94.785 96.43 99.02 seeeee 8.601|......| 2.875|....0- 48.49 08: cae 1.788)... 1.097|...00 1.48 1i.ees 1.869]...... 4 eer 9886 | .91| .... 06.5 | $d 97.651, 1.181|...0.. . ‘ 7 “oF ; eee eee eeeeee ones i eee eee ‘ PARAS se eeeenee Leeeeee, Pree rey A 76 aCaO ss DMO ‘i. Ag eee ae, A+ Pye @eeer wae es . pgs ape! . tal i ee aie dwtaiaieta ue of iw iatata(cia a eToyat WO 7 p. 302 Cth like ha hal etch thal Se aisle a se bottom of formation : } oe ye eg atl om roe a Sere bottom of formation CSL ES nm Ue es ewe asst ete. 000 oy Ee OSOR GURETS, SO legs Above ey , bottom of formation ~ p. 299 Peete eters eae ee eee eecees J. Whitney quarry op Hoe ‘ p. 292 eesersseeceseseeeursaaaer veal. Brown quarry; u limestone ny bs Si weeeereeressr se eeee seeereeseees Gro ee : up my eeeeeeeeee 8 ee = eeee rt aeeert ese eeer eee eeeeweee D. pot Gri ty quarry Se ae = cee idceuites «au + Kemes cada sung ith SCM ems COMrt Beieccwelciacs am by ee Pp. une Seiaieriredecc uicidiesis aie em eeinimein @ Ss. Palmer quarry; Freeport ° 4 a lower limestone eeeevseseseeresee ees os se @eeeueer eer eeeeereeeeeeree eee ie: Brown quarry | AS AASA Seo SS ae Pp. DOR mala nie aes cia eile eeeeeeeeee A. Gorman, upper layer, : Johnstown cement Bede H=- nes he a Ae Tg daaans «> do kes manhed ends a ene, JON vor i aS ey oe CO gat Nabonveusgasevcersevest RG RRWe Quart y. saeane ees Saati ahiave:3'o a" o 2 oe Vi Cee teaicain sisioeininie cle ictaiciacieisteis Isaac Simpson’s latiniste wie eala)a 60" oe e Pp. 366 Se eee RS Oe RL a are G. M Doty . Eee as oe TE OM doe uae cone Sewick'ey limestone eeeeeeeereereeee os ae p- SR Ae Lac cralatoiu cole pi aiemcun mis orale A. H. Fulton quarry, Pitts burg limestone vecersssceeesees|U. S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont'd, p. 441.......|Chickies iron co. SCG PAGE ooaoee Ee oe es Ree caeet Wes, Geiney & Co. ee a (Pa. fel. SUP. MM, PD. 200 cee. ccectecescocescuecscrs(0. &. Onin & Bros. quarry Baiddiesnine's <® see Pind Meiers BO Se ects pers nn aces « van enen Quant y e@eeoseoeesesene bi Le ce err wer cee w eee e eer eee eeeeeeer Green’s, Marquis & Johnson 4 quarries “4 AAS ee oa i OE febet. Saks taWane es. OL sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont'd, p. 456; S. P.|L. H. Felton Sharpless, anal. 915 ooo goaear oe gS. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 456;)W. B. Fonda F. C, Robinson. anal. 1 een eR FS geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 455. ... |J. P. Rich, no. 1 a 917 |FeO 12 sae he ee EEE ein os: 2 rr ue ts on ee PO Sita tea ‘ 3 4 919 |Org. none. ce 18th rep’t, pt 5 cont’d, p. 986........|Marble 920 |Org. 004 oF ze : S ‘Ss ....-.| Light marble ¢ 921 [MnO —-.005 “ “ “ tv Asda. (Dame ioe 3 922 “Sab ais sa G2 a ‘ft D, Beaks cee Blue cs a drs. “ 7 ve RRS coe White ‘ 924 tte eeceeee serene a i oe +e Hpyarneesd] SCRUUREY> L = Analysis of burned lime Orange .....+00+ [sem from Gor PAGO. sce ee eevee eee. aN So ccc EAT Pane eran 66 os sceeseee (Shemandoah .....0..| 5.4 Shenandoah.... Aw of New Mar- 4.5 of «e+.|New Market ...:...-| 7.6 West Virginia . Berkeley .......|Marlowe ......-.. Lj..... Grant, .........|/ Knobly mountain... eh heawesnnse. {ear FetErsDUre i. Fite Greenbrier......|Fort Spring........ vio Seton C&O R. wee oe eee he . - {Blue Sulphur) .4 Springs = eet eee Muddy Creek moun- 1.2 tain OF i ree Snow Flake ...«s000»|.0-0«: Harrison........|Near Clarksburg....| .72 Jefferson.......|Harpers Ferry......| 6.68 > -../2 m. Ss. w. Harpers) 1.68 Ferry | = coger /4 TO. Be We AAYDEFA vetcc Ferry = svesake Charlestown,.....+.. 42.5 Be pinta Shepherdstown...... 88.98 ay ae ee “ vs. 42.9 en > , ** Be wee 12.6 Kanawha ......| Two Mile creek.....| 1.76 a “ cee 16 at 8 Ae /Bis Buffalo creek... 18.48 a Little Buffalo creek. 