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New York State Education Department

BULLETIN 347

Ze

Published monthly by the

/ ey jf a

JULY 1905

| +"

New York State Museum

f
THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY

4
PAGE

2 5 2? 2) re 909 | Mineral paint.........
J oer gto | Mineral waters........

Mineral production of New Carbonic acid gas

Peete 1904.2... es G13.) avutal Cas... uf! 2

REE airs ay. 6 way +2: Se ore (oe retroleums. 2... Pic e..
0 US SE eee Oe Hee VEMION 7... o-. els gare ee

Manuiaeture of building brick. 921 | Salt..........2.6.00.

Other clay materials......... GE ARG ve oie cites Sete Hare

Rae nc ke. oe sw es Gag i SLONes. 212%... eee: oie

Merete eas oe Os oe 925 Granites... .\ees ee
Emery.. 925 Limestone. 7.2... 00%
Feldspar and are 926 Marbletega -\tos.tine
27 US Pe gS a 926 sandsuones: YA. 2.8
Glass sand and molding sand.. 927 g's 8 8 oe Ooi PD
(LUD Loh: ee Ee rene Ose ALC. Sys eta 1 he age Se
MMPI MA IS 1k. scat ew Hees 1 ainda ge ds ony hig ees aca A Aa
MMM SL fs oe PD ee Va ee Le ee AA me
Vo TES a a 938

: (
ALBANY \

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT.“

a ee

Mrs6m-Mys5-1500

JOHN M. CLaRKE Director

Bulletin 93
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY I[3

OF

NEW YORK STATE

: BY
DAVID H. NEWLAND B.A.

Assistant State Geologist

1905

Price 15 cents

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1906

1908
1914
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1916

STATE OF NEW YORK
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Regents of the University
With years when terms expire
WHITELAW Reip M.A. LL.D. Chancellor - - New York
St Crain McKetway M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. D.C.L.

Vice Chancellor - - - - - - - - - - Brooklyn
DANIEL BeacH Ph.D. LL.D. - - - - - - Watkins
Punny T. Sexton LL.D. --)- -)\- - =) = = Palmyra
TaGUIiLFORD OMITH, M.A. C:E. LL.D: => =9)-(8ateale
Wititiam NottTincHaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - - Syracuse
CrAREES "A. °GARDINER (Ph.D. L:H.Dy EE:

DiC.Lit jw Se ee ele oe a ee
CHARLES 'S. PRANCIS | B.Si0- = 0-4) 2 ae eo
EDWARD LAUTERBACH M.A. - - - - - - New York
EuGENE A. PuiLBin LL.B. LL.D. - - - - New York
Lucian L. SHEDDEN LL.B. - - - - - - - Plattsburg

Commissioner of Education

ANDREW S. Draper LL.D.

Assistant Commissioners

Howarp J. Rocers M.A. LL.D. Furst Assistant Commissioner
Epwarp J. Goopwin Lit.D. Second Assistant Commissioner |
Avucustus S. Downine M.A. Third Assistant Commissioner

Secretary to the Commissioner

- HarLtan H. Horner B.A.

Director of Libraries and Home Education

MetviL Dewey LL.D.

Director of Science and State Museum

Joun’ M. Ciarxe LL.D.

Chiefs of Divisions
Accounts, WILLIAM Mason
Attendance, JAMES D. SULLIVAN
Examinations, CHARLES F. WHEELOcK B.S. LL.D.
Inspections, FRanK H. Woop M.A.
Law, THomas E. FINEGAN M.A.
Records, CHarLes E. Fitcu L.H.D.
Statistics, Hiram C. Case

New York State Education Department
Science Division, April 25, 1905
Hon. Andrew S. Draper
Commissioner of Education

My DEAR sIR: I beg to transmit herewith for publication as a
bulletin of the State Museum a report entitled, The Mining and
Quarry Industry of New York State: Report of Operations and
Production during 1904, by David H. Newland, Assistant State

Geologist.
Very respectfully yours

Joun M. CLARKE

Director and State Geologist
State of New York

Education Department
COMMISSIONER'S ROOM
Approved for publication April 26, 1905

NV.4

Commissioner of Education

New York State Education Department

New York State Museum

Joun M. Crarxe Director
Bulletin 93
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY I18

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY

OF

NEW YORK STATE

REPORT OF OPERATIONS AND PRODUCTION DURING
1904

PREFACE

This bulletin is intended to present a summary of the mineral
resources of New York and their economic development. It covers
the principal facts regarding the character, occurrence and pro-
duction of the useful minerals, with brief discussion of existing

conditions in the related industries.

In many departments of the mineral industry a notably increased
activity has been manifest during the last few years, and to meet
the requests for information that are constantly received it has
seemed advisable to undertake a more elaborate investigation than
has been attempted hitherto. For that purpose a statistical
canvass has been made of the mines and quarries throughout the
State. The data incorporated in the following pages are based
mainly on information thus obtained.

_ Acknowledgment for assistance is due to those engaged in mining
and quarry enterprises; the requests for statistics and other details
of operations have met uniformly a considerate response that has
greatly facilitated the investigation.

In communicating with the various producers use has been made
of the list of mineral producers compiled in 1904 by Dr F. J. H.
Merrill, formerly State Geologist. —

gio NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

INTRODUCTION
The mineral wealth of New York is overshadowed by that of

some states, but it is nevertheless a great natural endowment. -

According to the reports ‘of the Census office at Washington, New
York ranked 13th in 1902 in value of mineral production. The
total as compiled in the reports, however, does not take into
account the clay products (classed as mineral manufactures), the
value of which is more than one half that of all other materials
combined. In manufactures based on substances taken from
mines and quarries, the State was second with an, aggregate of
approximately $500,000,000, which represented 23 per cent of all
its manufactures for the year.

The useful minerals that are produced, numbering over 20 in all,
are derived from a great number of localities distributed throughout
different sections. Nearly every county of the State is represented
by one or more branches of the industry. Building stones and
clays are naturally the most abundant and the most extensively
exploited. ©f the former all the principal commierctalMyanienes
occur, including many stones that are prized for monumental and
decorative work. Black, red and green roofing slates are quarried
in Washington county. Cement materials of high excellence occur
in inexhaustible quantities. In the manufacture of natural hy-
draulic cement the State has long held the leading position, while
the Portland cement industry, which has had a more recent origin,
is rapidly assuming prominence. The Adirondack region supplies
most of the crystalline graphite obtained in this country; its garnet
has a wide reputation for abrasive purposes. The talc deposits of
St Lawrence county are unique for size and quality of the material
yielded; they furnish great quantities to paper manufacturers in
the United States, besides supporting an important export trade.
Ulster county is the principal source of millstones of American make.
The salines and rock salt found in the western counties furnish
about one third of the domestic salt production. -The establish-
ment of the soda industry within recent years has been due to the
abundance of these deposits and the economy with which they can
be exploited. Gypsum has been quarried in the central and western
parts of the State for many years, but until lately the material was
utilized almost solely for agricultural purposes. With. the recog-
nition of its adaptability to calcining, a new impetus has been given

to quarrying activity and an increased output has ensued. All»

varieties of iron ore that are used in smelting occur in New York.
The Adirondacks and the Hudson Highlands contain numerous

se tt it tie td

Ee eee eee

a ee

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY git

deposits of magnetite; the Clinton formation extending across the
ceatral and western counties carries hematite, which is also found
in the crystalline strata of St Lawrence county; and the Hudson
river region furnishes limonite and carbonate ores. Pyrite, a
sulfid of iron employed for making sulfuric acid, is mined in St
Lawrence county. The mineral springs of the State deserve
mention for their varied character and economic importance. In
addition to the revenue obtained from tourists and health seekers,
the waters are shipped in large quantities to every part of the
country. The absence of workable coal seams from the New York
geologic series is noteworthy, inasmuch as the great coal fields of
Pennsylvania begin but a few miles south of the state line. The
other mineral fuels, gas and petroleum, are represented, the former
being found over a wide area. Among the remaining mineral
substances that are produced to a greater or less extent are feldspar,
vein quartz, glass sand, infusorial earth, metallic paint, slate
pigment, sienna, lead and zinc ore and carbon dioxid.

The accompanying table gives the mineral production of New
York for the year 1904. The aggregate value of the products was
$27,766,905. There were approximately 10,000 workings (mines,
quarries and wells) which contributed to the output. Although
the conditions in some branches of the industry were not such as to
encourage unusual activity on the part of the producers, the results
Exiaemeds by the returns indicate that on the wads substantial
progress was made.

Among the notable features of the year’s record was an increase
of about 80,000 tons in iron ore production which was the largest
since 1892. The outlook for continued growth of this industry
seems encouraging. For the last few years the resources of the
State have been exploited on a comparatively small scale owing to
the fact that the ores of other districts were more favorably situated
with regard to the principal markets and at the same time could be
more cheaply mined. The consumption of iron, however, is
increasing so rapidly in this country that the time can not be far
distant when additional sources of ore supply must be drawn upon
toalargeextent. The Adirondack magnetite deposits undoubtedly
have great potential value. By a simple concentration process, as
now practised by the mining companies in this region, the ores can
be brought to a standard above the average obtained in most
districts; shipments ranging above 65 per cent in iron content are
being made to Pennsylvania furnaces. Some of the mines yield
low phosphorus ores that are much sought for by Bessemer steel
manufacturers.

QI2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The clay-working industry has steadily gained in importance.
The output during 1904 was valued at $11,504,704, showing a large
increase over the total for any previous year. Building materials
(brick, tile, terra cotta and fireproofing) constituted the principal
part of the production. The Hudson river district alone reported
an output of brick valued at $5,846,097. The manufacture of the
finer grades of pottery, to which, hitherto, little attention has been
given in this State, is becoming prominent. The porcelain wares
(electric supples and tableware) made in 1904 represented a value
of nearly $1,000,000.

The hydraulic cement industry was influenced adversely by the
depressed state of the trade. Throughout the year the market for
both Portland and natural rock cement ruled so low that there was
little profit in their manufacture, and some companies preferred to
close down their plants than to sell at the prevailing prices. The
output of 3,258,932 barrels represented a reduction of about 25
per cent from the total for 1903.

The quarrying of building stone was also less active, due to the

smaller demand for the material in the larger cities. The value of

the stone products, exclusive of slate and limestone used in making
cement, aggregated $5,124,251. While the quarrying industry is
extensive there is still room for expansion, particularly for the
granites and marbles, the output of which represents a small pro-
portion of the quantity used annually in the State.

In salt manufacture the high rate of production that has been
maintained for the last few years was continued during 1904. The
total of 8,724,768 barrels or 1,221,467 short tons, was rather above
the average yield, although it was curtailed to some extent by the
small output of the plants making solar salt which experienced an
unusually poor season. A considerable proportion of the salt
production was converted into soda.

The combined value of the petroleum and natural gas produced
during the year was $2,261,967. There were no unusual develop-
ments in the oil fields, and the output which amounted to 1,036,179
barrels was about the same as in 1903. ‘The production of natural
gas showed a moderate increase contributed mostly by wells in
Erie county. At the average value reported of 23 cents per 1000
cubic feet the total quantity of natural gas produced was 2,399,-
987,000 cubic feet, approximately equivalent for heating purposes
to 120,000 tons of coal.

Mineral waters with an output valued at $1,600,000, ranked well
up in the list of products. An important branch of the industry
that has been developed in New York is the recovery of carbon

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 913
dioxid for use in carbonating artificial waters. The gas occurs
abundantly at Saratoga Springs where several companies are
engaged in its production. It is liquefied under pressure and stored
in steel cylinders for transport to the consumers. The shipments in
1904 amounted approximately to 4,000,000 pounds valued at
$300,000.
Mineral production of New York in 1904

UNIT OF
PRODUCT GES ORRER QUANTITY VALUE
Pomiand cement... ics... ,..| Barrels........ BST Te 202 I 245 778
Maeeearock cement.........| Barrels........ I 881 630 1 207 883
Piggies prick... 05. 5... Thousands..... I 293 538 T° A7 32. 122
ee ttt oS Ne aie afi ai: w ehet edie) oe wee meee ere I 438 634
oe TES DINE TS LOteU SEE, a ea eee rene eee 2 592 948
Barret... - ss ss ness | Hort tons...'.. 8 959 17 164
SE - SHOE tONS«. 4. . I 148 17 220
Beldspar and quartz......... Lone tons...... 8 703 28 463
(SETS hot ee Short tons. .... 3.045 104 325
258 Sain |r Short tons... II 080 8 484
SUL E52 ar rr Pounds? han ol) 3p E32 1.027 IIg 509
eepomigee aes). ws. es... .| Short tons.: ... ISI 455 424 975
_S0uL O28: (hGH ae re Long tons...... 619 103 I 328 894
OLA EOE SBE. 5 5 LS ye SRG RAS TB Eas nar (mn 21 476
MieeMreneataie..............|-ohort tons..... 4 740 55 768
SIGUE StS 1 ee Short tons... .... BuEse 23 876
Mineral waters....... Wie re 1 a Gclonseyy 01.) 8 OG0 OOO I 600 000
WMS ts 1000 cubic feet.| 2 399 987 552 197
SOE ao odes ae Barrelsnn. sic: E 036) /179 E709 770
Pyrite Eenertons..:..... 5.275 20 820
221th. ook Se re Barrele. eee... 3 8 724 768 2 102 748
PeeMemAte. 4.5.5.0. ..sas| SQUATES.....5.- 18 ogo 86 159
PLATE LACT U TPCT SS Seem Sin ee | ew Oe ee a re 7 441
QOELLULE: 2. See S Gee ee aetna Oe 221 882
ete eee Mey ee, OA el eee Pee CL ak eS math 2 058 405
pie I eee Pe eR a yey a ole we a kta eee ATS. TPE
= ELLY DES. ¢ Se PSB are ee On ie ie a ree a cee 1 896 697
eee ee ne cnn i) see a Bee ee dhe aS ees 468 496
EID a Short tons? sy. 65 000 455 000
Pierrtience Riemer rast uta See oo. ha ee Ls aegis ooten $27 766 905
CEMENT

Hydraulic cement has been manufactured in New York for

many years.

Natural rock cement was made in Ulster county

as early as 1826, the product having been used in the construction
of the Delaware and Hudson canal. The waterlimes of central
New York are said to have been discovered before 1820, but. the
industry was not firmly established here till later. In 1828
the first plant was erected at Rosendale, a locality that soon

gI4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

gained wide prominence for the quality of its cement. By 1840
the production of Rosendale and vicinity amounted to 600,000
barrels annually, and for a long time the district has been the
largest center of natural cement manufacture in this country.
According to F. H. Lewis,’ the output in 1897 was approximately
3,500,000 barrels or 42% of the total reported for the United
States in that year. The natural rock of Erie county was first
used in 1839 when a mill was built at Akron. In 1870 a plant
was erected at Howes Cave, and in 1874 at Buffalo.

The manufacture_of Portland cement has been a development
of the last 25 years.<. Its*growth at first was retarded, no doubt,
by the natural “cement industry which commanded an extensive
market, but recently it has made rapid progress. Portland cement
was manufactured in 1881 by the Wallkill Portland Cement Co.
near South Rondout, the first plant (other than experimental) to
be erected in the State. The Empire Portland Cement Co. began
operations at Warner in 1886 and has been active almost con-
tinuously since that time. Among other localities which were
early identified with the industry are Wayland, Glens Falls and
Montezuma.

Crude materials adapted for cement manufacture are quite widely
distributed in New York, and are found at various geologic hor-
izons. In the Rosendale district the natural cement rock occurs in
the Cayugan series. Its thickness at Rondout is over 30 feet.
The rock is an impure magnesian limestone, containing 20%
or more of silica and alumina and 15 to 25% of magnesia. In
the central and western parts of the State, the cement beds are
mostly of Salina age. At Buffalo and Akron they measure seven

or eight feet thick.
For Portland cement the materials tised include limestones,

marls, clays and shale. At one or two localities, limestone has
been found that can be ground and burned directly, yielding
a “natural Portland’’ cement, but generally a mixture of two
materials is necessary to secure the proper chemical composition.
The greater number of plants in the State employ a mixture of
limestone and clay. The limestones are from the Trenton, Helder-
berg and Tully formations, while the clays belong to the Quaternary.
A single plant owned by the Cayuga Cement Co. of Ithaca, employs
shale from the Hamilton series in place of clay. A mixture of
Quaternary marls and clays is used by four companies.

The production of cement is carried on at present in 10 counties
of. the State: .Columbia, .Erie, Greene,. Livingston, }Oaendaaae

. 1 The Mineral Industry. 1808. v. 6.

ee EE ae ™

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY gi5

Schoharie, Steuben, Tompkins, Ulster and Warren. Of these
Onondaga county contains the largest number of plants, having
seven in operation last year, besides two that were idle. Four
companies produced cement in Erie county, three in Ulster county,
two in Greene and Steuben, and one each in the remaining counties
of the list. Erie and Onondaga counties make both Portland
and natural cements, but most of their product is of the latter
variety. In Ulster county only natural cement is made.

Production and trade in 1904

The total output of cement last year was 3,258,932: barrels,
valued at $2,453,661. Separated as to variety the total repre-
sents 1,377,302 barrels of Portland valued at $1,245,778, and
1,881,630 barrels of natural rock cement valued at $1,207,883.
There were 23 companies in operation during the year. The follow-
ing table shows the output distributed according to the localities
in which it was made. Where the number of producers was less
than three, the output has been combined with that of other
localities so as not to reveal the figures of individual companies.

Production of cement in 1904

eee ee ee

|
PORTLAND CEMENT _ NATURAL HYDRAULIC
| CEMENT
HOCALITY. ~ |
Barrels Value | Barrels Value
Erie SOTETIIN 4 Ar peak escapee Aan | 332 781 $149 112,
ieee ew ee a a | 96 333 47 O10
Ulster 7 ane etd et Re a a KeGag2 510] 101k 761
Greene Hy Pa Ay ee ae Onan Sir in Ae HOZ mie eta ye Serste
Grier localities... ......... 750) 729 (Sroto OKO} S MY ea ent ae eee
1 |] SH
icicle ot Hs 2 | I 377 302\$1 245 778) 1 881 630/$1 207 883

a Included in other localities; b includes Columbia county; cincludes Schoharie county.

The output of Portland cement which was reported by 10 com-
panies (one company produced both Portland and natural rock
cement) was somewhat smaller than in 1903. The decrease may
be traced to the unfavorable state of the market, as there was
no falling off in the capacity of the works. Throughout the entire
year the prices for both Portland and natural rock cements ruled
so low that there was little profit for manufacturers. In fact,
some of the companies preferred to close down their plants rather
than to sell their product at the current quotations, and others

916 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

operated on a reduced scale. The depressed condition of the trade
was due to the largely increased output of the previous year in
nearly every section of the country. Owing to a temporary
decline in the demand, which recently has grown very rapidly,
many of the companies entered on the year with large stocks.
causing an oversupply that could not be disposed of except at
reduced prices. With the removal of this surplus from the market,
it is expected that the prices will reach a more normal level when
the manufacture can be profitably continued.

The quantity of natural rock cement reported represents a
decline of nearly one third from that of the previous) year.) 2me
decrease was most noticeable in the Rosendale district, but it
was also distributed among the other works. There were 14
companies engaged in this branch of the industry.

The list of cement producers in 1904 is as follows:

Portland cement

NAME LOCATION OF OFFICE

Alsen’s American Portland Cement Works Alsen

Catskill Cement Co. Smith’s Landing
Cayuga Lake Cement Co. Ithaca

Empire Portland Cement Co. Warner

Glens Falls Portland Cement Co. Glens Falls
Helderberg Portland Cement Co. Albany

Hudson Portland Cement Co. Hudson
Iroquois Portland Cement Co. Caledonia
Thomas Millen Co. Wayland
Wayland Portland Cement Co. Wayland

Natural rock cement
NAME LOCATION OF OFFICE

Akron Cement Works Buffalo

By B. Alvord Co- Jamesville
Bangs & Gaynor Fayetteville
James Behan Cement Works Manlius
Consolidated Rosendale Cement Co. Rondout
Cummings Cement Co. Akron

Buffalo Cement Co. Buffalo
Helderberg Portland Cement Co. Albany

H. L. & W. C. Newman Akron

Newark Lime & Cement Manufacturing Co. New York city
New York Cement Co. Rosendale
Potter-Brown Cement Works Manlius

Thomas W. Sheedy Fayetteville
Spencer & McCarthy | Jamesville

.

le i it i

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 917

The Cummings Cement Co., which is listed among the manufac-
turers of natural rock cement, has beena producer also of Portland
cement though it made no output of that material last year.
The Helderberg Portland Cement Co. produces both kinds. The
firm of Spencer & McCarthy was succeeded on April 1, 1904, by
the Jamesville Milling Co. The Empire, Hudson and Glens Falls
Portland cement plants were operated for a part of the year only.

CLAY

The manufacture of brick and other clay products is the most
important branch of the mineral industry in New York. Clay
deposits suitable for making the common wares are distributed
throughout every section in practically inexhaustible quantities
The rapidly growing market for these products has led to the
establishment of numerous manufacturing plants in recent years,
so that now there is scarcely an industrial center of any size in
which they are not produced. This is particularly true with
regard to the manufacture of building materials, which are being
employed more and more widely as an element in permanent
' construction. Owing to their cheapness, durability and the
convenience with which they can be adapted to meet the varied
architectural requirements, the use of these materials will doubtless
ecomtinue to expand for a long time to come.

The manufacture of the finer grades of clay wares has not de-
veloped so rapidly as the other lines. In contrast with most
of the states along the Atlantic seaboard, New York possesses
almost no deposits of kaolin in quantity to be of economic value.
This fact has retarded, hitherto, the establishment of industries
in which kaolin is employed, but, with improved facilities of
transport, the deficiency has become less formidable to local
manufacturers. There are now several plants in the State making
tableware, electrical supplies and other porcelain and semipor-
celain wares. ae

The distribution of clays in New York as well as their character,
uses and industrial development has been exhaustively described
in a report by Heinrich Ries’, to which the reader is referred for
fuller details. The most valuable deposits now under exploi-
tation are those situated along the Hudson valley. They are
particularly adapted for the manufacture of brick, of which great
numbers are consumed in New York city. According to Dr Ries,
the deposits belong to two types: (1) estuary deposits of strati-

IN. Y. State Mus. Bul. 35. 1900.

918 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

fied sand, blue and yellow clay, and (2) cross-bedded delta deposits
composed of much coarser materials than those of the first class.
The clays are normally blue, but commonly show weathering
on the surface when they change to yellow. With the alternating
layers of sand, they form terraces that extend along either shore
of the river at altitudes ranging up to over 300 feet. The work-
able beds attain a thickness of 100 feet or more. Some of the more
prominent localities where these clays are utilized for brickmaking
are Haverstraw, Croton, Stony Point, Verplanck, Peekskill, Corn-
wall, New Windsor, Dutchess Junction, Fishkill, Roseton, Pough-
keepsie, Kingston, Saugerties, Catskill, Hudson and Albany.
The product of this region is confined to the common grades of
building brick. .

The northern and central portions of Long Island contain
Cretaceous clays, some of which are adapted for stoneware and
coarser pottery. Brick clays occur abundantly, and are worked
at Garden City, East Williston, Farmingdale, Port Jefferson,
Southold and Greenport. The manufacture of pottery is carried
on by several firms in Brooklyn, but most of the materials used
in the better wares are derived from without the State.

The clays of Staten Island are important and of varied quality,
Some of the purer grades approach kaolin in composition and have
a white color. They have been employed largely in making terra
cotta. A plant for the manufacture of this material is located
at Tottenville. Fire brick and pressed brick are produced at
Kreischerville and common brick at Green Ridge.

