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NVINOSHLINS S3I¥vVudiIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLINS S3IYYV: INSTITU 17 LIBRARIES \ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI saiuvuag NVINOSHLINS S3IYV THSONIAN NOSHLIWS x; Oi) pe 2h) Le iY A my ue ’ i a ee 3071,775 Published monthly by the University of the State of New York BULLETIN 295 New York State AUGUST 1903 Museum FREDERICK J. H. Merritt Director EPHRAIM PorTER FELT State Entomologist camealked Bulletin 68 ENTOMOLOGY 18 11958 A*“NTATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE It is Vv mducted at the entomologic field station, Ithaca N. Y. under the direction of _ addition ” f - i \LEX. D. MacGILLIVRAY Ph.B. ). A. JOHANNSEN M.S. EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D.Sc. (AMES G, NEEDHAM Ph.D. Professor of biology, Lake Forest University Instructor in entomology, Cornell University Instructor in civil engineering, Cornell University +» C. DAVIS Ph.D. Professor of horticulture, West Virginia University PAGE so. cee 5 ee 199 | Part 5 Aquatic Chrysomelidae anda art 1 Station Work of the Summer Table of the Families of Coleopter- m toot, J. G. NEEDHAM....... 200 ous Larvae, A.D, MAcGILLIvRAY 288 ut2 Food of Brook Trout in Bone Part 6 Aye Ohi sha Dip- : tera, ~ JOHANNSEN .o.. ..2s 32 Sema J. G, NEEDHAM......... 20 ; ; 9 # : ; 4 Part 7 Sialididae of North and South wt 3 Life Histories of adibeca! America.) kK. CADAVIG.......... 442 suborder Zygoptera. J. G. NEED- Explanation of plates...... ......-. 487 Dre eens woes nse. sene---., 218 List ofitert Tipures..vc.c. ass secewe 499 wt 4 Some New Life Histories of PIGtOa Teta. oc com hy cb can ce tace 499 Diptera, J. G. NEEDHAM....... 7, he OR ree. Vwi ations x vealck coatne 501 143611 ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1903 ‘to4m~J12—3000 Price 80 cents 1892 1878 1877 1877 1881 1881 1883 1885 1888 1890 1890 1893 1895 1895 1897 1900 Igo! IgOI 1902 1903 1903 1903 1903 1888 1890 1890 University of the State of New York REGENTS With years of election Wititam Croswett Doane D.D. LL.D. Chancellor, Albany WHITELAW REID M.A. LL.D. Vice Chancellor — New York CHauNCEY M. Depew LL.D. = = i —~ New York | Cuartes’ E: ‘Firca LL.B. M.A. L.H.D.- =) = eee Witutiam H. Watson M.A. M.D. LL.D. _ = Utean. Henry EJ Turner LL.D. = — = - Lowville St Crain McKetway M.A. L.H.D. LL.D, D.C.L. Brooklyn DANTED BEACH ~Ph.Dj UL. — _ _ — Watkins CarRROLL E. SmitH LL.D. - - - - — Syracuse PLINY ‘1, SEXTON Jape = = = ae. ae T. Guitrorp SmitH M.A. C.E. LL.D. = - Pp Lewis A. Stimson B.A. LL.D. M.D. - = - ALBERT VANDER VEER M.A. Ph.D. M.D. - — Albany CHARLES R. SKINNER M.A. LL.D. Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio | CHESTER SJ orn, OM AL, LL.D, = 1 2 Brooklyn THomas A: Hrenprick MLA. LED. — = — Rochester BENJAMIN B. ODELL jr LL.D. Governor, ex officio RoBerT C, PRuyn M.A. - = - = — Albany WiLti1AM NottTinGHAM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. ~ Syracuse FRANK W. Hiccins Lieutenant Governor, ex officio Joun F. O’BRIEN spars of State, ex officio CHARLES s, Francis B.S. — - ~ - = tees SECRETARY a] Elected by Regents 1900 JAMES RussELL Parsons jr M.A. LL.D. : DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS ; Mextvit Dewey M.A. LL.D. State Library and Home Education | James RussELL Parsons JR M.A. LL.D. . | Administrative, College and High School Dep’ is FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL Ph.D. State Museum Sink. a aa ee University of the State of New York New York State Museum FREDERICK J. H. MerRILL Director EPHRAIM PORTER FELT State Entomologist Bulletin 68 ENTOMOLOGY 18 AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE PREFACE It is very gratifying to present the public with such a material addition to our knowledge of the aquatic insects of the State, an ecological group which has received almost no attention except from those engaged in a systematic study of the adults. There is no doubt that insects form an important part of the suste- nance of some of our most valued food fishes, as shown by Dr Needham’s studies of the food contents of trout stomachs. Mr Johannsen’s systematic and biologic study of these minute spe- cies will do much toward making possible their identification in the immature as well as the adult condition. The ability to identify young or immature forms is exceedingly important ‘when studying aquatic insects, and the great attention given ito the early stages is the most valuable feature of this collec- tion of papers. The publication of this bulletin marks another important step in an investigation on the value of insects as fish food. The consummation of this, as has been previously pointed out, is a work of years; and it is hoped that each season may be marked by substantial progress. The acquisition of new facts is a laborious process; and the several authors are to be congratulated on their success. This collection of papers will prove not only a source of in- formation but also an inspiration to all subsequent workers. K. P. Feur State Entomologist v Part 1 STATION WORK OF THE SUMMER OF 1901 BY JAMES G. NEEDHAM In 1901 the entomologic field station was conducted at Ithaca. ) The results of extensive field work at Saranac Inn the preceding : season had not been fully worked up, and it seemed desirable | that this unstudied material should be reported on. Thus | access to collections and libraries became desirable; therefore, when Professor Comstock generously offered the station work- | ing quarters in his laboratory at Cornell University and the use of his library, his offer was gladly accepted. ‘A less ambitious program of field work was arranged for this second season. But, on the other hand, systematic studies of | more importance and value, were planned and successfully | carried out. The field work of the season was directed toward the study of nematocerous Diptera, aquatic Coleoptera and the | aquatic neuropteroid groups. Breedings of Odonata-Zygoptera were carried on in order to supplement the extensive collections | made at Saranac Inn in 1900, and to furnish a better basis for the | account of that group in this bulletin. Not many additional | species were reared, but much valuable material was obtained for some of the species there insufficiently studied. Trap lantern and other miscellaneous collecting was done through the season. In addition to the breedings of nematocerous Diptera, conducted by Mr O. A. Johannsen with great diligence and success, numer- | ous Perlidae and Ephemeridae were reared by Mr Betten and | Gillivray has worked up, generously adding thereto previous un- | published breedings of his own. His account of the group pub- |i lished herewith is destined to be highly useful to students of| aquatic insects. | The chief feature of the station work of this season was | cooperation. The station and the entomologic laboratory of fl Cornell University worked together most agreeably. Common i AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATH 201 use was had of the equipment of both. In addition to the studies made for us by Mr MacGillivray, Professor Comstock assigned two of his graduate students, Mr O. A. Johannsen and Mr K. C. Davis, to work on special groups which the station was desirous of having investigated; and their work, published herewith, speaks for itself. This arrangement has made it pos- sible to present now a larger body of work than the station independently, on its own limited resources, could have secured. The station sacrificed nothing in natural advantages by re- moval to Ithaca. While so little is known of aquatic insects, the fauna of one place is about as new as that of another. For biologic field work of any sort, Ithaca possesses very great advantages. It would be hard to find a place with more variety of situation easily accessible. This is nature’s contribution; and it is, of course, the first requisite of a field station. It rarely happens that so rich and varied a fauna and flora lie nt the very doors of the laboratories in which their study may be most advantageously carried forward. East hill, with the university campus spread out on one of its terraces, has cool swamps at its head and the Renwick flats and Cayuga lake at its foot, and is seamed all down its front by narrow gorges cut by turbulent streams. Across the narrow valley West hill rises with like abruptness; but it is of more regular contour, and its upper, gentler slopes are check- ered by farms. Between the two hills at the head of the lake is a marshy flood plain, partly timbered, and traversed by sinu- ous creeks and bayous. Sheltered behind the present natural embankment of the lake is the Renwick lagoon, characteristic views of which are shown in plates 1, 2 and 20. This is a great natural aquarium, teeming with plant and animal life. It is also a natural foraging ground for many of the lake fishes. | The open lake is but a stone’s throw to the northward, and the lagoon opens directly into one of the several nearby creeks. Plates 3 and 32 show situations along two of the creeks of East ‘ull near the university campus and 600 feet above the lake revel. These are pictures of collecting grounds utilized in gath- 202 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ering material for the present report. They give but a scant | idea of the great variety and picturesqueness of these streams. Within easy walking distance of the campus are streams of | all degrees of swiftness and of all sizes from the large creek | to the tiny rivulet. The two creeks that bound the | on the north and on the south, flow gently in their upper reaches | and again on the flats below, but they descend the steeps of | East hill in a succession of cascades. The workers at the station who were more or less directly | participating in its operations were the following: 1 Professor C. Betten, of Buena Vista College, Ia., special } collector of Trichoptera for the Cornell University collection. Rearing caddis flies and stone flies and running trap lanterns } for the station. 2 Mr O. A. Johannsen of Cornell University, graduate stu- | dent in entomology. Collecting and rearing nematocerous } Diptera. 3 Mr A. D. MacGillivray, instructor in entomology in Cornelf University. Studying aquatic Coleopterous larvae. : 4 Mr H. N. Howland of Lake Forest College. Studying Odonata, and experimenting with apparatus for quantitative | collecting of the insects of shore vegetation. | 5 Mr H. D. Reed, instructor in vertebrate zoology in Cornell! |) University. Collecting and studying aquatic insects and fish | food. 6 Mr T. L. Hankinson of Cornell University. Soa and |) collecting the same. 7 Myself, in charge of station operations. The excellent companionship of this body of enthusiastic stu- dents, the satisfactory and regular progress of daily routine, the fine facilities of the laboratory, the rich library, the accessi- bility of good collecting grounds, the suitableness of the equip- ment of the station, the beauty of the environment, and the weekly diversion of the meetings of the Jugatae made the ses-}] sion one long to be remembered. Its work was done under} exceptionally pleasant circumstances. *Entomologic Club of Cornell University. AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE . 203 The results of our work in so far as made ready for publica- ‘tion appear in the following pages. With the aid of Messrs Reed and Hankinson, I have studied the food of the 25 brook trout taken in Bone pond at Saranac Inn, as detailed in my first ‘report [N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 47, p. 396], and now report on it. The food of these trout was almost wholly insects, and there was found such a preponderance of a single species of gnat larva (family Chironomidae, order Diptera) in the.food, as indicates that that species may prove of high economic importance in water culture. In another brief article I have brought together the descriptions of a few dipterous larvae of unusual types. Most interesting, perhaps, is the larva of Epiphragma fasci- pennis, a burrower in fallen willow and buttonbush stems, lying on the banks of temporary ponds; a larva of enforced amphibious habits, its residence sometimes submerged, some- times exposed; and it has a mode of respiration suited to either condition. My chief contribution to this bulletin is the description of the life histories and habits of the damsel flies (order Odonata, suborder Zygoptera). I have been able to des- cribe the nymphs of all our 10 genera and of 23 of our 42 known ‘species, all these descriptions being new. Mr MacGillivray has prepared a table of families of coleop- terous larvae in general that will be of great assistance to stu- ‘dents of this order. His careful study of the respiratory ap- paratus of the Donacia larva solves the old, troublesome prob- fem as to how that animal, dweller on the submerged roots of Water plants, gets its air. His study of Donacia is complete for all species of the world fauna now known as larvae, and a tonsiderable proportion of them are now described for the first time. Mr Johannsen introduces his study of the dipterous families, Blepharoceridae, Simuliidae, Dixidae, Culicidae and Chironom- ‘dae, with a table of families of nematocerous diptera. His Aecount of the Simuliidae is a monograph of the species of the ‘astern United States in all stages of their development. In ‘he Dixidae he gives a key to our Species (imagos) and offers the irst life history written for an American species. His treat- h 204 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ment of Culicidae is a generic synopsis of the family—and much | more; for he tabulates our known species of each genus, except | Culex. His careful and complete treatment of the Corethriinae is specially gratifying because this subfamily has been neglected by other American students of Culicidae. In the Chironomidae,,. that Chironomus which is the chief article of diet for brook | trout in Bone pond [see pt 2] is treated as completely as possi- | ble. Life histories are offered in two genera new to our fauna. | This is but the beginning of Mr Johannsen’s work on the Chiro- | | nomidae. : Dr Davis’s paper is a monograph of the Sialididae of America, | and will be of great service to students of this neuropterous | family, since it brings together descriptions of all known Ameri- | can species with an account of what is known of their life his- | tories. There remain, of station material still to be reported on, some Chironomidae and a large number of bred Perlidae and Ephemer- | idae. Part 2 FOOD OF BROOK TROUT IN BONE POND BY JAMES: G. NEEDHAM I have already given in New York State Museum bulletin 47, j page 395-96, a brief statement of the conditions under which | there were obtained from Bone pond during the summer of 1900: the stomach contents of 27 brook trout for study. These trout | were all taken with hook and line. They were all adults and | had selected their food in the natural way from what the pond | offered. | The pond itself is a small natural body of water less than | 300 meters in greatest diameter and nearly circular. It is with-| | out outlet and is surrounded by deep woods. 