18.72 yee Eighteen. Mile creek|81.92 trom dordone 3.28 | 143 | 1.46 88.52 90.11 93.76 98.2 88.64 96.46 95 52 | 81.16 | 58.88 95 86 | 38.66 32.17 23.9 ce eeeeeee : ‘ Peceseensel, s osesle knee eee eee ewer wees ‘ pei _ ss a ? ie re) a 959 p. He SE ete Le eS pH... ceevencscans| e's a 5 or Ph aot eee oe bee . ee pei ern vs “ 520 | ee . ee eee + hes ; 4 p. im aieivic's's\n es) isle inex ie ue ee 520... ‘ nin oe Bin , $ p. veetvescenccoseocs og fel te ee ia 2 ed ‘ s p Uj Ride Wena a ig a « or 70 , sae agdes 3 Oh p 1 viareie ala dialer ots aoa) aces wre ers cces faiviniwik-eisieie'r ag a seeeerrsee ae kite DeOReee she cae ecanie stents ee re ry } a ee ae ve p. TO seereeneneenel : aoe oe Dp. Fetes te ee Paigieietaivie'e aiaiviess 06 |pikettation of resources of w. Va. Summers 1893, _p. 88; W. B. Rogers, anal. __ Stee fiw cele ah wih ke Description of resourcesof W. Va. Summers 1839,} p. 150; W. B. Rogers, anal. Descrii tion of resources of W. Va. Summers 1839,| Pp. 150; W. B. Rogers, anal. ’ ara en ae Description of resourcesof W.Va. Summers 1839,|C. E. Dwight p. 150; W. B. Rogers, anal. . peiciws cis sem e's Descripti: n of resources of W. Va. Summers 1839, p. 150; W. B. Rogers, anal. Ria acm eiore asian tates Description of resources of W Va. Summers 1839, p. 150; W. B. Rogers, anal. Org. ir; U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont'd, p. 460; J. B.|D. Y. Huddlestone Britton, anal. secesseseeesees. |Description of resources of W Va.Summers 1893, 88; W. B. Rogers. Beis enieiehia bess Description of resources of W. Va. Summers 1893, . 88; W. B. Rogers. -eeee esceseee.-|Description of résources of W. Va. Summers 1893, p. 88; W. B. Rogers. eseeeeeeeseee. |Description of resources of; W. Va. Summers 1893, p. 88; W. B. Rogers, Seta at eialip oly |@eot. of Va. 1889, DI LTO. ccnweeds ves senucccress «sss. (Ol TOR to Locke's tavern oF Se pr tab Send send ced swaseies oh cveea snes ROVNOI 8 QUaLEY lee of ed p. 169 eureeeereeesete ese eee e ere eeeeee Le seeeerse ee seeers a So ne eeeeeseeeeneeeeeeeertseeeeet eee ny a a Bis Hh Deas auiaxaiemenir ass aierea eda [LOM Or DOU re oF DOD ve PEGs Seni tebe riniries iO] ay els) il of. | sees eoesseerrees ee A PT DSO patois a oiiieilest a 'aslein be heceir'a mo 6 se ay Poorer eereesesese wee meee eter eee en rers eeeeres seeeereeeesseeee! ~ ot ni ah wee wen ee eeeesseser es eeoeeress 38m. from mouth bMgO Monroe.....++++/E ed SUL seeeeeess UIC s Creek..... Ohid...ccscseses Willow grove. sse+s, Pleasants newer South side Rapi- 2 danne river Preston ........ Jenkins lime kiln 5.8 R. Forman’s......... sete reese eee eeeee Below coal no. 2 eter Wisconsin Calumet eeeenee Brillion... ,eeeereeeeee Dodge ..ce00000+| KNOWLES ,.000+cs0ce0s] ss Door . 1.09 Fond du Lac... Hamilton.......,.+.. Milwaukee ..... Milwaukee .........|17.56 ha esas ei cassnsnean{ll OO coesse so0{16,.00 Outagamie.....| Duck Creek.,.......| 3.17 Ozaukee...... ../|Grafton .. 37 Sheboygan .... -46 Waukesha .... 6 32 3.96 3.01 sabacies nee (OCUPBCON TIT... bn cen oe oe eee . Sheboygan ........e. ER CTMMEY oa ae dens mbeten 987 988 sdb ‘aay 4 TLE away aces ie tench Winnebago .... whi: 1.88} 2.96 | Ph. aves taal Little North moun-/10.8 | — 7.61 | 1.36 | ceeees 8.12 eeteewe 5 Ae 45.54 48.29 41.34 senese] of sneer eeeee seeeee ee re > oe | ae seeterees sins teeecenese is heees oreces se ee . . =e a 20; w. B. Rogers, amalessssesseve i } ; s a : ie ; cA : im in te : — os ereee er ee ee 3 e A } peels eae aes of resourcesof W. Va. Summers 1898, W. B. Rogers |Description of resourcesof W. Va. Summers 1893, Ds pe $8; W. B. Rogers Summers 1893, De eseription ¢ of resourcesof W.Va. p. 88; W. B. Rogers ; i eriotion of resources of W. Va. Summers 1893, be p. 88; W B. Rogers Sates iiaicie cee of Va. p. 520; W. B. Rogers, C. E. Dwi ; W. B. Rogers, C. E Dwight, ; W. B. Rogers, C. E. Dwight, anal. ,ecececeoes. (Geol. of Va p. 520; W. B. Rogers, C. E. Dwight, rs anal. ; Brmelette wisteie alee e eal oF Va. p. 529; W. B. Rogers, C. E. Dwight, anal. . mu Gibson’s quarry Fay |escceceesvesseess/U-S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 462; Ormsby lime co. eS Gustave Bode, anal. sarccccesecsseselU- S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 462; Nast Bros. quarry W. W. Daniells, anal. vs ceceecsveeesee-| Wis, geol. sur. Bul. 4, p. 420; W. W. Daniels, anal.. “e - U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 463; Hamilton stone and lime co. W.W ODaniells, anal. Ark. geol. sur. 1890, a 1A) cane odbenccueincbonddacon (CRiiautr UCU TG Mi CM ee Ge 6s sstnatay 1 | ee ee 66 sae ee ee wee eer reset eee eeereeeneene | | el Wis. geol. sur. Bul. 4, p. 420; W. W. Daniells, anal. 984 | Alkalis .8 |U.S. geol. sur. 