In the interior of the State clay deposits are quite uniformly
distributed, but their economic utilization is confined mostly
to the vicinity of the larger towns. They are nearly all of glacial
origin, though more or less modified by sedimentary processes.
They occur in basin-shaped beds that range up to 50 feet or more
in thickness. In the western counties the principal centers of clay
working are Rochester and Buffalo, both cities drawing their
supplies of building brick from local plants. The manufacture
of pottery, building tile, fire brick, sewer pipe and draintile is
also carried on here. Roofing tile of excellent quality is made at
Alfred, Allegany Co. The largest potteries in the State are located
at Syracuse; their products include earthenware, china and
electrical supplies. Besides common brick, for which an extensive
local market exists, the city is an important producer of paving
brick. :

ee ee ee

ae

a

—_—T

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY gig

Along the Mohawk valley the clay deposits are exploited for
building brick, while at Troy considerable quantities of fire brick
and stove lining are also made.

Throughout the central and southern counties of the State,
the Devonian strata covering this section include frequent beds
of shale, much of which is quite argillaceous and can be used for
the same purposes as clay. Up to the present time they have been
little developed, though their value has been satisfactorily de-
monstrated by the results obtained in their practical application.
Among the products that have been made from this material
are building and paving brick, terra cotta, roofing tile, fireproof-
ing and sewer pipe.

Production of clay materials

The statistics set forth in the following pages have been com-
piled from returns made by the various producers of clay materials
for the year 1904. It is believed that they are complete and accu-
rate, as reports have been received from nearly every manufacturer
in the State.

The total value of the various clay materials manufactured in
New York last year amounted to $11,504,704. This total is
undoubtedly a record one, largely exceeding that of any previous
year. It represents the combined output of 245 plants scattered
over 43 counties of the State. More than one half of the product
in value consisted of common building brick, which aggregated
$7,234,876. Front brick and fancy building brick accounted
for only $238,246 of the total, and vitrified paving brick for $210,707;
both being exceeded by the output of fire brick and stovelining,
which was valued at $506,800. The manufacture of draintile
reached a total of $149,864, and sewer pipe a total of $460,000.
The product of terra cotta was valued at $798,028; fireproofing
at $157,119, and building tile at $206,503. In addition there were
produced miscellaneous products, including flue lining, fire tile
and shapes, conduit pipes, sidewalk brick and acid-proof brick,
the collected value of which was $103,927. The potteries of the
State reported an output valued at $1,438,634. |

920 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Production of clay materials in 1904

Material Number Value

Ganumon, bricks are one eae oe ee I 275 859 000 $7 234 876
Bron: brick oa ceeee pate a crush etiecs ete ee eae 17 679 000 238 246
Witrified, pavangsbricks ey. thereat savan, oer 16 351 000 210 Joy
Rire brick andistovenimine sy aserrwaer ce cin ecusl me aire arene 506 800
Draritile. Herote tries. oye eae cake aerabh teteia in easter oil) chewsGen ee ere eae 149 864
SE WEL MOLD Ci eee Siete veas cso ni ceieettede Taye aa Seine set ake|etr Nera Pea ae 460 000
META Cobar nct armors wakes temaceeteas Lo aen ieee cee. eeerietiltes« beanie seer 798 028
AS PLOOHIIIC pai Ner ak cee aurds creme eM e Mca Sly coherent ieee ta a D5 7 100
Beto liye ie eve ae cn tannOateria) coemeaste rcohey owes Miers Mista sek ae ee 206 503
MSC ell aINC OLS Aira cxregsiivs post dare heen ede athe 50ot|L wy 4s aye nega ewe eee LOZ O27
I EXOWELTSS i/o ON RANA AR CEO Ce ALBEE RAE, carat eae aa ORR PRIN Paget der LD I 438 634

PMR ite rte eae irene, cc etek eters at en eeaens Tole ap cote (tines gE (atin $11 504 704

The distribution of the products according to counties shows
that Rockland county has the most extensive clay-working in-
dustry. The value of its output last year was $1,422,436, re-
ported by 34 plants. Its importance is due to the extensive
manufacture of common building brick, which are supplied to
the New York city market. This statement may be applied also
to Ulster county, which ranks second with a total of $1,274,284,
and to Dutchess county, which is third with a total of $932,907.
On the other hand, Onondaga county standing fourth in the list,
with an output valued at $916,954, is chiefly represented by pot-
tery, while brickmaking is very subordinate. The other counties
that reported a production of over $500,000 in value are Orange
($690,064), Monroe ($658,058), Albany ($648,973), Erie ($647,334)
and Kings county ($539,288). The following table shows the
value of all kinds of clay products made in the different counties of

the State.
Production of clay materials by counties

County Total value County Total value
JN SHIAN ae ce Oe eo Oe $648 973 | Fulton 4 000
Aemamiyeer rye cute om ens: 127 2552 1 (GLeeChewn... s.e ae 232 924
Py LOGMUC st eehenrs nse a 22 8000 || a, eMerSOn =) yee 30 467
WALLS cedrin'a cakonapeces 24 520 LDS Goethe eee 539 288
Chautauqua..... 8304054) Wiadisones. ee 16 400
@hensuinioee pe psc e2 OO 1300 5) Monto pe are 658 058
@lantoney ew. waste cuss. 5000 i} NASSAteh@eree. ie 52 644
Columibiaci cleric 4267500 5| Niagara ee hee 16 892
Dutchess... O32 1007 ys MOneIdannrcre) een 145 880
| Dp el NA Pee ae 8, tan 647334) ,Onondaga.s.fe ea 916 954

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY Q21I

_ Production of clay materials by counties (concluded)

County Total value County Total value
Ontario $245) 743. |) oteuben oa... . $176 613
oS rr Weomao4 | stole. la sae ss 86 112
I SeTACT 8 ee a at 7 Stl OMI Pans: hoe. ek ss i Pay i
Fevomepond .......... 488 873 , Ulster.. : I 274 284
Peta |... I 422 436 | Washington...... E5755
S22 aaues0on |) Westchester, 7... : 354 705
{2 5c a 19 175 | Other counties a... 502 120

MMObalars soko ccs $II 504 704

a Includes the following: Genesee, Lewis, Montgomery, New York, Queens, St Lawrence
Schenectady, Warren, Wayne and Wyoming.

The manufacture of building brick

The total number of common and front brick used for build-
ing purposes made in 1904, amounted to 1,293,538,000 valued
aay 4ge,i22. Of this quantity, 1,275,859,000 valued at
$7,234,876 were common brick, and 17,679,000 valued at $238,246
were front brick. The manufacture of these materials was carried
on in 37 counties, with a total of 187 plants. The average price
received for common brick throughout the State was $5.67 a
thousand, and for front brick $13.48 a thousand. For common
brick the prices ranged from $8 a thousand, the average reported
by plants in Steuben county, to $4, the average for Montgomery
county.

Production of building brick in 1904

COMMON BRICK FRONT BRICK

COUNTY

Number Value Number Value

PMD ATINE ahols' ss ole 500 78 500 000 DAG ZOE reo at el Santee,
Gini) ne I 516 000 SUCCES 7) ) Ss eee ee |e ee
IROOM. 5.05... 4 000 000 Pm OOO GD: force |. gw kee siete
020 02S eet 29.320 el ZORGAGw Nee te obo ok! wi dah tere
Chaytaugua....... 6 619 000 OSS Oey Eases hots g ais bMS aes olan
Chemung I5 500 000 SE CCS 4 5 SER sae ae ees oes oee
GHEGM ys cn. es. I 000 000 SCC: Aes See es nce a eam ase e
Colmmibia......... 73, 280 000 ROMS OGG ke Gs ais 5 k- L Sugts cencuuene
abehess. .. 2. 167 299 000 932 707 20 000 $200
pie sc occ heal akar 62 286 000 292 448 3 750 000 32) 250
GECCNE ic 6 co ees 38 051 000 GIR, C2 Aa UR See i TB LL
jetierson... 5... 4 577 000 CRETE rd, 3.75 '<) es nee meri tate
WAGHISONs 3.5 see -'c 5): 400 000 5) Wr ye | it Se ea

DLO OSC Ca i

Q22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Production of building brick in 1904 (concluded)
COMMON BRICK FRONT BRICK
COUNTY
Number Value Number Value

IM@N TOC hc cis ele we 22 394 000 $120 O26). ..2 2 She al ae .
IN'aGSatiT seh teu: 7 600 000 47 O44.7| 00000 05 oe ee
Niagara fit. iteccee 2 852 ooo TO 802.) 0:53 oc
Oneida...) ware: 18 880 000 85°'880 | ws ee ee
OQnondagay 22.) jx: 20 750 000 I20 O17 500 000 $5 0o00
Ontario. tae 2 618 000 15 738 7 I00 000 77 goo
Orange cc crreicie- I2I 803 000 690,064} o's. conc. eee
Rensselaers 3. -- << 7 621325000 85 O64)... 2 a2, 6 ene
IRSVol abaaVOraNG OR. 4 Sys WARE AS aN Studio o. |LucMolsic oats. 44 2 809 000 86 146
Roclsland: nec. a. sh 239 813 000 [422 4363! 2... 0. kn
St Lawrence....... 600 000 3.0000 inte 3.3) tee ae
WAnatOPa as cere sues 58 070 000 284: 5OL | ss siete c cus cel
Seneca eer anan ee 2 025 000 TO D7 5 | ws cet ees or
Seeulbetanacyents haces 4 485 000 25. 858. |. te ee eu ee
Sirni@likces ar ke econ I5 050 000 83 -TT2 |o os. oe os cele
Moni pkINsey see. ey © 2 720 000 TO 340 | sin. ees e oe
Wisterie seces wee 2Ig 106 000 T1274, 284) |. % sees oe oe
Warren's calenies o 5 724 000 28-025 1 ccerciea be 5 ea
Washington...) ry 27500 7 C00" |... sue a rr
Westchester....... 5I 234 000 287 205 3 500 000 36 750
Other counties a.. 5 280 000 ZA O70 | ie b's wie ttncls Cel

Motaliees iw I 275 859 000 | $7 234 876 | 17 679 000 $238 246

———————— EEE ee

a Includes Fulton, Lewis, Montgomery and Wayne counties.

Hudson river region. The counties along the Hudson river
are the largest producers of building brick in the State. Owing
to the extensive market afforded by New York city and the low
costs of transport by river, the industry in this section is excep-
tionally situated so far as commercial conditions are concerned.
There is probably no other region in the world where the manufac-
ture of brick has attained to similar proportions. The counties
included in this region are Rensselaer, Albany, Columbia, Greene,
Ulster, Dutchess, Orange, Rockland and Westchester. With the
exception of Albany and Rensselaer, which probably consume
the greater part of the local product, their output is marketed
almost entirely in New York city.

During 1904 the number of brick made was 1,009,838,000,
valued at $5,846,097. This total represents about 78% of the
whole product of the State. There were 110 companies reporting
as active, of which Rockland county was represented by the
largest number, 34, while Ulster was second on the list, with a1,
and Dutchess third, with 17. The average number of brick made

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 923

in each plant was 9,180,000. The price reported for the whole
district averaged $5.79 per thousand. Two companies, Ryan
& McFarren of New Windsor, and Coyne & Tanney of Haverstraw,
reported an output for the first time in 1904.

Output of brick in the Hudson river region

Number Average

County of Output Value price

plants per M.

BMMSIENY 3'= wcorw'c) #'s aSe oie wi ore ae 8 78 500 000 $462 973 | $5 go
OSI 0 ee 4 73 280 000 420 500 eee
MMIEEMESS. 5. ee se 17 167 319 000 932 907 5 58
SS ees Cee en ee eee 4 38 O51 000 232 924 6 I2
ice ee 9 I2I 803 000 690 064 5 67
EOCMSCCIACT. oi. sw eee oe 6 59) Ce) OXOKS) 85 964 4.98
RIOT IE ie 0d a ee 34 239 813 000 I 422 436 SEOs
US SS0tlS CS Oe 21g 106 000 I 274 284 5 82
\WEEIG S02) Hi 54 734 000 | 324 045 5 92
IOC ee IIo |I 009 838 000 ! $5 846 097 | $5 79

Other clay materials

The manufacture of paving brick was carried on in Chautauqua,
Onondaga, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Steuben and Tompkins counties.
There were eight companies engaged in the business, and the number
of brick made was 16,351,000, valued at $210,707.

Fire brick and stove lining were manufactured in Albany,
Chautauqua, Erie, Kings, Monroe, Oneida, Rensselaer, Richmond,
Steuben and Westchester counties. The value of the output
amounted to $506,800, reported by 14 companies.

Draintile and sewer pipe were manufactured by 27 companies
located in Allegany, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Chemung, Erie, Genesee
Kings, Madison, Monroe, Onondaga, Ontario, Saratoga, Seneca,
Steuben and Tompkins counties. The draintile output was
valued at $149,864, and that of sewer pipe at $460,000.

Terra cotta, fireproofing and building tile were produced - in
Albany, Allegany, Erie, Genesee, Kings, Monroe, New York,
Onondaga, Queens, Rensselaer, Richmond and Steuben counties,
by a total of 16 companies. The value of the production was:
terra cotta, $798,028; fireproofing, $157,119; building tile, $206,503.

Pottery

The grades of pottery made in New York range from common
earthenware to porcelain. Formerly there was little of the finer

924 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

wares produced in the State, due undoubtedly to the lack of suit-
able raw materials This disadvantage is offset, to some extent
at least, by better market facilities than can be had in most
sections of the country, and with low transport rates local manufac-
turers are not seriously handicapped in the competition for trade.
The industry is still a small one, but it seems to be placed on a
permanent basis.

The following table shows the production of the various articles
of pottery for 1904. In case the output of any particular ware
was reported by only one or two producers, it has been grouped
with that of other wares, so as not to reveal the individual figure.

Production of pottery in 1904

Ware Number of Value of

producers product
SiROn a Ventana in 9 Ch ae aN reo tS eNE Sense Teer EDR Ney oly 5 $77 726
REG) SANTA ONTENTS AG ois 6 os 65.0 010% od ols o> DBD G aia.o < 7 44 990
PRorcelainvandssemiporcelaim 3.5.5). 2e ae. 3 740 000
Plectricmneisamtiany Sipolesma: ae set eee 6 490 095
IVISGe lila e@USm ei herve) el eaemecoeNrausa Ney untae -cluentcu ay cme 9 85 823
ARO Pauly Re ao eee Spee nae ea ek beta one oe 30 $1 438 634

a Includes china tableware.

The miscellaneous products not separately enumerated include
yellow and rockingham wares, clay tobacco pipes, fire clay cru-
cibles and artistic pottery.

Altogether 12 counties participated in the production which
was reported by 22 companies. Onondaga county was the largest
manufacturer of pottery, its output for the year being valued
at $673,590. Kings county ranked second with an output valued
at $279,009, and Erie third with $200,300. The remaining counties
reporting a production were Albany, Madison, Ontario, Monroe,
Nassau, Oneida, Schenectady, Suffolk and Washington. The list
of manufacturers includes the following:

NAME LOCATION OF OFFICE PRODUCT
Albany City Pottery Albany Red earthenware
Henry Betz & Bros. Buffalo Red earthenware
Buffalo Pottery Co. Buftalo Semiporcelain
Charles Kurth Ridgewood L.I. Tobacco pipes

Empire China Works Brooklyn Electric supplies

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 925

Charles Graham Chemical

Pottery Works — Brooklyn Stoneware and san-
itary ware
Greenpoint Pottery Brooklyn Stoneware
Gottlieb Umbach Brooklyn Cooking ware
Union Porcelain Works Brooklyn Stoneware and red
earthenware
Central New York Pottery
Co. Chittenango Yellow ware
John Schmidt Rochester Stoneware and red
earthenware
John B. Benkert Corona Stoneware and red
earthenware
White’s Pottery Inc. Utica Flemish stoneware
Onondaga Pottery Co. Syracuse China ware
Pass & Seymour Inc. Syracuse Electric supplies
Edward Reagan Syracuse Tobacco pipes
Syracuse Pottery Co. Syracuse Red earthenware
George Zimmerman Belle Isle Red earthenware
Locke Insulator Mfg. Co. | Victor Electric supplies
Bellevue Porcelain Works Schenectady Electric supplies and
crucibles
T. A. Brouwer jr Westhampton Art pottery
Hilfinger Bros. Fort Edward Stoneware and red
earthenware
Crude clay

In the foregoing tables relating to clay products, no account has
been taken of the quantity of clay entering into their manufacture.
There are a few producers in the State, however, who do not utilize
the crude clay themselves, but ship it to plants in other localities.
Some of the material, like the Albany slip clay, is even forwarded
to points without the State. For 1904 returns have been received
from eight firms engaged in this industry whose total shipments
amounted to 8959 tons, valued at $17,164. Of this quantity 3228
tons valued at $9630 consisted of slip clay and the remainder of
common clay, fire clay and kaolin.

EMERY

Deposits of emery are found in Westchester county, southeast of
Peekskill. The mines, which were first opened for iron ore, occur
along the contact of basic igneous intrusions belonging to the gabbro
series. They are mostly shallow, and ordinary quarrying methods
are employed in extracting the material.

926 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The emery is composed of corundum, magnetite, spinel and garnet
in varying proportions. The product is ground and made into
wheels, for which purpose it is said to give good satisfaction, though
inferior to imported emery.

The production of emery in 1904 amounted to 1148 short tons,
valued at $17,220, which was less than in the previous year. There

were four concerns engaged in active mining: the Blue Corundum
Co. of Boston Mass., the Tanite Co. of Stroudsburg Pa., H. M. Quinn
of Philadelphia Pa., and J. R. Lancaster of Peekskill. The Hamp-
den Corundum Wheel Co. of Springfield Mass., made no output

last. year.
FELDSPAR AND QUARTZ

Feldspar suitable for pottery purposes is obtained near Bedford,
Westchester co. It occurs.in the pegmatite dikes intersecting the
crystalline rocks of that region and is associated with quartz, mica
and tourmalin. In some of the dikes the feldspar forms large
masses or crystals, quite free from impurities, while in others it is
intergrown with quartz; only the former occurrences, however,
have commercial value. The feldspar belongs to the variety known
as orthoclase, which is characterized by a high potash content. It
varies from dark red to white in color. The chemical composition
is shown by the following analysis: S10,, 65.85%; Al,O3, 19.32%;
Fe,0;, .24%; KO and Na,O, 14.1%; CaO, .56%; MeO wos ie
The Bedford quarries have been worked since 1878. At present
the only producer is P. H. Kinkel & Son. The output is shipped
mostly to pottery manufacturers at Trenton N. J. >A Sreldsiean
quarry opened near Ticonderoga in 1909 was active for a time.
The deposit is said to range from ro to 4o feet in width and to carry
75% feldspar, 20% quartz and 5 % mica.

Vein quartz is produced near Bedford for pottery use and the
manufacture of wood filler and silicate paint. Its occurrence is
similar to that of the feldspar already described. The largest
producer is the Bridgeport Wood Finishing Co. of New Milford Ct.

GARNET

The production of garnet for abrasive uses is a well established
industry in the Adirondack region. The excellence of the product
from a commercial standpoint and the relatively large yield ob-
tained from the rocks of this section combine to give the quarries a
material advantage over other localities where garnet has been

worked. | ms

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 927

The Adirondack garnet belongs to the common or ‘almandin
variety. It is found associated with hornblende-feldspar rocks as
crystals that range from small size up to masses measuring sev-
eral feet across. The rocks show great variation in the quantity
of garnet present, but only the best or richest portions are exploited.
The general procedure consists in breaking down the rock, crushing
sufficiently fine to release the garnet, and washing. In many cases
the crystals have been so shattered by dynamic forces that they
readily part from the accompanying rock after blasting. Some
difficulty is experienced in the separation of the garnet mechanically
owing to the fact that its specific gravity is but little greater than
that of the accompanying hornblende. A special form of concen-
trator introduced by the North Creek Garnet Co. has solved this
difficulty very successfully. A product is made which carries less
than 5% impurities.

The Adirondack quarries are situated in the Hudson river valley
near the Essex-Warren county boundary. North Creek is the
principal point of shipment. The largest operators in recent years
have been the North River Garnet Co., owning quarries a short
distance west of North River, and H. H. Barton & Son, with proper-
ties on Gore mountain, a prominent peak southwest of North Creek.

‘Other concerns have been active at various times, but their output

has been small and intermittent.

The production of New York garnet in 1904 amounted to 3045
short tons valued at $104,325, about the same quantity as in the
previous year. The average value of the product was $34.25 a
short ton. The chief demand for garnet is in the wood-working and
leather industries.

The North River Garnet Co. has a mill under course of erection
on Thirteenth lake, a few miles southwest of the present plant.
The latter will be dismantled and operations confined to the new
locality as soon as the equipment can be installed.

GLASS SAND AND MOLDING SAND

Deposits of sand suitable for building and constructive purposes
occur in almost every section of the State. No attempt has been
made to canvass the industry owing to the difficulties which would
attend such an investigation. The value of the material, as a rule,
is little more than the cost of excavation and transport to market.

Glass sand is found in great abundance on the shores of Oneida
lake and contiguous territory. The principal workings have been
in the towns of Rome, Verona, Vienna, Oneida co. and Constantia,

928 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Oswego co. The deposits vary from 6 inches to 3 feet in thickness
and are covered by a few inches of soil. After sieving and washing
the sand is ready for market. It is consumed in the manufacture
of window glass, and common glassware, and nearly all of the
product goes to points within the State, principally to Rochester,
Ithaca, Lockport, Black Rock, Syracuse and Clyde. An analysis
of the sand from West Vienna furnished by B. Delahunt, manager
of the Oneida Lake Sand Mine, shows its composition to be as
follows: S105, 98:6%; FeO;, -23%; AlLO:, 177; MeO wires

There were only three producers that reported an output in 1904:
F, L. Marsden & Co., Bernhard’s Bay; J. L. Bentley, Pishy@ream:
and the Oneida Lake Sand Mine, Cleveland. The total shown by
their reports was 11,080 short tons, valued at $3484. According
to statistics collected by Prof. C. H. Smyth jr, the output in 1902
was approximately 8700 tons.

Molding sand of excellent quality is supplied from the Hudson
river valley. In Albany county, at Delmar and Selkirk, there
are large deposits which yield the finest grade of sand for the manu-
facture of stove and other castings that require a smooth finish.
In a recent paper by F. J. H. Merrill', it is stated that Albany sand
is considered so superior for fine work that shipments are made to
distant points at an expense of nearly $3 a ton for freight. De-
posits are also worked near Coxsackie station in Columbia county and
near Camelot and New Hamburg in Dutchess county. The molding
sand forms a stratum from ro inches to 3 feet thick underlying the
surface soil. The owner of the land receives on the average about
$2.50 an acre as royalty for removing the deposit. It is said that
after an interval of years a second stratum of molding sand may be
taken from land that has previously been worked.

A refractory sand known as fire sand is used in foundries for
making cores. This material is supplied to some extent from the
Oneida lake deposits. The output reported in 1904 was 4000 tons,
valued at $1200.

GRAPHITE

Graphite is widely distributed through the metamorphic rocks
of the Adirondacks, but so far active mining operations have been
confined to a few localities. The most productive region is in the
vicinity of Lake George, in Warren and Washington counties.
Deposits of crystalline graphite have been exploited here for a long
time and they continue to yield the greater part of the high grade
material produced in this country.

1Eng. & Min. Jour., Sep. 1, 1904. DP. 341.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 920
" The graphite occurs in small veins and dikes intersecting the
metamorphic strata and in the form of thin crystals or scales dis-
seminated through quartzites, schists and limestones. The veins
are perhaps the richest of all the deposits, though they rarely, if
ever, occur in sufficient size to be valuable. The graphite is found
in leaves and larger masses, more or less admixed with quartz but
otherwise free from impurities. These deposits bear some re-
semblance to the dikes, which also yield a coarsely crystalline
product associated with feldspar, quartz and other minerals com-
mon to pegmatite. The only successful attempt at working a dike
has been at Chilson hill near Ticonderoga, where operations were
carried on for several years by the Joseph Dixon Crucible Co. Asa
rule there is little regularity in the occurrence of pegmatite deposits,
and this fact detracts from their value as mining propositions.