1 have given Kd brief sketch of its shore vegetation in bulletin 47 on page 389-90, | with mention of the commoner animals collected there. It con-} tains no fish but the brook trout. It was artificially stocked years ago, and has been repeatedly replanted with fry. Of the] three propagating ponds controlled by the Adirondack Hatch-} ery, it is by far the most successful in trout production. From the beginning the trout have been able to maintain themselves} AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATD 205 in large numbers. Most of the trout I saw taken from it in 1900 were rather lean, though otherwise in good and healthy condition, and suggested that possibly it was becoming over- stocked. Of the 27 stomachs obtained, one was empty, and the con- tents of another were lost through the breaking of a bottle, leaving 25 for study. I give below in tabular form a bare state- ment of what these 25 had eaten, and follow it with an account of what has been learned elsewhere of the biology of the insects constituting their food. Table showing the stomach contents of 25 brook trout from Bone pond 3 eS ee eel e oe | og he) eyo Rl we Svea! 8 5 3s 2 a) 2 pine ee ha oS PS | Be S 5. Se] ao 2 be fa ou Al a S >) o Me Be )slais! 2| 2) 2] «8/82| s = = Oo iS) ke =I =" i= | ge § = = 2 a =| a a S S ol ow a2 =| = g 2 = S| eclte fe. | eal S| SoS el = 3 | = I = — = ro) = 4 2 eee eS 6 6 (8) 8) a) s\4 1s | 4 A a 1 | 28 July Gris. deta Seas seal |eioen (lars lanes i loca au Je28 2 ao * 124 ene a ee coal | Lacie} eek semcens aoe 3 | 3 Aug. pe ei fees eee 2h soe CE ob AaliesSs|ese8 |) eS oaSeece ae / a) Se: irae SA oa te ated fess lect las aiay| Sie coer| ain ain! siamym,|| win ctl eae mimi ors ee eee elie, Cee Ace ae el mais alisiea a eepeliaeis||=ain~\| «mm fragments |.... Giless < £¢ BOP messi le islet citi ieee eo! oe aloe wml ie mnie helene oF i) ee ld Se a ee Delewate |) eso eee cas sae ae ene a Peco: f TE) ETT ects 9) BR sl ise ey ee Ele aee ee eeere see “Gt eae eae eee iene) Boas oe heoce | mene osine vain ne b eel. oy ts [UE PS SIRT) Sled) ie Se SS ae eae il Pee eee eee a snae 1 Se la so hops gs Pig eS a ol ES eed eee ey - Cc nena 7 68 BE iee lla cells Nios" reg asain cl ceduh Hm Pech ate[ empael Reete as re waae Faplao Pe ere ys fom | mares oct mintane | rare a eee seine ary “Bf BPRS: fsck’ fie~~|-o2e yg apes eri aaa ee a a 3) Bes a os Dee ea Anh ta oie elles Seite ones owas es aeaks Lee een Pees ES ee | eee tote Pg 9-3 in oe =aan its oe. AG ee Os aleee PRO: (mews \in~ies 4 250 e tea: #4 pe i ee ce |i | orem Initia | hate |e aie | eects |main| Weinilawssm ni £ Ne Th he | bait ll opm |e pe eee, | hoe es he A LN ee ea aie ee el a el ee ee Ce eee aides mt) ote. 84 WL cacll® : Bulneeelisae es ieee oe ws Tiel chacie'l atobeke | latmmlaGinle telee anid 22);15 * dl ae a ep ES Spee fe ete SERS CE Se oe eee g go | ip 6 Pcie cure UMP R ET ees aei Ss Je aS aie ln ows ld ak x | wine lh mee mee ee <3 ce o4)18 * ee ee ee te eh eae a 1k sie| mma oomel cme pine epee pat apices» ** rd VTE GS a Se A De i eee ja ee ee ke eee Total..| 2462 |444 | 64 | 92|10| 4|77; 2) 7] 8 260) Lesa aA few brook trout scales. vbOne little fresh-water mussel. cAntenna of adult 4 chironomid of small size. dCarabid beetle claw. eScolytid beetle elytron and two little adult Chironomids. fAchorutes sp.? (Order Thysanura). 9 Three little adult Chironomids. 206 NEW YORK STATB MUSEUM In this table the food species have been arranged in what seemed to be the order of their importance as constituents of the food of the trout at the time and place taken. The totals, counting larvae and pupae of a species together, are 2906 Chironomus, 156 Corethra, 14 trichopter larvae, 2 nymphs of Aeschna constricta, 7 nymphs of Callibaetis,8 Atax crassipes, 250 (approximately) Daphnidae, and a few wholly unimportant things listed as miscellanies. The numerical ratio of these is 116.24 Chironomus, 6.24 Corethra, 10 Daphnidae, .56 trichopter larvae, .32 Atax, .28 Callibaetis, .08 Aeschna to each of the 25 trout. What may be the relative food value of these species is, of course, wholly undetermined. In arranging them in the foregoing table, I have taken into account only their relative size. I should be inclined to regard only the three first named in the table as of any considerable importance to the trout. To my mind the chief value of this table is that it clearly indicates one species of economic importance to trout culture— the Chironomid of whose larvae and pupae an average of 116 Specimens had been eaten by each trout. The largest number eaten by a single trout was 351, while three trout had eaten none at all. It is possibly significant, possibly only accidental, that the May fly nymphs were eaten chiefly by those trout that had found no Chironomids. NOTES ON THE FOOD SPECIES OF THE TABLE 1 Chironomus sp.? There can be no doubt that in Bone pond this is an exceed- ingly important species. Unfortunately, the day this fact be- came apparent, in the cursory examination of the food as taken from the stomachs, was the last day of study permitted us at the pond. What the species is, consequently remains unknown. Mr Johannsen has studied the larva and pupa systematically, and has treated them in part 3. His figures [pl]. 49] should make the recognition of the species possible when other larvae shall have been obtained and bred. AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 207 Professor Forbes in his studies of Illinois fishes (the brook trout was not one of the fishes he studied), has clearly pointed out the importance of these small larvae as fish food: “ Among aquatic insects, minute slender dipterous larvae, belonging mostly to Chironomus, Corethra and allied genera, are of re- markable importance, making, in fact, nearly one tenth of the food of all the fishes studied.’! In his report? on the aauatic invertebrate fauna of the Yellowstone national park, almost every page testifies to the abundance, general distribution and ecological importance of Chironomus. On page 228 are given some observations indicating that it is of as great importance to young trout as to adults: _ The pond was swarming with mountain trout (Salmo mykiss), a few of which I dissected for a determination of their food. One of these an inch and a half in length had eaten Chironomus larvae and imagos chiefly, the remainder of its latest meal consisting of other insect larvae, not in condition to identify, and the entomostrachan Polyphemus pedi- eulus. A second, an inch and a quarter long, had also fed on Chironomus in its various stages of larva, pupa and imago, but had made about a third of its meal of Entomostracha. Another, still smaller (.92 of an inch long) taken from the open lake among the small weeds growing on a flat, muddy rock, had filled itself with Chironomus pupae only, as had still another of the same size. A third specimen from this situation had eaten more larvae of Simulium than of Chironomus, and a fourth had also eaten Simulium larva and another dipterous larva unknown to me. I may add here that other young trout, in a small swift rivulet near the Lake hotel, were feeding con- tinuously, Aug. 9, on floating winged insects, mostly, if not all, Chironomus and smaller gnatlike forms. With these certain indications of the economic importance of the genus at hand, it is indeed time we were able to recognize its species. Mr Johannsen’s work in part 8 is a beginning in that direction. All the above mentioned references, as well as most others to immature stages wherever published, are to the genus only; and Chironomus is a great genus, and includes forms with considerable diversity of structure, habitat and 1Tll. State Lab. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p.483. *U. S. Fish Com. Bul. 11, p.207-56. 208 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM habits. It is quite probable that with pond culture, as with agriculture, when real progress begins it will be necessary to recognize not only species, but also varieties of the more im- portant species.t Notwithstanding the indefiniteness of our knowledge con- cerning Chironomus as a whole, it may be worth while to ven- ture some general observations concerning the habits of the genus, since these will explain some peculiarities of the table. Among the larvae attributed to the genus there is consider- ' able diversity of structure, and a very striking range of color. Color differences have led to the distinction “white larvae” and “red larvae” in such papers as the one above quoted. The distinction is arbitrary, however, and of very limited applicabil- ity. The range of color is continuous from bright crimson in some of the red larvae to translucent pale yellowish or green- ish in the others. Moreover, all are “white larvae” when newly hatched; and the red color is correlated with a consider- able increase in size without a corresponding development of the tracheal system in the body, and is due to the increase of hemoglobin in the blood plasma. In general, it may be said that the “red larvae” are larger, have a more extensive devel- opment of blood gills, and live in deeper or less well aerated water; the “ white larvae,” most of which are not Chironomus in the stricter sense, are as a rule smaller, have little develop- ment of blood gills or of hemoglobin in the blood plasma, and live in rapids, on shore vegetation in shallower, cleaner, better aerated water. : The Chironomus of the foregoing table is one of the larger species, with larvae of bright red color. Many of them were alive when taken from the trout stomachs, and wriggled about as actively as if just taken from the water. In shore collecting none were found, but a few of their loose, flocculent gelatinous cases were found at the farthest reach of a long handled net (depth 5-6 feet), The species is doubtless a denizen of the deeper water, which is the proper feeding ground of the trout. It lives 1Several British Species are characterized in their immature stages, and a good general introduction to the study of the biology of the genus is now available in Miall © Hammond’s The Harlequin Fly, Oxford 1900. AQUATIO INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 209) on the bottom in the midst of a very thin layer of silt and veg- etable debris covering the white sand. Its loose gelatinous case is covered with adherent silt, and takes on the general, protec- tive color of the bottom. As is well known, the larvae of the larger red species are among the most characteristic bottom forms in all our larger and deeper lakes, being usually asso- ciated with deep water mollusks (Pisidium) and caddis fly larvae. This distribution, the natural abundance of the larvae, and the constant succession of generations through the year, leaving no period of absence of the larvae from the water, con- stitute the claim of these larvae to economic importance. The pupae at first are red, but that color is generally quickly obscured by the development of the pigment of the adult insect. Within a few days at most after the transformation from the larva, the pupa rises to the surface and floats there, descending: when disturbed, but quickly rising again. Pupae are less uni- formly distributed over the surface than are larvae over the bottom, for the wind may drive them together in great masses. Pupae are often taken in numbers in a surface net in towing; larvae are rarely taken so, and then only at night, and in shal- low water, for the larvae often leave their retreats at night and go swimming considerable distances with figure-of-eight loop- ings of the body. It will be seen in the table that, with the exception of trout 11, every trout that had eaten Chironomus at all had eaten either larvae or pupae largely in excess; a large number of one stage, few or none of the other. In the light of the differences in hab- its of larvae and pupae just stated, this should indicate that some of the fish had been feeding chiefly or wholly at the bot- tom, others at the surface of the pond. The larger number of larvae eaten may indicate either that larvae were more easily obtained, or that they were preferred, or that bottom feeding was preferred. 2 Corethra This is another form that is common in our northern lakes generally. It was not studied at Bone pond, and was collected there only by the trout. Corethra plumicornis is 2°10 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM common in a pond on the campus at Lake Forest, and there I have observed its habits for several years. The larvae are free swimming and are found most abundantly beyond the line of the shore vegetation. They are entirely transparent, except for two pairs of air sacs and some pigment in the eyes, and, generally, food in the alimentary canal, ap- pearing as a dark line through the middle of the body. Their transparency doubtless secures them some immunity from ene- mies. I have experimented with feeding them to a hungry nymph of a dragon fly Libellula pulchella. Placed in the nymph’s mouth, they were eaten with avidity, but, placed thickly in the water with it and swimming around within easy reach, none were captured or even reached after by the nymph. It was probably unable to see them, for it quickly seized water boatmen (Corisa) when substituted for the Corethra larvae. I yery much doubt whether the trout can see them. If they are aS abundant in Bone pond as they often are in my campus pond, even the considerable number shown in the table, might, I think, have been taken in the straining of the water through the gill rakers, without selection of any individuals for capture. The pupae of Corethra are at first likewise transparent and free swimming, but soon rise to the surface and float there, like ‘Chironomus, and just before transformation, become darker colored. The imagos settle on low vegetation around the bor- ders of the water, or rise, dancing in swarms in sheltered and sunny places. The females deposit the eggs on the surface of the water, laying them down flatwise, in a spiral held together by scanty gelatine. Among insects these larvae are the most independent of the shore yegetation. They feed on free swimming unicellular plants and animals. In my campus pond during April and May {the months of my observation) they live chiefly on a species of Peridinium, with a sprinkling of other flagellate infusorians. Specimens taken freshly from the pond generally show a dis- tinct brown streak through the middle of the body, due to the Peridinia eaten. They are not incapable of disposing of much AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE valid larger prey, however. Very frequently in my aquariums, after the supply of other food has run out, I have found a larva, with another larva of its own species and nearly of its own size, two thirds swallowed and one third digested. We have but few species of Corethra, and they are much alike, and should be readily recognized generically in larval and pupal Stages by comparison with the figures given on plate 39. 