er ee eee Pe we weds " ¥ vow oF fe dot dh yeh teleh bevy ehe” ¢ tinde duguive ted aaaee tol ed re MMe tetany OUI et ee Reeedavne het wre Get weteeg teens ced vite Dene i Maree eh wpe Pearce tie bet bem bette What telat Oe iad eligi abe PEE helt Cu re eW cle tedd 2 Pe ae Mae PeToveF APE ei nd eile Hee Bas deh ae teetet | eb bd set femee ARI THS IBR on ir ITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYUaIT LIBRARIES — = re z= - = be e) =; ° = 2) o = = i= k- 50) 0) a 2 > : = > ra : > ia a) ~~ S = 2) = "2 o A Re 2 = o° ~ = 7) pie = 27) = 2 P| YYUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHIIANS Sal Yuva P z 2 ” = bs ” = 2 ip < = < = = = y = = Z \, = ie Z Uo : : 5 NAG 8 & bez = 2 E WW" Zz = 2/9 /* z a Z 2008 NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT ” Be ie 2 @ P Z a a y ae a us a | < 3 < = S = a = Ls 4 fe 4 eae (oo) — a. = : et) ( a SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOJLONLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31ava - zZ Liss = - = { wo _ * Oo = to — ad =) a S) ce 5. oe EY pad re { ae = = = = re X 2 = m Ze Z o 2 = <= wn ee : ; NOILNLILSN! NVINOSHLINS S3IYVUaIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT wo ce n z ee n z x. = < = = NS = < Ss = ‘ . = : > a 2 a 2 WS 3 2 ON (Op aur wm | O vy QD SN . w (Tp) N N : Oo x oO 4 ac e) oie \\ Z i Zz E z E 2 5 a z a Se 7 a , a SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31auva 2 2 2 g - oe g Be? = a = a z MP > = = z Ge Ps : e Ba e BS 2 i eet ee a 2 Ne oF PITUTION | NOILNLILSNI _NVINOSHLIWS ~°4 1uYvud IT tl BRARI ESS SMSO ah ro) “areas > fo) pe Oo or — 2 j - 2 é - £ Be = = > = V io = = i z = Gf fer 3 uvudly stl B RARI ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLIWS (S4 {uVva 4 < 2 = Z « = Ni z Z : ell z 4 z = ace = _ Je | oD ~WNX & - Za a ae ASS oO x a ‘3 \S Oo ee oO = SS & ati YS SS = = 2 en = = ede MITUTION NOILALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3 IYVYaGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUT : ee as oa E & 5 o Ms a oc = cc a w Bice < 2 _< a < : az = ae ar le S = 20 he 2 a g lyYvVyu¥sdil LIBRARI Sn HA NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IuVvYy i z= - 2 v. ime “SON; 2) ee 2) ¥, arm re) iS AS SO Se “> = Ve w = ie ut SN OO =— (Ss Ale nN 5 (Wf Sg 2 E &; a E sy ee = CMa 5 DMP > =) Men Rady =) KM ILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS 34 luYvug ry ut BRARI ES_ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION _ NOILOLILSN = a [@) -_ (@) Pe = (e) ow > = wo = Mt w _— 2 IN es 7 = Yip, © = = ENG = = EG MG > = 2 As e a ae = RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SSIUYVYSIT LIBRARIES QQ s ILSNI_ NVINOSHLIWS NVINOSHLIWS NVINOSHLIWS SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLINS LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NOILNLILSNI NOILMLILSNI RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3!lyuyvugIT LIBRARIES S S3JINVUSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NVYINOSHLINS S3IYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN (77) pea) log << ce om. a S S = 3 =e =) eal > Fy. = oe i = GZ = = Y 9 “jp f A o = — w i 2 — LLSNI_NVINOSHLINS SAIYVUGIT_LIBRARIES, SMITHSONIAN SZ Sa 2 2 = 5 NY NSS = by roy Se Bry ra) WN w= = Oo G9 eS NS o 2 y 2 “Wy = Z = = 2 > ‘ = > L145 = 4 w” = 2p) sh ee . 5 RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3Iluvadi7. LIBRARIES a 2 rf Z ul 2 _ <@ = 22) =z w cc. = oc = ac = SG = & c ee = = - 9 = 5 2 5 ia . eh ie a = = Zz ASNINVINOSHLINS (S3INVHEIT LIBRARIES a _ NOILALILSNI : : : : 2 : =) =) P =) = E ra = 2 = = Ee Zz =, 2 = o 2 S = 2 = w = (22) = INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SJIYVHSIT LIBRARIES ” eae 77) Zz 2) “ a = < = < = SANS = z | od py, = =| =a b D Bb FP os ES AN < Ae) VY tl, e) oe YS € = Boot fe i z. Ee WS > Ss >” = > = “SS 2 77) a 7) Zz 77) i _NVINOSHLIWS LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION | NOILNLILSNI FA uu ie tu yO uw = = = 2 Giy, = = = . < 4 < Ye 5 < 4 co S ws G) fe. = og S 2 35 ar 5 = Z a) z a = =) RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS SaleVaei Tl BRARIES oS z Ee z ig ay o ales) Keay a Meg = wo Oo Anis ow ean Pr ot fil Pp ANT (SED) oN = 6) 1) S 4 aS gf fy 2 (AMY E MD S OE Ga) = LRM! ay a ay AUN Be 70 ral University of the State of New York # BULLETIN ; ie: 4 pe , OF THE New York State Museum VOL. 2. No.9 AUGUST, 1890 BEAKS OF UNIONID 4 INFIABEING THE VICINITY OF ALBANY, N.Y. By WILLIAM B. MARSHALL, M. S. (Lafayette) - ASSISTANT ZOOLOGIST \ ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1890 REGENTS GEORGE WiLiiam Curtis, LL. D., Chancellor Anson J. Upson, D. D., LL. D., Vice-Chancellor Davip B. Hitz, Governor EDWARD F. Jones, Lieutenant-Governor Lz Frank Rice, Secretary of State FON ANpDREW S. Draper, LL. D., Sup’t of Pub. Instruc. J a In order of election by the legislature GrEoRGE WILLIAM CuRTIs, LL. D., 1864 - - West New Brighton FRANCIS KERNAN, LL. D., 1870 - - - Utica Martin I. Townsend, LL. D., 1873 - - x LOY, Anson J. Upson, D. D., (ele. De 1874 - - Glens Falls WILLIAM L. Bostwick, 1876 - - - - Ithaca Cuauncey M. Depew, LL. D., 1877 - - New York CHARLES E. FITCH, 1847 - - - - - Rochester Orris H. WarRREN, D. D., 1877 - - - Syracuse Lestig W. Russet, LL. D., 1878 - - - New York WHITELAW ReEID, 1878 —- - = 2 : New York Wixtiram H. Watson, M. D., 1881 - - = aUitirea: Henry EK. TuRNER, 1881 - - - - ° Lowville St. Crain McKetway, LL. D., 1883 - - - Brooklyn HAMILTON Harris, 1885 - - = = : Albany DanieL Beacu, LL. D., 1885 - - - - Watkins WILLARD A. Cops, 1886 - = = . = Lockport CARROLL E. SMITH, 1888 - - : - - . Syracuse REIN Vek SEONG LOGO ga = ao eo Palmyra T. GUILFORD SMITH, 1890 - - - - Buffalo Me vit Dewey, M. A., Secretary - = S Albany ALBERT B. Watkins, Ph. D., Asszstant Secretary - Albany STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1890 Incorporation — Chancellor Curtis; Regents Kernan, Townsend, Fitch, Turner. State Library — Chancellor Curtis; the Secretary of State, Regents Fitch, Watson, McKelway. State Museum— The Superintendent of Public Instruction; Regents Kernan, Harris, Beach, C. E. Smith. ‘ Academic Examinations— Regent Warren; Vice-Chancellor Upson, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, Regents Bostwick, McKelway. i Saaee Vice-Chancellor Upson; Regents Townsend, Watson, Harris, obb. Legislation——- The Lieutenant-Governor; the Superintendent of Public Instruction, Regent Turner. Finance — Regent Bostwick; the Lieutenant-Governor, Regents Beach, Sexton, T. G. Smith. SPECIAL COMMITTEES University Extension — Regent Watson; Vice-Chancellor Upson, Regent Cisbeesmitth: Higher Examinations and Degrees — Chancellor Curtis; Vice-Chancellor Upson, Regents