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ES NOILNLILSNI NOILNLILSNI NOLLMLILSNI 1ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNILILSNI NVINOSHLIWS Saluyvugdl SAINVYUSIT LIBRARI INSTITUTION INSTITUTION INSTITUTION LSNI_NVINOSHLINS SAIYVUaIT_LIBRARIES wee SMITHSONIAN {NSTITUTION fh N NVINOSHLIWS QA YY SM ITHSONIA Gil NVINOSHLINS SSIYVUEIT_ LIBRARIES = * a, JES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYSII eR SMITHSONIAN SMITHSONIAN LIBRARIES LIBRARIES LIBRARIES LSNI_NVINOSHLINS S31u¥VudIT LIBRARIES ~ INSTITUTION 5 INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI saiuvudl uf ff Pi 44 . saluvyugiy saruvuagi 1ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S31uvudlt w w bd wn > < = = = = x = z a x WSS ac Re) So NS AQ S 72 O y = Nor 2 = 2 > . : > >" = , = = = + fe LSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NOILALILSNI NOILNLILSNI NOILALILSNI .1ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILONLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVugIT juvUsIT_ LIBRARIES 7 te TITUTION TITUTION lyvuaIy TITUTION * 7a Jo ry 3 71, We Published monthly by the University of the State of New York BULLETIN 313 1904 New York State Museum CuarvLes H. Peck State Botanist Bulletin 75 | BOTANY 7 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1903 Tai PAGE PAGE PAPMOOUICHION: eg Soha oleic et ok 38 | F New York species of Cratae- A Plants added to the herbari- PATE Rese mee 2 eye Rate ee 35 UMAR ye sFads ere abot’ oo irene, 32 7 | G Supplementary list of plants B Contributors and their con- of Susquehanna Valley. WUBUIONS Sis iN os deo 9 PRANK) EB. FENNO.«. 30.65. 57 C Species not before reported 12 | Explanation of plates........... 60 D Remarks and observations.. 22 | Plates O, 84-86........... follow’ 68 MM Mies TUN STS s So ce ok oes - CURA bos (>. Pectoral! 6 ai 65 Li : “ania aN Y_ f& mon NA Pe UL SP Cee ae ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Mbro4m-F4-2500 1904 Price 40 cents University of the State of New York REGENTS 1908 With years of election 1892 WILLIAM CROSWELL Doane D.D. LL.D. Chancellor, Albany 1878 WHITELAW REID M.A. LL.D. Vice Chancellor. — New York ~. 1877 CHauncEy M. Depew LL.D. - - - — New York 1877 CHARLES E, FircH LL.B. M.A. L.H.D. - Rochester | 1881 WiLLiAM H. Watson M.A. LL.D. M.D. — —- — Utica 1881 Henry E. Turner.LL.D. - - - = Lowville - 1883 St Ciair McKELway M. A. L.H. Dy LID! Cele Brooklyn 1885 DANIEL BEacH Ph.D. LL.D. - — - — Watkins 1890 Piiny T. Sexton LL.D. Cen - = — Palmyra 1890 T. GuiLForD SmitH M.A. C.E. LL.D. -.- — _ Buffalo 1893 Lewis A. Stimson B.A. LL.D. M.D. - - — New York 1895 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.A. Ph.D. M.D. - Albany 1895 CHARLES R. SKINNER M.A. LL.D. Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio 1897 CHESTER S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. - - - - Brooklyn 1900 THomas A. Henprick M.A. LL.D. — = = Rochester 1901 BENJAMIN B. ODELL yk LL.D. Governor, ex officio 1g0r1 RoBerT C. PRuyn M.A. - - = Y= Albany 1902 WiLL1AmM NotrrincHaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. — Syracuse 1903 FRanK W. Hiccins Lieutenant Governor, ex officio 1903 JOHN F. O’BrRIEN Secretary of State, ex officio 1903 CHARLES A. GARDINER LL.B. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. New York 1903 CHARLES S. FRANcIS B.S. - = - = Troy One vacancy SECRETARY Elected by Regents 1900 JAMES RUSSELL Parsons JR M.A. LL.D. : DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS 1888 Metvit Dewey M.A. LL.D. State Library and Home Education © 1890 James Russet Parsons jr M.A. LL.D. Administrative, College and High School Dep'is 1890 FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL Ph.D. State Museum or a University of the State of New York New York State Museum Freperick J. H. Mprrityu Dikettor CHARLES H. Peck State Botanist Bulletin 75 BOTANY 7 Pa erOoRT OF THE STATE BOTANIST I903 To the Regents of the University of the State of New York I have the honor of submitting to you the following report of work done in the botanical department of the State Museum during the past year. Specimens of plants for the herbarium have been collected in the counties of Albany, Columbia, Essex, Hamilton, Oswego, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Schoharie, Warren and Washington. Specimens that were collected in the counties of Chautauqua, Chemung, Essex, Herkimer, Onondago, Ontario, Richmond, Sara- toga, Schoharie, Seneca, Steuben, Suffolk, Wayne and Westchester have been received from correspondents. Specimens collected and contributed represent 193 species. Of these, 46 are new to the herbarium and 18 are considered new or undescribed species. Of the 46 species, 35 are from the collections of the state botanist, 11 from those of correspondents. Of the 13 species, 12 belong to the collections of the botanist, one to those of his correspondents. A list of the names of the species added to the herbarium is marked A. A list of the names of contributors and of the names of their respective contributions is marked B. The number of those who have contributed specimens is 41. Some of the specimens con- tributed belong to extralimital species. Some were sent merely for identification, but if for any reason their preservation seemed 4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM desirable and their condition was satisfactory, they have been pre- served and credited to the sender as a contribution. The number of those who have sent specimens for identification is 90, the number of identifications made is 623. Names of species added to our flora, with notes concerning their habitats, localities and time of collection of the specimens, with descriptions of new species are contained in a part of the report marked C. : Remarks and observations on species previously reported, new stations of rare plants, unusual habits and descriptions of new varieties may be found in a part of the report marked D. Specimens of many species of fleshy, corky and coriaceous fungi are specially subject to the attacks of destructive insects. In order to attain greater security against these attacks a series of such specimens representing about 500 species has been placed in small pasteboard boxes with close fitting covers. These boxes are in different sizes that they may be suitable for the reception of specimens of species of different sizes. The dimensions of the boxes vary in such a way that they present a certain degree of uniformity when arranged in proper order on the shelves of wall cases. They are 3x4, 4x6 or 6x8 inches in width and length and 14 or 24 inches deep. The alphabetic arrangement of the genera represented by their contents has been adopted to facilitate refer- ence to them. The investigation of our mushroom flora has been continued, but the crop of wild mushrooms has been unusually deficient and the additions to the herbarium correspondingly small. Still, a few species have been tested for their edible qualities and found to be worthy of addition to the list of New York edible Species. Colored figures of these have been prepared and plain descriptions of them may be found in a part of the report marked E. : In my last report the general deficiency of the mushroom crop and the almost total absence of the common mushroom, Agaricus campester, were recorded and the peculiar character of the season was assigned as the probable cause. . The season of 1903 has been similar to that of 1902 in its abundance REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1903 — 5 of rain and in its prevailing low temperature. It has also been similar, at least in the eastern part of the State, in its adverse influence on mushroom growth. In some respects its adverse character seems to have been intensified. Possibly the excessive drouth in the early part of the season may to some extent be responsible for this by preventing the development of the my- celium of some species. In 1895 and 1896 the abundance of the crop of the common mushroom and of the smooth mushroom was remarkable. They had then apparently reached their greatest abundance. In the few following years they appeared in moderate but diminishing quantity. In 1901 but few were seen in the vicinity of Albany. In 1902 they were still less in number and in 1903 I did not see a single specimen of the common mushroom in the whole region about Albany. -This species at least seems to have reached its lowest point of productiveness. The proba- bility is that there will now be a gradual return to greater crops of this mushroom. It is very evident that much moisture, specially if attended by prevailing low temperature, is not favor- able to large crops of mushrooms. Probably the most favorable seasons will be found to be those of moderate rainfall and medium or rather high temperature, the rains being gentle and frequent. . Specimens of about 75 species and varieties of edible mush- rooms have been placed in trays and arranged in table cases for permanent exhibition. Specimens of species of fungi injurious to wood have also been placed in table cases, and also species of parasitic fungi destructive to cultivated and useful plants. These and samples of wood and bark affected by mycelium of ° various wood-destroying fungi constitute an economic collection of fungi which should be instructive and of popular interest. The study of the Crataegus flora of the eastern part of the State has been continued and considerable time devoted to it. Specimens have been collected in the counties of Albany, Saratoga, Warren, Essex, Washington, Rensselaer and Columbia. A few have also been collected in the counties of Hamilton and Scho- harie, but only a single visit was made to each of these localities, 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and therefore