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 462.....|Milwaukee Falls lime co. TE ria ck eX classics sie ae os ie rit ak al a 463; G.|Sheboygan lime works. Bode, anal. 986 |..........-.....| Wis. geol. sur. Bul. 4, p. 420. ¥ | O87 | ...ccessseeeree.(U. o geol. sur., 20th rep’t, pt 6 cont’d, p. 463 .... 988 -eeee- ec eeeereees Min. res. 1889-90, Pp. 439; we C. Jack, SNA eases = Bs bMgO § 3. | ss pe ment, 7277-289, ement, 7291, 7357. natural sets aes 8337; , illus. facing p. 836. - Paearict cement quarries in, , Ibion, quarry, illus. facing p. 810. . SA Alkalis in limestones, 6447. Alpha Portland cement co., 6963. ; Ae ter s American Portland cement co., 8519, 8607-612. Alumina in limestones, 6444. _ Alvord, A. E., quarry, 8056, 8074, 8385; illus. facing p. 805, 838. By Alvord, E. B., & Co., 8056, 8387. we American cement co., 6963, 8585, 8596, | 8612. Ammonium sulfate, 6682. Amphibole in limestones, 6514. Analyses, 892-955; Becraft limestone, 4 7773, 7872, 8223; Birdseye limestone, 7911; blue lime, 8066; Calciferous limestone, 7876, 7997, 8161; Cambro- Silurian limestone, 8095-102, 8122, 8291; cement rock, 8064; Chazy g limestone, 7553, 7755, 7762, 7825, 4 7831; Crystalline limestone, 8003, 8141; dolomite, 7786, 77938, 8151; Fi Guelph limestone, 7959-961; Helder- a berg limestone, 7713, 7843; hydraulic P limes, 6783; lime, 8059, 8154; lime- stones, 8266, 892-955; limestones used in glass-making, 6542; lime- stones used by beet sugar manu- } facturers, 6562, 6574, 6581; Lower Helderberg eee 8033 ; ok nesian limestone, 8095; marl, 7857, 7931, 7943, 7975; natural rock ce- ment, 6834, 8175; Niagara limestone, 8013; Onondaga limestone, 773%, 7811; Pentamerus limestone, 8173; Portland cement, 7001, 7044-62, 8521, 854, 8567, 8617, 8623, 8645, 8663, 8674, 8681, 8697, 8711, 8718-722; Portland cement mate- rials, 8547, 8567; Rosendale cements, 6792; Tentaculite limestone, 7883, 8173; Trenton limestone, 7889-892, 7914-922, 7924, 7991, 8023, 8251, 8278; Trenton-Chazy limestone, 8127-133; Tully limestone, 8203; Upper Helderberg limestone, 8191. Appleton, J. H., analysis by, 8268. Arana marble co., 8275. Arden, quarry, illus. facing p. 808. Argillaceous limestone, 6437, 6453; in Portland cement, 8753. Argillaceous magnesian limestone, 6454. Associated lime co., 8258. Atlas cement co., 6963. Babcock, D., quarry, 8187; illus. fac- ing p. 818. Ball mill, 7143; section of, illus. fac- ing p. 714. Bangs & Gaynor, 8384. Barber asphalt co., quarry, illus. fac- ing p. 781. Barnerville quarry, illus. facing p. 818. Barnhardt, D. A., cement mine, 835. Barre Center limekiln, illus. facing p. SLi. Birdseye limestone, 7557, 7561, 7571; p. 788; in Herkimer county, 7887; in Jefferson county, 7898; in Lewis | county, 7908. Bischof, G., cited, 6426. Bishop, I. P., cited, 7769, 7799. Black river limestone, 7557, 7563; in Clinton county, 7748-752; in Essex county, 7822; in Jefferson county, 7901. Blowing, 7294. Blue lime, analyses, 8066. Bihme hammer, 7208; illus. facing p- 719. Boiling test «f cement, 7265-276, Bond, Edward A., acknowledgments to, 8773, Bone-ash, manufacture, 6703. Bonneville cement co., 6964. Boynton, analysis by, 7831. Brainard, E., cited, 7818. Briquet machines, 7207-219. Briquets, 7168; form of, 7193; mold- ing, 7197-207; brass mold for mak- ing, illus. facing p. 742; placing in machine, 7232; temperature of, 7238. See also Tensile strength; Tests. Britton & Clark, 8057, 8387. Bronson Portland cement co., 6964. Brown, W. S., analysis by, 7848. Brown’s quarry, 8386; p. 804. Buckeye cement co., 6963. analysis, 7911; quarry, illus. facing C : illus. facing | C | aif | ing p. 787, 809, 828, 830; ton county, 7743; in Fulton 7835; in Herkimer county, ' Jefferson county, 7896; in gomery county, 7984; in Sa county, 8156; in Schenectady e 8165; in Warren county, Seem a Caleiferous-Trenton limestone, © siMtus, facing p. 618. Caledonia, marl, illus. facing p. 792; < Portland cement manufactured near, 8702, Callanan’s quarry, 7711. Cambrian limestones, 6479. Cambro-Silurian limestones, 7538; an- alyses, 8095-103, 8122, 8291; in Dutchess county, 7781; in New York county, 8001; in