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Published monthly by the ;

University of the State of New York

BULLETIN 311 JUNE 1904

New York State Museum

Bulletin 74

ENTOMOLOGY 20

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA

BY
EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D.Sc.
State Entomologist
and

LOUIS H. JOUTEL C®™

\

PAGE PAGE

RREETAGE 2 ess tiad oe. «4 See ae 3 | Saperda calcarata Say..... 30
Genus Saperda of Fabricius...... 4 Crea epiuice ta MOMS. stairs cial 44
Subgeneric grouping.......... 7 CP ETsire! ANGwHiba Aen ans codec 50
Bibliography ........ Bons, sheaths 9 duisiconid ejay Babiny cee. crane 52
WUSHIDUFIOI ass oc kee: 9 WaeiSibulih'ay, SAViae eta seit atte 54
Specific relationships.......... 10 Gui EAT SH MP SPs Mee oars oe 58
Systematic list of American atiena lis Habtss.e: oe ates 50
SUEGIEL’ SAE ACU Oca ate pce 13 fray teelandenss «acter. Bg Sirs cee eit 62
MUA OS SHECIES a dareciss « Voleders Ck ale 15 DMMOwNCOMMS SEV do cdnacec 66
Grouping and summary of food OwwUlinwE, Wiha osedogoodacc 68
RTE SAE, LAE AGHA afeie-vcssscore Ole ca 17 TN Olesit awl Cm a jeatelcae ls deta eet 71
Sapéerda obliqua Say....... 18 Coimeollormr Ibecceeseddouscest 73
PDAS Ciliy SAVE Anal Sips a eis als on Cin explanation ol plates: james ce 76
OS: G1, 1) TOUnetee ery We cis. ajeyeus, ZOMMMEAREC VEO UA A hess «i shcicrvi sk: « han a cetar face 80
Samana. Mab. sack... sss Aga lMElitl el exe wer leed te viel eles wl o-oo a altaya 8I

ALBANY ya3bt

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1904
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New York State Museum

FREDERICK J. H. MeErritLu Director
EPHRAIM PorTER FELT State Entomologist

Bulletin 74

ENTOMOLOGY 20

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA

PREFACE |

In the preparation of this paper all the original descriptions of the
various species have been carefully examined, and as many of the
types as were in this country have been studied. Most of our species
are so well marked that there was little trouble in identifying them,
and only tridentata and forms of populnea presented diffi-
culties. The first mentioned has a species which resembles it very
closely, and the question was, which had been described by Olivier.
The original description was so vague that it applied equally well to
either; but fortunately Olivier had figured the form described, and
this proves beyond doubt that our common eastern borer of the elm
is his species. Several forms, which could not be referred to any
of our species, were found, one of which presented all the characters
of the European populnea, and there is no doubt that it has long
been established in California, Oregon, Washington and British
Columbia, having evidently made its way into this country through
Alaska.

The writers take great pleasure in acknowledging assistance from
the following gentlemen: Dr Henry Skinner and Mr H. W. Wenzel,
who employed their kind offices in procuring the loan of specimens
from the collections of the American Entomological Society and
afforded facilities for the study of material in the Horn collection,
Mr Samuel Henshaw of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, who

4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ~

granted the privilege of studying the LeConte and other collections
at Cambridge, Dr H. G. Dyar, who procured the loan of material
from the National Museum, Mr E. A. Schwarz, who furnished facili-
ties and aid in studying the collections at Washington, and also the
following gentlemen, who rendered various services, Messrs Charles
Schaeffer, Frederick Blanchard, F. C. Bowditch, Germain Beaulieu,
H. G. Klages, Charles W. Leng, C. V. Piper, W. S. Marshall, J. J.
Rivers, Charles Fuchs, Dr D. M. Castle, E. D. Harris, Philip Lau-
rent, F. E. Watson, C. W. Woodward, H. C. Fall, William T. Davis,
C. J. S. Bethune, F. M. Webster, Charles Palm, W. Knaus, A. F.
Winne, Dr R. E. Kunze; Charles Stevenson and €, J; @edle amr
Henry C. Van Dyke kindly contributed notes on localities of
hornii, and a number of New York collectors kindly allowed us
the privilege of examining the material in their collections.

The junior author has collected members of this genus for a num-
ber of years and has made many trips about New York city to secure
their workings, often in the company of his friend, William T.
Davis, who took much interest in securing desirable specimens. All of
the species have been bred but the typical populnea, mutica,
horniiandcretata, though we have had workings of the latter.

The junior author has undertaken the illustration and systematic
study of the species; while his associate has studied the insects more
particularly from an economic standpoint and has summarized the
literature and compiled the bibliographies.

GENUS SAPERDA OF FABRICIUS

This genus is one of great economic importance, since it contains
two species which are very injurious to appletrees and another which
may possibly acquire this habit. One species is known as being very
destructive to the American elm, one often seriously injures hickory,
another sometimes destroys large numbers of our lindens, and a
fourth is exceedingly injurious to poplars; the latter are also attacked
by several other species of the genus. ~

This group is also of interest to the systematic student, since it
shows in a limited number of species great divergence and specializa-
tion from a common type. Much confusion has hitherto existed con-

cerning the identity of our western species, and this was only partly

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 5

cleared up by the characterization of hornii. Our study has
brought out the intetesting fact that, among the so called western
forms of moesta, one is identical with the European populnea,
and can not be differentiated in any particular from that species. We
find that two species have been included under the name triden-
tata, as well as a distinct variety of lateralis. All but three
American species occur in New York State, and our study has on
that account been monographic.

Series of all American species have been examined, and several
characters not noted or seen by former students have been found.
The European and Asiatic species have all been studied, except a
few Siberian forms which are probably only varieties. ‘Since both
sexes were not obtainable of all the exotic forms, it has not been
possible to include a discussion of them in this Paper) hey mare
mentioned wherever it is necessary to show the close relationship
existing between the two faunas.t The 13 species and one variety
listed by Samuel Henshaw in 1885 have been increased by us to 15
species and five subspecies or varieties.

The species are so closely related, though differing greatly from
each other in several characters, that subdivision of the genus is not
considered advisable and would not be practicable, as whatever char-
acters might be used, disappear so gradually that the species could
not be as well arranged as in the present grouping, and it would tend
to bring widely separated forms close together.

The exotic species have been divided into a number of genera and
subgenera on characters which we consider, from our studies of the
entire group, degrees of specialization.

Mr Mulsant divided the European species on the relative size of
the metathoracic episterna, the form of elytra and on the antennae

*In studying the two faunas together, the indications are very strong
that they were derived from common ancestors; and, while the two are
quite distinct in many ways, they have evidently specialized along different
but parallel lines, and their characters are intermediate.

The fact that the American species are all of eastern origin (except
those few that show their immigration into the Pacific fauna through
Alaska) and the Old World ones of western origin would tend to show
that at some remote epoch there was a connection between the two
continents.

6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

being annulated or not. Species not closely related to each other
occur in his subgenera, as they do in any other attempt to divide
them. His genera are not now generally recognized. The Asiatic
species have been placed in several genera. The genus Thyestes
erected by Mr J. Thomson for a Japanese species has no character
not found in one or the other of our Saperdas; and we consider his
species pubescens allied to puncticollis with some charac-
ters also of lateralis; and its annulated antennae connects it
with the more highly specialized ones. Another point that shows its
close relation to puncticollis is the possession of a process on
the anterior claw of the middle pair of legs only; and the form of
this process also resembles that of puncticollis. Another
genus, Eutatrapha, has been erected by Bates for those Asiatic species
with the sides of the elytra carinated. We consider this character a
sign of specialization and not of generic value, as we find it in an
advanced rudimentary state in our tridentata, where it is not
equally marked in all specimens. It is formed by the arrangement
of the punctures and is quite different in appearance from the extreme
form found in Eutatrapha (Saperda) metallescens.
-Etatatrapha (Saperda) 16-punctataand varpeecromm.
nis (S. carinata) have this character also, but not so strongly
marked. It can be traced in some other of our species, as S. dis-
coidea gand S. hornii, wherea straight line of punctures, more
or less pronounced in different examples, shows the most primitive
form of this character; and its entire absence in some individuals of
discoidea robs it of any generic value it seems to possess in its
more highly specialized form. To show the slight value of this and
other characters taken separately, we would call attention to Para-

glenea fortunei from China, which has the elytra carinated
and has both claws of all the legs armed with a spine as in
lateralis. It is closer to Saperda than any other genus.
Glenida suffusa has the elytra carinated but lacks the pro-
cess on the claws, and is only distantly related to Saperda. Several
other genera were desired for study but material was not obtained
in time for this bulletin. The males of metallescens have

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 7

the claws armed asin tridentata. Males of the other carinated
species were not obtained. Should this genus be accepted our 5S.
tridentata would be included in it.

Subgeneric grouping. One character that could be used for a
subgeneric division is the presence or absence of the process! on the
claws of the males. Though we consider this character of little
value except to show the relation of the species and really a sign of
specialization and not of much generic importance, as its occurrence
in genera? not very closely related to Saperda shows, its use as a basis
of division would group the species as follows.

Group r Group 2 Group 3 Group 4

Process on anterior} Process on both| Process on anterior | Process wanting
claw of front and middle | claws of all tarsi claw of middle tarsi
tarsi

obliqua lateralis puncticollis populnea and its
mutica forms

hornii concolor

candida
calcarata
tridentata
cretata
discoidea
vestita
imitans
fayi

1TeConte and Horn, in their classification of the Coleoptera of North
America, make the erroneous statement that this process is wanting in
the European species. It is however very prominent in carcharias,
punctata, 8-punctata and probably in others of which we did
not see males. Lacordairé, in Genera of Coleoptera, also seems to imply
that it is wanting in the European species. [LeConte, in New Species of
North American Coleoptera, part 2 [Smithsonian Miscel. Coll. 264. 1873.
p.239] overlooks the process on the claw of the middle tarsi of puncti-
collis and the armature of all the claws of lateralis. Subsequent
authors have committed the same errors.

*In the species of Thyestes which we have seen, the males are armed
as in puncticollis. The males in the genus Eutatrapha are armed
as in the first group. Those of Paraglenea fortunei are like
those of lateralis. The males we have seen of the European species
group as follows. To the first group belong carcharias,punctata,
8-punctata, and to group 4 populnea and scalaris. The
males of the other species we were not able to obtain.

8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

This grouping separates populnea and concolor from
the closely allied mutica and hornii, and brings together some
that are not so closely allied, but it shows fairly well the degree of
specialization of the species, as will be shown later.

If our species only are considered, a more natural grouping can
be made on antennal characters, the species having anhulated anten-
nae being more closely related to each other than to those with unicol-
orous ones; but, when the foreign species are taken into account,
this character loses its value, as we find S. perforata and some
of the species that have been referred to Eutatrapha and Thyestes
with the antennae annulated, though the other characters would lead
us to look for unicolorous ones, they being very close to our tri-
dentata and but distantly related to the species this character
would place them with. Using the antennae, the species would
divide as follows.

Antennae annulated . Antennae unicolorous
obliqua candida
mutica calcarata
hornii tridentata
populnea : cretata
moesta discoidea
tulari vestita
concolor imitans

fayi
lateralis
puncticollis

The foreign species, carcharias, scalaris, perforata,
Similis, quereus, But. varicornrs, | 10-p mimemasee
and T. pubescens would come in the first group; the others
in the second group.

The development of the head usually follows that of the process on
the claws; but there are exceptions to this rule, as is seen in the case
of scalaris of Europe, where the flat front of the head would
place it near calcarata instead of with populnea, where
it more naturally belongs.. In fact, whatever character is taken, it

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 9

will be found to be unevenly developed in its relation to the others
possessed by the species.

Other characters such as elytral form, shape of thorax and abdo-
men, etc., seem from our studies to have little if any constant value
in grouping the species, as, when they are used, species are brought
together that have very little direct affinity with each other.

Bibliography
1781 Fabricius, J.C. Sp. Ins. 1:230 (Genus erected)

1787 Mantissa Ins. 1:147 (Genus characterized)
1792 Ent. Syst. 1:307 (Genus characterized)
I8oI Syst. Eleu. 2:317 (Genus characterized)

1854 Emmons, E. Nat. Hist. N. Y. Agric. 5:119 (Habits, injuries etc.)

1873 LeConite, J. L. Class. Coleopt. pt2. Smithsonian Miscel. Coll.
265, p.345-46 (Tribal characters)

New Sp. N. Am. Coleopt. pt2. Smithsonian Miscel. Coll.
264, p.238-39 (Table of species)

1874 LeBaron, William. Noxious and Beneficial Ins. Ill. ath Rep’t,
p.158, 159 (Table for separation of genus, no species)

1877 Thomas, Cyrus. Noxious and Beneficial Ins. ill. 6th Rep’t, p.37
(Larval characters of Lamiides)

1877 Provancher, L’abbé L. Faune Ent. Can. Coleopt., p.632 (Genus and
table of species)

1883 LeConte, J. L. & Horn, G. H. Class. Coleopt. Smithsonian Miscel.
Coll. 507, p.331 (Characters of tribe)

1884 Dimmock, George. Stand. Nat. Hist. 2:325 (Generic characters)

1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:146-47
(Table of species)

1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:40-42 (Reproduces Dr Hamilton’s
table of species given in Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23, notes on food
plants)

1873

Distribution. The genus is confined to the temperate parts of the
northern hemisphere. The distribution of some of the species is
somewhat erratic, and all but three American forms appear to have
originated in the East and occur in the State of New York. Our
common calcarata, found through the East and Middle
West, also occurs in Texas as well as the state of Washing-
ton, and has been recorded from intervening territory. On the
east coast tridentata has much the same range and is like-
wise found in Texas, but not in the northwest. Obliqua, can-
dida,cretata,fayi, vestita,discoidea,lateralis,

IO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

puncticollis and moesta have about the same range, being
found in Canada, in the eastern states and also in the Middle West.
The typical po pulnea is found only on the Pacific coast, tulari
occurs in the same localities and also in Colorado and Arizona.
Concolor is found in Arizona and Colorado. The variety uni-
color has the same general range as moesta. Hornii is
confined to the western coast from Los Angeles Cal. to British
Columbia.

Specific relationships. Before attempting to group the species
according to their. natural affinities, a few remarks on their specific
characters may be of interest. The antennae of most species are
unicolorous. In some,obliqua, mutica, hornii, popul-
nea, moesta, tulari and concolor and its variety, they
are more or less annulated with gray, (brown and black in
obliqua), and two of these species have the first joint enlarged.
The length of the antennae also varies in the different species, being
very short in mutica. |

The shape of the last segment of the female abdomen presents an
excellent character for the separation of some species. The pygidium
of some is broad with the apex blunt and in others it is long. The
tip may be more or less divided into two lobes, the upper surface
may be either marked by a median depression or may be convex as
in) mutica.

The angle formed by the sides varies in different species. The
front claws of the anterior and middle tarsi of the males are
armed with either a blunt process or tooth, which is lacking on
the front pair in puncticollis, wanting on all claws in popul-
nea, moesta, tulari and concolor and present on both
claws of each pair of legs in lateralis. This process is subject
to variation as to size and form in individuals of the same species,
and it has been used as a specific character as little as possible. The
shape of the thorax, whether cylindric or narrowed in front,
affords a good character. The form of the apex of the elytra is of
value in determining species, as they may be rounded, obliquely
narrowed, armed with a spine or truncate. The shape of the head

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA . II

_ and eyes varies greatly in different species. The punctures of some
species are quite constant; but in others, populnea, moesta,
tulari, they vary so much that little dependence can be placed on
them. The species range in size from calcarata, which is from
% to 1% inch long, to populnea % inch in length, but occasional
specimens may be much smaller than the normal. The color and
markings are quite constant, and only lateralis shows marked
variations. Calcarata has a variety, adspersa, which is
entirely brown. The legs of most species are black, covered with a
gray pubescence, yellow in véstita; thoseof obliqua, cre-
tata and discoidea are reddish brown with gray pubescence.

Arrangement indicates the degree of specialization. ‘The salient
characters of the various species having been given, it now remains
to use them in a natural grouping of the forms. It is very apparent
that the usual arrangement is arbitrary and based almost entirely on
color and markings. It is not to be supposed that the following
grouping means that the species are derived or descended from each
other. It represents simply our idea of the degree of removal or
specialization from an ancestral type and is based on a study of char-
acters of unequal value. It is very evident that our own species
have specialized along different lines and have probably originated
from several type forms.

The least specialized of our native species is evidently concolor,
since it is unicolorous, has no striking characters and presents fewer
differences from its nearest allies in other genera, than any of the
other species. It has no process on the claws of the male
and the rather few elytral punctures are merely shallow depressions
without definite edge and are punctate like the remainder of the
elytra. The species diverging most widely from it, and therefore
the most specialized, is obliqua, since it has characters not
possessed by any of the others. It has the elytra separately narrowed
and armed with a spine. The thorax is narrowed in front, and the
head is small, and deeply impressed between the eyes. The annulated
antennae have the first joint swollen and dark, and the elytra are
embossed to match the color pattern. The process is very highly

12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

specialized as can be seen by reference to figure 3. The species which
possesses the greatest number of these charactersis mutica. Itis
true that it lacks the spine at the apex of the elytra, but it has the nar-
rowed thorax, small head and the antennae with an enlarged, dark
basal joint. These two species form a group by themselves closely
approached by hornii (which is nearly related to the European
similis); it has the annulated antennae, but the first joint is nor-
mal and the thorax is nearly cylindric, in some specimens entirely so.
The color and maculation are much like those of mutica. We then
come to the European carcharias, with its narrowed thorax and
annulated antennae. The humeral angles are quite prominent and
the elytra tapering. The nearest American representative is can-
dida, an insect which at first would not seem to belong here, but
that is due more to the color and markings, characters of the smallest
value, since, if we omit the color from consideration, we shall find
that the shape and structure are very similar to carcharias, as
represented by the narrowed thorax, small head, prominent humeral
angles and tapering elytra. The unicolorous antennae show can-
dida to be less specialized than this European species. Calcar-
ata, our next species, is also somewhat related to carcharias
and leads naturally to tridentata, which is of the same general
shape and has in addition the elytra truncate and weakly sinuate at
tip, evidently an early stage of the sutural spine found in cal-
carata. Tridentata has a character (a submarginal carina
beginning at the humeral angle and continuing to the apex) not
present in any other of our forms, but which, strange to say, has its
counterpart in some old world species.1 |
The remaining species appear to follow in regular order as given
in Henshaw’s list, except that fayi would more naturally follow
lateralis, since it has the rounded head possessed by the species
that follow and the same gall-making habit. The spine on its front
claws is very small and rudimentary, approaching the condition of

*This character is made use of by Bates to form the genus Eutatrapha,
to which he refers 16-punctata, varicornis and metal-
lescens. It wouldalso include tridentata. [See p. 6]

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 13

puncticollis, where it is entirely absent. Imitans is close

to lateralis and fayi and presents more characters in common
with the last than with tridentata, though its markings are
much like the latter.

Fig. 1x Front claw of first and middle tarsi of the following species: 1 and 2, Saperda
imitans; 3 and 4, Saperda tridentata; 5 and 6, Saperda discoidea; 7 and8,
Saperda vestita, C=claw, P= process.

Systematic list of American species of Saperda

obliqua Say imitans . sp.
mutica Say lateralis Fabr.
hornii Joutel var. connecta n. var.
candida Fabr. fayi Bland.
calcarata Say puncticollis Say

var. adspersa Lec. populnea Linn.
tridentata Oliv. subsp. moesta Lec.
cretata Newm. subsp. tulari n. subsp.
discoidea Fabr. concolor Lec.
vestita Say var. unicolor n. var.

The development of the process on the claws follows the foregoing
arrangement better than any other, and we find that the degree of
development is somewhat different from published accounts of earlier
workers, who probably lacked sufficient material.

I4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Process moderate on anterior claw of front and middle tarsi:
Obligqua, mutica, hornin seamedada-
Process long on anterior claw of front and middle tarsi: calca-

Tata, tridentata, cretata.

Fig. 2 Front claw of first and middle tarsiof the following species 9 and 1o Saperda
cretata; 11 andiz2 S. candida; 13 and1q4 S. hornii; 15 and 16 S. calcarata. C=
claw, P=process.

Process shorter on anterior claw of front than middle tarsi: dis -
coidea, vestita, imitans.

Process small on both claws of all tarsi: lateralis.

1 Process very small on anterior claw of front and small on middle
HAVESIS EELS Te

Process wanting on front and large on middle tarsi: puncti-
collis.

Process wanting: populnea, moesta,tulari and con-

color.

*As this process shows considerable variation in shape and size in
different specimens of the same species, we have taken the most common
shape and size as the normal for each species.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 15

Key to species
a Antennae plainly annulate
b Head deeply impressed between the eyes

c Antennae with first joint normal and gray.............. hornii

cc Antennae with first joint enlarged and dark
d Elytra obliquely narrowed, ending in a spine at the
(SUD) PEARSE Gc See Bee nc here eaee S e a obliqua
dd Elytra slightly narrowed and without a spine........ mutica

SOUTEL.

Fig. 3 Claws of following species: 17 Both claws of front tarsiof S. lateralis; 18 Both
claws of middle tarsi of S. lateralis; 19 Front claw; 20 Posterior claw of middle tarsi of S.
lateralis; 21 claw of middle tarsi of S. puncticollis; 22 and 23 Claws of hind tarsi of
S. lateralis; 24 and 25 Claws of front and middle tarsi of S. fayi; 26 and 27 Claw of front
and middle tarsiof S. obliqua; 28 and 29 Claw of front and middle tarsi of S. mutica.

bb Head rounded in front

c Antennae with first joint black and normal in size
d Upper side strongly punctate and confluent with few punctula-
tions between, sparsely covered with gray or light fulvous hairs,
several spots of dense yellow or fulvous hair on elytra; fulvous
Sip CaOMmmesidetOretlO tax. ne esietele bee's iaviceelew cna populnea
dd Upper side with punctures not so numerous, and sparsely cov-
ered with gray hairs, unicolorous, punctulations on intervals
more numerous; light stripe on thorax nearly obso-
Rees Nese ets ete eee eens eal oy bo oye subsp. moesta
ddd Upper side with fewer but larger and deeper punctures, more
densely punctulate on the intervals and densely covered with
red or fulvous hairs; thorax with stripe on sides and
MGIB ee Sey aR ACS Sch tae Mle Fa hares «2: of ere 6.6, WibKe wae subsp. tulari

16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

dddd Upper side finely punctulate and with small shallow punctures
and uniformly covered with a dense layer of light gray
or yellowish gray hairs; thorax with lateral stripe

concolor
e Punctures much more numerous, hair dirty gray; lateral stripe
Wanting Of feanlyasO- emer eerie ae ieee var. unicolor
aa Antennae unicolorous
b Elytra rounded with spine at suture
cuGray. with -yellow spatchespan meer Galen oe ee Cla leeraactacl
ae (Color imnamiomen TelhyOUSscscc0s0nobcconoooscoabcs var. adspersa
bb Elytra with marginal or submarginal stripe
c Thorax and elytra brown or yellowish brown with two white
Stripes nunc etasidelnw litters siesta ert eee Candida
cc Thorax yellow with four black spots on dorsum and one on each
side; elytra bordered with bright yellow with a black spot in
IROMMED HUNG GES AAI. Goocooos doce oooCG OS Ged puncticollis
ccc Thorax and elytra gray and with an orange red lateral stripe
d Second and third cross bands on elytra oblique, a dark spot
usually on each side of the first and one behind the third;
front of head very flat; elytra more or less truncate
tridentata

dd First and second cross bands on elytra oblique; front of head

nee Slhrtre mominGleGl air ADE. Sb000ocg00ouN DOK OS CNC imitans
eccc Thorax and elytra black

d Sutural and lateral stripe on elytra orange red; head somewhat

OWUNCKEGlS TinGleP GIG GirekYooocooudodadcdcaooton[ lateralis
dd Sutural stripe usually wanting and with one to three cross bands;
lateral band reaching to margin; under side gray
Vat. COnmnmecgta
bbb Elytra with spots, rarely concolorous

c Cinnamon brown with a white stripe on each side of the thorax
d A large white spot in center of each elytron and a smaller one
near its apex, neither reaching to margins; sides and under
Surtace white? item aoe ee eres ong0o3 70 Gip Gib e) ie a)
dd White stripe on thorax continuing on elytra at humeral angles;
the elytra with two white spots, one at the middle, the other
near the apex and almost sutural; sides and under surface
white; the spots are more or less obsolete in the male. .fayi
cc Cinnamon brown, sometimes nearly black, with a transverse, un-
dulate, yellowish olive fascia across the middle of the elytra;
sometimes with an additional spot both before and behind this
fascia; thorax and apex of elytra and scutellum olive; iegs light

Ged dishs und enesic eeslicditetene ice ese eereer ene discoideag
ccc Uniformly reddish brown, sometimes black; legs reddish; under
side lighiter, 2 A:! hint siek chelate ay ase ieee eee eee discoideag

cece Olive yellow with three denuded black spots on each elytron,
SOmeonsallWoceastoneallilivsaw-iibin Cem tere eeeierete vestita

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 17

Grouping and summary of the food habits of ‘the larvae

The larvae of this genus may be divided by their food habits into
three classes: (1) those that bore in the large branches and trunks
of living trees and feed on the sap, calcarata,candida,cre-
tata, vestita and possibly hornii and mutica; (2) those
that live in small branches and usually produce galls, subsisting on
sap, and not making the extended galleries of the first group, fayi,
populnea, obliqua, concolor; (3) those that feed on liv-
ing and dead tissues of dying or recently killed trees, tridentata,
Bescoidea: lateralis, imitans and puncticollis.
The manner of feeding and the portion of the tree attacked vary with
different species, and most of the forms have special food plants.