the specimens from them are too incomplete to be satisfactory. These places must be again visited earlier in the season in order to get flowering specimens. Those who have made a special study of these trees and shrubs and have recently pub- lished many new species have given specific value to such charac- ters as require a very complete set of specimens to make the identification certain and satisfactory. There are also some characters that are not well shown by the dried specimens and in order to make these available notes must be taken of them at the time the specimens are collected. The number of species recently described is so great that it seems very probable that — mere varieties and perhaps mere forms have been in some cases described as species. But error in this direction may have a ten- dency to stimulate closer observation on the part of others in their efforts to recognize the fine distinctions made and may in the end be productive of better results than error in the other direc- tion would be. According to the-present understanding of these plants the number of species of Crataegus added to our flora is 19. They are specially noticed in a part of the report marked F. A supplementary list of plants of the Susquehanna valley is marked G. It is composed of the names and annotations of species detected since the previous list was written and of species accidentally omitted from that list. It includes about 80 species. Respectfully submitted CHaruges H. Peck Albany, Dec. 2, 1903 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1903 y PLANTS ADDED TO THE HERBARIUM New to the herbarium Asarum reflexum Bick. Aster curvescens Burgess Crataegus ascendens 8S. brainerdi S. conjuncta S. contigua 8. delucida 8. dilatata 8. dissona S. egglestoni S. exclusa S. flabellata (Spach) Rydb. grayesii S. irrasa 8S, intricata Lange, lobulata S. "y praecoqua S. matura S. peckii S. ys succulenta Dk. Daphne mezereum LZ. Entoloma griseum Pk. Geoglossum farlowi Cke. Haplosporella maclurae H. & B. esaeeaeseaeeaaaaaa Hebeloma socialis Pk. Hypomyces boletinus Pk. Hydnum balsameum Pk. H. macrescens Banker Inocybe castanea Pk. lis excoriata Pk. 1, fallax Pk. Ihe serotina Pk. Me squamosodiseca Ph Isaria brachiata (Batsch) Schum. Iva xanthiifolia (F'res.) Nutt. Lactarius subvelutinus Pk. Nardia obovata (Nees) Oxalis brittonae Small ; Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton Phacelia dubia (Z.) Small Phaeopezia retiderma (Cke.) Sacc. Podosphaera leucotricha (H. & EH.) Salm. Sarcoscypha rhenana Fckl. Stereum burtianum Pk. ~ Tricholoma subluteum Pk. Ulmaria rubra Hill Not new to the herbarium Agaricus arvensis Schaeff. Agrostemma githago L. Agastache scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckm. Allium canadense ZL. A. vineale L. Alsine graminea (ZL.) Britton Althaea rosea Cav. Amelanchier botryapium (JZ. f.) DC. A, rotundifolia (Mz.) Roem. Antennaria parlinii Fern. A, plantaginea R. Br. Arcyria punicea Pers. Aster rose. variifolius Pk. A, undulatus Z, Berberis vulgaris ZL. Bidens cernua L. Boletus americanus Pk. B. chry. albocarneus Pk. B. elbensis Pk. 15%. luridus Schaeff. B. piperatus Bull. B rubinellus Pk. Bromus tectorum ZF. Cantharellus cibarius F'r. C. infundibuliformis (Scop.) Fr. C. tubaeformis Fr. Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. Collybia acervata fr. C. familia Pk. C. velutipes Curt. 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Claudopus nidulans (Pers.) Pk. . Clavaria inaequalis Mull. C. krombholzii F'r. Conium maculatum LZ. Coprinus micaceus Fr. _ Cornus candidissima Marsh. C. stolonifera Mz. Cortinarius amarus Pk. C. canescens Pk. C. cinnabarinus Fr. C. rigidus Fr. C. uliginosus Berk. Craterellus clavatus (Pers.) Fr. Crataegus champlainensis S. coccinea L. crus-galli DZ. holmesiana Ashe macracantha Lodd. modesta S. oxyacantha LZ. pringlei S. pruinosa Wend. 5 punctata Jacq. Dalibarda repens L. Daucus carota LD. Hehium vulgare L. Entoloma grayanum Pk. EKuonymus obovatus Nutt. Fomes fomentarius (Z.) Fr. F. igniarius (£.) Fr. F. pinicola Fr. Galera lateritia Fr. Galium mollugo ZL. G. tinctorium ZF. Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. Gratiola virginiana LD. Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) B. S. P. Helvella ambigua Karst. Hirneola auricula-judae (Z.) Berk. Hydnum coralloides: Scop. Ae ege ace H. gray. subzonatum Pk. Hygrophorus capreolaris Kalchb. H. pudorinus Fr. Hypericum arcyron L. Hypholoma capnoides Fr. H. subaquilum Bann. Hypocrea fungicola Karst. Lactarius affinis Pk. L. deliciosus Fr. L. glyciosmus Fr. Lactarius subd. oculatus Pk. L. vellereus Fr. Lenzites sepiaria Fr. Lepiota amianthina Scop. Lychnis alba Mill. Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. Lycopodium clavatum ZL. L. obscurum L. Marasmius scorodonius F'r. Matricaria matricarioides Porter Meibomia bracteosa (Mz.) Kuntze Melilotus officinalis (Z.) Lam. (Less.) -Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray Mycena galericulata (Scop.) Fr. Myosotis laxa Lehm. Myrica gale L. : Osmunda regalis L. Otidea onotica (Pers.) Fckl. Pinus echinata Mill. - iP strobus 2. Pleurotus porrigens Pers. Polyporus cuticularis (Bull.) Fr. P. picipes Fr. Polystictus abietinus Fr. Pp: hirsutus Fr. P. perennis (Z.) Fr. Protomyces erythronii Pk. Puccinia suaveolens (Pers.) Rostr. Ribes floridum L’Her. R. rubrum JL. Rubus canadensis L. R. nigrobaccus Bail. R. occid. pallidus Bail. Russula furcata (Pers.) Fr. RSG dens. paxilloides Pk. R. flaviceps Pk. R. fragilis (Pers.) Fr. R. purpurina Q. € S. Salix discolor Muhl. S. fragilis L. Sanicula gregaria Bick. Scirpus atrocinctus Fern. S. _—_ atrovirens Muh. Ss. pedicellatus Fern. Septoria rhoina B. & C. Sisymbrium altissimum JZ. Solidago canadensis ZL. Spiraea salicifolia Z. Stropharia depilata (Pers.) Fr. Townes REPORT OF THE STATH BOTANIST 1903 Symphytum officinale ZL. Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst. Thelephora palmata (Scop.) Fr. Thymus serpyllum JZ. Tragopogon pratensis LD. Tricholoma sejunctum Sow. Ale subacutum Pk. am: vaccinum (Pers.) Fr. Ustilago zeae (Beckm.) Ung. B Uvularia sessilifolia Z. Valerianella radiata (£.) Dufour Verbena angustifolia Wa. Viola blanda Willd. Vic cucullata Ait. V. labradorica Schrank V. rotundifolia Mz. Ve selkirkii Pursh CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS Mrs E. G. Britton, New York Anomodon attenuatus Hueben. A. apiculatus B. & 8. Bryum nutans Schreb. Buxbaumia aphylla LZ. Cephalozia curvifolia Dwmort. Collema plicatile Ach. Cylindrothecium seductrix Swill. Dicranum flagellare Hedw. D. viride Schp. Grimmia apocarpa Hedw. Hypnum brevirostre Hhrh. ~- chrysophyllum Brid. imponens Hedw. lindbergii Limpt. novae-angliae S. & L. proliferum DZ. schreberi Willd. HOR ee Hypnum triquetrum L. Homalia gracilis James Leptotrichum pallidum Hampe Leucodon brachypus Brid. Mnium aff. ciliare C. é M. M. cuspidatum Hedw. M. medium B. & SN. Philonotis fontana Brid. Platygyrium repens B. é& S. Polytrichum juniperinum Willd. Porella platyphylla Lindb. Pylaisaea polyantha B. & S. 124 velutina B. € 8. Sphagnum eymbifolium Hhrh. Trichostomum brey. holtii Divon Ulota crispa Brid. Weisia viridula Brid. Mrs H. C. Davis, Falmouth Me. Thalesia uniflora (L.) Britton Lysimachia vulgaris L. Mrs M. S. De Coster, Little Falls Daphne mezereum LD. Mrs P. H. Dudley, New York Carex stricta Lam. (Culms and leaves) Mrs L. L. Goodrich, Syracuse Phacelia dubia (Z.) Small Miss M. Hope, Seattle Wash. Pseudotsuga mucronata Carr. (Piece of bark) Mrs M. A. Knickerbocker, San Francisco Cal. Arbutus menziesii Pursh Quercus dumosa Nutt. Tumion californicum Greene Umbellularia californica Nutt. Rhamnus californica Hschs. Miss J. A. Moses, Jamestown Viola rotundifolia Mz. 10 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Miss E. 8. Thomas, Schoharie Craterellus clavatus (Pers.) Fr. J. C. Arthur, Lafayette Ind. Phragmidium speciosum F'r. Uromyces acuminatus Arth. Puccinia amphigena Diet. Puccinia eleocharidis Arth. Ravenelia portoricensis Arth. : H. J. Banker, California Pa. Craterellus dubius Pk. W. C. Barbour, Sayre Pa. Irpex paradoxus (Schrad.) Fr. Isaria brachiata (Batsch) Schum. Xylaria grandis Pk. F. J. Braendle, Washington D.C. Corticium salicinum F'r. Dasyscypha virginea (Batsch) Fckl. Fuligo violacea Pers. Amanitopsis vaginata (Bull.) Roze Flammula spumosa F'r. Clitocybe virens (Scop.) Fr. Lachnea hemisphaerica (Wigg.) Gull. Collybia strictipes Pk. Pholiota lutea Pk. C. tort. setipes Pk. Thelephora vialis Sch. E. Bartholomew, Rockport Kan. Tylostoma mammosum (Wich.) Fr. Pluteus longistriatus Ph. T. poculatum White S. H. Burnham, Vaughns Asarum reflexum Bick. Paspalum muhlenbergii Nash Aster curvescens Burgess Perilla frutescens (Z.) Britton Oxalis brittonae Small Xanthium commune Britton G. D. Cornell, Cooper’s Plains Hydrangea arborescens L. | Lilium superbum Z. J. Dearness, London Ont. Diaporthe microstroma H. & EH. Hemitrichia vesparium (Batsch) D. velata Pers. Lycogala exiguum Morg. Dichomera prunicola H. & D. Trichia incarnata Pers. W. G. Farlow, Cambridge Mass. Nardia obovata Nees EF. E. Fenno, Nichols Carex flava L. Verbena angustifolia Mx. Salix myrtilloides L. Woodwardia virginica (Z.) Sm. A. 0. Garratt, Salt Lake City Utah Puccinia calochorti Pk. | Puccinia plumbaria Pk. C. Gramesly, Charleston Il. Agaricus abruptus Pk. N. M. Glatfelter, St Louis Mo. Flammula eccentrica Pk. : Pholiota autumnalis IP ifr Galera capillaripes Pk. Russula luteobasis Pk. Hypholoma ornellum Pk R. pusilla Ph. Lactarius subvelutinus Pi . | Tricholoma viscosum Pk. Pholiota detersibilis Pk. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1903 11 L. W. Hahn, Silver Creek Huonymus obovatus Nutt. C. C. Hanmer, Hast Hartford Ct. Geoglossum farlowi Cke. W. Herriot, Galt Ont. Bromus cil. laeviglumis Scrib. | Panicum lanuginosum Zl. R. B. Hough, Lowville Pinus echinata Mill. F. G. Howland, Saratoga Collybia velutipes Cwrt. R. B. Mackintosh, Peabody Mass. Clitocybe cerussata F'r. Tricholoma grammopodium (Buil.) Deconica bryophila Pk. Fr. Pleurotus petaloides (Bull.) Fr. C. McIlvaine, Cambridge Md. Hypomyces viridis (A. € 8.) Karst. Phytophthora phaseoli Thaz. Panaeolus epimyces Pk. W. 8S. Moffatt, Chicago Ill. Clitocybe piceina Pk. | Pholiota comosa Fr. G. E. Morris, Waltham Mass. Boletinus grisellus Ph. 2 Lentinus tigrinus fr. Ss Otidea onotica (Pers.) Fckl. 4 Boletus parasiticus Bull. R. S. Phifer, Danville Va. Boletus morgani Pk. Polyporus curtisii Berk. B. caespitosus Pk. | E. B. Sterling, Trenton N. J. Geaster minimus Schw. Agaricus cothurnatus Pk. G. pectinatus Pers. A. rutilescens Pk. G. giovanellae Bres. A. solidipes Pk. Catastoma subterraneum (Pk.) Morg. | A. sphaerosporus Ph. R. H. Stevens, Detroit Mich. Helvyella stevensii Pk. F. C. Stewart, Geneva Haplosporella maclurae H. & B. D. R. Sumstine, Kittanning Pa. Dictydiaethalium plumbeum Podosphaera oxyacanthae DO. (Schum.) Puccinia cryptotaeniae Pk. Lentinus ursinus /’r. Stropharia squam. aurantiaca Oke. Merulius tremellosus Schrad. Urnula craterium (Schw.) Fr. W. E. Warner, Washington D. C. Amanita radicata Ph. Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff.) Fr. A. muse, formosa (G. & I.) Polyporus cuticularis Pr. B. C. Williams, Newark Inocybe serotina Pik, 12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM J. R. Cushier, New York City Panaeolus solidipes Pk. A. Knechtel, Albany Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P. (Trunk section) L. H. Watson, Chicago III. Clitocybe piceina Pk. >) C “SPECIES NOT BEFORE REPORTED Asarum reflexum Bick. Ravines. Williams Bridge, Westchester co. May. S. H. Burn- ham. Aster curvescens Burgess. . Woodlawn cemetery, Westchester co. July. S. H. Burnham. Crataegus ascendens Sarg. Clayey soil in pastures and borders of woods. North Green- bush and Rensselaer. May, July and September. Crataegus brainerdi Sarg. Rocky places in pastures. Sandlake. May and September. Crataegus conjuncta Sarg. Clayey and sandy soil. North Greenbush and in various places north and northeast of Albany. May, September and October. Crataegus contigua Sarg. Shaly soil. Lansingburg. May and September. Crataegus delucida Sarg. Clayey hillsides north of Albany. May and September. Crataegus dilatata Sarg. . Clayey soil, roadsides and pastures. Thompsons Lake, Albany co. and Gansevoort, Saratoga co. June, July and September. ' Crataegus dissona Sarg. Clayey soil. Near Albany, Rensselaer, Lansingburg, Copake and Thompsons Lake. May, July and September. Crataegus egglestoni Sarg. Rocky places. Crown Point. May, July and September. Crataegus exclusa Sarg. Clayey soil. Crown Point. May, July and September. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1903 13 Crataegus flabellata (Spach) Rydb. Rocky places near the lake shore. Crown Point. May and Sep- tember. This is a beautiful species well marked by its deeply and sharply lobed shining leaves, its 20 stamens with pink anthers and its globose fruit. Crataegus gravesii Sarg. Clayey soil. Albany, North Greenbush and Westport. May, June, September and October. Crataegus irrasa Sarg. Clayey soil. North Greenbush. May, June and September. Crataegus intricata Lange Hillsides near Albany and north of Lansingburg. May, June and September. . Crataegus lobulata Sarg. Clayey soil. Crown Point. May and September. ¥ Crataegus macracantha Lodd. Clayey and sandy soil. North Greenbush, Thompsons Lake, Fort Ann and North Elba. .May, June and September. This was formerly reported as a variety of Crataegus coccinea, but is now considered a distinct species. The name indicates that it has long spines, but they are not always conspicuously long. Its stamens vary in number from 7 to 10 and its anthers are whitish or pale yellow. Crataegus matura Sarg. Rocky or bushy pastures. Gansevoort, Saratoga co. and Lake Pleasant, Hamilton co. June, August and September. Crataegus peckii Sarg. Shaly soil. North of Lansingburg. May and October. Crataegus praecoqua Sarg. ; Clayey soil. Crown Point. May and September. First discov- ered here by W. W. Eggleston. Crataegus succulenta Link Clayey soil. Albany, Albia, Rensselaer co. and Central Bridge, Schoharie co. May, July and September. In view of the growing interest in the study of our species of Crataegus it has been thought best to give descriptions of such {4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of our species as are not described in any of our manuals. These descriptions and remarks on the genus will be found in another part of the report. Daphne mezereum L. Gravesville, Herkimer co. Mrs M. 8. DeCoster. The spurge laurel or mezereon is an introduced shrub. It is sometimes culti- vated but escapes from cultivation and grows wild. Entoloma griseum n. sp. Pileus fleshy, firm, broadly campanulate or convex, obtuse or slightly umbonate, glabrous, often irregular, hygrophanous, grayish brown when moist, paler when dry, flesh whitish, odor and taste farinaceous; lamellae adnexed, emarginate, with a de- current tooth, about 2 lines broad, pale pink; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, silky fibrillose, pruinose or mealy at the top, stuffed or hollow, grayish white; spores angular, nearly as broad as long, .0008 of an inch long. Pileus 1-3 inches broad; stem 1-2 inches long, 3-5 lines thick. Under spruce and balsam fir trees. Lake Pleasant. August. It is closely related to E. grayanum from which it may be separated by its darker color, more narrow gills and different place of growth. Euonymus obovatus Nutt. Woods. Silver creek, Chautauqua co. L. W. Habn. This decumbent or trailing shrub was reported by Dr Torrey to belong to our flora, but he considered it a mere variety of Kuonymus americanus. It is now regarded as a dis- tinct species differing from the strawberry bush in its smaller flowers, obtuse and more finely crenulate leaves, earlier time of flowering and decumbent or trailing mode of growth. Geoglossum farlowi Cke. Fishers island, Suffolk co. September. C. C. Hanmer. This fungus is much like G. hirsutum in external appearance, but its spores have but three septa. Haplosporeila maclurae E. & B. Dead stems of wistaria. Geneva. April. F.C. Stewart. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1903 15 Hebeloma socialis n. sp. Pileus fleshy but thin, convex, becoming plane or nearly so, glabrous, slightly viscid when moist, dingy yellowish white, flesh concolorous, taste nauseous; lamellae thin, close, slightly rounded behind, adnexed, at first whitish, then yellowish, finally brownish ferruginous; stem short, fibrous, floccose fibrillose, hollow with a small cavity, white; spores brownish ferruginous, elliptic, .00025- .0008 of an inch long, .00016-.0002 broad. ; Pileus 8-15 lines broad; stem 12-18 lines long, 1.5-3 lines thick. Closely gregarious or subcespitose. Among short grass in pas- tures and golf ground. Menands. October. Distinguished from our other white or whitish species by its peculiar habitat and mode of growth and by its small spores. Hypomyces boletinus n. sp. Perithecia minute, conic or subglobose, closely nestling in a pallid or whitish subiculum, pale red or orange; asci slender, linear, .004-.005 of an inch long, scarcely .0003 broad; spores sub- fusiform, continuous, acuminate or apiculate at one end, .0008-.001 of an inch Jong, .00025 broad. Qn some unrecognized decaying boletus, associated with Sepedonium chrysospermum. It differs from H. polyporinus, to which it is most closely related, in its more highly colored perithecia and longer spores, and from H. boleticola in the color of the subiculum. Hydnum balsameum n. sp. Resupinate with a very thin whitish or pallid subiculum ; aculei mere conic brown points closely scattered but not crowded, giving to the surface a brown color. Decorticated wood of balsam fir. North Elba. September. It sometimes grows on the bark also. Hydnum macrescens Banker in lit. Resupinate, effused, the thin subiculum less than 1 mm thick, ochraceous, subfarinaceous, specially in the thinner portions and on the woody substratum, rimose, the margin indeterminate; mycelium white, arachnoid, spreading in places beyond the subic- 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ulum; teeth scattered, minute, .1-.25 mm long, .05-.1 mm broad, obtuse. often forked, colored like the subiculum but paler or white at the subciliate tips. Growing chiefly on the hymenial surface of Stereum frustulosum but often spreading over the substratum of decayed wood. Mt McGregor, Saratoga co. July. The growth is most vigorous on the surface of the Stereum, where the subiculum becomes thickest and the teeth most numer- ous. On the woody substratum the growth is poor, the subiculum is thin and often the mycelium spreads naked over the surface of the wood. This has suggested the specific name. The thinning out of the subiculum indicates that the fungus finds its proper nourish- ment in the tissues of the Stereum and it is doubtful if it will be found dissociated from that plant. It appears to be related to H. sulphurellum Pk. but differs from it in color, in the indeterminate margin and in the ciliate teeth. Inocybe castanea n. sp. PLATE 0, FIG. 1-8 Pileus conic or convex, umbonate, rimose fibrillose, the margin incurved, dark chestnut brown; lamellae thin, narrow, close, adnate, whitish or pallid when young, ferruginous brown when mature; stem equal, hollow, glabrous, slightly pruinose or mealy at the top; paler than the pileus; often whitened at the base by mycelioid tomentum; spores angular, nearly or quite as broad as long, .00025-.0003 of an inch long and broad; cystidia subfusi- form, .002-.0024 of an inch long. Pileus 5-8 lines broad; stem 