Orange and Rock- land counties, 8083; in Rensselaer county, 8117; in Westchester county, 6481, 8284. Candlot, cited, 7034. | Carbon dioxid, 6595. | Varlson, H., analysis by, 7809-812. Carthage Landing on the Hudson, Portland cement manufactured at, 8523, te) i a a i. tc. oe 8805-825; aes of tests, 8826 91. See also Natural rock cement; Portland cement. con ‘Cement briquets, see Briquets. _ Cement mortar, 7189. | ‘Cement rock, 6444, 6451, 646; analyses, 8064, Cement testing machines, 7221. _ Champlain.clay, illus. facing p. 822. Chautauqua county, marl deposits, 7742, Chazy, quarry at, illus. facing p. 775 Chazy limestone, 7549-556; analyses, 7553, 7755, 7762, 7825, 7831; in Clin- ton county, 7746; in Essex county, 7821; in St Lawrence county, 8124. Checking or cracking, test for, 7364. Chemical composition of limestone, 6438-46. Chester, A. H., analyses by, 8026. Chlorid of lime, 6587-595. Clancy, John, quarry, 8075. Clark’s quarry, illus. facing p. 782. Clarke, J. M., on Tentaculite lime- stone, 7598; cited, 8079. Clay, in limestones, 6513; in Portland cement, 8738-749. Clinkers, reduction of, 7133-166. Clinton, tufa deposits near, 6416. Clinton county, limestone formations, 7743-764. Clinton limestone, 8689; in Cayuga county, 7725; in Monroe county, 7969. a ei ee Se ee d Coanelly & Shaffer, 835. 3 ; ‘Constancy of volume, 7295, 7445, “|Croton on the Continuous kilns, 7088. Copeland quarry, 7966. eects cement co., 6962. Coralline limestone, see Niagara lime- stone. Cornell lime co., 8316.. Corniferous limestone, 7653; quarries, illus. facing p. 772, 781; in Albany county, 7695; in Cayuga county, 7726; in Erie county, 7795, 7814; in Greene county, 7862; in Livingston county, 7925; in Onondaga county, 8071. Corrigan’s quarry, 8044, 8388. Cowaselon swamp, illus. facing p. 794. Cracking or checking, test for, 7364. Hudson, Portland cement manufactured at, 8516. Crushers, 6884. Crystalline limestone, analyses, 8003, 8141; in Essex county, 7816; in Lewis county, 7914; in St Lawrence county, 8133; in Westchester county, 8324. Cumings, E. R., cited, 8019. Cummings, W., cited, 6789, 8645, 8663. Cummings cement co., 8364; illus. fae- ing p. 836. Cummings pulverizers, 8367. Cushing, H. P., cited, 7749, 7759. | Dale, T. N., cited, 8203. Dana, J. D., cited, 8289. Darton, N. H., cited, 7544, 7573, 7579, 7589, 7699, 7719, 7839, 7879, 7887, 7984, 8088, 8159, 8207, 8218, 8219, 8233, 8243; on Helderberg limestones, 7608-625, Dolomitization, 6458. Dome kiln, 7088, 7093; illus. facing : p- 709. Donohue, G. J., analysis by, 8149-152. Dunlap, R., quarry, 8386. | Dunn, J., quarry, 7894. : sae Duryea Portland cement co., 7739. Falkirk, cement quarry in, § Duryee, Edward, acknowledgments to,| Paulkner, Mrs C. L., quarry, 7! 8495, 8502, 8567 Fineness of cement, aot i iia” 886 : , kiln patented by,| nd cements, 884, a cine George, kiln p y natural rock cements, 885, 8: 8 ‘ 5 8 Duryee’s revolving furnace, 8562. 891; oe of tests for, ¢ a coat Dutchess county, limestone forma-| {cing p. $90. ' tions, 7778-794. Fisher, G. J., quarry, 8187. pth e Dwight, W. B., cited, 7779, 8088. Flint brand, 8662. a 3 Dyckerhoff, R., experiments, 7018. | Foery & Kastner, 7956. oath Fogelsonger & Young, 7802, 7809. an i. Fossils, in limestones, 6433. Frank, B., quarry, 8188. East Canada creek, quarry, illus. fac- Bo ee ees __ ,_ Frasch, cited, 6589, 6629, 6639, an, 4 East Kingston, cement quarries in, 6691, 6719. els 8338; Champlain clay, illus. facing | emy y, cited, 7244, py . ‘Sa b 3 aa 7 ” es yy wee. . : ‘Fuller, W., sons, quarry, 7864. “ae mee, Bawted, or manny ot ae Fulton county, limestone formations, a Portland cement industry in New 7335 ‘a York state, 849-59; Manufacture of | Farnese far ae Portland cement in New York state, aie ; 860-76; Tests of cement made by the state engineer during 1897-1900, Garnet in limestones, 6515, 877-91; Key to tables of limestone Gary, M., cited, 7079, 7182, 7208, 7259, analyses, 892-97. 