3 Unknown trichopter larva from bottom of Bone pond This is another species that lives outside the line of the shore vegetation. Just outside that line, on bottoms shallow enough to be reached with a long handled sieve net, Mr Betten found’ the cases of the species in great abundance, but they were all empty. He has described the case in bulletin 47, page 572, as: no. 2. Because all students of our lake bottoms have reported caddis: fly larvae along with Chironomus larvae as a constant part of the fauna, I have thought it desirable to have the structural characters of this species illustrated as fully as possible in the hope of its recognition by comparison in the future. The only specimens seen were obtained from the trout stomachs, and were pretty well digested. Some of the cases were fairly well preserved, but the pupae were so badly disintegrated as to be hardly distinguishable as pupae; the parts of the larvae most strongly chitinized, and the parts most important for the dis- tinguishing of the species were fairly well preserved, and have been used, together with a perfect case collected from the water and apparently belonging to the same species, as a basis for the figures presented on plate 6. The trout swallow the animals case and all, doubtless being unable to get them apart. The case persists after the animal within has been disintegrated, but the sand grains gradually fall off, and the brown, lining tube of silk gradually breaks up into fragments. Most of the stomachs contained a little sand, doubtless derived from this source, and trout nos. 2, 3, 6,7 and 17 contained large quantities loose, in addition to that still on the walls of the cases remaining. 2A? NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 4 Aeschna constricta The nymphs of this dragon fly live in the midst of the shore vegetation in shallow water. The trout that eat them probably have to go beyond the confines of their usual feeding grounds to get them. The advanced stage of digestion in which the spec- imens were found seemed to indicate that the specimens had been taken during the preceding night. Aeschna nymphs attached to a hook were taken by the trout, but not more read- ily than minnows, small frogs or other bait. These were the largest animals the trout had eaten. The yol- ume of one of them would equal perhaps that of 15 to 20 Chi- ronomous larvae, or 30 to 40 Corethra larvae, or 5 to 7 caddis fly larvae, or 4 to 5 Callibaetis nymphs. They are among the most powerful members of the aquatic insect community and clamber about frequently on exposed places on plant stems, where the trout, if at hand, might easily seize them. In a small way the dragon fly nymphs are competitors of the trout for food. They eat small insects promiscuously, and doubtless many pupae of Chironomus and Corethra fall victims to them. They will eat young trout, also, as long as themselves. I demonstrated this at Saranac Inn by confining them together in a breeding cage. One little trout would be captured quickly, and then the others would be wary of the nymphs and keep away from them well, so that we would think they would evade a similar fate, but one by one they would disappear till all had been eaten. The Aesehna nymph approaches its prey with the slowness and poise and stealth of a cat till within striking dis- tance. Plate 5, figure B, shows a nymph of this species pois- ing for a stroke at a backswimmer (Notonecta). The adult dragon fly is shown also on this plate. Transforma- tion occurs in the latter part of June and in July. The female inserts her eggs by means of an ovipositor into the stems of plants just below the surface of the water. The eggs hatch in about three weeks, and the little nymphs at once take up their abode among the submerged plants and eat promiscuously any other animals they can overpower; they also eat one another. - es AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 213 I have not been able to determine as yet whether in relation to trout culture Aeschna is more disadvantageous than other. wise. It eats a few of the fry and it eats the food of the larger trout; but, on the other hand, it furnishes a moderate supply of food itself for the larger trout. Out in the proper foraging ground of the trout, burrowing shallowly under the silt of the bottom of the pond, are other dragon fly nymphs of the genus Gomphus, which would seem to be wholly detrimental. They feed voraciously on other insects of the bottom fauna, and, doubtless, on Chironomus larvae, while by their burrowing habits they seem to escape the trout altogether. 5 Callibaetis sp.? These nymphs, like the preceding, were found in an advanced stage of digestion. That they were Callibaetis, however, was determinable from the structure of the jaws, the top of the thorax and the bases of the setae, which were preserved. Since no adult May flies were collected at the pond and no nymphs bred, what the species is could not be established. Cal- libaetis ferrugina was taken at the hatchery, and the nymphs may very well have belonged to this species.+ This is a large genus, peculiar to the new world. A. consider- able number of species are already described, and doubtless many more will yet be discovered. I have found the nymphs ex- ceedingly abundant in many small lakes and ponds. They are most abundant amid the shore vegetation, but wander out into deeper water, resting on the bottom, and darting rapidly from place to place. I think it likely that they will be found more important as the food of young fishes than of adults, because of their greater abundance in the shallower water. It is due to the occurrence of a new species! of Callibaetis in my campus pond at Lake Forest, where, with my students, I have watched it year by year, that I am able to give some facts respecting the genus, which have a bearing on its economic ‘While this is going through the press there comes to my table a description of the nymph of this species with figures by Berry, in the American Naturalist, 1908. 87:29, 30. 214 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM status. The nymphs are associated with Corethra larvae, and, like them, are generally in excessive abundance at all seasons of the year. Unlike the better known May flies, this species has no single period of transformation; but imagos may be found © beside the pond most of the time from April till September. There are, to be sure, as with Corethra, a larger number in evi- dence at the beginning of their season, about the middle of May, than at any time thereafter, but that, I think, is due to the cold weather retarding the process of transformation more than it retards growth. I have found the imagos quite abundant in September. This repetition and overlapping of generations makes for continuity of food supply in the water. _The nymphs at transformation climb up only to the surface om some support, and then leave their cast skins floating on the water. The subimago stage lasts about 24 hours and is spent, as is usual, inactively. The male imagos are much in evidence, flying in little flocks in sheltered places in the sunshine, weaving up and down in their peculiar, rapid, dancing flight, and scatter- ing on the approach of a net and settling on the reeds so quickly and sitting so quietly that they usually entirely disappear from view. I have found it difficult to capture many specimens of this. species, even when they are abundant. The females are very seclusive. I have rarely found one flying with the males, or been able to discover one resting on shore. They are frequently seen floating on the surface of the pond, resting on the water with wings outspread, in which manner, like many other species of May flies, they deposit their eggs. I append a description of this species in both adult and nymphal stages. The accompanying figures will suffice for the recognition of the genus. The adults of the genus are recogniz- able by the costal band of brown on the wings, best marked in the female, and the generic characters of the nymphs are stated in the table for the genera of May fly nymphs given in bulletin 47 on page 419. AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 215 Callibaetis skokiana n. sp. Plate 7 Imago. Length of body 9-10mm; expanse of wings 18-20mm; length of setae, male 20mm, female 16mm. Ground color pale flesh tint, tinged with yellow (more yellowish in the female) marked, mottled and dotted with brown; antennae, legs and setae white. Head pale brownish, with whitish margins; in the male, ‘occupied superiorly by the large turbinate superior portion of the compound eyes, which are pale egg-yellow on their superior, faceted surface, with paler margins, and which areas large as all the remainder of the head; in the female the top of the head is very flat, and is traversed by two longitudinal, irregular, pale brown bands, which are surrounded and separated by whitish. Prothorax paler, thickly dotted with brownish color. Dorsum of the mesothorax with a pale, longitudinal median suture, each Big, 1° Wings of Callibaetis skokiana,- male side of which is a band of brown rounded off posteriorly, and at the sides there are brown spots inferiorly. The median narrow | pale line is continued posteriorly to the abdomen, and there are brown spots on the sides of the metanotum. Sides of thorax irregularly speckled with brown. Legs white with darker mark- ings at the knees and at the ends of the tarsal segments, the last one of which is wholly washed with brown. Wings with the usual costal band, differing in the sexes, behind which they are hyaline. The band in the female is darker and better de- veloped. It covers proximally the bases of all the veins and is regularly narrowed to the apex, ending just before the apex of the wing, not lobed posteriorly, fenestrate with hyaline on most of the cross veins except toward the base, and reduced to a yel- lowish wash in the stigmatic region and about the humeral cross vein. In the male the costal fascia is paler, and usually disappears just before the yellowish stigmatic space, which is ‘sometimes filled with anastomosing cross veins. The venation f the male is shown in figure 1. There is much variability in the 216 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM number of cross veins in any part, but in general they are more numerous in the female. Behind the costal brown band in the) | female there are about 70 cross veins, not in a single row, not in regular rows at all. q Abdomen pale yellowish or flesh tinted, thickly dotted and dashed with brown, tending to form a dark middorsal band, more. or less completely divided on the base of each segment, a line of brown dashes each side just above the pale lateral margin on)| segments 1-9, with a more or less separate curved mark above the anterior end of each dash. At the sides the metathorax)| overlaps the first abdominal segment and almost reaches the}| base of segment 2. The ventral side of the abdomen is paler with) | more uniform dots and a pair of submedian brown ()- marks | Fig. 2 End of abdomen of Callibaetis skokiana, male, ventral view, showing forceps, rudimentary median caudal filament and bases of lateral filaments on segments 2-9, abbreviated on segment 9. Forceps of the }y male [figure 2] and setae of both sexes pure white. - Subimago. Differs in having the setae shorter (about 9mm long in both sexes), the wings faintly smoky brown, or slightl tinged with yellowish on the middle of what is to be the cost al ne and the principal bands of brown on the body faintly indi- cated. ? Nymph. Length of body 12-13mm, setae 6-7mm additional; | width of head 1.2mm, of thorax 1.8mm. Color greenish, marked : with pale fuscous. at Head pale, suffused with brownish around the eyes and across \f the ocelli in front, a longitudinal band bounding each eye inter- | nally, tinged with yellowish. ih Prothorax pale marked with fuscous on the front margin and | at the sides, with a pair of pale spots in irregularly contoured | brown inclosures on the dorsum. Mesothorax and metathorax } darker dorsally with pale markings at the front margin and at | AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE ea We the rear between the wings; brown spots on the base and in the furrows of the wings. Legs pale, smooth, somewhat infuscated on the tarsi. © | Abdomen with a median dorsal interrupted band of brown, | preceded by an urceolate divided brown mark on the metatho- racic dorsum, furcate anteriorly on segment 1 of abdomen, broadly overspreading segments 2 and 3 with additional brown spots at the sides and divided by paler apically; reduced to a slender T-mark on 4, the T-mark and lateral spots reappearing on 5, the T-mark joined to an apical transverse line on 6, and on 7, fused with the lateral spots, a median line with lateral ()-marks on 8 and 9, 10 with the line and the margins narrowly (the apical margin more broadly) fuscous. Gills on segments 1-7, on 7 simple, and almost symmetric, a slightly indicated basal lobe on the posterior side, on 6, 5, 4 and 3 this basal lobe is successively more pronounced, becoming separated by a deep notch on 3; on 2 and 1 this lobe becomes 4 third as large as the body of the gill under which it is then folded, and a shallow incision appears on the anterior side of the body of the gill, nearer apex than base. All gills erect, with tracheae pinnately branched. The setae are pale with a wash of darker color near the tip. Other items in the food The eight water mites, Atax crassipes Mill., found in the food may well have been taken accidentally, as they are so small they could scarcely have been taken otherwise. The large number of Daphnidae found in a single stomach is a peculiarity for which I have no explanation to suggest. They were in an advanced state of digestion, and the number given is only approximate. There were fragments of what I took to be Daphniae in the stomach of trout 5 also, but scarcely recog- nizable. The difficulty of recognizing and counting these was quite in contrast to the ease and certainty with which the same things were done for the other food constituents. The heads of Chironomus and Corethra were most distinctive, and were the parts longest resisting digestion, so that among a mass of fragments it was only necessary to count the heads. The items listed as miscellanies were doubtless all accidental ‘and unimportant. I think that the trout scales found did not | indicate that any trout had been eaten, but only that they had ‘been fighting, and this one had bitten another deeply enough to ‘loosen a bit of its cuticle. 218 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Part 8 oe LIFE HISTORIES OF ODONATA SUBORDER ZYGOPTERA Damsel flies BY JAMES G. NEEDHAM The discussion of this suborder here is to be regarded as @ continuation of the study of the order from Museum bulletin 47, wherein the suborder Anisoptera was treated, and 62 life his- tories were detailed. Only the fauna of the State is discussed, and the bibliographic notes have here the same limited scope and purpose. No descriptions of imagos are given, but the reader is referred to well known descriptive catalogues, and it is hoped that the keys to imagos given herewith, together with the figures, may prove sufficient for the determination of our species. My purpose has been to make known the immature stages, and | to that end, nymphs of all the species whose life histories are known are newly described. In the suborder Zygoptera 38 species have been listed from New York State hitherto: 36 by Calvert! and two additional by Davis.» To this number we are able to add four species: | Lestes vigilax from Cold Spring Harbor L. I.; Enal- | lagma piscinarium and E. pollutum from Ithaca and Nehallennia gracilis from Saranac Inn. Of the 42 species thus known from the State, we have reared 23, and describe herewith, in more or less detail, their nymphs. AI} these descriptions are new, and apparently the first that have | been written for our species though Hagen? has briefly stated — the group characters of our genera of Calopterygidae. Of these 23, three are Calopterygidae, five are Lestinae and the remaining ~ 15 are Agrioninae: and, fortunately, the nymphs of all our | genera are now known. 