f M r /id A = ^ i i mV ■ f t « <: a 1 ft €4 K i i 4 ( : m r I- 1 VI z -y ' « « ■'-’St * J # ,. J ■ , / •V 1 V- 1i V ( k Si / BULLETIN OF THE Brooklyn Entomological Society •? NEW SERIES Vol. XXII 1927 EDITED (IN SUCCESSION) BY F. G. SCHAUPP JOHN B. SMITH GEO. H. HULST CHAS. LOUIS POLLARD R. P. DOW J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor G. P. ENGELHARDT E. L. BELL THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER. PA. XXII FEBRUARY, 1927 No. BULLETIN OF THE Brooklyn Entomological Society NEW SERIES PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor E. L BELL GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published for ilve Society by the Science Press, Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. Price, 35 cents Subscription, $1.50 per year Mailed March 30, 1927 Entered as second-class matter January 21, 1919, at the postofEce at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879 The Brooklyn Entomological Society Meetings are held on the second Thursday after the first Tuesday of each month from October to June, inclusive, at the Central Museum, Eastern Parkway and Washington Ave., Brooklyn. The annual dues are $2.00. OFFICERS, 1927 honorary President CHARLES W. LENG President Treasurer W. T. DAVIS G. P. ENGELHARDT Vice-President J. R. DE LA TORRE-BUENO Becording Secretary E. L. BELL Central Museum Eastern Parkway Librarian R. F. HUSSEY Corresponding Secretary Curator HOWARD NOTMAN A. C. WEEKS Delegate to Council of New YorJc Academy of Sciences G. P. ENGELHARDT CONTENTS EUGEKEON AND THE ANCESTEY OF THE HEMIPTEEA, Orampton 1 ABERRATIONS IN N. J. BUTTERFLIES, Rummel 15 MUSCOID SYNONYMY, Aldrich 18 NEW SEMIUM FROM ARIZONA AND COLORADO, Knight 26 NOTES ON BIOLOGY OF DINEUTUS, Hatch 27 FAUNA SUMATRAN A— AQUATIC HETEROPTERA, Torre-Bueno ... 29 ARCTOCORIXA ATOPODONTA, n. n., Hungerford 35 A SHORT REVIEW OP NOTARIS, Buchanan 36 THE ARMY WORMS, Crumb 41 UNDESCRIBED LIMNOPHILA FROM EASTERN N. A., II, Alexander 56 EDITORIALS 65 BOOKS: THE ARCTURUS ADVENTURE 68 INSECTS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA"' . 69 FITCHIA APTERA, Hutchison . 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, Bell 71 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Published in February, April, June, October and December of each year Subscription price, domestic, $1.50 per year; foreign, $1.75 in advance; single copies 35 cents. Advertising rates on application. Short articles, notes and observations of interest to entomologists are solicited. Authors will receive 25 reprints free if ordered in advance of publication. Address subscriptions and all communications to J. B. de la TOBBE-BUENO, Editor, 11 North Broadway, White Plains, N. Y. BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY VoL. XXII February, 1927 No. i EUGEREON AND THE ANCESTRY OF THE HEMIP- TERA, PSOCIDS AND HYMENOPTERA. By G. C. Crampton, Ph.D., Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. Many recent investigators such as Handlirsch,^ 1925, and Karny,^ 1925, still maintain the old mistaken view that Eugereon represents a type of insect ancestral to the Hemiptera (i.e., Ho- moptera and Heteroptera) . The Hemipterists with whom I have discussed the matter, however, have been very skeptical as to the existence of any close relationship between Eugereon and the Hemiptera, and Mr. de la Torre-Bueno, who has very kindly allowed me to look over his notes upon the subject, has suggested that I summarize the objections to the derivation of the Hemip- tera from Eugereon, based upon anatomical grounds. It should be borne in mind that only a fragment of one speci- men of Eugereon is known, and this fossil imprint shows only a portion of the head structures, parts of the legs, the basal portion alone in the wings, and indistinct traces of the outlines of the thoracic segments, so that in the following discussion it will be necessary to limit ourselves to the consideration of the parts which can actually be seen in the original specimen, instead of drawing any conclusions from Handlirsch’s restoration (of the entire insect) in which the substitutions of the missing parts are purely imaginary, and in many instances seem to have been added with a view to giving the insect a ITemipteroid appearance. Tak- ing up each of the known structures of Eugereon separately, I would point out that none of the important details are Hemip- ^ Schroeder’s Handbuch der Entomologie, Bd. III. ^ Handbuch der biologischen Arbeitsmethoden, Abt. IX (Die Methoden der phylogenetischen Forschung) . 2 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society XXII teroid, but, on the contrary, these details clearly indicate that Eu- gereon is merely a highly modified offshoot of the Palaeodictyop- tera developing along lines which lead away from the condition typical of the ancestors of the Hemiptera and all of their Neo- pterygotan relatives {i.e., the insects which are able to lay the wings along the top of the abdomen in repose). In the head region of Eugereon (Fig. i) the elongated mouth- parts project forward like those of primitive Diptera such as Geranomyia, instead of being directed downward, as the condi- tion exhibited by the most primitive representatives of the Hemip- tera would suggest was the case in the ancestors of the Hemip- tera. According to Brongniart,^ 1893 (though disputed by Hand- lirsch, 1909), greatly elongated, forward-projecting mouthparts of a type very suggestive of those of Eugereon occur in Palaeo- dictyoptera (Fig. 2), and since all of the structures of Eugereon are built upon a Palaeodictyopteroid plan, it is merely to be ex- pected that the mouthparts of Eugereon will also resemble those of the Palaeodictyoptera in question. When we make a detailed comparison of the mouthparts of Eugereon with those of the Hemiptera, however, we find them to be built upon an entirely different plan from those of the Hemiptera, and they apparently lead off in a direction directly opposite to that followed by the precursors of the Hemiptera in developing the Hemipterous type of mouthparts. In Hemiptera there are scarcely any recognizable traces of the maxillary palpi, even in the most primitive representatives of the order, so that it is surely reasonable to maintain that the ancestors of the Hemiptera must have exhibited a tendency toward the re- duction of the maxillary palpi ; and if it can be shown that Eu- gereon exhibits the exactly opposite tendency, namely, an over- development of the maxillary palpi, one can hardly maintain that Eugereon is a suitable ancestral type for the Hemiptera in this respect ! It is well known that primitive insects have only five segments in the maxillary palpi, but Eugereon exceeds even these primitive insects in the development of its maxillary palpi, since the maxillary palpi of Eugereon {mp of Fig. i) consist of seven segments, so that in this over-development of the maxillary palpi Eugereon is entirely different from the types ancestral to the Hemiptera — which must have had reduced, instead of over-devel- oped, maxillary palpi. ^ Insectes fossiles des Temps primaires. Feh.,1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 3 It must be remembered that the maxillary palpi of insects are frequently apparently composed of seven segments like those of Eugereon (mp of Fig. i), whereas the labial palpi of adult in- sects are composed of only three segments (or in rare instances apparently four segments are present when the palpigers take on the appearance of a fourth segment of the labial palpi) and the labial palpi of these insects are never composed of seven segments, as is the case with the structures in question in Eugereon, so that there is no escape from the conclusion that the structures labelled mp in Fig. i of Eugereon do not represent labial palpi as Hand- lirsch maintains, but they do apparently represent maxillary palpi (from the number of segments composing them), which occupy a similar position in Diptera^ and other insects with greatly elon- gated mouthparts, and they resemble the maxillary palpi of such insects very markedl}^ in outline, and other features as well. Furthermore, the structures labelled mg in Fig. i are probably the greatly elongated galeae of the maxillae instead of representing the entire maxilla, as is indicated by the condition exhibited by insects with similarly elongated maxillae. On the other hand, there is no indication of the presence in Eugereon of a sunken type of maxillary seta borne on a lateral portion of the mouth-part area as in Hemiptera; and all of these features in Eugereon are apparently of a type very different from that exhibited by the Hemiptera. Typical Hemiptera have a stout beak (Fig. 4) composed of the parts of the labium, which surpasses the other mouthparts in bulk ; and it is certainly very reasonable to suppose that the true ^ It should be noted that these maxillary palpi are borne later- ally, exactly as’ in Diptera and other insects with maxillary palpi of this type, whereas if the structures in question represented labial palpi instead, they would be borne on a well-developed, un- paired, median basal sclerite, the mentum, which bears the pal- pigers and labial palpi in all insects. Judging from the condition exhibited by the labium of all Hemiptera, such a median unpaired basal sclerite must have been large and well developed and elon- gated in their ancestors, so that the supposed labial palpi of Eu- gereon do not fulfil the conditions demanded for the ancestors of the Hemiptera, nor do they correspond in position or segmenta- tion to the labial palpi of other insects, and must therefore repre- sent the maxillary palpi with which they agree in position, seg- mentation, and all other features. 4 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society xxii ancestors of the Hemiptera had an extremely well developed labium forming an elongated median structure in which the basal sclerites of the labium were well marked, and the terminal por- tions of the labium (palpi, etc.) became approximated prepara- tory to uniting to form the distal segments of the beak in Hemip- tera; but Eugereon exhibits no well defined structures which ful- fil these conditions, and in this respect again, Eugereon is not a suitable ancestral type for the Hemiptera. When the maxillary palpi of Eugereon are given their correct interpretation, there is no structure left to form a well developed, medianly situated labial structure of the type demanded for the ancestors of the Hemip- tera, and this fact surely has some significance in attempting to derive the Hemiptera from Eugereon ! While dealing with the subject of the beak of the Hemiptera, I would call attention to the fact that the homologies usually pro- posed for the segments composing the beak appear to be incorrect. Thus, when we compare the parts of the beak of the Hemipteron shown in Fig. 4 with the parts of the labium of the Dipteron shown in Fig. 3, it is apparent that the closely approximated labial palpi Ip of Fig. 3 correspond to the united labial palpi Ip of the Hemipteron shown in Fig. 4, while the palpigers pg of Fig. 3 correspond to the palpigers^ pg of Fig. 4, and the mentum mn of Fig. 3 corresponds to the mentum mn of Fig. 4. The re- gion corresponding to the submentum is membranous in both Figs. 3 and 4, so that the three-segmented beak of the Hem- ipteron shown in Fig. 4 is obviously composed of the men- tum, palpigers and united labial palpi. When the beak is composed of four segments, as in the Hemipteron shown in Fig. 9, the basal segment mn evidently represents the mentum mn of Figs. 4 and 3, while the next segment pg of Fig. 9 represents the united palpigers pg of Figs. 4 and 3, and the two distal segments Ip of Fig. “9 represent the segments of the united labial palpi Ip^ of Fig. 3. Traces of the two segments composing the labial palpi ® I would emphasize the fact that the structures labelled pg in Fig. 4 are paired, and therefore cannot represent the mentum, which is an unpaired sclerite. ® As Heymons and others have pointed out, the labial appen- dages of the Nepidae, etc., do not represent labial palpi, and the structures in question are not borne on the palpigers. as is true of all labial palpi. Feb.,i9£7 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 5 are still preserved in the Dipteron shown in Fig. 3, while in other Diptera, such as Edward sina, the two segments are well devel- oped, though in Fig. 3, the two-segmented condition tends to dis- appear in the closely approximate labial palpi. The reasons for homologizing the parts of the labium of the Dipteron shown in Fig. 3, in the manner indicated by the labelling, are given in a paper on the labium of insects (Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 27, 1925, p. 68) and need not be further discussed here. In comparing the parts of the beak of the Hemipteron shown in Fig. 4 with those of the Dipteron shown in Fig. 3, I would not imply that the Hemiptera and Diptera are at all closely related, but what Nature has done at least shows what Nature can do, and by comparing the parts of an elongated beak of a Hemipteron with the similarly elongated labium of other insects we can see what Nature has done in producing an elongated type of labium in these other insects, and using the condition exhibited by them as a basis, we can interpret the parts of the Hemipterous labium much more correctly than if we merely guess “ in the dark ” as most people seem to do in attempting to determine what labial sclerites the segments of the beak represent. In practically every insect I have ever seen, in which the labium becomes long and slender {e.g., fleas, Diptera, Mecoptera, certain Coleoptera, etc.), the submentum becomes greatly reduced or membranous, while the mentum is usually large, the palpigers are well developed, and the ligula (composed of the glossae and paraglossae) disappears as the labial palpi become more closely approximated — and the labial palpi are always' the terminal structures to be retained in such cases. From these facts, it is evident that it is much more logical to interpret the segments of the beak of a Hemipteron as the mentum, palpigers, and united labial palpi, than it is to at- tempt to interpret these segments in any other fashion. In the figure of the head and mouthparts of Eugereon by Handlirsch, 1909 (Die fossilen Insekten), upon which big. i is based, no antennae are shown, while in the restoration of Eu- gereon by Handlirsch, 1925 (Handbuch der Entomologie, Bd. Ill), antennae occupy the position of the structures labelled md in Eig. I, and the mandibles are represented as though grouped with the other mouthparts. One might infer from this that the structures labelled md in Eig. i represent the antennae, and if this is the case, they are wholly different from the antennae of Hemiptera. The structures labelled md in Eig. i, however, look more like mandibles (as Handlirsch intended that they should), 6 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society if Handlirsch has figured them aright, and this might be taken to indicate that Eugereon's slender mandibles are like those of Hem- iptera. On the other hand, certain Nematocerous Diptera have slender mandibles of this type also, and the mandibles alone are not sufficient evidence for establishing a relationship between Eugereon and the Hemiptera, if other mouthparts such as the maxillary palpi and labium preclude such a relationship, and until it has been definitely determined what the structures labelled md in Fig. I actually represent, it is futile to speculate as to the affinities they may indicate. The leg of Eugereon (Fig. i) is extremely like that of the Palaeodictyopteron shown in Fig. 2, as would be expected from the fact that in its other structures also, Eugereon is Palaeodic- tyopteroid. According to Handlirsch, the tarsus of Eugereon (Fig. i) consists of only two segments and a claw. If this is cor- rect, this in itself would preclude our regarding Eugereon as the type ancestral to the Hemiptera, since the three-segmented tarsi of Hemiptera can hardly be derived from a type of tarsi composed of only two segments, nor can forms having two claws be readily derived from forms having only one, so that here again the evi- dence is decidedly against regarding Eugereon as the type ances- tral to Hemiptera ! The pronotum of Eugereon (Fig. i, pn) has broad lateral ex- pansions (paranota) very suggestive of those of certain Palaeo- dictyoptera, which again is in harmony with the view that Eu- gereon is merely a specialized offshoot of the Palaeodictyoptera. On the other hand, the pronotum growls down over the pleural region in an entirely different fashion in all of the Homoptera and other primitive Hemiptera I have seen (see figures of the parts in Trans. Amer. Ent. Society, 52, 1926, p. 199) and the pro- notum of Eugereon is thus Palaeodictyopteroid, and is not of the type characteristic of the ancestors of the Hemiptera, which ap- parently had a pronotum like that of leaping Orthoptera, if the condition exhibited by the primitive Hemiptera has any meaning. The fact that the rneso- and metathorax of Eugereon are of ap- proximately equal size is another feature indicating a very close relationship between Eugereon and the Palaeodictyoptera. Since the two segments are of unequal size in all Hemiptera, and even the most primitive of them show a marked tendency in this direc- tion, this would indicate that the ancestors of the Hemiptera vei*y probably showed indications of a “ heteronomous ” condition in the thoracic segments. The character of the thorax in general Fei., 1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 7 would thus indicate that Eugereon is not like the ancestor of the Hemiptera, but is merely a specialized offshoot of the Palaeodic- tyoptera — as is indicated by its other structures as well. The wings are the only other features left to be considered, and as I shall point out, the evidence of the wing characters would support the evidence of the other structures of the body in indi- cating that Eugereon is merely a specialized offshoot of the Pal- aeodictyoptera having nothing to do with the ancestry of the Hemiptera. In the hind wing of Eugereon shown in Fig. 7, the anals A are bent sharply backward in a fashion wholly unlike that encountered in the hind wings of any Hemipteron whatsoever, and the only insects I have seen in which the anal veins of the hind wings are of this peculiar type are the Palaeodictyoptera figured by Handlirsch and others. It would be wholly impossible to derive the anals of the hind wings of primitive Hemiptera from such a peculiarly specialized Palaeodictyopteroid type, and this indicates that Eugereon is not of a type ancestral to the Hemip- tera ! Similarly, the peculiar “ palmate ” type of branching of Cu in the hind wing of Eugereon (Fig. 7) is wholly unlike that of the cubital vein of any known Hemipteron, while it approaches the type found in certain Palaeodictyoptera and Protorthoptera. This vein is so peculiarly and highly modified, that it would be quite impossible to derive the cubital veins of the hind wings of the Hemiptera from this type, so that the evidence from this source falls into line with that of the other structures of the body in indicating that Eugereon is not ancestral to the Hemiptera, but is merely a specialized offshoot of the Palaeodictyoptera. The crowding of veins M and R into the anterior region of the hind wing of Eugereon (Fig. 7) is not the condition one would expect to find in the ancestors of the Hemiptera, and anyone who is familiar with the character of the hind wings of the primitive Hemiptera, as figured by many recent writers, can readily see that the venation of the hind wings of Hemiptera could not be derived from the Eugereon type at all, and we must therefore look else- where for this ancestral type. Only the basal part of the fore wing of Eugereon (Fig. 5) is known, but the distal portion of the fore wing of Mesotitan (Fig. 10) has been figured by Tillyard, 1925 (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 1925, p. 374), who regards is as a member of the so-called “ Protohemiptera,” to which Eugereon belongs. In the fore wing of Mesotitan (Fig. 10) the elongated, much branched Cug, with its pectinate or unilateral type of branching, is surely not sug- 8 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.xxii gestive of any Hemipterous type of Cug ; and Cu^ which is a sim- ple unbranched vein in the fore wing of Mesotitan (Fig. lo) is not like Cu^ of Hemiptera, since this vein tends to fork in the Hemiptera. Similarly, the branches of media are but two in Mesotitan, while in primitive Hemiptera there are four branches of media in the fore wing, and these could not be derived from the Mesotitan-iy^^- The branching of the radial sector in the fore wing of Mesotitan is likewise of an entirely different type from that of the primitive Hemiptera, and Mesotitan therefore seems to belong to an order of insects not ancestral to the Hemip- tera at all. The fore wing of Mesotitan resembles that of certain Protorthoptera in certain respects, but it does not resemble the Protorthopteroid types which approach the ancestors of the He- miptera. The character of the distal portion of the wing of the “ Protohemipteron ’’ Mesotitan therefore adds no evidence what- soever in support of the view that the members of this order were ancestral to the Hemiptera. In the basal portion {i.e., all that is preserved) of the fore wing of Eugereon (Fig. 5) the character of the anals A is wholly unlike that of the anals of any Hemiptera whatsoever, while it is just like that of the anals of numerous Palaeodictyoptera. Simi- larly, the character of the branching of Cu in the fore wing of Eugereon (Fig. 5) is wholly unlike that of