The. graphitic quartzites, schists and limestones, while not so
rich as the veins and dikes, are more persistent and can be worked
on alarger scale. At present they are the basis of all active opera-
tions in the State. The graphite occurs in finely divided particles
disseminated throughout the rock mass; its recovery is a matter of
some difficulty, since the rock must be broken down to such a size
that the graphite is released and then subjected to concentration the
reverse of the process usually followed in separating ores from
gangue. The difficulty is greatly increased if the graphite is accom-
panied by other scaly minerals like those of the mica group.

The most successful graphite mine in the Adirondacks is that
worked by the Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., in the town of Hague,
five miles west of Lake George. The deposit consists of a bedded
quartzite associated with the schists and gneisses of that region.

‘It is of great extent and for several years has supplied almost the

entire product of the State. The company operates two mills for
the separation and refining of the graphite, one situated at the mine
and the other at Hague. A feature of the concentration process
at the latter place is the use of the Hooper air jig which has been
found to be well adapted for treating graphitic rocks of this char-
acter.

Aside from the operations of this company there was little graph-
ite produced in New York during 1904. The mine and works of the
Adirondack Mining & Milling Co. on South bay near Dresden, were
inoperative for most of the year, as were those owned by the Ticon-
deroga Graphite Co. The latter concern has been taken over by
the Columbia Graphite Co. of Pittsburg Pa. The mines are situated
near Rock pond between Ticonderoga and Schroon where there is a

930 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

mill equipped with stamps and buddles. In character the deposit
resembles the graphitic quartzite of Hague, but it is of larger size
and somewhat lower in grade. }

A new undertaking is the Champlain Graphite Co., which was
organized late in the year to develop a deposit of graphitic schist
near Whitehall. A mill is now under course of construction. The
Silver Leaf Graphite Co. of the same place did not engage in pro-
ductive operations during the year.

Some attempts to mine graphite have been made on the opposite
side of the Adirondacks in St Lawrence county. Both veins and
disseminated deposits occur in association with crystalline schists.
Some development work was done last year on a prospect near
Pope Mills, town of Macomb. The graphite occurs as fine scales
in schist and the deposit is said to be extensive. About 500 tons
of rock have been taken out and a mill has recently been completed.

The production of crystalline graphite from New York mines in
1904 Was 3,132,927 pounds, valued at $119,509. There was little
change in the output compared with previous years.

The International Acheson Graphite Co. of Niagara Falls re-
ported a production of 3,248,000 pounds of artificial graphite,
valued at $217,790.

GYPSUM

The gypsum quarried in New York is the rock or massive variety.
It occurs as interbedded deposits in the shales and limestones of the
Salina stage. Seams of selenite, the crystallized variety, some-
times accompany the deposits, but they are so limited as to have
little economic value. The rock gypsum usually contains clay,
carbonates, silica and other impurities, the presence of which
in appreciable quantities 1s injurious to its use for some purposes.
Till recently most of the gypsum obtained in the State was ground
and sold as land plaster. It has been found, however, that the
better quality of rock can be utilized in manufacturing wall plaster,
and several companies have engaged in this industry which now
consumes the greater part of the quarry output.

The main gypsum beds outcrop near the southern edge of the
area occupied by the Salina strata. The latter have a quite uniform
dip to the south. Smaller deposits occurring in the lower horizons
of the Salina are not worked. The number of beds in any given
locality varies, but usually two at least have been found. In
order to facilitate operations, the workings are located near the
outcrop of the deposits, where there is the least overburden. No

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 931

effort has been made to carry on exploitation at any considerable
depth, and in most cases ordinary quarrying methods are employed
for extracting the rock. The edges of low hills are considered
favorable points for opening new deposits. After the beds have
been followed back into the hill for some distance, if the overlying
strata are heavy, the work may be continued under cover as in
mining.

The gypsum when first extracted is gray or drab in color, becom-
ing lightes on exposure. Organic matter seems to be the principal
coloring agent. The presence of iron oxids gives a brownish tint to
the rock which can not be removed by calcination.

Quarries have been opened at frequent intervals along the out-
crop of the Salina formation. The most easterly points where
gypsum is produced are in Madison county, near Cotton and Hoboken-
ville. The output inthis region is small and is used locally for land
plaster. In Onondaga county there are quarries at Fayetteville,
Manlius Centre, Marcellus and Half Way, those at Fayetteville
being most important. At the latter locality the gypsum attains
a maximum thickness of 60 feet, made up of several beds ranging
from 18 inches to 30 feet each. The output is used in part for land
plaster; the greater quantity, however, is calcined either by the
local cement plants or by the wall plaster manufacturers that have
works in Syracuse. At Union Springs, Cayuga co., a large quarry
has been operated for a number of years, the first opening having
been made in 1828. The deposits in Ontario county near Port
Gibson and Victor are not worked at present. They have pro-
duced mostly land plaster. In Monroe county the town of Wheat-
land is an important center of the industry. The product goes to
mills located at Garbuttsville and Wheatland which make land
plaster, plaster of paris and wall plaster. Still farther west in
Genesee county, gypsum is quarried extensively at Oakfield where
large plaster works have been built. The deposit is not so thick
here as in the eastern localities, but owing to its lighter color it is
better adapted for calcination. In Erie county, the quarries at
Akron have been intermittently active, supplying agricultural
plaster to the local markets. 5

The development of the gypsum industry in New York, both
present and future, depends altogether on the demand for the
different products, since the crude rock exists in almost unlimited
quantities. Its progress recently has been promoted by the estab-
lishment of plants for making stucco and wall plaster. The latter
is perhaps the most important application, and the one that has

————

——

|

932 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

greatest possibilities for continual expansion. The consumption
of land plaster has remained comparatively steady from year to
year, with slight tendency to growth. The gypsum quarries are
well situated for marketing the product, as most of them are on
or near the Erie canal and the main railway lines.

Production in 1904. The output of gypsum last year amounted
to 151,455 short tons. There were 16 companies engaged in quarry-
ing the material, of which number seven were in Onondaga county,
three each in Madison and Monroe counties, two in Genesee county
and one in Cayuga county. The value of the output was $424,975.
The reports from the different companies show that the greater
part of the gypsum produced was converted into wall plaster and
plaster of paris, the total product of which was 88,255 tons, valued
at $347,885. Of the remainder 33,712 tons, valued at $62,438, was
ground for land plaster, and 9,768 tons, valued at $14,652, was sold
in the crude state. The production was made by the following
companies.

NAME LOCATION OF OFFICE

Cayuga Plaster Co. Union Springs

Oakfield Plaster Manufacturing Co. Buffalo

United States Gypsum Co. Chicago Iil.

J. Mason jr Clockville

1, Jv, Jal ese Clockville

W. H. Osborn & Co. Valley Mills

Consolidated Wheatland Plaster Co. Caledonia

Garbutt Gypsum Co. | Garbutt

Lycoming Calcining Co. ; Williamsport Pa.

James Behan Estate Manlius

H. Lansing Fayetteville

spencer & McCarthy Jamesville

National Wall Plaster Co. of America syracuse

FP. M. Severance Fayetteville

T. W. Sheedy | Fayetteville

William Valentine jr Jamesville
IRON ORE

While there were no developments of unusual moment in iron
mining last year, the record made by the various companies has
been one of substantial progress. The total production of all
classes of ore in the State amounted to 619,103 long tons, valued
at $1,328,894. In 1903 the output was 540,460 long tons, valued at
$1,209,899, showing an increase for the year of 78,643 tons, or
approximately 15%. 3

—— <<. |

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 933

Throughout the greater part of 1904 a general depression pre-
vailed in the iron trade, which was naturally reflected in a decreased
demand for ore. That the mining companies were able to maintain
operations on a larger scale than in the previous year, despite
the unfavorable conditions, must be regarded as creditable to the
stability of the industry in this State. Consideration should be
given also to the fact that most of the ore has to be sold on the open
market, whereas in many districts of the country the mines are
operated in connection with blast furnaces which furnish a steady
outlet for their product. :

The prospects for the future of iron mining in New York seem
encouraging. The high grade magnetic ore produced by the Lake
Champlain mines will doubtless continue to be in demand by fur-
naces so situated that the transport charges are not excessive.
At the largest mines in this section, owned by Witherbee, Sherman
& Co., a new magnetic separating plant has been installed which

has materially augmented the scope of operations. It is probable

that improvements of similar character will be undertaken else-
where in the Adirondacks. Plans have been considered for the
reopening of the mines near Fort Montgomery, Orange co. The
mines are controlled by the Hudson Iron Co. of New York city,
which has recently acquired properties in the vicinity of Gouverneur,
St Lawrence co., with a view of commencing operations there during
the present season.

The returns for 1904 show that the ore was distributed according
to the usual classification as follows: magnetite 559,575 tons,
valued at $1,215,415; hematite 54,128 tons, valued at $98,479;
and limonite 5000 tons, at nominal valuation. Nearly all of the
magnetite came from the Lake Champlain district, and was con-
tributed by the mines at Mineville, Essex co., and at Arnold Hill
and Lyon Mountain, Clinton co. Outside of this district the only
magnetite produced was at Salisbury, Herkimer co. The magnetite
was shipped for the most part in the form of concentrates. The
hematite was. contributed by three mines located at Furnaceville,
Wayne co.; Spragueville, St Lawrence co.; and at Clinton, Oneida
co. The limonite came from one mine at Amenia, Dutchess co.
In all there were nine companies reporting as active.

The following table gives the production of the various ‘kinds
of iron ore in New York State during the last 10 years. The figures
for 1903 and preceding years have been taken from the reports of
John Birkinbine published in the annual volumes of the Mineral
Resources. ;

934 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Production of iron ore in New York State

MAGNETITE | HEMATITE] LIMONITE | CARBONATE TOTAL
i Value

YEAR |——————_—__ _—_—___ | —_—_____ |__|" Total value | per ton

Long tons | Long tons| Long tons! Long tons | Long tons
1895 260 139 6 760 26 462 13 886 307 256 $508 313 $r 05
18096 346 O15 Io 789 I2 288 16 385 385 477 780 932 2 03
18907 206 722 7 664 20 059 Ir 280 3315 7215 642 838 ie Gajie
18098 155 551 6 400 14 000 4 000 179 951 35° 999 I 95
1890 344 150 45 503 31 075 22 153 | +443 790) =v 24maoss 2 80
1900 345 714 44 467 44 801 6 413 441 485 I 103 817 2 50
IQOL 320 4067 66 380 23. 362 I 900 420 218 I 006 231 2 39
1902 45I 570 OI 075 I2 676 Nil 555 321 I 362 987 2 45
1903 45I 481 83 820 5 150 Nil 540 460 I 209 890 2 24
I904 550 575 54 128 5 000 Nil 619 103 I 328 894 2 15

|

The statistics indicate a gradual though not a constant increase
for the period given. As might be expected, the increase has not
been manifest in the low grade limonite and carbonate ores, but
has been due almost entirely to the growth of magnetite mining.
No carbonate ore has been worked during the last three years,
and the production of limonite is not important.

Developments at Mineville. The Mineville ore bodies have been
exploited actively by the two companies operating in that locality
Witherbee, Sherman & Co. and the Port Henry Iron Ore Co. The
total shipments for 1904 amounted to over 400,000 tons, all high
grade magnetite. The deposits worked by the former company
are known as the Old Bed, New Bed and Harmony. The first is
very phosphatic, while the New Bed runs quite low in phosphorus
and the Harmony averages between the two extremes. The prin-
cipal openings are the Joker, Bonanza and A and B shafts, of
which the last two were recently sunk on the Harmony. The
Cook shaft lies some distance from the others, and the relations of
this ore body have not been definitely established. The operations
of the Port Henry Iron Ore Co. were confined, as heretofore, to Mine
21 on the Old Bed.

The progressive policy of improvement in both underground and
surface installations adopted by Witherbee, Sherman & Co. has
had a very beneficial effect on the mining.industry which will con-
tinue to be felt for a long time in the future. During the past
year attention has been directed specially to increasing the efficiency
of the various plants, rather than to adding further equipment.
The most extensive changes have been undertaken in the old mill;

and when completed it is hoped that the milling capacity will be

sufficient to handle the full quota of ore. The new mill has worked
very successfully. An improved Ball-Norton separator of the

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 935

endless belt type, perfected at Mineville, has been installed in
place of the machines formerly used, and has been found to be well
adapted for treating the highly phosphoric ore from the Old Bed.
The arrangement of the magnets in series of alternating polarities,
which characterizes this separator, imparts a constant vibratory
motion to the particles of ore as they pass from one magnet to
another and gives the entangled gangue matter opportunity to free
itself. With its use the Old Bed ore, which carries about 60%
iron and often 1.5 or 2% phosphorus, is concentrated to a product
assaying over 65% iron and from .5 to .7% phosphorus. The
tailings made in the process are re-treated in Wetherill separators,
which recover a further portion of the magnetite that goes into
the first concentrates. They also take out the hornblende as a
middlings product. The other components of the original ore
consist mostly of apatite and quartz and constitute the tailings
from the Wetherill machines. The tailings analyze about 12%
phosphorus, or 60% tricalcium phosphate; they form a valuable
by-product which is sold to fertilizer manufacturers. The horn-
blende tailings also contain phosphorus to the extent of 7 or 8%,
but they are mostly held in reserve at present.

A feature of interest in connection with these mines is the exten-
sive use of electric power for driving the various plants, as well as
for lighting, pumping and hoisting in the mines. A large central
power house erected in 1903 furnishes most of the electric current
that is required. The generator is of alternating type, 750 kw
capacity, and is directly connected with a 1000 h.p. Nordberg-Corliss
engine. A second power house containing a 200 h.p. engine and
tso kw generator supplies current to the old mill. The company
has also an electric generating station at Wadhams Mills on the
Bouquet river, the power from which is transmitted to the mines
and used to supplement the regular supply.

The Mineville ore, though mostly of non-Bessemer character,
finds a ready market in the Eastern States. The blast furnaces in
this section use it as a basis for mixture with the hematite ores
from Lake Superior or local mines in making foundry irons. The
concentrates shipped from Mineville are unusually high in content
of iron and can be utilized to advantage with leaner ores. The

more phosphoric magnetite from the Old Bed workings is in de-~

mand by makers of basic Bessemer iron; a large quantity of this
ore was exported last year to Germany.

The Northern Iron Co. blew in its furnace at Port Henry late in
1904, after making extensive repairs. The output is about 200

936 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

tons of pig iron daily. Most of the ore is furnished by the Port
Henry Iron Ore Co. from Mine ar.

Arnold Hill mines. The Arnold Hill magnetite mines, situated
on the Ausable branch of the Delaware & Hudson Railroad, have
been active during the past year. The deposits were among the
first to be exploited in the region, but till 1850 the output was made
by opening pits along the outcrop. The ore is found in several
parallel veins of lenticular shape which overlap and are separated
by various thicknesses of wall rock. Sometimes two or more
veins can be attacked from a single stope. The ore belongs to two
types, “blue vein’’ which is a rich martite and “‘black band” or
magnetite. At present the mines are worked by the Arnold Mining
Co. of Harkness. The two shafts, known as the north and south
shafts, are located about a mile from the railroad. A concentrating
plant has been erected at Arnold Station, to which the ore is con-
veyed from the mine by a gravity plane. The ore as mined is first
crushed to coarse size and concentrated on Ball-Norton machines.
It is then passed through rolls and reconcentrated.

Lyon Mountain. The Lyon Mountain deposits lie on the Lake
Placid branch of the Delaware & Hudson Railroad and are operated
by the Chateaugay Ore & Iron Department of this company.
They comprise a series of large veins or impregnations in the coun-
try, the whole forming an ore zone that extends fully five miles on
the strike. In all there are about 25 openings, but only 8 are now
worked. The inclined shafts or slopes have been sunk to a maxi- —
mum of 1600 feet on the dip or about 800 feet vertically. As a
rule the ore carries about 40% magnetite. It is concentrated to an
average of 66% iron, with the remarkably low phosphorus content
of .007%. <A part of the ore is smelted by the company, and the
remainder is shipped to Pennsylvania furnaces. It yields high
grade Bessemer iron.

In the vicinity of Lyon Mountain, no. 81 mine at Standish has
been idle for the last two years. Its ore is similar to that described
above, and the deposit may belong to the same zone. The Park-
hurst mine near Bradley pond and the Williams mine between
the latter and Lyon Mountain yield a richer ore, but it contains
more phosphorus. At Clayburg, Redford and other localities in
the Saranac valley, there are a number of ore beds that were once
worked for making iron by the bloomery process, and some interest
is being shown in their re-opening, which will depend ee on the
extension of railroad facilities.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 937

Salisbury. The magnetite mine near Salisbury Centre, Herkimer
county, was a small producer of ore in 1904. The deposits had
been worked previously, but never on a large scale. They are
lens-shaped bodies in syenite country, with basic hornblende gneiss
as the immediate wall rock. The nearest point of shipment is
Dolgeville, the terminus of a short railroad running north from
Little Falls.

The Hematite mines. The production of hematite last year was
confined to a single locality in St Lawrence county and to two
localities in the Clinton deposits.

The Rossie Iron Ore Co. has opened three mines in the vicinity
of Spragueville between Gouverneur and Antwerp. The ore occurs
in the form of lenticular masses associated with crystalline lime-
eeome and serpentine. It carries from 40 to 45% iron and as
shipped runs about 50%. A portion of the product is ground for
paint and mortar colors.

The properties near Caledonia, St Lawrence co., formerly owned
by the Carney Ore Mining Co., have been taken over by the Hudson
Iron Co. and will be reopened during the coming year. They yield
specular ore assaying 48 to 50% iron.

The mines and furnaces of the Franklin Iron Manufacturing Co.
at Clinton, Oneida co., were closed down throughout the year.
The only ore produced at this locality came from the property of
C. A. Borst and was used in the manufacture of paint, largely by
the Clinton Metallic Paint Co.

At Furnaceville, Wayne co., the Furnaceville Iron Co. continues
to work its mines in the Clinton formation.

Limonite and carbonate mines. Though at one time of great

importance, the limonite mines in Columbia and Dutchess counties.

have gradually succumbed to competition with richer and more
favorably situated districts. The Salisbury region of which they
form-a part long enjoyed a high reputation for the quality of its
iron, which was used in gun forgings, car wheels and other materials
requiring great strength and tenacity. Even so late as 1883 there
were not less than 20 charcoal furnaces employing these ores. In
all some 25 mines have been opened and worked within the limits
of the two counties. The output of the ore for the census year 1880
was reported at 144,878 long tons. In 1904 there was only one
mine working which produced about 5000 tons. |

The Burden carbonate mines have been idle for the past three
years. From 1882 to rto901 they were operated by the Hudson
River Ore & Iron Co., which equipped them with a very complete

938 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

mining plant. The ore varied from phosphoric to Bessemer
in Co but special attention was given to the latter. A rail-
way 34 miles long conveyed the ore to the Hudson river near
Catskill Station, where it was roasted and shipped. to furnaces in
New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

MILLSTONES

The quarries of Ulster county continue .to furnish the chief

supply of millstones made in the United States. At one time the
output from this section amounted to over $100,000 annually, but
recently it has averaged much less.. The introduction of rollers,
ball mills and other improved types of grinding machinery has
been responsible for the decreased use of millstones.
_ The Ulster county or Esopus millstones are quarried from the
Shawangunk grit, a light gray quartz conglomerate found along
the Shawangunk mountains from near High Falls southwest
towards the Pennsylvania border. In thickness and texture
_ the rock varies greatly from place to place. The inclosed pebbles
range from pea size up to an inch and more in diameter. The
matrix is silicious paste of gritty character. Though of wide
extent, only a small portion of the conglomerate is so situated
that it can be utilized economically. Most of the stone is pro-
duced along the northern edge of the mountain where it lies close
WO wae Soisiaes, iINae sarees number of quarries are located in
Lhe) WACINIty; (Obs Keysenilxe.. ot) Osen, 4 Granite amde Kerhonkson,
while the distributing points for the finished product include
New .Paltz and Kingston in.addition.to those named,.. The in-
dustry is carried on intermittently, many of the producers en-
gaging in. other occupations during a part of the year.

The blocks obtained. by quarrying are first. roughly shaped by
wedges. and then dressed to size. The diameter of the millstones
as marketed ranges from 15.to 90 inches. The greater demand is
for the small and medium sizes with diameters of 24, 30, 36, 42
and 48 inches. A pair of 30 inch stones commonly sells for $15,
while $50 may be paid for a single.stone 60 inches in diameter.
Besides the ordinary millstones a portion of the product is worked
up into disks, which are used in a roll type of crusher known as
a chaser. The pavement of such crushers. is also. supplied from
_ the quarries in the form of blocks. measuring 12 x 12 x Io inches.
The chasers are employed in grinding quartz, feldspar and barytes.
. Though the demand for millstones has shown a decided -falling
off since the introduction of the roller mill process for grinding

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 939

cereals, their use in other industries has been slowly increasing
during the last 10 years. The small corn mills distributed through-
out the Southern States still furnish an important market.

In the year 1904 the output of millstones in Ulster county
was valued at $21,476. The production was smaller than in the
previous year, owing principally to the dullness in the cement
trade. There were 18 firms actively engaged in the business.

MINERAL PAINT

The varieties of mineral paint that are made from materials
mined in New York State include metallic paint, mortar colors,
slate pigment and sienna.

For metallic paint and mortar colors some form of iron ore,
generally hematite or limonite, is commonly employed, but only
a few localities are known where the ore possesses the requisite
qualities of color and durability. The fossil hematite from the
Clinton formation has been found to be well adapted for the purpose
and is the material most widely used in this country. The ore is
derived from mines at Clinton, Oneida co., and Ontario, Wayne co.
Shales and slates containing large amounts of iron oxid are also
ground and sold for metallic paint. The principal supplies come
from near Randolph, Cattaraugus co., and Eagle Bridge, Rens-
selaer co.

The product known as mineral black is made by grinding dark
colored slate found in the Hudson river region; and the red slate of
Washington county is used to some extent as a pigment.

sienna, a variety of ocher, occurs near Whitehall. The deposit
is a thin bed in glacial drift and has been worked on a small scale.

The production of mineral paint in 1904 was as follows: metallic
paint and mortar color, 4740 short tons, valued at $55,768; slate
pigment, 3132 short tons, valued at $23,876. These totals include
only the output made within the State from local materials and do
not represent the full importance of the industry, since some of

the raw product is shipped elsewhere for manufacture. An output

of 6970 tons was reported by three firms, who sell the crude ore
and slate to paint grinders.

The following companies were engaged in the mining or manu-
facture of mineral paints during 1904.

NAME LOCATION OF OFFICE

Algonquin Red Slate Co. | | Worcester Mass.
Charles A. Borst Clinton

Clinton Metallic Paint Co. Clinton

g40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

NAME LOCATION OF OFFICE
The William Connors Paint Mfg. Co. Troy
Elko Paint Co. Randolph
Ja\-g | Slat steal Eagle Bridge
Rossie Iron Ore Paint Co. Ogdensburg
Andrew Ruff Troy
samuel Ruffell Ontario

MINERAL WATERS

The mineral springs of New York afford a variety of waters
suited for medicinal *or domestic purposes. Over 2eemdiitenems
springs have been listed and classified according to their mineral

composition, although many have no commercial value except as
sources of local water supply. Some of the Springs are place of
resort for tourists and health seekers.