10-18 lines long, about 1 line thick. Mossy ground under spruce and balsam fir trees. Lake Pleasant. August. This species is very closely related to I. umboninota from which it may be separated by its smaller size, the chestnut tint of the cap, its hollow stem and smaller merely angular spores. Cystidia are more abundant. The species belongs to section Rimosi. Inocybe excoriata n. sp. PLATE O, FIG. 14-19 Pileus fleshy, broadly conic, soon broadly convex, umbonate, fibrillose or fibrillose squamulose, somewhat silky or tomentose REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1903 aly ( on the margin, grayish brown or pale vandyke brown, the cuticular surface often cracking and separating in places but remaining on the disk and sometimes on the margin, flesh white; lamellae nar- row, close, emarginate, adnexed, decurrent with a tooth, crenu- late on the edge, white becoming brownish gray; stem equal, solid, silky fibrillose, white or whitish without and within; spores yel- lowish brown (raw umber), elliptic, even, .0003-.0004 of an inch long, .0002-.00024 broad; cystidia flask shape, .002-.0024 of an inch long. Pileus 1-2 inches broad; stem 1-2 inches long, 2-8 lines thick. Among fallen leaves in woods. Lake Pleasant. August. The surface of the pileus cracks longitudinally and therefore the species belongs to the section Rimosi. The peeling and disap- pearance of parts of the cuticle suggest the specific name. A slight whitish webby veil is present in the young plant. Inocybe fallax n. sp. PLATE 0, FIG. 20-24 Pileus thin, campanulate or convex, umbonate, obscurely fibril- lose, sometimes minutely and obscurely squamulose, whitish or buff white, somewhat shining, the margin decurved or incurved, often splitting; lamellae thin, close, rounded behind, slightly adnexed, pallid when young, becoming rusty brownish when old; stem long, equal, hollow, flexuous, minutely pruinose, mealy, whitish ; spores angular, slightly nodulose, .0003-.0004 of an inch long, .00024-.0003 broad; cystidia .0016-.002 of an inch long, .0006-.0007 broad, oblong elliptic. Pileus 1-2 inches broad; stem 2-3 inches long, 2-4 lines thick. Among fallen leaves in woods. Lake Pleasant. August. This species might easily be taken for a large form of I. geophylla, but an examination of its spores shows it to be distinct. Its cystidia are short and broad. Inocybe serotina n. sp. Pileus fleshy, firm, varying from campanulate to nearly plane, fibrillose toward the margin, white, sometimes tinged with yellow or brownish yellow, flesh white; lamellae close, rounded behind, nearly free, subyentricose in fully expanded specimens, whitish 18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM becoming brownish cinnamon; stem nearly equal, bulbous or nar- rowed at the base, long or short, solid, fibrous, white; spores oblong, even, .0005-.0006 of an inch long, .00024-.0008 broad. Pileus 1-2.5 inches broad; stem 1-2 inches long, 3-6 lines thick. Sandy shores of Sodus bay and Lake Ontario. October. EB. B. Burbank. Communicated by B. C. Williams. _ Related to I. sambucina from which it differs in the fibrillose margin of the cap, in the darker color of the mature lamellae, in the larger spores and in its habitat. From Hebe- loma colyini, which also grows in sandy goil, it differs in its whitish color, longer spores and solid stem. Its mycelium binds together a mass of sand which forms a somewhat bulbous base to the stem. Mr Burbank says that it occurred in great abundance in October and that it is edible. Inocybe squamosodisca n. sp. PLATE 0, FIG. 10-13 Pileus fleshy, firm, convex, dry, fibrillose on the margin, rimose squamose in the center, ochraceous buff, flesh whitish or yellowish white; lamellae rather broad, moderately close, adnate, pale ochraceous, becoming darker with age; stem short, firm, equal, solid, fibrillose, colored like the pileus; spores elliptic, even, .0003-.0004 of an-inch long, .0002-.00024 broad. Pileus 1-2 inches broad; stem about 1 inch long, 2-3 lines thick. Gregarious. Under pine trees. Shore of Sacandaga lake. August. The scales of the pileus are flat and spotlike and are formed by the cracking of the cuticle. Isaria brachiata (Batsch) Schum. On decaying Tremellodon gelatinosum. Van Ktten. October. W.C. Barbour. ; Iva xanthiifolia (Fres.) Nutt. Waste places in the northern part of Albany. August. Intro- duced from the west but growing freely here. Lactarius subvelutinus n. sp. Pileus fleshy, firm, convex or nearly plane, subumbilicate, dry, minutely velvety or pruinose velvety, sometimes rugose, golden tawny, flesh white, milk white, taste mild; lamellae narrow, REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1903 19 close, adnate or slightly decurrent, yellowish or cream color, ‘becoming darker with age; stem short, equal, solid, colored like or a little paler than the pileus; spores white, globose, nearly smooth, .0003 of an inch broad. Pileus 1-2 inches broad; stem .5-1 ak long, 2-4 lines thick. ‘Woods and open places. Meadowdale and Cemetery, Albany co. August. Nardia obovata Nees Rocks. Rainbow falls near Lower Ausable lake, Essex co. September. W. G. Farlow. ; Oxalis brittonae Small ~ Van Cortland park, Westchester co. June. S. H. Burnham. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton Sleepy Hollow near Tarrytown. October. S. H. Burnham. This is an introduced species. n Phacelia dubia (L.) Small Shady places on limestone rocks near Jamesville, Onondaga co. October. Mrs L. L. Goodrich. In our botanies, Pennsylvania is the northeastern limit assigned to the range of this plant. Its discovery near Jamesville by Mrs Goodrich extends its range northward and adds a beautiful little wild flower to our flora. Its usual flowering time is in spring, but these specimens were found in flower the last week in October. The plants grew in patches several feet in diameter. The species is described in Gray’s Manual under the name Phacelia parviflora Pursh. Phaeopezia retiderma (Cke.) Sace. Ground in shaded places. Sandlake, Rensselaer co. Podosphaera leucotricha (BE. & E.) Salmon Parasitic on living twigs of appletrees. Clyde, Wayne co. W.L. Devereaux. This species of mildew is peculiar in its perithecia having two sets of appendages, one apical, the other basal. It is specially injurious to the young branches of trees in the nursery, but it rarely attacks the twigs of old trees, though suckers from the base or roots are said to be more liable to attack. 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Puceinia simillima Arthur Leaves and sheaths of Phragmites phragmites. Near Savannah, Wayne co. September. Paspalum muhlenbergii Nash Bedford Park, Westchester co. September. S. H. Burnham. Paspalum prostratum Nash Sandy soil. Manor, Suffolk co. August. Russula densifolia Secr. Among decaying leaves in woods. Lake Pleasant. August. This species is closely related to R. adusta from which it may be separated by the slight reddening of the flesh where wounded. Our specimens are a peculiar form in which many of the lamellae are forked at the base. They also separate at the inner extremity from the stem and pileus and curl outward reveal- ing the hymenophore beneath. All the specimens found exhibited this character. It indicates a feeble attachment of the hymenium to the hymenophore and is suggestive of a relationship to the genus Paxillus. The white spores, however, show that it is not referable to that genus. It may be called variety paxil- loides. : Russula furcata (Pers.) Fr. Ground in woods. Near Albany. July. An edible species. Sarcoscypha rhenana Fckl. Capular, stipitate or subsessile, single or cespitose, often irreg- ular, incurved on the margin when young, externally pruinose tomentose, pale yellow; hymenium pale yellow becoming orange tinted with age or in drying, sometimes slightly pruinose; stem short or almost none, when well developed whitened by a short downy tomentum; asci cylindric; spores elliptic, verrucose, .0008- .0009 of an inch long, .0004-.0005 broad, commonly containing one or two shining nuclei. Cups 4-8 lines broad; stem 2-6 lines long, 2-4 thick. Decaying leaves and other vegetable matter in woods. Lake Pleasant. August. Its relationship is with S. imperialis from which it differs in the character of its spores and in its more highly colored hymenium. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1903 21 Stereum burtianum n. sp. PLATE 0, FIG. 30-34 Pileus thin, submembranaceous, coriaceous, fibrous, subinfundi- buliform, sometimes dimidiate, slightly uneven with radiating fibrous ridges, pallid with a slight cervine or rufescent tint, some- what shining, the thin margin erect, spreading or decurved, slightly wavy or uneven on the edge and often incised or laciniate ; hymenium even or slightly radiately uneven, decurrent, from pale buff to ochraceous buff; stem short, tough, solid, minutely tomen- tose or pruinose tomentose, subcinereous; spores minute, hyaline, even, globose or subglobose, .00012-.00016 of an inch broad. Pileus 4-8 lines broad; stem 2-3 lines long, about half a line thick. Bare ground in bushy places. Shokan, Ulster co. Sep- tember. - Sometimes the pilei of two or more plants growing close together_are confluent. When well developed the pileus has a central stem, but sometimes one third or one half is wanting and then the stem is lateral though the pileus is usually erect. In such cases the pileus often appears as if perforate and the upper part of the stem as if hollow. This very distinct species is dedi- cated to Prof. E. A. Burt who has made a special study of the group of fungi to which it belongs and to whom I am under obliga- tions for aid in the identification of some of the species. Tricholoma subluteum n. sp. ) PLATE 0, FIG. 26-29 Pileus broadly campanulate becoming convex, umbonate, obscurely fibrillose, yellow, flesh white; lamellae close, emargin- ate, adnexed, white; stem equal or slightly tapering upward, solid, fibrillose, yellow, whitish at the pointed base, white within; spores globose, .0002-.00024 of an inch broad. Pileus 2-4 inches broad; stem 3-4 inches long, 4-8 lines thick. Under coniferous trees. Lake Pleasant. August. This is a beautiful but apparently a very rare species. It belongs to the second group of section Sericella. It is related to T. chrysenterum and T. chrysenteroides, but may be distinguished from them by its white flesh and lamellae. 