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(oa Ne | 4 a \s @ ts meester, pa aL a* of as | m opr SS Zz “ Zz ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVY! wn aa * ” = w 4 = < = 7 < = =i Sie. —i z f, om yz FE NS = iS =; z > ge. aie Fa = SNI_NVINOSHLIWS 3 luVYd!IT LIBRARI ES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUT a ul = LJ Yy z Nis ox = cx Yi p. = ES \ 3 a & MG S y =o rie NS mM a fen) ia 7 F oid me SR we S x 2 aoe ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31UVY 5 ~ 5 - wx. 5S = a = SUNS OO os > > : aS . > amie ee oa Z W\ ed roa a we a o 2 °@ 2 mn : pees ” = wo” s ioe SNI NYINOSHLINS S3SIYVYUYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN op wo Zz an “” z Ps = = Woe «SS. * x S = z WW Ne z= '@) ole oO ENG : fs 28 O 3 g i 2 2 2 F 2% = Pe = : ie Ree a ‘ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS ” = ” > eat w oe Phe = w AN us ee. a oO = WN Sd om 2 2 UG wn” eo eee . 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Sees ie Z - ,. a pn *S NS Ww m wo > ” ay. = w < 7 ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31YVa) AN NVINOSHLINS NVINOSHLIWS SMITHSONIAN GE NVINOSHLIWS SNI_ NVINOSHLIWS LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INST Yim, LIBRARIES SMITHSON] NOILNLILSNI OILNLILSNI LIBRARIES SN NOILNLILSNI =\ 'ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIJLNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVWY N Yc, 7 om 4 La ‘ é = sd : A Ay oo ¢ ». yf af 1 if) \ ws By NARS ive ai ee rm aD p Se (feet: > he Saeed Vi wa hy 7 i ‘1 ty vit | a, & : *y . i he 4 } ° { 4 *h tb ae | eae ba viaih thy ee e | Ore 8 ry rey SeRAY RPA oe PRHFACH, Economic geology, as a division of the New York State Museum, has for its work the examination and description of the mineral staples which occur in the State. An account of the building stones, and a notice of them, in the form of a bulletin, was proposed in the autumn of 1886. The work of visiting the quarry districts and collecting the necessary data was begun in October of that year, and occupied parts of two field seasons. All of the large quarries were visited, and notes of their location, extent and business were gathered. Many rock speci- mens, representative of the varieties of stone quarried, were obtained. It was impossible to go to all the localities; and circular letters, asking for information, were sent to them, so far as they were known. The many answers which have come from quarry owners and mana- gers, have filled, in part, the gaps in the field notes, and furnished the material for the descriptions of these localities. The scope of the work, as planned, included the location, extent, geological relations and ownership of the quarries, and their statistics of capital, plant, labor, product, markets and prices. It was soon found that full and accurate data from each individual owner, in answer to all of the inquiries, were not to be had. The statistics, relating more particularly to the business, were then sought from the large property owners and managers, who could give close estimates for their own districts. Their answers came promptly ; and the information from them is more nearly accurate than any census made up of the indi- vidual statements of quarrymen. Another aim in the work was to make collections of specimens, and to have the microscopic examinations, chemical analyses and physical tests made of them, which would show their composition, structure, hardness, strength, durability, and comparative value as constructive material. The field collections are yet too incomplete ; and the examination and study of specimens is reserved, necessarily, yor a subsequent bulletin. iv PREFACE. In the preparation of this bulletin the aim has been to make the descriptive notes plain and serviceable to all interested in the subject, and to exclude the purely scientific observations of the field, leaving them to be incorporated with the discussion of the occurrence, prop- erties and general, economic relations of the building stone, which is used in our State. In conclusion, I must acknowledge my indebtedness to the many quarry owners, managers and superintendents, who have kindly given their time and attention, in contributing valuable notes and statistics. Special acknowledgments for data of quarry districts are due to Messrs. Samuel Coykendall and Samuel Coles, of the Union Blue Stone Company, of New York; Gilbert Brady, Rochester ; L. D. Leonard, Albion; C. A. Gorman, Medina ; Edward Merritt and Thomas 8. Clarkson, Potsdam; D. A. Parmeter, Hammond ; Thomas J. Whitney, Gouverneur ; David Black, of the Thousand Island Granite Company, Thurso; Jas. Hughes and Wm. Crabtree, Syracuse; N. Hewitt, Amsterdam; W. A. Nixon, and Edward Willis of the Penryhn Slate Company, Middle Granville; Wm. B. Fitch, Kingston; and F. G. Clarke, Oxford. To Prof. James Hall, State Geologist, I am indebted for many facts bearing on the geological horizon of our quarries. JOHN C. SMOCK. New York STaTE Museum, ALBANY, N. Y., March 5, 1888. CONTENTS. PAGE General classification and arrangement ------.----.--------- CER Geological position and geographical distribution -..-...---- 9-24 ata RUE DOB LS) ly BS I ns 9-14 1. Granites, syenites, gneisses and mica schist..._-- .--- 9-12 ee PR mmr Toye ea eS ae ee ae SO Pen Ie eee Rey a oe Uk oe Pa ee Hi. Sub-crystalline and fragmental rocks. .._-......-..- 14-24 Rycamastones and. quartzytes_—.2..--..2...-255.5.- 14-19 ee sate aN TONO. 2.02 2S a a a we ae oe 15 Reesitoniver GxrOup: 5. 22. se bo sha ok we 15-16 Me Mae IORIONG a 2 ek oe ete OL eo DE WO REOGT ed res yk eo Bg koe ee Oe Mepee Ste eaeeeNe 450i eo ga tia Sins ee 17 Hamilton and Portage Groups.-...-...----.---- 17, 18 Mie simne Pandstone. 2.32... 524s. 25 bes or 18 call) mabastone. 2.2 ..).0 2. sae Oe Lo BR Rg Bite red NAUGHGONE 2.0 e328 2 oan sed ss el 19 aretha noe Le ante Loe So 20-22 @wretierous: Dandrock 2 soo) 2. 2 oe os 20 od Mere Hamentotio. ses 2 eo te 21 Neate PaiMestOne. noes eo 6 ok ose 21 Power Eletderbera) Groups 22 2) 2 ee 22 Boper Melderbero Groups. 5-2-2. 2. 2-2 sek 22 Spec nica ae is gS a a he wi a 22-24 Ge eriary Ormutions.../005-. ee ve eae dioe 24 Descriptive notes of quarry districts and quarries._......-- 25-143 PaO veto POGKS. ue FN Oe OEE Granites, syenites, gneisses, mica schist...........- 25-36 By hy ES: ie ING A Ia Us OM aa cea i cc ee MUO | GU. 2b vi CONTENTS. PAGE. II. Sub-crystalline and fragmental rocks -.--_..--.---- 45-143 Quarizyte and Sandstone<2 25 fs oo. ee 45-93 Potsdam Sandstune soos. we bce See 45-51 Sandstone of the Hudson River Group-.---.------ 51-57 Medina Sandstone... 2. 155.220. 2- -L eS Sandstone of the Clinton Group....-...-.-------- it Hamilton and Portage Groups-..--...-.---..---- 71-85 Hudson River Blue-stone......-...-..--.---- 71-78 Chemune Groupes. 2. Soest ees Soe ee 85-92 New ‘Red ‘Sandstone iv ove ek oe ae damestone:. 225 ose Coe eee ee ee 94-134 Hudson-Champlain valley. 2b oo) 22 94-105 Mohawk valley ~. 9-022. 2 See, 105-115 St. Lawrence watershed . 202 2 J. DoGee ee 116-120 Lower and Upper Helderberg Groups. ---- ---- 120-133 Niagara’ Limestone... 2 ee ee ee 133, 134 Slate ons 5 Se ee ee 135-143 Appendix : Statistics of Quarries. 5: 2./..25-2 22 eee 145-146 Triax oi. 85s oe ech | EO 147-152 670 Si d So vig a Classification and Arrangement. Any division of the building stones (or stone used in construction), which occur naturally, is to some extent arbitrary. The basis for it may be in the nature of the rock as to its constituent minerals, their arrangement and their relative proportion in the mass, or it may be in the formation, or geological horizon whence it comes. The latter has regard to the source rather than the nature or kind of rock. Thus granites and gneisses differ in the arrangement of the minerals which make up the rock or stone and not, necessarily, in the minerals or even in their chemical composition. Again, for example, lime- stones and marbles differ in the degree of crystallization and not in chemical composition. Then, again there are sandstones, slates, serpentines and trap-rocks, classes which differ mineralogically and chemically. From the stand point of geology the natural building stones may belong to widely different geological formations or ages and yet in their composition be almost identical. Sandstones and limestones especially are widely represented in the various formations. Marble may come from the oldest or Archaean or from the Silurian or from the later geological rock outcrops. In our’ own State the Tuckahoe and Sing Sing marbles, the coral-shell marble of Hudson, the Glens Falls black marble and the Lockport marble are represen- tatives of different geological epochs. And the so-called granites comprehend rocks, which differ in their mineralogical constitution and in the formation to which they belong. The division or arrange- ment, which is indicated by the geological age is, therefore, not so natural or definite as the former. But it is serviceable in a secondary division or subdivision of the classes, which rest upon mineral differences. The best classification is, primarily into the kénds of rock or stone, and, secondarily, into groups corresponding to the several geological formations. The first are fully recognized in the practical and busi- ness circles; the geological grouping also is known, but is not so generally appreciated and understood. In New York the characters of some of the geological subdivisions have been so carefully studied as to become well known, and they are so persistent that they are types. The Black River limestone, the Trenton limestone, the Onon- 8 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. daga gray limestone, the Potsdam sandstone, the Oneida conglomerate and the Medina sandstone are nearly as well known and as readily recognized by the practical quarrymen as by geological experts. And in the State the outcrops of these formations are to some extent natural divisions, whose topography and general surface char- acters are due to theserocks. Hence in the geographical distribution of the several kinds of rock or stone, the limits are determined by the extent of the geological formations. And a geological map of the State shows where they may be found. The arrangement, as indicated above, is into the following kinds of rock and the geological groups to which they belong : Kinps oF Rock. I. CrysTALLINE Rooks. 1. Granites, syenites, gneisses, mica schists. 2. Trap-rocks. 3. Marbles, serpentines. II. SuB-cRYSTALLINE AND FRAGMENTAL Rocks.* 1. Quartzytes and sandstones. 2. Limestones. 3. Slates. The rocks of the sub-crystalline and fragmental division are sub- divided and arranged in the following geological groups : SANDSTONE. Potsdam. Portage. Hudson River group. Chemung. Medina. Catskill. Clinton group. New Red Sandstone. Hamilton. LIMESTONES. Calciferous. Lower Helderberg. Chazy. Upper Helderberg. Trenton. Tully Limestone. Niagara. * Many of the rocks in this second general head are crystalline or sub-crystal- line; but as the structure in nearly all cases is not recognizable by the unaided eye, the division is consistent with practice and is retained. The strictly fragmental rocks are slates, sandstones and conglomerates. Building stones are sometimes classified as crystalline, sedimentary and calcareous rocks. GEOLOGICAL POSITION — AND— Geographical Distribution of Building Stone PN) NB Wi ee EE The crystalline rocks are limited in the outcrops to the Adirondack region, the Highlands of the Hudson,* Westchester and New York counties, the Rockland county trap range, Staten Island and a very small area on Long Island. The Hudson-Champlain valley, a part of the St. Lawrence valley and the central, southern-central and western parts of the State have sandstones and limestones as native building stone. The geological horizon, the occurrence, the localities and general notes on the building stone of the several subdivisions or groups are given here under their respective heads. I.—CRYSTALLINE ROCKS. 1. GRANITES, SYENITES, GNEISSES, MICA SCHIST. Granite, in its proper signification, is a crystalline rock, consisting of feldspar, quartz and mica. These constituents are aggregated together in an intimate mixture and in varying proportions. The minerals may be of larger or smaller size, from the scarcely discern- ible grains or crystals to masses an inch or more in length; and hence the stone is said to be coarse-grained or fine-grained, or coarse crystalline and fine-crystalline. But the typical granite is not the more common form or .variety. Besides the essential, constituent minerals, there are hornblende, pyroxene, epidote, garnet, tourma- line, magnetite, pyrite, chlorite, graphite, any of which may come in as accessory minerals. Generally some one of these minerals is present * The crystalline rocks of eastern Dutchess county and a part of Columbia are in- cluded in the Highlands. 10 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw York. and gives character to the mass. Often it happens that the mica is almost entirely wanting, and is replaced by one of these accessory constituents. Thus there may be a hornblendic granite or a graphitic or epidotic variety, etc., according to the nature of the mineral. Syenite differs from granite in having little quartz, no mica and hornblende. Parallel in composition with granites, but differing in texture, are the gneisses or gneissic rocks. ‘They are stratified or lie in strata or beds. In them the minerals are in thin, lenticular layers and lamine which are parallel to the bedding-planes of the rock. The mass is said to be laminated, or schistose in structure. Sometimes the com- ponent minerals are so large that in hand specimens it is not possible to decide if they be gneiss or granite. And they may be fine-gran- ular and coarse-granular in texture. Graphitic, epidotic, hornblendic, garnetiferous and other varieties occur, determined by the accessory constituents. Mica schist is an aggregate of quartz and mica mainly and having amore marked schistose structure than the gneisses. The lenticular form of the quartz is especially noticeable. And on account of its structure it is more readily split in the plane of its bedding than the granites or the gneisses. Generally the plates or scales of mica lie rudely parallel to one another and they help in giving the mass a more laminated appearance and cause it to have a more fissile char- acter. It must be understood that there is a wide range in the relative proportions in which these essential, rock-forming minerals occur in these several kinds of crystalline rocks. One or another may pre- dominate and give character to the mass. As in the deposits which are to-day in process of formation, these old rock masses differ within narrow limits. And not only do we find variation from one locality to another, but also in the same ledge and quarry, and in some places in the same bed. These mineralogical differences generally indicate a different chemical composition also, although not in all cases. But to the quarryman and builder the former are of much more import- ance, since they give strength and make it durable, or determine its clearage and the style of working. The texture is wholly controlled by the mode of aggregation and the nature of the minerals. Where uniformly distributed and not in lines or layers the mass is split with equal ease in any direction, and it is capable of being dressed with like degree of fineness on any side. But such crystalline aggregates GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 11 are rare and nearly all of the granite and syenite can be cleft in one way more readily than in another, that is, the stone is said to have a grazn to it. The durability also is affected by the nature of the minerals. Thus, pyrite may occur, and by its decomposition cause decay. Or there may be a more easily decomposing feldspar which by its decay will make the mass to crumble. Or by an excess of mica the stone may be particularly liable to split or scale off, when exposed to the action of freezing weather. Owing to these almost infinite variations in composition and, consequently, in structure and texture no general description will cover al] the forms and varieties. But it may be said here that there is comparatively little of the massive and unstratified (granites and syenites) varieties. The greater part of the crystalline rocks, particularly in the south-eastern part of the State, occurs in beds as schistose gneisses and granitoid and syenite gneisses. The stratified condition is predominant in all the border of the Adirondack region also. The term granite is applied to rocks found in great masses and outcrops over large areas in the central and eastern portions of the Adirondack region, which are not strictly such. Instead of potash feldspar they have a lime feldspar (labradorite) and ‘with it quartz and hornblende. Granites, syenites, gneisses and mica schist occur in the counties of Rockland, Orange, Westchester, Putnam and Dutchess and on New York island. For constructive material quarries have been opened at many points, generally near railway lines or on the Hudson river. The Breakneck and Storm King mountain granite quarries were opened many years ago, and described in Mather’s report on the First District of the State. Gneiss has been quarried at Spuy- ten Duyvill ; near Hastings ; at Valentine’s, east of Yonkers ; at Ford- ham ; near Hartsdale; at Kensico; at Tarrytown, in Westchester county ; at Ganung’s quarry, west of Croton Falls; at Cold Spring and near Anthony’s Nose, north-west of Peekskill in Putnam county; at Ramapo, in Rockland county; and in Orange county, at West Point, Cozzens and Fort Montgomery. There are many other locali- ties where stone has been quarried for local use, which are not worked for export, or steadily as quarries. The outcrops of gneissic rocks are so numerous and so extensive that the supply is inexhaustible, and the number of quarries which can be opened is equalled only by the area of territory covered by these outcrops. Particularly ad- vantageous locations are to be seen along the Hudson river from 19 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. Peekskill to Fishkill, in the Highlands. The Ramapo river valley, which is traversed by the New York, Lake Erie and Western rail- road, the Harlem, the New Haven, and the New York City and Northern railroad lines, cross the territory of these crystalline rocks. Mica schist and micaceous gneisses occur on New York island, in Westchester county, and in the eastern parts of Putnam and Dutch- ess counties. They are quarried wherever they are conveniently had, for home use and generally for common wall work and founda- tions. A great amount has been used in New York city in founda- tions and in backs of walls with other stone as face material. In the great Adirondack region and its bordering zone of crystalline rocks, occupying Essex and Hamilton, and large parts of Clinton, Franklin, St. Lawrence, Jefferson, Lewis, Herkimer. Fulton, Sara- toga, Warren and Washington counties, there is a great variety in the outcrops, but comparatively little work has been done, excepting at a few places on the outskirts of the region, to develop quarries of granite or gneiss. In Saratoga county a quarry in Wilton is worked for paving-blocks. In Essex county quarries have been opened in recent years in Willsborough and near Keeseville. On the north-west there is a quarry near Canton in St. Lawrence county, and the quarries on Grindstone island in the St. Lawrence. At the extreme southern end of the region where it reaches the Mohawk gneiss is quarried to a considerable extent at Little Falls. Other localities are in Greenfield and Hadley, in Saratoga, and at Whitehall in Washington counties. The want of transportation facilities in all the great interior, the distance from the great city markets, which call for granites particu- larly, and the more accessible outcrops of limestone and sandstone, which border it, and are nearer the towns and lesser markets, are against the opening of granite quarries in the Adirondack region. Future exploration will no doubt lead to the discovery of beautiful and valuable stone, and the building of railroads will bring them to notice and to market. On the line of the Adirondack railroad and the lines of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, and on the shore of Lake Champlain, the work of opening new quarries is in progress and is promising of profitable results. On Grindstone isl- and, near Clayton, Jefferson county, a very large quantity of granite has been quarried for western markets. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 13 2. TRAP-ROCK. Trap-rock is the common name given to a certain class of eruptive or igneous rocks, which are unstratified. They are made up of a feldspar (usually labradorite) and augite, with some magnetite and titanic iron. ‘The mass is generally of a dark color and finer-grained than the granites. The rock of the Palisades opposite New York city is an example. In New York these trap-rocks make up the Pali- sade mountain range and the Torne mountain, on the west side of the Hudson river from the New Jersey line to Haverstraw. There is an outcrop on Staten Island also, where the rock was quarried under the name of granite. ‘The only place where the stone is steadily worked is on the river bluff at Rockland Lake. The existence of unstratified rocks of this group in the Adirondack region is known, but of their extent and localities there is much un- certainty. Their importance, as a source of material for constructive uses is inconsiderable where there is so much granite, gneiss and other stone which are worked more economically and dressed more readily. o. MARBLES. Marble has been defined to be ‘limestone which has a granular texture.” But as already noted, the term is used in New York State to apply to any calcareous rock which takes a fine polish and may be used as an ornamental or decorative material. In this report the term is restricted to the crystalline limestones, whether massive or unstratified, or metamorphosed or altered sediments. The texture and not the use is the basis of the distinction between ordinary lime- stones, which are not crystalline, and the marbles, Crystalline limestone is a common rock in Westchester, Putnam and in the eastern part of Dutchess counties. There are small outcrops in Orange county also. The Adirondack region has its belts of the same rock. And, in general the territory of the granites, gneisses and syenites contains here and there patches of crystalline limestone, and also possible sources of marble. Marble has been quarried at King’s Bridge and Tremont in New York city : at Tuckahoe, Scars- dale and Pleasantville near the Harlem railroad line; at Hastings, Sparta and Sing Sing on the Hudson river ; and at South Dover and Dover Plains in the eastern part of Dutchess county. In the Chams plain valley there is a quarry at Port Henry. On the north-west side of the Adirondacks there are large quarries at Gouverneur. \ 14 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. As a supplement to this list the ‘‘ coral shell marble” near Hudson and the ‘‘ Lepanto ” marble near Plattsburgh ‘are here added. When the calcareous rock contains some serpentine the term verd- antique marble is given to it. And such a marble has been quarried in the town of Thurman, Warren county. The geological age ot the crystalline limestones, which occur in the State, and which are known by quarrymen as marbles, is, in some cases, doubtful. The outcrops in the Highlands of the Hudson and in the Adirondack region are probably all Laurentian. The belt in the eastern parts of Dutchess and Putnam counties, which in its northern extension is one with the Vermont marble region, is meta- morphosed or altered Trenton limestone. The Westchester marbles may belong in the same horizon. II,—SUB-CRYSTALLINE AND FRAGMENTAL ROCKS, 1. SANDSTONES AND QUARTZYTES. Sandstones are rocks made up of grains of quartzose sand, which are cemented together by siliceous, ferruginous, calcareous or argilla- ceous material. In some cases mica, feldspar or other minerals, are mixed with the quartz sand, and then they are termed micaceous, feldspathic, etc. From the nature of the cement holding the grains together the rocks are variously designated as ferruginous, or iron sandstone, or sometimes brownstone, as calcareous sandrock, ete. The component parts may be coarse-grained or fine-grained. There is an almost infinite variety in respect to shades of color, degree of texture and nature of cement. And the hardness, strength, density and durability are determined by these elements. Their value as building material depends upon the physical constitution quite as much as upon the chemical composition. Without a good bond the grains fall apart and the stone is friable or crumbling. If the cementing material be one which decomposes readily, as in the case of some of the more argillaceous or shaly varieties, or in the calca- reous sandrocks, the whole mass is soon reduced to sand. Examples of sandstones, weak through such causes, are common. When the quartz grains are, as it were, run together and form a kind of vitri- fied mass the rock is termed a quartzyte. It looks as if the sand- stone had been altered and partially fused. In some cases these quartzytes have a crystalline appearance, especially when feldspar occurs with the quartz. Sandstones are found widely distributed GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 15 over the State outside of the crystalline rock regions of the Hudson Highlands and the Adirondacks. And they represent all of the geological periods, beginning with the Potsdam, up to the New Red Sandstone. Following the order as given on page 8, the occur- rences and localities may be noted briefly. Potsdam Sandstone. This formation in narrow outcrops is seen in Dutchess county, bor- dering the Archean rocks. Outcrops of limited areas are seen in the Mohawk valley at several points between Fonda and Little Falls. In the Champlain valley this formation has been a source of building stone at Fort Ann, Whitehall, Port Henry and Keeseville. North of the Adirondacks there are quarries at Malone, in Franklin county. The most extensive quarries of this sandstone are on the Raquette river near Potsdam, and in Hammond, St. Lawrence county. At the last named place the product is largely paving blocks and curbing stone, and is made out of a grayish-white, thin-bedded sandstone. The Pots dam rock occurs in moderately thick beds, and is a hard, compact stone of a pink to light buff shade of color. Some of it has a lami- nated structure and striped appearance. It is an excellent building stone, and is widely known and esteemed for its beauty and durability. F Hudson River Group. This group includes shales and standstones. The latter are gener- ally shaly or argillaceous. There are some localities where more sili- ceous or arenaceous beds are found. And these latter beds furnish the building stone. As is well known, the formation follows the Hudson River valley from the Highlands northward to Washington county and the valley of the Mohawk west, and then runs north-west in a broader belt across Lewis and Oswego counties to Lake Ontario. Owing to the shaly nature of the sandstone, the localities for quarries are few. They have been opened on the Hudson river at Highlands, nearly opposite Poughkeepsie, at Rhinecliff (Rhinebeck station), near Tivoli, on the river between Stuyvesant and Schodack, at New Bal- timore and at Troy. In the Mohawk valley there are quarries at Aqueduct, in Schenectady, on Frankfort Hill in Herkimer county,. east of Rome in Oneida county, and in the town of Orwell in Oswego county. The Hudson river formation does not supply much, if any, stone to markets outside of its limits. And nearly all of what is quarried 16 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YoRK. in it is used in foundations and common wall work. Granites, lime- stones and other sandstones are taking the place of the stone from its quarries ; and some of these quarries are abandoned. Medina Sandstone. Siliceous rocks, principally sandstones, predominate in this forma- tion. They crop out in the flanks of the Shawangunk mountain in Orange and Ulster counties. In the western part of the State the Medina sandstone borders Lake Ontario from the Niagara river to Oswego, and thence continues in an eastward course through Oswego and Oneida counties nearly to Rome. In the Shawangunk range the | red or brown-red sandstones occur with some gray-white sandstones ‘and some shales. And excepting two or three very small quarries it is not a source of building stone. The stone is generally hard and is not easily dressed. In the western part of the State the sandstone is associated whith shales and shaly sandstone. The mass is made up of quartzose sand in fine grains, cemented more or less strongly by siliceous and ferruginous matter. The prevailing color is a brown or brown-red, but gray-white and variegated red and white also are com- mon shades. In texture the mass is usually fine-grained. The strata lie dipping at a small angle southward, and the stone is remarkably even bedded. At nearly all localities two systems of joints, at right angles to one another, divide the rock into blocks, which help the quarryman in his work. Quarries in this formation have been opened and worked at Fulton, Granby and Oswego in Oswego county ; at several points in Wayne county ; at Rochester and on Irondequoit creek and Brockport in Monroe county ; at Holly, Hulberton, Albion and Medina in Orleans county; and at Lockport and Lewiston in Niagara county. The quarries at Hulberton, Albion and Medina are among the largest in the State. And the stone therein quarried has acquired a well-deserved reputation for rich color, its strength and its durability as a building material. And the name of the formation (from the town of Medina), has come to be used for all the product of the many quarries in it. | Clinton Group. The rocks of this group are mainly shales. Impure limestone and some sandstone also occur. They form the outcrop in a narrow belt of country from Herkimer county west to the Niagara river and border- ing on the south the Medina sandstone. Sandstone has been obtained GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 17 from this formation in the southern part of Herkimer county, and at Clinton and at Higginsville in Oneida county. Oriskany Sandstone. This sandstone is generally too friable to make a good building stone ; and no quarries of importance are known in it. The sandstones of the Caupa GALL and of the ScHOHARIE Grits are either argillaceous, and therefore not durable, or too porous and loosely cemented to make good building material. No doubt, localities could be found where some of the beds may be compact and solid, and may be quarried profitably for local use. The MarcEe.uus ~ Sate, a more shaly formation than either of them, has furnished stone for building at Chapinville in Ontario county. Hamilton and Portage Groups. The rocks of these geological groups are shales, slates and sand- stones. But there is so great a range in composition and texture that there are many varieties under each of these heads and an almost in- finite gradation from one to another ; and no sharp lines of demarca- tion or division can be drawn. And the notes on the sandstones of the Hudson River group apply here also.* In the Hamilton group, and above it, in the Oneonta sandstone in the eastern part of the State, there is a great development of gray, hard, compactly aggregated sandstone, which is thin-bedded or can be split on oe raatet to the bedding, and which is known as flagstone. This variety predominates in the upper part of the Hamilton formation, and continues into the Portage, or its equivalent here—the Oneonta sandstone. In the central part of the State, where this group is recognized, in a belt south of the Mohawk valley, in Otsego, Chenango, Madison, Cortland, Cayuga and Seneca counties, the sandstone is more or less mixed with shale and slate in irregularly alternating strata. And olive, greenish and yellowish shades of color prevail. In the western part of the State—that is, in the belt, stretching from Seneca lake to Lake Erie—through Ontario, Livingston, Genesee and Erie counties, the olive and bluish-gray shales predominate, and the sandstone is not abundant nor of the best quality for a building stone. The Portage rocks in the western part of the State have been divided into shales at the base ; then shales and flagstones; and the Portage sandstone at the top. In the last division thick beds with * See pages 15 and 16. 18 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YorRK. little shale are marks of this horizon. And the stone is generally fine-grained. The line of division between the Hamilton and the Portage cannot here be indicated geographically, and the quarries are placed in one subdivision under the heading as above. The out- crops have been, in general, indicated as running through the Hud- son valley east of the Catskills, and turning west, in a broadening belt south of the Mohawk valley and through the central plateau region and the western part of the State to Lake Erie. é The number of quarries in this belt of Hamilton-Portage is large. The greater part of all the Hudson river flagging comes from it. And there are hundreds of quarries opened in Sullivan, Orange, Ulster, Greene and Albany counties. The Guilford and Oxford quarries are in it. In the lake region, the Atwater, Ithaca, Tru- mansburgh, Watkins Glen, Penn Yan and the Ontario county quarries are all probably in it. Going west, the Portage and Warsaw quarries belong in the Portage horizon. Chemung Sandstone. The Chemung rocks also are shales and sandstones principally, but the proportion of shaly sandstone appears to be greater than in the Portage; and they are more commonly thin-bedded, and on the weathered surfaces or outcrops are olive to brown shades of color. On account of this prevalence of the shaly and inferior sandstones there is less building stone obtained from this formation, excepting the common grades, which are quarried largely to meet local de- mands and supply the towns in the territory on the outcrop. The Chemung rocks occupy the southern tier of counties from Lake Erie eastward to the Susquehanna. Good building stone is obtained from this formation at Elmira and Corning. The Steuben county quarries are init. There are small quarries in Allegany county also in it. Jamestown gets its stone in part from it. And small quarries have been opened in Chautauqua county at other points which are referred here. The Olean quarry in Cattaraugus may be Chemung. Catskill Sandstone. The Catskill group is developed in a great thickness of sandstones, grits and siliceous conglomerates in the Catskill mountain region, in Sullivan, Delaware, Broome, Otsego, Schoharie and Greene and Ulster counties. Much of the sandstone is coarse-grained and hard to dress; and oblique lamination and cross-bedding also are common, which make it work badly. Excepting for flagging, little of the GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 19 Catskill sandstone is quarried. The region has no large towns in it, and hence no large local markets which would call for any consider- ble amounts of building stone. There are, however, some good quarries, which are worked for flagging, chiefly, along the N. Y., O. & W.R.R. and the U. & D. R. R. lines in Ulster and Delaware counties ; and in the Catskills in Greene county there are quarries in Lexington, Jewett, Windham, Hunter and Prattsville. New Ked Sandstone. The formation, which is known as the New Red Sandstone, or simply as the Red Sandstone, is limited to a small triangular area in Rockland county, between Stony Point and the New Jersey line. The sandstones of this formation are both shaly and arenaceous ; and the varieties grade into one another from the fine, shaly beds to fine conglomerates. The prevailing colors are dark red to brown,— whence the term brownstone. The cementing material is largely ferruginous. The formation in its extension south-west in New Jersey, furnishes the brownstone of the Belleville and Newark quarries so extensively employed as a building stone in New York and the adja- cent cities. The famous ‘‘Connecticut brownstone” and the Long- meadow sandstone of Massachusetts come from the same formation in the Connecticut valley. The larger and more important quarries in this sandstone in Rockland county are in the west side of the Hudson river, between Piermont and Nyack and near Haverstraw, in the eastern slope of the Torne mountain. The oldest quarries were opened first about a century ago; and they were worked exten- sively for many years. The principal market was New York city, and the stone was sold for flagging, house trimmings, common walls and rubble stone. As the quarries were convenient to navigation and near a great market the business was large, until other stone came in to compete successfully with it. And the quarries have been abandoned and their sites taken for villas and town lots, for which their value exceeds that of quarry ground. At present there are only two quarries at work, between Nyack and Piermont. They furnish flagstone and dressed stone for building. The quarries near Haverstraw are not worked steadily. There are small openings near New City, near Congers station and at Suffern, and probably at a few other places, but all of them do a local business. In New York city and in the towns on the Monmouth county shore of New Jersey this stone is sometimes called ‘‘ Nyack stone” or ‘‘ Haverstraw stone.” 