7282, 7304. Edson Bros., 8188. Gas manufacture, 6705. Egleston, T., analysis by, 7773. Geikie, A., cited, 6457. Z ured at, +8587, 8669 ; quarry near in Trenton limestone, illus. facing p- 824. x id Glens Falls Portland cement co., 6964, 8579, 8587, 8596, 8668-684, 8727. Goniatite limestone, 7661, 7729. a Goodrich, L. S. & son, quarry, 7731. Gouverneur, quarry, illus. facing p. 814. Graham, A. W., cited, 8009. -@rant, John, cited, 7027. Graphite in limestones, 6515. Graves, C., referred to, 8149. Greene county, limestone formations, 7861-874. Greenman, Russell &., ments to, 8773. acknowledg- Griffin mill, 7154, 8379; illus. facing p. 715. Grinding the clinker, 7133-166; fine- ness of, 7446, 7507. Guelph limestone, 6481, 7593 ; analy- sis, 7959-961; quarry, illus. facing p. 810; in Monroe county, 7945, 7957. Hall, James, cited, 7589, 7697, 7749, 7799, 7839, 7854, 7929, 7949, 7979, 8008, 8079, 8082, 8109, 8119, 8189, 8199, 8282, 8339. Hamilton group, 8632. Harris, George D., quarry, 8275. Harrisville marble co., 8146. Hartmann, J. M., table prepared by, 6548, Heath, cited, 7198. Heins, George L., referred to, 8779. ‘Highfalls & Binnewater co., 835. Higley, Monty & Co., 8161. Hillebrand, W. F., analysis by, 8309- 313. Hoffman ring kiln, 7121-133, Hogan, M., quarry, 8075. Holdredge, George, quarry, 7869; illus. facing p. 787. Hollick, A., cited, 8089. Hornby, J., cited, 6709. Howard, T. A., referred to, 6526. Howard’s quarry, 8131. Howe Cave, Portland cement manu- factured at, 8588, 8684; quarry, illus. facing p. 817. — Howell’s quarry, 7843, 7852. Hudson, quarry in Pentamerus lime- stone, illus. facing p. 776; quarry in Becraft - limestone, illus. facing eae en Hunt, Dr T. S., cited, 6425. Hydraulic agents, 6773. Hydraulic cements, 6664. | Hydraulic limes, 6451, 646, 6664, 6779- 786, 7641; analysis, 6783; of Albany county, 7711; in Erie county, 7795, 7805; in Genesee county, 7855; in Onondaga county, 8048; in Ulster county, 8232. \Ingham Mills, quarry, Becraft lime- stone, illus. facing p. 788. Intermittent kiln, see Dome kiln. Inwood, view of, illus. facing p. 648. Iron in limestones, 6447. Tron clad brand, 8669, 8681. Iron oxid in limestones, 6513. facing p. 811. Jordan, Portland cement manufac-| : tured at, 8585, 8612. Judson, William Pierson, nalcariodss ments to, 8773. Keenan lime co., 8264. Keifer, H. E., analysis by, 8628. Kemp, J. F., cited, 646, 7819, 8008, 8269; analysis by, 7825. Ketcham, G. & J. H., quarry, 7788. Kieffer’s quarry, 7805. Kilns used in Portland cement manu- facture, 7087-132; for manufacture of natural rock cement, 6873. Kingston, Portland cement manufac- tured at, 8504-515, Knickerbocker cement co., 8732. Krupp ball mills, 8626. 8089 Lapparent, Albert de, cited, 6429. Lauer & Hagaman, 7957. Lauer & May’s quarry, illus. facing, p. 796. Lawrence cement co., 8344, 835; quarry and kilns, illus. facing p. 834. Lawrenceville, cement quarries 8338. Lawrenceville cement co., 835. ) Lewis, F. H., cited, 6961, 7024, 7036, 7118, 7126, 8039, 8663, 8679, 8689, 8758. lewis county, 7906-925, 6604-669 ; 6622; in, limestone formations, Lime, analyses, 8059, 8154; burning, directory of pro- Johnson, B., quarry, 8109, 8112; ittus.| ?| Lincoln, D. F., cited, 8189, Lindsley, cited, 8209. iL Lithographing, 6601. ‘a Livingston county, limestone 1 o ‘ma- Low Point, Portland cement m Lower Helderberg limestone, 15 table show of, oceans uses, 6: glade sagan used by beet sugar 1 analyses, 6562, 6574, in composition, table, bie 6451, aa Ee tions, 7925-933. ae . Se tured at, 8515. 649; analysis, 8033; quarry, ill facing p. 771; in Albany county in Cayuga is) ur ae ‘eu 7695, 7702-723; ee 7725, 7735-741; in Greene county, — ‘. 7861; in Madison county, 7934; in “e “a Monroe county, 7922; in Oneida — county, 8029; in Onondaga county, 8035; in Ontario county, 8078; in Orange and Rockland counties, 8104; : in Schenectady county, 8165. Luther, D. D., cited, 8039, 8043, 8046, 8079. McCaffery, Cornelius, quarry, 8122. Maclay, W. W., cited, 8571. , Madison county, limestone forma- tions, 7933-944, Magnesian limestones, 6447, 6458, 7712; table showing values, 6551; analysis, 8096, ag es 8738-744, 92, 793, 807, 819, 864; in -——s county, 7926; in Madison county, -—s«* 7984; in Monroe county, 7945, 7972; in Onondaga county, 8076; in On- tario county, 8082; in Orleans - county, 8112; in Schuyler county, _ 8184; in Steuben county, 8197; in Wayne county, 8282; in Yates - eounty, 8332. Mather, W. W., cited, 7699, 7769, 7779, z in 7869, 8009, 8089, 8119, 8159, 8169, ae 8209, 8269. ; Merrill, far Ss Fee oat 7697, 8008, 8289. Merrill, G. P., cited, 6431, 7698, 7818. Merrill, J., quarry, 7841. Messing, William, quarry, 8016. Michaelis, Dr, analysis by, ; cited, 6986, 7009. Milk of lime, 6682, 6691. Millen cement co., 6962, 8197, 8591, 8634, 8703-715; plant, illus. facing p. 870. Miller, J. A., analysis by, 7857. Miller Bros., quarry, 8099. Mineralogie composition of limestones, 6511-522. Mixing, 7392, 7491. Molds, 7428. Monroe’ county, tions, 7945—983. Montezuma, Portland cement manu- factured at, 8551-584. 