cubitus in any Hemip- tera, but is like that of many Palaeodictyoptera. Thus cubitus in Eugereon (Fig. 5) throws off an anterior branch and the remain- ing portion of cubitus then branches again, whereas in the Hemip- tera {e.g., Fig. 8) cubitus gives off a branch which arises much nearer the base of the wing (and is hence more primitive than is the case with the anterior branch of Cu in Eugereon) and this branch forks, or branches pectinately distally, while the second branch of cubitus does not branch at all in the primitive Hemip- tera, thus differing wholly from the type of branching exhibited by cubitus in Eugereon. Furthermore, the anals and cubitus are relegated to the posterior region of the fore wing in Hemiptera (Fig. 8) while in Eugereon (Fig. 5) they occupy the central por- tion of the wing and crowd forward the median vein, which oc- cupies the central portion of the wing in Hemiptera (Fig. 8), and the whole character of the venation of the fore wing of Eugereon is unlike that one would expect to find in the ancestor of the Hemiptera ; and here again the evidence of the venation bears out that from all other parts of the body in indicating that Eu- gereon is not like the ancestor of the Hemiptera in any important feature at all ! Feb., 19^7 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 9 The archidictyon (alarete) or primitive meshwork between the principal veins of the wing of Eugereon (a portion of this mesh- work is shown in Fig. 5) is of the Palaeodictyopterous type, and is not very suggestive of the archidictyon of any known Hemip- teron, but this feature is one of no especial importance. The matter of the greatest importance in the wings, however, is the fact that Hemiptera very evidently came from ancestors which were capable of laying the wings tiat along the abdomen in repose, or could hold the wings roof-like along the abdomen (as I have pointed out many times before — e.g., Journal of Entomology and Zoology, 1924, p. 33, etc.) whereas Eugereon evidently could not do this, and hence does not represent a type ancestral to the Hemiptera, while it is evidently a specialized offshoot of the Palaeodictyoptera which hold their wings outstretched in repose. The method of holding the wings in repose is an extremely impor- tant feature in grouping insects according to their origins and natural affinities. On this basis, winged insects are divided into two groups, one, the Archipterygota, or forms which hold their wings outstretched in repose, includes the Palaeodictyoptera, with their early offshoots such as Eugereon, the Prodonata with the Odonata, the Protephemerida with the Ephemerida, etc., while the second group or Neopterygota, or forms capable of holding the wings along the abdomen in repose, includes the Hemiptera and their allies, together with the Holometabola, and the forms derived from ancestors such as the Protorthoptera and Protoblat- tids, which could lay the wings along the top of the abdomen in repose. The Archipterygota have but one, or no alar ossicles (the articulatory plates at the base of the wings), while the Neop- terygota have several alar ossicles, and the method of articulation of the wings with the tergal region is very different in the two groups, so that the distinction is a very fundamental one, and can- not be ignored in any phylogenetic studies of this character. Since the wings of Hemiptera^ were evidently derived from those ^ The Hemiptera have an extremely large, well developed baso- plica and basosinus or fold and pocket at the base of the anal region of the fore wing, for example, present in all of the de- scendants of the common ancestors in the Protorthopteron-Pro- toblattid stem, but lacking in the Odonata, Ephemerids, etc., as described in a paper on the thorax of the roach. The fold and pocket were apparently developed in connection with the folding of the wings along the top of the abdomen, and the presence of the typical fold and pocket in the Hemiptera clearly points to their Orthopteroid origin. 10 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.xxii of an ancestral type exhibiting the feature of laying the wings along the top of the abdomen, or holding them roof-like along the sides of the abdomen, and since there are several alar ossicles at the base of the wings of Hemiptera, as in all other Neopterygota, we must conclude that the Hemiptera could not be derived from a form like Eugereon, as is also indicated by every single important feature of Eugereon’ s anatomy. The view that Eugereon is an- cestral to the, Hemiptera is thus not merely unproven, but it is rendered entirely untenable by a careful study of the actual evi- dence in the matter, so that we are forced to seek elsewhere for the ancestors of the Hemiptera — and I would again emphasize the fact that a stud}^ of Psocid venation furnishes the most promis- ing clues for tracing the origin of the Hemiptera. This does not imply that the Psocids are actually ancestral to the Hemiptera, but the Psocids and their allies parallel the Hemiptera so ex- tremely closely in many respects, that we are forced to conclude that their lines of descent quickly merge as we trace them back to their common origin in forms resembling the Protorthoptera in the original Protorthopteron-Protoblattid group which gave rise to the insects capable of holding the wings along the abdomen in repose. The remarkable parallelism in the venation of the wings, from the lowest to the highest members of the Psocid and Hemipterous groups, has already been discussed in great detail {e.g., Psyche, 29, 1922, p. 23, etc.) and there is no necessity of again going over the evidence already presented. I would, however, briefly com- pare the wings of the extremely primitive fossil Hemipteron Prosbole shown in Fig. 8 (which is generally considered to be like the original type from which the wings of both Homoptera and Heteroptera were derived) with the Psocid wing shown in Fig. 6 (the irregular cross veins have been omitted from the fig- ure, so as not to obscure the main veins). The anals were not preserved in the incomplete fossil imprint of Prosbole (Fig. 8), but the remarkable resemblance in the branches of cubitus is at once apparent in the two wings (Figs. 8 and 6), and in both, media occupies the central portion of the wing and is composed of four main branches ; and the general character of radius and sub- costa is very similar in the two insects under consideration, which illustrate very plainly the remarkable similarity between the wings of the Hemiptera and the Psocids. Recently, Tillyard, 1926 (Amer. Jour. Science, ii, 1926, pp. 315 and 381), has figured the oldest known (and hence presum- Feb., 19^7 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 11 ably the most primitive) Psocid and Hemipterous types of wings from the Permian beds of Kansas, and these insects substantiate in a remarkable fashion the parallelism I pointed out several years ago, between the Hemiptera and the Psocids with their allies. In fact, one has but to glance at the Psocid shown in Fig. 17 and the Hemipteron shown in Fig. 16 to be convinced that both must have arisen from an immediate common ancestor, and if the wings of the Psocids and Hemiptera become so much more strikingly alike as we go back further in geologic history the only conclusion that we can accept is that both lines of descent quickly merge as we trace them into or just beyond the Permian. The ancestral forms to which both types apparently lead back were doubtless Protorthopteroid {i.e., Protorthoptera-like) forms re- sembling the Protorthopteroids shown in Figs. 18 and 19. In the Journal of the N. Y. Entomological Society, 31, 1922, p. 77, I have called attention to the presence of a gnathorhabdon {gr of Figs. 12 and 13) or slender maxillary style (which Hey- mons, 1899, states develops like the lacinia of other insects — al- though Heymons is unfortunately too prone to confuse the ho- mologies of the parts he describes in developing insects) in Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Psocids and their allies ; and others, such as Boerner have also called attention to the resemblance in the mouthparts of Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, etc. Furthermore, the ovipositor is extremely similar in Thysanoptera and Hemip- tera, and the tarsal segments, antennal segments, neck sclerites and innumerable anatomical features clearly point to a close rela- tionship between the Psocoid and Hemipteroid insects thus bear- ing out the evidence of the venation, etc., which indicates that the Psocids and Hemiptera arose from an immediate common an- cestry which also gave rise to the Thysanoptera, etc. I have already called attention to the strong resemblance be- tween the wings of the Psocids and Hymenoptera {e.g., Can. En- tomologist, 1922, p. 206) and indicated that such a comparison shows that the commonly accepted interpretation of the Hymen- opterous venation is incorrect. Tillyard, 1924 (Amer. Jour. Sci- ence, 8, p. Ill), has recently pointed out what appears to be the correct interpretation of the Hymenopterous venation, from a comparison with the wings of the fossil Protohymenoptera dis- covered by him; but he does not emphasize the fact that these Protohymenoptera (Fig. 14) evidently arose from ancestors very like those giving rise to the Psocid and Hemipteron wings shown 12 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.xxii in Figs. 17 and 16 and I would therefore again call attention to the fact that the Hymenoptera, as represented by the ancestral type shown in Fig. 14, were derived from forebears remarkably like those of the Psocids shown in Fig. 17 and the Hemipteron shown in Fig. 16. The similarity in all three wings (Figs. 14, 16, and 17) should be evident to everyone, and there is no necessity to call attention to each of the veins in detail. The Homopteron wing shown in Fig. 15 has been included to show that even in some Permian Hemiptera the bases of M and Cu have been cap- tured by R, thus showing at a very early date the development of a tendency likewise exhibited by the Psocids and Hymenop- tera— and of course by the Protohymenoptera also. In fact, there are so many similarities in various features of the body among the Psocids, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera (with their allies) that one is forced to conclude that all of these insects arose from extremely closely allied Protorthopteroid {i.e., Protor- thoptera-like) forebears, and I feel sure that these Protorthop- teroid ancestors resembled the Protorthopteroids shown in Figs. 18 and 19 very closely, although the wings shown in these two figures are oligoneurous {i.e., with few veins) while some of the members of the common ancestral group which gave rise to the Psocid-Hemipteron stem and to the Holometabola, were probably polyneurous. These very small, oligoneurous Protorthopteroids, such as the ones shown in Figs. 18 and 19, with reduced cubitus, but with media tending to be four-branched (or three-branched as in many of their descendants), and with the radial sector occupying a rather large portion of the middle of the wing, may be spoken of as the “ Microrthoptera,” in discussing the evolution of the higher forms, at the base of whose lines of descent these Mi- crorthoptera stood. These Microrthoptera are evidently modified Protorthoptera, but they exhibit tendencies reappearing in many members of the Psocid-Hemipteron stem, and in certain Holo- metabola also; and the adumbrations (or foreshadowings) they exhibit of features later developed in the derived groups makes a study of the Microrthoptera of much greater interest and impor- tance than Eugereon, or any of its relatives, for determining the origin of the Hemiptera and their allies. Since Eugereon and its relatives are not “ Protohemiptera,” or insects ancestral to the Hemiptera in any way, the designation “ Protohemiptera ” is a misnomer when applied to Eugereon and Feb., 1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 13 its allies, and the designation Protohemiptera should be reserved for the immediate ancestors of the Hemiptera, which will un- doubtedly be found in the early Permian or pre-Permian strata, when these have been more thoroughly searched. I would there- fore suggest that the ordinal name of the group to which Eu- gereon belongs be changed from ‘‘ Protohemiptera ” to some such designation as Apopalaeodictyoptera which would indicate that Eugereon and its allies represent merely a specialized side-line leading oif from the Palaeodictyoptera, and that Eugereon is an out and out Palaeodictyopteroid in all of its known anatomical features ! The Synarmogoidea (Palaeorthoptera) serve to connect the Palaeodictyoptera with the common Protorthopteron-Protoblattid stem, and these forms intervene between the Palaeodictyoptera and the rest of the insects, which were capable of holding the wings along the abdomen in repose. Since the Hemiptera clearly belong to the insects which have developed the ability to lay the wings along the abdomen in repose, their ancestors must be sought in the common Protorthopteron-Protoblattid stem, to which all such insects owe their origin. When those who try to tell us of the origin of the Hemiptera, become informed of the insuperable objections to regarding Eugereon as the ancestral type, and when they know of the many facts pointing to a Protorthopteroid an- cestry for the Hemiptera, they will doubtless realize that there is no justification for seriously proposing hereafter, that Eugereon is ancestral to the Hemiptera, and a long-standing misconception will be justly abandoned! Abbreviations. A — Anal veins. b — Beak or elongated mouthparts. hp — Basipalpus or basal segment of palp. Cu — Cubital veins. dp — Distipalpus or distal segment of palp. ga — Galea. gr — Gnathorhabdon or maxillary seta. Ip — Labial palpi. Ir — Lab rum. M — Median veins. md — Mandible. mg — Maxillary galea. 14 Bulletin af the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.XXII mn — Mentum. mp — Maxillary palpi. pg — Palpigers. R — Radial veins. Rs — Radial sector. Sc — .Subcostal vein. Fig. I. Fig. 2. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig: Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Fig. II Fig. 12 Fig. 13 Fig. 14 Fig. 15 Fig. 16 Explanation of Plates I and II Ventral view of head and prothorax of Eugereon boeckingi, from drawing by Handlirsch, 1909. Portion of head, beak and fore leg of Mecyno stoma dohrni (a Palaeodictyopteron), from drawing by Brongniart, 1893. Labium of the Dipteron Anisopus punctatus, ventral (posterior) view, from Crampton, 1925. Labium of Cicada sp. (posterior view), from Cramp- ton, 1921. Base of fore wing of Eugereon boeckingi, from Hand- lirsch, 1909. Fore wing of Psocid Calopsocus infelix (cross veins, etc., omitted), after Enderlein, 1903. Base of hind wing of Eugereon boeckingi, after Hand- lirsch, 1909. Fore wing of fossil Hemipteron Prosbole hirsuta (cross veins omitted), after Handlirsch, 1925. Labium of Corecoris sp., posterior view. Distal portion of fore wing of fossil insect Mesotitan sc'ullyi, after Tillyard, 1925. Hind wing of fossil Hemipteron Mitchelloneura per- miana, after Tillyard, 1921. Maxillary region of Homopteron Ptyelus flavescens, after Crampton, 1923. Maxilla of the Thysanopteron Heliothrips, after Peter- son. Fore wing of the fossil Protohymenopteron Permohy- nien schucherti, after Tillyard, 1924. Fore wing of fossil Ilemipteron Lophioneura ustidata, after Tillyard, 1921. Fore wing of fossil Hemipteron Permoscytina kansas- ensis (pterostigmal area dotted) after Tillyard, 1926. Feh.,1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 15 Fig. 17. Fore wing of fossil Psocid Dichentomum tinctum, after Tillyard, 1926. Fig. 18. Fore wing of fossil Protorthopteroid Lepium elonga- tum (meshwork omitted), after Handlirsch, 1925. Fig. 19. Fore wing of fossil Protorthopteroid Metropator pusil- lus (cross veins omitted), after Tillyard, 1926. NOTES ON ABERRATIONS OF NEW JERSEY BUTTERFLIES. By C. Rummel, Newark, N. J. {Continued from December 7mmber.) Euphydryas phaeton Drury, abberration. Two female specimens bred from larvae taken at Hillside, N. J., in May, 1920 — in collection of C. Rummel. orange colored spots are so small and tinged with black scales to be nearly obliterated. The orange spots on discal area of pri- maries are completely absent, giving those specimens a decidedly blackish appearance. The white spots are about normal. On the under side the orange colored spots are slightly more pronounced ; otherwise normal. Basilarchia archippus Cramer, aberration. One female specimen taken at Green Village, N. J., August 14, 1923 — in collection of C. Rummel. This specimen has a large whitish patch on all four wings. On the under side this patch is diffused to spread all over the wing, giving the specimen a much lighter appearance on both sides than normal archippus. Basilarchia archippus Cramer, aberration. One male specimen bred in Kearny, N. J., in 1918 — in collection of C. Rummel. The orange brown to be found on normal archippus on both primaries and secondaries is replaced with dark brown uniformly tinged with black. The black line traversing the secondaries is much broader and shifted closer toward the outer margin, reduc- ing this brown band between the traverse line and the outer mar- gin to seven oval brown spots. The white dots, 15 in number, contained in the border are replaced with blue dots. On the under side much of the brown is replaced with black or tinged with black scales. The black traverse line showing on the upper side is narrower with a blue parallel line on the inside and nearly all the white markings are replaced with blue giving this specimen a much darker appearance than normal archippus. {To be continued.) Bull. B. E. S., XXII, No. 1 Pl. I Bull. B. E. S., XXII, No. 1 Pl. II 18 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.XXIi NOTES ON MUSCOID SYNONYMY. By J. M. Aldrich, Associate Curator, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. Cylindromyia pusilla n. n. Mr. Curran has kindly called my attention to the fact that my Cylindromyia nigra (Proc. U. S. N. M., 68, art. 23, 1926, ii) was preoccupied by Villeneuve, Annales Soc. Ent. France, 1917 (1918), p. 504. I therefore propose for my species the new name Cylindromyia pusilla. Scologaster immsii Tothill. I am also indebted to Mr. Curran for the information that my Scologaster fuscipennis, described in Insecutor Ins. Menst., xiv, 1926, 53, from Szechuen Province, China, is the same species which Tothill described as Gymnochaeta immsii in Bulletin of Entoni. Research, ix, 1918, 47, from Bhowali, Kumaon, India. There is a paratype in the Canadian Collection, from which Mr. Curran sent me some additional items, although there was little doubt of the synonymy from the description. I would retain the ' genus Scologaster on the characters I have already given. Sarcophaga ohtusifrons Thomson. I described Sarcophaga peltata in 1916 (Sarcophaga and Allies, p. 216) from Porto Rico, and material was later received from Central America. Quite recently I found the same species in abundance in a collection of Samoan Sarcophagas that I was identifying for Professor Buxton, of the London School of Trop- ical Medicine. This led me to a further investigation of our col- lection, and I discovered that Coquillett many years ago had iden- tified Sarcophaga ohtusifrons Thomson from the Galapagos Islands. This was the original locality, and the identification can hardly be doubted, from the golden pollen of the fourth abdomi- nal segment, etc. On spreading the genitalia of the Galapagos males, they were found to be the same species. My peltata is therefore a synonym of ohtusifrons Thomson (Eugenies Resa, 1868, 536), and the species is very widely distributed through the tropics. It is very likely that Sarcophaga taitensis Schiner (No- vara, 1868, 314), from Tahiti, is the same, as the fourth segment and genitalia are golden. His male type should be examined to settle the question. It has been usual to give priority to Novara Feh.,19^7 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 19 over Eugenics, but Kahl has shown (Ann. Carnegie Mus., xi, ^9^7’ 39^f 393) that there is room for discussion on the point. Eucelatoria australis Townsend. Walton, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., xvi, 1914, 93, described Comp- silura oppugnator, new species, from Porto Rico. In our collec- tion Townsend had placed the type as a synonym of his Eucela- toria australis, described from Peru in Proc. U. S. N. M., vol. 43, 1912, 315. I agree with the synonymy, but there is considerable variation in the discals, ocellars, and bristles of the facial ridges. The females have no ocellars or very small ones ; as they are ab- sent in Walton’s type this probably accounts for his generic refer- ence, although the species having bare eyes is not a true Compsi- lura. Our collection includes a series of seven reared from Cal- podes ethlius in St. Vincent, West Indies, by E. Watts. The spe- cies is barely distinct from Eucelatoria arniigera Coquillett. Sturmia inca Townsend. In Annals of the Entomological Society of America, vol. 4, 1911, p. 142, Townsend proposed the name Zygostiirmia inca new genus and species, based on some internal organs of a Peru- vian jnuscoid ; he supplied the external characters in Proceedings U. S. National Museum, vol. 43, 1912, p. 323, the types being two females from Sullana, Peru. The species is common in the Southern States, there being in the National Museum, besides the types, about 300 specimens from Miami, Elorida, collected in 1908 by Dr. and Mrs. Town- send ; four from Audubon Park, Louisiana, bred from Herse cin- gulata P'abricius by C. E. Smith ; thirty-four from Victoria, Texas, reared by