S. obliqua feeds close to the ground at the collar of the black
alder, where it often entirely girdles the stem, forming a knot or gall
and ultimately killing it; and, when not entirely girdled, the tree is
so weakened that the stem soon breaks. A walk through an alder
swamp where this insect is common will show a great number of
prostrate stems in all stages of decay.

S.mutica. This species is said to live on the willow and is the
only eastern form that we have not bred and of which we have been
unable to secure workings.

S. horn1i feeds on the willow according to Dr H. C. Van Dyke,
who has taken the insect on that plant.

S. candida is usually very common in apple and attacks sev-
eral allied trees. It is quite destructive to seedlings and young
trees, where it works at the base of the trunk and roots, and, as sev-
eral generations follow in the same wound, the tree is soon killed.

S. calcarata works in the trunk and larger branches of the
silver poplar in particular and soon kills the trees. It is surprising
to see the quantity of sawdust around a badly infested tree, thrown
out by the larvae when making their pupal chambers.

S. tridemtata works in and under the bark of the trunk and
branches of the elm, and has also been recorded in other trees.

S.cretata lives in the thorn and apple, usually in the trunk and
larger branches, and works somewhat like S. calcarata, but the
burrow is longer and more tortuous.

18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

S.vestita attacks the linden and in our experience works mostly
at the base and roots. We have never found it more than 12 inches
from the ground, and that seldom. It can always be found in ex-
posed roots and-at the base of the tree close to the ground. In either
case the larvae usually work in the subterranean parts. Prof. F. M.
Webster has also noted this habit.

S. discoidea lives under and in the bark of hickory, specially
dying trees or those recently killed by Scolytus quadrispi-
nosus Say. It can be easily bred from a piece of dead bark.

S. imitans is not known in its early stages but probably bores
in hickory and not in elm.

S. lateralis works in hickory at some injured place near the
root and is partial to the base of sprouts that grow around stumps
on recently cleared land.

S. fayi makes a gall very simlar to that of concolor, but
breeds in the thorn.

S. puncticollis works: in the dead branches of Virginia
creeper, eating the inner bark and pupating in a chamber excavated
in the wood.

S. populnea feeds on the willow and poplar. S. moesta
makes a gall on the balm of gilead, and this, we believe, is its only
food plant, and the form tulari lives in willow.

S. concolor makes a gall on poplar and willow shoots.

Saperda obliqua Say
Alder borer

This species, while rarely met with in the adult form, appears
to be very common in New York State, judging from the condi-
tion of some of the alder swamps we have visited.

Life history and habits. This insect’s method of working is
quite characteristic [pl. 5, fig. 3], and the badly girdled stems with
gall-like enlargements, are not difficult to find. The insect works
close to the ground in black alder, frequently girdling the trunks,
and in infested swamps large numbers of prostrate stems in all
stages of decay may be found. There are usually two or three

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 19

borers in each trunk, one of which is very apt to work downward to
the depth of 3 or 4 inches and often below the ground level and the
others in an opposite direction. The young grubs bore just beneath
the bark, much like those of S. candida Fabr., and the nearly
full grown individuals work near the center of the stems and not
infrequently fairly riddle the base, causing it to break in the
wind. In fact, the general method of work is very similar to
that of the round-headed appletree borer, and the perfect insect
emerges from a hole very similar to that made by the species
infesting the apple.

The beetle [pl. 5, fig. 6] is generally found near the top of alder
branches. Mr Fred Knab, of Chicopee Mass. states that it
easily escapes notice on account of its great resemblance to a
withered leaflet. He adds that it differs from others of its genus,
which are also shy insects, in that it remains perfectly motion-
less, clinging tightly to the branch and with the antennae ex-
tended forward. He has also found this insect on birch. Dr
Packard records the beetle as occurring on alder; Dr Smith
states that it is rare throughout New Jersey, where it breeds in
black alder; and the late Dr Lugger records it as breeding in
hazel shoots.

Distribution. This species was described by Say from Mis-
souri; it has been collected about Buffalo by Zesch-Reinecke;
Dr Smith records it from New Jersey; and Dr LeConte from
Pennsylvania. The following localities for this species have
been given by Messrs Leng and Hamilton: Wisconsin, Missis-
sippi, Canada, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania and Missouri. It has been found in various localities about
New York city, such as Bronx park, Fort Lee and Staten Island and
has also been recorded from Alabama and Montreal. We have seen
specimens taken in Illinois in the Bolter collection.

Description. Light reddish brown with darker bands; an-
tennae annulate, with the first joint dark and swollen; thorax
narrowed in front; a dorsal stripe of darker brown continuing
on the head; a subdorsal stripe that converges and continues on

20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

the elytra around the scutellum; a lateral stripe that connects
at the humeral angle with the first of four oblique bands on the
elytra. The spaces occupied by the darker portions are depressed
and less pilose. The elytra are separately narrowed at the apex
and armed with a spine. The head is strongly impressed be-
tween the eyes. The work of the larvae is well represented on
the plate.

Natural enemies. No literature on this subject exists; but we
have found a number of affected alders which showed the work
of woodpeckers, and evidently these valuable birds are very effi-
cient factors in reducing the numbers of the borers. In one short
limb we found four good sized holes made by the birds in their
search for grubs [pl. 14]. We have also found many of the larvae
destroyed by a dipterous parasite which pupated in the burrows
after destroying the maker; several larvae or pupae of this Tachinid
are usually found in each working.

Another small dipterous larva is sometimes found in considerable
numbers feeding on the larva or pupa but we have not been able to

rear it.
Bibliography

1826 Say, Thomas. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 5:274 (Original descrip-
tion); same in Ent. N. Am. Compl. Wr. 1883. 2:332

1852 LeConte, J. L. Acad. Nat. Sci. Jour. ser. 2, 2:162 (Description)

1853 Haldeman, S. S. Am. Phil. Soc. Jour. n. s. 10:55 (Listed as
Anaerea obliqua)

1877 Provancher, L’abbé L. Faune Ent. Can. 1 Coleopt. p.632, 633
(Description, rare at St Hyacinthe)

1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera, Buffalo and
Vicinity, p.1o (Listed)

1890 Packard, A. S. U.S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p.623, fig. 204 (In alder)

1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.211 (Rare on black alder)

1896 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 4:80 (In common alder)

1896 Knab, Fred. Ent. News, 7:113 (Beetle near tips of branches,
Chicopee Mass.)

1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:146, 148
(Systematic account)

1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:40, 42 (Specific characters, food
plant)

1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p.2t5 (Attacks alder
and hazel); same in Ent. State Exp. Sta. 5th Rep’t, p.131

1899 Smith, J. B. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. 27th Rep’t, sup. p.296 (In
black alder)

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 21

Saperda mutica Say

Life history. Very little is recorded concerning the life his-
tory of this species. Beetles were taken by Mr W. H. Harring-
ton on May 15 and captured by him in the open on June 29. He
records this species as living on decaying willow.

Distribution. This beetle has been recorded from the follow-

ing localities: »Missouri [Say], Buffalo [Zesch-Reinecke], New
Jersey [Smith], Ottawa Can. [Harrington], Canada, New York,
New Jersey, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska [Leng-Hamilton],
Philadelphia Pa. [Wenzel]. Dr LeConte thought that this species
was probably the S. populnea of Fabricius and Olivier. Its
work is unknown to us.
_ Description. Black, sparsely covered with a gray or fulvous
vestiture which is denser in places, forming numerous spots on
the elytra [pl. 7, fig. 2]. These denser places are usually yel-
lower in color. Antennae short, annulate, with first joint enlarged.
Thorax narrowed in front with a fulvous line on dorsum, con-
tinuing on the head, also lateral line on sides. Head impressed
in front between the eyes.

Bibliography

1824 Say, Thomas. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 3:409-10 (Original de-
scription; habitat, Missouri); same in Ent. N. Am. Compl. Wr.
1883. 2:I91

1852 Le Conte, J. L. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. ser. 2, 2:162 (Descrip-
tion, distribution)

1853 Haldeman, S. S. Am. Phil. Soc. Trans. n. s. 10:55 (Listed as.
Anaereda mutica)

1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera, Buffalo and
Vicinity, p.Io (Listed)

1884 Harrington, W. H. Can. Ent. 16:73, tor (On willow)

1890 Ent. Soc. Ont. 20th Rep’t, 1889, p.52 (Mention)

1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.21r (Rare on willow)

1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 148
(Systematic account)

1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:40 (Specific characters)

1899 Smith, J. B. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. Sup. 27th Rep’t, p.296 (On
willow)

1902 Joutel, L. H. Ent. News, 13:33-34 (Saperda hornii, com-
pared with)

22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ,

Saperda hornii Joutel

This species [pl. 7, fig. 3] has been mistaken for S. mutica,
but can be easily separated from it by the first joint of the
antennae being normal in size and also by the fact that the last
abdominal segment of the female has a deep longitudinal im-
pression along the middle of the upper side, while mutica
has that part convex. The punctures of this insect are also much
larger and deeper, and fewer in number.

Some specimens have lost the yellow marks and are entirely gray.

Distribution. Oregon, Los Angeles Cal.) Humboldt county,
Cal., Nevada county, Cal., Yosemite Cal., Goldendale Wash.

\

Fig. 4 Last dorsal segment with transverse section at A: 1S. hornii; 2S. mutiea

Description. Black; shining, entirely covered with a dense
layer of light yellowish gray hair, lighter beneath, and diversi-
fied above with irregular blotches and streaks of dark yellow
arranged on the elytra in broken and irregular longitudinal
lines, the line nearest the outer margin and just below the
humeral angle unbroken except by the punctures, and continu-
ing nearly to the tip. Elytra obliquely narrowed at apex.
Thorax cylindric, sometimes slightly narrowed in front, with a
longitudinal stripe of dark yellow hair on each side and on top,
under side yellow. Scutellum yellow. Entire insect covered
by rather large and deep punctures, slightly smaller beneath.
Head: hairs yellow, changing to gray at labrum. Legs and under
side of body light yellowish gray with glabrous punctures. An-
tennae annulate except first joint, which is entirely gray and

1In the original description, the locality of the type male in the national
museum was wrongly given as Yosemite Cal. It should be Los Angeles
Gal

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 23

moderate in thickness. The pygidium of the female has a deep
longitudinal depression along the median line, dividing it into
two lobes. .

Its work is unknown. Mr J. J. Rivers and Dr H. C. Van Dyke
have both taken it from willow.

Bibliography
1902 Joutel, L. H. Ent. News, 13:33-34 (Original description)

Saperda candida Fabr.
Round-headed appletree borer

There is perhaps no better known enemy of appletrees than
the above named insect. The common designation, apple borer,
usually refers to this insect, though by common consent it is
gradually becoming known as the round-headed appletree
borer in contradistinction to the destructive flat-headed species,
Chrysobothris femorata Fabr., which is frequently
very abundant in appletrees. The round-headed appletree borer
is particularly injurious to young trees, and it is probably respon-
sible for the death of more of these than all other natural agents
combined.

Early history. This species was very early known as a
notorious pest throughout New England and the Middle states
according to Dr Harris. Mr Philip Heartt of Troy lost in 1825
several hundred young appletrees which he valued at $2000,
many of them being so seriously affected that the base of their
trunks was literally honeycombéed by the galleries. The late
Dr Asa Fitch stated that, of $10,000 worth of trees sold in
Washington county in 1851, fully one half were destroyed within
eight years. Not infrequently the borers were so abundant as
entirely to girdle the tree. Mr William Couper, in 1862, attrib-
uted the great destruction of appletrees about Quebec to the
ravages of this insect. Mr D. B. Wier, of Wisconsin, writing
of this species in 1872, characterizes it as one of the worst
enemies of fruit trees and states as his opinion, that it would
destroy 5000 out of 10,000 young trees within three years. Dr

24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

J. B. Smith considers this borer very destructive to young apple-
trees in many parts of New Jersey and states that it is a more
serious enemy of the quince. Miss Mary Treat, of Vineland
N. J., writing of this insect in 1893, stated that it was unusually
abundant in that section and threatened to kill the trees in spite
of all efforts, 10 to 12 borers being found in one. Mr G. T.
Powell, of Ghent N. Y., reports taking 30 grubs from a tree in
1889, a year when they were unusually abundant.

The work of this insect is so insidious that it is difficult to
gain an adequate idea of its great destructiveness, specially as
the sickly condition of the trees is frequently attributed to some
other than the true cause.

The above brief records will give some idea of how dangerous
an enemy this beetle is; and it is very likely that in future years
appletrees will have to be guarded more closely than in the
past, if they are to be protected from serious injuries by this
pest. ;

Life history. The adult beetles have been observed abroad during
June, July and August. Dr Fitch states that the beetles begin to
appear in Washington county, N. Y., about June 20. They are,
secretive in habit and deposit eggs in the bark near the ground. Mr
Zimmerman records the appearance of the beetle June 2 and 3, 1878,
and adds that this date is 20 days earlier than usual. Prof. Cyrus
Thomas, writing of this pest in 1877, states that it appeared in May
in Illinois, and Mr D. B. Wier, of Wisconsin, gives the date of the
appearance of the beetles from the middle of May to the middle of
June. Mr Tallman has recorded finding this species in copulation
on elm June 7. Dr J. B. Smith, state entomologist of New Jersey,
gives the date of the occurrence of the beetles from May 20 to July 15.

The egg of this borer is a pale, rust-brown color, about % inch
long, one third as broad in the middle and somewhat flattened, so
that its depth is about one third its width. It is rather easy to find
eggshells in the oviposition scars [pl. 1, fig. 2], and it will be seen
that they are fairly tough, without any sculpture and sufficiently
plastic to receive impressions of wood fibers between which they may

be placed.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 25

The oviposition scars [pl. 1, fig. 2; pl. 8, fig. 1] may be readily
detected as longitudinal slits in the bark, ranging from “4 to as much
as 34 inch in length. These scars have somewhat irregular, dried
edges, and in early spring usually have small, rust-red borings hang-
ing therefrom [pl. 8, fig. 2]. Their location is made more apparent
by the adjacent discoloration and shrinking of the areas where the
young grubs are at work in the underlying green tissues [pl. 8, fig. 3].
These scars are sometimes very abundant on young trees. The
writer observed 11 of them on a portion of a smooth trunk less than
6 inches long and 1% inches in diameter [pl. 8], and all were within
6 inches of the ground, two being close to its surface. The impor-
tance of these marks lies in the fact that they indicate the location
of the young grubs, which may be reached and destroyed in the
fall or early spring without material injury to the tree. The split-
ting of the bark is primarily caused by the female in preparing
for deposition of her eggs, and the orifice is further enlarged by
the consequent shrinkage and drying following the operations of
the grub. On cutting into one of these scars [pl. 8, fig. 3] in early
spring, young grubs, ranging in size from 1 to 14 inch in length,
may be found in the shallow cavity in the inner bark and outer
sapwood, and in some cases remains of the eggshell may be ob-
served. The method of oviposition has been described by Dr C.
V. Riley as follows: A

The female beetle makes an incision in the bark, causing it to be
split from % to sometimes % an inch. The incision is often made
entirely through the bark, and the egg is thrust between the bark and
the liber at right angles to one side of the slip, from % to % of an
inch from the aperture. Sometimes the bark is but partially pene-
trated, in which case it is pried open on one side of the aperture for
the reception of the egg. In either case the egg is accompanied by
a gummy fluid which covers and secures it in place and usually fills
up the aperture. In young trees, with tender bark, the egg is usually
thoroughly hidden; while in older trees it is sometimes so shallowly
embedded as to be readily seen.

Mr W. Junkins, in the New England Homestead of Jan. 3, 1885,
has also described this interesting process, as it occurs on twigs

set in moist sand in a jar: June 15 he observed one of four females

26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM oe

deposit an egg. ‘“‘ She first made an incision in the bark close to the
sand ; then, turning her head upward, with her ovipositor she placed
the egg in the bark nearly 4 of an inch from the incision, the barlx
having been started from the wood.”

Mr D. B. Wier states that the beetles copulate from 10 days to two
weeks after reaching maturity, and soon after the females commence
to lay eggs. They are mostly deposited by night, usually from 1 to
10 inches from the ground. He observed that, where the beetles are
numerous, several females will often lay their eggs on the same tree
at different times, sometimes as long as two or more months apart.
He has found as many as 27 young borers of eight different sizes in
one tree in September. The eggs are said by Professor Chambers |
to hatch in about 14 days, and Professor McMillan gives the time as
18 days. The period observed by Mr Junkins, June 15 to July 7,
was 22 days. Mr Buckminster believed that the females lay about
10 eggs, which hatch in about eight days, as stated by Gay. Dr
Saunders, in his Insects Injurious to Fruit, states that the beetle bores
into the bark and deposits an egg in the cavity thus made; and Dr
Dimmock, writing of this species in the Standard Natural History,
observes that the cavity is filled with a cementlike secretion.

The young borer, or larva, almost invariably works downward just
under the bark, making a somewhat sinuous channel with an oval
enlargement at a variable distance from the point where the egg was
laid. This oval chamber is evidently where the winter is passed. The
presence of the insect is readily detected later, or in spring, by the
rust-red borings which are ejected or forced out of the galleries [pl. 1,
fig. 3]. There has been some discussion as to whether the larva
actually ejects the borings. Dr Fitch was of the opinion that they
commonly had the aspect of not having been forced out by the worm
but of being thus crowded out because the mass under the bark
swelled when dampened by rain soaking through the dead tissues and
saturating the contents of the galleries.. This explanation did not
satisfy us. Our observations have been that the older larvae of this
species always have more or less clear gallery space to travel about
in and this they keep clear for the time being. They connect the
interior workings with the chambers under the bark where they

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 27.

fed on the sap. When gnawing in the interior galleries they throw
the debris behind and void their excrement from time to time while
working: when tired or with hunger satisfied they take this frass
in their mandibles and pack it in the galleries and corners of the
“bark ” chamber out of the way occasionally removing and repack-
ing in some other place. They will also carry it to openings in the
bark of their feeding chambers, and push it out, using the mandibles
only. When at work in the “ bark” chamber they void their excre-
ment through one of the openings, ejecting it so that it will fall out-
side. This is usually done when the voided matter is soft and
watery.

The life history of this insect may be summarized as follows: The
young borer, on the approach of winter, descends as near the ground
as its burrow will allow and remains inactive till the following spring,
when it begins operations anew, and on the approach of the second
winter it is about half grown and still living in the sapwood. It is
at this period that the most damage is done, for, where four or five
occur in a single tree, they almost girdle it. The next summer, when
it has become about three fourths grown, it cuts a cylindric passage
upward into the solid wood and, having finished its larval growth,
continues this passage to the bark, sometimes cutting entirely through
a tree to the opposite side and sometimes turning back at a different
angle. Several borers in one tree will fairly riddle its base [pl. 9].
The upper end of the passage is stuffed with fine borings and the
lower part with long wood fibers [pl. 1, fig. 5,6]. After this the
larva remains unchanged through the winter, transforming to a pupa
the following spring, and the beetle appears some time during the
summer, leaving through a circular exit hole [pl. 1, fig. 7; pl. 9].
The latter frequently becomes overgrown, as represented in plate 8,
figure 4.

Habitat. This species is said by Dr LeConte to occur in the
Middle, Western and Eastern states. Professor Cook states that it
is widely distributed in Michigan, and Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, writ-
ing of the insect in 1877, records it as very abundant in the Niagara
district and in the vicinity of Montreal and Quebec. Professor Mc-
Millan stated in 1888 that every orchard in Nebraska was infested.

28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

It has been recorded specifically by various writers, from Canada, all
of New England, Delaware, Maryland, Michigan, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Texas, Alabama,
Mississippi, Oklahoma, Virginia, Arkansas, West Virginia, District
of Columbia, and Mount Desert Me. [Harris].

Food plants. This pernicious borer is apparently limited to rela-
tively few food plants. It is specially injurious to the quince and
nearly as much so to the apple. Its native food plants are the thorn,
mountain ash, chokeberry (Pyrus arbutifolia) and shad
bush. It has been recorded by Walsh as rare on pear and by Beuten-
muller as attacking plum and cherry.

Description. Brown above with two white bands joined at the
front and extending to the apex of elytra, under side and front of
head white. Antennae light gray, legs lighter gray [pl. 1, fig. 1].

Natural enemies. Not very many enemies of this insect have
been discovered. An undetermined carabid larva was found preying
on the borers by Walsh and Riley in 1866. Promachus sap-
erdae Riley M. S., now known as Cenocoelius popu-
lator Say, was bred from borers received from Indiana by Messrs
Riley and Howard in 1890. The downy woodpecker and the great
golden woodpecker have been seen in infested orchards by Miss Mary
Treat of Vineland N. J. but none of them were observed at work
around the base of the trees. Dr Fitch in his first report states that
the downy woodpecker, which is frequently seen in the orchards, is
one of the means provided by nature for keeping this insect in check,
and adds that a neighbor, who had devoted much attention to birds
and their habits, informed him that he had repeatedly noticed this
woodpecker remaining for a considerable time down at the very
root of appletrees, busily occupied in some operation. This would
seem to be very good evidence that this bird does prey on this borer.
That woodpeckers do this is conclusively proved by specimens
recently collected in the vicinity of Albany, which show the charac-
teristic work of these birds, but unfortunately give no clue to the
identity of the operator.

Preventive and remedial measures. The control of an insect
pest of this character may be brought about in two ways: (1) the

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 29

insect may be prevented from infesting the tree in some manner,
or (2) destroyed after it has obtained entrance.