20 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. 2. LIMESTONES. Limestone is essentially carbonate of lime, but it always contains some additional constituent ; and the more commonly occurring im- purities, or accessory matters are silica in the form of quartz, clay, iron and magnesia. And limestones are said to be siliceous, argilla- ceous, ferruginous, magnesian and dolomitic, according as they con- tain one or another of these constituents. Other foreign mineral matter may be found in them, and in places so as to give character to the mass. The texture also varies greatly. It may be coarse or fine crystalline, sub-crystalline, or amorphous, according as the crystals which make up the mass are larger or smaller, or are not recognizable by the unaided eye. The terms coarse-grained and fine-grained may apply when the mass resembles sandstone in its granular aggregation. And it may be hard and compact, almost vitreous, or loosely ce- mented and crumbling with slight pressure like sugar, or, again, like chalk, dull and earthy. From this general statement of the range in composition and texture, it follows that there is an equally wide vari- ation in the hardness, strength and durability of limestones. Some are hard and strong, surpassing in their resistance to crushing force, many granites, and nearly as durable as the best sandstone ; others are friable and fail to pieces under slight pressure, or they are dis- solved rapidly by atmospheric agents. Wherever the admixture of silica is large and the texture is compact, the stone is hard and durable ; hence the siliceous limestones are generally among the most enduring building stones. The magnesian and dolomitic varieties also are good stone. In color the prevailing shades are grey-blue, and yellow to white. As stated on a previous page, the limestones which are quarried for building stone in this State are found in the following named formations: Calciferous, Chazy, Trenton, Niagara, Lower Helderberg, Upper Helderberg or Corniferous and Tully limestones. The geographical distribution of the several limestone formations is here given in the same order—that of the geological succession, beginning with the Calciferous sandrock. Calciferous. Although termed a Calciferous sand-rock, very much of the rock thus designated is, properly, a magnesian or a siliceo-magnesian lime- stone. Some of the blue limestone which is quarried in Orange county and the New Hamburgh quarry in Dutchess county are prob- ably of this epoch. The calciferous is traced along the Mohawk GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 21 S valley, in Montgomery, Herkimer and Oneida counties. The quar- ries at Little Falls, Canajoharie and other smaller openings, are in it. The Sandy Hill quarry also is apparently in the same horizon. Gen- erally the stone of this formation is in thick beds, siliceous, hard, strong and durable. ' q Chazy Limestone. The Chazy formation is seen in Clinton county in its typical locality. It is non-magnesian and less siliceous than the Calciferous. The beds are thick and often uneven. Regular joints are com- mon, dividing it into rectangular masses and helping the quarrymen in extracting the stone. It affords strong and heavy stone at quarries in the Champlain valley, at Willsboro Point and near Plattsburgh. Trenton Limestone. The Trenton here includes the Birdseye, Black River and Trenton formations. And it occupies the Mohawk valley, the Champlain valley, a border zone around the south-western and western sides of the Adirondack region, and the St. Lawrence valley, from the Canada line south-west to Lake Ontario. The counties of Mont- gomery, Fulton, Herkimer, Oneida, Lewis, Jefferson, St. Lawrence, Hamilton, Clinton, Essex, Warren and Saratoga have outcrops of limestones which are referred to the Trenton age. Many quarries in the Mohawk valley ; the quarries at Prospect and Holland Patent in Oneida county ; Lowville in Lewis county ; Watertown, Chaumont and Three Mile Bay in Jefferson ; Norwood and Ogdensburg in St. Lawrence ; and Glens Falls are opened in these limestones. There is much variation, from the dark-colored, compact marble of Glens Falls to the gray, fine-crystalline stone of the Prospect quarries. And these variations are often seen in vertical sections of compara- tively few feet, so that the same quarry may yield a marble and a coarse, rough stone fit for common walls only. Hence no general description is applicable to the formations as a whole; and it is impossible to assign all of the quarries to their proper horizon. In fact, in some of the quarries two formations are represented. Niagara Limestone. This formation has its great development near the Niagara river and the Lockport and Rochester limestone quarries are in it. At Lock- port it is a gray, thick-bedded, sub-crystalline stone, which has been used widely for building. 22 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. Lower Helderberg Group. This group includes a wide variation in its limestones, and no general statements apply to the several horizons alike. The forma- tion is traced from the Helderberg mountains westward, south of the Mohawk river nearly to Syracuse. The lower beds (Tentaculite) are dark-colored, compact, thick, and afford a stone which can be polished. The Pentamerus limestones, in the upper part, furnish a gray, heavy- bedded and strong stone, which answer for heavy masonry. Quar- ries in the Lower Helderberg group are opened in the Schoharie valley at Cobleskill, Cherry Valley and in Springfield, Otsego county. The quarries near Hudson, in Becraft’s mountain and the quarries near Catskill also are in it. Upper Helderberg Group. Under this head there are building stones in the several limestone formations. Of these the principal are the Onondaga and Corniferous and the Seneca blue limestones. The noted ‘‘ Onondaga gray lime- stone,” of Onondaga county, belongs in this group. The Union Springs, Waterloo, Seneca Falls, Auburn, Le Roy, Williamsville and Buflalo quarries are Upper Helderberg. The Kingston, Ulster county, limestone also belongs here. , There is a great diversity in the limestones which are quarried in these localities and from this geological group. The Onondaga gray limestone is coarse-crystalline, and contains coralline fossils; and makes a beautiful stone for fine cut ashlar work or for ornamental and decorative uses. The cherty or corniferous beds are dark-col- ored, hard, and do not dress well, and answer for common work only. The Seneca blue limestone dresses well and is a fairly good building stone. As a supplement to the limestones the quarry in calcareous tufa at Mohawk, in the Mohawk valley, should here be mentioned, although the quarry is of no importance and there is no great outcrop for much work in it. It is proper to refer to the division of Fragmental Rocks, the stone which occur in the Quaternary formation, particularly and chiefly in the Glacial Drift. This drift is found in all the counties of the State and in nearly all of the towns, overlying the older rocks. But it is unimportant as a source of building stone at the present time. In the earlier history of the country many stone buildings were constructed GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 23 of the stone found lying on the surface or in the surface earth. They are sometimes called “ field stone.” Having been transported many miles and been subjected to great wear, they represent the more re- sisting and harder rocks. They are generally more or less rounded and scratched or furrowed. Geologically they are known as Jould- ers. On Long Island they are the only stone to be had. And some of the older houses on the western end of the island are built of sand- stone obtained from the drift. Others are of sandstone, trap-rock and gneissic rock, mixed. In grading and cutting down the hills in Brooklyn enough stone is sometimes found to lay the foundation walls. Of course the drift includes the harder sandstones, quartzites and gneisses mainly.* At Medina, in uncovering the sandstone transported blocks occur in the stripping or drift. But this forma- tion cannot be considered as a source of any regular quarry business, though, in the further clearing up of the country, it may yield a great deal of stone for the localities where it occurs. Slates. Slate is used to designate compact, fine-grained rocks, which have the property of cleaving into thin plates. The term rests for its signification upon a physical property rather than upon chemical or mineralogical composition. Hence there are many varieties from the argillaceous (clay-slate, or argdllyte), to hornblendic, chloritic and hydromica slates or schists. But nearly all of the slate which is em- ployed either as constructive or as decorative material belongs to the argillaceous variety, clay-slate. It is a sedimentary rock and occurs associated generally with sandstones and other fragmental rocks. Since the great use is for roofing material, it is often called roofing slate. The prevailing colors are gray to blue-black; purple, red, green and variegated (red and green), are less common shades. There is much variation in the degree of hardness, and some are very hard and also brittle. The fineness of grain, or texture is another mark of difference in slates. Generally the rock which is more highly metamorphosed, is stronger and more fissile, and hence a more dura- ble material. The direction of the cleavage may coincide with that of the dip of the bedding planes, or it may be oblique to them, For use as roofing material, the color, fineness of grain, strength, hardness, freedom from pyrite or seams of calcite and quartz, and durability are essential qualities. * At Yonkers the trap-rock boulders have been used largely in the building of re- taining walls and foundations. 94 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. The Hudson River group in New York, is characteristically a slate formation. It occupies the Wallkill valley in Orange county, the valley of the Hudson river from the Highlands northward to Sara- toga and Washington counties, and the Mohawk valley west, and thence a belt north-west to Lake Ontario. Slates of the Cambrian age are recognized east of the Hudson in Washington and Rensselaer counties, near the Vermont line. It is not known that any of the slaty rocks of the other geological formations in the State yield ‘slate of economic importance. Roofing slate has been sought after in very many places within the bounds of these formations and quarries, which have been more or less productive, have been opened in Orange, Dutchess, Columbia, Rensselaer and Washington counties.* At present, the productive quarries are all in Washing- ton county, and are limited to a narrow belt which runs from Salem north-north-east, through the towns of Hebron, Granville, Hampton and Whitehall. There appear tobe four ranges or belts (‘‘ vezns” of quarrymen) first, on the west, the East Whitehall red slate ; second, the Mettowee or North Bend red slates; third, the purple, green and variegated slates of Middle Granville, and on the east, near the Vermont line, the Granville red slates. These quarries of Washington county produce a large amount of colored slate for decorative and ornamental work, and all the red slate which is quarried in our coun- try, comes from this district.+ * See MaTHER’s Report on the First District, pp. 419, 421. + The line between Vermont and New York runs so as to separate the red and sea- green slates, and all of the former are in New York, while all of the latter are in Vermont. . _ DESCRIPTIVE, NOTES GB 3 eee Quarry Districts and Quarries. I.—CRYSTALLINE ROCKS, GRANITES, SYENITES, GNEISSES, MICA SCHIST. Beginning at the south, with the quarries in rocks of this group, the New York or Manuartran Isianp gneisses have afforded a large amount of stone for common building work. These gneisses are mostly of the micaceous variety ; and they are found in thin beds, dipping at high angles generally and to the east-south-east or west-north-west. Owing to the large percentage of mica they are not so strong and durable as the true gneisses and granite ; and are apt to flake off and disintegrate on long exposure. Some of the more feldspathic beds and the granitic veins and dikes afford a stronger and better material. But the general mass is at best of an inferior character. The excavations for streets and the grading of hills has yielded a very large amount of stone for foundations and inner walls. The Forty-second street reservoir is an example of the best of the island gneiss, St. Matthews’s Lutheran Church, Broome street, is another. ForpHaM, WeEsTcHESTER County.—St. John’s College has a quarry on its property nearly a half mile east of the college, and on the corner of the Boulevard and Pelham avenue. There are two openings, of which the larger, measures, approximately 140 feet by 50 feet and 25 feet deep. The strata dip 82° to 86° S$. 65° E. The stone is a micaceous gneiss, consisting of brown-black mica in lamine, parallel with the bedding and alternating with quartz and feldspar. It has a bluish-gray shade of color, and hence is known as ‘ blue- stone.” Owing to the mica the stone splits readily in planes parallel to the bedding, and is squared easily into blocks for heavy walls. And blocks 25 feet long, 6 feet wide can here be obtained. There is no water 26 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. to be raised, and the quarry is worked to advantage on account of the little stripping and the ease with which the rock can be split. The two new buildings of the college are built of this ‘‘ bluestone,” dressed and laid in course work. Another quarry in the micaceous gneiss is seen at the south side of Pelham avenue, near the College quarry, but it is small and not worked to any extent. HARTSDALE, WESTCHESTER County.—Near Hartsdale station, on the Harlem railroad, a gneiss rock is quarried for the local market. It has been used at White Plains in the court-house and jail build- ings, and in the bank building near the court-house, and also in a church. ‘The stone is substantial and durable, but rather unsightly, on account of some of the weathered, rusty, reddish-brown blocks, due to iron stains. Gneiss rock is quarried south-east of White Plains; and it can be seen in the Methodist Episcopal church on the main street. It does not show the same iron stains as the Hartsdale rock. ScARSDALE, WESTCHESTER County.—Several openings, which are known as the Seely quarries, are to the west of the road to Green- ville and on the ridge, a half a mile west-north-west of the Scarsdale railroad station. The main opening is at the south-east and near the corner of the road. It is about 80 x 25 feet and 5 to 18 feet deep. The rock is gneiss, thick-bedded and grayish in color. The strata dip 72° north, 57° west. The smaller openings are west and north- west of the main one, and between them the same massive hed of rock is exposed and having the same dip of its strata. The principal minerals of the rock are quartz, feldspar and a little black mica, and these minerals in parallel lines and layers give the gneiss a foliated structure. The exposed ledges near the quarry show very little alteration due to weathering ; and are firm and solid, indicating a strong and durable stone. Blocks of large size, up to 40 feet in length and 15 feet wide, have been taken out. The plant consists of one engine, one derrick and two steam drills. There is no water. Stone from this quarry has been used for bridge work for the Bronx River aqueduct, and also for the Williamsbridge Reservoir gate- house. The stone seems specially adapted for heavy work. The quarry is worked at intervals according to the demand, and the stone carted by team to the railroad station. GRANITES, SYENITES AND GNEISSES. 27 Hastines, WESTCHESTER County.—Gneiss rock has been quar- ried on the river bluff, one mile south of the railroad station at Has- tings. The bluff has been worked back to an height of 40 feet and a length of 250 feet. The strata dip 75°, in an east-south-east direc- tion. One system of joints runs with the strike, north 35° east and dips about 15° to the north-west. A second system runs south-east and is vertical. A third system runs in a south-easterly direction also, but dips at a moderate angle to the south-west. The beds at the south end are thick, and stone of large size can easily be obtained. ‘The more westerly beds, which are at the north end of the quarry, are more schistose and thin. The stone is hard to cut, but splits straight in the planes of the beds. The thick beds afford large blocks for bridge work. ‘The thin strata are worked up into common wall stone and foundations, and these latter are quarried by individuals at intervals. The quarry is owned and worked by the New York Cen- tral Railroad Company, but is not constantly in operation. Hastines.—What is known as ‘‘ Munson’s quarry,” is three-quar- ters of a mile east-south-east of Hastings. It is the property of Wm. G. Lefurgy. And it was first opened in 1850. The opening is at the south-west end of a high, rocky ridge of micaceous gneiss, whose beds dip at an angle of 70° to the south-east. It runs about 300 feet into the hill, and has an average width of 100 feet. The bedding is very regular and even, and the beds are nearly all thin. The rock is a biotite gneiss, which has a gray and striped appearance, due to alternate, thin layers of black mica and thicker layers of feldspar and quartz. It is fine crystalline. It is readily split in planes parallel to the bedding or broken crosswise, if not shattered by blasting. There is no water to be pumped, and there is no machinery other than a hoisting crane. The stone is carted to the river. The larger stone is shipped to New York city for foundation walls ; the smaller blocks are used for common walls ; and some is cut into curbing. The gla- ciated, outcropping ledges at the north of the quarry show little signs of weathering. From five to fifteen men are employed steadily in the quarry. J. N. Ferguson’s quarry is on the same ridge, and about 80 rods to the north-east. It has been opened three years. The beds dip at an angle of 70° to the south-east. The stone resembles that of Lefurgy’s quarry. The beds are from 6 to 12 inches thick. And the adjacent outcrops are a proof of the durability of the stone 98 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. when exposed to the weather. The stone is carted by teams to the dock at Hastings, whence it is shipped for foundations and building generally. Yonxers.—Valentine quarry. This old quarry consists of two small open cuts on ledges, which crop out in front of the Valentine house, on the top of the hill, two miles south-east of Yonkers and on the Mount Vernon road. The openings are only a few rods long, and not over 12 feet in depth, and about 20 yards wide. The strata stand on edge and their strike is north 55° east. The stone of this quarry is a grayish-black, striped mass. The quarry has not been worked of late years. Tarrytown.—The old Beekman quarry is on lands of A. C. Kings- land, one and a quarter miles north of Tarrytown, and at the east side of the railroad track. It was worked largely in. former years ; latterly, the quarrying of some stone for building walls is all that is done. The quarry hasa length of about 800 feet; a breadth of 80 to 160 feet, and, at the back, is 50 feet deep. The strata dip 55° to 80° south, 65° east. There is much variation in the rock. Some of it, at the north end, is schistose and thin-bedded. The stone, which is quarried, is a massive-bedded, granitoid gneiss, gray to flesh- colored ; and hard and compact, although easily dressed. Blocks of large size can be obtained. Being above the tide level and conve- nieutly located on railroad and river, this quarry has advantages for working. Kensico, WESTCHESTER County.—On the east side of the Bronx River reservoir at Kensico, north-east of the dam, and a quarter of a mile from the station, gneiss has been quarried extensively for the construction of the reservoir dam and for local use. The opening at the side of the reservoir has a face 50 feet high and a total length of 600 feet from north to south. The beds dip 30° to 40° north, 60° west. The stone is a granitoid gneiss, in thick beds, of gray color. Back of it and lying upon it are thin beds of schistose rock, which is valueless as building stone. There are two main systems of joints; one runs north 45° west, and the other north 65° west. A third system of joints dips about 40° east-south-east, and runs nearly in the course of the strike of the beds, z. e., north 30° east. These seams or joints break the mass into blocks of large size. The disadvantage at this quarry seems to be that the thick bedded gneiss is confined to a nar- row belt in the more micaceous and schistose rock. GRANITES, SYENITES AND GNEISSES. 29 Unton VaLuey, Putnam County.—-The quarry of Jackson & E. Ganung. These quarries are four miles, by the road, from the town of Croton Falls, and a half a mile south of Union Valley, in the town of Carmel. They are small. The beds dip 75° to the north-west. A prominent joint system runs east and west, dipping about 80° north ; somewhat wavy in its course. The stone has a striped appear- ance, due to black mica and white feldspar alternating in thin layers, from one-eighth to half an inch thick. The main use of this stone is for posts and foundations. Some of it has been used for monuments and a little for buildings also. A good example of it can be seen in the house of Mr. Todd, one mile south-west of Croton Falls. The quarries are worked irregularly and for local market. Thestone is durable, as shown by the weathered ledges in the quarry, but it is not capable of beiug polished, and when dressed and rubbed it has a wavy and striped appearance, which is not altogether pleasing to the eye. Ramapo, Rockuanpd CountTy.—A gneissic rock is quarried south of Ramapo village on lands of Henry L. Pierson. The quarry is in the steep face of a low ridge —and about fifty rods west of the line of the N. Y. L. E.& W. R.R. The hill side has been worked to a height of nearly one hundred feet above the valley level at the east. The rock is a syenite gneiss or hornblendic granite and is so massive- bedded that the stratification is not plain. A well-marked joint system has a course of few degrees north of west and dips steeply southward. A second system of joints runs vertically, south. The stone is red flesh-colored. It splits ¢rwe and is not difficult to dress for heavy, squared masonry, for which it is specially suited on account of its strength, durability and the large size of blocks which can be obtained. ‘The quarrying is scarcely more than the throwing off by large blasts of great masses of the stone which are subsequently broken up into desired sizes. A little of this stone has been used for monumental work. The stone for the Hon. Abram S. Hewitt’s house, at Ringwood, N. J.; and for some of the Erie railroad bridges is said to have come from this quarry. The place is easily worked, as there is no water, and no hoisting as from a quarry in excavating, and it is convenient to railway. Over the hill to the west, and near the New Jersey line a granite quarry has been opened by John L. Rowland, and a little stone taken out. Blocks of large size can here be obtained, but owing to the hilly road and the distance it is not worked to any extent. 30 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. SUFFERN, RockLanp County.— Granite for cemetery posts and for monumental bases has been quarried for years past from the side of the ledges a quarter of a mile west of Suffern station and at the side of the Ramapo road. The stone is greenish-gray in color, but. weathers to a reddish-brown cast. It is hard to cut and dress, but is durable. A very little of it is used by Wm. Copeland, at Suffern, for cemetery work. PEEKSKILL.—Hudson River Granite Company’squarry. This com- pany is opening a granite quarry on a rocky ledge about two miles north-west of Peekskill and east-north-east of Iona island. It is on the land of the Van Cortlandt estate. The entire point, which is pierced by a railroad tunnel, is almost bare of soil and earth ; and an im- mense mass of solid rock is in sight. Its slightly weathered surface indicates the durability of the stone, and the absence of bedding planes will enable the quarrymen to get out large blocks. The stone is gray — flesh-colored, medium fine-crystalline and consists of feld- spar, quartz and hornblende. The parallelism in the arrangement of the minerals shows the grazn of the stone to dip steeply, east-south-east. A track has been built from the quarry, down on the slope of the hill to the river, where there is a dock. The chief product is to be paving blocks. Wesr Pornt.—West of the academy buildings and on the side of the hill gneiss rock has been uncovered and quarried for the con- struction of the Government buildings. The most southern quarry is south-south-west of the Observatory, and a quarter of a mile from it. The rock isa biotite gneiss. It dips 40° to 50° S. 75° E. The opening is 100 feet long, 40 feet wide and about 18 feet deep. A second opening is 150 yards north-west and is 150 feet by 75 and 15 feet deep. The rock here is rather more massive-bedded and gray in color. The beds dip 88° E. SE. North of Fort Putnam and west of the Acad- emy there are three almost connected openings, and within 200 feet of the road. The bedding of these quarries is not so plain as in the more southern openings. The dip is 25 to 30° E. SE., . and the rock shows a pitch to the NE. at an angle of 25°. The rock is fine-crystalline and hard ; and the ledges about these open- ings are a proof of the durability of the stone. North of the last described locality is an older quarry, and about 100 feet west of the road and a half a mile north-west of the Academy. Its extent, from east to west, is about forty yards, north to south thirty yards, and it GRANITES, SYENITES AND GNEISSES. 31 is ten to twenty-five feet deep. The dip is 20 to 25° S., 70° E. One system of joints runs vertically SE.; a second 8S. 70° E. and dipping 75° S. SW. The rock is a hard, solid, thick-bedded, granitoid gneiss, with little mica. The firm outcropping ledges about these quarries show the durability of the stone where exposed to the weather. The library building, and the old riding academy, and three of the professorial residences, as well as long lines of retaining walls, are constructed of the native rock from these quarries. The quarries and these examples of the use of gneiss in the Highlands are instructive and suggestive of other localities for opening such stone, and for its use where strength and solidity are wanted. Storm-Kinc Mountain Quarry.—Granite has been quarried from the south-east face of Storm-King mountain, near the West Shore railroad track, and a half a mile south of Cornwall station. The property is owned by M.C. Lawrie of New York. Great masses of rock have been thrown down by blasting, and subsequently broken up for building stone and into paving blocks. This stone has been used in buildings in New York city, and also in Washington, D. C. The cliff is about 100 feet in vertical height above the railroad track. The location is convenient to both the railroad and the water, and there is no pumping or hoisting as is necessary in the excavation from a quarry. The stone is a gray, moderately coarse-crystalline mixture of feldspar, quartz and a little mica. Its durability is attested by the scarcely weathered surfaces of the exposed ledges of the face. The locality has not been worked for several years. BREAKNECK Mountain Quarry.—-Granite has been quarried at several points on the south side of this mountain and north of Cold Spring. It is at least sixty years since the locality began to be worked. And at long intervals quarrying has been carried on up to the present time. These quarry sites extend back nearly a mile from the river. The work has been to detach blocks of large size by blasts, and then to break them up into convenient sizes for building stone or into paving blocks. The present quarry is on lands of Lewis J. Bailey, and is worked for both building and paving stone, the latter by William V. Smith of New York. And acrusher breaks stone for roads. The quarry is at the east side of the railroad, and extends up the mountain side to a height of 500 feet. The stone are shipped by boats at dock on the property. The stone is a gray to gray-white, coarse-crystalline hornblendic granite. 32 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. LittLe Fauis.—Gneiss, or, as it is here known, the ‘‘ blue rock,” has been used a great deal in Little Falls, on account of its numerous outcrops and the necessary openings in it for the construction of the Erie canal, the New York Central railroad, and the excavations for buildings. No regular quarries have been opened ; nor is it exported for construction elsewhere. The rock has a greenish-gray shade, and is moderately fine-crystalline in texture. It is hard and a durable building stone, as can be seen by the ledges outcropping in the valley and in the old structures and walls built of it. The stone was used in several mill buildings, in the R. C. church, in the new school, in the Presbyterian church and other buildings in the town. Witton, Saratoga County.— Granite is quarried in the town of Wilton, two miles north of Saratoga, on the eastern slope of a gneiss rock ridge, and about 80 feet above the plain. The open- ing is in the face of a south sloping ledge which rises 100 feet or so above the quarry. The beds are thick and dip about 40° south-south-west. The rock is divided by a joint system, which runs north-north-east, and dips steeply east-south-east. The bed which is now worked is about 15 feet thick. The opening has a breadth of about 100 feet and is about 60 feet deep. The plant of the quarry consists of one derrick, and a shed for dressing. The stone is light gray in color, and is plainly stratified; and in places shows lines of black mica which are in sharp contrast with the white quartz and feldspar ; and it is rather fine and crystalline. Some red garnet is present in small nodular masses. The stone can be split with the rz/t or grain of the mass. It is hard, but dresses érwe and readily. The weathered ledges all about the quarry show that it is very slightly affected by long exposure. One objection to this stone for building purposes is the garnet which gives the mass a brown, and in some cases a spotted appearance, which is not pleasing. Very little of it has been used as building stone. The greater part of the product has gone into paving blocks, some of which have been laid in Albany, some in Cohoes and other places. The quarry is one mile from the D. & H. C. Co.’s railroad station, and the stone is shipped over that line. The quarry is worked by A. N. Brady, of Albany. North-west of the Wilton quarry granite has been worked in the town of Greenfield, but only to a limited extent. The quarries are now idle. Granite has been quarried at the side of the Adirondack railway near Wolf Creek or Quarry Switch, as the place is now known. The GRANITES, SYENITES AND GNEISSES. 33 property is owned by George Marks, of West Troy. The opening is a few rods west of the railroad line and a little way up on the point of the ridge. The stone is properly a gneiss rock. It was worked for a time, and some of the stone was sent to Albany for the new capitol foundation. ADIRONDACK GRANITE COMPANY, WESTPORT, Essex CountTy.—~ A granite quarry was opened in 1881 on the shore of Lake Cham- plain and on the Splitrock tract, by the Champlain Granite and Marble Company. Very little work was done that year. The locality was reopened in 1887 by the present company. The quarry is reported to be one-third of a mile from the wharf in Barron Rock bay and at an elevation of 500 to 600 feet above the lake. The specimens submitted to Prof. Hall in 1881, were reported by him to contain labradorite, hornblende, quartz and a small pro- portion of dark-brown mica.* The stone is said to receive a good polish, and a monument in the Middlebury, Vermont, cemetery shows that it retains the polish. The quarry is two and a half miles from the line of the D. & H. C. Co.’s N. Y. & Canada railroad. Av SaBLe Granite, Essex County.—The quarries of the Au, Sable Granite Company are on the north slope of Prospect Hill, one and a half miles south of Keeseville, and in Essex county. There are two openings, a little more than 100 yards apart. They were made in ledges whose surfaces were glaciated. The lower quarry is to the northward, and has a maximum depth of 20 feet. The joints which appear in the rock at this place are smooth and irregular. One runs south 55° west. The others are not so regular. Another system of joints runs south 10° east. The rock at this quarry is coarser in crystallization than that of the upper quarry. The mineral con:position is labradorite, hornblende, quartz and here and there a scale of brown mica. The weathered rock has a light-gray shade, due to the alteration of the feldspar in the long ages since the close of the glacial epoch. The upper quarry is about twenty rods south 10° west of the lower, and is at least 100 feet higher up on the hill. The original surface was steeply sloping north-west, and the earth covering was thin. One main set of joints is vertical, and runs south 40° west. A second one dips in the same direction. A third has a south-easterly *Report to company in their circular. 34 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. course, and dips steeply north-east. These joints or seams are usually from four to six feet apart, hence the blocks as made by these joints are large. This subdivision of the rock facilitates the quarrying of large masses, which are afterward broken into sizes by means of plug and feather wedges; and very little powder is used, as there is no blasting except to throw off the surface stone. The joints also help in the working into the hillside east and south and upward. As the quarries are on the side of the hill, and are not yet deep, there is need of very little pumping. There is one derrick for hoist- ing stone at the lower quarry and one at the upper quarry. At the upper quarry a track runs from the quarry to the dump where the waste rock is thrown out. All of this stone on the dump would answer for ordinary building purposes, but owing to the lack of a local market it is practically useless. The glaciated ledges, with their rounded, grooved and polished surfaces, near the quarries on this side of the hill, both above and below them, show very little alteration by exposure to the weather ; and the durability of the stone is proven by the very slight tendency to alteration in these surface outcrops. The quantity of stone is apparently unlimited. The distance to the railroad or lake at Port Kent, which is the nearest point to rail or boat, is the only serious drawback, as all of the stone has to be hauled by teams to that point or Douglass station. The company has its dressing and monumental works in Keeseville, and the product goes into market, dressed. On account of its hardness and the cost of dressing, the Au Sable granite cannot compete with limestones or sandstones for common wall work, but for decorative or monumental work it is especially adapted, because of the high polish which it receives and its beauty. The dark, polished surface, with its chatoyant play of colors, is both beau- tiful and pleasing, in contrast with the substantial-looking, gray, dressed surfaces. And lettered work is thus sharply defined in the dark ground. This granite has been used for interior decoration in a church in Philadelphia. It is being putinto the trimmings of the Y. M. C. A. building at Burlington, Vermont. For monuments it has had a wide market. Another quarry is opened in the granite on this (Prospect) hill, about a quarter of a mile south-west of the Au Sable Granite Com- pany’s openings. It is idle. One mile west of Keeseville, Clinton county, the granite has been opened by a Glens Falls party. GRANITES, SYENITES AND GNEISSES. 