J. D. Mitchell from the same host; fourteen from the same place, reared from Sphinx larvae, perhaps the same host as preceding; six from College Station, Texas, col- lected by H. J. Reinhard ; and there is also one from Oak Grove, Virginia, collected by Townsend. On comparing it with the European Sturmia vanessae Robi- neau-Desvoidy (recently made a synonym of hella Meigen), the type species of Sturmia, I think they are congeneric in even a nar- row sense. Inca is much allied to distincta Wiedemann, our com- mon sphinx parasite, but is a little smaller, and the fourth abdominal segment is black on about the basal half, the remainder red, but not densely golden pollinose ; the palpi are generally black to the extreme tips, while in distincta they are usually reddish at tips. The male genitalia are of the same ordinary structure in 20 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.xxii both, and the third abdominal segment has in the males of both a roundish area of matted hair on each side below. Sturmia cuhae- cola Jaennicke (sociabilis Greene) is a very closely allied species with abdomen wholly black at tip, and the palpi black only basally. We have six types (of sociabilis) and six other specimens from Porto Rico, and two more from Greenwich Park, British Guiana, reared from sphinx larvae by G. E. Bodkin. The Genus Epidexia Townsend. In the Journal of the New York Entomological Society, xx, 1912, 1 12, Townsend established the genus Epidexia, mostly on internal and egg characters ; he gave additional external charac- ters in Insecutor Ins. Menst., iv, 1916, 54. The type’ and sole original species was filamentosa, new; but in 1916 the author noted that Coquillett’s Masicera pulverea “ practically belongs to this genus,” and noted some points of resemblance and difference. Coquillett’s types are both males, one from Elorida and the other from Tifton, Georgia. Townsend did not describe the male of filamentosa, although at present there are seven males in the collection, all taken at Miami, Elorida, in November, 1908, by himself and wife, several on the same day as the females which he described. If he had had these before hiin when he wrote the notes just mentioned, he would have seen that the Tifton, Georgia, type of Coquillett’s pidverea is identical. It is a larger and more robust specimen, and has three sternopleurals. The other Coquil- lett type, which now bears the holotype label, differs from the Tifton one only in having the first posterior cell closed in the border instead of very short petiolate. It is apparently a little more robust in form, but the thorax has been somewhat flattened in pinning, the dorsum having several evident dents. One of the two type specimens of filamentosa now in the collection, the para- type, has three sternopleurals on one side, although all the other Miami specimens of both sexes have only two on each side. The absence of petiole in one specimen is only what would be ex- pected in an occasional case where the petiole is normally very short. Although the matter is not entirely free from doubt, I consider filamentosa a synonym of pidverea. There are three specimens as large as the Tifton one which have black legs ; one of these is a female from Opelousas, Louisi- ana, the others are males from Ealls Church, Virginia (Knab), and Beltsville, Maryland (Walton).' These three all have two Feh.,19^7 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 21 sternopleurals and the usual short petiole, and I do not believe they represent a distinct species, although in all the others the coxae, femora and tibiae are reddish-yellow. The Beltsville speci- men has no ocellars, although all the others have a small pair. The Genus Allophorocera Hendel. In Psyche, vol. xiv, 1917, 141, H. E. Smith described Allopho- rocera montana, the first and so far the only American species to be assigned to this genus. The type male, from Powderville, Mon- tana, was deposited in the collection of the Montana State Col- lege. One female marked type, but evidently allotype or para- type, is in the National Museum, to which have been added a female from Fairview, British Columbia (Buckell), a male from Cranbrook, B. C. (Garrett), and a female from Mount Lowe, California (Aldrich). Three other females in the type lot were perhaps retained in Mr. Smith’s collection. Before I had discov- ered that our male specimen belonged to Smith’s species I had placed it in Tachinomyia, as it agrees well with that genus, and has the same characteristic genitalia, the inner forceps united into a slender hook, and the outer forming flat, adherent plates with a fingerlike process. It separates from all other known members of Tachinomyia by having discal macrochaetae on the third segment, and sometimes on the second. On reviewing the matter, I am convinced that it belongs . to this genus. Allophorocera was proposed by Hendel, in Verhandlungen K. K. Gesellschaft Wien, vol. li, 1901, 203. It had only one species, Dexodes auripilus Brauer and Bergenstamm. The characters given as diagnostic are rather minute ones, and are not definitely compared with those of the genotype of Dexodes {spectahilis Heigen of Brauer and Bergenstamm, equals albisquama Zetter- stedt, according to Bezzi in Pal. Kat.). We have both type spe- cies in the National Museum, and I should consider them con- generic. The male genitalia in both are of the more usual type, the inner forceps divided, and the outer well developed. In both auripila and albisquama the distance of the tip of the fourth vein from the extreme apex of the wing is about one-half that which separates the tips of the second and third veins ; while in the American montana here transferred to Tachinomyia, the former distance is just about equal to the latter. In other words, the apical cell ends much farther before the tip of the wing in mon- tana than in the type species of Dexodes and Allophorocera. 22 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.xxii “New Holarctic MuscoideaJ' In a recent paper, with the above title (Insecutor Ins. Men- struus, xiv, 1926, 24-41), Dr. C. H. T. Townsend has proposed twenty new genera, each with a single species. Fourteen of these are based on new North American species, two on previously de- scribed North American species, and the remaining four on Euro- pean described species. I have diligently studied the full descrip- tions of the first mentioned fourteen, endeavoring to find the genotype species in the National Museum collection, with con- siderable success and quite surprising results. As it is necessary to have a large collection for reference in elucidating these, and other workers would be under some disadvantage in this regard, it seems obligatory for me to publish my conclusions. I have added notes on the two genera based on described North Amer- ican species, and have listed for completeness the new European genera at the end. All of the new species were collected by Town- send when he was in the employ of the U. S. Bureau of Ento- mology some years ago. 1. (Page 25). Mallochomyia johanseni, new genus and spe- cies, for Phormia caerulea Malloch, the species being preoccu- pied. The name Boreellus aristatus Aldrich and Shannon was proposed in 1923 for the same species (Ins. Ins. Menst., XI, 107) ; and more recently Shannon, while retaining the genus Boreellus, has made the species a synonym of Sarcophaga atri- ceps Zetterstedt, a European species placed in Onesia in the Palae- arctic Catalogue (Shannon, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 28, 1926, 128). 2. (Page 25). Gyninogaster, new genus, for Gymnophania montana Coquillett. Said to differ from Gymnophania by cubi- tus being reduced to a faint even curve.” Brauer and Bergen- stamm, however, define Gymnophania as having “ cubitus rotun- datus, fere nullus ” ; they identified one of our specimens as “Gymnophania sp.” Their figure of the head of the European type species seems identical with ours, but there is no figure of the wing known to me. As the European species is not in our collection and there is no evidence that it has been seen by Town- send, I think it much more likely that montana is identical with the European species than that they belong to different genera. 3. (Page 26). Pseudoerihea paradexoides new genus and spe- cies. Described from a female. Mount Holyoke Gap, Mass. I have not been able to identify this in our collection. Feb., 19^7 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 23 4. (Page 27). Apacheprospherysa orhitalis new genus and species. Described from two males taken by Townsend on the South Fork of Eagle Creek, Sierra Blanca, N. M., at 8,000 feet. I have not been able to find this in the collection. 5. (Page 28). Palpexorista phoroceroides ntw gQvms and spt- cies. Described from one female. Mount Holyoke Gap, Mass. This is the female of Phorocera imitator Aldrich and Webber (Proc. U. S. N. M., 63, 1924, 63), described from Lyme, Conn.; we now have a female from New Haven, Conn., exactly matching Townsend’s description. I still think that the species goes prop- erly in Phorocera, but we indicated the subgenus Parasetigena as a narrower group, and Townsend himself proposed Neo phorocera type edwardsii Will, (claripennis Mcq. of Aldrich and Webber) in Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 14, 1912, 162, which would include phoroeeroides in the most restricted sense. Hence there can be no use for Palpexorista, any more than for the new specific name. 6. (Page 29). Catagoniopsis infernalis new genus and spe- cies. Described from one female. Hell Canyon, Manzano Na- tional Forest, New Mexico. This is Phorocera meracanthae Greene, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 23, 1921, 126; two of Greene’s paratypes were collected by Townsend on the same day as his own type, and the data were published in full by Greene. In the arrangement proposed by Aldrich and Webber, meracanthae was placed in the subgenus Patelloa ; I would consider further generic division superfluous. 7. (Page 31). Schizactia new genus, for Schizotachina viti- nervis Walton. Four nominal characters are given, but they readily reduce to two — the fourth vein is obsolete from the bend, and the hind crossvein is retracted. As to the latter character, I have noted that it has slight taxonomic value in those Tachinids in which the first posterior cell ends in the tip of the wing (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., LH, 1926., 7). In the genotype of Schizotaehina, eonvecta Walker, there is a marked variation in the position of the hind crossvein, and it is sometimes almost as much retracted as in vitinervis ; while in almost every specimen the fourth vein is markedly thinner beyond the bend. These characters do not seem to me to be generic. 8. (Page 31). Visayalydina sierricola new genus and species. Described from one female. Las Visayas, Sierra Madre, Chihua- hua, Mexico. I have not been able to find this species in the col- lection. 24 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society xxii 9. (Page 32). Plagiophryxe pecosensis new genus and spe- cies. Described from several females, Harvey’s Ranch, Pecos National Forest, New Mexico, at 10,000 feet. The full descrip- tion shows conclusively that this is Zenillia (Phryxe) vulgaris Fallen, a common fly in the Canadian Zone of North America and also in Northern Europe. It is the genotype of Phryxe. 10. (Page 34). Nemosturmia pilosa new genus and species. Described from one female, Franconia, N. H. This is Winthemia fumiferanae Tothill (Canad. Ent., XLIV, 1912, 2). I consider it a true Winthemia and no one has suggested a different disposition of it until now. 11. (Page 35). Sisyrosturmia chaetosa new genus and species. Described from one female. Base of Mt. Washington, N. H. I have not been able to identif}^ it in our material. 12. (Page 36). Eophrissopolia acroglossoides new genus and species. Described from two females. Grove Hill, Md., taken by Townsend on October 31 and November 2, on Aster flowers. The Museum has four additional females taken by Townsend on same flowers and same place and date ; also several of both sexes from this region and a long series from Arizona, New Mexico, Cali- fornia and Colorado, largely collected by Townsend. The species was identified as Chaetogaedia crehra Van der Wulp by Coquil- lett in his Revision (1897, p. 137) ; and I believe this was correct. We now have three cotypes of crehra, received from the British Museum, which differ only in having the pollen of the head more yellowish. A male from Beltsville, Md., however, has precisely the same head color as the Mexican cotypes. The genitalia in the Arizona and Maryland specimens are the same as in the cotype. Prospherysa vilis Van der Wulp, the genotype of Chaetogaedia, is also represented by cotypes in our collection; it has the para- facial row of bristles more hairlike but evidently homologous. Even if the stouter row in crehra were of generic value, Town- send has already proposed to make this species the type of his genus Phrissopolia, so the new Eophrissopolia is superfluous. I think Chaetogaedia properly includes crehra, of which acroglos- soides is a synonym. 13. (Page 37). Erontinogaedia new genus for Baumhaueria analis Van der Wulp. This species was placed in Chaetogaedia by Coquillett (Revision, 1897, 137). The characters given by Townsend seem to be purely specific — one of them, the elonga- tion of the second aristal joint, is the same in the genotype of Chaetogaedia. Feb., 1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 25 14. (Page 37). Catalinovoria cauta new genus and species. Described from one male, Sabino Basin, Santa Catalina Mts., Ari- zona. This is without doubt the species which Coquillett identi- fied as Siphoplagia rigidirostris Van der Wulp (Revision, 1897, p. 78), and which I described as Sthenopleura latifrons in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., LII, 1926, 18. The date of my publication is April 14, while that of Townsend is March ii, giving him an ample margin of priority. The Museum has a long series (my types). Townsend’s expression, “ 5R closed far before tip,” means that the first posterior cell is closed in the margin far before tip, not that it is long-petiolate. He does not mention the pteropleural bristle, which I take to be the main generic character. 15. (Page 39). Xanthoernestia antennalis new genus and spe- cies. Described from one female. Base of Mt. M^ashington, N. H. I am unable to find this in the collection. 16. (Page 40). Oxydosphyria infernalis new genus and spe- cies. Described from two females. Hell Canyon, Manzano Mts., New Mexico. This is Peleteria iterans Walker var. flaviventris Van der Wulp, of Curran’s revision of Peleteria (Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, Sec. 5, 1925, 238, f. ii). The Museum has six specimens, of both sexes, from Las Vegas Hot Springs, N. M. (Barber) ; Koehler, N. M. (Walton) ; Las Cruces, N. M. (Grab- ham) ; Custer, S. D. (Aldrich) ; and Mound Valley, Chihuahua, Mexico (Townsend). The species is not separable from Pele- teria, in my opinion. The European new genera are as follows : (Page 30.) Erynniopsis rondanii new genus and new specific name for Erynnia nitida Rondani, preoccupied. (Page 31.) Strohliomyia new genus, for Thryptocera fissicor- nis Strobl. (Page 32.) Prooppia new genus, for Carcelia fuscipennis Robi- neau-Desvoidy. (Page 38.) Echinosomopsis new genus, for Echinosoma Girschner, preoccupied. The genotypes of these European genera are not in the Na- tional Museum, and Townsend does not claim to have seen them. 26 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.XXll A NEW SEMIUM FROM" ARIZONA AND COLORADO (HEMIPTERA, MIRIDAE)/ By Harry H. Knight, Ames, Iowa. The genus Semiuni was established by Reuter (1876) for a single new species, hirtiim, from Texas. Semium hirtum Rent, has since been found to occur in several eastern states, breeding on Euphorbia adenoptera. The genus has remained monotypic until the present time, hence it is of more than ordinary interest to add a new species to this rather singular genus. Semium subglaber n. sp. Size and coloration suggestive of hirtum Reuter, but easily dis- tinguished by the minute, appressed pubescence, and by the dif- ferently formed impressions on the scutellum. $ . Length 2.6 mm., width i mm. Blead : width .60 mm., vertex .32 mm. ; sculpturing much as in hirtum, but glabrous. Rostrum, length .74 mm., scarcely attaining posterior margin of sternum, brownish, apex blackish. Antennae : segment I, length .19 mm. ; II, .69 mm. ; III, .56 mm. ; IV, missing. Pro- notum : length .55 mm., width at base i mm. ; sculpturing of the disk differs from hirtum, marked with fewer but better defined, raised dark lines. Scutellum dark, a pair of small, rounded impressions of different color within the triangular depression on disk ; lateral margins with an elongate, sharply defined impression, a smaller spot at basal angle. Clothed with minute, appressed pubescence which is ap- parent only under strong magnification (34 diam.). Colora- tion suggestive of hirtum, but the reddish tints are here largely dark brownish black ; cuneus uniformly, opaque whit- ish, apex never dark ; clavus dark brownish black, margin along claval suture opaque creamy white like the corium; apical one-third of embolium and outer apical area of corium occupied by a nearly quadrangular black spot, leaving inner apical angle of corium white. Membrane and veins uniformly black, opaque, a white spot on vein at apex of smaller areole, and contiguous with the white cuneus. Legs brownish black, the hind femora white with narrow base and apical one-third blackish, a corresponding pale area is much obscured on the intermediate pair. Sides of venter and the pleura tinged with ^ Contribution from the Department of Zoology and Entomol- ogy, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. Fei).,i927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 27 reddish which is apparent beneath a dull, opaque pale ground color. 9 . Length 2.6 mm., width i.i mm. Head: width .65 mm., vertex .38 mm. Antennae : segment I, length .20 mm. ; II, .77 mm., pale to reddish ; III, .60 mm. ; IV, .33 mm. Pro- notum: length .62 mm., width at base 1.09 mm. Pubescence and form of body very similar to the male, but head, pro- noturn and legs much paler; the raised lines on pronotal disk not darkened. Holotype: $ , September 13, 1925, Oracle, Arizona, alt. 4,500 feet (A. A. Nichol) ; author’s collection. Allotype: same date as the type. Paratypes: $ , taken with the types. S 9 , June 15, 1900, Pueblo, Colorado (E. D. Ball). $, August, Los Angeles County, California (Coquillett) ; U. S. N. M. collection. Mr. Nichol collected this species on an undetermined Eu- phorbia. NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF DINEUTUS (GYRINIDAE). By Melville H. Hatch, ^ Minneapolis, Minn. Mr. C. A. Frost writes me that for about twenty years he has taken Dineutus {s. str.) ciliatus (Forsberg) (=vittatus Germ., Ochs, Ent. Blatt., 1925, 21 : 174) in a small stream near his home in Framingham, Mass. The stream has a sandy bottom, is about five feet wide, from six to ten inches deep, and the current at the middle is one foot a second or less. The beetles are more inclined to stay near the bank, but frequently move out towards the middle, where their behavior is similar to that described by me for Dineu- tus {Cy clous) discolor Aube in a previous number of this jour- nal (1925, 20: 105-106), which were living in a current of about eight inches a second. Further observations on the habitat of Dineutus (especially exotic species), Andogyrus, Macrogyrus, and Enhydrus are desirable. I am able to announce the following key to the first instar larvae of the local species of Dineutus, subgenus Cyclous. ^ A contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of the Univer- sity of Michigan. 28 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.xxii Tergites of segments behind head uniformly pale. Mandibles entirely pale ; head pale except a light gray oval area between eyes that does not attain anterior margin ; legs and appendages of head pale hornii Rbts. B^ Mandibles in part dark brown or blackish. Mandibles, a triangular spot between the bases of the antennae and the eyes, the neck on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces, the posterior margin of the dorsal plates on the first thorax segment, and a small spot on the dorsal surface of the base of each leg in the shape of an inverted “v” dark brown (Wilson, 1923, Bull. Bur. Fish. 39 [Docu- ment 953] : 304) americanus L. Distal portion of mandibles and narrow area mesad to margin of eyes pale; head behind posterior margin of eyes light gray; head in front of hind margin of eyes up to and including proximal por- tion of mandibles blackish ; occiput blackish ; seg- ments of antennae, maxillary palpi, labial palpi, and legs distinctly suffused with black or gray. nigrior Rbts. A2 Tergites of segments behind head mottled each with six brownish irregular longitudinal stripes which are some- what broken up and reduced on the one or two posterior and anterior segments ; head with light gray oval area be- tween eyes not attaining anterior margin of head ; occiput blackish with a fine median white line ; posterior margin of pronotum very narrowly blackish discolor Aube. Unfortunately the mottled markings of discolor fade out in ma- terial preserved in alcohol. Wilson’s observation that the first instar larvae of americanus are identical in color with the subse- quent stages makes it possible that this key may hold good for the later instars. Fei.,1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 29 FAUNA SUMATRANA— AQUATIC HETEROPTERA. By J. R. de la Torre-Bueno, White Plains, N. Y. Mr. E. Jacobson, the noted collector at Fort de Kock, Sumatra, has had the goodness to send me some time since a number of mounted and unmounted aquatic Hemiptera, for study in connec- tion with his own faunistic work on the Island. This small lot contains the usual Oriental forms, but in addi- tion there are some which seem unknown to science. All are here enumerated in the order employed by me in Spolia Zey- lanica.