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Ulmaria rubra Hill. Balfour place near Aiden Lair, Essex co. July. The queen of the prairie has been introduced into our State from the West and is found in dooryards and flower gardens where it is cultivated for ornament. It sometimes escapes from cultivation - - or persists about the sites of old destroyed or abandoned dwell- ings. It is described in Gray’s Manual under the name S pi- raea lobata. D : REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS Agastache scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Kuntze Roadside. Wells, Hamilton co. August. A showy form having purplish bracts and calyx lobes. It is sparingly pubescent and in this respect it approaches A. nepetoides, but it has the thicker spikes and more pointed calyx lobes of A. scro ph- ulariaefolia. . Amanita muscaria formosa (G. & R.) Fr. Several instances have been reported to me in which this variety of the fly amanita, a poisonous species, has been eaten without harm. In all these instances except one, the mushroom was eaten by those who were at the time ignorant or unsuspicious of its true relationship. In September, Mr A. P. Hitchcock of New Lebanon reported to me a case in which a sheep ventured to try the edible qualities of this mushroom. He says: While I was gathering a few specimens of boletus in the pas- tures one evening last week, my cosset buck sheep, which follows me about like a dog, watched my proceedings with close attention for a time. Then, having assured himself of what I was doing he walked to a small group of the fly amanita, which grows luxuri- antly in places in my fields, and proceeded to gobble down about a dozen fair sized specimens, eating the caps as greedily as he eats lump sugar from my hand. This was at least three days ago and perhaps more. He is still with us. and in no way worse for his indulgence. Does this mean that I have mistaken some other sort for the fly amanita or that what is food for a buck sheep may be poison for a man? The amanita in question had the orange yellow color and the bulbous stem of A. muscaria. In this as in all other cases of harmless eating of the fly amanita that have been reported to me the variety formosa is indicated. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1903 23 _ The caps were either wholly or partly yellow. This is the com- mon form in our State. It has the upper surface of the cap either wholly pale yellow or the center only tinged with red or orange, the margin remaining yellow. The form having the whole upper surface of the cap uniformly bright red or orange red is very rare with us. Yet this is the form commonly figured by European mycologists as Amanita muscaria. The form having the pale yellow eap was described by Gonnermann and Rabenhorst as a distinct species but Fries reduced it to a variety. The instances mentioned above are strong presumptive evidence of its harmless character and may be taken as another point of differ- ence between this plant and the poisonous fly amanita. They strengthen the claims of those who have regarded the plant with the yellow cap as a distinct species. Still these two mushrooms are so closely allied in size, shape and structure that it does not seem prydent to regard them as distinct species and the yellowish capped one as edible, till full trial and investigation has estab- lished the fact beyond question. Aster roscidus variifolius n. var. 5 Lower stem leaves ovate or oblong ovate, cordate, acuminate, serrate, petiolate, 2-5 inches long, upper stem leaves much smaller, oblong, entire, sessile or with a very short, widely winged petiole, scarcely more than 1 inch long. Woods along the shore of Lake Ontario north of Mexico. Sep- tember. The whole plant is glandular. The three or four upper leaves are abruptly reduced in size. Aster undulatus L. A small form, 1.5-2 feet tall, with leaves ovate or subrotund, the lower petiolate, cordate and serrate with broad teeth, occurs near Minerva. It is related to A. undulatus abrupti- folius, but is a much smaller plant. Antennaria neglecta Greene A dwarf form having the heads densely capitate, the stems of the pistillate plant only 2-4 inches long and of the staminate plant 2 inches or less, occurs at Minerva. It is in flower the first week 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM in May. In appearance it resembles the western A. cam- pestris Rydb. . Boletus nebulosus Pk. In State Museum report 51, page 292 a description of this species was published, but it was derived from mature specimens, no examples of the young plant having at that time been seen. Young specimens were found near Lake Pleasant in August. The pileus in them is hemispheric, soon becoming convex and is dark gray becoming brown with age. The tubes are at first closed and pallid or brownish. The stem is sometimes pointed at the base . and varied above with pale streaks. Cantharellus cibarius longipes n. var. Pileus irregular, lobed or wavy on the margin, often centrally depressed and rimose squamose; lamellae very narrow, crowded, strongly decurrent, frequently anastomosing; stem long, its length equal to or exceeding the diameter of the pileus. In groves of spruce and balsam fir. North Elba. September. Cortinarius amarus Pk. A form of this species was found having the stem 2-3 inches long. It grows under spruce and balsam firtrees in North Elba, and is easily recognized by its small, irregular, yellow, viscid pileus and its very bitter flavor. Dalibarda repens L. Fine specimens of this pretty little plant were found by the roadside between Minerva and Aiden Lair. These have several short peduncles bearing mature seeds and one or two long ones now, July 24, bearing flowers. The early flowers were evidently clistogamic and very fruitful. Eriophorum alpinum L. Along the roadside 2 miles south of Aiden Lair. This little alpine cotton grass is rare in our State and it is interesting to find it maintaining itself along the side of a much used public highway. Hydnum graveolens subzonatum n. var. Pileus thin, nearly plane, slightly umbilicate, fibrously radiate striate, zonate with narrow, slightly darker zones, fuscous or grayish brown; aculei whitish. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1903 25 North Elba and Lake Pleasant. August and September. This northern variety agrees with the typical form in its mode of growth and in its odor, but differs from it in having the pileus more or less zonate and the spines of the hymenium whiter. Mnium affine ciliare C. M. Catskill mountains. Mrs E.G. Britton. A fine variety readily known by the long ciliae or hairs that adorn the margin of the leaf. Otidea onotica (Pers.) Fckl. Gregarious or cespitose, growing in damp shaded places on de- caying wood and bark. North Elba. September. The base is sometimes whitened by mycelioid filaments. The receptacle is rather tough, but the more tender hymenium is sometimes eaten by insects or their larvae. ’ Pilosace eximia Pk. This rare little species is peculiar in having reddish spores. They are .00025 of an inch long, .00016 broad. The color of the spores appears to vary in the different species of this genus. In one they are described as black, in another as purplish brown. In structure the genus agrees with Pluteus of the pink spored series. At present it contains six species, two of which occur in Europe, two in the West Indies, one in Africa and one in the United States. Puccinia suaveolens (Pers.) Rostr. This parasitic fungus may be classed among the useful species. It attacks the noxious Canada thistle and assists in keeping it in check by preventing it from producing seeds. But it also attacks another plant, Centaurea cyanus, blue bottle or bache- lor’s button, which is often cultivated for ornament. In this case also it prevents the development of the flowers and seeds and it may therefore be classed as an injurious fungus, since the flower is the special part for which the plant is cultivated. This plant escaped from cultivation at Menands and was growing like a weed in waste places. On these wild plants the fungus appeared in its uredo stage in May. Later in the season this was followed by the appearance of the teleutospores, the final stage, on the 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM same plants. The fungus on this host plant is designated form cyani. Senecio vulgaris L. The common groundsel is sometimes a troublesome weed in gardens. It begins to flower early in the spring and in wet Seasons successive crops spring up and continue the production of seed till cold weather stops their growth. In poor soil it will _ flower when but two or three inches high, in rich soil it may grow — 12 inches high and bear many branches. It grows rapidly and requires but a few days in which to develop from seed to maturity. The soil sometimes becomes so filled with its seeds that as fast as one crop of the plants is destroyed another takes its place. Sisymbrium altissimum L. The tall sisymbrium is an introduced plant which has proved to be quite troublesome as a weed in some of the northwestern states. The past summer it appeared in the vicinity of Albany. It was probably brought here either from