Among the various waters found in this State those containing -
salts of the alkalis and alkaline earths are the most important.
The celebrated Saratoga springs fall in this class and are further
characterized by the presence of carbon dioxid. They supply
great quantities of table and medicinal waters which are shipped to
almost every part-of the country. The Sharon and Massena springs
are also saline, but differ from the former in cohtaining sulfureted
hydrogen. Richfield Springs is a noted locality for chalybeate
sulfureted waters which are employed in medicinal baths as well as
for drinking purposes. At Oak Orchard is found a rare type of
spring containing free sulfuric acid. Thermal springs are repre-
sented by the Lebanon spring which is chalybeate and has a tem-
perature of about 75°. Besides the foregoing there are a number
of other localities where mineral springs occur and are utilized to a
greater or less extent. Quite a large industry exists also in the sale
of spring waters which contain very little mineral salts, their value
depending upon their freedom from obnoxious impurities. The
Great Bear ves at Fulton may be mentioned as an ers of
this class.

In the following list are included the names of nee leading mineral
springs in the State and their location. Nearly all are employed in
the commercial production of ea waters or have recently been
so employed. |

NAME LOCATION
Baldwin Mineral Spring Cayuga, Cayuga co.
Chemung Spring Chemung, Chemung co.
Rockdale Mineral Spring Rockdale, Chenango co.

Lebanon Mineral Spring Lebanon Springs, Columbia co.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 941 |
NAME LOCATION
Mount View Spring Poughkeepsie, Dutchess co.
Ayers Amherst Mineral Spring Williamsville, Erie co.
Avon Spring Avon, Livingston co.
Jackson’s Sanitarium Dansville, Livingston co.
Clinton Lithia Spring Franklin Springs, Oneida co.
Franklin Lithia Spring Franklin Springs, Oneida co.
Glacier Spring Franklin Springs, Oneida co.
Lithia Polaris Spring Boonville, Oneida co.
split Rock Spring Franklin Springs, Oneida co.
Verona Mineral Springs Verona, Oneida co.
Warner’s Natural Mineral Spring Franklin Springs, Oneida co.
Clifton Springs Clifton Springs, Ontario co.
Geneva Lithia Mineral Water
Spring Geneva, Ontario co.
Geneva Red Cross Lithia Spring Geneva, Ontario co.
Fitzsimmons Spring Port Jervis, Orange co.
Deep Rock Spring . Oswego, Oswego co.
Great Bear Spring Fulton, Oswego co.
Oswego Mineral Spring Oswego, Oswego co.
White Sulphur Springs Richfield Springs, Otsego co.
Massena Springs Massena Springs, St Law. co.
Arondack Spring saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Artesian Lithia Spring Ballston Spa, Saratoga co.
Congress Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Empire Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Eureka White Sulphur & Mineral
Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Excelsior Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Geyser Spring paratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Hathorn Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Hides Franklin Spring Ballston Spa, Saratoga co.
High Rock Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Lincoln Spring saratoga Springs, Saratoga co. |
Old Putnam Mineral Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Patterson Mineral Spring saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
- Quevic Spring | Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Remeho Spring saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Royal Vichy Spring | _ Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Star Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Saratoga Seltzer Spring _ Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.

Saratoga Vichy Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.

Q42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

NAME LOCATION
Saratoga Victoria Spring Saratoga Springs, Saratoga co.
Chalybeate Spring Sharon Springs, Schoharie co.
Magnesia Spring Sharon Springs, Schoharie co.
White Sulphur Spring Sharon Springs, Schoharie co.
Red Jacket Mineral Spring weneca Falls, Seneca co.
Mountain Mist Spring West Hills, Suffolk co.
Dryden Springs Dryden, Tompkins co.
Big Indian Spring Ellenville, Ulster co.
Elixir Spring Clintondale, Ulster co.
Vita Spring Fort Edward, Washington co.
Clyde Mineral Spring Clyde, Wayne co.

The commercial production of mineral waters constitutes a large
and growing industry. For the year 1904 the revenue derived
from their sales amounted approximately to $1,600,000, represent-
ing a total of 8,000,000 gallons. The springs in Saratoga county
alone reported sales of 1,695,936 gallons valued at $419,364. In
regard to the totals given, it may be stated that they include esti-
mates for certain springs in lieu of more definite information. The
canvass of the industry is attended with a good deal of difficulty
owing to the fact that many springs are exploited intermittently or
on a small scale and no accurate account is kept as to the sales. A
number of springs, also, are used locally to supply hotels and
sanatoriums, so that only a nominal value can be placed on their
output.

Carbonic acid gas

Carbon dioxid, or carbonic acid gas as it is commonly known, is
produced in commercial quantities at Saratoga Springs. The gas
accompanies the mineral waters, sometimes in such quantity as to
force the latter to the surface, but frequently the flow is assisted by
pumping. In all about 30 wells have been drilled for gas, their
depths ranging from 150 to 600 feet. _

The water is removed to the mouth of the well and the gas con-
veyed to a holder from which it is drawn off for charging into
cylinders. The carbon dioxid contains a small quantity of air and
frequently a trace of hydrogen sulfid, but it is said to be, on the
whole, much purer than that produced by artificial means.

According to information furnished by J. C. Minor jr, the total
supply of carbon dioxid from the wells in the vicinity of Saratoga
Springs is about 20,000 pounds per day of which only about one
half is at present recovered. The product is employed principally
in the manufacture of soda waters. The following companies, all of

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 943

Saratoga Springs, have been engaged in the production of carbon
dioxid during the past year: New York Carbonic Acid Gas Co.;
Natural Carbonic Gas Co.; Lincoln Spring Co.; Geysers Natural
Carbonic Acid Gas Co.; and Champion Natural Carbonic Acid

Gas Co.
NATURAL GAS

Natural. gas has been found in New York over a wide area and
at various geologic horizons. The most productive field is in
the southwestern part, including Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chau-
tauqua and Erie counties. Many of the adjoining counties to the
east contain deposits, though of smaller extent, and there are a
great number of wells within the belt bordering Lake Ontario
from Jefferson to Niagara county. The first successful attempt
to use natural gas for hight and heat was made at Fredonia, Chau-
tauqua co., where shallow wells were drilled as early as 1821.

The oil field of Allegany and Cattaraugus counties has produced
large quantities of natural gas from Devonic strata. The gas
occurs in the Bradford sand and the underlying Kane and Elk
sands. Some of the supply is consumed in pumping the oil, while
the remainder is used for light and fuel in the local towns and
villages. The industry is controlled by a few companies who
own the pipe lines. Olean, Wellsville, Andover, Gowanda, Friend-
ship, Hornellsville and Geneseo are some of the leading towns
supplied from this field.

In Chautauqua county the region bordering Lake Erie contains
numerous deposits in the Portage and Chemung formations. The
wells are mostly shallow, and the individual yield is only sufficient
to supply a few families with gas. Attempts have been made to
find larger deposits by drilling into the underlying strata. At
Fredonia a well has been sunk below 2500 feet, encountering gas
in the Medina sandstone, but the ventures have generally proved
unremunerative.

The discovery of gas territory east of Buffalo has lately brought
Erie county into prominence as a producer. One of the largest
fields extends from Lancaster to Alden near the Genesee county
line. Some of the wells have yielded as high as 1,000,000 cubic
feet daily. The gas is supplied to Akron, Batavia, Lancaster,
Depew, East Aurora, Honeoye Fallsand other towns in the vicinity,
as well as to Buffalo. The deposits are found in the Medina
strata.

In Wyoming county a small output is made around Attica.
Livingston county produces considerable quantities from wells at

944 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Lima, Avon and Caledonia. Rushville, Yates co. and Gorham,
Ontario co., have a few wells. Farther east in Onondaga county
deposits have been found at Baldwinsville, Phoenix and Warner,
and in Oswego county at Fulton, Pulaski and Sandy Creek. The
latter occur in the Trenton limestone, the lowest horizon at
which gas has been found in the State.

The returns received from the various producers of natural
gas show that the total value of the output in 1904 amounted
to $552,197. Owing to the fact that some of the larger companies
operate at several localities, it has been difficult to distribute
the output according to the districts in which it was made. The
following statistics are, however, close approximations: Alle-
gany-Cattaraugus field, $183;830;~ Erie ‘county, 250 amen
Chautauqua county, $31,822; Niagara, Wyoming and Genesee
counties, $18,855; Livingston, Seneca, Ontario and Yates counties
$32,451; Onondaga county, $15,350; Oswego county, $14,990.

One of the notable developments during the year has been
the opening of large wells at Silver Creek, Chautauqua co., by
the Home and the South Shore gas companies. The wells are
connected by pipe lines with Dunkirk and Forestville. At West-
field a deep well is being drilled with the view of exploring for
gas in the formations below the Devonic. The Brocton Gas &
Fuel Co. of Brocton drilled two wells during the year. In the
first well, which reached a depth of 2263 feet, the Medina sandstone
Was encountered at 2225 feet, and gave a flow of about 10,000
cubic feet daily. A pocket of sulfurous gas was found between
the depths of a4oo and 600 feet. The second well was sunk to
2261 feet below the surface, but yielded only sulfurous gas from
the Devonian strata’ In Erie county the Springville ‘Gas Co:
put down several wells near Springville and Collins. The property
of the Genesee Natural Gas Co. of Geneseo has been taken over
by the Empire Gas & Fuel Co.

PETROLEUM

The oil-bearing territory of New York embraces the north-
eastern extension of the Appalachian field. The Bradford dis-
trict, which reaches its widest development in Pennsylvania includes
a small area in Cattaraugus county, and there are several pools
in Allegany county forming the Allegany field, though they are |
sometimes grouped with the Bradford. The productive strata
are fine grained sandstones of dark brown color, locally called
‘“‘black sands.’’ They belong to the Chemung formation of the

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 945

Upper Devonic. The petroleum varies from amber to black
in color, and usually contains a large proportion of lubricating
oils.

The first well in New York was drilled at Limestone, Cattaraugus
co. in 1865. The Allegany field was opened some 15 years later.

In 1902 there was a total of 8443 producing wells in the territory,’

while the number drilled since the beginning largely exceeds that
figure. Compared with other oil fields of the country, the records
indicate that the wells have a very long hfe, but their average
yield is small, being less than one half barrel per day. The in-
dustry is favored, however, by the superior grade of oil produced,
which commands a high price at the refineries, and by the occurrence
of gas in quantities that generally suffice to furnish the power nec-
essary for pumping. During the last few years the market con-
ditions have been unusually satisfactory and have stimulated
activity in working the wells and in the exploration for new ter-
ritory.

The output of petroleum in 1904 as indicated by the shipments
of companies operating pipe lines in the State amounted to
1,039,179 barrels of 42 gallons. At an average of $1.65 per barrel,
the value of the production was $1,709,770. Simce 1890 the
output has fluctuated within narrow limits, the totals varying
little from that of last year. The following companies have
pipe lines in New York territory: The Allegany Pipe Line Co.,
Columbia Pipe Line Co., Union Pipe Line Co. and the Vacuum
Oil Co., of Wellsville N. Y., and thé Tide-Water Pipe Co. Limited,

of Bradford Pa.
PYRITE

The mining of pyrite has been carried on intermittently in
New York State for several years, but the production has never
attained much importance. The only deposits that have been
worked recently are in the vicinity of Canton and Gouverneur,
st Lawrence co. The ore is low grade, running from 30 to 35%,

but by concentration the sulfur can be brought up to 45 or 50%.

It is free from objectionable impurities and well adapted for acid
burning. Considering the fact that the deposits are favorably
situated with regard to market, it would seem that they are worthy
of greater attention than has been given them. The sulfite paper
mills in this section of the State consume large quantities of sulfur
in the form of sulfurous acid, and there is no apparent reason why
it should not be supplied by the local mines.

- Bureau of the Census. Mines and Quarries. 1902.

946 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The Stella mine which has produced most of the ore mined
in this section during recent years was inactive in 1904. A new
company has acquired the property with a view to restarting
operations. The mine formerly owned by the High Falls Pyrite
Co. has been taken over by the National Pyrite Co. of Canton.
The Adirondack Pyrite Co. worked its mine near Gouverneur
during a part of the past season. A new deposit has been opened
at Richville by B. R. Hutchings. The total production of pyrite
in 1904 was 5275 long tons valued at $20,820.

SALT

walt has lone been one of the chief mineral productsyomere
State. In point of valuethe annual output is exceeded only by that
of clay materials, stone and cement. The New York industry
is favorably situated with regard to the large markets and has been
able to maintain its commercial prominence, notwithstanding
the more recent developments in other sections of the country.

The salt deposits, which are associated with the Salina beds
of the Upper Siluric, occur over a wide area. “Their @nerpmerm
extent, as shown by the outcropping Salina strata, is defined
approximately by a line drawn from a point somewhat south
of Oneida lake westward to Buffalo. To the south the deposits
are encountered at progressively increasing depths in accordance
with the dip of the strata, which ranges from 25 to 4o feet to the
mile. The most easterly point where wells have been sunk is at
Morrisville, Madison co. Between this point and Lake Erie, salt
has been found in almost all of the central tier of counties. The
wells around Syracuse produce a natural brine that is stored in
glacial gravels, but elsewhere the deposits are rock salt.

In Onondaga county, Syracuse continues to be an important
center of the industry. The manufacture of salt began there
in 31789 and in 17097 it came under State comiolmes ome
long time the wells yielded nearly all of the salt made in the State,
but in late years there has been an increasing output from other
localities. A noteworthy feature, also, has been the falling off
in the production of the finer grades of salt. Almost the entire
yield at present is of the solar or coarse variety. The largest
operator in Onondaga county is the Solvay Process Co. The
company derives its supply of brine from wells in the town of
Tully, 20 miles south of Syracuse. The deposits are rock salt,
and the brine is obtained by bringing fresh water into the wells.
Formerly the brine was allowed to flow out under its own pressure,

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 947

but owing to the loss from percolation with this method, the
wells are now pumped. The brine is conveyed by pipe line to
the works at Solvay, where it is used for the manufacture of soda
products.

In Tompkins county, wells were sunk at Ludlowville in 1891
and 1892 and at Ithaca in 1895.. At the latter locality the salt
deposits had an aggregate thickness of over 250 feet and were
found at depths below 2240 feet. In 1899 the wells came under
the control of the National Salt Co. by whom they have since been
operated. More recently the Remington Salt Co. has erected a
plant near Ithaca and has engaged in the manufacture of salt.
The company has drilled three wells, finding the deposits at about
2100 feet below the surface.

Salt is obtained in Schuyler county around Watkins. The
Glen Salt Co. sank the first well in 1893 and encountered a deposit
at a depth of 1840 feet. The company was later merged into
the National Salt Co. The Watkins Salt Co. also operates at this
locality. |

The discovery of salt near Wyoming, Wyoming co. in 1878
furnished an incentive for the exploration of this region. The
first well penetrated 70 feet of rock salt at 1270 feet from the
surface. It was followed by discoveries at Warsaw, Leroy,
Rock Glen, Batavia and at numerous places in Livingston, Wyom-
ing and Genesee counties. Practically the whole valley of Oatka
creek, from Leroy to Bliss and the Genesee valley south of Monroe
county have been found to be salt bearing. The region is now one
of the most productive in the State. The National Salt Co. has
operated three plants at Warsaw. The other active companies in
this field are the Empire State Salt Co. of Leroy; the Worcester
Salt Co. of Silver Springs; the Retsof Mining Co. of Retsof and
the Oatka Mining Co. of Wyoming. The last named company
began development work in 1903 and will produce rock salt.
A large number of plants have been erected ay other companies that
are now inoperative.

In Erie county salt has been found at Eden Valley, Springville
and Gowanda, but these localities are no longer productive. At
Perry, the Iroquois Salt Co. has a plant which has been operated
during the last few years.

Among other discoveries of salt in New York may be mentioned
those at Vincent and Naples, Ontario co.; Dundee, Yates co.;
Seneca Falls, Seneca co.; and Aurora, Cayuga co. The deposits
are not worked.

948 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

All of the principal grades of salt are made in New York, in-
cluding coarse solar, common coarse, common fine, table and
dairy, packers and rock salt. The coarse solar is produced en-
tirely at Syracuse where great areas of land are given up to its
manufacture. Rock salt is mimed m quantity at Reteor sand
Livonia. Most of the remaining product is marketed as common
fine, common coarse and table and dairy salt.

Production and trade in 1904. During the year 1904 there were
30 companies engaged in manufacturing salt in the State. Of this
number Onondaga county was represented by 23, Wyoming and
Tompkins county by two each, and Genesee, Livingston and
Schuyler by one.each. The National Salt Co. is included under
Tompkins county, but it has operated also in Schuyler and Wyom-
ing counties. No new companies entered the list of producers
during the year.

The total output of salt in 1904 amounted to 8,724,768 barrels
of 280 pounds. In the total, account is taken of the amount of
salt utilized in the form of brine for the manufacture of soda
products, which is a very important item. ‘The value of the out-
put was $2,102,748 or 24 cents a barrel. The following table
shows the production distributed among the various grades as

marketed.
Production of salt by grades in 1904

| Value
Barrels «| Value per
| | barrel

L |
Common finea. 01... ete Ta EO OMS A $409 498 oe oii
Comin oOniCOarse is.) | eee eee ee 423 686 E42 isi ae
ava ble ail: daiiye ices. eae ee ee TOE INOYeR, a 518 742 245
Coarsersolan sire Soa. el. ae eee Rae 459 156 175 .03\ba . 38
Reeve! !a(2y ose See oat Ae eam ko te 46 178 14 180 ae
Othiensorades cs hcra cis SSR ied ee Ce EERO”! 842 040 is)
ANGE Saree fou” SUN Aa eee a 8 724-768 | $2 102 74384 sone

a The common fine salt includes some coarse salt, so that the division for these grades is
not quite exact.

The total for “other grades’’ is made up principally of rock

_ salt and salt used for soda manufacture, but includes other kinds.

It will be noted that the value of this salt is much lower than

the general average.
Of the total output, Onondaga county contributed 3,456,337
barrels valued at $233,477, while the remainder, consisting of

4

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 949

5,268,431 barrels valued at $1,869,271, came from Livingston,
Wyoming, Schuyler, Tompkins, and Genesee counties in the order of
their rank.

The production last year compares well with previous records,
and, when considered in connection with the expansion which
the industry has recently undergone, it shows that the manufacture
of salt in New York is carried on under very stable conditions.
The season on the whole was rather unfavorable to producers.
The demand in the larger markets was not equal to the supply,
and there was a good deal of competition among the companies.
The output of solar salt at Syracuse was adversely affected by
the weather, which was unusually cloudy and wet throughout
the summer. The report of the State Superintendent of the
Onondaga Salt Springs, states that the production showed a
decline of about 200,000 bushels from the total of the previous
year. The quantity of salt inspected was 1,743,388 bushels
of 56 pounds each, of which 1,608,298 bushels were made by the
solar process, and 135,090 bushels by artificial evaporation. In
1903 the quantity inspected was 1,933,224 bushels. There were
22 producers in Syracuse and vicinity. The output is all handled
by the Onondaga Coarse Salt Association of that city.

The most noteworthy change in the trade during the year was the
merging of the works owned by the National Salt Co. into the
International Salt Co. The former company had been in the hands
of receivers since 1902. The International Salt Co. which also
operates the Retsof rock salt mine, assumed control of the prop-
erties on Aug. 1, 1904. ‘The offices of the company are in New
York city. During the year the following plants of this company
were active: Glen works, Watkins; Ithaca works, Ithaca; Cayuga
works, Myers; Hawley, Warsaw and Yorkshire works, Warsaw.

SLATE

Quarries of roofing slate are worked in Washington county
. hear the Vermont state line. The productive district includes
a narrow belt running nearly due north from Salem through the
towns of Hebron, Granville, Hampton and Whitehall. Efforts
have been made to work slate in other parts of the State, par-
ticularly in the Hudson river metamorphic region, but for reasons
no longer apparent they have not led to the establishment of a
permanent industry. Hoosick, Rensselaer co., New Lebanon,
Columbia co., and New Hamburg, Dutchess co., are among the
places that have furnished slate in the past At the locality

g50 New YORK STATE MUSEUM

last named, beds were found which yielded large blocks resembling
the Welsh slate in color and quality and adapted for structural
material, billiard tables, blackboards and other purposes. They
were operated as late as 1808.

The slate from, Washington county exhibits a variety of colors.
Red is the most valuable and is the characteristic product of
the region. Owing to its rarity elsewhere, it has a wide sale and
is in constant demand for export. This variety is found near
Granville and in the Hatch Hill and North Granville districts
between North Granville and Whitehall. Its occurrence is confined
to areas of Lower Siluric age. Purple, variegated and different
shades of green slate are produced from Cambric areas, prin-
cipally around Middle Granville, Salem and Shushan. The un-
fading green, which also commands a good price for roofing pur-
poses, is quarried to some extent in Washington county, but the
greater quantity comes from across the border in Vermont.

Up to the present time the production of slate for other than
roofing purposes such as mantels, billiard tables, floor tiling, black
boards, etc., has not been developed to any extent in this section.
It is am important branch !ot the slate trade of Penmsyinjaara
and Vermont, and there is no doubt that increased attention
to this branch would greatly assist the advancement of the in-
dustry.

The reports received for 1904 show that ro firms were engaged
in quarrying slate during the year. The total output was 18,090
squares of roofing slate, valued at $86,159, and $7441 of mill
stock. Compared with the previous year the statistics indicate
a decline of about 15% in the combined value of both products, due
almost entirely to the smaller quantity of mill stock made. -The
roofing slate averaged $4.76 a square, which is higher than the
general run of prices received in other slate-producing regions.
Of the quantity given, about 6000 squares were red slate.

Among the leading producers in 1904 were the following:

NAME LOCATION OF OFFICE
‘Mathews Consolidated Slate Co. Poultney Vt.

Algonquin Red Slate Co. a Worcester Mass.
Granville Slate Co Granville N. Y.
Montauk Slate Co Middle Granville N. Y.
John W. O’Brien Middle Granville N. Y.
Allen & Williams Middle Granville N. Y.

oa

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY gsi

The McCormick Red Slate Co., the Bonanza Slate Co., and the
Beck Slate Co., of Granville and Charles I. Baker of Truthville
have opened quarries and will work them during the present year.
The Welsh Red Slate Co. of Poultney, Vt., which formerly operated
quarries at Hampton, has retired from business.

STONE

All of the principal building and ornamental stones are quarried
in New York and most of them on a large scale. In the following
pages a brief description is given of their occurrence throughout
the State, together with information relating to production and
developments during the past year. The slate and millstone
industries which might properly be included here have been treated
under separate headings owing to their somewhat special character.

Production of stone

‘The value of the quarry products for 1904 amounted to $5,124,251.
This sum covers the output of all varieties of stone excepting
slate and millstones and that portion of the limestone which was
used for the manufacture of hydraulic cement. It represents the
ageregate product of over 600 quarries.

The value of the limestone production was $2,058,405. The
sandstone quarried amounted in value to $1,896,697, of which the
greater part was reported by companies engaged in the bluestone
trade. The output of trap rock, mostly from the Hudson river
Palisades, was valued at $468,496; marble at $478,771; and
grawite at $221,882. Classified as to uses, crushed stone was the
most important item in the production. The value of this material
amounted to $1,557,974, representing approximately 2,224,000
cubic yards. Building stone accounted for $1,254,548, while
curb and flagstone were produced to the value of $908,280. The
monumental stone quarried was valued at $165,935. The value of .
the stone quarried for purposes other than those given was
$1,237,514.

As noted in the accompanying table, the totals for building
stone, crushed stone and curbstone do not include certain items
which should be classified under these heads, but the results are
not appreciably affected thereby.

952 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Production of stone in 1904

—

Building Curbing Crushed Total
Variety stone Monumental and stone All other value
flagging
Granite..... $80 300 $1zr 262 a $83 205 $38 025 $221 882
Limestone... 248 647 chef etaroue erent $6 253 004 475 809 030 | 2 058 405
Mian plea 278 904 154 673 a a 45 104 478 771
Sandstone... 63°77, 8OOW7) al Byccarseencusrete 902 027 27 583 329 480 | 1 896 607
EADicveleternensie a sythaliaraietetee 452 621 I5 875 468 406
Total...| $z 254 548 $165 9035 | $908 280 | $1 557 974 | $1 237 504 |$5 004 251
Granite

The term granite, as here used, includes the crystalline rocks
generally, with the exception of trap or diabase which is treated
by itself.