Bostwick, Watson, Sexton. University of the State of New York BULLETIN OF THE New York State Museum VOL. 2. No.9 AUGUST, 1890 BEAKS OF UNIONIDA INHABITING THE VICINITY OF ALBANY, N. Y. Qsbts By WILLIAM B. MARSHALL, M. S. (Lafayette) ASSISTANT ZOOLOGIST ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1890 ete at i" 4 wah ae ; Shi ae tig TAR OVI AY MUTE Nth MAE EA . i Eu pees WZ, & BEAKS OF UNIONIDA INHABITING THE VICINITY OF ALBANY, NEW YORK By WILLIAM B. MARSHALL, M. S. (Lafayette), Assistant Zoologist, New York State Museum In many of the older works dealing with the Unionide the decortication of the beaks* is mentioned as being a character of specific importance. Lamarck describes it as a generic character. Many later authors, in describing these shells, pass over the characters of the beaks with only casual mention, styling them prominent, undulated, doubly concen- tric, etc., without directing particular attention to the points of similarity or difference between the beaks of nearly allied species. In many cases the beaks have not been properly figured. The beaks of the various species of Unionide possess characters which are constant and which, in many cases, are sufficient in themselves to distinguish the species. In very young shells the ornamentation of the surface is fre- quently the only reliable means of specific determination. A few of the species of this family have the beaks perfectly smooth but by far the greater number have the beaks more or less roughened, and these peculiarities of ornamentation are not continued in the later growth of the shell, which may become smooth, as in Anodonta fluviatilis, or may * The word dea and its equivalent wo are usually used to designate the extreme tip or apex of each valve of bivalve shells. In the case of the Unionide the mean- ing has broadened to include the undulated area near the hinge-line. . In this paper it is the broader meaning which is intended when the words deak and uméo are used. For an account of the relation between the umbonal tip or glochidium form and the adult form of Unionidez the reader is referred to page 365 of a recent paper on The Phylogeny of the Pelecypoda, by Robert T. Jackson, Ph. D. (Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. iv, No. viii, July, 1890). 170° BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM assume other characters such as spines, as in Uzzo sfinosus, or tubercles, as in U. cornutus. Difference of sex, although it does not affect the appearance of the very young shell, may cause the female adult to assume a form very different from that of the male. Due allowance being made for a reduction of size, the form and outline of the young shell are found to agree very closely with the form and outline of the adult, except when the female adult is enlarged to accommodate ova. In those species in which the adult is ornamented with a variety of colors the adult colors as a rule are very different from those of the young. Frequently the beaks, when present in perfection, are stained by some foreign matter in the stream or lake in which the animal lived. In such cases it may be difficult to determine what is the natural color of the peaks) iAsra rule itymay) be satci that themcolommenmemy young specimens when not affected by foreign matter in the water, is a light ashy, or olive grey, the growing shell grad- ually assuming the colors by which it is known in the adult State. On the anterior and posterior dorsal areas of the young shells of many species, there will be noticed several elevated fine lines running from the lateral terminations of the undu- lations towards the beaks. In the text of this paper these lines are called the converging lines of the undulations. In addition to these, there will be noticed several other elevated fine lines radiating from the beaks without a corresponding undulation. If a careful examination of these radiating lines be made it will be seen that they are the converging lines of obsolete or absent undulations. In this paper these lines are called radiating lines. The radiating lines are not continued in the adolescent stage of | the shell but terminate abruptly, usually before reaching the point, where in the adult the first line of growth is plainly visible. At the point where adult characters of surface and coloration are assumed, the undulations of the beaks, if con- tinued to that point, abruptly terminate. Thus, externally BEAKS OF UNIONID/® 171 at least, the young shell differs from the adult in all particu- lars except general form. A person familiar with the adult forms of a species, say Anodonta fluviatilss, will, when trying to identify the young, naturally appeal to the umbones for some evidence, perhaps the only evidence, to confirm his opinion that he has referred his young shell to the right species. If, by some means, the undulations of the young shell have been eroded, the matter of identification immediately becomes more diff- cult, and the result, after one has affixed the name to the shell, is looked upon with more or less doubt. With an adult specimen of a described species, any one having access to the literature of the subject may be reasonably sure of being able to come at a correct identification, but with a young shell, one is apt to read description after description, finding, perhaps, a dozen species whose beaks are described as doubly concentric (such as the shell to be named), or undulated and prominent (agreeing with the shell in hand), but finding none described with sufficient accuracy of detail to enable one to reach an exact determination. The finding of a descripion which appears to fit the case does not always remove the stumbling-block of doubt, for in very few cases can one find accurate figures of the undulations of the young shell. This is due in some measure to the fact that species are often described and figured from imper- fect specimens lacking beak characters, and that figures of better specimens have not been substituted for the origi- nal in later works. Dr. Lea, in one of his earliest papers in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, mentions the charac- ters of the beaks as being of specific importance, and, in his later writings, he has several times called attention to the importance of these characters. With a view to determin- ing for myself the value of the beaks in making specific discriminations, I have carefully examined the beaks of per- fect or nearly perfect specimens of all the Unionidz inhabit- ing the vicinity of Albany. Descriptions and figures of each 172 BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM will be found in this