the north or the west where it has become firmly established. By destroying such troublesome weeds when they first appear much future labor and trouble may be saved. Solidago canadensis glabrata Porter Generally the early goldenrod, Solidago juncea, is the first species to blossom in our latitude. It begins to flower in July, The past season, which is notable for its peculiar influence on some plants, seems to have hastened.the time of flowering of some species. On July 24, S.juncea, S. canadensis glab- rata, S. arguta and S. rugosa were all found growing near each other at North Creek and ail were nicely in flower. The glabrate Canada goldenrod is a northern variety and perhaps in its effort to meet the requirements of the short northern seasons it has acquired the habit of blooming early. Viola cucullata Ait. . In the cold bogs and wet places of the Adirondack region where this blue violet delights to grow, it is not unusual to find it with flowering scapes 6-9 inches long. The flowers much surpass the leaves, often standing twice as high. Such specimens were col- | | ; ee i a r a - «a ) REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1903 27 lected in North Elba. Near Meadowdale a variety occurs in which the petals are variegated with blue and white. This variety _ has been observed there for several years and appears to be con- stant in its characters. I have also received .specimens of it from other places and it seems strange that it has not been designated by name by some of those botanists who have made a special study of the violets. Vicla rotundifolia Mx. - Fine specimens of the round leaved yellow violet showing the branched peduncles of the clistogamic flowers were found by the roadside 2 miles south of Aiden Lair in July. Viola selkirkii Pursh. this pretty, but with us rare, little blue violet has eee from its former station in a pine grove near West Albany. It was found last spring in a grove of arbor vitae trees near Minerva, Essex co. oi Xylaria grandis Pk. Van Etten, Chemung co. W. C. Barbour. The specimens on which this Species was founded were sent me by G. W. Clinton in 1872. No other specimens of the species had been seen by me till these came from Mr Barbour. They are smaller than the typical form and two of the three specimens sent have the clubs merely mucronate rather than acuminate. The radicating base is wanting in all the specimens, but it appears to have been broken off in collecting. The spores are of the same character as those of the type specimens and I have no doubt of the specific identity of the two fungi. It must be a rare species to escape a second discovery for 30 years. E EDIBLE FUNGI Collybia acervata Fr. TUFTED COLLYBIA PLATE 84, ric. 8-13 Pileus slightly fleshy, convex becoming expanded or nearly plane, glabrous, hygrophanous, pale tan color or incarnate red and sometimes obscurely striatulate on the margin when moist, whitish after the escape of the moisture; lamellae narrow, thin, 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM close, rounded behind, slightly adnexed or free, whitish; stem equal, hollow, glabrous, usually white tomentose at the base, red- dish brown or purplish brown; spores white, elliptic, .00024-.0003 of an inch long, .00016 broad. The tufted collybia is an inhabitant of the woods of our hilly and mountainous districts. It grows in dense tufts on decaying prostrate trunks of trees and among decaying leaves or on bits of rotten wood half buried by fallen leaves. The caps are rather thin and convex when young, but they expand with age and be- come broadly convex or nearly plane. When young and moist they are of a pale tan color or brownish red sometimes with a pinkish tint but as the moisture escapes they fade to a whitish color. In the European plant they are said to be umbonate but in the American plant the umbo is rarely present. The gills are quite narrow and close. They are rounded at the inner extremity and either slightly attached to the stem or quite free from it. They are whitish or slightly tinged with pink. The stem is rather slender, rigid but brittle, hollow and smooth except at the base where it is usually clothed with a white tomentum. The color is reddish brown or purplish brown but in the young a it is often whitish at the top. The cap is commonly 1-2 inches broad; the stem 2-3 inches long, 1.5-2.5 lines thick. The plants usually grow in clusters and occur during August and September. Though the individual plants are small they grow in such abundance that it is not difficult to obtain a sufficient supply for cooking. They are slightly tough but of good flavor and harmless. Collybia familia Pk. FAMILY COLLYBIA PLATE 84, Fic. 1-7. Pileus thin, fragile, hemispheric or convex, glabrous, hy- grophanous, while moist sometimes slightly striatulate on the margin, whitish, ‘grayish or pale smoky brown, sometimes brownish or more highly colored in the center; lamellae thin, narrow, close, rounded at the inner extremity, nearly free, white; stem slender, glabrous, hollow, white or whitish, commonly with REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1903 29 a white villosity at the base; spores globose, .00016-.0002 of an inch in diameter. The family collybia is similar to the tufted collybia in its mode of growth. It grows in similar localities but is limited in its habitat to decaying wood of coniferous trees. It is smaller and less frequent in occurrence but the tufts or clusters are generally composed of many more individual mushrooms. The caps are thin and fragile but are usually free from insect attack. They are whitish, grayish or brownish sometimes tinged with yellow but they have none of the reddish hues of the tufted collybia. In drying they are apt to become darker than when fresh. The gills are thin, narrow, crowded, white and free from the stem or but slightly attached to it. The stem is smooth, hol- low and white or whitish, but like the pileus it becomes darker in drying. Sometimes it appears to be pruinosely pubescent in the fresh plant when viewed with a lens. A wholly white variety very rarely occurs. The cap is 6-12 lines broad; the stem 2-4 inches long, 1-1.5 lines thick. The time of its appearance is during July and August. Its edible qualities are similar to those of the tufted collybia from which it is easily separated by its smaller size and different color. Russula mariae Pk. MARY’S RUSSULA PLATE 85, Fic. 1-8 Pileus at first nearly hemispheric, soon broadly convex, nearly plane or centrally depressed, pruinose and minutely pulverulent, dark crimson or purplish, sometimes darker in the center than on the margin, rarely striate on the margin when old, flesh white, pinkish under the cuticle, taste mild; lamellae moderately close, adnate, white when young, pale yellow when old; stem equal, solid or slightly spongy in the center, colored like or a little paler than the pileus, usually white at the top and bottom, rarely entirely white; spores pale yellow, globose, .0003 of an inch broad. This russula is a beautiful and easily recognizable species, though somewhat variable in its colors. The cap is at first 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM nearly hemispheric, but it soon becomes convex and continues to expand till it is nearly plane or centrally depressed. The margin is even when young and generally remains so in maturity, but sometimes it becomes radiately striate. The surface appears to the naked eye to be pruinose or covered with a bloom, but under a lens it is seen to be dusted with minute particles which, under the action of water, are separable and give reddish stains to any white surface against which the moistened cap may be rubbed. This pruinosity is one of the best distinguishing features of the species. A little boy once went with his mother to look for mush- rooms. They came on a group of Mary’s russula and the little boy, noticing the bloom on the caps and recognizing in it a resemblance to the bloom of plums, cried out in childish glee “plummies, plummies.” He was evidently a close and thoughtful observer and could distinguish at sight this russula from all others. The flesh of the cap is white, but has a pinkish tint immediately beneath the cuticle which is separable on the margin but adnate in the center of the cap. The taste is mild, but occa- sionally a specimen may be found in which it is slightly and tardily acrid. The color varies from deep crimson to purple. The center is sometimes more highly colored than the margin and in the purple specimens the margin in old plants is apt to fade to a whitish color and to become striate. The gills are white when young but with advancing age they become yellowish. They are nearly all of full length and are therefore wider apart at the margin of the cap than at the stem. A few are forked at the base and the interspaces are veiny. The stem is generally cylin- dric but occasionally tapering downward or pointed at the base. It appears to the naked eye to be smooth but under a lens it is slightly pulverulent. It is solid or slightly spongy and white within and colored like or a little paler than the cap externally except at the ends where it is white. Forms occasionally occur -In which the stem is entirely white. The cap is 1-3 inches broad; the stem 1-2 inches long, 3- 5 lines thick. It grows both in woods and in open grassy places and is found in July and August. It is not as highly flavored as some REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1903 31 other russulas but I have no hesitation in placing it among the ‘edible species. Russula furcata (Pers.) Fr. FORKED RUSSULA PLATH 85, Fic. 9-14 Pileus convex becoming nearly plane, centrally depressed or funnel form, glabrous, even on the margin which is at first incurved, then spreading and