^ Cryptocerata. Family Corixidae. Porocorixa sp. One specimen from Fort de Kock, January, 1922. This species is seemingly undescribed and is apparently the first record of the genus from the Oriental Region. There being only one battered male specimen on hand makes it undesirable, indeed, unwise, to describe it. Corixa affinis Distant Of this species, described from British India, seven were taken in January and 3 in March, 1922, at Fort de Kock. Micronecta minthe Distant There are two specimens of this species, one from Fort de Kock, January, 1921 ; and one from Sibigo, August, 1913. It was described from Bengal and has since been recorded from Ceylon. Micronecta haliploides Horvath Fort de Kock, January, 1921, i specimen; March, 1921, 3; October, 1922, i. This species was described from Ceylon. Micronecta mnemonides Kirkaldy Five specimens from Fort de Kock, January, February and March, 1921 ; and October, 1922. Described from Ceylon. The well-known idiosyncrasy of describers in this group in ^ 1925, vol. viii, pt. 2, pp. 223-234. On a some aquatic Hemip- tera from Ceylon with description of New Species. 30 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.XXIl favor of color a outrance makes the satisfactory delimitation of its species a matter of faith rather than hope; and certainly not of absolute certainty. The preceding species have been named as best might be, from sundry papers by Breddin, Kirkaldy and Horvath ; and by the inadequate descriptions of Distant in Fauna of British India. Short of a complete revision and study of morphological details, there can be no authority in this family. Family Belostomatidae. Lefhocerus indicus Lep. & Serv. Three from Fort de Kock, January, 1922. The specimens seem rather teneral. Is already known from Sumatra and Java; and spreads all over the Oriental Region. Sphaerodema mole stum Du four Nine specimens from Fort de Kock, December, 1921. While the species is known from India and Malacca, it does not as yet seem to have been reported from Sumatra. Sphaerodema rusticum Fabricius Of this species, already known from Sumatra, there are three specimens taken January, 1922. Family Naucoridae. Heleocoris b ergrot hi MontSindon Three specimens in the lot are from Fort de Kock, January, 1922. This species has heretofore been recorded only from Brit- ish India (Distant). Family Notonectidae. Enithares marginata Fieber Fort de Kock, Januar)^ and June, 1922, 5 specimens and some nymphs in various stages. Not before recorded from Sumatra. Anisops niveus Fabricius Six from Sinabang (Simalur), January, 1913; known from Burma and the Oriental region, but apparently not specifically re- ported from Sumatra. Anisops sp. Four specimens from Sinabang, January, 1913; a large spe- cies, somewhat resembling niveus. Fei.,1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 31 Anisops sp. There are ii specimens of this smaller species from Fort de Kock, April and December, 1921, and January, 1922. These two species are difficult to place. They may be unde- scribed. But where species are described by vague color charac- ters and by structures common to the genus, it is unwise to pro- nounce apostolically without a thoroughgoing revision of the group. Family Nepidae. Ranatra parmata Mayr There is one specimen from Aur (Kumanis), West Coast of Sumatra, March, 1914. Described originally from Batavia (Java), and seemingly not recorded from Sumatra. Laccotrephes robustus Stal One adult and two nymphs are from Andalas (Tandjing), West Coast of Sumatra, May, 1914. Not before recorded from Sumatra, although it is known from the Philippines, Perak and Java. Laccotrephes grossus Fabricius {rubra auctt. nec Linne) One specimen also from Andalas, same date. Another Orien- tal species, recorded from Formosa and Japan, but apparently not as yet reported from Sumatra. Gymnocerata. Hydro METRiDAE. Hydrometra lineatus Eschsch. This widespread species is represented by 21 specimens from Fort de Kock. While seemingly not as yet known from Sumatra, it has been reported from Java, the Philippines, Perak and other parts of the Oriental Region not so near. Hydrometra longicapitis n. sp. Head : length, 91 units J ao : po : : 6 : 23 ; clypeus as broad as long, bluntly angulate anteriorly; antennae, 17 130 197 : 50; head grooves, upper fine, as long as eye, lower not as long as eye; rostrum, extending just back of eyes. ^ I unit = 1/20 mm. in all these descriptions. 32 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Pronotum: Length, 35 units; pits absent on anterior lobe, except a row going all around the collar, present on the pos- terior lobe in longitudinal rows. Metanotum: Length (estimated), 20 units; concealed by strap-like microptera which reach to about the middle of ab- dominal segment I. Coxae: Distance from I to II and II to III, 20 and 38 units respectively ; all three acetabula pitted, with about ten or twelve pits on each acetabulum, dull. Anterior femora, extending 10 units beyond the apex of the head, 100 units long; posterior femora, extending 25 units beyond apex of abdomen, 137 units long. Abdomen: Length, 118 units, upper side entirely sericeous or velvety; male processes mammilose, widely separated, close to anterior margin of segment, a series of parallel fine crosswise grooves back of the processes on the same segment ; male terminal segment sinuate laterally, with the usual spine, not very long or slender. Total length, 13.2 mm. Described from one specimen, male, from Ft. de Kock, Su- matra, collected b}^ E. Jacobson; type in U. S. National Museum, No. 40208. This species differs from lineatus in the longer and more slen- der head ; absence of silvery thoracic longitudinal line and stripe on the hemelytra, the femora greatly surpassing the head and the abdomen, respectively, mammilose male processes, rostrum not going beyond eyes, etc. While, as may have been noticed at the very beginning of this paper, I am most loath to describe species from only one speci- men, the characters in Hydrometra are now developed to a point where species may be described with an approach to mathematical precision. And the male characters are such that there can be no uncertainty about using them freely and accurately. Here, as elsewhere, I have eschewed color characters, for specific color description of a tortoise-shell cat would make different species of cats of all other colors or combinations of colors, a reductio ad ahs'urdam commended to the attention of pure colorists. Family Veliidae. Rhagovelia nigricans Burnieister. Of this seemingly widely distributed species there are 22 speci- mens from Fort de Kock. While it has been recorded from Feh., 1927 Bulleiin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 33 British India, Ceylon, Africa, etc., it seems not as yet known from Sumatra. Microvelia albolineolata n. sp. Head: Length, males, 9 units; females, 10 units; median line present, fine, glabrous ; no pits near eyes ; antennae, 5:5:10:10 (male type), 7:7:12^:11 (female allotype), segment I curved, stoutest, II straight, not quite so stout. III slender, straight, IV slender, tapering slightly ; rostrum in both sexes extending to middle of metasternum. Thorax: Length, 20 units (male type), 21 units (female allotype) ; punctured with small, black, moderately deep punctures ; hemelytra surpassing abdomen, with the usual golden pubescence, which is much longer on the costal margin. Anterior femora: 12 units (type), 16 (allotype) ; tibiae, 13 units (type), 15 (allotype) ; tarsi, 7 units (male), 8 (female). Middle femora: 20 units (type), 20 (female) ; tibiae, 13 (male), 15 (female) ; tarsi, 5: 7 (male, not type), 6:7 (fe- male allotype). Posterior femora: 17 units (male type), 24 units (female) ; tibiae, 22 units (male type), straight, 26 (female) ; tarsi, 6:4 (male), 6:6 (female). In this set, as well as in the others, the femora are measured without including the long trochanters. Abdomen: (Measured from under side) 30 units (male), 34 (female); sutures evident; segment I dark, remaining ones light straw color; spiracles black, submarginal. Total length: Male type, 3 mm.; allotype, 3.35 mm. Described from 7 specimens from Fort de Kock, E. Jacobson, collector; type and allotype, in U. S. National Museum, No. 40210; paratypes, in collection J. R. de la Torre-Bueno. This species differs from the other known Oriental forms in having antennal segment III as long as or longer than IV (in the female). Thus this character of the length of antennal segment IV fails as a mark of the genus. It is also most reminiscent of the Neotropical Microvelia longipes Llhler, except, of course, for the length of the legs, which are normal in this new species. The antennae are slightly longer than the head and thorax taken to- gether. All other proportions may be readily worked out by the dimensions given. It is regrettable that the fine long series in hand (nearly 100 specimens) should have suffered severely in the mails. The spec- 34 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.xxii imens having been put up dry in papers, the delicate antennae and tarsal joints are nearly all broken off, and none of the type ma- terial has either entire legs or a perfect pair of antennae. The species is so distinctive, however, that it cannot be taken for any- thing else. Color picture: This species is very clearly marked and showy. In addition to the greyish white margin of hairs about the eyes, the narrow pronotal collar is greyish. The pronotum is dark brownish grey, with three broad sooty black stripes, the middle one interrupting the anterior grey collar ; the humeri and the pos- terior angle are flavous. The hemelytra have coarse black vena- tion, a pure white claval streak and a pure white elongated dot on the membrane; the cells are of about the same color as the pro- thorax. Microvelia villosula n. sp. Head: Length, male, 5 units; female, 8; a glabrous line goes down anteriorly 2/3 to the anterior part of the head and there are two small glabrous elongate depressions near the eyes ; antennae, male, 312:2:4, female, 3:3:4: 5, compara- tivel}^ short and stout, segment I curved, as usual in the fam- ily, IV fusiform; rostrum in both sexes extending nearly to distal margin of mesosternum, with slight variation. Thorax: Length, male, 8 units; female, 14; apterous only; two glabrous lines run diagonally in from each side. Anterior femora: Male, 6 units, stout, stouter than in fe- male ; female, 8 ; tibiae, 5 and 7, respectively ; tarsus, missing in males, females, 4. Middle femora: Male, 7; female, 10; stout in male, but little thicker than the tibiae in female ; tibiae, male, 7, curved slightly; female, 10, straight; tarsi, male, 2:3; female, 4:3^^. Posterior femora: Male, 8; female, 12; tibiae, male, 8; female, 12 ; tarsi, male, 2:2; female, 3:3. Femora in both sexes only slightly thicker than the straight tibiae. Abdomen: Length, male, 15 units; female, 20; nearly par- allel sided in male, broad in female, in which the connexiva are very broad and rise at an abrupt angle, making the dor- sum into a moderately deep trough ; beset with long grey hairs, varying in density above and below, otherwise brown pilose ; a glabrous dorsal line in segments 4, 5 and 6 of the male, not reaching the anterior and posterior margins of the segment at its extremities, present also in the female, but not so obvious. Feh., 1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 35 Total length: Male, 1.4 mm.; female, 2.1 mm. Described from 5 males and 3 females from Fort de Kock, E. Jacobson, collector. Type and allotype, in collection U. S. Na- tional Museum, No. 40209; paratypes in my collection. This is a dark brown species, of fluctuating intensity. Acetab- ula and legs light yellow. None of the specimens from, which this description is taken is perfect ; the only two with one complete antenna each are the type and allotype ; the others have no antennae and otherwise are more or less maimed. The species, however, is quite distinct and easily separable from the other Oriental forms (see my key cited in Spolia Zeylanica). ARCTOCORIXA ATOPODONTA, NEW NAME FOR ARCTOCORIXA DUBIA ABBOTT. By FI. B. Hungerford, Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence. In 1916 Dr. Abbott described in Entomological News, Vol. XXVII, p. 342, a well marked Corixid under the name of Arcto- corixa dubia. An examination of the type discloses the fact that Dr. Abbott omitted the most characteristic feature of the male pala. At the distal end of the row of pegs is one larger peg that stands out of line and apart from the others. While the species was described from Massachusetts it is quite generally distributed. I have taken long series in New York, Minnesota, Michigan, Kan- sas and Colorado. The renaming of this species is made neces- sary by the fact that Corixa dubia was proposed in 1869 for an Arctocorixa species by Douglas and Scott. Their species may or may not be synonymous with A. fabricii Fieber. 36 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society xxii A SHORT REVIEW OF NOTARIS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE). By L. L. Buchanan, U. S. Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. To the three species of Notaris now listed from North America a fourth, the largest yet discovered, is here added. This appar- ently new weevil is represented by three specimens, all in at least fairly good condition, found in toads’ stomachs.^ The notes on the other species are based chiefly on material in the collections of the National Museum and Biological Survey. The structural characters of Notaris are too well known to need repeating here, but one or two points relating to the sculp- ture of the elytra seem to be of enough general interest to warrant brief mention. The genus, as a whole, is quite definitely charac- terized by a peculiar kind of elytral sculpture which can be made out, in some degree or other of modification, in each of our four species. In its assumed simplest form, this sculpture consists of a system of fine anastomosing lines or reticulations, each cell thus formed, of which there are two to four in the width of an inter- val, enclosing a fine puncture. This stage of development of the sculpture is well illustrated in the species aethiops. The sculpture in goliath is much the same as in aethiops, except that the fine cross lines are a little wider and deeper, giving the appearance, from some angles, of transverse rugosities. In the assumed ex- treme development of the sculpture, as shown by bimaciilatus, both cross and longitudinal anastomosing lines have become still wider and deeper, isolating, as a result, the intervening points which take the form of granules or minute tubercles, each one re- taining the characteristic puncture on its posterior face. The re- ^ The examination of a large number of toads’ stomachs, re- cently made by Remington Kellogg in the Biological Survey Lab- oratory, has shown, among other things, that these lowly and often maligned creatures frequently perform valuable economic service as destroyers of noxious insects in agricultural environ- ments; and also, that they may play the unexpected and, from the scientist’s viewpoint, equally useful part of entomological col- lector. The toad, being active at times and under conditions pecu- liar to himself, captures many rare or even undescribed forms of invertebrate life, in addition to furnishing, through his long list of food items, some interesting facts regarding the distribution and abundance of the organisms eaten. Fei).,i927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 37 suiting surface texture is densely granulose in nature. About midway between aethiops and bimaculatiis stands puncticollis, some specimens of which clearly show a gradual replacement of sutural reticulations and punctures with lateral granulations. These four sculptural modifications, though t)^pical in a general way of the different species, are too variable for accurate use in identification, the instability being particularly true of bimacu- latus, where the granules may be feebly elevated, flat-topped, and poorly defined.' In occasional individuals of this same species, the two or three dorsal intervals near the suture have cells, gran- ules, and all intermediate stages between these two, and in such cases the basic identity of the cells and granules is clearly dis- closed. The presence or absence of small spines at the apex of the tibiae, structures which were mentioned incidentally by Leconte ’76, and Chittenden ’06, supplies a positive and easily perceived means of splitting the genus. These spines rise from near the base of the mucro, projecting at right angles to it, and are only a little longer than the apical fringe of spinules. The fore tibia has one, the middle and hind tibiae two each, one on either side of the mucro ; this arrangement is identical in both sexes. A similar set of spines occurs in the related genus Procas. The four North American species or Notaris are separable as follows : A. Tibiae with small spines at apex (figs. 12 and 14), and with their inner edge not or feebly denticulate. Pygidium of male truncate or broadly rounded at apex, its inner sur- face not grooved. Antennal club slightly longer than the combined length of the preceding 4 funicular segments. I. Length, 5-6.5 mm. Upper surface black, appearing gla- brous, but with sparse, extremely fine recumbent hair. Elytral intervals with minute punctures and fine anas- tomosing lines ; strial punctures smaller, close-set, some- times more or less coalescent to form strial grooves. Prothoracic punctures coarse, moderately dense, but not forming rugae on dorsum. Beak stouter, less arcuate, 7th funicular segment twice as broad as long. Ocular lobes feeble. Fifth ventral segment of male 2^ times as broad as long (53 to 20), the punctures subequal in size to those on the preceding segments ; in female, this seg- ment is less transverse and with smaller and denser punctures than on the other segments. Michigan, Colo- rado, Montana, Manitoba, Alberta, Hudson Bay Region, 38 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society and Alaska are the localities of the specimens seen. aethiops Fab. 2. Length 4.5-6. 5 mm. Upper surface mottled reddish-brown to black, distinctly pubescent. Elytral intervals more or less granulose or transversely rugose, more strongly so towards sides of elytra; strial punctures larger, quad- rate, well separated to sub-contiguous but not forming strial grooves. Pronotal punctures denser and some- what rugose. Seventh funicular segment only a little wider than long. Ocular lobes strong. Fifth ventral, male, just twice as broad as long, the punctures finer and denser, male and female, than on preceding segments. Ranges across the continent in the northern tier of states, south to Indiana and Colorado, north to Alberta. This is the common species east of the Mississippi River. puncticollis Lee. Aa. Tibiae simpl)^ mucronate at apex, coarsely denticulate along inner edge of fore and middle pair. Beak stouter, more arcuate and shining, punctures sparser. Middle of apical margin of male pygidium with an emargination which is the external mark of a longitudinal groove on its inner sur- face (not visible without dissection). Antennal club longer than preceding 3, but shorter than preceding 4, funicular segments combined. Ocular lobes strong. 3. Length 5.5“^-5 Elytral intervals densely granulose, the striae, in places, feebly impressed or obscured by the sculpture. Prothoracic and abdominal punctuation coarse and dense, the punctures seldom separated by as much as their own diameter; punctures of head smaller than on pronotum, moderately dense, of beak still smaller and sparser. Seventh funicular segment sub-triangular and about as long as broad. Pygidial emargination deeper, inner groove distinct. Third elytral interval nor- mally with a patch of pale scales behind the middle. Wisconsin, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wy- oming, Montana, and Mackenzie. Europe. himaculatus Fab. {wyomingensis Chttn.) 4. Length, 9-1 1 mm. Pdytral intervals punctulate and with reticulate lines, the sculpture appearing transversely ru- gose from some angles ; striae distinct and uninterrupted. Sculpture above and below much sparser. Seventh funicular segment transverse. Pygidial emargination broad, the inner groove feeble. No pale spot on 3rd in- terval. Nevada and Oregon goliath n. sp. Notaris goliath n. s. Oblong, black ; head, prothorax, and under surface shining, elytra dull ; vestiture consisting of hair-like, yellowish-brown. Fed., 19^7 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 39 prostrate scales, a little broader and denser along sides of pronotum. Length of type, male, ii mm. This species, in outline and general structure, is a close copy of bimaculatus. The characters in which it differs from that species, in addition to the points brought out in the key and figures, are ; Punctures of head minute and sparse ; punctures of pronotum large but irregularly spaced, and varying from close to sparse in an area on either side of the smooth median line ; abdominal punc- tures on first 4 segments smaller and sparser ; elytra with the striae sharply defined, the vestiture (which is prostrate as in the other species) more slender and hair-like. The smallest of the 3 specimens is ^ mm. longer than the largest bimaculatus seen, al- though the latter species is said to attain a length of 10 mm. in Europe. In the female the beak is about i/io longer than in the male, and with the tip of scrobe located at 3/5 from base. The tip of scrobe in the male is slightly more advanced in position. Ex- pressed in ratio form, that portion of the female beak anterior to the tip of scrobe is to the corresponding portion in the male as 4 is to 3. Type locality. — Carson, Nevada. Two specimens (male type, and female paratype) from stomach of Bufo boreas, Biol. Survey No. 900. Other locality. — Eort Klamath, Oregon, (i female paratype.) Stomach of Bufo boreas, No. 546. Type.