35 GRINDSTONE IsLAND, JEFFERSON CountTy.—A red granite is quar- ried extensively on this island in the St. Lawrence river, north-west of Clayton. There are many outcrops, especially on the western side of the island; and small quarries have been opened at more than twenty different points. Three of them are large and worthy of notice here. Gorpon’s QuaRRY is about a half a mile from the north-west side of the island. There are two openings, at the east and west ends re- spectively, of a low, rocky ledge, which rises twenty feet above the surrounding surface and sixty feet above the river. On the west paving blocks are made ; on the east a large part of the stone goes into buildings. The vertical joints run nearly north and south, and are used in blasting apart the great blocks of stone. Afterwards | these blocks are split by plug and feather wedges. As the stone splits ¢rwe, and blocks of large, rectangular shapes are readily got, it makes an excellent heavy-wall stone. And it is used for massive foundation work. The stone is red and coarse-crystalline. It is worked for the International Granite Company of Montreal. The stone are shipped by boat down the St. Lawrence. THe CuicaGo GRANITE COMPANY’S QUARRY is on a north-west facing hill side, about 1,000 feet from the bay and river, and in a great rounded ledge of rock. The excavation has a length of 100 yards from north to south, and at the most is not more than forty feet in depth. It is all above natural drainage. The seams or joints, dividing the rock, appear to be irregular and not continuous. The stone splits most readily in planes which dip to the eastward. It is red, mostly coarse-crystalline, but varies in texture from point to point. Imbedded and rudely spheroidal masses of a gray, granitoid rock, of much finer grain, occur in the red granite, and are here known as ‘‘ knots.” This quarry has been opened for five years. The output has been nearly all in the form of paving blocks, and has been sold to western cities. A tramway, 1,000 feet long, connects the quarry with the wharf, at which there is a mean depth of twelve feet of water. THE THOUSAND IsLAND GRANITE COMPANY’S QUARRY is on the point of a rocky promontory which projects north-west into the river, and is on the northwest side of the island. It is at least a quarter of a mile east of the Chicago company’s quarry, and is in a rocky knob, 36 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. which was originally bare, and at an elevation of sixty-two feet above the river. Vertical joints traverse the rock in two directions ; north 35° west, and north 35° east. The first are known as “headers,” and the latter as ‘‘grain seams.” And the rock splits more readily in lines or planes parallel to the latter. The stone is coarse-crystal- line, bright red in color, very hard and strong.* Its mineral constit- uents are feldspar, quartz, brown-black mica, hornblende and some calcite. Scattering crystals of pyrite are seen in places, with hornblende. ‘‘ Knots” of the red-gray, gneissic rock, occur here also, imbedded in the red, coarse-crystalline matrix. Its dura- bility is witnessed by the unaltered or scarcely altered rock, which is exposed on all sides of this rocky promontory. It breaks readily into sizes for paving blocks. In the process of quarrying the practice is to put in deep holes, and with a large blast throw out great masses of rock, which are then worked up into building stone and paving blocks. Blocks twenty feet long, six by six feet, are readily obtained. In fact, the limit in size is the shipping capacity and the means for handling. Three quarry derricks and one loading derrick are worked by steam. Tracks run from the quarries to the dressing levels, and then to the dock. There is eighteen feet depth of water at the dock. The greater part of the product of this quarry is shipped to western cities, principally Cincinnati and Chicago ; and mostly for paving streets.t A great deal is shipped to Montreal for monumental work and for building stone. The price ranges from $1.00 to $2.00 per cubic foot, in‘sizes under 20 cubic feet. The waste is used at Montreal for granulyte pavement. The stone from this quarry can be seen in the columns in the Senate chamber of the new capitol at Albany. They were quarried at the end of the bluff, and not far from the original surface. At present the workings are deeper, and the stone is better. This quarry has been opened seven years. The granite is apparently inexhaustible. All of the stone from these quarries on Grindstone island is shipped by boat to Chicago, Toledo, Montreal or other points of destination. MARBLES. New Yorx Crry.—The white limestone was quarried for marble on Manhattan island near Kingsbridge, and used in the construction * The resemblance to the Scotch granite, has given the name of “ International Scotch granite” to this stone. t One million paving blocks were sold last year (1887). And 100 to 120 men are employed all the year. s MARBLES. 37 of buildings, but nothing has been done there for a long time. The stone is impure and somewhat crumbly on surface ledges, and is not a good marble. At Morrisania some stone has been quarried for bridge construc- tion ; also at Mott Haven, both in the white or yellow-white crystal- line limestone, but they cannot be called marbles in a proper sense. At Tremont (WESTCHESTER County), St. John’s College owns a marble quarry on Third avenue. ‘The dip of the strata is 66° to 70° S., 60° E. One prominent joint system runs N. 20° W.and ‘dips 80° S. 70° W. A second system dips a few degrees north- west. The stone is a white, crystalline marble, and was used in trimmings for St. John’s College. Its contrast in color with the dark-blue gneiss in the college buildings is striking and effective. This quarry is worked for the college work, and not for the public market. . A white marble was formerly quarried on the east side of Wash- ington avenue, and near One Hundred and Seventy-eighth street and Tremont. The strata here dips 80° §., 55° E. The opening is only about 100 feet long, 50 feet wide and 15 feet deep. The quarry of Caleb Hillman is on the south side of East One Hundred and Seventy-eighth street, between Third and Madison avenues. The rock has been opened for a length of 200 feet on the strike of the beds and about 60 feet in width. The dip here is 80° S., 57° E. The opening is not over 10 feet deep. The stone obtained is white and fine-crystalline. Some of the bed ' faces show a little yellowish mica, and in some parts of the beds a white tremolite is observed. The quarry was opened thirty years ago. North of this quarry of Hillman’s a few rods is another and older opening which is 200 feet long by about 15 feet in depth, running from One Hundred and Seventy-ninth street southward. This latter quarry is not now worked. Hillman sells marble for steps, lintels, etc., and for house trimmings. There is no water and no machinery is used. These marble quarries in Tremont are worked irregularly as the demand calls for the stone, and the output in the aggregate is com- paratively small and unimportant. TucKAHOE, WESTCHESTER CountTy.—The marble quarries at Tucka- hoe are opened in a depression or narrow valley at the eastern foot 38 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. of a low ridge and east of the Harlem railroad. They are in a line from north-north-east to south-south-west, and between a quarter of a mile and one mile from the Tuckahoe railroad station. The crystalline limestone makes a narrow belt between the mica schists which bound it On the west and on the east sides. And its beds appear to be con- formable with the schistose strata. The north-eastern quarry is on land of the Stewart estate. The quarry was partly filled with water when visited, and the outcropping strata and upper part of the walls alone were then seen. The dip of the beds is 70° N. 60° W. Thestone is white to bluish-white, coarse- crystalline, and contains some scattering, small scales of white mica. On the joint faces tremolite crystals are common. This quarry has been idle for twenty years, and the mill at the south side of the quarry is in ruins, The marble in the Stewart mansion, Fifth avenue and Thirty-fourth street, New York, was got here. About 100 rods south-west of Stewart’s quarry is that of Youngs, which is 200 yards long on a line with the strike, and 100 feet wide, opposite the mill, and 30 feet wide at the south end and 40 feet deep. The beds dip 75° N. 55° to 60° W. The stone is white, and rather coarser-crystalline than that of the Stewart quarry. The association of the marble and the foliated, schistose gneiss on the west side of the quarry is interesting, and the two rocks are seen almost in contact and have the same regular dip to the west-north-west. At the west side of the quarry there is a substan- tial marble mill with six gangs of saws, and two large derricks stand on the same side of the quarry. This quarry was idle the last year. The New York Quarry Company (J. M. Masterton) owns the next quarry to the south. And it the largest of the Tuckahoe quarries. When visited a part of it was filled to a depth of 60 feet with water, and above it the sides were about 60 feet high on the west and 20 feet at the east. The rock here has a dip of 70° west- north-west, and it is traversed by two systems of joints, of which one crosses the quarry, dipping 80° north, and the other rolls to the south-east, with an average dip of 30°. The stone is coarse-crystal- line and pure white. On the east side of the quarry the mill, engine- house and five derricks are placed. Two lime kilns at the south end, burn the spalls and the stone not used for building, into lime, The ridge‘of mica schist at the west has its beds in conformity with the beds of crystalline limestone’,at the west border of the quarry. The Tuckahoe quarries were first opened about 1820.“ And buildings MARBLES. 39 erected sixty years ago show the excellent ‘quality of this marble. Although so much has been taken out, the belt of stohe is by no means exhausted.* And with a revival in the marble trade these quarries could meet a large demand. When worked in 18738 the Masterton quarry is reported to have produced 200,000 cubic feet of marble. Formerly the stone was carted direct by teams to tide- water on the Harlem river. Latterly shipments have been by rail. And all are convenient to railroad. Blocks 27 feet by 43 feet by 24 feet have been dressed and put in the U.S. Custom-house at New Orleans. The U.S. Post-office at Washington, the U.S. Treasury building in New York, the City Hall in Brooklyn, are public build- ings constructed of Tuckahoe marble. Besides these there are in New York city the Mutual Life Insurance building, the Fourth National Bank, the Park Bank, Herald building, Manhattan Life Insurance building, Stewart mansion, Ninth National Bank building, Arnold block on Broadway. In Boston there are the Sears building, Vendome Hotel, Revere Bank, Montgomery building, and many others. THe Bates MarstE Quarry.—This quarry is situated a half a mile south-east of the Scarsdale railroad station, and in the south end of a low ridge of limestone. It is about 120 yards long by 50 yards wide. The strata dip 45° N. 20° W. On the surface the outcrops of the white limestone or marble are weathered and the stone is friable. The quarry has not been worked in some years and is partially filled with water. THE SNow-FuaKke MarsitE Quarry.—This quarry is one mile south-east of Pleasantville in Westchester county. It is known as the Snow-Flake Marble Company’s quarry, of which A. L. Pritch- ard is the manager. ‘The place has been opened as a quarry about thirty-five years. The opening has a length of about 500 feet from south-west to north-east. The extreme breadth does not exceed 400 feet. The covering of earth on the rock varies from a thin soil to 10 feet deep, but the strépping is thicker as the upper beds and some of the top rock is worthless. There is very little water, and that which accumulates is siphoned out into the adjoining Cornell quarry. For- merly the stone was cut by channelling machine, and worked up in the mill, which is located near the quarry. At the present time the *These quarries are in the town of Eastchester and they are described in Mather’s Report on the First District as ‘‘ Eastchester Marble Quarry.”—See Mather’s Report, page 454. 40 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. practice is to blast dowi great masses of rock, which are broken up into suitable blocks for building stone, and which are sent into the market rough dressed. The mill has not been worked for the past two years. This marble is white and very coarse-crystalline ; hence its name. It is somewhat harder than the Vermont marble and does not compete with the latter for monumental work. It was used in the St. Patrick’s Roman Catholic cathedral, Fifth avenue, and in the front of the Union Dime Savings Bank building, Sixth avenue and Thirty-second street, New York city; also in the M. E. church in Sing Sing. Hastines, WestcHEesteR County.—The marble quarry on the bank of the Hudson, south of the Hudson River Railroad station, has been idle for a long time. The stone is a dolomitic limestone, white, and rather fine-crystalline. Sine Srve.—-A large quarry in the crystalline limestone, east of the prison and on the State property, was formerly worked for marble. The workings extend for a quarter of a mile from north-east to south-west, but the stone now raised is burned into lime. The old (marble) quarry is higher and nearer the surface than the. present quarry floor. And the stone which is now taken out is, apparently, more durable and stronger than much of the marble. Some of it has a yellow-white shade, but the mass is white. In texture it is fine- crystalline. This old quarry is famous for the buildings which have been con- structed of its stone. The State prison buildings here and the State Hall at Albany are examples.* At Sparta, south of Sing Sing, marble is quarried by a New York city firm. The opening is at the east side of the main road and is about 200 feet long, north and south, and varies from 60 feet to 90 feet in width. The extreme depth is 40 feet. The beds dip 55° east- south-east. The marble has a yellowish-white shade of color, and is fine-crystalline. The outcropping ledges at the side of the quarry show that the surface rock is friable and crumbles readily to a sandy mass. The stone at the bottom is solid and apparently more durable. * It is interesting here to refer to a statement made by Mather in his Report on the First District, p. 455, in which he says that ‘‘ many blocks of this rock were brought to Albany for the construction of the new State Hall, that were already crumbling ; but whether they were put in the structure, or rejected by the builders, as they ought to have been, I do not know.” Probably not, as we know the structure ! MARBLES. 41 The white limestone in the DovER Puatns-PaTTERSON V ALLEY, has been worked at several points near Dover Plains, South Dover and Patterson for marble. The first quarry was opened on the Ketcham farm on Dover Plains, and near the foot of the East Mountain. It has been idle many years. Another quarry is on lands of Horace D. Hufcutt, and on the eastern side of the valley. The stone igs white to bluish-white and rather fine-crystalline, and dresses easily. A plainly marked set of joints traverses the rock, dipping 75° north. The quarry is small, and but little stone has been taken out of it of late years. The quarry of Geo. W. Ketcham is on the east side of the road, two and a quarter miles from Dover Plains. The strata here have been opened for a length of 300 yards on a line with the strike, $.5° to 8° W.., and for an average breadth of 70 feet and a depth of 25 to 50 feet. The strata dip 85° to 90°S. 82° to 85° E. One vertical joint system runs east and west, dipping steeply south. A second system is nearly horizontal, dipping a few degrees westward. There are two varieties of stone in this quarry, white and blue; but these varieties are ap- parently intermixed without order, sometimes in the same bed. About thirty feet of the stone is above the natural drainage. This quarry was opened by Mr. Ketcham in 1840 and was in operation up to 1883, since which time it has been idle. It was worked extensively, and for a time the annual output amounted to 40,000 square feet of stone. The whole went into monumental work. Near South Dover marble was formerly quarried on a large scale at the Preston and McMichael quarries. The Preston quarries are two miles north-east of South Dover railroad station. The western opening is about half way up on the western slope of a long, low ledge of white limestone. The strata dip 60° westward. The beds are thick. The stone is white, containing more or less scales of white mica, scattered through it and is rather coarse-crystalline. The weathered or exposed ledges of this ridge appear quite solid and not much disintegrated. In the quarry the top stone is soft and crumbly. The eastern opening is on the east side of the ridge ; it is about 375 feet long and 100 feet wide. The quarry face is 30 feet high. The dip is westward. A very marked set of joints dips 30° eastward. The quarry has not been worked in years, and the marble mill has been used for a tobacco drying-house. There is a marble quarry, one mile south-east of Pawling, on the Patterson road, which has been idle for many years. 42 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. At Towner’s Four Corners, in Putnam county, marble is quarried for common walls and foundations. The marble quarries in the town of Dover were worked vigorously about forty years ago: the product was grave-stones mainly. The quarries are shallow excavations, and unlike the deep, underground quarries in Vermont. And the stone from these upper beds is prob- ably not as solid and compact as that from deeper workings would be, nor as free from seams. Old analyses show it to be a dolomitic stone. But what portions may be less magnesian or even pure lime- stone is not known. Generally the stone is fine-grained, and much of it from the surface crumbles down to a granular mass on long ex- posure. It is not as coarse-crystalline as the Westchester county marbles, New Lepanon, CoLtumBiA County.—The marble quarries in this town were opened about fifty years ago. But they have been abandoned for many years. GOUVERNEDR, St. LAWRENCE Co.—At Governeur there are two companies at work quarrying marble —the St. Lawrence Marble Company and the Whitney Marble Company. Their works and quar- ries are located south-west of the village, about one mile distant. The St. Lawrence Marble Company’s quarry is on the east side of the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg railroad line. This quarry was opened in 1878. The quarry is 100 x 90 feet and 70 feet deep, and at the side there is an additional area of 90 x 50 feet, from which the earth has been removed, leaving the marble ready for quarrying. The beds have a dip of 22°, and west of north. At the top the stone is light gray, the bottom is dark blue (resembling, when dressed, some of the gray granites). Both varieties are coarse-crystalline. At the junction of the two there are some impurities, due to a foreign admixture of mica and brown tourmaline and, rarely, pyrite, but this impure stone is thrown out as waste. The stone is very solid but splits most readily in the lines of the bedding. It is readily dressed, and is said to cut more easily than the Sutherland Falls marble, but it is not as soft as that of Rutland, Vermont. The crystalline rock, where uncovered, shows deep glacial furrows and smooth and polished surfaces. The covering of earth varies from a few inches to twelve feet in thickness. The stone is cut out by channelling machines, and the quarry proper may be said to be a rectangular pit, whose sides are nearly vertical. Very little water is met with in the quarry. Steam power is used for raising the water. . MARBLES. 43 No powder is used and the stone is all cut out by machinery. The equipment consists of one steam derrick, a steam pump, four Sullivan diamond channelling machines, and one Ingersoll gadding machine. The mill for working up the stone is new and complete in its plan and equipment. A track from the quarry runs along the south side of the mill, and the large blocks as quarried are carried on cars directly to the works. There are sixteen gangs of saws with automatic feed, one rubbing bed and one turning lathe, and hoisting derrick for loading cut stone on the cars at the mill. The water for the works is cbtained from a bored well 450 feet deep. The great use of this marble is for monuments. A large amount is sold for rock-ashlar, mostly to the western markets. The price for rock-ashlar at the quarry aver- ages 25 cents per foot. The waste inferior stone is sold for common foundation and wall work in the village. The Whitney Marble Company’s quarry lies to the east of the St. Lawrence quarry and on the other side of the railroad track. The new quarry of this company measures 65 x 50 feet and 28 feet in depth. The earth on top of the stone is scarcely more than the thickness of the soil. The beds of marble dip 20° north, but a few yards away the dip is 25° north 30° east, showing considerable variation from point to point. The upper stone in this quarry is light in color and the bottom blue. Of the latter there is a thick- ness of 12 feet. A little mica and some tourmaline are noticed in the stone in the south-east corner of the quarry. In general the stone resembles that of the St. Lawrence Company’s quarry, and is rather coarse-crystalline. In the quarry work one derrick, one Sul- livan diamond channelling machine and one gadding machine are used. The quarry water is used for the boilers to run the machines. There is a small opening a few yards north of the present quarry, where some stone has been obtained. The old quarry on this prop- erty is about 150 yards north-east of the present opening, and is near the mill. This old opening has the dimension of 80 feet x 30 feet and is 50 feet in depth. It is no longer worked. The percent- age of mica in the stone at the bottom makes it unfit for cutting or polishing, and hence the place is abandoned. One derrick still stands at the old quarry. The mill of this company has four gangs of saws, one rubbing table, one turning lathe and one loading der- rick. A switch connects the mill with the main line of the railroad track, one-eighth of a mile distant. The greater part of the product goes for monumental work, but a part is put on the market for building purposes. 44 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YorRK. The Gouverneur marble was employed at least fifty years ago for grave-stones, and in the Riverside cemetery, at Gouverneur, these old grave-stones, bearing dates from 1818 onward, can now be seen. As compared with the more recently introduced Vermont, white marble head-stones it is more durable; and there is not so luxuriant a growth of moss and lichen as on the Vermont stone, but in the case of the older Gouverneur stone some signs of decay and disintegration, particularly on the tops, are noticeable, and small pieces can be chipped off with the knife blade. The durability of the stone for | building purposes has been tested in some of the older structures in Gouverneur. Of course, it must be remembered that in them inferior and surface stone was used. Gouverneur marble may be seen in a number of business blocks in the village of Gouverneur ; in the Presbyterian church at Canton ; in the Flower Memorial church at Watertown ; in the county clerk’s office, Albion ; in three church buildings at Carthage ; in the Mer- rick block, Syracuse; and in the Belden houses, Bryant avenue, Chicago. Canton.—-A gray-white marble quarry is opened in this town, four miles easterly from Canton village. The stone is said to resemble that of the Gouverneur quarries. The place has not been worked lately. Verd-Antique Marble. THuURMAN.—A verd-antique marble is found in the town of Thur- man in Warren county. The locality is eight miles north-west of Thur- main station and five miles from Glendale, on the Adirondack railroad. The place was worked by a Saratoga company (the Verd-Antique Marble Co.) for three years, when it was abandoned. Some stone was cut and dressed at the quarry and put on the market, but it was seamy, and the quarry was not deep enough to test thoroughly the formation. The stone is yellowish-green (as represented by Museum block) and not the rich, deep shade characteristic of the precious serpentine. Bouton.—Serpentine occurs in this town also, but it is not quarried. Port Henry.—A beautiful, variegated, verd-antique marble has been opened near Port Henry, Essex county, but has not been devel- oped. It occurs associated with the white, crystalline limestone. Fine specimen blocks are in the State Museum collection. QUARTZYTES AND SANDSTONES, 45 II,—SUB-CRYSTALLINE AND FRAGMENTAL ROCKS, GROUP OF QUARTZYTE AND SANDSTONE. Potsdam Sandstone. Fort Ann, W AsHINGTON County.—Jenkins White’s quarry. The Potsdam sandstone is quarried at the side of the canal in a low bluff about two miles north of Fort Ann, and in the town of Fort Ann, Washington county. The working has opened the rock for over 100 yards in length, and the quarry face is at least 20 feet high. The beds have a gentle eastward dip and are traversed by vertical joints. The stone is grayish-white in color, hard and so close-grained as to resemble a quartzyte. The stone is used for building at White- hall, and is shipped by canal. WHITEHALL, WASHINGTON CountTy.—There is a fine section of the Potsdam sandstone to be seen in the cliff east of this town. The edges of the strata form an almost vertical rise of 100 feet. The stone is quarried out for common masonry, as foundations, retain- ing walls, etc., and is a cheap and valuable building material for such purpose. It is hard and strong. Its use is limited to the town. Port Henry, Essex Counry.—The Potsdam sandstone crops out at the side of the railroad, north of the railroad station, and in the hillside west of the town. These outcropping ledges have fur- nished stone for common walls and ordinary building purposes. The principal quarrying operations are on the hill, west of the town, and a quarter of a mile west of the Delaware and Hudson railroad line, and within half a mile of dock on the lake. ‘This quarry is owned and worked by L. W. Bond. The opening is about 100 yards long, on the upper side of the wagon road which ascends the hill ina southern direction. Only about 8 feet of beds have been worked. The dip of the strata is 15° easterly, and the beds are from one inch to 15 inches thick. The rock is divided vertically by joints which are irregular in their course, but have smooth faces generally. Near the surface the stone is weathered to a brownish color. There is no covering of earth on the stone. The quarrying operations consist in wedging off the beds without the use of blasting material. The stone are broken readily into convenient sizes, and the blocks are carted to the town, which is the principal market for this quarry. It is used for retaining walls, foundation walls, and for sidewalks. It sells at 50 cents per rod at the quarry, and at 75 cents delivered on cars 46 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. or boat in the town. A few men are employed for a part of the year, and the product of this quarry is comparatively small. KEESEVILLE.—The Potsdam sandstone which crops out at Keese- ville and at Au Sable Chasm, in both Essex and Clinton counties, affords a large amount of good building material for local construc- tion. It has been extensively used in these villages both in the public structures and in numerous private houses and stores, etc. On the Port Kent road, at the eastern end of the village of Keese- ville, the Prescott quarry is worked at intervals, according to the demand for building material and for flagging stone. The quarry- ing is simply the removal of the surface, outcropping strata ; and in this way a Jarge area has been worked over. The beds are thin, varying from two inches to one foot. They dip from 8° to 10° in an east-south-east direction. The stone has a grayish-white color, with some yellowish and darker gray bands. Across the road from this quarry the same formation is opened and worked quite down to the bank of the river. The beds are thin and dip eastward. The mate- rial obtained here is mostly for flagging purposes. On the right bank of the river, at the end of the village, and in Essex county, Richard Hoag quarries sandstone. The strata dip easterly about 10°. The main joints run vertically south. The beds are from three to 18 inches thick. Thestone is grayish-white in color, fine-grained and hard, and the face of the quarry is nearly 20 feet in height. This quarry is worked at intervals, according to the demand. Matong, FranKLIN CountTy.—Quarries have been long worked in -and near Malone, in the valley of the Salmon river, for the local market. Sydney A. Paddock, Antone Morris and Peter Bajin have quarries here. The stone is gray-drab with some of a reddish yellow color. Itis hard. The beds are usually thin and even. Natural face blocks are used whenever they can be had. And in the town all the foundation walls, the retaining walls, bridges, sidewalk stone and several buildings are of this sandstone. Its durability is attested by its good state of preservation in these structures. Porspam, St. LAWRENCE County.—The formation in which the quarries of sandstone above described are found derives its name from this locality. The Raquette river in its northward passage has cut through and exposed the strata of sandstone for several miles. Four quarries have been opened along the stream at an average dis- tance of three miles south-south-east of Potsdam. SSE, QUARTZYTES AND SANDSTONES, 47 The most southern quarry is owned by Mrs. Charles Cox. It was formerly worked by the Potsdam Sandstone Company. It is on the left bank of the river and close to the water. The covering of drift earth and sandstone strata is 20 to 30 feet thick at the west, and the same thickness was observed in the strata uncovered to the eastward. On the north the covering is only five feet thick. A striking feature of this quarry is the change in the direction of the strike, due apparently to a fault. At the west side the beds dip 35° to 38° S. 25° W., and the same dip and direction appear on the east side, but in the middle sec- tion of the quarry, having a breadth of 20 yards, approximately, the dip is 38° S. 65° W. The opening is not more than 90. yards long from north to south, and 50 yards wide at the north. The deeper part of the quarry has now 30 to 40 feet of water in it. The stone on the north side is thin-bedded, and these thin beds are worked for flagging and for crosswalk stone. The joints or ‘‘ cut-offs” are vertical, or nearly so, and run generally in an easterly and westerly direction. A second system of joints runs nearly vertically, north and south, and these joints are generally close enough together to give convenient size to the blocks. Some of the strata show oblique lamination, but in general the layers are parallel with the bedding planes. The lamination is prominent in the stone because of diverse coloring, being red, gray and black, and hence some of the dark-lined stone is here locally termed ‘“ black stone.” Very little work is done at this quarry and that is in getting flagging and crosswalk stone, and the stone is sold to dealers. The beds are wedged off by bars and split by sledging and hammer-dressed to sizes wanted. The quarry of Thomas §S. Clarkson is about a fourth of a mile down stream-on the left bank. The covering here is 50 feet thick, and consists of a glacial drift; and the upper surface of the stone is glaciated. The beds dip at an angle of 10° to the south-west. The The main joints run vertically in a south-westerly course. The face of this quarry opens to the south, and is about 100 yards long from east to west. Blocks of a very large size can here be obtained, as large as can be conveniently removed from the quarry. The drain- age is natural, and no machinery is employed. The great thickness of the covering on the quarry stone makes the working of this quarry expensive, and it is no longer worked vigorously as in former years. The stone is fine-grained, compact and hard, and mostly of a salmon color. The dark-lined or “black stone” is harder to dress than the lighter colored varieties. ! 48 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. THE PorspaM Rep SANDSTONE Company QuaARRy.-—This quarry is on the east side or the right bank of the Raquette river, about one- eighth of a mile above Clarkson’s, and at a point where there is a bend in the river. The earth covering on the stone at this quarry is of an average thickness of 10 feet—in places amounting to as much as 15 feet. The length of the quarry face is not more than 100 yards from north-north-west to south-south-east, and the total thickness of the quarry beds averages 25 feet. The dip is 22° N., 80° to 85° W. One system of joints, or ‘ cut-offs,” runs north and south, and dips easterly ; another system ‘courses north-west and dips 65° in a south- westerly direction. The first of these ‘‘ cut-offs ” is close, or what is known as a “tight joint.” They assist greatly in the work of quar- rying the stone. The beds in this quarry vary in thickness from four inches up to a maximum of six feet. Slabs four inches and upwards can be split off from these beds. The lamination is not as plain or as marked as it is in Clarkson’s quarry, and hence the stone has a more homogeneous texture and appearance. It is lighter in shade, and nearly salmon color, varying to a faint pink shade, which is pleasing to the eye. It splits readily in planes parallel to the beds. It is hard; hence difficult to dress, and its hardness is shown by the frequent necessity of sharpening the drills used in cutting up the stone. Very little powder and dynamite are used in breaking up the larger blocks. There are two derricks and four steam drills. On an average, forty men are employed in this quarry, and the working season continues until freezing weather. In winter the work of cut- ting and dressing the stone is carried on in the sheds, which are on the river bank at the quarry. About a quarter of a mile north of this quarry, and on the same side of the river, stone was formerly obtained for local uses, but this locality is no longer worked. All of the stone from these Potsdam quarries has to be hauled by teams to Potsdam for shipment. On account of its hardness and the increased expense of dressing, and its liability to split on the lines of Jamination, parallel to tbe beds, it is not so well adapted for fine cut- ting, but it is easily wrought and handsome for rock-ashlar. And for dwellings, its use is increasing rapidly. The Potsdam sandstone can be seen in the Florence Flats, Syra- cuse; All Saints’ Cathedral, Albany ; the Reid buildings, Seventh avenue and Sterling street, Brooklyn ; and in the Columbia College buildings, New York city. In the town of Potsdam the Normal QUARTZYTES AND SANDSTONES. 49 School buildings are of this stone ; also the Presbyterian church, the Universalist church, the Protestant Episcopal church, the Town Hall, and a number of store and dwelling-houses. Its durability has been tested in some of the old houses in the place, which are fifty to sixty years of age, and in which the stone is still sharp-edged, without a sign of scale or disintegration. The stone in the sidewalks in the town is from these quarries ; and it is admirable for flagging material, inasmuch as it does not wear smooth and become slippery, and dries quickly after being wet with rain. In order to facilitate the working of these quarries and increase their output, a railway from Potsdam to the quarries is projected. Hammonp, St. LAwrENcE County.