acute, the thin adnate pellicle sub- separable on the margin, ereenish or brownish green, flesh white, taste mild; lamellae thickish, subdistant, often forked, with _ shorter ones intermixed, adnate or slightly decurrent, white; stem equal or nearly so, solid or spongy in the center, white; spores white, subglobose, .0003-.00035 of an inch long, .00025- .0003 broad. The forked russula grows in woods and is a variable species. Two distinct European varieties have been described but our specimens do not fully agree with either of them nor with the typical form. The cap varies in color from a pale yellowish green or olive green to a dark brownish green, the center often being darker than the margin. Sometimes purplish hues are intermingled with the green, but these are apt to disappear from the dried specimens. The surface is slightly viscid when moist and sometimes it is rugosely roughened or reticulate in places. The margin, though thin, is not striate. The flesh is white and its taste mild. I have detected no bitter flavor to our form but the European form is said to have it. The gills are rather thick, moderately wide apart, persistently white and attached to the stem by their full width. Many of them are forked, the bifur- cations occurring most frequently near the stem and the mar- gin. There are also short gills which do not reach the stem. The interspaces are marked by transverse veins or ridges,. but I do not find this character ascribed to the European form. The stem is nearly or quite cylindric, solid or when old somewhat spongy in the center, smooth and white. The cap is 2-4 inches broad; the stem 1.5-8 inches long, 5-8 lines thick. It may be found in July. In my trial of its edible quali- ties it seemed more tough than some other russulas, but the | 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM flavor was satisfactory and the species is deemed worthy of a place in our edible list even though the European plant has been published by some writers as poisonous. Pholiota vermiflua Pk. WORMY PHOLIOTA PLATH 86, Fic. 13-20 Pileus convex or nearly plane, glabrous or occasionally floccese squamose on the margin, sometimes areolate rimose in the center, white, occasionally slightly tinged with yellow; lamellae close, adnexed, white becoming ferruginous brown, generally minutely eroded on the edge; stem hollow, equal, striated at the top, white, the annulus more or less floccose on the lower surface, lacerated or evanescent, white; spores elliptic, ferruginous brown, .0005 of an inch long, .0003 broad. The wormy pholiota is closely related to the early pholiota, from which it may be separated by its larger size, thicker flesh, stouter stem, whiter color and the tendency of its pileus to crack into areas in the center. It is very liable to be infested by the larvae of insects and this is suggestive of the specific name. The cap in the young plant is very convex or hemispheric but with advancing age it expands and becomes nearly or quite plane. The central part of the surface often cracks into areas giving it a scaly appearance. It also sometimes splits on the margin. It is smooth or occasionally slightly floccose scaly on the margin from the remains of the veil. The flesh is white. The gills are at first white but they become rusty brown with age. They are closely placed, excavated at the stem end and often whitish and minutely eroded on the edge. The stem is nearly cylindric, hollow, smooth, white and often striated at the top. Its collar is also white, somewhat floccose on the lower surface, often slight, lacer- ated and disappearing in mature plants, leaving the stem without a collar. ; The cap is 2-4 inches broad; the stem 2-3 inches long, 3-5 lines thick. The plants are usually found in rich soil in grain fields, waste places and about manure piles and occur from June to August. When sound and well cooked the flavor is excellent and the mushroom is a fine addition to our table delicacies. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1903 33 Psilocybe foenisecii (Pers.) Fr. HAYMAKHRS PSILOCYBH. MOWERS MUSHROOM . PLATE 86, Fic. 1-11 Pileus thin, campanulate or convex, obtuse, glabrous, hygroph- anous, brown or reddish brown when moist, paler when dry; gills broad, adnate, minutely crenulate.on the edge, ventricose, subdis- tant, brown; stem slender, nearly straight, hollow, rigid, fragile, glabrous, pruinose at the top, pallid or rufescent; spores brown, subelliptic, .0005-.0006 of an inch long, .00025-.0003 broad. The haymakers psilocybe is a small but very regular, neat and attractive species which gets its name from its usual place of growth. This is in grassy places, on lawns or in meadows, where it is often destroyed by the mower while cutting grass. Its cap is conic or somewhat bell shaped when young, but it becomes more convex with age. When fresh and moist it is dark brown or reddish brown and is usually marked on the margin by darker parallel radiating lines. By the escape of the surplus moisture these lines disappear and the cap becomes paler, assuming a grayish or ashy gray color: The moisture generally escapes first from the center of the cap though the flesh is thicker there than on the margin. This gives a somewhat variegated appearance to the cap while the moisture is escaping, but after the evaporation is completed the color is nearly uniform. Sometimes the center of the cap has a reddish or tan colored hue, in which case this color is generally retained for a time after the escape of the moisture. The cap is generally brown in completely dried and shriveled specimens. The gills are rather broad, not crowded, somewhat narrowed behind and attached to the stem. They are pale brown when young, blackish brown when old. The stem is slender, usually long and nearly straight, hollow, easily broken and paler than the moist cap. It is sometimes tinged with red. The spores in our: plant slightly exceed the dimensions given to the spores of the European plant. The cap is 6-12 lines broad; the stem 2-3 inches long, about 1 line thick. This:mushroom grows gregariously in rich grassy places, generally appearing in May and June. Sometimes it ap- pears in great numbers and in successive crops, otherwise it would 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM be unimportant as an edible mushroom on account of its small size. It has been very abundant in the capitol lawn the last two seasons. It has not a very high flavor but it is harmless and relishable when fried in butter and may therefore be classed as an edible species, though some authors say that there are no edible . species of Psilocybe. When uncooked its taste is strong and dis-. agreeable. = Bovista pila B. & C. ROUND BOVISTA PLATE 84, ric. 14-18 Peridium globose or subglobose, 1-3 inches in diameter, the outer coat very thin, at first smooth, white or whitish, soon break- ing up into minute scurfy scales or becoming minutely rimose squamulose, finally disappearing and revealing the rather firm papery but persistent, tough, glossy brown inner coat; capil- litium dense, persistent, brown; spores even, globose, .00016-.0002 of an inch broad. : The round bovista takes its specific name from its resemblance to a ball. It is quite globose and about 2 inches in diameter _ when well developed, but sometimes it is more or less irregular. When young it is white or whitish externally and pure white within. It is edible only while in this condition. As soon as the interior begins to change color it is no longer fit to eat and — should be discarded. As it advances in age the surface or outer coat shrivels and breaks up into minute scales or scurf and after a time disappears. The inner coat is then smooth and tough like parchment. In maturity it is brown, purplish brown, seal brown or dingy coppery brown, sometimes shining and sometimes showing obscure patches of the exceedingly thin dried and brownish outer coat still adhering to it. It ruptures irregularly. The interior is then seen to be a dense towy and more or less dusty mass similar to the interior of a fully matured puftball. In this condition it often persists through the winter and may be found in fairly good condition for specimens after its hibernation. It grows either in woods, pastures or meadows and in suitable weather may be found from July to September. . Ol REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1903 3 F NEW YORK SPECIES OF CRATAEGUS ‘ The number of published species of Crataegus found in the United States and Canada has increased surprisingly within the last five years. In the edition of Gray’s Manwal issued in 1890, 10 species and three varieties are recognized as belonging to the territory covered by its flora. In the Illustrated Flora of- Britton and Brown, the second volume of which contains the descrip- tion of the species of this genus and which was issued in 1897, 15 species and three varieties are recognized, but the territory covered is somewhat larger than that of the Manual. Britton’s Manual issued in 1901 increases the number to 31 species and retains but one variety. In the Silva of North America, volume 4, published in 1892, 14 species are described, but in volume 13, which appeared in 1902, the number of species is increased to 84 and the statement is made that this does not include some im- perfectly known arboreous ‘species nor the merely shrubby species. In the Flora of the Southern States by J. K. Small, issued in 1903, 185 species are described. Varieties are not recognized. In an article devoted to the species of Crataegus found in Rochester and its vicinity and published in the Proceedings of the Rochester Academy of Science, volume 4, 1903, C. S. Sargent has described 28 new species and recorded the occurrence of 13 others exclu- sive of two introduced species which