— Cat. No. 40098 U. S. N. M. The 2 female paratypes are deposited in the Biological Survey collection. Explanatjon of Plate I. (All figures are from the male.) Figs. I, 2, and 3. Side view of head and beak of bimaculatus, puncticollis, and aethiops. Figs. 4, 5, 6, and 7. Sixth and seventh funicular segments, and club, of puncticollis, aethiops, bimaculatus, and goliath. Figs. 8 and 9. Lateral and dorsal views of median lobe of male genitalia of goliath. Fig. 10. Pronotum of bimaculatus, to show the coarse, dense punctuation. Fig. II. Dorsal view of goliath. Fig. 12. Fore tibia of aethiops. Fig. 13. Fore tibia of bimaculatus. Fig. 14. Middle tibia of puncticollis. Figs. 15, 16, and 17. Antero-ventral margin of prothorax of aethiops, puncticollis, and bimaculatus. Bull. B. E. S., XXII, No. 1 Pl. Ill Feh..l927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 41 THE ARMY WORMS.^ By S. E. Crumb, U. S. Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Certain species of noctuid larvae disperse into surrounding areas from regions in which they have developed with more or less marked unanimity of action and, owing to this habit, have been called army worms. A number of important pests are in- cluded in this heterogeneous group of larvae, and the writer has sought to include descriptions in the following pages of all species of larvae which have been recorded as having the army-worm habit. Key to the Species of I.arvae Having the Army-Worm Habit. 1. Adfrontal sutures terminating in the occipital foramen; ad- frontal setae 2, about their width apart or less removed from the apex of the occipital foramen ; seta A2, approxi- mately equidistant from Ai and A3. (Eig. i, E.) Skin granulose 2 Adfrontal sutures not reaching the occipital foramen ; ad- frontal setae 2, distinctly more than their width apart re- moved from the apex of the occipital foramen ; seta A2 distinctly nearer to Ai than to A3. (Eig. i, E.) Skin smooth excepting in Laphygma frugiperda 4 2. Reticulation of the head replaced entirely by close-set pale infuscated brown flecks (fig. i, C) ; cervical shield infus- cated brownish with a definite pattern of minute infuscated spots, the anterior margin with a distinct dark fuscous area Euxoa {Chorizagrotis) aiixiliaris Grote. Head more or less fuscous- or ferruginous-reticulate (fig. I, D) ; the coloration not arranged in flecks ; cervical shield not as above 3 3. Setigerous tubercle II twice as large as I ; skin with small granules set contiguously like the blocks in a pavement. Feltia gladiaria Morr. Setigerous tubercle II of the same size as I ; skin set with coarse, isolated, strongly convex granules. Feltia ducens Wlk. 4. Each mandible with five distinct teeth (fig. 2, J) ; no dark longitudinal stripe on the abdomen through setigerous tubercle II 7 ^ Order Lepidoptera, famil}/ Noctuidae. 42 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Each mandible with but two obscure teeth (fig. 2, I) ; with a dark longitudinal stripe on the abdomen through setigerous tubercle II 5 5. With a pale longitudinal stripe between setigerous tubercles I and II ; spiracles entirely black ; setigerous tubercles II on 8th abdominal segment farther apart than tubercles I. Cirphis unipuncta Haw. With not more than an inconspicuous pale line between setig- erous tubercles I and II, spiracles yellowish or grey with black rims ; setigerous tubercles II on 8th abdominal seg- ment not farther apart than tubercles I 6 6. Lower half of supraspiracular area strongly infus'cated or black, much darker than the upper half. Cirphis phragmatidicola Guen. Lower half of supraspiracular area but slightly infuscated, but little darker than the upper half. Cirphis pseudargyria Guen. 7. Line joining setigerous tubercles III and V on seventh ab- dominal segment passing through the spiracles or poste- rior to it (fig. 2, O) ; the three setae on the first segment of the maxillary palpus in the form of coarse setae (fig. 2, M) 8 Line joining setigerous tubercles III and V on seventh ab- dominal segment passing distinctly anterior to the spiracle (fig. 2, P) ; two of the three setae on the first segment of maxillary palpus in the form of broadly spatulate ap- pendages (fig. 2, N) Neleucania alfilinea Hfibn. 8. Seta Oi posterior to the line connecting the centres of ocelli IV and VI (fig. i, G) ; spinneret as in Ligure 2, A, B, C. 9 Seta Oi on or anterior to the line connecting the centres of ocelli IV and VI (fig. i, H) ; spinneret as in Ligure 2, D, E, L II 9. Puncture SOa less than twice as near to SO3 as to SO2 (fig. 2, Q) ; front and adjacent areas solid black; reticu- lation of head entirely replaced by dark freckles. A gratis fennica Tauscher. Puncture SOa three times as near to SO3 as to SO2 (fig. 2, R) ; front and adjacent areas not black; head reticulate. 10 10. Ocelli III and IV narrowly separated (fig. 2, G) ; with wedge-shaped black subdorsal markings at least poste- riorly ; spiracles pale with black rims ; no yellow mid-dor- sal spots Agrotis c-nigrum Linn. Ocelli III and IV well separated (fig. 2, H) ; black subdorsal markings linear; spiracles entirely black; with a distinct Fei.,1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 43 mid-dorsal yellow dot on each abdominal segment at least anteriorly. Lycophotia margaritosa Haw., var. saucia Hiibn. 11. Third segment of labial palpus slightly more than half as long as the basal segment (fig. 2, L) ; skin pavement-granulose ; setigerous tubercles rather large. Laphygma frugiperda S. & A. Third segment of labial palpus as long as the basal segment (fig. 2, K) ; skin smooth; setigerous tubercles minute. . . I2 12. Head of mature larva 2 mm. broad ; subdorsal black spots on abdominal segments, if present, not angulate dorsally; re- ticulation of head dark ; adfrontal areas not white. Laphygma exigiia Hiibn. Head of mature larva 2.6 mm. or more broad ; subdorsal black spots on abdominal segments angulate dorsally ; ad- frontal areas conspicuous white, except in X. eridania in which the reticulation is reddish brown 13 13. Adfrontal areas conspicuous white, markings of head dark. 14 Adfrontal areas pale brown, sutures pale but not white ; head a bright brown which may be somewhat infuscated in an area beside the front. (Prodenia) Xylomyges eridania Cramer. 14. Brown ground color of head overlaid and all but concealed dorsally by deep fuscous or black ; reticulation obsolete on forepart of head, obscure reticulation laterally (fig. i, B). Prodenia ornithogalli Guenee. Head with broad dark submedian arcs but with distinct fus- cous reticulation anteriorly (fig. i. A). Prodenia praefiea Grote. The Army Cutworm. Chorizagrotis auxiliaris Grote. Mature larva. — Head 3.2 mm. broad. Body about 40 mm. long and 5 mm. broad, broadest through abdominal segments one to four ; skin finely pavement-granulose ; color pale gray- ish much flecked with white, the dorsum tinged with brown- ish, and with an indistinct band of white splotches below the spiracles. Head pale brownish gray, the infuscation arranged in pale infuscated brownish flecks somewhat darker poste- riorly. Cervical shield infuscated brownish, the median third of the anterior margin bearing a prominent dark fuscous area. Setigerous tubercle II usually three times as large as I. Claws of legs with the basal part strongly acutely angulate. 44 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.xxii Distribution. — This species has not been reported from east of the Mississippi River but occurs throughout nearly all of the re- mainder of the United States and in Canada and Mexico. Food plants. — The larva is a very general feeder and has been reported as injuring nearly all grain, forage, garden and berry crops, as well as fruit trees and various weeds. It normally feeds on the surface of the soil and appears periodically in enormous numbers. This species has proved particularly injurious in the Rocky Mountains and adjacent areas, both in the United States and Canada. The Clay-Backed Cutworm. Feltia gladiaria Morrison. Mature larva. — Head 3.2 mm. broad. Body about 37 mm. long and 5.5 mm. broad, first four abdominal segments of about equal width, the body tapering both anteriorly and pos- teriorly from these; skin set with small, flat or very slightly convex shining granules arranged contiguously like the blocks in a pavement ; general color pale shining grayish varying to slightly darker. Dorsal area sharply defined, distinctly paler than the supraspiracular area and tinged with ferruginous. Supraspiracular area infuscated. Setigerous tubercle II twice as large as tubercle I. Each anterior proleg with about six crochets. Spiracles set in the dark supraspiracular col- oration. Claws of legs with the basal part broadly rounded, slightly if at all angulate. Head grayish brown with fuscous submedian arcs and reticulation. Distribution. — Occurs throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Food plants. — The larva is a rather general feeder on field, gar- den, and berry crops and has been particularly destructive in Illi- nois and Kentucky. The Dingy Cutworm. Feltia ducens Walker. Mature larva. — Head 2. 5-2. 7 mm. broad. Body 22-32 mm. long and 5.5 mm. broad, of nearly equal width through- out but tapering slightly posteriorly ; skin set with coarse, isolated, shining, roundingly subconical chitinous granules ; general color pale grayish brown sometimes tinged with fer- ruginous, dorsum paler than the supraspiracular area and sometimes bearing a segmental series of ovoid or rhomboidal infuscated markings, supraspiracular area fuscous, flecked Fei., 1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 45 with white, darker subdorsally and forming definite dark fus- cous spots on at least the anterior half of each abdominal segment, a band of white flecks below the spiracles. Head ground color very pale brownish gray, with strong fuscous submedian arcs, a fuscous area in the ocellar region, and the reticulation fuscous or ferruginous. Distrihution. — This species occurs in the North throughout the breadth of the United States and Canada but is not usually com- mon south of the latitude of Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri, Kan- sas, Colorado, and Utah. Food plants. — The larva is a very general feeder on garden and field crops and on weeds. It has the army-worm habit to a very limited degree. The Army Worm. Cirphis unipuncta Haworth. Mature larva. — Head 3.0 to 3.5 mm. broad. Body about 30-35 mm. long and 5. 5-6. 5 mm. broad, broadest through ab- dominal segments 3, 4, and 5; skin smooth; general color varying from bright red through pinkish and pale gray to the more usual dark gray. The usual coloration is as follows: Ground color 3^ellowish or grayish more or less tinged with pinkish, dorsum to setigerous tubercle I strongly infuscated, a pale stripe more or less overlaid with fuscous occupying the longitudinal space between setigerous tubercle I and II, a narrow black stripe with setigerous tubercle II near its upper margin, upper half of supraspiracular area pale, slightly infuscated, lower half heavily infuscated or black and including most of the spiracles, below the spiracles ab- ruptly pale tinged with pinkish ; spiracles entirely black ; head pale gray slightly tinged with brown, the narrow submedian arcs, close reticulation, and 4 lines of fused reticulation pos- terior to the ocelli, fuscous. Punctures Fa below the level of setae Fi. Setigerous tubercles II on eighth abdominal seg- ment farther apart than tubercles I. Cervical shield concol- orous with adjacent parts but with the three pale lines strongly outlined in black. Distrihution. — Occurs throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Food plants. — The larva feeds by preference on grasses and cereal crops but attacks a wide variety of plants when pressed by hunger. 46 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.XXli The Yellow Army Worm. Cirphus phragmitidicola Guenee. Mature larva. — Head 3.4 mm. broad. Body about 30 mm. long and 5.5-6 mm. broad, broadest through abdominal seg- ments 3, 4, and 5 ; general color varying from pale yellowish to a warm yellowish brown ; skin smooth. Dorsum unicol- orous pale except that the pale middorsal line is continuously outlined with fuscous, a sharply defined, conspicuous, con- tinuous, black stripe including setigerous tubercle II, lower part of the supraspiracular area including setigerous tubercle III and some of the spiracles infuscated, much darker than the dorsad portion which is yellowish, bearing strands of in- fuscated brown medially, below the spiracles a well-defined pale band, venter pale flecked with white and with brownish strands. Spiracles pale yellowish with black rims. Head ground color pale grayish brown with strong submedian arcs, sparse reticulation, and four lines of fused reticulation about the ocelli, fuscous. Distribution. — Occurs throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains and in California. Food plants. — The larva feeds on various grasses, including bluegrass and wild rye (Elymus virginiciis Willd.). The Brown Army Worm. Cirphis pseudargyria Guenee. Mature larva. — Head 3.5 mm. broad. Body about 28-32 mm. long and 5-6 mm. broad, slightly broadest through ab- dominal segments 2, 3, 4, and 5 ; skin smooth ; general color pale brownish, yellowish brown, or pale gray, more or less tinged with pinkish. Dorsum slightly more infuscated than remainder of body with a slender broken pale middorsal line noticeably outlined, with fuscous only at the juncture of the segments, an indefinite pale line dorsad to setigerous tubercle II and a distinct but not strong fuscous stripe through this tubercle, more infuscated anterior to it, and bordered later- ally b)^ pale lines, about the upper half of the supraspiracular area pale yellowish flecked with pinkish, fuscous and brown and bordered dorsally and ventrally by pale lines, lower half of the supraspiracular area slightly more infuscated and par- tially including the spiracles, subspiracular band pale flecked with pinkish and white merging into the ventral coloration which is pale flecked with yellowish white. Spiracles yellow- ish to dark gray with black rims. Head pale grayish slightly Feb., 19^7 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 47 tinged with brown, the slender submedian arcs, close reticu- lation, and 4 lines of fused reticulation about the ocelli, fus- cous. Cervical shield more infuscated and anal shield more brown than adjacent areas. Distribution. — Occurs throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains north of the latitude of North Carolina, Ten- nessee and Colorado, and also in Texas. Food plants. — Larvae have been taken feeding on redtop, tim- othy, wild rye (Elymus virginicus Willd.), wheat and orchard grass. The Wheat-Head Army Worm. N eleucania albilinea Hiibner. Mature larva. — Head 3 mm. broad. Body about 25-30 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, tapering from about the third abdominal segment posteriorly ; skin smooth ; general color varying from green, olivaceous green, yellow or pink to brownish. Dorsum to and including setigerous tubercle I in- fuscated, with a pale median line. A broad pale stripe with setigerous tubercle II at its upper margin. Dorsal part of supraspiracular area somewhat infuscated, ventral part with setigerous tubercle HI in its dorsal margin and including the upper half of the spiracles, dark fuscous. A pale band below the spiracles. Head greenish, with two broad straight sub- median fuscous stripes and with three fuscous lines and some fuscous reticulation posterior to the ocelli. Distribution. — Occurs in the United States north of the latitude of the Ohio River and east of the Rocky Mountains and also in Kentucky, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. Food plants. — The larva feeds on various grasses and cereal crops, showing a preference for the heads and a particular fond- ness for timothy. The Black Army Cutworm. Mature larva. — Head 3-3.2 mm. broad. Body about 32 mm. long and 4.5 mm. broad, broadest through abdominal segments 2, 3, and 4; skin smooth; general color black or brownish black with pale stripes. Dorsum paler laterally, in- fuscated or black medially, sometimes in a segmental series of ovoid markings. From just outside setigerous tubercle II to and partially including the spiracles, black, with a char- acteristic pale line near the dorsal margin. Below the spir- 48 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society XXII acles a broad pale band with a ferruginous centre. Head ground color yellowish brown, the front, adfrontal areas and a broad margin beside them solid black, reticulation replaced entirely by pale infuscated freckles which are arranged in stripes posterior to the ocelli. Cervical shield black, shining. Distribution. — Occurs in the latitude of New York and Michi- gan and northward and is also found in Europe and Asia. Food plants. — The larva is a very general feeder on field and garden crops, weeds, and the foliage of trees. The Spotted Cutworm. A gratis c-nigrum Linnaeus. Mature larva. — Head 3 mm. broad. Body about 35 mm. long and 6.5 mm. broad, abdominal segments of about equal width throughout ; skin smooth ; general dorsal color usually a dark uniform drab made up of flecks and spots of fuscous and sooty black on a pale yellowish gray ground color, with a dull metallic sheen. Subdorsally a segmental series of sooty black triangular spots obsolete anteriorly. No trace of dark spots above the spiracles. Spiracles yellowish or whitish with black rims. Abruptly nearly uniformly paler below the spir- acles. . Anal shield small, declivous. Cervical shield fuscous with traces of a pale median line. Head shining, ground color whitish, the fuscous or ferruginous reticulation fused to form a deep fuscous subdorsal line and a spot below the ocelli; submedian arcs broad, deep fuscous, rather angularly diverging at the apex of the front, enclosing a large reticu- late area above the front. Each mandible with a large bluntly triangular tooth on the oral face on the first ventral rib. Distribution. — Occurs in the north throughout the United States and in Canada. The approximate southern limit of the species includes Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri, Kansas and Ari- zona. Food plants. — The larva is a very general feeder on garden and field crops, and on the buds and foliage of trees and shrubs. It frequently occurs in company with the Army Worm {Cirphus unipuncta Haw.). The Varfegated Cutworm. Lycophotia margaritosa Haworth, var. saucia Hiibner. Mature larva. — Head 3. 0-3. 