1Thirty-five in his Odonata of New York State. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. — 3:39-48 and 5:91-96 and one in Ent. News. 12:326. ; “Preliminary List of the Dragon Flies of Staten Island. N. Y. Ent. Soc.. Jour, 6:195-98. 8Essai d'un Synopsis des Larves des Calopterygines. ©. R. Ent. Soc. J Belg. 1880. 23:65-67. | AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW -YORK STATE 219 In view of the fact that the nymphs of about half our species, including some of the commonest, are still unknown, a word to the collector, additional to what has been said in Bulletin 47, will be in order here: The Zygoptera are very easily reared. Nymphs taken when grown will transform readily in any sort of aquarium containing plant stems for them to climb on. Males should be bred for certain determination; and the male imago when well colored should be placed at once with its cast skin in a vial of 70% alcohol and promptly labeled. But, unlike most Anisoptera, the Zygoptera transform com- monly in the daytime; and it thus becomes a very easy matter at the right time to pick up life history material. At the time when any species known to be locally common is just beginning _to appear on the wing, one may go to its aquatic haunts, expect- ing to find with a little searching nymphs on stems near the surface of the water, others crawling out or transforming, imagos beside their recently abandoned nymph skins and teneral imagos taking flight. At this time it will not do to assume that all that look alike are the same species. Owing to the exceed- ingly close likeness of many of the species in such genera as Lestes, Argia and Enallagma, one must select males for certain determination, must keep each imago with its own cast nymphal skin, and must keep the imago alive till the form of the ap- pendages and the color pattern are fully developed. This last point is readily secured by placing the imago and skin when newly transformed in a paper bag for 24 hours, closing the top and avoiding undue jostling about at first. KEY TO FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF ZYGOPTERA Imagos a Quadrangle [see fig.8] of the wings divided by a number of cross veins; antenodal cross veins numerous; pterostigma lacking a special brace vein; wings rather broad.....:...sssees Calopterygidae aa Quadrangle without cross veins; antenodal cross bs veins but two in each wing; pterostigma with a brace vein at its proximal end in the space behind vein Ry; wings narrower... ....ceveees Agrionidae 220 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM b Vein M3 arising (i. e. separating from vein Mi+2) nearer the arculus than the nodus...... Lestinae bb Vein M3 arising nearer’the nodus than the PAP hae ean te, Fs Ut ns Vases oles eve he eee Agrioninae Nymphs @ Basal segment of the antenna very large, as long as the other six together; median lobe of the labium with a very deep cleft; gills thick, the fateral ones -triquetral:s. oo. je. Fane oes Calopterygidae ad Basal segment of antenna not longer than suc- ceeding single segments; labium with a very shallow closed median cleft or no cleft at all; PUSS ELIT, (LATCLEOTIIY soi ce x kyagsie isc wretele Sule. Je comieee Agrionidae b Median lobe of labium with a short, closed, median cleft; lateral lobe trifid at end; movable hook bearing raptorial setae; gills showing transverse segmentation............. Lestinge, bb Median lobe of labium entire; lateral lobe bifid at end; hook naked; gills various....... Agrioninae Family CALOFTERYGIDAE This family includes in our fauna but two genera, Calopteryx and Hetaerina, both of which frequent strong flowing, perma- nent streams. The long legged, protectively colored, rather stiff and awkward nymphs cling to submerged vegetation, generally where it is washed by the current of the stream. KEY TO GENERA Imagos a@ Basal space (space before the arculus) in all wings free EPSOM CTOBS Velma. i0. oc. tks bs cele cha one oe ee Calopteryx aa Basal space of all wings traversed by cross veins..... Hetaerina Nymphs a@ Median cleft of the labium extending far below the level of the base of the lateral lobes; abdomen with- out lateral spines; dorsum of prothorax rounded at RAR RAOOD oo a! noid Ein Lee nk Me Eee eee. eee Calopteryx aa Cleft of the medium lobe of the labium extending only to the level of the base of the lateral lobes; lateral margins of abdominal segments 7-9 generally ending in small, flattened lateral spines; dorsum of the pro- thorax with two angulate teeth each side........... Hetaerina AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 221 CaLOPTERYX This strongly marked genus is abundantly represented about the borders of creeks and small rivers throughout the State, specially where such streams traverse rocky woods. The showy imagos, with their black or smoky wings, and bodies of brilliant metallic green, are very conspicuous, and well known insects. They usually remain in proximity to their native streams, but sometimes follow paths for a considerable distance through : adjacent woods. Their fiight is poor and fluttering, and on windy or cloudy days they keep rather closely to shelter. The \ \ par ae - f 1A \ Fig. 3 Nymph of Calopteryx maculata nymphs rest on silt-covered vegetation or on roots swaying in the current, and are rather inactive, moving but little from place to place. The known nymphs agree in the possession of long cylindric ‘bodies, heads dorsally depressed, antennae with unusually de- veloped basal segment, exceeding in length all the other seg- ‘ments put together, labium with a median cleft which divides the median lobe far below the level of the bases of the lateral lobes, a pair of spinules beside the cleft within, and three others ‘at the base of each lateral lobe, legs long and thin, radiately (arranged, gills three, variable in proportions, but always stout, |\the lateral pair with external carina, the middle one two-edged, |\all easily broken off, and generally wanting from specimens \|that have received too rough treatment. 223 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM = 9% KEY TO SPECIES Imagos a Wings narrow; hind margin straight for a dis- tance, and parallel to front margin b Wings uniformly colored or transparent G@ Wings Clear oo iga so sie scree totsinima) tae stele aise wale angustipennis cOWines “yellowiSlinn .WF 2 sine ae oe epee oes sien ers a.m a ta bb. Apical-sixth ‘of wings: bidek.«.2\-. 3. 3. 2. apicalis aa Wings dilated, with hind margin visibly rounded : b Apical third of the hind wings blackish........ aequabilis bb Wings uniformly blackish or smoky............ maculata Nymphs a Basal segment of the antenna one third longer than. the head is wider sc. Ge: weeisien tor aequabilis aa Basal segment of the antenna hardly longer than the Nead 1S oxvidles Perce sm veseven sede se ee eee maculata PA AOE TO WAL: ove oie ie eR IO angustipennis, amata, 2 peewee Calopteryx angustipennis Selys 1853 Sylphis angustipennis Selys, Acad. Belg. Bul. 20:9 1854 Sylphis elegans Hagen, Monogr. Calopterygines, p.23, 9. 1861 Calopteryx angustipennis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.56 1875 Calopteryx angustipennis Hagen, Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist Proce. 18:20 (full bibliography and notes) 1889 Calopteryx angustipennis Hagen, Psyche, 5:242 (descrip- | tion) 1900 Calopteryx angustipennis Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind, p.253 (deseription and account of habits) This elegant, clear winged species has not been found as yet within the State, but Mr Williamson has found it locally abun- dant in western Pennsylvania. Its nymph is unknown. Calopteryx amata Hagen 1889 Calopteryx amata Hagen, Psyche, 5:242 (original descrip- tion) 1895 Calopteryx amata Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:42 (listed from Keene Valley: descriptive notes) To the above record of a single capture of this species at Keene Valley, I have only to add the record of another capture on the other side of the Adirondacks, at Axton in June 1901, by | Mr A. D. MacGillivray. The nymph is unknown. AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE Mppys Calopteryx apicalis Burmeister 1839 Calopteryx apicalis Burmeister, Handb. Ent. 2:826 (original description) 1861 Calopteryx apicalis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.56 (description) 1875 Calopteryx apicalis Hagen, Bost.» Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 18:21 (bibliography and distribution) 1889 Calopteryx apicalis Hagen, Psyche, 5:246 (a full descrip- tion) Poo Calopteryx dimidiata, race apicalis Calvert,. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:228 ics ealopiteryx dimidiata, race apicalis’ Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:42 (listed from Westchester county) 1900 Calopteryx dimidiata, race apicalis Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.253 (description) This southward ranging species seems likely to be met with only at the lower altitudes in the southern parts of the State. Its nymph is unknown. Calopteryx aequabilis Say 1889 Calopteryx aequabilis Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 8:23 1861 Calopteryx aequabilis Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.58 1875 Calopteryx aequabilis Hagen, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 18:21 (bibliography and distribution) 1889 Calopteryx aequabilis Hagen, Psyche, 5:246 (full descrip- tion) 1899 Calopteryx aequabilis Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.9 (descrip- tion) -1900 Calopteryx aequabilis’ Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.252 (description) 1895 Calopteryx aequabilis Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:42 (listed from Keeseville) This species is common near Axton along Stony brook and Raquette river. At Saranac Inn, 15 miles farther north, but two or three specimens were taken during the entire season. On July 31, 1900 Mr Betten and Mr Swett made a special trip down to Axton to get its nymph. All the specimens they brought back to Saranac Inn were kept there till the close of the season of our work, but failed to transform. They showed however a greater length of basal segment of antennae than the nymphs of C. maculata found at Saranac Inn, and have therefore been referred by supposition to C. aequabilis. By way of de- 224 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM > scription I will give the measurements of one of the largest nymphs, (length 23mm, antennae 5mm and gills 13.5mm addi- tional) and add that the nymph seems entirely like that of C. maculata except in its more uniform coloration and in the diagnostic character already stated in the key. Calopteryx maculata Beauvois The blackwing Plate 11 1805 Agrion maculata Beauvois, Ins. Afr. Am. p.85, Neur. pl.7, fig.3 1861 Calopteryx maculata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.57 1875 Calopteryx maculata Hagen, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist Prec 16322 1889 Calopteryx maculata Hagen, Psyche, 5:246 (full deserip- tion) 1893 Calopteryx maculata Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Transiayaer (description) 1895-97 Calopteryx maculata Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:41 and 5:92 (listed from many localities in the State) 1899 Calopteryx maculata Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.8 (descrip- tion) 1900 Calopteryx maculata Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.251 (description) This is our common species. In early summer it may be ob- served poising on some green twig beside any clear stream, or lending animation to the scene by the show of its brilliant colors in flight. At this season the cast skins may be looked for along any bank near which the imagos are flying, sticking fast to some support in a sprawling attitude close to the sur- face of the water. Nymph [fig.3]. Length 20mm, antennae 4mm and gills Llim additional, 35mm in all. Elongate, slender, smooth; greenish brown, with a broad band of paler color nearly covering the flat upper surface of the head, and tapering backward on the thorax; paler rings on the middle of femora and gills; obsolete band of darker brown on the sides of the body, best defined on the sides of the thorax and rear of the head; a middorsal line of brown on the abdomen, inter- rupted at the sutures; gills usually paler at extreme tip. Labium [pl.14, fig.a] elongate, reaching posteriorly between the bases of the middle legs; no raptorial setae, but a spinule each side of the deep median cleft within, and three others at AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 225 the base of each lateral lobe. Movable hook strong, arcuate. Distal end of lateral lobe divided. Legs long, slender, smooth; no lateral carinae or spines on the abdomen; wings reaching the middle of the fourth segment; gills thick, with smooth and not very sharp carinae. In half grown specimens femora, tibiae and gills are often distinctly triple banded with brown, and the median cleft of the labium extends hardly below the level of the bases of the lat- eral lobes. The females descend on stems of more or less completely sub- merged aquatic plants (such as Elodea), and, unattended by the males, insert their eggs thickly into the green stems, just below the surface of the water. HETAERINA _ This genus includes some of the most beautiful of insects. It is abundantly represented in the tropical parts of America; but for our State a single species is recorded. Another species which occurs in Pennsylvania may yet be discovered within our borders. _ The common northern species, H. americana [pl.12], fre- quents slow flowing streams. The imagos are on the wing in late Summer and early autumn, flitting about the borders of riffles. The males are very showy, and are easily distinguished from all our other dragon flies by the presence of a bright crimson streak on the base of each wing. Though their flight seems rather fluttering and uncertain, they are not very easy to capture when at the hight of their activity: they dodge auickly, and fly across Stream frequently. Once, while collecting with a net of red mosquito bar, after trying vainly for half an hour to capture a Specimen where specimens were not scarce, I stopped in dis- couragement with the net under my arm, the bag behind me, and rested. A moment later, looking back over my shoulder, I saw a fine male Hetaerina sitting on the edge of my net. Care- fully disengaging the handle from my arm, I managed to sweep him into the bag. Then I turned my attention to the others that were fluttering about the stream, and found I could easily “accomplish by strategy what I had failed to do by force. There vere few good alighting places about the stream, and I found 226 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM that, if I held the net motionless in front of a flying male he would promptly alight on the edge of it. But specimens may be captured directly with little trouble at morning or evening, or on cloudy days, when they are less active. Sometimes they assemble in large numbers on the pendant boughs of a willow bush beside a stream at evening, forming with their crimson streaked wings and bodies of black and bronze against the willow background, so charming a picture that the collector will hesitate to disturb it. The nymphs cling to plants in the rapids; occasionally they live on bulrush stems that fringe the wave-washed shore of a lake. Transformation takes place just above the edge of the water, and, with us, in the month of August. Our common species I have bred several times in widely separated localities. It does not occur at Saranac Inn. It has been several times taken at the head of Cayuga lake at Ithaca. This species (H. americana) may be separated from H. tricolor ag follows: KEY TO SPECIES a Tibiae with the exterior side yellow..........