There are two principal areas where these rocks occur in New
York, the one being the Adirondack region and the other the
lower Hudson valley. Massive granites are much less important in
both areas than the banded or schistose types designated as gneisses
and schists; they are sufficiently developed, however, to afford
frequent sites for quarries. At present most of the granite em-
ployed for building, monumental and decorative purposes is
brought in from other states, as the local production is far from
meeting the requirements.

In southeastern New York, the Highlands of the Hudson consist
almost entirely of granite and gneiss. Quarries have been opened
at numerous localities, particularly along the river where con-
venient transport facilities can be had. In Putnam county,
Breakneck mountain, just north of Cold Spring, supplies a medium
grained gneissoid granite which has been used extensively for
building material and crushed stone. At Garrisons a true granite
of massive character outcrops and has furnished building stone
to New York city. Farther south around Peekskill iameremare
several quarries producing gneissoid granite. In Westchester
county granitic rocks are abundant and of varied character. One
of the principal formations is the Fordham gneiss, a well foliated
grayish biotite gneiss that has supplied much material for founda-
tions and rough masonry. The quarry localities include Hast-
ings, Lowerre, Bryn Mawr and Uniontown. The Yonkers gneiss,
more massive than the former and containing hornblende, affords
a durable building stone which is obtained at Dunwoodie and
Scarsdale, while a similar rock occurs at Hartsdale, Hastings,

“gSmall, included under ‘‘all other.”

i

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 953

Tarrytown and White Plains. Dikes and bosses of massive granite
are quite common and have been worked at New Rochelle, Mount
Vernon, Lake Mohegan, Westchester co.; Round Island, Rock-
land co.; and at Pine Island, Orange co. The Cortland series of
gabbros and diorites outcropping south of Peekskill may be men-
tioned among the quarry resources of this region.

The crystalline rocks of the Adirondacks extend over a great
area, but their inaccessibility has prevented the opening of quarries,
except on the borders. The varieties found here include massive
granites, syenites, gabbros and anorthosites, as well as gneissoid
phases of each. :

Building and monumental stone is quarried quite largely
in Jefferson county. Grindstone island, in the St Lawrence
river, is noteworthy as a locality for red granite of very attractive
appearance. The latter has a coarsely crystalline texture, takes
a lustrous polish, and on account of its deep red color has been
employed as a substitute for the Scotch granite. It is used for
building and decorative purposes in many of the western cities and

in Canada.
Production of granite in 1904

County Building | Monumental | Crushed | Rubble, | Paving,

stone stone riprap: | curbing

Hetemon... 0... 2... $x 750 SOME OSes ies tear P nee ieee, Geen enue pe
Miramees i. es re. 62 500 200 |$13 095 $460 | $7 265
Westchester........ 24 550 AGO: TOL ZOOm| BO) OOO Wl we «2s pe
Bilsewhere.........: 500 ANOGON leita se BOOn Wee Ng Pes
Moms. 3 2f0%:".1 1) $89) 300 $11 262 |$30 295 |$83 760 $7 265

At Little Falls, Herkimer co., there is an outlier of the Adiron-
dack syenite which is worked to some extent. In Fulton county
quarries have been opened at Mayfield and Northville, in Lewis
county near Port Leyden and in. Franklin county at St Regis
Falls.

Anorthosite was quarried at one time near Keeseville, Essex
co. The stone has a handsome chatoyant appearance when
polished, and is adapted for monumental and decorative work.

The total value of the products from the granite quarries of
the State amounted in 1904 to $221,882. Of this sum building
stone accounted for $89,300; crushed stone for $83,295; rubble
and riprap for $30,760 and monumental stone for $11,262. - The
remainder amounting to $7265, represented the value of paving

1Includes Rockland county.

954 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

blocks and curbstone. Westchester county was th € argest
producer with an output valued at $125,150. The value of the
production in the other counties was as follows: Orange and
Rockland $83,520; Jefferson $8412; Clinton and Fulton $4800,

Limestone

The limestone quarries are the most important in New York
State. Compared with sandstone, which ranks second in value
of output, limestone is not especially prominent as a building
material, but it is more generally used as road metal and concrete.
Its wide occurrence, in connection with its natural fitness for the
purpose, has favored the development of an extensive crushed
stone trade that covers nearly every section of the State. The
manufacture of lime also calls for a large part of the product.

Distribution. Among the geologic formations of the New
York series, limestone appears frequently’. In the Precambrian
strata of the Adirondacks and in southeastern New York it has
been metamorphosed and has the crystalline character of marble.
The noncrystalline limestones, to which the present discussion
is limited, are associated with the Lower Siluric, Upper Siluric
and Devonic systems. Those chiefly exploited will be briefly
described.

The Beekmantown limestone or calciferous sandrock, as it
has been commonly called, occurs in isolated areas along the
Mohawk and Champlain valleys. There are quarries in Warren,
Montgomery, Fulton and Herkimer counties. It is a fine grained,
massive stone of grayish color and normally contains more or less
magnesia. This constituent sometimes occurs in sufficient amount
to characterize the rock as dolomite. Owing to its prevailing
sjlicious nature, the limestone can seldom be used for other than
building purposes.

The Chazy limestone is of local importance. It is found along
a narrow belt bordering the Adirondacks from Saratoga county
north to Clinton county. In composition it is a typical lime-
stone, containing little magnesia or impurities. For this reason
it is adapted to the manufacture of lime. The stone has a finely
crystalline texture, and at Chazy and Plattsburg has been quarried
for marble. It supplies also some building stone and furnace
jANEDS<:

In the Mohawkian or Trenton group are included the Lowville

(Birdseye), Black river and Trenton limestones, which occupy

a a a a a TC SE oa
1For fuller details as to the distribution and character of the limestones of New York refer-
ence is made to State Museum Bulletin 44, Lime and Cement Industries of New York, by Hein-

rich Ries.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 955

a large area and possess considerable economic value. They occur
in the Champlain valley, but mostly on the Vermont side, and on
the southern and western borders of the Adirondacks. From
the Mohawk valley at Little Falls they form a belt that extends
northwesterly with gradually increasing width to the St Lawrence
river. The area on the eastern side of Lake Champlain is continued
southward into Washington county. The limestone varies some-
what in character according to locality and geologic position.
It is often highly fossiliferous. The lower part of the group or
Lowville formation is a heavy bedded limestone, but the upper
beds commonly contain more or less shale. The color ranges
from light gray to almost black. It sometimes shows incipient
metamorphism and has a crystalline texture. The Trenton
limestones are quarried in Clinton, Washington, Montgomery,
Fulton, Herkimer, Oneida, Lewis and Jefferson counties. The
product is used for building and road material and common masonry.
A part is also burned into lime. At Glens Falls, Trenton limestone
is employed for the manufacture of Portland cement.

The next group of limestones in ascending order is the Niagaran,
which comprises the Lockport and Guelph formations. The latter
is a typical dolomite, fine grained and of grayish color. It occupies
a limited area in Monroe and Orleans counties, and is quarried
near Rochester. It has been used for lime. The lower member
of the group, the Lockport dolomite, outcrops in a continuous
belt several miles wide from Niagara Falls east to Onondaga county |
and then with diminishing width across Madison county. Like
the Guelph it contains magnesia, and this component may be
present in sufficient quantity to make it a dolomite. The lower
part is usually silicious, grading into shale. The upper portion
which is heavy bedded is adapted for building material, road metal,
lime, etc. There are quarries around Niagara Falls and Lockport.
It is also worked at Rochester and to some extent in Wayne,
Onondaga and Madison counties.

The Cayugan group with its several members is noteworthy
economically, as it contains the valuable gypsum and salt deposits
besides the hydraulic limestones that are utilized for cement.
The basal strata, comprising the Salina stage, are mostly shales,
though they are interbedded with thin layers of dolomitic lime-
stones. In the Cobleskill, Rondout and Manlius stages, lime-
stones prevail. In the Rosendale district of Ulster county they
have furnished large quantities of material for the manufacture
of natural. rock cement, and they are the source of the cement

956 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

rock in Onondaga and Schoharie counties. The purer limestones
of the group are employed in Onondaga county for lime making.

At the base of the Devonic system, the Helderbergian group
is prominent for its limestones. The latter are strongly developed
along the Hudson river in Albany, Columbia, Greene and Ulster
counties. The Coeymans or Lower Pentamerus formation affords
rock suitable for lime, building stone and road material, while the
Becraft or Upper Pentamerus is employed as an ingredient of
Portland: cement.and “for furnace, flux. Where "arewquaniesmat
Hudson, Rondout, South Bethlehem and Catskill.

Of the remaining formations represented in New York, the
Onondaga is the only one that is of much importance for lime-
stone quarries. It outcrops in Orange, Ulster, Greene and Albany
counties, and is exposed quite continuously through the middle
and western part of the State. Building stone and lime are the
principal products. Quarries have been opened at Kingston, Split-
rock (near Syracuse), Auburn, Waterloo, Seneca Falls, Leroy and
Buffalo, and many other places.

Production of limestone

The value of the limestone quarried in New York during 1904
amounted to $2,058,405. This is exclusive of the limestone used
in making Portland and natural cement, for which no statistics
have been collected.) There were 35 counties thatmrepostcomaa
output with 157 quarries in all.

Production of limestone in 1904

Material Quantity ~ Value

Crushed stone n(culbic yards) eerpir ce ae cee erect ek yee OrS $994 475
Limegmade (Short tons). 8... ein ee eet eee 494 883 678 225
Manmacewitiox<u(lOnestOnS) eee i went eevee eee 140 198 7 Sate
iB trallteimenS tome cise pola. ile ade wie vo smalls aerey eee te hee ee en en 248 647
Reet @) 0} (eke eb os 2 Oa ears Aone SPINS ee Mie I lercmy a ly: ogc 22.220
feu varenh alleen (Ci bbl OW0lo Ov aay eee eH epee MRS AE Caan Wao Coat o a 0.0 6 253
IMASC CM EMCOLIG iy). coe. cece Sbeness shes tet ask cue sus onl ei eee 22 E50

ately: Fis Megs. ayes ae ein eae a te Si $2 058 405

Crushed stone, for road metal, concrete and other purposes,
represented the largest item in the production, the value of this
material being $994,475, or 48% of the total. The manufacture
of lime was second in importance with a yield valued at $678,225.
Building stone was quarried to the extent of $248,647. The re-
maining uses reported for the product were furnace flux, which

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY

957
amounted in value to $75,419; rubble and riprap, amounting to
$22,230, and flagging and curbing amounting to $6253. In ad-
dition there were quarried miscellaneous materials, not classified
in the returns, with a combined value of $33,156.

Of the crushed stone a total of 443,037 cubic yards valued at
$318,383 was reported as used for road material. These figures,
however, do not represent the whole amount employed for that pur-
pose, as many of the producers were unable to classify their output.

The returns received show that Onondaga county has the largest
quarrying industry. The total product in 1904 amounted in value
to $344,817, and was reported by 15 companies. The manufacture
of lime is particularly important in the county, due mainly to
the operations of the Solvay Process Co. Erie county with 13
active quarries made an output valued at $295,722, consisting
principally of building and crushed stone. The value of the
production in Westchester county which ranked third in the list,
was $255,972, made by three companies. The other counties
that reported a value exceeding $100,000 were Genesee ($222,702),
Rockland ($194,154) and Ulster ($150,055).

Production of limestone by counties

| |
Crushed| Lime | Furnace; Building) Other
County stone made flux stone : uses Total

Wipany.-....:.. G47 S52). Gre 125) 23+. a8. $700| $500/ $50 107
Cayuga 13 864 80} $x 000; 12 432] 16 500 43 876
Clinton 2....... FOV OOO 55a E751. 4 O19) I 950| 2 750 74 560
Wieeness. 2.0... 18: ie to | erga Rm Nessie eae ia BO pie kihe oe £2570
ates. | 5 3 | E70 500 400. 609} 108 41I/ 15 793 295 722
GtbOMs.: 2.5... . 6 840 ee KO Ojen st 4 wae cee ees ie A Weise 9 > Maa ae 8 340
Genesee......... 150 210 4 500! 64 299} 3 500 193 222 702
Merkdmer....... I50 Br ROB een costs | OO ces sb. oa Ou 232
Niemersony 2... | eS EON) OOOY FOO) 5 a ee he: 20 096] 6 106 94 352
MiaGHsOn. =. so... Ty SOS ets Gers Ave Beak es | E25 > 3, ©6O IO 720
MiparOe>. 2... foe MOS to letern eee lis ace nr oo 6 050} 2 000 35 085
Montgomery..... | Gaara eae chee a, 7 022] I ooo| 8 103
Miasatas... 2... Bs fe7 AVIS OGh ae aera. OF 300)))- 3 875! 30 402
Wreida......... POON ove Wage Ee ae Tae HOGI sors. 2 | 17 887
Onondaga...:... AD AO 27 58 O23 225 a wazea ese a S55 344° 8x7
ip@ekiand: 2... <2: LOATES AA & Forays. ge ie Uden Le eed (er 194 154
Si Lawrence... . - 2 600 GEBOO ie ora ZGaAl. 3 250 16 974
S ZEIT SG i a a eee OMe fe Rg Gp 0 ee eS gmc sa I. og S10) 6) ate een 34 651
Schoharie::..... ene Scag! 312 24| 24 495| 2 780! 40 792
JG GQ. 3 Ey Bo DDG) tomslaelae Ce (Eee s OA ee | | EL, 937
Werren sss 05. WAZ Dae GOOls se: . ss: 5 toe eye | I50 055
Washington..... EOE hOWe FOMOOO tes so) Dale ees 3 sla gee oo 46 IIo
Westchester..... E82 272.72 800 BOONE Iso ars. PERE 255 972
Other countiesa..| 20 778) 14 228 De kARIN, FON SOO)”. 237 49 195

Total. 22% ‘$994 475 $678 225| $75 419 $248 647. $61 639 $2 058 405

alIncludes Allegany, Columbia, Essex, Greene, Lewis, Ontario, Orange, Orleans, Rensselaer,
Seneca, Wayne and Yates.

958 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM is

Lime. There were 4o firms that reported an output of lime-
stone (including marble) for lime burning, either as a main product
or in connection with the quarrying of other materials. The
greater portion of the limestone was converted by the companies
operating the quarries. In all 21 counties participated in the
production. The total quantity burned to lime amounted to
494,883 short tons, of which 381,974 short tons, or 77% was reported
by four companies in Onondaga county. Warren county made
32,000 tons; Westchester 28,000; Jefferson 17,405, mmnem
15,873; and Washington county, gooo tons. The remaining
counties were small producers.

The value given for lime in the foregoing table is considerably
less than the ruling commercial price for the year. This is due to
the fact that the Solvay Process Co., the chief producer in the State,
has placed a nominal valuation on its output, all of which is used
as a reagent in the manufacture of soda products. Disregarding
the quantity thus consumed, the average value of the lime made
during the year was $3.54 a short ton.

Crushed stone. The use of limestone for crushing has grown
to enormous proportions. The total output in 1904 amounted to
no less than 1,471,305 cubic yards. There were 28 counties repre-
sented in the returns received. The principal producing counties
with the quantity made by each, in yards, were as follows: West-
chester, 302,045) Erie, 286,058: URockland, | 258.372 -iGegecee
252,224: Albany, 80,503 and: Onondaga, 61,552. ) Then puicemne.
ceived for the material used in road making averaged 72 cents a
cubic yard.

Building stone. The quarrying of building stone was less active
during 1904 than in the previous year. The demand showed a
marked decline, due principally to the labor troubles prevailing
in the building trades. Very few of the quarries ship any quantity
of stone to points without the State, so that the industry must
depend for its support on the local markets. An improvement in
the latter has already been manifested, and if continued it will
doubtless exert a favorable influence on quarrying operations
during the current year.

Erie county is the largest producer of limestone for building
purposes. Its output in 1904 was valued at $108,411 and was
reported, for the most part, by quarries in the vicinity of Buffalo.
Jefferson, Onondaga and Schoharie counties each made an output
valued at over $20,000.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 9 5

Marble

Building and ornamental marbles occur extensively on the
borders of the Adirondacks and in the metamorphic region of
southeastern New York. Along Lake Champlain there are several
localities where quarries have been opened and operated in the past,
but the production from this section is not now of much impor-
tance. The dove-colored “Lepanto” and the “French Gray”
marbles found near Plattsburg and the verd-antique marbles of
Port Henry and Thurman are the varieties best known. At
Glens Falls a black marble which takes a brilliant polish and is in
demand for decorative purposes has been quarried for a number of
years. On the western side of the Adirondacks a large quarrying
industry has been developed around Gouverneur; the product vary-
ing from white to dark blue is used principally for monumental
work. The white dolomitic marble from South Dover and Tucka-
hoe in southeastern New York is widely employed as building stone,

The total production of marble for the year 1904 was valued
at $478,771. The output was divided as follows: building marble,
rough and dressed, $278,994; monumental, rough and dressed,
$154,673; other purposes, $45,104. Most of the marble used as
building material came from Tuckahoe and South Dover, and
the remainder was supplied from Plattsburg and Gouverneur.
The last named locality was the largest producer of monumental
marble, its production for the year being valued at $144,934.
In addition it produced building and other grades of marble valued
at $37,279. The output classified under “other purposes’ in-
cludes crushed stone, rubble, riprap, curbing and marble dust.
The amount burnt into lime is reported under limestone.

The following firms were active during 1904:

NAME
Burlington Marble Co. x
Extra Dark Marble Co.
Finch, Pruyn & Co. Inc.
Gouverneur Marble Co.
F. W. Jones & Co.
Peter_Leyotte
Northern New York Marble Co.

O’Connell Lime & Marble Dust Co.

Rylstone Marble Co.
St Lawrence Marble Quarries
South Dover Marble Co.

LOCATION OF OFFICE
Burlington, Vt.
Gouverneur
Glens Falls
Gouverneur
Hudson
Plattsburg
Gouverneur
129 3d av. New York
Gouverneur
Gouverneur
South Dover

960 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

NAME LOCATION OF OFFICE
Watertown Marble Co. Watertown
Waverly Marble Co. 1 Madison av. New York
White Crystal Marble Co. Gouverneur
D. J. Whitney Marble Co. Gouverneur

At Gouyerneur there has been unusual interest shown in the
development and extension of the quarrying industry and the
outlook for the future is most encouraging. There were eight
companies that reported an output during the year. With one
or two exceptions the quarries of this section make a specialty
of monumental marble, for which there is a steady market, while
building marble is largely a side product that is supplied according
to the current demand.

The prevailing type of marble is light gray to dark blue in color.
When polished it resembles some of the gray granites and has a
very beautiful appearance. |

The Gouverneur Marble Co. has erected a new mill to replace
the old plant which was destroyed by fire in July 1904. A portion
of the equipment has already been installed and it will be increased
till rr gangs are working. ,

The property formerly owned by the St Lawrence Marble Co.
was transferred to the St Lawrence Marble Quarries in November.
The company owns two quarries and has one of the largest mills
toy HIS CSAC,

The D. J. Whitney Marble Co: started its) amill in avondemoere
maintaining four gangs in operation. Its property is situated
near the quarries of the Northern New York Marble Co., and both
produce high grade dark monumental marble. The mill owned
by the latter company is equipped with 1o gangs and includes a
polishing department. The waste material is largely used by the
Northern Crushed Stone Co., which operates a crushing plant
near the quarry. |

The Watertown Marble Co. has taken over the quarry of Davidson
Brothers near Gouverneur and the E. E. Stevens quarry at Canton.
Its mill located at Watertown is equipped with 15 gangs and will be
enlarged during the current year. The company makes a specialty
of monumental and decorative work.

A new mill of 10 gangs has been erected at the quarry recently
opened by the Rylstone Marble Co. near Gouverneur. Productive
operations were begun late in the year. The company will give
its attention chiefly to building material.

The Clarkson quarry near De Kalb Junction which has been
worked under lease by W. D. Chamberlain has been transferred

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 961

to the Clarkson Marble Co. It is intended to add new equipment
and to commence operations during the present season.

In the Lake Champlain region the only producers have been Peter
Leyotte of Plattsburg and the Burlington Marble Co.

The Glens Falls Co. of Glens‘ Falls was succeeded by Finch,
Pruyn & Co.

In southeastern New York, the South Dover Marble Co., the
Waverly Marble Co., F. W. Jones & Co., and the O’Connell fie
and Marble Dust Co., were active. The last named company uses
its output for manufacturing lime and marble dust.

Sandstone

Under this heading are included all sedimentary rocks that are
made up of granular quartz. Among the principal varieties dis-
tinguished by textural characters are sandstones proper, con-
glomerates, grits and quartzites.

The wide distribution of sandstones in the geologic series of
New York State has given them great importance as economic
sources of structural materials, and in point of annual output they
rank second only to limestones. Nearly all of the main formations
above the Archean contain sandstones at one or more horizons.
The general properties and occurrence of the most important of
these rocks are here briefly reviewed.

Potsdam sandstone. The Potsdam or Upper Cambric is the
oldest formation in which quarries have been opened in the State.
It is developed most extensively on the borders of the Adirondacks.
itive Chanplam valley 1: outcrops at irequent intervals from
Fort Ann northward to the Canadian boundary. On the southern
side it is not so well represented, though there are few exposures,
best shown in Fulton and Saratoga counties. Along the northern
edge of the Adirondacks from Lake Champlain to the St Lawrence
river, a broad band of Potsdam crosses Clinton, Franklin and St
ieemrietice counties and reaches well imto Jeterson.: It is in this
section, chiefly around Potsdam, that the largest quarries have
been opened. ;

The Potsdam, typically, is an even grained sandstone of reddish
color, hard and compact. Owing to the cementation of the com-
ponent grains by secondary deposition of quartz, it combines great
strength with low absorptive powers, making it one of the most
durable building stones known. The comparative isolation of the
quarries from the large cities and the slightly increased cost of
dressing the stone due to its abnormal hardness have operated,

962 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

however, to restrict the market for Potsdam sandstone notwith-
standing its excellent qualities.

Hudson river sandstone. The Hudson river series which was
once assigned a definite position in the geologic scale is now recog-
nized to be a complex of beds ranging from middle Trenton to
Lorraine age. Inasmuch as the various horizons have not been
delimited yet on the map, the name may be conveniently retained
in its former areal significance.

The rocks belonging to this group are found in the Hudson river
valley from the Highlands northward to Glens Falls and along
the Mohawk to Oneida county whence they extend around the
western Adirondacks through Lewis into Jefferson and Oswego
counties. Shales, slates, sandstones and conglomerates are repre-
sented. The sandstones are usually thinly bedded, argillaceous
and of grayish color. They have little importance except for local
markets and their use is mostly limited to rubble and common
masonry work. No large quarries supplying this stone are in
steady operation at present.

Medina sandstone. The Medina formation comprises a great
thickness of sandstones extending in a wide belt from the central part
of Oneida county westward along the border of Lake Ontario to
Niagara river. A smaller area outcrops in Orange and Ulster
counties. The stone is usually gray, red or mottled in color with
medium to coarse texture. It shows fair crushing strength and is
an attractive building stone. The quartz grains are partially
replaced at times by decomposed feldspar but seldom in such an
amount as to injure the quality of the stone.