Dr Fitch had his attention called to the beneficial effect of
soap applications, and he states that, if the bark of the trees
be rubbed with soap the latter part of May, no borers will
attack them. This was tested by him with the result that
treated trees were free from the pest, while almost all of the
untreated ones were infested with borers. One of the latter,
only 34 inches in diameter, contained 15 of the grubs. Mr
Fowler has proposed the use of 2 quarts of whale oil soap and
4 pound of sulfur and enough clay to give the mixture the
consistency of paint, and advises applying the compound early -
enough to prevent the deposition of eggs. Professor Cook in
1881 thought washing the trunks and larger branches of the
trees in May and the last week in June with soap would protect
them from the borers, and Prof. C. M. Weed has advised the
use of what we know as the carbolic soap wash and observes
that it is very effective when thoroughly applied. Some ob-
servers, however, state that soap applications, and similar pre-
ventive measures, are of comparatively little value, and a few
consider the alkaline washes more effective than soap. A band
of tarred paper, or bands of newspaper, wrapped tightly around
the base of young trees during the period the beetles are abroad,
affords considerable protection and is used rather extensively in
some fruit-growing sections. The bands should extend from the
soil about 2 feet high, should be tied at the top so that the
beetles can not get behind the band and should make a fairly
tight connection with the ground. Professor Slingerland has
recently advised trying a coating of coal tar, first testing to see
if the trees were injured by this substance. Whitewashing the
trunk has also been advised by certain writers and appears to
have a somewhat deterrent effect. The application is comparatively
inexpensive and, in absence of anything else, may well be em-
ployed. Dr J. B. Smith has advised the use of a poisoned white-
wash. The use of ashes about the roots is also good, since, if
they are heaped somewhat, they will protect the lower portions

30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

of the tree from injury. The idea of these applications is to coat
the bark or protect the base of the tree with some substance
which will deter the beetles from depositing their eggs and
therefore prevent infestation. These applications should be
made in this latitude by the latter part of May and again early
in June, or, in the case of permanent bands, the application of
them at the earlier date is sufficient. _Dr Fitch states that, in
his observation, the worst infested trees are shaded and choked
by suckers, and he therefore urges keeping the base of the trees’
clean. It is undoubtedly a good practice to observe this advice,
since it at least permits the ready detection of the borers. We
believe that suckers at the base of the tree are frequently caused
by serious injuries by the larvae, and our experience indicates that a
tree with an unprotected trunk is almost as likely to be attacked by
the insect as one with its base shaded.

Thomas Say in 1825 recommended covering infested trees the
latter part of April or early in May with mortar in order to pre-
vent the emergence of the borers. This, so far as we can learn,
has never been extensively tried and is of doubtful value. After
the insect has once made its way into the tree, there is nothing.
better than cutting out the borers and destroying them, or killing
them with a wire while in the tree. Either operation is best
carried out in September or October or in early spring, because
the work of the young borers is apparent at this time, and the
recent borings facilitate their detection. A young tree will re-
cover if the bark be extensively cut with a knife, and the over-
cautious operator should remember that the borer is very likely
to cause more injury if allowed to remain. The use of the wire
will undoubtedly avoid considerable cutting in some instances,
and it should be employed wherever practicable. Dr Fitch has
advised cutting into the upper part of the boring, removing the
sawdust and then killing the pest by pouring in a considerable
quantity of hot water. This is undoubtedly efficient; but it ap-
pears to have a limited application, and in most cases it is prob-
able that cutting out or destroying with a wire is to be preferred.

The quince suffers most from this borer, and perhaps the best
method of controlling the pest in quincetrees is that described

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 31

by Mr Woodbridge Strong in the issue of the Country Gentleman
for Mar. 20, 1890. His plan consists in providing the quince
with a trunk which is practically borer-proof, and he accom-
plishes this by first taking stocks of English hawthorn and graft-
ing on them varieties of Crataegus crus-galli or
coccinia, which are worked on the hawthorn at the surface
of the ground, and a year later hawthorn is worked back onto
the native stock about a foot above and then quince on that a
few inches higher. This compound tree is then set so that the
hawthorn stock is below the surface of the ground and the
Crataegus occupies the first foot. Mr Strong states that such
trees make very satisfactory growth and fruit readily, and that,
while the work of preparing them is difficult and involves con-
siderable labor, the results amply justify the expense.

Bibliography

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1792 Ent. Syst. 2:307 (Description)

1801 Syst. Eleu. 2:319 (Description)

1824 Say, Thomas. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 3:409 (Described as
S. bivittata); same in Compl. Wr. 1883. 2:190-91

1826 Buel, Jesse. Mass. Agric. Repos. and Jour. July, v.9, no. 2, p.191-95
(Describes ravages of S. bivittata; Philip Heartt’s letter)

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S. bifasciata)

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‘ young trees killed at Troy, loss $2000; as S. bivittata)

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habits, description)

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(Banking with sharp gravel advised)

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reprint in N. Eng. Farmer, Feb. 16, 20:260-61 (Life history, descrip-
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tree borers)

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1844 Harris, T. W. Farmers Cab. and Am. Herdbook, 8:214 (Compared
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Agric. and Sci. 1:251-52 (Injuries in Troy, habits, remedies, as S.
bivittata)

Pri cimncherdiwere spree eee Ne

1Reference unverified.

32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1846 Morris, M. H. Insects, no. 2, Am. Agric. 5:98, fig.29 (Brief general
notice)

1852 LeConte, J. L. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 2:163 (Description,
habitat, very injurious to appletrees)

1852 Acad. Nat. Sciv Phila. Jour se 2; 2-163 (Description, dis-
tribution)

1853 Haldeman, S. S. Am. Phil. Soc. Trans. n. s. 10:55 (Synonymy, dis-
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at Troy, habits and remedies)

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account as S. bivittata); same in Noxious and Other Ins.
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history, injuries, remedies); same in N. Y. Agric. Soc. Trans.
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account)

1858 Briggs, Nathan. Country Gentleman, July 8, 12:14 (Value of oil and
soap for borers)

1858 Fitch, Asa. Country Gentleman, July 8, 12:15 (Experiments with
soap against S. bivittata)

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Sim Dilivalie tet)
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Fitch experiments with soap)

1860 Rathvon, 8. S. Entomological essay read before the Fruit Growers
Ass’n Eastern Pa. Gardeners Mo. October, 2:300 (Mention);
December, p. 356, pl. 1. (Brief general notice as S. bivittata)

1861 Uhler, P. R. Com. Patents Rep’t 1860. Agric. p.317-18 (Brief gen-
eral account)

1861 Walsh, B. D. Ill. State Agric. Soc. Trans. 1859-60, 4:345 (Brief
comparison with Chrysobothris femorata); reprint in
part in Ill. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bul. Trans. 1861, p.159; Prairie Farmer,
Dec. 6 [v. ?] ns.v. ?, p.370-71 (Notes on S. bivittata)

1862 Couper, William. Can. Nat. and Geol. 7:278-81, 3 figures (Habits
and ravages around Quebec)

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habits, remedies, as S. bivittata)

1862 Packard, A. S. Nat. Hist. Soc. Me. 2d Rep’t, in Agric. Me. 7th
Rep’t, p.192 (Figure and mention)

1862 Rathvon, S. S. Com. Patents Rep’t 1861. Agric. p.617-18, fig.77, 78,
83 (Brief general account)

1865 Riley, C. V. -Prairie Farmer, Jan. 14, [v.31] ns. 15:21, 5 fieures
(Figure of imago of S. bivittata)

1865 Walsh, B. D. Ill. State Agric. Soc. Trans. 1861-64, 5:499-501 (Habits
and remedies)

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 33

1866' Brackett, G. E. Prac. Ent. no.2. Me. Farmer, May to, S. b. no. 1,
p.1o2 (Describes larva, habits, and means against S. bivittata)

1866* Prac. Ent: no..5.. Me: Farmer, June 7, S. D.. 10. 1, p.103,
(Notes on S. bivittata)

1866* Prac. Ent. no 9. Me. Farmer, July 12, S. b. no. 2, p.18, 19;
Bib. Eco. Ent. pt3, no. 914 (Means against S. bivittata)

1866 Rracesent) mo: ro. Me. Barmerms Aire. 20.9:;1D. 10. 2)2p.22)
23 (Seasons of S. bivittata)

1866" Prac er nt. tO. 17... \e: Parmer, Sep,_0, o= b: nO, 2) p.23, 24
(Picus pubescens destroys larva of S. bivittata)

1866" Prac. Ent. tO. 1o.5 Me. Parmer, sep. 13.c9.90.- 110. 2, 9.24

‘(Plugging as a means against S. bivittata)

1866 Walsh, B. D. Borers. Prac. Ent. 1:26, fig. 1 (Natural history and
means against, as S. bivittata)

Prac. Ent. Mar. 26, 1:47 (Larval habits after Fitch, as
S. bivittata)

1867* Riley, C. V. Prairie Farmer, Jan. 12, n. s. 19:23 (Remedies etc.)

1867 Prairie Farmer, Feb. 2, 19:69 (Mention)

1867 Prairie Farmer, June 8, 19:381 (Brief notice)

1867 Walsh, B. D. Prac. Ent. 2:92-93 (Food plants as S. bivittata)

1867" Northern Ill. Hort. Soc. Trans. 1867-68, p.g1-96 (Six worst
enemies of fruit growers, S. bivittata)

1868 Beadle. Fruit Growers Rep’t, p.172 (Prize essay on S. bivit-
tata)

1868' Riley, C. V. Prairie Farmer. July 11 [v.38] n.s. 22:10, S. b. no. 3,
p.32, 56 (Answer to W. Colwell: ravages of S. bivittata)

1866

1868" Coleman’s Rural World,-S. -b. no. 3, p.16 (Means against S.
bivittata)

1868 Ill. State Hort. Soc. Trans. 1867, 1:108-9 (Saperda less numer-
ous than Chrysobothris)

1868 Noxious and Beneficial Ins. Mo. Ist Rep’t, p.42-46, fig. 14

(Detailed account as S. bivittata)

1868 Walsh, B. D. & Riley, C. V. Am. Ent. October, 1:39 (Undeter-
mined carabid larva probably preying on larva)

1869 Packard, A. S. Guide to the Study of Insects, p.500-1 (Brief gen-
eral notice)

1869 Walsh, B. D. & Riley, C. V. Am. Ent. 1:168 (Advises digging out,
as S. bivittata), p.245 (Identified)

1870' Bethune, C. J. S. Agric. and Arts Ass’n Ont. Trans. 25th Year,
p.375-77 (Brief general account)

1870 Riley, C. V. Am. Ent. and Bot. 2:276 (Variations in color), p.306
(Larvae can not live in dead trees, as S. bivittata)

Noxious, Beneficial and Other Ins. Mo. 2d Rep’t, p.19 (Life
cycle 3 years, as S. bivittata)

1870 Wielandy, J. F. Am. Ent. 2:148 (Habits, ravages, and remedies, as
Si- Div Lita ta)

1871 Bethune, C. J. S. Ent. Soc. Ont. 1st Rep’t, p.69-71, fig. 2 (General
account, quotes Beadle as S. bivittata)

1870

1Reference unverified.

34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Fruit Growers Ass’n Ont. Rep’t, 1870, p.69-71 (Characters,
habits and means against S. candida)

1872 Dimmock, G. N. Eng. Homestead, June 22, v.5, no.7, p.49 (Treats
of S. candida)

1872 Wier, D. B. Wis. State Hort. Soc. Trans. p.156-63, fig. 14 (Detailed
account; deals with S. candida as a most noxious insect to
fruit growers)

1872-73 Smith, S. L, sec. Ct. Bd Agric. 6th Rep’t, p.348-49, fig. 3 (Brief
notice)

1873 Bessey, C. E. Ia. State Agric. Soc. Rep’t, p.238-30, fig. 5 (Brief
notice):

1873 LeConte, J. L. New Sp. N. Am. Coleopt. pt2, Smithsonian Miscel.
Coll. 264, p.238-39 (Specific characters)

1873' Riley, C. V. N. Y. Tribune, May 23, S. b. no. 8, p.64 (Answer to
J. Durbin; means against S. bivittata)

1874 Cook, A. J. Mich. State Bd Agric. 13th Rep’t, p.124-25, fig. 2
(Widely distributed in the state, habits, remedies)

1874 LeBaron, William. Noxious and Beneficial Ins. Ill. 4th Rep’t, p.157,
150, fig.77 (Mention, as S. bivittata)

1874’ Riley, C. V. N. Y. Tribune, Ap. 8, S. b. no.t1o, p.34 (Ane to
T. H. Wakeley: means against S. bivittata and Chrys
bothris femorata, apply soap)

1874’ Tracy, William W. & Parmelee, George. Injurious Insects. Rep’t
read before the Peninsula Farmers Club at Old Mission Mich.
Traverse City. p.12 (S. candida, means against)

1875' Bartlett, J. N. N. Eng. Farmer, rec. nos. 16-18, v.53 (n. s. v.29),
nos. 24-39; Psyche, Sep. 1875, p.103 (S. candida, means
against)

N. Eng. Farmer, v.54 (n. s. v.30) no. 28; Psyche, Sep. 1875,
p.10o4 (S. candida)

1875' Bell, J. 1. Fruit Growers Rept. (Notes S: candida cap-
tured near Belleville, no doubt imported)

1875 Cook, A. J. Cultivator and Country Gentleman, 40:455 (Brief gen-
eral notice)

Mich. State. Bd Agric. 13th Rep’t, 1874, p.124-25, fig. 20 (Brief
general notice)

1875 Fernald, C. H. Me. State Pomo. Soc. Trans. 1874, p.97-98 (Brief
general account)

1875' Riley, C. V. Coleman’s Rural World, Nov. 13, S. b. no. 10, p.188
(Timber trees near apple orchards increase the likelihood of
attack by S. bivittata)

1876 Bell, J. T. Fruit Growers Ass’n Ont. Rep’t, 1875, p.35-36 (Brief
description with remedies)

1876 Hoffmeister; A. W. Ia. State Hort. Soc. An. Rep’t, 1875, p.204-5
(Remedies, ravages and means against S. bivittata)

1876 Perkins, G. H. Vt. Bd Agric. 3d Bien. Rep’t, p.599 (Brief general
notice)

1871

18757

1875

1Reference unverified.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 35

1876' Riley, C. V. Coleman’s Rural World, Aug. 9, S. b. no. 14, p.3-4,
55-50; extract in Cultivator and Country Gentlemam Sep. 7, 1876,
41:566 (Answer to F. H. Chrysobothris femorata dis-
tinguished from S. bivittata [—candidal])

1877 Bethune, C. J. S. Can. Ent. December, 9:224, pl. , fig. 6 (Injuries,
beetles and larva described, abundant in Niagara district and about
Montreal and Quebec)

Ent. Soc. Ont. Rep’t for 1877, p.26-28, pl. , fig. 3, 6 (Same as
above but with life history and remedial measures additional)

1877 Fuller, A. S. Moore’s Rural New Yorker, May 109, 19:247 (Syn-

onymy, brief account)

1877 Provancher, L’abbé L. Faune Ent. Can. 1 Coleopt. p.632, 633-34,
fig. 48 (Description)

1877’ Riley, C. V. N. Y. Tribune, Dec. 26, S. b. no. 14, p.234 (Ravages
and means against S. bivittata)

1877 Thomas, Cyrus. Noxious and Beneficial Ins. Ill. 6th Rep’t, p.35, 38,
44, 83, 84 (References), p.152-56 (Description, detailed life history,
remedial measures, as S. bivittata)

1878 Riley, C. V. Acad. Sci. St Louis. Trans. Dec. 1877, Jour. Proc.
eclxix-cclxx (Describes egg and manner of oviposition of S.
bivittata —=candida])

N. Y. Wk. Tribune, Feb. 20, S. b. no. 19, p.193-94; reprint in
Coleman’s Rural World, Mar. 20, 1878, S. b. no. 14,-p.267-68, with
slight omission in the same, Mar. 12, 1879, S. b. no. 23, p.I0I-2;
Mirror and Farmer, Ap. 6, 1878, S. ‘b. no. 20, p.3 (New facts, de-
scribes egg, oviposition, seasons of oviposition, means against S.
Divitetata)

1878 Zimmerman, C. D. Can. Ent. 10:220 (Adults appeared June 2, 3—20
days earlier than usual)

370-79 Hoy, P. R. Wis. State Hort. Soc. Trans. 9:233 (Rare as S.
bivittata)

1878-79' Osborn, Herbert. Ia. State Hort. Soc. Trans. 13:368-402, 19
figures (Habits and natural history of S. bivittata)

1879 Brackett, G. E. Kan. State Hort. Soc. Rep’t, 9:186-90, 198-200 (De-
scription, life history and remedies with note replying to Riley)

1879 Osborn, Herbert. Coll. Quar. May, 2:8; Western Stock Jour. and
Farmer, July 1879, 9:142 (Natutal history of S. bivittata)

Ta. State Hort. Soc. Trans. 1878, 13:392-93 (Life history, reme-
dies, figures, as S. bivittata)

1879 Riley, C. V. Kan. State Hort. Soc. Rep’t, 9:196-98 (Habits and
remedies)

1879 Stout, O. E. Kan. State Hort. Soc. Rep’t, 9:87 (Brief notice)

1880° Bateman, ——. Country Gentleman, 45:246 (Wash for borers)

1880 Clay, C. M. Land and Home, Jan. 1, 1:139 (Sap-suckers destroy

borers)

1880* Osborn, Herbert. Western Stock Jour. and Farmer, July Io, p.153
(Answer to inquiry: habits of S. bivittata)

1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p.1o (Listed)

1877

1873"

1879

1Reference unverified.

36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1881 Cook, A. J. Can. Ent. 13:191 (Soft soap protects trees)

1881 Osborn, Herbert. Ia. State Hort. Soc. Trans. 1880, 15:11I, I12
(S. cretata compared with)

1882 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. Ist Rep’t, p.58, 64
(Remedial measures), p.331 (Listed)

1883 Atkins, C. G. Rural New Yorker, 42:688 (Brief note, very abundant
in Maine)

1883 Cooke, Matthew. Injurious Insects of the Orchard, Vineyard etc.,
p.65-67, fig.25 (Brief general account)

1883 Harrington, W.H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 14th Rep’t, p.45, fig. 16 (Mention)

1883' Riley, C. V. Stoddarts’ Encyclopedia Americana, 1:135-42, fig. 1-29
(Round-headed appletree borer, S. bivittata), p.137, fig. 7

Rural New Yorker, Oct. 20, 42:693; reprint in Am. Pomo.
Soc. 19th Sess. Proc. 1884, p.45; Wis. State Hort. Soc. Trans. 1886,
7:2 (Corrects statements in regard to oviposition of S. bivit-
tata l=candidal)

1883 Saunders, William. Can. Ent. 15:203 (Oviposits in bored cavity)

1883-89 Insects Injurious to Fruits, p.16-19, 160, 425 (Brief gen-
eral account)

1883 Ent. Soc. Ont. 14th Rep’t, p.16 (Oviposits in bored cavity)

1884 Atkins, C. G. Rural New Yorker, Jan. 12, 43:19 (Notes on oviposi-
OM aS So 1d apa es ee)

1884 Dimmock, George. Stand. Nat. Hist. 2:325 (Brief general notice,
as S, Divi bie ta)

1884 Riley, C. V. Insects in Relation to Agriculture, Encyclopedia
Americana, 1:137 (Brief general account, figures)

Rural New Yorker, Mar. 1, 43:132, fig. 73 (Notice of paper

of C. G. Atkins: confirms method of oviposition of S. candida,

describes method; corrects statements by William Saunders, de-

scribes and figures egg of S. candida, figures, burrows and

exit holes; figures, pupa and position of egg when deposited)

Am. Pomo. Soc. 19th Sess. Proc. 1883, p.46 (Reference to
Oviposition)

1885' Atkins, C. G. Home Farm. Mar. 5, 188s (Notes on oviposition of
Se am Gli ca)

1885* Junkins, E. W. N. Eng. Homestead. Jan. 3, 1885 (Notes on ovipo-
sition of S. candida)

1885 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 2d Rep’t, p.27
(Mention)

1883*

1884

1884

1885 Country Gentleman, July 16, 1:590-91 (Remedial measures
discussed in detail)
1886 State Ent. Rep’t N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist. 39th Rep’t, 1885,

p.105-6 (Oviposition and remedies)

1887 Bethune, C. J. S. Ent. Soc. Ont. 17th Rep’t, p.57-58, fig. 31 (Reme-
dial measures)

1887 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 17th Rep’t, p.30 (Mention)

1887 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 3d Rep’t, p.105
(Mention)

1Reference unverified.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 37

1887 Stickney, J.S. Wis. State Hort. Soc. Trans. 1886-87, 17:236-37 (Brief
notice, aflvises shading south and southwest sides of trees)

1888 Cook, A. J. Mich. State Bd Agric. 27th Rep’t, p.168 (Mention)

1888 Harvey, F. L. Me. Agric. Exp. Sta. An. Rep’t, p.153-55, fig. 1 (Brief
general account)

1888 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 4th Rep’t, p.107 (Car-
bolic acid wash)

1888 McMillan, Conway. Agric. Exp. Sta. Neb. Bul. 2, 1:84-85 (Very
injurious in Nebraska; natural history and remedies)

1888 Weed, C. M. Rural New Yorker, 47:333 (Carbolic soap wash and
destroying eggs and young borers very successful)

1889 Gillette, C. P. Ia. Exp. Sta. Bul. 5, p.178, fig. 14 (Brief general
notice)

1889 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 5th Rep’t, p.269-71
(Method and duration of egg-laying), p.325 (Reference)

1889 Tolman, Adams. Insect Life, 1:343 (On elm)

1889 Townsend, [C. H.] Tyler. Psyche, 5:233 (Listed from lower Michi-
gan peninsula)

1890 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 20th Rep’t, 1889, p.52, fig. 35
(Mention)

1890 Riley, C. V. & Howard, L. O. Insect Life, 3:59 (Promachus
saperdae [Cenocoelius populator Say] bred from)

1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.2tr (On apple, pear and quince)

1890 Strong, Woodbridge. Country Gentleman, 65:228 (Preventives,
grafting quince on borer-proof thorn, wrapping base of trunk with
paper)

1891 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Micro. Soc. Jour. 7:31 (Bibliography

of transformations)

1891 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 7th Rep’t, p.313-14,
fig. 31 (Newspaper wrapping and resistant stock)

1891 McCarthy, G. N. C. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 78, p.27-28 (Brief men-
tion)

1891 Smith, J. B. Ent. Soc. Ont. 22d Rep’t, p.65 (Any part of trunk
and branches of apple and pear may be attacked)

ISQI N. J. Agric. Exp. Sta. 11th Rep’t, 1890, p.513-14, fig. 26 (Very
injurious to young appletrees, more so to quince, remedies)
18901 & others. Insect life, 3:249 (Not confined to quince. S.

candida not confined to the trunk)
1891 Weed, C. M. Insects and Insecticides, p.29-31, fig. 9 (Brief general
account)

I89Q1

Columbus Hort. Soc. An. Rep’t, ee p.29-30 (Brief account,
zis) Sp. ©. a) ml Gl tal @))

1892 Smith, J. B. Insect Life, 4:43 (Parts of ak attacked)

1893 Chambliss, C. E. Tenn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1, 6:6-8, fig. 2 (Brief
general account)

1893 Lintner, J. A. Country Gentleman, 58:387 (Remedial measures)

1893 Osborn, Herbert. Ia. State Hort. Soc. Rep’t, 17:115-16, fig. 25 (Brief
notice)

1893 Riley, C. V. Md. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 23, p.86-87, fig. 17, 18 (Brief
general account)

38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1893 Treat, M. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 1:16-17 (Unusually injurious, parts
of tree attacked and natural enemies)