-.2.0.c0n americana 26. Tibiae entirely lackone5 ios f ccd ee be ewes cee triceohar Hetaerina americana Fabricius Plate 12 1798 Agrion americana Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p.287 1889 Lestes basalis Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 8:35 18389 Calopteryx americana Burmeister, Handb. Ent. 2:826 1854 Hetaerina americana Selys, Monogr. Calopteryginae, p. 131, pl.12, fig.3. 1861 Hetaerina americana Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.60 1863 Hetaerina americana Walsh, Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 2:211, 267 1875 Hetaerina americana Hagen, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 18:23 1898 Hetaerina americana Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 20:228 1895-97 Hetaerina americana Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soe. Jour. 3:42 and 5:92 (listed from Keeseville, Ithaca and Albany county) 1895 Hetaerina americana Kellicott, Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. (habits) 1899 Hetaerina americana Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.4 1900 Hetaerina americana Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.254 1901 Hetaerina americana Howard, Insect Book, pl.46, fig.11 1901 Hetaerina americana Calvert, Biol. Centr. Am. vol. Neur. p.26-29, pl.2, fig.1-17 (a most complete account of imago) AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 226 This is the common and perhaps the only species in New York State. The above account of the habits of the genus has been written with this species in mind. It is as yet recorded from but three localities in the State, but it will doubtless be found in many other places when proper search is made for it. Its nymph has not been described, but in 1880 Dr Hagen drew char- acters distinctive of the genus from nymphs which he referred to H.californica, H.americana,H.titia and an undetermined species from Brazil, and Calvert? and Williamson® have used these characters in keys to American nymphs. Nymph. Length of body 17mm; antennae 4mm additional; gills 7mm additional. Color greenish or brownish, paler on the sutures, on legs and on margins of gill plates, but without distinct color pattern. Occasional specimens show faint indica- tions of darker transverse bands on the tibiae and gill plates. Head flat above, with rounded eyes set well forward, with hind angles obtuse and having a much less distinct superior tooth _ than that of Calopteryx. Antennae long, inserted into large frontal prominences, somewhat shorter than the head is wide, the first segment longer than the following six, which rapidly and successively decrease in length and thickness. Labium long, the hinge extending posteriorly between the bases of the middle legs; mentum suddenly and greatly dilated in its apical half, its eam lobe divided into two lobes by a. yy, 4 antenna, and end of median cleft, which is rounded basally and sbdomen shoting tore Paremaes barely below the level of the bases 2ymph, of Hetaerina _ of the lateral lobes of the labium; the distal end of the cleft is closed by the apposition of the two divisions of the median lobe; beside the cleft on either side is a single small spinule. Each lateral lobe of the labium is straight on its outer margin, with a moderately strong and arcuate movable hook, just before the base of which on the superior margin are three small spinules. The exposed portion of the inner margin is strongly convex, and finely serrulate, and terminates after a Sigmoid curve, in a short, stout, strongly arcuate end hook; ed 1Hnt. Soc. Belgique, Compte Rendu, 23:65. 2Am, Ent. Soc, Trans. 20:225. 3 Dragon Flies of Indiana, p.247. 228 NEW YORK STATH MUSEUM above the end hook on the distal margin are two other strong | hooks, the one next the end hook being twice the size of the other above it. | Prothorax with a pair of elevated, round tipped prominences each side of the dorsum. Legs thin, smooth, long. Wing cases reaching as far as the base of segment 5 of the abdomen. Abdomen smooth, cylindric, with lateral margins- becoming sharp posteriorly and generally ending on segments 7-9 in a> sharp, flat, lateral spine. Gills variable in size, and easily broken |} off; the median one flat, the two lateral ones triquetral, all with thin margins, and apexes rather obtuse. Fig. 5 Hetaerina: male abdominal appendages; a, H. americana; b, H. tricolor Hetaerina tricolor Burmeister 18389 Calopteryx tricolor Burmeister, Handb. Ent. 2:827 1854 Hetaerina tricolor Selys, Monogr. Calopteryginae, p.136, pl.12, fig.5 1861 Hetaerina tricolor Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p-61 1875 Hetaerina tricolor Hagen, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 18:24 1898 Hetaerina tricolor Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:229 1899 Hetaerina tricolor Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.13 1900 Hetaerina tricolor Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.255 1901 Hetaerina tricolor Howard, Insect Book, pl.46, fig.19 This handsome dark colored species is not as yet known from New York. Its nymph is unknown. Subfamily LESTINAB A single genus is included within our fauna. LESTES This large and cosmopolitan genus is represented among us by a number of interesting and beautiful species. They are abundant in marshes, in shallow pools filled with standing aquatics and about the reedy borders of streams and ponds. They are rarely seen either over open water, or at any consider- AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 229 able distance from water. They habitually rest among the stems of tall growing rushes and sedges, or flit from stem to stem in short, shadowy flights. Notwithstanding the brilliant - metallic colors of some species, they are by no means conspicu- ous in their native haunts; their greens and browns, and their slender bodies and transparent wings are lost against a back- ground of reeds and sedges. They feed extensively, perhaps chiefly, on such small gnats, mosquitos etc. as emerge from the water of their own native shallows, or such as rest in hiding during the daytime among the rushes. I have often seen a Lestes dart out and capture a gnat in flight, and then settle on a stem to devour it at leisure. The females (of two species at least, L. uncata and L. unguic ulat a) deposit their eggs in punctures made in the stems and leaves of plants above the water. For this purpose they utilize the leaves of bur reed or of any of the coarser sedges or grasses; or the flowering stems of the blue flag. The stems and leaves selected for oviposition, usually well exposed clumps here and there about the pools, are often filled full of eggs fora distance of a foot above the surface of the water. I have studied Lestes chiefly in the two species named above, which are common about my home in Lake Forest, occurring in shallow pools of the springtime, that dry out thoroughly every ‘summer, and are usually refilled by the rains of late autumn. I have already published! some observations made there, on the destruction of the fruit of the blue flag by the puncturing of the fruit stalks by Lestes ovipositing. I will give here some addi- tional observations of facts more immediately concerning the insects themselves. In these pools, which are always dried out by midsummer, the eggs, deposited well above the water, develop normally from the first, and in the course of two or three weeks attain a condition which is apparently almost that in which they will hatch. Then they estivate through the remainder of the sum- mer and early autumn. Development stops apparently entirely, 1American Naturalist, 34:374-75. 230 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and remains stopped till the pools are refilled in late autumn, ~ and the stems and leaves, now dead, fall into the water. I have gathered the eggs in the middle of July and again in the middle of October and found them at apparently the same stage of de- velopment. Eggs placed at the latter date in a bowl of water in my laboratory hatched within a week. I did not try hatching any of them earlier. : Exposed as they are above the water, these eggs are subject to parasites, which destroy often a large proportion of them. From a handful of bur reed leaves well studded with Lestes eggs, Fig.6 Theegg of Lestes uncata : I once bred large numbers of the following parasites, the two last named being hyperparasites on the third named in the list. Brachista pallida Ashm. Centrobia odonatae Ashm. | Polynema needhami Ashm. | Tetrastichus polynemae Ashm. Hyperteles polynemae Ashm. . The nymphs live among submerged plant stems. Their ex- tremely slender legs, long swaying bodies, and leaflike gill | plates, together with a sober color pattern of greens and browns, render them very inconspicuous when in their native haunts. In aquariums they are rather shy, and do not feed under observa- tion so readily as do many other genera. I have observed them eating some of the larger entomostraca and smaller dipterous larvae (Corethra and Chironomus). Since the nine species occurring in or regional in New York State have all been described several times in recent and avail- _ able papers, and since the females are well nigh indistinguish- able, and determinations must at present be based on the males and chiefly on the form of the terminal abdominal appendages of the males, I have not thought it worth while to give descrip- AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 231 tions of imagos. I present a key based chiefly on the form of the male appendages, which will be sufficient, I trust, for the deter- mination of species. Of these nine species I have reared five. I regret to acknowledge, after prolonged study of them, that I find them well nigh indistinguishable specifically. Aside from slight and inconstant differences in size and a few very minor structural characters, they are all alike. I will give therefore a general description of them and supplement it with a tabular statement of such differences as I have thus far been able to discover between them. Nymph. The nymph of Lestes is exceedingly long and slender, with wide head, deep thorax and slender, cylindric ab- Fig.7 Nymphof Lestes rectangularis; A, gills, more enlarged domen, bearing linear-oblong gill plates. Head twice as wide as long, only moderately prominent at the front; eyes prominent, rounded, directed somewhat anteriorly; hind angles low, well rounded, with a shallow wide notch between them on the hind margin; antennae longer than the head, with the segments in- creasing in length to the third, and decreasing thereafter to the ‘tip, seven-jointed. Labium [pl.14, fig.c] long and exceedingly ‘slender, the hinge reaching as far posteriorly as the hind legs, \but dependent, and not closely applied to the ventral surface of ‘the body; mentum linear to the suddenly dilated, and spoon- ‘shaped tip; median lobe moderately prominent, with a closed )median cleft which extends as far proximally as the level of the ‘bases of-the lateral lobes; mental setae well developed; lateral ‘lobe very complicated [see pl.14, fig.d], bent almost at a right ‘angle just beyond its base, having a very large movable hook, be- iyond the base of which the distal portion is cleft into two parts, (the inner one of which bears the end hook and the usual inner (series of teeth, these being very numerous, regular and deeply ‘cut; the outer part is widened distally, with its distal angles pro- Ye Ye | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM duced in long hooks, of which the outer is twice the larger and each of these hooks is separated by a shallow notch from a row of 5-9 minute teeth en the distal margin. There are three lateral setae, two on the movable hook, and one just before its base. Prothorax conic, tapering forward to its attachment to the head. Legs very long and slender, generally faintly annulate with darker color. Wing cases narrow, elevated, their tips hardly reaching the base of the fourth abdominal segment. Abdomen cylindric, with lateral margins becoming sharp posteriorly, ending on the fourth or fifth to ninth segments in minute but sharp lateral spines; segments 2-9 of about equal length, 1 and 10 shorter and about equal each to the other. Gills long, with parallel sides and abruptly rounded ends, dis- tinctly segmented for part of their length, and generally trans- versely banded with brown. KEY TO SPECIES Imagos* a Inferior appendages of the male not longer than half the superiors b A large metallic green species: length of hind TIES veces MAS acc is 1s eee. oy eateda a Bee eee eurina bb A smaller, blackish brown species: length of Hind“ wines 18-22 MW sg ewe de be pee congener aa Inferior appendages of the male abdomen longer than half but not longer than the supe- riors ec Inferior appendages, viewed from above, exhib- TIS 8. Ste IOI: CULPVATURG 52... 5 oxo e ee unguiculata cc Inferior appendages viewed from above, straight or nearly so d Metallic green species (when mature) e Inferior appendages of the male viewed from above strongly dilated toward the 81 a Re BAER Nad sg ELS St oH uneata ee Inferior appendages of the male very slen- der and straight in their apical half..... Vigtiax dd Blackish brown species ; f Apex of inferior appendages of male bent ) downward mt the: tins 635.4) Sehwag ce rectangularis ff Apex of inferior appendages not distinctly declined } g Inferior appendages of the male viewed from above slightly widened at the tip; of the two teeth on the inner edge of Superior appendage, the basal one is MGCh the WIE sce Bees eos ee forcipata a 1 After Calvert. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 1893. 20:229-32. AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE WEBS gg Inferior appendage of the male not wid- ened at tip; the proximal tooth on inner margin of each superior appendage little larzer-than-the distal One... 2... 