paper. A study of the shells of such a limited area cannot lead to any broad conclusions and such conclusions as are drawn must necessarily be of local appli- cation. The following statement may be made as being applicable to all the species found in this vicinity :-—They . have the beaks ornamented with undulations of the surface, and these undulations are constant in each species, and are sufficient in themselves to distinguish each from every other species inhabiting this neighborhood. For practical purposes of identifying adult specimens the beaks are of little value in some species as they are usually eroded to such an extent as to have lost all trace of their original appearance, and, in most cases, the adult characters are sufficiently distinct to determine the species. With young shells the case is different. The undulations are rarely eroded to such an extent as to have lost their distinctive characteristics, and, as has been said, the undulations are in some cases the only sure means of identification. Among the characters which are common to the beaks of most species should be mentioned here the fine concentric striae which crowd the surface of the young. In the follow- ing descriptions no notice of this character will be taken unless some variation worthy of particular mention be ob- served. It may be remarked that these stricze are merely upon the epidermis while the undulations are in the cal- careous matter of the shell. The stria do not run parallel with the undulations but parallel with the nearest growth lines of the shell and necessarily they cross the undulations. In a less marked degree the stria may be seen throughout the growth of the shell to the adult state. Another feature which may be said to be common to all the species is the location of the highest and broadest por- tion of each undulation. It is on the ridge running from the beak to the posterior ventral angle of the shell. This ridge represents the line of maximum growth of the shell so that the undulations of the beaks in their line of maximum growth coincide with the line of maximum growth of the shell. BEAKS OF UNIONIDA 173 A list of the species inhabiting the vicinity of Albany is given below, arranged in the same order of sequence as Lea’s Synopsis of the Unionide: Symphynote, GENuS MARGARON Subgenus UNIO Smooth, oblong —— Us seREssus led =e se) 54)... Non-symphynote, smooth, oval — ““ OCHRACEUS, Say........... 6 3 a ig iia) ee CARTOSUS A Savane ton a.m ae Gare = OU TOU ONUOKS ad LEGO a aah Rose Les oY 8S RAD LATUS:. ali. ei ots ears “oblong —“* COMPLANATUS, Sol.....-.. a wl el eee NAS UREUISis Saiyan seein seer “* obovate — ‘‘ TAPPANIANUS, Lea........ Subgenus MARGARITANA Non-symphynote, plicate, oblong — M. MARGINATA, Say........ (a ce ce (a5 68 —— RUEOSA,, BARNES sdscccccc smooth, triangular — ‘‘ UNDULATA, Say .... Subgenus ANODONTA Non-symphynote, suc oe OVAL —— A WIN DUA AR | Saye). oe Gey 66 Scere i cae CAMA. Sag state iasc nara ae oe cG = 80 LATTES, IDR. 5 osc es ae ooh ve ne aE ES WAS DIU Gain ecues cic tyes oi ella ee wide — ‘‘ SUBCYLINDRACEA, Lea..... 66 in 82 For the synonyms of the above species the reader is referred to Lea’s Synopsis at the pages indicated to the right in the above list. In the text of this paper the species are considered in the order of sequence indicated by the relationship of beak characters. foregoing list fall into the following order: UNIO PRESSUS, Lea UNIO TAPPANIANUS, Lea ; UNIO LUTEOLUS, Lam. UNIO RADIATUS, Lam. UNIO NASUTUS, Say UNIO COMPLANATUS, Sol. UNIO OCHRACEUS, Say UNIO CARIOSUS, Say 1 MARGARITANA MARGINATA, Say MARGARITANA RUGOSA, Barnes MARGARITANA UNDULATA, Say Arranged upon this basis the species of the 174. BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ANODONTA UNDULATA, Say ANODONTA SUBCYLINDRACEA, Lea ANODONTA IMPLICATA, Say ANODONTA FLUVIATILIS, Dillw. ANODONTA LEwIsII, Lea The resemblance between the beaks of U. pressus, Lea, and U. Tappanzanus, Lea; between U. lutcolus, Lam., and U. radiatus, Lam.; between U. ochraceus, Say, and U. carzo- sus, Say, supported by resemblances between other charac- ters of the shells seems to warrant the supposition that the two members of each pair are closely related. The beaks of U. nasutus, Say, resemble in some measure those of U. radiatus, Lam., but the two shells have very little resem- blance in other specific characters. U. complanatus, Solander, differs both in beak and other characters, from the other Unios of the vicinity. Among the Margaritane of this neighborhood a distinct relationship exists between the beaks of JAZ. marginata and M. rugosa, and in the adult state these two species are more or less related because of the corrugations on the posterior dorsal area. JV. undulata, Say, in its beak characters differs greatly from both of the preceding species, but there is no close resemblance in other features existing between the latter and the two former which would lead one to anticipate a corresponding resemblance of beaks. Among the Anodonte a slight resemblance exists between the beaks of Ax. undulata, Say,and Ax. subcylindracea, Lea, but the resemblance is not at all marked. A marked relationship exists between Az. fluvzatzls, Dillw., and Ax. Lew7siz, Lea, both in beak and other characters. According to some of its conchological features, 4x. zmplicata, Say, is related to An. fluvzateles, Dillw., but the undulations of the beaks of the two species differ materially. By far the greater portion of the material used in the prep- aration of this paper was drawn from the collection of BEAKS OF UNIONIDA 175 shells presented to the State Museum in 1886, by C. E. Beecher, now in charge of the Department of Invertebrate Paleontology in Yale University Museum. The collection is rich in immature stages of Unionidz, and in adult speci- mens of the same family with beak characters well pre- served. Of the eighteen specimens figured on the plate, fifteen are from this collection. The Gould, Emmons, Aldrich, Lewis and Gebhard col- lections have furnished much fine material for comparison, all identified and labelled by the late Dr. James Lewis of Mohawk, N. Y. The figured specimens of U. Tappanianus and M7. rugosa are from the Aldrich and Gould collections respectively. The specimen of Ax. subcylindracea shown in fig. 13 is from the Lewis collection. Unio pressus, Lea Fig. x Beaks with four or five prominent undulations, which are acutely angular and high posteriorly; rounded and lower anteriorly; each undulation having a deep sinus on the ven- tral side back of the middle and plainly visible converging lines both anteriorly and posteriorly. Dorsal areas with several