—In the town of Hammond there are three sandstone quarries, which are now in operation: W. H. Stanley’s, a half a mile south of Rossie station ; D. E. Parmeter’s, one and a half miles north of the same station; and H. A. Foster’s, two and a half miles north of it. The Finnegan quarry, a half a mile north of Parmeter’s quarry, is idle. H. A. Foster’s quarry is about 300 yards east of the Rome, Water- town & Ogdensburg railroad and on the west of the Black creek, and at the top of a bold ledge, 30 to 40 feet high, which bounds the Black ereek ravine on the west side. The quarry consists of this cleared ledge for a length of 200 yards from north to south, running back in extreme breadth about 50 feet. The greatest depth is only about 10 feet. A: wide joint system runs parallel to the ledge front, 2. e., north and south. ‘These joints or seams are quite open, from one to two feet in places, and five to ten feet apart. Another system of joints, vertical, runs in a north-westerly course, but the north and south sys- tem dips steeply to the east, in places. The dip of the sandstone strata is less than 5°, and in an easterly direction. The upper sur- face rock of the quarry is glaciated and grooved. The beds are generally thin. The stone is grayish-white and hard, but dresses readily and breaks érue, so that it is adapted for making paving blocks. The main product of this quarry is for street work, either as heavy flagging-stone or paving blocks. There are no derricks and no machinery in use. Very little powder is needed to break up waste . rock. A side track runs from the quarry to the main railroad line. The drainage is natural, and the waste is shovelled directly over the ledge into the Black creek ravine. Hence the locality is worked to 50 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YorK. advantage, and the length of the outcrop shows a great stock of stone. The lower beds, @ e., below the present’ quarry bottom to the foot of the ledge have not as yet been opened or tested. They are exposed in the face of the bluff. This quarry was opened in June, 1887. The Finnegan quarry is on the west side of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburgh railroad, and about half way between Rossie station and Foster’s quarry. The quarry is in the eastern face of the ledge for a distance of 200 or 300 yards, and on the side of the track. The beds are thin and horizontal. One main system of joints runs east and west. The second runs N. 20° W. Much: of the stone at this place is striped in color, red and white. It was worked for pav- ing blocks and flagging-stone. It has been idle for five years. The quarry of D. E. Parmeter also occupies the eastern face of the ledge or bluff, and is on the west side of the railroad. Its workings extend along the line of the railroad nearly 1,000 feet, from north- east to south-west. The floor, or bottom of the quarry, is about on a level with a platform car on the side track, making, as it were, a convenient natural dock. The stone at the bottom is hard and solid, and suitable for building, but it is not used. The quarry beds furnish a sufficient quantity for paving blocks, which is the great business of this quarry also. Their total (or the maximum) thickness, as seen at the north-west end of the opening, is 25 feet. The dip does not exceed 5°, and is east-south-east. The most plain and regu- lar joint system runs north-east and south-west, and vertically, but not uniformly so. Some of them dip steeply. An open system of joints, less regular and less frequent, runs north and south. These joints facilitate the quarrying. The maximum thickness of the soil on top of this quarry is less than three feet. The beds of stone are from a few inches to three feet thick, but the thickest can be split up into thin flagging-stone. Generally they do not run in uniform thickness, but wedge out, as it were, forming basins, showing much irregularity in the original deposition. At the south end of the quarry the stone is striped, red and white, resembling some of the stone at the Finnegan quarry. It is broken up for paving blocks. The best stone of the quarry is white, or grayish-white in color, and fine grained. It is hard, but is readily split into convenient sizes for pav- ing blocks. No blasting is done here. The beds are lifted by means 3 of bars, and are split crosswise by drilling line holes and sledging, or by plug and feather wedges. The drainage is natural. ‘There is QUARTZYTES AND SANDSTONES. 51 one derrick at the north-west end of the quarry. The output is mainly paving blocks. Some curb-stone, gutter-stone and crosswalk stone are taken out. As there is little local demand for building stone the lower, heavy beds, which are adapted for building, are not worked. This stone is not considered quite as hard as that of the Potsdam quarries, but this difference may be due to the fact that in this quarry the upper beds only are worked, whereas at Potsdam the quarry beds are deep, covered by earth and thin-bedded rock. The Parmeter quarry was opened twelve years ago. The quarry of W. H. Stanley is in the town of Hammond, and is situated on the ‘east side of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg railroad convenient to transportation. The dip of the strata at this quarry is a few degrees eastward. The product is mainly paving blocks and some flagging-stone. The location is very similar to that of the Parmeter quarry. The Hammond quarries are at present worked almost exclusively for street paving material. The product is shipped to western cities. The lower and heavier beds, which are adapted to building stone, are left unopened on account of the want of a local market and the more profitable business in making blocks. A large force of men is em ployed, and§ the aggregate output is large. The geological forma- tion is Potsdam_sandstone. CLAYTON, JEFFERSON County.— The Potsdom sandstone crops out in the village of Clayton, and is generally covered by a thin layer of earth. The stone, which is got out in excavating for foun- dations, is used in building. It is gray, fine-grained and quite hard and suited for common wall work only. There is a small quarry near the dock on the water’s edge, but it is worked in a small way. jSandstone of the;Hudson River Group. HicguHuanp, UnsteR Country.—The quarry of A. 8. Clearwater is on the bank of the Hudson river, two miles north of High- land station, on the west side of the West Shore railroad track. The strata dip at an angle of 20° east-north-east, and the rock is very regularly bedded. The beds are thick, up to five to seven feet, and one is 11 feet thick. Well-marked, vertical joints divide the rock, running in a north-westerly and south-easterly direction, and a second system runs north-east and south-west. The stone is 52 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. blue, fine-grained sandstone. Occasionally small, slaty pebbles are seen in it. By taking advantage of the joints a single blast forces off great blocks, whose thickness is that of the bed, and which are then split up by the use of plug and feather wedges. At the top of the quarry there is a bed or tier 4 feet 9 inches thick, which is thus worked up into blocks one foot on a side and 4 feet 9 inches long. Near the bottom of the quarry there is an eleven-foot bed. The stone is hauled by teams under the West Shore track to the dock on the river or is loaded directly on the cars at the side of the track. It is shipped to New York city mainly, and for heavy work. The smaller stone are sold for dock filling. RHINEBECK, DutcHEss County.—The N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Company works a quarry a half mile south of Rhinebeck station, and in a bluff on the east side of the track. The bluff here has a height of 100 feet, approximately. The strata dip to the north-east at an angle of 35°, but there is a variation at the top, going southward, as well as to the north. Owing to this formation the best stone occupies the middle part of the face of the quarry as now opened. There are ‘no well-marked joints traversing this rock. Some of the stone is black and shaly, and falls to pieces on exposure to the weather. The best, and that which is quarried for construction, occurs in beds from one to two and a half feet thick. It is of a grayish shade in color, and is a rather coarse-grained sandstone. On account of its hardness it is not readily dressed, and its principal use is by the company for the construction of bridges, culverts and roadway walls. New Ba.timoreE, GREENE County.—Four quarries are opened in the sandstone of the Hudson River slate formation at and near New Baltimore, on the Hudson, in Greene county. Beginning at the north, Smith & McCabe’s quarry is in the river bluff at the north end of the village. The beds thus exposed for a length of about 100 yards along the river dip steeply eastward. The stone is dark-gray to slate-colored and fine-grained. This quarry is worked at irregular intervals of time, according as there is a demand for stone. South of the village there are openings for a mile down the river, and all are somewhat alike in their exposure, kind of stone and in shipping dock accommodations. The stone may be described as a blue, slate-colored, fine-grained sandstone. The beds of sandstone are associated with interbedded, thin layers of shale, and are wea- QUARTZYTES AND SANDSTONES. 53 thered to a drab-colored rock on their outcropping edges. The waste, consisting of some top-dirt and the shaly strata, is thrown into the river on the front, making room for dockage; and the stone is shipped by boat to its destination. The principal use of this stone has been for dock-fillmg and for dykes on the upper part of the Hudson river. About twenty men are employed in the aggregate by these quarries. Formerly the business was much larger and many men were employed. The first quarry south of the village is owned by A. V. S. Van- derpool. It is less than a half a mile south of it. The quarry face runs from north-north-east to south-south-west for 100 yards, and is worked back a distance of 25 yards. ‘The present quarry work is in the line of strike, south 30° west. The beds are vertical, excepting at the top, where they are bent over to the east, an inclination apparently the result of glacial forces. A prominent joint system has its plane dipping 30° to the north-east. The quarry face has an extreme height of 100 feet’ at the south-west, and is 50 feet high at the north. The earth covering on the top is thin. The workable beds are dark drab-colored to blue, and are from six inches to eight feet thick. They are interstratified with a fissile, black slate, which varies in its layers from two inches to six inches in thick- ness. There are two thick beds of stone—one of eight feet, near the middle and the other three feet thick, at the back, or west. At the south-east corner of the quarry the beds have been disturbed by folding ; and there the stone is harder than elsewhere in the quarry. The joint planes of division help in the quarrying, and the stone is rather readily broken into rectangular blocks of convenient size and shape. The quarry has a dock at rivergfront, at which large vessels ean load. It has been opened about 30 years. Another opening on the same property is nearly 100 yards south of this one. It is not now in operation asa quarry. The beds in it dip 70° to the west-north-west. Andrew Matthews’ quarry is nearly one mile south of the village. Its dimensions are, ‘approximately, 80 yards in length and 30 yards in width, and having a height of 50 feet at the back. The strata stand vertically. A remarkable fault (here termed a sip-foot) is seen at the west side. Its plane dips 30° eastward, and on the top section, looking southward, the strata are folded closely, with upper part of the synclinal cut off; on the bottom and below the faulting plane the beds dip eastward at an angle of 30°, conformably to the plane. The 54 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE‘oF NEW YorK. sandstone is fine-grained, of a bluish shade of colorjand is in thick beds. Some beds of slaty rock occur with the standstone. The stone splits readily along planes in bedding and where there are thin lamine of calcite and quartz, known as ‘‘ hair seams” and “salt seams.” There is a dock on front at which boats are loaded. The quarry fur- nished stone for foundation of the Reformed church at Castleton. Formerly a great market was at Albany. It has been opened 23 years. To the south a few rods there is an abandoned quarry also owned by Matthews. James Bronk’s quarry, worked by Fuller & Sons, adjoins the abandoned Matthews’ quarry. A large area at the north is no longer worked. ‘The present quarrying operations are confined to a length of 200 feet. The strata here dip toward the north-east and at an average inclination of 30°. The beds are thick. One near the top measures 10 feet. And there is relatively less of the shaly or slaty rock here than in the other quarries of this group. There is a dock on the river where boats are loaded. The New Baltimore quarries have no machinery for hoisting or drilling. Common black powder is in use for blasting. The stone are carted to the boats. And the whole product is sold for common walls or for dykes. The prices range from 30 cents per cubic yard on the dock to 75 cents and one dollar per yard, delivered on dykes in river, or for better grade of building stone. Troy, RENSSELAER CountTy.—Sandstone of the Hudson river group is quarried in this city for foundation work exclusively, and for the home market. Sampson’s quarry on Pawling avenue, near the Memorial church, leased by William McLaughlin, is worked by a small force of men a part of the year. Havernan’s quarry on Fourth street, south of the Poestenkill, is run by the owner, and from eight to twenty men are employed. The sandstone is interbedded with slaty rock in these quarries, and there is some waste in the working. The stone is not adapted to fine dressing or cut work. AT AQUEDUCT, SCHENECTADY County, there are three quarries. The largest one of these quarries is that of Levi Smith, on the south bank of the Erie canal and a half a mile west of Aqueduct station. It has a length from north-east to south-west of 800 feet. The order of succession of the strata from the surface is : QUARTZYTES AND SANDSTONES. 55 ee eet eeu ae ae iat tale ito 2 feet, 2. Thin, slaty layers alternating with beds of peaavastomer ye.) vty Slag 62). Le 10 feet. Mapeamie Sandstone, io 0 vib) ob ko. J lis 5 10 feet. 4. Slate (as pierced-in well hole).....--.-.-.- 3 feet. In the upper ten feet there are three beds of sandstone, 24 feet, 2 feet and 1 foot thick, respectively. The dip of the strata is less than 2° and is to the south-east. There are two well-marked systems of joints ; one runs south 32° west, and dips 88° to north-west ; the other runs south 59° east and dips 85° to 88° to south-west. These joints divide the rock into rectangular and step-like masses, and are at con- venient distances for working. The stone splits readily and true, and is easily wrought into blocks for common wall work. Very little powder is used, as the masses are broken off by bars and split by sledging. There are no “sap faces” on the stone, and very little calcite or pyrite. The stone is fine-grained. It isin the horizon of the Hudson River slate and sandstone. And the bottom rock is black slate, containing scattering sandstone pebbles and mud cracks. No fossil organisms are found in any of the quarry beds. The drain- age is natural, nearly to the floor of the quarry ; a Worthington pump raises the water from the bottom to the level of the outflow to the eanul. A rock breaker at the side of the railroad track uses the spalls and waste for road and street material. The stone is carted in wagons to the railroad side track (within a quarter of a mile of the quarry), or is loaded on canal boats at the side of the quarry. Albany, Cohoes, and Troy are the chief markets. The stone is known in the market as ‘‘ Schenectady blue stone.’’ The working season continues from March to December. This quarry was opened in 1862. Levi Benedict’s quarry is north of Aqueduct station an eighth of a mile, and has the canal on its west side. The opening is about 60 yards long and 30 feetdeep. The strata dip southward at an angle of less than 5°. One main joint has a course of south 42° west. Another of south 55° west ; and their planes dip 85° to north-west. There is a third system whose direction is in general south-east, and whose plane dips 85° to south-west, but it is not so well defined as the others. The vertical succession of the strata is: i Slate; brawmel colored. 43 v5 doe ob kd 10 feet. 2 Slate and plue sandstone. oo 2. oa eee 9 feet. Sta UG Gildea bonne ei enamel Se ites ole 2 feet. 56 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. The slaty rock is waste. The quarry is worked at irregular times. About 20 rods north of the above mentioned quarry there is another opening in the side of the bluff, and higher above the canal. And in it the dip of the beds is as much as 7°, and southward. Across the river, and on the Saratoga county side, sandstone has been quarried at Rexford Flats by C. W. Rexford. ScHENECTADY.—The quarry of Shears & Dunsbach is one mile easterly from the railroad station, but within the city limits. It is 100 yards south of the railroad and the Erie canal. Its extent from north-east to south-west is at least .200 yards, and 100 yards from north to south. The drainage is natural and northward to the canal. The stone is covered by a true glacial drift, which has in it large imbedded masses of stone and boulders of all sizes. This boulder earth is so hard and firm in places as to require blasting to break it down. The glacial forces appear to have removed all the rotten or disintegrated stone and slaty beds, and to have covered and protected the solid rock mass. Hence the top stone is good for quarrying. Unlike the Aquduct quarries, there is no slaty rock at the top or interbedded with the sandstone. The drift earth is from four to ten feet thick. The quarry beds are trom one to three feet thick, and the total thickness is from 10 to 15 feet. The dip is less than 5°, and in a south-west direction. The main system of joints runs south 50° west. A second system has its course south 15° west. A third system runs at right angles to the first one, but is not well marked. They are vertical or dip steeply to the north-west. The stone is of a bluish shade of color and is fine-grained. As the joints are at con. venient intervals for working and the stone is readily broken in planes at right angles to beds and joints, blocks of rectangular shape and of good size are obtained without the use of much powder. And the natural faces save dressing for much wall work. No machinery is in use. The stone is carted to railroad or canal, 100 yards away, or is taken to the building sites in the city directly, by teams. It is used in Troy, Cohoes, Waterford and Albany, as well as largely at home, and is known in the market as ‘‘ Schenectady blue stone.” A large amount goes into foundations. It can be seen as rock-ashlar in the East Avenue Presbyterian church in the city and in the Memorial Hall of Union College. ‘The quarry was opened about 15 years ago, but little was done in it until nine years ago. The extent of stone and its solid character make the quarry valuable, and a source for supply to the adjacent country. QUARTZYTES AND SANDSTONES, | 57 The shaly nature of much of the Hudson River group of rocks in the Mohawk valley, west of Schenectady, and the accessibility of good limestone for building purposes, has prevented the opening of quarries in it. Further west, and near Rome, there are small qarries which are referred to this horizon, but they are unimportant. The sandstone quarries in the towns of Camden, Oneida county, and of Orwell in Oswego county, belong in it. The stone is generally gray in color, fine-grained and hard and in moderately thick beds. None of these quarries do much more than a small local business; and they are not in operation all the working season of the year. Medina Sandstone. OswEGo.—Quarries have been opened in this city from the Fort Ontario grounds eastward to the N. Y., O. & Western R. R. Co.’s shops on the lake shore. They are small, and are worked by a few men, at irregular times, for stone to be used in the construction of foundation and retaining walls. The covering of earth is shallow— on average three feet thick—then a shaly rock in thin beds, and under it the quarry beds from five to eight feet thick. The stone is light gray in color and rather coarse-grained, but it is strong and hard and suitable for inside walls, foundations, etc. A large quan- tity has been put into buildings in the city. In the United States grounds there is a large quarry. It has been idle for many years. The formation belongs to the Medina epoch. Osweco Fatits, OSswEGo County.—The Medina sandstone forma- tion, as exposed along the Oswego river, is worked for building stone at several points near the village of Oswego Falls. One of the quar- ries is on the lands of a mill company and ‘near the falls and on the left bank of the stream. It has been idle for years. About a quarter of a mile north-west, on the left bank of the stream, Hughes Brothers, of Syracuse, have a quarry—James Faulk- ner and Michael Nealis are the lessees. It was opened 16 years ago. The succession of strata is as follows: First, sandy loam, 3 feet 2 inches ; red, sandy earth and shaly rock, 11 feet ; red sandstone beds, 19 feet; clay and rotten rock, 3 inches; red sandstone, 14 feet. A well sunk for the removal of water showed 10 feet of sandstone below the quarry bottom. The old quarry pit, north-west of the present face, or working, is now filled with water to a depth of 16 feet, and no beds below the water level are worked. The beds dip very slightly to the west. So far as observed, one vertical joint only 58 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. appears. Its course is north-west. Generally the beds of sandstone are separated by thin layers of shaly rock. The top stone is some- what inferior, on account of its shaly pebbles, which on exposure crumble and fall out. The more solid beds, near the main water level of the stream, make good stone for dressing and cut work. The inferior stone is sold for common walls and foundations. The cut and dressed material is used chiefly for house trimmings or rock- face ashlar. The market for the greater part of the product is Syracuse. There is one derrick ; and the stone are loaded directly on boats at the side of the canal. The stone in this quarry is dark red in color, rather soft, and dresses easily. At the bottom it is harder and more homogeneous in texture. Some of the upper strata have a reedy structure. A large amount of stone has been taken from the strata on the river banks at Oswego Falls, and used in Fulton, and in Oswego and Syracuse. Owing to a lack of care in selection much inferior stone has gone into the market, and it has greatly injured the reputation of the Oswego Falls stone. The First Presbyterian church in Syracuse, corner of South Salina and Fayette streets, is an example of this stone, badly selected, and to a large extent with the blocks set on edge. And withal this stone has a rich, deep and pleasing tint; and its weathered blocks give the edifice an appearance of age. GRANBY BROWNSTONE Company’s QuarrRy.—This quarry is in the town of Granby, two miles from Fulton and at the side of the Dela- ware, Lackawana & Western railroad. The first opening was made in the spring of 1886, and the present quarry consists of a square pit, 85 feet on the side and 60 feet deep. The work here has been done by the use of a channelling machine. The quarry is in a little depression, and the earth covering on the rock was scarcely a foot thick. For three feet down the rock is shaly and somewhat broken up. And down at least 16 feet the stone is traversed by irreg- ularly running seams ; and there are shaly pebbles in the sandstone ; and some parts of the stone have a grayish-green color, as if the stone were not so thoroughly oxidized in them as in the main mass. These shaly portions disintegrate on exposure, fall out and disfigure the stone. The bottom rock is quite free from them and from seams also. It is fine-grained, of a purple red shade of color, and admits of fine tool dressing, and is adapted to highly ornamental work. In the quarrying work there are in use: one Ingersoll channelling machine ; one Ingersoll drill; two steam derricks and a steam pump. The QUARTZYTES AND SANDSTONES. 59 boiler-house stands close to the quarry. A side track about 200 yards in length connects the quarry with the main line of railroad. Very little trouble is experienced from water, and a brook near by supplies the necessary water for the boiler. By means of a channel- ling machine the sides of the quarry are cut down, and the blocks are split apart by plug and feather wedges. The blocks cut apart in this way are lifted by wedging them off the bed. Blocks as large as can be conveniently handled, can be obtained. The stone is suited to fine dressed, ornamental work or for heavy masonry, but care is needed to select stone free from seams and from shale pebbles. The Granby stone is being used in the building of the Second National Bank of Oswego, now in course of erection. And it has been put into the Protestant Episcopal church edifice and ten store buildings in Cortland. CAMDEN, OnErDA County.—A sandstone, presumably in the Medina formation, is quarried in this town, for local use. It is light gray in color, and coarse-grained. The greater part of the stone is used for flagging. Some of it is shipped to Oswego. The Medina sandstone formation has yielded some building stone in the town of Sterling in Cayuga county, and in Wolcott in Wayne county, but the quarries there opened have been worked for local use only and to a small extent. A little stone has been taken out in Penfield, Monroe county, but the Genesee river marks the eastward limit of the more extensive quarry district in this formation. Medina sandstone, in its more restricted sense, is quarried near the line of the Erie canal, from Brockport, in Monroe county, west to Lockport, in Niagara county. At Rochester the Genesee gorge exposes to view the sandstone, and formerly some stone was quarried in the city.* Of late years it has been neglected, and the stone from the quarries further west has been used in its place. Brockport.—TIwo quarries are opened at this place. They are owned by Geo. Coon and Hugh Quinn. Honey, ORLEANS County.—There are three quarries in opera- tion near Holley station on the N. Y. Central railroad. The quarry of Gorman & Slack is nearest to the station, and on the south side of the Erie canal. It is opened in a level country and adjoins the canal. * See Hall’s Report on Fourth District, pp. 432-3. 60 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. The stripping of drift-earth and some imbedded angular masses of sandstone is thin. The stone of this quarry has a light red color, and is fine-grained. It is worked into paving blocks* and into building material. A side track at the quarry affords convenient facilities for loading directly from the quarry. The quarry of Timothy O’Brien is three-quarters of a mile east of the Holley station, and on the south side of the railroad track, and also of the Erie canal. It was opened in 1881. About three acres has here been worked over. The stripping consists of drift earth, largely made up of fragments and masses of broken sandstone. The beds of stone here, as in the Gorman & Slack quarry, are horizontal. > Wet 6 eee Oba 1 toot 4 inches. 5 | @amdstone . 2 See es A a are 1 foot 6 inches. . GO: Nandstone, ee. er Se Pe 2 feet O inches. V) Aandstone™: . Bip PUR NN ICE e's 3 feet 0 inches. S) Bandstone:: ee ee tite eee Eon 2 feet 0 inches. Sieandstonie .! 2010S fo PE ane © 1 foot 1 inch. 10” Sandstone! UMUC Pi) oo eee Saare 1 foot 9 inches. 11. Sandstone (bored). ___...-. 2. 0_22.°2 feet 1 ineh. 27 feet 7 inches. The quarry beds together have a thickness of 25 feet. The best stone of the quarry has an olive-green shade of color, is fine-grained, homogeneous in texture, and soft enough to dress well and to be easily cut. It is said to harden on exposure to the weather. Some of the stone, which is known as second grade, contains vertical fillings of annelid borings. The equipment of this quarry consists of two der- ricks for loading stone, one for hoisting stone in the quarry, one In- gersoll channelling machine, one steam drill and one steam PU: A side track runs to the quarry. The greater part of the stone quarried here is shipped direct by rail to New York city, where it is worked up into house trimmings. The second grade of stone is sent to Rochester, where it is worked at the Pitkin stone yard. ‘There is very little water, excepting in the spring. The caving in on the upper side makes the uncovering ex- pensive. The quarrying season continues, on the average, about seven months. The Portage stone, like the Warsaw blue sandstone, is harder than the Ohio sandstones, but not as hard as the Medina. That they are not as durable as the latter is evident from their com- position. The Aldrich Court building on Broadway, New York, has. the Portage stone in the trimmings of the first and second stories, Warsaw, Wromine County.—A sandstone known in the market. as ‘Gainesville blue sandstone,” has been quarried for many years in — the town of Gainesville, and near Rock Glen station, south of War- saw. It was reopened the past season by the Warsaw Blue Stone Company ; and preparations are being made to develop the property, and increase the output. A mill for sawing and dressing the stone is in course of erection. The quarry is on lands of E. E. Farman, and is on the west side of the valley. As opened, the vertical sec- tion includes the following members : QUARTZYTES AND SANDSTONES. 85 1, Earth and stone in fragments....--.....---- 8 feet. 2. Sandstone, with annelid borings--.- -- 2 feet 4. inches. 3. Quarry beds of sandstone, from 18 inches to ea Me eee sO ed due 8 feet. The ground rises west of the quarry, and new beds come in at top, as the excavation advances into the hill. A side track runs to the quarry from the line of the N. Y. L. EK. & W. R. R. The drain- age is natural. Steam derricks and a complete quarry plant have been set up. The stone is very fine-grained, harder than the Ohio stone, and has a bluish-gray shade, and is said to retain its color. It has been used for over thirty years in Warsaw and vicinity, for monu- mental bases and for buildings. The Smith & Perkins block on Ex- change street, and the first story of the City Hall in Rochester, and the Alpine, on Broadway near Thirty-fourth street, New York city, are examples of its use in construction. Chemung Group. WavERLY, T1oga County.—Sandstone is quarried in the vicinity of Waverly by M. L. Bogart and John H. Murray. Bogart’s quarry is about 40 rods from the G. I. & 8. R. R. line, and two miles north of Waverly. It is opened in the face of a hill, and the back of the quarry has a height of 80 feet. There is about two feet of overlying earth, on the average. The beds range in thick- ness from two inches to two feet, averaging about a foot. The stone _ is blue to gray in color. It has been used in bridge building on the line of the D. L. & W. R. R. Co., and in several business blocks in Waverly, East Waverly and South Waverly. The quarry was opened in 1870. John H. Murray’s quarry is in Chemung county, and one and three-quarter miles from railroad depot at Waverly. The stripping is three to six feet thick, and the average thickness of the quarry beds, one to three feet. The stone is a gray sandstone. It has been _ put into foundations and basements in Waverly. The quarry has been opened thirty years. ELmira, CHEMUNG County.—-There are four quarries near the city and opened in the western face of the hill, which here bounds the valley. One of them is worked by a large force, that of A.D. Simon. It is opened for a length of about 600 feet from north to south, and is back at least 200 feet in the hillside. The maximum height of the face is 100 feet. Earth covers the rock to an average depth of nine 86 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. feet. Then the sandstone and shale, in irregularly alternating strata, are found quite to the bottom of the quarry. The heavier beds and the best stone for building, are in the upper 30 feet. And the present quarry operations are on a floor, which is only 40 feet or so below the top. The strata appear to be nearly horizontal; and range from 2 inches to 2 feet in thickness. The rock is conveniently divided by two systems of vertical joints, which run north and south and east and west. The stone is fine-grained and has a gray to greenish-gray color. In working, deep holes are sunk, and by means of large blasts great masses of stone are thrown down. ‘They are broken into convenient sizes for building. The stone is all sold in the rough, and no cutting or dressing is done at the quarry. The larger part of the product is used in Elmira for building and a small part for curbing. The stone averages about a dollar a perch in the city. The plant in- cludes one derrick, a steam-drill, boiler-house and shop, and the teams and wagons for the carting of the stone into the city. A large force of men is employed, quarrying in the warm season and stripping in the winter. The quarry is only a mile from the D. L. & W. and the N. Y. L. E. & W. R. R. depots; and is about 150 feet (at top) above the valley. 3 North of Simon’s quarry, and in the same range, three quarries have been opened in the steep hillside, at elevations of 250 to 300 feet above the city. That of John McGreevy has a working face 180 feet long. a breadth of 75 feet and a height of about 40 feet, at the back. There are shales and sandstone here also, and rather more of the former. In the next opening, 50 feet beyond, the working face is 450 feet by 60 feet in height. The vertical section includes earth from 5 to 8 feet thick ; shale and a little sandstone intermixed, 5 to 8 feet ; then, shales with beds of sandstone from an inch to a foot thick, for 50 feet. About 75 per cent of the mass is shale ; and hence waste. About 100 yards to the north there is a third opening, which has a length of 600 feet and a height of 60 feet. Here also the pro- portion of shale is large. The beds in these quarries are horizontal. Joints divide the rock vertically and make the work of quarrying easy. And much of the stone has the natural joint faces ; and they are usually of a dirty-yellow to brownish shades of color. The stone is fine-grained and hard, but not very durable. These three quarries are not much worked. The amount of waste offsets the advantages of natural drainage and the convenient loca- tions for waste dumps and the nearness to city and railway. QUARTZYTES AND SANDSTONES. 87 These Elmira quarries are in the Chemung group, geologically viewed. CornING, STEUBEN County.— There are three quarries at Corn- ing, in the valley south of the town, and on the hillside about 250 feet above the bottom of the valley. That of B. M. Payne is on the west side of the valley ; and has been opened for a length of 300 yards or more from north to south-west. Its face is 20 to 40 feet high. At the top the earth and shaly beds have an aggregate thick- ness of 10 to 20 feet, although there is some good stone in these courses. Below, there are 15 feet of beds of sandstone, interstratified with shaly beds. They range from 1 foot to 2 feet in thickness. Two systems of vertical joints, at right angles to one another, are noticed. The stone 1s grayish-green in color and fine-grained. The quarry was opened in 1855, and has produced a very large amount of stone. It has not been worked during the past season. John Kelley’s quarry is south of and across the road from Payne’s quarry. Its working face is 400 feet in length, fronting south-east. The stripping consists of earth and shaly rock, together 10 feet. Then come beds of various thickness, from 4 inches to 23 feet. Some of the shaly rock is interbedded with the sandstone, more or less all the way down to the bottom of the quarry. At the bottom there is a layer 1 foot thick, of soft. blue stone, and underneath it hard, iron- stained rock. The total thickness of workable beds is 30 feet. There is a slight dip in a south-westerly direction. One main system of joints runs north 80° east; a second system runs south 30° east. They are vertical and usually, are open or mud-filled, and at spaces of 15 to 20 feet apart. As the quarry is on the hillside there is no pumping or raising of water. Two horse-power derricks are in use, and the stone are carted to Corning depot, three-quarters of a mile or to the D. L. & W. Railroad line, two miles distant. The Fall Brook Coal Co.’s railroad also is reached at about one mile from the quarry. In the winter season the str¢pping is carried forward, so that the work continues throughout the year. A large amount of stone from these quarries has been used on the Fall Brook Coal Co.’s Rail- road line for bridge work. It is sold for common wall work and foundation walls in Corning, at $1.50 per cubic yard, delivered. H. C. Heerman’s quarry is south-east of the Payne and Kelly quarries and on the opposite side of the valley, and about 50 feet above the bottom of the ravine. The opening is large and the sér¢p- ping is thick, as at the quarries above mentioned. The workable 88 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. beds of sandstone are from 1 to 3 feet thick, and are interbedded with some shale. It is not worked. At the south of the town and on the north point of the hill an old quarry has been reopened lately by A. D. Simon, of Elmira, for rip- rap work on canal in Corning. The stone of the Corning quarries has been used in Elmira, in the Congregational church and in the State Reformatory buildings. In Corning the old Arsenal, the R. C. church ; First Presby- terian church, and the Prot. E. church buildings, are all of this stone. Inthe Arsenal building, which was erected thirty years ago, the stone shows some signs of age, owing to bad selection. The best example of the Corning stone can be seen in the basement of the High school, and in the basement story of the residence near the public school. In the latter great care was taken to select the large and best colored stone in the quarries. DaNSVILLE, Livineston Country.