5.6.66. disjuncta daa Inferior appendages of the male longer than the superior, and bent inward and tufted NWT GL OE WG eS igersB 60S er 2 6 ee inequalis Here are the differences observed to exist between the nymphs of the species I have reared. Nymphs a On each side of the mentum five to six raptorial setae [pl.14, fig.c]........ forcipata and rectangularis aa On each side of the mentum normally seven raptorial setae b Length when full grown about 31mm............ unguiculata and uncata bb Total teneth when grown about 37mMM............0e8eeees eurina TST) SOS NG 0G COMmeenie fy dis jlmMeta) vie i lax and inequalis Lestes eurina Say 1839 Lestes eurina Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 8:36 1861 Lestes eurina Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.70 1891 Lestes eurina Scudder, Psyche, 6:66 1893 Lestes eurina Calvert. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 20:229, pl.3, fig.14 1895 Lestes eurina Calvert. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:42 (listed from Dobbs Ferry) 1900 Lestes,eurina Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.256 1901 Lestes eurina Davis, Nat. Sci. Ass’n Staten Island. Proc. v.8, no.3 (not seen by me) 1901 Lestes eurina Needham, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 47, p.518 (men- tion of its habitat and associates) This large and handsome species was common at Saranac Inn about the edges of all sphagnum-bordered ponds, where it was associated with L. uncata and L. unguiculata, and with other genera. I bred it there on June 20, 1900, and again at Lake Forest IlJ., where it is rather uncommon, on June 12, 1901. Lestes congener Hagen 1861 Lestes congener Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p,.67 1898 Lestes congener Calvert. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 20:229, pl.3, fig.15 1895 Lestes congener Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour, 3:42 (listed from Lake St Regis) 1895 Lestes congener Kellicott, Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 17 :200, 202 1899 Lestes congener Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.15, fig.17 1900 Lestes congener Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.256 234 NEW YORK STATB MUSEUM For this species I can only add a new locality to the records of its occurrence; I have taken it at Ithaca. Its nymph is unknown. Lestes unguiculata Hagen 1861 Lestes unguiculata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.70 1898 Lestes unguiculata Calvert. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:230, pl.3, fig.16 1895 Lestes unguiculata Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:42 (listed from Westchester county) ; : 1899 Lestes unguiculata Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.16, fig.23 — 1900 Lestes unguiculata Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.257, BLY fet This widely distributed species I have collected at two unre- corded localities in New York State, Saranac Inn and Ithaca. I have bred it several times in June at my home in Lake Forest Ill., where it is abundant. The metallic green of the mature males is very brilliant. Lestes uncata Kirby 1861 Lestes forcipata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.71 1900 Lestes uncata Kirby, Cat. Neur. Odon. p.160 (renamed) 1893 Lestes uncata Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:230, pl.3, fig.18 1895 Lestes uncataCalvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:42 (listed from KKeeseville and Ithaca). 5:92 (listed from Buffalo) 1899 Lestes uncata Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.17, fig.20 1900 Lestes uncata Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.257, pl.7, fig.2 This species flies through most of the summer at Saranac Inn, and is a common midsummer species at Ithaca. It is a characteristic denizen of shallow woodland pools. In such a pool near Glen Ellyn IIl., I once saw-dozens of nymphs in trans formation at a time on May 30, and I have bred the species in many places. Notes on the oviposition of this species and the last have already been given under the account of the genus. Lestes disjuncta Selys 1862 Lestes disjuncta Selys, Acad. Belg. Bul. (2) 13:302 18938 Lestes disjuncta Calvert. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:281, pl.3, fig.19 1895 Lestes disjuncta Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:42 (listed from Lake St Regis, Keeseville and Ithaca) | 1899 Lestes disjuncta Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.18 1900 Lestes disjuncta Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.258. I have not seen this species at large. Its nymph is unknown. AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 235 Lestes forcipata Rambur 9842 Lestes forcipata Rambur, Ins. Neur. p.246 1861 Lestes hamata Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Am. p.70 1893 Lestes forcipata Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:231, pl.3, fig.20 1895-97 Lestes forcipata Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:48 and 5:92 (listed from N. Y. city, Ithaca and Schoharie) 1899 Lestes forcipata Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.19, fig.19 1900 Lestes forcipata Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.258, pl.7, fig.3 This widespread species I bred in June 1896 at Galesburg III. and in June 1898 at Ithaca N. Y. It was not observed at Sara- mac Inn. I have always found the species about the borders of ponds of permanent nature. Lestes rectangularis Say 1839 Lestes rectangularis Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 8:34 1898 Lestes rectangularis Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:231, pl.3, fig.21 1895-97 Lestes rectangularis Calvert, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 3:43 and 5:92 (listed from Dobbs Ferry, N. Y. city, Ithaca, Saratoga lake, New Baltimore, Schoharie and Buffalo) — 1898 Lestes rectangularis Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.20, fig.18 1898 Lestes rectangularis Needham, Outdoor Studies, p.62, 68, fig.63, 73 (account of habits and figures of imago and nymph) 1900 Lestes rectangularis Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.259, pl.7, fig.5 This exceedingly attenuated species is quite similar in appear- ance and habits to the preceding, and its nymph, which I have _ Several times bred, appears to me quite indistinguishable from that species. I did not find it at Saranac Inn. Lestes vigilax Selys 1862 Lestes vigilax Selys, Acad. Belg. Bul. (2) 13:306 1898 Lestes vigilax Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 20:282, pl.3, fig.17 1898 Lestes vigilax Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.20, fig.18 1900 Lestes vigilax Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.259, pl.7, fig.4 This species has not been recorded from the State hitherto. It is found at Cold Spring Harbor, L. I. Its nymph is unknown. Lestes inequalis Walsh 1862 Lestes inequalis Walsh, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. p.885 1893 Lestes inequalis Calvert, Am. Ent. Soc. Trans, 20:282, p18, fig.24 236 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1898 Lestes inequalis Davis, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 6:196 (listed from Staten Island) 1898 Lestes inequalis Kellicott, Odon. Ohio, p.21, fig.22 1900 Lestes inequalis Williamson, Dragon Flies Ind. p.260, pl.7, fig.6 This species is as yet known only from Staten Island, but is very likely to be found elsewhere. Its nymph is unknown. Subfamily aGRIONINAE KEY TO GENERA Imagos a@ Spines on the tibiae very long, twice as long as the intervals between them............. Argia aa Spines of the tibiae hardly longer than the inter- vals between them b No pale postocular spots on the top of the head; sexes similarly colored ce Colors of dorsum blue and black; yellow beneath the thorax.) ai, Cay Fone rt SiS teem Spe | eee ed Ieee ee needy eS? errr 8 coos awinin es «(aaa (oman obec aniena ssc l X | Snes l|-vesyaces Lene Ge CLS ee Mel cee (Sst em leemimetl te slime all terota Mes ee eee oe asa |ecdsl Xl eh KO | lee [een Kea Morea tye 6 LOS Boo|[osss BR ttre Pe a [i Se Al en ey te ot Me RY lt 5s SOILS a i (Pe ee eae Ie pee 5 a Ve SPN I a IE ee eS ate eeiee mae |X IK Poche XS We san beses lowes Loy SEG a ee’ ee in NS elma ce ote Ife eee elena tle AILSA TAD 2) GSES Oo en Eee Pee >. ae pameeey [seme] Peat Une eee ea sm COMIIUC UE al Fei eee | ane MOM [eeee ek. Pee eee ae 2 on UCC a eee (ere) mee Sse a! Nees oa) (ean fee. mS pel cea AE MISCHA DUS: nxn - + -2-- 5250 c= sms- | none DH se ge Cal aev ed Pee ep ie ae rl a Bes BMG MBEANODS). 2h pS 0% cscece saci | ae0'el| io <- | ooesi|eon's Ss XM ii ce clea PPMP ANSVOUSA -ciss - once coe co cceeiasss Eevee ee a [Perce ltmrsyars |e mm allt he te Bae Los [DTIC o)S) Ae ee eeeciesen ee eters rec 2. fier (elle «|| See see ae asp migera, CyNOSUTA. ..- 22. on22|2---)|----|-<<- ie cet) OS | Reet ine Setar Pema ae et An eda 2a, saa te safest =leaes lacks lamas lems | ecele [oo onl OM Vebastenan Gln oT i ee es ae (VOGT 5 ee eae 1 GIG) ae a aes | (a RIN aleecle 22 waleta ein wa we| = =n! woe sponse | mene | onm | === x Be I fais cea naan mecscsnmce| nape cena | none Seb Saath oe ae ee cts fame caee| coon loses lo- n= | eene| onic x eae Aemeea pare iAChalISsys 0. -enccoes | sees | eins | Sane | wenn lmcmn anne x TA. corruptum, rubicundulum, etc.|....|.--.|..--|-n0+|----|---- = Be IOMCIPONNIS 200 aans cance eee eee eR ote eames ire ater x PPT CTOO IG a nnn. soos = wesame | aces |aece| woes |asnc| sows |e==- > 5 5 ae. ey a = x x x x NEE Sele ew cetersoes| Wola |eattallwass lawala|acmel )X, 0% [oaen|smale haan 6 sass) pulchella:..- cas s0-0|ecan|eons| eee pa ey ae. ths aaa a Fee A are les COR ee Nites RETR ET 0), aia eee ah a} icine, wate wailed ey ce wie |iwu'sis'l(apiam |paine ¥ SUDA e vitals wien neces onics | xrvis|ecuslnania|oons|esee| X Str AINOLICH UG). ccnn on snerne OO IP Hap PIheyees| ie: eal Meas ae AP am Ferg bee EL =u we lane PPE OULAU Bs wa aie also a a'n'v's soon meine RI ASG eo oa ne de ten even [eee ee teen | aeae L. eurina, uncata, forcipata, etc..|.... Naame ews oe el wewt lias a i hag Pag BP GEIOG po mve.ce0e waicwasianeeic nes eae Ok Nia le ne eile ae piste oe | wreimie [at NCR Sinan. san dines ewigacie ne =e |iviet=| neue leone Ki lem nipt| tiles! ae wedge le writ wwe SO aiaaia'ivele ss now G-anae lesan ||send,|o one) apes pe one ere eee i Wes SEGA ws aleriie asd siaias Winsiks suns us| odds secc| enna)’ A ||) Rip eR fees! owe i 276 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM It certainly is not without interest one observes in glancing over this table that while the majority of the species live in ponds or still water, the more generalized members of both sub- | orders live in rapids of streams. The species of which nymphs are newly characterized in this appendix are!: Gomphus fraternus* Somatochlora, sp. no. 3 Gomphus borealis Sympetrum corruptum* Gomphus dilatatus Sympetrum illotum* Gomphus notatus* Libellula axillena Cordulegaster sayi Libellula plumbea Somatochlora, sp. no. 2 Distribution of New York dragon flies ADDITIONAL DATA? By Dr P. P. Calvert Lestes vigilax. Folwood lake, July 22; Knapp pond, July 30; Stevensville lake, Aug. 1; Amber lake, Aug. 2; Black lake, Aug. 2; Beaver brook, Aug. 3; Stump pond, Aug. 3; Green lake, Aug. 28; Catskill lake, Aug. 30. Lestes disjuncta. Hunter’s pond, July 30; Mud pond, July 30; Beaver brook, Aug. 3; Burnt Hill pond, July 29; Catskill lake, Aug. 30 (abundant). ; Lestes rectangularis. Black lake, Aug. 2; Beaver brook, Aug. 3; Stump pond, Aug. 3; Cairo, Aug. 29; Stony Clove near Hunter, Sep. 2. | Argia violacea. Jenkins’ pond, July 29; Amber and White lakes, Aug. 2; Black lake, Aug. 2; Beaver brook and Stump pond, Aug. 3; Green lake, Aug. 28 (very abundant). Argia translata. White lake, Aug. 2. Amphiagrion saucium. Big pond, July 28 (with pruinose thorax, abdomen still red). 1Those marked with an * are bred. *Supplemental to the two lists by the same author referred to in the preceding pages, in N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 1895, 3:39-48; and 1897, 5:91-96. AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE HET Ischnura verticalis. Folwood lake, July 22; Balsam lake, July 27; Alder lake, July 28; Big pond, July 28; Jenkins’ and Burnt Hill ponds, July 29; Knapp, Hunter’s and Mud ponds, July 30; Cranberry pond, July 81; Stevensville lake, Aug. 1; Amber, White and Black lakes, Aug. 2; Beaver brook and Stump pond, Aug. 3; Green lake, Aug. 28; Cairo, Aug. 29; Catskill lake, Aug. 30. Enallagma hageni. Knapp pond, July 30 (not very abundant). Enallagma aspersum. Burnt Hill pend, July 29; Knapp pond, July 80; Cranberry pond, July 31. Enallagma exsulans. Port Jervis, July 21. _ Enallagma geminatum. Amber lake, Aug. 2; Green lake, Aug. 28. Enallagma ebrium. Balsam lake, July 27; Alder lake, July 28 (exceedingly abundant, many more males than females); Burnt Hill pond, July 29; Cranberry pond, July 31; Amber, White and Black lakes, Aug. 2; Beaver brook, Aug. 3; Catskill lake, Aug. 30. Enallagma signatum. Folwood lake, July 22; Amber and Black lakes, Aug. 2; Stump pond, Aug. 3; Green lake, Aug. 28. Enallagma pollutum. Black lake, Aug. 2. Dromogomphus spinosus. White lake, Aug. 2. Anax junius. Folwood lake, July 22; Alder lake, July 28; Burnt Hill pond, July 29 (abundant); Knapp, Hunter’s and Mud ponds, July 30; Cranberry pond, July 31; Black lake, Aug. 2; Beaver brook and Stump pond, Aug. 3; Green lake, Aug. 28. Cordulia shurtleffi. Near Tunis lake, July 27. Dorocordulia lepida. Burnt Hill pond, July 29; Mud pond, July 30; Amber lake, Aug. 2. Libellula pulchella. Folwood lake, July 22; Balsam lake, July 27; Alder lake and Big pond, July 28; Jenkins’ and Burnt Hill ponds, July 29; Knapp and Hunter’s ponds, July 30; Cranberry pond, July 31; Amber lake, Aug. 2 (only a few); Black lake, Aug. 2; Beaver brook and Stump pond, Aug. 8; Cairo, Aug. 29 (1 old 2 ). Libellula incesta. Amber lake, Aug. 2; Stump pond, Aug. 8. 