elevated, radiating lines, curved and wavering and somewhat interrupted on the anterior area; direct and con- tinuous on the posterior area. Anteriorly the converging lines and radiating lines are much stronger than posteriorly. The beaks of this shell are usually more or less decorti- cated, but in few cases only are the undulations themselves eroded. The undulations are rather obcordate, with the anterior wing larger and less angular than the posterior wing. The sinus in the undulations of the beak is fre- quently indicated throughout the growth of the shell from the young to the adult, in the form of a slight linear depres- sion traversing the shell from the beaks either to the middle of the ventral margin or to a point immediately in front of the posterior ventral angle. This species is nearly related to Unzo Tappanianus, Lea. 2 176 BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Unio Tappanianus, Lea Fig. 2 Beaks with four or five undulations, each having a promi- nent sinus on the ventral side about the middle, and plainly visible converging lines both anteriorly and posteriorly. Dorsal areas with several fine, direct, uninterrupted radiating lines. The beaks of this species very closely resemble those of Unio pressus, Lea, but the undulations are proportionally stronger and are placed nearer the tip of the beak, and the sinus is more nearly medial and not sodeep. The radiating lines on the anterior dorsal area are straight, sharply defined against the surface of the shell and come to an abrupt termination. Those of U. pressus are not so sharply de- fined, are curved and wavering and gradually become obsolete. Dr. Lea, in his Synopsis of the Unionidz, has the two species widely separated, the one, U. 7appanzanus, arranged under non-symphynote, smooth, obovate Unios, and the other, U. fressus, under symphynote, smooth, oblong Unios. So far as this classification relates to U. Tappanzanus, it is erroneous. I have specimens of U. Zappanzanus which are symphynote for one-half or two-thirds the length of the hinge-line. The possession of this character alone would be sufficient to place 7appanzanus near to pressus in a system- atic arrangement. Judged by the characters of the beaks alone these two species appear to be closely related, and there is no great difference in form or outline or other char- acters of the shells to gainsay this evidence of the beaks. U. Tappanzanus is, perhaps as a rule, a more obese shell than U. fressus, but the latter is sometimes quite as obese as the former. Many growing and adult specimens of U. 7appanizanus show a linear depression of the surface of the shell from the sinus in the undulations of the beaks to the middle of the ventral margin. In all the specimens examined the depres- \ BEAKS OF UNIONIDE 177 sion, when present, was located as described above. In U7. pressus the depression may run either to the middle of the ventral margin or to a point immediately in front of the posterior ventral angle. The beaks of all the specimens of this species which have come under my observation are more or less eroded, but in almost all cases the characters described above can be plainly traced. | Wino LurPonus lam, Fig. 3 Beaks with seven to ten undulations, each with a promi- nent irregular sinus on the ventral side about the middle. The undulations lack converging lines and the dorsal areas lack radiating lines. The undulations are rounded and con- tinuous in front, deflected at the sinus in the direction of the posterior ventral angle of the shell. Posteriorly, the later undulations are wavering and interrupted and terminate abruptly at the ridge running from the beak to the posterior ventral angle. The last two or three undulations are very weak anteriorly. In this species the number of undulations is variable. As a rule the later undulations are more or less interrupted and wavering and the sinus weak, but the earlier undulations are regular and continuous and have the sinus prominent. The undulations of a specimen from Rockford, Ill, are so broken and wavering as to give the surface of the young shell a granulated appearance. A great difference in rela- tive coarseness of the undulations may be observed in different specimens. In some they are more numerous, very fine and placed close to each other, giving a rippled appearance. In others they are fewer in number, coarse, and rather widely separated. The beaks of this species are usually eroded but many perfect specimens can be easily obtained. WU, /uteolus in beak and other characters is closely 23 178 BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM related to a number of Unios, among which may be men- tioned U. radiatus, U. spatulatus, and U. ligamentinus. U. luteolus differs from spatulatus and radzatus in the number of undulations and in the area occupied by them. In the first the undulations are more numerous and extend over a large area; in the two latter they are fewer and occupy a very limited area close to the tip of the beak. From U. ligamentcnus it differs in having more undulations and in having a deeper sinus. In U. /uéeolus the undula- tions do not continue up the anterior dorsal area while in U. ligamentinus they continue up the anterior area nearly to the hinge-line. Unio rapbiATus, Lam. Fig. 4 Beak with six undulations, the first four of which have a prominent sinus about the middle. The last two undula- tions are interrupted at the middle, and the portion anterior to the interruption slightly overlaps the portion posterior to the interruption — the anterior portion being nearer to the beak than the posterior portion. Posteriorly, each undula- tion has a fine but prominent converging line. Anteriorly, there are no converging lines of the usual type but the undulations are rounded and continue up the anterior area nearly to the hinge-line. Dorsal areas without radiating lines. The above description is taken from a single specimen of which one valve only is nearly perfectly preserved. The specimen was secured by a careful search through several hundred specimens of all ages and from many localities. The undulations described are contained in a space a little more than 7g in. wide and a little more than 4in. long. A very sharply defined line of growth marks the boundary of the space containing the undulations. Outside of this boundary there are two very slight elevations of the surface of the shell parallel to the undulations but I am unable to BEAKS OF UNIONIDAt 179 decide whether these elevations are or are not of the same nature as the undulations. For this reason, and because of the small area occupied by the undulations, which, to me, appears to be