—The quarry of Frank Schub- mehl. This quarry is one mile north-east of Dansville. The open- ing has a working face 250 feet long, and the stripping is clay loam, two feet thick. The beds lie nearly horizontal, and there are no reg- ular joints. There are six courses or beds, which average 18 inches thick, and ten feet of courses, which are three to six inches thick, making a total of 19 feet of quarry beds. The stone has a bluish- gray color, is fine-grained and hard, but with it there is a soft, argilla- ceous sandstone, which is thrown out as waste. This quarry has been opened for about 35 years. It is worked ina small way. The pro- duct is flag-stone, common wall stone and cut stone. The Sanitarium, the Methodist church, and the Union Free school at Dansville are constructed of this stone. CoHocton, STEUBEN County.—Theodore Whitney quarries stone on lands of S. M. Woodworth, two miles north-east of Cohocton. The stripping is clay, and of an average thickness of 4 feet. The quarry face has a length of 200 feet, and in it there are probably 75 beds, or courses of stone, 20 feet of which are workable. These workable courses vary from two inches to six inches thick. The joints of the quarry run north 5° east, vertical, and the stone is light-gray and bluish-gray in color, with a small part of it reddish-brown. The working season lasts six to seven months, and the output is all for flag- ging, which is used in the adjacent towns. QUARTZYTES AND SANDSTONES, 89 Batu, StTEUBEN CountTy.—Two quarries of sandstone are worked in the town of Bath. The quarry of W. & Geo. Jincks is one and a half miles north-east of the town. The opening is 300 feet long, and about 20 feet high, with a stripping of 53 feet. The beds are nearly horizontal. About 20 courses aie suitable for common wall work, and two courses do for cut stone. The stone is of a light-gray color, hard and fine-grained. The quarry is worked from about the 20th of May until the middle of September. Curb-stone flagging and common, wall stone are here quarried. The Protestant Episco- pal church and the county buildings in Bath, are constructed of this stone. The Miller quarry is three-fourths of a mile north of Bath. It has a face 150 feet long. The vertical section consists of 3 feet of clay, then shales, 5 to 7 feet, below which are workable courses or beds. Some of the thin beds are used for flagging, and these partly pay for the cost of removing the top rock or the shales and clay covering. The cut stone courses are 2 feet 5 inches, and 1 foot 9 inches thick, respectively. This stone is fine-grained, medium soft, and is of a gray shade in color. The quarry is worked three to four months of the year. The principal market is Bath. The Baptist church, erected this year, is of this stone. It sells in the town, delivered, at 50 cents per perch for wall stone, and $4.50 a yard for the cut stone. HORNELLSVILLE, STEUBEN County.—TIwo quarries are opened and worked in the vicinity of Hornellsville. That of Jos. F. Cobb is located one and a half miles south of the town. The quarry face runs 175 feet and 30 feet back. The stripping has an average thick- ness of five feet. The total thickness of the workable beds is 22 feet, of which three to four feet is somewhat slaty and of little value. The dip is very slight’y south, about 1 foot in 70. Twosystems of joints divide the rock at right angles to one another. ‘They are vertical and run north 50° east, and south 40° west. The stone is of a bluish shade in color, hard and fine-grained, and, in some of the beds, clayey. The adjacent outcrops on the steep hillside show that the sandstone beds are a durable stone. The quarry was opened in 1883. It is worked during the summer season. The product is mostly common building stone, and it is cut for the market at Hornellsville. The Park school-house, recently erected, and the electric light building and several stores and residences are built of this stone. 90 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE oF NEW YORK. Two miles south of Hornellsville is the quarry of Morris Powers, Its length is 150 feet, and its height at the back 35 feet. The strep- ping is six to seven feet thick, clay and shales mixed. The bedding, the joints and the stone, in color and in texture, are somewhat similar to what is stated above of the Cobb quarry. This quarry was opened in 1881. The output is small. The price for the stone in Bath is 70 cents per perch. A sandstone was formerly quarried a little in the town at Green- wood, for home supply. BeLtmont, ALLEGANY CounTy.—William Storr’s quarry. This quarry is a quarter of a mile south-west of the village of Belmont. The strépping is two to two and a half feet thick, soil snd one and a half to two feet of shales. There are seven to eight courses or beds worked. Two of them are used for cutstone. The aggregate thick- ness of the quarry beds is 12 feet. The heaviest stone is 30 inches thick. There are two sets of joints, one running north 50° east, and another, which is also vertical, making an angle of 70° with the first. The freshly fractured surfaces are light-blue in color; and when cut it has a light-gray shade. It is rather soft and easily dressed. It is worked from the middle of May to the middle of December, and. the principal markets are Belmont, Wellsville and Angelica. Vander- hoef’s block in Belmont, besides other buildings, are of this stone. The prices range at about $1.00 per perch for common wall stone to $4.50 per yard for cut stone; the latter, however, at the quarry. BELVIDERE, ALLEGANY CountTy.—The quarry of H. Whitcomb. This place is worked by Alfred Dibble, and is half a mile from the Belvidere railroad station. About one-fourth of an acre has been worked over. The gravel loam covering averages about 5 feet in thickness. The strata lie nearly horizontal. One system of joints runs north 15° west, and is crossed by another nearly at right angles, and both of them are vertical. The beds range in thickness from 18 inches to 3 feet 10 inches. The stone is of a light-gray shade in color, medium soft and dresses readily. It is said that this quarry has been opened for about thirty-five years. It is worked in a small way for six months of the year, and produces cut stone for house trimmings, monument bases, horse blocks, hitching posts, etc., and it is used in Belvidere, Friendship, Angelica, and a little of it in Wellsville and Hornellsville. QUARTZYTES AND SANDSTONES. 91 Be.FrastT, ALLEGANY County.—Iwo miles south of Belfast the only quarry of importance is that owned by Jas. Lang. It is worked to a very slight extent and for the home market chiefly. The Bap- tist church is constructed of this stone. There are only five or six courses or beds which are worked, of which the lower is the best. The stripping is 5 feet thick. New Hupson, ALLEGANY County.—Flag-stone is quarried in this town, near the west line of Belfast, by Mr. Searle. It is worked to a limited extent. The stone occurs in thin beds, 1 to 23 inches thick. They have even and true surfaces ; and are considered the best flag- ging in this part of the State. Cupa, ALLEGANY County.—An extensive quarry west of the vil- lage of Cuba was worked many years ago. The rock is a sandstone, and is in the Chemung group. OLEAN, CaTrarauaus Country.—The Olean Blue Stone Com- pany quarries a sandstone two and a half miles south of Olean, and near the hilltop, about 700 feet above the Alleghany river. The quarry face has a length of 1,500 feet, and a height of 60 feet, of which there is 20 feet of stripping, and 40 feet of quarry beds. The stone is worked into flagging and building material, and is sent to market by rail, being shipped to Olean. The stone is fine-grained, and of a gray to greenish-gray shade of color, although in the market it is known as ‘“ Olean blue stone.” The quarry was opened in 1878. JAMESTOWN, CHAUTAUQUA CounTy.—There are six small quarries in the eastern part of the town, and near the Chautauqua lake outlet. They are from one to one and a half miles north-east of the railroad station. They are worked principally for local supplies. On Allen street, stone is quarried at several points, for cellar walls, and for cut stone, and for house trimmings. These are small openings in the hill- side and on rear of the lots. About a quarter of a mile north-east of Allen street, and on the right bank of the creek, there is an old quarry, whence a large amount of stone has been taken, and which is still worked in a small _ way. ‘The quarry face measures 40 feet high, including some earth and cap-rock at the top. The upper 20 feet of quarry beds is rather inferior stone, being shaly. The lower beds are thicker, and answer for common walls. About a quarter of a mile beyond, on to the north-east, is the quarry of Ewing, close to the creek. The face is 92 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YoRK. about 100 yards in length from east to west, and 50 feet high, of which 40 feet is rock. The bottom beds are on an average, one foot thick, and furnish stone for cut work. The quarry of John McVeigh is on the left bank of the stream, and diagonally across from the last named. Its face looks south, and is 500 feet long and 50 feet high. The strata are horizontal. The upper beds areshaly and irregularly interstratified with thin layers of sandstone, two to ten inches thick. At the bottom, the beds are twelve to twenty inches thick, and they furnish stone for cut work. The top stone is used for common walls and rubble work. The joints or seams are at irregular distances apart. The mainsystems run north 30° west and south 55° west, the first being vertical, the second dipping steeply north-west. The stripping is three to ten feet thick. The drainage is natural, and no machinery is used. The quarry was opened. first in 1852. An old opening 100 yards north-east of Mr. MeVeigh’s, and at the side of the railroad track, is idle. A more recent opening is that further to the east, on the right bank of the stream, and on the south side of the railroad track, about a mile and a half from the station. Its face fronts north, and has a length of 50 yards, and a height of 40 feet at the west end, and 30 feet at the east end. A section shows drift earth at the top, five to twelve feet thick; then, shales and sandstone, alternating irregularly, being thicker at the bottom, which is nearly on a level with the creek. The beds are horizontal. One system of joints runs south 65° west, dip- ping 75° to 80° north-north-west ; the second, a vertical system, runs north-west. The upper 20 feet are mostly thin beds of shaly stone. The lower 20 feet are strata from 6 to 12 inches thick. The stone of these quarries is fine-grained, soft and breaks with conchoidal fracture, and has an olive-green color. It has been used in Jamestown and Chautauqua for foundations, and is dressed for house trimmings. It is largely used for retaining walls also. The formation is Chemung. Other localities in Chautauqua county are in Panama and west of Chautauqua lake ; in the town of Clymer, and near the Pennsylvania line; in Westfield, near Lake Erie; and in Laconia, in Pomfret. But at all of them there is much waste in the shape of shales associated . with the sandstone beds. New Red Sandstone. Nyack, RockLanp County.—Between Nyack and Piermont, on the west shore of the Hudson river, sandstone is quarried at two QUARTZYTES AND SANDSTONES. 93 points. The quarry of Daniel T. Smith is a half a mile north of Piermont and east of the Northern railroad a few rods. At this quarry the top dirt is about 10 feet thick. The upper beds are some- what shaly ; then the more solid sandstone comes in thick beds, which alternate irregularly with what are known as ‘‘ callous veins.” Some of the stone has a laminated or reedy structure. The dip is 12° west. About 15 feet in thickness in beds is here worked. Lin- tels, sills, and a little building stone are obtained. These quarries formerly furnished much stone for foundations in the vicinity, and also some for buildings. A house near the quarry, built in 1768, shows the durable nature of the stone. The Cornelius house also is Nyack sandstone. The quarry of Nelson Puff, in the same range and in the southern part of Nyack, is worked nearly every season for the local market. The top dirt is heavy and the upper beds are shaly. Below, the stone is solid and thick-bedded. HaAvERSTRAW, RocKLAND CountTy.—The sandstone quarries at Hav- erstraw are in the north-eastern and northern part of the Torne mountain range.. They are worked only at long intervals, and for the local market. The stone is rather coarse-grained, and is dark-red in color. The Demarest quarry, one and a half miles south-west of Haver- straw, is the only one which has been worked of late years. Norr.—For the sandstones of the more recent geological formations see pages 22 and 23, LIMESTONE. The geographical distribution of the limestone formations in the State and the general reference to the quarries for building stone, which have been opened in them, were given on pages 20-22 of this report. The arrangement of the detailed descriptions of the quarries and quarry districts in the order of the geological series, that is, from the Calciferous, up through the Chazy, Trenton, Niagara, Lower Helderberg and Upper Helderberg, has the disadvantage of separat- ing quarries, which belong together in their geographical and econ- omic relations and of grouping some which are in no we related, excepting in their position in the same geological horizon. The order of arrangement has been so modified in the following pages as to bring together the quarries in their proper geographical divisions and according to their geological position in these several divisions. It is, therefore, a geographico-geological arrangement. And in it the limestones of the Hudson-Champlain valley are described first ; then, the Calciferous and Trenton limestones of the Mohawk valley ; followed by the quarries in the belt of Trenton, which runs north- west from the Mohawk to the St. Lawrence ; the limestones of the Lower Helderberg formations: in Schoharie, Otsego and Madison counties come next ; the Upper Helderberg limestones of Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Ontario, Genesee and Erie counties follow ; and, lastly, the Niagara limestone quarries of Monroe and Niagara counties. Warwick, OranGE County.—A blue, magnesian limestone is quarried in the village of Warwick, on lands of Thos. Burt and others, The quarries are in a hillside. The beds are ten inches to four feet thick, and dip west-south-west. The stone is hard, strong and dura- ble. It has been used for foundations largely, and to some extent for dressed house work in the town. The quarries are not constantly in operation. Mares CorNER, ORANGE County.—A blue limestone is quarried in Mt. Lookout, near Mapes Corner, in the town of Goshen, on lands LIMESTONES. 95 of the county alms-house and of Wilmot Durland. The stone occurs in thick-beds. It weathers in some blocks to a light-drab to a straw-yellow shade, but it is not unsightly, excepting the variation in a wall due to two or three shades in the several blocks. The locality is worked at irregular times, and by builders who have con- tracts for buildings. A fine example of the massive appearance of the large, heavy blocks in course work, is to be seen in the Presbyte- rian church at Goshen. Other structures of this stone are the Meth- odist Episcopal and Roman Catholic churches in the same town, and the Roman Catholic church in Chester. The quarry was opened about twenty years ago. It is a half a mile from Orange Farm station of the Pine Island Bra. railroad. NrwsurGH.—Limestone is quarried south-west of Newburgh, near the old Cochecton turnpike, and on the north side of Snake moun- tain. The Brown Limestone Company has an opening near this road. It is 100 yards in diameter and 30 to 40 feet deep. Although the principal business is the quarrying of stone for lime making, a part of the quarry product is sold for common foundation walls. West-south-west of the above mentioned quarry, limestone was opened and worked for the West Shore viaduct in the city of New- burgh. At this place the stone is plainly-bedded, and the dip is 40° south 5° east. The stone from this same range was used in St. George’s Protestant Episcopal church in Newburgh. It has been used largely for foundation work and for retaining walls also in Newburgh. Another Newburgh quarry is north of the city and at the side of the river road. It is small and its output inconsiderable. New Hamsureu, Durcuess County.—A blue, magnesian lime- stone is quarried by the N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co. at the side of their track two miles north of New Hamburgh. The beds dip west- erly at an angle of about 30°. The beds are one foot to eighteen inches thick. The stone is used for bridge work. Kineston, ULsTtER County.—The quarries in the Onondaga Lime- stone are opened in the city cf Kingston on lands of J. O’Reilly, about a quarter to three-eighths of a mile south-west of the Kingston Nors. The so-called Glens Falls marble, the Lepanto marble and the Hudson coral- shell marble will be found described under their respective heads in this section on — limestones. 96 ‘REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. armory. The openings are shallow, consisting in the removal of the top strata from what was originally a ledge, projecting abuve the gen- eral level of the surface. The beds dip 16° to 20° in a north-north- west direction. Two well-marked systems of vertical joints traverse the rock at right angles to one another. One runs a little west of north and the other north of east. The beds are from 2 to 8 feet thick. The stone is hard, compact, very strong, and of a bluish-black color, weath- ering to a pale shade, and on exposure to a buff. The weathered sur- surfaces show clay seams, which are from one-sixteenth to one-fourth of an inch thick, and lie in the planes of the bedding. These seams have a yellowish, dirty color, contrasting with the blue, calcareous portion of the mass. Some of the upper layers in this quarry contain black flint or chert, in tl.in layers; also some scattering pyrite, on the weathered natural surfaces, and occasionally some calcite or quartz. Owing to the bedding and the joints the rock is readily broken into large, rec- tangular blocks, and thereby the work of quarrying is facilitated very much. The stone is adapted to heavy mason work. Limestone has been obtained at several points in this same lot, from the cemetery on the south-west to Union avenue, near the Kingston & Rondout rail- road. The stone for the Poughkeepsie bridge was obtained here. The quarry has been worked by Frank Madden. At the quarry near the City Hall and south-east of Madden’s residence, the limestone shows bedding with a dip at a moderate angle to the south-east. NoongE & MappEn Quarry.—Limestone in the western part of the city has been opened by Noone & Madden and worked by them. This quarry is about 200 yards distant from Washington avenue and near Pearl street. It consists in the removal of one or two layers from the exposed, outcropping limestone, over an area of several acres, where the natural surface slopes with the dip of the beds, east-south-east, at an angle of 10°. The well-marked joints, which are vertical, run north 10° east and north 80° west. They are at distances convenient for working, and the quarrying operation is simply in lifting the beds or blocks bounded by these joint divisions. This stone also shows clay seams, in lines parallel to the bed, although more irregular than in the O’Reilly quarries. Some pyrite in scatter- ing crystals is observed in the stone. On weathering, they give the surface a brownish or rusty look. The stone from this quarry has been used for the construction of buildings in the city of Kingston. The clay seams make the stone look unsightly, although they do not LIMESTONES. 97 impair the strength or durability, except when the stone is set on edge.| These Kingston quarries are not worked continuously. A large amount of stone was taken from them for the Brooklyn ‘bridge an- chorage and piers. It was used in the first bridge over the Hudson river at Albany; in the sea-wall, Battery park, New York; in the dock wall of the Watervliet Arsenal;; in locks at Cohoes ‘and Water- ford ; and in a church at Kingston and in one at Newburgh. GREENPORT, CoLumBiA-County.—The crystalline limestone lof the isolated Becratt mountain, near Hudson, has afforded a large amount of excellent building stone to the city of Hudson almost from its earliest settlement. The ridge is an outlier in the Hudson river slate territory and its structure is that ‘of an open synclinal fold. Its rocks belong to the Water-lime and Lower Helderberg groups. The quarries are on the northern end and on the western front of the escarpment. The older openings, known as the Berridge quarry, are on the northern foot. They are extensive, but are no longer worked. The quarry of F. W. Jones is further south and higher up; and is about one and a half miles from the railroad station (Hudson), and the same distance from the river. The cover- ing of earth is slight where the workings have opened the beds. The dip of the beds in the northern part of the quarry is 10° south-east ; in the south opening the dip is 6° to 8° east-south-east. There are two systems of joints of which one runs south-east, vertically. The beds are from 6 inches to 4 feet thick and somewhat uneven on their surfaces. The stone is gray in color, sub-crystalline to crys- talline and highly fossiliferous. Itis nearly pure carbonate of lime- It is quite easily dressed and takes a good polish, and the polished surfaces have a variegated, reddish-gray aspect. It has been used to some extent as an interior decorative material, principally in Boston, and is known as “coral-shell marble.” The Presbyterian church in Hudson is built of this stone. The quarry work is now mainly for supplying flux to blast furnaces on the Hudson. The loeation is convenient for economical working, as there is no pumping and the strapping is light. The stone is carted to the Hudson station. A branch railway line from the river to the quarry is partly graded. The quarry equipment includes channelling machines, steam drills and machinery for cutting and polishing. 98 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. SARATOGA SPRINGS, SarRaToGA CountTy.—Blue limestone for common masonry has been quarried at several places in the town, but at no one of them is the business of quarrying continuous, The largest exposure of quarry beds in the town, is north of the Red spring and east of North Broadway about 200 yards. The beds are dipping 8° south and are thick, and the stone is light-blue color, For more than 1,000 feet the ledge has been worked. The upper layers, aggregating eight feet in thickness, are quarried. A second — ledge, to the west a few rods, has been worked down five feet. Three miles west of the town limestone is quarried by Chas, Slade, Isaac Wager, Prince Wing and Jas, A, Lee. The quarry of Charles Slade is located on the gently sloping side of a low ridge which borders on the north the Washington street road. The older quarrying work was done east of the present site. The working face is 100 yards long from east to west, and is 10 to 20 feet in height. The vertical section shows the following order of succession in the beds, from top downwards: l Bouldérdnit’ darth’ Oi 2s | On ta ieee 3 feet. 2. Hard, thin-bedded, pale blue limestone, 10 feet. 3. Dark-blue limestone ............._.. 2 feet 6 inches. 4." Dark-blud. hmestone Le Pee ieee 1 foot 8 inches. 5. Dark-blue limestone -_--.-..........-. 1 foot 3 inches, 6. Dark-blue limestone .2. 20125 200. 222 1 foot 6 inches. In the upper 10 feet, and lying immediately upon (38) there is a light-colored bed which is 16 inches thick. The beds dip to the south-west at about 3 feet in 100 feet. The main system of joints is vertical and runs in a south-west course. A system, whose course is at right angles to the first, is vertical also. The joint faces are frequently coated with small crystals of calcite. The top beds are hard and the stone is not easily dressed. The dark-blue stone is softer and is easily worked, Two derricks, worked by horse power, are in use, The quarry now has a natural drainage, but deeper sinking will necessitate pumping. The stone is carted by teams to Saratoga Springs, where it is shipped by rail to destination, The large market is for heavy (bridge) work on lines of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company. Some of it goes to Saratoga for foundation, retaining walls, etc. ‘This quarry was first opened ten years ago. Prince Wing’s quarry is at Rowland’s Mills, and on the south bank of the stream. And the beds here exposed lie above those in Slade’s LIMESTONES., 99 quarry. A face 400 feet in length and 20 feet in height shows the stratification finely. The beds are thin, and there is some black shale interstratified with the limestone, and the formation is of the Trenton age. This quarry is worked mostly for lime manufacture. Isaac Wager’s quarry is one-third of a mile east of Rowland’s Mills, and on the north side of the stream. Here also the beds of limestone dip a few degrees, and to the south-south-east, The cov- ering on the stone is a clay-loam and ‘hard pan,’’? which varies in thickness from two to seven feet. Then follows the limestone, in beds from 8 to 20 inches thick, for a total thickness of eight feet. The quarrying work moves northward and up the dip plane. Only a few men are employed, and the stone is drawn by teams to Ballston and to Saratoga. It is sold mostly as cut or dressed stone, and for house trimmings and for curbing. It can be seen in the Lathrop houses in Saratoga and in the Wiley building in Ballston. The quarry worked by Jas, Lee is about 300 yards east-north-east of that of Wager and within a quarter of a mile of that of Slade. It is a small opening and is worked at irregular periods to suit de- mand, A thin covering of sandy loam here lies on the rock. Sanpy Hit, Wasnineron County.—The Sandy Hill Quarry Company’s quarries sre about two miles from the Sandy Hill railroad station, and a half a mile north-east of the canal. The oldest open- ings are south of the present working site, and several acres have been uncovered and excavated, hut only to the depth of one or two beds of stone. The main quarry is on the north-west slope of the hill, and north of the old workings. The strzpping on the rock is light, usually not more than one to two feet of earth. The uncovered surfaces show deep, parallel joints or seams filled with earth. These joints, which are thus filled with dirt, run to the bottom of the quarry and through the ‘eds. Their course is south 65° west, and their dip is nearly verti- eal to the south-south-east. The other joints are vertical. As these seams are quite close together, the rock is well divided into blocks of convenient size for handling. The beds are from one to seven feet thick, and show a dip of less than 5° south. The thickest course, near the bottom is seven feet. The length of the present working face from north-east to south-west is at least a quarter mile ; the ex- treme breadth of the belt quarried over is not less than 100 yards, and the whole depth of quarry beds is 30 feet. The bottom rock is workable stone, and at least 40 feet could be quarried, if the stone 100 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. were wanted. In working the quarry, holes of elliptical shape, and four feet deep are put down with a reamer, aud then the blocks are split along the line of these holes. The horizontal lifts are made by wedges. The dressing of the large blocks is done on the stone dress- ing floor at the quarry. A narrow-gauge railway runs through the quarries, with switches to the several parts of the face, and terminates at the canal, a half a mile away. Blocks of 130 cubic feet are con- veniently gotten out and shipped. Two stationary engines work the twelve derricks, and a portable boiler runs the steam drills. The stone is of a light-blue color, dense and fine-grained. It is said to weigh 175 pounds per cubic foot. Some of it has a slight ribbon- like appearance, due to the lamination of the beds. The strength of this stone is shown by the report of Prof. Thurston.* The greater part of the stone is shipped over the line of the canal. The railroad carries a small part only, and is over one mile distant. As the quarry is above the natural drainage, there is no pumping. The natural joints, which divide the rock into large, rectangular blocks, make this location a favorable one for quarrying, and the stone is specially adapted to heavy masonry ; very little of it is used for common walls and house work. It is being used in the Arthur-Kill bridge on Staten Island Sound, in the bridge piers at Poughkeepsie ; and for the base of the Bennington Monument in Vermont ; also for the Croton Acqueduct Gate House, New York. A large force of men is employed the greater part of the year, and the output of the quarry (in cubic yards), probably exceeds that of any other in the State. These quarries are in the horizon of the Calciferous sand-rock, and the stone is a siliceo-magnesian limestone. Half a mile north-east of the quarry of the Sandy Hill Company, limestone has been opened in a low ledge, for a length of 150 yards, north-east to south-west, and for a breadth of 30 yards. The quarry face is 10 to 20 feet high, and the covering of earth is from one to three feet. The dip of the bed is 8° south-east. One system of seams or joints runs east and west and vertical; a second one at right angles to the first ; and another, not so plain, runs south-west. The beds are from one to four feet thick. The stone is hard and brittle, but dresses readily, and the division of the mass of rock by * According to the published report of Prof. Thurston, the crushing strength of this stone, as shown by his tests, ranges from 18,500 to 28,500 pounds per square inch. LIMESTONES. 101 these joints is favorable to economical quarrying. The place is worked irregularly. ' Guens Fatus.—The Hudson river gorge at Glens Falls affords a good vertical section of the Trenton limestones, and two large quar- ries are opened in its sides. The quarry of the Morgan Lumber and Lime Company, on the Saratoga county side, or right bank of the stream, has the following order of beds from the surface : 1. Black, slaty rock in thin layers._--..-------- 15 feet. Seema Inestone! 2. Js she ee SK 10 feet. 3. Biack, thin-bedded limestone_........._---- 12 feet. mupereaninestotes / . Lene Oe 5), | 2 tect Pei bee my nemo Se elie es 2A Sl ak 12 feet. ECs ag 2 Se as cn Ge RELA ea 4 feet The top, slaty rock affords some flagging. The gray stone (2) is used for lime. The thin beds of (3) yield stone for rough work ouly. It is known locally as ‘‘ buckwheat” beds. No. 4 of this section is good for cut work. The limestone at the bottom is suitable for heavy masonry, but is not quarried here. The beds dip 5° south- ward. The main set of joints is vertical and has a course of south- south-west. This company has a mill for sawing the marble. The lime business has, however, taken the place of the marble, and the mar6le beds are now mined for lime making. The quarry of the Glens Falls company is on the north or left bank of the river and below the Falls. Work has been done here for a length of a half amile, and in places, back at least 100 feet from the river. The vertical succession of beds from the top is as follows : 1. Gray, thin-bedded limestone__........----- ) 2. Gray-black, thin-bedded limestone_._.-...-- + 18 feet. Bo Jolla line, “heds (three). 28. 5. ) MIG (ATM re ee LD feeb, The beds dip 4° south. The joints run south, or a few degrees west of south, and a second set east and west, and both are vertical. They are generally several feet apart, and of great service in the quarrying of large blocks. The gray crystalline limestone at the top is sold in the rough for common wall work, or is dressed for sills, lintels and for house trimming. It is a good building stone, but the quarrying of these upper beds is subordinate and incidental to the marble 102 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. business. The mardle occurs in two thick beds, and blocks of 100 cubic feet are readily gotten out from them. The mass is nearly black, fine-grained and dense. It is hard and brittle, but is cap:ble of being dressed in any style. It takes a brilliant polish, and the polished surfaces are jet black. For tiling it is particularly well adapted, as it does not wear slippery and it retains its color. For sills, lintels, water-tables and general house trimmings also, it makes a first class material. The mill, with four gangs of saws, is at the west end of the quarry and near the bridge. Tiles, shelves, mantels, sills, lintels, coping-stone, wainscoting, billiard table tops and material for all inside decorative work are cut. The interior trimmings of the Equitable Life Insurance building, New York, is one of tie best examples of this marble. Its faankee is all over the country as far as Chicago and New Orleans. And it is said that some of the so- called “imported” black marble comes from these quarries. As the quarry is in the side of the river bank the drainage is natural. Very little blasting is done, excepting in the top rock. The waste (spalls, etc.) are burned into lime. The quarry is a half a mile from the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co.’s (Glens Falls) railroad and at the side of the canal (Champlain feeder). WHITEHALL, WASHINGTON County.—The Arana Marble Com- pany (of Rutland, Vermont) has opened a quarry in the Chazy lime- stone formation, about half way between Whitehall and Fairhaven, and at the side of the Rutland railway line. The limestone is com- pact, sub-crystalline, and has a veined appearance. The ledge which has been opened is below the water level and close to the track. It has not as yet been developed into what may be called a marble quarry. At present the limestone of a sidehill outcrop, on the same property, is quarried extensively for flux, which is used at Troy. Crown Point, Essex County.—Blue limestone of the Trenton period is quarried at the side of the New York and Canada railroad, about one mile north of the Crown Point station. The stone is fine- grained and suited for building. It has been used at Port Henry, Plattsburgh, Saratoga and points along the railroad, for curbing and some cut work. WitussorouGH Neck, Essex County.—The Chazy limestone for- mation (which underlies this neck or low promontory) has been opened in two quarries. ‘They are on what is known as Lagoneer or 4 LIMESTONES. 