The flat, even bedding and the regular jointing which usually
characterize the Medina, facilitate its working, while its occurrence
in a populous district has promoted the growth of a large quarrying
industry. The most productive field of operations lies on the
southern edge of the belt and extends from Brockport, Monroe co.,
through Holley, Hulberton, Hindsburg, Albion, Eagle Harbor,
Medina and Shelby Basin, Orleans co., to Lockport and Lewiston,
Niagara co. Albion, Hulberton and Medina are the chief quarrying
centers at present. The quarries are well equipped and their
combined capacity largely exceeds the output. There is a wide
demand for the stone as building material, though the market has
been curtailed to some extent in recent years by active competition
with the Berea sandstone of Ohio. It finds employment also
for curbing and flagging and specially for paving blocks for which
purpose it takes the place of granite and trap.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 963

Devonic sandstones. The Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and
Catskill formations of the Upper Devonic, comprise alternating
beds of sandstones and shales that are developed in great strength
throughout the central and southern parts of the State.’ Their
northern limit is approximately defined by a line beginning near
the Hudson river, a few miles below Albany, and extending north
of west in a broad curve to a short distance south of Syracuse and
thence almost directly westward to Lake Erie. On the east they
follow the Hudson valley from Albany county to near Kingston,
in Ulster county, where they bend to the southwest and continue
in this direction till they enter Pennsylvania. The sandstone
from these formations is popularly known as bluestone, a name
first applied to the Ulster county stone on account of its color.
Though the original significance can no longer be claimed for the
name as used commercially, the more or less persistent characters
of Devonic sandstones and their employment for common pur-
poses warrant the adoption of some such collective term.

Quarries have been opened at various localities within the above
defined area. The region which has undergone most active opera-
tions, however, is that on the southeast which is more favorably
situated in relation to markets and convenience of transport. The
greater number of quarries have been opened on the eastern slopes
of the Catskills, in the outlying ridges between the latter and the
Hudson river and in the hills bordering the Delaware river. This
district includes parts of Albany, Greene, Ulster, Sullivan, Delaware
and Broome counties. Asarule the industry is carried on by small
operators who sell their product to dealers located in the neighbor-
ing towns along the Hudson river and the Erie and Ontario &
Western railroads. Among the chief shipping points are Catskill,
Greene co.; Saugerties and Kingston, Ulster co.; Walton, Hancock,
Lordville, Hale Eddy and Fishs Eddy, Delaware co.; Rockland,
Livingston Manor and Long Eddy, Sullivan co.; and Deposit,
Broome co.

In addition to this region there are many localities in the central
and western counties of the State which produce bluestone. A
large output is made around Oxford and Norwich, Chenango co.
and Rock Glen, Wyoming co. Among other places, quarries have
been opened at Ithaca, Trumansburg, Kings Ferry, Portageville,
Amity and Scio.

In its prevailing type, bluestone is even bedded, compact, fine
grained and dark blue or bluish gray in color. It splits easily along

1The sandstones of this region have been treated very fully in Museum Bulletin 61, by Harold
T. Dickinson. i

964 NEW -YORK STATE MUSEUM

the bedding planes and is particularly adapted for flagstones,
curbing and house trimmings and other purposes for which a
smooth surface is desirable. It lends itself readily to mill treat-
ment. More than one half of the annual output is sold in the
form of flag and curbstone and most of the remainder as building
material, including both rough and dressed.

The bluestone from this region finds its largest market in the
cities along the Atlantic seaboard. The product from the Hudson
river district is transported by barges to New York, Philadelphia,
Boston and intervening points. The output of Delaware, Sullivan
and Broome counties goes in part to New York, Philadelphia and
vicinity and in part to the interior cities of the State. It is handled
mainly by the Erie and the Ontario & Western railroads. The
other quarries depend mostly on local markets for the sale of their

output. ,
Production and trade in 1904

The total value of the sandstone quarried in New York last year
was $1,896,697. This output was distributed among 31 counties
with an aggregate of over 4oo producers. Classified as to uses the
total was distributed as follows: building stone, rough and dressed,
$637,607; curbing and flagging, $902,027; paving blocks, $293,252;
crushed stone, $27,583; rubble, $14,736; all other purposes, $21,492.
The crushed stone amounted approximately to 34,948 cubic yards
of which 13,400 yards, valued at $10,665, was for road material
and 20,548 yards, valued at $16,918, for concrete, railroad ballast,
etc. It has not been possible to separate the building stone accord-
ing to the amount sold rough and dressed or to report the flagging
and curbing separately, owing to the fact that many of the quarry-
men keep no detailed account of their operations.

The following table shows the value of the production of sand-
stone in 1904 distributed among the leading districts of the State.
It also indicates the relative proportion of bluestone to the other
sandstones that were quarried.

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY

Production of sandstone in 1904

965

4: | Curbing .
we Building Paving | Crushed | Rubble, All
Pe unict stone anes blocks stone riprap other
Bluestone
feudson river..... POOL EA MAGS: SAGINAW Es AO Aer ee re|io esta ceo « $44
Peace fiver...) TL7 S00): slo O13 Wil. ancekhe 2 sede $3 218 5 043
eee OROOUIILY <| +, (So. 710! “2A TOO sts oie Sissel vies ons 4 ccuils ee ese ee I 000
Wyoming county.| 175 072 OME oh UMa)-cschie a As 500) I 502
Other districts.... ALSO o TO) 255 is sks) o 6 es $1 390 100 163
Total bluestone./$482 092/$703 817) $13 394, $1 390) $3 818) $7 752
Sandstone Poe ea ee 8 i feos ay a
Orleans county...|/$115 oo00/$185 526/$274 846]........ $1 goo! $11 500
Other districts....| 40 515| 12 684 5 o12| $26 193 9g 018 2 240
Total sandstone $155 515|\$198 210/$279 858] $26 193) $10 918) $13 740
Combined total $637 607/$902 027 $293 252 $27 583 $14 2736) $21 492

The value of bluestone quarried for all purposes in 1904 was
$1,212,263 or approximately 64% of the total sandstone; the value
of other sandstones quarried was $684,434 or 36% of the total.

The production of bluestone by districts was as follows: Hudson
river, $464,801; Delaware river, $436,980; Wyoming county,

$177,374; Chenango county, $110,810; elsewhere, $22,298. Of:

the sandstone quarried Orleans county reported an output valued
at $588,772 and other counties an output valued at $95,662.

A more detailed classification of the product that would cover
each county separately has been found impracticable, since many
of the large companies who operate quarries at several localities
are unable to divide their output according to the different sources.
The relative rank of the principal counties of the State, was, how-
ever, as follows in the order of their importance: Orleans, Ulster:
Delaware, Wyoming, Sullivan, Chenango and St Lawrence.

The foregoing table shows that of the bluestone quarried along
the Hudson river, in Albany, Greene and Ulster counties, about
75% in value was sold as curbstone and flagstone and about 22%
as building stone. In the Delaware river districts, including Sulli-
van, Delaware and Broome counties, the value of the flagstone and
curbstone sold amounted to 70% and building stone to 27% of the
total. In Chenango and Wyoming counties, on the other hand,
almost the entire output was marketed as building stone, the value
of flagstone and curbstone being less than 6% of the total sales.

The output of Medina sandstone in Orleans county was used chiefly »

966 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

for the following purposes: building stone, 20%; flagging and
curbing, 32% and paving blocks, 47%.

Trade notes. The Medina Quarry Co., the largest operator in
the Medina district, was succeeded during 1904 by the Orleans
County Quarry Co. with offices at Albion. The former company
was organized in 1902 and took over a number of quarries with a
view of combining their operations. The quarries are located at
Albion, Medina, Eagle Harbor, Holley and Hulberton. Among
the products sold are building stone, flagstone, curbstone and
paving blocks.

There have been few changes of note in the bluestone trade.
With some exceptions the quarrying is done by small concerns
employing but few men and their operations are more or less of
transitory character. Nearly all of the product from the Hudson
river and the Delaware river regions is handled by dealers who also
own or lease much of the land on which the quarries are located.

The principal dealers along the Hudson river who market most
of the product from Ulster and Greene counties are the following:

NAME LOCATION OF OFFICE
Hudson River Bluestone Co. Rondout
John Maxwell’s Sons saugerties
Smith & Yeager Catskill
Ulster and Delaware Bluestone Co. Kingston

In Delaware, Sullivan and Broome counties, comprising the
Delaware river region, the leading dealers and quarriers are:

NAME LOCATION OF OFFICE
1B ll, Comer Hancock
Deposit Stone Co. Deposit
George W. Kazenstein Hancock
Kirkpatrick Bros. ; Hancock
Sutton & Connor Walton
P. J. Maden Deposit
James Nevins’ Sons Fishs Eddy
Cyrus Peak Long Eddy
Randall Bros. Hancock
John Rhodes | _ East Branch
Standard Bluestone Co. Jersey City N. J.
Travis & Kingsbury Hale Eddy

The producers in other districts of the State include the following
important firms:

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 967

NAME LOCATION OF OFFICE
Cusack & Murray Kings Ferry
Dunn & Mead Oxford
F. G. Clarke Bluestone Co. Oxford
American Bluestone Co. Warsaw
Warsaw Bluestone Co. Warsaw
Theodore Woods Norwich
Genesee Valley Bluestone Co. Bluestone
Driscoll Brothers & Co. Ithaca
Peter O’Hara Trumansburg

‘The general condition of the quarrying industry during 1904 has
been fairly satisfactory. The demand for structural stone was
somewhat below normal, as in the previous year, for which the
depression prevailing in the building trade in the larger cities was
responsible. An improvement in the demand will probably mani-
fest itself during the present year. The bluestone market, on the
other hand, was active and absorbed an unusually large output.

Trap

The basic dike rocks, commonly called trap, are found at numer-
ous places throughout ;the Adirondacks and adjacent territory.
The largest area in the State, however, is that which outcrops
along the lower Hudson southward from Haverstraw, constituting
the remarkable scenic feature known as the Palisades. This ridge
crosses the Rockland county line into New Jersey, but appears
again on the north shore of Staten Island. The trap is a dark,
fine grained, crystalline aggregate of plagioclase, augite and mag-
fence. It properly belongs to the diabase rock group. It is
exceedingly hard and tough, and, unlike most granitic rocks,
shows little tendency to rifting or parting along planes of weak-
ness, so that it is admirably adapted for paving blocks and road
metal, of which the ability to withstand constant wear is an es-
sential feature. Though the rock has been used to some extent
in buildings, it is too unyielding in the quarry to be extensively
employed for that purpose.

The principal quarries of trap are those at Rockland Lake,
operated by the Clinton Point Stone Co. and the Rockland Lake
Trap Rock Co., those at Upper Nyack and Haverstraw worked
by the Manhattan Trap Rock Co., and the Long Clove Trap Rock
Co., respectively, and the quarries at Port Richmond, Staten
Island, worked by the Quinroy Contracting Co. Each company
operates crushing plants in connection with the quarries. The

968 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

crushed stone is used for road metal, concrete, railroad ballast,
etc. <A test of the trap from Rockland Lake made in the laboratory
for road material at Washington D. C. gave the following re-
sults: Coefficient of wear, 13/2; per cent of “wear, =4- aver
in pounds a cubic foot, 192.5; pounds of water absorbed a cubic
fOOt, 225 ) Cementine svaluliew oo:

The production of trap rock in New York last year was valued
at $468,496. ©f this total, $452,621 represented -themyalmeman
crushed stone, and $15,875 the value of paving blocks and building
stone. The total quantity of crushed stone made was 610,285
cubic yards, of which 280,516 cubic yards was reported as sold
for road metal, while the remainder was unclassified. The paving
blocks were quarried on Staten Island.

WAS

No important developments in the talc industry of St Lawrence
county were recorded during 1904. The mines and mills have been
working at a normal rate, in accordance with the market demand
for the product, which was of average character as compared
with previous years. With existing facilities the output could
be increased to much larger than present proportions so that there
is little incentive to start new enterprises in this field.

The market for fibrous tale is limited almost entirely to the re-
quirements of paper manufacturing, and since it scarcely seems
probable that the other uses can be augmented to any great ex-
tent, the demand, doubtless, will continue to be governed by the
conditions prevailing in that industry. So far as the American
paper trade is concerned, St Lawrence talc has become a staple
article, but there is still some room for extending the foreign
consumption, particularly in Great Britain where manufacturers
have been slow to recognize its advantages over other fillers.
Germany is the best of foreign markets and large quantities of the
product are exported annually to that country. That it can
compete successfully with the high grade German clays sold at
lower prices lends encouragement to the view that the exports
may be further increased. ;

The superior qualities of talc from this region are primarily
due to its fibrous, pliable character. Thus in paper making it
not only serves as a filler, but the fibers felt together and strengthen
the paper stock. A much larger proportion of fibrous tale can be —
incorporated in the pulp than is possible with clay or other ma-
terials composed of scaly or rounded particles. Among the chief

THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 969

consumers are manufacturers of book, writing and wall papers.
The mills making newspaper use relatively smaller quantities
than is generally supposed. It is stated that some prejudice exists
on their part against talc from this region owing to the grit which
is usually present. This impurity is objectionable for the reason
that it increases the wear of the machines, particularly when
run at high speed, as in newspaper mills.

The production of talc in 1904 amounted to 65,000 short tons.
The average selling price at Gouverneur on the basis of car load
lots was $7 a ton, at which figure the total output was worth
$455,000. There were four companies in the field, the same as
in the previous year. The International Pulp Co. had three mines
and the same number of mills in steady operation, with an ad-
ditional mill running part of the time. The United States Talc
Coed the Ontario Tale Co. each operated. one: mime and mull,
while the Union Tale Co. ran two mines and three mills.

Wiebe basis Of present prices, the margin of profit in the talc
industry is by no means excessive. Owing to the character of the
material and the nature of its occurrence, the mining cost is com-
paratively high. The fact that in most deposits there is a great
deal of waste in the form of foliated and gritty talc adds materially
to the cost of production. Machine drills are used to some extent
for breaking down the rock, but they have little, if any, advantage
as regards economy over hand drilling. With the former, work
must be frequently suspended to clean the holes as the drills bind
quickly in the soft but tough rock. After sorting at the mines the
talc is transported to the mills, most of which are run by water
power. |

Milling is a tedious and expensive operation. The final grinding
is done in a tube mill consisting of a horizontal steel cylinder 6
feet in diameter and 8 to 1o feet long, lined with enamelled brick.
Three tons or more of flint pebbles are used in the cylinders, and
the grinding continues for four or five hours. The rock is pre-
viously prepared for the cylinders by Blake crushers and Griffin
mills. The latter have superseded buhr stones, which were formerly
used almost exclusively.

ZINC

The zinc-lead mine at Ellenville, Ulster co., has been under
development during the past year. The production of ore was
limited to that obtained during the course of exploratory work and
no commercial shipments were made. The operations have been
under the direction of the Backus Lumber Co. of Newark N. J.,
who took over the property in roor.

970 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The Ellenville mine was first opened about 50 years ago since
which time it has been operated intermittently by different com-
panies. It is a noted locality for beautiful quartz crystals. The
deposit consists of a fissure vein intersecting the Shawangunk grit.
The width of the vein averages about 6 feet. Quartz is the princi-
pal gangue mineral, while the ore consists of sphalerite, galena and
chalcopyrite in varying proportions. Silver accompanies the
galena to the extent of a few ounces a ton. ;

The workings comprise an inclined shaft that has been carried
down to about 200 feet on the vein and a series of levels 30 feet apart.
A mill for treating the ore has been erected near the mine. Before
smelting the concentrates must be subjected to a separation, which
the company plans to effect by magnetic methods.

INDEX

The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 9183
means page 918, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one

third of the way down,

Adirondack Mining and Milling Co.,
929°.

Adirondack Pyrite Co., 946%. ="

Akron, cement, 9147; gypsum, 931°.

Akron Cement Works, 916’.

Albany, clays, 918°.

Albany City Pottery, 924°.

Albany county, building brick, 921°,
922°, 923°; clays, 920°; fire brick
and stove lining, 923°; limestone,
9561, 956%, 957°, 958°; molding
sand, 9284; pottery, 924°; sand-
stone, 963°, 965%; terra cotta, fire-
proofing and building tile, 923°.

Albion, sandstone, 9628, 9667.

Alfred, roofing tile manufacture,
918°. .

Algonquin Red Slate Co., 939°, 950°.

Allegany county, building brick,
921°; clays, 920°; draintile and
sewer pipe, 923’; natural gas, 943°,
944°; petroleum, 944°; roofing tile
mamsmactire, oS; terra cotta,
fireproofing and building tile, 923°.

Allegany Pipe Line Co., 945°.

Allen & Williams, 950%.

Alsen’s American Portland Cement
Works, 916°.

mivord, W.. B., Co., 916’.

Amenia, limonite, 933°.

American Bluestone Co., 967’.

Amity, sandstone, 963’.

Anorthosite, 953°.

Arnold Hill, magnetite, 9337, 936’.

Arnold Mining Co., 936’.

Attica, natural gas, 943°.

Auburn, limestone, 956%.

Aurora, salt, 947°.

Avon, natural gas, 944’.

Backus Lumber Co., 969°.
Baker, Charles I., 9511.

Baldwinsville, natural gas, 944}.

Bangs & Gaynor, 916’.

Baton, Et. H.) S& Som, 927°.

Batavia, salt, 947°.

Beck Slate Co., 9511.

Becraft limestone, 9567.

Bedford, feldspar, 926; quartz, 926’.

Beekmantown limestone, 954°.

Behan, James, estate, 9327; Cement
Works, 916%.

Bellevue Porcelain Works, 925°.

Benkert, John B., 925°.

Bentley, J. Li, 928%: .

neiz i bleary pec) Bros. 624°.

Birkinbine, John, cited, 933°.

Black river limestone, 954’.

Blue Corundum Co., 926’.

Bluestone, 963°; value of production,
GREY

Bonanza Slate Co., 9511.

Borst, Charles A., 937°, 939°.

Brick, see Building brick; Fire brick;
Front brick; Vitrified paving brick.

Brick clays, 918+.

Bridgeport Wood Finishing Co., 926%.

Brocton Gas & Fuel Co., 944°.

Brooklyn, manufacture of pottery,
918°.

Broome county, building brick, 921°;
clays, 920%; sandstone, 963°, 965°,
966°.

Brouwer, T. A. jr, 925°.

Bryn Mawr, granite, 952°.

Buffalo, cement, 914°; clays, 918%;
limestone, 956%.

Buffalo Cement Co., 916°.

Buffalo Pottery Co., 924°.

Building brick, 919'; value of pro-
duction, 913%, 9207; manufacture,
919°, 921*-23*; production in 1904,
g217—-22°; production in Hudson
river region, 922°-23%.

Q72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Building stone, 9517, 958’; quarrying,
912°; value of production, 956°,
956°.

Building tile, manufacture, 9183,
923°; value of production, 920°.

Burden carbonate mines, 937°.

Burlington Marble Co., 959’, 9617.

Caledonia, hematite, 9374; natural
gas, 944°.

Canton, pyrite, 945°.

Carbonate mines, 937’.

Carbonic acid gas, 942%-43?.

Carney, Ore) Minine) Convo 7>

Catskill, clays, 918%; limestone, 956’.

Catskill beds, 963}.

Catskill Cement ‘Cor, o16*

Cattaraugus county, mineral paint,
939°; natural gas, 943°, 944*; pet-
roleum, 944°, 9457.

Cayuga Cement Co., 914%.

Cayuga county, building brick, g21°;
clays, 920°; draintile and sewer
Pipe, 9231 wey psu og ty, Oen,
limestone, 957°; salt, 947°.

Cayuga Lake Cement Co., 916°.

Cayuga Plaster Co., 932°

Cement, 912°, 913%-177; value of pro-
duction, 913°; counties producing,
9149; production and trade in 1904,
915°-17?; list of producers, 916%.

Central New York Pottery Co., 925?.

Champion Natural Carbonic Acid
GasiCo,, 70422

Champlain Graphite Co., 930’.

Chautauqua county, building brick,
p20 clays. ozo"; idraimiiles vane
sewer pipe, 923’; fire brick and
stove lining, 923°; natural gas, 943%,
944*, 944°; paving brick, 923°.

Chazy limestone, 954’.

Chemung beds, 963}.

Chemung county, building brick,

921°: clays, 920°; draintile and
sewer pipe, 923’.

Chenango county, bluestone, 965°;
sandstone, 963%, 965°, 965°.

Clarke, F. G., Bluestone Co., 9677.

Clarkson Marble Co., 961'.

Clay materials, production of, g19*—

21°; production by counties, 9208
ai*; value OF production) omc?) amas

Clayburg, iron ore, 936°.

Clays; o12*, o17*—255;" colon wmanse
cretaceous 918*; crude, 925°; dis-=
tribution in “New "York Wo277-
thickness, 9187.

Clinton, hematite, 933°, 937°; mineral
paint, 939°.

Clinton county, building brick, 921°;
clays, 920°; granite, ,954?; lime,
958°; limestone, 955+, 957°; mag-
netite, 933'; sandstone meor

Clinton Metallic Paint Co., 939°.

Chnton Point Stone Common, =

Cobleskill limestone, 955°.

Coeymans limestone, 956”.

Columbia county, building brick,
g21°, 922°, 923°; ‘cement magma
clays, 920°; limestone, 956!; limo-
nite, 9377; molding sand, 923%;
roofing slate, 949°.

Columbia Graphite Co., 920%.

Columbia Pipe Line Co., 945°.

Connors, William, Paint Manufactur-
ne (CO,, OAC;

Consolidated Rosendale Cement Co.,
Omoe

Consolidated Wheatland Plaster Co..,
932°.

Constantia, glass sand, 927°.

Cornwall, clays, 918?.

Cotter Ei ooo!

Croton, clays, 918?.

Crushed stone, 958°; value of produc-
tion, 956°, 956°; used™ femunead
material we 5 72.

Cummings Cement Co., 9168, g17!?.

Cusack & Murray, 9671.

Davidson Brothers, 960%.

Delaware county, sandstone, 963°,
965%, 965°, 966°.

Delmar, molding sand, 928%.

Deposit Stone Co., 966’.

Dickinson, Harold T., cited, 963°.

Dixon, Joseph, Crucible Coy 925%

Draintile, manufacture, 918°, 9237;
value of production, 920%.

Driscoll Brothers & Co., 9673.

INDEX TO THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY

Dundee, salt, 947°.

Dunn & Mead, 967}.

Dunwoodie, granite, 952°.

Dutchess county, building brick,
Beet, 922°, 923°; clays, g20°;: lime-
stone, 957°; limonite, 933°, 9377;
molding sand, 928°; roofing slate,
949°.

Dutchess Junction, clays, 918°.

Eagle Bridge, mineral paint, 939°.
Eagle Harbor, sandstone, 966.
Earthenware, 918°.

East Williston, brick clays, 918+.

Eden Valley, salt, 947°.

Electrical supplies, 918?.

Elko Paint Co., 940’.

Ellenville, zinc, 969°.

Emery, 925°-263; value of production,
Q13°.

Empire China Works, 924’.

Empire Gas & Fuel Co., 944".

Empire Portland Cement Co., 914%,
916°.

Empire State Salt Co., 9477.

Erie county, building brick, 921°;
cement, 914”, 914°; clays, 920°;
draintile and sewer pipe, 923; fire
brick and stove lining, 923°; gyp-
Saita.oz0r°; limestone, 957°, 957°,
958°, 958°; natural gas, 943°, 943°,
944*, 9447; pottery, 9247; salt, 947°;
terra cotta, fireproofing and build-
ing tile, 923°.

Esopus millstones, 938%.

Essex county, granite, 953°; magnet-
ite; 933’.

Extra Dark Marble Co., 959°.

Farmingdale, brick clays, 918'.

Fayetteville, gypsum, 931%.

Feldspar, 926°; value of production,
913°.

Bich. Pruyn & Co., 950°, 961”.
Fire brick, manufacture, 918%, 919},
923°; value of production, 920”.

Fire sand, 928’.

Fireproofing, manufacture, 919?, 923°;
value of production, 920%.

Fishkill, clays, 918°.

973

Flagstone, value of production, 956°
957°.

Fordham gneiss, 952°.

Fort Montgomery, iron ore, 933°.