abnormally small, I fear that the description will not answer for any specimens other than the one from which the description is taken. UNIO NASUTUS, Say Fig. 5 Beaks with five or six undulations which are rounded on the summit and placed nearly parallel to the hinge-line. Each undulation has a prominent sinus on the ventral side back of the middle. Posteriorly, the first and second undu- lations have very faint converging lines; remaining undu- lations lacking converging lines and posterior dorsal area lacking radiating lines. Anteriorly, the undulations have no converging lines of the usual type but the undulations are rounded and continue up the anterior dorsal area nearly to the hinge-line. Posteriorly, the undulations, except the first and second, terminate at the ridge traversing the shell from the beak to the posterior ventral angle. On the pos- terior area the concentric striz are very numerous and much more prominent than elsewhere. In most of the very young specimens there may be seen two slight depressions of the shell along the posterior dorsal area — these depres- sions are continued throughout the growth of the shell. The undulations of the beaks of U. zasutus resemble, in some measure, those of U. radzatus, Lam., while a much closer resemblance exists between the former and U. luteolus, but the outline of the young zasutus differs so much from the outlines of the other two that the shell cannot be mis- taken for either of them. Notwithstanding the similarity of beak characters existing between U. xasutus and U. luteolus and U. radzatus the great differences in the other characters of the shells do not permit the supposition that the former is closely related to either of the latter. : 180 BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Unio comPLaNnatus, Sol. Fig. 6 Beaks with four to six sharp undulations, which are rounded anteriorly and angular posteriorly, and which have fine, direct converging lines on both dorsal areas. Lateral portion of each undulation placed nearly parallel to the hinge-line, and not much stronger posteriorly than anteriorly. Undulations without any indication of a sinus, and dorsal areas without radiating lines. The beaks and other characters of U. complanatus do not indicate any near relationship with any other species of Unio inhabiting this vicinity. The species is, however, closely related to U. declzvzs in all characters. Dr. Lea in his Synopsis has these two species separated by several pages. Although both are arranged under the same group, it would be better if they were placed nearer to each other in the group. Although U. complanatus is one of the most plentiful species in this neighborhood, it is not easy to secure speci- mens having good beaks. UNIO OCHRACEUS, Say Fig. 7 Beaks with six or seven undulations which are rounded on the summit and placed nearly parallel to the hinge-line. None of undulations have a distinct sinus, but there is some- times a slight bend toward the beak about the middle of the earlier undulations. Posteriorly, the earlier undulations have very faint converging lines. Anteriorly, there are no converging lines but the undulations are rounded and con- tinue up the anterior area nearly to the hinge-line. The dorsal areas lack radiating lines. In most cases there are two slight, linear depressions of the posterior dorsal area which are continued in the later growth of the shell. Usually the very young shell shows the bright green rays which are generally present in the adult state, and in such BEAKS OF UNIONID/ 181 cases the rays may be seen to begin quite close to the tip of the beak. U. ochraceus is easily distinguished from its near relative, U. cartzosus, by the much less prominent converging lines of the earlier undulations on the posterior dorsal area and by the lack of converging lines for the later undulations. The undulations of U. carzosus are sharp on the summits and the posterior lateral portion of each undulation is much stouter than any other portion. The undulations of U. ochraceus are round upon the summits and the undulations are not decidedly stouter at one point than at another. Another difference is in the direction of the undulations. If the lateral portions of the undulations of U. carzosus were ex- tended they would intersect the hinge-line posterior to the beaks while the undulations of U. ochraceus if extended would either intersect the hinge-line anterior to the beaks or simply maintain a parallel course with the hinge-line. U. ochraceus presents two entirely different phases of colora- tion, and in this respect the young form agrees with the adult form. Not uncommonly, the color is a plain straw-yellow both in the young and in the adult shell. More generally, the ground color is a straw-yellow beautifully ornamented with rays of bright green. In such cases the green rays extend nearly to the tip of the beak, passing over the undulations. This feature, which is common in U. ochraceus is not at all common to other species of Unionidae. A careful examina- tion of numerous specimens of U/. carzosus failed to secure an individual which had the adult characters of color dis- tinctly shown in the very young shell. Owing to the thin epidermis and fragile nature of the shell the beaks of U. ochraceus are usually much eroded, even in specimens taken from very quiet and very pure waters. 182 BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM UNIO CARIOSUS, Say Fig. 8 Beaks with six or seven undulations, which are rounded and lower in front, acutely angular and elevated posteriorly. First two or three minute undulations either interrupted about the middle or making, at that point, a decided bend toward the tip of the beak. The remaining undulations make a slight bend at the middle toward the tip of the beak. Anteriorly, the undulations lack converging lines, but the undulations themselves continue up the anterior area almost to the hinge-line. Posteriorly, the undulations have converging lines, which, relatively to the strength of the undulations are very weak. Dorsal areas without radiating lines. This species is closely related to U. occzdens, Lea, and more remotely to U. ochraceous, Say, and U. multiradiatus. The beaks are usually much eroded. Out of numerous specimens from this and other localities only two had the beaks perfect. Both specimens are from Norman’s Kill. The specimens from this locality, as a rule, have the umbones better preserved than those from other localities. Many can be obtained of which only the epidermis has been worn off, exposing the calcareous matter of the shell, but retaining the distinctive features of the undulations. From