278 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Plathemis lydia (trimaculata). Beaver brook, Aug 3 (1 ¢ only); Cairo, Aug. 29 (1 old ¢ ). Leucorhinia frigida. Knapp, Hunter’s and Mud ponds, July 30; - Cranberry pond, July 31 (abundant). Leucorhinia intacta. Folwood lake, July 22 (1 @ ). Celithemis elisa. Burnt Hill pond, July 29 (one only); Hunter’s pond, July 30 (one only); Cranberry pond, July 31 (one only); Amber and White lakes, Aug. 2 (some in cop.). Sympetrum rubicundulum. Folwood lake, July 22; Jenkins’ pond, July 29; Knapp, Hunter’s and Mud ponds, July 30; Black lake, Aug. 2; Stump pond, Aug. 3; Cairo, Aug. 29. Sympetrum vicinum. Alder lake, July 28; Burnt Hill pond, July 29; Stevensville lake, Aug. 1 (just transforming); Amber lake, Aug. 2; Beaver brook and Stump pond, Aug. 3; Cairo, Aug. 29; Catskill lake, Aug. 30 (some transforming, others oviposit- ing). | Sympetrum semicinctum. Cairo, Aug. 29. Aeschna constricta. Stony Clove, near Hunter, Sep. 2. Localities Records from Cairo, Catskill lake and Green lake were made in 1897. All others in 1898. Big pond, Andes ‘‘town” (=township), Delaware co. Balsam lake, Hardenburg a Ulster co. Tunis sé be “ce é Alder ‘é 6é sé 6s Jenkins’ pond, Rockland es Sullivan co. Burnt Hill . * ss a 2 Knapp “é ‘é “é 6é Hunter’s “ce 6é “é ee Mud ae Liberty ‘6 Cranberry ‘“ ‘“ ‘s Stevensville lake, Ff “6 6 White ~ Bethel MM i Amber a e se . Black . . % Folwood 2 Mamakating Beaver brook, Tusten ‘ P Stump pond, " “s * Green lake, Athens Greene co Cairo, Cairo a2 Catskill lake, Hunter AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 279 Eastern Long Island species COLLECTED AuG. 18, 1900 Lestes disjuncta. Bridgehampton Enallagma doubledayi. Bridgehampton Enallagma aspersum. Bridgehampton Enallagma durum. Near Mecox bay (abundant; in cop.) Enallagma civile. Near Mecox bay (abundant; in cop.) Ischnura verticalis. Near Mecox bay and Bridgehampton Anax junius. Near Mecox bay and Bridgehampton Plathemis lydia (trimaculata). Bridgehampton Libellula pulchella. Bridgehampton Tramea carolina. Bridgehampton Mesothemis simplicicollis. Bridgehampton Near Mecox bay, where I found the two species of Enallagma above recorded were many individuals of the spider, Epeira stellata Hentz, whose orblike webs, 4 to 6 inches in diam- eter, were stretched between the stalks of sedges and of grasses. Within a distance of not more than -,j, mile along the pond’s edge, I found six individuals of Enallagma in the spiders’ webs. The dragon flies were all fully colored, were more or less enshrouded in silk, and some of them were partly eaten. In one and the same web were two Enallagmas. Part 4 SOME NEW LIFE HISTORIES OF DIPTERA BY JAMES G. NEEDHAM During the second season of our station the work done on Diptera was chiefly done on the families Chironomidae, Qulicidae, Simuliidae, and Blepharoceridae, and is reported on by Mr Johannsen in part 6. But, in the course of routine operations, a few other very interesting new forms were come on, and four of these will be described in the following pages. Two of these, Tipula flavicans and Epiphragma fascipennis, were bred, and two were found only in the larval stage. These larvae, however, are so unique and inter- esting as to warrant their description at once; one clearly 280 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM belongs to the family Tipulidae; the other to the family Leptidae. Tipula flavicans Fabricius 1805 Tipula flavescens (in erratis, flavicans) Fabricius, Syst. Antliatorum, p.24 1821 Tipula flavicans Wiedemann, Diptera Exotica. 1:25 1828 Tipula flavicans Wiedemann, Aussereur. zweifitig. Insecten, 1:48 1878 Tipula flavjicans Osten Sacken, Cat. Dipt. N. Am. p38 (listed) This common crane fly is widely distributed over the eastern United States and Canada. It belongs to the New York fauna, but I bred it from pupae collected at Lake Forest Ill. The pupae were found in a peculiar and very restricted habitat. In the bottom of a glacial pothole on the top of a small moraine there was a deep bottom layer of mud, muck and humus, nearly dry from the summer’s evaporation, and perforated by a few crawfish holes, around whose mouths were little hillocks of clay, brought up by the crawfishes from a deeper stratum. In these clay hillocks, and only in these, I found the pupae, placed vertically in cylindric cavities, their heads almost reaching the upper surface of the clay. I collected a number of the pupae on Sep. 22, and the imagos began to emerge on tthe 23d and were all out on the 27th. During this time the adult flies were common among the bushes all about the pothole. They were not so easy to catch as are most crane flies; they readily took flight on the approach of a net, and, if pursued, would take refuge high up in the branches of neighboring trees, well out of reach. Pupa [pl.10, fig.3]. Length 26mm, abdomen 20mm, respiratory horns 1.3mm; greatest diameter of the thorax 4mm, of abdomen Smm. Body cylindric, tapering at ends on the head and from the eighth abdominal segment, the abdomen with parallel sides, the thorax thickened toward its middle. Colors (generally obscured by adherent dirt) brown, paler on wings and Jegs, on lateral margins of abdomen and on two broad dorsal and two ventral areas nearly covering each abdominal segment. Head unarmed; rostral sheath and base of antennal sheaths transversely corrugated. Antennae curving posteriorly around AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATH 281 the eyes and ending at the middle of the thorax on its ventral side. Palpi ending in a J-shaped hook. Respiratory horns cylindric, becoming laterally flattened at tip, erect but bent anteriorly in their distal third. Wings and legs closely covering the ventral surface; tips of the wing cases reaching the base of the fourth abdominal segment; legs much curved beneath the wing cases; tarsi laid straight along the ventral side of the abdomen, those of the fore legs reaching the constriction of the middle of the fourth, those of the middle and hind legs, the apical circlet of spines on the fourth abdom- inal segment. Thorax unarmed; a low carina between the respiratory horns, ending posteriorly in a series of transverse corrugations, on either side of which are spots and lines of ‘darker color. Abdominal segments transversely divided by a constriction, both before and behind which, dorsally and ventrally, is a broad pale area bordered by darker brown, forming at the sides a band which includes the row of spiracles at the anterior border of segments 1-7. In the pale band on the lateral margin there arises a stout spine in the basal half and a larger one in the apical half of segments 2-7; here are also numerous brown dashes, merging into the larger, phalerate markings already described. ! On the dorsal side in the apical half of each of segments 1-7 there is a transverse row of about a dozen sharp, minute thorns, very minute on 2, but becoming larger posteriorly; on the ven- tral side of same is a similar row of stouter thorns, becoming much stouter and fewer and nearer the hind margin posteriorly, while before them, near the middle constriction, stand an iso- lated pair of similar size. ‘On segment 8 there are three pairs of stout spines on the dorsum, the intermediate pair being the largest, and there are three lesser pairs on the venter. On the end of the abdomen, and perhaps belonging to a ninth segment, there are two other pairs of spines, a larger yellowish, brown tipped, straight pair, and a smaller, terminal, upcurved pair. Epiphragma fascipennis Say Plates 8, 9 Limnobia fascipennis Say, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 3:19, 11:823 1828 Limnobia fascipennigs Wiedemann, Aussereur, zweifltig. Insecten, 1:31 1859 Hpiphragma pavonina Osten Sacken, Acad, Nat, Sci. Phila. Proc. p.239 1869 Bpiphragma fascipennis Osten Sacken, Mongr, N. Am. Dipt. 4:194 282 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This beautiful crane fly [p1.8], which Osten Sacken attributes to the Atlantic states and Quebec, I have been trying to rear for several years at my home in Lake Forest; and I succeeded in the spring of 1901, and am now able to describe both larval and pupal stages. The larvae bore in the dead and fallen stems of buttonbush: and willow, where these lie on the mud at the borders of shal- low ponds. I found them always in stems that were still par- tially sound, tunneling beneath the bark or even into the deeper parts and into the sounder wood. These stems are frequently submerged in spring and autumn, and even in summer, when the pond has gone dry, they are always saturated with moisture. The first two seasons that I tried to rear the larvae indoors I failed, because I could not keep their surroundings at the proper degree of moisture. In the spring of 1901 I placed the stems or pieces of the stems containing the larvae in the bot- tom of a big glass jar, hung a large sponge saturated with water in it, and laid on a loose cover, and with this apparatus I reared them, every one. Larvae and pupae were collected for rearing on May 18; imagos appeared on May 30. No imagos were seen at large, notwithstanding they were carefully looked for several times after they began to appear in the breeding jar. The most interesting thing about the larva, aside from its wood-boring habits, is its singular adaptation to amphibian life. It must needs live part of the time wholly submerged beneath the waters of the pond, and part of the time out on land; it has, therefore, both open spiracles and tracheal gills; and, more- over, its tracheal gills are so placed that they may be with- drawn into the body in a dry time, where they escape the ills of too rapid evaporation. The spiracles are the two usual large ones on the terminal respiratory disk, common to all tipulidae. If a larva be taken from the stems and allowed to crawl on the hand, these will be the only respiratory apparatus visible; no fleshy anal processes, such as are common in the family, will be seen. The anal aperture will appear as a narrow longitudi- nal slit between two opercular flaps. But, if the same larva be AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 283 placed in a watch glass of water, these flaps will be seen to be separated, and there will be protruded between them four curved triangular, delicate, whitish, elongate gills, showing in their interior both tracheae and blood currents. These are doubtless respiratory appendages of the terminal portion of the walls of the rectum. A similar eversible condition of this part, with a much less perfect development of the gills themselves, has recently een described by Pantel in the Bulletin de la Société entomologique. de France, 1901, page 59-61, for a Tach- inid larva. The eversible portion of the rectum Pantel calls the anal vesicle, and to it he very properly attributes a respiratory function. These four gills in Epiphragma are comparable to the four anal processes of the larva next to be _ Fig. 18 anal gills of the larva of Epiphragma fascipennis described, and shown on plate 10, fig. 4, even to the constriction forming an apparent seg- ment near the tip. They are comparable and homologous doubtless with the anal processes of other Tipulidae. There, however, they are permanently on the outside of the body, being no longer retractile. The end of the rectum has become permanently everted in these more aquatic larvae. The larva of Epiphragma is therefore specially interesting as showing what has been the course of development of this part of the very curious caudal armature of the typical Tipulid larvae.t Larva [pl.9, fig.1]. Length 19mm; greatest diameter (base of thorax) 1.5mm. Cylindric, white, or faintly tinged with yellowish, with translucent sides and a brown head capsule. Head large, for the family, with pale antennae and labrum and stout blackish mandibles and labium. On the ventral side of each of the three thoracic segments is a pair of minute brownish points—vestiges ————— —— — ——E) 1Hlsewhere (American Naturalist, 86:185) I have pointed out, in a descrip- tion of the larva of Bibio fraternus, that the segmental tubercles have offered the material out of which have been formed the other fleshy tubercles which surround the caudal respiratory disk. 284 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of the larval legs. On the ventral side of abdominal segments: 2-7 there is a single median proleg—a mere soft, white, trans- versely placed ridge, without hooks or claws. The abdomen is. without other tubercles, spines or hairs. On the posterior end of the scarcely narrowed abdomen is a broad, white respiratory — disk, with the two usual spiracles [pl.9, fig.2], large, distant,,. black, bordered with golden yellow in life. There are four thick processes at the border of the disk, of which the upper two are set apart the full width of the disk, have very blunt apexes and are pubescent externally, while the lower two are a little more: pointed and a little closer together. The anal aperture is closed by two operclelike plates, which. open to allow the protrusion of the four delicate, white, elon-. gate, curved, triangular anal processes (gills). Pupa [pl.9, fig.38]. Length 12mm, horns almost 2mm additional]. diameter 1.5mm. Color clear yellowish white at first, darkening with age, and showing before transformation the adult color pattern through the transparent skin; surfaces shining, nearly smooth. Head and face directed ventrally, with a pair of short,. sharp pointed, stout, ventrally directed, divergent frontal spines. The hypertrophied and functionless respiratory horns are large, long and stout, abruptly bent forward in their cylindric middle portion, beyond their short erect bases, and convergent at their tapering tips. They are very suggestive of cow horns. in their shape, and a crumpled horn on one side is of rather common occurrence. The antennae curve dorsally around the eyes and knees and disappear beneath the wings. Legs laid flat against the ventral surface, the tips of the tarsi all ending near the apex of the fourth abdominal segment; wing tips reach- ing only to the level of the carina on the second abdominal segment. Abdomen with sides parallel as far as the eighth segment; the apical carina on each segment is fringed with short, stiff . hairs (on the ventral side of the eighth segment, more comb- like, and interrupted on the median line in the female). "Phe- rudiments of the four discal processes and the atrophied spir- acles are plainly seen on the dorsum of the eighth segment. Beling found the larvae of the European Epiphragma picta abundant in the rotting stems of ash and beech in the spring, transforming in May after a pupal period of about two: weeks. He has described! a very unusual sexual differentiation in the larvae. The respiratory disk was said to be surrounded by five processes arranged in a pentagon in the male, by three 1Beling. Th. zur atures eae verschiedener Arten der Tipuliden. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien. 1878. 23:590. AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATB ~ 285 processes arranged in a triangle in the female larva. There is no such differentiation in E. fascipennis; the processes are four, and alike in the two sexes. Possibly Beling had the larvae of two species. An unknown Tipulid larva from a spring On plate 10, figures 4 and 5 we present a figure of a Tipulid larva of very unusual form. A few specimens were obtained July 19, 1901, from a small, cold spring brook near Fall creek, be- tween Ithaca and Varna N. Y. The ktrook was filled with water cress, through which the cold water trickled, and was hidden in the dense shadow of a thick growth of trees. The larvae were obtained only beneath the water cress, in the thin layer of soft mud overlying the rocky substratum. One larva was found, apparently preparing for transformation, occupying a little excavation among the roots of a layer of wet moss, in a crevice of a rock above the level of the water. This specimen was taken home for rearing, but was after- ward lost; I do not know anything about the other stages of this insect. The form of its respiratory disk is very different from that of Epiphragma just described, ana*mouth parts ot unknown tipulid larva described herewith but, aside from that, it is more like Epi- phragma in form of body and prolegs and in mouth parts than any other Tipulid larva known to me, and I think it will be found to belong to some species of larger size belonging near Epi- phragma in the series. Since my study of this larva Dr James Fletcher, of Ottawa Can., has sent me a specimen of it from his home. He says it is found “from time to time in water brought from a spring ” through wooden pipes, and used for drinking.” It may prove a constant inhabitant of cold spring water. 