6783 ; limestone forma- Montezuma cement co., 8551-584. Montezuma marshes, illus. facing p. 773. Montgomery county, limestone forma- tions, 7983-999. om pe es, 8632, ra i a > 31,/ Mosher, W. W., quarry, 7894. = "| Mumford, petrified marl, 6416; ;tufa aia near, illus. facing p. 797. Nason, F. L., cited, 7699, 8209, 8343. National Portland cement co., 8504—- 515. “ Natural. Portlands,” 8729-732. Natural pozzuolanas, 6665, 6774. Natural rock cement, 6787-928, 7648, 8335-389; analyses, 6792, 6834, 8175; brands, 885, 887, 889, 891; chemical composition of rock, 6897-928; dia- gram showing effect of lime sulfate on rate of setting, illus. facing p. 702; directory of producers, 8474— 48; fineness, 885, 887, 889, 891; in- dustry, 6818-857; kiln for burning, illus. facing p. 688; localities, 885, 887, 889, 891; manufacture, 6872- 897, 8172; physical properties of rock, 6858-872; table of production, 6812. See also Tests. “Neat ” cement, 7189. Needle test, 7246. | New York & Rosendale cement co., 835. New York cement co., 835; quarry, illus. facing p. 821. New York county, limestone forma- tions, 800. Newark & Rosendale, cement mine, 835. Newark cement co., 8223, 835; illus. facing p. 823; old mine, illus. facing p. 834. Newberry, S. B., cited, 6949, 6959, 6978, 6998, 7108, 7334, 7338, 8631, 8754; work of, 7246, Newberry, W. B., cited, 6976. Nichols, D., & son, quarry, 8274, © Norcross Bros., 8305, 8315. Norton, F. O., cement mine, 835. O’Connell & Hillery, 8305, 8316, O'Connor, G. H., quarry, 7894. Oneida county, limestone formations, 8018-39, Oniontown, marl near, illus. facing p. 793. Onondaga county, limestone forma- tions, 8035-77, 8107; cement quar- ries in, 8382, Onondaga limestone, 7653; analyses, 7738, 7811; in Albany county, 7695— 702; in Cayuga county, 7725; in|. Erie county, 7795, 7808; in Ulster county, 8211, Ontario county, limestone formations, 8078-§2, - Orange county, limestone formations, 8083-106, Organic matter in limestones, 6433, 6448. Origin of limestones, 6411-438, Oriskany Falls, quarry, illus. p. 803. Orleans county, limestone formations, oe Orton. E.. cited, 6457. psa a ‘, quarry, illus. facing p. 828. Otisville, quarry in Pentamerus lime- stone, illus. facing p. 810. facing determining 8697, ‘8711, sre illus. facing p. 730; 7 888, 890; nies “T0% 83; gram showing production, in im and consumption, illus. facing p. diagram showing effect of — sulfate on rate of setting, illus ing p. 702; fineness, 884, ge 890; localities, 884, 886, 888, 8 marl used for, 8113; materials, 87: 76; materials, analyses of, 8567; “natural ”, 8799-732; pre tion in United Sintea 6941; s gravity, 7083; uses, 6949; < manufacture: 7063-167, 8171, a in New York state, 8601-76; plants in New York in 1900, 8585-592; in New ee. York during 1900-1, 8593; near Caledonia, 8702; at Carthage Land- ing on the Hudson, 8523; at Croton "hy on the Hudson, 8516; at Glens Falls, 8577, 8669; at Howe Cave, 8588, 8684; near Ithaca, 8631; at Jordan, 8585, 8612; at Kingston, 8504515; at Low Point, 8515; at Montezuma, 8551-584; at Smiths Landing, 8585, 8621; at South Rondout, 8531; at Warners, 8579, 8586, 8634; at Way- land, 8591, 8704, 8716; at West Camp, 8608. See also Tests. Putnam estate, quarries, 8032. _ Pyroxene in limestones, 6514. Quartz in limestones, 6512. Quicklime, 6657. ‘Ramsey, ©. R., analyses by, 8178. Raymond paleereee 8668. Redgrave, cited, 6994, 7001. Refractory bricks, 6678-681. Rensselaer county, limestone forma- tions, 8117-123. Richardson, cited, 6732, 6742, 6761, 6861, 6908, 6913, 7038; analyses by, 6833. } Ricketts, P. de