U. occedens, which this species resembles very closely, it may be distinguished by the great difference in the strength of the undulations, which are sharp on the summit and very high in UW. carzosus, while in U. occtdens they are rounded on the summit and lower. On the anterior dorsal area of the two shells no difference is apparent, but posteriorly the prominent converging lines of U. carzosus mark an important difference. In occzdens the converging lines are absent or obsolescent. U. carwosus differs from U. multiradiatus in having the undulations more widely separated one from another, and BEAKS OF UNIONIDA 183 more elevated posteriorly, in showing less distinct indica- tions of a sinus in several of the undulations and in having the summits of the undulations sharp instead of rounded. Under the description of ( ochraceus the points of resemblance and difference between U. carzosus and U. ochraceus are pointed out. MARGARITANA MARGINATA, Say Fig. 9 Beaks with three or four very coarse and rude undula- tions, which are placed nearly parallel to the hinge-line. Each undulation with a gently curving sinus on the ventral side and very fine converging lines both anteriorly and pos- teriorly. The converging lines of the first two undulations are plainly visible; those of remaining undulations are nearly obsolete. The posterior lateral portion of the last undulation is usually obsolete. Dorsal areas without radi- ating lines. Perfect specimens of this species may be easily secured. Asa rule the Margaritane of this vicinity suffer much less erosion than the Unios or Anodons, and this statement appears to hold good for other localities. In many specimens of this species the sinus in the undu- lations of the young shell is indicated in the adult by a ~ depression of the surface of the shell from the beak to the middle of the ventral margin and bya slight bend in the margin. ‘The posterior dorsal area of the young shell some- times shows the corrugations which are characteristic in the adult. This species is closely related in beak characters to JZ, fabula. Dr. Lea, in his disposition of these two species, gives another example of the artificial character of the last division of his classification, viz.: the grouping according to shape of outline. J margznata is placed under plicate, oblong Margaritane, and JZ. fadula under smooth, arcuate. Although the two species differ materially in the nature of 3 184 BULLETIN OF THE NEW. YORK STATE MUSEUM — the posterior dorsal area, which is plicate in 7. marginata and smooth in JM. fadula, and should perhaps be divided according to this difference, yet the relation of the undula- tion of the beaks is of much more importance than the mere slight difference of outline. The grouping should aim to show the relation of the beaks. : The differences between the beaks of (7. margznata and M. fabula are so slight that it is difficult to point them out. The only absolute difference between the two is in the length of the lateral portions of the undulations and modi- fications dependent upon this difference. In MZ. fabula the lateral portion of each undulation is somewhat (about one- third) shorter than the lateral portion of the corresponding undulation of 47. margznata,; the sinus in the second undu- lation is not so prominent, and the posterior lateral extremity of each undulation lacks the long and gentle slope which is so striking in JZ. margznata. MARGARITANA RUGOSA, Barnes Fig. 10 Beaks much less strongly undulated than in JZ. margznata or WZ. undulata. There are three or four undulations, the first three of which posteriorly, are acutely angular and elevated; anteriorly, they are less acutely angular and lower, and each undulation, except the last, has plainly visible, though very weak, converging lines, anteriorly and posteriorly. Dorsal areas without radiating lines. First and second undulations each with a sinus; third, either lacking the sinus or showing only slight indications of it; fourth undulation, when present, nearly obsolete, lacking sinus and converging lines. The young shell shows no indication of the corrugations on the posterior dorsal area which are characteristic of the species in the adult state. A marked relationship exists between the beaks of this species and those of WZ. margznata, and this relationship is further strengthened by the corru- BEAKS OF UNIONIDZ 185 gations on the posterior dorsal area of both shells in the adult state. MARGARITANA UNDULATA, Say Fig. x Beaks with four very prominent undulations, which are angular and much elevated posteriorly, rounded and low anteriorly, and each undulation with very prominent con- verging lines on both dorsal areas. Posterior dorsal area with several straight and continuous radiating lines; anterior area with one or two slightly curved, more or less interrupted radiating lines. Surface of the young shell with many concentric striz which are most numerous on the summits and ventral slopes of the undulations. The undulations of this species in connection with the converging lines are essentially triangular. A distinct relationship of beak and other characters exists between this species and MW. ¢trzangulata and WM. deltordea. : “The differences between 7. undulata and MW. triangulata are very slight. In the former the undulations extend over a larger area and are much more elevated posteriorly than in the latter. The radiating lines on the dorsal areas are more numerous in ¢vzangulata than in undulata. The undulations of MZ. deltocdea, though very closely resembling those of WZ. trzangulata and MW. undulata, are much less stout. The specimens of JZ undulata from Norman’s Kill are by far the most beautiful I have seen. The general char- acters of the species, with the exception of color are nearly the same throughout the state. In most of the localities this species is dark brown or nearly black with slight indi- cations of rays of green and yellow. Those from Nor- man’s Kill have a brilliant green and brown ground color traversed by rays of darker green and bright yellow. Asa rule the specimens from Norman’s Kill are less stout, less 186 BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM thickened on the anterior margin and more delicately finished in all particulars than those from the other localities in the state. The beaks in Norman’s Kill specimens are more nearly in the middle of the hinge-line than in specimens from other localities. ANODONTA UNDULATA, Say Fig. 12 Beaks with four prominent undulations, which are placed very obliquely with reference to the hinge-line, and which are rounded anteriorly and angular posteriorly. Posteriorly, the undulations