103 Clarke’s Point, and on the east side of the neck. About eighteen acres of land is here, in part covered by a thin soil only, or the solid, glaciated rock makes the surface. The quarry of the Lake Champlain Blue stone Company is opened on the line of strike of the rock, about due west, for a length of 1,000 feet, and at the west side its breadth is 250 feet, or an area estimated at three acres. The greatest depth was 25 feet, all above the lake level. The beds dip 6° to 8° north, 10° east; and they are divided by a set of seams or joints, which run north 10° east and by another, which is less regular and persistent, in an east to west direction. The first system is ver- tical. The beds are from one to six feet thick ; and the whole thick- ness of the workable beds is 16 to 18 feet. The stone is light blue in color, weathering on exposure to a light gray; and, in some of the mass, showing lenticular and roughly parallel-arranged, thin layers of ash-gray in the darker matrix, somewhat like the clay seams of some limestones. There is a dock at the south-east side of the quarry ; and the six derricks and engine-house are still in the quarry. The place was worked extensively from 1854 to 1869, by S. W. Clark & Com- pany. Large quantities of the stone went to the capitol at Albany and to the Brooklyn bridge. ' S. W. Clark works the quarry about 30 rods west-north- west of the old quarry. The dip and joints or seams and the stone are much like those of the latter. The very regular, vertical joints, the even beds, the absence of any stripping, and the convenient location to naviga- tion are the notable advantages of the place. _ The Willsborough Neck or ‘‘ Lake Champlain blue stone” was used in the Reformed church, Swan street, Albany; in the State street Methodist Episcopal church in Troy ; in the Brooklyn bridge piers, and in the eastern foundations and sub-basement of the capitol at Albany. From one hundred to three hundred men were employed from 1869 onward for two to three years. At present the force is from six to ten, and the business is ashlar and cut trimmings for buildings, and specially in heavy blocks for bridge and lock work. PLATTSBURGH, CLINTON CountTy.—North of Plattsburgh, and in the town of the same name there are several quarries in the Chazy lime- stone formation which are worked according to the demand for stone, The principal ones are within two miles of the town on the east of the Beekmantown road. 3 The first one here to be noted is the Pratt quarry, a few rods west 1043 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw York. of the same road. It is now owned by Hugh Behan. An area of 500 feet in length, north-west to south-east and half as {wide nearly, has been gone over, and the stone removed to a depth of from five to eleven feet. The covering on the rock is nowhere more than one foot thick, The strata dip 7° to 8° easterly, The rock is divided verti- cally by one marked, smooth joint plane, which runs south 65° east; and by another whose course is north 15° east. They occur at intervals of 18 to 20 feet apart, and are very regular. The stone is of a bluish-black color, hard and semi-crystalline. On weathering it fades to a gray shade, But unless well selected it is apt to show clay seams. A vertical section ot the strata at the deepest part of the quarry shows: weathered rock, one foot ; then the blue limestone in beds, two feet, one foot, two feet, four and a half feet and two feet thick, respectively, making in al] a thickness of 11 feet 6 inches. There is very little water, and no pumping is necessary. Some of the stone from the quarry is used for making lime. A _ fine example of this stone is seen in the Peristrome Presbyterian church building in Plattsburgh. On the east of the Beekmantown road, and north-east of the Platt quarry, there is an excavation 100 yards x 70 yards, from which a large amount of stone has been taken. At this place the dip of the strata is very gentle eastward, The rock here is divided by a reguiar joint, which dips 75° north 5° east, and runs south 85° east, and by _a second, running north’ 15° east, and nearly vertical. At this quarry the courses or beds are: top, two feet thick, second, two and a half feet, and bottom three feet. It is bluish-black, excepting on weath- ered surfaces, which are gray. This quarry belongs to Mrs. Me- Cready, and is worked occasionally by Peter Lezotte, of Plattsburgh. The stone has a good reputation for heavy work, for which it is admirably suited. It has been used by the D. & H. Canal Company in some of their bridge work on the N. Y. & Canada Railroad line. One-fourth of a mile north, and on the same side of the road, is what is known as the Fitzpatrick quarry, a small opening, which is worked a part of the year only, ‘Lhe greater part of the product is used as furnace flux, but some of the stone is gray and of a crystalline structure, and when polished merits the name of marble: North of the latter is Morrison’s quarry, in a gray limestone. It furnished most of the stone for the St. John’s Roman Catholic church in Plattsburgh, and a part of that used in the Peristrome Presbyterian church. | LIMESTONES. 105 South of Plattsburgh, three and a half miles, Peter Lezotte quar- ries a gray limestone on lands of the Burlington Manufacturing Com- pany. There are two openings between the D. & H. R. R. and the lake shore road. The northern opening is 160 yards long, from north to south, and 30 yards wide. The depth of stone does not exceed 15 feet: The beds dip a few degrees easterly. One system of joints runs south 10° east, vertically, and is open. Another, not so plain, is nearly at right angles to the first set. There is one der- rick at this quarry. The southern opening has the rock covered by drift earth to a depth of one to three feet. The upper surface is glaciated and solid. The stone is fine-crystalline in texture, and gray to red in color. The dip here is a few degrees to the eastward. The _ joints are vertical and at convenient distances apart for getting out large blocks. The beds are from three to six feet thick, The depth of this opening is 15 feet. Its approximate dimensions are 80 x 30 feet. The stone is considered superior to that on the north, being more solid, A derrick, a steam pump and one channelling machine are in use. Blocks weighing 17 tons have been taken out of this quarry, and shipped. It is all carted by teams to the lake shore, one mile south-east of the quarry. The principal markets are Platts- burgh and Burlington, Vermont. The first opening was made about fifteen years ago, This stone dresses easily and takes a high polish, and is known in the market as ‘‘ Lepanto marble.” HorrMman’s Ferry, ScHenectapy Counry.—There are two quar- ries in the town of Rotterdam, Schenectady county, near Patterson- ville station, which are worked at intervals. They are opened in the _ limestone on the hill, 200 feet above the Mohawk river, and a half a mile south of Pattersonville station (West Shore railroad) and the Erie canal. That of James Walker was opened a few years ago, when the New York, West Shore and Buffalo railroad was _ built. The face has a south 55° east course and a length of 150 yards, and has been worked back 75 feet from north to south. There is from 1 to 4 feet of gravelly, drift earth on the stone. Then the beds which are quarried range from 4 to 18 inches in thickness, and the total thickness of quarry beds is from ten to fifteen feet. At the west end there are two beds, each two feet thick, of gray, semi-crystalline lime- stone. The dip is to the south-south-east at a small angle. The main joint system runs vertically south-east. The drainage is natural One horse-power derrick in the quarry serves for loading on wagons, 106 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. on which stone is carted to the canal or railroad. The stone is sold for rough wall work, and is cut for house trimmings. Mrs. Moore’s quarry adjoins that of Walker on the east, and with it makes really one continuous opening. The excavation has gone over an area of 100 yards by 50 yards, and the face of the quarry runs a south 20° east course. It is 10 to 15 feet deep. The dip is 3° south-south-east. | One system of joints runs south 45° east and a second one, north 20° east, vertically. Here also the top strata are thin, and the thick beds are at the bottom. This quarry has not been in operation for several years past. Both of these quarries are in the Trenton limestone. AMSTERDAM, Montcomery County.—tThe building stone quarries at this place are one mile from the N. Y. C. railroad station and near , the Chuctanunda creek, a:i.d from 180 to 250 feet above the Mo- hawk. The quarry beds crop out in the sides of the creek valley. Ascending northward, the first quarry is that of James Shanahan, which is on the eastern side of the creek, and about 200 yards north of the paper mill. The working face is 200 feet long from east to west, and has in it a thickness of 8 to 12 feet of quarry beds, above which there is drift earth up to 10 feet thick. The beds are from 1 to 3 feet thick, and they dip very slightly to the west. The stone is blue and sub-crystalline. The quarry has one derrick and there is natural drainage. On the west side of the stream, Thos. J. Donlon quarries limestone on the Vanderveer farm. This place was opened first nine years ago. The working face has a length of 500 feet, par- allel nearly to the creek, and is 15 to 20 feet in height. The joints run, vertically, north and south and east and west. The beds are from 2 inches up to 2 feet thick; and the bedding surfaces are rather rough and uneven. The stone is a blue limestone, of Trenton epoch. The product goes mainly for common masonry, as foundation walls. Another quarry has been opened north of Vanderveer’s for limestone ‘to be used in lime making. The quarry of D. C. & N. Hewitt is on the left side of the Chucta- nunda creek and east of the Rock City road. At the south opening, which was made many years ago, the rock is a dense, blue limestone, like that of Shanahan’s quarry. It is the largest and deepest exca- vation here. The new quarries are about 20 rods northward and on the same side of the road. At this place a large area has been worked over, since two beds only are raised. ~ j LIMESTONES. 107 The vertical section of the quarries, as stated by Mr. Hewitt, is as follows : mieonen limestone. i. joi 62 te. cL. 1 to 4 feet. amaray GtORe..) oe e025. kk. 2 -).- 2.) 6 inches, Seperes mnestones — o05'. Jobo oel- 22s) nek 12 inches. Bemeny stones lou lo lias. ~~» 2). 1620 inches, », ohelly stone (boring)......-..---.-.--- 6 to 8 feet. 6. Blue limestone at bottom. The top beds are used for lime making. The bed (2) is sold for common building stone, sidewalks, etc. The next bed is the valuable one of the quarry, and is cut into dimension stone, for platforms, steps, sills, lintels and house trimmings. The “shelly stone,” near the bottom, is mixed calcareous and argillaceous layers, but is smooth on bed surfaces and breaks true. It is used as a common building stone. The blue limestone at the bottom is the same bed which is opened for a thickness of 14 to 18 feet in the old, or south quarry. At the latter the beds are 1 to 3 feet thick. Under this blue lime- stone there is the livery-looking, black to yellow stone, supposed to be a cement-rock. Itis8 feet thick. The dip of the beds is undulating in the quarry ; on the west of the road it is a few degrees west. The joints are tight, and in places the stone is ‘‘seam-bound.” Drainage is natural. Two small derricks answer for loading and moving stone. These quarries are in the Birdseye and Trenton limestone formations. A large amount of stone used in the foundation of the capitol at Albany was obtained from Amsterdam, and from Shanahan’s quarry. Albany, Cohoes and Troy are chief markets outside of Amsterdam. For home use a great deal of stone is quarried here on the sites for buildings and the excavations for cellars often yield stone enough for the walls. Trizes Hitt, Monrcomery County.—Henry Hurst & Sons. The eastern end of this quarry is less than 100 feet west of the Tribes Hill station on the N. Y. C. R.R., and between the railroad and the Mohawk river. Its working face looks south-east und trends in a south-west course, nearly 50 rods. The vertical section in the eastern part of the quarry includes the following members : 1. Soil covering the rock. 2. pine, thim- bedde limestone... 22 2. ek 2 0 feet. 3. Gray, crystalline limestone._...........-.-- 64 feet. 4. Gray limestone mixed with blue limestone.... 7 feet. 5. Blue limestone at bottom. 108 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. The top beds range in thickness from a few inches to a foot. The gray limestone (3) is sometimes one solid bed, but in places it is divided by a bedding plane, and an upper layer, 20 inches thick, can be lifted off. The strata dip gently toward the north-west. There is at irregular intervals, and generally from 10 to 20 feet apart, a north-west dipping system of joints whose faces resemble those of slickensides. It does not penetrate deeply into the gray stone. The top, blue, limestone, is not dressed, but is sold for com- mon walls or rubble work. It is a good stone for lime making. The gray limestone is fine-crystalline to sub-crystalline, and of a light. gray shade of color, when fine-pointed or bush-hammered. Polished surfaces looks almost like black marble. It is mostly worked into cut stone for house trimmings. For rock-ashlar also it looks well. The blue limestoue at the bottom is occasionally quarried and cut for bridge work. But the product of the quarry goes mainly into house work. The drainage is to the river, and no pumping is neces- sary, as at the south-west end of the opening the bottom rock is on a level with the ordinary water level. Two derricks are in use for hoisting and loading the stone. Stone from this quarry may be seen in the churches in Amsterdam. James Shanahan’s quarry is east-north-east of the Tribes Hill railroad station, about 60 rods. It is on the north side of the Central railroad track, and has a face of 500 feet from east to west, and from 25 feet in height at the east end to a height of 50 feet near the west end. The lowest excavation is 15 feet below the railroad grade and at least 10 feet above the river. The top beds are thin and siliceous in part, and there is some dark-blue, thin-bedded limestone in the upper part. The lower beds are thick and a gray, sub-crystalline limestone. And there is a thickness of 25 feet of beds, from two to four feet thick. The dip is approximately 5° south 65° west. One main system of joints, vertical, runs north 80° west, and a second system, less well marked runs at right angles to it. There are four derricks, and a track into the quarry. The drainage is nat. ural. The product was largely for heavy masonry. As the stone is rather hard it does not dréss easily. The quarry has been idle for several years. At Rocky Hill, three-eighths of a mile north-east of the village, quarries have been worked on lands of Victor Putnam and Henry Hurst. The stone in the upper beds is black and thin-bedded. The dip is gentle to south-west and the excavations are shallow, and in the LIMESTONES. 109 top of the south-facing escarpment, and 175 feet above the railroad station. These quarries have been worked at intervals for flag-stone and stone for curbing streets. CaNaJOHARIE, Montgomery County.—In and near Canajoharie there are three quarries. The oldest of them, that of A. C. & C. H. Shaper, is in the western part of the town, and about 40 rods from the Erie canal and the N. Y., West Shore and Buffalo railroad. The quarry face has a length, approximately, of 1,000 feet, from north- east to south-west, and looks north-west. The quarrying work has moved south-east and south-west, and has reached in places the limits, on account of buildings in the way. The dip of the beds is nearly 10° in places, and to the south-east. A very regular system of joints runs with the strike, in a south-west direction, and at convenient intervals for working. There are no south-east running joints, or seams, except wide spaces apart. The bedding is true and regular, and the vertical section, as given by Mr. Shaper, is: ee weecisty lemestene Ys 2 5.2 2.. So ka 3 4. Gray and blue limestone._.._........--- 5. Gray limestone._..__-- Bale belt Cptoker swe auley. 6. Gray limestone____._-.- OLED a ae eae Muertan Iimiestone. 0. 50k ae 8 9 oe TTT AAD SES Tt oA RAID RE LU 0G CORD) 2c) 20) 2 oo I oe mr pita, limestones rues ook oe ero blue Mmmestomes sae oot. he Bee Este LUMCELOHGM ee TUBS AUG i BO So 0.0 (et pleted pa OAS OTD NSBR Mike D1) 28) i agg fe, Gatay lmesteie ge 26 Lk Pee DUC AMG an mem ron Oe Se MOM A COME EY fy ue Ra a Re emvOr iene PHIM nS epee oc NE 30 inches. 12 inches. 30 inches. 12 inches. 12 inches. 24 inches. 12 inches. 30 inches. 8 inches. 15 inches. 12 inches. 4 inches. 3 inches. 10 inches. 10 inches. 2 inches. 8 inches. 20 inches. 30 inches. 36 inches. 12 inches. . 20 inches. 18 inches.” 110 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. This section shows the thickness of the several strata and their alternations and succession. The chief varieties are blue and gray stone. All of it is hard, but it dresses well and splits true. The gray limestone is sub-crystalline. Some of the bottom, sand beds are a little calcareous, and they weather brownish-colored on surface. There are four derricks in the quarry, and steam power is used to work a steam drill and gadding machines. The stone are carted to railroads and canal. The quarry is at least 60 feet above the canal. The stone is used for engine beds, monumental bases, sewer blocks, house trimmings and canal lock construction. Stone from this quarry has been put into all of the churches in Fort Plain and Canajoharie, and in large mill buildings in Utica. Some of it was used in the Brooklyn bridge foundation. It was opened in 1852. Samuel Morell’s quarry is in the eastern part of the town, and 40 rods south of the West Shore railroad. It was opened first in 1883, and reopened in 1885. The covering on the rock con- sists of soil only. The upper beds are mostly thin, from four inches thick upwards, and a blue limestone ; and at about 14 feet down there is a-20-inch bed. Then comes a bed five feet thick, of blue lime- stone. The following vertical section gives the succession of the strata : 1. Soil covering the rock. 2. Blue limestone, in beds from 4 inches to 20 inches thick (at bottom)......-. 14 feet. a. .pinebmestone . 2) oe Ce 4. “Sand course,” siliceous limestone... 2 feet 2 inches. ERS Big 2 a i A, Sopa Wt SP 1 foot 6 inches. c's Liam ee oe ear es oe 1 foot 6 inches. phage PTS us RR RS ag ea 1 foot 8 inches. 8. Gray limestone at bottom. | The dip is to the south-west and at an angle of about 5°. Well- marked joints, vertical, run east to west and north to south, and at distances apart so as to form blocks of good size for heavy work. The working face of the quarry is toward the west and the quarry- ing moves eastward and to north-east, or up the plane of dip. There is little water, excepting at the bottom. Two derricks, worked by horse power, are in use. Little powder is needed in blasting. The stone dresses well and it is now used largely in face blocks, for the Erie canal locks, three miles east of Canajoharie. This quarry is worked in the winter whenever the demand calls for stone. The LIMESTONES. 111 small proportion of waste rock and the natural facilities for economi- cal working out heavy stone are advantages of this quarry. Quarry OF RicHMoND & BuLLocKk.—This quarry is in the north face of a natural escarpment, one mile east of Canajoharie, and at the side of the canal and the West Shore railroad. It was opened the present season (1887). The bluff is nearly vertical for 70 feet, up from the Mohawk flats, and then it slopes steeply for 30 feet to the top. The upper part of the bluff is now being cleared off to the rock, and preparations are being made to quarry the beds from near the tcp, down for a distance of 25 to 30 feet, and to a level which is 60 feet above the valley. These top courses of stone are thin and are blue limestone, which dips gently south-west, The main system of joints runs vertically, in a south-west direction at intervals of 10 to 12 feet. One derrick is placed on the upper level and a second one stands at the side of the railroad track. An iron-shod chute allows the stone to be sent down to the track level. Near the foot of the bluff there is a ledge of fine-grained, reddish-colored rock, which is hard, and capable of polish, and which appears to be adapted to ornamental work. As it is siliceous it will resist weathering better than the limestone. The Canajoharie quarries are in the Calciferous formation, and that of Richmond & Bullock is near the bottom and lower, geologically than the quarries in the town. Fort Puatn, Monrcomery County.—The Birdseye limestone was formerly quarried quite extensively at this place, for local market. A small quarry at the north side of the New York Central railroad track, and about 100 yards east of the station, is the only one now in operation. The beds are thin and are dipping gently, south-east. PALATINE BripGe, Montgomery County.—There are two quar- ries in the limestone at Palatine Bridge, on the north side of the Mo- hawk river. The westernmost quarry is that of 8S. L. & A. B. Frey. It is north of the Central railroad tracks about 20 rods, and little further from the Frey mansion. It was opened three years ago. Nearly a half an acre of territory has been worked over in the excava- tion. The covering of boulder earth on the stone is from a thin soil layer to six feet in thickness. The stone is a blue limestone, but there is much variation from bed to bed, and some of the beds are quite sandy. At the bottom there is a thick bed of gray limestone, which 112 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YorK. does well for cut work. The blue stone is put into heavy masonry and common, wall work. The dip of the strata is a few degrees and to south-west ; and the vertical joints run in the same direction. The drainage is natural; and the bottom of the quarry is 20 feet above the railroad track. Three derricks are in use. The stone is carted by team to the canal or to the Palatine Bridge station; and a large amount has been quarried here during the past season. The stone of this quarry may be seen in the East avenue Presbyterian church of Schenectady. Wm. Johnson of Palatine Bridge opened a quarry on his lands in the north-western part of the village the past season. These quarries are in the Calciferous formation. LittLe Fauxus, HERKIMER County.—The Calciferous sandrock is quarried at several places in and near this town, in the bluff to the north. Three of the quarries are near one another, north-east of the town and a halfa mile from the Central railroad station. At the most western quarry the face is 100 feet long and 20 to 30 feet high. The beds are nearly horizontal and from one to two feet thick. The stone is light-gray shade and is fine-grained. It is used for com- mon wall work. The next quarry to the east is 300 feet long, from east to west, and is 55 feet high, and has in it 30 beds. One main system of joints is vertical and strikes north-west. The stone has a bluish-gray shade of color, weathering light-gray on exposed edges. It is fine-grained. At the top the beds are somewhat decomposed, and the stone is rot- ten, and of little value for building purposes. The lower beds are 14 to 2 feet thick. The next quarry, to the east 20 rods, has a length of 300 to 350 feet and a maximum height of 40 feet. At this quarry also, the top strata are much weathered and disintegrated, and of no value as building stone. It does not appear to have been worked in some time. The stone resembles closely that of the quarry next it on the west. Both of these old quarries are in the rear of the street and 200 feet from it. The stone from them is used for cellar walls and retaining walls and for street curbing. The gneissic rock outcrops are to the south, less than 300 feet away, but on lower ground. One and a half miles north-north-west of Little Falls, on the Wil- cox property, the Trenton limestone is quarried by Hanlon Brothers. The locality is 800 to 400 feet above the Mohawk valley and a quarter of a mile east of the school house. A thin layer of soil LIMESTONES. 113 lies upon the rock, which at the top is thin-bedded and highly fossil- iferous. This thin-bedded stone is thrown out on the dump as waste. The beds which are quarried, are from four inches to three feet thick, and consist of the Birdseye limestone. They are nearly horizon- tal. The joints run regularly in a north and south direction, and east and west, and vertically. The total thickness of the quarry beds is 18 feet. From the bottom of the quarry the limestone has been found to run down 10 feet to a sandstone. The stone is largely sold for curbing, and some for flagging, and a little for common wall work. The top rock is either given away for walls or is sold at rate of one dollar a ton in the town. There is little water excepting at the bottom, and no pumping is necessary. Newrort, Herkimer County.*—There are three quarries in the limestone worked in this town. They are owned by Waldo Sherman, Wm. Reynolds and John O’Connor. All have been opened within three years. They are from one to one and a half miles from railroad. HoLuAND PATENT, ONEIDA CountTy.—Martin Olin and J. G. Hill- edge have quarries in the Trenton limestone formation at this place. Prospect, Onerpa County.—There are four quarries opened and worked on the West Canada Creek, between Prospect and Trenton Falls. The first quarry south of Prospect is that of Evan S. Thomas, on the right bunk or Oneida county side of the stream. The rock is covered by soil and subsoil only. The strata are nearly horizontal, and range from 4 to 16 inches in thickness. Seams, or joints, traverse the rock in a nearly north to south course. The quarry beds have a total thickness of 20 feet. The bottom of the quarry is perhaps 50 feet above the creek, and the drainage is that way ; and the waste and stripping are thrown off the edge of the bluff into the gorge. The stone is gray, sub-crystalline, and is rather easily dressed. The output is carted to the R. W. & O. railroad station, one and a half miles away and shipped to Utica, Rome and other points. Stone are in the U. S. Government building at Utica; R. C. church buildings - at Little Falls and Sandy Hill; M. E.church at Herkimer, and ‘in several church buildings at Norwich. The quarry was opened in 1852. * The locality was not visited. 114 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. Across the creek and on the Herkimer county side, Edward Callahan quarries limestone. The covering, strata and situation are quite like those of Thomas’s quarry. The vertical section includes. the following members : | 1., Earth, covering || stone... ..2.2442 422442) 1) to 3 feet. 2. Thin and irregularly bedded, dark-blue | limestone thee tes oa ok 7 to 8 feet. 3. Quarry beds (12 in., 14 in. and 5 in.)__-- 23 feet. 4. Calcareous shale (‘‘ shelly bed”’)_-_- ---- 1 foot. 5. Quarry beds (10 in., 6 in. and 8in.)._-.. —— 2 feet. 6. Slaty. rock (“ big scale”)... ze) vues. 2 feet. 7. Quarry beds (6 in., 6 in., 5 in., 5 in., 10 in. and, 4d. sin:) 2.2.25. eee ae 34 feet. The strata dip at a small angle northward. A close seam or joint, nearly vertical, runs north to south, and another, but open, courses in a general east and west direction. These seams assist in quarrying, and a little powder is used to break down top rock only. By means of plug and feather wedges the blocks are split apart, and the thickness determines the use. Platforms, flagging, lintels, sills, and water tables are cut. In some of the thicker beds there are shaly lamine, or parts, which on weathering, disfigure the stone by their dirty yellow color in the darker-colored mass. The distance to railroad is about one and three-quarter miles. Utica is the principal market, and Mr. Callahan has a yard in that city. The quarry of George & Griffith (of Utica), is on lands of Mrs. John S. Clark, one mile south of the last noted, and on the east or left bank of the creek. The covering of earth is here also thin, and the beds are nearly horizontal, and eight courses or beds are worked. They are from four to sixteen inches thick. The stone is shipped to Utica as the main market. This quarry was opened in 1860. The quarry of H. & L. N. Jones is on the west or right bank of the creek, one mile south of Prospect village. It has been opened for twenty-five years, and worked by the present firm for nine years. The vertical section here is as follows : he Barth: 2 Gif) soo oe Ee oo Oe 2 feet. 2. Irregularly bedded limestone __.. - 2.222222... 3 feet. 3. Quarry beds (@ve)usaa eben: 2.2). J Lees 6 feet. 4. Shaly: limestone .2 Joc eoee ule. Ul 22s eee 4 feet. The bedding at this quarry runs unevenly, and the top strata can- not be followed throughout from end to end. The beds lie nearly LIMESTONES., 115 horizontal, probably dipping very slightly, southward. An open seam or joint, somewhat irregular, runs across this quarry and across the creek to the opposite quarry in a course north 83° east. These seams are wide apart. A set of tight seams or joints, nearly vertical, runs south 17° west; and these latter are of’ great service in the excavation of the stone. The average thickness of the quarry beds is from 10 to 12 inches, but at the south end there is one that is 2 feet thick. Northward the same bed splits into two layers. The top stone is sold or given away for foundation and common walls. The quarry beds are worked up into cut stone, and mostly for house trim- mings, but a part is used for monumental purposes. The principal market is Utica, and recently some of this stone has been used as rock- ashlar for building fronts in that city. On account of the light covering of earth on the rock ; the ease with which the waste, cap-rock and dirt is removed ; the natural drainage and the convenient thickness of the quarry beds for cut stone, these Prospect quarries are worked with economy and profit. The stone is carted by teams to Prospect station, from one to two miles distant from the quarries. About 20 men are employed in the four quarries. The stone is known as the Trenton gray limestone. It has been employed very largely in Utica for ax-hammered, bush-hammered and fine-pointed house trimmings, and also for platforms and curb- ing. A single objection to it is in its fading on long exposure to the atmosphere. TaLcotrvitLeE, Lewis County.— Limestone was formerly quar- ried to a considerable extent near Talcottville, on the Sugar river. There is said to be a fine exposure of rock along the stream and of excellent stone for heavy masonry. The locality was not visited. Other quarries in blue limestone are in the same town of Leyden. The strata are thick, and are suited for heavy work. And _ stone has been quarried there in the past year for canal lock construction. Lowvitiz, Lewis County.—Two quarries are here opened in the blue (Trenton and Birdseye) limestone. Hiram Gowdy’s quarry is a few rods east of the railroad and a quarter of a mile south of the station. The face, as worked, is about 250 feet long from north-east to south-west, and it is 10 feet high. The stone is covered by soil only. There are three beds, which are two to three feet thick, and they lie nearly horizontal. The mass is traversed by one vertical system of joints, which runs east-north-east» 116 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw York. and by a second system which is more irregular. The stone is dark- blue, almost black, hard and dense. Dressed surfaces do not show the sharp contrast with the natural fracture surface like the Prospect stone. It is suited to heavy masonry ; and it has been used in the new bridge of the R., W. & O. R. R., over the Central tracks at Utica. The quarry is above the natural drainage into the creek. One derrick does the hoisting. Luman Carter’s quarry is on the right bank of the creek and a half a mile south-east of the railroad station. The face of the quarry is nearly parallel to the creek, and about 400 feet long and 80 feet in height. The stratification is nearly horizontal or with a slight dip to the north-west. The seams or joints run vertically east and west, and about twelve feet apart; others are less regular. These seams help in the extraction of large blocks. The top strata are of a light-blue stone, and the surface, when uncovered, shows beautiful glacial lines in a north-west and south-east direction. The upper beds aie heavy and answer for bridge work; under them the thin- ner courses, or beds, work up readily into dimension stone for house work. The rough stone of the more irregularly bedded part of the quarry is worked into rubble or common foundation walls. Lowville is the principal market. But the heavier stone go into bridge piers ‘and heavy masonry in all parts of the county, and some to Uticae The beds are all above the creek, and there is no pumping needed. The Lowville stone is used for bases in cemetery work. It looks well when fine-pointed, but it is not so easily dressed as the Pros- pect stone, and is much darker in shade, both dressed and in the rough. THREE-MiLE Bay, JEFFERSON County.—At Three-Mile Bay, the limestone outcrops are so near the surface that much stone is obtained at many places for local needs. The only quarry, which is worked steadily, is that of John J. Barron, one mile south of the village, and a half a mile from the railroad station. It is practically on the lake shore, as the dock is only 100 yards or so west of the quarry. The depth of water off the dock at this point is 15 feet. The place was first opened nearly forty years ago, and a large quantity of cut stone for heavy work was gotten out. It was reopened fifteen years ago. The excavation has a length of 200 yards from north to south, and a breadth, back, of 40 yards. The beds dip about 7° to the east. The main seams or joints are dirt filled, and run in asouth-westerly course, irregularly, and 5 to 10 feet apart. The surface stone is thrown off as waste, although good for lime. The beds are: first, the top, 28 LIMESTONES. . 117 inches thick ; then, one 18 inches thick ; a third one 6 inches thick ; and the bottom, 7 inches. ‘These two lower beds alone are worked for cut and dimension stone, and the heavy beds at the top go into flagging material. The stone is sold at the quarry at 25 to 40 cents per square foot, according to size. The lower bed is cut for coping 10 inch and 7 inch, and is fine-pointed and sells at about $1 a running foot. The product of the quarry, as now worked, is largely put into the market for house-trimmings. A part of it, however, is used for cemetery work. Nearer the village and near the water the top beds are well ex- posed on the surface ; and Barron has opened the locality and worked a 10-inch layer, which appears to be equivalent to the 6-inch and 7-inch layers at the southern quarry. © A few rods north-east of Bar- ron’s house there is an abandoned quarry, where the beds are thick, and the stone strong and solid ; and it was once worked for bridge stone. The drainage at these openings is natural, and there is no machinery employed. The markets for the stone are Watertown and points on the lake shore. CHAUMONT, JEFFERSON County.—-The following quarries are opened in and near the village of Chaumont : Copley’s quarry, worked for lime; the quarry of Belden, John- son & Company, of Syracuse, on the shore of the lake ; the quarry of Adams Brothers ; the quarries of Du Fort & Son, on land of H. Copley. ; The quarry of Belden, Johnson & Company, on the bay, has a working face of 500 feet in length from north-east to south-west, and a breadth of 100 feet, at least, at the eastern end. The main joints run, vertically, south 82° west and north 25° west. The strata dip slightly, westward. The upper beds of rock are somewhat irregular, and, in part only, available for building stone. It answers, however, for common walls, and is 8 to 9 feet thick. Under it there are four feet of thick beds for cutting and dressing. Next below, follows a thin and irregular layer, a foot thick: then, the gray, sub-crystalline limestone, in beds, 6, 6, 12 and 8 inches thick, or in all, 2 feet 8 inches. At the west end the dip carries the beds below the lake level, neces. sitating some pumping. This quarry is worked at intervals by Adams Brothers. The main quarry of Adams Brothers is on the bay shore, in the vil- lage. The quarry face is at least 600 feet long (from east to west), 118 REPORF ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. and is 17 feet high; and the order of the strata, from the top is as follows : 1. Dark-blue limestone.....-- 22222. -- 8 to 10 feet. 2. Gray limestone (32-inch layer) ----- 2 feet 8 inches. 3. Gray limestone (16-inch layer)._..-. 1 foot 4 inches. 4, Gray limestone....-......-.-..-.