1894 Bruner, L. Neb. State Hort. Soc. Rep’t, p.161, 181-82, fig. 24, 25
_ (Listed, figured)

1894 Davis, G.C. Mich. State Hort. Soc. 24th Rep’t, p.77-78, figure (Brief
notice)

1894. Jack, J. G. Mass. Hort. Soc. Trans. p.137 (Food plants, habits and
remedies)

1895 Comstock, J. H. Manual for the Study of Insects, p.572-73, fig. 690,
697 (Brief notice)

1895 Hamilton, John. Cat. Coleopt. Souinwesiena Pa., ete; Ament
Soc. Trans. 22:369 (Not rare)

1895 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. toth Rep’t, p.488, 511 (Reference)

1895’ Weed, H. E. Southern Cultivator, Jan. 1895 (Round-headed apple-
tree borer, S. candida)

1896 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:80 (Attacks apple,
pear, plum, quince. cherry, thorn, mountain ash and June berry,
Amelanchier)

1896 Fletcher, James. Farmer’s Advocate, London Ont. Nov. 16, p.480,
figure (S. candida in appletrees)

1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 148-
49 (Systematic account)

1896 Lintner, J. A. Country Gentleman, 61:949 (Remedial measures in
detail) :

1806 State Ent. 11th Rep’t, p.269 (On apple)

1896 Smith, J. B. Eco. Ent. p.209-10 (Remedial measures)

1897 Bogue, E. E. Okl. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 26, p.12-14, fig. 8, 9 (Brief
general account)

1897 Fyles, Thomas W. Ent. Soc. Ont. 27th Rep’t, 1896, p.39-40 Gs
food plants, thorn, moosemissa, shad bush)

1897 Johnson, W. G. Am. Gardening, 18:375 (Brief general notice)

1897 Lintner, J. A. Country Gentleman, 62:390 (Soap wash, cutting out)

1807 Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 12th Rep’t, p.230, 246, 356
(Reference)
1897 Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 13th Rep’t, p.365 (Reference)

1898 Bruner, L. Neb. State Hort. Soc. An. Rep’t, p.121-212, 108 figures
(Insect enemies of the apple and its fruit under S. candida)

1898 Chittenden, F. H. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Circ. 32, p.1-8, fig. I .
(Summary account)

1808 Faville, E. E. & Parrott, P. J. Kan. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 77, March,
p.50-52, fig. 23-25 (Brief general account)

1898 Johnston, James. Can. Ent. 30:71 (Taken June 4 on thorn at Ham-
ilton)

1898 Stedman, J. M. Mo. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 44, fig. 6, p.14-16, 18 (Brief
general account, results with washes)

1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:41, 42 (Specific characters, food
plants)

1Reference unverified,

= MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 39

1899 Beach, S./A., Lowe, V. H. & Stewart, F.C. N. Y. State Exp. Sta.
Bul..170, p.389 (Brief notice)

1899 Bruner, Lawrence. Neb. State Hort. Soc. Rep’t, 30:160-61 (Brief
mention, figure)

1899 Felt, E. P. Country Gentleman, 64:917 (Protective bands and
washes advised)

1899 Fernald, H. T. Pa. Dep’t Agric. Bul. 47, p.12-14, fig. 14 (Brief gen-
eral account)

1899 Fyles, T. W. Ent. Soc. Ont. 29th Rep’t, 1898, p.47, fig. 16 (Brief
mention)

1899 Harvey, F. L. & Munson, W. M. Me. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56,
p.108-9, pl. 2, fig. 1 (Brief general account) ;

1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p.210-15, fig. 133-34
(Brief general account); same in Ent. State Exp. Sta. 5th Rep’t,
p.126-31

1899 Smith, J. B. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. Rep’t Sup. p.296, fig. 131

(Brief mention)

1900 Felt, E. P. State Ent. 15th Rep’t. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 31, p.554
(Unusually abundant), p.557 (Adults taken on mountain ash July
4), p.574 (Attracted to light), p.577-78 (Mention) :

1901 Webster, F. M. Ent. Soc. Ont. 31st Rep’t, p.83, fig. 44 (Adults gnaw
young apples)

toor Felt, E. P. Country Gentleman, Oct. 3, 66:803 (Remedial measures)

1902 Country Gentleman Ap. 3, 67:291 (Injuries to young trees);
State Ent. 17th Rep’t. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 53, p.734-35, 834 (In-
juries and brief bibliography)

1902 Patton, J. H. Am. Agric. 69:357 (Cover infested spots with clay)

1902 Slingerland, M. V. Rural New Yorker, Oct. 11, 61:688 (Remedial
measures)

Saperda calcarata Say
Poplar borer

This is the largest of our native species and is equaled in size
only by the European S. carcharias. This species is of con-
siderable economic importance on account of its serious injury
to the trunks and larger branches of poplars. These trees rarely
attain any size in New York State before showing the operations
of this insect, and in not a few instances very serious injury is
inflicted. This applies not only to neglected trees along road
sides and in forests but also to magnificent specimens grown
for ornamental purposes in parks. In Washington park, Albany,
this species has recently caused a great deal of damage, breeding
in large numbers in a group of magnificent white poplars. We
have also observed similar injury in New York city and Brooklyn.

40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Early history. Dr Harris, in his classic report, Insects In-
jurious to Vegetation, states that this species in conjunction with
the broad-necked Prionus, Priomus latico Wise ncanly
destroyed the lombardy poplars in the vicinity of Cambridge
Mass. in the early 4o’s. In 1880 Mr Shelby Reed, of Scotts-
ville N. Y., lost two fine trees on a lawn through the depreda-—
tions of this pest. Dr Packard reports it as very injurious to
poplars along the shores of Casco bay, Me., in 1884, and in 1892
it had caused. great depredations among the silver poplars of
Cincinnati O. according to Charles Dury. Professor Riley, in
his early writings, states that this insect has been universally
destructive to cottonwoods and poplars in the western states,
and Professor Bruner, in his paper, “The Insect Enemies of
Ornamental and Shade Trees,” states that this borer is by far the
most destructive enemy of poplars and cottonwoods in the west.
He further adds that it is almost impossible to grow these trees
of any size in cities and towns of Nebraska away from the
friendly care of birds and parasitic insects.

Life history. The recorded life history of this insect is very
meager indeed. Dr Harris states that the beetles [pl. 2, fig. 1]
occur on the trunks and branches of various forms of poplar in
August and September, and other writers notice the life history
of the insect in a very brief manner.

The most obvious signs of infestation are the numerous black-
ened, swollen scars along the surface of the trunk and limbs.
Sometimes these are open, and in early summer large quantities
of borings are expelled from the inhabited galleries, and fre-
quently occur in considerable piles about the base of the trees.
This is very evident during the latter part of May and in early
June. Our observations show that pupae [pl. 2, fig. 2] may be
found in considerable numbers in early June in the vicinity of
Albany, and that adults appear in early July and continue to
emerge throughout that month and probably also during
August and into September. In early June we have found full
grown larvae [pl. 2, fig. 3] which apparently were nearly ready
to pupate, and many pupae, though no beetles breed therefrom

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 4I

till into rae - This would therefore prove that the pupal stage
lasts three or four weeks as a general rule. The pupal chamber
[pl. 2, fig. 2] is invariably near the center of the smaller limbs
and at some distance from the surface in trunks. The top is
smoothly cut, and the other end is closely packed with coarse
_fibers which are attached to the side of the gallery at one end,
and the portion next the pupa is packed with much finer borings
and then coated with very fine sawdust. This pupal chamber
appears to be made the previous season, but transformation to
the pupa does not occur, as in other species, till spring. ‘There
are no records regarding oviposition habits, but this species,
like S. candida, makes a small slit in the bark and deposits
its eggs just underneath the surface. The young larva [pl. 10]
works in the inner bark and the outer sapwood for a short time
and before the approach of cold weather sinks its burrow to a
greater depth. The borings of the second year are confined
very largely to the interior of the wood, and during this stage
the limb or trunk may be honeycombed by very large, some-
what irregular galleries. In the latter stages of their existence,
the larvae not infrequently excavate broad shallow galleries in
the sapwood and inner bark and appear to subsist to a consider-
able extent on the sap collected in such cavities. This insect
probably requires three years to complete its transformations.

Food plants. This borer has been recorded as destructive to
lombardy poplar [Emmons], cottonwood [Walsh], Populus
tremuloides, the common aspen [Jack], cottonwood, pop- |
lars and willows [Lugger], is not rare on diseased Populus
[Hamilton], on cottonwood and other poplars [Adams], very
common [Provancher].

Description. Covered with gray hairs, diversified with patches
of yellow hairs on the elytra, which latter end in a sutural spine.
Thorax with a yellow stripe on top and sides, extending on the ©
head, which is yellow in front; scutellum yellow; underside gray
with yellow; legs gray; antennae gray. Sometimes the insect is
entirely yellowish brown (var. adspersa).

Distribution. This species has been recorded by Leng and
Hamilton, from the following localities: Canada, Wisconsin,

42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Lake Superior, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Massa-
chusetts, New Jersey, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, lowa, Van-
couver island, British Columbia, and from Yakima Wash. by Pro-
fessor Piper. We have seen specimens from Texas, South Carolina,
Illinois, Black hills, and Bismarck N. D. It has been found by us
at Fort Lee N. J.,in New York city and also Brooklyn and Glendale.

Saperda adspersa Lec., a uniformly brown form described from
Michigan, is a variety of this species. This variety has also been
found at Albany [Joutel] and at Brandt lake in the Adirondacks
[J. Doll]..

Remedies. It is manifestly impossible to attempt to control this
insect on other than valuable trees, and in such situations, digging
out the borers, with possibly recourse to the use of repellent washes
described on page 29, is about all that can be done and in the majority

of instances should afford considerable protection.
Bibliography

1824 Say, Thomas. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 3:408 (Original descrip-
tion); same in Ent. N. Am. Compl. Wr. 1883, 2:190

1845 Fitch, Asa. Am. Quar. Agric. and Sci. Jour. p.252, pl. 3, fig. 8 (De-
scription, habits, infests native and lombardy poplars)

1850 LeConte, J. L. Lake Superior, Agassiz and Cabot, p.234 (Described
as S. adspersa)

Acad. Nat. Sci. Jour. 2:162 (Description, distribution, S.
adspersa described)

1853 Haldeman, S. S. Am. Phil. Soc. Trans. n. s. 10:55 (Listed as
Neniaremierd mca lcaiiganta)

1854 Emmons, Ebenezer. Nat. Hist. N. Y. Agric. 5:121, pl. 16, fig. 1
(Description, in lombardy poplars) :

1859 Fitch, Asa. N. Y. Agric. Soc. Trans. 1858, 18:844 (Attacks poplar,
habits, description); same in Noxious and Other Ins. N. Y. 5th
Rep’t, p.64.

1860 Rathvon, S. S. Entomological essay read before the Fruit Growers

Ass’n Pa. Gardeners Mo. December, 2:356-57, pl. 1, fig. 3 (Rare in
Pennsylvania)

1862 Harris, T. W. Insects Injurious to Vegetation, ed. 3, p.106-7 (Very
injurious to lombardy and American poplars)

1866 Walsh, B. D. Prac. Ent. Ap. 30, 1:64 (In cottonwood)

1867 Riley, C. V. Prairie Farmer, June 15, 19:397, p.10o (Supposed larva
of this species in roots of apple)

1870 Packard, A. S. Borers of Certain Shade Trees, Am. Nat. Dec. 4,
p.593-94, fig. 119 (Mention)

1852

/ MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 43

1873 Le Conte, J. L. New Sp. N. Am. Coleopt. pt 2, Smithsonian Miscel.
Coll. 264, p.238 (Specific characters)

1877 Provancher, L’abbé L. Faune Ent. Can. 1 Coleopt. p.633 (Descrip-
tion, very common)

1880 Riley, C. V. Am. Ent. July 3, p.181 (In poplar)

1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p.1o (Listed)

1881 Packard, A. S. U.S. Ent. Com. Bul. 7, p.115, 117-18 (Injurious to
cottonwoods and poplars, grub and beetle described)

1884 Dimmock, George. Stand. Nat. Hist. 2:326 (Attacks poplars)

eco jack, J. G Can: Ent. 18:23 (In Populus tremuloides)

1887 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 17th Rep’t, p.30 (Mention)

1887 Jack, J.G. Ent. Soc. Ont. 17th Rep’t, p.17 (In Populus tremu-
loides)

1889 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 20th Rep’t, p.52 (Mention)

1889 Lugger, Otto. Insects Affecting Poplars and Willows. Minn. Agric.
Exp. Sta. Bul. 9, p.55-56 (Brief notice in cottonwood, poplar and
willow)

1889 Riley, C. V. Insect Life, 7:164 (Review of Minn. Bul. 9)

1890 Packard, A. S. U.S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p.426, 435-36, 5909 (Injur-
ing poplar, cottonwood and willow, brief notice)

1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.211 (Not rare near the Hudson)

1891 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Micro. Soc. Jour. 7:31 (Bibliography
of transformations)

1892 Dury, Charles. Insect Life, 5:54 (Very injurious to silver poplars
at Cincinnati O.)

1893 Bruner, Lawrence. Insect Enemies of Ornamental and Shade Trees.
Neb. State Hort. Soc. Rep’t p.195-96, fig. 34, 35 (Very destructive
to poplars and cottonwoods)

1895 Hamilton, John. Cat. Coleopt. Southwestern Pa., with notes and
descriptions. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:369 (Not rare in diseased
poplars)

1896 Beutenmuller, William. Food Habits of the North American Ceram-
bycidae. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:80 (In poplar, also said to live in
linden)

1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:146, 148
(Systematic account)

1896 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 11th Rep’t, p.260
(On apple) ;

1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:40, 42 (Specific characters, food
plants) ‘

1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p.215 (Injures poplar
and cottonwood trees); same in Ent. State Exp. Sta. 5th Rep’t,
p.I3I

1899 Smith, J. B. Ins. N. J. List of Species, etc. State Bd Agric. 27th
Rep’t, sup. p.206 (Occasional through state in poplar and cotton-
wood)

1900 Felt, E. P. State Ent. 15th Rep’t. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 31, 5:557,
603 (Adults reared by Mr Adams from Populus monilifera
July 18)

44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Am. Gardening, Aug. 10, 22:558 (Poplar borer is possibly

TOOT
S. calcarata, use of carbon bisulfid or potassium cyanid is
advised)

1902 Dury, Charles. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 22:163 (Listed, injures
poplar) :

1902 Felt, E. P. Col. State Bd Hort. Rep’t tgo1, p.168-69 (Injurious
character)

1902 Joutel, L. H. Ent. News, 13:33 (Reference)

Saperda tridentata Oliv.
Elm borer

This species is of considerable economic importance, since it
is sometimes very injurious to our American elms, where it may
work in association with two small curculios, Magdalis
barbita Say. and M. armicollis Say. We believe that
this species is responsible in a large measure for the dying con-
dition of some of our elms, though the curculios mentioned above
undoubtedly aid materially in the work of destruction.

Early history. The earliest record of injury by this insect is
that given by Harris in his report, Insects Injurious to Vege-
tation. He states that trees on Boston Common “were found
to have suffered terribly from the ravages of this insect. Several
of them had already been cut down as past recovery; others
were in a dying state; and nearly all of them were more or less
affected with disease or premature decay.” Dr S. A. Forbes,
state entomologist of Illinois, in his 14th report, states that,
from the rapid progress which this pest has made among the
elms during the last two or three years, it seems extremely
likely that it will totally exterminate the trees unless it be
checked by general action. Dr J. A. Lintner, late state ento-
mologist of New York, in writing of this insect in 1893, charac-
terizes it as being generally destructive throughout the State
and one worthy of close attention in order to check or to pre-
vent its causing serious injuries. Professor Garman, entomolo-
gist of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, records
an instance of serious injury by this pest to trees about the
streets of Frankfort. Several trees were dead and a number of
other valuable elms dying, those affected being among the largest

\ MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 45
and the finest in the.city. A more recent outbreak at Berlin
Mass. was brought to the writer’s attention in 1898. Two long
rows of rather young elms were seriously injured by this insect
and the associated Magdalis armicollis Say and M.
barbita Say, and a number of the trees were killed.

Signs of attack. The presence of this insect is not easy to
detect till it has become well established, and the first signs
are usually seen in the lighter, thinner foliage followed by a
dead limb here and there. Indications of boring soon appear,
and the dark sawdust collects in crevices of the bark, and, after
the attack has progressed for some time, large portions of the
bark may be easily pulled from the tree, revealing a condition
beneath very much like that represented on plate 11, figure 2. The
inner portion of the bark may be literally a mass of mines or
burrows, and, if the work has not gone too far, numerous whitish,
flattened, legless grubs may be found in the channels they have
excavated. The junior author is of the opinion that this species
normally feeds on dead or badly diseased tissues, and that from
them it may invade living bark. A small portion of the work
of this insect is shown on plate 3, figure 1, where it is seen that
the grubs have made incursions into the living bark, working back
to that which is dead. It is also able to live in the thick bark
of older trees for a portion of its life. This is undoubtedly
true in some cases at least, and in others it certainly appears as
though this species was the initial cause of the trouble. The
observations of Mr M. F. Adams on a large number of injured
trees in the vicinity of Buffalo led him to attribute the primary
injury to this species.

Life history. The time necessary for this insect to complete
its life cycle is unknown, but from our breeding experiments it
seems that probably only one and possibly two years are neces-
sary. The larvae commence transforming to pupae in New York
State about the middle of May or earlier, and the beetles begin
to appear the latter part of that month and continue to emerge
for some time, examples having been taken as late as Aug. 24.
The eggs are deposited on the bark in June, according to the

46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

observations of Dr Fitch, but it would seem very probable that
Oviposition may occur much later, as beetles are abroad till
into August. The attack usually begins at the base of the tree.
The young grub works its way under the bark and begins feed-
ing on the tissues and making a serpentine burrow. The boring
increases in size with the growth of the larva [pl. 3, fig. 1], and
in the course of time the tree may be completely girdled and
then it must soon die. Dr Packard, writing in 1870, calls atten-
tion to finding three sizes of larvae; and we found it compara-
tively easy to separate those taken from a badly infested piece of
limb in a similar manner. But in our breeding from such infested
bark all larvae transformed the same season. We have also
found it working in dead as well as living tissues and have proved
its ability to complete its transformations in the former.

Food plants. This insect appears to infest the white elm
almost exclusively, though Dr Fitch records it as breeding in
the slippery elm. We have seen no indications of its attacking
the English or Scotch elms, so common in Albany. There is a
record of this species having been reared from maple, but it
would seem that the infestation must have been abnormal or
else the record was founded on an erroneous observation.

Description. Black, sometimes fawn color, densely covered
with a gray pubescence [pl. 3, fig. 3]. Thorax: twin black spots
below lateral orange red bands which are joined together at the
base and reach to the head, where each divides and encircles
an eye; sometimes ornamented with two black spots on
each side of median line. Elytra: submarginal ridge reaching
from the humeral angle to near the apex, giving them an angu-
lated appearance; ornamented by a more or less distinct sub-
marginal, orange red band, from which arise three crossbars of
the same color, the one nearest the base of the elytra nearly
transverse, except at the tip, where it is sometimes oblique, it
rarely reaches to the suture and has a black spot on either side
where it joins the submarginal band; the middle band oblique
and usually joined at suture; the apical one also oblique, with a

black spot at its posterior side, usually reaches the suture and

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 47

continues to the apex, where it joins the submarginal band. The
apex is truncate and usually sinuate in well developed examples.

Distribution. The elm borer is generally distributed in New
York State and has been recorded by various writers from the
following additional localities: provinces of Ontario and Quebec,
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Kentucky, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa. It was col-
lected by Professor Bolles in Texas and at Tyngsboro Mass. by
Blanchard. We have also seen specimens from the District of
Columbia. It probably occurs in a number of other states.

Remedies. Badly infested trees should be cut and burned be-
fore the beetles have had an opportunity to emerge in the spring,
that is before the latter part of May, in the latitude of New York.
And in a like manner infested portions of others should be cut
away and burned. The latter process was carried out on a lot of
1500 elms at Buffalo N. Y. by Mr M. F. Adams, who reports
that the trees were benefited in a most gratifying manner.

Protecting the trees during the period of oviposition with a
carbolic acid wash has been frequently recommended, but is of
doubtful utility. Where this insect is very abundant and its
injuries correspondingly serious, it would do no harm to try the
effects of a wash. One of the best may be prepared as follows:
thin a gallon of soft soap with an equal amount of hot water
and then stir in 1 pint of crude carbolic acid, or % pint of the re-
fined, and allow it to set over night. The next day add 8 gallons
of soft water and apply to the parts to be protected, which in
the case of this insect would be the trunk and base of the lower
limbs. The bark should be kept moist with this substance from
the latter part of May through July.

Removing portions of the bark has also been recommended.
The badly infested portion should be cut away and the grubs
destroyed, and, where a few are working in living bark, it might
be well to remove the upper layers till the grubs are nearly
exposed and then brush over the shaven surface with strong
kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap solution, finally covering
the wound with a paste formed of a mixture of fresh cow dung
and lime or with a coat of cheap, red paint.