have very prominent, straight, continuous converging lines. Anteriorly, the converging lines, though distinct, are much less prominent. Dorsal areas with sev- eral straight radiating lines which are more prominent posteriorly than anteriorly. The undulations of the beaks of this species very closely resemble those of Az. edentula, but careful comparison of the two species will reveal several slight differences. The fine radiating lines on the posterior dorsal area are more prominent and more numerous in Ax. edentula than in Ax. undulata, and the former has more distinct radiating lines on the anterior dorsal area. The most important difference between the two species is in the relative positions of the undulations. In Ax. edentula the stoutest portion of each undulation is nearly parallel to the hinge-line, while in Az. undulata the stoutest portion of each undulation is decid- edly oblique with reference to the hinge-line. The differences between the beaks of Ax. undulata and an. Ferrusactana are slight. The latter is intermediate between Ax. undulata and An. edentula. The undulations of ferrusactana are not so strong as those of the two species just mentioned; the posterior converging lines are extremely fine; and the anterior converging lines are obso- lete. The posterior dorsal area has many radiating lines much finer and more numerous than in Ax. undulata; the anterior area shows no trace of radiating lines. BEAKS OF UNIONIDA 187 ANODONTA SUBCYLINDRACEA, Lea Fig. 13 Beaks with three or four very fine undulations, which are rounded posteriorly and are placed very obliquely with ref- erence to the hinge-line. Posteriorly, the undulations have fine, direct converging lines, and the posterior dorsal area has several fine radiating lines; anteriorly, the undulations terminate abruptly, and the anterior dorsal area lacks radi- ating lines. Held with the anterior margin toward the observer and slightly elevated, with the beak pointing over the shoulder, the resemblance of the undulations to the point and first three ascending threads of an ordinary screw is very strik- ing. To simply say that the undulations of this species are spirally arranged would be sufficient to distinguish it from all other Anodons found in this vicinity. ANODONTA IMPLICATA. Say Fig. 16 Beaks with five or six undulations, which are rounded on the summits and placed parallel to the hinge-line. Each of the first three or four undulations has a gentle sinus on the _ventral side back of the middle. The last two undulations lack the sinus. Posteriorly, each undulation has a very prominent converging line ; anteriorly, converging lines are lacking, but the undulations themselves continue up the anterior area nearly to the hinge-line. Dorsal areas with- out radiating lines. In adult characters An. zmplicata resembles Ax. fluvza- tilts so closely that one would naturally expect to find a very close resemblance between their umbonal characters. Such is not the case however. A very deep sinus in each undulation, of which the angle is very acute and in the direction of the tip of the beak, is the most prominent beak character of Ax. fluvzatclzs, and one which holds the atten- 188 BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tion at first glance. None of the undulations of Ax. zmplz- cata have a deep sinus. The sinus, in the earlier undula- tions, is very gentle, and in the later undulations it is absent. Cases in which there is a striking similarity in adult features between two species, such as that between Az. emplicata and An. fluviatel’s sometimes afford apt illustra- tions of the importance of the undulations in making spe- cific determinations. Typical specimens of the two species are easily distinguishable by their form. All specimens are not typical however, and a trifling variation in the char- acters of An. fluviatilis or An. implicata, added to loss of umbonal features by erosion or otherwise, is sometimes sufficient to make each practically indistinguishable from the other. When the undulations of the umbones are present there can be no room for doubt in making an iden- tification. ANODONTA FLUVIATILIS, Dillw. Fig. 17 Beaks with five to seven fine undulations, which are acutely angular posteriorly and gently rounded anteriorly. Each undulation with a prominent sinus on the ventral side about the middle, of which the angle is acute and in the direction of the beak. Posteriorly, the undulations have plainly visible converging lines. Anteriorly, no converging lines are present, but the undulations continue up the anterior area nearly to the hinge-line. Posterior dorsal area with faint indications of one or two radiating lines. In the lateral portions the undulations are scarcely more elevated at one point than at another. e This species and the following, dz. Lewzszz, are related to a large group of Anodons, among which may be mentioned An. plana, decora, ovata, Benedictzz, Footzana, etc. As it would add unduly to the length of this paper, no attempt is made to point out the differences between An. fluviatzlzs and its near relatives; but under the next species the dis- tinctions between the beaks of Ax. fluvzatelis and Ax. BEAKS OF UNIONIDA 189 Lewzsez are noticed. It is believed that several of the species of the foregoing group should be referred to Ax. fluviateles. ANopontTa LeEwisu, Lea Fig. 18 Beaks with four or five undulations which are acutely angular and high posteriorly ; rounded and lower anteriorly. First two undulations continuous; later undulations with a moderate sinus back of the middle and nearly interrupted at that point. Anteriorly, there are no converging lines, but the undulations continue up the anterior area a short distance; posteriorly, converging lines are prominent. Dorsal areas without radiating lines. In form, color and other usually described specific char- acters, this species is sometimes absolutely indistinguishable from Ax. subcylindracea, but the very great differences in the characters of the beaks of the two species afford easy means of separating them. Fig. 14 of the plate represents an adolescent specimen of An. subcylindracea which cannot be distinguished from Az. Lewzszz by any character but the ornamentation of the beaks. Fig. 15 is taken from a rather young specimen of Az. Lewzszz for comparison with the above. A comparison of the beak of fig. 14 with the figures of the beak of Ax. subcylindracea and An. Lewzszz will show at once that the specimen belongs to the former species. On the other hand, the beaks of Ax. Lewzszz bear some resemblance to those of Ax. fluvzateles, but there are differ- ences which serve to distinguish the two