Franklin county, granite, 953°; sand-
stone, 961°.

Franklin Iron Manufacturing Co.,
937°.

Front brick, value of production,
g207; manufacture, g21'.

Fulton, natural gas, 944”.

Fulton county, clays, 920%; granite,
953’, 9547; limestone, 954°, 9554,
957°; sandstone, 961’.

Furnace flux, value of production,
9568, 956°.

Furnaceville, hematite, 933°, 937°.

Furnaceville Iron Co., 937°.

Garbutt Gypsum Co., 932°.

Garden City, brick clays, 918.

Garnet, 9268-27"; value of produc-
tions 913".

Garrisons, granite, 9527.

Genesee county, draintile and sewer
pipe, 923’; gypsum, 931’, 932°;
limestone, 957%, 957’, 958°; natural
gas, 9444; salt, 947°, 9491; terra
cotta, fireproofing and building
tile, 923°:

Genesee Natural Gas Co., 944’.

Genesee Valley Bluestone Co., 967?.

Geysers Natural Carbonic Acid Gas
Co.; 943°

Glass sand, 927°-28'; value of pro-
duction, 913°.

Glen Salt Co., 947%.

Glens Falls, cement, 914°; limestone,
955*; marble, 959°.

Glens Falls Co., 961’.

Glens Falls Portland Cement Co.,
G20":

Gorham, natural gas, 944!.

Gouverneur, iron ore, 933°; marble,
959%, 9607; pyrite, 945%; talc, 969%.

Gouverneur Marble Co., 959°, 960%.

Gowanda, salt, 947°. ,

Graham, Charles, Chemical Pottery
Works, 925.

Granite (town), millstones, 938°.

974 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Granite, 952°-547; value of produc-
tion, O73’ @ 5a Oo see

Granville, roofing slate, 949°.

Granville Slate Co., 950’.

Graphite, 928°-30°; value of produc-
tion. one.

Green Ridge, brick manufacture,
918°,

Greene county, building brick, 921°,
922°, 923°; cement,914°; clays,g20°;
limestone, 956', 956%; sandstone,
963°, 965°.

Greenpoint Pottery, 925}.

Greenport, brick clays, 918°.

Guelph dolomite, 955°.

Gypsum, 930°-32°; value of produc-
tiomenome.

Hague, graphite, 920°.

Half Way, gypsum, 931%.

Hamilton beds, 963'.

Hampden Corundum Wheel Co.,
926°.

Hampton, roofing slate, 940°.

Hartsdale, granite, 952°.

Hastings, granite, 952°.

Haverstraw, clays, 9183; trap, 967°.

Hebron, roofing slate, 940°.

Helderberg Portland Cement Co.,
QU, OLrO*, O17

Helderbergian group, 956'.

lematte: 034°. sosiic:

Herkimer county, granite, 953’; lime-
stone, 954°, 955*, 957’; magnetite,
933’. 937°

Hach Halls Pyaite (Co: 9467.

Hilfinger Bros., 925°.

Holley, sandstone, 966’.

Home Gas Co., 9445.

‘Hoosick, roofing slate, 940°.

Howes Cave, cement, 914°.
Hudson, clays, 9183; limestone, 9567.
Fudson iron Conn 0435) oii
Hudson Portland Cement Co., 916°.
Hudson River Bluestone Co., 966°.
Hudson River Ore and Iron Co., 937°.
Hudson river sandstone, 962'.
Hudson valley, clays, 917°; building
brick, 922°%—23%.
Hulberton, sandstone, 962°, 9667.
Hurd, Av o4eu

Hutchings, B. R., mentioned, 9467.
Hydraulic cement, see Cement.

International Acheson Graphite Co.,
930°.

International Pulp Co., 960%.

International Salt Co., 940°.

Iron ore, 932°-387; production, 911°,
934'!; value of production, 913°;
developments at Mineville, 934°-
RiOm

Iroquois Portland Cement Co., 916°.

Iroquois Salt Co., 947°.

Ithaca, salt, 9477, 949’; sandstone,

963°.

Jamesville Milling Co., 917’.

Jefferson county, building brick,
Q21°: clays, 920); eramivemmo nae
953°, 9547; lime, 958’; limestone,
955°, 057", 958°; Sandstone, muaar:
962°.

Jones, F. W. & Co:, oso" oom:

Kaolin, no deposits of economic value
in NewavVorisson 7c:

Kazenstein, George W., 966’.

Keeseville, granite, 953°.

Kerhonkson, millstones, 938°.

Kings county, clays, 920°; draintile
and sewer pipe, 923"; fire brick
and stove lining, 923°; pottery,
924’; terra cotta, fireproofing and
building tile, 923°.

Kings Ferry, sandstone, 963°.

Kingston, clays, 918%; limestone,
956+.

Kinkel, oP) ea é Soniteziats

Kirkpatrick Bros., 966’.

Kreischerville, brick manufacture,
9 18°.

Kurth, Charles, 924°.

Kyserike, millstones, 938°.

Lake Mohegan, granite, 953}.

Vaneasters al amkenoz ez.

Lansing, H., 932’.

Leroy, limestone, 956%; salt, 947°.

Lewis, F. H., cited;.914’.

Lewis county, granite, 953’;. lime-
stone, 955*; sandstone, 962°.

Leyotte Peter o5o°sgor

INDEX TO THE MINING

Lima, natural gas, 9441.

Lime, 958'; value of production, 956°,
956°.

Limestone (town), petroleum, 9457.

Limestone, 9547-58°; value of pro-
G@ueron, 913", 951°, 9527; produc-
tion in 1904, 956*.

Limonite, 933’, 937’.

Lincoln Spring Co., 943}.

Little Falls, granite, 953’.

Livingston county, cement, 914°;
natural gas, 943°, 944; salt, 947%,
949°.

Livonia, salt, 9487.

Locke Insulator Mfg. Co., 9255.

Lockport dolomite, 955°.

Long Clove Trap Rock Co., 967°.

Long Island, clays, 9184.

Lower Pentamerus limestone, 9567.

Lowerre, granite, 952°.

Lowville limestone, 954°.

Ludlowville, salt, 9477.

Lycoming Calcining Co., 932°.

Lyon Mountain, iron ore, 936°; mag-
HeELILE, 9 33".

McCarthy, Spencer, 932’.
McCormick Red Slate Co., 951'.
Madem,-P> J., 966°.

Madison county, building brick, 921°;
clays, 920°; draintile and sewer
Pipe, 923’; gypsum, 931*, 932°;
limestone, 955%, 957"; pottery, 924°.

Magnetite, 933°, 934*-37’.

Manhattan Trap Rock Co., 967°.

Manlius Centre, gypsum, 9317.

Manlius limestone, 955°.

Marble, 959'-61°; value of produc-
tom O13" O51", 9522.

Marcellus, gypsum, 9317.

Marsden, F. L. & Co., 928°.

Mason. |. jr, 932°.

Mathews Consolidated Slate Co.,
950°.

Maxwell, John, Sons, 966°.

Mayfield, granite, 953’.

Medina, sandstone, 962°, 966”.

Medina Quarry Co., 966'.

Medina sandstone, 962°.

Mercills B.\f.. i cited, 628°:

AND QUARRY INDUSTRY 975

Metallic paint, value of production,
913°.

Millen, Thomas, Co., 916°.

Miller, F. A., 932°.

Millstones, 9387-397; value of pro-
duction, 913°.

Mineral paint, 939°—40?.

Mineral waters, 9129-137, 9407-428;
value of production, 913°.

Minerals, New York’s rank, g10!;
mineral production of New York
LOGE TOOT), Qin: <6 137, .

Mineville, magnetite, 9337; develop-
ments at, 934°-361.

Minor, J.C. jr, mentioned, 942°.

Molding sand, 927-28’.

Monroe county, building brick, 922?;
clays, 920°; draintile and sewer
pipe, 9237; fire brick and stove
lining, 923°; gypsum, 931°, 932°;
MimMestones” “955°>, 057.) s pottery,
924°; terra cotta, fireproofing and
building: tile, 923°.

Montauk Slate Co., 950°.

Montezuma, cement, 914°.

Montgomery county, limestone, 954°,
G55 78957:

Mount Vernon, granite, 953!.

Myers, salt, 949’.

Naples, salt, 947°.

Nassau county, building brick, 9227;
clays, o20" pottery. 924°.

National Pyrite Co., 946’.

National Salt Co; 947°, 947+, 947°,
948?, 940°.

National Wall Plaster Co. of America,
932".

Natural Carbonic Gas Co., 943}.

Natural cement rock, geologic hori-
zon, 914°; thickness, 914°.

Natural gas, 9437-44"; value of pro-
quetion;9r27, o13°.

Natural rock cement, value of pro-
duction, 913°; first plant erected at
Rosendale, 913°; production and
trade in 1904, 915%; list of pro-
ducers, 916’.

Nevins, James, Sons, 966°.

New Hamburg, roofing slate, 949°.

970

New Lebanon, roofing slate, 949°.

New Rochelle, granite, 953}.

New Windsor, clays, 918’.

New York Carbonic Acid Gas Co.,
943°.

New York Cement Co., 916°.

New York county, terra cotta, fire-
proofing and building tile, 923°.
Newark Lime and Cement Manu-

facturing Co., 916°.
Newman, H. ibs Scere Co., 9168.
Niagara county, building ‘alee. ADs
clays, 920°; limestone, 957’; natural
gas, 944°.
Niagara Falls, limestone, 955’.
North Creek Garnet Co., 927%.
North River Garnet Co., 927°.
Northern Crushed Stone Co., 960’.
Northern Iron Co., 935°.
Northern New York Marble Co.,
959°, 9607.
Northville, granite, 953’.
Norwich, sandstone, 963°.
Nyack, trap, 967°.

Oakfield, gypsum, 931’.

Oakfield Plaster Manufacturing Co.,
932°.

Oatka Mining Co., 9477.

O’Brien, John W., 950°.

O’Connell Lime & Weiss DiustiCom
959°, 961”.

O’Hara, Peter, 9673.

Oneida county, building brick, 9223;
clays, 920°; fire brick and stove
linens, @pZUs) alls Generel, ~@x7%¢
hematite, 933°, 937°; limestone,
O55n O57 4 taineral s paimit soso cE
pottery, 924°; sandstones, 962°.

Oneida Lake Sand Mine, 928°.

Onondaga Coarse Salt Association,
940°.

Onondaga county, building brick,

O222- CCINeMi OLA’: 'Clays 020":
draintile and sewer pipe, 9237;
Py PSO sie O42 4. te, SOKo7:
limestone, 955°, 955°, 956", 957°,

958°, 958°; natural gas, 944', 944%;
paving brick, 923°; pottery, 924’;
quarrying industry, 957%; salt,

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

946’, 948°; terra cotta, fireproofing |
and building tile, 923°.
Onondaga limestone, 956’.
Onondaga Pottery Co., 925%.
Ontario, mineral paint, 939°.
Ontario county, building brick, 922°;

clays, 9217; draintile and sewer
pipe, 923’; gypsum, 931°; natural
gas, 944°, 944*; pottery, 924°;
salt, 947°.

Ontario Talc Co., 969%.
Orange county, building brick, 9223,

922°, g234; clays, 02575 aranmite
953°, 953°, 954'; iron ore, 933°;
limestone, 956°.

Orleans county, bluestone, 965°;
limestone, 95 OE sandstone, 96 5,
965°.

Orleans county Quarry Co., 9667.

Osborn, WH. & Col moaae

Oswego county, glass sand, 928};
natural gas, 9447, 944*; sandstone,
962°.

Oxford, sandstone, 963°.

Pass and Seymour Inc., 925%.

Paving brick, 918°; manufactu1c
919°, 923°.

Peak, Cyrus, 966°.

Peekskill, clays, 918?; granite, 952°.

Perry, salt, 947°.

Petroleum, 9448-458;
Ouse:

Phoenix, natural gas, 9441.

Pine Island, granite, 9537.

Plattsburg, marble, 959°.

Pope Mills, graphite, 930%.

Porcelain, 918°.

Port Henry Iron Ore Co., 934.

Port Jefferson, brick clays, 918%.

Port Leyden, granite, 953°.

Port Richmond, trap, 967°.

Portage formation, 963’.

Portageville, sandstone, 963’.

Portland cement, value of produc-
‘tion, 913°; manulactunesmo us
localities identified with industry,
914°; materials used, 914’; produc-
tion and trade in 1904, 915°; list of
producers, 916.

value, 912",

INDEX TO THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY

Potsdam sandstone, 961°-62!.

Potter-Brown Cement Works, 916°.

Pottery, value of production, 9134,
g20°; manufacture, 9185, 9188,
923°-25°.

Poughkeepsie, clays, 918°.

Pulaski, natural gas, 944’.

Putnam county, granite, 9527.

Pyrite, 945’—-46°; value of produc-
ion, 913°.

Quarrying of building stone, 912°.

Quartz, 926°; value of production,
Q13°.

Queens county, terra cotta, fire-
proofing and building tile, 923°.

Quinn, H. M., 9267.

Quinroy Contracting Co., 967%.

Randall Bros., 96 °.

Randolph, mineral paint, 939°.

Reagan, Edward, 925%.

Redford, iron ore, 936°.

Remington Salt Co., 9473.

Rensselaer county, building brick,
pee", g22°, 923°; clays, g217; fire
brick and stove lining, 923°;
mineral paint, 939°; paving brick
923°; roofing slate, 949°; terra
cotta, fireproofing and building

tale; 923°.
Retsof, salt, 9487; rock salt mine,
949°.

Retsof Mining Co., 947’.

Rhodes, John, 966°.

Richmond county, building brick,
9223; clays, 9217; fire brick and
stove lining, 923°; terra cotta,
fireproofing and building tile, 923°.

Richville, pyrite, 946’.

Ries, Heinrich, cited, 9178.

Riprap, value of production, 956°,

956°.

Rochester, clays, 918%; limestone,
955’.

Rock Glen, salt, 947°; sandstone,
963°.

Rock salt, 9487.
Rockland county, building brick,
9222, 922°,.9237; Clays, 920°, 6217;

977

granite, 953', 953°, 9547; limestone,
9577) .957 O90:

Rockland Lake, trap, 9678.

Rockland Lake Trap Rock Co., 967°.

Rome, glass sand, 927°.

Rondout, limestone, 9567.

Rondout limestone, 955°.

Roofing slate, 9498; value of produc-
Hon, ors".

Roofing tile, manufacture, 918°, 919°.

Rosendale, cement, 913°.

Roseton, clays, 918°.

Rossie Iron Ore Co., 937°.

Rossie Iron Ore Paint Co., 940”.

Round Island, granite, 953}.

Rubble, value of production, 956%,
950°.

Ruff, Andrew, 940’.

Ruffell, Samuel, 9407.

Rushville, natural gas, 9441.

Rylstone Marble Co., 959°, 960

St Josen, millstones, 938°.

St Lawrence county, building brick,
9224; graphite, 930°; hematite,
933°, 937°; iron ore, 933°; limestone,
957°; pyrite, 9458; sandstone, 961%,
965°; talc, 968+.

St Lawrence Marble Quarries, 959°
960%.

St Regis Falls, granite, 953°.

Salem, roofing slate, 950°.

Salisbury, magnetite, 933’, 937}.

Salt, 946%-49'; manufacture, 912°;
value of production, 913°; pro-
duction in 1904, 948°.

Sandstone, 961°-67*; value of pro-
duction, 9137, 951°, 952”; produc-
tion and trade in 1904, 964*, 965}.

Sandy Creek, natural gas, 944”.

Saratoga county, building brick,
9224; clays, 9217; draintile and
sewer pipe, 9237; limestone, 957°;
paving brick, 923°; sandstone, 961’.

Saugerties, clays, 918’.

Scarsdale, granite, 952°.

Schenectady county, pottery, 924°.

Schmidt, John, 925°.

Schoharie county, cement,
limestone, 955°, 957°, 958°.

915};

978
Schuyler county, salt, 947%, 949°.
Scio, sandstone, 963’.

Selkirk, molding sand, 928%.

Seneca county, building brick, 922%;
clays, 9217; draintile and sewer
pipe, 9237; natural gas, 944°; salt,
OAT:

Seneca Falls, limestone, 956+;
947°.

Severance, F. M., 932?.

Sewer pipe, manufacture, 918°, 919°,

salt,

923’; value of production, 920°.
Sheedy, Thomas W., 916°, 932°.
Shushan, roofing slate, 950%.
Sienna, 939°.

Silver Creek, natural gas, 944°.

Silver Leaf Graphite Co., 9307.

Slate, 949’—517; value of production,
913°.

Slate pigment, value of production,
913°.

Smith & Yeager, 966°.

Solvay Process Co., 946°, 957°, 958+.

South Bethlehem, limestone, 956.

South Dover, marble, 950+.

South Dover Marble Co., 959°, 961”.

South Rondout, cement, 914".

South Shore Gas Co., 944°.

Southold, brick clays, 918°.

Spencer cc McCarnthyaron Genome

Split Rock, limestone, 956‘.

spragueville, hematite, 933°, 937°.

Springville, salt, 947°.

Springville Gas Co., 944’.

Standard Bluestone Co., 966°.

Staten Island, clays, 918°; trap, 967°.

Steuben county, building brick, 922;
cement, 9151; clays, 9217; draintile
and sewer pipe, 923"; fire brick
and stove lining, 9237; paving
brick, 923°; terra cotta, fireproof-
ing and building tile, 923°.

Stevens, E. E., 960°.

stone, 9517.

Stony Point, clays, 918°.

Stove lining, manufacture, g1g!, 923°;

value of production, 9207.
Suffolk county, building brick, 922%;

clays, 9217; pottery, 924°.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Sullivan county,
965°, 965°, 966°.
Sutton & Connor, 966°.
Syracuse, potteries, 918’.
Syracuse Pottery Co., 925%.

sandstone, 963°,

Talc, 9684-698; value of production,
913". |

ManitesCouso20-

Tarrytown, granite, 953}.

Terra cotta, 918°; manufacture, 919%,
923°; value of production, ozo":

Ticonderoga, feldspar, 926°.

Ticonderoga Graphite Co., 929°.

Tide-Water Pipe Co. Limited, 945%.

Tompkins county, building brick,
g22*; cement, or515) elaycumoe nae
draintile and sewer pipe, 923"; pav-
ing brick; 923°; saltoAj2 asm.

Tottenville, terra cotta manufacture,
9188,

Trap, 967°-684; value of production,
9237, 951", 9527.

Travis & Kingsbury, 966°.

Trenton limestone, 954°.

Troy, fire brick and stove lining
manufacture, gio’.

Trumansburg, sandstone, 963°.

Tuckahoe, marble, 950%.

Ulster and Delaware Bluestone Co.,
966°.

Ulster county, building brick, 9224,
922°, 923°) (cement) son co emonegee
clays, 9217; limestone, 955°, 956},
956°, 0577, 957°; mullstonesssoaie-5
sandstone, 963% o65”)soo5ten aime.
969°.

Umbach, Gottlieb, 9257.

Union Pipe Line Co., 945°.

Union Porcelain Works, 9257.

Union Springs, gypsum, 931°.

Union Tale ‘Co {o60-

Uniontown, granite, 952°.

United States Gypsum Co., 932°.

United States Tale Co., 969%.

Upper Pentamerus limestone, 9567.

Vacuum Oil Co., 945°.
Valentine, William, jr, 932°.

INDEX TO THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY

Verona, glass sand, 927°.

Verplanck, clays, 918°.

Vienna, glass sand, 927°.

Vincent, salt, 947°.

Vitrified paving brick, value of pro-
duction, 920%.

Wallkill Portland Cement Co., 914+.

Warner, cement, 914*; natural gas,
944".

Warren county, building brick, 922°;
cement, 915!; graphite, 928°; lime,
9587; limestone, 954°, 957°.

Warsaw, salt, 947°, 9497.

Warsaw Bluestone Co., 967.

Washington county, building brick,
922°; clays, 9217; graphite, 928°;
ites 958°> limestone, 9557, 957°;
pottery, 924°; roofing slate, 949%.

Waterloo, limestone, 956%.

Watertown Marble Co., 9601, 960%.

Watkins, salt, 9474, 949’.

Watkins Salt Co., 947+.

Waverly Marble Co., 960!, 9617.

Wayland, cement, 914°.

Wayland Portland Cement Co., 916°.

Wayne county, hematite, 933°, 937°;
limestone, 9557; mineral paint,
939°.

Welsh Red Slate Co., 951”.

979

Westchester county, building brick,
g22°, 922°, 923*; clays, 921°; feld-
spar, 926°; fire brick and stove
lining, 9237; granite, 952°, 953},
953°, 954!; lime, 9583; limestone,
95719575 950 -

Westfield, natural gas, 944°.

Wheatland, gypsum, 931°.

White Crystal Marble Co., 9607.

White Plains, granite, 953}.

Whitehall, roofing slate, 949°; sienna,
939°.

Whites Pottery Inc., 925°.

Whitney, D. J., Marble Co., 9607,
960%.

Watherbee, »Saerman sé -Cos, 933",
934°, 934°.

Woods, Theodore, 9677.

Worcester Salt Co.; 9477.

Wyoming, salt, 947°.

Wyoming county, bluestone, 965%;
natural gas, 943°, 9444; salt, 947°,
947°, 9491; sandstone, 963°, 965%,
965°.

Yates county, natural gas, 944!, 944%;

salt, 947°.
Yonkers gneiss, 952°.

Zimmerman, George, 925+.
Zinc, 969%70%.

New York State Education Department

New York State Museum

PUBLICATIONS

Postage or express to places outside of New York State must be paid
in addition to the price given. On 1o or more copies of any one publica-
tion 20% discount will be given, the buyer to pay transportation. Editions
printed are only large enough to meet special claims and probable sales.
When the sale copies are exhausted, the price for the few reserve copies
is advanced to that charged by secondhand booksellers, in order to limit
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[]. All publications are in paper covers, unless binding is specified.

Museum annual reports 1847—date. Allin print to 1892, 50c a volume, 75¢ in
cloth; 1892-date, 75c, cloth.

These reports are made up of the reports of the director, geologist, paleontologist. botanist and
entomologist, and museum bulletins and memoirs, issued as advance sections of the reports.

Geologist’s annual reports 1881—date. Rep’ts 1, 3-13, 17—date, O; 2, 14-16, Q.

The annual reports of the early natural history survey, 1837—41, are out of print.

Reports 1-4, 1881-84, were published only in separate form. Of the 5th report 4 pages were
reprinted in the 39th museum report, and a supplement to the 6th report was included in the 4oth
museum report. The 7th and subsequent reports are included in the 41st and following
museum reports, except that certain lithographic plates in the r1th report (1891) and 13th
(1893) are omitted from the 45th and 47th museum reports.

Separate volumes of the following only are available.

Report Price Report Price Report Price

12 (1892) $.50 17 $.75 ai $.40

I4 AGS 18 95 22 .40

I5, 2v. 2 19 .40 23 In press
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In 1898 the paleontologic work of the State was made distinct from the geologic and was
reported separately from 1899-1903. The two departments were reunited in 1904.

Paleontologist’s annual reports 1899-1903.

See fourth note under Geologist’s annual reports.

Bound also with museum reports of which they form a part. Reports for 1899 and 1900 may
be had for 20c each. ‘Those for 1901-3 were issued as bulletins. In 1904 combined with geolo-
gist’s report.

Entomologist’s annual reports on the injurious and other insects of the
State of New York 1882-date.

Reports 3-19 bound also with museum reports 40-46, 48-57 of which they forma part. Since
1808 these reports have been issued as bulletins. Reports 3-4 are out of print, other reports
with prices are:

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I $.50 9 $.25 15 (En 9) $.15
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_Reports 2, 8-12 may also be obtained bound separately in cloth at 25c in addition to the price
given above.

Botanist’s annual reports 1867—date.