P., analysis by, 8309- 313. Riehle Bros. machine for testing ce- ment briquets, 7222; illus. facing p- 122. Ries, Heinrich, cited, 7698, 8089. Rochester, quarries, illus. facing p. 795, 796. ~ Rockland county, tions, 8083-106, Roman cements, 6787. Rondout, cement quarries in, 8338; old mine, illus. facing p. 834; rock at slope of Newark cement co., illus. facing p. 823. Rondout region, 82395, Rosendale, cement quarries in, 8338; cement mines, 835; illus. facing p. 834; quarry, illus. facing p. 821; slip of rock, illus. facing p. 834. limestone forma- s rset cae aitea} 1672: (St Lawreiite county, limestone for- . county, limestone formations, Sate: “wateelae ‘ : ? mations, 8124-156, 7641; in Ulster county, 8232. Sampling cement to be tested, 7407— 412. . Sand used in cement tests, 7234; stan- dard, 7421. Sand cement, 7332-3438, 8683, 8726. Sanderson, J. Gardner, ene ments to, 8495, 8502. Sandusky cement co., 6964. Saratoga county, limestone forma- tions, 8156-164. Schaeffer, C. A., analysis by, 8178, 8695. Schenectady county, limestone forma- tions, 8165. Schneider, P. F., cited, 8039. Schoch, C., cited, 6619, 6659, 6989, 6991. Schoharie county, limestone forma- tions, 8166-183. Schuyler county, limestone formations, 8183. Scutella beds, 7618; in Albany county, 7703; in Columbia county, 7766. Seely, H. M., cited, 7818. Seneca blue limestone, 765+. Seneca county, limestone formations, 8185-196. Seneca limestone in Cayuga county, T7286, Setting of cement, 7241-264, 7403; time of, 7444, 7508; results of tests for time of, diagrams facing p. 890. Shale in Portland cement, 8751. Shalebo, J., quarry, 7727. Shaly limestone, 6437. Rosendale cement, see Natural rock| Sheedy, T. W., cement works, 8383. cement. Sherrerd, J. M., analysis by, 7994. -manufactured af, 8585, 8621; works of Catskill cement co., illus. facing p- 862. Smock, J. C., cited, 7698, 8023, Smyth, C. H. jr, cited, 8129, 8134, Snow’s quarry, 7968. Snyder, A. J. & Son, cement mine, 835. Soap, manufacture, 6693-702, Soda manufacture, 6598. Solvay Co., 8067. Herkimer county, 7883; — harie county, 8169; in Ulster ¢ Terry Bros. brickyard, illus. facin a facing P- 890. 7709; in Grate: > ae 8232, a eo = p. 822. South Bethlehem, quarry in Lower| Tests of cement, specifications ro Ly Helderberg limestone, ir pg illus. facing South Dover marble co. quarry, illus. facing p. 778. South Rondout, Portland manufactured at, 8531. Stafford limestone, 7662. Staine, T. F., quarry, 8112. Standard silica cement co., 8727. Steadman disintegrators, 6894, 8378. Steuben county, limestone formations, 8198, Steven’s quarry, 8139. Stone, G. A., analysis by, 8003. Stone, G. H., analyses by, 8295, Stout Bros., quarry, 7936. Street’s quarry, 8045. Strength, tests for, 7447, 7497-507. Sturtevant crushers, 8367, cement Tetmajer, Prof., cited, 7029. Texture of limestones, 6518-522, Thomas, G. C., & Bros., 8188. Tomkins Cove, quarry in Calciferous Tompkins county, limestone forma- by engineering societies, 7343— abstract from French specificat 7488-509 ; German p. 1725 3 made by the state engineer — during 1897-1900, 877-91; of Port- land cements, 7166, 884, 886, 888, 890; of natural rock cements, 885, 887, 889, 891. See also Fineness; Setting, time of; Tensile strength. limestone, illus. facing p. 809. tions, 8198-204. } _Touceda, E., analysis by, 7762. _Trass, 6774. INDEX TO LIME AND Travertin, 6415, 646. Trenton limestone, 6479, 7557-585, 8673; | analyses, - 7889-892, 7914-922, 7924, 7991, 8023, 8251, 8278; illus. facing p. 618; quarry, illus. facing p. 824, 828; in Clinton county, 7752; in Es- sex county, 7821; in Fulton county, 7835; in Herkimer county, 7886; in Jefferson county, 7895; in Lewis county, 7907, 7917-924; in Mont- gomery county, 7984; in Oneida county, 8022; in Saratoga county, 8156, 8163; in Warren county, 8247; in Washington county, 8274. Trenton-Chazy limestone, analyses, 8127-133; in St Lawrence county, 8124. Tube mills, 7145. _ Tuckahoe marble co., 8305, 8314. Tuckahoe, quarry, illus. facing p. 830. Tufa, 6415. Tully limestone, 7662; analysis, 8203; in Seneca county, 8194; in Tompkins county, 8199. Tuomey, D., quarry, 7894. Turner, B., quarry, 8226. Ulster county, limestone