48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Bibliography

1795 Olivier, A. G. Entomologie, 4:30, pl. 4, fig. 48 (Original description)

1852 LeConte, J. L. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 2:164 (Description)

1853 Haldeman, S. S. Am. Phil. Soc. Trans. n. s. 10:55 (Listed as
Compsideatridentata var. dubiosa described)

1854 Emmons, Ebenezer. Nat. Hist. N. Y. Agric. 5:122, pl. 34, fig. 6
(Beetle described)

1858 Fitch, Asa. Noxious and Other Ins. N. Y. ae Rep’t, p.59-60 (Life
history, larva and adult described); N. Y. State Agric. Soc. Trans.
18:839-40

1860 Rathvon, S. S. Gardeners Mo. December. 2:357, pl. 1, fig. 4 (Brief
general notice, rare in Pennsylvania, abundant in Missouri, female
deposits about I00 eggs)

1862 Harris, T. W. Insects Injurious to Veaotation ed. 3, p.III-13, pl. 11,
fig. 13 (Description, ravages and notes on life history)

1869 Packard, A. S. Guide to the Study of Insects, p.499 (Mention as
Compsidea)

Am. Nat. December, 4:588-91, fig. 115, 116 (Quotes Harris
largely, injury in New Jersey, notes on life history, adult and larva
described, and figured)

1873 LeConte, J. L. New Sp. N. Am. Coleopt. pt 2, Smithsonian Miscel.
Coll. 264, p.239 (Specific characters)

1874 Hubbard, H. G. Psyche, 1:5 (Associated with Magdalis arm-
icollis)

Psyche, 2:40 (In elm, as S. trilineata)

1877 Provancher, L’abbé, L. Faune Ent. Can. 1 Coleopt. p.632, 634 (De-
scription)

1877 Thomas, Cyrus. Ill. State Ent. 6th Rep’t, p.38, 44, 156-57 (Refer-

ence, description, often very injurious in planted groves)

1878 Packard, A. S. Gardeners Mo. May, 18:133 (Notes, injuries similar
to those of S. tridentata)

1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p.10

1881 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. Bul. 7, p.58-50, fig. 17 (Brief
account)

1883 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 14th Rep’t, p.35 (Pupae taken

from prostrate maple)

1883 Can. Ent. 15:79 (Pupae in prostrate maple)

1884 Dimmock, George. Stand. Nat. Hist. 2:326 (Described on elm)

1885 Forbes, S.A. Ill. State Ent. 14th Rep’t, p.112-14 (Injuries in Illinois,

larva and beetle described, preventive measures)

1887 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 17th Rep’t, p.30-31 (Pupae.in
maple)

1889 Ent. Soc. Ont. 20th Rep’t, p.52 (In elm)

1890 Caulfield, F. B. Ent. Soc. Ont. 21st Rep’t, p.73-74 (Brief general
notice)

1890 Harrington, W. H. Can. Ent. 22:186 (Listed from counties of
Argenteuil and Ottawa)

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 49

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p.224-26, fig. 71, 424
(General account, largely after Professor Forbes)

1890 Perkins, G. H. Vt. Agric. Exp. Sta. 3d Rep’t, p.154-55 (Brief gen-
eral notice)

Vt. State Bd Agric. 11th Rep’t, sep. p.68-71, fig. 52 (Brief
general account)

1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 212 (Common at Newark, Caldwell)

1891 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Micro. Soc. Jour. 7:31-32 (Bibliogra-
phy of transformations)

1893 Garman, H. Ky. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 47. 1893. p.44-50; also in
6th An. Rep’t. 1894. p.122-27, fig. 12, 13 (Injuries in Frankfort,
general account)

1893 Lintner, J. A. Garden and Forest, 6:76 (Injurious work in New
York State, remedial measures)

1890

1893 Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. oth Rep’t, p.427-28 (Injurious
work in New York State, remedial measures); same in West. N. Y.
Hort. Soc. Proc. 1893, sep. p.7-8

1894 Albany Evening Jour. May 7 (Brief general notice)

1895 Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:369 (Common on elm)
1895 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 1oth Rep’t, p.484, 485,
_ 499 (Reference)

1896 Beutenmuller, William. Food Habits of the North American
Cerambycidae. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:80 (In elm)

1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 150
(Systematic account)

1896 Lintner, J. A. Country Gentleman, Sep. 24, 61:746 (Injuries in
Illinois, remedies)

Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 12th Rep’t, p.230, 243-48, 355
(Detailed account); also in N. Y. State Mus. 50th An. Rep’t

1898 Felt, E. P. A Pernicious Elm Borer. Country Gentleman, 63:869
(Injuries at Berlin Mass., notes on life history); same in N. Eng.
Farmer, Nov. 26, p.2

1897

1898 Elm Borer. Country Gentleman, Nov. 17, p.go6 (Remedial
_ measures)
1898 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 20, p.19-20, fig. 6 (Brief notice)
1898 State Ent. 14th Rep’t, N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 23, p.245, 256
(Reference)
1899 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 27, p.49 (Mention)

1899 Garman, H. Ky. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 84, p.60, fig. 7 (Mention)

1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p.215 (Mention);
same in Ent. State Exp. Sta. 5th Rep’t, p.131

1899 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. Rep’t, sup. p.297 (On
elm) ;

1900 Felt, E. P. Fish. Game and For. Com. N. Y. 5th Rep’t, p.371-75,
pl. 3, fig. 1-4 (General account)

1900 State Ent. 15th Rep’t. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 31, p.556 (Work
on elms, emergence of beetles), p.581-82 (Brief notice), p.5890, 592
(Reference)

1900 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 37, p.22, fig. 32 (Brief notice)

50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1901 ——— State Ent. 16th Rep't. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 36, p.1006, 1007
(Biologic data from M. F. Adams)

1902 Dury, Charles. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 22:163 (Listed, serious
injuries)

1902 Felt, E. P. State Ent. 17th Rep’t. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 53, p.863
(Principal references)

Saperda cretata Newm.
Spotted appletree borer

This insect is the more common appletree borer in Michigan,
where it inflicts serious injuries according to Professors Cook,
Riley and Osborn. It is probably this insect that Mr L. J. Temp-
lin had in mind in 1877 when writing of the appletree borer in
the Practical Farmer for Nov. 17. He states that in the West a
“majority of the specimens have a spot on each elytron on the
shoulder,” and shows that it was quite injurious even at that early
date. It also works in the lower limbs of Crataegus, as stated
by Dr Hamilton. Professor Osborn has recorded this insect as
inflicting considerable injury in Iowa. .

Description | pl. 4, fig. 2]. Cinnamon brown with a white band
on the side of thorax, and a large, oblong white spot twice as
long as wide, at middle of each elytron, and another small spot before
apex; neither reaching to suture or margin. There is sometimes
a minute white spot at middle of base of thorax as well as at the
humeral angles. The sides are white; underneath, brown.

Distribution. This species has been recorded from the follow-
ing localities: Paris Ont. [E. B. Reed], New York and Penn-
sylvania [Hamilton], New Jersey and Ohio [Chittenden]; Mr
Chittenden states that there are specimens of this insect in the
United States National Museum from northern Illinois and
Texas; Leng and Hamilton record it from the following locali-
ties: Massachusetts, Canada, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois
and Pennsylvania; and Mr Wenzel informs us that he has re-
cently taken it at Philadelphia. Mr Blanchard took it at Tyngs-
boro Mass.

Food plants. This species, in addition to the apple, attacks
wild crab apples, and it has been observed on Juneberry
[Chittenden].

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 51

Life history. Professor Osborn has observed the work of this
insect quite closely. He states that its attack is usually con-
fined to branches of moderate size, and that its plan of work is
somewhat peculiar. At intervals of half an inch or more along
the branch double incisions are made in the bark; and, on cutting
these away, it was found that they led to excavations of con-
siderable size under the bark, in some of which small grubs
could be found at work. The borers had the appearance of the
common appletree borer and were evidently of one year’s growth.
This insect makes a longer, more tortuous burrow than cal-
carata, in our experience. Its work in thorn is represented
on plate 4, figure I.

The pupa as described by Professor Osborn is similar to that
of S. candida but smaller and occupies the central portion
of the branch. He further observes that the beetles issue
about the middle of June, and, after pairing, the female lays her
eggs in the bark, two in a place, distributing them along the
branch at distances of half an inch to an inch. On hatching,
the grubs work in opposite directions around the branch, living
for the first year just beneath the bark and afterward entering
the solid wood. Here, after becoming full grown, they pupate
and in due time complete their transformations.

Remedies. The remedial measures advised by Professor Os-
born are cutting out and destroying the grubs with as little
injury to the bark as possible; and, as he observes, if this is
done soon enough, two grubs may be killed at every incision.
He also states that some of the smaller woodpeckers are likely
to prove most effectual allies in controlling this insect, and their
presence in an orchard should be encouraged. Professor Cook has
advised the use of the carbolic soap wash, which he states should be
applied about June ro.

Bibliography

1838' Newman, Edward. Ent. Mo. Mag. 5:396 (Original description)
1852 LeConte, J. L. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 2:164 (Description)
1868 Reed, E. B. Can. Ent. 1:19 (Rare at Paris Ont.)

1Reference unverified.

52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1880 Osborn, Herbert. New Enemy to Appletrees. West. Stock Jour.
and Farmer, December, 10:273-74 (Characters, habits and means
against)

I88r Cook, A. J. Can. Ent. 13:191 (Injuring appletrees in Michigan,
carbolic soap wash)

1881 Osborn, Herbert. Ia. State Hort. Soc. Trans. 1880, 15:1I-13, figure
(Description, life history and remedies)

ISSr — Am. Nat. March, 15:244 (Oviposition, work of larva)

1882 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and other Ins. N. Y. 1st Rep’t, p.331 (Listed
on apple)

1888 Cook, A. J. Mich. State Bd Agric. 27th Rept, p.168, fig. 6 (More
common than S. candida, description, remedy)

1889 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 2oth Rep’t, p.52 (In appletrees)

1891 Cook, A. J. & others. Insect Life, 3:249 (Prefers branches)

1895 Hamilton, John. List Coleopt. Southwest. Pa. etc. Am. Ent. Soe.
Trans. 22:369 (Common in limbs of crataegus)

1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 149
(Systematic account)

1896 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 11th Rep’t, 1895, p.269
(Listed on apple) -

1898 Chittenden, F. H. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Circ. 32, June, p.8,
fig. 2 (Description, injuries, distribution, habits)

1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:41, 42 (Specific characters, food
plants)

18909 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, December, p.215
(Attacks apple and thorn); same in Ent. State Exp. Sta. 5th Rep’t,
p.I31

Saperda discoidea Fabr.
Hickory saperda

This species is remarkable in having the sexes so unlike that
one unacquainted with it would certainly consider them distinct
species. In a long series of males, however, there will be found
individuals having the same color and markings as the females,
and some very poorly developed females lack entirely the char-
acteristic markings of the sex. This is a common insect and
breeds abundantly in hickory, frequently following the work of
the destructive hickory bark borer, Scolytus quadri-
spinosus Say. It is sometimes so abundant that a piece of
bark 6 inches square may contain a dozen or more larvae.

Life history. The beetles have been taken abroad the latter
part of June and in July. The larvae feed partly on the bark

and partly on the wood and on approaching maturity, in our

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 53

experience, enter either the bark or the wood and transform to
beetles. The work of this species is shown on plate 3, figure 2.
Dr Hamilton has found more than 20 larvae, pupae and imma-
ture beetles, in the bark of a large hickory that had been killed
about two years before. All were on the north side of the tree
and none over 15 inches from the ground. In our experience
they are equally abundant on all sides of the tree but appear to
avoid any part infested by a dense white fungus growing between
the bark and wood and often into the wood, and as very often only
one side of the tree is so affected, this may account for the experi-
ence of Dr Hamilton. Dr Horn states that the larvae fed on the
outer layers of the wood till they had attained nearly full growth
and then retired into the bark, closing their burrows and transform-
ing like a species of Urographis in oak.

Food plants. This insect appears to confine its attack to dis-
eased or dying trees. We have reared it from trees killed by
Scolytus quadrispinosus Say. It has been recorded
on the hickory by Mr Harrington and as common on hickory
and walnut in southwestern Pennsylvania by Dr Hamilton.

Description [pl. 3, fig. 5, 6]. Color above varies from black
to light reddish brown in some examples; thorax and elytra
strongly punctate; legs reddish brown, darker toward the tarsi.
The under side is white in the males and light yellowish gray to
light gray in the females.

Female. Head and thorax covered with olive yellow hair;
scutellum yellow; the elytra denuded, except a small spot above
and one below; a crescent-shaped fascia in the middle of each
elytron, composed of dense yellow hair, which also forms a
marginal band spreading over the apical end of the elytra.

Male. Uniformly ferruginous, black above, covered by a sparse
gray pubescence that forms a whitish line on the sides and dorsum
of the thorax, which is bordered by a denuded area.

Distribution. Middle states [LeConte]; Buffalo N. Y. [Zesch-
Reinecke]; never plentiful about Hamilton Ont., though the fe-
males are usually the more numerous [Moffat]; very rare at
Ottawa Can. [Harrington]; locally not rare throughout New
Jersey [Smith]; and from Canada, New York, Pennsylvania,

54

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

New Jersey, Louisiana, Kansas, Nebraska, Illinois, Michigan
| Leng-Hamilton].

Natural enemies.

Mr Harrington has observed a species of

Arotes ovipositing in infested hickories and it is possibly a parasite

of this borer.

1798
I8or
1826

1902

Bibliography

Fabricius, J.C. Ent. Syst. sup. p.147 (Original description)

Syst. Eleu. 2:322 (Description, habitat)

Say, Thomas. Acad. Nat. Sci. Jour. 5:273 (Described as S. fus-
cipes); same in Ent. North Am. Compl. Wr. 1883. 2:331.

LeConte, J. L. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 2:163 (Description, Mid-
dle states, on walnut)

Haldeman, S. S. Am. Phil. Soc. Trans. n. s. 10:56 (As Steno-
stola fuscipes var. dorsalis)

Fitch, Asa. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. Trans. 16:440 (Attacks hickory,
beetle described); same in Noxious and Other Ins. N. Y. 3d Rep’t,
p.122

Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p.1o (Listed)

Moffat, J. A. Can. Ent. 14:58 (Never plentiful about Hamilton Ont.)

Harrington, W. H. Can. Ent. 16:102 (On hickory, June, rare)

5 Hamilton, John. Can. Ent. 17:47 (In diseased or dead hickory or

walnut, pupate in bark, beetles in May)
Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 17th Rep’t, p.30 (Mention)
Ent. Soc. Ont. 20th Rep’t, p.52 (Attacks hickory)
Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.2t2 (Not rare on hickory)
Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 21st Rep’t, 1800, p.68 (Arotes
OvipOsiting in infested hickories)

5 Hamilton, John. List Coleopt. Southwest. Pa. etc. Am. Ent. Soc.

Trans. 22:369 (Common on hickory and walnut)

Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:80 (In hickory)

Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 150
(Systematic account)

Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:41, 42 (Specific characters, food
plants)

Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, December, p.213
(On hickory); same in Ent. State Exp. Sta. 5th Rep’t, p.131

Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. Rep’t, sup. p.207
(Throughout the state, locally not rare in hickory)

Dury, Charles. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 22:163 (Listed)

Saperda vestita Say

Linden borer

This species is a serious enemy of lindens in this country and

is therefore one of considerable economic importance.

Early history. Dr Harris has recorded extensive depredations

on linden trees in Philadelphia by an insect supposed to belong

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 55

to this species, but, as the workings are very different from any
we have met with, we question the identity of the depredator.
The trouble was so serious that 47 trees were cut down by order
of the authorities. The nature of the injury may be judged by
the following. One of the infested lindens was very large, the
trunk measuring 8 feet, 5 inches in circumference 5 feet from the
ground. A strip of bark 2 feet wide at the bottom and extend-
ing to the top of the trunk was destroyed, and the exposed sur-
face of the wood pierced and grooved with countless numbers of
holes where borers had bred and where swarms of the beetles
were supposed to have issued in past times. Some of the larger
limbs and a portion of the tree broke off, apparently the conse-
quence of the ravages of this insect. This pest has been very
injurious to the European linden at Cambridge Mass., and Pro-
fessor Webster has recorded it as damaging young lindens in
nursery rows.

Life history. The beetles appear toward the end of the sum-
mer (we have taken them in August) and feed on the bark and
the leaf petioles and also the larger veins on the under side of
the leaves and on the green bark of the growing shoots, often
killing the tips of the branches. When the beetles are very
abundant, the injury caused by them is quite noticeable. Pro-
fessor Smith has observed this beetle abroad in New Jersey
during July, and Dr Packard states that one female may contain
as many as 90 eggs. A female is said to deposit her eggs, two
or three in a place, on the trunk and branches, specially about
the forks, making slight incisions and punctures for their recep-
tion with her strong jaws. The larvae undermine the bark for a
distance of 6 or 8 inches from the place where they hatch and
often penetrate the wood to an equal extent, as stated by Dr
Packard, who adds that this insect works at the base of young
lindens, gouging two parallel rings around the trunk and form-
ing annular swellings. We have observed the work of this
species and seldom found it more than 12 inches above the
ground; and in our experience it occurs very largely in exposed
roots and subterranean parts, though Mr D. B. Young states that
he has taken this beetle from galleries in the lower limbs of a large

56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

tree. The method of work is shown on plate 5, figure 1, which rep-
resents the broad galleries of the larva and the exit hole of the
beetle. Our observations are confirmed by Professor Webster, who
also states that the pupal cell is made at about the level of the
ground and is cut diagonally across the grain of the wood and at an
angle of about 45° to the channel the larva makes when ascending to
this level.

Food plants. Linden is the greatest sufferer from the ravages
of this insect, though it has been recorded by Dr Packard as
infesting poplar, as occurring on ? elm by Riley and Howard,
and Rev. J. L. Zabriskie has taken the insect from appletrees.
It is doubtful, in our judgment, if the insect breeds in other than
the various lindens.

Description [pl. 5, fig. 5]. Black, covered by a dense olivace-
ous pubescence, usually with three denuded spots on each elytron,
two placed obliquely above the middle and one below. One or
all of these spots may occasionally be wanting.

Distribution. This insect has been recorded from localities as
follows: Lake Michigan [Say]; rare in Massachusetts [Harris] ;
very abundant in Lancaster county, Pa. [Rathvon]; Middle and
Western states [LeConte] ; Amherstburg Ont. [E. B. Reed] ;
Buffalo [Zesch-Reinecke] ; L’ Original and Grenville Can. [ Har-
rington]; rather common in New Jersey [Smith]; not rare on
linden in southwestern Pennsylvania [Hamilton]; very common
[Provancher]; Canada, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachu-
setts, New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa,
Hlinois, Ohio, New Jersey [Leng-Hamilton]. We have also seen
specimens from Missouri.

Natural enemies. Two enemies have been bred from this
species, one, Bracon pectinator Say? from the insect in
? elm and another, B. charus Riley, which is given by Dr
Packard on the authority of Riley’s unpublished notes, and, as
no food plant is given, it is possible that the latter is but a
different name for the insect previously mentioned. -

Remedies. It is manifestly impossible to attempt to control this
insect on other than valuable trees, and in such situations, digging

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 57

out the borers, with possibly recourse to the use of repellent washes
described on page 29, is about all that can be done and in the
majority of instances should afford considerable protection.

Bibliography

1824 Say, Thomas. Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St Peters
River (Long’s second expedition), p.290 (Original description,
habitat southern extremity Lake Michigan and Philadelphia) ;
same in Compl. Wr. 1883. 1:193

1844 Harris, T. W. Farmers Cab. and Am. Handbook, 8:213-14 (Obser-
vations on, means against, rare in Massachusetts)

Hovey’s Mag. Hort. September, 10:330-33, figures (Habits
and ravages, figures of the larva, pupa and imago)

1852 LeConte, J. L. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 2:163 (Description, Mid-

; dle and Western states)

1853 Haldeman, S. S. Am. Phil. Soc. Trans. n. s. 10:55 (Listed)

1854 Emmons, Ebenezer. Nat. Hist. N. Y. Agric. 5:121, pl. 34, fig. 4
(Described, attacks linden)

1860 Rathvon; §. S. Entomological essay read before the Fruit Growers
Ass’n East. Pa. Gardeners Mo. December, 2:356, pl. 1, fig. 2 (In-
jury in Philadelphia and brief notice)

Com. patents Rep’t, 1861, Agric. p.618-19, fig. 79, 80 (Injuries
at Boston and Philadelphia, very abundant in Lancaster county,
ay)

1868 Reed, E. B. Can. Ent. 1:19 (Taken at Amherstburg Ont.)

1870 Packard, A. S. Am. Nat. 4:591-93, fig. 117, 118 (Natural history,
ravages)

1877 Provancher, L’abbé L. Faune Ent. Can. 1 Coleopt. p.634 (Descrip-
tion very common)

1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p.1o (Listed)

1881 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. Bul. 7, p.123, 124-25, fig. 59 (On
poplar, linden, brief notice)

1884 Dimmock, George. Stand. Nat. Hist. 2:326 (Described, attacks
linden)

1887 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 17th Rep’t, p.30 (Mentions the
linden borer)

1888 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 4th Rep’t, p.207
(Reference)

1890 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 2oth Rep’t, 1889, p.52 (In linden)

1890 Can. Ent. 22:186 (Taken at L’Original and Grenville Can.)

1890 Packard, A.S. U.S. Ent. Com. sth Rep’t, p.226 (Onelm, Bracon
charus Riley a parasite), p.474-75, fig. 171 (Brief notice, in
linden)

1890 Riley, C. V. & Howard, L. O. Insect Life, 2:348 (On elm, Bracon
pectinator ? Say, bred from)

1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 212 (Rather common in linden)

1891 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Micro. Soc. Jour. 7:31 (Bibliography
of transformations)

I 844

1862

58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1891 Caulfield, F. B. Ent. Soc. Ont. 21st Rep’t, 1890, p.74 (Reference)

1895 Hamilton, John. List Coleopt. Southwest. Pa. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans
22:369 (Not rare on linden)

1896 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:80 (In linden)

1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 149
(Systematic account)

1896 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 11th Rep’t, 1895,
p.269 (On apple)

1896 Zabriskie, J. L. N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:96 (Dug from an appletree)

1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:41, 42 (Description, food plant)

1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp, Sta. Bull 66; December, p.215
(Mention); same Ent. State Exp. Sta. 5th Rep’t, p.131

1899 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. 27th Rep’t, sup. p.207
(Lindens often seriously. injured, beetles in July)

1900 Ehrmann, G. A. Ent. News, 11:621 (Feeding on linden foliage,
Pittsburg Pa.)

1901 Webster, F. M. Ent. Soc. Ont. 31st Rep’t, 1900, p.81-83, fig. 42-43
(Injuries, nursery stock affected)

1902 Dury, Charles. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 22:163 (Listed)

Saperda imitans n. sp.

This interesting species resembles our common elm borer,
S. tridentata, with which it has frequently been confused.
The junior author bred this insect some years ago from wood
collected near the city of New York, but he did not notice that
it was distinct from our common elm borer till too late to
examine its workings. He had no elm in the breeding cage at
the time, and so presumes that it lived in hickory, of which he
had a quantity.

Description [pl. 3, fig. 4]. Black, densely covered with a gray
pubescence, whiter below. Thorax: twin black spots below a
lateral orange red band, extending on the head to the eyes,
where it joins the line of the opposite side; median line light.
Elytra: submarginal band of orange red running to the apex,
from which arise three crossbars of the same color, each obliquely
inclined toward the suture, the middle band usually not con-
nected to the submarginal, the apical band usually rudimentary
and then only transverse; apex rounded.

Types in collection of L. H. Joutel and New York State collection.

This insect is often mistaken for tri dentata, but can be
easily separated by the following characters, which show it to be

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 59

distinct and not even closely related. It is longer in proportion
to its width than tridentata. The sides are parallel, while
in tridentata the humeral angle is quite pronounced. The
first crossbar is oblique, there are no spots on each side of it, and
the spot is also lacking behind the apical crossbar; it also wants
the submarginal carina present in tridentata, which has the
first crossbar at right angles. The pygidium of the female is
broader at the top, and the sides make a wider angle than that
or tridentata.

Distribution. This species has been received from Montreal
Can.; and Mr Fred Blanchard has taken a specimen at Tyngs-

ae Sho

Fig. 5 Last dorsal segment and apex of elytra of S. tridentata (a) and S, imitans (4)

boro Mass. Mr Roland Haywood has taken it near Boston;
specimens have been seen from Virginia, Michigan, Pennsylvania
and Wisconsin ; and we have bred it from New York city and vicinity.

Saperda lateralis Fabr.
Red-edged Saperda

This species is about the same size as S. tridentata Oliv.
and like it occurs in elm. Its principal food plant is hickory,
on which it is partial to injuries near the roots and to the base of
sprouts on recently cleared lands. It is rarely abundant enough,
however, to cause serious injury.

Life history. Comparatively little has been published con-
cerning the life history of this species. The beetles may be
taken in June in northern localities, and, like most other Saperdas,

60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

feed on the bark and petioles of the leaves at the ends of the |

shoots. Mr Tolman found them pairing in June on a fallen

hickory near ‘Philadelphia. We have bred this species from

hickory stems in which the larvae lived at the juncture of the
dead and living bark. Mr S. T. Kemp records the fact that he

found the larvae of this species inhabiting the base of dead shoots |
of hickory, and, on breaking off the shoots, the borers were

almost entirely exposed, sometimes falling to the ground. The

infested shoots were invariably those which had been broken off |
3 or 4 feet above the ground by the larvae of Elaphidion |

villosum _ Fabr- the previous season. The grubs of these
work at the very base of the tree and burrow almost laterally
and slightly upward. In addition to food plants mentioned
above, Dr Packard records breeding the species from alder, but
this appears to be exceptional.

Description [pl. 7, fig. 8]. Black, sometimes brownish black,
coarsely punctured and covered with brownish black pubescence

above and gray below. Antennae black; thorax with two black —

spots below, a lateral orange red band that extends on the head
to the eyes and joins at the apex; the elytra have a submarginal
band that connects with the thoracic one at the humeral angle
and at the rounded apex joins a sutural band, which is some-
times wanting. This species is remarkable in that the male pos-
sesses a tooth or process on all its claws.