286 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Larva. -Length 42mm; greatest diameter of thorax 5mm; of — abdomen 7mm. Body cylindric, smooth, white translucent, with unusually abrupt narrowing at the anterior end to the wholly retractile head (fig.19). Seventh abdominal segment inflated. No surface hairs or spines; but on the ventral side of the three thoracic segments are three pairs of spine-tipped structures which I take to be the rudiments of the thoracic legs. There are stout, brownish prolegs on abdominal segments ~ 4-7, paired and separate on 4, becoming completely fused on - succeeding segments into a transverse ridge, each proleg capped with a mere obtuse hillock of chitin, bearing no hooks or spines. Abdomen strongly tapering beyond the inflated seventh seg- ment. Spiracles black, seated on a narrow and imperfect respi- ratory disk [pl.10, fig.5], whose dorsal margin is indicated only by a slight ridge, and from whose ventral side arise two long processes, approximated at base, tapering, slightly granulate before the tip, and with about six to eight minute, fragile, un- equal hairs on the obtuse apex. Anal aperture surrounded by four equal, taper, pointed, white appendages, each showing a tendency to the formation of a telescopic joint at two thirds its length. | An unknown Leptid larva from rapid streams On plate 10, figure 1 we show a curious larva that seems clearly to belong to the family Leptidae, but that differs con- siderably in structure from the Leptid larvae hitherto made known. I first collected small specimens from the rapids in Six Mile creek at Ithaca in December 1896. During the sum- mer of 1901 larger larvae were frequently found in Fall creek. They live in the crevices of the stones in rushing waters, asso- ciated with stone fly and caddis fly larvae. But few specimens were obtained, and no attempt was made to rear them. Two species of Chrysopila, (C. ornata and C. thoracica), are common at Ithaca, and this larva may belong to one of these. Larva. Length 16mm; caudal filaments (arising from the ven- tral border of the respiratory disk) 8mm additional; diameter 2mm. : Color dark greenish; skin subrugose, somewhat shining. Body nearly cylindric, slightly thickest on the sixth abdominal segment, with strongly tapering metathorax and mesothorax, slender and attenuate prothorax and strongly retractile head. The median ridge of the head is very prominent in front, shaped like an inverted sled runner. Antennae prominent, slender, two jointed. Mandibles ending in strong, ventrally directed AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 287 hooks. A ventral pair of slender bristles under both meso- thorax and metathorax. There are stout ventral prolegs on abdominal segments 1-8, paired on all the segments except the eighth, each with a double circlet of hooks at its tip. On segment 1 each proleg is sim- ple, with hooks directed posteriorly. On segments 2-7 each proleg is divided at its apex, becoming double, with the hooks on its two divisions opposed in position [pl.10, fig.2]. On the eighth segment there is a single median proleg with its hooks directed forward, and at its base is a pair of low, broad anal tubercles. There are two pairs of conic, fleshy tubercles on each of segments 1-7 of the abdomen, one tubercle at either side of the dorsum and a longer one at the middle of each side, all increasing in length posteriorly. The abdomen ends on the dorsal side in a pair of long, fleshy processes, stout at base and attenuate to apex, each with a lateral fringe of long hairs each side, on the outer side the fringe extending on segment 8 nearly to its base. Between the bases of these processes on the dor- sum of the eighth segment is the single respiratory aperture— a narrow median slit guarded by white lips, on a low convex elevation. The most remarkable features of this larva are (1) the con- formation of the caudal end of the abdomen, (2) the single res- piratory aperture and (8) the paired and bifurcated prolegs with their heavy armature of grappling hooks. This grappling appa- ratus is doubtless correlated with a life spent clinging to the surfaces of rocks in the current of rushing streams. A note on caddis flies described in Bulletin 47 The identity of the species described on p.569-70 as “3 Halesus sp.?” has been settled by the rearing of it by Mr Betten at Lake Forest Ill. It is Halesus hostis Hagen. Larvae, in cases like the one shown in plate 33, figure 1 of Bulletin 47, were collected from a spring-fed rivulet late in August. Pupae were found in the breeding cage soon thereafter, and a fine male imago emerged on Sep. 23. Two excellent German students of the Trichoptera, Ulmer and Weltner, simultaneously and very kindly sent information as to the probable identity of the “ egg-ring of an unknown caddis fly ” figured on plate 33 of Bulletin 47. Similar egg masses are laid, they say, by the European species Phryganea grandis and Phryganea striata, and this one may well have belonged toour Phryganea cinerea Hagen. 288 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Part 51 AQUATIC CHRYSOMELIDAE AND A TABLE OF THB FAMILIES OF COLEOPTEROUS LARVAE BY ALEX. D. MACGILLIVRAY Beetles are among the most abundant of insects. They are easily collected and prepared for the cabinet and probably for this reason are more extensively studied and collected than any other order. Their larvae and pupae are usually soft bodied and inconspicuous and in most cases are very difficult to rear to maturity. It is probably due to these latter conditions that the transformations of only a very small proportion of our beetles are known. The habits of their larvae are more varied than those of the other orders; some are predaceous, feeding on the larvae of other insects; some are scavengers, feeding on decaying plants and animals, dried skins, hair and bones; some are herbivorous, feeding on the roots, stems and leaves of plants, mining their leaves, living within their seeds, forming galls on their leaves, or tunneling through the trunks of trees; some feed on and destroy many kinds of prepared food products, while others live commensally within the nests of insects. Though the majority of the species are terrestrial, yet many are found on the surface and within the water of ponds and streams. There have not been any extended investigations dealing with the transformations of American Coleoptera. The work done thus far consists mainly of scattered descriptions by govern- ment and state entomologists in bulletins, reports and ento- mological magazines, and they have dealt in great part only with those species that are of economic importance in some phase of their life history. The most important publications for the student of the life histories of American Coleoptera are the following: Beutenmuller, William. Bibliographical Catalogue of the Described Transformations of North American Coleoptera. N. Y. Micro. Soc. Jour. VII, 1891. 7:1-52. This paper gives all the references to descriptions and figures of American beetle larvae and pupae previous to this date and should be in the hands of every American student of this subject. ‘Not edited according to the rules of the University. AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATE 289 Rupertsberger, Mathias. Biologie der Kifer Huropas. Bine Ueber- sicht der biologischen Literatur gegeben in einem alphabetischen Person- en- und systematischen Sach-Register nebst einem Larven-Cataloge. Linz a.d. Donau. 1880. O. 295p. Die biologische Literatur tiber die Kafer Huropas vcn. 1880 an. Mit Nachtrigen aus friiherer Zeit und einem Larven-Cataloge. Linz a. d. Donau und Niederrana. 1894. O. 310p. The two papers given above include the references to the literature on the transformations of Huropean Coleoptera. They are useful to the American student for the references to the species common to Europe and North America that they contain. The larger families of Coleoptera are found in both countries, and, by looking up these references, it is possible to determine the type of larvae to be expected in the American fauna in ‘those families where they are unknown. Schiodte, J. C. De Metamorphosi Eleutheratorum observationes: Bidrag til insekternes udeldviklingshistoire. Kjobenhaven. 1861-83. 2v. O. 86pl. Each volume is made up of a number of separate parts which were originally published separately in the Saertryk af Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift. Though this work deals entirely with European insects, yet the families and genera in most cases are found in this country. The text is written in Latin, the descriptions are very full and suggestive. The figures are excellent; they are printed from copper plates and show the entire form of the larva and pupa, together with many useful structural details. (Perris, Edouard. Larves de Coleopteres. Paris 1887. gr. O. 590p.. 14pl. with 579fig. This work consists mainly of descriptions of larvae and pupae, and the: figures deal almost entirely with structural details. In hope of interesting and aiding others in the study of the transformations of the Coleoptera, the following table has been prepared. It is based in great part on the facts contained in the papers mentioned above and deals only with the more important families. No one can be more conscious of its imper- fections than the writer; but a poor tool is better than no tool. KEY TO FAMILIES OF COLEOPTEROUS LARVAE! a Tarsi with two claws b Mandibles of the usual type, with teeth at the base or at middle c¢ Abdomen not provided with long, slender lateral filaments d Cerci present, in some cases small; ocelli six e Abdomen and legs ambulatory; abdomen with eight pairs of SUE OLERIN Se Sho are oh Marta a eaten sa Wp ee me a wee Carabidae ee Abdomen and legs natatory; abdomen with seven pairs of SLs rtiate ay ase PR een ese 0 week ke ae pes Amphizoidae dd Cerci wanting; ocelli four;*with hooks on the dorsum Cicindelidae ce Abdomen provided with long, slender lateral filaments which serve MUCH CRIS DtiRate tev ath oAN v umlislaiss dace uleta’as f Week wis +yrinidae 1In the following table the term setae is applied only to those small hairs that arise from a single hypodermal cell like those of the Dermes- tidae, Cerambycidae, and Buprestidae; and the term spine is restricted to the strongly chitinized hairs that are developed as projections of the body hepa like those of the Coccinellidae and the Cassidinae of the Chrysomel- } ae. ; 290 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM bb Mandibles suctorial, without teeth at middle or at base ec Apex of the abdomen not armed with four hooks...Dytiscidae ce Apex of the abdomen armed with four hooks....... Gyrividae aa Tarsi never with more than a single claw; in some species the legs | entirely wanting b Cerci present as jointed appendages, in some cases hardly more than a jointed tubercle ce Larvae long, wirewormlike; the caudal end of the abdomen strongly chitinized; larvae Terrestrial... .- 2) 0. = «6 eee Elateridae | cc Larvae soft bodied, not wirewormlike; the caudal end of the abdo- men not more strongly chitinized than the remainder of the body © d Hyes in groups of five or six e Larvae terrestrial, feeding in fungi Ce ee ee Scaphidiidae ee Larvae aquatic : f Byes in eroups of five....:0.. 205 2ece. eee Haliplidae | ff EXyes In Srouns OF SIR Yiesas. SEG eto cee Hydrophilidae dd Eyes in groups of four, two, or none; larvae terrestrial e Labrum present, distinct; body frequently lepismoid in form Silphidae ee Labrum wanting; body not lepismoid in form, the sides sub- parallel f Eyes present, usually in groups of four..Staphylinidae ff AYES. WaMEING ...0.5 choose dw «aiese see eee ee Histeridae Sb Cerci wanting c Larvae without thoracic legs d Head broader than the remainder of the body; the Gay depressed; larvae wood borers e Maxillary palpi with three or four segments; the labial palpi with three segments; eyes frequently present Cerambycidae ee Maxillary palpi with two segments; the labial palpi minute, unsegmented; eyes usually wanting....... Buprestidae dd Head not broader than if as broad as the remainder of the body; the body cylindrical; the larvae infesting seeds... Bruchidae ec Larvae with distinct thoracic legs d@ Larvae scarabaeoid, that is, white grub-like, in form e Eyes present f Eyes six in number; laryae case-bearers Chrysomelidae ff Eyes two in number; larvae not case-bearers Trox Scarabaeidae ee Eyes wanting, or if present, usually of not more than a single ocellus f Antennae three jointed, minute, hardly projecting beyond the side of the head; larvae usually small......... Ptinidae ff Antennae two to six jointed, never minute, usually as long as, or longer than, the mandibles; larvae usually large Lucanidae Scarabaeidae dd Larvae not scarabaeoid in form é Apex of the abdomen not more strongly chitinized than the remainder nor produced into one or two prominent projec- tions AQUATIC INSECTS IN NEW YORK STATBH 291 f Body densely covered with long, fine setae which are gener- ally barbed and frequently aggregated into a pencil at the posterior end of the body............... Dermestidae ff Body not densely covered with long, fine setae, or, if pres- ent, these are minute and never aggregated in the form of a pencil at the posterior end of the body. No account is- taken here of the strong black or brownish chitinized spines g Larvae aquatic . h Antennae as long as, or longer than, the thorax Dascyllidae - hh Antennae not as long as the thorax 4 Larvae depressed, with the lateral margins of the seg-- ments greatly produced so as to conceal the ventral and lateral portions of the body when viewed from: above; with tracheal gills on the abdomen Parnidae ui Larvae cylindrical; without tracheal gills ’ j Labrum wanting: each body segment usually with four tong, filiform appendages; eight abdominal tergum never with a pair of dorsal spines with. spiracles at their) base: a6 00.5.6) .. Haliplidae jj Labrum present; none of the body segments with. long, filiform appendages; eighth abdominal ter- gum with a pair of dorsal spines with spiracles at their base; larvae feeding on the roots of AQUATIC DIAMUS woes. vale Chrysomelidae gg Larvae not aquatic h The lateral margins of the abdominal tergites dilated so: ‘ as to conceal the plurae when viewed from above, the dilatations when elongate, narrowed toward the apex i Body convex, about twice as long as wide; lateral dila- tations blunt and covered with numerous minute REIT Os eee eisasrete ibid sok «ee cuajaiwnacsi o eos Endomychidae ii Body flattened above, distinctly more than twice as long as wide; the lateral dilatations frequently pointed and never covered with numerous minute Setae RIeah SC UCEN thet ata Cathe Rw nyel con iw etece et ee Lampyridae hh The lateral margins of the abdominal tergites not dilated so as to conceal the plurae when viewed from above i Body covered with strong, elongate, black or brownish,. chitinized spines j Median pair of spines of the eighth abdominal ter- gite long and modified into a faeci-fork for carry- ing the cast larval skins and faeci, umbrellalike OVERTURN DAC aes