2 mm. broad. Body about 40 mm. long and 6 mm. broad, the posterior extremity somewhat Feb., 19^7 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 49 enlarged and very blunt ; skin smooth ; general color varying from very pale gray to rather dark fuscous, the latter being the usual color, ground color a dirty yellowish gray. The pale middorsal line represented on the first four abdominal segments by a distinct yellow dot which may also occur on some of the following segments, a fuscous W-shaped mark open anteriorly on the dorsum of the eighth abdominal seg- ment followed by a conspicuous yellowish or orange area, subdorsally a segmental series of linear black spots bordered ventrally by a broken yellowish or orange line which forms an inconspicuous dot near the middle of each segment, supra- spiracular area occupied by an inconspicuous sinuous band of fuscous narrowed or more or less obsolete at the spiracles. Spiracles entirely black. Below the spiracles a border of mingled orange and yellow. Venter pale flecked with white. Head ground color whitish with broad black submedian arcs and more or less fuscous reticulation. Distribution. — This species occurs throughout the entire breadth of the United States and Canada. Food plants. — The larva is a very general feeder on field and garden crops, on the foliage and fruit of trees and vines, and on various plants in greenhouses and cold frames. The Fall Army Worm. Laphygma frugiperda Smith and Abbot. Mature larva. — Head 2.6 to 2.8 mm. broad. Body about 25 to 36 mm. long and 3 to 5 mm. broad, of practically uni- form width throughout ; skin set closely with very small, round, convex granules; general color varying from pinkish, through yellowish, olivaceous, and dull gray to almost black. Dorsal area of general color overlaid with strands and flecks of brownish and fuscous, the middorsal yellowish line sub- dued in color but broad and sharply defined. A broad yel- lowish subdorsal line just outside setigerous tubercle II. From the subdorsal line to the spiracles an infuscated band , intensified on its dorsal margin to form black dashes on the anterior half of each abdominal segment. A broad, sharply defined yellow or whitish band below the spiracles more or less mottled with ferruginous. Spiracles pale with black rims and margined with whitish. Head grayish, pale yellowish or brownish, the adfrontal areas and adjacent margin of the head shield white, the submedian arcs rather slender, reticu- lation close, ferruginous or brownish, more infuscated dor- sally and merging into stripes laterally. Setigerous tubercles 50 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society XXII rather large, the dorsal tubercles dark, those on the venter paler. Distribution. — The Fall Army Worm occurs from New York to Florida and westward to Nebraska, Kansas, Texas and New Mexico, but is most common south of the latitude of Virginia. It also occurs in the West Indies and in Mexico. Food plants. — The larva prefers cereals and grasses but will attack a wide variety of plants. The Beet Army Worm. Laphygma exigua Hiibner. Mature larva. — Head 2 mm. broad. Body about 20-30 mm. long and 3-4.5 mm. broad, abdominal segments of about equal width throughout, skin smooth, general color variable, in some specimens green, in others soft shades of gray and brown. In better marked specimens the following colora- tion features occur: Dorsum of general color overlaid with strands of fuscous, middorsal pale line nearly obliterated on anterior and posterior portions of each abdominal segment by fuscous markings more intense anteriorly, subdorsally a segmental series of dark markings especially distinct on eighth abdominal segment, supraspiracular area darker than the dorsum, a distinct white dot postero-dorsad of the ab- dominal spiracles, margin between supraspiracular area and ventral coloration somewhat more intensely infuscated than elsewhere with a white line below and with a shade of laven- der about the spiracles and along the margin, a dark spot on mesothorax somewhat above the line of the spiracles, venter green flecked with white, spiracles pale yellowish with dark rims. Head pale, with broad submedian arcs, reticula- tion, and a solid area posterior to the ocelli, fuscous or black. Cervical shield infuscated with three pale lines indicated. Distribution. — ^This is a nearly cosmopolitan species. It occurs in the United States in the states bordering on Mexico, in those bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, and also in Colorado and Oregon. Food plants. — The larva is a very general feeder on field and garden crops, grasses, the foliage of trees, and various weeds, especially pigweed (Aniaranthus) . This species has done dam- age to sugar beets and cotton and is sometimes a serious tobacco pest in the Transvaal. Feh.,1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 51 The Semitropical Army Worm, {Prodenia) Xyloniyges eridania Cramer. Mature larva. — Head 2.6 mm. broad. Body about 38 mm. long and 5 mm. broad, abdominal segment somewhat en- larged ; skin smooth ; general color above a deep uniform gray sometimes tinged with olivaceous or pinkish, middorsal line, subdorsal stripe, and subspiracular stripe unicolorous, whitish tinged with orange or pinkish, the subspiracular stripe much the broadest. Laterally on the dorsum a seg- mental series of black triangles, angulate on their dorsal faces, at least posteriorly. Ventral half of supraspiracular area dark fuscous, dorsal half paler. Venter pale suffused with pinkish or orange and much flecked with white. Head ground color pale yellow overlaid heavily with bright red- dish brown reticulation which is more or less fused forming solid areas of reddish brown, without traces of solid black as in ornithogalli, excepting occasionally in a small area be- side the base of the front, adfrontal sutures pale but not white. Subdorsal spots on the mesothorax absent or smaller than those on the eighth abdominal segment. Distrihution. — Occurs in Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Texas and California and occasionally is found as far north as Ten- nessee. Food plants. — The larva is a general feeder on garden and field crops and on various weeds, especially Amaranthus spinosits and pokeweed {Phytolacca decandra) . It has also been noted as feeding on citrus trees, avocado and willow. The Cotton Cutworm or Yellow-striped Army Worm. Prodenia ornithogalli Guenee. Mature larva. — Head 2.8 to 3 mm. broad. Body about 20 to 36 mm. long and 6 mm. broad at middle ; enlarged on metathorax, on abdominal segments one and two, and slightly on abdominal segments 7 and 8 ; skin smooth ; general color varying from pale gray to jet black. In well colored in- dividuals the dorsal coloration is made up of intermingled strands of pale and fuscous ; the subdorsal triangular black markings, which are broadest about midway of their length, may be conspicuous on all the abdominal segments or may be obsolete on all but the eighth segment ; there may be a bright yellow band outside the subdorsal black triangles or this may be wholly absent ; the upper half of the supraspiracular area 52 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.xxil is pale with pale and fuscous lines medially; the lower half of the supraspiracular area, including the spiracles, is usually fuscous; and there is a subspiracular band of white flecks more or less suffused with orange or pinkish. Ground color of head brown overlaid and all but concealed dorsally by deep fuscous (fig. I, B), obscurely reticulate laterally, adfrontal areas and the adjacent margin of the head shield conspicuous white, the sutures terminating distinctly before reaching the occipital foramen. Setigerous tubercles minute. Spiracles brownish with dark rims. Legs brown. Prolegs yellowish, their shields pale fuscous to black, the anterior pair each with about 17 to 25 crochets. Distribution. — This species occurs from New York to Florida and westward to Minnesota, Nebraska, New Mexico, Arizona and California, but is ordinarily common only in the South. Food plants. — The larva feeds on a wide variety of field and garden crops as well as upon many wild plants. The Southwestern Army Worm. Prodenia praefica Grote. Mature larva. — This species closely resembles Prodenia omit ho gain in coloration but may be readily distinguished by the distinct fuscous reticulation on the forepart of the head as shown in Figure i, A. Distribution. — Reported from California only. Food plajits. — The larva is recorded as feeding upon alfalfa and cotton. Plate IV. — Army Worm Structures. A. Prodenia praefica: Head, dorsal view of right side, showing coloration. B. Prodenia ornithogalli: Head, dorsal view of left side, show- ing coloration. C. Puxoa auxiliaris: Head, dorsal view of right side, showing coloration. D. Feltia gladiaria: Head, dorsal view of left side, showing col- oration. E. Neleucania albilinea: Head, dorsal view, showing arrangement of setae and punctures and the adfrontal sutures. F. Feltia gladiaria: Head, dorsal view, showing arrangement of setae and punctures and the adfrontal sutures. G. A gratis c -nigrum: Head, lateral view, showing arrangement of setae and punctures. Fei., 1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 53 H. Laphygma frugiperda: Head, lateral view, showing arrange- ment of setae and punctures. Plate V. — Army Worm Structures. A. Lycophotia saucia: Spinneret. B. Agrotis fennica: Spinneret. C. Agrotis c-nigruni: Spinneret. D. Prodenia ornithogalli: Spinneret. E. Laphygma frugiperda: Spinneret. F. Xylomyges eridania: Spinneret. G. Agrotis c-nigrum: Arrangement of ocelli I to IV. H. Lycophotia margaritosa saucia: Arrangement of ocelli I to IV. I. Cirphis unipuncta: Mandible. J. Laphygma cxigua: Mandible. K. Laphygma cxigua: Labial palpus. L. Laphygma frugiperda: Labial palpus. M. Cirphis unipuncta: Setae on first segment of maxillary palpus. N. N eleucania albilinca: Setae on first segment of maxillary palpus. O. Laphygma frugiperda: Arrangement of setigerous tubercles on seventh abdominal segment. P. N eleucania albilinca: Arrangement of setigerous tubercles on seventh abdominal segment. Q. Agrotis fcnnica: Plead, ventral view of left half, showing- arrangement of setae and punctures. R. Agrotis c-nigrum: Head, ventral view of left half, showing arrangement of setae and punctures. Explanation of Symbols in Plates IV and V. Hi, A2, H3, Aa, Ab, anterior setae and punctures of epicranium. Adfi, Adf2, Adfa, adfrontal setae and puncture of epicranium. Adfs, adfrontal suture. El, E2, epistomal setae. Li, Ea, frontal setae and puncture. Gi, Ga, genal seta and puncture of epicranium. Li, La, lateral seta and puncture of epicranium. Oi, O2, O3, Oa, ocellar setae and puncture of epicranium. Of, occipital foramen. Li, L2, Pa, Pb, posterior setae and punctures of epicranium. AO I, SO2, AO3, SOa, subocellar setae and puncture of epi- cranium. Bull. B. E. S., XXII, No. 1 Pl. IV Bull. B. E. S., XXII, No. 1 Pl. V 56 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.xxii UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF THE GENUS LIM- NOPHILA FROM EASTERN NORTH AMERICA (Tipulidae, Diptera). Part IL By Charles P. Alexander, Amherst, Mass.^ The first part under this general title was published in this Bulletin in 1926. In the present article, additional species of the subgenera Ephelia and Phylidorea are described. As before, the species are included in the very extensive series of Nearctic Tipulidae collected by Professor J. Speed Rogers, to whom the types have been returned except in the cases indicated in the text. Part of the type-material of Linmophila (Ephelia) irene was col- lected in Ontario and was sent to me by Mr. Curran. I wish to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to the above-men- tioned entomologists for their kind co-operation in this study. Subgenus Lasiomastix Osten Sacken. Limnophila (Lasiomastix) macrocera suffusa n. subsp. Entirely similar to typical macrocera (Say), differing in the following regards : Flagellar segments slightly more elongated. Wings with the dark pattern much more extensive, especially the mark- ings in cells R and M which here completely cross the cells as more or less parallel-sided areas, restricting the ground- color to small spots that are smaller than the dark markings ; cells C and Sc darker; anal cells more suffused. In the Georgia paratype, the wing is greatly suffused, the ground- color being reduced to a few scattered pale spots on the disk. Abdomen somewhat shorter, the individual segments being correspondingly abbreviated ; tergites brown, margined later- ally and caudally with brownish black. Habitat: Southeastern United States. Holotype, $ , Gainesville, Alachua Co., Florida, February 28, 1922 (J. S. Rogers) ; No. 17. Paratopotype, $ , with the type; April 2, 1922; No. 39. Paratype, $, Waycross, Georgia, May 8, 1911 (J. C. Bradley). ^ Contribution from the Department of Entomology, Massachu- setts Agricultural College. Feh.,i9£7 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 57 Subgenus Ephelta Schiner. The discovery of two additional undescribed species of Ephelia brings the total number from Eastern North America to six. The chief characters for the separation of the species lie in the details of structure of the male hypopygium, especially of the outer dististyle. The accompanying set of figures will serve to show the differences in the shape of the dististyle in the six spe- cies under consideration. Key to the Species of Ephelia in Eastern North America. (Based chiefiy on the m.ale sex.) 1. Wings unmarked. (Hypopygium, Eig. i). . . .johnsoni Alex. Wings spotted, or spotted and clouded with brown .2 2. Wing-pattern restricted to the vicinity of the veins, there being but a single dark cloud in cell 2nd A at the end of vein 2nd A 3 Wing-pattern more abundant, there being one or more dark clouds in cell 2nd A proximad of the one at the end of vein 2nd A 4 3. Wings broad; male hypopygium with the outer dististyle pow- erfully constructed, with a large, broad-based lobe on the basal half of the outer margin (Eig. 2) aprilina O. S. Wings narrower ; male hypopygium with the outer dististyle long and narrow, with a slender spinous lobe on outer half of outer margin (Eig. 3) Irene n. sp. 4. Wing-pattern abundant, with numerous dots and clouds in the cells, including a series of three or four clouds in cell 2nd A ; male hypopygium with the outer dististyle widened distally (Eig. 5) vernata n. sp. Wing-pattern more restricted, with only one (in abnormal instances two) clouds in the outer end of cell 2nd A ; male hypopygium with the outer dististyle narrowed distally. . . 5 5. Male hypopygium with the tip of the outer dististyle prolonged into a slender lobe that is bifid at apex (Eig. 4). 'solstitialis Alex. Male hypopygium with the outer dististyle terminating in a simple acute apical spine (Eig. 6) serotinella Alex. The following general notes on the geographical and seasonal ranges of these species may be given : L. johnsoni occurs in On- tario, New York and the northern States of New England, flying 58 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.xxii in late May and throughout Tune. L. aprilina ranges from New York and New England, south in the mountains to North Caro- lina, flying in April and May. L. Irene is known only from parts of Ontario and Michigan, flying from mid-June to mid- July. L. vernata is known only from the mountains of North Carolina, flying in April. L. solstitialis has the widest known range of any of the species, occurring from New York and New England, west to Michigan, south in the Appalachians to Tennessee and Georgia. L. serotinella is known only from the mountains of Tennessee, flying in early September. Limnophila (Ephelia) Irene n. sp. Male. — Length about 5.5 mm.; wing, 6-6.2 mm. Female. — Length, 5. 5-6. 5 mm. ; wing, 7.5-8. 5 mm. Allied to L. {E.) aprilina O. S., differing as follows:- Praescutal stripes relatively ill-delimited, straight, the lateral stripes not confluent with the median one; scutal lobes dark medially, the remainder of the mesonotum light gray. Pleura dark gray. PAmoral apices scarcely dark- ened. Wings narrow. Wing-pattern as in aprilina, sparse but conspicuous, confined to the vicinity of the veins; a series of seven major costal blotches, the first at arculus, the third at origin of Rs, the fifth at the stigma; last marginal cloud at end of vein 2nd A. Abdominal segments bicolorous, obscure yellow, the lateral margins narrowly, the caudal margins more broadly, dark brown. Male hypopygium with the outer dististyle rela- tively long and narrow (Eig. 3) ; outer margin beyond mid- length with a small slender spinous lobe ; apex of style be- yond this spine broad, the outer margin with numerous sub- appressed spines, the largest spine being apical in position, gently curved. Inner dististyle with a small tubercle on outer margin, this densely provided with long yellow setae. Habitat: Ontario, Michigan. Holotype, ^ , E. K. Warren Preserve, Berrien Co., Michigan, July 17, 1920 (J. S. Rogers) ; No. 69. Allotopotype, $ , No. 68. Paratopotypes, numerous $ $, July 7-18, 1920; Nos. 16, 18, 20, 22, 29, 43, 51, 54 and 68; July 9, 1922; No. 80. Paratype, $, Bothwell, Ontario, June 13, 1925 (G. S. Walley), in the Canadian National Collection. This very interesting crane-fly is named in honor of Mrs. J. Speed Rogers. Fel.,1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 59 Limnophila (Ephelia) vernata n. sp. Size small (wing under 6 mm.) ; wings with an abundant spotted and clouded pattern, including a series of pale clouds along the length of cell 2nd A ; male hypopygium with the outer dististyle compressed, gently widened distally, broadest just before the tip. Male. — Length, 4-4.3 mm.; wing, 5-5.5 mm. Female. — Length, 5.3 mm. ; wing, 5.8 mm. Rostrum and palpi dark. Antennae relatively long, scape dark brown ; flagellum obscure yellow, especially the basal segments ; in cases the flagellum is more uniformly darker yellowish brown. Head dark brownish gray. Mesonotal praescutum gray, variegated with narrow brown stripes and a few dots on the interspaces, the sublateral stripes narrowly confluent with the intermediate stripes be- hind the pseudosutural foveae ; lateral stripes occupying the margins of the sclerite. Pleura gray, variegated with brown. Halteres yellow, the knobs dark brown. Legs with the coxae gray, variegated with brown ; trochanters obscure yellow ; femora obscure yellow, the tips narrowly and indistinctly darkened ; tibiae and tarsi brownish yellow, the outer tarsal segments darker. Wings subhyaline, abundantly spotted and clouded with brown; a series of two or three clouds between the one at h and the large mark at the tip of vSci, the second of these markings at the origin of Rs, the third mark some- times lacking ; largest costal marking the stigmal blotch, con- fluent with the markings at the fork of R2 + 3', abundant pale brown spots and dots in all the cells, including a series of four or five in cell 2nd A; veins darker brown. Venation: Sc-, ending just before the fork of Rs; Rs long, in alignment with Ro + 3', '7 less than its own length beyond the fork of R2 + 3', cell M, about as long as its petiole. Abdomen reddish brown, the caudal margins of the seg- ments darker brown, the hypopygium somewhat brighter. Male hypopygium with the outer dististyle (Fig. 5) about as in L. (F.) serotinella but gently widened distally, broad- est opposite the level of the subapical spine ; subapical spine slender, straight ; apical spine a little stouter and gently curved. Habitat: North Carolina. Flolotype, $, Guilford College, Guilford Co., April 15, 1918 (J. S. Rogers) ; No. 46. Allotopotype, $ . Paratopotypes, 2 $ $ . 60 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society XXII Limnophila vernata is one of the smallest species of the sub- genus so far discovered. In its abundant dotted wing-pattern, the fly bears a superficial resemblance to Dicranophragma. • Subgenus Phylidorea Bigot. Limnophila (Phylidorea) epimicta n. sp. General coloration of the thorax shiny reddish brown, the praescutum with a narrow dark brown median vitta; pleura largely dark brown ; antennae brownish yellow ; legs yellow ; wings tinged with brown, the veins seamed with darker brown ; a sparse spotted dark brown pattern, especially evi- dent on the cephalic portion of the wing. Female. — Length about lo mm. ; wing, 10.3 mm. Rostrum brown, the palpi dark brown. Antennae ob- scure brownish yellov/ throughout; basal segment of scape relatively short ; basal flagellar segments larger, the outer segments linear; verticils relatively conspicuous, much ex- ceeding the segments. Head brown, somewhat pollinose. Mesonotal praescutum shiny dark reddish brown with a narrow dark brown median vitta ; lateral stripes indistinct ; scutum dark reddish brown; scutellum brownish testaceous, darker medially ; postnotum dark reddish, pruinose medially. Pleura generally dark brown, this color more evident as a transverse girdle on the anepisternum and sternopleurite, the pteropleurite paler. Halteres obscure yellow. Legs with the coxae obscure yellow, the fore coxae darker ; trochanters obscure yellow; remainder of legs yellow, the extreme tips of the femora and the terminal tarsal segments darker. Wings with a strong brownish tinge, especially on the basal third, the costal region and wing-base brighter yellow ; longi- tudinal veins conspicuously seamed with darker brown ; a longitudinal obliterative line in cell R, crossing cell ist Mg into cell Mg ; small, still darker brown spots at origin of Rs ; Mg ; along cord and outer end of cell ist Mg ; fork of R2 + z \ and the tip of R^, including also r; the two last-described spots form the two ends of the otherwise yellow stigma ; tips of veins Ag, R^ and A4 ^ 5 with brown spots ; veins dark brown, C and R paler, Se light yellow. Venation: Se rela- tively short, ending just beyond the fork of Rs, vScg at its tip ; Rs relatively short, angulated and indistinctly spurred at origin ; Ag ^ 3 short, approximately equal in length to the slightly more arcuated basal deflection of + 5 ; r at tip of and near midlength of the sinuous R^ ; cell M^ a little longer than its petiole ; ni'-cii beyond midlength of cell ist Feb., 19^7 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 61 ; vein 2nd A. strongly sinuous ; anterior arculus preserved. Abdominal segments brownish black, the caudal margins narrowly paler. Ovipositor and genital segment orange; tergal valves of ovipositor elongated, rather strongly up- curved. Habitat: Florida. Holotype, $ , University of Florida Farm, Alachua Co., April 12, 1922, at light (Musselwhite). Sent by Professor Rogers. Limnophila epimicta is an isolated species that seems to be cor- rectly placed in the subgenus Phylidorea. The wing-pattern is different from any species of the genus known to the writer. Limnophila (Phylidorea) osceola n. sp. Size small (wing under 7 mm.) ; legs obscure brownish yellow, the terminal tarsal segments darker; wings with a strong brownish yellow tinge, the stigma indistinct ; abdomen brownish yellow, without a dark subterminal ring. Male.- — Length about 5.8 mm. ; wing, 6.5 mm. Female. — Length about 6 mm. ; wing, 6 mm. Male. Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Basal segment of antenna dark, the rem.ainder of the organ light brown ; flagel- lar segments passing from globular through short-oval into oval, the outer segments slender. Head dark gray, clear silvery-gray in front, with a blackish spot on either side behind. Mesonotum shiny dark ferruginous to castaneous. Pleura with a sparse pruinosity. Plalteres pale, the knobs a little darkened. Legs with the coxae shiny reddish ferruginous, the fore coxae darker; trochanters yellow; remainder of the legs obscure brownish yellow, the terminal tarsal segments passing into black ; legs long and slender, especially the hind legs. Wings with a strong brownish yellow tinge, the base and costal region clearer yellow ; stigma indistinct ; veins a little darker than the ground-color. Venation: Sc^ ending about opposite one-third i?2 + s? ^^2 As tip; Rs short; r on A 2 at from two-fifths to one-third the length ; cell about equal to its petiole ; m-cu varying from before to beyond mid- length of cell 1st M^. Abdomen brownish yellow, without a dark subterminal ring. Male hypopygium with the outer dististyle relatively short, the tip blackened, shallowly bifid, the outer spine acute. Inner dististyle shorter, the basal portion broader, the apical 'portion gently curved. Branched gonapophyses with the arms of moderate length only, one broader and a little shorter than the other, both pointed at tips. 62 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Female. The type female agrees closely with the male ex- cept in the non-pruinose head where the bloom is apparently destroyed by moisture. The general coloration of the thorax is more yellowish and the legs are notably shorter and stouter. Abdomen dark-colored, probably discolored by eggs within. Habitat: Florida. Holotype, $ , Tallahassee, Leon Co., April 23, 1924 (J. S. Rogers) ; No. i. Allotype, $ , T. 3 S, R. 15 E, Suwannee Co., April 28, 1924 (J. S. Rogers) ; No. 3. This very small species suggests L. lutea Doane in its general coloration but is readily distinguished by the structure of the hypopygium. Limnophila (Phylidorea) persimilis n. sp. General coloration of the thorax ferruginous ; antennal flagellum yellow ; fore femora ( 5 ) brownish black, the bases obscure yellow ; remaining femora brown with the pale bases a little more extensive; in the $ the femora and tibiae are uniformly pale yellow ; wings pale yellow, only the apex very weakly infuscated. Male. — Length, 6.5-7 5 wing, 6. 5-7. 5 mm. Female. — Length, 8-9 mm. ; wing, 7.8-9 mm. Male. Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae with the first segment dark brown, remaining antennal segments pale yellow, only the extreme outer flagellar segments weakly infuscated. Flead light silvery gray, the vertex behind with an extensive darker area on either side. Pronotum infuscated above, the sides broadly paler. Mesonotal praescutum shiny ferruginous to brownish fer- ruginous, more intense medially, paling into yellowish on the sides ; scutellum more yellowish. Pleura and postnotum fer- ruginous, the color dulled by a very sparse microscopic pruinosity. Halteres pale, the knobs weakly infuscated. Legs with the coxae and trochanters pale ferruginous yel- low ; male with the fore femora brownish black, the basal quarter yellowish ; apex of fore femur narrowly obscure yel- low ; middle and hind legs brown with nearly the basal third obscure yellow; tibiae dark brown, their bases paler; tarsi dark brown. Wings with a pale yellowish tinge, only the apex in cells Ro to ist weakly infunied ; stigma pale, dis- tinct as a small pale brown spot beyond r. Venation: Sc^ much longer than Sc-^, the latter lying shortly before the fork of Rs ; Rs angulated and spurred at origin ; r at tip of R-^ and shortly before midlength of R^ ; mr-cu shortly beyond midlength of cell ist M^. Feh.,i9B7 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 63 Abdomen obscure yellow, the extreme lateral margins nar- rowly darker. Male h3-^popygium of the general type of L. (P.) consimilis Dietz, differing as follows: Outer disti- style much broader, onl}^ the tips weakly infuscated. Gona- pophyses slender, the bifid pair with the arms slender, nearly equal in length, divided almost to their bases. Aedeagus relatively short, slender, entirely blackened. Female. In the female, the femora and tibiae are uni- formly pale yellow, the tarsi passing into dark brown. Habitat: Indiana. Holotype, $ , Hanover, Jefferson Co., June 2, 1922 (J. S. Rogers) ; No. 70. Allotopotype, $ . Paratopotypes, ^ , 1 9 . This species was first sent to me as L. (P.) lutea Doane, which it resembles rather closely in general appearance but is readily separated by the structure of the hypopygium. The holotype is retained in the writer’s collection. Limnophila (Phylidorea) adustoides n. sp. Male. — Length, 9-9.5 mm.; wing, ii mm. Female. — Length, 10-14 mni. ; wing, 10. 5-13 mm. Bearing a strong superficial resemblance to L. (P.) adusta O. S. but more closely related to L. (P.) auripennis Alex, and allied forms, in the structure of the male hypopygium. Antennal flagellum light yellow, the basal segment of the scape dark brown. Mesonotum and pleura shiny ferrugin- ous. Legs with the femora i^ellow, narrowly tipped with black; tibiae yellowish brown, the tips narrowly darkened; tarsi passing into black. Wings with a strong yellow suffu- sion, the base and costal margin clearer }^ellow ; wing-tip broadly darkened; stigma oval, dark brown, well-defined; a very narrow brown seam along the cord ; the space between the branches of Cu suffused with brown ; veins obscure yel- low, clearer yellow in the costal and basal portions, darker along the cord. Venation: Rs angulated and short-spurred at origin; r at near two-fifths the length of Pg i cell ist small. Abdomen obscure brownish yellow, with a sub- terminal black ring in the male ; hypopygium dark ferrugin- ous. Male hypopygium with the outer dististyle nearly straight, the apical split shallow, the outer spine small. Branches of the forked gonapophyses black, unequal in length. Aedeagus black, slender, about as long as or only a little longer than the forked gonapophyses. Habitat: Indiana, Tennessee. 64 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society xxii Holotype, $ , Allardt, Fentress Co., Tennessee, altitude 1,650 feet, at light, June 6, 1924 (J. S. Rogers) ; No. 3. Allotopotype, $, June 3, 1924; No. 73. Paratopotypes, 9 $ $, June 3-26, 1924; Nos. 39, 48, 51, 55, 56, 58, 66 and 72. Paratypes, 1 $, 4 $ $ , Scott Co., Tennessee, May 29-30, 1922 (J. S. Rogers) ; Nos. 4, 5 and 7; i ^ , i $ , Clear Fork, near Burrville, Morgan Co., Tennessee, altitude 1,200 feet, at light, June 19, 1922 (J. S. Rogers) ; No. 6; i 9, Hanover, Jefferson Co., Indiana, June 3, 1922 (J. S. Rogers) ; No. 71. Explanation of the Text-Figures. Outer dististyle of male hypop3^gium of species of the sub- genus Ephelia in Eastern North America. All drawings made to scale. Eig. I. Limnophila (Ephelia) johnsoni Alex. Eig. 2. L. (E.) aprilina O. S. Eig. 3. L. (E.) Irene n. sp. Eig. 4. L. (E.) solstitialis Alex. Eig. 5. L. (E.) vernata n. sp. Eig. 6. L. (E.) serotinella Alex. Feh.,i9£7 Bvlletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 65 EDITORIAL. Strange Manifestation in an Entomological Editor. This editor is modest ! (Loud and scornful mirth from the groundlings.) Indeed, ’tis so ! “ And he shows it by a liberal sprinkling of his very minor opera through the scant pages of his publication.” Not so fast, kind friends. A page half filled costs just as many dollars and cents as one complete, entire and perfect. Moreover, a full page has a more finished look than one with a blank lower half or three-quarters. And having to fill space, the editor must sternly repress his retiring desires and write the requisite lines. If one could only “ Tap on the bally X ; and there you are !” But unfortunately, in entomology, X means nothing, whatever significance it may have in higher mathematics or amativeness. Hence, it becomes necessary to use the full keyboard in signifi- cant combinations. Or, in plain song, as it were, the editor hates to do it, but if no one else will, he must. And dismissing the frivolous air and the quotations of doubt- ful classicism, we seriously ask our friends and readers for minor contributions— anything new or of perennial interest — from one line in length up. We all know that “ Little drops of water, Little grains of sand ; Make the mighty ocean And the beauteous land.” And every one of these little grains of knowledge we add to our science eventually helps to form the solid earth of rounded and established fact, each bit falling into its place and adding to and perfecting the harmony of the whole. It is on these minor and repeated observations and reports of facts scattered here and there through the journals that the synthetic minds erect a solid structure of tenable generalizations. Darwin is our classic example of such a mind. Not all of us are called to be Darwins, but each within his scope can furnish the authentic data toward establishing some great general truth. 66 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society And this I conceive to be a highly useful and important func- tion of our technical journals — to give circulation and an audi- ence to discrete minor observations, which, as isolated facts may have interest but no great importance, yet which, combined and coordinated by an organizing mind, may become the solution of some problem ; or may alone act as catalysts to seemingly unre- lated phenomena, to bring them into just and harmonious relation. In the vastness of the Cosmos, the finite becomes infinitesimal, whatever its magnitude ; and all finites therefore are of equal value in the infinite, which they make up in detail. Each note or observation, however small it may be, represents worthy effort and deserves recognition. So, will our minor lights — if any there be — take this to heart, each personally to himself? And having so taken it to heart, will they not bring their lights out from under the bushel of modesty and set them on the hill- top of publicity? The Editor gladly abdicates in their favor. J. R. T. B. ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA. Our revived journal has thus far published two numbers. The third, containing a revision of Curculio (Balaninus) by Dr. E. H. Chittenden — the last editor of the first series — is now in press and should reach subscribers a few days after this. The fourth number, to complete Vol. VII, will follow immediately. We shall offer our readers either an extensive monograph on Siphonaptera or an ecological study of bumble-bees. We will thus have pre- sented four different aspects of the study of insects, in three orders — embryology, taxonomy, biology and ecology. Owing to the limitations of size and quality we have imposed on articles, offerings of MSS have not been numerous. We ac- cordingly invite them. We purpose to publish in Entomologica Americana significant papers only. We also solicit subscriptions, which, indeed, we must have. In order to maintain our stated intention to publish about 200 pages in each volume, we need a subscription list of not less than 150 to enable us to meet the cost. We have so far about half this requi- site number. We are in hopes that by the beginning of the new volume we will have reached or passed this needed number of subscribers. Feh., 1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 67 As we also stated in our preliminary announcement, we are limiting our edition to 200 copies; complete sets will be corre- spondingly difficult to obtain and correspondingly high in price. Institutional libraries particularly should subscribe before this first volume is exhausted. SUBSCRIBERS PLEASE READ THIS! This Bulletin has pursued a most liberal policy toward its subscribers since it resumed publication in 1912. Where other journals cancel subscriptions not paid by the first of the year, we continue our subscribers, sometimes for long periods. We know that eventually we will receive these belated subscriptions. We now find that these arrears amount to a sum such as would enable us to enlarge this publication by at least one hundred pages and several plates. Accordingly, we ask all our belated subscribers to favor us with their arrearages as soon as possible. And further, the United States Post Office regulations compel us to have not to exceed 10 per cent, of unpaid subscriptions, in order to enjoy second-class postage rates. This is also com- mended to the notice of absent-minded subscribers, for the Post Office may insist at any time that we cut them oif. With this number we enclose the regular subscription slips. Please use them. But of course not, if you have already sent in your 1927 subscription to the Treasurer. 68 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society XXli BOOKS. The Arcturus Adventure, by William Beebe (Putnam’s, New York. $6). The under-sea world, as Dr. Beebe sees it through the windows of his diving helmet, is a world of radiant colors in the amber glow of sunlight sifting through waters ; a world of shattered glowing prisms, ever moving, ever changing. The fishes, so dull, so dingy as they lie dead on a hostile land, are as flashing rainbows in their usual haunts. His descriptions of the flowing under-sea landscape at times rise to sheer poetry of color. Adventure, of course, is subjective; and every moment of daily life on the Arcturus was an adventure ; it was no day by day toil- some routine of stodgy tasks stodgily done, but a series of high moments of discovery and triumph, of beauty and joy. And here we see in Dr. Beebe the type of the adventurous man of science, to whom every bit of knowledge coaxed or wrested from the universal mind is endued with the colors and joys and triumphs of conquest. His pen grows surer, the word more apt, the texture more smooth, but ever he unfolds a chapter — a vivid chapter — in the Odyssey of science. He gives an example of scientific exactness clothed in the attractions of style — not the usual dull and uninspired turgid verbosity of our regulation poly- syllabic scientific articles. We have here at last a capable scien- tist able to write charmingly and in good English without sacri- ficing the scientific value of his subject. Now, be it said. The Arcturus Adventure is not a ponderous text and source book of exact technical scientific fact. It does not set out to be that ; its successful aim is to coordinate the nar- rative of a scientific expedition and to bring out for the cultured non-professional reader the unity of nature, for one thing; and the general story of its activities in the waters of the ocean, both above and below. The story ranges from high-soaring frigate birds, specks in the far sky, to miniature monsters, who carry their own lighting systems to pierce the eternal gloom of the cold sea deeps. This does not purport to be a critical examination of the work. It rather points out its beauties. As for its contents, they range from volcanoes springing into sudden existence to nuzzling sharks looking on the human intruder from incurious eyes. The whole of living nature passes in etched review before our eyes, from man down, through life in its protean disguises, to the most Feh., 1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 69 inconsidered o£ sea-beasties, infinitesimal in size and infinite in number. Here and there an insect appears for an instant in the picture, to be lost among the other thronging living things. Halo- bates, the oceanic water-strider and its breeding habits are men- tioned (p. 62), confirming the published observations of Witlac- zil, Stamm and Lundbeck. Other insects mentioned are Callidryas euhule Linn, and His- toris orion Fabr. A book, this, to be read and savored by everyone who feels the joy of life on the open road or the flowing sea, in meadow or in woodland ; and by no means the ex cathedra pronouncement of some stuffed prophet of science, but rather the golden words of one who knows; and who, knoAving, vividly imparts some living portion of his knowledge to kindred spirits. — J. R. T. B. Insects of Western North America, by E. O. Essig. (The Mac- millan Co., New York. $10.) In this truly fine work. Dr. Essig has done for insects as a whole what has been done for individual orders ; and he has done it well. It is indeed not possible within the compass of one vol- ume to treat adequately and completely of every order and every species in it. Alas ! that is impossible even in the case of many families within the orders. But he has given a comprehensive view of the whole class in a manner not thus far attempted. His book is more in the nature of a hand-book than of an introduc- tion. It starts practically where Comstock’s Manual and Intro- duction and Imms’s Text Book leave off ; and in its field ranks certainly with these three standard works. A complete review and criticism of this important book in the space and time available are out of the question, but we may give an idea of its scope and character by referring to the Hemiptera, with which we have some slight acquaintance. Each order is allotted a chapter ; that on Hemiptera (— Heteroptera) is num- bered XXII. It succinctly defines the family and gives a full page figure of external anatomy drawn from Leptocoris trivita- tus. It also refers briefly to general life-history and means of economic control where needed. A key to families follows. The families are then taken in detail, beginning with the Scutelleridae. Under each family one or more species of common occurrence are mentioned and tersely characterized. Figures of representa- 70 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society XXii tive species are given; these are either from photographs or from adequate line drawings, all excellent. This plan is followed throughout all the orders. There are three indices — Author’s, Host Plants and Subjects, filling 125 pages out of 1035. The figures number 766. As a book, it maintains the Macmillan Company’s high stand- ards; the typography is excellent, the figures clear and the press- work fine. It is well-bound in cloth ; and has the very desirable quality of staying open and as flat as possible in such a big book, at any page. It should have a place in every entomologist’s library. J. R. T. B. Note on Occurrence of Fitchia aptera Stal (Hemiptera. Reduviidae). — The following note on an interesting capture of Fitchia aptera Stal was prepared at the request of Mr. J. R. de la Torre Bueno, who so kindly identified the specimens for me. On April 6, 1926, before the frost had entirely left the ground and while in search for such hibernating Coleoptera with which luck and circumstances might favor me, it was my fortune to un- cover a number of these striking insects. A few miles outside of Conyngham, Luzerne Co., Penna., in an open uncultivated field sparsely overgrown with scrub-pine, a small heap of apparently new but discarded shingles was noted. Fourteen specimens were taken clinging to the under surface of the outermost of these shingles lying next the ground, occurring in groups of two to four and singly and making no effort to escape. This sluggishness I attributed to the cool weather then prevalent. Six additional spec- imens were taken on April 10. On both occasions a careful search was made under nearby stones and debris but the shingles only were productive. — W. L. Hutchison, Conyngham, Pa. Fel., 1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 71 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. Meeting of October 15, 1925. A regular meeting was held at the Brooklyn Museum, October 15, 1925, at 8.25 p. m., with President Davis in the Chair and eight members present and one visitor. Mr. Bell proposed for membership Mr. Edgar Irving Hunt- ington. Mr. Davis spoke of his visit to Mrs. Slosson, when he conveyed the Society’s congratulations on the occasion of her birthday. Mr. Bell showed specimens collected at Flushing during the past summer, among which were a specimen of Zerene caesonia Stoll, Eurymus philodice ab. rothkei Reiff, and Eurynius eii- rytheme form amphidusa Boisduval. Mr. Engelhardt spoke briefly of his experiences during his trip to the Western States, showing several photographs of points of interest, including some of the earthquake damage in Santa Bar- bara, California; he also told of his visit with Mr. Fred Winters, a former member of the Society, now living in Santa Barbara, and of the great hospitality with which he was received, and of Mr. Winters’s desire that he express his best wishes to the mem- bers of the Society at this meeting. Mr. Engelhardt showed spec- imens collected in one day during his trip, which completely filled a good size box, numbering several hundred specimens, and spoke of the immense numbers of moths and other insects which came to light. He also showed specimens of moths collected by Mr. Bell in Alabama, Connecticut and on Long Island, including a pair of Isoparce cupressi Boisduval, the cypress sphinx, taken at Mobile, Alabama. Mr. Torre-Bueno reported that he had found collecting poor during the summer but that in late August had taken 10 speci- mens of the rare winged form of Rheumat abates rileyi Bergr. Mr. Levine spoke of his experiences in Mexico and the south- west and on shipboard. Mr. Sheridan spoke of his trips with the Torrey Botanical Club. Mr. Doll did little collecting, and found it rather poor. Mr. L. W. Anderson showed photographs which he had taken of the head of Vanessa antiopa caterpillar and the scales of the wings of adults of that species and also of the caterpillars of other species of Lepidoptera. Mr. Schaeffer had done but little col- 72 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.XXli lecting, but had spent a little time at Lakehurst, N. J., and Yap- hank, L. I. He told of several specimens of Donacia emarginata Kirby being taken on pine at Lakehurst, an unusual place to find Donacia. He also showed specimens taken by Mr. Engelhardt on his western trip and three new species of Cassidinae taken by Mr. H. P. Loding, of Mobile, Ala., these being the first new species in this genus to be turned up for a long while. Mr. Davis reported that he had collected the grasshopper Me- lanoplus differentialis Thomas on Staten Island on October 8 and remarked on this species. Meeting of November 12. A regular meeting of the Society was held at the Brooklyn Mu- seum on November 12 at 8.20 p. m., with President Davis in the Chair and 10 members present, also two visitors, Mr. Carl Run- gius, the celebrated artist, and Dr. N. Boradin. Mr. E. Irving Huntington’s proposal for membership was acted upon, it being duly moved and seconded that the Secretary cast one ballot for the election of Mr. Huntington, which was accord- ingly done. Mr. Davis proposed for membership Mr. and Mrs. Raymond L. Taylor. Mr. Doll proposed for