Bound also with museum reports 21—date of which they form a part; the first botanist’s report
appeared in the 21st museum report and is numbered 21. Reports 21-24, 20, 31-41 were not
published separately.

Separate reports 25—28, 30, 42-50 and 52 (Botany 3), are outof print. Report 51 may be had
for 40c; 53 for 20c; 54 for 5oc. Since the 55th these reports have been issued as bulletins.

Descriptions and illustrations of edible, poisonous and unwholesome fungi of New York have
been published in volumes 1 and 3 of the 48th museum report and in volume I of the 40th, 51st,
52d, 54th and 55th reports. The descriptions and illustrations of edible and unwholesome
species contained in the 4oth, 51st and 52d reports have been revised and rearranged, and, com-
bined with others more recently prepared, constitute Museum memoir 4.

ee ee ee ee

Se

————— = — —
ne

ee

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Museum bulletins 1887—date. O. To advance subscribers, $2 a year or 50¢
a year for those of any one division: (1) geology, economic geology, miner-
alogy, (2) general zoology, archeology and miscellaneous, (3) paleontology,
(4) botany, (5) entomology.

Bulletins are also found with the annual reports of the museum as follows:

Bulletin Report Bulletin Report Bulletin Report Bulletin Report
Goer 48, V.1 IP ai Sith, Awe LE En 7-9 Sig Wb 1 Ar 3 Fon Nig 1
2 iil, We at ee ONS IO 54, V.2 4 An viene
3 Be, Wen 4 Sn Avan) eit WEES 5 He NAL
4 54,V.4 Go) 9 San Wot MiZsti3 meine wma 6 5ieev an
5 BO), Wo Je 7-9 SO, Win 2 I4 BR, Wo it 4 56,V.4
Dyer SG Oe ZR Ais i Th Raq Wo lk TST OMS OM Via Ms 1, 2 Ge AifG/
7 GOH Wott 4 Apavent Io) 2 S25 Wot
8 Ra. Wes TE 5-7 ATs 2 4 Gaenveel Memotr
) 54, V.2 8 S5in Wie lt 5 55,V.1 40, V.3
IO 2 NFS 9 BO, Wo 8 6 56, V.4 Bee RAD
II 5G, We it En 3 48, V.1 LNG EO, Wo it
M 2 Neat 4-6 BAG Welt 2 at Walt

The figures in parenthesis indicate the bulletin’s number as a New York State Museum bulletin

Geology. Gr (14) Kemp, J. F. Geology of Moriah and Westport Town.
ships, Essex Co. N. Y., with notes on the iron mines. 38p. 7pl. 2 maps
SEO. USOS-. OG.

G2 (19) Merrill, F: J. H. Guide to the Study of the Geological Collections
of the New York State Museum. t162p. 119pl. map. Nov. 1898. [50c]

G3 (21) Kemp, J. F. Geology of the Lake Placid Region. 24p. rpl. mapi
SEDs Leos AG:

G4 (48) Wow J. B. Pleistocene Geology of Nassau County and
Borough of Queens. Ope tle Oply mapa Dee noe jeeeaae

G5 (56) Merrill, F: J. H. Description of the State Geologic Map of 1901.
AZ pure maps, tale. sOcta1Gqe2nN OG

G6 (77) Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Vicinity of Little Falls, Herkimer
Con fosp ale rs pla maps ym) anearoos a e0Cr

G7 (83) Woodworth, J. B. Pleistocene Geology of the Mooers Quadrangle.
Oza Z5ple map. timennooscn25c-

G8 (84) Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys.
In press.

Gg (95) Cushing, H. P. Geology of the Northeast Adirondack Region. In
press.

Ogilvie, I. H. Geology of the Paradox Lake Quadrangle. In press.

Economic geology. Egr (3) Smock, J: C. Building Stone in the State of
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Eg2 (7) First Report on the Iron Mines and Iron Ore Districts in
the State of New York. 6+70p. map. June 1889. Out of print.

Eg3 (10) Building Stone in New York. 210p. map, tab. Sep. 1890.

406.

Eg4 (11) Merrill, F: J. H. Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York. gap.
UPD, Awa OSe AO, — Jalon SOs, | Hee

Egs5 (12) Ries, Heinrich. Clay Industries of New York. 174p. 2pl. map.
Mar. 1895. 30c.

Eg6 (15) Merrill, F: J. Hi. | Mineral” Resources of (New. Vora aam
2 maps. Sep. 1895. [50¢.]

Eg7 (17) Road Materials and Road Building in New York. 52p. r4pl.
A Maps i x45).00X02 Cin OCLsTSa7 mens ce

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Eg8 (30) Orton, Edward. Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York. 136p.
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Ego (35) Ries, Heinrich. Clays of New York; their Properties and Uses.
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Egio (44) Lime and Cement Industries of New York; Eckel, E. C.
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Egr1 (61) Dickinson, H. T. Quarries of Bluestone and other SAndstoned
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Egi2 (85) Rafter, G: W. Hydrology of New York State. goz2p. il. 44pl.
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MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

Egr3 (93) Newland, D. H. Mining and Quarry Industry of New York.
fon. wuly.t905. r5e.

Mineralogy. Mr (4) Nason, F. L. Some New York Minerals and their
Localities. 2op.1pl. Aug. 1888. [Zoc]

M2 (58) Whitlock, H. P. Guide to the Mineralogic Collections of the New
York State Museum. 15op.il. 39pl. 11 models. Sep. 1902. 4oc.

M3 (70) New York Mineral Localities. t11op. Sep. 1903. 20.

Paleontology. Paz (34) Cumings, E. R. Lower Silurian System of East-
ern Montgomery County; Prosser, C: 5. Notes on the Stratigraphy of
Mohawk Valley and Saratoga County, N. Y. 74p. 1ropl. map. May
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Pa2 Ga) Clarke, J: M.; Simpson, G: B. & Loomis, F: B. Paleontologic
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Contents: Clarke, J: M. A Remarkable Occurrence of Orthoceras in the Oneonta Beds of
the Chenango Valley, N. Y.
Paropsonema cryptophya; a Peculiar Echinoderm from the Intumescens-zone
(Portage Beds) of Western New York.
Dictyonine Hexactinellid Sponges from the Upper Devonic of New York.
The Water Biscuit of Squaw Island, Canandaigua Lake, N. Y. |
Simpson, G: B. Preliminary Descriptions of New Genera of Paleozoic Rugose Corals.
Loomis, F: B. Siluric Fungi from Western New York.
Pa3 (42) Ruedemann, Rudolf. Hudson River Beds near Albany and their
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Clarke, J: M. Limestones of Central and Western New York Interbedded with Bituminous
Shales of the Marcellus Stage.
Wood, Elvira. Marcellus Limestones of Lancaster, Erie Co. N. Y.
Clarke, J: M. New Agelacrinites.
Value of Amnigenia as an Indicator of Fresh-water Deposits during the Devonic of New
York, Ireland and the Rhineland.

Pa6 (52) Clarke, J: M. Report of the State Paleontologist 1901. 28op. il.
gpemap, ttab. July r902.. 4oc.

Paz (63) Stratigraphy of Canandaigua and Naples Quadrangles.
78p. map. June i1g04. 25¢.

Pa8& (65) Catalogue of Type Specimens of Paleozoic Fossils in the New
York State Museum. 848p. May 1903. $1.20, cloth.

Pag (69) Report of the State piRico a sioveict 1902. 464p. 52pl. 8 maps.
Nov. 1903. $1, cloth.

Pato (80) Report of the State Paleontologist 1903. 396p. 2opl. map.
Feb. 1905. &5c, cloth.

Parr (81) & Luther, D. D. Watkins and Elmira Quadrangles. 32p.

map. Mar. 1905. 256.

Pat2 (82) Geologic Map of the Tully Quadrangle. gop. map. Ap. 1905.
206. 5

Luther, D. D. Geology of the Buffalo Quadrangle. In press.

Grabau, A. W. Guide to the Geology and Paleontology of the Schoharie
Region. In press.

Ruedemann, Rudolf. Cephalopoda of Beekmantown and Chazy Formations
of Champlain Basin. In preparation.

Zoology. Z1 (1) Marshall. ue B. Preliminary List of New York Unioni-
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Z2 (9) Beaks of Unionidae Inhabiting the Vicinity of Albany, N. Y.
ZAP. ipl. AUS. £890: .fO0C.

Z3 (29) Miller, G. S. jr. Preliminary List of New York Mammals. 124p.
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Z4 (33) Farr, M.S. Check List of New York Birds. 224p. Ap. 1900. 256.

Z5 (38) Miller, G. S. jr. Key to the Land Mammals of Northeastern North
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Z6 (40) Simpson, G: B. Anatomy and Physiology of Polygyra albolabris
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Z7 (43) Kellogg, 7 L. Clam and Scallop Industries of New York. 36p.
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Z9g (60) Bean, T. H. Catalogue of the Fishes of New York. 784p. Feb.
TOO: Wao ee ‘cloth.

Zio Ge Kellogg, iy Ie neces Habits and Growth of Venus mercenaria.
cKO Holl SO, woes WO

Zi1r (88) Letson, ea Cen Check List of the Mollusca of New York. 114p.
May 1905. 20c.

Zi2 (91) Paulmier, F. C. Higher Crustacea of New York City. 78p. il.
JtUMesTOOCS) Lee 5c:

Eaton, E. H. Birds of New York. In preparation.

Entomology. Ent (5) Lintner, J. A. White Grub of the May Beetle. 32p.
ME INK, BRASS) TOG

Enz2 (6) Cut-worms. 36p.il. Nov. 1888. roc.

En3 (13) ——— San José Scale and Some Destructive Insects of New York
SEAtCs | 54 Deal Ape oO5 tac:

En4 (20) Felt, E. P. Elm-leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 5pl.
June 1898: 4c:

See Ents.

Ens (23) r4th Report of the State Entomologist 1898. 15o0p. il. gpl.
Dec. 1898. 206.

En6 (24) —— Memorial of the Life and Entomologic Work of J. A. Lint-

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Supplement to 14th report of the state entomologist.

En7 (26) Collection, Preservation and Distribution of New York In-
SECUSS - SODOs alls VEU. 1890 5C.

Shade nieees ess in New York State. 26p. il. 5pl. May

En8 (27)

es 1800.) 56.

Eng ep 15th Report of the State Entomologist 1899. 128p. June
Igoo. I45C.

Ento (36) 16th Report of the State Entomologist 1900. 3118p. 16pl.
Mar. I90l. 25€¢.

Entii (37) Gamibene of Some of the More Important Injurious and

Beneficial Insects of New York State. 54p.il. Sep. 1900. 106.
Eni2 (46) Scale Insects of Importance and a List of the Species in
Nien Worle Sie, OAVO, ill, KS, icine uG@u. ARG.
En13 (47) Needham, J. G. & Betten, Cornelius. Aquatic Insects in the
) Adirondacks. | 234 pads Zola Sepreroon 5G.
En14 (53) Felt, E. P. 17th Report of the State Entomologist LQOOU, 2329.
vil, jOll. | UAW OOD, - HOC.
Enrs5 (57) Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State. 46p. il. 8pl. Aug.
UO)GZ, TGC
his is a revision of En4 containing the more essential facts observed since that was pre-
pare
Hare (59) — —— Grapevine Root Worm. 4op. 6pl. Dec. 1902. T5e.
See n 19
En17 (64) 18th Report of the State Entomologist 1902. t11op. O6pl.
May 1903. , 20¢.
Enr8 (68) Needham, J. G. & others. Aquatic Insects in New York. 322p.
B2pl. Aug. 10903. 0c, cloth.
En1g (72) Felt, E. P. Grapevine Root Worm: 58p: i13pl. Now roog 7206
or is a revision of Enz6 containing the more essential facts observed since that was pre-
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En20 (74) & Joutel, L. H. Monograph of the Genus Saperda. 88p.
EAI ey |Meat OO4.. 325C. ai:
En21 (76) Felt, E. P. roth Report of the State Entomologist 1903. I5op.

Apis LOCA. m ah5G-
a oe) Mosquitos or Culicidae of New York. r64p. il. 57 pl: Oe:

Eada (86) Seeder J. G. & others. May Flies and Midges of New York.
252 pr ileraiy ple 806, cloth.

MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

Felt, E. P. 20th Report of the State Entomologist 1904. In press.
Botany. Bor (2) Peck, C: H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of
New York. 66p. 2pl. May 1887. Out of print.

Bo2 (8) Boleti of the United States. g96p. Sep. 1889. [50c]

Bo3 (25) Report of the State Botanist 1898. 76p. 5pl. Oct. 1899.
Out of print.

Bo4 (28) Plants of North Elba. 206p. map. June 1899. 20¢.

Bos (54) —— Report of the State Botanist 1901. 58p.7pl. Nov.1g02. 4oc.

Bo6 (67) —— Report of the State Botanist 1902. 196p. 5pl. May 1903.
50c.

Bov7 (75) Report of the State Botanist 1903. 7op. 4pl. 1904. 4oCc.

Report of the State Botanist 1904. In press.

Archeology. Arz (16) Beauchamp, W: M. Aboriginal Chipped Stone Im-
plements of New York. 86p. 23pl. Oct. 1897. 25c.

Ar2 (18) Polished Stone Articles used by the New York Aborigines.
fap. 35pl. Nov: 1897. 25¢.

Ar3 (22) Earthenware of the New York Aborigines. 78p. 33pl. Oct.
1898. 25¢. .
Ar4 (32) Aboriginal Occupation of New York. tgop. 16pl. 2 maps.

Mar. 1900. . 30c.

Ars (41) Wampum and Shell Articles used by New York Indians.
noop. 28pl. Mar. 1901. ‘30¢.

Ar6 (50) Horn and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. tr12p.
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Ar7 (55) Metallic Implements of the New York Indians. o4p. 38pl.
sine 1902. 256.

Ar8 (73) Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians. 12ap. 37pl.
Deer rqo3. “30c.

Arg (78) History of the New York Iroquois. 340p. 17pl. map. Feb.
1905. 75¢, cloth.

Arto (87) Rerch Lake Mounds, 84p. 12pl: “Ap. 1905. 20c.

Ar11 (89) Aboriginal Use of Wood in New York. troop. 35pl. June

EGOS.» 35C.

Mieceiiacous. Msr (62) Merrill, F: J. H. Directory of Natural History
Museums in United States and Canada. 236p. Ap. 1903. 3oc.

Ms2 (66) Ellis, Mary. Index to Publications of the New York State Nat-
ural History Survey and New York State Museum 1837-1902. 418p.
June 1903. 75c, cloth.

Museum memoirs 1889-date. OQ.

1 Beecher, C: E. & Clarke, J: M. Development of Some Silurian Brachi-
opoda. g6p. 8pl. Oct. 1889. Out of print.

2 Hall, James & Clarke, J: M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 35op. il. 7opl.
E899. $1, cloth.

3 Clarke, J: M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia Co.
ie eeezsp. opl. “Oct. r900,- S0c. was

4 Peck,C:H. N. Y. Edible Fungi, 1895-99. ro6p. 25pl. Nov. zg00. 75¢,

This includes revised descriptions and illustrations of fungi reported in the 49th, 51st’and 52d
reports of the state botanist.

5 Clarke, J: M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Formation and Fauna of
New York State. 1096p. 21pl. July 1903. $1.50, cloth.
6 Naples Fauna in Western New York. 268p. 26pl. map. $2, cloth.
7 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt 1 Graptolites of the
Lower Beds. 350p.17pl. Feb.1905. $1.50, cloth.
Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. In press.
Clarke, J: M. Early Devonic of Eastern New York. In preparation.
Natural history of New York. z3ov. il. pl. maps. Q. Albany 1842-94.
DIVISION I ZOOLOGY. De Kay, James E. Zoology of New York; or, The
New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals
hitherto observed within the State of New York with brief notices of
those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appropri-
ate illustrations. 5v.il.pl.maps. sq.Q. Albany 1842-44. Out of print ,
Historical introduction to the series by Gov. W: H. Seward. 178p.
v. ptr Mammalia. 13+146p. 33pl. 1842.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

J
}

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Vv. 2 pt2 Birds. 12+38o0p. r14rpl. 1844.
Colored plates. .

v. 3 pt3 Reptiles and Amphibia. 7+98p. pt4 Fishes. 315+415p. 1842.
pt3-4 bound together.

v. 4, Plates to accompany V. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia 23pl. Fishes 79pl.
1842.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

v. 5 ptS Mollusca. 4+271p. 4opl. pt6 Crustacea.' 7op. 13pl. 1843-44.
Hand-colored plates: pts—6 bound together.

DIVISION 2 BOTANY. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York; com-
prising full descriptions of all the indigénous and naturalized plants hith-
erto discovered in the a with remarks on their economical and medical
properties... 2v.il.pl.sq.Q. Albany 1843. Out of print.

v. 1 Flora of the State of New York. 12+484p. 72pl. 1843.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

v. 2 Flora of the State of New York. 572p. 89pl. 1843.
300 copies with hand-colored plates.

DIVISION 3 MINERALOGY. Beck, Lewis C. -Mineralogy of New York; com-
prising detailed descriptions of the minerals hitherto found in the State
of New York, and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture. il. pl.
sq: ©. ‘Albany 1842. Out of print.

wit ptr Ee ougmical Mineralogy. pt2 Descriptive Mineralogy. 24+5 2002),

1842.
8 plates additional to those mented as part of the text.

DIVISION 4: GEOLOGY. Mather, W: W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lard-
ner & Hall, James. . Geology of New York. qv. il. pl. sq. Q, Albany
1842-43. Out of print.

v. 1 ptr Mather, W: W. First Geological District. 374 653p. 46pl. 1843.

v2 pt2 Emmons, Ebenezer. Second Geological District. 10+437p. 17pl. °

1842.

Vv. 3 pt3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third Geological District. 306p. 1842.

v. 4 pt4 Hall, James. Fourth Geological District. 22+4683p. t1opl. map.
1843.

DIVISION 5 AGRICULTURE. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York;
comprising an account of the classification, composition and distribution
of the soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological
formations, together with a condensed view of the meteorology and agri-

saa productions of the State. 5v.il. pl.sq.Q. Albany 1846-54. Out
of print

YE Soils of the State, their Composition and Distribution. 11 +371p. 2rpl.
1846.

v. 2 Analysis of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8+343+46p. 4z2pl. 1840.
With hand-colored plates. 2

Wears, Lc: 8 -+-340p. 1851.

v.4 Plates to accompany v. 3. g5pl. 1851.

Hand-colored.

v. 5 Insects Injurious to Agriculture. 8+272p. Sopl. 1854.
With hand-colored plates.

DIVISION 6 PALEONTOLOGY. Hall, James. Palaeontology of New York. : 8v
il. pl. sq. Q. Albany 1847-94. Bound tn cloth.

v. 1 Organic Remains of the Lower Division of the New York System.
234+338p. oopl. 1847. Out of print.

vy. 2 Organic Remains of Lower Middle Division of the New York System.
8+362p. to4pl. 1852. Out of print.

v. 3 Organic Remains of the Lower Helderberg Grou and the Oriskany
Sandstone. Pir, text. “12-F532p.- 185¢. [$3.50]

pe, 143pl. 21861... [$2.50]

4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage and
Pec bomang Groups. 11+1+428p. ggpl. 1867. $2.50.

v. 5 ptz Lamellibranchiata 1. Monomyaria of the Upper Helderberg,
Hamilton and Chemung Groups. 18+268p. a5pl. 1884. $2.50.

Lamellibranchiata 2. Dimyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Ham-

ilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 62+293p. 5ipl. 1885. $2.50.

“

.
|
|

i

7 “7 Be

ee ee

MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

Gasteropoda, Pieropods and Cephalopoda of the Upper Helder-
berg, ‘Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 2v. 1879. v. 1, text.
15 +492p. v. 2, r20pl. $2.50 for 2:4.
& Simpson, George B. v. 6 Corals and Bryozoa of the Lower and |
Upper Helderberg and Hamilton Groups. 24+298p. 67pl. 1887. $2.50.
& Clarke, John M. v. 7 Trilobites and other Crustacea of the Oris- .
kany, Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill
Groups. 64+236p. 46pl. 1888. Cont. supplement tov. 5 pt2 Pterop-
oda, Cephalopoda and Annelida. 42p. 18pl. 1888. $2.50.
& Clarke, John M. v. 8 ptr Introduction to the Study of the Genera
of the Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+367p. 44pl. 1892. $2.50. _
& Clarke, John M. pt2 Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+394p. 84pl.
1894. $2.50. 7
Catalogue of the Cabinet of Natural History of the State of New York and
of the Historical and Antiquarian Collection annexed thereto. 242p. O.
1853.
Handbooks 1893-—date. 74x12$-cm.
In quantities, 1 cent for each 16 pages or less. Single copies postpaid as below.
Hs “New York ‘State- Museum, -S2p. il." 2c.
Outlines history and work of the museum with list of staff 1902.

H13 Paleontology. t12p. 2c.

Brief outline of State Museum work in paleontology under heads: Definition; Relation to
biology; Relation to stratigraphy; History of paleontology in New York.
H15 Guide to Excursions in the Fossiliferous Rocks of New York.
124p. Sc.

" Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of Paleozoic rocks, prepared pes
for the use of teachers and students desiring to acquaint themselves more intimately with the
classic rocks of this State.

H16 Entomology. 16p. 2c.

H17 Economic Geology. 44p. 4c.

H18 Insecticides and Fungicides. 20p. 3c.

Hig Classification of New York Series of Geologic Formations. 32p. 3e.

Maps. Merrill, F: J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the State of New
York; issued as part of Museum bulletin 15 and the 48th Museum Report,
Vi Les0'AO7 Gil: £604, sale T4°* miles to 1 anchy nae

Geologic Map of New York. i1g01. Scale 5 miles to 1 inch. Jn atlas

jorm $3; ‘mounted on rollers $ 5. Lower Hudson sheet 60c.

The lower Hudson sheet, geologically colored, comprises Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, Put-
nam, Westchester, New York, Richmond, Kings, Queens and Nassau counties, and parts of Sul-
livan, Ulster and Suffolk counties; also Mortneneteca New Jersey and part of Western Connecticut.

Map of New York showing the Surface Configuration and Water Sheds.
Tome weale 12 i1miles to "x ineb: Mrge-

Geologic maps on the United States Geological Survey topograpic base;
scale rin. — 1m. ‘Those marked with an pears have also been pub-
lished separately.

“Albany county: . Mus. rep’t 49,,v. 2: 7 5808. 506.

Area around Lake Placid. Mus. bul. 21. 1808.

Vicinity of Frankfort id [parts of Herkimer anid Oneida ae Mrs.
RE Sly Vs, Een, Loe

‘Rockland county. State geOl, Tep tins. aSoo:

Amsterdam quadrangle. Mus. bul. 34. 1900.

*Parts of Albany and Rensselaer counties. Mus. bul. 42. TOOL.) FOG:

Piniaeara River. Mus. bul. 45.\ 190". 25¢.

Part of Clinton County... State, geoly repit 19" 19eL-

Oyster Bay and Hempstead quadrangles on Long Island. Mus. bul. 48.
TOOT:

Béchons of Chaten and Essex counties. Mus. bul. 52. 1902. /

Part of town of Northumberland, Saratoga co. State geol. rep’t 21. 1903.

Union Springs, Cayuga county and vicinity. Mus. bul. 69. 1903.

*Olean quadrangle. Mus. bul. 69. 1903. Toc.

*Becraft Mt with 2 sheets of sections. (Scale r in.= 3m.) Mus. bul. 69. '
T90 206.

*C acnanelenees Naples quadrangles. Mus. bul. 63. 1904. 200.

*Little Falls quadrangle. ‘Mus. bul. 77. 1905. T45¢.

*Watkins-Elmira quadrangle. Mus. bul. 81. 1905. 20.

*Tully quadrangle. Mus. bul. 82. 1905. Toc.

* Salamanca quadrangle. Mus “oul So. 190510

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