Connecta n. var. [pl. 7, fig. 9]. Like the species in color but
lacks the sutural line; the submarginal band extends to the
margin; and it has three oblique lines on the elytra, the apical
one rudimentary and the middle one broad. Dr Fitch has de-
scribed two varieties, abbreviata and suturalis, which

are characterized simply on the width of the sutural and sub-—

marginal stripe. Types in the collection of L. H. Joutel.

Wine Versio, COminect2 iS connected with the species by
intermediate forms in all stages of development, from those that
have a slight mark at the marginal band or at the sutural one or
both, to those that have the two bands in various stages of
development [fig. 6].

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 61

Like imitans, this variety has been confused with tri-
dentata, which it somewhat resembles. It can be easily sepa-
rated from that species and imitans by the punctures, the
brownish black pubescence above, the shape of the elytra and
the rounded head. This form occurs with the type and is more
common westward.

Distribution. This insect has been recorded from the follow-
ing localities: Cliftondale Mass. [Henshaw], Buffalo N. Y.
[Zesch-Reinecke], Philadelphia Pa. [Tolman], Hull and Ottawa
Can. [Harrington], Montreal Can. [Caulfield], Providence R. L.
[Packard]; is not rare in southwestern Pennsylvania [Hamil-
ton]; Canada, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania,

Fig. 6%,7S. lateralis var.connecta. a-gintermediate variations between S. lat er-
alis and var. connecta

New Jersey, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin,
Illinois, lowa [Leng-Hamilton]. We have taken or bred it from
Fort Lee N. J., Bronx park New York city, and Brooklyn N. Y.;
it is also found in Nebraska and Massachusetts, and is common
in Kansas. The variety connecta is occasionally found in
New York and Massachusetts and in numbers in Kansas, Nebraska,
Illinois and Wisconsin.
Bibliography

1781 Fabricius, J. C. Sp. Ins. etc. p.233 (Description, habitat)
1787 Mantissa Ins. 1:149 (Described)
1792 Ent. Syst. Emendata et Aucta, tom. I, pars 2, p.312 (Descrip-

tion, habitat)
1795 Olivier, A. G. Entomologie, 4:17, pl. 4, fig. 41

1852 LeConte, J. L. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. ser. 2, 2:164 (Description,
distribution)

1853 Haldeman, S. S. Am. Phila. Soc. Trans. n. s. 10:55 (Listed as
Compsidea lateralis)

~ =

62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1858 Fitch, Asa. Noxious and Other Ins. N. Y. 5th Rep’t, p.60-61 (Habits
and varieties); same in N. Y. Agric. Soc. Trans. 18:840-41

1869 Walsh, B. D. & Riley, C. V. Am. Ent. April, 1:168 (Attacks elm)

1874 Henshaw, Samuel. Psyche, 1:23 (Taken June 12 at Cliftondale
Mass.)

1877 Provancher, L’abbé, L. Faune Ent. Can. 1 Coleopt. p.633, 635 (De-
scription)

1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p.1o (Listed)

1881 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. Bul. 7, p.59 (In elm), p.t41 (In
alder) :

1884 Dimmock, George. Stand. Nat. Hist. 2:326 (On elm)

1889 Tolman, Adams. Insect Life, 1:343 (On hickory)

1890 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 2oth Rep’t, 1880, p.52 (Naik
elm)

1890 Packard, A.S. U.S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p.226 (In elm), p.636 (In
alder)

1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.212 (On hickory, common)

1891 Caulfield, F. B. Ent. Soc. Ont. 21st Rep’t, 1890, p.74 (Attacks elm)

1895 Hamilton, John. Cat. Coleopt. Southwest. Pa. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans.
22:370 (Not rare on elm and hickory)

1895 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 25th Rep’t, 1894, p.48 (Taken
June 24 near Hull)

1896 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:80 (In hickory)

1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 150-51
(Systematic account)

1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:41, 42 (Description, food plants)

1899 Kemp, S. T. Ent. News, 10:108 (Follows Elaphidion in hickory
shoots)

1902 Dury, Charles. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 22:163 (Listed, on hickory)

Saperda fayi Bland.
Thorn limb borer

This species breeds in the small limbs and stems of wild thorn
(Crataegus crus-galli and € tomentosa) mereaumns
gall-like, gnarly swellings and weakening the branches so that
they sometimes break off in the wind. ‘This insect is widely
distributed in New York State, though quite local. It displays
a marked fondness for certain trees, in which it will breed year
after year while others near by will be practically unaffected.
Should this species, like its allies, acquire a taste for our culti-
vated fruit trees, it would never prove as dangerous an enemy

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 63

x

as the round-headed appletree borer (S. candida Fabr.) as
the galls would indicate the injury and could easily be cut off.

Life history. The beetles [pl. 6, fig. 4] appear in New York
State during the month of June, the exact date varying according
to the season, the males preceding the females by three or four
days. They do not appear to eat and are short-lived, while the
whole brood, excepting the stragglers, appear and disappear
within the space of 10 or 12 days, so that close observation is
necessary in order to capture many. The late Dr J. A. Lintner
has taken this species June 25 at Schenectady, and Mr Moffat col-
lected beetles at Hamilton Ont. June 15, while Mr Zimmerman
records the capture of a female Aug. 15.

The males watch for the appearance of their consorts and
pairing usually lasts three or four hours, according to Dr Ham-
ilton. ~The beetles fly but little and usually oviposit on Een ikee
they inhabited as borers, which explains the local character of
the species. The insects are sluggish and, when suddenly ap-
proached, drop to the ground and endeavor to conceal themselves.
Egg-laying probably occurs during the night, though the process
has not been observed. Small limbs, varying in size from 3 to 14
inches in diameter, are selected for this purpose, and, according to
the thickness of the limb, the female uses her mandibles to make
from three to six longitudinal insertions through the bark, each be-
ing about # inch in length, parallel to one another and dividing the
circumference of the trunk or limb into nearly equal sections. An
egg is deposited in each of these slits, and as soon as hatched the
larva at once makes a burrow beneath the outer layer of the wood,
perhaps } inch in length, and uses this as a retreat from which
‘+ issues to feed on the wounded tissue caused by the irritation.
These slits and the irritation caused by so much cutting produce
an increased flow of sap to the wound and a consequent thicken-
ing of the portions between the slits, so that the affected part
soon assumes a gall-like appearance.

The work of this species is shown on plate 6, which represents
a twig on the lower portion of which are two old galls with
irregular, decaying, overgrown cavities [fig. 1], which are quite
different from more recent galls [pl. 6, fig. 2]. The borings of

64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

the larva in a young gall are shown in section on plate 7, figure 2,
and the manner in which the stem may be eaten by a larva
working in its center at figure 2a [See also pl. 13].

The larvae are %4 inch long on the approach of winter, accord-
ing to Dr Hamilton’s observations, when they retire into the
wood a little farther and close the opening of their burrows
with borings. One of the larvae, and in thick limbs two or three,
bore obliquely till one of them reaches the center of the limb,
up which it proceeds often two or three inches. The others
parallel this gallery but maintain a partition between the burrows.
The larvae near the center are much larger, often twice the size
of those inhabiting the outer wood, and are the only ones that
produce beetles, as stated by Dr Hamilton. In our experience the
different sized larvae indicate male and female and unless parasitized
all emerge.

We can not entirely agree with the following observations regard-
ing this species also by Dr Hamilton:

The whole of the interior of the limb is now dead wood in-
closed by a growth of living but unsound woody tissue, through
which some openings remain. Many of the larvae in the outside
wood perish during the winter, and the survivors, after feeding
a while in the spring, likewise die, their mission seeming to have
been merely to insure a sufficiency of dead wood to sustain the
life of the favored few destined for full development.

The larvae in the deep wood return in the spring and feed on
the dead tissues, which are now abundant enough for all their
wants, and by autumn they are nearly full grown. Some of the
larvae do not return in the spring of the second year to feed on
the dead wood at the entrance of the burrow, but bore directly
up and down the center of the limb for a distance of 16 to 24
inches before pupating. ‘Those which feed on the dead wood
near the entrance to the wound are nearly full grown by autumn.
They again retire for the winter and in the spring, after opening
up communication with the outside world, feed for a short time
and when full grown measure about 34 inch in length. They now

return to their burrows for the final transformations. Some of

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 65

them bore for at least six inches, while others scarcely go from
the entrance more than twice their own length. The outer ends
of the burrows are closely packed with borings without and soft
fibers within, which also fill the inner ends. The head of the
larvae may be either toward or away from the opening, seemingly
a matter of indifference. In the former case the beetle emerges
from the place of entrance and in the latter, from a round hole
at right angles to.the burrow, probably made by the beetle itself,
as no such hole has been detected in the many limbs Dr Hamil-
ton examined, containing pupae with their heads turned from
the opening. Pupation occurs after the middle of April. We
have found them transforming at Albany Ap. 16. The beetles
may be found in the limbs about the first of May, though but
few of them emerge till the latter part of the month.

Description [pl. 6, fig. 4]. Cinnamon brown, below gray,
white at sides, being of the same coloras cretata. ‘Thorax
with lateral white band that extends on to the base of the elytra,
which also have two crescent-shaped, white spots at middle,
divided by the suture, and two smaller circular ones near the
apex, also divided by suture. These spots may be nearly or
quite obsolete, usually in the male. The antennae darker than
Emet ata.

Distribution. This insect has been recorded from Buffalo N. Y.
[Zimmerman]; Hamilton Ont. [Moffat]; and Dr Hamilton re-
ports it as common in Crataegus limbs in southwestern Pennsyl-
vania. The types were described from Ohio; Dr Smith has
recorded it from Greenwood Lake and Delaware Gap N. J.,
and it has been listed by Messrs Leng and Hamilton from Can-
ada, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Ohio.

This species is not related to cretata, which it resembles
in color, but has more of the characters of the less specialized
species, as is shown by the short, rounded head and the but
slightly developed process on the claws, that on the first pair
being very rudimentary. This relationship is further empha-
sized by its gall-producing larva working in the same way as
concolor.

66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Natural enemies. There are no records of any, but the species
appears to be a favorite with some woodpeckers, since we have
found a number of empty galls showing the characteristic work
of these useful birds [pl. 13, fig. 1]. We have no clue to the identity
of the species.

Bibliography

1863 Bland, J. H. B. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 2:320-21 (Original descrip-
tion)

1878 Zimmerman, C. D. Can. Ent. 10:220 (On wild thorn, Crataegus
crus-galli, © tomentosa)

1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p.1o (Listed)

1881 Moffat, J. A. Can. Ent. 13:175 (Abundant though usually rare on
thorn)

Ent. Soc. Ont. 12th Rep’t, 1881, p.29-30 (Abundant though
usually rare at Hamilton)

1888 Hamilton, John, Can. Ent. 20:6-8 (Life history, distribution)

1882

1888 Ent. Soc. Ont. 18th Rep’t, 1887, p.41-42 (Life history, dis-
tribution)
1889 Can. Ent. 21:104-5 (Habits of larva in spring of second year)

1889 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 2oth Rep’t, p.52 (Works in small
limbs of thorn trees)

1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.212 (Listed)

1891 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Micro. Soc. Jour. 7:32 (Bibliography
of transformations)

1895 Hamilton, John. List of Galeape Southwest Pa. etc. Am. Ent. Soc.
Trans. 22:369 (Common in limbs of Crataegus)

1896 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:80 (In thorn,
Crataegus)

1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 149
(Systematic account)

1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:41, 42 Gmecaouen. food plants)

1899 Smith, J. B. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. 27th Rep’t sup. p.297 (Listed)

Saperda puncticollis Say
Woodbine borer

This is one of the smallest and also the prettiest species belonging
to this important genus. Itisarare form in most collections in spite
of the fact that the insect lives in the dead branches of the common
Virginia creeper, pupating in the wood. The manner in which the
larva works just under the bark is shown on plate 6, figure 6. The
entrance to the pupal chamber is stopped with a plug of borings

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 67

[pl. 6, fig. 8, 8a]. The general appearance of the larva is also
represented. This species seems to be somewhat. retiring in
habit, and, while it has been collected on the leaves of its food
plant, specimens are much more easily obtained by rearing the
insects from infested twigs. We have often bred the species
from Virginia creeper and have frequently examined much poison
ivy where the insect was abundant, but have been unable to
find it in that plant. We have taken it in June and July, and
Mr Zimmerman records its capture at Buffalo in June. It is
probably abroad during most of the two months.

Food plants. It has been recorded on poison ivy [Zimmer-
man], grape and probably Virginia creeper [Harrington], Rhus
toxicodendron and R. radicans [Smith], as not com-
mon on Rhus radicans_ in southwestern Pennsylvania
[Hamilton], as bred from the larger living stems of Virginia
creeper [Harrington], and as in the stems of poison ivy and oak
[ Lugger].

We find that the larvae feed on the inner bark of the branches and
stems of Virginia creeper. This species is very subject to attack by
woodpeckers, and we have seldom found the workings without evi-
dence that a number had been destroyed by the birds.

Description [pl. 6, fig. 9]. Black, with a sparse black pubes-
cence above and a dense gray one underneath. Head yellow with
a round black spot in front and one on the vertex, antennae black;
thorax yellow with a black spot at the side and four quadrately
arranged on its dorsum; elytra with a broad, yellow marginal
and a sutural band. The process is found only on the anterior
claws of the middle pair of legs.

Distribution. It was described by Say from Arkansas; it has
been taken about Buffalo by Zimmerman; about Ottawa Can. by
Harrington; is reported by Smith as occurring throughout New
Jersey; and by Hamilton as not common in southwestern Penn-
svlvania. LeConte gives its distribution as the Middle, Eastern
and Western states; and Leng and Hamilton record it from the
following localities: Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Louisiana, Arkansas, Kansas, Nebraska.

68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

We have bred it from stems of Virginia creeper gathered in
and around New York city and also at Fort Lee N. J. It was
described from Cambridge Mass. as S. trigeminata by

Randall.
Bibliography

1824 Say, Thomas. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 3:406 (Original descrip-
tion); same in Ent. N. Am. Compl. Wr. 1883. 2:189

1838 Randall, J. W. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 2:43-44 (Described as S.
trigeminata at Cambridge Mass.)

1852 LeConte, J. L. Acad. Nat. Sct. Phila. Jour. ser. 2, 2:164 (Description,
distribution) ‘

1853 Haldeman, S:0S: Am: Pinla: Soc) Dans, ns) 10:55 @eisredamas
COmosiGer Pw mMe cre oililis))

1878 Zimmerman, C. D. Can. Ent. 10:220 (On poison ivy June 6)

1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p.1o (Listed)

1890 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 20th Rep’t, 18890, p.52 (In grape-
vines and probably Virginia creeper)

1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.2t2 (Rare on Rhus radicans)

1895 Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:370 (Not common on
Rims racdicaAms Ite)

1896 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:81 (In poison ivy,
Rhus toxicodendron) ©

1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 151
(Systematic account)

1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:41, 42 (Specific characters, food
plants)

1899 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 29th Rep’t, 1808, p.89 (In larger
living stems of Virginia creeper)

1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p.2t5 (Attacks poison
ivy and oak); same in Ent. Agric. Exp. Sta. 5th Rep’t, p.131

1899 Smith, J. B. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. 27th Rep’t, sup. p.297 (On
Riktg raadicamg sac IR, coOxiecod em air © m)

1902 Dury, Charles. Cin Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 22:163 (Listed on Rhus)

Saperda populnea Linn.

This European species is found on the Pacific coast, and the
examples from different localities now before us can not be
distinguished in any particular from European specimens. With
this species we include as subspecies the S. moesta of LeConte
and a new form that differs from either, under the name ttilari.

They differ from populnea as well as from each other in
the punctures on the elytra as well as in the punctulations on

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 69

the intervals, also in color and vestiture, and while some speci-
mens come very-close to each other, we have seen no intergrades
of color and vestiture. Tulari in character seems to us to be
intermediate between moesta and concolor.

It may be well at this point to remember that our species have
originated in the East, where all are found except two, popul-
nea and hornii. Ofthese, populnea has not specialized
from the Old World form, as has hornii, which is evidently
descended from and is still closely related to similis. Cal-
carata is the only one of our species that extends to the west
coast, where it has been found by Professor Piper in Washington.

Bearing this in mind and remembering that moesta, asa

|

!

: if
|
ri

eS

Fig, 7 Elytral characters of females: atulari, punctures scattered; 5moesta, punctures
contiguous; cpopulnea, punctures confluent

unicolorous form, as we know it in the East, has not crossed the
Sierras and has not yet been found on the coast, there can be no
question of its being distinct.

Tulari, like moesta, is evidently of American origin
and not an emigrant from the Old World. The punctures and
dense punctulations in the elytra show a wider divergence from
populnea than moesta and connect that species and
moesta with concolor.

Description S.populnea Linn. [pl. 7, fig.4]. Black, shining,
coarsely and deeply punctured, the punctures often contiguous
and confluent on the elytra; a few punctulations which are
sometimes wanting occurring between the punctures; sparsely
covered with a light gray or fulvous pubescence; thorax with a
lateral band of dense fulvous or yellowish gray hairs; elytra

7O : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

with eight small spots of dense fulvous or yellowish hair, ar-
ranged in pairs, the first and third nearer the suture, the third
pair being the largest; one or more pairs often obsolete, the
third pair being the most permanent; antennae black, annulated
with gray, first joint black. .

Ss moesta Lec. like populnea; but the vesmrnneeses
uniform light gray without spots, and the lateral line on the
thorax only faintly shown.

The punctulations on the intervals between the punctures are
more numerous than in populnea.

S. tulari n. subsp. [pl. 7, fig: ©]. like popmlime asad
moesta; but the punctures, which are larger and deeper and
usually with an edge, are not so numerous as in the other two
species and seldom confluent; the intervals are densely punctu-
lateasinconcolor. Itis densely covered with red or fulvous
hair. Thorax with a stripe on side and a median band on top.
Types in collection of L. H. Joutel and National Museum,
Washington.

The above discriptions apply more particularly to the females.

Distribution. S. populnea, moesta and tulari.
With the material before us, it may be well to revise the distribu-
tion of these species, which have been confused. As stated,
moesta does not occur on the Pacific coast and so must be
dropped from the lists of that section.

S.populnea. Well marked examples have been seen from
Washington, Oregon, California, Spokane Wash. and Los Angeles
county, Cal. In Europe it feeds in poplar and willow stems forming
galls.

S. moesta. Canada to Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Colo-
rado, New York, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Buffalo, Montreal,
Toronto, Lake Superior. It feeds in balsam poplar. Moesta
has never been found in the vicinity of New York city to our
knowledge; and the one from Staten Island cited by Smith in
Insects of New Jersey, was probably concolor.

S. tulari. Tulare county, Cals) Yosemite Cale Arizona.
Nevada, Oregon, Washington.

MONOGRAPH OF.THE GENUS SAPERDA 71

Saperda moesta Lec.

This insect [pl. 7, fig. 5] confines its operations to the balsam
poplar or balm of Gilead so far as known, and occasionally it is
quite injurious to this tree.t

Life history. The beetles appear in June. Two sizes of larvae
in gall-like swellings from I to 2 inches apart and in shoots about
¥2 inch in diameter were found by Mr Harrington in June. The
feos Ss, Wellicow bred Sciapteron tricincta- Harr:
from enlargements in the branches and stems of the balm of
Gilead and the common willow? which were caused by this
species and its associate, Saperda concolor. Mr Saund-
ers states that he received a bundle of balm of Gilead twigs on
Mar. 25 which were infested with this insect. The larvae were
very thickly set in the branches, in many places not more than
an inch or two apart, and located chiefly at the base of the buds,
where the presence of the occupant was indicated by a swelling
in the branch which was surmounted by a dark brown patch of
partly decayed bark. The castings and debris of the borer were
of a light orange color and were pushed forward, stuffing the.
swollen part. The whole length of the excavation made by each
larva did not usually exceed an inch, and so much of this was
filled with debris that the clear space left was very little larger
than its body. Mr Saunders describes the larvae as follows:

Body above deep yellow, with a glossy surface, sprinkled with
very minute, short yellow hairs, invisible without a lens. Second
segment above and below a little deeper in color and more horny
looking than the other segments; interspaces between segments
strongly indented. There was a depressed dorsal line not differ-
ent in color from the rest of the body, but sunken, and on each
side of it the projecting rings of the body were somewhat flat-

tened. Spiracles pale brown, rather small. Terminal segment a
little more hairy than the others.

*Mr Charles Stevensen, of Montreal, kindly sent us some fresh galls
of Saperda moesta, from which the illustrations were made and a
number of specimens reared.

*Moesta probably caused the galls in balm of Gilead, and con-
color those in the willow.

Pais)

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

NI

The bunch of twigs received Mar. 25, as above stated, were
examined by Mr Saunders May 2, when he found that no pupal
inclosure was to be seen, though the head, antennae and legs of
the beetle were fully developed, while the wings and wing cases
were only partially so. On May 16 the wing cases of one
beetle were full length but not fully expanded, while in another
case they were fully developed. The twigs containing these
insects had been kept in a dry room and hence they were quite
dry and brittle. Fresh twigs received May 24 showed that a
considerable number of the occupants had been eaten by wood-
peckers, though some five or six specimens were found in pupal
cells, one of which was occupied by the pupa of a parasite. The
pupa of this Saperda has been described by Mr Saunders as
follows:

Body semitransparent; color uniform pale yellow, except the
eyes and mandibles, which were black; the jaws were faintly
tipped with brown and a faint brown line down each side of the
scutellum. All the parts of the insect were plainly visible
throughout the pupal case. The wings were very small and
diverged to each side of the scutellum.

May 29 two of the pupae from the fresh lot of twigs had
become perfect beetles, and early in June all had completed their

transformations and escaped through neat round holes.

Bibliography*

1850 LeConte, J. L. Lake Superior, Agassiz and Cabot, p.234 (Original
description)

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 2:163 (Description, distribution)

Class, Coleopt. N. Am. Smithsonian Miscel. Coll. 265, p.346
‘(Ranges from Canada to Oregon)

1874 Saunders, William. Can. Ent. 6:61-63 (Notes on life history, in
balm of Gilead)

1877 Provancher, L’abbé L. Faune Can. 1 Coleopt. p.635 (Description)

1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p.to (Listed)

1881 Packard, A. S. U.S. Ent. Com. Bul. 7, p.118 (Boring poplar and
balm of Gilead, larva described) :

1884 Dimmock, George. Stand. Nat. Hist. 2:326 (Distribution, attacks
poplars)

*This also comprises what was formerly referred to moesta and in-
cludes populnea and tulari.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 73

1884 Harrington, W. H. Can. Ent. 16:102 (On balsam poplar in June,
two sizes of larvae)

Ent. Soc. Ont. 20th Rep’t, 1889, p.52 (Produces galls in
poplar) ;

1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p.436 (Attacks poplar
and balm of Gilead, larva described)

1891 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Micro. Soc. Jour. 7:31 (Bibliography
of transformations)

1892 Kellicott, D.S. Can. Ent. 24:209(Bred Sciapteron tricincta
from enlargements in Populus candicans and willow)

1896 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:80 (In smaller
branches of poplar and willow)

1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 151
(Systematic account)

1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:42 (Specific characters, food ‘plants)

1899 Smith, J.B. Cat. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. Rep’t, sup. p.297 (Staten
Island, in willow)

1900 Felt, E. P. State Ent. 15th Rep’t. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 31, 6:556
(Bred from Populus balsamifera May 26)

1890

Saperda concolor Lec.