membership Mr. Louis W. Anderson, 565 Prospect Avenue, Bronx, N. Y. Mr. Anderson being pres- ent, it was regularly moved and seconded that the By-Laws be suspended and that the Secretary cast one ballot for the election of Mr. Anderson, which was done. Mr. Engelhardt showed a specimen of the large African beetle, Goliathus giganteus, collected by Mrs. Carl Akeley, in the Congo region, Africa, and brought home wrapped in a handkerchief, in practically perfect condition. Mr. Carl Rungius showed specimens of butterflies and moths collected at Banff, Alberta, Canada. Mr. Engelhardt spoke of his visit to Banff and Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, June 27 to 30 of the present year. At Banff he spent two days of mountain climbing and collecting, accompanied by his artist friend, Carl Rungius, whose summer studio is located near that town. At Lake Louise a day was devoted to climbing one of the nearby mountains above timber line. Variable weather conditions interfered with collecting, but nevertheless a fair repre- sentation of specimens was obtained. Quite common in valley meadows and open glades among the timber were Argynnis atlantis and eurynome var. clio, Erynnis Fe'b.,1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 73 Christina, Phyciodes pratensis, Synchloe lotta, Pontia frigida, Agriades podarce, Parasemia plantaginis. Just below timber line were captured Anarta cornigera and Polia secedens and above timber line Anarta melonopa. A small collection of Coleoptera included Buprestis nuttali, Strangulepta puhera, Judalia instahilis, Acmaeops pratensis, Asenium atrum, all of which were common while rarer species appeared to be Leptura praestans and a spe- cies of Callidium, considered by Mr. Schaeffer as new. Mr. Wm. T. Davis exhibited 5 species of Cicadas collected dur- ing an automobile trip in Oregon and California by Mr. Geo. P. Engelhardt and Lieut. W. J. Chamberlin in July, 1925. The spe- cies were 13 specimens of Tihicen apache Davis, collected along ir- rigation ditches at Holtville, Imperial Valley, Calif.; 8 Okanagana hella Davis, Green Spring Mt., Oregon; 2 Okanagana occiden- talis Walker, Green Spring Mt., Oregon ; 2 Okanagana tristis Van D., Baker Co., Oregon, and Modoc Co., Calif.; i Okanagana oregona Davis. Green Spring Mt., Oregon. In addition to these Mr. Engelhardt collected in Arizona two females of the straw colored Okanagodes graeilis Davis, at Temple; a single Tihicen apaehe at Phoenix, and at Kansas City, Kan., a male Tihicen mar- ginalis Walker that flew at night to a trolley car. Meeting of December 10. A regular meeting of the Society was held at the Brooklyn Mu- seum, on December 10 at 8.12 p. m., with President Davis in the chair and 12 members present, also one visitor. Mr. and Mrs. Raymond L. Taylor’s applications for member- ship were next acted upon, it being moved and seconded that the Secretary cast one ballot for their election ; which was accord- ingly done. Mr. Davis read a letter to the Society announcing a contribu- tion of $250 for a publication for longer papers. Mr. Torre- Bueno spoke of the difiiculty experienced by authors of papers of fifty pages or more in getting their papers published, and said that this money was to be used in getting out a publication, separate from our Bulletin, in which these longer papers would be pub- lished and for which it was expected that we would get sub- scribers. Mr. Engelhardt moved that this matter be referred to the Pub- lication Committee for further action, motion duly carried. Mr. Davis appointed the following members as a Nominating Committee : Messrs. Engelhardt, Schaffer and Sheridan. 74 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society XXII Mr. Davis reported the death of Mr. L. B. Woodrui¥ and gave a short account of his activities ; it was moved and seconded that the Secretary express to the nearest relative the regret of the So- ciety, which was done. Mr. Engelhardt reported the death of Mr. J. C. Wright, on No- vember 2, 1924, and gave a short account of his life and activities ; Mr. Wright was not a member of the Society but a frequent vis- itor to the Museum and his collection of insects was donated to the Museum by one of the family. Mr. Sheridan spoke of a pond near the Queen’s Road, in the vicinity of the Bellaire station of the Long Island Railroad, in which is found a rare species of Rotifer, Octotrocho speciosa, and said that as the pond is located on a tract that is proposed for a park, some means of preserving the pond should be made, as efforts to introduce this species of Rotifer into similar ponds have failed. Mr. Schaeffer reported specimens of Pantomorus fulleri Horn, Fuller’s rose-beetle, an imported beetle, taken in the green-houses of the Brooklyn Botanic Gardens, probably the first Long Island record of this beetle. Mr. Davis showed a box, containing many specimens of the nests, adults and parasites of the wasp Eumenes fraterna Say, and spoke briefly about them. He also read from Hancock’s “Na- ture Sketches in Temperate America,” an account of their habits, etc. Mr. Lngelhardt’ spoke of the greatly reduced numbers of the cocoons of the large Saturnid moths ; the members discussed the reasons for the gradual disappearance of the various species and offered several theories therefor, viz., automobiles, over-collect- ing of the cocoons, the trees in the city streets and parks dying, burning of the woods and fields and the gradual reduction of their food plants through the clearing of woods, fields and hedges for building operations. Mr. Hunter said that he expected to be away from New York for a period of years and offered his resignation as a member of the Society, which was not accepted and he was given a leave of absence for such time as he was away, without dues, his member- ship to remain in good standing. Mr. Engelhardt related his experiences on a collecting trip to the coast of central Oregon in company with Mr. B. G. Thomp- son, of the Agricultural College at Corvallis, Ore., during July of Feh.,1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 75 the past summer. Headquarters were made at the home of High School Principal J. E. Davis in the small town of Waldport, at the mouth of the Alsea River. During the drive from Corvallis to the coast, a distance of about sixty miles, a drop in the tem- perature from 95° to 50° was encountered and heavy sweaters or overcoats were worn. At night the temperature dropped to near freezing point. Under these conditions naturally very few in- sects were active, and the collections made were obtained by turning logs, sifting, heating and sweeping. Cicindela bellissima, a species restricted to the Oregon coast, was found fairly abun- dant locally in places between the beach and sand dunes. Other interesting beetles included Platycerus laticollis, Neodyalis laevi- collis, Dyschirius ohesits and Promecognathus laevissimiis crassus, the latter not uncommon under fallen tree trunks in a primeval forest at Hecceta Light. Special search was made for the pupae of Vespamina sequoia, found in the exuded pitch of a species of scrub pine back of the beach at Waldport. x\ dozen or more se- cured after a day’s hard work were placed on top of a stove with the tin can containing them, when someone took a notion to light a fire, neglecting to remove the tin can until the pupae were thor- oughly baked. Other incidents referred to were as to troubles along the rugged, picturesque coast where breeding places of cor- morants, puffins and gulls were investigated and an attempt was made to enter the refuge of a colony of Stellers’s sea lions in an ocean cave at the base of a precipice. — E. L. Bell, Secretary. ) EXCHANGES. THE MUSEUM of the Brooklyn Institute has a few uncolored sets of the Calverly, Weidenmeyer and Edwards plates of North American Sphingidae for exchange or for sale at $5 per set. Ad- dress, Librarian, Brooklyn Museum, Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y. LEPIDOPTERA from the Mountains of Kentucky. Papilios and other var. of this section collected. Paper spec, of Xylophanes tersa and Catopsilia Euhule on hand. Also Cocoons of the larger Saturnid moths. Ellis Chandlee, Barbourville, Ky. FOR EXCHANGE. — Fine 24-drawer cabinet. F. M. Schott, 24 Stanhope Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. This one page is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for advertisements of articles for sale. Notices not exceeding THREE lines free to subscribers. Over lines charged for at 15 cents per line per insertion. Old notices will be discontinued as space for new ones is needed. BUTTERFLY COLLECTORS. — Have you aberrations or freak butterfly specimens for sale or exchange? Professional and private collectors please write. Jeane Gunder, Pasadena, Calif. NEW ARRIVALS. — From Colombia, French Guiana, and Brazil. Brilliant tropical Lepidoptera for scientific and decora- tive purposes. H. S. Parish, 14 Briarcroft Road, Toronto, Ont., Canada. CYNIPIDAE. — Galls and bred wasps wanted to determine or in exchange. Alfred C. Kinsey, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. WANTED. — Am studying the bionomics of the corn billbugs and desire the privilege of examining Calendra {Sphenophorus) from all parts of the world. A. F. Satterthwait, U. S. Entomo- logical Laboratory, Webster Grove, Mo. WANTED. — Pentatomidae, Cydnidae, and Scutelleridae from all parts of tli^ United States for determination or exchange. Dayton Stoner, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA.— Have many desirable west- ern species to exchange, including Argynnis at ossa, mac aria, mor- monia, malcolmi, nokomis; Melitaea neumoegeni; Lycaena speci- osa; etc. Send lists. Dr. John A. Comstock, Southwest Museum, 4699 Marmion Way, Los Angeles, Calif. WANTED. — Ants from all portions of the United States for determination or exchange. Will also exchange other insects for ants. M. R. Smith, Assistant Entomologist, State Plant Board, A. and M. College, Miss. Vol. XXII APRIL, 1927 No. 2 BULLETIN OF THE Brooklyn Entomological PUBLICATION COMMITTEE J. R. de la TORRE-BUENO, Editor E. L. BELL GEO. P. ENGELHARDT Published for the Society by the Science Press, Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. Price, 35 cents Subscription, $1.50 per year Mailed April 28, 1927 Entered as second-class matter January 21, 1919, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879 The Brooklyn Entomological Society Meetings are held on the second Thursday after the first Tuesday of each month from October to June, inclusive, at the Central Museum, Eastern Parkway and Washington Ave., Brooklyn. The annual dues are $2.00. OFFICERS, 1927 Honorary President CHARLES W. LENG President Treasurer W. T. DAVIS G. P. ENGELHARDT Vice-President J. R. DE LA TORRE-BUENO Central Museum Eastern Parkway Recording Secretary E. L. BELL Corresponding Secretary HOWARD NOTMAN Librarian R. F. HUSSEY Curator A. C. WEEKS Delegate to Council of New YorJc Academy of Sciences G. P. ENGELHARDT CONTENTS LIFE HISTORY OF PELOCORIS CAROLINENSIS, Hungerford 77 NEW SPECIES- OF VOLUCELLA, Curran 84 REVISION OF FOSSIL GYRINIDAE, Hatch 89 TRICHOCORIXA, NOT CORIXA, Hungerford 99 THE MIRIDAE IN BLATCHLEY’S “HETEROPTERA OF E. N. AM.,” Knight 98 NEW MEMBRACIDAE FROM SUMATRA, Funkhouser 106 UNDESCRIBED LIMNOPHILA PROM E. N. AM., Alexander 110 TWO TINGITIDS PROM MEXICO, Drake 116 NEW FORMS OF LEPIDOPTERA, Cbermok 118 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Published in February, April, June, October and December of each year Subscription price, domestic, $1.50 per year; foreign, $1.75 in advance; single copies 35 cents. Advertising rates on application. Short articles, notes and observations of interest to entomologists are solicited. Authors will receive 25 reprints free if ordered in advance of publication. Address subscriptions and all communications to J. B. de la TORRE -BUENO, Editor, 11 North Broadway, White Plains, N. Y. BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY VoL. XXII April, 1927 No. 2 THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE CREEPING WATER BUG, PELOCORIS CAROLINENSIS BUENO (NAUCORIDAE). By H. B. Hungerford, Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. The above-named bug is the only representative of the family Naucoridae reported for Kansas. It has been taken several times from some pools near Coldwater, Kansas, but has not been found elsewhere in the state. I have previously reported the first col- lection which consisted of a long series of this insect taken by Mr. Beamer and his entomological survey party on July 28, 1916. They found these insects in a series of spring-fed pools in the bed of an intermittent stream. These pools contained a thick growth of Niteila amongst which the bugs were living. Mr. Beamer sent me a large number of living adults and nymphs packed in the stonewort in which they were taken. About all I was able to learn concerning them at that time was that they could and did on every occasion possible ‘‘sting ” most viciously, much to my sorrow. A sting by a hornet is to be preferred to the thrust of the stylets of one of these creatures. While I was able to keep them under observation for some time they died one by one without the n)^mphs molting or the adults depositing eggs. Since this was one family of the aquatic Hemiptera concerning the biology of which I had no first-hand knowledge, I made every effort to secure more living material. Inasmuch as Coldwater is located in the southwestern part of the state, over three hundred miles from Lawrence, it was not an easy matter to get the living bugs. Linally, Mr. Clarence O. Bare sent sixty-one specimens on September 7, 1923. These died. In April, 1925, Professor 77 78 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.XXlI B earner and Mr. Bare made an automobile trip into the region and brought me a couple hundred o£ living adults. This time with abundant material at the proper season I was able to start a large number of rearings. The first eggs were deposited on April 14th. They were attached to a sprig of Nitella as shown in the drawing on Plate VI. By the latter part of May other duties made it necessary for me to turn the rearings over to Mr. Robert Guntert, our able field assistant, who by careful attention and ingenuity was able to rear the insects. Each newly hatched insect was placed in a glass Stender dish, the molting dates recorded as they occurred and the exuviae placed in a vial of alcohol. If a nymph died it was placed in the vial so that a great many nymphs and cast skins have been available for study. On April 18, 1925, I planted a colony of twelve adults in Rock Pool, a temporary rock quarry pool east of Lawrence, Kansas, and on April 22 a similar number in a spring-fed pool on the Countr}^ Club grounds. In neither case did the insects survive. Since these insects are fiercely predacious it was necessary to isolate each newly hatched nymph. Each specimen was placed in a tall Stender dish or jelly glass half-full of water and supplied with a sprig of Nitella. Mosquito wrigglers, chironomus larvae, Corixids and Entomostraca v/ere given as food and the water re- placed by fresh pond water at frequent intervals. There was something grievously wrong with the rearing technique for we succeeded in rearing to the adult stage only nine specimens from 134 isolations. In the paper on ‘‘The Life History of the Toad Bug,”^ I published the individual records to visualize the large mortality attending that investigation. Herewith I am submitting the data in brief form. Several females were mated and isolated and deposited eggs as follows : A. Eemale isolated April 13 ; laid 9 eggs April 14, i on April 15, I on April 16, 3 on April 17, 12 on April 25, 4 on April 27 and 14 more by May 14; a total of 44 eggs. She died June 17. B. Eemale isolated April 13 ; laid ii eggs April 14, 10 on April 17, II on April 18, 6 on April 20 and 6 on April 27; a total of 44 eggs in 14 days. C. Eemale isolated April 13 ; laid 12 eggs April 14, 7 eggs April 15, I egg April 16, 4 eggs April 17, 7 eggs April 18, 13 eggs April 22 and 7 eggs on April 25. Here was a total of 51 eggs during 12 Hungerford, H. B., The Life History of the Toad Bug, Ge- lastocoris oculatus Eabr. (Gelastocoridae), Kansas University Science Bulletin, Vol. XIV, pp. 145-167, 1922. Aprils 1927 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 79 days. She continued to deposit eggs till May 14, when she was liberated. D. b'emale isolated April 13; laid 10 eggs on April 22, 6 more on April 27 and then died. E. Female isolated April 13; deposited 8 eggs on April 14, 4 eggs April 17, 7 eggs April 18, 3 eggs April 20, 16 eggs April 22, 5 eggs April 25, 10 eggs April 27; a total o£ 53 eggs in 14 days. Then she was transferred to a larger jar where she continued to deposit eggs for some time. G. Female isolated April 13 ; deposited 2 eggs April 16, 2 eggs April 17, 6 eggs April 18, 3 eggs April 20, 8 eggs April 22, 7 eggs April 25 and thereafter laid no more eggs ; a total of 28 eggs. The majorit}^ of the eggs recorded above showed red eye spots by May 14. The incubation period varied from 32 to 45 days, with the majority requiring 39 to 40 days, as shown in the table below. By the time the eggs were ready for hatching the plant sprigs to which they were attached were dead and in some cases in a state of disintegration. Length of Incubation Period between April 14TH and June 5th {Observations on 143 eggs at laboratory temperature) Duration in davs !32|34|35i36!37l38|39|4o|4ii42l43|44|45 Number o£ eggs hatching 1 2| 2! 3| 3l 3I18I31I36I16I15I 5l 5l 4 The majority of the nymphs died in the first instar. The large numbers that succumbed between the fifth and twelfth days would indicate that death might have been due to some difficulties in- volved in molting. One first instar nymph lived 22 days, but failed to transform. The bugs that passed the first molt success- fully did so in from 9 to 14 days. The table below summarizes the records of 134 nymphs. Length of First Nymphal Stadium {Observations on 134 Nymphs of zvhich only 24 Passed the First Molt Successfully) Duration of days.. M I3 4 5 6 7l I8| 9 10 III I12 I13 |i4 15 16 |i7 18 20 |2I 22 Total Number making successful 1st molt 1 3 i| 6| 5l 4l 4 I 1 1 I 24 Number dying in 1st molt I 1 .1 2 Dying still in ist | instar k J \7 5 .1 6 12 15 17I 7 51 3 2 3 4 I 1 i| 1 I I 108 80 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol.xxii The time required for development from the hatching of the egg to the emergence of the adult was from 50 to 62 days. The total period from the deposition of the egg to the appearance of the adult was from 88 to 102 days. The length of time required for each stage is shown in the table opposite. In this table it will be noted that two males that hatched in May, 1925, lived until August, 1926. The Egg. Si^e: Length, 1.26 mm.; diameter, .6 mm. Like other Hem- ipterous eggs I have studied these eggs enlarge as the embryos develop within. By the time the Naucorid embryo is formed and rotating within the shell the length has increased to 1.5 mm. and the diameter to .8 mm. Shape: The shape of the egg is shown in the drawing on Plate . The micropyle is about .06 mm. in length. Color: The color of the egg is creamy white when first de- posited. As the embryo develops within, the eye spots show first as pink streaks and later as red fully formed eyes. The eggs are glued to the leaflets and stems of Nitella and other aquatic plants by means of a fairly generous quantity of white adhesive. By means of the drawings on Plate VI and the measurements given below, it will be possible to identify the stages of this insect that may be taken in pond survey work. Length Greatest Width Width of I Lirst instar: 2.7 mm. 1.6 mm. I mm. Second instar: 3.6 mm. 2.2 mm. 1.3 mm. Third instar: 5.2 mm. 3.2 mm. 1.7 mm. Lourth instar: 7.1 mm. 4.4 mm. 2.3 mm. Lifth instar: 9 mm. 5.2 mm. 2.7 mm. The general appearance of the nymph is the same as that of the parent. The first instar form has a single segmented anterior tarsus which lacks a claw. The middle and posterior tarsi are two segmented, the first segment being very short and asymetrical, the second bearing two claws of about equal length. The middle and hind limbs are sparsely provided with natatory hairs. The an- tennae are three segmented, the basal segment being very short. The later nymphs agree with the first except that the antennae Record of Nymphs that Survived One or More Molts, Season of 1925 -5 ^ hfl < » 3^3' 3:* 3'3‘ 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 • — > 00 10 CO mO vO CO io\o A' "o 0-. 3'3:' 3:^3' 3'3‘ 'O :o3‘ 3 3 3 > — > 3 3 3 3 23, uo 1- COn 10 CO ^ NO 0 nO rt- 1- CM c-i HH 10 CM CM CM CM CM CM ^ CM CM HH CM CJ OJ 0 % G G G G G G G G G G G G G 0 1 — > 1 >! >1 , ' > 'go m 10 00 1- 3 to 10 On 1— 1 h- 1 1— 1 !— 1 1— 1 1— 1 ID D 'd ^ ID ID CD ID D 'S ^ G G 3 G G G G G C 3 G G G n G G G G G G Q ^ 1 — ■.' — i ' ' • — > 1 — > 1 — 1 1 — > 1 — — > OnOO CO h-i H-l CM g 'S g 2^ g ^ Q 2 3^ Q Tj- to to I" NO 1- LO NO 00 NO cOn cGn 00 00 1- 00 CONOO CM M 0 H-i l-l •“I ^ »— ( ID D D ID ID ID ID CIJ ID ID ID ID CD ID ID CD CD CD (D CD CD ID CD 1 — » 1 — » 1 — » 33 I — ^ JCj CO CO 1- CM CM 1- 00 1-00 00 00 0 CO 00 0 0 0 NO CO 00 CO 3 0 CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CO CM CM CO- CO CO CM CM CM CC3 >N >, >» >N >.>.>. >» >> >1 >» >, >. >. c 3 a o3 C3 G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ^ X 13 1- 1- Tf 1- 1- 1- to to ^00000 00 00 Tt 00 0 0 CM t^oo 00 CM HH ^ i-i h-l M >-H l-l ►H HH HH HH HH i-i HH HI CM CM CM HH HH 1— 1 CM < — 1 *— H f— 1 »— 1 •— H < — 1 >— 1 T— ( 1 ; — 1 G^ w 1 *u 'u *ui ' Ut ‘d 3 'JU 3 3 3 *ul u'u *n 3 Uh 3 3 3 3 u 3 3 0. Q. 0, CG CG CG CG a CG Pk Ck 0^ (G Q. CG a a CG cx ci^ a Gh << < < < <<< < < <<< < < < <<<< << < < 6