- 4 feet. 5. Black limestone, ten feet above the water level of lake. The seams or joints in this quarry are remarkable for their regu- larity, and they are a great help in quarrying. One set or system runs south 80° west, and dips 80° to 85° southward; a second system runs south 10° west, vertically. They are from five to fifteen feet apart. The dark-blue stone of the upper part is burned into lime, at the quarry kilns. The gray stone of the 32-inch and 16-inch courses or beds, are dressed for lock-facing stone, or are cut for monu- mental work. The gray limestone of the bottom (4, of section) is cut into sills, lintels, water tables, etc., for house trimmings. This quarry has been opened four years. An example in construction, of this stone, is seen in the Protestant Episcopal church building in Watertown. The quarry is within a half a mile of the R. W. & O. R. R. station. . South of the village, and on the east side of the little bay, are the quarries of Davis, and Du Fort & Son. The Davis quarry is about a quarter of a mile from the village. Blue limestone is seen at the top, then the 32-inch bed and the 16 inch bed, and under them the gray limestone. An area of 600x200 feet is here opened and worked over. This quarry is run at intervals. Du Fort & Son’s Quarry is south of the last named, and a half a mile south of the village, and three-quarters of a mile from the rail- . road station. It is on the shore of the lake ; and at the dock near the quarry there is a depth of 12 feet of water. The several beds are shown by the following sections : 1. Blue. limestone... eee = - - 3 feet. 2. Gray limestone (32 in. layer) .-....-...-.. 32 inches. 3. Gray limestone (16 in. layer)....-.......- 16 inches. 4. Gray. limestone. U2 ogee ee le eee 10 inches. 5. Gray limestone..;..( eee. dae 8 inches. 6. Gray limestone. .... gee Gaee s+: - 2s eo ee 7. Black ‘limestone... ogee ee so chen ee 18 inches. 8. Shelly beds, at bottom. LIMESTONES. 119 The dip of the beds is very slightly west, as shown by their pass- ing below the level of the water 200 yards west of the quarry. The main joint system runs south 75° to 80° west, but is not so open as that in the quarry of Adams Brothers. There are two derricks for hoisting stone. The drainage is natural, into the lake. Powder is used for blasting off the top, blue stone, which is thrown away. The 82-inch and 16-inch courses are now quarried for lock construction on the Erie canal. The 10-inch layer is worked into sills, lintels, etc., for house trimmings, and the lower beds are used for flagging. ‘The stone from this quarry can be seen in H. Copley’s office in the village. At the present time the product is largely used for Erie canal lock construction. These Chaumont quarries are, geologically viewed, in the Black river and Trenton limestone. The stone of the thick courses is strong and well adapted to heavy wall work. Anda great quantity has been sold for canal and bridge construction. It sells at $9 to $13 per cubic yard. The gray stone for house trimmings brings 50 to 60 cents per squaye foot. About forty men are employed in the several quarries, and the work continues all the year or whenever weather permits. As they are all convenient to lake and rail the markets are reached easily and cheaply. Limestone is quarried near Brownville at the side of the Cape Vincent Branch railroad, occasionally, and for local use. At Watertown the limestone is finely exposed in the gorge of the Black river. The strata dip at a small angle westerly. The 32-inch and 16-inch beds of the Chaumout quarries are thinner here. The gray stone underlies them. Up the stream and easterly the dark- colored, knotty limestone is in force. OagpENsBURG, St. LAWRENCE County.— Much limestone has been used in building in this ‘town, and the larger part has been obtained from local quarries, in the Chazy limestone formation. The elegant town hall and St. John’s P. E. church are substantial and beautiful examples of the stone, which is found in the valley of the river, inthe town. The quarry-site is built over. in part, by the Hub factory. The quarry, which is now worked for local supply, is on the Oswegatchie river, about two miles south of the town. Norwoop, St. Lawrence County.—Robert Murray has a quarry in the town of Norfolk, one and a half miles from Norwood station of the O. & L. C.R. R. line. It is in the blue limestone. The beds 120 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. are from five to eighteen inches thick. The stone is dark-blue and compact, It has been used for buildings ; and the following are struc- tures in which it can be seen: Presbyterian churches at Malone, Waddington and Canton; Roman Catholic church at Hogansburg ; and St. Lawrence county court house, and clerk’s office, at Canton. SCHOHARIE, SCHOHARIE CountTy.—East of the village of Scho- harie, limestones of the Lower Helderberg and Water-lime groups | afford excellent building material, and some which is suitable for monumental or decorative work. The quarries are small and are not. worked, except when stone is wanted for home use. The black, ten- taculite limestone is notable for its compact texture and its capacity to take a high polish.* Jt is not opened asa marble, Z. J. Brown, of Schoharie Valley, has used some of it for cemetery work. A good example of the enduring quality of the blue limestones of the Lower Helderberg group, as they occur in the Schoharie valley, is the old Reformed Dutch church and stone fort (now State property), one mile north of the village of Schoharie Valley. Although built in in 1766, the walls are still firm and the stone are not faded nor weath- ered even on the sharp edges and corners of the blocks. Hower’s Cavs, ScHowarieE County.— Two quarries have been worked in former years for both building stone and for the hydraulic limestone. The former overlies the latter in the face of the escarp- ment, on the west side of the valley. The upper beds are known as the ‘‘ gray stone,” and are 15 to 20 feet thick. This gray limestone checks and does not polish, and is best suited for heavy masonry. The tentaculite, or blue limestone under it, is equally hard and solid, and dresses well under the hammer. It is a good building stone. Some shaly beds are interstratified with the more solid and firm stone, and hence there is some waste. The stone quarries are above the cement-rock mines or quarries. They have been idle during the past year CoBLESKILL, SCHOHARIE CounTy.—Wm. Reilly’s quarry is a half a mile north-west of Cobleskill, and in the Upper Helderberg limestone formation. It was opened about 25 years ago. The quarry is 200 feet square. There are 30 feet of workable beds or courses, overlain by sépping, seven to eight feet thick, and ranging from five inches to two feet thick. The dip is only about 2° south- *'The beautiful bl.ck of this limestone, or black marble, in the State Museum sug- gests its use, and the desirability of further exploration to test the locality. LIMESTONES. 121 ward. The seams or joints are south 10° west, vertical, and a second set at right angles to the first, and also vertical, but not as regular or uniform. At the bottom there is a thin-bedded, blue limestone, and under that a water-lime rock. Large-sized blocks are readily obtained. Both gray and blue limestones are found, but the greater ‘part is gray and sub-crystalline in texture. It is not as hard as the blue stone, and is more readily dressed. Stone are sold to Albany, Binghamton, and more in Cobleskill. The Methodist Episcopal church in Amsterdam ; the German Methodist church, Clinton and Alexander streets, and the R. C. church in Central avenue, Albany, are of this stone. SHARON SPRINGS, SCHOHARIE County.—There are two limestone quarries at Sharon. That of C. T. Smith is at the upper end of the village, and at the north side of the street. It is opened in a side- hill. The strata dip at a small angle to southeast ; very regular joints run north-east and south-west, and a less persistent set at right angles to the first. The bedding is well marked and regular. The stone is compact and hard, but is said to dress well. It has been used in structures in the village (houses and the Protestant Episcopal church) and for house trimmings. The thin beds answer fairly for flagging and crosswalk stone. The formation is Lower Helderberg limestone. Another quarry in the place is that belonging to Mrs. Daniel Nor- ton. Francis C. Mallett and Mrs. Jefferson Smith also own small quarries in the vicinity. They all do a local business. CHERRY VALLEY, OtseGo Country.—For the local use the Onon. daga limestone ledges, which crop out north of the village, furnish an excellent stone. There is no regular quarry, although the amount of stone construction in the place is comparatively large. The stone is light-blue in color, and in thin beds. It dresses well. The Presbyterian church, the Belcher House and other buildings show it to advantage. SPRINGFIELD CENTRE, OTsEGO County.—The Onondaga _lime- stone has been opened and quarried to some extent in the McCabe quarry, one mile north of Springfield Centre, and near the Herkimer county line. It was opened in 1869. The beds dip 3° to 4° south 35° west. They range from one to two feet thick. Blocks of large size are readily obtained. The stone was used in building the house of Edward Clark; in the Otsego county jail; and in the Fenimore House, in Cooperstown. 122 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YoRK. Another quarry in limestone in the same town is at East Spring- field, on the road to Cherry Valley. PERRYVILLE, Mapison County.—The Onondaga gray limestone is well exposed in the creek gorge at Perryville ; and it was first opened for building stone, more tein 60 years ago, at the time of the Erie canal construction. There are now three quarries in the place, which are worked to some extent. They belong to the E. C. & N. R. R. Company, O. F. Britt, and the J. T. Smith estate. OrIsKANY Fatus, ONEIDA County.—M. Juhi quarries limestone for building and for furnace flux about a half a mile from the N. Y., O. & W. railroad station, at this place. A great face of stone is opened and is reached by a switch from main line into the quarry. The covering of earth is 2 feet thick. Then follow: the blue lime- stone, 10 to 30 feet thick ; and next, in beds ranging from four inches to two and a half feet thick, blue limestone suited to building. The quarry was first opened at the time of the Chenango canal construction. There are quarries at Waterville and~ Cassville, also in Oneida county, and on the line of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western railroad. They are in the Corniferous limestone. Man.ivus, OnonpaGa CountTy.—Loomis’ quarry, at Manlius, is in the gray, Onondaga limestone. It is worked for monumental stone and for house trimmings. The locality is on the Syracuse, Ontario and New York railroad line. The JAMESVILLE quarry is in the same range, and it is worked for bridge work mainly. The Syracuse and Binghamton railroad line runs through the place. Spuit-Rock QuaRRIES, ONONDAGA CountTy.—-These quarries are in the town of Onondaga, five to seven miles westerly from the city of Syracuse. They are opened in the north edge of the Upper Hel- derberg escarpment. The most eastern opening is that of Hughes Brothers, on the Fay place, five miles from Syracuse, and on the south side of the road, and about two and a half miles east-south-east of the main group of quarries. It was opened in 1877. The earth cover- ing does not average more than one foot in thickness. Thus far only the top course has been quarried, which is 2 feet 6 inches thick. The stone is gray, crystulline, and softer than that of the quarries on the west. It dresses well and makes a good material for house work. ~ LIMESTONES. 123 It is worked for lock stone mainly. There are two derricks at the quarry. The stone has to be carted to Syracuse. The Shonnard Hill quarries are opened and worked by J. J. Me- Lean, Jas. Connor, Cornelius Crowley, and Hughes Brothers. The Hughes Brothers’ quarry, at the south, is the oldest and the largest of this group. The locality has been opened for many years. Two courses or beds only are worked, and together are about 4 feet thick. At the bottom there is a gray limestone, which is seamy. These seams or joints run east and west and dip south, steeply. Blocks of very large size, limited only by the capacity for handling, can be obtained here. The stone is carted to Syracuse, and dressed at the yard of Hughes Brothers. Crowley’s quarry is separated from the above mentioned by a property line only. ‘The beds are horizontal ; and the stone is very similar to that of the Hughes Brothers’ quarry. The quarry of James Connor is north-west of that of Crowley’s and north-east of that of Hughes Brothers. Along the east-west running face of the ledge, where worked, the top earth is only one foot thick, and the top, quarry bed 2 feet thick, and the second course 2 feet 8 inches. The bottom is a gray, seamy limestone, which is partly used for building purposes. There are two derricks here. The drainage is natural. The blocks are carted to Syracuse, and they go into canal locks and house trimmings. J.J. McLean’s quarry is north-west of the last described, and about 500 feet distant. The earth covering of the strata here is 1 to 2 feet thick, and the strata are horizontal. One main system of joints runs east and west. Only a few feet, at the top, are quarried for lock construction. One derrick is used. The total area quarried over in these several openings on Shonnard Hill is at least ten acres. About fifty men are employed on an average. There is no water to be raised and no pumping, and the work continues during the whole year. The stone is carted to Syracuse, although the railroad line is within two miles to the north. The formation is known as the ‘‘ Onondaga gray limestone,” and the geological horizon is that of the Upper Helderberg period. To the east of this group of quarries, as now opened, and a few rods only from the roadside, is the quarry of Cornelius Crowley. The beds at this place dip 5° to 7° north-east. Two courses or beds only are taken off and they are used for canal locks. The bottom is gray, seamy rock. Still further to the east, and north of the road a 124 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE or NEW YorK. quarter of a mile, M. Degnan has opened a quarry. The gray lime- stone and associated strata are similar to those at the Shonnard quarries. To the north-east, and across the gulf from the last men- tioned locality, is the abandoned quarry of Wm. Liddy. The Splitrock quarries were worked actively at time of the building of the Erie canal, and many locks on it were of the Splitrock gray limestone.*, ONONDAGA RESERVATION QUARRIES, ONONDAGA CountTy.—South of Syracuse and on the Oonondaga Indian Reservation, gray limestone is quarried by five parties, all within a range of three-eighths of a mile from north to south. They are in the north-east corner of the Reser- vation, and are worked at a nominal rental paid to the State. At the north-eastern end of this group of openings is Hughes Bros. quarry. Going south, the next adjoining, is that of John Kelly, Jr., and then the quarries of Patrick McElroy, Wm. Crabtree and D. L. Storrier. The quarries of Hughes Bros., Kelly and McElroy form one con- tinuous opening, which has a length of 250 yards from north to south. The quarry face consists of a wall of rock running in a zig-zag course following the joints or seams. At the north end the beds are hori- zontal or may dip slightly east-south-east. In McElroy’s quarry the dip is to the south-east and at an angle of 20°. The seams or joints run nearly due east and west ; and another set, less regular, north and south. A vertical section of the stratain Hughes Brothers’ quarry has: blue limestone (cherty) ten feet ; blue limestone, one foot ; gray lime- stone, six feet, and gray limestone at the bottom. The covering of earth on the rock is rarely more than a foot thick. The joints are plain in the blue stone, but less marked in the gray. The bottom bed, four feet thick, bas tight seams or is ‘* bed-bound,” and is not worked. A vertical section at McE]roy’s quarry shows : rock, with earth mixed, 6 feet; blue limestone, 20 feet; gray limestone, 7 feet; and gray limestone at the bottom, 5 feet. The blue limestone is in beds or courses one to two feet thick, and is usually separated by thin layers of shaly rock. It contains much chert. This blue stone cannot be dressed, and only asmall part of it is used, for common walls; and for this purpose some of it is carted to Syracuse, but owing to the ex- pense of carting it, the greater part is left on the dump in the quarry. The removal of this strzpping, of blue limestone, makes the working * There was then a population of 5000 people at Splitrock. The old stone tavern, a massively built structure, and 50 years old, is all that is left of the town, and a proof of the durability of the stone. \ LIMESTONES, oy 25 of this quarry costly. Only the superior value and quality of the gray limestone compensates for the heavy work of stripping. From McElroy’s quarry it is 200 yards south-south-west to Crab- tree’s. This quarry has a face of 200 feet in length. Boulder-drift earth, up to 10 feet thick, covers the blue limestone, and with the limestone, makes a total thickness of 20 feet of stripping, before the gray stone is reached. The same gray bed, with tight seams, is seen at the bottom of the quarry. Storrier’s quarry is about 20 rods south of Crabtree’s. It was opened three years ago. The beds dip east-south-east,“slightly. @At the west side the drift earth lies immediately on the gray bed, which is four and a half feet thick. The blue, shaly limestone comes in at the top as you go eastward. | The gray bed seems to run out southward, and beyond Storrier’s quarry. ‘The water in these Reservation quarries is raised by siphons and carried over to a stream in the valley on the west side of them. They are worked more or less all of the year, or so long as the weather permits. The stone is all carted by teams to Syracuse, six and a half miles distant. It has a gray color, crystalline texture, and in the market is known as “ Onondaga gray limestone.” It is a strong and solid building stone, and does not show the black seams, marking some of our limestones, nor clay seams, so common in nearly all of the Mohawk valley and Hudson-Champlain valley limestones. When fine cut, the color is light-gray, approaching the best of the Maine granites, ana in pleasing contrast to the rock face stone, which is much darker in shade. It has been the principal building stone in Syracuse, and there are many fine structures in that city which are of it. Notable among them are the new U. S. Government building, Hall of Languages, Syracuse University, Onondaga County Savings Bank building, St. Paul’s P. E. church, St. Mary’s R. C. church, and the May Memorial church. A large amount of this stone has been put into lock facings on the Erie canal, especially east of Syra- cuse. It has found a ready market in Oswego, Binghamton and other cities in the central part of the State. Union Sprines, Cayuga County.—The Onondaga limestone is opened in a group of quarries at Hamburgh, a mile south of Union Springs, and at Mosher’s quarry east of the same place. The quarry of Daniel Mosher is one mile east of the lake. It was first opened many years ago. But little stone was taken out until 1879, since which date it has been actively worked. The quarry is 126 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. nearly rectangular in shape and about 300 feet by 100 feet and 26 feet deep. The earth covering on the stone varies from one to six feet thick. The dip of the courses or strata is 5° southward. There are two sets of joints or seams ; one south 17° east, and a second set east and west. They are at convenient distances apart for working out the blocks of stone, and are generally open. The vertical succes- sion of beds or ters of stone, from the top down is as follows :* 1, Blue limestone 3). 2. 22 2 Pee ee 12 inches. 2. Blue limestone 2) 25. 2 fo Le ae 16 inches. 3. Blue limestone for flagging.-.......----- 3 inches. 4.) Blue. jimestone . 2.2 de ee ae 5. /dlue amestone (2). ..2 3a ee ee 22 inches. 6. Blue limestone’. .: f.2 3) 2 ee ee _ 4 inches. 4. ‘Blue limestome 3). 4 dou. seu ea Be ae ee ee & ‘Blue Timestone 203. cd sti Sete Benen pieces 7 inches. 9), (blue imestome rite ae etn day aa a ae 8 inches. 10: Bluerkimestone.: 2.02 522020. ee ee 9 inches. 41. Jslue limestones. 2 2540 248 ba eee 11 inches. £2.) Blue limestone 2 60i,205 Goes eee 20 inches. 13. Blue limestone (filag-stone)_-...---------- 2 inches. 14; Bhie liméstone 2). wei) aa. oo eee 8 inches. 15:; Bhie iraestone: oe 2 Oe ae oe 8 inches. #6. Blue limestone, 5002222 4cob2 bl Dales eee WT 8 CHOY oo oboe w ie alleles Get, ee eee 6 inches. 1s ey s/n en, Rare met eae Viet lets Tambestnneigs ess fe ates ac a oe Nae 16 inches. 200i Blag stone ue ee sb bet. eae ee eee 5 inches. Sic Tannese. bee be ui cick ee Sea eee 27 inches. 22. Jonmestonesc uu to eae iT oo eer ee 12 inches. 25, Tamestotinat. 222s. lasus 4 ee 7 inches. D4. Limestone: ind toe woe £5 «io: i ee 16 inches. 25... Lamestame cia) Jel eek J dties See 18 inches. 26; duiimestonec Jb 2b OR Ob ad och 22 inches. The bottom is shaly limestone, and under it there is a bed of lime- stone three feet thick. The strata, or as they are here termed, ‘ ¢ze7s,” are worked up into building stone, canal lock stone, and railroad bric ge pier stone, flag-stone and platforms. The bedding faces at this quarry are somewhat rough, and hence the stone is better adapted for heavy work. The stone of the thick beds is gray, sub-crystalline, and * From Mr. Shaper. LIMESTONES. | 127 dresses well. The product of this quarry is now shipped for canal construction. There is very little water to be raised. Two derricks are used at the quarry and two at the dock on the lake shore. A large amount of stone from this quarry has been used on the Lehigh Valley R. R. at its Vosburg tunnel, Pa. The Hamburgh group of quarries were first opened at least 60 years ago, and the old grist mill in the village was built of this stone ; also the.Chase House and the house of Robert Howland. And they are witnesses to its durability. Puititre WINEGAR’S QuARRY is on the east side of the road, and is opened a length of 600 feet. Its working face is 40 to 50 feet deep. A vertical section shows: drift earth, with large limestone boulders, 10 feet thick.; calcareous slate, brown color, two beds, five feet ; blue limestone, in beds, one inch to 24 inches, 30 feet. At the bottom there is a bluish-black, slaty rock. The black, slaty-rock courses at the top answer for common rubble or wall work. The thick beds are used for heavy mason work, for which this stone is specially adapted. The courses, between three and four inches thick, are usually cut into flagging. The succession of beds corresponds with that at the Mosher quarry, and the flinty cap on the 24-inch- bed is 14 feet above the bottom of the quarry. The earthy layer, known locally, as ‘‘ soapstone,” also appears in this quarry, and over the ‘ flint.” Two derricks are in use in the quarry, and one on the dock. A tramway runs from it under the main road to the dock, one- fifth of a mile away. A large force of men is here employed in quarrying stone, and in strzppzng in the winter. At present the out- put is largely used for the construction of locks on the Erie canal. The stone are shipped by boat on the lake and canal. THE Quarry oF A. B. Nines is about 80 yards from the west end of Winegar’s, and on the west side of the road. A large area has been worked over. These quarry beds show some disturbance, and as now exposed, the strata dip south, and are also horizontal in places. A track runs from the quarry to the dock on the lake. The place is at present idle. Patrick SMITH’s QuaRRY is on the hill, 100 yards south of Winegar’s, on the east side of the road. At the north end the beds dip 30° north-west, whereas in the centre and in the south part they are horizontal or nearly so. The quarry face is about 600 feet in 128 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. length from north to south, and runs in a zigzag course, owing to the rectangular joint walls. It has been worked back about 200 feet from the road, in an easterly direction. At the top there is drift earth and black slate, and the strata are found to increase in thick- ness as the hill rises, going eastward. Theslaty rock can be used for common walls, but owing to a lack of demand, very little of it is sold, and that at 25 cents per perch at the quarry. The succession of strata here seen, is the same as in the other Hamburgh quarries, as above described, and there is a remarkable uniformity and persis- tence in the strata, as opened in the several quarries in the vicinity of Union Springs. The thicker beds of the Smith quarry furnish strong and durable stone for solid masonry. At present the product is largely cut for construction of lock enlargement on the Erie canal, between Rochester and Syracuse. Stone from this quarry was used on the Vosburg tunnel of the Lehigh Valley railroad and in the via- duct of the New York Central railroad at Rochester. The quarry equipment includes six derricks. The stone is carted to the dock, an eighth of a mile away, on the lake, and is shipped by boat over the line of canal. | The quarry industry at Union Springs has not grown, owing to the many new localities which have been opened during the past twenty to thirty years. The canal work has to some extent revived the business. For solid masonry the stone is among the best. AUBURN, CayruGca Counry.—The Upper Helderberg limestone formation, which underlies Auburn and the adjacent country east and west, has yielded a large amount of stone for building in the city ; and its percentage of stone buildings is relatively high. The main ledge on the eastern side of the city is continuous from the Osborne works, to and beyond the Goodrich quarry. The old Garrett quarry opened in 1810, is now covered in part, by the Osborne Reaper Works. The present quarry of the Garrett Stone and Coal Com- pany, is east of the old quarry site, inthe face of the same ledge. The strata dip gently to the south. The working is intermittent and for local use mainly. Former years saw more work, and the product went into buildings in the city, and to other points also. THe Quarry or L. 8. GoopricH & Son is east of York street, and on the same ledge as that of the Garrett quarries. It follows the line of the ledge, and runs in a north-westerly and south-easterly direction for over 1,000 feet, and the face of the quarry fronts the LIMESTONES. 129 north-east. At the top, the rock is thin-bedded and shaly. The stripping is from six to eight feet thick. At the south end there is three feet of red earth on top of the limestone. The beds dip gently southward. The joints are regular, nearly vertical, and at right angles to one another. The main system runs a few degrees north of east. A vertical section of the beds here worked is as follows :* 1. Blue limestone (for rubble work). -. - - .--- 14 inches. 2. Shaly limestone (worthless)._.......-.-.- 14 inches. a Ouray limestone (curb “tier)oL 2.52. 2- 252. 18 inches. SL fat EAR RGRRE BOLLS a 1-3 inches. 5. Gray limestone, for cut work..........-- 14 inches. Pray INMeMOne see oe + - =. 6 inches. 7. Gray limestone (for large platforms). - ~~. - - 12 inches. eeoray limestone.(heavy ter)..-...-...--- 23 inches. 9. Gray limestone (extra good)..-.....-.-.- 12 inches. Peery limestone... s.e2 25.4) vols ..L-.- 24 inches. eee tiohi-biae, limestone... .2. 22. .2.- 2. --- 5 feet. mambeiue HinestOnes¢ o.oo ak Ls. 5. 3 feet. Beene Limestone jo... ose. -. ~ 4 feet. Petar limestone... 250) eg hee 13 feet. Meerue WiNestONe. o-oo fe 5 feet. Water-lime rock at bottom. The gray limestone of ters Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, of the above section, is used mainly for dimension work, for curbing, gutter-stones platforms and house trimmings. It is gray and of uniform shade and sub-crystalline in texture. The bottom bed of gray limestone is especially adapted for sills, lintels, water tables and house work gen- erally. All the gray stone dresses érue and when fine cut, has a light-gray color, making a pleasant contrast with the plain, rock face. The cart- age is by teams to railroad, one mile away. The quarry plant in- cludes four derricks and one steam drill. It is above the natural drainage, and no pumping is necessary. The output for 1887 was valued at $35,000, and about 60 men were employed. This quarry was opened in 1863. Jounson & ParsELL work a quarry in the same ledge, but lower and at the valley level. It has a face 30 feet high. The stone is blue, hard and brittle, breaking with a conchoidal fracture; and the éders are six inches to two feet thick. A small quantity is taken out an- nually for common wall work. * Figures are from Mr. Goodrich. 130 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. BENNETT’S limestone quarry is west of the city. Only one to two men are employed and the product is unimportant. The gray limestone of these Auburn quarries has been used largely and effectively in the five beautiful church buildings ; in the city hall ; in twenty-two store-houses ; in the buildings of the Auburn Theological Seminary ; the State Arsenal and the State prison. They witness to its beauty, both when fine dressed and as rock-face ashlar. SENECA Fats, SENECA County.—Small quarries, worked at in- tervals and for local use only, are opened in the limestone along the river at Seneca Falls. WATERLOO, SENECA CountTy.—TIwo quarries are opened and worked near Waterloo. They are in the Corniferous limestone formation.* . John Emmett’s quarry is on the Seneca canal, one mile west of the town. A large space has been uncovered and quarried over. The covering on the stone is from four to ten feet thick ; and the quarry courses or beds of blue limestone are, from the top down, as follows : 24 inches, 12 inches, 10sinches, 18 inches, 7 inches, 8 inches, 8 inches, 26 inches, 16 inches, 12 inches, 15 inches, 18 inches, 9 inches, 18 inches or 14 courses, which are quarried, and which have an aggregate thickness of 17 feet, nearly. The drainage.of the quarry is into the Seneca river. The stone has been used in canal-lock construction and in churches in Geneva and Waterloo. The quarry was first opened in 1842. Loren Thomas’s quarry is half a mile south of the town, and the same distance from the N. Y. C. R. R. and the Erie canal. A large area has here been worked over, having a length of 1,000 feet or more from north to south. It has been worked for 60 years, having been opened first by the father of the present owner. The top earth is here from three to ten feet thick. The beds have a dip of 2° in a southerly direction. They are divided by joints, or seams, which run vertically, nearly west of north, at intervals of 30 feet or so apart, and the second a few degrees south of east at about the same dis- tance apart. These joints assist very materially in the working of the quarry. A vertical section shows the following strata : i, Blue limestone [uUUViSbRG. i). ok Ce 25 inches. 2: Blud limestone bs JUUCP 2 sk Pe aes 12 inches. *'The formation is locally known as the Seneca blue limestone, and is in the upper part of the Corniferous or Upper Helderberg group. LIMESTONES. 131 frame limestones) JO.) 8 oe8 vol el ete 16 inches. HiiBlue lumestoner 2 2a. 0 pou. secu le. sls -20vinches, prise limesttenen 2s) Go Ae. bee y Le sbeln: 7 inches. Sememe limestone hoodoo ele eu 9 inches. faniue Widestone: JL 0 eee Pes aie lic 2d 7 inches. Bo aane limestons 22.0 22822 cee sh 21/22 inches Deeanveyeartth: J 0S Sees ee ss a5, ool 5 7 inches. Mrert on limestone 2 = 2232350. 52... Fs ee ) inches. Were recrOne 35) 2 Ue a 14 inches. © LLNS S05 Ae Maa 11 inches. Bee MCHLGMG ey bt ee 16 inches. eee Panesignes ares eee) a ol TR, ighes: Me ENESTOMe ko ae a ls 18 inches. Be efoe es ee Quameheg: The total thickness of the section is 18 feet 7 inches. Atthe south side of the quarry, at the top, there is more shaly stone, which answers for common, wall work only. There are several derricks in use, worked by horse power. One steam pump raises the quarry water. The stone is carted to the railroad and the canal. The product is largely used for house work, canal and railroad bridge construction. The Waterloo stone can be seen in the basement of the Protestant Episcopal and in the Roman Catholic churches in Waterloo. The Corniferous limestone formation has been opened in small ‘quarries at Phelps Junction, in Gidding’s quarry Canandaigua, and at Hog Hollow in the town of Victor, all in Ontario county. They do a local business. Leroy, GENESEE County.—Two quarries are reported as opened at Leroy for building stone. They are in the Upper Helderberg or Corniferous limestone formation. The stone does for common, wall work, and fills the local demand, but it is not exported to any ex- tent. Some of the limestone which crops out north of the town, is said to dress and polish well. The same limestone formation has been opened in a small quarry at Caledonia, in Monroe county. WILLIAMSVILLE, Erte County.—Several quarries have been opened at Williamsville, ten miles north-east of Buffalo. J.S. & F. H. Youngs, and D. & H. Fogelsonger work quarries for building 182 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. stone, mainly for the Buffalo market. They are small and are not deep, as the rock is near the surface. The stone is light-gray, fine-crystalline and dresses well. It is used in Buffalo for cut stone trimmings. The quarries are six miles from the N. Y. C. R. R. line, but nearly all the stone is carted by teams to Buffalo. The geolog- ical formation is Corniferous. BurraLo.—In the city of Buffalo, a great part of the stone used in retaining walls, common walls, foundations and basements, as well as inside walls, has been obtained from quarries within the city limits. A group of these quarries is in the north-east part of the city, on the east side of Avenue A. The most northerly opening is that of the Buffalo Cement Company. At this quarry the Corniferous limestone is six feet thick, and rests upon an even-bedded, gray lime- stone, which may be eight feet thick, and underneath which, the cement rock is found. The limestone from this quarry is sold for building purposes in the city. The average price is $6.00 per cord, The main group of quarries is south of East Forest avenue, The first one at the north, and near the street, is that of Emilie Sutter ; the next, south, is that of Joseph Armbruster, and adjoining it is that of John Ges]. These quarries really make one opening, the dividing line being simply that of property. Armbruster’s quarry is nearly worked out, as this property has nearly all been quarried over. At the south side the face shows 18 to 20 feet of strata, ex- tending from Avenue A to Gesl’s line. A very plain system of joints runs east and west, vertically. There are two derricks, and the quarry is worked in a small way. GESL’S QUARRY covers an area of two or three acres, The quarry beds are overlain by drift earth, varying from a few inches to four feet thick. They are even-bedded, horizontal, and from nine inches to two and a half feet thick ; and the total thickness averages 20 feet. The stone is dark-colored, dense, hard, and contains much chert, par- ticularly near the bottom. The top beds are generally thin, and the stone from them is used for common walls, selling at $6.00 per cord, delivered in the city. The heavy beds are cut into stone for locks, bridges, etc. There is very little water, and the drainage is natural. Two derricks are in use. A main system of joints run vertically east and west at spaces about 20 feet apart, on an average. The other seams or joints are vertical, but run in an irregular course. ts LIMESTONES. ise JOHN ORTNER’S QuARRY is a quarter of a mile east of Gesl’s. The quarry beds at this place, have a total thickness of 18 to 20 feet. One derrick is used, and a small force of men is employed. The Quarry OF CurTER & BartLey is south of that described above, and covers an area of at least 10 acres, having a working face of 1,000 feet in length from north-east to south-west. The strata are horizontal, with vertical joints or seams, 20 feet apart, and running east and west. There are ten beds, of which the thickest is two feet, and together, 18 to 20 feet thick. The stripping ranges from a thin soil to earth, three feet thick. The beds are above natural drainage. The plant consists of four, horse-power derricks. About 50 men are employed a large part of the year. The stone from these quarries is all sold in the city, and is carted by team from them to the spot where it is to be used. RocHEsTER.