formations, 8205-246, Union Akron cement co., 8365, 8373, 8381; kilns, illus. facing p. 836; storehouse, illus. facing p. 836. Union Springs, quarries in Corniferous limestone, illus. facing p. 772. Upper Helderberg limestone, 7651; analysis, 3191; in Cayuga county, 7725; in Greene county, 7861; in Onondaga county, 8035, 8069; in On- tario county, 8078; in Seneca county, 81886. Upper Pentamerus limestone, see Be- craft limestone. Upper shaly limestone county, 8215. Uses of limestone, 6523-599. Utica shale, illus. facing p. 788. in Ulster Vandermark, J. H., cement mine, 835. Vanuxem, Lardner, cited, 7839, 7879, 7909, 7939, .7989, 8019, 8039, 8169. CEMENT INDUSTRIES 967 Vegetation as a clue to character of underlying rock, 6502. Vesuvianite in limestones, 6515. Vicat’s needle test of Portland cement, 7256. Vulcanite cement co., 6964. Wagner, cited, 6599. Walcott, cited, 7546. Walker, L. H., quarry, 8388. Wallkill Portland cement co., 85]6— 549. Warners, Portland cement manufac- tured at, 8579, 8586, 8634; old plant of Empire Portland cement co., illus. facing p. 865; marl, illus. facing p- 807, 864. Warners Portland cement co., 8579. Warren county, limestone formations, 8247-259. Washington county, limestone forma- tions, 8261-281, Waterlime, see Hydraulic limes. Waterlime group, 8684; cement mine, illus. facing p. 834; old mine of the Newark cement co., illus. facing p- 834; quarries, illus. facing p. 834. Waterloo, quarry, illus. facing p. 818. Waters, J., quarry, 7922. Watt, cited, 6699. Wayland, Portland cement manufac- tured at, 8591, 8704, 8716; plant of Millen cement co., illus. facing p. 870. Wayland Portland cement co., 8198, 8592, 8716-725, Wayne county, limestone formations, 8281. | Weight of cement, relation to tensile strength, 7401. Wernerite in limestones, 6515. West Camp, Portland cement manu- factured at, 8608. Westchester county, dolomites, 6481, 6675; limestone formations, 8284- 331, Western Portland cement co., 6963. White, T. G., cited, 7818, 7829, 7879, 7909, 8019. - . — » "1 @f..8 : A: be 5 a> ™ a . ~ ‘ J ‘ R . va ‘ —_ ‘ Seat if a 5 5 10 1 12) 13 7) uD a — a ae = 15, 16 17 18 19 20 st ~ UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM. FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Director and State Geologist. M A Ve Limestone Quarries OF THE Marl Deposits... = Natural Cement Works. SHOWING THE LOCATION OF LIMESTONE QUARRIES AND MARL DEPOSITS, ¥ AND MANUFACTORIES OF NATURAL AND PORTLAND CEMENT. i BY ENNOX AN ee HEINRICH RIES, “| coors AS 1900. a Scane or Mies. HASTINGS 0 10 80 40 a) «© coaw Ne y SCALES 12 MILES TO 1 INCH. \ g J. B, LYON, u COPYRIGHT, 101, BY THE MATTHEWS-NORTHRUP CO, BUFFALO, N. Ys Marry Mi i Sealine - : \ STOftMoNTy cat ar 04) Ri ee a hen Jue 9 Sieajoe [tek] neom Cehter ao en eX es \ Miers > Asteery JE (C~N.niGin, ge onus Moar frm Pailadalph Kes STATE PRINTER, ALnany, N, ¥. ’ SORTHUMBHREANDZ Se RINCE EDW \ Mr ert ileps| \ - a i aon, ee 1 = Se reer 5 Set _illemet i / f IP ts Linco. H Anat} SOO ~ <1 lwedijfsn' Pe oo Way S wiewiaan SoS WATRQUMAND \ee es 5 K ee dimes 0) Wee Guat ’ S wes Kanth me -l eee w eam TT) Rican ne TC Loatiate Wad free Gromevich " + x Pal LN a es ‘ Pats susapeils xx a Q s : . J} Kas I ( vail a pi Poles fe ay mi niko} / hays 3) G ie fe, Z WY x ‘ ees AN ri ; if @ i SOUTHERN PART OF | (\ ® } = 5 + NEW YORK. ] ft fe ree! hy x a Saal ie " \ I] A exe Waltesiane ¢ ‘ e tng SS Ns. ze WA\ : 4 l=] | . uv 0 = eae ] ig i Pasa TL / |=] : j | LoD BNe na We y) e a ~ ‘ i 4 < f * 0" ae us - Fi — — : = = ! —~ = —— lech PL. a : iy nan = Qe ilar NNT op sy errr Py = ies : ay ae ate = y \ Pate) | Sa Ti New Yelk A > i 3 2 LZ v nef 8 oN. = (\ a % Somes = ¥ / 2) hat h Me oe i. I Sa * ef - er Z — = Ek i : STF ; i * ‘van “Ee Hels EW YORK, | HL peaasitn iW * i a Z i | [ajland ; t | - feet: LS er ve dette of See] York Cy pw Moon ary i | L == = a =F ES = a 7 | | | . TE nee | gy ‘~"s a 4 4 é Te ie: < Se eee ; = he ene WF. Fe wire dl . ee yt FREDERICK J.H. MERRILL UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Director and State Geologist ; | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 7 7° BULLETIN No. 44. 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