species. In Ax. Lewtstz the undulations of the beaks are fewer in number, more widely separated and much stronger than in Az. flu- viatilts. In An. Lewrsez the later undulations become so weak at the sinus that the part posterior to this point has the appearance of a granule. In An. fluviateles the undu- lations at the sinus do not materially differ from the portions immediately anterior and posterior to the sinus. f ne oil) diivy .zovued oo) oii A efi i it 3918 a ae a aS un Ns nwons airiniosde* Prega 1 ont 61s bowwen eng oMTioage THIS ont IA .wlovinosqearanon Gail Oy tara ae a Pekin, Cee d an WIGHMOY \ysinlt May aitnsierO¥h 2 WoL aoe le R — ni pe) svc he...) . ORL GeuLOme wiesmonses Rano Koy L opal irate ba 28s CG WO TWICE 2 aK Ais. WO? 2UPAAKIAMOS cee TEE iB ab ha 16 Yh. AH OO hd Pie. 2UZO01H AD OD \gstnd) Sanity ? Feet Via WAM COSC WER EOI, HOTT 2enisa 2.000 AKATUAD RRM -.01 gisiaon \ 5h BE: AP AIUGHS WHOLE. Wek ViMHIN VV Ly AR AIO A OUT AY OE AGM. SHayo Sek . ga AAOADOMLIY Paiv Cozi 62 4o},.oxie Isininnt AOD ‘\poss GAZ Moa 2 iwswg mod Etyar Sw ihiw noetieqmos 401 oxia Isiuisa plone ot; i. p¥eusoO args 5 op eM cain i. PONY nies ope ccemtReamES wh, wea ound saGsignniXO ih dg due EET WHIM Cessna, \ mE eA sold oo 9 9 ee ee L ,WwinwtoQ ps ‘ “ EXPLANATION OF TERE. bi ie Note: — All the figures, with the exception of figs. 14 and 15, are twice enlarged. The specimens shown in figs. 2, 10 and 13 are from the Aldrich, Gould and Lewis collections respectively. All the other specimens figured are from the Beecher col- lection. PAGE. Pioepats MUINTO WPRESSUSs Nea ysera chy renee cto tenmci eteeiey ote ue nen starbyttenee ea shel ewrene eee Batis Norman’s Kill, Albany County, N. Y. Bisse. UNIO TAPPANDAINU Sy HCA sects sieve ais «eee taate oie Steeda eee eater ornate enero Se tye) Hrie Canal, Mohawk, N. Y. Bioy Ss HOINLO PL UT ROLUS: Lali} cir a 5 6, seu Re tel eveale ct a ure Be anette ee I eeaioy aN Sie ayy) Twin leas Wisconsin. Irae, aids UNO) IV NOMAINOS, IDA Bsc od Gee oddooeucaou.s aula ene ie faba eee rae ad alic ea 178 Little Lakes, Herkimer County, N. Y. Bigs UO NLO INAS UTUS: WSayr sic crcrtesicth os en clits ld Wie ore ee Se betcuaetel ates CST Sea A 179 Canal, West Troy, N. Y. Big Gs HUINTOICOMPUANATUSMISONE # mika naaatesie wo eelehoiaie eleva coe errs erate uicwele eet oreters 180 Champlain Canal, West Tingys Nin Ye BIS 7/" AU NEON OCHIRACEUS, USA ohn) cersinatetal mis maa vost tueveteke Siete MUO en Sopdet. 180 Champlain Oona ‘West Troy, Ne Ve Eig. 3% MUNTO’ CARTOSUS, | SAV. ctsteva oaiciele: «Suellen, Ae RR y UC lee IS eek neat eam eee 182 Norman's Kili, Albany County, N. Y. Rigo; MARC ARTMANA MAR GINA As SAV ys)2 deli cs ele eis et ae EAS ain Ciao aicc 183 Huron River, Ann Arbor, Mich. DigemOu VAR GARTDANAS RUGOSA), MESAanne Sar ais a peee iene eine ers eter egs eer ares 184 Locality unknown. Bigs pie AR CARIT ANA TUNDUL ATA, | Salyiet aah ci cir enuneaieeanlen Miers cecilia ery cree 185 . Norman’s Kill, Albany County, N. Y. Big. £2 ANODONTAVUNDULAT As) SAW louis ote aholerteues a stereos baud pera tenis ataier en tees 186 Normans Kill, Albany County, N. te Mic. 13h NOD ONDA SUBCMEIND RACH As wlUea) sain relate cree eis en aera iene cree 187 Hrie Canal, Mohawk, N. Y. Bist ise ANODONTA SUBCMIEINDRACHA, mzeay. cian.) ire ior erect eine 187, 189 Entire shell, natural size, for comparison with An. Lewisit. Norman's Kill, Albany County, N. Y. Rigem5s ANODONTA VEE WilSils MUA’: vane Mine he eierdiereieieis Sieh yaks ale ee eee 189 Entire shell, natural size, for comparison with An. subcylindracea. Norman’s Kill, Albany County, N. Y. Figs 16. AN OD O Na A TMEP TEN CAUIVA Saya eters alesse ym ilenotlfes yer ear ee ey revel tesa 187 Champlain Canal, West Troy, N. Y. LM ure USODIONAD Ino N MoS. IDUIGGgesaccgoconugeaceeseccuas doososcuds 188 Swamp, Greenbush, N. Y. Byae18)) ANODONDTA ICE WISI MIL eay iteiae cays sissy a ae aes Maer nnn ameter att See SIO) Norman's Kill, Albany County, N. Y. Bulletin N Y. State Mi fr tw feo fi AT St san NPCs (ol OU ag ya f Lert / 5 ls pals et a (UNIVERSITY STAFF Executive Pee ; Metvit Dewey, M. A. (Amherst) - - - - - - Secretary ALBERT B. WATKINS, M. A. (Amherst), Ph. D.- - - - Assistant Secretary FRANCIS J. CHENEY, 'B. A., Ph. D. Roractse, - - - - School Inspector Asa O. GALLUP, B. oN (Yale) = = SP = - = Report Clerk EuizaseTH A. Morrow - - - - - - - - - Stenographer MarTHA J. RICE - - - - SRE een - - - Financial Clerk E. Maup SANDs - - - - - - - - - - Statistics Clerk JOHN GARDINIER - - - - - - - - - - - Messenger WittiAM H. CARROLL See Nghe Pie aa CAD EME. Leste aT Pa eae COR me Page Examinations Department ALBERT B. ea ele M. A. (Amherst), Ph. D. - - - Assistant Secretary RaLtpH W. THOMAS, A. (Colgate) - - - - - - Chief Examiner JoserH W. ELLIs, M. a (Wesleyan) - - 2 - Examiner in Science Mary SALOME CUTLER (Mt Holyoke) - - - - ‘Werner: in Library Science. VERLISTA SHAUL, B. A. (Vassar) - - - - - Examiner in Languages ANNE E. Morse, B. A. (Cornell) = = = = - Examiner in Classics ELIZABETH L. Foore, B. A. (Syracuse) - - - Examiner in Mathematics THALIA LAMONT - - - - - - Examiner in History and Civics Avucusta L. BALCH Sage es - - - - - - Examiner in Drawing Mrs Ipa-G. McMILLAN - - - - - Examiner in Preliminary Studies ADELE B. ALEXANDER - - - - - - - - - Record Clerk ISABEL LAMONT. - - - - - Se - - Assistant Record Clerk - State Library Metvit Dewey, M, A. Gemberst) = = - - - = - Director S. B. GRISWOLD. - - - - - - - - - Law Librarian GEORGE R. HowELt, M. A. (Yale) = = = = - = - Archivist WALTER S. BISCOE, M. A. ey - - - - - Catalogue Librarian DuNEIN V. R. JounstTon, M LA. ee = = - - = Sub-Librarian Harry E. GRISWOLD -~— - = = - - - Sub-Librarian (Law) Nina E. Brown, M. 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Cut-worms. 36 p. 28 fig. November 1888. Price 10 cents Volume 2 The first six bulletins are each paged independently. The numbers of volume 2 are paged continu- ously as a single volume. No. 7. Smock, John C. (Economic Geologist). First report on the iron- mines and iron-ore districts in the State of New York, 4+70 p. map, 58x60cm. June 1889. Price 20 cents No. 8. Peck, Charles H. (State Botanist). Boleti of the United States. p- 71-166. September 1889. Price 20 cents No. 9. Marshall, Wm. B. (Assistant Zoologist)._ Beaks of unionidze inhabit- ing the vicinity of Albany, N. Y. p. 167-189. 1 pl. (18 fig.) August 1890. Price 10 cents Memoirs Quarto, uniform with the Paleontology. No. 1. Beecher, Charles E/ (Consulting Paleontologist) & Clarke, John M. (Assistant Paleontologist). Development of some Silurian brachi- opoda. 95 p. illus. 8 pl. October 1889. 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