This species, which requires but one year to complete its trans-
formations, so far as our observations go, girdles the trunks of
sapling poplars by running a mine around them, which causes a
swelling often nearly twice the size of the diameter of the tree, as
described by Dr Packard. It infests dwarf willow canes as stated by
Dr Hamilton; and the following is from his account of the insect.

Life history. The beetles appear from the last week in May
till after the middle of June. The smaller canes, %4 to 34 inch in
diameter, of Salix longifolia growing along water
courses are usually selected by this insect for breeding places.
The beetle gnaws a longitudinal incision through the bark, about
% inch in length, and deposits an egg in each end. Several are
usually made in the same cane some distance apart and these
often cause its death the following year. A warty, gnarly swell-
ing occurs around each incision [pl. 6, fig. 14]. The young
larvae [pl. 6, fig. 12, 13] follow the same course as those of.
S. fayi, only they burrow deeper into the wood, and there are
no supernumeraries, as there is no need of them, since the wood
of the willow dies much more quickly than that of Crataegus.

74. ‘ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The beetle, however, does not always select the smaller canes
for oviposition, sometimes choosing those from 1% to 2 inches in
diameter, when the larvae pursue a different course, for, instead of
boring up and down, they take a transverse direction and girdle the
stem % to % its circumference, causing a rough annular swelling and
frequently killing the cane.

The head of the pupa is toward the opening from which the
perfect insect emerges. Salix concolor appears to be its
natural food, and, did this beetle confine its attention to this
shrub, it could hardly be classed as injurious; but in the vicinity
of Providence R. I., at least, it has inflicted considerable dam-
age on the common poplar. Two parasites, Pimpla pedalis
and a species of Bracon, have been reared from the galls of this
insect by Professor Davis.

Description. Black, finely punctulate, and with numerous
small, shallow punctures; entirely covered by a dense gray or
yellowish gray pubescence except at the top of the thorax, where
it is less dense, this giving it a darker appearance and increasing
the effect of the lateral band; a slight median line on the thorax;
antennae black, annulated with gray. Var. unicolor na. var.
[pl. 6, fig. 15]. Like type, but pubescence uniformly dark gray
and finer. The punctures are much more numerous than the
type and are apt to be confluent. This variety is the eastern form
and is named as we believe it to be the ancestral form of the species.?

Distribution. This insect has been thus recorded: Sante Fe
N. M. [LeConte], Cliftondale Mass. [Henshaw], Buffalo [Zesch-
Reinecke]; Providence Rj i” [Packard]; pAlleotteny, sarees
Michigan, Canada and New York [Hamilton], New Jersey
[Smith], Ohio [Kellicott]; rare [Provancher], Canada, Massa-
chusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Michigan, New
Mexico [Leng—Hamilton] Arizona.

This insect is often confused in collections with moesta and
Mecas inornata. The type form is from New Mexico, and the
same form has been received from Arizona. Var. concolor is from
the other localities above and also from Idaho, from which an inter-
mediate form has been received. There is no question of their being
forms of one species, the change being due entirely to climatic influences.
It is very close totulari.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 795

Remedies. Dr Lugger advises the use of a soft soap and paris ©
green wash as a preventive of oviposition. He states that the
presence of the larvae is also easily discovered by the discolored
blotch on the bark and by the little heaps of sawdust that are
pushed out by them during their boring operations.

The grubs may be killed by means of a wire or with a pruning

knife.
Bibliography

1853 LeConte, J. L. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 2:163 (Original descrip-
tion, from Santa Fe)

1867 Walsh, B. D. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 6:264-65 (Describes gall,
erroneously referred to Mecas inornata)

1874 Henshaw, Samuel. Psyche, 1:23 (At Cliftondale Mass.)

1877 Provancher, L’abbé L. Faune Ent. Can. 1 Coleopt. p.633, 635 (De-
scription, rare)

1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar, List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p. 10 (Listed)

1881 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. Bul. 7, p.118 (Girdles sapling
poplars) :

1884 Dimmock, George. Stand. Nat. Hist. 2:326 (Attacks poplars)

1885 Hamilton, John. Can. Ent. 17:36 (In dwarf willow)

1888 Can. Ent. 20:8-9 (Life history and habits, in Salix con-
color and poplar)

1888 Ent. Soc. Ont. 18th Rep’t, 1887, p.42 (Life history, distribu-
tion)

1889 Can. Ent. 21:105 (Habits of larvae and beetles)

1889 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 20th Rep’t, p.52 (In willow)

1889 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 9, November, p.56-57,
fig.g (Life history, habits, remedies)

1889 Riley, C. V. Insect Life, 2:164 (Mention)

1890 Cook, A. J. Mich. Agric. Exp. Sta. 3d Rep’t, p.118 (Described, gives
some food plants and the authorities)

Ease Packard, A. S. U.S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p.427 (Work in willow
after Walsh, erroneously referred to Mecas inornata), p.436
(Work and beetle described, in poplar)

1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.212 (Hudson county)

1891 Beutenmuller, William. N.Y. Micro. Soc. Jour. 7:32 (Bibliography
of transformations)

1891 Davis, G. C. Insect Life, 4:66 (In galls on willow)

1892 Ent. Soc. Ont. 22d Rep’t, 1891, p.81 (In galls on Salix dis-
Copious)

1892 Kellicott, D. S. Can. Ent. 24:209-10 (Bred Sciapteron tri-
cincta from enlargements in stems and branches of poplars and
Salix)

1892 Insect Life, 5:82 (Same as preceding)

1895 Hamilton, John. List Coleopt. Southwest. Pa. etc. Am. Ent. Soc.
Trans. 22:370 (Common in Salix longifolia)

76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

1896 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:80 (In poplars and |
willows)

1806 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 151
(Systematic account)

1898 Johnston, James. Can. Ent. 30:71 (Taken at Hamilton Ont. May 1,
June on swamp willow)

1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:42 (Specific characters, food plants)

1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p.215 (Forms galls
in young aspen trunks); same in Ent. Agric. Exp. Sta. 5th Rep’t,
p.131

1899 Smith, J. B. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. 27th Rept supssp-2om
(Wherever swamp willows occur)

1902 Dury, Charles. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 22:163 (Listed)

SOI EZIN eV IDOUN| OS TELA IS; Se
PLATE 1
Saperda candida
Appletree borer
Beetle at rest on the bark
2 Scar indicating the presence of a young grub beneath and
also showing a characteristic oviposition slit

3 Sawdust or borings ejected by half or two thirds grown

larva. This is usually found very close to the base of the

tree:
Exit hole of the beetle, in section
Borer or grub preparing its pupal chamber
Pupal chamber with exit hole of beetle shown at 7
Blackened old burrow seen in trees attacked a year or two

ao om

earlier
PLATE 2

Saperda calcarata
Poplar borer
Beetle at rest on the bark

2 Pupa in its chamber, and below it a mass of long fibrous.
tissues, partly torn from the sides of the burrow

3 Larva or borer in its gallery. This illustration shows the
expanded character of the burrow near the orifice through
which the larva ejects its numerous borings. The black-
ened appearance of old galleries is also represented, as
well as their occurrence at different depths in the wood.

*Executed from nature by the junior author, L. H. Joutel, New York.

Aw WwW

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA Di.

PLATE 3

Portion of elm bark illustrating the work of the larva of the
eum borer, Sapéerda tridentata. It will be seen
that many of the borings are in dead tissues, and that a
few extend into the living bark, which apparently gradu-
ally dies and permits the insect to extend its operations

- over a considerable area.

Piece of hickory bark illustrating the work of the larva of
S. discoidea. The white sawdust excavated from a
pupal chamber made in the wood is shown at a, and a
pupal chamber in the bark is represented at b.

Se bardie nt ata

Sei iyh an Ss

S. discoidea, female

Ss discoidea, male

PLATE 4
Saperda cretata and concolor
Spotted appletree and willow borers

Work of S. cretata in thorn, showing the irregular char-
acter of its galleries, and the different depths at which they
occur

Adult beetle

S concolor, enlarsed

Work of this species or possibly S. tulari in Arizona
willow. This illustration represents the peculiar gall, the
general form of the galleries and pupal cell, with the exit

hole in section.
PLATE 5

Saperda vestita and obliqua
Linden and alder borers

Portion of the base of a linden, showing the work of the
larva of S. vestita, and at a the circular exit hole of
the adult

A small alder stem, showing the enlargement produced by
the larva of S. obliqua a year after the stem had been
deserted

An alder stem showing the external appearance, indicating
recent operations of the larva of S. obliqua and at
b the pupal cell with the mass of borings blocking one end

OV U1

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Section of alder stem showing the method of work of the
larva of S. obliqua
S. vestita. female

S. 0 biveura
PLATE 6

Saperda fayi
Thorn borer
Branch of the thorntree showing the galls and work of this
species
An old gall with a larger one just below it
Section of a fresh gall showing the work of the larva
Borings in the stem
Exit hole of the beetle in section

Adult, enlarged
Saperda puncticollis

Virginia creeper borer

Portion of Virginia creeper, representing the galls and work
of this species

Section of the stem, showing the pupal chamber

Larva at work under the bark

Exit hole in section

Exit hole

Section of thin bark and sawdust stopper closing opening to
pupal chamber

Same shown in a surface view

Beetle, enlarged

Saperda concolor var. unicolor
Willow borer

Branch of poplar, showing the galls and work of this insect
Fresh galls and exit holes of beetles
Fresh gall cut open and showing the pupal cells: one empty,

one occupied, and one extending up and the other down
Section of old gall showing the internal appearance of the

tissues
External appearance of old galls
Beetle, enlarged

mB WwW DH

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA : 79

PLATE 7
paperda calearata var: adspersa
Se iit te a
“Sieg WON ao
S. populnea, enlarged
S. moesta. The long line at its side shows the average
length of Idaho specimens, the short one, that of New
York, Canadian, and west of Wisconsin to Michigan
specimens.
BS tulari, enlarced
Galls of S. moesta
A Young gall shows wound caused by female
B Exit hole
Slaperalis, enlarged
Selateralisiyat connecta, enlarsed
Galls of S. moesta, with one cut open showing the pupal
chamber
A Oviposition scar
B Exit hole of the beetle

PLATE 8
Early work of Saperda candida
Appletree borer

Oviposition scars made by the female

Borings or frass thrown out by young grubs working under
the bark

Bark cut away, showing the young larva in its gallery and
its method of work

Scar showing old, overgrown exit hole

Upper portion of the wound caused by the insect, which
emerged several years before at 4
The number of grubs in this small stem, which is only

about 14 inches in diameter, is sufficient to kill a tree.

PLATE 9
Advanced work of Saperda candida
Appletree borer
This represents the appearance in section and lower por-
tion of a very badly infested stem of a young tree, and shows

(Sy)

2

iS)

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

that it may be practically riddled before death ensues. The
exit holes seen in the upper portion are by no means unusu-
ally abundant and such severe injury is certain to result in

the death of the tree.
PLATE tro

Advanced work of Saperda candida
Appletree borer
Base of two year old tree killed by borers
Young tree entirely girdled by two borers, showing two exit
holes, and at A the only connection with the root
Young tree killed by borers: 4A shows the only connection with
the root and #8 is a bare area which the tree has tried to cover

with living tissue.
PLATE 11

Early work of Saperda calcarata
Poplar borer
This represents the early galleries and illustrates how a
few larvae can easily girdle a young tree, because of their
running a portion of their burrows transversely-in the inner
bark and outer sapwood.
Advanced work of S. tridentata, elm borer

PLATE 12
Advanced work of Saperda calcarata
Poplar borer
This illustration shows the irregulat character of the galleries,
the closed pupal cells with the coarse fibers stopping the free
end, and the expanded character of the burrows about the exit.

PLATE 13
Saperda fayi
Gall in thorn branch, also holes made by woodpeckers searching
for grubs
Typical, fully developed gall

PLATE 14 ;
Holes of woodpeckers in alder, made in search of the larvae of
Saperda obliqua

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1902

L.H.JOUTEL

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yes

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ak ee

PA Ee

L.H.JOUTEL 1902

Saperda calcarata, poplar borer

MESS. Se oe See ae a eee oe oe Le

PLATE 3

L-H.JOUTEL 1902

Saperda tridentata,imitans and discoidea
Elm and hickory borers

PLATE 4

L.HJOUTEL 1902

olor

Saperda cretata and conc

Spotted appletree and willow

borers

PLATE 5

L.H.JOUTEL 1902

Saperda vestita and obliqua

Linden and alder borers

SS
Sart “
AVN

Sey
if

PLATE 6

L.LH.JOUTEL 1902

Saperda fayi, puncticollis and concolor
Thorn, virginia creeper and willow borers

PATE 7,

L.H.JOUTEL 1902

Saperdas

a

en

Plate 8

appletree borer

Early work of Saperda candida,

Ti Sin gmARgn > Oe pana

Plate 9

Advanced work of Saperda candida, appletree borer

9001} Sunods Jo osvq }v ‘tet0q serjoqdde “‘eprpuevo eBepdoa advg jo ¥IOM posuUuBApy

6

OT 94%1d

a, ” = ae
T Oe) inet oo

Jo1oq We ‘VI VIUSPIA} VPAIVAdLG JO YOM poouvapy Z :dotoq avjndod ‘VyRAIvI[ Vd) Vvpaodevg Jo yAIOM ATLA T

i

II 91d

Plate 12

Advanced work of Saperda calearata, poplar borer

Plate 13

Woodpecker work and galls of Saperda fayi, in thorn

Plate 14

Woodpecker work in alder stem bored by Saperda obliqua

ae

iNDES”

Page numbers referring to descriptions of species are printed in black

face type.

Acknowledgments, 3.

-Adams, M. F., cited, 41, 45, 47.

Alder, species injuring:~

Saperda lateralis, 60.
obliqua, 17, 18.

Alder borer, 18-20; bibliography, 20;
description, 19-20; distribution, 19;
-natural enemies, 20; life history
and habits, 18-19; explanation of
plates, 77-78.

Antennal characters, grouping on, 8.

Appletree, species injuring: 4.
Saperda candida, 17, 23, 28.

eretata, 17, 50.

Appletree borer, round-headed, 23-
39; bibliography, 31-39; descrip-
tion, 28; natural enemies, 28; food
plants, 28; habitat, 27-28; early his-
tory, 23-24; life history, 24-27; ex-
planation of plates, 76, 79-80; pre-
ventive and remedial measures,
28-31.

Appletree borer, spotted, 50-52;
bibliography, 51-52; description,
50; distribution, 50; food plants,
50; life history, 51; explanation of
plate, 77; remedies, 51.

armicollis, Magdalis, 44, 45.

Aspen, Saperda calcarata injuring,
AT.

Atkins, C. G.,, cited, 36.

Balm of Gilead, species injuring:

Saperda concolor, 71.
moesta, 18, 71.

Balsam poplar, Saperda moesta in-
juring, 70, 7T.

barbita, Magdalis, 44, 45.

Bartlett, J. N., cited, 34.

Bateman, cited, 35.

Bates, cited, 6, 12.

Beach, S. A., cited, 30.

Beadle, cited, 33.

Beaulieu, Germain, acknowledgments
to, 4.

Belli |eleacited. ssn.

Bessey, C. E., cited, 34.

Bethune, C. J. S., acknowledgments

to, 4; cited, 27, 33-34, 35, 36.
Beutenmuller, William, cited, 20, 28,
37, 38, 43, 49, 54, 57, 58, 62, 66, 68,
733 75) 70.
Birch, Saperda obliqua injuring, Io.
Blanchard, Frederick, acknowledg-
ments to, 4; mentioned, 47; cited,
50, 50.
Bland, J: H. B., cited, 66.
Bogue, E. E., cited, 38.
Bolles, Prof., cited, 42; mentioned, 47.
Bowditch, F. C., acknowledgments
to, 4.
Brackett, Gy He citeds.33) 35,
Bracon sp., 74.
charus, 56.
pectinator, 56.
Briggs, Nathan, cited, 32.
Bruner, Lawrence, cited,
43.
Buckminster, cited, 26, 31.
Buel, Jesse, cited, 31.

38, 39, 40,

calearata, Saperda, see Saperda cal-
carata.

candida, Saperda, see Saperda can-
dida.

carcharias, Saperda, see Saperda car-
charias.

carinata, Saperda, 6.

Castle, D. M., acknowledgments to, 4.

Caulfield, F. B., cited, 48, 58, 61, 62.

Cenocoelius populator, 28.

Chambers, Prof., cited, 26.

Chambliss, C. E., cited, 37.

charus, Bracon, 56.

Cherry, Saperda candida injuring, 28.

Chittenden, F. H., cited, 38, 50, 52.

82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Chokeberry, Saperda candida injur-
ing, 28.

Chrysobothris femorata, 23.

Clay, C. M., cited, 35.

Comstock, J. H., cited, 38.

concolor, Saperda, see Saperda con-
color.

(Cools; An Jig Girod, 2 Zo, Su, AO, 37,
50, 51, 52, 75.

Cooke, Matthew, cited, 36.

Cottonwood, Saperda calcarata injur-
ing, 41.

Couper, William, cited, 23, 32.

Crab apples, Saperda cretata injur-
ing, 50.

Crataegus coccinia, 31.
crus-galli, 31, 62.
tomentosa, 62.

cretata, Saperda, see Saperda cretata.

Davis, G. C., cited, 38, 75; men-
tioned, 74. ?

Davis, William T., acknowledgments
to, 4; mentioned, 4.

decem-punctata, Eutatrapha, 8.

Dimmock, George, cited, 9, 26, 34, 36,
43, 48, 57, 62, 72, 75-

discoidea, Saperda, see Saperda dis-
coidea.

Distribution of species, 9-10.

Doll, J., cited, 42.

Dury, Charles, cited, 40, 43, 44, 50, 54,
58, 62, 68, 76.

Dyar, H. G., acknowledgments to, 4.

Ehrmann, G. A., cited, 58.

Elaphidion villosum, 60.

Elm, species injuring: 4.

Saperda lateralis, 59.
tridentata, 17, 44.
vestita, 56.

Elm borer, 44-50; description, 46; dis-
tribution, 47; food plants, 46; early
history, 44-45; life history, 45-46;
explanation of plates, 77, 80; reme-
dies, 47; signs of attack, 45.

Emmons, Ebenezer, cited, 9, 32, 41,
42, 48, 57.

Eutatrapha, 6, 7, 12.
(Saperda) metallescens, 6.
16-punctata, 6.
10-punctata, 8.
(Saperda) varicornis, 6, 8.
Exotic species, genera and
genera, 5.
Explanation of plates, 76-80.

sub-

Fabricius, J. C., cited, 9, 21, 31, 54,
61.

Fall, H. C., acknowledgments to, 4.

Faville, E. E., cited, 38.

fayi, Saperda, see Saperda fayi.

Felt, E. P., cited, 39, 43-44, 40-50, 73-

femorata, Chrysobothris, 23.

Fernald, C. H., cited, 34.

Fernald, H. @., cited, 30.

Fitch, Asa, cited, 23, 24, 26, 28, 20, 30,
31, 32, 42, 46, 48, 54, 60, 62.

Fletcher, James, cited, 38.

Food habits of larvae, grouping and
summary of, 17-18.

Forbes, S. A., cited, 44, 48.

fortunei, Paraglenea, 6, 7.

Fowler, Sam P., cited, 20, 32.

Fuchs, Charles, acknowledgments.
to, 4.

Bulleray les SueCited:.e5-am

Fyles, Thomas W., cited, 38, 39.

Garman, H., cited, 44, 49.

Gay, cited, 26.

Gaylord, W., cited, 31.

Gillette, C. P., cited, 37.

Glenida suffusa, 6.

Grape, Saperda puncticollis injuring,.

67.

Haldeman, S. S., cited, 20, 21, 32, 42,.
48, 54, 57, 61, 68.

Hamilton, John, cited, 9, 19, 20, 21,.
38, 41, 43, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58,
61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 73, 74, 75).
70.

Harrington, W. H., cited, 21, 36, 37,.
43, 48, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 61, 62, 66,.

67; 68,7715 73): 75:
Harris, E. D., acknowledgments to, 4..

INDEX TO GENUS SAPERDA 83

Harris, T. W., cited, 23525431) 9240;
42, 44, 48, 54, 50, 57.

Harvey, F. L., cited, 37, 30.

Haywood, Roland, mentioned, 59.

Hazel shoots, Saperda obliqua injur-
ing, 19.

Heartt, Philip, mentioned, 23, 31.

Henshaw, Samuel, acknowledgments
to, 3; species listed by, 5; cited, 61,
62, 74, 75.

Hickory, species injuring: 4.

Saperda discoidea, 18, 52.
imitans, 18, 58.
lateralis, 18, 59.

Hickory Saperda, 52-54; bibliography,
54; description, 53; distribution,
53, 54; natural enemies, 54; food
plants, 53; life history, 52-53.

Hoffmeister, A. W., cited, 34.

Elon, G.-H., cited, 7, 0, 53:

hornii, Saperda, see Saperda hornii.

Eloward. 1, ©, cited, 28!°37, 56.57:

Eloy, PB. R., cited, 35.

Hubbard, H. G., cited, 48.

imitans, Saperda, see Saperda imi-
tans.
inornata, Mecas, 74.

Jack, J. G, cited, 38, 41, 43.

Johnson, W. G., cited, 38.

Johnston, James, cited, 38, 76.

Joutel L. He, cited; 21,°23, 42. 44.

June berry, Saperda cretata injuring,
50.

Junkins, W., cited, 25-26, 36.

mellicott,: D..S., cited, 71, 73, 74, 75.

Kemp, S. T., cited, 60, 62.

Key to species, 15-16.

Klages, H. G., acknowledgments to,
4.

Knab, Fred, cited, 19, 20.

Knaus, W., acknowledgments to, 4.

Kunze, R. E., acknowledgments to, 4.

-
Lacordaire, cited, 7.

Larvae, grouping and summary of

food habits, 17-18.

lateralis, Saperda, see Saperda later-
alis.

laticollis, Prionus, 40.

Laurent, Philip, acknowledgments
to, 4.

Le Baron, William, cited, 9, 34.

Ke Contes, Jn Las cited 77 0,4 19.20;
21, 27, 32, 34, 42, 43, 48, 51, 53, 54,
56, 57, 61, 67, 68, 72, 74, 75:

Leng, Charles W., acknowledgments
toe cited ,.0; pLO, A 20} 221s 6s. Ale
43, 49, 50, 52, 54, 50, 58, 61, 62, 65,
66;67," 68.773: 745, 7:

Linden, species injuring: 4.

Saperda vestita, 18, 54.

Linden borer, 54-58; bibliography,
57-58; description, 56; distribution,
50; natural enemies, 56; food
plants, 50; early history, 54-55;
life history, 55-560; explanation of
plate, 77-78; remedies, 56-57.

Lintner, J. A., cited, 36, 37, 38, 43,
44, 49, 52, 57, 58, 63.

Lowe, V. H., cited, 30.

Lugger, Otto, cited, 19, 20, 30, 4I,
43, 49, 52, 54, 58, 67, 68, 75, 76.

McCarthy, G., cited, 37. a
McMillan, Conway, cited, 26, 27, 37.
Magdalis armicollis, 44, 45.
barbita, 44, 45.
Marshall, W. S., acknowledgments
LO; As
Mecas inornata, 74.
metaléescens, Saperda, 6, 12.
moesta, Saperda, see Saperda moesta.
Moffat, J. A., cited, 53, 54, 63, 65, 66.
Morris, M. H., cited, 32.
Mountain ash, Saperda candida in-
juring, 28.
Mulsant, cited, 5.
Munson, W. M., cited, 39.
mutica, Saperda, see Saperda mutica.

Newman, Edward, cited, 51.

Oak, Saperda puncticollis injuring,
67.

obliqua, Saperda, see Saperda obliqua.

octo-punctata, Saperda, 7.