occasionally escape from cultivation. This makes 41 species for the limited area of Rochester and its vicinity, a number greater than that given in Britton’s Manual for the entire area eovered by it two years ago. From these data the inference is scarcely avoidable that many of the recently described species must resemble each other closely and must be founded on slight variations of specifie char- acters. If this inference is well founded, the conclusion is evi- dent that such closely allied species can not be recognized without a thorough knowledge of their distinguishing characters and this knowledge can scarcely be obtained without careful study and close observation. To properly represent such species in the 36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM herbarium, a set of good and well prepared specimens taken in the various stages of development from flowering time till the ripening and fall of the fruit, is required. The genus Crataegus, as represented by our species, includes shrubs and trees which may be roughly but easily separated from species of other genera of the same family by the long spines or thorns with which their trunks and branches are armed. The common and local names applied to these plants are thorn, thorn apple, thorn bush, thorn tree, haw and hawthorn. They are nearly all suggested by this very prominent character of these plants. Some species are small shrubs, only 2 or 3 feet high with a basal stem diameter of scarcely 1 inch, others are trees 30 feet or more high with a basal diameter of the trunk of 1 foot or more. There is no well marked line of distinction between those which are classed as trees and those which should be called shrubs. They insensibly run together. The same species may be a shrub in one place and a tree in another. The branches of many species are widely spreading giving a broad rounded head to the tree similar to that of an appletree. Often the lower branches spread horizontally and the upper diverge at a small angle giving a more conic outline to the top. The punctate thorn usually has most of its branches horizontally spreading. This gives it a broad, flattened or depressed head and makes the species easily recognizable at a distance. The shrubby species branch from the base and when several clumps grow near each other they form almost impenetrable thickets. The young shoots of the branches are at first green but with advancing age the upper surface gradually assumes a reddish brown or other ° color which later encircles the whole shoot. During the second or the second and third years the color becomes, in most species, some shade of gray or ashy gray. The spines that grow from the trunk and branches are modified or peculiarly developed branches. They are themselves sometimes branched and generally they agree in color with the branch to which they are attached. They usually have a bud at one side of the base and sometimes one on both sides. These buds develop REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1903 37 into a leaf, a branch or a cluster of flowers the next year. In breaking a spine from its branch the leaf, branchlet or flower cluster is likely to be torn away with it unless care is taken to avoid it. The young spine is often adorned with one or more narrow foliaceous bracts which are quickly deciduous. The spines of the hawthorn are sometimes elongated and leaf bearing. They then appear like a short leafy branch terminating in a sharp leaf- less point. The leaves are alternate and simple but generally more or less distinctly lobed and serrated on the margin. Those of young and vigorous shoots often differ from others on the same tree in size, shape and lobing. The teeth of the margin are nearly always tipped with glands which may vary in color in different species. The teeth themselves vary according to the species. They may be short or long, narrow or broad, blunt or sharp pointed, straight or incurved. The surface of the leaf blades may be smooth, pubescent or scabrous. In many species the upper surface of the young leaves may be coated with deciduous hairs which soon dis- appear leaving the surface of the mature leaves glabrous. The lower surface is generally paler than the upper. In some species the young unfolding leaves are tinged with brownish red or bronze red but they become green with advancing age. The leaves are normally petiolate and stipulate but the stipules soon disappear and in some species the petioles are short and so widely margined by the decurrent leaf blades that the leaves appear to be sessile. The petioles are often furnished with a few glands which may be either sessile or stalked. They are often more highly colored when old than when young, and are apt to be shorter on vigorous shoots than on fruiting or lateral branches. In general outline the leaf blades may vary in different species from oblanceolate or spatulate to obovate, ovate, oblong ovate, elliptic, oval or orbicu- lar. The buds are compact and globular with very broad blunt scales. In some species they are covered with a varnish which becomes sticky in warm weather. When they burst in spring the inner scales enlarge rapidly, become elongated and assume pink 38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM reddish or yellowish hues. They are glandular on the margin and in some species on the surface also. These scales are generally soon deciduous. The flowers in our species are, with one exception, Cratae- gus uniflora, produced in clusters at the ends of short leafy terminal or lateral branches. In the earliest species to flower in our latitude they appear about the end of the first week in May, in the latest, the first week in June, making the flowering season about one month long. In nearly all cases the flowers open and their petals fall before the leaves are fully developed. The flower stems or peduncles may be long or short, simple or branched, glabrous or hairy, according to the species. The branching peduncles frequently support three flowers each, the central flower opening a little earlier than the two lateral. The calyx is superior and five lobed, the petals are five, the stamens vary from 5 to 20 and the pistils from 1 to 5. The stamens are normally 5, 10, 15 or 20 in any given species, but by the sup- pression of some or the union of two adjacent filaments such definite numbers are not always found. Nevertheless the number of the stamens is now utilized as a specific character. The color of the anthers may be pale yellow or whitish, pink or rosy red, purplish red or violaceous, and though these colors are very fleet- ing they are recognized as having, in many cases, specific value. The calyx lobes are generally tipped with a single gland, their margins may be entire or furnished with sessile or stalked glands. They are erect in bud but spreading or reflexed in anthesis and in some species they later become again erect or incurved. In many species they also become red on the inner basal surface as they advance in age. They are sometimes deciduous from the ripe fruit, specially in species belonging to the section Tomentosae. The petals are nearly always white in our species. In one or two ‘they show a tendency to become rosy tinted when they begin to wither. They are quickly deciduous. They are sometimes eroded or wavy on the edge, and are generally furnished with a short claw at the base. The time of ripening of the fruit extends from the middle of August to the middle of October. The number of fruits in any REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1903 - 39 cluster is generally less than the number of its flowers because some flowers fail to produce fruit. The fruit may be globose, oval, oblong, ovate or pyriform. It is not invariably of the same size and shape on the same tree but it is now thought to furnish char- acters of specific value. When the flower stem is short and stout the ripe fruit is likely to be erect. If the flower stem is long and slender the ripe fruit is likely to droop on its stem. In some species the hairinessof the calyx tube of the flower persists and the fruit is hairy, in others it disappears and the fruit is smooth. In some the fruit falls when it is ripe or soon after, in others it hangs on the branches after the leaves have fallen, persisting sometimes till winter or in rare cases and partially till the following spring. In most species the color of the ripe fruit is some shade of red, either orange red, scarlet, vermilion or crimson. In some it is yellow, greenish yellow, or these colors varied with a red cheek. In some species the fruit has a distinct pruinosity or bloom, in others an indistinct or scarcely noticeable bloom is present. Such fruits have a dull or opaque color but a little rubbing of the sur- face brings out a shining color. The cuticle in some species may be stripped from the fully ripe fruit as from a very ripe peach or pear. The flesh or pulp in some is dry and mealy, in others juicy and soft. It may be whitish, greenish yellow, orange or red. In many species the fruit has an agreeable flavor and is sweet or slightly acid and edible. In some cases it has been utilized in making jelly. In size it varies much, being but three or four lines in diameter in some and nearly an inch in others. In most of our species it is from five to seven lines in diameter. The number of nutlets of the fruit generally equals the number of styles in the flower. In the section Tomentosae the nutlets differ from those of the other sections in having the inner faces excavated. Thorn bushes appear to have in some cases their “ off years” like apple- trees. A bush may be loaded with fruit one year and the next have none. Sometimes the fruit fails because of late frosts. This happened about Lake Placid the past season.