—The Niagara limestone formation furnishes a large part of the common building stone used in this city. The quarries are located in the north-eastern and in the western parts of the city ; and, generally, the stone is covered by a few feet of earth and boul- der drift. One of the largest openings in the city is that of Foery & Kastner, on the east side of North Goodman street'and in the north-east- ern part of the city. At this place about two acres have been gone over to a depth of 25 to 30 feet. On the top there is an uneven bed of gray limestone. It is underlain by 15 to 18 feet of even-bedded stone, of a darker shade in color, resembling some of the Trenton limestone. The gray limestone dresses more readily than the latter, and is the best of the quarry. This stone is used ,for cellar walls, foundations, basement and party walls, and to a slight extent, as rock faced ashlar, for building purposes. Steam pumps for raising the water and steam drills are used. The average price is $1.00 per load at the quarry, and it is sold in the rough to builders, who put it in rubble work or square it for course work. Lockport, N1ragara County.—The Lockport gray limestone is quarried in the city by Chas. Whitmore and by B. & J. Carpenter. The quarries are in the south-west part of the town, along the canal, above the locks and south of the N. Y., L. E. & W. R. R.. Whit- more’s quarry is worked in a small way, at intervals. The Carpenter quarry has an opening on both sides of the canal, but the main working is now on the north side. The beds are above the canal level, and the quarrying work has extended over a distance of 200 yards from 134 REPORT ON BuILDING STONE oF NEw YorRK. north-east to south-west, and back nearly to the railroad line, making an area of several acres from which stone is extracted. The locality was first opened whea the canal was dug, in 1829; and the Carpen- ters began work here in 1829. The stone is covered by soil, and the top beds are thin, for three feet or so in depth; then comes the gray limestone, having a thickness of 12 to 24 feet. At the bottom. there is hydraulic limestone, six feet thick, and under it a black, shaly rock. The quarry stone has a grayish shade of color and crystal. line texture. The beds dip south at a low angle. There are no seams or regular sets of joints in the rock. It dresses well ; is solid, dense and specially adapted for heavy masonry, as well as for house trimmings and cut work. When fine cut the surface is not very different in shade from the rock. Formerly a large amount of stone was quarried here for building purposes, but since the great increase in the use of sandstone this limestone has been comparatively neglected. It has been used for monumental work also. At the present time the stone is being quarried for canal lock construction. There are three derricks in the quarry, besides a double, traveling shed derrick. The Lockport gray limestone has been employed to a large extent in stone construction at home, and the curbing, crosswalks, canal locks, N. Y. C. R. R. viaduct, several store-houses and church build- ings, shows how well it stands the exposure of years, and its dura- bility. As a cut stone for trimming, with brick walls, it has been used extensively. Outside of Lockport it has found markets in Buffalo, Niagara Falls and other cities. A fine example of the stone, fine dressed, is in the Lenox Library building, on Fifth avenue and Seventieth street, New York city. Niagara Fatxis.—The Niagara limestone formation, affords stone for building in the Falls village, and small quarries are opened in the vicinity of the place. They do not sell stone to other points. SLATE. SHuSsHAN, WasHINGTON CountTy.—A slate quarry was opened here about four years ago, on lands of Daniel Dobbins, near the Batten Kill, and one mile south-west of Shushan. There are two openings about 50 yards apart, in a northerly and southerly line, and about 150 yards south-west of Dobbins house. This quarry was reopened in 1887 bya New York city firm, and was worked about six weeks. The main opening is 75 yards long, and about 30 yards wide and 40 feet deep. The bed dips at an angle of 40° eastward. There is very little earth on the rock, and originally, the slate cropped out. The rock on the west and south sides of the opening is purple, green and variegated in color. Two derricks, worked by horse power and a shanty, with a trimming machine, make up the quarry plant. The work had been suspended at the time of visit, and the bottom of the quarry could not be seen. A small stock of roofing slate was on the bank. SALEM, WASHINGTON CouNntTy.—South-east of Salem a half a mile, three quarries have been opened for roofing slate. Two of these quarries are worked by C. H. Pierce, and the third by John N. Williams & Co. The Pierce quarries were opened three years ago, and the excavations are about 40 feet deep. The southern opening is about 40 x 60 feet in size. The drift earth which covers the slate averages seven feet in thickness. The beds dip at an angle of 20° east-south-east. The north-east opening is small and is now idle. These quarries produce roofing slate and flag-stone. The stone, un- suited for roofing or for flagging, is used in the town for walls and foundations. The Hawley Farm quarry, about 300 yards south-west of the Pierce quarry, is leased and worked by John N. Williams & Co., and was opened the last season (1887). It has reached a depth of 45 feet on the dip, but is only about 30 feet square. Thestrata dip 40° east; the cleavage is in the same direction. The slate hasa greenish color, and is known as unfading green. ‘The water is raised by a barrel, and a one-horse derrick answers for hoisting the slate. This quarry has not been opened sufficiently to develop a large body of good slate, but it is promising. 136 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. Kays’ Quarry also isin the town of Salem, and on the Christopher Morey farm, in the Black creek val.ey, and four miles north-west of Salem. It was opened in April, 1886, by Hugh Kays, of Salem. The opening is 60 x 40 feet, and 45 feet deep. The slate is red and is said to be quite as deep-colored as that of Granville. In what may be the same range (or “vein” of the slate quarry- men), there is the Douglass quarry, which is located about three and a half miles south-south-west of Granville and near Slateville, in the town of Hebron. It produces a red slate. During the past season it was idle. GRANVILLE.—The Granville red-slate vecn or range is traceable for two miles northward from Granville, east of Middle Granville, and nearly parallel to the Vermont line. It is narrow, in places not over 30 rods wide, and its surface very rocky. The strata crop out in numer- ous low, glaciated knobs and ledges. Quarries and trial pits have been opened at many points. The following quarries are noted here, beginning at Granville : The quarry of Evan J. Roberts and John Hughes is in the northern part of the village of Granville, and about 100 feet west of the Mid- dle Granville road and the D. & H. R. R. line. The opening is 150 x 45 feet, and 20 to 30 feet deep. The beds dip 50° south 82° east. One system of joints runs north 85° west and is vertical; a second, has its joint faces dipping 40° west. The covering of earth on the slate rock at this opening, was not more than two feet thick at any point, and the rock, as seen in the outcropping ledges near the quarry is solid and hard. Some white calcite and milk-white quartz are seen in the joint surfaces. The cleavage coincides with the dip of the beds. The varieties of slate here obtained are green and red. The red slate is fine-grained, homogeneous and bright-red in color. There is one derrick on the dump, at the south end. The quarry has not been in operation during the past season. Going north on the line of the red-slate ‘‘ vein” the next opening is about 120 rods to the north, and 40 rods east of the railway. It. is small and at present, partly filled with water. The quarry of John J. Williams is north of the last mentioned locality, and on a ridge about 50 feet above the Granville terrace, and perhaps 80 rods from the railroad. The opening is 100 feet long and nearly as wide. The depth averages 50 feet. The beds dip 40° east-south-east. One well-marked joint system runs east and west. The second is less plainly marked, at right angles to the first ; and SLATES. 137 both are vertical. The cleavage planes have the same direction as the bedding. The greater part of the slate obtained in this quarry is red. The quarry is unwatered by means of a siphon ; and the slate blocks are raised by one derrick, worked by horse power. North of the Williams quarry and on the same ridge two quarries have been opened and worked, but work in them has been discon- tinued. The quarry of Wallace & Hitchcock, north of these abandoned quarries, is also idle. At all of these openings the slate rock shows the same general direction in dip, and at an average angle of 38° to 40°. rat) The quarry of Hugh Williams, on the Hammond farm, is about a quarter of a mile north of the last mentioned locality. It is about. 80 by 40 feet. The dip of the strata is eastward or east-south-east. This locality also has been idle for three years. Going north, the quarry of William F. Williams & Sons, is on lands of W. Crosby. The opening is in a low depression or wet swale, at the eastern foot of a low lying ledge of red-slate rock. The slate here was found covered by a thin bed of white, clayey earth. — The quarry dimensions are 100 feet by 50 feet, approximately ; and 55 feet deep. The dip of the strata and of the cleavage plane is 45° easterly. One main seam or joint system is vertical, and runs east and west. Both green and red slate are found in these quarries. The green variety is seen crossing the strata obliquely. A steam pump, running for five hours a week, raises the quarry water. The slate blocks are raised by a horse-power derrick. This quarry was opened four years ago. The quarry of Wm. A. Nixon also is on lands of W. Crosby, and a few rods only, north of the Williams quarry. There are two open- ings, and they are close to the road, on the south side of it. At the southern one, which was begun in the season of 1887 a depth of 25. feet has been reached. The strata dip south 75° east, and at an angle of 45°. A red slate is obtained here, but the place is not yet opened fairly to indicate its value. The old quarry of Nixon, which is now idle, is several rods north of the above and near the road. A large amount of roofing slate has been taken from it and the heaps of waste rock about it are large. Nixon’s quarry is east of, and in beds a little higher than those of Williams’, and, apparently, higher than those which are opened on the north and across the road. _ It is a half a mile south-east of Middle Granville. 138 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEw YORK. A few rods north of the main road, and on the Crosby property a slate quarry has been opened and worked by a Boston company. It is located on the eastern side of a low and rocky ledge, and the covering of white, drift clay on the slate was much like what was seen at Nixon’s and at Williams’ quarries. This opening is about 50 feet square, and 25 to 30 feet in depth. Both green and red slate occur in this quarry. The bedsand cleavage planes dip at an angle of 40° easterly. | About 50 yards north of the Boston company’s quarry there is an old opening, which is now partly full of water ; and north of the latter are the abandoned workings of the Eagle quarry. All of these quarries produced a red slate. In the same range, and a few rods north of the old Eagle quarry, slate is raised by Robert B. Pritchard. He has two openings, of which the southern one only, is worked. It is about 50 feet square, and 30 feet deep. The cov- ering and the location are very similar to the neighboring quarries to the south. The beds dip about 40° a little south of east. The main system of joints runs in the line of dip, and they are vertical. The slate has a deep red color. One derrick, worked by horse power, serves to raise both the stone and the water, of which there is at times a great deal, as the location is swampy. These quarries are within a half a mile of the railroad station at Middle Granville, where the slate are loaded and shipped to market. MippLe Granvinie.—lIn the village of Middle Granville a slate quarry is opened and worked south of the main road, and on the west side of the Pawlet river. It is located on flat ground but a little above the stream, and the covering of drift earth is only a few feet thick. This opening approximates about 250 by 80 feet in size, and has a depth of 50 feet. The bed dips 30° east-north-east. The main joint system runs in the same direction and dips very steeply southward. At the north end of the quarry there is a slip, or joint, whose planes dip at an angle of about 60° east. The purple, green, and variegated varieties are here obtained ; and the greater part of the output is split into roofing slate. One derrick, worked by horse power answers for raising the water and slate. PENRHYN STATE CoMPANY’S QuaRRIES.—These quarries are from a quarter to three-quarters of a mile north of Middle Granville, in the eastern side of a steep ridge of slate rock. The slate hus been opened at several points on the lands of the company, and on the adjoining SLATES. 139 farm of John Fyfe. The three southern openings or quarries, are quite close together, and west of the mill. The first one is approximately 300 x 200 feet, and nearly 100 feet deep, and the second, 200 x 100 feet, both being 10 to 20 feet deeper at the upper or west side. At present they are partly full of water, and the only work is in the top rock at the side of the southern-most pit. The main quarrying of the company is now on the Fyfe property, and in what are here known as Nos. 1, 2 and 3. They also are large pits, and from 70 to 100 feet deep. The dip of the strata in all of these quarries is east, and at an angle, on average, of 40° to 50°. Green, purple and variegated slates are obtained, and, generally, these different colored rocks occur in separate beds. The variegated consists of green and purple mixed. The joints or seams traversing the rock, are not well defined in these quarries. Generally, one system runs in the same direction as the dip of the beds, that is easterly, and vertical. A very large amount of material has been taken from the openings in this hill, and the hugh dumps indicate the extent of the work, as well as show how much waste is incidental, necessarily in opening and developing slate quarries. There is not much machinery employed, other than horse-power derricks and pumps run by steam power from the mill. At all of these quarries in the side hill adits and short tunnels admit of unwatering, down nearly half the depth, and save some hoisting. The splitting and trimming of the roofing slate are down in shanties or booths, on the dumps at the quarry. The blocks for cutting are hauled by teams to the company’s mill, which is within a half a mile of the furthest quarry. The work of getting out slate at the quarries is done on the contract system, the men furnishing the blocks of slate at certain rates, according to the stock which is cut from them. The company works up the product of the quarries in its mills, except a comparatively small part which is split up into roofing slate. The greater part is worked up into plain, marbleized, decora- tive and enamelled material, as mantles, steps, house trimmings, table tops, laundry tubs, wainscoting, floor tiles, etc. The purple and green slates are generally used for marbleizing, as they are more abundant, softer and cheaper than the red, which finds a market for ornamental work. The purple slate of these quarries is deeper and richer in color than the Vermont purple slate. The latter has more of a brown shade. The Middle Granville quarries were first opened about 1850. The Penrhyn Company’s mill is east of the quarries and at the side of the Pawlet river. It is equipped with machinery for cutting, 140 REPORT ON BUILDING STONE OF NEW YORK. rubbing and marbleizing slate, and it works up a large amount of slate rock from other quarries, both in this county and in Vermont. It is the only establishment of the kind in the State. Their other mill is at Hydeville, Vermont. The product of the mills is 14,000 square feet per month. The MrerrowEE RED SLaTE Company operates a quarry of unfad- ing green slate on lands of the Empire Slate Company, three miles. — north of Middle Granville, and on the west of the Rutland & Wash- ington railroad. It is in the town of Granville. The quarry is con- sidered as one of the best of the green-slate range in this section. The slate is a gray-green in color. Red slate has been worked on the east side of the Pawlet river, north of Middle Granville. The quarries are as yet small and not. productive. They are west of the Granville range. On the TERENCE Crotty farm, one and three-quarters of a mile north of Middle Granville and east of the E. Whitehall road, there- are three openings in red slate. They have not been worked in four years. } The ALLEN SLATE Quarry is about 50 rods north of Crotty’s, on the west side of the road and near the Allen farm-house. It was. first opened in April, 1883, and worked up to two years ago by the: Mettowee Red Slate Co., Hugh Williams, manager. The excavation is approximately 150 x 30 feet, and 60 feet deep. ‘The average dip is 70° east. The earth on the rock is thin, and the top rock, where it has been uncovered, appears to be solid and unaltered. The slate is bright red in color. When worked the percentage of waste was said to be unusually small. The Mettowee Red Slate Company furnished red slate for the Union League building and the Vanderbilt, house in, New York city, and for the Mark Hopkins; house,{at Great Barrington,, Mass.* § ~. METTOWEE oR NortH Bend RED Siatre.—North of the Pawlet river, and about one and a half miles north of the steel bridge two quarries have been opened lately. They are in the town of Gran- ville.g, What is known as the Pinkham quarry is about 100 yards west of the East Whitehall road. The quarry has reached a depth of about 50 feet, and its estimated length is 80 feet. The beds dip 42° eastward. The covering of earth is from 1 to 3 feet thick, but about SLATES. 141 15 feet of the top rock is not workable, and is included in the sér¢p- ping. There is a little green slate on the east side, at the top but the mass of the quarry is bright-red in color. The main system of joints run east and west and vertical. A second system runs obliquely to the first, south-south-west, and dips .steeply to the west- north-west. The company working these quarries is known as the Anniflan Slate Trust, of Boston, of which Geo. F. Pinkham is the principal owner. It was first opened about three years ago. The present company reopened it in July, 1887. The plant consists of one derrick and one pump, both run by steam power. Half a mile north of the above is the quarry of Hugh Williams, of Middle Granville, and on lands of Edward S. DeKalb. The opening is about 80 feet by 50 feet, and at least 30 feet deep. The stripping is drift earth, and about three feet thick. The lower beds dip uniformly at an angle of 40° north 85° east, and the cleavage planes have the same direction. The main system of vertical joints runs north 80° east ; the other sets of joints are quite irregular. The beds have been worked down 60 feet on the foot-wall of the quarry. The color is bright red. The best material is split into roofing slate. The more solid stone of the waste or refuse is used for building stone. One derrick serves for hoisting the stone and water. The quarry was first opened in 1884 ; it was reopened April, 1887. The slate from these quarries is carted to the railroad at Middle Granville, three and a half miles distant. At Raceville the railroad is within one and a half miles of the quarry. East WHITEHALL, WASHINGTON County.—This range, or vezn, of red slate, is in the town of Whitehall, nearly six miles from Middle Granville, and the same distance south-east of White- hall. The locality is known as Hatch Hill. There are four quarries, opened within a length of a half a mile, from north to south, on the line of strike of the rock. The surface is wet and swampy, and on the west there is a ridge about 100 feet high above the quarries. W. A. Nixon has the most southern opening on the hill. It is not yet developed into a producing quarry, although good, workable slate rock has been uncovered. R. A. Hall’s quarry is at the edge of the swamp on the south and close to the hill, on the west side. It is about 200 by 100 feet and 100 feet deep on the western foot-wall. On the east side the slate is covered by swamp earth and clayey drift; on the west the rock crops out in the surface. The beds dip easterly at an angle of 40°. 142 Report oN BuritpInG STONE oF NEw York. Red slate is quarried here, and the greater part of it is worked up into roofing material and tiles for flooring. The mill for sawing the tile is at the east side of the quarry. Steam pumps, steam drills and steam derricks are here in use. From eighteen to twenty men are employed during the working season. The manufactured slate and tile are carted to Whitehall, six miles north-west of the works, and there shipped to markets. The Hall mill for tiles is located at North Granville. A novel use of the waste from this quarry is grinding it for paint. It is used as a filler in making oil-cloth also. The Hall quarry is represented in the Gilsey House, New York city. The Ainsworth quarry is about 40 rods north of that of Hall, and is in the low ground. Its dimensions are, approximately 150 feet on the line of strike by 80 feet in width, and 80 feet deep, at the east side. The beds here opened are a little west of the range of the Hall quarry, and lower. There isa remarkable fold in the strata, thus exposed in the vertical sections of the north and south walls of the quarry ; and the arch or crown is seen at the west and the axis fur- ther east, dipping eastward at about the same angle as the dip of the strata above and below it — 40° south 82° east. The rock in thiS fold and middle section of the quarry is hard and does not work well, and it is thrown out as waste. The best material is found in the bottom beds, under the fold. The main system of seams, or joints, runs an east-west course, vertically ; a second set, with calcite-coated surfaces, trends in an east-north-east direction, and vertically. The quarry water comes largely from the swampy surface. It is raised by a steam pump. The hoisting of the slate blocks is by a horse- power derrick, ‘The slate is of bright-red color, and homogeneous. in texture, A part is worked into roofing at the quarry, and a part is carted to Middle Granviile, and thence is shipped to the mill at Castleton, Vermont, where it is cut into tiles, sills, lintels, billiard table tops, etc. This quarry is on the Holcombe farm, Hiram Ainsworth, of Castleton, Vt., is the lessee. It was opened first four- teen years ago. The working season lasts from nine to ten months each year, Herbert’s quarry consists of two small openings about 200 yards north of the Ainsworth quarry. The southern one only is worked. The dip of the strata here is 45° (approximate) and eastward. The slate is bright-red, and it is well exposed in the outcropping ledges near the quarry on the west side. The surface rock has somewhat of red SLATES. 143 shale interstratified with the slate. The work of pumping and hoisting is done by steam power. Roofing and tile slate are pro- duced. The red-slate outcrop is traceable north from the quarry, up the hill to the road and thence onward. The East Whitehall slate is noted for its bright, cherry-red color, its fine, homogeneous texture, and its freedom from pyrite. As compared with that of the Granville range or vezn, it is brighter in color, it is worked more easily, and it is considered by slate men to be superior for roofing material.* The ven is more persistent and uniform in character than the latter. The output of these Hatch Hill quarries varies from year to year. In 1887, they produced about 1,500 squares of roofing slate besides the sawed stock. It sells for $10 per square, delivered on carsor boat; and there is a steady demand for it. _. * It should be stated here that the East Whitehall quarries are nearly twice as deep as the quarries in the Granville red slate range or vein, and generally in all districts the quality improves as the quarries get deeper in the rock. Pee eg NLD STATISTICS OF QUARRIES. According to the statistical tables of quarries and their production, in Volume X, pp. 46-49, tenth census of the United States, 1880, New York had 55 marble and limestone ; 181 sandstone; 3 crystalline siliceous rock; and 12 slate quarries, which did a business, each of over $1,000, during the year that the census was taken. There were 3,302 laborers employed in these quarries and the value of the product was $1,261,495. The survey for this report shows that in 1887 the number of working quarries was 342; and distributed as follows : Pererrallite ane oneiss. 04 ies et oe 11 quarries, RO, fe FW eg Le oe cia 7 quarries, Ppenmascone: cL Pe Sk 235* quarries. BP PemMentOne .3 2.0) ass be Lee) 78, quarries. Me ee nn! we Ledeen oo wok ONESIES, 342 The total number of laborers employed, including quarrymen and stone-cutters at quarries, was 5,400,} an increase of one-third over the number reported by the United States census. The value of the equipment or plant is estimated to be not less than $1,600,000. It represents the machinery, tools and sheds necessary for quarry work, and excludes mills for cutting and dress- ing the stone. The value of the product (estimated at)......----- $3,500, 000f The value in 1880 (United States census)._-.-..----- $1,261,495 *Including 144 quarries in the Hudson River blue-stone belt of territory, as reported in the United States census for 1880. + The number of men employed in the quarries and in the quarry districts is from individual statements of owners or managers in great part; a few localities are estimated ; and the Hudson River blue-stone district estimate ,of 2,000 men, is from Wm. B. Fitch, of Kingston, Ulster county. {The total value is made up of statements for the several, larger quarry districts, obtained from managers well acquainted with the extent of this industry, sup- plemented by estimates made in the office, and based on the comparative number of men employed. 146 APPENDIX, Hupson RIvER BLUE-STONE. The following statistics of blue-stone for the vear 1887 are fur- nished by the Union Blue-stone Co., 280 Broadway, New York.* They show the amounts of the different grades which were quarried and the several uses to which they were put. OutrputT oF BLuE-STONE By Union BiuE Stone Company, 280 Broapway, NEw YorxK, FoR YEAR 1887. DESCRIPTION. PIREING. tess headin ts cece wetiens: soos a aoe eE eee ie eee UOT ONG win )n x5 Ss aie mss ainero in Sew age ain g Sete ae RUT TIE | s\n ote g.a'scke'd » Sidinie’p led 1a)d 6 Ra” bie aie hye ae a Eee ee eee CPI, Ls naciel sais uence seein’ 5 cnchen esate oes eee sien PG GSU Ih Solok winiay) we aie wien get o'ete bt shal lara rae ee a BHO UIS oni in.g:t em Kn ahi niotetvip im’. vie see hini'e tie o Gham p ee eee ean ee eee meee iIpelgiat Madge /CrOSSINOS . - . ni. s0% a's snes epee ence aren eee Rubbed ells te. ds 4) a's ccs sks bie denn jogaker anes 6 eas arenes eabbed curb and lintels.......6, waccks. Seema bee Sele oereee eee Axed, twenty-meh €urd si. o csice ss cane whee cone Nee eee Pigned WiIAitOriMs c.codis ee «sss. Wee ees oop 5) Gu en eae eee a awed and ‘planed. .\...... 0) Sb. s2> as elape bain nuldaee siemens hep OUT NOTE iare ete oa cd ww See 0 oe kale bias Mite wcts Bere ore ee eee Elevated railroad foundation stone. .... .... ...0 cece secs cece COTSIBESS orickeekaweis ce reeks wilnia wlapses 60s Eee Feet. 3,188,217 29,019 23,878 25,793 877,424 126,539 426,671 343,020 3,639 12,234 150,920 125,791 67,276 40,129 55,815 100,311 57,252 5,753,055 Pieces. 4,807 In addition to above there was $93,000 of manufactured stone sold for building and other purposes. As these figures represent nine-tenths of all the blue-stone, which is quarried in the State, the total output may be safely stated to be 6,400,000 feet, and its value, in round numbers, $1,750,000. SLATE. The output of red-slate, in roofing, for 1887, is reported by W. A. Nixon of Middle Granville, to amount to 5,000 squares. * Union Dlue-sioue Company, Sam'l CoyKeudall Presi, aud Saim'l Coles, ‘Treasurer. “TAMDI b ae: Ss A Sa A PAGE aN EATIIVG COMIDAING. goin: sc aiqslaidie vueass soense veale odine wsuedeaes v0 is 33 Seer CMC FEMION, STADILES: 1,1... sce eis ueiases cece seve ense sens cone noes ica es PUMNME MTUARTICH ce sco wee none tees wacesass cas chee cans Snes ene ose. wese'e 62-65 amemenone COMPANY, GQUATTY Of. .. 6... sac ce weds ceca sacs cone cuss cecene seeses 63 Gray COUNTY, QUATTIES 1... 6... 2225 ceed wees cece cece bene ese ones cone sees 90, 91 Ine, MAOMETOMELY COUNLY 5.55 cuss ascc sane cee orcas sees tase sens vase 106 PMPOMet. MCNENCCLADY COUNLY. .2 5. 000 tone sees sesh ocbede seceicens ence peceue 54 PERM, TAMATPICH BG... cece saws cece cae sees secs ese seceee sens cues ces eanane 128 RECOM A CHCUBOTY TEN o-5:u 5: scien wa cio isa's a slew end wus salsa aed ween pend eyiais 130 UNCUT he CCPP TAY 3, «55 micie-c wee oilple ws ene aces 0l ele en's s asde eae cbc baie 33 | B. Bates’ marble quarry.......... «. Sean aa ania Wea ycaie oat Sets dae tans eae 39 Dem PRMIET COUNLY a5 x ccin conc snscieone cececdec seus ssee sens elel eee eaa ae 89 RENT COUMEY, «foe cic oi) = le wine) Sioamin wees come’ Cwenis chine (alte: ojelg ved eles 91 NE SE PSEC PUUELGY, viele ate!'e vin hic a's) weasel ans la doesn 06 snipe asia sale cas meneame 90 EN ETRE TR VV CRD ali sain a seid 9 6,« cies sinia asa k Mee os sn, vie aiqitalale sb iquiensm as 71 EMERG LORIET EY. OE, diss o.c,cia, coe sd. a/d's) 0 04 cies vo eeiec 0d cin ae Sean's afew c, Samay 64 EE Fe UR OUPIO LITT (CUSLETY, 5 o's 5) oie ns an cs, helo e's widens 5050, 00 08 sadelacia saee we 31 ea tesa. sine cunsinls seh) dai) qaim die sche» ve seas, Jad 5) ayelchue einen 19 EEE MMAILC coon tarce ae te aiaha la Aolat 4 670) ee o.0) «idle W « A'atais « w.ab.45:4)e.6 amish meta plampanels 132 u. MNES PUTER A RINE ee hare Cc isle cajwictel ainiecdl oie-areiaiw 01¢.6S.a'e\ « 0esdeus,v0.asdinp Lisa siti 8, 20 UME Sa CONNIE, ale, oa ciatia divie {uicfalel oie siahereins eGov te ou eames, ‘oe cataers mee aie 59 RINNE Sood NO aerate ot icici SURI Doe oto aie Sam © Wels’ bn oclammiss ara a dtlelone §,. 3 ne SIO CMIDAORMOTY. COUNGY raw scietann do aicia ie : bon a we wes Nasties gia einen waft BS IAS Pe ay Ss Tie Goodyear’s, quarry at...... dade in cin vw uis lonis'e/teo mio wisian sy tp he eee ee 81 Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county. .... ....0. ‘: ST shes Gace Neen ae 42 Granby, quarry at. cir. ik ees cone woes secs bey aa! ne SI pine ee ae ite anes aeaere 58 Grenville: Hints Riis fees a cae aod ic dos eekenscoe a> calae Reta a bitumen 23, .136 PTAtUe, GUBTTIES Ol. .nsis se Lele esens os dane ns ono. en een eee ase 11, 25 Greenfield, quarries in.. ..... SG aue cheat nites eat pa oo Gee shine been halons me ite ae 32 Greenport, GUEITY Ii. socc.te cess evevinbwn nskebe Sen akonte dea shell © SiN es Cer: ae Wee: LOE Greene county quarries...... os Ps eR RA Riad bc dere at ph cable enn ee Be ees Re 52, 73 Grindstone Island, Jefferson county .... .... 22. sees Paps aig ag i, é Sue's?” © se H. Hall’s Reports, reference tO .....%'s00 ane evens cove canieiecenet anc Pants et eos 59 Hamilton group ...... «.. poe Seuccuieewabbiebios bobs vhs dition whiekee ames W hy 8, 17 8 Hammond quarries....... oub“eerh chtktenten/ Bb) dien cs ehhh cabal eee aime ve wdecinwed 49 Hastings QuarrieS.... .eseee vee sé lvcebe aisle MbbS'es webbos sels Pe is i Hatch Hill slate......... 0 Devewetscse beslee a dddawe cecece iduivdielsigies) Sb ual Se ee biel 141 Haverstraw, Rockland county «cos iive s66é, se celebness bees Scag abab nee Sue Sie 93 Herkimer county, quarries itis... .tss% sos Gvibes souls bobs web eeae 32, 112, 113 Higginsville, quarry at .... eee coon eoee 0 bweie'vile'e’< ° 71 PAGE Piehland, quarry at...... .20 os RR AMaa st sit e.4 ‘a'siaibtie a abea elena’ slates aahes Weta alata M a hits 51 Sands, PTANibes ANG PNCIBS Ws... oe oe se cece s aces cece cee sisess oe anit wine 11 Meme S MCTTy, QUATTY Bb cise coc. wee cee cone cece cecnee © alas nse Wiehe ey satin 105 Holland Patent, quarries at......... aeaneielerh's <6 ¢ wares ea Sai i le Siete 113 iovey, quarries at......... ..-. REE Gays Sala 4 9's sal wend aby mq dap nsep ipa cuted siia ee EGS tCTIDET COMMEG: aio nt auanicw (aid oaiie sais ce au ns Sasu clean ensienalnc ste 89 owes Cave, quarry at.... cscs. soos ve ME aatiak de) cie? = Sica? stsiai oma ciapia atietak caesar 12U REEDS TONE 0). cs cai case Welw oe ueas. Sig ris sip he aie Wines ow eens cans igacna) ae SRE ILTIG-SRONE vin aiclld sig, dininist ea malaiene'os ssice 04 sn lscgn, Sesis, sisbenls’ seeeen. ESE RTOLEDY SS ot sic) 2 ce ee oh mc Anse ya ios wi nie win mah gw me km yoeimin dao 85; 25 REE CUUIATTION . 0.04 sis ccice mains euses e sees > been ee ey sete seen Re iy ecnnee sniee eee 91 PE WPOLt -QUATTICS. 2 26 Semel veins ac eee et oe nian neath a su oe “abe bin oiena anne 15 INDEX. 151 PAGE. IN RIL Abi ocd o airenise -e hackole Jadme.sls law Wi ae ds (sia beicd \idieia ddim eed oheid aa 0m 46 RR ENCES chs Cu staaln gael idl die ail ciation odie. 0's c,aha'l scsi, © 4; 0.2 eins wid inp alacay oe \eiain: 113 I erty, SETS eg een os cians ad ss asiain) aan) ange na cin ans 4 29, 42 Q. I aoa v5.5 s Teiciale) wiciuis ricln'nilaisiy'p! efalalaiinie’sinis® sive else sewn seed sales bees 8 14, 45 PEE EMT GONE oo. a dee aa aes a et aeduniy occ oo es we sels) arse we'd diese ceees 24 R. a COME CUATIICS, oon. pens espe Bildel main'w 6 0- easictijecc ueWanla case seesns wane eh ce 54, 56, 105 ne: COUN Ws USP WS. cisc cies wiatielda.s yg sled ocntee 00 osiee cents 78, 120, 121 STIR OVMNC EY 1 UAT TCH: | oisteig/eral #s Asie ob cats a se 30, Adisic) asics oD vee e aa ASG eet eas 83 EEL MIE RTICS <5). lace midlet e aia aim lah sek we) 46 BE Jat nie ooscstnis me ine aise 130 Se TIM CFEPAECLOS: VN De cle Meta cpia cele Sia) a4 = 07 a.0.0.5.omniehylceinia dae 130 eee reee eee tile IQUE CAT Cl UAETICR . c12 ats eee is a saw a.cie ja Les as se cen cain igh vies senies 16 penn TRIES Cl METICS ete ania) jaatananie oa sivie sis jos ssas. sos ccis's, eine diets Sees 121 era Ee Rt CNC atts re ea Lclae Or eee: alka Tplec ica e, GDaieis nln “suadae, cand melon baer 175 Meera enmns ONIN SALONS OE etc Seva tele taei cre Vata ox oc; A vrne nicl, on/est ean &slaigdimepegisterauere 40 ee cin hiefal ota sas cuisis uwistp shige’ Selec hclem ian iets ciaien een Verd-antique marble. oo. ow. eke lee dena Liaoee soenbacslt pitta ae Rete e mine Seen Warren county quarrieS.... .... ..ees. Sng pind casan, «one cetReRNe ee oe arta nee 44, 101 Warsaw, Quarries ‘ats cap... sn le devd aswame he cneg Wi pen sede Ceee tee arn Warwick, quarries at...... o'veacls wavces vnc ests ous > ses 0:5 6 Ueiniy aie en nit nnn Washington nounty, ‘slate 3a .'..'... 5s (sakes shocce woe eeu sueeiel Ree Rene 23, 135 Wer COUGY: CUBITIOS +. 6 ck $5 2s cbasse te eeeks «eee .. .23, 45, 99, 102, 135-143 Waterloo, Quarries ato. 0262 kkk we eee OR Sar eee bd eee cones eee 130 Watkins Glen, quarries’ ab ic cs ies cae adc aed mcee Whine neue re cat einen aia Waverly, quamrrics ats. 5055 Seg see Jak ES Od Sh snl een cles eee ee ee 85 Westchester county, quarries im.... <0... sseces vee BAO Sari gi lo 25-28, 30, 37-40 NOU eee SPUN CUNT HE ogc See c) oiace sin ke's Eecee See ieee eee hen tease See 30 Westport, quarries at..,.... cca boustc ne cous. seine annem Miebaie kien etna ann 33 Whitehall, quarries at. .......... 4. Sebel. «6 So a wikis atin ieeeaae bsigis "ee aie. Sens m-a'p oon ey Willianiaville, ‘quarries atosss ico kik. ca5 80s Saree dee the eee ee 131 Willsberough Neck, Quarries ‘OW i555. ile oe ice se pia Cae okdlavo hale ieee ae ree 102 WY TEI, CHIMP TOG Pics wes a cue Seenehaeb es «ah wis. ists Radha aoe ate ee eee 32 Wyoming county, quarries in. ..... Mi wabinc: aeo's Me eye erie meets eye Kea 84 Yates county, Quarries im. ..66 sccc kes cece deceee a 83 Yonkers, quarries near. ..5655 0565 Ss s0ds cds ee acts! 90 beeen ace en eee - ee: i is Baie ened >_> x ae ee 2 U Yep oak ah, NP ia cll 4 fi hs Ae r MAN ru ee te) i ihe a Vey mH ’ mi: w Se. - a . : he j ay lib at ite | hh * ‘we ree le K mys ey) «Ak om vel ' xt - ~~ Tt 7 = : ; . : ‘ 2 ey we i 1 Nhe wi f, ' ‘ iV + 4 , Waa) : = 7 = =e A ane _ —— a — we — ~ Peat. <— a od a 13 a. ‘ bevel Rie Vert ca ea Mil Tid bY i { | ' Pa a 4 ; ‘ aE - \' >» a : 7 bs } i 4 % ho ae @ ae | at en ae P = Wald : 7 AG ; : ' Z A ' ly ‘ iy ay * ¢ AY Ff net ety br ne OA, [ . ; ry ru ery { , 1 f ‘ve a ‘ \\ ac oY) v, Perea ky i\ | - ry > * : 4 ee ae i f s! i Of ' ‘ mM | es : fd ‘ i —— — > = > ez _ > 7 = os 4 : se ee i Bs wh! o~ wD \ 8. 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