84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Oeillet, C. J., acknowledgments to, 4.

Olivier, A. G., cited, 3, 21, 48, Ot.

Osborn, Herhert, cited, 35, 36, 37; 50,
51, 52.

Packard, A. S., cited, 19, 20, 32, 33,
40, 42, 43, 46, 48, 49,55, 56, 57, 60,

61, 62, 72, 73, 74, 75:
Palm, Charles, acknowledgments to,

Paraglenea fortunei, 6, 7.
Parmelee, George, cited, 34.
Parrott, P. J., cited, 38.
Patton) aelee Cited s30)
Pear, Saperda candida injuring, 28.
pectinator, Bracon, 56.
pedalis, Pimpla, 74.
pertorata, Saperda, 8.
Perkins, G. H., cited, 34, 40.
Pimpla pedalis, 74.
Piper, C. V., acknowledgments to, 4;
cited, 42.
Plates, explanation of, 76-80.
Plum, Saperda candida injuring, 28.
Poison ivy, Saperda puncticollis in-
juring, 67.
Poplar, species injuring: 4.
Saperda calcarata, 17, 30-42.
concolor, 18, 73.
populnea, 18.
vestita, 56.
Poplar, balsam, see Balsam poplar.
Poplar borer, 309-44; bibliography,
42-44; description, 41; distribution,
41-42; food plants, 41; early his-
tory, 40; life history, 40-41; ex-
planation of plates, 76, 80; reme-
dies, 42.
populator, Cenocoelius, 28.
populnea, Saperda, see Saperda popul-
nea. '
Powell, G. T., cited, 24.
Prionus laticollis, 40.
Process on claws of males, grouping
on, 7.
Promachus saperdae, 28.
Prouty, Daniel, cited, 31.
Provancher, L’abbé L., cited, 9, 20
B57 AL 4351485 50; 575 O22, AN7oe

pubescens, Saperda, 6.
Thyestes, 8.

punctata, Saperda, 7.

puncticollis, Saperda, see
puncticollis.

Saperda

quadrispinosus, Scolytus, 18, 52, 53.

quercus, Saperda, 8.

Quince, Saperda candida injuring,
28.

Randall, J. W., cited, 68.

Rathvon, S. S.} cited, 32, 42) 43,550)
57.

Red-edged saperda, 59-62.

Reed, E. B., cited, 50, 51, 56, 57.

Reed, Shelby, mentioned, 40.

Reinecke, Ottomar, cited, 19, 20, 21,
35, 43, 48, 53, 54, 56, 57, 61, 62, 66,
68, 72, 74, 75-

Remedial measures,
species.

Rhus radicans, 67.
toxicodendron, 67.

Riley, C. V., cited, 25, 28, 32, 33, 34,
-35, 36, 37; 40, 42, 43, 50, 56, 57, 62,
75:

Rivers, J. J., acknowledgments to, 4;
mentioned, 23.

Round-headed appletree borer, 23-39.

see names of

Salix concolor, Saperda concolor in-
juring, 74.
longifolia, Saperda concolor injur-

lier, "7
Saperda, 4; bibliography, 9; distribu-
tion of species, 9-10; exotic

species, 5; specific relationships,
10-13; subgeneric grouping, 7;
systematic list of American
species, 13-17.

calcatata, 7, 8, 0) Ll, 12) l3hiAnsuar

7, 39-44, 60.
explanation of plates, 76, So.

var. adspersa, II, 13, 16, AI, 42,

79.
candida, 7%, 8, 0). 12,913). 14, 16a,
23-39.

explanation of plates, 76, 79-80.
Canchanics. Garo lees O:

INDEX TO GENUS SAPERDA 85

Saperda carinata, 6.
concolor, 7, 8, 10, II, 13, 14, 16, I7,
18, 65, 69, 70, 71, 73-76.
explanation of plate, 77.
var. unicolor, 10, 13, 16.
explanation of plate, 78.
cretata, 4, 7, 8, 9, II, 13,-14, 16, 17,
50-52, 6s.
explanation of plate, 77.
discoidea, 6, 7, 8, 9, II, 13, 14, 16,
17, 18, 52-54.
explanation of plate, 77.
8-punctata, 7.
Pay pmOr Gp t2. TS\ EAM Th tO. 17,
18, 62-66, 73.
explanation of plates, 78, 80.
Horie 4ei5. 0.0728) TO, 12.135 104;
15, 17, 22, 69, 79.
imitans ”. sp., 7, 8, 13, 14, 16, 17,
18, 58-59, 61, 77.
laferalisw5.9G! 7.6.°G, TO," bl, 2, 13;
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 59-62, 79.
abbreviata, 60.
var. connecta . var., 13, 16,
61, 79.
suturalis, 60.
metallescens, 6, 12.
moesta, 5, 8, 10, II, 14,
70, t1-73, 74, 79.
Piniiied, 8A, (75-1, TO, (12,113, 145.15,
Tree a7):
obligtta; 7,73; 9; 10; ID, 13, 14, 15,
17, 18-20.
explanation of plates,

18, 68, 69,

77-78, 80.

** perforata, 8.

populnea. 34,5; 7,8, 10, TI, 13,
14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 68-70, 72, 79.
moesta, 13, I5.
tulari m. subsp., 13, 15.
pubescens, 6.
punctata, 7.
puncticollis, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 66-68.
explanation of plate, 78.
quercus, 8.
scalaris, 7, 8.
similis, 8, 12, 60.
16-punctata, 12.

60-°

Saperda tridentata, 3, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 12,
13, 14,16, 17, 44-50, 58, 50, 61.
explanation of plates, 77, 8o.
trigeminata, 68.
tulari, 8, 10, 11, 14, 18, 68, 69, 70,
PHT AO):
explanation of plate, 77.
varicornis, 12.
WORE. Gals GO ait, aig, ah AG, 107%,
18, 54-58.
explanation of plate, 77-78.
Saperda, red-edged, 59-62; bibliog-
raphy, 61-62; description, 60; dis-
tribution, 61; life history, 59-60.
saperdae, Promiachus, 28.
Saunders, William, cited, 26, 36, 71,
Wr
Say, Thomas, cited, 19, 20, 21, 30, 31,
42, 54, 50, 57, 67, 68.
scalaris, Saperda, 7, 8.
Schaeffer, Charles, acknowledgments
tO} Ae
Schwarz, E. A., acknowledgments to,
4.
Sciapteron tricincta, 71.
Scolytus quadrispinosus, 18, 52, 53.
sexdecim-punctata, Eutratrapha (Sa-
perda), 6.
sexdecim-punctata, Saperda, 12.
Shad bush, Saperda candida injuring,
28.
similis, Saperda, 8, 12, 69.
Skinner, Henry, acknowledgments
OSes.
Slingerland, M. V., cited, 20, 30.
Smith, J. B., cited, 19, 20, 21, 24, 20,
37, 38, 39, 43, 49, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57;
58, 62, 65, 66, 67; 68, 70, 73, 74, 75;
76.
Smith, S. I., cited, 34.
Specific relationships, 10-13.
Spotted appletree borer, 50-52; ex-
planation of plate, 77.
Stedman, J. M., cited, 38.
Stevenson, Charles, acknowledgments
to, 4; cited, 7T.
Stewart, F. C., cited, 30.
Stickney, J. S., cited, 37.
Stout, OE) cited) 35.
Strong, Woodbridge, cited, 31, 37.

86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Subgeneric grouping, 7.
suffusa, Glenida, 6.

Lemiplin, wu: Ji, citeds 50:

Thomas, Cyrus, cited, 9; 24, 35, 48.

Thomson, J., cited, 6.

Thorn, species injuring:

Saperda candida, 28.
cretata, 17.
fayi, 18, 62.

Thorn limb borer, 62-66; bibliog-
raphy, 66; description, 65; distri-
bution, 65; natural enemies, 66;
life history, 63-65; explanation of
plate, 78, 79.

Thyestes, 6, 7.
pubescens, 8.

Tolman, Adams, cited, 24, 37, 60, 61,
62.

Townsend, [C. H.] Tyler, 37.

Tracy, William W., cited, 34.

Treat, Mary, cited, 24, 28, 38.

tricincta, Sciapteron, 71.

tridentata, Saperda, see Saperda tri-
dentata.

trigeminata, Saperda, 68.

tulari, Saperda, see Saperda tulari.

Uhler, P. R., cited, 32.

Van Dyke, Henry C., acknowledg-
ments to, 4; cited, 17; mentioned,
23.

varicornis,
6, 8.

varicornis, Saperda, 12.

vestita, Saperda, see Saperda vestita.

villosum, Elaphidion, 60.

Virginia creeper, Saperda puncticol-
lis injuring, 18, 67, 68, 78.

Eutatrapha (Saperda),

Walsh, B. D., cited, 28, 32, 33, 41,
ABS 62,075;

| Watson, F. E., acknowledgments to,

4.

Webster, F. M., acknowledgments
to, 4; cited, 18, 30, 56, 58.

Weed, C. M., cited, 20; 37.

Weed, H. E., cited, 38.

Wenzel, H. W., acknowledgments
tO, 333 Cmueal, Bir, EO);

Wickham, H. F., cited, 9, 20, 21, 38,
43, 52, 54, 58, 62, 66, 68, 73, 76.

Wielandy, J. F., cited, 33.

| Wier, D. B., cited, 23, 24, 26, 34.
‘Willow, species injuring:

Saperda calcarata, 41.
concolor, 18, 71, 73.
hornii, 17, 23.
moesta, 71.
mutica, 17, 21.
populnea, 18.
tulari, 18.
Willow borer, explanation of plates,
77, 78.
Winne, A. F., acknowledgments to, 4.
Woodbine borer, 66-68; bibliography,
68; description, 67; distribution,
67-68; food plants, 67.
Woodward, C. W., acknowledgments
to, 4.

Young, D. B., cited, 55.

Zabriskie, J. L., cited, 56, 58.

Zesch, Frank, cited, 19, 20, 21, 35, 43,
48, 53, 54, 56, 57, 61, 62, 66, 68, 72,
74, 75.

Zimmerman, C. D., cited, 24, 35, 63,
65, 66, 67, 68.

ce e
Re ——E—---

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Z5 (38) Miller, G. S. jr. Key to the Land Mammals of Northeastern North
America. I106p. Oct. Ig00. 5c.

Z6 (40) Simpson, G: B. Anatomy and Physiology of Polygyra albolabris
and Limax maximus and Embryology of Limax maximus. 82p. 28pl.
Och 10014 256:

27 (43) Kellogg, J. L. Clam and Scallop Industries of New York. 36p.
2pl. map. Ap. 1901. 0c.

Z8 (51) Eckel, E.C. & Paulmier, F.C. Catalogue of Reptiles and Batrach-
ians of New York. 64p. il. Ipl Ap. 1902. 5c.

Eckel, E. C. Serpents of Northeastern United States.
Paulmier, F.C. Lizards, Tortoises and Batrachians of New York.

Z9 (60) Bean, T. H. Catalogue of the Fishes of New York. 784p. Feb.
1903. $1, cloth.

Z10 (71) Kellogg, J. L. Feeding Habits and Growth of Venus mercenaria.
30p. 4pl. Sep. 1903. Zoc.

Farr, M. S. Birds of New York. Jn preparation.

Letson, Elizabeth J. Catalogue of New York Mollusca. Jn preparation.

Entomology. Enl (5) Lintner, J. A. White Grub of the May Beetle. 32p.
il. Nov. 1888. oc. ;

En2 (6) —— Cut-worms. 36p. il. Nov. 1888. soc.

En3 (13) —— San José Scale and Some Destructive Insects of New York
State. 54p. 7pl. Ap. 1895. 15c. -

En4 (20) Felt, E. P. Elm-leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. spl.
June 1898. 5c.

See Ents.
En5 (23) —— t4th Report of the State Entomologist 1808. rsop. il. opl.
Dec. 1898. 20¢.
En6 (24) Memorial of the Life and Entomologic work of J. A. Lint-

ner Ph.D. State Entomologist 1874-98; Index to Entomologist’s Re-
ports 1-13... 316p.rpl.* Oct. 1899. 3c.

Supplement to rgth report of the state entomologist.
En7 (26) Collection, Preservation and Distribution of New York In-
sects. 36p. il. Ap. 1899. 5c. '
En8 eae —— Shade Tree Pests in New York State. 26p. il. spl. May
1899. 5c.
En9 oan ae 15th Report of the State Entomologist 1899. 128p. June
1900. I5¢.
Enl0 (36) —— 16th Re
Mar. 1901. 25¢.

port of. the State Entomologist 1900. 118p. 16pl.

UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

Enll (37) —— Catalogue of Some of the More Important Injurious and
Beneficial Insects of New York State. 54p. il. Sep. 1900. Oc,

Enl2 (46) Scale Insects of Importance and a List of the Species in ©
New York State. 4p. il. 15pl. June 1901. 25¢c. 3

Enl3 (47) Needham, J. G. & Betten, Cornelius. Aquatic Insects in the
Adirondacks. 234p. il. 36pl. Sep. 1901. 45c.

Enl4 (53) Felt, E. P. 17th Report of the State Entomologist 1901. 232p.
il. 6pl. Aug. 1902. 30.

Enl5 (57) Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. Spl. Aug.
1902. 5c.

This isa revision of En4 containing the more essential facts observed since that was prepared.

Enl6 (59) Grapevine Root Worm. 4op. 6pl. Dec. 1902. r5e.

See Entg.

Enl7 (64) —— 18th Report of the State Entomologist 1902. 110p. 6pl.
M 20¢. ;

ay 1903.

Enl8 (68) Needham, J. G. & others. Aquatic Insects in New York. 322p.

s2pl. Aug. 1903. 80c, cloth. ;

Enl9 (72) Felt, E. P. Grapevine Root Worm. 58p. 13pl. Nov. 1903. 20¢.
This is a revision of Enr6 containing the more essential facts observed since that was prepared.
En20 (74) Felt, E. P. & Joutel, L. H. Monograph of the Genus Saperda.

88p. i4pl. June 1904. 25¢c.

Felt, E. P. 19th Report of the State Entomologist 1903. In press.

—— Mosquitos or Culicidae of New York. Jn press.

Botany. Bol (2) Peck, C: H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of

New York. 66p. 2pl. May 1887. Out of print.

Bo2 (8) Boleti of the United States. o6p. Sep. 1880. [soc]

Bo3 (25) —— Report of the State Botanist 1898. 76p. 5pl. Oct. 1899.
Out of print.

Bo4 (28) —— Plants of North Elba. 206p. map. June 1899. 200.

Bod (54) —— Report of the State Botanist t901. 58p. 7pl. Nov. 1902. 4oc.

Bo6 (67) —— Report of the State Botanist 1902. 196p. 5pl. May 10903.
oc.

Bo?” Report of the State Botanist 1903. J press.

Archeology. Arl (16) Beauchamp, W: M. Aboriginal Chipped Stone Im-
plements of New York. 86p. 23pl. Oct. 1897. 25¢c.

Ar2 (18) —— Polished Stone Articles used by the New York Aborigines.
1o4p. 35pl. Nov. 1897. 25c.

Ar3 (22) —— Earthenware of the New York Aborigines. 78p. 33pl. Oct.
1808. 25¢. :

Ar4 (32) —— Aboriginal Occupation of New York. t1gop. 16pl. 2 maps.
Mar. 1900. 30¢.

Ar5 (41) —— Wampum and Shell Articles used by New York Indians.
1660p. 28pl. Marc. 1901. 30¢.

Ar6 (50) —— Horn and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. 112p.
43pl. Mar. 1902. 30c.

Ar? (55) Metallic Implements of the New York Indians. g4p. 38pl.

June 1902. 25¢c.

Ars (73) Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians. 122p. 37pl.
Dec. 1903. 30.

History of the New York Iroquois. Jn press.

Perch Lake Mounds. Jn press.

vLoriginal Use of Wood in New York. Jn press.

Miscellaneous. Ms1 (62) Merrill, F: J. H. Directory of Natural History
Museums in United States and Canada. 236p.. Ap. 1903. 30.

Ms2 (66) Ellis, Mary. Index to Publications of the New York State Nat-
ural History Survey and New York State Museum 1837-1902. 418p.
June 1903. 75c, cloth.

Museum memoirs 1889-date. Q.

1 Beecher, C: E. & Clarke, J: M. Development of some Silurian Brachi-
opoda. 96p. 8pl. Oct. 1889. Out of print.

2 Hall, James & Clarke, J: M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 350p. il. 7opl.
1898. $1, cloth.

3 Clarke, J: M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia Co.
N. Y. 128p. gpl. Oct. 1900. Soc.

Ar9

MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS
(continued)

4 Peck, C: H. N. Y. Edible Fungi, 1895-09. 106p. 25pl. Nov. 1900. 75c..

i This includes revised descriptions and illustrations of fungi reported in the goth, sist and 52d

' reports of the state botanist.

5 Clarke, J: M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Formation and Fauna of
New York State. r06p. 2tpl. July 1903. $1.50, cloth.

6 —— Naples Fauna in Western New York. 268p. 26pl. map. $2. cloth.

7 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 1 Graptolites of the

‘ Lower Beds. In press.

Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. In preparation.

Natural history of New York. 3ov. il. pl. maps. Q. Albany 1842-94.

DIVISION I zooLocy. De Kay, James E. Zoology of New York; or, The
New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals
hitherto. observed within the State of New York with brief notices of
those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appropri-
ate illustrations. 5v. il. pl. maps. sq. Q. Albany 1842-44. Out of print.

Historical introduction to the series by Gov. W: H. Seward. 178p.

v.I ptt Mammalia. 13+146p. 33pl. 1842.
300 copies with hand-colored plates.

v.2 pt2 Birds. 12+380p. 141pl. 1844.
Colored plates.

v.3 pt3 Reptiles and Amphibia. 7+o98p. ptq Fishes. 1I5+4p5p. 1842.
pt3-4 bound together.

v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia 23pl. Fishes 7opl.
1842.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

v.5 ptS Mollusca. 4+271p. 4gopl. pt6 Crustacea. 7op. 13pl. 1843-44.
Hand-colored plates: pts5-6 bound together.

DIVISION 2 BOTANY. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York; com-
prising full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants hith-
erto discovered in the State, with remarks on their economical and med-
ical properties. 2v. il. pl. sq. Q. Albany 1843. Out of print.

v.I Flora of the State of New York. 12+484p. 72pl. 1843.

300 copies with hand-colored plates. \

v.2 Flora of the State of New York. 572p. 80pl. 1843.
300 copies with hand-colored plates.

DIVISION 3 MINERALOGY. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York; com-
prising detailed descriptions ‘of the minerals hitherto found in the State
of New York, and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture. il. pl.
sq. Q. Albany 1842. Out of print.

Vet ae Economical Mineralogy. pt2 Descriptive Mineralogy. 24+536p.
1842,

8 plates additional to those printed as part of the text. :

DIVISION 4 GEOLOGY. Mather, W: W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lard-
ner & Hall, James.: Geology of, New York. 4v. il. pl. sq. Q. Albany
1842-43. Out ‘of print.

v.I ptr Mather, W: W. First Geological District. 37+653p. 46pl. 1843.

v. coe Emmons, Ebenezer. Second Geological District. 10+437p. 17pl.
1842.

v. 3 pt3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third Geological District. 306p. 1842. ;

v. 4 pt Hall, James: Fourth Geological District. 22+683p. igpl. map.
1843

DIVISION 5 AGRICULTURE. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York;
comprising an account of the classification, composition and distribution
of the soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological
formations, together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agri-
eer productions of the State. .5v. il. pl. sq. Q. Albany 1846-54. Out
of print.

Vs oe ta of.the State, their Composition and Distribution. 11+37Ip. 2Ipl
I

v.2 Analysis of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8+343+46p. 42pl. 1849.

With hand-colored plates.

UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

v.3 Fruits, etc. 8+340p. 1851.

Vv 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. 95pl., 1851.
and-colored.

v.5 Insects Injurious to Agriculture. 8+272p. sopl. 1854.
With hand-colored plates. “e

DIVISION 6 PALEONTOLOGY. Hall, James. Palaeontology of New York. 8y.
il. pl. sq. Q. Albany 1847-94. Bound in cloth.

v.1 Organic Remains of the Lower Division of the New York System.
23+338p. oopl. 1847. Out of print. 2 5

v.2 Organic Remains of Lower Middle Division of the New Wont System.
8+362p. 1o4pl. 1852. Out of print. —

v.3 Organic Remains of the Lower Helderberg Cider and the Oriskane
Sandstone. pti, text. 12+532p. 1859. [$3.50]

—— pt2, 143pl. 1861. [$2.50]

v.4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage and
Chemung Groups. 11+1+428p. gopl. 1867. $2.50.

v.5 pti Lamellibranchiata 1. Monomyaria of the Upper Helderberg,
Hamilton and Chemung Groups. 18+268p. 45pl. 1884. $2.50.

—— —— Lamellibranchiata 2. Dimyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Ham-
ilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 62+293p. 5i1pl. 1885. $2.50.

—— pt2 Gasteropoda, Pteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Upper Helder-
berg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 2v. 1879. v. I, text.
15+492p. v.2, 120pl. $2.50 for 2 v.

v.6 Corals and Bryozoa of the Lower and Upper Helderberg and Hamil-
ton Groups. 24+208p. 67pl. 1887. $2.50.

v.7 Trilobites and other Crustacea of the Oriskany, Upper Helderberg,
Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill Groups. 64+236p. 46pl. 1888:
Cont. supplement to v. 5, pt2. Pteropoda, Cephalopoda and Annelida.
42p. 18pl. 1888. $2.50.

v.8 ptr Introduction to the Study of the Genera of the Paleozoic Brachi-
opoda. 16+367p. 44pl. 1892. $2.50.

— pt2 Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+3094p. 84pl. 1804. $2.50.

Catalogue of the Cabinet of Natural History of the State of New York and

of the Historical and Antiquarian Collection annexedthereto. 242p. O.
1853.

Handbooks 1893-date. 714x12% cm.
In quantities, r cent for each 16 pages or less. Single copiés postpaid as below.
H5 New York State Museum. 52p. il. 4e.
Outlines history and work of the museum with list of staff 1902. -
H13 Paleontology. 2p. 2¢.
Brief outline of State Museum work in paleontology tunder heads: Definition; Relation to
biology; Relation to stratigraphy; History of paleontology in New York.
H15 Guide to Excursions in the Fossiliferous Rocks of New York.
I24p. 8c.
Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of Paleozoic rocks, prepared specially

for the use of teachers and students desiring to acquaint themselves more intimately with the
lassic rocks of this State.

H16 Entomology. 16p. 2c.

H17 Economic Geology. In press.

H18 Insecticides and Fungicides. 20p. 3c.
H19 Classification of New York Series of Geologic Formations. 32p. 3¢.

Maps. Merrill, F: J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the State of New
York; issued as part of Museum bulletin 15 and the 48th Museum Report,
v. I. 59x67 cm. 1804. Scale 14 miles to 1 inch. Separate edition out of
print. :

Geologic Map of New York. 10901. Scale 5 miles to rinch. In atlas
form $3; mounted on rollers $5. Lower Hudson sheet 60c.

The lower Hudson sheet, geologically colored, comprises Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, Putnam,
Westchester, New York, Richmond, Kings, Queens and Nassau counties, and parts of Sullivan,
Ulster and Suffolk counties; also northeastern New Jersey and part of western Connecticut.
Map of New York showing the Surface Configuration and Water

Sheds. 1001. Scale 12 milesto I inch, 5c.

Clarke, J: M. & Luther, D. D. Geologic Map of Canandaigua and Naples

Quadrangles. 1904. 20c.

Issued as part of Paleontology 7.

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